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/ 
 
 JOHN EENDBICK, 27, Ludgate Street. 
 Cheap Books,adapted for Emigrants, Captains,&c. 
 
 . , HISTORY OF ENGLAND, combining the various Histories by 
 Rapin, Henry, Hume, Smollett and Belsham ; corrected by reference 
 to Turner, Lingard, Mackintosh. Hallam, Brodie, Godwin, and 
 ^ / , other sources. From the Invasion by the Romans, b. c. 55, to tho 
 / /J birth of the Prince of Wales, A. d. 184 1. Compiled and arranged by 
 F. G. ToMLiNs, Editor of the "History of the United States," 
 "Ancient Universal History," &c. &;c. In 6 vols., royal 8vo. 
 
 ' Embellished with portraits of all the Kings and Queens of England, 
 irom William the Conqueror to Queen Victoria, and other Engra- 
 vings, Half-bound calf, £2. 10s. or bound in cloth, it\. lOs. 
 
 FEARNSIDE'S HISTORY of the RIVER THAMES anl MEDWAY, 
 illustrated with 80 beautiful Views by Tombleson, each view 
 having an emblematical border round the plate. 4to., bound in 
 cloth, with gilt edges, 16s. [Published at £2 2s.] 
 
 MILTON'S POETICAL WORKS, complete, with Life of tho 
 Author, 7 beautiful Plates, cloth gilt, and gilt edges, Ss. 
 
 COWPER'S POETICAL WORKS, complete. Cloth, gilt, gilt edges. 
 
 Illustrated with 7 plates, 3s. [Published at 5s.] 
 
 * , 1 1 » 1 ; *■' ' ■ 
 
 MARTIN'S HOLIDAY BOOK, illustrated with numerous cuts. Red 
 cloth, ornamental gilding, and gilt edges, 2s. 6d. [Published at Gs] 
 
 EVENINGS AT HOME, by Dr. Aikbn and Mrs. Barbauld. 18 
 Wood-cuts, Red cloth, gilt edges., 28. Gd. [Published at Gs. J ' 
 
 SCOTT'S [SIR WALTER] POETICAL WORKS, containing Lay of 
 the IJSAt Minstrel, Marmion, Lady of the Lake, Rokeby, Don | 
 Roderick, Ballads, Poems, and Notes ; 7 Plates ; elegantly bound 
 
 , in cloth, gilt eilgi'S, 3^. \^ ' 
 
 'J.;? , .^ 
 
 an^ 
 
 Cheap 
 
 SMITH'S 
 inclu( 
 the dc 
 
 SMITH \i 
 
 Wasteil 
 EnglaJ 
 
 SANDFOl 
 and gi 
 
 TOUR OF 
 Gd. [r 
 
 THE FAI 
 super : 
 Martii 
 the D 
 
 Poulti 
 
 treatii! 
 once t 
 . 19s. 
 
 THE JOl 
 
 best 
 Howi 
 
 ARMITA 
 
 12nic 
 
 BUCIUI' 
 
 Prev 
 
 Now 
 
and 4, Charlotte Row, Mansion House. 
 Cheap Books, adapted for Emigrants,Captains, &c. 
 
 SMITH'S [SIDNEY] PRINCIPLES OF PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 including a preliminary chapter on the Punishment of Death, and 
 the doctrine of moral necessity. Plates, 8vo., cloth, 5s. Cd. 
 
 - - - - - • 
 
 SMITH [SIDNEY] THE MOTHER COUNTRY: or the Spade, tlve 
 WasteSf and the Eldest Son. An Examination of the condition of 
 England. 28. 6d., or by post, 3s. 
 
 SANDFORD AND MERTON, by William Day, 8 Wood-cuts, Cloth 
 and gilt edges > Ss. [Published at 8s.] 
 
 TOUR OF THE THAMES; or Sights and Songs of the King of Rivers. 
 Gd. [Published at Is.] 
 
 THE FARMERS LIBRARY OF ANIMAL ECONOMY. 2 vols., 
 super royal 8vo. 400 illustrations. Comprising the Ox, by William 
 Martin ; the Horse, by William Youatt ; Sheep by William Martin ; 
 the Dog, by William Youatt ; the Hog, by ''^ William Martin j 
 Poultry and Bees, by William Martin. Each of these valuable 
 treatises are complete, and their having sold by thousands, is at 
 once the greatest proof of their value. 2 volt), strongly bound in clotb^ 
 19s. [Published at £1 15s.] 
 
 THE JOURNAL OF POPULAR LITERATURE. Articles by the 
 best Authors of the present day. Edited by William and Mary 
 Howitt. 3 vols. Numerous spirited illustrations, 7s.Gd.[ Pub. at 158.] 
 
 ARMITAOE'S PLOT AND PEERAGE; or Lord Viscount Petersham. 
 12nio. cloth, gilt edges. Is. [Published at 38. Cd.] 1848 
 
 BUC^HAN'S (W.) DOMESTIC MEDICINE; or, a Treatise on the 
 Prevpntioii and Cure of Diseases hy RogiiiK'n and simple Medieiiips. 
 Now Kditioij, coloured IMutes, l8iuo. clotli,2s. 1848 
 
^ 
 
 ' H'^nfT-j. 
 
 I 
 
 .i 
 
 I 
 
 \ 
 
THE 
 
 SETTLER'S NEW HOME; 
 
 OR 
 
 WHETHER TO GO, AND WHITHER? 
 
 BEINd 
 
 A GUIDE TO EMIGRANTH IN THE SELECTION OF A SETTLEMENT, 
 
 AND THE PRELIMINARY DETAILS OF THE VOYAGE. 
 
 KaiiUAGINO IHS: WHOLE >IK;I)S uF j-JLJIGKAi'loN, XND THU; MOST RECiiK i' 
 
 INFOKMATION RELATING lUERKIO. 
 
 IN TWO PARTS. 
 
 Bt SIDNEY SMITH. 
 
 Hackney'd in ImsineHH, wearied nt that oar, 
 Wliich tliouHHuds, once fast clmin'd to, quit no more, 
 But which, when life at ehb run8 weak, and low, 
 All wish, or seem to wish, they could forego; 
 The stategnian, lawyer, merchant, man of trade, 
 Pants for the refuge of some rural sliade. 
 
 PART ONE. 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA— CANADA; 
 Embracing Nora Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Inland, 
 
 Eastern Canada, Wentern Canada. 
 THE UNITED STATES; 
 
 Including New England, The Western States, The Slave States, Texas, 
 California, Hudson's Bay Settlements, 
 Comprehending Oregon, and Van Couver'g Island. ^^, 
 
 PART TWO. 
 
 The Cape of Good Hope. Port Natal. New Zealand. New South Wales 
 
 South Australia. Australia Felix. 
 Western Australia. Van Dienian's Land. Auckland Island. 
 Falkland Islands, and Remaining British Colonies. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JOHN KENDRICK, 27, LUDGATE STREET, SAINT PAULS; 
 
 AND 4, CHARLOTTE ROW, MANSION HOUSE. 
 
 MDCCCL. 
 
 '1 
 
»:A-(;fc^, VJr^rT^^n. AT.,7?T^RM/,>7rTJKT. 
 
 
 * % ■ ; 
 
 Prkfac 
 
 *'i*i, 
 
 Introd 
 
 -:,V 
 
 Motives 1 
 
 it 
 
 General 
 
 -^,.^ 1 
 
 Coloniza 
 
 " 
 
 ■ Emigrat 
 
 i 
 
 1^ Climate 
 
 :-. W* • 
 
 Transit 
 
 ■• " j"?=i .' 
 
 Allegian 
 
 " ' . , 1 -* ' " 
 
 Choice ( 
 
 . .■ ',■ 
 
 The Voj 
 
 
 Works < 
 
 <•■?; 
 
 British 
 
 
 Prince 
 
 f 
 
 Nova S 
 
 ' / i 
 
 New 13 
 
 1 hi<n«' 
 
 Canada 
 
 
 Upper 
 
 'Hi, J Off ^ 
 
 Who sV 
 
 ^ :-^ ' 
 
 Locatic 
 
 i '' 
 
 Choice 
 
 ; •' J 
 
 Life in 
 
 ' .• '"' '. 
 
 Volunt 
 
 •'■; 5 ,,rj 
 
 The U 
 
 f 
 
 Gcogrt 
 
 i 
 
 s The E 
 
 
 1 Tlie \^ 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 
 PART ONE, 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface iii. 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 Motives for Emigrating 6 
 
 General Advantages of Emigration 16 
 
 Colonization 22 
 
 Emigration Fields 26 
 
 Climate . 27 
 
 Transit 31 
 
 Allegiance. — Society 32 
 
 Choice of a Ship 33 
 
 The Voyage, and the Sea 36 
 
 Works on Emigration 4O 
 
 British America 41 
 
 Prince Edward's IsUuid 46 
 
 Nova Scotia, and ('ape llrcton 48 
 
 New Brunswick 60 
 
 Canada 61 
 
 Upper Canada 67 
 
 Who should Emigrate ? 62 
 
 Locations 63 
 
 Choice and Cost of Land 64 
 
 Life in Canada r»6 
 
 Voluntary Emigration.— State Colonization 71 
 
 The United States 72 
 
 Geographical Divisions 73 
 
 The Eastern, or New England States 73 
 
 Tlie Western States 83 
 
 n 
 
 > m 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I'AGE. 
 
 Ohio 83 
 
 Illinois ' 85 
 
 Michigan 01 
 
 Indiana 92 
 
 Wisconsin 92 
 
 Iowa 93 
 
 Comparison of Western States 1)4 
 
 Middle and South Western States 103 
 
 General Features of the Western States. — Conclusion 124 
 
 Texas t> 127 
 
 Oregon, Van Couver's Island, California 129 
 
 Appendix 130 
 
 PART TWO. 
 Introduction. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope I 
 
 Natal :i 
 
 New Zealand 7 
 
 Localities and Settlements 17 
 
 Nelson 21 
 
 Wellington 24 
 
 Otago 26 
 
 Canterbury 38 
 
 General Information 40 
 
 Australia , 44 
 
 New South Wales Proper 48 
 
 South Australia 63 
 
 Australia Felix, or Port Pliilip 74 
 
 Western Australia ^ 87 
 
 Tasmania, or Van Dicmen's Laud 85 
 
 The A uckland Islands 1)0 
 
 The Falkland Islands 93 
 
 Remaining British Colonies 94 
 
 Appendix.... , 05 
 
PART ONE. 
 
 THK 
 
 SETTLER'S NEW HOME. 
 
 BBZTISB AMERICA,— CANADA i 
 
 FMBRACINO NOVA SCOTIA, N£W BRUNSWICK, CAPE BRETON, PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, 
 
 EASTERN CANADA, WESTERN CANADA. 
 
 TKB VNZTBD STATBS i 
 
 INCM'DINQ NEW ENGLAND, THE WESTERN STATES, THE SLAVE STATES, TEXAS, 
 ,; CALIFORNIA, HUDSON'S BAY SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 f 
 
 COMPREHENDING ORECON, AND TAN COUVER'S ISLAND. 
 
 t\H 
 
 4M? 
 
 I i 
 
 "i- 
 
COMPANIONS FOR THE VOYAGE, THE HUT, AND THE FRAME 
 
 HOUSE. 
 
 The Emigrant may he removed from society without being deprived o 
 companions. Even if he sequesters himself fro>n the company of the 
 living^ he may have on the lonely ocean, the distant prairie^ or in the 
 solitary wood, communion with those who never die. The mind^for want 
 of a better social circle f has been glad in the sea calm^ or at the ^attle 
 station^ to pore over a series of old almanacks. Before it be too late 
 we would warn emigrants to provide against solitude by securing to them- 
 selves the intercourse of books, of which the best happen also to be the 
 cheapest. In the colonies they will always sell for double what they cost 
 in the mother country, while the purchaser has had the use of them into the 
 bargain. To supply this desideratum we have requested our publisher to 
 select a list of books from his stock suitable for settlers, and to append their 
 prices. These will be found at the end of the volume. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is not unreasonably made a charge against political economists, that 
 they are not agreed as to their objects, and that they are singularly in- 
 definite in the application of their principles. They aim at an arith- 
 metical exactitude which is not compatible with a due consideration of 
 the disturbing causes which must invalidate their calculations ; or else 
 they exclude from the operation of the science, moral and political 
 influences, without the consideration of which it is of little practical value. 
 Some keep in viewsolelythei>roc^t<c^u)n of wealth, — others assign more im- 
 portance to its distribution ; — not a few regard only the power y and greaU 
 nets of a kingdom ; — wiser men look rather to the diffusion of the general 
 haziness of its subjects, — the wisest, test economical theories solely by 
 their capacity for enlarging the contentment, security, and comfort of the 
 whole human family. 
 
 Your rule-of-three statistician has got hold of a phrase about produc- 
 tive labourers and unproductive consumers, upon which he rings the 
 changes of his political arithmetic, with much feZ/'-satis&ction, and with 
 little to any body else. All that he cannot post in a ledger he regards 
 as loss. All that he can enter in a day book, he reckons as a gain. The 
 more intelligent statist regards a great poet, a fine composer, an inspired 
 painter, or orator, or sculptor, or moralist, or philosopher, — the men 
 who have made the people of England that which distinguishes them 
 from the Kalmuck or the Cossack, —as more productive than a thousand 
 steam engines, or ten thousand power looms. The weaver can indeed 
 warp and woof threads into cloth, and the artizan can hammer iron into 
 tools ; but the statesman, the artist, the man of science, the moral teacher, 
 the public writer, can breathe into crude humanity the breath of life, 
 and make of it a living soul, and call an Athens, a Rome, a Paris, a Lon- 
 don, out of the Serbonian bog of chaotic barbarism, and bring it into the 
 light of civilization. The mechanic who can make a compass, or the 
 
iv 
 
 PHUFACE. 
 
 sailor who can haul a rope, is more arithmetically productive than the 
 man who discovered the principle of the attraction of the needle to the 
 pole, or the application of steam to navigation ; but for all that, he 
 who can put types together scarcely does as much for the world as the in- 
 ventor of the art of printing. The wealth of nations is not to be estimated 
 by that alone which can be put on paper ; nor is a balance sheet, or 
 columns of £. s. d. the proper measure of the power, riches, or happiness 
 of an empire. 
 
 It is on this account that the value of colonies to the mother country 
 cannot be ascertained by a mere debtor and ere U '.or account. We do not 
 get at the bottom of this controversy by finding that the government of 
 Canada costs Britain £2,000,000,— that the profit on the goods we sell 
 her is only one million and a half, and that we therefore lose half a mil- 
 lion by the connexion. Nor, on the other hand, have we proved that it 
 is better for our outlying provinces, and for this our central kingdom, 
 that the former should be set adrift, by showing that the United States 
 cost us a great deal while they were dependences of the British crown, — 
 that at present they cost us nothing, while they take from us ten times 
 the amount of manufactures they ever did before, and that they are ten 
 times as populous, and ten times as wealthy as they were while they were 
 mere colonies. Had they never been Britisli colonies, protected and fos- 
 tered by the crown, they would never have become a great Anglo-Saxon 
 republic. Had George III., listening to the prophetic wisdom of Chat- 
 ham, had the sagacity to have conferred upon the various provinces the 
 blessings of political independence, and that local self government, which 
 is no less our constitutional policy than the source of public spirit, indi- 
 vidual development, and social activity, America might now have been 
 as great as a colony, as she now is as a separate republic, and might still 
 be the pride and strength of Britain, in place of being our rival in com- 
 merce, manufactures and politics, and our often threatened antagonist in 
 war. Dependent upon her for cotton, she may one day shut up every 
 mill in Lancashire, aud by some gigantic eftbrt, manufacture for the 
 world, in our stead j and had she been at this moment a de[)endoncy of 
 ours, she could not have assailed us with a hostile tariff, which, while it 
 inflicts mischief on her own people, deprives England of a market for 
 
PREFAv. 5 
 
 »l 
 
 at least £20,000,000 worth of manufactures per annum. What, indeed, 
 is it that has made and continues the greatness of the United States, ex- 
 cept that, speaking our language, adopting our institutions, assimilating^ 
 our jurisprudence, forming her public opinion upon our literature, oui 
 people make her, in fact, the chief of our colonies, by annually migrating 
 to and subduing her wastes, — adding to her capital, executing her pub- 
 lic works, and feeding her labour market with supplies, and her navy 
 with sailors, without which she would make but small appreciable pro- 
 gress. What is it that makes Canada a burden upon rather than an aid 
 to the imperial treasury, but the two-fold fact that the United States are 
 not now a British Colony, but a " sympathiser" with the discontents of 
 our subjects, and that we have too long withheld from our Acadian 
 possessions those powers of self-government to the want of which alone 
 our colonial governors attribute their inferiority to the neighbouring 
 republic. 
 
 If we had not taken possession of the Cape, Natal, New Zealand, Aus- 
 ralia. Van Diemen's Land, of Ceylon, the Mauritius, they must have 
 been seized by other potentates, and could never have become places fop 
 the settlement of British subjects. We would thereby have lost these 
 outlets for our redundant population, our surplus labour, or our super- 
 fluous energy. If our people had located themselves in these districts, 
 the common obligation under which every country rests to protect its own 
 subjects, would render it imperative on us to defend them in their pos- 
 sessions, — just as we send out fleets to protect our commerce; and to con- 
 voy our shipping. If we turn them adrift, because, on a calculation of 
 mere arithmetical profit and loss, they are found to be chargeable to us, 
 we must maintain them in .heir independence until they are able to pro- 
 tect themselves, and when they can do that, they would cease to be a 
 burden on our finances, even if they were continued among the number of 
 our dependences. There is not a colony we possess that could maintain 
 its own independence against 10,000 European troops for a month after we 
 had abandoned its sovereignty ; and as a mere common sense proposition 
 it is obvious, that whatever expense our interference might incur, we could 
 not stand by and we even a iniuority of our fellow countrymen conquered 
 and isulijfi'tod to the dii'tution of a foreign power, Cromwell, at a cost 
 
Tl 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 of millions, vindicated the rights of a single British subject. Wherever 
 an Englisman goes, there the majesty of England must be with him 
 We recognize the duty of spending millions upon the mitigation of Irish 
 distress; we pay six millions every year to feed and clothe 1,900,000 En- 
 glish paupers who are totally unproductive. Shall we admit our obliga- 
 tion to support domestic beggary, and deny the duty of encouraging the 
 efforts of the enterprising, energetic and industrious, to maintain them- 
 selves, subdue the wilderness, extend our empire, and increase the pro 
 ductiveness of our dominions ? In short, shall our paupers alone have 
 claims upon us, while our colonists are to be deserted ? Two hundred 
 and sixty thousand of us expatriate ourselves every year, to make room 
 ibr others at home, to be no longer a burden upon us ; to help us, it may 
 be, to more employment in their customs, in their sliipping, in their ex- 
 ports and imports. How much greater would be our distress and com- 
 petition, our pauperism, if these remained in the mother country - »-. 
 The question of colonization is indeed a very distinct one from that of 
 our existing management of our colonies. Give to each of them an 
 independent government, and a domestic legislature, owning only like our 
 own, the common sovereignty of the British crown. Why pay governors, 
 and deputy governors, bishops and judges ? May colonists not have their 
 own president, and vice president ? their own religious instructors ? theip 
 own judges and jurisprudence? If they cannot all at once pay their own 
 expences, help them until they can, as we do many of our own i)rovmcial 
 domestic institutions. The Homo Office does not rule the Irish Unions 
 because it helps them to a grant, or a rate In aid. It does not preside in 
 the town council of Edinburgh, because it pays lialf the debts of the munici- 
 pality. Neither is it right to keep colonies in the leading strings of Earl 
 Grey and Mr. Hawes, because they are compelled to creep before they can 
 walk. There is scarcely ever a private commercial enterprise that is self- 
 supporting at the first. The capitalist must long He out of interest before 
 he can look for roturn8,-and so must a nation. But the sooner colonies 
 are endowed with self-government, the earlier will they be Rolf-8ui)porting. 
 But is it so certain that even under the existing vicious system, our 
 colonies are oven a pecuniary loss to us? The wealth of the Indies is 
 ftved to be spent in England. The West India trade and fleet, the New 
 
\ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 VU 
 
 Zealand and Australian and Canadian timber, and wool, and minerals, 
 and shipping, and flax, and tallow, and oil, are they nothing to our 
 maritime interests, our merchants, and bankers, and manufacturers? 
 Cut us off from all these, and where would be Leadenhall Street, and 
 Lombard Street, and Broad Street ; Liverpool, and Bristol, Manchester, 
 the Clyde, and the Thames ? Compared with the population, Holland is 
 richer than England. Yet what is Batavia politically, socially, morally, 
 in the world's eye, to the leading power of Europe, — and to what account 
 does she turn her capital ? But for the elastic enterprise, the inventive 
 fertility of mercantile resources, the restless spirit of adventure, the un- 
 ceasing energy of speculation which bear us onward under the inspiration 
 of the aphorism, " never venture, never win," what would there be to 
 distinguish England from Germany, or Spain, or Italy? And what 
 fosters that sentiment of universality and grandeur of endeavour which is 
 our characteristic, if it be not the extension of our name, race, language, 
 and empire over the world ? It is of no consequence arithmetically to 
 us, whether a great number of private capitalists sustain heavy losses by 
 foreign speculation, or the amount bo taken from the public treasury. 
 Either way it is a deduction from the national wealth. We have lost far 
 more by United States' banks and stocks, by Spanish Bonds, by foreign 
 railways, and continental ventures, than the whole cost of our colonial 
 government. Yet upon the whole we gain by the world in place of 
 losing by it; the state must not muke itself the judge of the enterprise 
 of its subjects, and it must follow and help them wherever their energy 
 or interest load them. 
 
 Tmde begets trade. In searching for one adventure, our supercargoes 
 and ship-captains find out another. A single cargo of a strange article, 
 brought home in desperation for want of other freight, often lays the 
 foundation of an enormous branch of new commerce. We fish for whales 
 at the Bay of Islands, and And out flux, and gum, and ship-spars, and 
 manganese at Wellington and Auckland. We begin by banishing our 
 criminals to Australia and Van Diemon's Land, and end by becoming in- 
 dependent of Saxony for wool, and by finding coal to caiTy our steamers 
 to Singapore, and Bombay, and the Cape, as a halfway house to £urop»e. 
 Do we owe nothing to posterity ? U our money of no use to mankind, 
 
vlii 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 but to be kept in the money bags? Are we born only for ourselves? 
 Shall we be called the foremost men in all the world, and do nothmg /or 
 the world ? Let England set her mark upon the earth to fructify and 
 bless it. Half a million souls we bring annually into the world. Year by 
 year, interest on compound interest is heaped upon our teeming popula- 
 tion. What can become of them, what shall we do with them if we keep 
 them all here? "Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits." A 
 family is chargeable. Shall we therefore deny the proposition of Benedick 
 that, 
 
 "The world must be peopled." 
 
 No— if colonies cost us too much, let us retrench— if they do not " get 
 on," let us confer upon them the powers of self-government to energize 
 them into self-reliance; — if the colonial office mibmanages, let the 
 colonists manage their own affairs, and pay for it. But we need new 
 fields of commerce — fresh subjects of trade — new homes for our over- 
 crowded people, and therefore let us have colonies and keep them. 
 
 The time should teach us a solemn lesson. We have become every year 
 more dependent on the continent of Europe for trade and custom. To 
 what alone can we trace our present depressed, almost prostrate con- 
 dition ? The wars and disorders of our European customers have robbed 
 them of their means of purchase, or rendered them no longer trust- 
 worthy debtors for goods. Should the flame of war burst out over the 
 old world, we shall find ourselves with half a million of additional hands 
 yearly to find food and work for, and fewer safe customers than ever, 
 Mr. Mackay warns us that the vast mineral resources of Pennsylvania, 
 combined with the exhaustless water power and raw material of manu- 
 facture with which the United States abound, will speedily convert the 
 transatlantic republic into a most formidable, and invincible manufacturing, 
 and commercial rival of England. With Europe at war, and America for 
 a competitor, where will our safety be, if not in finding customers in our 
 colonies ? Universal Peace may come before the Greek Kalends, and an- 
 ticipate by centuries the Day of Pentecost; but our wants are urgent, 
 and our necessities immediate. We must find work and raiment, and 
 food NOW, in this very year of War, Pestilence, and Famine, of Irish de- 
 
 pc 
 
 set 
 
 wil 
 
 to 
 
 eel 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ix 
 
 population, and all but English ruin. If we had no taxes, we musit still 
 seek trade, customers, elbow-room, and employment. And we repeat, 
 with dangerous commercial rivals, and discracted Europe, where are we 
 to find consumers, outlet, and provision for our increasing numbers^ ex- 
 cept in Emigration and in Colonies ? 
 
 London, August, 1849, 
 4, Charlotte Row. 
 
 NOTICE— CANADA. 
 
 ( n 
 
 The ninth number of the Circular of the Emigi-ation Commissioners, 
 announces that affairs in our North American Colonies are in a state of 
 depression, and that the demand for labour has, in consequence of a sus- 
 pension of the execution of public works, fallen ofi^, although agriculture 
 and farming settlers are in a state of steadily progressive prosperity. 
 This is therefore the very time for the migration thither of all classes of 
 settlers. When everything is in a state of plethoric efflorescence in a 
 colony, the interest of money falls, cleared land advances extravagantly 
 in price, provisions are dear, and wages far too high for the permanent 
 advantage either of the capitalist or the labourer. To men, indeed, 
 seeking employment as artizans in the towns, the present will be an un- 
 favourable period for emigration to Canada, but all who desire to settle 
 on land will find numberless clearings and farms of all kinds remarkably 
 cheap, and the cost of subsistence uncommonly low. Stock, grain, agri- 
 cultural implements, log huts, frame houses, mills, may now be had at 
 cheap rates, and twenty shillings will go as far at present as forty shillings 
 did ten years ago. The abundant supply of labour at reasonable rates, 
 is a circumstance "highly favourable to agi'icultural enterprize, and 
 capitalists cannot fail by seizing the present golden opportunity greatly 
 to better their fortunes. 
 
 The probability of the early execution of a main trunk of railway 
 through the chief districts of the colony, is a consideration of no mean 
 importance cither to labourers or to capitulibts. 
 
FRBFACB. 
 
 We observe that the number of emigrants from the United Kingdom is 
 only 248,089, against 268,270 last year. There has been an increase of 
 settlers to the United States of 46,079, and to Australia of 18,955, the de- 
 crement amounting to 68,615, being confined to our North American 
 colonies. We are corroborated in our favourable opinion of the western 
 portion of Upper Canada by every fresh inquu-y we have the opportunity 
 to make, and the recent answers we receive to questions relative to the 
 climate, continue to be more and more satisfactory. 
 
 The immediate prospect of a reaction towards war all over Europe, 
 •wUl give a fresh and great stunulus to emigration, and we should there- 
 fore advise all who meditate the step of proceeding to the colonies, to 
 hasten their departure, so that they may arrive before the best locations 
 are bought up. 
 
 We cannot issue this edition to the public without acknowledging our 
 obligations to the various authors to whose works we have been chiefly 
 indebted. The '^ Emigrant's Journal" we are especially bound to recom- 
 mend to all intending emigrants, as a most valuable reporter of colo- 
 nial information. Mr. Byrne, Mr. Mathew, Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. Earp, 
 Mr. Gray Smith, and others, have also supplied much useful instruc- 
 tion, of which we have freely availed ourselves. 
 
 We are also bound to express our gratitude to the conductors of 
 the periodical press, for the kindly and liberal spirit in which they 
 have noticed the work — to which, much of its great success is to be 
 attributed. 
 
 It will be seen that the present edition contains many important 
 additions — and it is our intention, should our anticipations of estab- 
 lishing the work, as a standard book of reference on the subject of 
 emigration, be realized, to spare no labour which may conduce to its 
 completeness, and to render it a volume in which the most recent and 
 authentic information in reference to every colony may always bo 
 found. 
 
 We have had access to the most certain and exclusive sources of 
 information, official and private. We have been guided by the strictest 
 and most disinterested impartiality; and have always written under tho 
 sense of the deep responsibiUty which aU should feel, who undertake 
 
 to advise o 
 
 such impoi 
 
 their whoh 
 
 We hav( 
 
 humblest c 
 
 remunerati 
 
 To the 1 
 
 should exh 
 
 the Mothe 
 
 Of the 
 spade husl 
 other cogi 
 treat in a 
 tention of 
 may feel i 
 tant field < 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Xi 
 
 to advise our fellow countrymen in reference to a step which involves 
 such important personal results, as the fate of British families for 
 their whole lives. 
 
 We have also been solicitous to render the work accessible to the 
 humblest classes of the people, by fixing its price at the lowest barely 
 remunerating cost. 
 
 To the perfect completeness of the subject, it was necessary that we 
 should exhaust the question of Home Colonization, and the prospects of 
 the Mother Country. 
 
 Of the interesting topics of entail, primogeniture, small freeholds, 
 spade husbandry, taxation, poor-laws, jurisprudence, land titles, and 
 other cognate objects of enquiry, we have accordingly undertaken to 
 treat in a separate volume, to which we shall earnestly solicit the at- 
 tention of those, who, having been interested by the following pages, 
 may feel inclined to accompany the author through a not less impo^- 
 tant field of enquuy. 
 
 'I: 
 
If that 
 
 pardoned f 
 
 to invent f 
 
 in the no\ 
 
 heaven and 
 
 hope," so 
 
 nigh" in i 
 
 " thoy havi 
 
 a heaven, i 
 
 inferior bu 
 
 are to spa 
 
 pointed ha 
 
 heaven of 
 
 Spitalfields 
 
 window-bo 
 
 i prairie flo\ 
 
 I starving pe 
 
 [never own, 
 
 whose over 
 
 nightmare > 
 
 ja broken i 
 
 I his own An 
 
 [Out a licer 
 
 land see ce 
 
 dustrious t; 
 
 professional 
 
 petition ou 
 
 life in the 
 
 [compelled 
 
 junsuited to 
 
 or insolvent 
 
 oppressive ' 
 
 or of govei 
 
 America, in 
 
 [in indepenc 
 
 the thraldo 
 
 [keep up ai 
 
 [nothing," g 
 
 |my life ; but 
 
 Bniplr»ymen 
 
 the surplus 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 If that which is true cannot be profane, Voltaire may ahnost be 
 pardoned for the sentiment, "If God did not exist, it would be necessary 
 to invent Him." "Man never is, but always to be blest;" he cannot liv3 
 in the now and the here ; he must fill the heart's aching void with a 
 heaven and a hereafter. So little to the meditative " in this life only is there 
 hope," so soon to the reflective and spiritual do "the evil days draw 
 nigh" in which they are constrained to say in weariness of very life, 
 " thoy have no pleasure in them;" that vvdthout the assurance of a God, 
 a heaven, and immortality, earth would be but one vast bedlam. In an 
 inferior but analogous sense what immortality is to time, foreign lands 
 are to space. Colonies are "the world beyond the grave" of disap- 
 pointed hopes. The antipodes are the terrestrial future, the sublunary 
 heaven of the unsuccessful and the dissatisfied. Tne weaver in his 
 Spitalfields garret who tries to rusticate his fancy by mignionette in his 
 window-box, and bees in the eaves, bathes his parched soul in visions of 
 prairie flowers, and a woodbine cabin beside Arcadian cataracts. The 
 starving peasant whose very cottage is his master's, who tills what he can 
 never own, who poaches by stealth to keep famine fi'om his door, and 
 whose overlaboured day cannot save his hard-earned sleep from the 
 nightmare of the workhouse, would often become desperate, a lunatic, or 
 a broken man, but for the hope that he may one day plant his foot on 
 his own American freehold, plough his own land, pursue the chase with- 
 out a license through the plains of Illinois or the forests of Michigan, 
 and see certain independence before himself and his children. The in- 
 jdustrious tradesman, meritorious merchant, or skilful and enlightened 
 I professional man, jerked perhaps by the mere chance of the war of com- 
 j petition out of his parallelogram, and exhausting his strength and very 
 j life in the vain struggle to get back again into a position already filled ; 
 compelled by the tyranny of social oonvention to maintain appearances 
 unsuited to the state of his purse ; plundered by bankrupt competitors 
 or insolvent customers, and stripped of his substance by liigh prices and 
 oppressive taxation, would often become the dangerous enemy of society 
 or of government, but for the consideration that, in South Africa, in 
 America, in Australia, or New Zealand, he may find repose from anxiet> 
 in independence, rude and rough though it may be, emancipation from 
 the thraldom of convention, and an immunity from any compulsion to 
 jkeep up appearances, and to seem to be what he is not. "I care 
 [nothing," said the French king, " for these clubs, plots, attempts upon 
 [my life ; but I have thirty-four millions of restless spirits to find food and 
 lemployment for, and I have no colonies." The redundant enterprise ; 
 [tlie surplus energy : the fermenting spirit of adventure with which tli9 
 
 u 
 
 f 
 
2 
 
 rWTRODTTCTTOTT. 
 
 population of those kingdoms teems, would, like the fig^ure of sin In 
 Milton, have long since turned inward to gnaw the vitals of its parent, 
 but for the " ample scope and verge enough " it finds in the romantic 
 life of our sailors, or the trials, perils, hopes and fortunes of emigration. 
 "Ships and colonies," the time-honoured toast of monopolists, have 
 Btoj)ped many an emetite, and saved many a reltellion. Wo are not sjire 
 that they have not more than once averted a revolution. Hampden, 
 Pym, and Cromwell, turned back by a king's warrant from the emigrant 
 ship in which they had already embarked, remained to decapitate their 
 rovereign, and establish a commonwealth. The unsettled boil off their 
 superfluous mischief in the prospect of a fixed home in the bush or the 
 backwoods ; the discontented find comfort and rest in *he conviction that 
 "there is another and a better world" in the geniai south, or the re- 
 gion of the setting sun. It is always in oui seasons of greatest com- 
 mercial distress and social privation that the largest export of emigrants 
 takes place. The misery and disaffection which otherwise would make 
 themselves fonnidable to constituted authority, hive off into the repose 
 of peregrine settlements, and, sluicing themselves into new channels, save 
 the overflow of the parent stream. 
 
 The wandering Arab, the vagi-ant gipsy, the restless discoverer and 
 circumnavigator, the pioneer of the backwoods, who no sooner has civi- 
 lized the forest and the prairie, by the plough, and the enclosure, and 
 human habitations, than he disposes of his home, and hews out for him- 
 self further and still further removed fi'om man, and settled society, a new 
 resting place in the remote wc ods, these are all but types of an instinct 
 and rooted tendency in human character, which, if it do not find its 
 natural outlet in colonial settlements and naval enterprise, will invent the 
 occupation it cannot find, in disf bing the peace and interrupting the 
 order of our domestic social fabric. If we do not make war upon the 
 ibrest we will make war upon mankind ; if we do not subdue the wilder- 
 ness, we will conquer one another. It is in vain that we call upon the 
 governing power to employ our people at home, and to reclaim our own 
 waste lands rather than send our necessitous abroad. Few colonists leave 
 their country without the mixed motive of necessity and inclination. The 
 love of the romance of adventure is strong in many of the rudest and 
 apparently least imaginative minds. There is an instinct of vagabondism, 
 £0 to speak, in many otherwise well regulated intellects, which mubt find its 
 vent in wandering over the face of the earth. The drudgery, the want 
 of elbow room, the absence of property in the soil one tills, rob a holding 
 on the moor of Scotland, or the bogs of Ireland, of everything which 
 can satisfy the activity and energy of the men whose tendencies present 
 the best materials for colonization. And whatever may be the interest of 
 the government or of the settled community in this regard, it i)artake» 
 somewhat of mere sentimental cant to pity the hard necessity which 
 drives the poor from misery at home, to colonial independence, and df>- 
 prives the peasantry of the privilege of starving in their native parish 
 that they may leaven the primeval curse with its promise of daily bread, 
 in the abundance of a foreign location. 
 
 Let this sentiment be examined by the manly common sense of the 
 wiujitry, not whined over by itti Pecksnifis, and made the hobby horse of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 d 
 
 nntiquated prejudice, and sentimental humbug. Every soldier, every 
 sailor, includinj^ members of the highest and richest classes of society, is 
 liable to ex])atriation at any time the duties of the service render it ne- 
 cessary he should go on a foreign station or on a lengthened cruise. Tho 
 whole civil oflicers of our colonies, embracing Hudson's Bay and Sierra 
 Leone, Calcutta and Jamaica, sustain a virtual banishment from home, 
 and tlie perils of the most rigorous climates, added, in many cases, to 
 iunninent danger fnnn the barbarity of savage aborigines. The mer- 
 chant who sends his sons abroad to establish foreign houses, and open up 
 new channels of commerce, is driven to that necessity by the absence of 
 any proper oy)ening for them at home. The squire who exports his bro- 
 thers to the East Indies, provided with a cadetship, or a writership, the 
 lord who places his relatives at the head of a colony of tenants, to fell 
 the woods of Canada or pasture the plains of Australia, are consulting 
 1 !ie real interests, not only of the mother country, but of the objects of 
 tlioir care. It is not the rulers who misgovern us, or the legislatoi*s who 
 mismanage our affairs, upon whom are made to fall the consequences of 
 their folly or corruption. It is the industry and labour of the country which, 
 iit the bottom, have to sustain the whole burden of maintaining all the other 
 orders of society. It is the working classes who produce every thhig by 
 which all others profit, or are sustained in their position. The oj)era- 
 tives and the peasantry are the real honey bees to whom the hive owes 
 all its stores ; they ultimately make the wealth by which the £10,000,000 
 of oui'' poor-rates are found, they sustain the burden of finding food and 
 j lodging for the 81 ,000 Irish vagrants who even now cast themselves on 
 the elet!mosynary compassion of the metropolis. Upon their wages fall 
 I the dei)reciation produced by the competition of a redundant population. 
 Out of their ten fingers, sweat and muscle, must be ground the local and 
 imperial taxes, wasted in the prosecution of crime, caused by want or 
 I ignorance, or the abandonment of children by their parents. So long as 
 I a man can maintain himself and those for whose support he has made 
 j himself responsible, no one has a right to dictate to him either his mode 
 of occupation or his locality of life. But when, either by misfortune, or 
 his own fault, he has to call upon his fellow labourers to support him as 
 well as themselves, then he gives a title to society to say to him as well 
 as to the soldier, the sailor, the sprig of quality, or the farmer, " You 
 [are not wanted here, go thou there where thou art wanted." 
 
 This is not a dispensation of rose water and pink satin. Here is no 
 [Lubberland, wherein geese ready roasted, fly into our mouths, quacking, 
 Come eat me I" It is a hard, working-day, unideal world, full of forge 
 Iculm, and factory smoke. Tho millions of our towns and cities have 
 Ito go into ui^willing exile from honeysuckle, swallow-twittering eaves and 
 Inicudow scented air. The chief ruler among us is the hardest worker of 
 |us all ; nor can one easily conceive of a life more approximating to a 
 M'oss betwixt that of a gin-horse and the town-crier, than a Lord High 
 Chancellor or a hamster in full practice. Paley could not afibrd to keep 
 conscience, and mankind cannot indulge in the luxury of mere senti- 
 lental patriotism. Nostalgia is a most expensive disease; home sick- 
 less a most thriftless virtue; and the most elevated sentiment sinks into 
 itimeutallty when it is indulged at other people's cost. And when this 
 
 2l2 
 
 f\ 
 
 u 
 
 '■ 
 
 1 
 
 '^ 
 
 . f I 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ! I 
 
 attachment to father-land becomes mere "sorning " upon useful industry 
 at the sacrifice of that manly independence without which the expatria- 
 tion of the citizen would be the gain of the community, it ceases to com- 
 mand respect or merit sympathy. It is a very small portion of the pop- 
 ulation of any country which can consult their taste, or study the fancy 
 of their mere inclinations, either in the choice of an occupation, or the 
 selection of their local habitation. Least of all should those dictate to 
 the toil worn but independent sons of labour the condition on which they 
 shall sustain the burden of their subsistence. 
 
 There are tens of thousands of the children of this country, who, 
 either abandoned by or bereft of their parents, or worse still, taught to 
 lie and steal, are let loose upon our streets, to find a living in begging 
 or petty larceny. They have no home but the jail, the union, the peni- 
 tentiary or the ragged school. Why should not society, in mercy to them 
 and iu justice to itself, gather all these together and help them, under 
 careful superintendence, to colonize some of our healthy foreign posses- 
 sions ? Besides the enonnous masses of Irish vagrants and British men- 
 dicants, who infest every town and county in the kingdom, there are vast 
 numbers of habitual paupers, maintained in all our unions, whose very 
 condition is a virtual assertion, on their parts, that there are no means of 
 finding for them regular and legitimate employment. If society ofiers to 
 these men a good climate, a fertile soil, high wages, cheap living, a de- 
 mand for labour, and good land for the tilling, what justice, sense or 
 reason is there in permitting these objects of the public bounty to reject 
 the means of independence, and to compel the people to continue to bear 
 the charges of being their perpetual almoners ? 
 
 There are thirty one millions of us swarming in these islands, 265 
 to the square mile. We reproduce to the effect of a balance of births 
 over deaths of 405,000 souls per annum ; requiring, to preserve even the 
 existing proportion betwixt territory and population, a yearly ac- 
 cession of soil to our area of 1754 square miles, of the average 
 fertility of the kingdom, or an enlargement ofour boundary equal, annually, 
 to the space of two or three of our larger counties. In the single year 
 ending 5th January, 1848, we were compelled to import no less than the 
 enormous quantity of 12,360,008 quarters of corn, to supply the defici- 
 ency of our domestic production, which amounted to quite an aveiage 
 
 crop, and for this additional supply we had to pay £24,720,010 
 
 Live Animals 216,456 432,912 
 
 Meat 592,335 cwts 1,480,837 
 
 Butter 314,066 cwts 1,256,264 
 
 Cheese 355,243 cwts 888,132 
 
 Eggs 77,550,429 1,292,507 
 
 Being an enormous aggregate of £30,070,668 
 spent to meet our domestic deficiency of vsupply of the barest necessaries 
 of life. As our population, at its present point, will increase five millions 
 in the next ten years, and proceed in a geometrical progression thereafter, 
 it has become demonstrable that the plan of carrying the people to the 
 raw material which is to be manufactured into food, is a wiser and 
 more practicable proposition than that of bringing the food to the people ^. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 z 
 
 in its manufactured state. By emigi*ation they coaao to bo an element in 
 tlie overcrowdini^ of our numbers ; they go from where they are least, to 
 where they are most wanted ; they are no longer each others' competitors 
 in tlio labour market ; but speedily become mutual customers, and recip- 
 rocate the consumption of each others' produce. So long as it shall con- 
 tinue an essential feature of our constitutional policy to foster, by arti- 
 ficial enactments, an hfirditary territorial aristocracy, the laws of pri- 
 moj^^oniture and entail will ra])id1y diminish the proportion of our pop- 
 ulation dependent on t)in posse.s.sion or cultivation of the soil for their 
 subsistence. Within the la,5t fifty years the yeomanry and peasantry of 
 the country have alarmingly decreased, not relatively merely to other 
 classes, but absolutely (see Returns, pop. 1841, and Porter's Progress of 
 the Nation,) and the great mass of our people are maintained on two or 
 three branclies of manufacturing and mining industry which, when they 
 droop and languish, throw the whole kingdom into a state of turbulent 
 discontent, and the most perilous distress. To maintain the producers of 
 food in something like a fair proportion to the other classes of the com- 
 munity, it therefore becomes essential that the surplus population, in 
 place of being forced into trading or manufacturing pursuits, should be 
 drafted off into our colonies : and it is demonstrable that a large expen- 
 diture for the purposes of emigration, disbursed at the outset, will super- 
 sede the necessity of any future efforts, except such as voluntary enterprise 
 can effectually supply. If half the annual ten millions of poors' rates 
 levied in these kingdoms, were expended for four consecutive years, in 
 transmitting to our foreign possessions those who are unable to maintain 
 themselves and their families at home, colonization would, for ever after, 
 be a self-supporting measure. Every man that locates himself in our 
 colonies becomes the pioneer of his relatives and neighbours. He en- 
 courages them to follow by bearing his testimony to his own improved 
 condition, by giving them information on which they can depend, in re- 
 ference to climate and condition ; by offering them a home in his own 
 cabin, till they can find one for themselves, and by sending them his sur- 
 plus gains, to enable them to defray the expenses of the voyage. (Through 
 Uaring, Brothers alone upwards of half a million has been remitted for 
 this purpose in twelve montiis, and a nearly equal amount through other 
 lupuses.) Emigration emphatically grows by what it feeds on. 500,000 
 colonists who have last and this season taken with them probably 
 £2,000,000 sterling, will earn four times that amount before a year has 
 ended, and will remit quite as much as they have taken away in less 
 than eighteen months. The expenditure of £10,0(X),000 in feeding the 
 Irish people last year, ceases of its effect with the mere lapse of time, 
 leaves the recipients of the imperial bounty more dependent, and thei-e- 
 fore more destitute than ever, and establishes a precedent for a renewal 
 of government profusion, whenever the return of the potatoe rot, or a 
 failing harvest, brings with it a renovation of the necessity for support. 
 Paupers are not got rid of, but, on the contrary, are perpetuated by 
 being relieved. The only effectual means of reducing pauperism is by 
 colonizing paupers, sending them to new and fertile wUds, where food is 
 redundant and labour scarce, from an old and settled country, where 
 food is scai'ce and labour redundant. There let them increase and mul- 
 
 b3 
 
 iJii 
 
 1 1 
 
MOTIVES FOR EMKJRATINO. 
 
 1 1 
 
 tiply, to make the wilderness and solitary places glad, and the desert to 
 rejoice and blossom like the rose. When the whole parish of Cholesbury 
 was occupied by two fanners, the peasantry havinj? no interest in the 
 soil, 119 were paupers out of 130; the farmers became bankrupt, the 
 parson got no tithe. The Labourer's Friend Society divided the land 
 among those very paupers in parcels of live to ten acres per family, and 
 in four years the number of paupers was reduced to Ave decrepid and 
 old women, and all the rest were in a high state of prosperity, affording 
 even to pay a rate in aid to the neighbouring parish. As "faith without 
 works is dead, being alone," so is land without labour, and labour with- 
 out land. Bring these two together, and the earth is conquered, and the 
 world served. Here we produce plenty for the back and little for the 
 belly. There the stomach is filled, while 
 
 " Back and side g;o bare, head and feet g'o cold." 
 
 Nothing is wanted to complete the circle of mutual accommodation, but 
 that dispersion of population, and diffusion of occupation which it is the 
 object of emigration to effect. 
 
 Let us not then, whine over the mere unmanly and irrational senti- 
 mentalities of home and country. Reason and conscience are para- 
 mount to the tenderest associations of the heart. Independence is better 
 than home " for behold the kingdom of heaven is within you ?" He 
 best serves his countiy who serves mankind. The natural history of 
 society shows human migration to be an instinct, and therefore a neces- 
 sity. It is indeed by earthly agents tliat providence works its inflexible 
 purposes ; but when, by some supernatural soliciting, we go forth to 
 subdue the earth and make it fruitful, it is less in subjection to a hard 
 necessity than in obedience to a law of nature, that hordes and tribes and 
 races leave exhausted soils, or inhos])itable regions, and wander westward 
 to the region of the setting sun, or forsake the hyperborean tempest, for 
 the climate of the milder south. Of all animals man alone has beea 
 framed with a constitution cai)a])lo, universally, of having his habitat in 
 any latitude ; and when he loaves scarcity b(thind him, and goes forth to 
 adorn, with useful fruitfulness, the idle waste and inhospitable wild, ho 
 but fulfils the great object of his destiny. As then his Creator made him 
 his heir of all the eartli, let him enter with thankiulness ui)<)nthe length 
 and breadth of his goodly iulieritance. 
 
 I 
 
 I ! 
 
 8 » 
 
 MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 That strange world madness called war has with so few intervals of 
 peace or truce, raged ever the earth, that some philosoidiers have con- 
 cluded the natural state of mankind to be that of mutual devouring'. 
 The train of reasoning by which a declarati<m of hostilities is arrived at 
 is so ludicrously inconscijuential, that the misery of its results is the only 
 consideration which saves tlui tragifdy from Ix-ing farcical. That because 
 two kings, or a couple of diplonuitists sliould differ in opinion, two hun- 
 drwl thousand men, one half in red and the j>th<jr half in green or blue, 
 «h(Hild assemble with iron tube:* to fted powder and carrion crowb, with 
 
MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 each othei'S carcases, seems to partake to so great an extent of Partridge's 
 favourite element of logic called a non seqttitur, that one cannot help 
 suspecting that battles arise rather fi'om the universal spirit of pugnacity, 
 than from any solicitude to find out a more rational apology for them. 
 Invasions, plagues, the small-pox, famines, are still considered as so 
 many substitutes for Malthus's prudential check to population. The pro- 
 gress in civilization, tlie improvements in science, which have so gi'eatly 
 dhninished these sources of mortality, are regarded by the cynical as a 
 thwarting of the tendencies of nature. They point to our thirty-three 
 years of j)eace and its effects in intensifying the pressure of population on 
 the means of subsistence, and the miseries of encreasing competition and 
 poverty, as a proof that over civilization defeats its own end, and that 
 social and scientific progTCssion contains within itself the seeds of its own 
 destruction. They darkly hint at War, Pestilence, and Famine, as 
 scourges to the human race, which are as yet essential to the fulfilment of 
 the designs of providence, and silently point to warriors and destroyers 
 as virtually regenerators of mankind. And truly when a prime minister, 
 rubbing his drowsy eyes, calls to mind, as he awakes each morning, that 
 1,277 more subjects of the sovereign that day require bread, than when 
 he laid his head on his pillow the night before, it is not wonderful that ho 
 should fall into antiquated hal)its of philosophising upon the best and 
 speediest means of getting rid of them. Nor can they themselves be less 
 interested in the practical result of this enquiry. All Europe has been 
 shaken to its very foundation by neglect of any endeavour to furnish a 
 rational solution of the question. The very existence of civil society is 
 perilled. Class is rising against class — crime is spreading with unerring 
 consequentiality upon the heels of misery; we repose at the mouth of u 
 volcano; like snakes in an Egyptian pitcher each struggles to rear his 
 head above the rest for sheer air and breath; and a crowning selfishness 
 seizes on us all, in the struggle to preserve ourselves from sinking in the 
 crowd of competition for bare life, and from being trampled to death in 
 the contest for existence. 
 
 It is true we have still standing room in these islands, although how 
 ! long that will be possible, with an increment of five millions in every 
 [ten years, and not a square inch increase of soil in a century, it is not 
 very ditficult, by the help of Cocker, to predicate. But that is not life — 
 jscarcely even vegetation — but a merosicUiy and sluggish hesitative ncga- 
 Ition of dying. The ISpitalfields weaver, the pale artizan, the squalid 
 pahourer, the consumptive sempstress, classes that count millions iu the 
 Iccnsus, what oj)tiniist of us all can venture to say that that is God 
 khnighty's dispensation of the life of iuimortal creatures gifted with dis- 
 rourse of reason ? Or the starved clerk, with the hungry children and 
 the pinched wife, nailed to the desk of the dingy office from year's end to 
 (fcrr's end — or the poor wretch that breaks highway mettle by the niea- 
 MU'» , losing a meal by ])ansing a single hour, — or the spindle shanked 
 feasant, paid in truck with tail wheat, and the very marrow drudged out 
 )f liis rheumatic bones, until toil is (uided by a ])renuiture old age in the 
 vorkhouse — these are ceasing to bo mere exceptions, and grwlually be- 
 ^(tniing a rule of our population. The tradesman, the merchant, the 
 )rofcj>slonal man, what one of all of these who reads the^c pHges, wkm tell 
 
^ 
 
 8 
 
 MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATINO. 
 
 .11 ST 
 
 IS 
 
 II 
 
 any but one history, that of continual anxiety to sustain himself In his 
 existing position —of a total inability to save anything for his children or 
 the decline of life, of a war to maintain his place against the encroachment 
 of his neighbour, a mote troubling his mind's eye with the spectre of pos- 
 sible misfortune and contingent destitution. It was intended that we 
 should toil to live, but never that we should live simply to toil ; yet mere 
 work ! work ! work ! is literally the exclusive element of our existence. 
 Rousseau's preference of the savage to the civij ized state was not entirely 
 Utopian. If tlie pride of our civilization would let us, a modest hesitancy 
 might well whisper the question, whether the Cossack, the Kalmuck, the 
 New Zealander, the Otalieitian, the Hottentot, or the North American 
 Indian, is in very many substantial respects in a state of lesis dignified 
 humanity, or of less ample enjoyment of the rights and priviliges of sen- 
 tient existence, than not a few of the mere drudges and scavengers of our 
 toiling population. 
 
 •'(»od made the country, man made tUe town," 
 
 — and such a town ! Wherein a man ceases to be a man, and is drilled 
 and drummed into a machine of the very lowest mechanical function, 
 spending a whole life in making a needle's eye, or exhausting an existcniie 
 in putting the head upon a pin ! Look at tliat begrimed beer syphon a 
 Blackwall coal heaver, or his archetype the dustman, handling his "paint 
 brush," in doing a bit of " fancy work round a corner" — or thehandloom 
 weaver throwing his weary shuttle for eighteen hours a day, to charm tlie 
 diiily loaf into his crumbless cui)lK)ard —or think of the pinched drudge 
 " in populous city pent," who sees the sun only through the skylight of 
 the dingy othce, and hears nothing of the fields but tlie blackbird in his 
 wicker cage on the peg, and scents the morning air only of the fluent 
 gutter, whose world boundary is the parisli march, whose soul is in hi.> 
 ledger, and whose mind is a mere mill for figure grinding — the slave of a 
 dy.-^ljeptic huckster, and thirty shillings a week, whose, and whose child- 
 ren's fate hangs upon the price of greengrocery and open ports — or call 
 to mind the lodging-house maid of all work, or the cit's nursery gover- 
 ness, or the trudging i)easant, who is, indeed, in the country, but not ol 
 it, who cannot leave the high road for the open tteld without a trespass, 
 or kill a hare without transportation, or eat the gi'ain ho sowed and 
 reaped without a felony, or jiluck fruit from a tree, or a flower from u 
 shrub, without a petty larceny — or last of all picture the Irish cateran in 
 a mud pigsty, without bad potatoes enough for a meal a day, dying of 
 starvation while exporting the very food ho raised, and after that turniil 
 out of his only shed, and his children's sole shelter, into the nearest boL;, 
 there to find souie ditoh that will shield their nako«l skeletons of carcuscv 
 from the wintry wind — think of these pictures, and compare with then* 
 that of nature's ireeholders, that work only (or themselves, and only 
 when they have a mintl, who are monarchs of all they survey, who f< II 
 the nearest tree wheii they want a Are, and shoot the fattest deer or sp(!iii' 
 the largest salmon when hunger bids them, to whom every soil is free, 
 every fruit, seed and herb, belong for the gathering — every fort^st yields 
 a house without rent or taxes, who never heard of a workhouse, and nevi i' 
 mw a game certiiicute, and cannot cuuceive uf a gaol or a gibbet-'com- 
 
MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 9 
 
 pare these archetypes of sopliisticated civilization, and the rudest barbar- 
 ism, and which of us can, without hesitancy, determine that social better 
 than savafje man enjoys the privilege of sentient existence, develops hu- 
 manity, fulfils the earthly purpose of his mission into this present evil 
 [world ? 
 
 To talk of the love of country to the man whose sole outlook into it is 
 [through the cracked and papered pane of the only window in his Liverpool 
 [cellar, wliose youngest and oldest conception of England is that which the 
 [coal seam in whicli he has spent his life presents ; the only inspiration of 
 ,rhose patriotism is the dust cart he fills ; the union in which he is 
 separated from his wife, or the twopence-halfpenny she earns for stitch- 
 ing shirts for the slopsellers, is to display more valour than discretion, 
 'he cry of some that there is no need of emigrating, that there is abun- 
 lance of food and employment at home which would be accessible to all 
 >ut for oppressive taxation, unwise restrictions in commerce, and a 
 iefective currency, does it not partake a leetle of fudge, and not too much 
 )f candour ? Is not the objector thinking of his own pet panacea, when 
 le should be remembering that ''while the grass grows the st«jed starves?" 
 sound currency and cheap government are goodly things, but then the 
 Jreek Kalends are a long way off, and, meanwhile, the people perish. Why, 
 ^he very insects teach us a wise lesson ; it is not food and capital alone they 
 lesiderat3 ; the bee must have room to work ; latitude and longitude with- 
 >ut unseemly jostling. What is swarming but emigration upon a system ; 
 m acted resolution, thai whereas there is not space and verge enough 
 for all of us here, therefore let some of us go elsewhither. There is no 
 conceivable state of social circumstances which can make general inde- 
 )endence, ease, and comfort compatible with a dense population crowiled 
 )gether in two small islands, and sustaining the incursion of a daily 
 icrement of 1,277 new competitors for work, food, and clothing. If to 
 |hat evil be added, the circumstance that only one person in evory 108 
 )au boast of the possession of even a rood of the soil of the country, 
 liat scarcely one-fourth of the population has any industrial connexion 
 rith its cultivation, that the great mass, both of the numbers and the 
 itolligence and enterprise of the nation exist in a state of the most 
 btificial mutual dei)endance ; that their prosperity is contingent on the 
 lost sophisticated relations of circumstances, and that their very ex- 
 btence in a state of civil society liangs ui)on the most complicated and 
 le li'ast natural arrangements of Inunan occupation, industry, and sub- 
 Isteiu'c, little rellcction can be necessary to induce the conviction, not 
 [niy that emigration is essential to the relief of the majority who remain 
 lioine, but to the safety and happiness of those who are wise enough 
 see the prudence of sliifting tlieir quarters. When a revolution in 
 France d(;stroys the means of living of millions in England, when the 
 tMy existence of many hangs u])on the solution of the (]Ucstion of the 
 jiuTency ; when the fixing of the rate of discount seals the fate of 
 lousiuids, and a i)anic in (.'apeK'ourt or Lombard t^treet, may empty tlio 
 ^il»'><»ards and annihilate the substance of half a kingdom, lie is a wiso 
 lun who looks out over the world for a freehold on (iod's earth which 
 may have, and hohl, and nuike fruitful, and ]>lant his foot u])on, and 
 ^11 his own, in the Uissuranco tlmt, let the world wag us it may, he ut 
 
Itt 
 
 MOTIVES FOR BMIGRATINO. 
 
 II 
 
 least is inexpugnably provided for. What after all is at the root of social 
 existence and the basis of human industry and thought ? The craving 
 maw that daily cries " Give !" the empty stomach with its tidal fever, 
 punctual as the clock, which must be filled else " chaos is come again." 
 But this, the preliminary condition of society, the fundamental postulate 
 of life itself, is almost overlooked among us, and nothing is perhaps less 
 sf3riously regarded than the appalling fact that twenty-one millions out 
 of twenty-eight of our population, have literally no more interest in or 
 concern with the soil, on whose productions they depend for bare being, 
 than if they were denizens of the arctic circle. Sweep away the leather 
 and prunella of civilization, credit, a government, institutions, exchange 
 and barter, manufactures, and what would become of the people in this 
 artificial cosmogony ? Neither iron, copper, coal, nor gold ; neither 
 cotton, bills of exchange, silk nor leather, neither law, medicine, nor 
 theology, can do much to save them ft*om a short shrift and a speedy 
 end. No, plant a man on his own land, though it were a solitude; 
 shelter him in his own house, though it should be a log hut ; clothe him 
 in self-produced integuments, though they were the skin of the bear he 
 killed, of the deer he hunted, or the sheep he tends ; and what contin- 
 gency can give him anxiety, or what prospect bend him down with 
 care ? 
 
 •* Poor and content, is rich, an'1 rich enough. 
 But riches flncless are as pour as winter 
 To hiui who ever fears he shall be poor." 
 
 Revolutions of empires, reverses of fortune, the contingencies of com- 
 merce, are for ever threatening the richest with poverty, the greatest 
 "with insignificance, the most comfortable with every physical desti- 
 tution. At this very hour how many thousands are there who, by 
 i-evolution in France, or monetary crisis in England, after being racked 
 with anxieties, have been prostrated in the most helpless destitution ! In 
 densely populated countries where the great body of the people live the 
 dependants on mere artificial contingencies, and destitute of any direct 
 relation with the soil, half the mortality is traceable to a purely mental 
 cause, the fear of falling out of the ranks of one's neighbours, of losinsT 
 place, customers, or money, the dread of poverty, or the terror of starva- 
 tion. But in America it is rightly said that there are, properly speaking, 
 710 poor; no man dependant for life or happiness on any other man; 
 none without a freehold, or the immediate access to one, which would 
 uniply supply him and liis with all that is truly essential to the due en- 
 joyment of the glorious privilege of sentient existence on that beautiful 
 earth which every day in sky and sea, in sunrise, meridian, and sunset, 
 in cloud, and moon, and star, acts before us a succession of scenes to 
 which all that W(fulth, power, or genius can add, is less than nothing and 
 viinity. Wliut are the hardships of tlm l)ackwoods to the corroding cares 
 of the crowded city, or what the toils of the body to the anxieties of the 
 mind ? 
 
 To the man whose very constitution has become cockneyfied, who has 
 K'Ug taken leave of nature, whose soul hius become moulded in the arti- 
 flcinl and conventioiuil ; to whom Warren's blacking has become a neces- 
 sary of life; who cannot exist without hail of the uowsniui, or out ot 
 
MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATTNO. 
 
 n 
 
 6i<:rht of the town clock; whoso tranquillity is dependent on the posses- 
 sion of the orthodox number of pots and kettles, and who scarcely con- 
 ceives how water can be accessible except it is ^' laid on " by the new 
 river company, it may appear an unconquerable difficulty, and the most 
 calamitous vicisi#'*udeto be placed at once in immediate contact with nature 
 and the earth, to be called on to use his bodily faculties in the discharge 
 of the functions for which they were originally designed, to make war on 
 the elements, and to provide for his wants. But to him who yet has 
 left about him human instincts and manly intrepidity, his thews and sin- 
 ews, his ten fingers, his hardy limbs will soon find their right use. To 
 stand in the midst of one's own acres, to lean on one's own door-post, 
 to plough or sow or reap one's own fields ; to tend one's own cattle ; to 
 fell one's own trees, or gather one's own fruits, after a man has led an old 
 world life, where not one thing in or about him he could call his own ; 
 where he was dependent on others for every thing j where the tax gatli- 
 erer was his perpetual visitant, and his customer his eternal tyi'ant; where 
 he could neither move hand nor foot without help that must be paid for, 
 and where, from hour to hour, he could never tell whether he should 
 sink or survive, if there be in him the soul of manhood and the spirit of 
 self assertion and liberty, it cannot be but that to such a one the destiny 
 of an emigrant must, on the whole, be a blessing. 
 
 As hounds and horses may be " overbroke," and wild beasts have been 
 even ovei'tamed, so man may be over civilized. Each player in the 
 Russian horn band blows only a single note, and that merely when it comes to 
 his turn. Division of labour, however cut and dried a principle it may 
 be in political economy, cuts a very poor figure in the science of mental 
 development. We are so surrounded with apjjliances and "lendings," 
 that none of us is able to do any thing for himself. We have one man to 
 make our shoes, another cobler to mend them, and a third to black them. 
 Railways and steam boats, gas lights, county constables, and macadam- 
 i ised roads have extracted the adventurous even out of travel. Almost 
 without a man's personal intervention he is shoved in at a door, and in 
 three hours is let out at another, 200 miles off. Our claws are pared; we 
 I are no longer men, but each some peg, cog, piston or valve in a ma- 
 chine. The development of our individual humanity is altogether ar- 
 rested by the progress of the social principle : we get one man to clothe, 
 another to feed, another to shelter us. We can neither dig, nor weave, 
 nor build, nor sow, nor reap for ourselves. We neither hunt, nor shoot, 
 nor grow what supports us. That variety of mental exertion, and of 
 lintollectual and physical occupation which creates a constant liveliness of 
 jinterest, and cheerful healthiness of mind, is sorely neglected amongst 
 Jus, and nervous diseases, mental depressicm and the most fearful pros- 
 Itralion of all our over stretched or under worked faculties, is the conse- 
 jquence. We abdicate our hutnan functions in promotion of the theory of 
 jgiegarious convention. Wo lose the use of our prehensiles, and forget the 
 
 ><rieps of our limbs. We do not travel, but are conveyed. Wo do not 
 support ourselves, but are fed. Our very manhood is no longer self- 
 protective. Wo hire police to defend us, and soldiers to fight for us. 
 Every thing is done for, scarcely anything by us. That universality of faculty 
 
 fhlch i& the very attribute of umn is lost in the economy of exagguiuted 
 
 t? 
 
12 
 
 MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 t 
 
 civilization. Each of us can do only one thing, and are as helpless/ and 
 mutually dependent for the rest, as infancy itself. We spend our lives m 
 introspection ; turning our eyes inward, like Hindoo devotees, we " look 
 only on our own navel ;" the mind becomes diseased fi'om monotony of 
 thought, and we vegetate rather than live through life's endless variety 
 of scene, incident and occupation. It is not royalty alone in Jerusalem 
 palace that sighs, " Oh ! that I had wings like a dove ! for then would I 
 fly away and be at rest . . . then would I wander far off, and remain in 
 the wilderness." There the necessities of present life, the everyday 
 calls upon our industry and action, the constantly shifting scene of la- 
 bour and activity, the rural cares which become comforts, bid us to live 
 out of ourselves in the world of external realities. There our friends are 
 not our rivals, nor our neighbours our competitors. The sight of " the 
 human face divine," sickens us not with a sea of the squalid visages of 
 multitudinous population, but brightens our own countenance with wel- 
 come to a brother. The mind has no time to canker within itself : we have 
 to grapple with the palpable realities of the physical elements, and the 
 earth that is around us, not to wrestle with the diseased anxieties of the 
 brooding mind; the nervous energy which in populous city life, festers in 
 the brain, and eats into the heart, is exhausted in the healthful activity 
 of muscular exertion ; the steers have to be yoked, the cows low for 
 milking, the new fallen lambs bleat their accession to our store ; the 
 maple yields its sugar, the sheep its fleece, the deer their skin for our 
 winter integument ; the fruit hangs for our gathering. There is no ex- 
 ciseman to forbid our brewing our own October, or making our own 
 soap and candles. With the day's work, the day's cares are over : the 
 soul broods not, but sleeps. Tired nature bids us take no thought for to- 
 morrow, for we have the promise that seed time and harvest shall never 
 fail, our house and land are our own, and we have fuel for the folliiis^. 
 Children become a blessing and helpers to us. Nature is within ami 
 above and around us. " Behold the lilies how they grow, they toil 
 not, neither do they spin, yet Solomon in all his glory was not 
 like one of these." If then the splendours of a royal 
 as nothing to those natural glories which God, in the 
 fields, by the rivers, and on the mountain side, has made accessible to the .| 
 meanest and poorest of us, and which we may drink in at every sense. 
 what is there in the crowded city, or the populous centre of wealth ami 
 civilization that we should really prefer to the enamelled prairie, the 
 echoing forest, the contemplative waterfall, or the fertile valley. 
 
 •* There is a pleasure in the pathless woodsj 
 There is a rapture on the lonely shore, 
 There is society where n«Mie intrudes, 
 By the deep sea, and music in its roar." 
 
 arrayed 
 court are 
 
 and' 
 who 
 
 Let him to whom a daily paper is an indcsyiensable requisite, 
 whose evening's happiness depends on the cooking of his dinner, 
 has within him no mental resources, no self help, to whom the simplicity 
 of nature is nothing, and who is made up of conventionalities, vlio 
 "must have every thing done for him," and " cannot be put out of ii: 
 way," let such an one, whether rich or poor, stick to tlie sound of lUnil 
 bell, and keeu within the bills of mortality. Futile idleness, and woHli- ■ 
 
MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 13 
 
 less ineffoctuality may prevail upon folly to mistake its pretentious bus- 
 tle for useful service j but it could not so impose upon the settlers in tlio 
 backwoods, or the prairie fai-mers. Riches can do but little for the lux- 
 urious in colonial settlements, where every man is master of his own 
 freehold, and will not own the service of any one. The tutor or gover- 
 ness that would rather bear 
 
 "Tlic spurns 
 That patient merit of the unworthv lakes," 
 
 than pltmgli his own land, or milk her own cows, let them, too, stay at 
 home and wait upon providence. The man who has no internal resour- 
 ces, and no moral intrepidity, who has no external activity, and no spi- 
 ritual energy, to whom w^ork and physical labour of any kind are a real 
 hardship, whose whole feelings, habits and sympathies are trained in the 
 sophistications of high civilization, and who so 
 
 " Heeds the storm that howls al(»ng the sky," 
 
 that he cannot encounter it, even to be made 
 
 " Lord of the lion heart and eagle eye',' 
 
 such an one needs no advice from us to deter him from emigration. No 
 doubt the life of a settler has its drawbacks. We cannot carry the con- 
 veniences of Cheapside, nor the roads of Middlesex with us into tlio 
 backwoods. To the member of the middle classes there will be found 
 the absence of the same obedience and servility in servants and labourers 
 to which he has been accustomed. His frame house will not be so fine 
 as the brick one he has left behind him. He has not at his elbow, the 
 shops, the social helps with which he was surrounded. He must often 
 serve himself where he was formerly ministered to by a hundred alert 
 appliances, he must oftener do as he can, than do as he would, and ho 
 must not be ashamed to work with his own hands. His wife must lay 
 her account with often being deserted by her servants, and of being com- 
 pelled always to make companions of them. The doctor, the apothecary, 
 the blacksmith, the saddler, the carpenter, will not be so nearly within 
 hail as in England. Furniture will not be so good, nor ordinary appliances 
 and wants so easily supplied. 
 
 Hut if a man prefers toil to care ; if he would rather have fatigue of 
 body than anxiety of mind ; if he would train himself in that cheerful 
 self denying intrepidity which 
 
 " The rlear spirit doth raise, 
 To scorn delijj;lits, and live laliorions days," 
 
 if he would rather lie harder that ho may sleep sounder, than slumber 
 litiTiIly in troubh'd dreams, under the Damocles* sword of " thought for 
 to morrow;" if ho would prefer his children's happiness to his o\vu pre- 
 sent convenience, or 
 
 *' A lodjro in ?om'» vast wilderness, 
 Some boundless continuity of shade," 
 
 to life in the noise, strife, struggle and danger of multitudinous civilized 
 bopliistioation, then there can bo little hesitation as to his choice. 
 
 To the thoughtful parent of the middle classes, whose social position 
 can only be maintained by keeping u]) aj)pearancos, and who must either 
 
 IV. 
 
'■ MiMifci t-mm 
 
 .t4 
 
 MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 1 • 
 
 gubmit to be tho slave of convention, or to see his fainilj' condemned to 
 
 the proscription of their class, it is in vain to preach 
 
 " Certes, men should be what they seem, , ,;. , 
 
 , , Or those that be not, would they might seem none." 
 
 In England to seem is to be. An exterior is an essential element of bus- 
 iness expenses. A man must spend an income, if he would earn a sub- 
 sistence. Even life insurance cannot meet his case, because before he can 
 die, he may lose the means of paying the annual premium. Where 
 every advertisement for a secretary, a manager, a book keeper, a buyer, 
 a traveller, is answered by two thousand applicants ; where hundi'eds are 
 standing by, gaping for dead men's shoes, or envying the snug births of 
 the living, and offering to supply their places for half the money j wheie 
 the slightest slip, or the most innocent mbfortune, like a tumble in a 
 crowd, crushes the sufferer out of his place, or tramples him out of ex- 
 istence ; frugality and thrift, which curtail the imposture of appeerance?, 
 become absolutely short sighted improvidence. The citizen must for iver 
 bethink himself of Mrs. Grundy. As he can leave his children m.^iiiug 
 which, divided amongst them, will enable each to sustain the position he 
 is compelled to hold, he must spend his substance in the lottery of mat- 
 rimonial speculation for his daughters, or in surrounding himself witli 
 connexions who may be useful in pushing his sons into life. When he 
 dies, his girls have the fate of the poor buffeted governess before 
 them, and his boys sink into the precarious existence of eleemosynary 
 employment. In Australia the former would become invaluable trea- 
 sures, and if they chose, already brides before they had reached the har- 
 bour. And even whore the material and merely outward prospect is fairer, 
 what are not the thousand moral tc mptations and spiritual hazards to 
 which a family of sons is exposed in the gay vice, the unthinking extrav- 
 agance, the reckless dissipation of European cities ! How many pros- 
 perous parents have their whole happiness poisoned by the misconduct or 
 spendthrift thoughtlessness of pleasure hunting boys, whose hearts, per- 
 haps, in the right place, and whose principles sound and true at bottom, 
 have their heads and fancy turned and captivated by the follies of the 
 hour, and the " pleasant sins" of metropolitan gaiety. In the bush, on 
 the prairie, at the colonial iarm, if the attraction be less, the safety is the 
 greater. The hot blood of youth sobera down in the gallop over the 
 plain, or falls to its healthy temperature as he fells the forest king, or 
 
 "Walks in glory and in joy, behind his plough upon the mountain side." 
 
 Where all women are reverenced, and respect themselves, the gay 
 bachelor can fix his regards only where he is ready to repose his pros- 
 pect of happiness for life ; and where vice presents no artificial gilding, 
 and debt and dissipation are equally despised, there is small temptation 
 to improvident extravagance, no inducement to leave the beaten path 
 of useful industry, and the vigorous restraint of public opinion and 
 vigilant social propriety, to enforce respectability of conduct, and ensure 
 the observance of a healthy moral discipline. Emigration saves many a 
 pang to the anxious mother's heart, and renders the duties of a parent 
 easy and pleasant to many a thoughtful husband ; nor, while the bubblin;,' 
 hell-liroth of European convulsions still turns up its poisoned scum, and 
 
MOTIVES FOR EMIGRATING. 
 
 momentous social questions allow mankind no rest until they are solved, 
 although as yet no Sphynx can be found with inspiration enough to 8olv« 
 them, will parents fail to reflect on the tranquillity of the transatlantic 
 solitude, or the hopeful security of ycung society in Aust'*alian Arcadia. 
 No man can deliberately reflect c the fact that our ^^ pulation has 
 doubled since the commencement of ' ae nineteenth century ; that every trade 
 and occupation is so overdone th - there are thousands of applicants tor 
 every vacant situation; that the social fabric of all Europe has been shaken 
 to its very centre ; that internal discontent festers in every community, 
 that monetary panics and commercial crises recur at increasingly proxi- 
 mate intervals, and that the condition and prospects of the great body of 
 the people are becoming yearly a less soluble problem, without having the 
 doubt suggested as to whether mere prudence and security are not con- 
 sulted by removing onesself from European vicissitudes, and taking up 
 the impregnable position of a freeholder in a new country and a fertile 
 wilderness. The science of accumulation comes to some perfection among 
 us— but the philosophy of distribution seems every day to become more 
 retrogressive and confused. The few get richer, the many get poorer, and 
 all are dependent even for their existing position upon such contingent 
 circumstances and precarious conditions, that a grave thought crosses the 
 mind of the possibility of England having reached its climacteric. A 
 scanty population on a fertile soil and abundance of land, can stand a great 
 deal of mislegislation and bad government; but when the population be- 
 comes dense, and the territory proportionately scanty, so that subsistence 
 no longer depends on natural production, but is contingent upon artificial 
 relations, every increase of population makes the management and sup- 
 ]iort of such numbers nore difficult, and any economical blunder in the 
 sliape of an imperfect distribution of wealth more fatal. A people who 
 are all planted on their own land in a fertile country, and themselves the 
 producers of what they consume, are independent of the contraction of 
 issues by the bank, of unfavourable exchanges, of panics, and of reverses 
 in trade. To people who have no rent, and only nominal taxes to pay, 
 even the want of customers becomes little better than an imaginary hard- 
 sliip. To the man who grows and weaves the wool for his own coat, who 
 fells his own fuel, builds his own house, kills his own mutton, bakes his 
 own bread, makes his own soap, sugar, and candles, it is obvious that a 
 dishonoured bill, or the refusal of credit at the bank, is scarcely to bo 
 regarded as a matter of substantial consequence. But the man who has 
 to buy all these things, and who has rent to pay for his house and lands, 
 is, without money or credit, the most destitute and helpless ^Tetch of 
 whom it is possible to conceive. — Place many such in this predicament, 
 and there will be disorder and sedition ; make it the case of a nation, and 
 sooner or later it must produce a revolution. In our own time we have 
 seen the whole of Euroi)e scourged by the incarnate mischief of a great 
 military dictator; more recently we have witnessed not only thrones, prin- 
 cipalities, and powers, but whole classes of society, ruined and undone. 
 We have seen such kingly vicissitudes as to persuade us that life was a ro- 
 mance, and stem realities stranger than the most improbable fiction, 
 until the appalled heart and the sickened soul have siglied for the solitude 
 and rude safety of the backwoods, or the security and certainties of the 
 
 c2 
 
 M 
 
 
! ' 
 
 16 
 
 GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF EMIGRATION. 
 
 mI 
 
 i 
 
 lonely prairie, where food and raiment, however rough and simple wew 
 sure, and — 
 
 *' Where rumour of oppression and deceit, 
 Of unsu<;cessful and successful war 
 Mi;;ht never reach us more !" 
 
 Even where anxieties are imaginary, still they are anxieties. The 
 competition of the competent among each other, the struggling jealousy, 
 ambition, and rivalry of those, who in other regions would be friends, all 
 the more for being neighbours, the difficulties of setting up and getting 
 off sons and daughters — the perpetual round of unnatural drudgery in 
 the counting house with its risks, or the lawyer's chambers with their 
 galley slave work, or the thousand offices which minister to the needs of 
 society — do not they suggest the question, whether, under the most 
 favourable circumstances such avocations can stand a comparison with the 
 iiealchy and athletic activities of agriculture, the freedom and leisure of 
 the settler, with his plough, his spade, his rifle, his horse, his salmcm 
 spear, and canoe. Is not life in the crowded city lost in the struggle to 
 live, — does not the faculty of enjoyment pass from us before we have 
 leisure for its fruition, has not existence rolled past before we have begun 
 to study how it may be made happy— have we notputoffretirom^^nt, until 
 it has ceased to please ? We greatly mistake if these considerations have 
 not sunk deep into the public mind. The powers of steam, and the im- 
 provement in navigation are yearly, or rather monthly tempting better 
 classes of men to quit what some think a sinking ship, and to venture 
 their fortunes in the land of promise. America is within twelve daye. of 
 us, the Caj^e within forty, Australia within sixty-two, passage money has 
 become very moderate, and the previous emigration' has facilitated every 
 thing necessary for the reception and settlement of after comers. As 
 families get settled they can offer a home to which others may at once 
 repair on arrival, and while their own experience gives them the authority 
 of the most unexceptionable witnesses, they acquire money and remit it 
 home to aid the emigration of their relatives. As colonies become more 
 populous, they offer new inducements to colonise, and the tide is likely to 
 set in and know no retiring ebb. At last colonies become mighty kingdoms, 
 and either sustain the greatness of the parent country, or become its 
 rival. But in either case retain its language, habits, sympathies and 
 wants, and become its most valuable customers. 
 
 V- > 
 
 GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF EMIGRATION. 
 
 Every new country where land is cheap, the soil fertile, and the cli- 
 mate agreeable, offers to the poor man this obvious advantage. Tlie 
 cheapness of the land makes every man desire to possess it, and to culti- 
 vate his own acres rather than to be the servant of another. If he cun 
 fell trees he can always be his own master, and find his own, and that a 
 profitable employment. Hence the supply of hired labour is far below 
 the demand, and wages, even for the most indifferent service, are consi- 
 derable. Tlie labourer, who in this country has the utmost difficulty to 
 prociu'O employment evea at the lowest rate of wages, is sure of an on- 
 
GENERAL ADVANTAGES OP EMIGRATT >Tr. 
 
 17 
 
 gagement in a new country at a remunerative price. . je vast ^ odu -- 
 tion of food renders subsistence at the same time easy. We observe that 
 Indian corn is sometimes sold in America at 6s. 8d. per quarter, whole 
 hams for 6d. each, meat in retail at from a halfpenny to twopence per 
 pound, whisky at Is. per gallon, and other articles of prime consump- 
 tion in proportion. A comfortable log hut may be purchased for £20, 
 and a frame house of six rooms for £90. Taxes ai*e nominal — water is 
 at the door — fuel is to be had for the felling — he can brew his own beer, 
 distil his own spirits, dip his own candles, boil his own soap, make his 
 own sugar, and raise his own tobacco. These are incalculable advan- 
 tages to the poor man. But their benefits are not confined to him. 
 
 For all practical purposes four shillings will go as far under such a state 
 of prices in America as twenty shillings in England. Substantially then 
 the emigrant finds £250 of as much value in Illinois or the Cape as 
 £1,000 would be in England, and if his family be large and his expendi- 
 ture upon the bare necessaries of life bear a considerable proportion to 
 his whole outlay, the diflference in the value of money will be even greater. 
 Although the usury laws are in force in most of these new countries, it is 
 understood that the purchase of land may in general be so managed as 
 to yield from nine to twelve per cent, with perfect security for that return. 
 The state stock of Pennsylvania yields upwards of 7 5 per cent, on the 
 present price ; and money has been borrowed on undoubted security, at 
 as high a rate as from 20 to 25 per cent. 
 
 From these data it is evident that besides the benefit of the exchange 
 in favor of British money which would add nearly £150 to every £1,000 
 carried out to America, or most of our colonies, £1,000 may be fairly 
 expected to yield in any of these settlements from £90 to £100 per an- 
 num, while that income will command about as much as £200 yearly in 
 this country. To the small capitalist therefore, without the desire or 
 design to become a farmer, or to enter into business of any kind, emigi*a- 
 tion offers the advantage of an easy independence.* The facility with 
 which by such a step he can provide for the prospects of a family is not 
 the least of the benefits which colonization is calculated to confer. It is 
 true that he cannot surround himself with hie luxuries of life there, so 
 cheaply as in an old settled country. The same amount of money will 
 not give him abundant and good society in the prairies or backwoods, 
 
 • *• Money may be lent on good mortgagee security in this state [Ohio], at 8 per 
 cent, payabfe half yearly. 1 thought it probable that the high rate of interest, and 
 the facihty of obtaining small portions of land transferable at a mere trifle of ex- 
 pense would hereafter induce a class of persons to emigrate, whose aim would be 
 not to work hard for a livintr. but to live easily on a small capital already acquired. 
 We have hundreds of tradesmen in our towns who cannot continue in busines* 
 without the fear of losing all and who have not accumulated sufficient money to 
 retire upon. A man of such a class in £ngland cannot live upon the interest of 
 £1,000; but here for £200, he could purchase and stock a little farm of twenty-flve 
 acres, which would enable him to keep a horse and cow, sheep, pigs, and poultry, 
 and supply his family with every article of food, while his £800 at interest would 
 give him an income of £64 a year. He could even have his own su^ar from his 
 
 1 own maple trees, to sweeten his cup and preserve the peaches from his own fruit 
 trees, and almost all he r.-ould need to buy, besides clothes, would be tea, whirh 
 may be had of goo»l quality at from Is. 9d. to 28. per lb. Still further west he could 
 have ten per cent, interest for his money."— Tour in the United States, by Aboui- 
 
 |lald Phentice, 1818 
 
 ■ i:i 
 
 ii 
 
 •1 
 
 ill 
 
 \ i 
 
18 
 
 GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF EMIGRATION. 
 
 !| 
 
 nor good roads, nor bridges, nor walled gardens, nor well built brick or 
 stone houses, nor medical advice at hand. Above all, no amount of 
 money will there supply him with good, respectful, and obedient servants. 
 A new country is the paradise of the poor — but it is the pandemonium 
 of the rich, and especially purgatory to the female branches of all who 
 are well to do. Those artificial and conventional advantages, those con- 
 veniences whose value is only known when they are lost, those endless 
 fitnesses and accommodations v/hich are gradually supplied in an old 
 country as their need is perceived, the emigrant travels away from, and 
 will strongly feel the want of. The mere cockney will be thoroughly 
 miserable in the new mode of existence which every emigrant must enter 
 upon. The nightman, the shoeblack, the newsman, the omnibus, the 
 two-penny post, he will see little of. The water will not be laid on, nor 
 the drain connected with the soil pipe. Wooden houses have chinks — 
 logs are not so convenient as coaJ — rooms are small, and not very snug 
 —the doors and sashes do not he — the hinges and floors creak — house- 
 hold secondary luxuries are dear — and the whole family must be very 
 much their own servants. Nobody will cringe and bow to them, and 
 just bring to their door the very thing they want, lohen they want it. But 
 thou the real needs and requisites of life will be indefeasibly theirs. If 
 their house and its contents be inferior^ they are as good as their neigh- 
 bour's, a consideration which takes the sting out of many disappoint- 
 ments. They fear no rent day, nor poor-rate or assessed tax collector — 
 neither game nor fish are preserved, nor licenses needed — around them 
 on their own freehold are ample means of subsistence, and a little money 
 supplies all the rest. They need have no care for the morrow except the 
 consciousness that each day their clearing is more improved and of 
 greater value. They have leisure, independence, peace, security. If 
 they can serve themselves, help each other, find pleasure in the useful 
 activities of self help and country life, and possess internal resources of 
 mind and occupation, then all such in emigrating change for the better. 
 If their society is bad, tl\ey can do without it, if an occasional qualm of 
 home Sickness and the claims of fatherland come over them let them 
 think of the toils, fears, and anxieties they leave behind them^ and be 
 grateful for the change. 
 
 To persons in the middle ranks of life, emigration is social emanci- 
 pation. Convention is their tyrant ; they are the slaves of mere appear- 
 ances ; they are never able to escape from the necessity for an answer to 
 the question, "What will Mrs. Grundy say?" They must implicitly 
 conform to the world around them, even to the number of rooms in their 
 house, the servants they keep, the hats and gowns they wear. They can- 
 not be seen in their own kitchen, to make their own markets, to carry 
 their own luggage. Their clothes must be superfine, and the seams in- 
 visible. They must not condescend to work, however willing and able. 
 A glimpse of their wife at the wash-tub would be ruin to the family. Is 
 it nothing to wise and worthy people to escape from all this thraldom ? 
 The idleness, listlessness, total vacuity which produce in our daughters 
 and sisters so much disease of body and of mind, can find no place in the 
 settler's life. The weak spine, the facility of fatigue, the sick headache, 
 the failing appetite, the languor, the restless dissatis&ction which result 
 
GENERAL ADVANTAGES OP EMIGRATION. 
 
 19 
 
 from romance reading and the polka, are speedily put to flight by the 
 exercise of cow-milking, butter-churning, baking, cheese-pressing, and 
 stocking-darning. To the man whose world has been his desk or his 
 counter, who can go nowhere without an omnibus, and do nothing for 
 Limself, what a new world must be opened by his rifle and the woods, or 
 his rod <ind the waterfall ! What new life and vigour may he not draw 
 by breaking his colt or yoking his oxen, or scampering over the prairies, 
 or sleighing from house to house in the way of good neighbourhood 
 when the bright snow has made a universal road ! Think of the liberty 
 of wearing hob-nails and frieze cloth j of living, down to one's own in- 
 come in place of living up to one's neighbours ; of walking abroad in 
 primitive defiance of a hiatus in the elbow or armpits of his coat ; of 
 the luxury of serving one's self; of making war upon appearances by a 
 second day's beard or a third day's shirt, or a running short of shoe 
 blacking. Loneliness ! monotony ! not an hour, not a minute without 
 its occupation, compelling the mind to objectivity ^ and saving it from stib- 
 Ijectirity, that brooding on itself, which finally eats into the heart and 
 gnaws life away. Shelves have to be put up and hinges screwed, and 
 panes to be put in ; a table has to be attempted, perhaps shoes have to 
 be cobbled. The young colt has to be broke ; the larder is empty, more 
 game is wanted ; the rifle must be got ready, or the rod for a dish of 
 lish ; the sugar has to be made from the maple, or honey to be got by 
 watching the bees in the wood ; the cider, the beer, giape wine have to 
 be brewed, or the whisky or brandy to be distilled, or the soap or candles 
 to be made ; or, in fine, the whole offices of the farmer have to be per- 
 formed ; the plough, the wagon, the seed time, the harvest, the cattle, 
 j the sheep, the horses, the fences, the fuel, the cleared land and the wood 
 land, all cry out upon the sluggard, and promise to crown industry with 
 [its just reward. Every work done is a hoarded comfort; every new 
 I operation is prospective wealth ; every difficulty conquered is ease ac- 
 complished, and a care chased away. You look around and whisper, I 
 vanquished this wilderness and made the chaos pregnant with order and 
 civilization, " alone I did it !" The bread eats sweetly, the fi'uit relishes, 
 I the herb nourishes, the meat invigorates, the more that myself have 
 iBubdued it to my uses. I feel myself a man with a reasonable soul and a 
 jcontriving intellect ; I am no longer a small screw in a complicated ma- 
 Ichine ; my whole powers are put forth, and every faculty put to its 
 jprovidential use. To-morrow I am richer than to-day in all that is 
 jwortli living for ; until the fixed and firmset earth shall perish, and the 
 l" clouds shall return no more after rain," no human vicissitude can 
 ieprive me of that, which, to have, Ls to possess all that a wise man should 
 covet.* 
 
 * Ltfb in thb Wildbrness. — Although liable to an accusation of barbarism, I 
 ust confess that the very happiest moments of my life have been spent in the wil- 
 ieriiess of the Far West ; ano 1 never recall, but with pleasure, the remembrance of 
 nj solitary camp in the Bayou Salade, with no friend near me more faithful than my 
 hue, and no companions more sociable than my good horse and mules, or the atten- 
 dant cayute which nightly serenaded us. With a plentiful supply of dry pine legs 
 )Dthe fire, and its cheerful blaze stieamin^ far up into the sky, iUuminating the 
 ralley far and near, and exhibiting the ammolA, with well- filled bellies, standing 
 
 "^ 
 
 i .■■ 
 
-.ft!- 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 l||> 
 
 f i 
 
 i|H 
 
 20 
 
 GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF EMIGRATION. 
 
 In such a state of being independence may be literally absolute. The 
 savage has retired to his remote fastnesses ; the wild beasts and noxious 
 animals have followed him. In many parts of America the old custom 
 atill prevails among many respectable, well educated, almost refined 
 families, of producing every thing which they use and consume. In the 
 winter the woollen and linen yarn is spun and woven into cloth ; the 
 garments are homely, but comfortable and decent; the furniture if 
 inelegant suits all useful purposes ; the sheep yields her fleece, the deer 
 and cattle their skin and leather ; the fowls their feathers ; the materials 
 of light, heat, cleanliness, even of sober luxury, are all around them 
 within their own fi*eehold ; sugar, fruit, wine, spirits, ripe October, may 
 be commanded on the spot ; they may enjoy the moderate indulgences 
 of civilization by the work of their own hands without the possession of 
 even the smallest coin. 
 
 And if they are not competent to the production of all this, or do not 
 desire the labour, they may acquire a freehold just large enough for the 
 su])ply of their own wants, while a small yearly surplus of money will 
 furnish them easily with all the additional comforts they can reasonably 
 desire. Every addition to their family is an accession to their wealth ; 
 no man is a rival or competitor, but only a companion of the other ; and 
 all neighbours are, in the most material sense, friends. The poor man 
 is always welcome, because he is never a pauper, but a helper, a sharp- 
 ener of the countenance of his fellow man. There is wealth to the com- 
 munity in his thews and sinews ; a mine in his productive energy aiid 
 cunning skill. If he would still serve, his wages are high, and abundant 
 food found for him ; if he too would be a freeholder, the wages of a day's 
 work buy an acre of fat soil. Nor let it be forgotten that with the in- 
 heritance of the Illinois prairie, the Canadian clearing, or the Australian 
 plain, the settler is also the heir of European civilization. With the 
 science of agriculture, the habits of industry, and the development of in- 
 telligence, he may command if he desires it, his parish church, his dis- 
 trict school, the cheapest and best literature. He marries the advantages 
 'of both hemispheres, and leaves behind him the cares of sophistics* 
 tion. 
 
 What room is there for hesitancy ? " Dulcis reminiacitur Argos." Ho 
 cannot forget his country ; his wife and daughters 
 
 " Cannot but remember eurh things were 
 That were moat dear to them." 
 
 The thought of change 
 
 contentedly nt res' over their picket fire, 1 would nit cross lojfped, rnjnying the Re* 
 nial warmth, uiid pipe in mouth, watch the blue smoke ax it curled upwarda, buildup 
 i-d^tii's in ii.s vapoury wreutha, and, in the fantastic shapes it assumed, peopling llie 
 solitude with figures of those far away. Scarcely. h<»\vevei, did I ever wish to 
 cbiinife such hours of freedom for all the luxuritts of civilized life : and, unnntnril 
 and extiaurdinnry as it may appear, yet such is the fascination of the life of the 
 niouniuin hunter, that I believe not one instance could be adduced ol even tin 
 must polished and civilized of men, who had once tasted (he swi-ets of its atteiul* 
 •nt libeity,4iid freedom from every worldly care, not regretting the moment whto 
 he exrhuiiged it for the monotonous life of the settlemcntN, nor sighing and siylH 
 lun AKMiu oDce mure to purUke uf iu pleasures and alluituiuuts.— Uuiton. 
 
GENERAL ADVANTAGES OP EMIGRATION. 
 
 tti 
 
 e. The 
 noxious 
 
 custom 
 
 refined 
 In the 
 )th; the 
 liture if 
 the deer 
 naterials 
 ad them 
 )er, may 
 ulgenc(!8 i| 
 ession of 
 
 »r do not 
 ti for the 
 mey will 
 Eisonably 
 wealth ; 
 tier ; and 
 oor man 
 a sharp- 
 the com- 
 ergy and 
 ibundant 
 ►f a day 
 1 the in 
 U8tralian 
 With the 
 nt of in- 
 , his dis- 
 ivantHfiis 
 phisiticap 
 
 08.** He 
 
 ig the Re* 
 
 , building 
 
 opiiiji; ilie 
 
 ;r wisli to 
 
 unnatural 
 
 life uf the 
 
 even tlit 
 
 tt ttllriwl- 
 
 nrnt whtd 
 
 and niylt- 
 
 ITUN. 
 
 ■ '* Makes cowards of us all, 
 
 And thus the native hue of resolution 
 Is sicklied o'er with the pale'cast of thought, 
 And makes us rather bear those; ills we have 
 Than fly to others that we know not of." 
 
 Women that never did any thing for themselves, and rotted mind and 
 
 body in ease, if not in comfort, grumble at being compelled to do that 
 
 which will give health to both ; mistresses accustomed to void their temper 
 
 1 upon submissive drudges, find themselves forced to respect humanity if 
 
 they would have its cheerful service. Masters before whom man, made 
 
 labjoct by dependence, had reverently to cringe, are disciplined to the 
 
 [bitter lesson of doing homage to the nature which God had made only a 
 
 little lower than the angels, and for the first time are taught the infinite sig- 
 
 niticancy of a human soul. We are made to do that for ourselves which. 
 
 Others did for us, and to deny ourselves much that was never truly worth 
 
 jthe having. In nature's school we are set the tasks necessary for the 
 
 [mind's sanity and the body's health, and we grumble like the urchm 
 
 Ithat we ai'e made to know that which will one day make a man of us. 
 
 jWhich is the really richer, ho who has most appliances or the fewest 
 
 [wants ? Riches take to themselves wings and flee away ; moth and rust 
 
 jcorrupt ; thieves break through and steal. We have seen within the year 
 
 [merchant princes beggared by the hundred ; royalty teaching a school ; 
 
 lings running from their kingdoms without so much as a change of 
 
 linen ; the whole wealthy classes of a great nation reduced to beggary ; 
 
 )ut he who can say omnia mea mecum portOj whose whole resources are 
 
 kvithin himself, who never acquired a taste for that of which others could 
 
 8 ^deprive him ) who has learnt qucmtum vectigal sit in parsimonia, who 
 
 lever wants what he may not have, what are the world's vicissitudes to 
 
 lim? Some emperors are wise enough to discipline themselves to 
 
 ienial. The autocrat of Russia lies on a truckle bed, lives frugally, 
 
 labours industriously, sleeps little. Peter the Great worked in Deptford 
 
 )ock-yard ; are they not wise in their generation ? What is there in a 
 
 h'uissel's carpet, down pillows, damask curtains, French cookery, stuffed 
 
 chairs, silver forks, silks, or superfine cloth, that wo should break our 
 
 learts for the want of them, and sufter the very happiness of our lives to 
 
 lepend upon the milliner, the jeweller, the tailor, or the upholsterer ? 
 
 )ut of doors, man's i)ropor atmosi)hore, does the turf spread a finer 
 
 ^•iiri)et, the flowers yield a sweeter perfume, the lark sing a more melo- 
 
 lious song, the sun rise with greater lustre, or the heavens fret their 
 
 h)ofs with more golden fire for the peer than for the peasant ? Will the 
 
 plinou come better to his hook, or th(^ deer fall faster to his rifle ? How 
 
 littlo iriore can money buy that is really worth the having, than that 
 
 ^llich the poorest settler can command without it ? He has bread, and 
 
 moat, a warm coat, a blazing hearth, humming homo-browed, the 
 
 ydomxia etpkiceiis uxor " {^XxWdviiwihvX • 
 
 ** Climb luH knees the envied kiss to share;** 
 
 friendly neighbour, and if ho would have society, Plato, Shakespeare, 
 he dear old Vicar of Wakefield. Burns. Fielding, Scott, or Dickons, will 
 jt>in the fire-side with snnill importunity. " The big ha' bible" and the 
 ivmuA uf the |K)UMiat putriuich^ will Uioy whibpor lotw tioul coxiifort, or 
 
 if*l 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 - 
 
 
 !l 
 
 t 
 
 • ^: 
 
 • 
 
 .4 
 
 ■ 
 
 
i, ir- 
 
 i 
 
 |M I 
 
 i 
 
 ^% COLONIZATION. 
 
 impart less instniction than the bishop's blessing or the rector's sermon? 
 Or will He, who long ago taught us that neither on Mount Gherizim nor 
 yet at Jerusalem should he be alone found, be less effectually worshipped 
 in the log cabin, or " under the canopy," 
 
 " I' the city of kites and crows," 
 
 than in the long drawn aisle and fretted vault of the consecrated cathedral! 
 The conditions of true happiness, depend upon it, have been made com- 
 mon and accessible to all. Cry not, Lo here ! lo there ! for, " behold the: 
 kingdom of heaven is within you !" It is not on the rich 
 
 " The freshness of the heart shall fall like dew." 
 
 Luxuries, money, and money's worth, are man's invention, not nature's ^ 
 
 work; 
 
 " 'Tis not in them, but in thy power 
 To double even the sweetness of a flower." 
 
 If you are well, leave well alone. If the world prospers with you in 
 England, and you see the way to moderate independence ; if care is not | 
 tearing your heart out, and thought for to-morrow poisoning the happl- 
 ness of to-day, we need not unfold to you the incidents of emigration. 
 But it you have troops of marriageable daughters, and sons whom you 
 know not how to settle, and a struggle to keep the wolf from the door, 
 why should you, like the frightened hare, be overtaken by misery in 
 your form, when by running from the hounds you may find shelter in 
 the backwoods, or safety on the prairie ? '* Friend, look you to't," 
 
 COLONIZATION. 
 
 What emigration is to the private individual colonization is to the state. 
 It means wholesale migration on a settled plan. It is undoubtedly a! 
 system which has many advantages denied to individual removal. To 
 lift up half a parish, with its ploughmen, blacksmiths, carpenters, colh 
 lers, tailors, a parson and a schoolmaster, next door nrnghbours and reia* 
 tives, transport them from Wilts or Bucks, and set them all down to- 
 gether on the prairie of Illinois, or the fat plains of New Plymouth, is! 
 to surround them with every home comfort and necessary appliance, with 
 the addition of a better climate, and farms in fee simple. They do iiotj 
 go among strangers ; they do not leave society ; they do not lose the ad- 
 vantages of divided labour. They cheer each other with mutual spi- 
 pathies ; they scarcely leave their country, when they take with them I 
 those who made their country dear. The capitalist may have his oldj 
 servants and tradesmen inured to each others habits and mode^ ofi 
 thought. They may locate their cottages in the order of their fonncrj 
 contiguity. The doctor, who knows their constitutions, may be in the 
 midst of them; and the pastor, who knows their hearts, speak th(! old 
 words of comftu't. It was thus the Highland clans went to Canada; thatj 
 the lowland Scotch now go to Otago, and the men of Kent to Now Cun- 
 terbury. Engagements are thus siuiured to the poor before they go <tiil;| 
 « huu60 and food uml the exact spot whoit) tliey aro to settle, ai'o Hxedl 
 
COLONIZaIION. 
 
 'beforehand. The capitalist is assured of his old labourers ; friends are 
 kept together ; the vessel and the ^ oyage are arranged in the best man- 
 ner for the safety and comfort of all. Our last letter irom Auckland says, 
 " We have every reasonable comfort wo can desire but society and old 
 friends." Colonization supplies this want, and obviates many gi'eater 
 hardships. All is prepared beforehand on a well considered plan, by per- 
 ons who know the country and its requirements. The necessaries of life 
 iid those appliances, the want of which, form the first difiiculty of 
 Bsettlers, are anticipated. The helpless are assisted and advised ; the des- 
 londing cheered. Civilization is transferred to the wilderness, and even 
 rame houses are carried out in the ship. The first division arrived and 
 ocated, the second can venture with confidence, where they will be re- 
 el /ed with welcome, and England itself is made to re-appear in the 
 lids of New Zealand. As this system becomes better understood, it is 
 lore generally followed. Numerous families of the middle and higher 
 lasses agree to emigrate together ; single capitalists fi'eight a large ship, 
 nd take out a whole colony on their own venture. Associations in pop- 
 lous districts advertise for companions and canvas for fellow- voyagers j 
 ip-eemeuts are made with ship owners, on an advantageous plan ; each 
 ontributes his fund of information and advice to the common stock, 
 suiting in greater comfort and economy. Younger sons of squires, ca- 
 ets of noble families go out at the head of their tenant's and cottier's 
 118 and families. It is indeed a somewhat ominous circumstance that 
 ho Peels, the Carlisles, the Stanleys send their scions to the new world, 
 r tlie fifth section of the globe, as if they did not know how soon it 
 iuht be necessary to look out for new quarters and a quieter life than 
 midst Irish rebellions, chartist risings and European revolutions. 
 
 lint the great purpose of state colonization must be to relieve tho 
 lotlier country of its most obvious nedundancev** in the shape of popu- 
 tion. Loixl Ashley has had a conference with a large deputation of the 
 lieves of London: they desire to change their mode of life, to which 
 many have been driven by social neglect or "necessity of present life, 
 which their poverty and not their will consents." They eai'nestly de- 
 re removal to where they are not known, to work out reformation and 
 (Icjiendence by industry and the right direction of a perverted ingenuity. 
 1 1847 the number of persons committed for serious offences in tho 
 nited kingdom was 64,847 ! All of broken fortunes, what more good 
 n they do to society or to themselves at home ? In the same year the 
 tal number of paupers relieved, was 2,200,730, at a cost of £6,310,509. 
 to these be added tho middle class of persons of broken fortunes, we 
 ave a mass of population who, manifestly, in the existing arrangements 
 society, are so much surplusage among us, a burden to themselves and 
 tho nation. When we add that these numbers neai'ly equal the entire 
 tion of the Netherlands, or Denmark, or Switzerland or the liomau 
 Htes, or Tuscany, or Scotland, and that the annual cost of prosecutions, 
 jails, penitentiaries, hulks, workhouses, hosj)ilaIs, added to t!he pocu* 
 tes, ib, upwards of £6 per head on paupers and criminals, a sum that 
 uld carry the whole of them to Quebec or Now Orleans, provisions 
 chided, tho half to tho Capo, or ono fourth to Austrulia, we uetd 
 rcely usk whether a case is not made out for gigantic tclf su]»porthig 
 
 I 
 
 ! I .'I 
 
! 
 
 24 
 
 COl.ONIZATION. 
 
 i 
 
 II ; I 
 
 colonization. Add to these means the proceeds of the sale of lands to 
 capitalists attracted to the colonies by this prodigious supply of labour, 
 and the sums expended by them in wages, and it is clear thaCt the prac- 
 ticability of the measure is demonstrable. 
 
 Hitherto, from the absence of any well digested system of coloniza- 
 tion, both the labour and capital of emigrants have been in a great mea- ! 
 sure lost to us. Out of 258,270 emigi-ants i" 1847, 142,154 went to flie | 
 United States. Left to the freedom of their own will, and unassisted by i 
 any previous preparation in the colonies for their comfortable reception 
 and absorption, they naturally took refuge in the popular and prosperous i 
 American Republic. What is wanted to be devised, is this :— Let a large 
 tract of good land, in a favorable district, be properly surveyed and divi- 1 
 ded, its roads laid out, good water frontage being an essential desidera- 
 tum. Let substantial frame houTses be erected in proper situations on 
 each section of 640 acres, and comfortable log cabins be put up in easy 
 contiguity, furnished with barely necessary household utensils, labouring ; 
 tools, and rations until harvest, for the family. Let labourers and capi- 
 talists, masters and men, make their contracts here, and go out in the 
 same ship together. Let the employers retain such a portion ofj 
 the wages agreed upon as will repay, in eighteen months, to the govern- 
 ment the cost of the various items supplied to the labourers, and let this 
 fund be applied to the surveying and dividing and housing and hutting 
 other tracts in the same manner. At first this must be executed on 
 most extensive scale, and as emigi*ation gi'ows by what it feeds on, wej 
 have no doubt that, largely and liberally carried forward at the outset, j 
 the result will be such that government assistance will soon be rendered J 
 unneccessary. A railway from the interior to -the best shipping port, 
 would be constructed at a cost less than that of the mere labour spent 
 upon it. The land would be had for nothing ; the property on the line ' 
 could well afford to defray a share of an expense which would so much 
 enhance its value; timber could be had for the cost of felling, and tlie: 
 rails might quite practicably be made of logs, while in regions where tlie^ 
 winter is long and the fi'ost steady, the closing of the lakes would 
 obstruct traffic, which could then be carried on by rail. In many j)arti| 
 of the United States the cost of a single tramway does not exceed £1, '200 J 
 per mile. In our North American colonies the work could be exccutedl 
 quite as cheaply. In Denmark and Norway the troops of the line are lo-j 
 cated on regimental farms, under their oflicers, and made by their luboo 
 on them to pay all their expenses, in ])lace of destroying tlicir ovmj 
 habits and the morals of their neighbourhood in idleness. We need notj 
 be at the cost of a single regiment in our colonics, if we would but, oil 
 a systematic plan, send our army and navy prnsionei*8 there, and locat^l 
 them 1 proper cantonments. Here their ])onsions cannot maintain themj 
 theiv all the necessaries of life could be obtained by them without co 
 and their pensions would enable them to live in the highest comfort. 
 
 Our Navy entails a heavy burden upon us. Mr. Cobden's exposure ( 
 '^e way in which our fleet is disposed, proves that our sailors arc n«| 
 trained as they ought to be, by being sent to sea to k erp their sea leiifs, 
 to bo exei'cised in navigation. To what use could they be half so wffl 
 Applied, even for maintaining the efficiency of the service, as in ranyi 
 
EMIGRATION FIELDS. 
 
 25 
 
 dctaclimehts of cmi^'ants to our colonies. Our steam ships could reach 
 Halifax from Liverpool, in nine days, or the Cape in forty, and at the 
 latter place they could be met by steamers from New Zealand and Aus- 
 tralia, for emigrants to these localities, coal of excellent quality having 
 been found in abundance in many districts of those settlements. 
 
 The Wakefield system of Colonization is, it is hoped, now universally 
 cxpl(>ded. The plan of compelling labourers to continue in the capa- 
 city of mere servants to capitalists by so enhancing the price of land a» 
 to render its possession inaccessible to the poor, is clearly unjust and de- 
 monstrably impracticable. It is calculated to frustrate the veiy end it 
 aims at, by discouraging the emigration of labour. Capitalists after 
 having paid forty shillings an acre for land become insolvent, their pro- 
 perty is thrown upon the market, and sold for two shillings or three shil- 
 lings per acre, while the solvent purchaser finds that his settlement is 
 depreciated to the same extent by the glut of land thus forced upon the 
 market. The annual revenue derived from the sale of Crown lands in 
 Australia, when sold at 5s. an acre, was £115,825. When the price was 
 raised to twenty shillings it sunk to £8,000, emigration fell oft' in the 
 same proportion, and universal depression was the result. Peasant pi'o- 
 prit'tors are the life and marrow of every state, and all other objects 
 sliould bo postponed to the one great end, of making labourers freehold- 
 ers. The gi'eat stream of emigration from this country has been to 
 Canada and the United States, where the upset price of land varies from 
 58. to 88. per acre. 
 
 
 v 
 
 ' i 
 
 
 *' KMIGRATION FIELDS. 
 
 A very small number of the host of publicalicms which profess to treat 
 of emigration are really written with the single view of enabling intend- 
 ing emigrants to form a sound judgment on the subject of the choice of 
 a destination. The authors are biassed in favour of the particular region 
 over which they themselves have travelled. Others have an interest in, 
 or have relatives in the colony described. Some have ])olitical prejudices 
 which warp their comparit<t)n of the merits of a settlement in a foreign 
 state, in the American republic, or in British Colonies. Not a few take 
 it for granted that no British subject would migi-ate to the possessions of 
 a foreign power. Land jobbers everywhere insinuate their lies into the 
 public mind, against every locality but that in which they liavo sections to 
 I Bell, and too many settlers who find they have made a foolish choice, seek 
 to mitigate the calamity of their position by trying to bring othei»s into the 
 same scrape. A writer is well paid for writing up Texas, and the press is 
 bribed to spread the delusion. Merchants write home to their London 
 correspondents to " get up an agitation" in favour of their colony, and 
 itraightway deputations are delegated, and public meetings calh^d all over 
 the country. The New Zealand Company sets its powerful machinery to 
 work. The Canada Land Company gets its Union Workhouse settlei-s to 
 Iwrite home their unsoi)histicated letters to their parents, which are iii- 
 Irtantly published by the County paper, the "Cai)o and its Colonists" have 
 It whole republic of authors scribbling away on tlioir behalf, while tb« 
 
 il 
 
 1)1 
 
 I 4 
 
i • '. 
 
 26 
 
 EMIGRATION FIELDS. 
 
 i" I '* 
 
 land sharks of the United States stir up the bile of the Chartists and 
 other simpletons in favour of the model republic and no taxation. As 
 the most recent and glaring specimen of this sort of constructive decep-' 
 tion we may instance the article Emigration in the British Almanac for 
 1849. In answer to the question " whither should emigrants go," it 
 blinks the United States, it slurs over Canada with a kick at its rigorous 
 climate, it does not even mention the Cape of Good Hope, and devotes 
 nearly the whole of its space to South Australia. It shall be our object 
 to maintain the strictest impartiality in giving a candid and practical ac- 
 count of the various regions which offer inducements for emigi*ation ; and 
 to afford an intelligible and well digested view of the various features of 
 each district. 
 
 The climate of our West and East Indian possessions is so inimical to 
 the European constitution that we need say nothing more of these locali- 
 ties than to condemn them. Ceylon, Singapore, Sarawak, Labuan offer 
 great inducements to the store merchant, but not to agriculti:;ral settlers. 
 British Guiana adds to a good climate the advantages of a beautiful 
 country and a fertile soil, but is not yet in a condition for the proper set- 
 tlement of emigi'ants. The same may be said of the islands in the South 
 Sea, of the regions on the shores of the Pacific, and the other possessions 
 in North and South America not in the tenure of the Anglo-Saxon race. 
 Van Couver's Island, that splendid acquisition of the Hudson's Bay 
 Company, combines every advantage of soil, climate, aud production, 
 and will at some future day become one of the most valuable appendages 
 of the Crown ; but its remoteness, its unsettled state, the uncertainty of 
 its position, the scantiness and uncivilised character of its European in- 
 habitants, combined with the precariousness of its existing elements of 
 trade and production, render removal thither at present unadvisable. To 
 California and other recently acquired annexations of Mexican territoiy 
 by the United States the same objections apply. Black Feet, Cumauches, 
 trappers, and herdsmen are not comfortable neighbours, and are uncer- 
 tain customers. Oregon, the Falkland Islands, and Astoria may be dis- 
 missed with similar brevity ; and it has only to be remembered that tha 
 Auckland Islands are considerably nearer the South Pole than the south- 
 ernmost point of New Zealand, in order to dispose of the question of tho 
 ineligibility of those islands as a field of emigration for any except such as 
 arc fonderofwhalesand cold weatherthan of fruits, flowers, an<l a genial sun. 
 
 The only fields of Emigration which can at present be offered for the 
 choice of a settlement, are, 1. Canada and our other North American 
 colonies in the Atlantic ; 2. The United States ; 3. The Cape of (jlood 
 Hope, and Natal ; 4. Now Zealand ; 6. New South Wales ; 0. Van Die- 
 man's Land; 7. South Australia ; 8. Australia Felix; 9. Western Aus- 
 tralia; 10. North Australia. 
 
 Before proceeding to describe these regions in detail, it is however 
 necessary that we should, having discussed the general reasons which 
 should determine tho question of the propriety of emigrating at all, now 
 consider tho various particulars which should fix the choice of a 
 locality, and review those suggt,- 'ons of detail which are a]>plicable to 
 the subject under all circumstances. Where you are to go is tho liwt 
 problem to be solved. How you are to go is the secon»l. 
 
CLIMATE. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 27 
 
 I 
 
 Every other advantage of a settlement is secondary to that of climate. 
 Without health, there cannot merely be enjoyment, but even subsistence. 
 To a man who expatriates his wife and family, the responsibility he un- 
 dertakes in this regard is serious, and any material error in his choice, 
 fatal to his happiness. To save the life of some members of his family 
 he may be compelled to leave his location, j)erhaps to return to the mo- 
 ther country and make shipwreck of his fortunes. He himself may be 
 stricken down, and his helpless children left desolate in a strange land. 
 His wife may pine away while subjected to the process of acclimation. 
 The nioi-tality among settlers is proverbially great. Tens of thousands of 
 the poorest have left competency and abundance, and returned to misery 
 and starvation in England, to remove themselves from the influences of a 
 bad climate, after perhaps having buried all theu* relatives. Every ship 
 which returns from North America brings back travellers of this kind of 
 all ranks. Stricken with disease in our own country we never blame the 
 climate, but when the husband and father has taken his family to a 
 strange land, every malady is attributed to the fatal step of leaving home, 
 and home is their only specific for a cure. 
 
 Climate then ought to be the first consideration of all emigrants. In- 
 i deed it is inferiority of climate, which is the great preventive of emigi'a- 
 ition; millions have been deterred from joining their friends abroad by 
 [ reports of disease and denunciations of the climate. 
 
 We have been at much pains to gather and compare the testimony 
 [ given on this point ; and the result of most anxious study and enquiry, 
 [we shall now proceed to lay before the reader : — 
 
 New Zealand appears to possess for the European constitution, the 
 [finest climate in the world. It has no extremes of temperature, and no 
 pidden changes of weather. At all times, both night and day, mild and 
 [equable, it is subject neither to excessive droughts nor excessive rains — 
 labour can be at all times pursued in the open air — two crops in the year 
 ire yielded, the leaves never wither but are pushed off by their suc- 
 cessors, and no diseases seem indigenous. It must be excepted, how- 
 ever, that this description applies only to the northern island — the tem- 
 lerature at the southern extremity being sometimes rigorous ; it has also 
 be observed that, although the prevailing winds are unobjectionable 
 [hey are very high — that a degi*ee of humidity exists sufficiently re- 
 larkable to characterize the region, which may be unfavourable to 
 )me constitutions, and that scrofula and consumption are, froln what- 
 ever cause, common among the natives. Still as it is the most agreeable, 
 on the whole it is the most healthy climate, in the world — presenting 
 carcely any drawback, except the prevalence of earthquakes, at no time 
 frequent, and very recently alarming, and even partially destructive. 
 Next in order of eligibility is Tasmania or Van Dienum's Land. This 
 Wand, in climate, possesses all the excellences and most of the charac- 
 iristie features of that of Great Britain. The winter is milder and of 
 Jorter dui'ation, and the summer is perfectly temperate, with loss vaiia- 
 "ity. 
 
 J} m 
 
1 irl 111 
 I'll 
 
 il'l 
 
 Hit I 
 
 28 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 Australia Felix also possesses excellent climatic qualities, and although 
 the heat is greater than in Tasmania, pleasant breezes, a sufficiency oi 
 water, a rich soil, and well sustained forests, render it very agreeable and 
 highly salubrious. 
 
 The constitution is in South Australia subjected to a much greater ex- 
 tremity of heat than in the settlement above noticed, although somewhat 
 mitigated by a pleasant sea breeze, which sets in regularly every day dur- 
 ing the arid season. We are bound to add, however, that we have re- 
 ceived unfavourable accounts of this district, and especially of Adelaide. 
 
 Of Western Australia very favourable accounts are given, from which 
 •we would be led to believe that the climate is more temperate than that of 
 the Southern colony. Still arrow root, sugar cane, pines, bananas, the 
 cotton tree, which all luxuriate here, indicate a temperature, almost tro- 
 pical in its character, although satisfactory testimony is borne to its 
 salubrity. 
 
 The statements relative to New South Wales are not so concurrent. It 
 is said that in the course of a single day the temperature varies thirty 
 degrees, and Mr. Martin states that siroccos frequently occur, which raise 
 the thermometer to 120*^ Farh., and set vast forests and vegetation in a 
 blaze of fire, killing birds, beasts and men. It has, notwithstanding, to 
 be observed that Europeans enjoy excellent health in this colony : at some 
 of the military stations not so much as a single man having died in seven 
 years, and of 1,200 settlers, not more than five or six having been sick at 
 one time. 
 
 Port Natal, it seems conceded on all hands, possesses a climate much 
 resembling that of Australia Felix, enjoying abundance of most luxuri- 
 ant vegetation, valuable forests of timber, and a sufficiency of water. 
 
 The climate of the Cape of Good Hope partakes much of the charac- 
 ter of New South Wales, or of Southern or Western Australia. The 
 heat is often intense and most oppressive ; periodical droughts burn up 
 and destroy vegetation; and opthalmia, dysentery and influenza, the 
 maladies of excessive aridity, occur periodically. But still, with regaiii 
 to all these settlements, it is to be admitted that the concurrence of testi 
 mony in favour of their superior salubrity, is nearly unanimous. In 
 them all the human constitution can sustain exposure to the weather at 
 all times with greater impunity than in any others embraced by our 
 enumeration. The average of health and life is higher ; the diseases are 
 fewer ; the recoveries from maladies contracted in other countries are 
 more numerous. These regions for persons having consumptive tenden- 
 cies, must obviously be excellently adapted, and they are said to be very 
 favourable to the recovery of dyspeptic patients. 
 
 The evidence with reference to the climate of the fields for emigration 
 in North America, is much more conflicting. It may be assumed, how- 
 ever, as indisputable, that in no part are they so favorable to health and 
 the enjoyment of life as the localities before enumerated. They are sub- : 
 ject to sudden extremes of heat and cold, except in the regions of yellow 
 fever, where the heat is as gi-eat, and the climate as dangerous as in j 
 Jamaica or Calcutta. As a general feature of the North American Con- 
 tinent it may be observed that it is remarkably dry without being arid. 
 The sky is seldom overcast, except for a few hours; the atmosphere iij 
 
CLIMATE. 
 
 $9 
 
 deliglitfuUy clear, and throughout the winter the sun shines out without 
 a cloud, making the earth brilliant. Diseases produced by humidity, 
 especially asthma, we should expect to find rare. The sudden changes 
 in the Eastern States, produce, however, consumption, while fever and 
 , ague of an aggravated character, annoy and sometimes scourge the pop- 
 ulation. Nowhere, can any freedom be used with the constitution inured 
 to habits of civilization, and there are few maladies incident to the old 
 world, which do not also ravage these parts of the now. *'The climate of 
 America," observes Mr. Buckingham, " is much more pleasurable to the 
 sight, and feelings than the climate of England. Whether it be as favor- 
 able to health and longevitymay be doubted." The highlands of Virginia 
 and the Southern Slopes of Kentucky, extending from the Potomac to 
 Alabama, are highly praised for their beauty and their delightful climate. 
 But in both the cold of winter is intense, and although they escape fever 
 and ague, except near the Lakes, the intensity of the summer heat pro- 
 j duces, every fifth or sixth year, a considerable mortality. The New Eng- 
 land States are, as a general rule, not so healthy or agreeable as those 
 which are farther west; but the pulmonic and inflammatory diseases 
 I produced in the former, probably do not create a greater amount of dis- 
 jeaso than the fevers and epidemics which occasionally scourge the 
 llatter.* 
 
 We find an universal concurrence of opinion in attestation of the 
 jremarkable salubrity of our American colony of Prince Edward's Island, 
 land we feel no hesitation in characterising it as the healthiest region in 
 lall the Anglo-Saxon portions of North America. Its small size, its com- 
 jplete environment by the sea, the absence of mountains or heights, and 
 jof fogs, of forests (those nurseries of snow and ice,) to any but a moderate 
 [extent, of the extremes of temperature which prevail in all the other re- 
 gions of America, coupled with a fine soil, a moderate winter, and a 
 temperate summer, make it so favourable to longevity, that invalids fi'om 
 )ther districts make it a common place of resort to recruit. 
 To a good sound constitution Lower Canada presents a climate which 
 healthy enough ; but its winter is so long and so severe, that it is 
 
 "•Our New York friend said ' Ah ! you are now coming: to our elastic atmosphere.' 
 I [1st June. New Vork.] " One of the Newspapern says, 'The temperature is delight- 
 [ully cool, the thermometer is onl^ Tfi deg. in the shade.' We should call that pretty 
 hot in the old country, but I Rnd it exceedingly pleasant, and shall not complain if it 
 Bo not exceed ten deg. higher. 
 
 prd June.J"8i» deg. in the shade. Mr. Brooks and 1 do not find the heat oppressive. 
 I [7th June.] Baltimore. The weather, hitherto, has been delightful, the heat having 
 >een felt oppressive only in the middle of the day at Pliiliidtlphia, when the ther- 
 •nometer stood at 85 deg. in the shade. We are told that persons coming from 
 inglund do not feel the first summer's heat so oppressive as trie second. Our indi- 
 luual experience has been that of a temperature exceedingly favorable for a 
 /ri ■Ifi'^'^ ^'xcursion. Musquitoes have not yet introduced themselves. 
 KlJth June, Cincinnati ] " We are beginning to speculate how we shall feel. 
 When people acknowledge that it is hot. The evening air is balmy and delicious 
 f roo^^i "^^ desire at noon day to go out a hoeing potatoes. 
 
 I [22nd June, l^ouisville, Kentucky.] '« Hitherto we have not suffered from the heat, 
 itnougrh It has stood higher than 80 deg., and the mornings and evenings have been 
 J a delicious tenaperature. 
 
 rajnd July, Gloucester.] «• Nothing could be more delightful than the weather. 
 ««eg, at BastoQ, only 82 deg. her*;, and the air so pure and »• dastic tl>4t to breath* 
 
 was a iK>8itive at once felt luxury."— Freuticc. 
 
 I 
 
 1*1 
 
 m 
 
''ill 
 
 80 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 !il:i!li!iiii 
 
 III 
 
 I i 
 
 ' 1 
 
 adapted to the robust alone. As the traveller moves towards the Upper 
 Province he finds that the further he goes west the shorter is the winter 
 and the less rigorous the seasons. But it is said he, in the same degree, 
 approaches nearer the region of epidemics, of fever, and of ague. As a 
 general rule, with reference to this continent it may be observed, that sa 
 you remove from the lakes and the forest, you recede also from disease, 
 and that the more barren any district is, the less unhealthy it proves to 
 be. It may be right to add that from an extensive series of medical statistics 
 it has been proved that the rigour of the Canadian winter is favourable 
 to the constitution, and that our troops enjoy as good health as in our 
 American provinces, at any station at which they are posted. 
 
 Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, are less rigorous than 
 Lower Canada, but subject to the same extremes as Upper Canada, with 
 the addition of more frequent fogs, a longer winter, and tremendous galej 
 of wind. These districts appear to prolong the health of sound constitu. 
 tions, but are not so favourable to general longevity as Prince Edward's 
 Island. Newfoundland is the hyperborean ultima thule of these pos- 
 sessions, and totally unadapted for the purposes of emigration. 
 
 The climate of Texas has nearly an even balance of testimony for and 
 against it. The high authority of our emigration commissioners warns 
 emigrants of its insalubrity, and certainly its tropical productions do not 
 argue a region favourable to the European constitution. Indcpendantlj 
 of the doubtful character of the climate, the population is of a character 
 too lawless and unsettled to render it an eligible choice for any class ex- 
 cept such as at home are significantly reported to have "gone to 
 Texas." 
 
 We have considered climate with its reference merely to health ; but 
 for the proper end of existence its effect upon comfort and happiness, 
 although it ought to form the second, i should form by no means 
 a secofidary consideration. In both respects we must assign the pre- 
 ference to New Zealand, particularly to the northern island. The long 
 spring, summer, and autumn, the short winter, a temperature which ad' 
 mits of two crops in the year, the absence of droughts, the presence oil 
 abundant and excellent water and running streams, and of a sun whicb 
 warms but never scorches or oppresses, place it without a rival. 
 
 Tasmania possesses r. warmer climate, but the depth of soil, and tli«i 
 sufficiency of moisture, exempt it from any serious inconvenience whicl 
 the greater heat might otherwise engender. Australia Felix, Southen 
 and Western Australia, New South Wales, and the Cape, partake of j| 
 character of greater torridity than New Zealand and Van Dieman's Landji 
 but, nevertheless, they are all calculated for the pleasurable enjoymeBij 
 of physical existence. 
 
 It seems to be generally agreed that, although the extremes to wliici 
 most parts of the United States are liable, render that region less favour- 
 able to health than Great Britain; the weather is very much nioitj 
 pleasant there than it is with us. An exception however must be made 
 in reference to those states which march with our lower Canadian frontier, 
 where the summer heat is very great, and the winter's cold is intensd,] 
 and of long continuance. 
 
 With reference to British North America, the decided preference is 
 
TRANSIT. 
 
 di 
 
 ho given to Prince Edward's Island, from the greater equability of ita 
 temperature. Its freedom from fogs is an important negative excellence, 
 but the whole of our possessions in America, except the western boundary 
 of Upper Canada, are objectionable on account of the great length of the 
 wnter and the absence of spring. Much misrepresentation has indeed 
 misled emigrants in reference to this field of settlement ; some assert that 
 winter prevails for seven months in the year ; others reduce it to six 
 weeks in the most western parts ; it has however to be observed, that the 
 want of definitions may account for much of the discrepancy. What is 
 winter ? in England no two persons agree in their estimate. We pass a 
 whole year with scarcely a sign of it ; at other times the Thames is frozen 
 for weeks at London Bridge. We have examined journals of the weather 
 in Canada, from which we would be led to the conclusion that frost 
 begins in November and ends in February, with intervals of mild wea- 
 ther. The balance of evidence would lead to the conclusion that nowhere 
 in Canada does winter outlast six months, and that in the Upper West 
 province it scarcely exceeds three, being contracted, in the extreme 
 west to six weeks. 
 
 The rigours of the Canadian weather are not without their offset ; the 
 [winter is the healthiest, indeed a very healthy, season; the air is singularly 
 dry, and catarrhal complaints are little known j the snow storms, although 
 certain, are few; it seldom rains, and a brilliant clear sky, with a blazing 
 sun, impart universal cheerfulness, and great out-of-doors enjoyment. 
 From the general absence of wind, the frost, although thermometrically 
 intense, does not pierce to the bone as the black frosts and eastwinds of 
 England do. In short it looks colder than it feels. Still the winters are 
 so long and so intense as to detract from the advantages of this field 
 of emigration, in comparison to Australia, New Zealand, and the 
 [Cape.* 
 
 TRANSIT. 
 
 In regard to transit, we must reverse the order of the advant^es of 
 the various fields of settlement. 
 
 Canada by steam is within ten days' sail of England; by ordinary 
 )acket within thirty days. New York is within eleven and forty days; 
 the Cape within thirty and eighty-two days ; Australia within sixty-two 
 ind 125 days, and New Zealand within seventy and 130 days. These are 
 the distances which the productions of these places are from their 
 larket. 
 
 The passage by sea is a serious consideration with many ; its perils in- 
 
 * In Canada cattle have to be housed in winter, and great quantities of hibernal 
 Food provided and stored for them. In Australasia and South Africa stock can 
 It all seasons find their own food, and the farmer is saved the cost of buildings 
 Ind of labour in making provision for them; but the perpetual vegetation of 
 Allien the seasons admit in these regions must, we a./prehend, exhaust the soil; 
 knd, indeed, in England it is observed that too much luxuriance enfeebles and 
 kometimes kills trees, shrubs, or plants, and renders the succeeding crop scanty, 
 the rest which the soil derives from a long winter, gives it new strength, anc' 
 the action of frost upon the earth and its productions is notoiiously favourable to 
 Mie promotion of its fertility. 
 
 '■: ! 
 
inv i i ii ii i' 
 
 .iani't -raaa 
 
 l,l„l||j,| 
 
 32 
 
 ALLEGIANCB.— SOCIETY. 
 
 i 
 
 
 I H I * > 
 
 deed do not always increase in the ratio Cf ils length, because divoi-se 
 voyages encounter various kinds of weather, and accidents seem to bo less 
 frequent on the Australian than on the American station, although the s(;a 
 passage of the latter is only one-third of the length of the former. To somo 
 persons, especially females, sea-sickness is mortal when long protracted ; to 
 others a sea voyage is eminently disagreeable, especially where it involves 
 the care on shipboard, of a young and large iamily. In June, July, and 
 August, it is qiute possible by steam to make the voyage to Halifax or 
 New York without encountering even a ripple on the ocean. This can- 
 not be promised in reference to long protracted voyages. The Ameri(!an 
 liners are remarkably swift sailers, and distinguished by absence of acci- 
 dent, and the great infrequency of shipwreck. To those who emigrate 
 with the ultimate intention of returning to their native country, it is 
 obvious that greater proximity to Europe is an item of consideration in the 
 fixing of their destination. 
 
 It would of ooui*se be ridiculous to exaggei-ate the advantage of mere 
 shortness of voyage in reference to emigration j but to persons not over- 
 burdened with capital, it must be a consideration that the passage to 
 America can be undertaken for about one-fourth of the expense of that 
 to Australia, and for less than one-half of that to the Cape. Where a large 
 family has to be taken out, this is a desideratum ; but against this has 
 to be balanced the longer inland journey, which has to be made by the 
 American settler, and in the case of the labouring man, it has to be re- 
 membered, that if he have money enough barely to latut him at the 
 Cape, New Zealand, or Australia, he will be hired at high wages literally 
 before he touches the shore — an advantage which he will not enjoy in 
 America. 
 
 ALLEGIANCE.—SOCIETY. 
 
 To a British subject it must in general be a matter, not entirely of in- 
 difference, in the choice of a location, that it should place him under our 
 own laws, and government. Before he can become an American citi/eii, 
 he must forswear his allegiance to England, and be prepared to fight 
 against his own countrymen if necessary. Except in the higher Ameri* 
 can circles, there is, in the States bordering on Canada, a prejudice Jigainst 
 the Britishers, as we are called, almost fanatical. We shall afterwards 
 have occasion to expose this trait more at large. Here it is enough to 
 say, that to persons of the middle classes, the mannei'S and habits of the 
 British Americans, the Cape, New Zealand, and Australian settlers, will 
 be much more congenial than those of the model republic. The emi- 
 grants of a poorer grade, but whose object is to farm, will, in some locali- 
 ties in the Western States, have a struggle to make against the quirky 
 and litigious spirit of the native Americans, who themselves boast that 
 they would go to law with their father for a shilling. 
 
 In British America, in New Zealand, the Cape, and the various Aus- 
 tralasian dependencies, the society is thoroughly English. But in the 
 Cape and New Zealand, dangeroup and powerful savages keep up a con- 
 tinual ground of anxiety to settlers, and in our penal settlements where Mi 
 
CHOICE OF A SHIP. 
 
 33 
 
 many discharged convicts have risen to social importance, and where the 
 disproportion of the sexes is very great, the tone of society is low, and 
 tlio iiiunber and unscrupulousness of sharpers in trade is very gi-eat. Nor 
 )iight it to be forgotten that in Australia and Van Dicman's Land " tlm 
 jlaoks" have been troublesome, often very dangerous. 
 
 ^1 
 
 CHOICE OF A SHIP. 
 
 To persons in the middle and higher ranks of life it is scarcely neces- 
 iry to give a caution against runners, touters, and sharkish shipping 
 igents. But the instances are so numerous, and so recent, in which 
 ;>oor men have been swindled out of all their money, without even pro 
 juring a passage in a ship, or in which the contract made by them with 
 |;he shipper has been shamefully violated, that it may be useful here to 
 observe that no excuse exists for the encouragement of the tricks of tho 
 mgabonds, who have so successfully preyed upon the simple. 
 
 The Government have appointed the following Emigi-ation Agents to 
 batch over the interests of all Emigrants : — 
 London — Lieutenant Lean, 70, Lower Thames Street. 
 Liverpool — Lieutenant Hodder. 
 Plymouth — Lieutenant Carew. 
 Glasgow and Greenock — Lieutenant Forrest. 
 Dublin — Lieutenant Henry. 
 Cork— Lieutenant Friend. 
 Belfast — Lieutenant Stark. 
 Limerick — Mr. Lynch, R.N. 
 
 Sligo, Donegal, Ballina — Lieutenant Shuttleworth and Lieuten- 
 ant Moriai-ty. ' 
 Londonderry — Lieutenant Ramsay. 
 Waterford, and New Ross — Commander Ellis. 
 These gentlemen are bound by Act of Parliament, without fee or re- 
 rard, to procure and give information to every person who applies to 
 lem, as to the sailing of ships, and means of accommodation. They 
 Ire obliged to see all agreements between ship owners, agents, or masters, 
 Ind emigrants performed — that vessels are sea-worthy, sufficiently sup- 
 plied with provisions, water, medicines, and that they sail punctually. 
 They attend at their office daily to affijrd, gratuitously, every assist- 
 ice to protect emigrants against imposition, and to enforce redress. 
 We enjoin all intending emigi'ants of whatever class, whenever their 
 jsolution is formed, therefore, to go straight to the nearest government 
 l^ent according to the above given enumeration, and state exactly what 
 ley want. ._"ake no bargain with any shipper except through the 
 ?nnt, and act implicitly on his information and advice. He it is, also, 
 [ho can give intelligence of every particular regarding each colony, and 
 10 method of procuring a free passage. Where persons have fixed upon 
 I particular vessel, or have even chartered a ship, let them still apply for 
 \Q intervention of the government agent to complete the negotiation. It 
 18 an excellent moral effect upon the ship agent. Let them also seek 
 le government advice in reference to the taking of their money, sea 
 
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■Uii«HiA««iMi«ii 
 
 34 
 
 CHOICE OF A SHIP. 
 
 ,;«' 
 
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 ■I! 
 
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 ■ ll 
 
 stock,, clothing, implements, &c., &c., and get from the agent the ad- 
 dress of the government agent resident at the port of debarkation, so that 
 they may have every assistance and advice from him the moment they 
 land. 
 
 The Cunard and also the Peninsular and Oriental Steam NavigatioD 
 Company's Steamers may be perfectly relied on for accommodation and 
 safety. So may the American liners, including both sailing and steam 
 vessels. Ships chartered by the New Zealand Land Company may also 
 be regarded as unexceptionable. 
 
 But it will be as well with reference to sailing vessels, to see that they 
 have side lights, and are at least six feet and a half in height between 
 decks. 
 
 Cuddies are so often carried away in a heavy sea, and, unless tlie 
 scuppers and fore-part of the ship are very free, are so apt to ship more 
 water than can get away, that although very comfortable, they may be 
 dispensed with, as besides, they break up the range of the deck walk. 
 
 High bulwarks, if combined with perfect Ikcilities for heavy seas get- 
 ting away if shijiped, add gi'eatly to comfort, and the safety of persons i 
 while on deck. They form a shelter against cutting winds, and the 
 spray of a rough sea. For steerage passengers an easy access to the I 
 cooking apparatus, and abundance of other necessary accommodaim] 
 should be seen to, We differ trora those who would appropriate a sepa- 
 rate cooking galley to the steerage passengers. Cooking requires a tire, 
 and on board ship no fire should be allowed except such as is immedi- 
 ately under the eye of the steward and cook of the ship. The fate of the! 
 Ocean Monarch ought to be a solemn warning against permitting passen- 
 gers (steerage passengers especially), to have any lights, ignited pipes, or| 
 other combustible material at their independent command. The Emi- 
 gi'ants from Berwick-in-Elmet give an interesting account of accidents un 
 the voyage frQi|i permitting steerage passengers free access to the fire. 
 
 Safety, spefNk ind comfort are best consulted by the choice of a large ves- 
 sel not too deeply laden, nor yet too lightly. The character of the captain! 
 and chief mate for successful voyages, and kindness to ]>a8sengers, should 
 be carefully tested. But at all times rather take a sulky captain whoijj 
 a thorough seaman, and has a good ship, than the most gentlemanly offi- 
 cer who does not stand so high in these respects. We need not add thall 
 on the construction of the cabin, and sleeping berths, much of the com- 
 fort of the passenger will depend, and that the nearer the centre cf th«j 
 ship the latter are, the less violent will the motion be felt to be. Have ll 
 written agreement as to berth, diet, and all otlier 8ti]>ulation8, requisite 
 —let this be revised by the captain, and it will doubtless keep him t«j 
 the contract during the voyage. Se(? that it is a fixed regulation of tli«| 
 ship that no smoking is to be allowcnl, and that no candles or fires areoiij 
 any account to be permitted exce])t und«^r the direct regulation and su- 
 jM-rvision of the officers of the sliip. Persons of the working classes art! 
 very careless about the carrying about of ignited materials, and a drunkeiij 
 man may peril the lives of all. 
 
 Great caro ought to be used to see that the ship ha« abundance ofj 
 water, and a supenibuiidnnce of provisions in proportion to the numf*fj 
 of persons embarking. Potatoes are not tu be relied on, as thoy mayro(|| 
 
CHOICE OF A SHIP. 
 
 35 
 
 [and we saw an American ship with German emigrants, whose stores of 
 Ibiscuits, meat, flour, meal, &c., &e., having becu purchased from a ship 
 Icoutractor at Antwerp, proved on her putting into Ramsgate by stress of 
 weather, to be entirely unfit for use. Had the 150 passengers put to sea 
 3efore making this discovery, they would have been reduced to extremity. 
 Jo person should trust himself in any ship which does not regularly ply 
 m the line of her then destination. It is from want of thorough know- 
 ledge of the British Coast and channel, on the part of the captain, that 
 nost of the disastrous shipwrecks have occurred. The tedium and peril 
 )f the channel navigation are avoided by embarking at Southampton or 
 Mymouth. 
 When emigrants " find themselves," the Custom House officers exa- 
 line the quantity they take on board, and compel the passengers to ship 
 Enough to last comfortably during a long voyage. If they rely on the 
 kaptain selling to them what they require, they should have the price 
 Ixed by a wi'itten agreement with him before embarking. When provi- 
 lions are included in the passage money, have a fixed dietary, specifying 
 Vuantity, rotation, and quality, written and signed by the captain. 
 
 An Act (5 & 6 Vic, c. 107), for the protection of passengers, and the 
 Lroper regulation of ships, has been passed j two copies must be kept 
 |n board of every passenger ship, and exhibited on demand for inspec- 
 )on by any one. In case of grievance, let this be consulted, and the 
 iptain required to conform to its provisions. 
 
 Where emigi-ants lay in their otcn stores, they should as much as pos- 
 
 jble confine themselves to provisions which are easily cooked, and can 
 
 eaten cold. Kippered or pickled salmon, salt or red herrings, and 
 
 ichovies, potted meats and shrimps, ham, tongues, hung beef, portable 
 
 )up, will bo found best j a little flour to make an occasional pudding, 
 
 ith currants, raisins, and lard j tea, coffee, and sugar, of course, haid 
 
 Iseuit, butter and cheese, salt, pepper, mustard in bottles, vinegar^ 
 
 ickles. Much of the French bread will keep for a conl^erable time, 
 
 id if steamed when required for use, will taste as if newly baked. Po- 
 
 [toes of the best quality will be useful to correct the eflfect of the salt 
 
 fovisions ; peas, rice, suet, and salted pork, may be added ; vegetables 
 
 lich will keep, as onions, carrots, turnips, beet root, also oatmeal and 
 
 |olasso8 will be useful medicinally, especially where thero are children. 
 
 ift proper quantities for the voyage may be ascertained from the ship or 
 
 ligi'ation agent. As much new bread and fresh meat as will ki-ep 
 
 [ould bo taken on board for consumption during the early part of tho 
 
 |yage; do not forget bottled porter, which is liighly gi-ateful at sea, 
 
 ;)ecially to those liable to bo sick. 
 
 [a chest properly divided will be required for provisions in use at tho 
 
 smont, for condiments and groceries, and for cooking and eating uten- 
 
 Nothing of glass or crockery should be taken — wooden or pe\\'ter 
 
 ^nchers, and woocUm or tin basins, cups, tumblers, and jugs, a tin teapot, 
 
 ttle, and cofilH) pot, (with hooks to liang on to the ribs of the grata 
 
 ^pn necessary), knives, forks, spoons, a frying pan, and where thero 
 
 family, a tin slo]) pHil, a mop, broom, and other ncceaaary utensils, 
 
 [tin, should be particularly seen to. Also a keg to hold three du;y5 
 
 >wunco of water, and u tin jug to carry it from the tank. 
 
 1, 
 
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 THB VOYAGE AND THE SEA. 
 
 The berths, especially for children, should have a board up the front, 
 to prevent the sleeper from i*olling out. Where an air mattress cannot he 
 afforded, one of straw is best ; have as many changes of sheets, &:c., a? 
 you can afford ; a bag for dirty clothes, and all clothes not to be u^^ed at 
 sea, should be well aired, put up in chests, and all chests protected tVom 
 the wet floor by two strips of deal nailed along their bottom. Old worn I 
 out clothes are good enough for contact with the tar, sea water, nails and | 
 other wear and tear of a ship. Stout warm clothing in sufficient quan- 
 tity should be provided, as it is colder at sea than on shore. We cannot j 
 advise the emigrant to lay in a great surplus quantity in this country, m ; 
 the idea of its being much cheaper here than abroad. It is now reason- 
 ably cheap everywhere, and in the region to which he goes, he will find 
 the best selection of clothing of the kind most adapted to the habits of j 
 the people, and to the climate. Indeed he should encumber himself w itli j 
 ns little luggage, and land with as much money as he can. For medioinfti, 
 CAcept a few aperient pills, he should api)ly to the captain or ship sur- 
 geon, and be very careful how they are administered. 
 
 As to his money, let him take the advice of the Goverament Emigi-a-j 
 tion Agent as to its custody or conversion. Emigi*ants may steal fro 
 each other, or they may be swindled by sharpers when they land. Ouj 
 the American lakes and rivers the steamers and canal boats swarm witlj 
 miscreants, who lie in wait either to steal the emigi'ant's money or to clieiiij 
 him out of it. Let passengers take nothing but sovereigns, Bank nfl 
 England notes, or safe BiUs of Exchange ; these should never be outi 
 of their sight until they are taken to the (Colonial Agent at the port o'l 
 debarkation, and his advice taken as to how they may be exchanged. Kjj 
 purchasing a *'sett of exchange" that is three drafts for the saniesuini 
 giving one to the agent in England, another to the captain of the !*Iiip,j 
 and keeping the third himself, the passenger can, in the event of \oAm 
 his own, receive payment on presenting either of the others. Takfl 
 no American Bank notes in <;xehange for British money. The Caiiadjj 
 Company, or New Brunswick Land Company will give bills inl 
 their transatlantic agents. The emigrant, will in all cashes be entitled, iij 
 exchanging English money for the money of the country, to a greatpJ 
 nominal sum than ho pays over. In Prince Edward's Inland a soverciijij 
 J8 worth 3()s. currency. 
 
 Besides sharpers on shore at both ends, beware of sharpers amouy jonj 
 fellow passengers. 
 
 III.:" 'I 
 
 ! , r 
 
 THE VOYAGE, AND THE SEA. 
 
 Individuals who have once made a sea voyage, we observe rarely Ixvij 
 tate to make a second. This is the testimony which experience givw' 
 the fact that a sea voyage is by no means so formidulde an ufiair a;! 
 imagined. Besides the crew and officers, who sixsnd whole lives, ati 
 Beasons, on the same passage to America or Australia (in steam sliiii"' 
 New York once every month), actors, actresses, singers, dancers, uutlioN 
 take the trip across the Atlantic and back, again and again, without i 
 ftlightetit ropugnaoce. Nobloiaen and squiroB go for mera pleasuro, 
 
THIS VOYAGE, AND THE SEA. 
 
 37 
 
 
 timid women make the voyage to New Zealand and back to Euroji^?, 
 witliout any scruple, two or three times. To good ships well found 
 manned, and officered, it is amazing how seldom any serious accident 
 happens, and still more remarkable how frequently life is saved in ship- 
 wreck. Many persons considered the President too weakly constructed 
 I from the first ; and Mr. Joseph Sturge, who was on her very track in an 
 I American liner, and encountered the very same storm, sea, and passage 
 [ at exactly the same time, anived at New York without any accident. It is 
 very seldom that the violence of a tempest overcomes a good ship, well 
 laden, and properly navigated. Cases of foundering are of very rare 
 I occurrence to staunch ships. Shipwreck is almost always caused by nau- 
 [tical blunder, to which captains accustomed to the passage, and to tho 
 j trim of their ship, are very little liable. 
 
 " During the earlier part of the voyage," observes Mr. Marshall " ti- 
 Imid people suffer a good deal from fear; should the wind blow hard, and 
 the sea run high, they will be likely to over-rate the danger; especially 
 at night, when the crew is busy reducing sail ; the trampling of the sai- 
 lors over their "heads ; the loud voice of the commander and mates giving 
 orders ; and the careening of the vessel, very naturally create alann. 
 Tliis will be increased by hearing other passengers express their fears.. 
 JFear begets fear, and the steerage very often presents a scene of great 
 jconfusion, without the least just cause for it. Passengers should always 
 Ibear in i.^uu this simple rule, " Never be alarmed until the captain is." 
 " A H% :. one of the safest modes of conveyance in the world. Let 
 Ithe pau -o'-t:' remember this, and it will relieve him in many a moment 
 jof anxiety. In proof of it, the insurance companies insure the liners 
 (and flryt class transient ships at about five per cent, per annum : less 
 [than one per cent, for each passage between Europe and America. At this 
 Irate they make good profits, which shows how small the risk is. The 
 [insurance companies understand the matter of course, for they make it a 
 [business. 
 
 " Look at the thickness of a ship's sides. People talk about there 
 [being but a frail plank between the sailor and a watery grave. This is all 
 jnonsense. Take a liner for instance. Her outer planks are of solid well 
 J8eason<»d white oak, at least four or five inches thick. These are spiked 
 Ion to solid live oak ribs of great thickness, which are placed so near toge- 
 jtlior, that they would almost keep out the water if the outer planks were 
 jtorn off. Inside of all this is another close sheathing of solid, well sea- 
 soned oak plank, some four or five inches thick, spiked on to the ribs 
 V'itli heavy spikes. We measured the sides of the splendid line ship 
 jLlverpool a few days since, and found them to be eighteen inches in thick- 
 less of solid tough seasoned oak. It is so with almost all the liners, and 
 Bome of the transient ships. It should be remembered too that this 
 thickness of plank and timber is caulked together inside and outside, and 
 secured with all sorts of bolts, clamps, knees, breast hooks, beams, and 
 the like. It would puzzle a sailor to tell how to break up such a solid 
 nws of wood, iron, and copper, as this. 
 
 "A few years since (jiovernnient sold an old vessel to a private indivi- 
 'uftl, who wished to break lior up for tho sake of the iron and copper 
 tening*. The dillkMilty of doin'T so was so groat, that ho had to pur- 
 
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 88 
 
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 fl 
 
 THE VOYAGE, AND THE SEA, 
 
 chase a large quantity of fire wood, which he placed inside the vessel to 
 bum her up. The strength of a well built ship is equal to any stress of 
 weather. On this point let the passenger dismiss all fear. 
 
 " The passenger should remember that a ship is as well adapted to the 
 water, as a sea-gull is. Both are made expressly for the water, and both 
 survive buoyantly, naturally, and safely, upon it, let the wind blow high 
 or low. 
 
 " As for upsetting, let the passenger put on his night cap and go to 
 sleep without any concern. There is not a liner afloat, nor a first c\m 
 transient ship, if properly loaded, but would carry away every one of her 
 masts before she could upset. And, of course, when her masts had gone, 
 she could not upset. The danger of capsizing therefore is scarcely among 
 the possibilities. It never has happened to the modern and better class 
 ships, and it will be a pity if ships grow worse in this respect. Let her 
 roll, roll, roll, till she spills your soup, and cheat you too out of your 
 broth, and take no heed to it." " To travel by the better class of ships 
 is less dangerous, than to travel the same distance by land, in any con- 
 Teyance under the eun." 
 
 Sea-sickness is undoubtedly a very painful malady j where there is 
 great liability to it in a violent degi-ee, its incidence may form no minor 
 reason for going to Canada or the United States, rather than a greater 
 distance, and for choosing steam and the finest period of the year for the 
 voyage. But it is very seldom dangerous or of long continuance ; and, 
 indeed, by straining the system, and cleaning it thoroughly out, it almost 
 invariably renovates and invigorates the whole constitution. In general 
 it will disappear in a few days ; time and patience are the best euro for 
 it, and as a rule it is best borne lying in your berth. 
 
 Home sickness is the more pernicious malady of the two, and much the , 
 most lasting ; indeed, so inveterate is it, that few leave their native 
 country without the design to return to it, however ill they have fared or 
 been treated while it was still their home. Women especially very rarely 
 become reconciled, even to the most eligible circumstances, which st'i)a- 
 rate them from the land of their birth. Nothing can be more injurioii!! 
 to their prospects, either of happiness or prosperity, than this piniii!: 
 nostalgia. It robs them of the stimulus to make the best of their nt-w j 
 condition, and it sheds the permanent gloom of settled discontent upon j 
 their lot. Let wife and daughter, if they value their own interest and j 
 comfort, beware how they damp the energies md depress those hopes i 
 which stir up the soul of husband or brother to exertion, by complaining \ 
 of their adopted country, or hankering after that which they have lett, 
 It makes the whole family miserable, exaggerates the disadvantages oi ; 
 their new condition, and renders them blind to thoMe of its excellence^ 
 from which so much contentment and enjoyment may be derived. Id 
 them beware also of sneering at or depreciating their new home to its 
 native inhabitants, or carrying their English prjjudices among their new 
 neighbours. Everywhere they will find kindness, advice, and lielp, if 
 they cheerfully enter into the spirit, customs, and character of tlwj 
 society amongst which they settle. Give their neighbours respect, and | 
 enter upon intercourse with them in a cordial and cosmopolitan temper, 
 and all will go well with them. Settle among them for the purpose if | 
 
THE VOYAGE AND THE SEA. 
 
 39 
 
 looking down upon or avoiding them, and they will find they have entered 
 a pandemonium. As no civilized man can be independent of the services 
 and sympathy of his neighbours^ so no one can afford to neglect con- 
 ciliating their good will. 
 
 No sentiment can be more venerable than that of love of country. 
 A man whose sound heart is in the right place, may well 
 
 ' Cast one longing lingering look behind." 
 
 -gaze on the receding shore until he can make it no bigger than a crow, 
 and then turn his eyes and weep. The word last, applied to objects 
 to which we have been long accustomed, even when they had become 
 disagreeable to us, falls like a knell upon the soul. We exaggerate 
 the good, and forget the evil of that to which we have been long habi- 
 tuated when we are to ^'know it no more for ever." We call to 
 mind 
 
 "All trivial fond records 
 All forms and pressures past" 
 
 associated with our youth, and early friends, and season of poetry and 
 young enjoyment, and because the place suggests pleasant memories, and 
 [gay fancies, and happy thoughts, we think it is the place that makes 
 them. But be more rational ; think that it is God's earth you tread and 
 [work upon, whether you are in the new world or the old ; that the same 
 I firmament canopies all; that wherever men are, there are your brethren 
 land God's children, stamped with the broad arrow of our common human 
 [nature; that your own freehold and independence of the world, and de- 
 fiance of its cares, are a better home, and truer friends, and a fairer 
 [country, than any you left behind you ; that, handsome is that handsome 
 [does ; and that love of country, or home sickness, will neither fill your 
 [empty purse, nor make your pot boil. The God of nature is everywhere; 
 |if he places you by the meditative waterfall, or opens the song of birds, 
 |or strews in your path the prairie flowers, or awakens the echoes of the 
 leafy forest, or tempts you to the hills "with verdure clad," or sends 
 |rou where sits darkling the linnet " low down in the vale," or launches 
 fou. upon the moonlit lake, or leads you among the "hairy fools" of 
 the bosky dell or opening brake, and at eventide sends you to a comfort- 
 able house you can call your own, and with a welcome from a busy 
 lousewife "plying her evening care" to make you happy before your 
 )lazing hearth and abundant meal, where should be your home and 
 country, if that will not content you ? And is it not the native home Oi 
 jTour children ; the country where you know you already see the cer- 
 tainty of their easy independence ? " We speak as unto wise men, judge 
 fQ what we say ?" 
 
 Are we not too prone to take for granted that there are great difTer- 
 Dnces betwixt our past and our new condition, and to exaggerate va- 
 iations into contrasts? Green fields and the " rooky wood," the flowing 
 river and the "cloud-capt" hill, the sunbeam and " the majostical roof 
 p-otted with golden fire," may bo diverse in their aspects in different 
 countries indeed, as they vary in the different regions of the same 
 pountry. But after all whore, at least in the same zone, should the lover 
 
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 40 
 
 WORKS ON BMIGllATION. 
 
 of nature feel himself far from a homo ? A Canadian or a Yankee, speak* 
 Ing the language of Shakespere, and proud of the ancestry of Milton, 
 an Anglo-Saxon like ourselves, when you break off him the first crust of 
 custom and local habits, or break in yourself to look under these to his 
 inner soul, do you really find anything so strange about him and his ten- 
 (leneies, that you can never feel he is your friend and neighbour, merely 
 because he was not born in England ? Clear all this nonsense out of 
 your head, and be assured that it is nonsense. A foreigner is a man; 
 approach him in the spirit of your common humanity, and doubt not 
 . but that everywhere you will find a home and a fellow-citizen. 
 
 WORKS ON EMIGRATION. 
 
 We have already had occasion to expose the disingenuousness which 
 characterizes most works on emigi-ation. Vamped up by persons either 
 hired or interested to cry up one locality in t* -^ general competition for 
 settlors, the authors are not worthy of trust in reference either to the ex- 
 cellences of the colonies they praise, or tbe faults of those they depreciate. 
 The patron of Canada describes it as a Valparaiso, while the hack of tlie 
 Now Zealand speculation pronounces our North American colonies as k 
 slice off the arctic circle. Mr. Mathew, the appraiser of Auckland and 
 Wellington, takes it for granted that, because Canada has a long and 
 severe winter, he may venture to say that it will scarcely produce any 
 thing ; forgetting that the hyperborean regions of the Baltic are the gra- 
 nary of Europe, while New Zealand has never yet fed its own population. 
 He prophecies that such an inhospitable region will soon be deserted, in 
 the face of the fact, that the population in ninety years has increased 
 twenty fold; that in twenty-three years it has received 736,308 emi- 
 grants, and that in 1847 nearly three times as many settlers arrived there 
 as in any former year, and twenty-four times as many as found their way 
 to all our other colonies put to{>:other, amounting to 109,680. Were n 
 to characterize the statements of many of the writers who, under pretence 
 of giving an impartial view of the general subject of emigration, set out| 
 from the beginning with the fixed design of crying upon one field of set- 
 tlement at the expense of every other, and of truth into the bargain, we I 
 would apply a very short word to most of their misrepresentations. We 
 shall content ourselves however with merely cautioning the inquirer I 
 against putting any reliance whatever upon a single statement of their 
 own, and advise him simply to extract from their works such facts as j 
 are authenticated by competent testimony, and substantial internal evi- 
 dence. Let us pass on at once to the proper object of this work, wliiih, 
 founded on a careful collation of all treatises published on the subject oil 
 the various emigration fields before enumerated, proposes to lay before 
 tlie reader a conjprehensive, practical, and trustworthy detail of tin | 
 whole subject. 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 41 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 Of all British North America it may be observed that it has the ad- 
 vantage of greater proximity to, and easier access from Europe, than 
 any other settlement. By the finest and safest steam vessels in the world 
 Halifax may be reached by the Cunard mail packets in ten days from 
 Liverpool — or the American steam ships between Southampton and New 
 York, will convey passengers to the latter port, from whence they may 
 reach Canada in eleven or twelve days from port to port. The fare by 
 the Cunard line is £35, and by the American line £31 10s., includ- 
 ing provisions and steward's fee. The second class fare is £20 by the 
 American steamers. We are not aware that the Cunard line can*ies second 
 class passengers. At certain ascertained set « • ^ the finest weather may 
 be calculated on so as to avoid sea sickness, in June and July this may 
 bo expected. The American liners from Liverpool and London to New 
 York, Philadelphia, Boston, Halifax, Quebec, are of the very best and 
 safest description. Their accommodations are of the first order, they are 
 expressly built for speed and safety, and they have appointments quite 
 unequalled for excellence. The cabin fare including provisions varies 
 from £18 to £25 ; the distance is from 3,600 to 3,800 miles (to New 
 Orleans, 4,300), and the average passage about thirty-five days or up- 
 wards, of 100 miles a day. By good transient ships we see it stated by 
 the emigration commissioners the average passage to Quebec is forty-six 
 days — to Prince Edward's Island forty days — Nova Scotia thirty-eight 
 days. The fare by these vessels is, to Quebec, New Brunswick, or Hali- 
 fax, from English ports, or the Clyde, cabin, including provisions, £12 
 to £20 ; intermediate, £6 to £10 ; steerage, £4 to £5 ', from Irish 
 ports £10 to £12 ; £5 to £6; £4 to £5; and to the nearest United 
 States ports, nearly the same. 
 
 The quickest passages are made in April and May, and these arc thi 
 
 I periods when it is most advantageous to a settler to commence his ne\» 
 
 ! mode of life. All necessary preliminary information will be found in the 
 
 Colonization Circular, No. 9, published by Charles Knight, 90, Fleet 
 
 i Street, by authority, price 2d. 
 
 North America, as a place of settlement, has the obvious advantage of 
 [being easily, speedily, and cheaply reached, of being within easy dis- 
 tance of Europe, and of being nearer to the great market of all colonies 
 than any other locality. The freights deduct less from the profits of 
 koods, the returns are quicker, the risks of competition in the market 
 [with arrivals from other colonies are less than they can be in reference to 
 lany other district. The country is comparatively settled — there are no 
 Inatives to battle with — credit and trade are steady — above all, labour is in 
 ifair supply, and at a moderate price in comparison to capital — and all 
 jtho necessaries and comforts of life are accessible at a rate very much 
 Ibolow what they cost in the more distant colonies. In answer to this, it 
 jindced may be said that in the same degree labourers must be indifferently 
 |r('nuinerated, and the profits of the producer must be small. But cheap- 
 inm argues the preasuro of abundsmco both of labour and of food ; and 
 
 I 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 !iil 
 
 these, by forcing the investment of capital, must inevitably make A 
 country prosperous and happy. 
 
 Sugar, soap, candles, tobacco, flax, and wool, timber, are all manu- 
 factured and produced on the spot. Tea, 2s., sugar, 4d., butter, 5d., 
 cheese, 4d, coffee, lOd., meat, 2d., per lb. ; eggs, 3d. per dozen ; fowls, 
 6d. per pair ; venison. Id. per lb. \ salmon of good size, 2s. each ; and 
 other fish very cheap ; as also fire wood — Indian corn, 8s. per quarter 
 clothing and servants wages as low in price as in England. A sovereigt 
 yields 25s. in Canada, and 308. in Prince Edward's Island. A comfort- 
 able farm house with fifty acres of cleared and enclosed land may be had 
 for £300, or rented for £25 per annum ; taxes are infinitesimal. To all 
 practical purposes, therefore, a man who can retire upon £150 per an- 
 num, would, by going to Prince Edward's Island, live quite as well as 
 upon £300 a year in England, and if he has a large family, they could 
 live infinitely better \ if they chose to raise their own produce, for which 
 a farm of fifty acres would furnish them with all the means, they would, 
 except for clothing and a few groceries, be really independent of the need 
 of current coin altogether. Emancipated from the tyranny of conven- 
 tion, and liberated from the necessity of consulting mere appearances, 
 they may renovate the constitution by following the healthful activity of 
 a country life. They will be under British institutions and essentially in 
 British society, and among English customs ; they will encounter little 
 of that mere Yankeeism, against which so many entertain so great a pre- 
 judice. The tone of social life is not there indeed very high, and man- 
 ners are more simple than polished. Settlers will not be quite as well, or 
 so obsequiously served as at home — they will find everything of a coarser 
 and plainer, and less jierfectly convenient construction, and all around 
 they will be reminded of a ruder and less advanced state of society; 
 roads rarer and rougher, doctors further off, shops not so near, nor so 
 well supplied, conveyance and intercourse imperfect, life monotonous, 
 and company, news, incidents, scarce. Ladies especially, will miss many 
 appliances which they have been accustomed to, regard as indispensable, 
 and husbands may lay their account with a house full of i)atients, la- j 
 bouring under the home sickness. Much must be done 6.y, which has 
 hitherto been done /or them— and much must be left undone, which they 
 believed they could never do without. Never mind — " Resist evil, and 
 it will flee from thee." Defy the women, and they will become resigned. 
 To horse ! He may be had cheap, and kept at a cost little beyond his 
 shoeing. Take your rod, and bring home a dish of fish — shoulder your 
 Joe Manton, or your rifle, and bring down a wild turkey or a deer — there j 
 is no license to pay for, and no gamekeeper to stop you at the march ; or 
 in the winter evenings, bring a book from the town, and wliile all work 
 round the blazing hearth, do you read for the company. Make tlie 
 house more comfortable and neat within — more trim without — do what; 
 you can for the garden, and inspire in the womankind a taste for botany j 
 and flowers. You must be the jobbing carpenter, and locksmith, and 
 Dutcher, and gardener, and groom, and doctor sometimes— the executor 
 of commissions, the brewer, the wood-cutter, ])lasterer, and glazier, the 
 man of all work. And leave every other job to make the house plea^iiit 
 to the female eye, and replete with the amenities of civUiaMtion. Thttiul 
 
BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 4(5 
 
 the fi.*st thing which will reconcile your wife and danj^^hters to their 
 adopted country. Interest them in your bee-hives, get broods of chick- 
 ens and ducks and geese, and all the accessaries of the dairy, and place 
 these under their dominion. Urge your friends and neighbours to join 
 I you in your new location, and *'make the solitary place glad" with con- 
 siderate kindness, well chosen acquaintances, and the fixed idea that that 
 is once for all your only home and final resting place. 
 
 To us it appears that the colonies are the especial field for men to re- 
 tire to from the wear and tear of life, with a small hoard that could do 
 little for them in the old world, but everything in the new. It is the 
 I very place for a small capitalist to afford to be idle in. The literary man, 
 who is spinning his life out at his brains, the surgeon or attorney, whose 
 head work is eating the coat out of his stomach, the merchant, or clerk, 
 or warehouseman, or tradesman, whose anxieties and confinement, and 
 town life, are pushing consumption, or heart disease to their incipient 
 stage, and who with a family staring them in the face, know not where to 
 turn— let these men take stock, and if they can convert their possessions 
 into £2,000 or £3,000, let them take flight in time to the colonies, where 
 [they may recover their health, and the tone of their minds, and add 
 [twenty years to their lives. They will make roo.ii for others in England, 
 Ithoy will increase population where there is not enough, they will enjoy 
 [existence on what they have, in place of throwing it away on the struggle 
 for more. Let it not be said that — 
 
 " No man, of aught he leaves, knows what it is to leave betimes." 
 
 These, if they be not mere mechanical unimaginative Bow Bell cocknies, 
 )ught to be the very men to enjoy the country life of the settler. They 
 piave intellectual resources seldom vouchsafed to the mere farmer, they re- 
 quire to change mental exhaustion for physical exertion, the most 
 ioalthful,as weliasexhiliratingof occupaticas — and, surfeited with social 
 Rophistications, their palled senses may gladly " doff the world and let it 
 
 « 
 
 The surgeon-apothecary may do well in any of these colonies, espe- 
 ially if he adds a knowledge of the veterinary art, and can dispense 
 ledicines for cattle, horses, &c. 
 
 The professional farmer may get a productive farm in fee simple for 
 little more than the amount of one year's rent of the farm he left in 
 Kngland, with scarcely any taxes to pay. Every expense except that ot' 
 labour will be much less, and if he gets but a small price for his pro- 
 luce, he has no rent day to meet, or steward's wrath to propitiate, and 
 ^leed care little for a failing crop, whei*e he has few liabilities to encounter 
 fhich a scanty and ill paid harvest will not easily meet. 
 
 All these classes, capitalists in a greater or less dtsgree, establish this 
 !)l»viou8 advantage by emigration. They are emancipated from the ne- 
 l^essity of keeping up appearances — they may live exactly as they please 
 
 -a frame or even a log house costing from £35 to £85 will lodge them 
 
 [uite as securely as a brick one, which in England cost as much by the 
 
 Jour's rent — they gain ten per cent, on the exchange, converting £1,000 
 
 Into £1,100, the second conversion fi-om sterling into currency gives 
 
 Ihem from 25s. to 308. for every sovereign according as they go to Lower 
 
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 BKITISH AMERICA. 
 
 or Upper Canada, or Prince Edward's Island, and thoy remove their 
 capital entirely from the operation of a taxation which amounts to i 
 least £35 per cent upon the whole property of England. 
 
 To those who have little or, still worse, nothing, the necessity and ad- 
 vantages of emigration are still greater. The sturdy but simplo farmer 
 beaten by the times, by a bad farm or a high rent, need only to resolve 
 to be industrious and keep up a stout heart, to work out an early inde- 
 pendence. If he must begin by serving, a single day's wages will buy 
 an acre of good land ; he may rent a farm on the simple condition of 
 giving the proprietor one third of what he raises ; or he may get land of 
 his own immediately, at a cheap rate, and on the very easiest tenns of 
 payment. A little capital, if judiciously laid out, will go a great way, 
 and if he have a family, especially of sons, ready and willing and able to 
 labour, he may reckon himself already independent. 
 
 The farm labourer, inured to greater hardships and privation, more 
 accustomed to hard work and the manipulation of agriculture, will bo 
 still better off if he cultivates industry and sobriety. 
 
 To the carpenter, blacksmith, mill and cartwright, and bricklayer, the 
 very best circumstances concur in these colonies, where wages are fair, 
 employment certain, food cheap and rent moderate. 
 
 The tradesman who understands his business, and has capital to buy 
 goods for cash, is sure to make a speedy independence, by keeping a I 
 store. The store-keepers are indeed the chief men in these colonies. 
 
 Mere money lending is highly profitable : on good security it will 
 sometimes bring 25 per cent. In bank stock it will readily produce 12 
 per cent, and by the buying and selling of land even larger profit may 
 be made. In seasons of temporary depression, such as the present, 
 cleared farms may be purchased at a very cheap rate. It is indeed sug- 
 gested that high profits of money are scarcely compatible with perfect 
 security: but if fkrms are purchased cheap, or even unimproved land, in 
 favorable localities, the investment may indeed be subject to temporary de- 
 pression, but the tide of emigration flows so fast towards these colonies, 
 the unsettlement of Europe gives such an impetus to the transfer of cap- 
 ital to the new world, and a young country such as Canada, must so cer- 
 tainly progress for many years, that we conceive the security better 
 than even that of land in Europe at present prices. The mortgagees of 
 Ireland would too fully corroborate this. Nor ought it to be forgotten 
 that the law expenses of conveyance, either for large purchases or small, 
 amount in our colonies, to not as many shillings as they do pounds in 
 England, that the title is clearer, and that there is no stamp duty on tho 
 transfer, of any moment. Were the colonization of these dependencies 
 systematic, as government is about to make it, so that the emigrants 
 should, at once, on arrival, be placed in a position of comparative corn- 
 foi-t, the filtration which percolates to the United States, would not take 
 place, and we should retain all the increment we acquired. 
 
 Referring the reader to the colonization circular, No. 9, for a detailtfl 
 statement of the rates of wages in these colonies, we may observe gen- 
 erally that for all kinds of handicraftsmen, they range about the same or 
 are somewhat more moderate than in England. Carpenters, blacksmiths, 
 millwrights, and bricklayers, from 58. to (is. Bakers, tailors, Bhocinuken^ 
 
BKITISII AMEllICA. 
 
 45 
 
 ion, more 
 
 [painters, shipwrights, from 38 to 4s. Labourers and quarrymen 2s. to J3s. 
 
 Dress makers Is per day, without board. Cooks and dairy women from 
 
 13s. Cd. to 27s. per month and found. Or by the year with board and 
 
 [lodo-ing, women servants from £9 to £12. Gardeners from £22 to 
 
 £27. Labourers from £16 to £20. Where food, rent and taxes are so 
 
 I low of course these wages are virtually much gTeater than they are 
 
 here. We think they offer gi-eat inducements to operatives to remain at 
 
 their employment for some years, in order that they may save capital, 
 
 [and either become masters in their own trade, or start as farmers, with a 
 
 [good sum in hand. 
 
 All authorities concur in strenuously recommending every emigrant to 
 [fix, before he sets out, upon the district in which he resolves to settle, and 
 \ when he reaches America at once to go to the spot, and not to loiter 
 [about the towns, where his little all will soon be squandered or stolen. 
 I They are unanimous also in urging him at once to accept of such wages 
 las may be offered him, until he has had time to look about him and see 
 1 where he can get better. Until he has become accustomed to the pecu- 
 [liar mode of labouring practised in the country, his services are not of 
 Imuch value. 
 
 The balance of opinion is very greatly in favour of the rule that no 
 [emigrants from Britain should take uncleared land. The best of them 
 Jmake very indifferent woodsmen, and the felling of trees is an art. 
 IThe woods are not healthy, and until the body becomes acclimated, great 
 Icaution is required in the treatment of the constitution, even of the 
 jrobust. Clearing land is very laborious, and the extremes of heat and 
 [cold to which North America is every where subject, joined to a degree 
 [of exposure to which in England the body has never been accustomed, 
 [place the new comer in danger of contracting disease, if his labours 
 [are very heavy.* To new settlers ten acres of cleared land are worth fifty 
 )f wood, nor should it ever be forgotten that in the backwoods, for the 
 
 •Referring the reader to the observations of Mr. Prentice, which will be found 
 lii) subsequent pages, relative to the inciiutious exposure to which emigrants oftea 
 jpubject themselves in the Weslern States, we regard the following adviee as valuable. 
 I" In the new countries of the West," observes Mr. Marshall, " it is important that 
 ibreakfast be eaten before the person is much exposed to the air. ' It is well known,* 
 jsays Dr. Combe, ' that the system is more susceptible of infection and of the influ< 
 ence of eold, miasmata, and other morbid causes, in the morning before eating, than 
 atany other time ; and hence it has become a point of duty with all naval and mili- 
 tary commanders, especially in bad climates, always to give their mess breakfast 
 before exposing them to morning dews, and other noxious influences. Sir George 
 Ballingall even mentions a regiment at Newcastle in which typhus fever was very 
 prevalent, and in which of all the means used to check its progress, nothing proved 
 Bo successful as an early breakfast of warm coffee. In aguish countries also, expe- 
 rience has shown that tne proportion of sick among those who are exposed to the 
 rjpen air before getting any thing to eat is in6nitely greater than among those who 
 have been fortified by a comfortable breakfast.' The writer has had great pefsonal 
 experience of the most sickly climates. Batavia, Sumatra, China, the forests, lakes, 
 md rivers of North America, and he is convinced that particular attention should be 
 paid to the suggestion of Mr. Combe." 
 
 U is also most important to observe that nature dictates a great reduction in the 
 consumption of animal and stimulating food during the ardent heats of an American 
 kummer. The inhabitants of India confine themselves to a purely vegetable diet, 
 ind colonel T. P. Thomson, by doing the same, never had so much as a head-ache 
 luring his whole pciioa of service with his regiment in India, and as governor of 
 "Brral^oue. 
 
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40 
 
 PRINCB EDWARD'S ISLAND. 
 
 :\ ':'■■' i 
 
 mm 
 
 head of a family to have a long sickness, is famine and ruin, and to ths 
 capitalist, who may thereby be prevented from looking after his labour. 
 res, it is an immense loss. It is indeed said that wood land is ahvays 
 productive, while much that is cleared is impoverished by cropping, 
 But the remedy for this is to examine the soil, and, if need be, to rent 
 at first, with the option of purchase if approved. A capitalist can, at 
 all times, purchase a cleared fai*m for one-third less than it cost to im- 
 prove it, and considering the inexperience of new settlers, and that they 
 know, at once, their whole outlay, when they buy a cleared farm, there 
 is no room to doubt the prudence on the score of health, economy, and 
 profit, of the course we recommend. 
 
 It is also especially desirable that in all cases the emigrant should 
 avoid buying more land than his capital will easily enable him to culti< 
 vate. The poor man should have a sovereign to put against every acre 
 of uncleared land he buys, and the capitalist at least £4. If possible 
 let neither ru i into debt, but pay the purchase doton. From the store 
 keeper they will buy goods much cheaper, and sell produce much higher, 
 by avoiding barter or credit, and introducing cash into all transactions, 
 The store keepers are the usurers of Canada, and squeeze terrible interest 
 out of the needy. 
 
 Colonial Commissioners advise emigrants to keep their contract tickets, 
 carefully, till the conditions have been fulfilled, by their being fairly 
 landed ; to provide themselves with food sufficient for their maintainence 
 until they reach the interior; to take no tools or furniture with them; 
 to set off from England in the middle of March ; to remember that they 
 are entitled to be maintained on board for forty-eight hours after theii 
 arrival in port ; to avoid drinking the water of the St. Lawrence, and to go 
 to Quebec, if Canada be their destination, and to Halifax, if for the other 
 colonies. It may be questioned whether passengers for the Upper 
 Province might not more conveniently reach it by New York. The 
 government agents at Quebec or Montreal, and the emigration societies 
 at New York will give ample advice and information as to route, convey- 
 ance, fares. Emigrant sheds, and medical advice are provided gratis at 
 all the principal towns. From Quebec to Hamilton, Upper Canada, 661 
 miles, the steerage passage is 29s. currency ; time about eight days. To 
 Toronto it is 22s., exclusive of provisions, for persons above twelve years. 
 Half price for those between twelve and three, all under, free. The ex- 
 pense of a log hut, is from £5 to £12, and if the chief labour bo per- 
 formed by the emigrant, it will cost less. By New York a person in good 
 circumstances may reach Toronto in three days, at a cost of £4 16s. 3d. ? 
 
 It is not our purpose to include in this work information which is 
 more properly the object of a mere gazetteer. But as some distinctive 
 features belong to each of the North American settlements, we shall no- 
 tice them in their order. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. 
 
 This island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is 140 miles long, at its 
 greatest breadth 34 miles, and contains 1 ,360,000 acres, of which all but 
 rO,000 are fit tor tillage. It is indented with numerous bays and harbours, 
 
PRINCE EDWARDS ISLAND. 
 
 47 
 
 id possesses many rivers. The soil is of oxcollent qimlity, and very 
 )roductive of all crops, which thrive in England. The coast juui rivers 
 Abound with fish : the country is very level, and easily farmed. Its in- 
 labitants are chiefly Scotch and presbyterians. It is divided into King's, 
 Queen's and Frince's Counties. The po])ulation is u])wai'ds of 40,(H)l), 
 ind it has a governor and legislature of its own. Charlotte Town, tho 
 fapital, is neat and pretty. 
 
 From the absence of mountains and its proximity to tho sea, tho island 
 
 quite free from fogs, and is very dry, with a climate more temperato 
 bd mild than any other in North America. The inhabitants are roniark- 
 llble for health and longevity. In all these points every writer on tho 
 kubject concurs, and we inclme to tho opinion, that tor every class 
 bf emigrants, this, on account of its salubrity, and the superior character 
 [)f its soil, is the most eligil<lo locality cf all our American possessions 
 Lgueis unknown, and fever is accidental, not incidental. 
 
 The island contains a colony of oM-fashioned, jog-trot folks, who 
 
 irould never set fire to the Thames, 'or lot the Thumes drown them. 
 
 ^iife seems easy to all classes, wages moderato, pr ^visions and clothing 
 
 ^heap. From the perfectly reliable authority of a member of the colo- 
 
 lial legislature, whose letter is dated so rocontlv as Auuust, 1848, wo 
 
 jlean the following particulars. " The climate ut the it- 'and I regard as 
 
 irery healthy. The summers are very fine ; the win<^o'\ at times, very 
 
 Bvere, but generally clear and bright, and I do not th.ak, excrT>t during 
 
 know storms, that the cold is felt to bo asen > ; j inconvonie ".e. Tho 
 
 Island is esteemed to be so beneficial to p(r> '3ns out of health in tho 
 
 )ther provinces, that it is no unusual thing .or them to como here * r 
 
 Recruit. Indeed the general report and impression of its salubrity is very 
 
 31'evalent. I know of no case of asthma, and tiio governess who camo 
 
 pom England with mo, used in England always to wear a respirator, but 
 
 lever used it while in this country. Consumption is, I believe, com- 
 
 lon to all parts of tho world, but certainly not more so here than elso- 
 
 vhere. I know of no case of ague. Fever is an accidental intruder at 
 
 pimes, but not more than in England. With respect to the state of 
 
 )ciety, it is perhaps as good as in any colony, for a good many English 
 
 families have, within the last ten yoars settled in the island, bringing 
 
 )ropei'ty with them, and having by > .^ir superior moans and number 
 
 obtained some little influence in the piace, they have improved tho char- 
 
 icter of society in it." 
 
 " There would be no difficulty oither in leasing or purchasing a small 
 
 farm or a small house acco^d'ri,,? to the views and fancy of tho settler, as 
 
 the enterprise of the people of the colonies finds its vent principally in 
 
 Suilding, &c. &c. in the expectation to sell, and proceecl through the 
 
 ime course over again. From £200 to £400 sterling would do all that 
 
 loderate wants would require. 
 
 "The currency of the island is at a depreciation of fifty per cent, in con- 
 sequence of an issue of paper money, and increaHo of del)t at tho same 
 time, which is now better understood, and put under restraint ; but it 
 "las become established as the fixed rate. A sovereign is therefor© 
 ^;1 IDs. of this currency, and an English shilling, in like manner, passes 
 for Is. Od. With £200 per annum a man may live luire far better than 
 
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 ! 
 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON 
 
 with £300 in England, and so in proportion. The price of the chief ue. 
 cessaries of life, as stated in the gazette, August Ist, is as follows (and it 
 must be remembered that we are this year experiencing the bad effects of 
 two years' failure of the potatoes, and a very bad years' crop of wheat 
 and oats last year.) Beef 2d. to 3d. per lb. ; mutton l|d to 3d. ; veal Id. 
 to 2|d. ; flour 2d. per lb.; butter 4|d. to 6jd.; cheese 3d. to 5d. ; po- 
 tatoes 2s. to 2s. 4d. per bushel ; eggs 3|d. to 4d. per dozen ; fowls 6id. 
 to 9"|d. ; pair of chickens G^d. to 8d. ; cod-fish, mackarel, haddock at 
 very low prices ; salmon of fine flavour and good size, 2s. to 3s. Gd. eaca. 
 By this it will be seen that a little money with management may be 
 made to go a great way here ; tea, sugar, &c. are at low prices, and 
 clothing as cheap as in England. 
 
 "There is very little difference between this and England, as far as 
 respects domestic servants, save that their wages are rather le^s j agiicul- 
 tural labourers are generally paid 14s. per week, finding themselves, or 
 £16 per annum boarded in the house." 
 
 Bouchette, Macgregor, and Macculloch describe the island as well 
 wooded with spruce, fir, birch, beech, and maple. Flax grows luxuri- 
 antly, the pastures are excellent, and cattle and sheep thrive eminently, 
 Only 100,000 acres are under cultivation, but all authorities concur in 
 stating that the settlement is admirably adapted in every part for suc- 
 cessful and even luxuriant cultivation, and indeed that it is capable of 
 feeding the whole of the neighbouring colonies. 
 
 It is obvious that the moderate price of labour and of land, and the 
 low price of all the necessaries of life, make this place of pure English so- 
 ciety and manners, highly eligible to the capitalist or to persons in the 
 middle ranks of life, while its temperate climate ought also to allure the 
 labouring man. Indeed, it appears to us that the insulation of the place, 
 and the easy manageability of the soil, have made it too snug, and the 
 acquisition of competence too easy, to stimulate the energies of the sober 
 population. A little fresh blood infused amongst them, and some more 
 capital, will doubtless, at no distant date, make this a most dttsirable 
 colony ; the only drawback seems to be the length of the winter. Seed 
 time begins at 1st of May, and harvest ends in October 31 st. ; snowfalls 
 at Christmas, and remains until the ^li of March. • 
 
 > 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 
 
 These islands are under the same government, and are only snparatpd | 
 by a narrow strait ; thoy are also within fburtecni niih^s of New nruns- 
 wick. Nova Scotia is 300 miles long, and of various breadth, rontainini,' 
 an area of 15,020 square mih;s ; 10,IMH),000 acres, whereof r>,0(M),0(H) 0-^1 
 arable, 400,000 under actual (iultivation, an<l a population of 1(m,(X)0i 
 souls. Capo Breton is less than a third of this size, and both ])artakeof| 
 the same character, abounding in cool, gypsum, iron, salt, and othci mi- 
 nerals, having numerous rivers teeming with salt and fresh water liiili, ! 
 and carrying on a very large trade in all the more common 8i>rtHo(| 
 timber, in the cur-ng of fish, in ship buihling, and in mining. 
 
 The eastern division of the island consists principally of a stronil, 
 loamy clay, productive of good wheat crops, while rich nlluviiil iO'l 
 
NOVA SCOTIA AND CAPE BRETON. 
 
 49 
 
 tervales arc still more fertile. In the Pictou district seven crops of 
 wheat are taken in succession without any manure. Towards the north 
 west rich alluvial marshes are reclaimed from the sea, producing from 
 6 to 7 1 quarters of wheat, and three tons of hay per acre. The average 
 produce of farm land per acre is twenty-five bushels of wheat, forty of 
 oats, 200 of potatoes, 21 tons of hay. , Good dairy farms are found in the 
 north-west division ; the population is chiefly Scotch, and is ruled by a 
 governor, a council, and a legislative assembly elected by forty-shilling- 
 freeholders. The prevailing religion is protestant, of various denomina- 
 tions, and the provision for education seems to be ample. Taxation is very 
 light amounting to about 6s.8d. per head ; the upset price of the public lands 
 is Is. 9d. per acre, 100 acres or £8 15s. worth, being the smallest quan- 
 tity sold. For miners, coopers, fish curers, sawyers, lumberei-s, ship 
 carpenters, fishermen, tanners, and farm labourers, the demand must be 
 i considerable. The yearly shipping amounts to 800,000 tons. 
 
 The changes of temperature are sud len and extreme ; the severe 
 [weather sets in in December, and the frost bi'eaks up at the beginning of 
 {February; the severity of the winter ends in March, when chill, damp, 
 east winds prevail till the end of April. It is often the close of May be- 
 Ifore the spring fairly covers the fields with verdui'e. May and June are 
 [foggy; July and August are warm, clear, and serene; September and 
 lOctober, are like ours ; but November, and even December, produces 
 [days equal to the loveliest- of our English May. Consumption and in- 
 jfiammation are somewhat common, but fever and ague are unknown ; 
 land on the whole these islands are very healthy, the inhabitants living to 
 la gi'eat age. That Indian coni can here be rcised successfully, pumpkins, 
 [all our culinary vegetables, and all our fruits abundantly and of good qua- 
 llity, as also excellent clover and meadow grass, are facts which warrant the 
 jbelief that the climate must be by no means of the hyperborean character 
 Iwhich some have represented. The land abounds with lime, free, and 
 Islate stone, and brick earth, the rivers with salmon and trout, the soa 
 jboard with white and shell fish. There are here manifestly the elements 
 lot' gi'eat comfort and prosperity, which the progi'css of society, tho in- 
 jcreaso of steam navigation, and immigration from the mother country, 
 [cjuinot fail to develop. 
 
 It is our duty however to qualify tliis favourable report with the 
 Icaution, that, although, as in most rigorous climates, this is a healthy, ifc 
 |cannot be said to be a very plea»ant locality. To people from Scothmd 
 )f average constitution, we think it would bo suitable; for healthy work- 
 ing men it is very well adapted. Pei*sons of enterprise and activity, wlio 
 lust follow some occupation as the means of subsistence, will hero find a 
 3Ptter scope than in Prince Edwani's Island ; but it is not so temperate, 
 It is liable to fogs from which the latter is free, and for the middle classes as 
 |[i ])lace to retire to and save in, it is not so eligible. Having more bustlo 
 md life about it, 15,(KK)tons of shipping, and an aggi-egato of £1,()00,()0() 
 jn exports and inipoits, it is obviously better ada])ted for the young as a 
 'ield of exertion, and, by its comnnind of coal, joined with its proximity 
 to New York, where steam navigation jn'oduces such a largo consumption 
 "ioth of that arti"le and of iron, we can scarcely doubt that it must now 
 il>illy increase in wealth and the pursuits of Industry. 
 
 

 ■ ' \ 
 
 
 ao 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK. 
 
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 i )( 
 
 This province, possessing an independent legislature and government, 
 is situated on the mainland of North America, forming the south-eastern 
 coast boundary of Lower Canada ; it has a population of 200,000 souls, 
 16,500,000 acres of area, whereof 11,000,000 are arable, and is said to be 
 capable of supporting at least 3,000,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The upset price of unreclaimed land is 28. 8d. per acre ; 50 acres is the 
 smallest quantity sold, price £6 Ids. 4d. The soil is fertile, several ac- 
 counts concurring in the statement that in the Stanley settlement wheat 
 is produced weighing 70 lbs. per bushel, which is superior to the best 
 produced in England. It is highly recommended to emigrants, especially 
 of the labouring classes ; it is very rich in minerals, especially coal, and in 
 river, lake, and sea fish of all kinds ; from its dense forests, it has a vast 
 timber trade, and caiTies on fish curing and whaling to a large extent 
 Saw mills and ship building, for which it possesses superior capabilities, 
 afford increasing means of employment and commerce. 
 
 The province is said to be very healthy, and the climate much to re- 
 semble that of Nova Scotia, not being subject to the great extremes of 
 Lower Canada, nor to the fevers of the Upper Province. But, the fact | 
 that it is the boundary of Lower Canada, and the eastern boundary too, 
 leads us to expect that it must be more subject to the rigours which cha- 
 racterize that region, than has been represented. The density End extent 
 of the forests to which the sun cannot penetrate, must make them har- 
 bours for immense masses of snow, which cannot fail to render the currents [| 
 of air extremely cold, and to compel winter to linger much longer thiin 
 might be argued from the state of the sky and sun. We observe that 
 16,000 emigi'ants settled in the province last year; that they were easily 
 absorbed, and that wages did not fall in consequence. These facts argue 
 a liigh estimation of the colony, and a rapid progress in prosperity. Im- 
 proved farms are said to cost £5 per acre, and near the towns as much 
 even as £20. Succession is wisely determined by the law of gavel 
 kind. 
 
 Led away by what the St. John's Chronicle calls the " timber mania,* 
 the population ho "^ neglected the more important pursuits of miniuif, 
 fishing, and above all agriculture. Lumbering is notoriously a demora- 
 lizing employment, and ultimately much less certain and profitable to 
 the community at largo than other fields of enterprise. 
 
 An American, met by Mr. M'Gregor in 1828, near Frederic Town, in- 
 fomiod him he had been settled in the district seven years, and, coiu' 
 meneing without a shilling, had, in that short time, cleared three hunitred 
 acres, and accpiirod a great flock of sheep, horses, oxen, milch cn^s 
 Bwine, and poultry, lie lived in a large and comfortable dwelling house 
 well furnished, with his f:imily, and a iiumlMn* of labourers, had a iix.'C' 
 trip hammer, fulling, saw, and gri«t mills, driven by water power, rawtl 
 large crops, grew and muL«vfacturcd excellent fiax, and gre>v as much at 
 
CANADA. 
 
 51 
 
 binety bushels of Indian corn on a single acre. He talked in high terms 
 jof the rich interior country. 
 
 As evidence of the state of the climate the fact here stated, of the 
 [existence of prolific crops of Indian corn is very important. In refer- 
 ence to Lower Car ada, Mr. Shirreff observes that "the climate is too 
 cold for the cul'iva'ion of Indian corn, which only occasionally comes 
 to maturity in the most favoured spots." Indian com is a very tender 
 plant; to come to maturity it must be sown early, and it never becomes 
 ripe until the middle or erd of October. If then it is successfully culti- 
 vated in New Bmnswick, it is apparent that the spring must be earlier, 
 and the commencement of winter considerably later than in Lower 
 1 Canada. 
 
 The prices of improved land in this, and all emigration fields vary 
 [much according to the temporary state of the district. In hard times, 
 
 for tohieh an emigrant should wait, good cleared farms with suitable 
 [buildings, may for cash be had for 30s. or 40s. per acre. At this season 
 Uf depression great bargains are to be made. We have examined the 
 j files of the colonial newspapers (a most useful study for an intending 
 [emigrant), and from their advertisements we observe that, good fanns 
 
 lie to be had in all the provinces at prices varying from 20s. to 100s. per 
 
 lere. 
 
 . CANADA. 
 
 Lower Canada, or Canada East as, since the union of the two pro- 
 irinces, it is called, contains an area of 132,000,000 acres, and is divided 
 Jnto five districts, and twenty-one counties. The population, which is 
 jhiefly French, amounts to upwards of 1,000,000 of souls. It contains 
 9veral handsome and prosperous towns, and possesses the best river and 
 lake communications of any country in the world. Its cities, Quebec 
 
 id Montreal are very populous, commodi'^us, and picturesque, and the 
 lenery of the region is altogether very fiu j. Abundance of land of ex- 
 cellent quality is every where to be had on ef jy terms, the upset price of 
 incleared land, ranging from 3s. to 6s. per acre, and improved farms 
 dth suitable ofiices oven in the neighbourhood of the chief towns, be- 
 ing purchaseable, at prices, varying from £20 to £5 or even £3 per acre. 
 71ie country is well settled— the institutions for government, jurispru- 
 Icnco, I'eligion, and education, matured, and ample, and the state of 
 oeiety not uncongenial to the British taste or habits. Roads, bridges, 
 canals, coaches, steam and ferry boats, hotels, hospitals, &c., ai'e more 
 luinerous and better arranged and appointed in tr . ^hau in the other 
 irovinces, and the conveniences of civilized life are ncn*e more readily 
 ittuinable. Shipping and commerce are prosperous, and transactions are 
 conducted less by barter and more through the medium of a cuiTency 
 love than in the otlier districts, or the Western United States. The 
 working population are simple and inofiensivo in their liabits, and more 
 pe8[>Gctful in their manners than elsewhere. Produce yields a better price 
 md is more easily convertible into cash also, and wages are fair but not 
 ixcossivo. The proportion which arable land, and soil of superior 
 
 r 
 
S3 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 
 W' \'i 
 
 quality, in the settled parts of this province, bears to the whole ter- 
 ritory is very high, and the better classes of timber, which it bears in 
 perfection (oak, maple, beech, elm, walnut, cedar, and ash), as also the 
 quality and quantity of the wheat (forty bushels per acre), sufficiently 
 indicate its superiority. 
 
 Let us here premise what is necessary to be observed in reference to 
 climate, both in its effects upon animal and vegetable life. Other tli;n"!i 
 being equal, that is to say cleanliness, drainage, food, household and 
 clothing comforts, occupation, and medical assistance, persons are heal- 
 thiest and longest lived in cold climates, and even in temperate regions 
 they are healthiest at the coldest season of the year. The Poles, the 
 Russians, above all the Cossacks, occupying the steppes of the Ukrain, 
 are the healthiest and longest lived people in the world. The Norwe- 
 gians, Danes, and those Germans who live in the regions where winter is 
 long and severe, are alse long lived ; so are the Dut( h. As you rise into 
 the mountainous districts of warmer countries, you find the population 
 .stronger and more healthy. The Caucasians and Balkans have given 
 Russia more trouble than all her other enemies. It is then quite to bo 
 expected that Lower Canada, longer settled, more extensively cleared, 
 surrounded better with the appliances of civilization, with a drier air, 
 fewer swamps, and a longer and severer winter than any other part of 
 North America, should also be healthy, and remarkable for the robust- 
 ness and longevity of its inhabitants. More subject, however, to ex- 
 tremes tl'an the eastern dependencies, and to sudden alternations of tem- 
 perature, it has its drawbacks to the sophisticated or delicate constitution; 
 and considering that the length of winter and its severity endure for 
 from six months in the eastern, to five and a half in the western extre- 
 mities of the province, we regard the district as altogether unsuitable for the 
 fair enjoyment of life and nature, and ill adapted for the successful pro- 
 secution of agriculture ; no spring, summer and autumn insupportable, 
 are conditions for which to our taste no commercial advantages can compen- 
 sate. Every thing sealed up and made dead by frost and snow, bii-d, beast, 
 and c. leping thing absconded or perished, the thermometer standinj; 
 thirty degrees below freezing point, water, nay whisky, freezing within a 
 foot of the fire, boiling water when thrown up tailing in icicles, milk pro- 
 duced in lumns, meat having to be thawed before it can be eaten, the 
 dead even b*. .^ kept for months before being buried, and this endnrin<(, 
 not occasionally, but for a lengthened period, — these are plienomena of 
 which we cannot recommend to any the practical experience. Wo are 
 bound to state that the air is so dry, the sky so clear, and the zeyihxv 
 8o light and genial, that the cold looks very much greater than it teeh. 
 The blood is so well oxygenated with the pure and exhiliruting atrn(t>- 
 jiiiere, that an improved circulation, by generating gi'cat animal bent, de- 
 fies somewhat the external rigour. {!>till the mere time which wiiittr i 
 last-s is an intolerable nuisance to all who enjoy natiire and out door lilo. 
 
 The same observations a])j»ly to vegetation; the cold countries of 
 Europe are its granaries. Polish, Tamboft', and Dantzic wheat, are the 
 ])08t which come to our market. Rye, oats, liarley, beans, are proibued 
 in abunrlanco in those frigid climes, and Holland condemned to an arctic 
 winter, is the dairy store of England. Uut for puj^ure and Htore farm* 
 
 
CANADA. 
 
 53 
 
 \m 
 
 a six months winter forms a serious drawback, especially where 
 labour is expensive ; large quantities of food have to be stored for the 
 cattle, they have to be properly housed, their meat prepared and set 
 before them, their houses kept sweet, and themselves carefully tended ; 
 and this in a country where manure is regarded as not worth the cost 
 f spreading and ploughing in, is manifestly a heavy deduction to be 
 made from other advantages. 
 
 Major Tulloch in his military reports states, that "of all the colonial 
 tations occupied by our troops, rheumatic diseases affect them least in 
 anada. Neither acute diseases nor deaths are so numerous by one-half 
 in winter there, as in summer. Remittent and intermittent diseases are 
 uch less prevalent in Lower than in Upper Canada, and not very fre- 
 uent in either province ; but in July the deaths in the lower province 
 mounted to 4,068, and in January to only 2,365. The constitution of 
 he soldier is not affected in any material degree by the extreme severity 
 f the North American winter ; on the contrary, the degree of health there 
 lyoyed is not exceeded in any quarter of the globe." 
 " The summer heat," observes the backwoodsman, " of Upper Canada 
 enerally ranges towards 80 degrees, but should the wind blow twenty- 
 bm' hours fi'om the north, it will fall to forty degrees. One remarkable 
 culiarity in the climate is its dryness — roofs of tinned iron of fifty 
 ears standing are as bright as the day they came out of the shop ; you 
 ay have a charge of powder in your guns for a month without its hang- 
 ng fire; or a razor out and opened all night without a taint of rust, 
 ectoral or catarrhal complaints are here hardly known. In the cathe- 
 ral of Montreal, where 5,000 persons assemble every Sunday, you will 
 Idom find the service interrupted by a cough, even in the dead of win- 
 r and in hard frost ; pulmonary consumption is so rare in Upper Canada 
 hat in eight years residence I have not seen as many cases of the disease 
 I have seen in a day's visit to a provincial infirmary at home. The 
 nly disease annoying us here, to which we are unaccustomed at home, 
 « intermittent fever, and that, though abominably annoying, is not by 
 ny means dangerous : indeed, one of the most annoying circumstances 
 oimected with it is that instead of being sympathised with, you are 
 laughed at. Otherwise the climate is infinitely more healtliy than that of 
 ngland. 
 
 " Though the cold of a Canadian winter is great, it is neither distress- 
 ng nor disagreeable. There is no day during wintev, except a rainy one, 
 which a man need be kept from work. The thermometer is no judge 
 f temperature. Thus, with us in Canada when it is low, say zero, there 
 i not a breath of air, and you can judge of tlie cold of the morning, by 
 he smoke rising from the chimney of a cottage straiglit up, like the 
 iteeple of a church, then gi'adually melting away into tlio beautiful clear 
 lue of the morning sky ; yet it is impossible to go through a day's march 
 n your great coat, whereas at home when the wind blows from the north 
 t, though the thermometer stands at from 60 degi-ees to ()0 degrees, 
 OH find a fire far from oppressive. During the Indian summer (three 
 eeks of November), the days are pleastmt, with abundance of sunshine, 
 d the nights present a cold clear black frost ; then the ruins commence 
 then the regular winter, which if ruins and thaws do not intervene is 
 
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 1 1 ■ 
 
 1 '* 
 
 54 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 very pleasant — then rains and thaws again until the strong sun of mid- 
 dle May renders e^'erything dry and green." 
 
 The author of Hochelaga (Mr. Warburton) coiToborates these obser- 
 vations, and Mrs. Jameson, although in the outset of her work she gheg 
 the gloomiest picture of a Canadian year, winds up, after three years ex- 
 perience, in high spirits, the best health, and with the most favourable 
 o])inion of Canada "and all which it inherits." Indeed, although oom- 
 plaining, on her anival, of very delicate health, she undertook lon^ pv. 
 cursions down the lakes and rivers in open canoes, resting in rude tents 
 during the night, and suffered neither from fatigue, nor an exposure. 
 which most English ladies would regard as suicidal, and which undertaken 
 in England would be decidedly hazardous. 
 
 It is not the rigour of the winter which is so formidable in Canada, 
 but rather the summer heats and the sudden changes of temperature. 
 An AbeiMieenshire gardener, settled at Montreal, observes, "the garden is 
 suiTounded by high brick walls, "overed with peach and nectarin j trees ; 
 the peaches gi-ow to a gi'eat size, and ripen excellently in the oiien 
 air ; the gi'apes bear well on the trelisses in the garden ; I had a fine crop 
 of them, superior to any I saw in the houses at home ; and the melons 
 are also surprisingly fine ; I cut 300 melons from ground not twenty feet 
 by twelve, some weighing fifteen pounds; they require no attention; 
 just sow the seed and this is all you have to do. We sow cucumbers 
 about the ditches, and they produce abundantly. Gourds here weigh 
 fifty pounds. The thermometer 8*ood for three months at 99 degrees all 
 day in the shade, and 86 all night. I thought I should be roasted alive, 
 being obliged to take my bed out of the house and lie in an open shed, 
 with nothing on but a single sheet, and after all I perspire very freely." 
 
 In winter observes Mr. Montgomery Martin and Mr. Evans (on Cana- 
 dian agriculture), "all the feathered tribe take the alarm, even the hardy 
 crow retreats; few quadrupeds ai'e to be seen, some, like the bear, re- 
 maining in a torpid state, and others, like the hare, turning to a pure 
 white." "The country is covered with snow; within doors t^e Cana- 
 dians are well secured from the cold — the apartments being heated with 
 stoves, and kei)t at a high equable temperature. Winter is a season of 
 joy and pleasure, sledges, curricles fixed on skates, convey over the rivei's, 
 litkes, and roads, visiting and pleasure pjlrties, and dining, supping, and 
 balls fill up the evenings. Even the St. Lawi'ence is frozen over from 
 Quebec to Montreal." 
 
 The authoress of the " Backwoods of Canada," after giving a glowing 
 account of the aspect of the country around Quebec, observes, under date 
 17th of August, " the weather moderately warm (this on board shipop- 
 po.^ite Montreal), and the air quite clear ; we have emerged from a damp 
 atmosphere to a delightful summer. The further we advance the iikiw 
 fertile the country appears; the harvest is ripening under a more gonial 
 climate thun that below Quebec. We see fields of Indian corn in full 
 flower— the farms and farm houses are really handsome places with 
 clumps of trees to break the monotony of the clearing. The land in 
 nearly an unbroken level plain* fertile and well farmed. The country 
 between Quebec and Montreal has all the appearance of having been long 
 gotU"^ "•-J^jr ciiUivation, but there is a great portion-of forest still btand* 
 
CANADA. 
 
 S& 
 
 fnf?; many herds of cattie were feeding on little gi-assy islands. Somo 
 miles below Montreal the appearance of the country became richer, morp 
 civilized, more populous ; in the lower division of the province you feel 
 that the industry of the inhabitants is forcing a churlish soil for bread — 
 in the upper, the land seems willing to yield her increase to moderate ex- 
 ertion. August 21. — The weather is sultry hot, accompanied by fre 
 quent thunder showers ; I experience a degi'ee of langour and oppression 
 that is very distressing." ^ 
 
 Mr. Patrick Shirreff, an East I.othian farmer, who visited Canada in 
 1834, expresses an indifferent opinion of the country in every respect, 
 and a great preference for Illinois. But on comparing his narrative with 
 that of a very great many reliable and eminent authorities, and with 
 facts stated by himself, and looking to the spirit in which he views every 
 thing, we are not inclined to place implicit reliance on his estimate. Na- 
 turally of a morose temper, and tainted in his view of external appear- 
 ances by mere political impressions, we are more inclined to judge from 
 hif. facts than his mere dicta. 
 
 "Around Cornwall" he admits, " and more particularly from Coteau 
 de Lac to the Cascades, much excellent wheat was growing on clay soil, 
 formed into very narrow ridges. Other crops indifferent, and choked up 
 with perennial thistles." 
 
 " I experienced much pleasure at finding my friends and former neigh- 
 bours possessing so many more old country comforts than the backwood 
 settlers in Upper Canada, and all enjoying good health and spirits. This 
 is quite an East Lothian colony ; four farmers who have settled here dined 
 with us, and there are blacksmiths, sailors, &;c., without number in the 
 village. The township of Hinchinbroke is a thriving settlement, and in 
 point of climate perhaps the best in Lower Canada. The banks of the 
 river are free from wood — good farms are seen." ** The Chateauguay is 
 here joined by the Hinchinbroke, Trout River, and Oak Creek, the banks 
 i of all of which are settled and abound in good situations." Grass was in 
 many situations excellent, red and white clover abounding without being 
 i8o\vn." "The houses consist of wood; a log house consists of rough 
 'logs piled above each other; dove-tailed at the corners, and the intervals 
 filled up with clay or other material. A block house is square logs classed. 
 A frame house is sawn boards nailed on a frame, lathed and plastered in- 
 |8ide with pitched roofs, slated with shingles." 
 
 " Land in Hinchinbroke district sells moderately ; a friend bought two 
 [ hundred acres, with a frame and log house for £270 currency ; another, 
 three hundred acres with ninety cleared, for £2i37." " The general as- 
 pect of the country from St. Therese to Montreal, a distance of forty 
 miles, closely resembles the finest parts of England. I do not recoUoct 
 jof having travelled over the like extent of continuous good wheat soil in 
 [any part of the world." ** Clover seeds are never sown, yet cow grass and 
 Iwhite clover every where abound, and often attain the utmost luxuriance. 
 jHeaps of manure were seen dissolving to earth on the way sides." Mr. 
 Hhirreff states that the farming is of the most wretched description, and 
 the sheep, cattle, and horses very inferior. The Canadians live in lai'ge 
 |block housas, clean and neat, but deficient In orchards and the ornament 
 >f trees. They oi'e extremely respectful and ci>il. Another East Lothiian 
 
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 CAN AD 4'. 
 
 fitrmcr, who had recently settled, told him his purchase was very cheap, 
 and be was in high hopes and spirits. He gives a most ^vourable ac- 
 count of the Montreal district, and recommends market gardening there 
 as highly lucrative. A milch cow can be grazed for the season for 4s. 3d, 
 The price of land on the island of Montreal varied from £10 to £20 per 
 acre, according to quality, situation, and buildings. Labour is cheap- 
 crops are reaped at 7s. 6d. per acre. An East Lothian ploughman got £12 
 a year, house, garden, firewood, cow's keep, oatmeal, potatoes, and peas. 
 Mr. Joseph Pickering, in his " Inquiries of an Emigrant," more than 
 corroborates this favorable account. He speaks of the great number of 
 houses and farms on the banks of the Lower Canada rivers, the neatness, 
 cleanliness and orderliness of the appearance of the French population, 
 and of the great excellence of the Canadian horses. " If not for the 
 extremes of climate, this might be considered almost a paradise." " At- 
 tended a cattle show, a few good Leicestershire sheep, good bulls, cows 
 indifferent, very useful English and Canadian brood mares." " Manure 
 produced splendid grass, but so disregarded that men were hired to cart 
 it to the river." " The goodness and cheapness of the old cleared land, 
 (£5 to £6 only the acre,) low price of labour, (30s. to 35s. per month,) 
 point this place out as eligible for farmers with capital, as there are no 
 taxes." Hemp grows very luxuriantly." " Winter wheat is little sown; 
 but a Canadian informs me that he knew a small piece this season that 
 answered extremely well, much better than spring wheat. The snow 
 would preserve it." At Quebec district, land is good, grass fields luxu- 
 riant. Pasture had a fresher appearance the lower I came down the pro- 
 vince, attributable to the dampness of the climate, for there have been 
 more misty foggy days since I have been in Quebec, than I saw all the 
 time I was in the Upper Province." "Attended two agricultural meet- 
 ings. Very fine vegetables exhibited, and also fruit ; excellent plough- 
 ing by settlers, (Irish and Scotch,) and very good cattle. 
 
 The Aberdeenshire gardener states, that in Montreal bread is cheap, 
 6 lbs. for 8d. ; beef 4d., pork 6d., mutton 3id. per lb. ; eggs 6d. per 
 doz. Labourer's wages, 2s. 6d., cuiTency ; joiners 5s., masons the same; 
 tailors 7s. 6d. ; blacksmiths 4s. 6d. Clothes dear, 30s. for making a dress 
 coat ; 6s. for trousers ; shoes the same price as in Scotland, but not so 
 good. 
 
 Such is an eliptical account of the various more important particulars 
 relative to the lower province, which it is important for emigrants to 
 know. The character and topography of the various sub-districts, it is 
 not necessary they should learn until, being on the spot, they cp;i inform 
 themselves of the minutest particulars. Here it is our object only to 
 supply such information as may enable them to fonn a gei. eral idea of 
 the suitableness of the province for their taste and circumstances. Our 
 own conclusion from the facts is, that for handicraftsmen, at d persons 
 not proposing to follow agriculture, the chief towns of Lower Canada 
 form the preferable location; and that for agricultiuists the Upper Pw- 
 vince is very much better adapted. 
 
UPPER CANADA. 
 
 *>7 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 The area of the Western Province is 64,000,000 of acres, and the white 
 ! population is principally British, amounting to upwards of 500,000 souls.* 
 j It contains thirteen districts, twenty-six counties, six ridings, and 273 
 I townships. 
 
 The climate of Canada becomes milder, and the winter shorter, the 
 |fui*tlier west the emigrant goes ; "So much so," observes the report of the 
 government agent, " that although the frost generally commences in No- 
 ! vember at its eastern extremity, and continues in that neighbourhood till 
 the middle of April, it rarely commences on the shores of Lake Erie 
 before Christmas, and usually disappears between the 25th March and 
 the 1st of April. On a comparison with the climate of Great Britain, 
 the summer heat is somewhat greater, but never oppressive, as it is 
 [always accompanied with light breezes. There is less rain than in Eng- 
 land, but it falls at more regular intervals, generally in spring and 
 jautumn. The winter's cold, though it exceeds that of the British Isles, 
 lis the less sensibly felt on account of its dryness, and seldom continues 
 [intense for more than three days together." A writer in the colonial 
 lagazine observes that " the climate is brighter, clearer, drier than 
 Jreat Britain, but neither so much warmer in summer, nor so much 
 colder in winter, as to prove disagreeable : it is neither scorched by the 
 sultry summers of the south, nor blasted by the biting winters of the 
 Jiorth." There is, at least, the difference of a month or six week's dura- 
 tion of winter between Quebec and Lake Ontario. 
 
 Mr. Pickering's diary gives an exact account of the climate for each 
 lay of three years. A few extracts will convey a more precise idea than 
 my general description. " August 16, (1825.) Harvest finished, — ram 
 ill day. Sowed wheat from beginning of September to 5th October, 
 ^ut Indian corn 20th September. December 10. Summer and fall 
 remarkably dry, and still continues. November was mild and pleasant, at 
 times too warm. 21. Snow not half an inch deep, but sharpish frost. 
 Fanuary 1st, (1826.) A few very sharp, frosty days, with a little snow. 
 February 12. Steady frost three or four weeks. Last winter hardly any 
 Frost in Western Province. 26. Quite moderate of late ; quite mild and 
 thawing. March 12. Frost out of ground, ice off lake; rain; foggy. 
 19. Three severe cold days, and snow storms, gone again with thunder; 
 IQ. Frosty, cold, wet, mild ; thermometer up to temperate, and below 
 
 *The total population of British America, appears to be 1,639,715, including Neiv 
 ^ouDdland and Honduras. The latest account assigns 633,649 to Lower Canada, 
 md 506,855 to Upper Canada. We are therefore not a little perplexed to find it 
 itated by the Honorable J. H. Boulton of Toronto, M. P. for the county of Norfolk 
 lu Canada, that Canada alone contains a population fast approaching to 2,0U0,000. 
 U is still more inexplicable to reflect that if the return be correct which gives only 
 1,199,704, to the two provinces, that of that amount no less than 767,373 are made 
 |ip of emigrants direct from the mother country ; a number greater than the whole 
 ^xisting British population of the provinces, if it be true as stated in the last ac- 
 huQts, that the native Canadian habitaus muster upwards of 500,000, souls. This 
 ^uct would certainly give countenance to the received impression that upwards of 
 per cent, of all emigrants to British America, find their way, ultimately, to the 
 fwted States. 
 
 I 
 
 
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 UPPER CANADA. 
 
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 freezing point. April 2. Fine pleasant days, some frosty nights. 8. Partly 
 wet and cold, partly fine and pleasant. Sowing spring wheat and clover- 
 sheep lambing; calves and cows turned out to grass. 15. Three rather 
 severe frosty days ; 17, 13 then 53 degrees above Zero. Sowing peas, 
 kidney beans, garden turnips. 22. Cold. Spring later than usual; 
 spring wheat coming up. 29. Heavy rain ; fruit, wheat, grass begin to 
 bud. May 6. Stoiiny and cold ; one very warm day; 71 deg. at noon, 
 generally 48 deg. to 62 deg.; peas up. 13. Warm growing week, 65 deg. 
 morning, 81 deg. noon. 20. Dry, warm, 60 deg. to 65 deg. Planted 
 Indian corn. June 4. Foggy; Indian corn and oats up; potatoes planted. 
 6. 81 deg., 88 deg. at Montreal. 10. Very hot week ; cutting clover; 
 wild grapes in blossom. 18. Rain and cool, 55 deg. to 67 deg. 24. Rainy. 
 July 1. Fine and temperate. 22. Harvest general. 29. A cool week, 
 70 deg.; mornings rather cold. Aug. 5. Another mild week. 12. Very 
 hot ; no wind ; 83 deg. 19. Hot week ; 75 deg. to 85 deg. 26. From 
 this date to 14th September, very fine weather, 58 deg. to 76 deg. 
 16. Warm ; nights cold ; 53 deg. morning, 71 deg. noon. 23. Some 
 thunder and rain ; all fruits ripe, and potatoes plentiful and ripe. Oct 
 1. A beautiful day, serene sky; still air; covered vrith flowers. 8. Very 
 fine week, 45 deg. morning, 60 deg. noon. Potatoes all up. 14. Some 
 rain, but fine and pleasant week. 55 deg. to 63 deg. 21. Frosty morn- 
 ings, days warm. Nov. 1. Mild and pleasant ; a little rain; 50 deg. and 
 CO deg. 4. Snows and sleets all day. 5. Thaw to d?.i\ 8. Heavy rain; 
 snow washed away. Dec. 5. Fine pleasant day. 25. Frost has set in 
 sharp ; plenty of snow, six or eight inches. Feb. 23, (1827.) A beautifnl 
 clear day ; snow wasting. March 25. Open weather ; some days mild 
 and pleasant ; ice off the lake, frost off the ground, snow all gone. 
 April 1. mild air, cloudless sky. 2. Beautiful and warm. 5. Wheat 
 grows and looks well. 9. Spring in all its beauty. June 1. Frosty 
 nights, warm days. 10. dry and warm ; wheat in ear. July 2. Pleasant; 
 sultry. 23. Harvest general. August 1. Mild, moderate, some rain. 
 Sept. 10. Weather of late fine and pleasant. Few very hot days. Oct. 1, 
 For a fortnight cloudy and coldish. Winter 1827-8, open and dry. Wet, 
 cold spring, but without snow of any consequence. Summer 1828. 
 Various; some very hot days, but generally pleasant, with showers. 
 Indian corn excellent. Fall of 1828. Sickly. May 1, 1829. Winter 
 mild, open, till 11th February, when a little snow, sharp frost, no rain, 
 snow off in the end of March ; showers to Ist of April. May rather hot, 
 86 deg. at times. June and up to July, cool and pleasant, 76 deg. 
 
 The lady who writes letters from the backv oods observes, under date, 
 November 20. — " My experience of the climate hitherto is favourabk 
 Autumn very fine, slight frosts on September mornings ; more severely 
 n October, but during the day warm and cheerful. November in the 
 beginning soft and warm ; latterly, keen frosts and snowfalls, but bright 
 and dry. May 9, 1833, snows of December continually thawing; not a 
 flake on 1st of January ; couldn't bear a fire; weather open till 29th of 
 January, then cold sot in severely. 1st of March, coldest day and night 
 I ever fejt, even painful; 25 degrees below Zero in the house; breath 
 congealed on the blankets, and metal froze to our fingers ; lasted only 
 three days, and then grew warmer. 19th of March, snow lay deep tilli 
 
UPPER CANADA. 
 
 50 
 
 lortnight ago, when a rapid thaw has brought a warm and balmy spring. 
 
 prhough the Canadian winter has its disadvantages, it has also its charms ; 
 
 |;he sky brightens ; air exquisitely clear and dry ; I enjoy a walk in the 
 
 raods of a bright winter day, when not a cloud, or the faint shadow of a 
 
 bloud, obscures the soft azure of the heavens above ; and but for the 
 
 filver covering of the earth, I might say, *It is June, sweet June.' May 
 
 lOth, the weather oppressively warm ; I am glad to sit at the door and 
 
 ^njc y the lake breeze ; black flies and mosquitoes annoying ; forest trees 
 
 111 in leaf; verdure most vivid. November 2, 1833, changeable seasons; 
 
 ipring warm and pleasant ; from May to middle of harvest, heavy rains, 
 
 uloudy skies, moist hot days ; autumn wet and cold ; I must say at pre- 
 
 Bnt I do not think very favourably of the climate. March 14, ■" S34, 
 
 jou say the rigours of a Canadian winter will kill me ; I never enjoyed 
 
 )etter health, nor so good as since it commenced ; there is a degree of 
 
 )irit and vigour infused into one's blood by the purity of the air that is 
 
 liuite exhilarating ; I have often felt the cold on a windy day in Britain 
 
 lore severe than in Canada. There are certainly some days of intense 
 
 )ld, but it seldom endures more than three days together ; and blazing 
 
 )g fires warm the house, and when out of doors you suffer less in- 
 
 mvenience than you would imagine while you keep in motion. July 
 
 |3th, winter broke up early, by end of February snow disappeared; 
 
 [ai'ch mild and pleasant ; last week of April trees all in leaf. 16th of 
 
 [ay, cold sharp winds ; heavy storms of snow nipped the young buds 
 
 id early seeds. November 28th, winter fairly setting in ; I do like the 
 
 Panadian winter." 
 
 " You ask me if I like the climate of Upper Canada ; I do not think it 
 
 Bserves all travellers have said about it ; last summer very oppressive ; 
 
 pought extreme ; frosts set in early ; very variable ; no two seasons alike 
 
 i^ing to clearing of the forest ; near the rivers and lakes the climate is 
 
 mch milder and more equable." 
 
 Mr. Shirreff estimates the duration of winter in Upper Canada at four 
 ^onths, and observes : " Upper Canada differs from the lower province in 
 ite by having a longer summer and a shorter winter ; while the ex- 
 emes of heat and cold, as indicated by the thermometer, are nearly the 
 le in both provinces. The waters of the St. Lawrence and lakes, in- 
 ting to the north-east, the climate improves in ascending the waters 
 U reaching Amhersthurgh in about 42 degrees of latitude. The pro- 
 ice, as far as it is accurately known, has not an eminence of sufficient 
 Bight to affect temperature, and the climate of different situations may 
 estimated according to their latitudes. In the most southerly parts, 
 par the head of Lake Erie, the length of the winter varies from two to 
 ree months ; ploughing commences about the 1st of April, and cattle 
 }d horses are allowed to roam in the woods during winter, a practice 
 Mch marks the mildness of the climate, and also perhaps the laziness of 
 ^e inhabitants. The climate of Upper Canada is as healthy as the lower 
 ^evince, although the inhabitants are more liable to sickness from the 
 Irfece not being so well cleared of forest." 
 
 1 We have here given iu detail a complete narrative of the incidents of 
 ke climate of Canada with perhaps some prolixity, and exhibited it as it 
 Tects a practical farmer of the country, an occasional visitor, and a lady 
 
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 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 settler. To us it appears the most important inquiry connected with 
 these settlements, because, except on the sco;.-. jf cliinate, they piusont 
 far greater advantages of soil, productions,, -"'jniTaunication, supply of 
 labour, and proximity to markets, than any .. '/ji\ 
 
 It is obvious that Upper Canada is by no means so agreeable a climate 
 as those which we shall have afterwards occasion to notice ; nor perhaps 
 is it, on the whole, so ff-ee from causes of disease. Regions which can 
 produce two crops in the year, which can receive all seeds without risk 
 of destruction by frost, and can raise fruits and other vegetables of almost 
 a tropical character, cannot fail also to offer great facilities to the d|^i- 
 culturist, store farmer, and wool grower. They are also much less liable 
 tG the fever and ague which produce such annoyance in countries lial)le 
 to extremes, and to great deposits of vegetable alluvion on the shores of 
 lakds and rivers. 
 
 But while these differences ought to be duly appreciated, it appears to 
 us from the foregoing vidimus of the Canadian weather, that the climate 
 of Upper Canada, especially towards the north and west, is by no means 
 so objectionable as has been represented ; that its rigours are not so for- 
 midable, and that every day the progress of settlement is diminisLin^ 
 their severity. A certain degree of rigour is protective of health; it 
 effectually kills corruption, pulverizes the soil, and braces the system; * 
 the complaints of sickness are not so great anywhere in Canada as in the 
 United States. The aspect of the people is less sodden and parched j the 
 flesh is more rounded, and consumption is not so common as in the 
 eastern states, or fever so frequent as in the western. 
 
 We ought however to state our impression, that both here and in 
 the Western States, much is attributed to the climate with which it has 
 nothing to do. The depression which attacks new settlers at the thought 
 of having parted with their native home, renders them liable to attacks 
 which would otherwise not affect them ; the despondency which weighs 
 upon them as their first difficulties arise, assists other febrile causes ; the 
 fatigue and exposure they encounter j the want of that care to provide 
 against the physical consequences of contact with the elements, and of 
 the temporary deprivation of those means of comfort which they before 
 enjoyed, have all to be taken into account. Delicate females, gentlemen 
 who never before handled an axe, cannot all at once entirely change 
 comfort for privation or toil, without being affected by the transition; 
 but we believe the greatest mortality to arise from the sudden and coin-j 
 plete change experienced by starving peasants, from famine in Ireland 
 or want in England, to a country where whisky is to be had for Sd.pffi 
 bottle ; where butcher's meat is served to the labourer three times every' 
 day; and where there are pickles and sauces, and preserves, and piWi ; 
 and fruits, and kinds of bread and vegetables innumerable, at their com- 
 mand, to any extent to which their consuming power may reacli 
 It is our decided opinion that, if all classes would be as careful of avoid- 
 ing unnecessary exposure in Canada as the same persons were in England, 
 and if they would be as moderate in their eating and drinking, bothm 
 to quantity and (especially) quality, they would enjoy better health inttoj 
 dry atmosphere of Upper Canada than in the humid climate of En; ' ' 
 But daily whisky, hourly tobacco, in smoke, or juice, long sauce, 
 
tJPPKn CANADA. 
 
 m. 
 
 I saucPj sour pickles, pork, pumpkin pie, Johnny cake, com bread, and 
 bread in every indigestible shape in which it can bo devised, acid fruits 
 in high summer, every variety of vegetable in every form of cookery, 
 medicine and advice miles distant, changes of clothing after exertion, or 
 the broiling of a hot sun not very accessible ; these ate iacidents which 
 would make a "stomach doctor's" hair stand on end, and would in this 
 country kill olFa greater number than in Canada. Even in England typhus 
 and other intermittenta carry off an enormous mass of our population, 
 while consumption, a disease little known in Upper, and not very much 
 I in Lower Canada, is our perpetual scourge. Cholera, influenza, are 
 I more fatal here than in the colonies, and the observations made by oui 
 I military physicians with regard to the health of our troops at our dif- 
 ferent stations, where all other circumstances are precisely the same, lead 
 [to the conclusion that they enjoy as good health in Canada as in any 
 [other colony. 
 
 A great contrast exists betwixt the condition of the Canadian popula- 
 ftion, and that of the inhabitants of the United States. The conter- 
 [minous republicans are greatly more industrious, active enterprising, 
 ind prosperous, than the colonists— indeed, so much more so, that while 
 |tho emigrants from the United Kingdom to all pai'ts for the twenty-four 
 fears ending 1848, numbered 1,985,686, the proportion which went 
 lirect to the United States, was 1,040,797, and in 1848 alone, 188,233, 
 irhile those to our colonies, in that year, only numbered 59,856, and 
 ^f those who yearly land in Canada great numbers (sixty per cent.), 
 percolate to the neighbouring 'republic. From New Brunswick alone we 
 ire informed that 20,000 souls removed to the States last year, and from 
 Bremen the migration thither is 60,000 souls yearly. Our French ha - 
 titans, a simple but unenergetic race, are ill adapted to make a stirring 
 colony. The enormous tracts of land granted to absentees and reserved 
 ^« the clergy, intervene betwixt the " clearings" of the settlers, and ob- 
 ruct that concentration of population which is neces,^ary to effective co- 
 operation. The absence of entire self-government in the colonies has the 
 lecessary effect of rendering public spirit apathetic, nor can it be stimu- 
 lated, by that sense of nationality which energizes an independent po- 
 mlation. Above all, the inutual co-operation of eighteen millions of 
 )eople, spread over a surface raising every variety of produce, and 
 pommanding every variation of climate, must necessarily be much more 
 Effective than that of a million and a half of a mixed race inhabiting u 
 region where there is no diversity, either of production, climate, or 
 Circumstances. Undoubtedly also, for the mere production of wealth, 
 le southern and the most western states, with a very short winter, 
 Irast prairies, large tracts of alluvial valley, and seasons, which in many 
 districts bring tropical productions, and in all Indian corn, to perfection, 
 Ire better adapted than our colonies. In proportion, however, nearly to 
 Iheir productiveness, is their unhealthiness. The valley of the Mississippi, 
 ^long a great part of its course, is a mere grave, and as a general rule it 
 rauld appear to hold true that the milder the climate, the more prevalent 
 ! fever and ague. It is also worthy of notice that not only are the prices 
 Realised for produce in Canada better than they are in the Western States, 
 comparison to the cost of transit, but that the greater proximity of 
 
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 62 
 
 WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE. 
 
 Canada to Europe than the Western and Southern States, and the easiw 
 internal traffic to the ports of shipment are countervailing items. Labour 
 is also cheaper in Canada, and the more ample supply of hands coupled 
 with the superior state of society in Canada are considerations which, 
 to a British capitalist, or emigrant of the middle classes ought not to 
 be overlooked. Taxation is lighter in Canada than in any country in 
 the world, amounting to little more thah 2d. per acre. 
 
 WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE? 
 
 •* A child of seven years," observes the Backwoodsman, "ie, in Upper 
 Canada, considered worth his maintenance, and a boy of twelve, worth 
 three dollars and a half per month, with his board and washing. 'A 
 poor man with a large family' is, in Canada, a contradiction in tei'ms 
 for with a large family he ceases to be poor. — "All mechanics ai i arti- 
 zans will do well in Canada. Even weavers make good farmers, and in 
 the Bathurst district are very prosperous. A sober blacksmith might 
 make a fortune !" — A farmer who commences with, say £250, ought in 
 six years to have a good, well cleared, well stocked farm, with house and 
 outbuildings complete, and the whole of his capital in hand besides.- 
 where a man has a large family of sons, a large capital will yield au ex- 
 cellent and certain return." 
 
 Howison, Ferguson, and indeed, all the writers on the subject, concur 
 in the assurance that " either the moderate capitalist, or the industrious 
 labourer or artlzan, cannot fail of success. Fortunes will not be made, 
 but it will be the settler's own fault if he does not enjoy in luigo abund- 
 ance every solid comfort of life." 
 
 The lady emigrant recommends artizans to keep to the village, towns, 
 and long cleared districts — and observes, that men of moderate income 
 or good capital, may easily double or treble it by judicious purchases of 
 land to resell. To lend money on mortgage is very gainful from the h:!,'h 
 rate of interest procurable — "Those who have money at command can 
 do almost anything they please." — The poor gentleman of delicate and 
 refined habits, unwilling, or unable to work with his own hands, and 
 without capital to command plenty of assistants, ought to stay at home, 
 Indeeil it is not advisable for even a person of moderate capital to become 
 a farmer unless he can ** put to his hand" as an example to his labourers. 
 
 A settler's wife should be pctive, putting ?ier hand to every household work 
 — " she must become Hkille<i in sugar-boiling, candle and soap making, 
 and the baking of bread, the manufacture of leaven, salting, and cuiiu? 
 of meat, and fish, knitting of all kinds, spinning, dyeing, and making 
 into cloth and clothes her wool and fiax, for there are no tailors or mantiia 
 makers in the bush— she must also manage ])oultry, butter, and chcerf. 
 I have N'en the accomplislMMl daughters of ofiicers of rank, milkinu' their 
 cows, and cliiirning tJH'ir biittor. I "un sorry to olistirve wonifii conio 
 liitlier who give way to regrets wliich ,''«'stroy tho hiiruiony ofthcOif 
 Kide, and dciMhin the energies oi' Inishands iind lirotliers by eoiistimt re- 
 inning. IlHviiig made up their minds to r(>lh)W their hiisl)an<is or IVkH'''' 
 to this country, it uoiiid Ih* wiser to eonlorm with eheerrulncN^ h> Ihol 
 
LOCATIONS. 
 
 §8 
 
 i 
 
 lot, and bear with sprightliness that burden which t)ecomos light when it 
 is well borne." 
 
 LOCATIONS. 
 
 Mr. Ferguson recommends Toronto as the head quarters of those who 
 intend making a purchase of land. There he is sure to meet with nu- 
 merous offers of farms, and, in inspecting the plans of the public land, 
 he will be enabled to avail himself of the valuable advice and assist- 
 ance of the supeiintendent. The rich and heavy land of Upper Canada 
 is not to be found in general on the immediate banks of lakes or rivers. 
 The Gore, Niagara, London and Western districts of the Western sec- 
 tion of the province, Mr. Bouchette regards as the most eligible for 
 settlement, having a pleasant climate, excellent land, and numerous 
 useful rivers. The Simcoe district is equally recommended, and re- 
 garded as more free from ague. Mr. M'Grath speaks highly of 
 I the township of Adelaide in the London district, where he preferred 
 [the "bush" to cleared land. Mr. Sommerville, of Mayfield, town- 
 ship, of Whitby, near Windsor Bay, gave £260 for one hundred acres 
 in that district (fifty-nine cleared), and from his account it would 
 [appear that it is most desirable to purchase land partly cleared, as a 
 mere question of profit and loss, to say nothing of the comfort. 
 His Aeighbour, an emigrant from Scotland purchased two hundred 
 [acres, and although he commenced without capital, and also once lost all 
 [his property by fire, he had at the end of twelve years three hundred 
 {acres cleared, and was worth £3,000 — while another of three years 
 Istanding had increased £500 to £1,'")0 The backwoodsman regards the 
 [London and Western districts as the garden of Canada, and concurs with 
 several authorities in thinking the Huron Tract as the most eligible, of 
 the best quality of soil, of large extent, (thus affording choice of selec- 
 tion), superior water privileges, and water conveyanr*e to carry away the 
 )roduce. It is also very healthy, and the prevailing westerly winds, 
 )lowing over the lake, which never freezes, temper the rigour of the 
 frosts and summer heat. It has also good roads, and is becoming rapidly 
 3ttled. Mr. Evans says the whole tract is alluvial in formation, of a 
 rich deep vegetable mould intermixed with sandy loam. 
 
 To intending settlers this general description of the districts is better 
 than minute details which can be more precisely ascertained at Toronto 
 )r other head quarters, brouglit uj) to the most recent date, in a country 
 vhcre changes from wilderness to population are very rapid and 
 capricious. 
 
 • " Lower Canada was left out of the comparisou (between Canada and th 
 
 jBUtes), on account of its long and severe winter. There was :» jroneral a;jn'i!njt'nt 
 
 Ihpt tilt' trian^ul!l^ territory of v.lnch two wdi-s are formed by Lakes (>ntui'u, Erie, 
 
 kiiu Huron, is nt* fertile as any tract of the same extent in the States." 
 
 *' h is probable that the, as yet, vury thinly populated, l)U*. fertile district on the 
 
 akcc, may lake K''«'»t strides in advance of the rest of Cuniu'.a ; and a well iniornu'd 
 
 ■amer, who h settled twenty nnh-s hack from Toronto, told nie, that a iJrilish far- 
 
 ner, possessing; from X'JOO to £500, accustomed to work and plain living:, could not 
 
 111 to do well. I nskcd how n man with a Jl'l,OUO c uld do. He could do nny- 
 
M : 
 
 64 
 
 CHOICE AND OOSl Ol' liAND. 
 
 CHOICE AND COST OF LAND. 
 
 The government price of land in Upper Canada is 6». 7d. per acre 
 and not less than one hundred acres can be sold lo each individual. Clem 
 reserves Os. Gd. ; the Canada Company charge from 7s. 4d. to 35s. ]m 
 acre for wild land according to situation. The expense of clearing land 
 ranges from £3 10s. to £4 10s. per acre. Mr. Butler gfves an estimate 
 of the expense of clearing twenty acres, and the concurrent profit for the 
 first three years cropping, from which it would appear, that by the pro. 
 cess of chopping, the mere clearing would be £80, seed, labour, &;c., kt, 
 £37 10s., and the profit £165, leaving a balance of £47 lOs. By "slasli- 
 ing" the cost would be £133 14s., and the gross profit £201. 
 
 A farm of good land can bo purchased, says Mr. Pi. Bering, about 
 Tal6ot district, or almost anywhere in the Western part of the province, 
 at from lis. 3d. to 22s. Gd. jior acre. A farm of two hundred acres, 
 seventy cleared, with a good log or small frame house, a barn, and a 
 young orchard, &c., &cc., say at 18s, per acre, or £180 ; (£22 10s. down, 
 and so forth yearly), may settle very comfortably a farmer with £200, 
 and cover all necessary outgoing Stocking the farm, furnisliing- the 
 house, and paying the first deposit, would cost £148 lOs. A year's ex- 
 penses would be £126 13s. Gd., and gross profits £260 5p. 'MVith the 
 Loef and vegetables allowed in the calculation, 282 dollars will 
 keep a family of four or five persons well during the year, 
 leaving a clear profit of 200 dollars, or €45, besides the improve- 
 ment of the farm ; and if hemp and tobacco were made part of tlie 
 productions, the profits probably would be larger." Mr. M'fJrath cal- 
 culated the cost of p'Tchasing and clearing an acre of land at i.6Gs., ami 
 the proceeds at £8 15s., leaving a first year's profit of £2 8s. 3(1. 51r, 
 Ferguson, in his practical notes, calculates that a far?ner^ with a capilal nf 
 £500 in the township of Nichol, would clear £200 the first year, i'3Sj 
 the second, £420 the third, and £G()0 the fourth, besido^ a clctncd limn, 
 fenced, and with the n 3cessnry stock and buildings, being efpiivalcnt in all 
 to £1,200 in four years. This calculation is indeed severely critici.H'd Itv 
 Mr. 8hirretf\ who c\/nsi(lers that at the end of the fourth year the sittlir 
 is only worth £427 8s. 2d. aftfr paying all expenses. But we tliinktliis 
 writer is not l)onie out by other authorities u\Hm the subject. 
 
 Mr. M'Grath gives the ])reference to thei)lan f>f buying unclrarrrllai:! 
 to that of buying a cleared farm. I( in sfcurrd av^ainst luvvinf^ Iiton nn 
 out, and the title is untjuestionablc, N) douht it would he a usciil 
 pivcaution in takin;^j a cleared farm, to have it for a year on trial, k' 
 that the purchaser nuiy satisfy himself of the good heart of the soil- 
 but with that precaution and with ])roper cure, \i' seeing to the title, tlicrc 
 can bo no dor.bt of thn superior a<lvantig«i of taking cleared land by iw 
 experienced i)ersons accustomed to a European lile. 
 
 tliiiiff! lie ttnid, He roiiMJ)** ritluT n farmer «»r ii (Icalcr. IIIchh you, nir, CI.OOOoi 
 yiiiir inuriey makes n eniiNideiutily nww^ man, rilltci in C'atiaila or Uie SSt.ite^*. Al'i** |j 
 gitlier (lit Tornulo), there wan ax ninth ouiwaid ai>|»caraijcc of ud\aiuciiu iit, aiW || 
 tlu- towui on tlic butct* »ido."— i*HBMTicu 1 1 
 
LIFE IN CANADA. 
 
 65 
 
 The rent of a cleared favm in fine situations is from 10s. to 208. per 
 {acre, and in less populous places from 5s. to 10s. The most common 
 [method is farming on shares, the proprietor receiving one half or one 
 [third of the produce. The erection of a good log house costs from 
 l£35 to £60 ; a frame house about £90 ; barn and stables from j£30 to 
 r£40. The Emigration Commissioners calculate the profits on farming 
 It thirty per cent, on the capital. 
 
 LIFE IN CA.NADA. 
 
 A Scotch settler emigrating to Lower Canada with £300, purchased 
 
 [300 acres (50 cleared,) with a log-hut and a gor>d framed barn, price 
 ;300 by annual instalments of £100 the first year, and £50 each of the 
 
 fothers, with interest at 16 per cent. A yoke of cxen cost £15, three 
 ?ows £15, ten sheep £5, a horse £7, agi'icultural 7mplement8, furniture, 
 
 ^kitchen utensils, pigs, poultry, &c. The first year he put in a small crop, 
 raised tbnces, cleared Sk acres of woodland, which he sowed with wheat 
 
 [in September, and occupied the autumn with his late oats, potatoes, and 
 Indian corn; he hired another ^v^n to cut the trees into lengths to burn, 
 md by the 10th of April he had ».ompleted the clearing of 30 acreS; be- 
 sides splitting rails and making firewood. In spring he had only £50 
 fcft, and £200 yet to pay -, his 30 acres of crop looked indifferent ; there 
 iOTQ great falls of rain, his horse died, his sheep were devoured b> 
 irolves, and an old sow gobbled up all his goslings. But it soon cleared 
 jiip, his felled timber became very dry and easily burned ; he planted 
 ?0 acres of Indipn corn between the stumps, and 10 acres of oats and 
 wheat. The rest of his money was spent on clearing 5 acres of wheat, 
 QDd in turning his oxen into good pasture for Montreal market in winter; 
 lis crops were good, his potash ii'om liis burnt tiin^- r sold well ; he pur- 
 chased another yoke of oxen, and got in his fire- .,ood before winter. Tho 
 result was that, in a few years, his property was worth not less than 
 J3000 ; he received letters from his brothers located in Illinois, which 
 fave a deplorable account of tlieir health and condition. 
 
 Another emigrant, from Iloitli, Ayrshire, travelled through the Western 
 States, and gave a most favourable account of Illinois, but a very in- 
 lifterent report of tho climate as indicated bj the appearance of the 
 )e()plo. But wo are inclined to susj)oct that both statements in this 
 brspect are prejudiced or interetited by tho fact of those persons being 
 Canadian settlers ; and it ough*; not to be forgotten that, in all countries, 
 Enjjflnnd as well as others, t!j>i(Uimics seize whole counties. It was but 
 ^ho year before last that infiuenza was so universal that the death column 
 )f tlie Times was five times is usual length, and that institutions and 
 jichools were entirely closed from tho universal prevalence of disoase. 
 Phu last emigrant, above mentioned, ]tur('hasi'd a good farm in UpjM'r Ca- 
 nada, and reports favourably of liis own ])r()spects and those of his 
 loiglibours. Ho also says that farms to let, yield to tho proprietor a return 
 )f upwawls of 10 por c(>nt. 
 
 A Scotch sotth-r speaks highly of Sandwich in the Western District, «^ 
 |)os,>ecrsing a vn-y fine soil and excellent markets, paiticulnrlv irt l)ct»ut; 
 
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 68 
 
 IIFE IN CANADA. 
 
 " but what chiefly fixed his determination was tlie salubrity of the cli- 
 mate, which is immeasurably superior to most* other places." Another 
 in Zorra cautions emigrants against States' notes, and observes that, 
 although his health had been very bad in Aberdeenshire, in Canada ho 
 had not had an hour's sickness in ten months of hard work, and a very 
 i-ough life of it, and that it is a very tine country. A settler at St. Clair 
 recommends New York as the best port of debarkation; he speaks most 
 favourably as to health, calls the climate moderate, not having been pre- 
 vented for a single day from outdoor work, and never housing cattle in 
 winter j he dissuades all from going to Lower Canada, Halifax, or 
 St. John's, on account of the severity of the winter. And although he 
 landed without a shilling, his prospects soon rose to such a point tliat he 
 became j)r()pvietor of 200 acres of land, and £22 in money. A clergy- 
 man at Perth U. C. says : "As to farming, with a family able and wilhn? 
 to work, your friend may live very comfortably. Vi.w peoi)le accustomed 
 to home comforts like this place at first, but most settlers become fond of 
 it after a short residence." 
 
 The lady emii^rrant describes the district of Peterborough as eligiblo, 
 and the society, composed to a great extent of British officers, as excellent. 
 They keep stores, cul^^ivate farms, and they and their families cheei-fiilly 
 put their hands to any kind of work. She likes the manners, and parti- 
 cularly the tendencies of the United States' settlers, which, thoutrli 
 extremely cold and simple, are really polite and kind.* She gives a less 
 favourable account of those of British settlers of the lower classes, parti- 
 cularly Irish and Stctcu, who are too a})t to mistake rudeness and even 
 insolence for independence. Setth'ment in tlie bush is earnestly de- 
 precated from the many hardships it at first entails ; supplies run short; 
 there are no, or very bad, roadfe ; cattle aie lost, cows die of a hard winter, 
 pigs trespass everywhere, and you have to put up with a shanty fur 
 a year or two. Aflter making their purchase of a "lake lot," tlie 
 lady and her husband, "through bush and through briar," reach it with 
 difiiculty, and are welcomed by, and become the temporary guests oi\ tin' 
 kin'lest neighbours. A "bee" is called to build the house, which con- 
 sists of friendly meetings of neighbours who assemble at your suriiiniiib 
 to raise the walls of your buildings. Vou provide abundance of food and 
 plenty of whi.sky, a'ld everyb<idy considers himself bound to tun) out fn 
 help the strsniger. It was the eiul of October ; sixteen good Saniuritaii!! 
 assembled ; the work went merrily on, witli the help of plenty of \vlii>kv, 
 Huge joints of salt pork, a peck of potatoes, a rice pudding, and a l<»iif 
 biyr us Cheshire cIuM'ses, formed the feast, in spite of ^w differences of j 
 rank, the greatest harmony prevailed, and by night the outer wall^ wero 
 raised." "A nice snuiU sit- ing-room with a store-closet, a kitchen 
 
 • "The look and demeanour of tbe men in the United States is rather stai'lfinil 
 nristornitic than utheruise; silf-iiitroductlonB are made respecHu'ly but ttilh- 
 ou( irriniace, «»r the atfeetcd sestiire of an overstrained courtesy." 
 
 •' I could not help markin;^ the quiet and Kenth-nianly demeanour of the compan:, 
 a ffreat portion of whom were tall, liu. -^;iown men, with a very intellectn.il rM» 
 countenance An we did not find two M-uts to}j^eUi«;r, a f^entlcman said conrteouslyi 
 •You are 8tranger». you wool;! like to sit Uijicthrr ; I will Hnd another seat lor mj' 
 8Plf.' There was no hurry~thc Auiericaus do not uecm lio be in a hurry— butt 
 •get on.' ••— ruKflTICli. 
 
 P'''"'e.st, i 
 
 M''e<!, a 
 epo.sitcd 
 nnod. 
 all th 
 Jl78j fc 
 
4"v 
 
 tlPB IN CANADA. 
 
 07 
 
 mntry, and bed-chamber, form the ground floor ; there is a good upper 
 hoor that will make three sleeping rooms ; a verandah to the south with 
 Uopes adorned with beautiful parasitical plants, forms a summer dining- 
 room; the parlour is warmed by a Franklin stove, and the furniture 
 iimple, useful, and neat, adorns the dwelling with humble comfort, 'i'ho 
 Indian summer is succeeded by walks through the snow-clad woods, und 
 tpring brings round the manufacture of sugar from maple sap, " little if 
 fit all inferior to muscovado." Then comes oppressively warm weather, 
 iind with it black flies and mosquitoes, and their consumers the lake 
 ish, masquinonge, salmon-trout, white fish, black bass, and many 
 )thers. Fishing and shooting the myriads of wild fowl which re-ai)peur 
 It the breaking up of the ice, combine pleasure with profit ; then came a 
 logging bee to burn up the timber felled on the clearings for potasli ; the 
 ground fenced and crops of oats, corn, pumpkins, potatoes, and turnips 
 lised, which however p;i*e regarded as less profitable than the rearing of 
 lock, as a labourer receives ten dollars a montii and his board, while 
 vhent fetches only from 3s. to 4s. per bushel. The return of winter 
 |>rought scenes of picturesque beauty and exhilirating pedestrian and 
 leighing excursions co cordial neighbours and Indian villages, and all 
 3a8ons in their turn brought their interest to the ornithologist and 
 otanist in the profusion of the flowers and the variety of the birds. Then 
 
 mie in the usual course a farm cleared, a new house built, numju-ous 
 
 Hv settlers, roads cut, a village, mills, and a steam-boat on the lake. 
 ?ever and ague laid the family prostrate, but only for a short tinu; ; and 
 heir crowning luxury was a garden producing every variety of fruit and 
 
 agetable in perfction. 
 
 A clergyman planted himself in the bush with his family; their fare 
 ms salt pork and potatoes three times a day ; often no bread, cxc(;pt 
 imde of crushed corn from a bad ha id-mill; their cow died of the hard, 
 )dderless winter; a shanty imperfectly kept out the cold; next year a 
 klock-house improved their comforts ; after a general ague and many 
 pvatJons, cl('ai-.ni;t,'^s made |>r(;'.:re.«-s, the tide of settlement set in; a saw 
 
 lill was built; Hita» a grist r^lll, two stores, and at la>t a village. I^and 
 ose in value; a congregatioi\ rejstorod the parson to his proper duties, 
 lid : !i has gone well with him. 
 
 TJie letters of the MagTuth family arc well deserving of perusal. "Being 
 
 Mlormed," they proctied, " at Toronto, that the emigrant can purchase 
 
 n\d land at 5s. or lOs. an acre, the writer proceeds to inspect— for 
 
 |[fteon miles in a public coach ; then by a hired wagon, and a guide, aiid 
 
 o(Kst,s for the first night in a settler's shanty. Ill refreshed, he str.iiH 
 
 |ie.\.t morning, and at length is tohl by his comiMmion, 'this is tin; lot.' " 
 
 lo returns to the shanty where the settler is ready to share his lust loaf 
 
 ^ith u new neighbour. Engaging accommodation for liis fami y at the 
 
 <'<'>"est farm, he conveys them by a new purchasc^l wagon and horses, 
 
 . i)rovisions for six weeks to his lot. M(in, oxen, shslghs arc })ro- 
 
 ui'e<!, a brush road made, a wooden camp erected, bedding and jn-ovisiong 
 
 C'pos'ted in it, >i.ul u Ir; ing-pan, dinner of pork and past(! oakes con- 
 
 linod. A log-hut is then erected, and the family planted. The expense 
 
 K all this, of clearing ten acreB, and buying two hu/ulre<l, is stated aA 
 
 '^7H; for £2i) more ho may at onco find a lot partially cleared . tif 
 
V!, 
 
 t 
 
 m 
 
 LIFE IN CANADA. 
 
 ii' .) 
 
 mm 
 
 
 Mpii^i^ 
 
 arable acres in good heai-t, house, and offices ready built, including o 
 aairy, wash, and fowl-house and garden; "thus enjoying, in hisflfst 
 year, many necessaries and comforts (and of his own production,) tb;it 
 could not be grown till the second in the bush, and being enabled tf 
 purchase others at a moderate rate, in an established settlement, which 
 in a new one must be procured at an advanced price." Mr. T. W. Ma- 
 grath purchased 700 acres in the bush eighteen miles from Toronto, for 
 £325, and with the aid of seventy kind neighbours, they erected a hous* 
 of three stories, a verandah, a barn 60 feet by 36 and 18 feet high, an ice 
 and root house, and dairy, at the cost of good will, 12 dollars, and 2s. lOd. 
 worth of nails. The family, with the aid of two carpenters, finished the 
 inside handsomely. Twenty acres were meanwhile cleared with hired 
 help, planted with wheat between the stumps, and sown down with 
 timothy, gi'ass, and clover. After wheat, hay is the only crop taken, till 
 the removal of the stumps, when the plough has room to entei*. Of this 
 t wo tons are cut per acre with the cradle scythe, which gets through from 
 two to three acres a day. 
 
 The man who has land and seed, leaves the management of them to 
 tiie labourer on shares, who takes half the produce, and tlraws the rest 
 into the barn of the proprietor. On taking logs to be sawed, one haifaic 
 left for payment; and wool is carded, spun, and woven into cloth, on the 
 biuno j)lan of taking part in payment of the rest. 
 
 *' When we first came hero," observes Mr. Magrath, " our hands were 
 delicate, unused to manurj labour, but seeing every one round us, magis- 
 trates, senators, councillors, and colonels, labouring steadily, we fairly set 
 to. Charles can make a great gap in a field of corn, and James can cut 
 two acres of rye before dinner. He makes all the waggons, sleighs, 
 harrows, &c., and I shoo the horses, make gates, fences, chimney pieces, 
 ami furniture, — an ivory tooth for my girl, and an iron one for my 
 harrow, — work in ^ lie potatoc field in the moniing, and figure at the 
 Toronto ball at nitrht." 
 
 Mr. Radclifi'o, his brother and their friends settled in the Huron tract, 
 in the bush, and gave ten shillings per acre for uncleared land. II is 
 house, iO feet by 1(> feet, and consisting of a parlour, drawing room,h<i!! 
 kitchen, five bed rot)ms, two stacks of chimneys, and Cantalievrc nni 
 cc >t £t)0. His brother's large log house cost £25. Their farms in tlio 
 Idolaide district were beautifully situated and of fine soil, well tinibeicl 
 Venison brought to thn dtK)r at a half-penny ])er lb,, mutton, beef, fowls 
 and ])otatoe8. Ii itttx J'.^d. Cattle do not stand the winter in the woods 
 well, at leiist Mio first year. Chuirlng by task is done at 28s. per «.rr 
 hilt care should I e taken to havp a written agreement at the sight o( 
 arltitrators. "Now my dear A.," he continues, 'as to advisiiii/ yon 
 wiM'ther to come out or not, as I prcuniscdto no, 1 can safely say from all 
 I \\'d\o s(H(n and heard, that if you can contrive to reach my house with 
 £500 in your pocket, you may. with your present (^xpcr'enco, insure yoll^ 
 Belt' a certain and gentlemaii-like indeju-ndenco." 
 
 " We are now comfortahly settled, and should have little to complain 
 of if the state of the roa<is wouhl )>ermit me to haul my luggage up lVt'i» 
 the lake ; but the mildness of the winter pn^vents this, as there lui'< '" 
 yet been su I lidtul frost and ; now to admit of sleighing. What uiKltP 
 
LIFE AM CANADA. 
 
 69 
 
 thifi settlement peculiarly agreeable is, its being peopled by British fami- 
 lies of respectability, living within a few minute's walk of me. We are 
 making rapid advances, and there is every reason to look forward to the 
 future with the happiest anticipations. 
 
 u ^j ^uever you have money to transmit, lodge it to my ddit with 
 the London agents for the bank of U. C, as it will be paid by the bank 
 at York, with the benefit of exchange. Bank stock is now upwards of 
 12 per cent." 
 
 These letters contain many animating descriptions of sport, in hunting, 
 fowling, and fishing, from which it would appear that Canada abounds 
 with game of all kinds ; and they conclude with a caution against being 
 deceived with the high nominal wages given. In comparison to the 
 : superior value of the work done, and the cheapness of food, it is not 
 1 considered that the wages in Canada are very much greater than those in 
 England, while it has to be remembered that a Canadian shilling is much 
 less than an English one, and that wages are often paid in truck, by an 
 I Older on a store, for goods which are charged at a high rate of profit. 
 
 We have already observed upon the dry-haired grumbling depreciation 
 Uvhichruns through Mr. Sherriff''8 account of Canada, and which appears 
 [to have been poisoned by political animosities. He is flatly contradicted 
 jy nearly every authority on the subject, and we place small reliance on 
 lis dicta. He states that game of every description is so scarce as hardly 
 to be said to exist, while we find it a universal statement that it is so 
 ibundant. Wolves, bears, cat-a-mounts are generally complained of 
 )y the farmer. Beavers, racoons, martens, deer, hares, partridges, 
 )igeons, ducks, wild turkeys, quails, a gi*eat variety of fish are abundant, 
 iny person of the slightest reflection must see that this must be so, from 
 the vast expanse of forest and prairie, the large space of uncleared land, 
 knd the great extent of water. Siiaker of many, some of dangerous kinds, 
 ire found in particular districts, but they do not seem to produce much 
 unioyanoo. A much more troublesome vicinage is that of black flies 
 Ind musquitoes, and also, for vegetable life, the wheat and turnip fly. 
 A large fanning capitalist, in the township of Yorra, grows " more and 
 lore enthuisiastic in favor of the country : climate delightful, — neigh- 
 bours excellent and obliging, — would not, for twenty thousand pounds, 
 eturn to Scotland. I rise at five ; while the servants manage breakfast, 
 Ught the fire, to have all ready by daylight. My shoes are not blacked, 
 ut greased. I have cut down twenty acres, — s'ntn axes getting through 
 Ji acre a day. As curivncy goes as tUr here as sterling in England, I am 
 gainer of nuire than a fifth ; with tlio liigh rate of interest, cheajmess of 
 sing, and exemption froni taxes, I am at least three times asrichaman 
 I was at home." 
 
 Tlii'ise pages are written not for the purpose of forming a vade mecum 
 
 a settler after he is locnted. He will get far better advice and inibr- 
 
 ation as to details on the spot from his neighbours than any to be found 
 
 I Ixxiks. Miiitite directions as to distances, routes, conveyances, fares 
 
 re also much uutre aocnratcily aflbrdcd at tjuebcc or New ^ ork, by 
 
 "inignition Agents or Societies, wlu> can supply the most recent intbrma- 
 
 on, and who, ftoui the increased fiu-ilities wliich every day ])resents for 
 
 comotion, can promise thy emigrant quicker and cheaper transi'ort 
 
 I 
 
70 
 
 LIFE IN CANADA. 
 
 Ni 
 
 than even the latest news to Europe could supply. We have abstained 
 also from giving all cut p,'id dried tables of the various items of the cost 
 of settling, and carrying, and farming operations, as the sum total is the 
 only thing which can be usefully communicated to the emigrant here- 
 and these estimates vary as to particulars, sometimes to a bewilderin" 
 extent. The regulations of Emigrant ships are always to be found on 
 board — and with regard to these it is enough to say that they form aii 
 ample provision for the protection of the voyager, who has only to set 
 that they are rigidly enforced in his own favour. 
 
 Our aim has been to present the emigrant, of any degree or pursuit, 
 with such a general, yet complete view of the position and prospects of 
 a settler in Canada, of the kind of life he will lead, and of the country 
 which he may adopt, as to enable him to form a sound judgment of liis 
 chances of success and happiness j and to regulate his choice as to tlie 
 ])lace of his destination. AH accounts agree in the assurance of the en- 
 counter of certain hardship, and early privations — and in making hard 
 work, great industry, cautious frugality, and sobriety, and courageous 
 perseverance, indispensable conditions of success. Very few of the cor- 
 respondents who write home appear to have escaped fever and ague, but 
 not one appears to have sustained any serious inconvenience from the 
 visitation, except in very unfavourable situations. Of other diseases 
 there appear to be few, especially of the thoracic viscera; and the mea- 
 sure of health enjoyed by the population appears to be rather greater 
 than in England. The extremes of heat and cold seem to be intense only 
 f< r two or three days at a time either way — but the fact that the cold frost- 
 bites off the toes of poultry, shows that occasionally the low temperature 
 must be intolerable. We incline to the impression that Canada isamore 
 healthy, but less pleasant climate than that of the United States; and 
 the fact that such vast numbers of emigrants who go expressly to Canada, 
 move forward to the States, is to our mind Jemonstrative of the supe- 
 rior advantages of the latter. Still it must not be forgotten that there has 
 also been a considerable immigration of Yankees into Canada, that the 
 largo influx into our American colonies from England is a proof of their j 
 advantages, tliat extensive improvements, especially in water commuui- 
 cation, are continually in progress in the provinces, that a thoroujfhly 
 English society of a pleasant and congenial kind is to be found in all the 
 settled (listrictH of Up])er Canada, that the people are little distracted by 
 the excitem<!nt of politics, and that they arc the most lightly taxed peo- 
 ple on the f.ice of the earth, posi>essing at the same time, ample provision 
 for defence, education, and religion. So rapidly does the climate improve 
 by settlement, that colonization, on an extensive scale, cannot fail ma- 
 terially to mitigate the rigours of the region ; and we feel convinced 
 that nine-t(?ntlis of the ]n'ivation, hardship, annoyance, and disease of 
 which emigrants conij)lain, nii^ht be effectually obviated by settlement 
 on a large and liberal jtlan, an«l in a well digested systematic form. Ad 
 outlay of four or five millions a year for a few years, advanced by pov- 
 cmment on the credit of the poor rates, which would be ultimately saved 
 "by colonizing the paupers, would relieve the mother country of unpro- 
 fitable subjeets, and givt> us profitable consumers of our nianufacturtsoa 
 the other aide of the Atlantic. It is in vain that Mr. Muntz and other 
 
VOLUNTARY EMIGRATION.— STATE COLONIZATION. 
 
 71 
 
 Irotcheteers urge that, if this or that were to happen, or the other were 
 b be done, which does not happen, and will twt be done, there would be 
 10 need of emigrating, and there . would be abundance of employment 
 V double our existing population. We have not treated of emigration 
 js a banishment or a necessity — and whatever its effect may be on those 
 Wio remain at home, there can be little doubt that it is a relief to the 
 tarving and desperate condition of those who go abroad. We are Sim- 
 la enough to believe that a freehold, and the life of a farmer in Canada 
 1 preferable to the condition of a miner, or scavenger, or handloom 
 leaver, or navigator, or road maker in England, even if he could be 
 iiaranteed constant employment. We believe that if our constitutional 
 }licy could admit of the masses of our people being distributed over 
 ar own soil as yeomen, the population would be far happier than they 
 re, and would consume three times the quantity of manufactures that 
 ley do. As that is impracticable, or is at least not done, the next best 
 ling is to make them yeomen elsewhere. Let this be done on a truly 
 itional scale, and we make no doubt that a great and bapjiy people may 
 _3 called into existence in Canada, and that our exjim'ts to that colony 
 fould amply repay all the expense vt^hich an efiieient system of coloni- 
 ition would temporarily entail. 
 
 i 
 
 ' I: 
 
 VOLUNTARY EMIGRATION.— STATE COLONIZATION. 
 
 Migration has tacitly become recognized as a national necessity with 
 In 24 years 1,985,786 of us have taken it for granted, that we are 
 )t wanted here, and may be useful, at least, to ourselves elsewhither. 
 37,373 have landed in Canada, of whom half have proceeded onward 
 
 the model republic, 1,040,797 have gone direct to the United States, 
 53,195 to Australia, and 24,321 to other dependencies. In 1847, 
 )9,680 landed in Canada, and in 1848, only 31,065 ; whereas, the num- 
 31- to the United States were, in 1847, 142,154, and in 1848, 188,233. 
 
 is deliberately stated in the latest circular of the Emigration Com- 
 missioners (No. 9), with reference to all our North American Colonies, 
 lat the demand for labour is limited and has materially fallen off. 
 
 Now the temper in, and the circumstances under which, emigrants 
 ^ave their native country, make all the difference betwixt their con- 
 
 luing well affected to their fatherland, and being converted into its bit- 
 ^rest enemies. We believe that the most rancorous of the war party in 
 10 United States, the fiercest denouncers of England, are thaso of our 
 
 m countrymen, espc'illy fi'om Ireland, and their descendants, who 
 
 ive been starved out of Britain by v. ant of employment, or by landlord 
 lettments, without one helping band having been held out to tiicm by 
 |e ftate, to render their path smoother, and make their new location a 
 |ace of rest and comfort to them. Tho^*e, also, who having escaped 
 
 )m famine in this country, find, when (no thanks to their own sove- 
 bigu), they hav« crawled to Cannda., that therr, is nothing to do, no pro- 
 Uiou mad'.^ to establish Uicni on a rlfaring, and that they must escape 
 \t hare life to tho States, can "iitertain no other senriuients, either to 
 
'i 
 
 ^W 
 
 ■iiiiili ■111: 
 ill It' 
 
 
 ! ii li' 
 
 11 
 
 Ii 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 their country or to their countrymen but detestation and contempt : in. 
 deed, their own recollection of both is, that tltcy have beggared and done 
 nothing to help them. If a collection of thoir letters could be made it 
 would be found that the nearly universal sentiment was that of enmity 
 to the British Government, and congratulation on their having shaken, itj 
 dust for ever fi-om their feet. 
 
 In 24 years Canada has lost 1 ,400,000 most valuable settlers by our 
 idiotic neglect of the means of colonization by the State. We cannot 
 without indignation reflect on the self suff jit^nt complacency with which 
 the Colonial Commissioners announced tli ., transmigration of British 
 subjects to the States, and the falling off in the Canadian demand for 
 em])loyment, in a province which has millions upon millions of acres of 
 the finest land in the world waiting only for labourers to inake it fruitful, 
 the colony great, the mother country happy, by supplies of food in ex- 
 change for her manufactures. This is not an indifferent matter; tin 
 capital, year by year more considerable, carried by these emigrants, from 
 the mother country, is by such supineness, lost to our colonies and givpii 
 to our rival — useful and valuable colonists are converted into grudging' 
 and active enemies, and worst of all, by settling in the States they turn 
 the whole tide of emigration thither, and foster among the friends and 
 relatives they leave at home disaffection to the State, contempt for our 
 institutions, and a determination in intending emigrants to settle, not in 
 our colonies, but in the States among their connections. We have else- 
 where shown that Western Canada contains the fyiest tracts of unre- 
 claimed land in the world, crying out for culture. In place of sending 
 our subjects thither, we squeeze them out of these islands, drive them 
 away from the very soil that clamours to be tilled, and promises abun- 
 dance, and compel them by neglect and discouragement to throw them- 
 selves into the arms of a rival power to which common gratitude lor 
 shelter, employment, and final independence, must bind their hearts mul 
 conciliate their best affections. Such a scandalous abdication of the pa- 
 ternal duties of Government cries shame upon us all; and we call 
 upon the nation to enforce upon the executive the necessity of adoptiu^^ 
 immediate measures for securing to our North American possessions, the 
 full advantage of that tide of population which alone is wanting to ren- 
 der them the ha])py homo of our redundant numbers, and the fosterinj; 
 gi'anary, and best market for the manufactures, of the mother country. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 As the object of this work is confined to the supply of such informa- 
 tfon as may be necessary to enable intending ^migrants to judge of the 
 eligibility of the various fields of settlement, it is not our purpose to su- 
 persede the functions of a gazetteer ; we shall not therefore give a niinnte | 
 geographical description of the United States of North .merica-but, - 
 i-eferring the reader to the map and to its topographical explanation, we 
 Rh all proceed to inform him of what iu reference to the selection of« m 
 jKstinu place it may be desirable for him to know. 
 
i 
 
 and contempt: in. 
 3 beggared and done 
 '8 could be made, it 
 vas that of enmitv 
 3ir having shaken its 
 
 lable settlers by our i 
 State. We cannot 
 >lacency with which 
 ligratiou of Britisli 
 inartian demand for 
 millions of acres of 
 ? to make it fruitful, 
 plies of food in ex- 
 fferent matter; tlit 
 lese emigrants, from 
 r colonies and givpii 
 erted into grudgiu;; ^ 
 the States they turn \ 
 >ng the friends and 
 e, contempt for our 
 mts to settle, not in r 
 )ns. We have elji- 
 lest tracts of unie- 
 In place of sending i 
 islands, drive theiu i 
 Lnd promises abun- ' 
 ent to throw them- 
 nmon gratitude for 
 ind their hearts anJ 
 jdication of the pa- 
 all; and we c 1 
 ecessity of adoptin: 
 lean possessions, tlie j 
 
 is wanting to len- 
 ■s, and the fosteriuj} 
 he mother countiy. 
 
 y of such infoma- 
 nts to judge of tlie 
 t our purpose to su- 
 refore give a minute 
 orth .merica-but, 
 ical explanation, we 
 the selection of» j 
 
 TlIK EASTERN, OR NEW ENfJLANI) STAT13B 73 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 The Eastern States bordering on the Atlantic, and bounded on the 
 vest by the AUeghanny range, comprise New England, inhabited by the 
 [Yankees proper, the descendants of the English puritans. The Western 
 States range between the western slope of the Alleghannies, and the east- 
 ern side of the Rocky Mountains ; to the west of these again, on the 
 i'estorn side of the Rocky Mountains is California, the recent acquisition 
 )f the United States, abounding in gold, quicksilver, cattle, and a fertile 
 soil. The southern or slave states form the southern boundary of the 
 rostern and eastern states. To the southern states has lately been an- 
 lexed the territory of Texas. 
 
 THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 We have already seen thatthf^ sternmost portions of British America 
 lave the coldest and longest wii^iors, and the fiercest summers, and that 
 |he further west you go to the extreme point of Upper Canada, the cli- 
 late gets more temperate, until the winter, which, at Quebec, endures for 
 fix months, is reduced at the westernmost point to little more than six 
 Feeks. Although the eastern states of the neighbouring republic are 
 irther south than Canada, they are quite as far east, and consequently 
 Ihe winters are rigorous, and the summer heats torrid. They are also 
 jiubjectto more sudden extremes of temperature, which, combined with 
 roater atmospherical moisture, render them more productive of con- 
 lumption and other pulmonary affections. They have been settled for 
 [00 years, and are the oldest and most populous districts of the Union, 
 ''ith the exception of those located in the aguish districts along the flats 
 id lakes, the population of New England are nearly as robust as the 
 ihabitants of Great Britain. The bracing air of its winters fits it welJ 
 )r manufacturing industry ; and persons of European descent there dis- 
 play more energy and faculty of work than in the West or South. The 
 Bgular Yankees of the working classes migrate to other districts where 
 tiey may be their own masters, or dispense with manual labour. For the 
 luropean labourer or artizan, there is therefore left open an excellent 
 [old of emjiloyment in the Atlantic cities and farming districts. 
 Cobbett, writing from Long Island, New York, states that "from 
 >ecembcr to May there is not a speck of green. The frost sweeps all 
 ferdant existence from the face of the earth. Wheat and rye Uve, but 
 )se all verdure. In Juno crop and fruits are as in England, and harvest 
 a full month earlier than in the south of England." His weather jour- 
 d thus reports . " 6th May. Very fine day as in England. 7. Cold, sharp 
 ist wind. 8. Warm day, fi'osty night. 9. Cold shade and liot sun. 
 Dry, grass grows a little. 11. Thunder and rain. 12. Rain, then 
 irm and beautiful. 13. Warm fine day. Lettuces, carrots, onions and 
 parsnips just coming up. 14. Sharp-dry, — travel in gi'cat coats. 1.0. 
 'arm and fair; Indian corn planting. 10. Dry wind and warm; cherries 
 blooin,—eldei in flower. 17. Warmer than yesterday. 18. Fine, 
 
 n 
 
 
 i 
 
^%.^'^'k- 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 1.0 [lf>^ 1^ 
 
 1.1 IV^KS 
 
 1^ i^ 1,14 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 as WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WnSTM.N.Y I4SM 
 
 (7H)S7a.4S03 
 
 '^ 
 

74 
 
 THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 li'l 
 
 19. Rain; grass grows, — potatoes planted. 20. Warm. 21. Fine, wnrin 
 morning, and evening coldish. April sown oats up. Rest of the monrli 
 warm and dry,— every thing coming in blade, leaf, or flower. Ist June. 
 Warm, but a man covers his kidney beans for ienv of frost. 2. Warm 
 rain. 3. Fine cold night. 4. Fine rain. 5. Rain. 0. Fine. 7. Warm, 
 8. Hot. 9. Rain all day. 10. Fine. 11. Finer. 12. Not a cloud in 
 the sky. 13. As hot as English July in common years. 14. Fine and 
 hot but always a breeze. 15. Rain. 16 to 20. Fine. The whole garden 
 green in eighteen days from sowing. Green peas and cherries ready to 
 gather. 21 to 30. Two very hot days, - two of rain, the rest fine. July. 
 Six fine days,— seventeen fine, but very hot,— eight fine, but "broilersj" 
 86 deg. in shade, but a breeze,— two rain. Never slept better in all my 
 life. No covering,— a sheet under me and a straw bed. The moment 
 aurora 8;>pears I am in the orchard. It is impossible for any human 
 being to live a pleasanter life than this. 1st August. Same vj^eather ; two 
 shirts a day wringing wet. Twenty tumblers of milk and water every 
 day. No ailment, — head always clear. Very hot and close ; often not a 
 cloud. 28 and 29. Windy and cold. 30th August to 11th September, 
 hot and fine. 12. Rain. 13 and 14. Cloudy and cool. 15. Fair and 
 cool— made a fire. 16. Rain, — warni. 17 to 30. Very fine, but a little 
 rain on two days. October 1 to 16. Very fine, — 56 deg. in the shade. 
 17. Warm, — smart morning frost. 18. Rain at night. Beautiful day. 
 19 to 31. Very fine days, but fi'ost in the mornings, and warm rains 
 occasionally. Thermometer 56, 67 and 70 deg. in the shade. Indian 
 corn harvest. Gathered last lot of winter apples. Pulled up a radish 
 weighing twelve lbs., and measuring two feet five inches round. Novem- 
 ber 1 to 30. Occasional warm rains, but splendid weather throughout, 
 like an English June. 63 deg., 61 deg., 09 deg., falling gradually to5.> 
 deg. in the shade. Left ofi* my coat again. White and swedisli turnips 
 gi'ow surprisingly, — loaved lettuces, endive, onions, young radishes, cauli- 
 flowers. Rye fields grow beautifully. December 1 to 15. Open, mild 
 weather, with more rain. 16 and 17. Sharp nor 'wester, hardish frost. 
 18 and 19. Open and mild. 20. Hard frost. 21 and 22. 22 deg. below 
 freezing point. 23. Milder. 24. Thaw. 25. Rain. 26. Fine, waini. 
 
 27. Cold. 28 and 29. Ditto. 30. Rain. 31. Mild and clear. January 
 1 and 2. Same. 4 to 16. Hard frost and some snow. 17 to 21. Moder- 
 ate ft'ost and clear. 22 to 2nd February. Iliird fi'ost with occasional thaw. 
 3 to 26. Frost with occasional snow and thaw. 27. Complete thaw. 
 
 28. Very warm. March 1 to 31. Open weather, with soum^ dry warm 
 days, except 3rd, 6th, 6th, 7th, 28th and 29th when frost. We have had 
 three months' of winter. In England it begins in November, and ends 
 in March. Here we have greater cold, — there four tinu's more wet. I 
 have had my great coat on only twice. I seldom meet a waggoner w ith 
 gloves or great coat : it is generally so dry. April 1 to 17. Fine, wuiin, 
 occasionally rain. 18 to 23. Cold, raw and cutting. 24. Warm nighl; 
 warm and fair day. My family hav«^ been more healthy than in Flngland. 
 We have had but one vJMt from the doctor. This is a better climate than 
 that of England." »Sueh is the account by an acuttj and practical ob- 
 server, by one who UnUnl and worked in the field and garden, of the cli- 
 mute and weather of (lie iiu^tenlor i\ew England States of Anujrica. At 
 
 II 
 
 
 Ak«. 
 
 21 
 25 
 
 :») 
 
 4.) 
 Till 
 
THE EASTERN, OR NBW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 tho «amo time wo are bound to add, tliat the more general account given 
 of this region leads to the conclusion that the extremes of heat and cold 
 are more excessive and sudden than this diary would lead us to infer. 
 Consumption is the natural accompaniment of such an atmospliere^ 
 although tliat tendency is not aggi'avatcd, as in tho case of England, by 
 an excess of moisture. The weather, as a whole, is here evidently much 
 more pleasant than that of England, being drier and clearer, and much 
 more favorable to the growth of vegetable productions. But it is univer- 
 sally admitted that the appearance of the people is more sodden, sallow, 
 and spare than that of the British ; having little of the freshness and 
 roundness of form which predominate in England. Writers gene- 
 rally remark that there is in the Eastern States, a somewhat lower average 
 of health than in these islands. Every body talks about their health, — 
 the healthiness of his location ; — and betray much sensitiveness to any 
 doubt expressed as to its salubrity. The chief professional men of tho 
 country not imfrequently complain of dyspepsia and broken health, and 
 Europe is with thorn a general resort at not rare intervals.* This how- 
 ever, we are satisfied, is less the result of the climate than of the in- 
 tensity of tho American mind, the provocations to mental excitement and 
 
 • LiFK Insurancb in thb United States. 
 
 (From a Correspondent of tUe Emigrant' s Journal.) 
 
 You recentlj referred, in your ' Journal," to the rate of assuiaiu-e premiums as af- 
 foriliii}^ a criti'iiou of the relative rate of mortality in the United States. On tliut 
 point 1 have liad oei asion to make inquiry, aind find a eouMidtMahle difference in the 
 iiiactice «>f ortices. The Scotch olHces, however, are the most carefully managed, and 
 I give the result of inquiries addressed to them. One names 5s. per cent, as the extra 
 hreniiiim for residence in New York; another fixes 5s. per cent, for the first year in 
 Iowa, with 2s. 6d. per cent, subsetiuently. The Colonial Office, if 1 mistake not, in* 
 cltides the latitude of Iowa in the tuhle of ordinary assurances; and another London 
 otiice allows residence there without extra premium. It is an established fact, that 
 literate of mortality hears no Hxed proportion to the rate of sickness ; and he comes 
 to an unsound concUisi«ni that, because a<>'ue prevails in the western States, then fore 
 life is shorter. A^ue there is certainly, but then consumption is unknown; and, 
 lit'uri(i<; in mind that a majority of the settleis there have left sedentary occupations, 
 the fair prisumption is, tliat the ratio ttf moitality is less with them than it would be 
 were they to remain in this country, or in the eastern cities. Everything depends ou 
 a M!ttlci'> judunient in the choi(;e of his location. Personally, I can say, that in the 
 vveslerii States I hiive eoeounteied with impuiiiiy circumstances which in my native 
 land would piove speedily fatal. T. 8. 
 
 The ttblus of the Mutual Insurance Company of Haltimore . — 
 
 For 100 UoLlahs. 
 
 Age 
 
 vnituil I'lemium.rAiiiiual Frtniium. 
 
 For one year. 
 
 For seven years. 
 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 D(dlars. 
 
 21 
 
 0.80 
 
 O.IXJ 
 
 1.(19 
 
 •25 
 
 0.U7 
 
 1.07 
 
 l."« 
 
 :m 
 
 I.IU 
 
 1.21 
 
 2.11) 
 
 :».') 
 
 1.-'^ 
 
 i.;j7 
 
 2.51 
 
 4U 
 
 1.44 
 
 1.56 
 
 2.!t(» 
 
 4.-. 
 
 l.ti'i 
 
 1.7H 
 
 3.17 
 
 .'"ill 
 
 I.S7 
 
 2.10 
 
 4.21 
 
 (ill 
 
 .{. ir. 
 
 l.tl 
 
 (i tiS 
 
 Annual Fieinium, Animal l*i< niiiiui 
 
 Tor lite. | For lite. 
 
 Without piotils. i WitU piotil-*. 
 
 Dollars 
 I.H2 
 2.04 
 2.;>H 
 2.75 
 3-20 
 
 ;5.7:i 
 
 4.(iO 
 7...() 
 
 n 
 
 ;l 
 
 11 a 
 
76 
 
 TFlJi EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND 8TA ;ES. 
 
 
 i 
 
 emulation which their institutions everywhere present,— the greater diffi- 
 culty in commanding domestic comforts of house and service than we ex- 
 perience,— and above all the dietary an-angements of the country. Tlie 
 abundance and universal accessibility of everything that can provoke the 
 ap])etite, the long sance and short sauce, the preserves and fi-uits, the 
 infinite varieties of hread, all baked in a way to lie heavy on the stomach, 
 the endless array of wines and liquors, the interminable diversities of 
 meats, taken at least three times every day, acting upon a peojile whop/? 
 brain runs away with the nervous energy required by the stomach to di- 
 gest such high seasoned meals, give the assimilating organs no chance of 
 fair play at all. Dr. Caldwell tells us that the amount of sheer trash, 
 swallowed every week by an American, is gi-eatcr than would be consumed 
 in a year by an inhabitant of Europe. 
 
 Great diversity of opinion exists with reference to the comparative 
 physical energy of Europeans and Americans. Cobbett, and with him 
 several others, declare that the latter work much harder and to far better 
 purpose than the English, while others contend that they are very indif- 
 ferent labourers, the native Americans generally j^'ocuring the services of 
 Europeans for all their rough hard work. For our part we entertain no 
 doubt at all on the subject. The native Americans are infinitely better 
 educated, lioused, clothed, paid, and fed, than the inhabitants oi Europe. 
 They have concjuered the wilderness with their axe, and made it fruitful 
 with their spade and plough : they have set their broad mark over luiU' 
 a continent, and made themselves a great, powerful and wealthy nation. 
 The very nature of their social system demands fi-om each individual 
 more self help, fertility of resources, and physical intrepidity than are re- 
 quired iVom any other people, and the result is and could be no other 
 than that they should produce the best labourers and workmen in all the 
 wt)rld. "They are," says Cobbett, " the best labourers I over saw. They 
 
 In addition to the above, the Trenton Miitiuil Assuninre Company of New Jerse* 
 advertispH ti» etfect Assiiruiiocs at 25 |»er cent, under other ofllces. Thus, to insuro 
 100 dollars tor one year nt 25 years uf age, the insurer pays 75 cents, instead of!>7 
 cents, as in the above table, and so on in |)ro|M)rtion. 
 
 By comparing these with British Life Insurance Companies, I have found that tbe 
 premiums paid ou the " yonnger " ages in the American cumpanieH are smaller thatt. 
 in the British; and, on tlie otlier hand, those ou the "older" ages are higher. An- 
 nexed are the rates of the Royal Insurance Company — [British.] 
 
 Extract from the Rates of Premium. 
 
 
 Rates of 
 
 Rates of 
 
 Age. 
 
 Rates of 
 
 Rates of 
 
 Age. 
 
 Premium, with 
 
 Premium, with- 
 
 , Premium, with 
 
 Premium, witli- 
 
 
 Profits. 
 
 out Profits. 
 
 
 Profits. 
 
 out Profits. 
 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ H. d. 
 
 
 £ ». d. 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 I.") 
 
 1 15 2 
 
 1 10 11 
 
 40 
 
 3 4 1 
 
 2 18 (i 
 
 ftO 
 
 1 19 4 
 
 1 14 11 
 
 45 
 
 3 14 6 
 
 3 8 5 
 
 25 
 
 2 4 2 
 
 1 19 7 
 
 50 
 
 4 8 3 
 
 4 1 7 
 
 3!> 
 
 2 9 9 
 
 2 4 10 
 
 5', 
 
 S 8 ♦! 
 
 £ I 1 
 
 ;r. 
 
 2 1H 2 
 
 2 11 
 
 6) 
 
 14 4 
 
 fi 
 
 Percy M. Dovb, IVIanam r. 
 
 Thus, by ^ompnring those two tables, it will be found that, by the American laldf, 
 lower premiums are paid imtil the age of forty, when Uie British arc lower, and cou- 
 tiuue so to the end. 
 
THE E4STERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 hat tt e 
 er tt)u!« 
 r. Au- 
 
 i\. 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 Q_ 
 
 lla^l r. 
 
 Ml lalilf, 
 tiid cuu- 
 
 
 l 
 
 mow four acios of grain, or two and a half of heavy gi*ass in a day. The 
 men are tall and well built, — bony rather than fleshy, — and live, as to 
 food, as well as men can live. Every man can use an axe, a saw, and a 
 hammer ; mend a plough, waggon, or rough carpentering, and kill the 
 meat. These Yankees are of all men the most active and hardy. They 
 will race a pig down ; are afi'aid of nothing, and skip over a fence like a 
 greyhound." His description of the New England labourers will shew 
 tliat no skulkers from work are likely to succeed there ; but good hands 
 of any kind, especially agi-icultural labourera or gardeners, will find 
 abundant employment at high wages in all the Eastern States, and as to 
 comfort and luxury, will be surrounded with many more advantages than 
 they can hope for, either at home or in the unimproved districts of the 
 AVostern States. There seems to be a concurrence of opinion that these 
 are the healthiest regions in the republic ; and the more fresh coloured 
 and fleshy appearance of the inhabitants, coupled with their gi*eater rela- 
 tive ])rogres8 in power, intelligence and wealth, than those of the south 
 or west, form data from which it may be safely inferred that the climate 
 is more favorable to the physical system there, than in the other terri- 
 tories. " I never saw," observes Mr. Prentice, writing from Philadel- 
 phia, " in an assemblage of 300 or 400, so many fine, tall, noble looking 
 men. It might have seemed that their constituents had chosen them as 
 the Israelites did Saul, for their stature. One half of the members over- 
 looked me, although I have not usually need to look up to many. Some 
 dozen were six feet two, — two or three were six jaet four, — and two were 
 six feet six." 
 
 A farm not more than sixty miles distant from the great eastern cities, 
 with a good farm house, ba^n, stables, sheds and styes ', the land fenced 
 with post and rail, woodland being one tenth of the whole, with a good 
 orchard, and the whole in good heart, would cost £13 per acre, or £1,300 
 for a farm of 100 acres. The house a good deal better than the general 
 run of farm houses in England. The cattle and im.plements are cheap. 
 The wear and tear not half so much as in England ; the climate, soil, 
 docility of the horses and oxen, the lightness and tough material of the 
 implements, the simplicity of the harness, and the handiness of tho 
 labourers effect this. Horse shoeing is the most serious expense. 
 
 House rent is about tho same as in England — wheaten bread one third, 
 and butcher's meat and poulti'y one half below the London price. Cheese 
 •ixcellent and cheap —groceries far less than half our price, candles, soap, 
 wax tapers, especially. Fish, of which ftftj or sixty sorts are seen in 
 New York market, are hawked round the country, and in cold weather 
 ma/ be had as low as a farthing per pound, and 3d. in the hottest. No 
 white person will cat K*tliee})'s head or pluck — oxen heads are never sold, 
 or seldom used at homo — calves heads, and whole joints are often, in hot 
 weather, left on the shaml)ie8 foi' anybody to take away. Fruit is delicious 
 and diet cheap. Strong ale, Is. 2d. per gallon, or less than 4d. per (juart. 
 French wine, brandy, and rum, one-sixth of the English price, a«id the 
 common spirits of tho country 3s. iU\. per gallon. Wearing apparel 
 dearer, and furniture cheaper, than hero. So far Cobbott.* 
 
 • The wnifes of common labour, at New York, ore about 50 per ecu , higher than 
 iu Eiiglaiiil, ami the prico of food uue tliiul less. Kent, clulhes, and coal, arv 00 per 
 
 II 3 
 
 \<* 
 
78 
 
 THE EASTERN. OR NEW ENOLAND STATES. 
 
 14 
 
 " In America," observes Buckingham, speaking of the Eaatern States, 
 " the occupier of a farm is, almost, invariably the owner, and knowd 
 nothing about conditions of culture, rent raising, ejectments, or clerical 
 magistrates. No tithes, or poor-rates, workhouses, or jails, exist in the 
 rural districts where there is plenty to eat, and wages are high. The 
 American country gentry and farmers are much better off, and happier 
 than the same class in England, scarcely anything ever occurring to ruitlc 
 the serenity, of a country and happy life, • in the well settled parts of 
 America. There is not a single labourer on the farm who receives less 
 than a dollar a day— and when they are residents on the farm they have 
 as good living as prosperous tradesmen of the middle classes in England. 
 Three substantial meals a day, and at harvest time four, with abundance 
 and variety at each — excellent schools, almost gratuitously, neat little cot- 
 tages, a plot for gardening. They are well fed, dressed, and educated, 
 intelligent, and agi-eeable in manners. On Mr. Delevan's farm (New 
 York), scarcely a labourer who had not money out at interest. The 
 deaths do not reach two per cent, per annum, and the ages extend to 
 eighty and ninety * ordinarily,' on account of the spread of temperance 
 principles." 
 
 In the Eastern region, the high lands of Pennsylvania «;c ;Treatly re- 
 commended for their salubrity and fertility. The climate is mild, pas- 
 ture and timber luxuriant, the mineral wealth very great, the population 
 comparatively dense and settled, and the prices obtained for produce 
 much higher than in the west. Mr. Emerson describing the level penin- 
 sula lying between the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay, observes that the 
 farms have been comparatively deserted, from exhaustion by over crop- 
 ping, and that as they are to be had cheap, a European farmer, applying 
 his skill, and a little cajntal to them would find a more profitable return 
 for his enterprise, than in the west, from the much higher price given for 
 every kind of agricultural produce. In Delaware, Maryland, and Vir- 
 ginia, he knew many European farmers who had gi'own very prosperous.* 
 
 cent, higher, but when n man has scarcely earned more than has kept him in fond 
 thechange, by coming here, is dfcidedly to his advantage. If he earned 33 in Eng- 
 land, he will earn 49. od. here. At home, his food has cost him 1'2h. a week, and his 
 rent, clothes, and coal, 6s , absorbing all his wages. Let him live in the same t>tylc 
 here, and he will pay 8s. for his food, and 9s. for his rent, clothes, and coals, leaving 
 him lOs. a week of clear savings. The misfortune is, whisky is Is. a gallon, very 
 wretched stuff, but men get drunk for a trifle, and either die or starve, or seek refuge 
 in the almshouse. Irish ia.'iouiers, who save a few pounds, enter into some small 
 street trading, take a store, and their sons become respectable merchants, a proi-ess 
 we never observe in Manchester."— PuENTice. Thu rmthor has here touched upon 
 the worst and weakest point of American legislation, their protective system. 
 by which they actually impose an import duty of 6s. 8d. per quarter on wheat, and 
 2;> per cent, on cloth, raised to 50 per cent, when manufactured into garments. 
 There are twenty millions of inhabitants in the states— on a moderate computation 
 they spend at least £4 lOs. per head, per annum on clothes, 50 per cent, whereof 
 protective duty, or SOs. is equal to a tax of no less than £.10,000,000 sterling I There 
 IS no such drawback in Canada, which is, in eyery respect far more lightly taxed 
 than its neighbour the model republic. 
 
 ♦ " In the immediate vicinity «f the city (Louisville Kentucky), much of the land 
 is in market gardens, and sells for, from £20 to £30 an acre. I believe that land 
 might be purchased in Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, to pay a large return Tor 
 Ihc capital invested. Extensive tracts are to be obtained cheap, and there are in- 
 stances of great profit for the growth of articles of food. Kentucky is the garden 
 M tn« republic."— PiiENTicis. 
 
 Tn m 
 
 price 
 
 the ea 
 
 finest I 
 
 about! 
 
 acres, 
 
 of lOd 
 
 cent. 
 
 £40(),| 
 
 of JJOt 
 
 cent. 
 
THE EASTERN. OR NEW ENGLAND STATBS. 
 
 79 
 
 h, very 
 I refuse 
 
 8inall 
 >roi'e»s 
 
 upon 
 
 It, aim 
 knents. 
 litatioii 
 llibreuf 
 iTIiero 
 taxeil 
 
 |e bnd 
 
 land 
 irn lor 
 Ire in- 
 liirilen 
 
 In tlic immediate neighbourhood of Philadelphia, Mr. Sherriff found the 
 price of good cleared land in high heart from £20 to £25 per acre. On 
 the east bank of the Hudson, Mr. Ferguson was offered 350 acres of the 
 finest quality, including 100 of wood, at £7 10s. per acre, returning 
 .about £182 per annum, certainly no very great profit. Another of 275 
 acres, rented at £63, was offered at £1,300, or about 5 per cent. One 
 of 106 acres returned £50 clear, and the price was £530, about 9| per 
 cent. A fine farm of 118 acres, with good buildings, was offered for 
 £400, and would give a profit of £40, or 10 per cent. Colonel Grant's 
 of 000 acres was rented at £67 10s., and was sold for £1,500, or 4^ per 
 ccRt. In the neighbourhood of Baltimore, rents appeal* to have been 
 very high if Mr. Pickering's account be correct — but as a general rule it 
 is stated that in all parts of America, furms may be had at 16 or 17 years* 
 purchase on the rental. We have seen that Cobbett states the price of a 
 fine farm in New York, New Jersey, or Pennsylvania, not more than 60 
 miles from a populous town, at about £13 per acre, so that a fine cleared 
 farm of 100 acres, with good house and buildings, would cost £1,300. 
 
 Kentucky is universally described as a state of great beauty, fertility, 
 and comparative sjilubrity, well settled, and highly fertile, picturesque, 
 and fitted for pasture. Still more delightful is the climate of the high- 
 lands of Virginia, where many fine farms may be had cheap, on account 
 of their being deserted for the regions of the west. In this latter district, 
 large profits are not to be expected — but the small capitalist of Europe, 
 desirous of living cheaply on his interest, under a very pleasant climate, 
 would here find a charming retirement.* 
 
 • " Having resided several years in Virginia, though not in the western district, 
 and having remained a short tiniu in one of the north-western states, and also tra- 
 velled through some of the other states, [ran with tontidence recommend Virginia 
 to intendini; emigrants to the Uniti'd States, as a desirable field in all respects, and 
 far preferable in any part to any of the Western States. Although Virginia 
 is a slave-holding state, there are very few, if any, slaves in the western districts, 
 they being in the eastern part only." — E. S. Manchester 
 
 "In Western Virginiait is generally heahhy, though foreigners and citizens of the 
 United States who come among us sometimes take the fever and ague, though there 
 are Englishmen now living in our county, and have for the last ten or twelve years 
 who have never been sick since they came here. 
 
 "A good log-house for dwelling in may be erected anA finished in this county, say 
 thirty feet long by twenty in breadth, twostories high, with stone or brick chimney, 
 covered with shingles, completely finished for about 3U0 dollars, or a frame one of 
 like dimensions, lathed and plastered, for 350 or 400 dollars. Buildings for cattle, 
 sheep, hogs, &c., may be built for a mere song, as any labouring man can build 
 such builitings without employing mechanics, as they are generally bnilt of small 
 logs, and covered cabin fashion, that is, with tiaiv-boards lastened with rib polos. 
 
 The clearing of land in this county is from tluee to ten dollars per acre ; it de- 
 
 [ lends upon how you have it cleared ; if you take otT all the timber, it costs more ; 
 f you deaden the large timber, and remove the email, it costs less. 
 
 The price of hcn-seu here is from 25 ^the pony] to 100 dollars, and respectable 
 horse-mules are not used in Western Virginia, though they can be got in Kentucky 
 for from (SO to 100 dollars each ; common milch cows can bu got fiom 10 to 15 dollars 
 eueh—sheep may be got from 75 cents to I dol. 50 c. each, the quality varying from 
 coarse to fine. C'ca n is now selling at 35 cents per bushel, wheat at 66 cents per ditto ; 
 cheese 6 cents per pnund, butter 10 cents per pound. 
 
 The present price of < k)thing is considered cheap here, though I suppose 100 ner 
 cent higher than in England [Judging from my own experience, I shouhl say that 
 the price of clothing was not more than 50 per cent higner, E. S.] Blankets vary 
 from 'i to 10 dollars a pair ; feathers, 25 ecnts per pound; metal articifs sell low. 
 
80 
 
 THE EASTERN, OU NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 Although, for labourers without capital, the Western States arc gcii(> 
 rally regarded as most desirable for settlement, wo are not sure but, that 
 on the whole, they would do better in the east. Gardeners, well trained 
 agricultural labourers, good waggoners, would always find full employ- 
 ment in the east at fair wages, paid in money. They would have to e.i- 
 counter no privations, and run little risk of disease. They would be sur- 
 rounded with superior comforts, a great security for health, and endure 
 none of the hardships of inexperienced persons in a new country. A 
 good house, near markets, medical attendance, and the accessories of 
 civilization to which they have been accustomed at home, they would bo 
 sure to meet. They would not, indeed, rise to the position of proprietors 
 of land, easily, or so soon emancipate themselves from service — but ser- 
 vice is only an evil where it is coupled with dependence and precarious 
 employment. If they have wives and families even, it may indeed bo 
 true that, ultimately, their children, where their farms were well cleared 
 in the western states, would be in an independent jjosition — but they 
 would all have to pass through much privation, the sickness incident to 
 early hai-dships in a new country, much present anxiety, and even at tho 
 last they would have fewer of the comforts of European civilization, than 
 as well paid labourers in the more settled eastern states. Skilful car- 
 penters, millwi'ights, blacksmiths, shipwrights, shoemakers, hatters, en- 
 gineer, tailors, would never have any difficulty in procuring good en- 
 gagements in the east, and, although, the cost of food and rent is higher 
 there than in the west, they get money wages, and procure cloTliing and 
 many other ai'ticles cheaper than in the west. We do not think it de- 
 sirable to give any detailed account of the amount of wages, because these 
 fluctuate much, and, nominally, are very different fi'om what they are 
 really. As a general rule, however, employment is in New England con- 
 stant, wages fair, and the cost of living a good deal less than in Great 
 Britain. We learn from Mr. Stuart that women earn 38. and men 48. per 
 day, at farm work. The hours, invariably, are from sunrise to sunset, 
 with proper intervals for meals — but it is to be remembered that the 
 hours of daylight ai'c longer m winter, and shorter in summer than in 
 England. 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 fort 
 
 they 
 
 pajisc 
 
 whic 
 
 ling.' 
 
 the f 
 
 lire, 
 
 their 
 
 Marc 
 
 for la 
 
 tt^ 
 
 ! i « 
 
 farnntisj implomonts cheap: ^ccn tea. 1 dollar per pound -, roffoc, 8 cents per poand; 
 
 Jut;!!--, brown, first quality, 4A rents por pound; refined tugar, 12^ cents per pound; 
 our, 4 dollars per burrel ; fruit, peaches, peded, a dolhire; unpetled, 1 dollar; ap- 
 ples, 50 cents per bushel; candifs, 10 cents per pound; soap, 5 cents per pound; 
 bacon. G cents per pound; beef, 2i t(» 3 cents per |)ound : mutton, 3 cents per jioundi 
 potatoes, 25 cents per bushel, generally, tliough now 50 cents, owing to scarcity. 
 
 I think there are farms of 100 or 150 acres with an improvement ot from 30 to ."iO 
 acres, with a tolerable honse, barn, stalde, and outbuildings, and oUier improvements, 
 can be ^ot for 1,000 or 1,500 dollars. 
 
 A family of ten persons in Guyandotte or its neighbourhood, having the necessary 
 household and kitchen lurniture, might live well and plentiful on 200 dollars a-yoar, 
 even if they had to rent the premises. Bread and meat in our country are cheap, as 
 well as all kind of vegetables ; if six acres weiejudiciuusly managed, it would 
 more than supply all needed vegetables ; it would go Var towards supporting a family 
 of the size be»bre mentioned. If you lived in Guyandotte, you would use coal, whirh 
 can be got for 7 cents a bushel ; but, if you lived m the country, you would use wood 
 which would cost you nothing but having it cut.— William McCumus Cahbell, Court- 
 house, VVcblern Virginia [u laud owner]. 
 
 2 1 
 
THE EASTERN, OK NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 81 
 
 Lit, that 
 trained 
 mploy- 
 
 to e.i- 
 be sur- 
 enduro 
 try. A 
 jries of 
 ould be 
 prietors 
 lut ser- 
 3carious 
 leed bo 
 
 cleared 
 ut they 
 ideiit to 
 1 at tho 
 [)n, than 
 ful car- 
 ters, eii- 
 ood en- 
 8 higher 
 ling and 
 ik it de- 
 iise these 
 ;hey are 
 ind con- 
 n Great 
 1 48. per 
 sunset, 
 
 hat the 
 Ithau in 
 
 Ir pound; 
 
 Ir pouiiil ; 
 
 ]llar; ap- 
 pound ; 
 
 ir i>ouiui i 
 
 Icity. 
 30 to r)0 
 k^cincnts, 
 
 [ecessary 
 u-yeiir, 
 Iheap, ii9 
 It won III 
 fa family 
 ll, which 
 [b« wood 
 L Court- 
 
 " The New England villages," observes the same writer, " arc proverbial 
 for their neatness and cleanness ; in space, freshness, and air of comfort, 
 they far exceed anything I have seen in any other country. I have 
 passed in one day six or seven of these beautiful hamlets, for not one of 
 which have I been able to recollect an equal in all my European travel- 
 ling." At Boston Mr. Stuart found mild weather till 1st of January, when 
 the frost became so intense as to freeze ink and oil even beside a great 
 Are, and to congeal the breath of hautboy players, so that it fell from 
 their instruments like icicles. It continued cold till the middle of 
 March. 
 
 '*It is more advisable," says Mr. Stuart, " for an emigrant to pay high 
 for land lately cleared, than risk health in clearing ; let him not buy land 
 impoverished by cropping, and which has lost its vegetable mould j en- 
 quire particularly about the water, which is often bad in New England. 
 Maize is the first crop (generally very abundant) sown ; at the building 
 of the first log-house, which is superior in accommodation to that of a 
 farm overseer in Bi'italn, all the neighbours assist, and the permanent 
 dwelling houses are very superior and comfortable, always placed near 
 a spring, with an ice-house, ornamental trees of great beauty, an 
 orchard, and a garden which from the fine climate produces every thing 
 in perfection. A grave-yard is a very common accessory to every farm ; 
 in the northern part of New York a great deal of land is still uncleared, 
 and iarmors after cropping out their farms, sell them freely at 15 to 30 
 dollars an acre, and remove to the bush to clear another. After the ve- 
 getable matter is cropped out, the produce of all grain, except maize, is 
 nearly a half less than on similar soils in Britain. Hay is easily made 
 from the fine weather, and the rapidity with which rain dries up. Maize 
 is an invaluable crop ; hay and other crops are never damaged from 
 bad weather ; live stock is much healthier than with us, on account of 
 the prevalence of dry weather ; the pastures are indifferent, except near 
 rivers, where they are very fine ; orchards are extremely productive of 
 apples (cyder being very profitable,) melons, pumpkins, <L . Crc, and silk 
 A'orms can be well bred here. Flour averages 5 dollars per ^96 lbs. j In- 
 dian corn, 2s. ; oats, Is. 2d. ; barley. Is. Gd. per bushel. When land or 
 pastures are let, it is on the bargain that the landlord shall provide half 
 the seed or stock, and receive half the produce. Except at the melting 
 of the snow, the roads are pretty good from the prevailing dryness of the 
 weather ; the expense of turnpikes is trifling ; horses and cattle arc oif 
 good average quality, never starved, and never over pampered ; the meat 
 is inferior to the very best in England, but there is none of bad quality ; 
 it ranges from 2d. to 5d. per lb. j sheep are little attended to, although, 
 from the dry climate, they might become excellent ; swine and poultry 
 are excellent, and very cheap, even in New York ; eggs a dollar per 100; 
 good cheese, 4d. per lb. ; implements of husbandry are well adapted to 
 their purposes, and the cheapnQgs of timber brings them within a reason- 
 able price." 
 
 The wages of mechanics vary from £2 to £2 10s. per week ; those of 
 labourers from 4s. to Os. per day. In the Atlantic and other larger 
 cities, there is good demand for foreign workmen ; in the country places, 
 although the wages are a little \g&», tha ismorc than co:>jipensatod bf 
 
 t'l 
 
 ll 
 
F- 
 
 H 
 
 THE EASTERN, OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 li i 
 
 tho cheaper rate of living. In the Southern States the wages are higliest 
 and living is cheap, except in tho seaboard cities; but tlio inferior health- 
 iness of the climate for a European labourer, renders these states ineligiblo 
 for this class of emigrants. Manufactures of all kinds daily increase, espe- 
 cially in the east, and the factories are models of elegance and comfort, and 
 distinguished for the good treatment and superior circumstances of the 
 hands, both men and women. The sexes are separated in the factory, and 
 nearly all have considerable sums out at intei ^st. In Rhode Island Mr. 
 Buckingham regards health as superior to what it is in Boston and New 
 York. For 10s. 6(1. per week superior board and lodging can be commanded 
 by the working man ; three meals a day, including at each hot meat and 
 vegetables, fish, new bread, rolls and butter, poultry, tea and coffee, all 
 sorts of pies and puddings, fruit, salads, and every variety of sauce. A 
 large family, sons or daughters, is a fortune rather than a burden to the 
 parents. Girls from 12 to 14 get from 2s. to 4s. 6d. per week and 
 boai'd, and boys from 12 to 16 from two to three dollars per week. 
 Schools are everywhere good and cheap. A journeyman brass founder 
 writing from Schenectady states, he earns Gs. per day, and pays 16s. per 
 week for board and lodging for self and wife, with meat three times 
 a day, steaks and chops for breakfast, pork sausages and hot buck- 
 wheat cakes, with tea and coffee, stewed peaches, apples, pears, wild 
 honey, and molasses. He is in the highest degree of comfort, and works 
 from about seven to four o'clock. Mr. Buckingham regards the western 
 part of New York, Rochester, and Buffalo, as more temperate than on 
 the seaboard. The breeze from the gi'eat lakes reduces the heat ten de- 
 grees. Mr Shen-iff gives a very unfavourable account of New Jersey, 
 but speaks in high terms of the country around Philadelphia, both for 
 beauty and fertility. There, land of fine quality and in high condition, 
 may be obtained for from 100 to 120 dollars per acre, and the price of all 
 farm produce is high. Labourers are allowed as much as 28. per day ir 
 lieu of board, and yet by the piece they will mow an acre of rye for 38. 
 3Ir. Sherriff thinks an American may go through more work than an 
 Englishman in any given day, but not more taking the year through, 
 the apparent health, strength, and climate of the latter being superior. 
 The country near Geneva is reported to be highly favourable for sheep 
 and cattle breeding. A farm of 280 acres, cleared, fenced, subdivided, 
 with good dwelling house, suitable offices, and a large orchard, was 
 offered for £7 5s. lOd. per acre, the whole taxes amounting to about 20 
 dollars a year. The Genessee district is highly spoken of for wheat, and 
 the flats afford the richest pasture in the world. 
 
 The letters of settlers in the eastern states are of one uniform character. 
 From Albany a voice cries, " This is the finest country in the world, come 
 by all means ; day labourers get 1 dollar a day, mechanics lOs. to 12s. ; 
 America for ever for me !" (J. Parks.) Another from Philadelphia re- 
 commends Pennsylvania for agriculturists, and Massachussets for manu- 
 *actures. In the former provisions are reported as cheap, and land near 
 the capital £10 to £20 per acre, but abundance in the more remote 
 districts of that state at Gs. per acre.* Although tho extremes of heat 
 
 • The recent work of Mr. A. MackAV (Wostein World), jlcsrribcs the mineral 
 wealth of PeauBjlvania w superior to lliat of England ; and he regards the riches 
 
 and 
 
 of th 
 whicl 
 
hipfliost 
 boalth- 
 lelifjiblo 
 le, espc- 
 ibrt, anrt 
 8 of tho 
 )ry, ami 
 md Mr. 
 ,nd New 
 manded 
 leat and 
 )ffee, all 
 uce. A 
 n to tho 
 eek and 
 jr week, 
 founder 
 16s. per 
 36 times 
 >t buck- 
 irs, wild 
 id works 
 western 
 than on 
 : ten de- 
 Jersey, 
 both for 
 ndition, 
 ce of all 
 r day ir 
 5 for 3s, 
 than an 
 iron|,'h, 
 uperior. 
 >r sheep 
 iivided, 
 rd, was 
 bout 2« 
 )&t, and 
 
 iractcr. 
 1, conio 
 12s. ; 
 hia re- 
 manu- 
 id near 
 remote 
 [)f heat 
 
 mineral 
 e richci 
 
 THE WESTERN STATES. — OHIO. 
 
 83 
 
 ^ 
 
 nnd cold arc dt^scribed by settlers as greater in New than in Old 
 l>ngland, it is a i'euture of all their letters, that they either do not speak 
 of tho climate, or notice it without complaint, a circumstance from 
 vhich we would draw tho inference that it presents no serious incon- 
 vcuicnco to the European constitution. Wo need not add that emigi'ation 
 being rarely resorted to by such as have any means of doing well at 
 lioine, discontent and prejudice against the country they have left, are apt 
 vatlier highly to colour the superior advantages of the country of their 
 adoption. 
 
 From the southern, or slave states, our information is comparatively 
 scanty ; and it is a circumstance significant of their inferior attractions, 
 that few Europeans settle there. Nevertheless, the institution of slavery 
 may have decided many without reference to other considerations, and 
 the superior commercial advantages of the east, and the agi'icultural fa- 
 cilities of the west, may have much to do with the avoidance of the 
 south. It is said the highlands of Virginia open a beautiful country, 
 and enjoy a very fine climate ; cleared land is cheap ; living moderate, 
 and for the small capitalist who can live on tho interest of his money, we 
 incline to think that these regions present a desirable location. Some of 
 the islands to the north of New Orleans are described as being beautiful, 
 fertile, and healthy — most desirable places of retirement from the world 
 for persons of limited means. 
 
 THE WESTERN STATES. 
 
 The "Western Country," as it is called, embraces the States of Ohio, 
 Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Of these Ohio is fur- 
 thest to the east and north, having a rigorous winter of upwards of five 
 months; while that of Southern Illinois, to the west, docs not exceed six 
 weeks. To Ohio, the best port of debarkation is New York. To Illinois, 
 New Orleans is the mor.t convenient. The Steam Mail West India Packets 
 now touch at New Orleans, or Mobile Point, and jn'esent great induce- 
 ments for the preference of the western emigrant who can afford tho 
 higher passage money. These packets sail from Southampton every 
 mouth. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio, the longest settled of tho Western States, is comparatively popu- 
 lous, possesses a civilized and orderly society, and an intelligent, religious, 
 and respectable population. Chiefly devoted to agriculture, its inhabi- 
 tants partake of the decent, quiet, and honest character, of a rural people, 
 and they have a great hon*or at being confounded with Yankees, whom 
 they regard as we do Yorkshiremen, as somewhat " sharp practitioners." 
 The state is eminently prosperous, and very productive, although it also 
 
 in that state as so ^reat, that her bonds are as safe an investment as any securities 
 in the world. IVliners. colliers, and enB»«>cer8 raniiot fail to receive great encou- 
 rigcmaiit there. 
 
 %, 
 
84 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 tt, 
 
 m 
 
 V 
 
 contains much poor 8oil. But the summor heats and winter colds aie in» 
 tenno, and both approximate somewhat too nearly to tlie climate of tlio 
 western parts of Lower Canada. This, however, is only in the ex])ose(i 
 parts of that ^eat table land which rises from 600 to 1000 feet above the 
 level of the sea. In the vallies the climate is mild and temperate, evi- 
 denced by the fact that, on the whole, the state produces more wheat nnd 
 of finer quality than any other in the union, and is celebrated for the 
 number and quality of its sheep. With a good deal or swamp and marsh, 
 in some districts, it contains extensive, beautiful and fertile prairies, and 
 abounds in minerals and thriving manufactures in its numerous towns 
 It is regarded, especially towards the south, as very healthy, and produces 
 good wine, abundance of silk, and excellent tobacco. It presents all tliose 
 advantages of civilization and long settlement which form, to Europeans, 
 the recommendation of the New England States. Its roads are ^ood, 
 its rivers, canals and railways conveniently open up easy communication 
 with the populous parts of the union ; its farms and farm buildings are 
 well cleared and convenient ; and it has all the appliances, in the shape of 
 markets, inns, places of worship and education, which can be reasonably 
 desired. 
 
 These advantages, of course, have their price. The good land, in 
 favorable situations, is to a great extent occupied, and bears a price cor- 
 responding to its superior value. The comparative density of the popu- 
 lation, makes wages not quite so high as they are further west. Towards 
 the north the winters are long and severe, and the summers are hot and 
 productive of snakes. To the labouring or operative emigra \t, this 
 state offers abundant employment, in a great variety of occupations.* To 
 the moderate capitalist, it offers good farms at a not immoderate price. 
 We have before us now the details of the price of a farm of 150 acres, 
 with good farm house, 6arns, and oflfices, situate on an eminence fourteen 
 miles from Lake Erie and Cleveland City, fronted by the Worcester Stnte 
 road, containing 100 acres of meadow, 18 under crop, 30 timber, oOO 
 maple sugar trees, orchardr, gardens, lawns, wells, and springs, for £000, 
 or about 19 dollars per acre. We questioned the proprietor, a native of 
 Middlesex, as to his state of health while in America, and wo cannot sjiy 
 that his answers were altogether satisfactory. Fevers and ague are not, by 
 any means, strangers to the region, and the oppressive heats of summer, 
 appeared somewhat to affect the digestive powers. The man himself had 
 a very sodden and dried up appearanco.t 
 
 • " In walking out, (at Cincinatti,) we saw a man shovellinsf out large stones. 
 •You are from Ireland I hearl* * Indeed I am ! ' ' Have you any wish to return?* 
 • Return 1 Would you have a man go from a dollar a day to 8d.? I left Ireland 
 because I was turned out of my little farm for voting ajjfaifist my landlord. I would 
 not go back, even if I could get my farm again, much less to work atSd. a day with 
 dear 'taties and meal.' • You can live cheap here, I suppose ? ' '1 pay two dollars a 
 week, and am well lodged, and get whatever I like Jo oat.' * So that after paying for 
 your meat and lodging, you have 16s. left.' * It is 16s. 8d,' • Can you stand the heat.' 
 'Indeed I can sir, it gives me no trouble at all. 1 wish it was summer all the year 
 round, for then I get a dollar a day, and only 3s. 4d. in the winter.' ' Then this is a 
 rare place for a working man!' "Deed it is sir; u man that can do hard rough 
 work, and keep from drink, need never look behind him."— Prentice. 
 
 + •* Further up still the valley widened, the river becoming a small stream, flowine: 
 through well cultivated fields, with here and there a thriving, well built, chcerlul 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 S6 
 
 of tllG 
 
 bove the 
 ite, evi- 
 leat nnd 
 for the 
 I marsh, 
 'ies, and 
 8 towns 
 H'oduees 
 ill those 
 fopcaus, 
 e #?oofl, 
 nication 
 ngs are 
 shape of 
 sona})ly 
 
 and, in 
 'ico cor- 
 po])n- 
 Fowai'ds 
 lot and 
 li>t, this 
 ns.* To 
 e price. 
 ) acres, 
 fourteen 
 ;or State 
 er, oOO 
 r £(i(K), 
 lative of 
 inot say 
 not, by 
 immer, 
 self had 
 
 I stones, 
 return ?' 
 Ireland 
 I would 
 lay with 
 dollars a 
 ying for 
 16 heat.' 
 he year 
 this is a 
 d rough fc^ 
 
 i 
 
 flowing 1 j 
 i'he<°rt°ui ^ j 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 This seems the chief of the Western States, in every thing that relates to 
 agi'iculture. More recently settled than Ohio, it possesses fewer of the 
 advantages of civilization, and is more scantily peopled. But its climate 
 is tar superior, in a six week's winter, a lengthened and beautiful 
 spring, a productive summer, and a delightful autumn. Less rigorous 
 and uniformly milder in all its seasons than the neighbouring states, in 
 these respects it holds out unrivalled advantages ; but when we add that 
 with a superior climate is combined a greater quantity of uniformly fine 
 soil, of unbounded fertility, than any other tenitory of the same extent 
 in the world, and vast prairies of alluvial mould, ready at on(pe for 
 plough and seed, we have said enough to prove it to be the very best of 
 locations for the emigrant. The cost of fine land, either cleared, as in the 
 prairies, alternated with wood and clearings, as in the skirts of the 
 prairies and the openings, or timbered with wood of fine quality, and of 
 heavy soil, is so low, from one to four or five dollars per acre, that whe- 
 ther for the capitalist who can begin at once, or the labourer whose high 
 wages and verj'' cheap living enable him to purchase an acre of cleai'ed 
 freehold land with the labour of a day, we can scarcely conceive of a more 
 desirable place of settlement. Bilious fevers and ague are no doubt com- 
 mon in unfavorable situations, or under adverse circumstances of excess 
 in eating and drinking, mental depression from a feeling of loneliness in 
 a new country, inattention to proper comforts, or absence of the precau- 
 tion of anticipating the effects of acclimation by a few doses of calomel 
 or other proper medicine. But if situation is wisely chosen, and a set- 
 tlement is made in populous and long established districts, we appre- 
 hend that sickness may, to a great extent, be escaped ; and indeed many 
 tiavelleis avouch from the testimony of hundreds of settlers, that the 
 very best health is enjoyed in Illinois. "People," observes Mr. Pren- 
 tice, " concur in the opinion that the heat is more moderate west of the 
 Alleghanies than on the Atlantic shores, and that the winters are milder." 
 
 In this State, Indian com, the best food for man, and all kinds of stock 
 and game, grows with unfailing luxuriance. All descriptions of cattle 
 roam at large over the unappropriated land, free of charge, brought back 
 to the owner, whenever he pleases, by his well known cry and its accom- 
 paniment of feeds of salt. The seasons are so mild that live stock are 
 never housed, summer or winter, and food is so abundant that they are 
 always in condition. But vtithout reference to domestic animals, families 
 may live luxuriously on the abundant game every whereto be found, and 
 
 little towD, amongst which Wanesville and Xenia were the most attractive, In this 
 beautiful part of the country 1 found that a farm having the rich alluvial soil all in 
 a state of cultivation and the woodland partially cleared, with a good substan- 
 tial farm house, and the necessary farm ofKces might be had at from £7 to £8 
 per acrs. A well informed farmer was in the train vr ith us who said, " If a young 
 man comes on uncleared land, he is completely worn out before his work is done ; 
 but he escapes almost all the hardships if he begins with a good bit of cleared 
 ^nd, and has a house to go into, and a shed for his cattle." Tasked him what an 
 Enalish farmer eould do who should bring illUOO into such a country? *' Do ?" he 
 said, ""Why he could buy and stock a fa^m of 100 acres of capital laud, and live like a 
 
 nUtlemnn. I.nti<1 nnrttnllv <«l0urA.) <<an tVoniiantIv ho hai\ vorw olipiin— Pr RNTIHB. 
 
 H 
 
 > r 
 
 . I 
 
 Land partially cleared can frequently be had very cheap.- 
 
 I 
 
1-- 
 
 1^^ 
 
 86 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 the fine fish which crowd the rivers, while the command of the finest 
 timber renders the rearing of houses and offices cheap and easy. Good 
 board and lodging can be had for persons even of the middle ranks for 
 £26 per annum, and the ways and means of life are so inexpensive and 
 accessible, that with the exception of the fastidious and finical, settlers may 
 be said to be relieved from all but the merely imaginary cares of life. 
 
 We repeat that this work is not intended to supersede a gazetteer, but 
 to supply the place of a friendly adviser to the stranger and British emi- 
 grant. We do not, therefore propose to enter into minute details, but to 
 present a view of the general features of the country which may enable 
 the reader to judge for himself as to the choice of his destination, leaving 
 to himself, on his arrival, those enquiries which can only be satisfactorily 
 answered on the spot. 
 
 In the neighbourhood of Springfield and Alton, the emigrant will find 
 himself amongst his own countrymen, and English habits, modified by 
 local necessities. The Sangamon territory for health, fine soil, and long 
 settlement, is much recommended. Peoria is a very fine locality, but the 
 greatest amount of testimony concurs in fixing on Jacksonville, as in 
 every respect, the most eligible location in Illinois. For manufacturing 
 and mechanical pursuits, all the principal towns, of which there are 
 many, are highly spoken of. For agriculture, the neighbourhood of the 
 mineral district of Galena promises ready money, large consumption, and 
 the best prices. But the inhabitants are persons of rude, and even des- 
 perate character, and this forms, in our opinion, a decisive objection 
 against this district. In other regions, except near the large towns, money 
 is scarce — all are sellers of produce, and few buyers. Prices are, there- 
 fore, very low, and, occasionally, farm produce is unsaleable. Truck is 
 done by barter with store keepers, who ])ay little, and charge large pro- 
 fits. Money fetches as high as 25 per cent, interest, a sure sign of the 
 low price of other articles. Even labour is more nominally, than really 
 high, as it is mostly paid in truck, or by orders on a storekeeper. But 
 theb9 very causes make subsistence so cheap end easy, that life is passed 
 without care, and in the enjoyment of substantial independence. No 
 man can indeed get rich in mere money under such a system — but he may 
 and does, easily sun*ound himself with all the primary means of life, food, 
 a house, plain furniture, coarse, perhaps, but perfectly comfortable cloth- 
 ing. Even the cajjitRlist can here make money go a far way, and in the 
 erjoyment of leisure, of nature, and of the pursuits of horticulture, bo- 
 tany, agriculture, he ia assisted by a never failing soil, and a climate which 
 brings every sort of vegetable ])roduction to perfection, without trouble. 
 The opening o the English market to the unrestricted import of food 
 will probably raise the price of Illinois products materially, and emanci- 
 pate the farmer from the exactions of the storekeeper. 
 
 ' To persons of asthmatical or consumptive tendencies, the whole west- 
 ern region presents the greatest attactions. The mildness combined 
 with the drynessof thecliiiuite, all travellers consider as an effectual cure 
 of these tendencies, and as making them strangers to natives. A farmer's 
 wife, an emigrant from Leeds, states, that sJio had been afflicted witli 
 asthma for twelve years, and, although on her arrival in Illinois, she hud 
 to work hard, to submit to much ex})osuro, and to groat hardships, hur 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 87 
 
 ►f the finest 
 Jasy. Good 
 B ranks for 
 pensive and 
 settlers may 
 es of life, 
 izetteer, but 
 British emi- 
 ;ails, but to 
 may enable 
 ion, leaving 
 atisfactorily 
 
 nt will find 
 nodified by 
 1, and long 
 ity, but the 
 ville, as in 
 aufacturing 
 there are 
 lood of the 
 nption, and 
 even des- 
 ) objection 
 ms, money 
 are, there- 
 Truck is 
 large pro- 
 ign of the 
 lian really 
 sper. But 
 9 is passed 
 ence. No 
 lut he may 
 r life, food, 
 ible eloth- 
 nd in the 
 Iture, bo- 
 ate which 
 it trouble, 
 •t of food 
 i emanci- 
 
 lole west- 
 combined 
 tual cure 
 former's 
 ted with 
 , she had 
 hii>8; hur 
 
 complaint entirely left her, and she and her family enjoyed excellent 
 health. Mr. J. B. Newhall, indeed, observes that the proportion of 
 prairie land to wood land, and the great quantity of too level prairie ren- 
 der Illinois more liable to bilious diseases than Iowa or Wisconsin — but 
 then the emigrant may find, near Peoria or Jacksonville, a prevailing un- 
 dulation, and either there, or in the neighbourhood of Springfield, according 
 to general testimony the situation is declared to be healthy. The geniality 
 of the climate, undoubtedly, would suggest the propriety of a much more 
 decidedly oriental system of dietetics than prevails here. Tempted by 
 the cheapness of all oorts of liquors, the abundance and variety of food, 
 and the extensive resources of confectionary, preserves, and made dishes, 
 emigrants accustomed to the regimen of colder climates, continue a diet 
 unsuited to any, especially, a warm climate. Disease feeds on the poison 
 of an overfed system. In Turkey and India, wine is forsworn from tho 
 unsuitableness of stimulants to a high state of heat — a populous nation 
 lives on rice for the same reason — and during the warm season the diet in 
 Illinois should be of the most temperate description. 
 
 " There is no country in the world," observes Mr. Sherriff, an author 
 rather prone to depreciation, than exaggeration, ** where a farmer can com- 
 mence operations with such a small outlay of money, and so soon obtain 
 a return as in Illinois. This arises from the cheapness of land, and the 
 fiicility with which it is cultivated, and will appear more evident from the 
 following statement : — Suppose a settler, with sufficient capital to pur- 
 chase and stock a farm, and maintain himself for six months. The farm 
 to consist of 200 acres, 35 forest, and the rest prairie. If the purchase 
 
 were made in spring, the expense might be thus stated :— 
 
 dollars 
 
 Purchasing 200 acres at 1 j dollars 250 
 
 Fencing two fields of 40 acres, with eight rail fence 80 
 
 Ploughing by contract 80 acres at two dollars .... 100 
 
 Seed for 80 acres Indian corn, ten bushels, at 15 cents 1 
 
 Cutting pnd thrashing Indian corn, at three dollars per acre 240 
 Seed for 80 acres wheat, after Indian corn, 45 bushels at 45 
 
 cents 20 
 
 Harrowing wheat 20 
 
 Cows, tour at eight dollars, young cattle, eight at five dol- 
 lars, pigs, ten . 82 
 
 Buildings and household furniture COO 
 
 Miintenancc of family six months, vegetables, seeds, potatoes, 
 
 and poultry 150 
 
 cents. 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 25 
 
 Total 
 
 • ••••••••••• 
 
 dollars 1(;04 
 
 
 
 With an expenditure of £340 17s. sterling, is o])tained the dairy produce 
 of four cows, and the improvement of eight cattle, grazing on the ])rairie, 
 and 3,200 bushels of Indian corn, besides vegetables, and the improve- 
 ment of a lot of pigu and poultry. 
 
 " The attention of tho settler is supposed to bo confined to tho cultiva- 
 tion of vegetables, tending the cows and pigs, and planting and husking 
 ludian corn. 
 
 I a 
 
in 
 
 88 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 'I 
 
 " In the spring of the second yeai' eighty additional acres would be 
 fenced, ploughed, planted with Indian corn, and harvested at the same 
 
 expense as the first year dollars 481 50 cents 
 
 Hai'vesting 80 acres of wheat at 3 doUai's ........ 240 
 
 Total dollars 721 50 cents 
 
 ii 
 
 Supposing the Indian corn of the second year equal to the first crop, the 
 wheat to yield 22| bushels per acre, and cost 2| bushels in thrashing, the 
 iarmer, in eighteen months, would have expended 2325 dollars 50 cents 
 or £484 4s. 6d. In the same way he would have reaped 6,400 bushels of 
 Indian corn, and 1,600 bushels of wheat, and enjoyed abundance of ve- 
 getables, dairy produce, beef, pork, and poultry. With this produce, and 
 expenditure, the farmer does not perform any laborious work. The cal- 
 culation of the produce is much under what Illinois is said to yield, and 
 the expenses are stated at much higher than an industrious and fioigal 
 occupier need lay out. A person with £130, and his own labour might 
 be settled in 80 acres, house, furniture, &c., &c., and„ besides feeding well, 
 raise 2,406 bushels of corn, and 675 bushels of wheat. The cost of cul- 
 tivating an acre is £2 2s. 7d., the profit, £3 10s. 7d., leaving 288. for 
 profit, and to meet the cost of fencing, thrashing, and marketing — calcu- 
 lating the nett profit at 10s. per acre, here is £100 a year on 200 acres, 
 and food into the bargain, on an outlay altogether of £340 178. An or- 
 dinary fann labourer in Illinois, gets the value of 80 acres of land yearly 
 — in Britain, after deducting his board, one-tenth of an acre ; comparing 
 wages with land, the former is 800 times bettor off" than the latter. 
 
 " In Springfield, market butter is worth 4d., beef, l^d., pork. Id. per 
 lb., and much cheaper by the carcase ; eggs, 3d. per dozen, wheat Is. 6Jd. 
 oats, 9d., corn, 5d. per bushel ; good Muscavodo sugar, 5d., cofiee, lUd. 
 per lb. Illinois abounds in all kinds of fruit in perfection. Honey, cot- 
 ton, wine, castor oil abound. Game of all kinds is in perfection." 
 
 We have hero given a very meagre account of Mr. SheiTiff^s detail of 
 the infinite ad^ antages of Illinois in coal, merchandise, and manufactures. 
 A most interesting corroboration of his statements has been presented in 
 "A true pictare of Emigration" by the wife of a fai'mer who emigrated 
 from Leeds, and settled about fifty miles from the town of Quincey. Placed 
 in a remote district, they sufieredprivations, and were reduced by fires and 
 law suits neafly to beggary. But commencing with £20 they so increased 
 in substance, that in twelve years they had '' a good house, abundant fur- 
 niture, no lack of good food, as beef, pork, butter, fowls, eggs, milk, flour, 
 and fruits, twenty head of cattle, seven horses, two foals, pigs, sheep; and 
 poultry innumerable, 360 acres of very productive improved land in three 
 farms, two of which are let at a dollar an acre per annum. We have seen 
 a neighbourhood grow up about us, and every convenience of civilized 
 life come to us and surround us." 
 
 This narrative, which combines the truth of history with the tender in- 
 terest of romance, teaches a most wholesome lesson to European emi- 
 grants. The worst class of Americans, scouted out of honest society, re- 
 treat into the remoteness of the back settlements, where the population is 
 •canty, and where the absence of police, officers of justice, and neighbours, 
 
ILLINOIS. 
 
 80 
 
 would be 
 the same 
 
 1 50 cents 
 
 10 
 
 1 50 cents 
 
 ; crop, the 
 Lshing, the 
 8 60 cents 
 bushels of 
 nee of ve- 
 oduce, and 
 
 The cal- 
 yield, and 
 Euid frugal 
 our might 
 jding well, 
 3st of cul- 
 g 288. for 
 ig — calcu- 
 200 acres, 
 8. An or- 
 land yearly 
 comparing 
 itter. 
 
 k, Id. per 
 )at Is. G^d. 
 offee, lOd. 
 oney, cot- 
 n." 
 
 3 detail of 
 lufactures. 
 esented in 
 emigrated 
 )y. Placed 
 y liresand 
 3 increased 
 ndant fur- 
 lilk, flour, 
 iheep; and 
 id in tliree 
 
 have seen 
 f civilized 
 
 «nder in- 
 )ean emi- 
 ciety, re- 
 ulation is 
 ighbourSy 
 
 leaves them at liberty to pursue their brutal, violent, and dishonest ten- 
 dencies without restraint. The innocent and ignorant emigi*ants from 
 Europe are without defence against these wretches, who combine the forces 
 of personal violence, and lawlessness, with a dexterous use of all the quirks 
 of American law. Both these means of persecution were effectually in- 
 flicted on this Yorkshire family, and we are convinced that no European 
 families should settle in thinly peopled districts, but that if they cannot 
 obtain land cheaply in a well settled neighbourliood, they had far better 
 hire themselves to employers in fully populated localities, than encounter 
 the dangers and hardships of the back woods. 
 
 Dr. John Thomas, of St. Charles, in Northern Illinois, a learned and 
 most intelligent writer and physician, observes, *^ On the streams it is 
 more or less aguish — on the prairie more healthy than in the woods, but 
 Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa, are as healthy as any country on 
 earth — more so than the British isles. There is not a more eligible coun- 
 try than Fox River Valley. It would cost a man three times as much to 
 improve wild land, as to buy farms of 200 or 300 acres, which are to be 
 had in abundance, at the bare cost of the improvements. If you know 
 any likely to purchase a good stock farm, mine is 285 acres, 40 under cul- 
 tivation, a good frame house 30 feet by 40, a largo garden and barn, and 
 commands a beautiful and extensive view, price £575. It is diier than 
 in England —warmer in summer, colder in winter. In this prairie coun- 
 try there is always a refreshing breeze. We have some hot days occa- 
 sionally, but they do not continue, soon becoming agreeable. In spring, 
 the weather is very variable— the autumn beautiful— and when the winter 
 is cold it is invigorating, clear as crystal, and sharp as edge of glass, last- 
 ing from the 5th of November to the 15th of February. If capitalists 
 did but know our advantages, they would certainly vest some of their 
 money in improvements here. Money yields readily 12 per cent, on secu- 
 rity of improved farms, and ot» which interest, a family may live and en- 
 joy life undisturbed by taxes. 
 
 " This country is distressingly healthy. There is much less ague than 
 there used to be. I should advise you to come and see for yourself ; you 
 can have respectable board for Ts. a week. About 1,500 dollars would 
 get you well under weigh." Mr. Newhall gives a detailed account of tho 
 cost of completely settling in a farm of 80 acres, including a house, family 
 expenses, implements, stock, and land, from which it appears that a be- 
 ginner may be well established for £80. 
 
 " An European emigrant," observes Mr. Flower, '* first comingto Ame- 
 rica, changes his pounds sterling into dollars, and a dollar in America 
 goes as tiar as a pound in England. A cow worth £15 in England, is worth 
 15 dollars in Western America. Land in the old states is worth as numy 
 dollars as pounds in England. In the Western States land is nuich 
 clieaper, clothing and labour dearer, bread, meat, and fuel, much cheaper. 
 Let all who think of emigrating come in time, and not wait till they have 
 lost their all. Those who have saved £1,000 will find it will count 4,444 
 dollars, and for all purjioses of life will go as far as so many pounds in 
 England." 
 
 This intelligent writer, after twenty years personal experience of the 
 life of a settler in Albion (Northorn Illinois), and un iulimuto aoquaint- 
 
 i3 
 
00 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 ■ mm 
 
 m 
 
 ance with the history and circumstances of hundreds of English femilies 
 who accompanied or followed him, repoi*tsthat they have enjoyed a higher 
 measure of health than they ever did in England, and have, with scarcely 
 an exception, risen from the narrowest circumstances to comfort, compe- 
 tency, and independence. For his charming and graphic descriptions ot 
 the beauties of nature, and the easy minded happiness of prairie life, we 
 are sorry we cannot find room, but they will well repay perusal. When 
 Messrs. Birkbeck and Flower had been settled for a few years, their state- 
 ments fell under the lash of William Cobbett, who, under an affected 
 friendliness, virtually called them impostors, and their statements an inte- 
 rested cheat. In the face of thousands of English settlers, witnesses to 
 his statements, Mr. Flower is enabled, after twenty years experience, to give 
 even a more flattering account of the stable prosperity, and contentment of 
 his neighbours than at first ; and Mr. Stuart, the factory commissioner, him- 
 self a large landowner, and one of the most skilful grain and stock fdrui- 
 ers in Scotland, in his admirable work on America, more than corrobo- 
 rates, from minute personal inspection, all that has been said on the sub- 
 ject. A iact is worth a thousand theories and mere &ncies of individuals. 
 That fact, that 85 per cent of the whole emigrants from Europe at large, 
 and Great Britain in particular, settle in the United States, and at least 
 65 p%r cent, of these in the Western States, is worth all that ever was writ- 
 ten as evidence of the eligibility of the location. It is by friends and re- 
 lations writing home, and giving the testimony of witnesses to their con- 
 dition, that that tide of emigration is produced. 
 
 Mr. Stuart went over the Military Tract and Sangamon territory. He 
 examined the farm of Mr. Wilson, an Englishman, who in ten years had 
 raised himself to even wealth, on a farm three feet deep in soil, never ma- 
 nured, never yielding less than eight quai*ters of wheat to the acre. Mr. 
 Hillam he found in a farm near Jacksonville, (surrounded by 25 York- 
 shire families,) in eighteen months made productive and profitable, and 
 with gai*deng yielding the finest fi'uits and vegetables. Messrs. Alisons', 
 settlers of seven years standing, and the Rev Mr. Brick, from Cheshire, 
 were already almost wealthy. Mr. Kerr, a journeyman carpenter, ii'om 
 Edinburgh, was in possession of a fine farm of 600 acres, commanding 
 every comfort, and all of these settlers enjoyed excellent health. Mrs. 
 Pritchard, an English Quakeress, proprietress of a beautiful estate, reported 
 that all the companions of Mr. Flower had attained a comfortable inde- 
 pendence, except such as carried large capital, recklessly spent, with them. 
 — Mr. David Thompson, a gardener, from East Lothian, had a splendid 
 farm near Albion. 
 
 " I had the pleasure," says Mr. Stuart, " to accompany Mr. Flower over 
 his farm. He considers May nearly equal in climate and forwardness of 
 vegetation to the Devonshire June, and considers the changes in England 
 from wet to dry, a^ more unhealthy than those from heat to cold in 
 America. He lends money at 10 per cent, on the best security, which is 
 lower than the current rate. His family are delighted with their position. 
 Labourers with a little money to buy a bit of land, mechanics, stoic- 
 keepers, and farmers, aie pretty much on a level as to rank in societj. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Flower made light of this as an offset against the more 
 natiiral btutc of intercourse wliich it produced There is perfect freedom 
 
 the 
 
MICHIOAN. 
 
 91 
 
 ih fiiiniliefl 
 5d a high or 
 bh scarcely 
 rt, compe- 
 piptions ot 
 fie life, we 
 al. When 
 heir state- 
 in affected 
 ts an inte- 
 dtnesses to 
 ice, to give 
 entment of 
 oner, him- 
 ock fai'in- 
 i corrobo- 
 n the sub- 
 idividuals. 
 e at large, 
 d at loast 
 p was wvjt- 
 ds and rc- 
 their con- 
 
 tory. lie 
 
 yeai-s had 
 never ma- 
 icre. Mr. 
 
 25 York- 
 table, and 
 , Alisons', 
 
 Cheshire, 
 nter, ii-om 
 nmanding 
 
 th. Mrs. 
 ), reported 
 able inde- 
 nth them, 
 splendid 
 
 ower over 
 irdness ot 
 
 England 
 ;o cold in 
 
 whicli is 
 p position. 
 08, storc- 
 n society, 
 the more 
 ;t freedom 
 
 from anxiety in this country, so far as regards circumstancesin life, and that 
 feeling makes them happy. He knew every child of his would be well 
 provided for. He must, indeed, eat with his servants. No one should 
 emigrate who cannot change his mode of life. Difficulties as to servants 
 he must be prepared to meet ; but in one respect servants asre far superior 
 to British, — there is never any pilfering among them. Improved land 
 with fences already put up, may be had for four or 5 dollarsX17s. to 21s.) 
 })er acre." 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 This state presents a greater variety of surface than Illinois or any of 
 the Western States. More than half the area is covered with dense 
 forests, and the rest is prairie, burr oak openings, marshes, and pine 
 gi'oves. The north is bold and rocky, broken by mountain and valley. 
 The centre is marshy. The south has much fine land and abuts on the 
 Erie canal. There is abundance of game and fish. The immense forests 
 and swamps of the state give rise to a variety of fevers and miasmatic 
 and bilious diseases. The charming sketches of Mrs. Kirkland, the 
 Goldsmith of America, describe this as " a beautiful country, inhabited 
 by a rude but simple minded people." But fever and ague figure too fre- 
 quently in her pages, and we consider the st^ite as not well suited to the 
 British emigrant. " I felt," says Mr. Sherriff, " considerable disap- 
 pointment at the general aspect of the country, which, with the exception 
 of about twenty-five miles next Detroit, was found to consist of oak 
 openings, chiefly sand, and exhibiting few marks of fertility. The sur- 
 face is gently undulating, and from the thinness of the trees, and fre- 
 quency of streams, lakes, and prairies, highly picturesque. White Pigeon 
 is a pretty village, in neatness and comfort resembling those of New 
 England. An old farmer from New England exclaimed, " Surely this 
 must have been the place where Adam and Eve resided." It is said 
 niany English farmers ar*- settled here who have good threshing ma- 
 chines. These prairies are not fully occupied, and land sells at from 
 3 dollars to 6 dollars per acre." Towards the soiithern part of the state 
 Mr. Sherriff indicates a more favorable opinion of the country. Mr. 
 Fergu.sson, employed by the Highland Society to survey the states, 
 gives a more favorable account of Michigan. "The climate is tem- 
 perate and healthy, with four months of winter, and is more congenial to 
 the European constitution than the other Western States." He gives 
 from the experience of settlers the following estimate of a location : 
 
 160 acres at 1 j dollars per aero £45 
 
 Seed, labour, rail fence for 15 acres at 6 dollars 202 lOs. 
 
 Harvesting at 2 dollai*s 67 lOs. 
 
 Dwelling house, stables, &c 180 
 
 Returns. £495 
 
 Produce of 150 acres, at 20 bushels per acre, one dollar 
 
 per bushel £676 
 
 Profit £180 
 
92 
 
 INDIANA, — WISCONSIN. 
 
 it 
 
 ih. 
 
 Detroit, the capital of Michigan, is the Constantinople of the West. 
 The influx of emigi-ants is immense. It will be seen ft*om the foregoing 
 items that the produce of land is only a half what it is in Illinois ; but the 
 price seems to l3e nearly double. We entertain doubts, however, whether 
 33s. 4d. per quarter can be long obtainable for wheat, either here or any 
 where else in America. All are producers, — the consumers are few, the 
 cost of shipment is gi'eat, and the Eui'opean markets offer grain at a 
 much lower price. 
 
 INDIANA, 
 
 Between Michigan and Illinois, is to the south of the former, and to the 
 north of the latter, which it more resembles in climate and soil. It is 
 mostly prairie, and is well watered. Mr. Owen's settlement of New Harmony 
 is in this state, which had been occupied by a colony of Germans, who 
 moved from it to Illinois. Mr. Flint describes this part of it as high, 
 healthy, fertile, and in the vicinity of small rich prairies. Mr. Stuai-t 
 observes, ** Mr. Flint is of opinion that the metropolis of the republic 
 will be in the Western States. He recommends Europeans to pay great 
 attention to health, the first season, by the use of repeated doses of calo- 
 mel, by which they escape bilious diseases, and when acclimated become 
 healthy. Freedom fi-om consumption, from the great purity and clearness 
 of the atmosphere, gives them a great advantage." "The soil both of Ohic 
 and Indiana is highly productive ; but as the prairies are not so extensive, 
 as in Illinois, and the soil in Illinois is certainly the most fertile in the 
 union, it appeared to me to be unnecessary to make a minute inspection 
 of any part of the other Western States. Plenty of improved land is to 
 be had in the neighbourhood of Cincinnati, varying in price according to 
 distance."* 
 
 , 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 f 
 
 This territory adjoins Michigan, and is on the northern boundary of 
 Illinois. It is a uniform level, abounds in prairie, and being to the north 
 of Illinois, is more healthy and less subject to ague and bilious diseases. 
 It abounds in small lakes and rivers, and is intersected with creeks. It 
 commands the navigation of the Mississippi, Lake Michigan, and the 
 Canadian lakes, is very fertile, and produces wild rice in abundance. It 
 abounds in coal and other minerals, and is in course of very rapid settle- 
 ment, being the southern boundary or Ui)per Canada. Mr. John Coh', 
 a farmer from Somereetshire, settled in the district of Racine, in thin 
 territory, and his account is fully corroborated by a gentleman who 
 
 * " I have heard ample testimony to the healthiness of Indiana. The winter is 
 not 80 cold, and the Mimmer not so not as in Canada. A^c is disuppearinif. Avoid- 
 ing: the undraincd prairie, »n<t swampy woodland, the British lahourtT would greatly 
 improve his condition by a removal to that state, and with care might become inured 
 to the climate without much previous sickness. Much of the illness is from want of 
 caution, and much (rom poverty. A decent house, sheds for liorses, that they may be 
 found when wanted, instead of bein^ huutcd through the long wet prairie grassi 
 would cave niuu.y a fit wf ague."— rBfiMTiOE. 
 
IOWA. 
 
 1)3 
 
 arilved from that country in England, in 1843. He says; " It is by far 
 the best place in the world for the English fanner or rural mechanic, 
 with small capital. There is now plenty of land near this handsome sea 
 port, (Racine,) at 58. an acre, deeds included ; and improved farms, with 
 house, out-buUdings, and fenced in, at from 3 dollars to 6 dollars per 
 acre. The land here is the best I have ever seen ; black loam for t^ix 
 inches to two feet deep, all prairie, with timber in clumps, like a gentle- 
 man's park, and suited to every crop. Garden vegetables grow in per- 
 fection, as well as English fruits and flowers. It is the best country in 
 America for game, fish and water ', there is plenty of living water on every 
 fann : wells can be got anywhere, and every kind of timber. Wild fruits 
 of all kinds. The crop is thirty to forty bushels wheat, thirty to sixty 
 Indian com, forty to sixty oats, and barley, and flax, and buckwheat in 
 proportion per acre. The best pasturage for cattle and sheep ; hay three 
 tons per acre. No country can be more healthy, being open, high prairies 
 in a northern latitude. No persons are ill from the climate, only ague in 
 the swamps. We have a good cash market ; hay, 2 dollars to 4 dollars 
 per ton; working cattle, £8 to £12; cows, 12 dollars; sheep 6s. to 8s.; 
 flour 6 dollars per bushel ; wheat 3s. 4d. per bushel ; Indian com Is. 6d.; 
 barley, 2s.; oats. Is. 3d.; buckwheat, 2s.; pork, 2d.; beef, 3d.; butter 8d.; 
 cheese, 4d. The expense of coming to this place from New York to 
 Buffalo, by canal, 3 dollars in seven days ; by rail, 10 dollars in two days ; 
 and by steam boat thence here 6 dollars in four days and a half. Up- 
 wards of a hundred farmers have come here in consequence of my former 
 letter ; not one has left. We have all conveniences : shops, goods as 
 cheap as in England, places of worship, saw and flour mills, daily news- 
 papei-s, and the New York mail every day. In short, every convenience 
 you could have near New York; and your produce will sell for nearly as 
 much, with double the crop on the new land." 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 This territory, which once formed part of Wisconsin is now separated 
 ii'om it, and is the frontier territory of the west, and the ultima thule of 
 civilization. It is very healthy, very beautiful, very fertile, abounding 
 in fiiir uplands of alluvial soil. But its population are rude, brutal, and 
 lawless, and possessing no settled institutions or legislature, it is obvious 
 that it will be avoided bj all persons of character and orderly habits. Its 
 minors, like those of Galena, are worse than savages. We may dismiss 
 our account of this region, for which nature has done everything, and man 
 nothing, by the assurance that at present it is entirely unfitted for the 
 settlement of emigrants, except such as 
 
 " Leave their country for their country's good." 
 
 " He has taken Iowa short," is the American phrase for a rascal who 
 \m made other places *' too hot to hold him." 
 
94 
 
 COMPARISON OF WESTERN STATES. 
 
 COMPARISON OF WESTERN STATES 
 
 , 
 
 . 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 * ' 
 
 }^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 '0 
 
 i 
 
 \\ 1 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 The climate of these states seems to be modified by two circumstances. 
 The further south the settler reaches, the longer will he find the spring 
 and summer, and the greater will he find the tendency to bilious fevei's. 
 The further west he tends, he will discover the cold of the north attem- 
 pered into greater mildness. The east and north is therefore the coldest 
 and most extreme region, in point of climate, the west and south the 
 most genial. Northern Ohio is perhaps too rigid— southern Illinois too 
 torrid. Yet the winters in Indiana and northern Illinois are extremely 
 severe, although they are of shorter duration than those of Ohio. 
 
 Michigan has the advantage of being bordered on the north, west, 
 and east by Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie, great iresh water seas, 
 which greatly temper the summer heats with lake breezes — but its ex- 
 treme northerly situation, and its masses of wood, water, and swamp, 
 coupled with its semi-insular position, render its winters very severe, and 
 its summers, but especially " the fall," not very healthy. Its southern 
 districts are described as the most genial and salubrious, as well as the 
 most fertile, in point of soil. 
 
 Indiana, which is bounded on the north by the southern margin of 
 Michigan, may therefore be expected to be an improvement upon it in 
 point of climate ; and accounts appear to agree in assigning a preference 
 to that state in this respect. Not being so far to the west as Illinois, 
 while it is yet equally far south, it is probably rather less subject to the 
 febrile complaints of the western region. 
 
 Wisconsin is further to the north than Indiana or Illinois, but being 
 also further to the west, the rigidity is tempered by that circumstance, 
 and by its boundaries, Lakes Michigan and Superior on the east and 
 north. 
 
 Iowa, formerly a portion of Wisconsin, has recently been severed 
 from it, and erected into a separate state, with an Independent govern- 
 ment and legislature. To the south and west of these are the frontier 
 states of Missouri, and Arkansas, but as they are avoided almost univer- 
 sally by European settlers on account of their insalubrity or lawlessness, 
 it seems unnecessary here, further to notice their qualifications for the 
 reception of emigrants. 
 
 Iowa and Wisconsin have recently commanded considerable attention 
 as fields of European settlement — especially for persons of the labouring 
 or mechanic class. Wisconsin has superior advantages in the shape of 
 transit from its northern and western boundaries on the great lakes— a 
 consideration of much importance in the development of its commercial 
 resources. But Iowa is intersected in great part by the Mississippi, the 
 highway of the Western Union, by the Monies, and the Iowa, both of 
 which are navigable. Situated as far west, and further south than Wis- 
 consin, the state is more temperate and healthy, and also more fertile. 
 Looking at its gcogi-aphical position, we should be inclined to expect that 
 it is better adapted for European settlers in point of salubrity and geniality. 
 
 Much useful information has been afforded in reference to these states 
 by associations in this country, formed to facilitate the settlement of 
 
 I 
 
 ing 
 
COMPARISON OF WESTERN STATES. 
 
 95 
 
 n severed 
 
 wot i^Ing men -.n thoir most favoured districts ; and Mr. George Shepherd, 
 the editor of the Eastern Counties Herald^ who spent several years in 
 both States, and subjected himself to personal experience of their manner 
 of life, by roughing it like the natives, supplies intelligent, and we have 
 no reason to believe, other than trustworthy details on the subject, of 
 their actual condition, advantages, and drawbacks. 
 
 In a fair, and not ungenial, spirit, he takes us to task for the disparag- 
 ing account, we have not hesitated to give of the state of society in Iowa. 
 That he has not convinced us that we are in error, does not arise from 
 any disinclination to retract what we may discover to be wrong. We see 
 so many grounds of encouragement to settle in these states, from the 
 nature of the soil and climate, that we are only too willing to be fur- 
 nished with reasons for justifying a recommendation in their favour. 
 
 But we speak from authority in reference to the social condition of 
 the territory up to the year 1844, and although five years are an age in 
 the mere material progress of a young American State, we are satisfied 
 that such an interval affords little time for moral or social improvement, 
 if, indeed, it does not raise a presumption, rather of temporary retrogres- 
 sion in the ratio of an unnatural influx of population. As a generalrule 
 it is only daring and desperate men who become the pioneers of civiliza- 
 tion into frontier states. Nothing but a necessity which amounts to des- 
 peration, would lead those, who have any hold on the hopes and com- 
 forts of a civilized community, to tempt the wilderness or the untrodden 
 prairie. Mr. Shepherd's own admission, that law only began to exist in 
 Iowa in 1848 is pretty substantial proof that, prior to that time, the peo- 
 ple had to be a law unto themselves— an experiment for which English- 
 men in England are unfit — and by which the omnium gatherum which 
 finds itself a community in Iowa, is still less prepared to abide. The 
 narrative of the eventful life of the emigrants from Yorkshire, to which 
 we have before alluded, clearly proves that even in the well settled state 
 of Illinois, the absence of police, and of the efifectual authority of law, 
 left the inoffensive settlers a prey to the most lawless brutality, against 
 which there was scarcely any protection. It is not merely American but 
 human nature, that the lawless will run to where there is no law — and 
 there they will make the rule of the strongest reign. Where is an Ame- 
 rican vagabond so likely to go as to a frontier territorv, in which, even if 
 he is pursued, he knows he can set retribution at defiance — or, at the 
 worst, can cross the frontier and there find himself safe among the wilds 
 and wild beasts. Who in America will work in mines, except to have 
 large money wages, which he may squander in debauchery, as the gold 
 finders do in California ? There is abundance of land for all for the til- 
 ling. Who that loves the habits of peaceful industry, would prefer work- 
 ing under ground, except that he may be supplied with the means of fits 
 of idleness and dissoluteness. Mining is the chief industrial occupation 
 of the state, and one of the most demoralizing, everywhere, except amidst 
 the stringest restraints of an old country, where the bail are compelled 
 by wholesome fear of the constable, to assume a virtue, if they have it 
 not. Mr. Shepherd proves little by showing that he slept in houses with- 
 out bars, and with money, without being robbed. Open theft fi'om a 
 man's person, or burglary in his house, is not the American way of doing 
 
 
96 
 
 COMPARISON OP WESTERN STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 business. "The wise" and the Yankees "convey It call." They keep 
 tlie bare law ontheirside by swindling, or promise breaking, in place of 
 open thieving— and, if they desire to take possession of what is not theii- 
 own, or to sicken you out of what is yours, they break down your fences, 
 lead their horse or cattle among your corn, get up some forged title to 
 your log hut and clearing, gouge your eye out, or flourish their bowie 
 knife. Mr. Prentice tells us that his nephew had been murdered just 
 before his arrival, with the favorite quarrel settler of the West — quarrels 
 to a great extent, meaning only ruffianly spoliation under the cloak of 
 the argument which the wolf urged to the lamb. God forbid we should 
 allege that this is universal. Many, very nr ny, worthy men are to be 
 found among these wilds, ready to assist the weak and innocent against 
 the brutal. But it is perfectly obvious from the nature of the case, that 
 frontier settlements will always be the refuge of the vicious criminal, and 
 lawless of more orderly communities— and there finding the restraints of 
 constituted authority, necessarily weaker than where a denser population 
 can vindicate its power, we are to expect what is invariably found the 
 hardy, bold, adventurous, but also the violent and dishonest. Doubtless 
 as the settlement becomes more attractive to persons of orderly habits, 
 and the increase of population, subjects the actions of all to the eye of 
 many neighbours, gi*eat improvements will take place in this respect. 
 Even already to the poor and the physically strong, if they live in each 
 others vicinity the ruffianism of the bad will not present a very formid- 
 able aspect, and their uneasy neighbourhood may have its compensation 
 in the advantages of soil, climate, and cheapness. Families migrating 
 thither in co-operative association can combine against the common enemy 
 and drive him from the field. But other well ordered districts otfer 
 themselves in so many quarters, that we see no necessity for any one to 
 betake himself to this;?w alter of emigration. 
 
 It may be proper, however, before dismiasing this subject, which, from 
 the increasing tendency of associative migi'ation to direct itself to Wis- 
 consin and Iowa, rises in importance and interest to the reading public 
 to afford more ample details of the various topics it involves : — 
 
 " Iowa," observes Mr. J. Buxton Murray, " is situated at what has 
 been called 'the fag end of the world,' certainly at the western extremity 
 of civilization. A considerable portion of its inhabitants are connected 
 with the extensive lead mines of the West, and for these reasons their 
 character is far from being that of a polished people. The settler will 
 therefore be subjected to a gi'eat many social inconveniences and dif- 
 ficulties, common to all frontier countries. But should the mode of 
 settlement recommended in these pages be adopted, the annoyances of a 
 frontier life will be less felt, as each party will find companions and 
 associates in their own friends or relations, and the sooner also will the 
 character of the country be raised in the scale of moral excellence." 
 
 Dr. .John Thomas, of St. Charles Dane County Illinois, states: — 
 
 *' As to the population of Iowa, it is something like that of Texas, the 
 refuse of the States, and of Europe. The phrase, * He has taken tin' 
 Iowa short' is familiar in these parts, for he that hasfledthe conn try for his 
 crimes. It is a frontier territory, and, like all such, is the ultima Thule 
 •f the civilized world. For myself, I would as soon go into exile at once 
 
COMPARISON OP WESTERN STATES. 
 
 07 
 
 as emigrate to Iowa as it is. A civilized man wants somethincj more In 
 tills life than earth, water, air, and sky : unless he have congenial society, 
 the best farm is but a dreary waste. I speak from experience. 
 
 "As to the health of Iowa, this same rule will apply as to all this 
 north-western region. On the streams it is more or less aguish, accord- 
 ing to the bilious predisposition of the settlers. On the open prairie it is 
 more healthy than in the timber ; but, upon the whole. Northern Illinois, 
 Wisconsin, and Iowa, are as healthy as any country upon earth. There 
 is less disease, in general, in these countries than in the British Isles ; 
 diseases arising from poverty are unknown. I have not visited the min- 
 eral district, west of us some eighty miles, but those who have say that the 
 country is very hilly, and certainly not well adapted to farming purposes 
 —at least so we believe here, who have a country of fine undulations 
 and sloping plains. We are no advocates here for ploughing around hills, 
 or in deep hollows : we consider it too much labour for man and horse." 
 
 These extracts will be sufficient to show that we have not been 
 "speaking without book;" and, as we have shown that, in the very 
 nature of things, they have every presumption of truth in their favour, 
 we have not hesitated to adopt them. In that spirit of candid inquiry, 
 which can alone give any substantial value to a work which we are 
 anxious to make a safe and authoritative guide to emigrants, we call 
 into court Mr. She])herd for the defendant, who thus files his answer to 
 the bill •— 
 
 " Undoubtedly, the general character of the population of the Western 
 States— Iowa included — exhibits a large proportion of what our ex- 
 cessive refinement calls rudeness. They are in the main men who have 
 liad a tough fight with fortune — who have reclaimed forest and prairie 
 with their own hands, and by their own labour have raised themselves 
 above want or the fear of want — who, though independent in circum- 
 stances, are yet strangers to luxurious ease — who have neither leisure 
 nor incUnation to cultivate "the graces of civilization "—and who, in 
 their intercourse with neighbours or strangers, are not accustomed to 
 employ needless forms, or to waste time in compliments. They build 
 houses that are somewhat rough in their exterior, their furniture is 
 plain and scanty, their garments would shock a London tailor, and a 
 London epicure might turn with disdain from the homely but abundant 
 food which forms their daily fare. What is there in all this to terrify an 
 emigrant, or which an emigrant must not be prepared to encounter, go 
 where he will '* 
 
 "Amidst the rudeness of fi'ontier life, there are many redeeming traits. 
 So far as the north-western region is concerned, I am satisfied that life 
 and property are more secure than in this country. It is my lot now to 
 live under the protection of English law, and to share the security which 
 the legislation and institutions of centuries guarantee to all ; soldiers are 
 ill our barracks, ready at a moment's notice to sustain the public peace ; 
 a well-organized police patrol in our towns and villages to guard our 
 I)ersons and possessions. Even with these advantages neither persons 
 nor possessions are altogether safe; we feel that, though in England, 
 there are masses of men who live in utter violation of the law ; and \vb 
 should as soon think of taking poison, or throwing our purses into the 
 
98 
 
 COMPARISON OP WESTERN STATES. 
 
 sea, as of going to bed without previously ascertaining that our windows 
 and doors are secure." 
 
 We need scarcely say that, if with "soldiers in our barracks," and a "well 
 organized police," wo are entirely unsafe, our prodicaiiKMit is not likoly 
 to be improved where these restraints are entirely removed from tlio 
 disorderly— and that is just the case we make out against Iowa : — 
 
 " I was located," continues Mr. Shepherd, " amongst squatters, within |] 
 a few miles of the extreme frontier line, in the immediate neighbourliooil 
 of an Indian settlement, and I have never felt a greater sense of security 
 than I then enjoyed. One fact will illustrate this : I slept for a con- 
 siderable period in a log-house which had neither door nor window- 
 frame, and with no other companion than a small Scotch terrier ; jKoplo 
 around were acquainted with the circumstance, and may bo suppo.^id 
 also to have known that, as a recent settler, I was not wholly witiiout 
 money; other settlers felt equal security, for only in one instaneo tiiut I 
 am aware of was a lock or bolt employed ; and yet, neither in uiy case, 
 nor in any case within my knowledge, was any robbery or outrage 
 effected or attempted. 
 
 "The kindness of the population is as uniform as their honesty. I 
 could name several instances which came under my own obsin-vation 
 where children deprived of parental protection were at once and without 
 solicitation taken home by neighbouring settlers, and fed, clothed, and 
 educated by them with as much care and consideration as though they 
 had been their own offspring. The highest purposes of a poor-law aro 
 voluntarily fulfilled as a religious duty, and without the degradation 
 which here attends the acceptance of relief. 
 
 "Admitting, then, that in Iowa and Wisconsin, no less than in 
 England, there are men of ferocious character and lawless habits, I 
 maintain that the majority of the population are well-principled citizens, 
 obliging to neighbours, kind-hearted and generous to strangers." 
 
 We here leave the evidence to be balanced by the reader, and proceed 
 to that department of the subject about which there is likely to bo less 
 difference of opinion. 
 
 " Supposing the frontier States to have been chosen, the question will 
 still remain, whether Iowa or Wisconsin is to be preferred. 
 
 "Wisconsin has hitherto been the favourite State with British emi- 
 grants. The Temperance Emigration Society and the Potters' Society 
 have established settlements there. I travelled over a large })ortiou of it 
 in 1843, and found numerous parties of old country people everywhere. 
 In the neighbourhood of Racine, a port on Lake Michigan, a small body 
 of London mechanics had raised their humble dwellings ; and in the in- 
 terior were various groups of log-houses, tenanted by men who held 
 some distinctive principle in common. Many of these men had bolouyed 
 to Owen's co-operative movement in its palmiest days. The Temi)orauco 
 Society's location is within a moderate distance of Madison, the capital, 
 and possesses, in an eminent degree, the important qualifications of sa- 
 lubrity and fertility, combined with almost unequalled natural beauty. 
 The Society did not commence operations until after I had left Wis- 
 consin ; but I have a vivid recollection of the delight with which I iirst 
 gazed upon the glorious scenery of the district they have chosen. Wcio 
 
COMPARISON OF WB6TEKN STATES. 
 
 00 
 
 t our windows 
 
 1 called upon, howcvnr, to adviso an omigrnnt as to his choice of a dis- 
 trict, I should certainly n nne that througii which tho Itock River flows, 
 as, on the whole, the best tanning- country I saw in Wisconsin. 
 
 " Of tho neighboui'injj: State of Iowa, comparatively little is known in 
 this country ; although it is, I think, suj>erior in many respects to all 
 the other Western States It is a., benutitul as Illinois or Wisconsin, and 
 more healthy than either ; its soil is pronounced, by competent autho- 
 rities, the richest in the Union. It has apparently great mineral 
 wealth ; it has an admixture of prairie and timbered land, with an abun- 
 dant supply of water; and it holds out advantages as a pastoral 
 country. 
 
 "Lee county is one of the most thickly populated, and, commanding 
 both the Mississippi and Des Monies Rivers, enjoys a good commerciaJ 
 position. In the interior are many flourishing villages. It is understood 
 that some caution is necessary in the purchase of land from settlei's in 
 tills county, in consequence of certain half-breed (Indian) reservations; 
 but of course no difficulty exists when the ])urchase is effected at the 
 government land office. Tho flourishing town of Burlington, on tho 
 Mississippi, invests Des Monies county with importance in a business 
 point of view; but its surface is rather too level, and its soil too heavy, 
 for the general purposes of agriculture. Dubuque — next to Burlington 
 In population and business — is also on the Mississippi. In Jackson 
 county, between Dubuque and the Maquoketa River, there is plenty of 
 timber and water, and prairie farms. Muscatine county is well settled 
 and well watered ; in some tracts it is deficient in timber, and in others 
 is rather unhealthy. Between this county and the Maquoketa — in- 
 cluding Scott and Clinton counties — there is a fine and fertile region, 
 with several rising towns. Devenport, for instance, is in Scott county, 
 opposite to Rock Island, Illinois. Among the interior counties. Van 
 Ihiren is the most deserving of notice, on account of the extent of the 
 improvements which have been there effected. It is immediately behind 
 Lee county, and on the Des Monies River. Jefferson county is to the 
 north of Van Buren, and is handsome, well wooded, and watered by the 
 Checauque, with numerous tributaries. Linn county, again, is highly 
 extolled, as having a more desirable proportion of timber and prairie 
 land than most of its neighbours. The northern part of the State — that 
 is, ahove the Iowa River — is, in my judgment, the best adapted at the 
 present time for settlement by British emigrants. The population is less 
 than in the southern division, but the soil is much superior. The pre- 
 cise spot for location cannot with satbty be indicated ; but I am warranted 
 in recommending the emigrant to pass Burlington, and land either at 
 Devenport or Dubuque. The former will readily conduct him to the 
 choicest parts of Scott and Clinton counties ; while Dubuque should bo 
 chosen by those who deserve most easily to reach the picturesque scenery 
 of the Maquoketa, or who have a fancy for the lead diggings. Those 
 counties are usually considered the best which ai'C contiguous to the 
 Mississippi ; but it must be borne in mind that the Des Monies and lowa^ 
 Rivers are navigable to some distance by boats of light draught ; and 
 the Wapsipinecon is by many said to bo improveable at a comparatively 
 Bmall outlav. •, 
 
1. ; M 
 
 lOO 
 
 COMPARISON OP WESTERN SPATES. 
 
 !! 
 
 l! 
 
 
 I; i»i 
 
 
 k 
 
 " The aggi-egate population of the State cannot be much less than 
 200,000. 
 
 " The produce of Iowa is varied and abundant. Wheat and maize are 
 the crops to which the settler first turns hjs attention. The remarkable 
 ease with which maize is cultivated, and the numberless uses to which it 
 is applicable, renders it a crop of the utmost importance to the emigrant; 
 beside which it is the best sod crop, that is, the crop grown on the turf 
 when newly turned by the breaking plough, and before cross-ploughing 
 has been applied. Wheat, again, thrives amazingly, and is always re- 
 garded as a cash article. It is customary to speak of it as producing 
 from 30 to 40 bushels to the acre ; but though I have no doubt that, witli 
 care and industry, crops of that character may be raised; I am bound to 
 add, that what I saw of the western country, left a conviction that not 
 more than twenty bushels are ordinarily obtained. Even that, however, 
 is a large crop, considering the slovenly character of the farming. In 
 Wisconsin I planted potatoes with great success, and the soil and climate 
 of Northern Iowa are, I think, equally favourable for the growth of that 
 root. Turnips, too, succeeded well, but their importance as winter pro- 
 vender is lessened by the abundance of pumpkins, which literally require 
 no care whatever. Oats do well, but except in the immediate vicinity of 
 towns do not command money. Hemp may be raised in any part of the 
 State, and in the warmer distriets, tobacco and the castor bean will, in 
 time, become staple articles of growth. Beet root has been introduced 
 to some extent in Illinois. Iowa is quite as much adapted for it as Illi- 
 nois. Beef, pork, hides, lard, and wool, are articles which the Iowa far- 
 mer may bring into tlie market with certain profit. There are no natural 
 pastures in the world to be compared to the prairies of that State. Coarse 
 as the wiry grass seems to the eye of the stranger, he soonlearns to dis- 
 cover its fattening qualities, as the food of the horned cattle which roam 
 almost at will during the spring, summer, and autumn ; the pig finds 
 sustenance in the acorns and wild roots of the timbered lands, and are 
 fattened at a cost little more than nominal. The sheep carries a capital 
 care ase, and yields a fleece of more than common excellence. 
 
 " Mining must not be forgotten in the enumeration of the pursuits to 
 which the inhabitants of this region direct their attention. Several thou- 
 sands of persons are already engaged in digging for lead; and hereafter 
 coal and iron ore must occupy attention. 
 
 " The articles of export for which the settler may obtain more or less 
 cash, are, then, flour, beef, pork, lard, hides, and wool. I say * more 
 or less cash ;* and I do so, because, even in regard to these articles, * trad- 
 ing,' OP barter, largely prevails. A common rule at the store is, half pay- 
 ment in goods, half in cash; although there are many dealers who pay 
 all in cash for wheat, pork, and wool. Lead is invai'iably a cash article ; 
 and hence, both in Iowa and Wisconsin, the mining district is that in 
 which the most ready money is to be had. 
 
 "Dubuque, Davenport, and Burlington are the chief scats of com- 
 merce in the State. Iowa city, the seat of government, is in Johnson 
 Coi.nty, on the Iowa River, which is navigable by small steamers. Fort 
 Madison and Keobuck are relatively important places, and others of a 
 similar character are rising in diflercnt counties. At all of these places 
 
' Vi 
 
 COMPARISON OF WESTERN STATES. 
 
 101 
 
 tlio eminfrant has markets for his produce. The fact that the whole are 
 not cash markets has given rise to a belief that none but settlers who 
 have lands within a very moderate distance of the Mississippi can dispose 
 of what they have to sell. The constant influx of emigi'ants into the 
 interior of the country furnishes a demand for g^rain and meat of gi*eat 
 value to the farmer. I cannot better illustrate this, than by stating that 
 in Sauk County, Wisconsin, I paid quite as high a price for wheaten 
 flour as was paid in this country in average years before the repeal of the 
 corn laws, the article being brought from St. Louis up the Wisconsin 
 River in a steamer of light burthen. 
 
 " An important advantage of a prairie country is, that it offers faci- 
 lities for the construction of roads not to be found in the eastern states, 
 or in Canada. No riding can bo smoother or easier than over a gently 
 undulating meadow, which is all that a prairie amounts to; and the 
 " corduroy roads " w^hich run through the heavily wooded lands are of 
 comparatively small extent. It is well that they are so ; though the an- 
 noyance they occasion is not greater to the teamster than that which 
 ariises from the marshy districts, where the water often reaches to the 
 axle of the wagon wheel, and hides a somewhat treacherous bottom. On 
 the main lines of communication, the roads are, generally speaking, ex- 
 cellent; rough but substantial bridges have been constructed, where 
 necessary j where rivers are too broad for bridges, ferries are provided ; 
 and these advantages are continuHlly being multiplied and extended, in 
 proportion to the increase and development of settlements. The setLiers 
 have a habit of helping themselves, when an obstacle is to be removed, 
 or an easier path to a place of business constructed ; and their efforts are 
 admirably seconded by the unceasing efforts of tlie local legislature to 
 effect public improvements. The liberal provision made throughout the 
 American Union for the secular education of its peojde proverbially and 
 deservedly constitutes one of its most honourable characteristics; and, 
 next to it must be placed a uniform determination to do all that can be 
 done for the development of the immense resources of the country, by 
 reiulering rivers more navigable, by forming state roads and canals, and 
 by assisting in the construction of railroads." 
 
 " In reference to the course to be pufsued by the mohcycd emigrant 
 on his arrival in Iowa, some diversity of oi)inion prevails. The mecha- 
 nic, or unskilled Inboni-er, who wends his way to that distant region to 
 procure tlie bread which lie cannot earn " at home," and who reaches 
 Burlington or Dubuque with but few shillings in his pocket, has jdainly 
 no alt(!rnativo but to seek employment, and accei)t it at the current rate 
 of wages ; and this task is, happily, easy of accomplishment. But with 
 tl)o moneyed emigrant the case is different. He has to choose between 
 f^ettied districts, where improved farms are to l)e purchased; and unsettled 
 <listricts, where the whole work of itnprovement is to bo p(ulbrmed. The 
 iornioraro usiuilly preferred hymen with families, who are anxious to 
 • fi'ect conifortable settlements without loss of time, and to secure advan- 
 taj^es oidy to l)e ol)tMined in ]>eoj)led localities — proximity to the resi- 
 flenc(\ of a medical man, a store, n school, or a cha])el, or all of them. 
 Tliey decide upon seh»cting land already partially under cultivation, with 
 ahouse unrtBheds alreadv built, witli a well dug, and with ten, twenty, 
 
 I 3 
 
 v\ 
 
102 
 
 COMPARISON OP WESTERN STATES. 
 
 ^ i 
 
 * I 
 
 11 
 
 ii 
 
 thirty, or forty acres fenced, ploughed, and in crop. The American set- 
 tlers are, as a body, prepared at any time to sell their larms, and to com- 
 mence anew their arduous labours, when the change is profitable. The 
 amount of profit required depends upon circumstances, which preclude 
 any attempt to fix the price at which the emigi-ant may obtain his object. 
 The needy farmer, struggling with debt and law, enters the market at a 
 disadvantage, and will often "sell out" i\t a serious sacrifice. The father 
 of half-a-dozen boys and girls, rapidly rising into their teens, discovers, 
 it may be, that the farm to be apportioned amongst them is small, and in 
 that case he will be content with a moderate sum for the improvements 
 effected, in additon to the average price of land as enhanced by rising 
 towns and villages. It is for the emigrant to act with caution, and, if not 
 aided by the advice of resident friends, to avoid everything like making 
 an offer until lie has formed an idea of the position of the parties he de- 
 sires to address. If he be ostentatious, and seek to impress those about 
 him with a sense of his wealth, depend upon it he wilt pay for his pride, 
 and pay smartly too. A shrewd man will avoid this, even by seeking 
 information as an inquirer rather than as a purchaser. Quite as much 
 depends upon the tact with which this is done as upon the circumstances 
 of the actual settler. I have known a snug little farm to be purchased 
 within an easy distance of a good market for one half the price paid for 
 land, at least 120 miles distant from a similar place. Why was this? 
 Simply because the buyer in one case knew how to transact business, 
 while, in the other, he placed confidence in statements which moderate 
 inquiry would have proved to be groundless. One had acquired western 
 experience ; the other, though not a simpleton, had failed to study the 
 nature of his position. So far is the latter from being a singular case, 
 that I think it would not be difficult to show that the " great bai^jains," 
 about which we now and then read in the published letters of emigrants, 
 are few in comparison with the number of errors committed by parties 
 unduly eager to obtain settlements. 
 
 " If asked to state at what price improved farms may be obtained, I 
 should say that they range from ten dollars per acre in the neighbourliood 
 of towns to three dollars per acre in less populated districts ; houses, 
 Bheds, and fences, being given, as it were. Where land has reached the 
 higher figure, one half of an eighty acre farm ought to be in cultivation; 
 in more remote places the proportion will be considerably less ; seldom, 
 indeed, more than twenty acres, often not more than ten. Farms of the 
 last description are frequently found in districts not actually " in the 
 market" that is, not yet offered for sale at the government land.olHco. 
 The value set upon the improvements by the seller is added by him to 
 what he deems the worth of his " pre-emption right," which is tht; term 
 used to convoy the preferential claim of the possessor to the purchase of 
 the land when oi-dered by the president to bo sold. Having purcluij^od 
 the pre-emption right, the emigrant will be able, at tl»e proper time, 
 to buy the freehold at the ordinary rate, namely, a dollai' and a quarter 
 per aero. 
 
 *' While a single stranger will act wisely in purchasing improved Inud, 
 I think it may bo proved, that pnrtios o\' emigrants will, in tho niain, 
 consult their Interest by settling on wild ]>ruirie land, and creating lor 
 lheni!<elves all the improvements they require. 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 103 
 
 " Autumn is, I think, the best season for the arrival of the emigrant 
 ill Iowa f because, if disposed to labour for others, he is certain of being 
 able to find work at harvest-time, while, if in better circumstances, he 
 will have his land ' broken,' preparatory to putting in a good spring crop. 
 Spring is the cheapest time for arrival for members of emigration socie- 
 ties who have intrusted preliminary arrangements to an agent. Certainly, 
 he should be there in Autumn, partly because that is the season at 
 which he can most satisfactorily survey the country before deciding upon 
 the location ; and, in the next place, because he will have the close of 
 the ' Indian Summer,' with winter and early spring, in which to prepare 
 for the reception of the party represented by him." 
 
 The present prices in Iowa are three to four dollars per bushel for flour, 
 28. 6d. for wheat, 9|d. for maize, Ogd. for oats. Is. 3d. for barley; coals, 
 6d. per bushel, butter, 5d. per lb., ham, 2;d., cheese, 4id., chickens 4d. 
 each; eggs, 2id. per dozen; potatoes, Is. 8d. per bushel; beans, Is. 8d., 
 apples, OS., dried peaches, 8s., 
 
 We have here placed the evidence before the reader, and have done 
 every justice to the statements of Mr. Shepherd. It is not at all un- 
 likely that persons designing to settle in the Western States may be 
 induced by the attractions of climate and scenery, to prefer Iowa, to 
 Oiiio, Indiana, or Illinois, especially as the former has the reputation of 
 superior salubrity. Indeed, we entertain a strong conviction, that the 
 tide of western emigration is not likely to stop at Illinois, when Iowa is 
 to be reached a little further on — because, although some parts of the 
 older western states are lioalthy and picturesque, all the best and most 
 salubrious localities are pretty fully occupied. 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Cobbett fulminated unmeasured diatribes against Flower and Birk- 
 beck, for their preference of the Western to the New England States. 
 Having experience of both, he warned all Europeans against encounter- 
 ing the perils and hardships of the former. This senthnent we And re- 
 peated by many persons of intelligence, both American and British. 
 Indeed, we regard it as a prevailing opinion of Americans of the middle 
 claas, and of English gentlemen who have been long resident in America. 
 The recent accounts we receive of the middle and south western states, 
 induce us to entertain the conviction that while the north-eastern states 
 are too subject to extremes of clhnate, and to a long and rigid winter, a 
 compromise may be made between these and the extreme western and 
 Bouthorn states. 
 
 A sort of Delta, made by the western slope of the Alleghany 
 Mountains, the oast bank of the Mississippi, and the Ohio river embraces 
 the, perhaps on the whole, finest region of the United States. In this 
 triangle are embraced parts of Kentucky, Virginia, Pennsylvania, South 
 Ohio, and Tennessee ; and to this region we are inclined to assign the 
 preference, as a place of settlement for British emigrants over all other 
 regions of the union. This impression has grown uiwn us from recent 
 
i i 
 
 104 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 oral information, afforded us by many intelligent Americans and English- 
 men long resident in America. 
 
 The Rev. R. D. Thomason, the secretary of the Philadelphia Emi- 
 grant's Friend Society, an Englishman to the very core, but who has 
 been long resident in, and has become a citizen of, the transatlantic 
 republic, has published " Hints to Emigrants," from which we gladl» 
 lay before our reader the most important information with reference to 
 these middle states. Mr. Thomason thus proceeds : — 
 
 *' The question which next presents itself for our consideration is, 
 what section of this country is best adapted for emigrants? On open- 
 ing the map of the United States, you will find that republican free- 
 dom has here a domain as ample as its most extended ambition could 
 desire. Stretching across the broadest portion of the western continent, 
 and touching two oceans, extending north to the 49th degree, and 
 south to the 25th, it includes in its millions on millions of acres, it 
 might naturally be supposed, every possible variety of climate that the 
 temperate zone affords. Counting the degrees of latitude by tens, I 
 have resided in them all, but have sought in vain for the Elysian clime 
 of which western bards have sung, and pseudo-travellers have described. 
 Sober inquirers have not found it, and meteorological science denies its 
 existence. On whatever point of latitude or longitude we may lix, or 
 whatever degree of elevation above the level of the sea we may choose, 
 a perpetually saline atmosphere, essential to create the climate of Italy 
 or Madeira, our extended continent cannot enjoy. The boasted valley 
 of the Mississippi, the Eden of the New World, as I was tauglit when 
 I first came to this country, to call it, and knew no better — live in 
 it, and you will find it to be the battle-ground of all the winds of 
 heaven, and you will see the thermometer cut capers there that I am 
 sure Adam never saw it do in Paradise East Tennessee, Jan, dis- 
 posed to think, takes th" palm as to cquahilitTf of climate^ but it is too 
 distant, and the soil is inferior in fertility to many other portions of 
 the Union. Let the Middle States bo understood, and the climate of 
 America is superior, in many respects, to that of England. Its serene 
 atmosi)here and brilliant sky, its ' glorious sun,' of which our fellow- 
 countryman spoke, delightfully contrasts with the gloom, and fog, and 
 mist in which the British Isles are almost continually wrapped. But on 
 the other hand, the aridity of our atmosphere, and the wide range o^ 
 temperature, fickle withal, the almost polar cold of the winter, and the 
 scorching sun of the summer, it must be admitted, are somewhat tryin;? 
 to the constitution, especially of Europeans, and are probably less favour- 
 able to robust health and lorgovity than the less brilliant and poetic sky 
 of England. To the English farmer I would say, for personal comfort 
 and successful farming combined, do not go further north than forty-one 
 degrees, nor further south than tlnrty-soven. For my own part, I would 
 not go where a long burning summer exhausts and enervates the system, 
 nor on the other, would I farm where my stock nmst be shutu|) in the barn- 
 yard for seven months in tlus year, and myself kept by the fire side three 
 or four months, or els(« up to my kne^^s in snow, cutting down trees, or 
 hauling logs, the only available employment. Nor would I foll'nv the 
 tide of emigration to the far west. Let the natives go there, they are best 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 105 
 
 flttai by inclination and habit to be pioneers to penetrate and subdue 
 their forests. I would stay nearer home ; the Atlantic places me at a 
 sufficient distance from it without wandering, at cost of time and money, 
 some thousand miles towards the Rocky Mountains. I have oftea won- 
 dered what could have taken so many of my fellow-countrymen away to 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, when they could have done as well in 
 Pennsylvania. I suppose they knew no better, but were sent thither by 
 land speculators or their agents. 
 
 " My opinion also is, that cleared lands are preferable, for my country- 
 men, to forest lands. I wish it, however, to be understood, that in saying 
 this, I express private opinion, though four years practice of farming in 
 the section of country in which I now reside, and intimate experience, 
 by residence in the woods, entitle my opinion to some weight. 
 
 " Let us first suppose that we have decided on forest land, unimproved 
 land, as it is here called. It may be purchased for from one to five 
 dollars per acre, according to the situation. Well, here it is; we are 
 now in the centre of our farm, consisting of one hundred acres. 
 How profound the gloom and solitude, you say. Yes, but you hear 
 the distant sound of an axe. Our neighbours are at work, and we shall 
 soon change the scene. What trees ! Yes, it is heavily timbered, and 
 therefore good land. It is virgin soil, a plough has never profaned it. 
 To cut down these trees is our first business. We have brought with us 
 a good woodsman, for without him we could do but little ; he will cut 
 down a tree while we should be looking round it to see where to begin. 
 His w^es will be half a dollar per day and board. We must, of course, 
 cut down, first, such trees as are suitable for building our house, and get 
 that up as quick as we can, for our wives and children have been sleeping 
 long enough in the wagons and under the tents. When we have logs 
 enough prepared our neighbours will come and help us build. Let us 
 work well, and we shall have a good cabin in a day or two. Then we 
 must put up our outbuilding in the same manner. The next thing is to 
 prepare rails for our fence. For this purpose we must cut down oak 
 trees, that will rive well, and cut them into lengths of eleven feet, 
 split them, and carry them on to the line where the fence is to be. And 
 now we can go on felling the trees, but let us first select the site of our 
 permanent dwelling, for wq, must be careful to leave there some of the 
 handsomest trees for ornament and shade. We will not do like some of 
 our neighbours, who make a war of extirpation where they go, and 
 whose murderous axe does not spare a single tree to shade even their 
 cottage door. This site must be convenient to a spring, for we shall not 
 like the labour of digging a well. Yes ! here's the place, sufficiently out 
 of the hollow, to escape the fog that is apt to settle there, and not too 
 fnv away to carry water. We must compromise the claims of labour 
 and health in this matter. Some of those trees to the north we will 
 leave ; they will shelter us fi*om the winds in winter ; a few also must 
 be left standing to the south, near to whore the house will be, to shade 
 U8 in sumuior. And now down with the rest of the lords of the forest; 
 they have lived and reigned from the creation, but they must now bow 
 to lordior man. 
 
 '* When a sufficient space is thus cleared, wo shall call in our neigh- 
 
■"% 
 
 100 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 *'m 
 
 w 
 
 hours agfiin to help ii.s. Thcso logs will he rolled up in piles, (!io 
 limhs and hrush heaped on the top. Then we must put up the fonco 
 and next go to work to grub up the smaller roots, and divide the larger 
 ones, cutting off the bark of the stumps to prevent them from vegetatinL' 
 hereafter. In the spring we shall set fire to these log-piles, and plougii 
 as well as we can, the ground. A man and stout boy will thus prepare 
 five or six acres in the course of the winter. The first crop will bo 
 Indian-corn and potatoes, and the next, if the ground is in sufficient 
 good order, may be wheat, if not, corn, again. We shall probably get 
 from forty to sixty bushels per acre of corn, and from fifteen to twenty 
 bushels of wheat. Cultivating a crop among these roots and stumps is 
 no easy work, as you may judge, to one not used to it, and you will 
 stand a chance of breaking your plough occasionally, and sometimes, 
 perhaps, your shins ; but they who are used to it make little of it, 
 and, I suppose, by and by, we shall not mind it either. Let us have 
 patience, and, in some ten or fifteen years, old father Time will get 
 them all out of the way for us. Thus we shall go on, year after year, 
 until we get the whole farm cleared, taking care to reserve a sufficieut 
 quantity of wood land. 
 
 '* The first year we must, of course, purchase our provisions ; and, as 
 our means are slender, we shall have to make up our minds to suffer 
 some privations to which we have not been accustomed. Let us see : w 
 shall cultivate a garden, and thus have sufiicient vegetables through the 
 summer. Our cows will get their living in the woods, with the excep- 
 tion of four winter months ; their calves, kept in, will bring them up 
 every evoning. Our pigs will run at large, and a little corn thrown to 
 them occasionally, and the slops of the house, will keep them near iioiiie. 
 Then we shall need to purchase corn, flour, pork, potatoes, and, if we 
 can afford it, coffee, tea, and sugar for ourselves, and corn and fodder 
 for the stock. Say onr two families consist of four persons each, be- 
 sides one or two little ones, then the following will be something like the 
 probable csthnate. 
 
 flnllnrs. 
 
 100 acres of land, at one dollar per acre 100 
 
 Surveying, title deeds, and taxes 12 
 
 Stock and im])k'mri)ts .^. 2.","0 
 
 Wages of hired man one month '2{) 
 
 150 bushels corn, at 40 rents .... (!() 
 
 8 barrels flour, at 5 dollnrs 40 
 
 1500 pounds of pork, at four cents f>0 
 
 Groceries Ol) 
 
 Clothing, mechiniic's bill, and extras 00 
 
 Hay, and fodder for stock 00 
 
 Total 032 
 
 Divide this amount by 2, and we have 316 dollars, about £(>3 
 sterling. 
 
 " Let us now suppose ourselves on cleared hnul. We will imau^itK 
 it to be an old Virginia farm. Here >s a large but dilapidated hoiL% 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 107 
 
 it, and you will 
 
 land the buiklinc^s around are in the same state. The fences are broken 
 Idovm and the land is in many places overgrown with blackberry bushes. 
 Ihow comes it in this state? Why, the kind of farming it has received, 
 Ihas exhausted the soil, and the owner has left it to go away into Ken- 
 Itucky or Tennessee, and cut down trees an we have been doing. This is 
 Virginia, you say, and then we are among slaves ! No, there are no 
 slaves of any consequence in western Virginia The slaves have gone off 
 to the new countries, and taken their masters with them, or their mas- 
 ters have taken them, which is the same thing to us; but they have not 
 take'i the land, though they have used it worse, I'll answer for it, than 
 they ever did their slaves ; indeed if they had used it half as well, it 
 would never have been in this state. 
 
 " But to our farm. I have said that I would rather farm here than 
 chop down trees and work among the stumps. In the first place, this 
 open country is generally more healthy, owing to there being a freer cir- 
 culation of air, and no decaying vegetable matter as in the woods — a 
 fi'uitt'ul source of disease. 
 
 " In the next place, farming this land will be to us far more pleasant, 
 and, I believe, quite as profitable. Let us see. Here are six or seven 
 hundred acres ; it may be bought, say for five dollars per acre (in some 
 instances these farms may be had for nothing, in others for ten dollars 
 per acre, according to circumstances). It is divided into fifty and hun- 
 dred acre farms. Wo will first enclose the whole tract with a good fence, 
 leaving, for the present, the division-fences, as we propose to adopt the 
 soiling system, and, consequently, shall not turn out the cattle. Wood 
 is scarce here, and we cannot build log houses ; we must put up shan- 
 ties. We shall put posts in the ground, plates on the top, set the boards 
 up perpendicularly, and nail strips over the joints, and put on a board 
 roof. We have, therefore, to haul the logs to the saw-mill. The cost 
 of sawing will be about five dollars per thousand feet, and it will take 
 one thousand feet to build a house eighteen feet square, one story, with a 
 little shed. Here we must live until we can aiford to build a good frame 
 house. The stable and other out buildings will be of the same kind. 
 All together will cost us, say fifty dollars. Here, then, instead of fell- 
 ing trees, and grubbing, and rolling logs, we shall si)cnd our winter 
 in making manure, First, wo must build a lime-kiln : this will bo tho 
 joint labour of all the company, and then we must haul tho lime-stone 
 and burn it.* Next get marl, or peat, or mud, as the case may be, for 
 rtMnenibor, we do not go upon laiuls where one or all of these fertilizing 
 agents cannot be ol)tained. This we will haul home after it has hvim 
 spread out to dry, and put under a shed erected near to the stable, first 
 (lijiKiiig a pit under tho shed, three or four feet deep, sloping at each 
 cud, so that a cart may go in at one end, dump the load, and go out 
 lit the other end. Or if v.u wish to dispense with the shed, we can 
 put up tho marl or peat into conical heaps, like Imy-cocks, and lK)at 
 tiio surface with a shovel, to exchulo the rain. We must make as 
 nnu'h manure as we can, with our cattle, and that with as little hay 
 luul coiii-stiiiks as ]>o.ssible, for tho ])rovender wo shall have to buy, 
 and we sliall, periuii>s, have a long way to go for it, so that it will b« 
 
 • Wliore nmrl cun bo obtniueil Iiu»« will not be neodetl. 
 
108 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 i 
 
 i'llllil 
 
 k!9 ti[ 
 
 ! K 
 
 il 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
 i.t- 
 
 Hi 
 
 best to stable our stock ; they will eat less than when exposed to the 
 weather, and we shall make more manure. At the heels of the cows 
 let us make a gutter, eighteen inclies deep, about sixteen wide at the 
 top, and twelve at the bottom; this we will plank at the sides and 
 bottom, and fill two-thirds with the marl or peat, adding a little lime. 
 When the trench is filled up with the droppings of the cows, it must be 
 cleared out and the contents taken away, and spread upon the land, or 
 put under cover. The same plan should be adopted in the horse-stable, 
 omitting, of course, the deep gutter, and also in the hog-pen. I have 
 said, we must economise feed for the stock ; we will therefore cut, not 
 only the hay and straw, but also the corn-stalks. If we can boil or scald 
 them — boiling is best — and sprinkle over a little bran or corn-meal with 
 salt, the cows will eat them readily, and give plenty of milk. 
 
 *•' As early as possible we will plough up five or six acres. "With one 
 horse and three cows we can make manure enough for thus n^ich land 
 in the «ourse of the winter. How deep we shall plough, will, of course, 
 depend upon the nature of the soil. We shall probably find that it has 
 never been ploughed more than four inches deep, and possibly the under 
 soil may be better than the upper. To do this ploughing, we must borrow 
 a horse of one of our neighbours, and lend him our's in return. We 
 will spread the manure as we make it, or pile it up under cover, and give 
 a second light ploughing in the spring after the manure has been hauled 
 on. As much land as can be well manured from the stable will be de- 
 voted to potatoes and Indian corn ; to the rest, as far as we are able, 
 we will give a good coat of marl, or peat, or muck, with as much 
 lime as it will bear. This we will put in with spring rye for soiling, 
 and with oats. If any part of our farm appears good enough, without 
 the application of any kind of manure to take clover, we will sow as 
 much as we can. As early in the spring as the ground will work, which 
 will probably be in the latter end of February, we must, of course, put 
 in our potatoes, and rye, and oats. About the first or second week in 
 April we may plant corn. The usual method is to plant it in squares, 
 in hills, as it is called here, from three to four feet each way ; but as we 
 have a small lot, and wish to make the most of it, we will plant it in 
 rows three and a half feet apart, with the drilling machine, putting the 
 grains four inches apart in the rows. It must be kept clean by plough- 
 ing and harrowing between the rows, and between the plants, with the 
 hand-hoe. If one barrel of guano, one of plaster of Paris, and ten of 
 well pulverised peat or muck could be scattered by a hand going befoie 
 the drill, it would materially assist the crop. When the plants have 
 grown a foot high we may begin to thin them out to a distance of twelve 
 inches, and these plants will serve for food for our horses and cows. Wo 
 can hitch a horse to a small truck, narrow enough to go between tlie 
 rows, or to a wheelbarrow. In the month of July we will get a piece of 
 ground well ploughed and manured, and put in half an acre of riita 
 baga turnips, and with these we can fatten our hogs and beef. When the 
 corn is fit to cut we will clear it off, plough up the ground, give a slight 
 dressing of manure, and then put in wheat, and if we have any manure 
 left, it can be put, with a coat of lime, on the clover. 
 
 " In this way let us go on lor six years, and then compare notes with 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 100 
 
 the man with his etumpy farm. The following may be considered a low 
 estimate of the productiveness and proceeds of such a farm, when thus 
 brought into a fair state of cult! vat 'on, 
 
 dollars. 
 
 16 acres of com, 750 bup' dls, at 50 cents 350 
 
 10 do. of hay, tw© to:.sper acre, at 10 dollai-s 200 
 
 3 do. of potatoes, 450 bushels, at 30 cents 135 
 
 2 do. of ruta bagas, fed to stock 
 
 5 do. of wheat, lOO bushels, at one dollar • 100 
 
 Cows and hogs 100 
 
 Total 885 
 
 EXPENSES. 
 
 Clothing , 126 
 
 Store bill 100 
 
 Corn and grain for stock and &mily 75 
 
 Hire of labourers 30 
 
 Mechanics' bills 25 
 
 Butchers' meat and pork 50 
 
 Church and benevolent objects 50 
 
 Newspapers and books 10 
 
 Schooling for children 10 
 
 Taxes 5 
 
 Losses and extras 45 
 
 525 
 
 885 
 
 Annual profit 360 
 
 " As soon as the necessary leisure can be found, we must plant a hedge 
 and make a ditch, to take the place of our rail fences, which by the time 
 the hedge grows up, will have decayed. The white thorn does not appear 
 to do well in this country, but an excellent substitute is found in the Osage 
 orange or Madura. We must keep the saw-mill going, and soon we 
 shall be able to build stone, brick, or frame houses and bams, as the ca&e 
 may be, and our little colony, or settlement, as it will be called, will pre- 
 sent an appearance not less creditable than comfortable and pleasant. The 
 grist and saw-mill, thrashing-machine, and com-sheller, must be com- 
 mon property ; and in all work for the common good we must take our 
 Bhare. We shall need a school-house. Our larger boys will be wanted 
 to work in the summer, but they can go to school in the winter. It is 
 customary to employ a male teacher in the winter, and a female in the 
 summer. The state will assist us to pay the teacher, so that the educa- 
 tion of our children will cost us but little. 
 
 " I have shown what amount of funds are necessary to go on a farm of 
 fifty acres. It will be about the same either on cleared or uncleared 
 lands. Something like one hundred pounds will be required before leav- 
 I iag home. But what are you to do if you do not possess this amount f 
 
i i' 
 
 no 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 ! ' I 
 
 
 If you are a single man you can hire yourself to a farmer. You will nr,,( 
 one hundred dollars the first year, board and washing, and one hundrfd 
 and twenty the next. If you have a wife and no children, you can lioth 
 do the same, and together you will get one liundred and fifty or sixty 
 dollars. If you have a family, let your children, if they are old enough'^ 
 hire out, and you can buy a piece of land; put up, with the assistance of 
 your neighbours, your house, and work for them three days in the week, 
 and on your own farm the other three. Steady application will bring 
 vt)u through." 
 
 These extracts speak for themselves, but it is only necessary to read the 
 Work from which they are taken, to be convinced of the christian phi- 
 lanthropy, the disinterestedness, the intelligence, and reliableness of the 
 amiable author. It occurred to the association, (a clerical one) of which 
 he was secretary, that they should recommend emigrants to settle in 
 South New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delawaie, 
 and Virginia, and they addressed letters of enquiry to the congi'egation^ 
 of their own denomination in those states, a few of the answers to which | 
 we here insert : — '^ 
 
 " The situation of Mercer county must be well known to you. There 
 is no county in Pennsylvania healthier than it. Its original population 
 was from the north of Ireland, and from Germany — of late years, from 
 the eastern counties of Pennsylvania. Many families, from England and 
 Germany, have recently settled anftongst us, as well as some from France 
 and the south of Ireland. Presbyterians are numerous — those of the 
 Associate and Reformed Church, and some Roman Catholics, Protestants 
 from England and Ireland, would be most freely received, especially those 
 who wish to live by labour. At the present time, some hundreds of men 
 might find immediate employment at our iron-works and collieries, and 
 many more at farming. In fact, such as been the call for labourers at the 
 iron and coal business, that the necessary hands for carrying on farming 
 cannot be obtained. Female domestics are not to be had at all, and aio 
 much wanted. I mean such as would do housework, live in the family, 
 and enjoy all the privileges that the families do. Small farms are nume- 
 rous for sale here, at from five to twenty dollars per acre, according to 
 the improvements thereon. The terms on which land is usually sold are 
 one half in hand, the other in two or three annual instalments.^ The 
 yield is such as is common to most parts of Pennsylvania ; little feie tr 
 manure has yet been used, though limestone abounds. Mills of every 
 kind are in abundance. You will see by the map, that the Erie Exten- 
 sion of the Pennsylvania canal, runs through the centre of the county.j 
 Market — Pittsburg, Erie, Philadelphia, or New York, as we may choose. 
 Mechanics are not so much wanted here as miners, choppers, farm la- 
 bourers and female domestics, the two latter more than any. For my 
 own service, I would prefer those from the north of Ireland, the county 
 of Antrim, from which my father came." 
 
 " I have in charge a tract of land in the county of Alleghany, N. Y. 
 its original boundaries were six by nine miles, some 34,000 acres, lying 
 in the towns of Scio, Independence and Andover— it is all sold and set- 
 tled, except about 23,000 acres. The owners reside in Philadelphia, viz. 
 ,, -Richard Willing and Joseph Swift, Esquires, and Doctor Charles Wil- 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTEKN 8i i:f4. 
 
 Ill 
 
 linw, to whom I would refer you, as they have iii!i|» >t' 
 
 t, and 
 -tion of 
 
 s, Protestants 
 
 t .i*f t. 
 will confer with you on the subject, should the follo' i«^ descr 
 the lands for sale, meet yowr views of what the emigrant.s need. 
 
 "i. Tlie Genesee river flows through the tract — the lands on th 
 liver are all sold, except some six lots, which are mountain lots. 
 
 "2. The nearest cash market for produce, is Bath, in Steuben coimtv 
 and Dansville, in Livingston county — say average 40 miles. 
 
 " 3. The facilities of consequence, are now, only by teams. A plank 
 road comjiany have organized — doubtful if put in ojieration. 
 
 "4. The usual price of produce is one dollar for wheat —50 cents 
 for corn — oats, 25 cents — potatoes, 20 cents — pork, four dollars to five 
 dollars per 100 — three dollars for beef — hay, four dollars per ton. 
 
 " 5. The soil is a clay on the high lands — on side hills, mixture of 
 gravel and sand — this soil is good for wheat and corn — Clay soil produces 
 good grass, oats, pea?, and potatoes. 
 
 ''6. The surface, after leaving the river, and arriving on the sum- 
 mit, is rolling land — that which rolls to the south and east, produces 
 the best — that which rolls to the north and west, is more cold and 
 less productive. 
 
 " 7. The land comprising the 23,000 acres, above mentioned, is all in 
 a state of nature —unimproved. 
 
 " 8. The timber is of the first growth — beech, maple, hemlock, a few 
 scattering pine trees, some cherry, basswood, &c 
 
 "9. There has not, to my knowledge, any lime or plaster, been 
 used on this tract by the settlers. I apprehend they consider it un- 
 necessary at present, the settlement in general, is of a few years and new. 
 
 " 10. The crop of corn, I understand, is from thirty to forty bushels 
 per acre, without manure, except some leached ashes, a handful put in 
 the hill at the first hoeing. 
 
 " II. No lime, marl, or peat, to my knowledge, near by the tract. 
 
 *' 12. There are two grist mills on the tract, and at convenient distance, 
 some four miles apart — and four saw mills. 
 
 "13. The sum necessary to i)urchase implements and sto(!k for a small 
 farm of 50 acres, say ploughs, six dollars — harrows, five dollarvS — yoke 
 of oxen, seventy dollars — chains, five dollars — wagon, fifty dollars — 
 other small implements, say ten dollars — two cows, thirty dollars — 
 25 sheep, thirty-seven dollars fifty cents. The cost to erect a log house 
 ill that country. 16 by 30 feet, board roof, two floors, windows and doors, 
 and stone chimney, is called thirty dollars. This work is done there by 
 inviting the settlers, and they meet, cut the logs, and with the teams they 
 bring with them, draw the logs, and put the building up the same day, 
 hewing the logs on the inside, outside leave round— stone plenty to build 
 the chimney, at hand on every lot. This labour is done without charge, 
 costs only the dinner for the men, leaves the settler to purchase and draw 
 his lumber, and do the work to finish his house to live in, which cost is 
 estimated as above stated, at thirty dollars. 
 
 " 14. Mechanic's wages. All I know, is in regard to carpenters, 
 which is one dollar per day — the em]»loyor boards him. Young men 
 receive, to work on the farm, from ten to twelve dollars per monthi 
 found board and wa&hing. 
 
 l2 
 
U2 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 
 -^^K 
 
 J^^^m' * ' 
 
 1 
 
 _^^^^? 
 
 m 
 
 
 1 T^H 
 
 ^Ki ' ; 
 
 *• 16. The cash price of the land, ranges from three dollars to five 
 dollars per acre, according to quality, location to roads, evenness, kc. 
 
 ** 16. The credit price is some ten per cent, higher, portion of the pup< 
 chase money in hand, residue in five equal annual instalments, with inte- 
 rest, after the first year. 
 
 "The above statement, I think, is a correct answer to the inquiries 
 you make, which you are welcome to, if they will aid your duties to 
 the emigrants. TiUct good beyond doubt, incontrovertible, which I can 
 establish from docum''ntal evidence." 
 
 "A gentleman in Prince William county, Va., has written me several 
 times to aid him in disposing of his lands. He has a tract of about 
 2,200 acres, which lies in a very convenient manner to be divided up into 
 small farms, of one, two, or three hundred acres each. It has been cul- 
 tivated to a considerable extent, as three distinct farms, and has comfort- 
 able tenements. From his description I should judge that some portions 
 of the tract must be very good land, worth eight or ten dollars per acre; 
 other portions worth from three to five dollars an acre. But he is very 
 anxious to sell, and I have reason to believe he would sell the whole 
 3,200 aeres together at from four to five dollars. These lands are about 
 thirty-two miles from Alexandria. The turnpike road from Alexandria 
 to Warrenton, in Fauquier county, runs within irom six to eight miles. 
 The distance to the Potomac river sixteen miles, but the Oceoquan creek 
 allows vessels to approach within ten miles of a portion of the land. 
 There is a stream running through the tract, on which mills can be 
 erected ; timber for a saw-mill has been prepared, ready to be put up, 
 which will go with the land. There is abundance of good oak and pine 
 timber on these lands, and altogether I should consider it a very desir- 
 able tract for a company of from ten to twenty families. 
 
 " These lands are about five miles from the county seat, Brentville; 
 and there are many excellent farms in the neighbourhood. All that these 
 lands need is good cultivation— deep ploughing will bring up a virgin 
 soil, on which clover grows luxuriantly. 
 
 " When it is considered that a market is near, for all kinds of pro- 
 duce, at prices double and treble those in the western country; that 
 it is a healthy and delightful climate ; short winters, where stock, cat- 
 tle, and sheep need very little fodder from the stack or barn; the 
 emigrants must see that these Virginia lands are more to their ad- 
 vantage than going to the far west." 
 
 " Pittsylvania, C. Ho., Virginia, May 7, 1848. 
 
 ** Gentlemen, — I observed, to-day, your communication in the 
 • Presbyterian,' relative to emigrants. I have concluded to drop you a 
 line on the subject, though it will be a hasty one, yet you may rely upon 
 the statements. 
 
 " This county is one of the southern tier of this state, and is forty 
 miles square, and contains, black and white, a population of 27,000, 
 Consequently, the population is spare, leaving vast quantities of uncul- 
 tivated lands, in tracts from 200 to 1,000 acres, much of which can be 
 purchased at from fifty cents to two dollars per acre; and, although 
 the county is generally level, yet it is well watered, abounding in water- 
 
 ed 
 
MIODLB AND SOUfH fiSTERN STATES. 
 
 113 
 
 ;o their ad- 
 
 power. Dan River, on the south, is navigable for batteaux, and the lands 
 on the river are good, and sell high ; but off the river, a few miles, froui 
 two to three dollars. Danville is situated on this river, and a line for a 
 railroad is now surveying, and the work will, in a few mouths, be put 
 under contract from Richmond, 150 miles. Staunton, on north side, is 
 also navigable, and the lands much lower, as well as thinner, but aboiuid- 
 inf in the finest timber, oak, pine, and chestnut. High lands, a few 
 miles from the river, can be bought in any quantity, at from fifty cents 
 to two dollars. Staunton is twenty-five miles from the flourishing mar- 
 ket town of Lynchburg. There are numerous other lesser streams run- 
 ning through the county, all affording water power for mills, or manu- 
 facturing establishments for enterprising persons; and, as produce is 
 abundant and cheap, as well as materials, such can be readily erected. 
 Any quantity of land, lying level and well watered, can always be 
 bought, and very low, sometimes at twenty-five cents per acre ; indeed, 
 I sold a tract ten miles from Staunton, a short time ago, as a com- 
 missioner in lots of 200 acres, at 12^ and 23 and 25 cents., on six 
 and twelve months* credit ; but no difficulty would be met with in buy- 
 ing lands, of tolerable quality, very low, and even on the line of the 
 railroad. I wrote an article, twelve months ago, calling the attention 
 of emigrants to this fact, and stating that labour next year would be 
 in demand in constructing the railroad. We have a system of free 
 schools in each neighbourhood, where we educate, gratis, those who 
 are unable to educate their children. The prevailing religion, in this 
 county, is Baptist and Methodist. Presbyterianism prevails at Dan- 
 ville and the Court House. Convenient, or within two or tliree miles 
 of the latter place, I own 500 acres of common land, on a creek and 
 branches, in pine and oak, no improvements. I ask two dollars per 
 acre, on twelve and twenty four months' credit ; and adjoining the land 
 is a flour, and corn, and saw mill, besides three or four others in 
 three or four miles ; and a tract of same size, poor, but a good house 
 and outhouses, at same price, on shorter credit; however, lies well; the 
 court-house is twenty miles from Danville, a fine market town; fifty 
 from Lynchburg, and one hundred and fifty from Richmond and Peters- 
 burg, I am an elder in a Presbyterian church at Pittsylvania Court 
 House, and would like exceedingly to aid a few Presbyterian families in 
 settling close to our church. Produce is plenty, and cheap, with us. 
 Much of our lands being cheap, pine lands would answer first rate ibr rais- 
 ing sheep. Tobacco is our staple; as nothing else wiil bear carriage 
 until tlie railroad is completed, Cows and calves are worth from eight 
 to ten dollars; sheep, one dollar fifty cents; sows, say with six pigs, six 
 dollars. Horses are low. Oxen, from fifteen to thirty dollars per 
 yoke. As we have plenty cA' blacksmiths* shops, all kinds of imple- 
 ments of husbandry are cheap and plenty. 
 
 Question I. — Ans. Various quantities of it. 2. Any quantity from 50 
 to 500 acres, and in different neighbourhoods.— 3. From 20 (Danville), 
 50 (to Lynchburg). 150 (Richmond and Petersburg).— 4. Water car- 
 riage t» Dan and Staunton. Land carriage to Lynchburg and Dan- 
 yille.— 5. Corn, 40 to 50 cents per bushel. Wheat. 60 to 73 cents. Oats, 
 30 to 40 cents. Rye, 50 cents. Tobacco varies annually from four to 
 
 L 3 
 

 114 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 irf 
 
 ten dollars. — 6. Red, and grey porous, some fine soil, some good sub- 
 soil, and some none, and some tolerably so, from 50 cents to three dol- 
 lars. — 7. The county, except the White Oak, Smith's and Turkey Cock 
 mountains, lies level, three-fourths of it almost level. 8. Partly cleared, 
 and again all in woods. — 9. Pine, oak, and chestnut in the original 
 growth J second growth pine from six to twelve inches through. — 10. 
 Varying. — 11. Never. — 12. Common land from six to ten bushels com; 
 better, ten to thirty. — 13. Neither, but railroad will enable us to do so. 
 In Grayson and Washington counties, fifty or sixty miles off^, but very 
 bad roads, plaster can be had at fifty cents jaer ton.— 14. County abounds 
 in millsites. — 15. Answered above. — 16. Depends upon fancy and the 
 hands, and their capacity for business, varying from 100 to 300 pounds. 
 — 17 and 18. Common lands, one and two year's credit, sometimes one- 
 third down, — 19. Respectable, but good when rail-road gets under 
 way. So far as mechanics are concerned, it would depend upon the 
 neighbourhood and their profession. Pump-borers, carriage-makers, 
 ditchers, wheelwrights, boot and shoe makers, castings, and plough- 
 makers would all find employment. Any service I can render, you 
 command it." 
 
 The general advice contained in the address of the society of which 
 Mr. Thomason is secretary, is exceedingly valuable. He warns all 
 that hard work, and virtuous conduct are more indispensable in Ame- 
 rica than in England, and that no one who desires to make a com- 
 promise with daily labour, will find comfort in America. He declares 
 that a drunkard leads a far more unhappy life in the new world than 
 in the old, by reason of the universal abhorrence which public opinion 
 has there created against intemperance. He proclaims the disappoint- 
 ment of demagogues with the practical working of the American Con- 
 stitution, and the probability that those who migrate simply to enjoy the 
 advantages of republican institutions, will find the improvement scarcely 
 worth the change. He, especially, denounces the too common prac- 
 tice of electioneerers, who hasten to emigrant ships, thrust forged certifi- 
 cates of citizenship into the hands of voyagers, hurry them up to the 
 polling booth, and get them to swear thoy have inhabited Ame- 
 rica for two years, the fact being that they have only that moment 
 landed. 
 
 A wise caution is given by the Society against the indulgence of thn 
 pride of John Bulli^m. The Americans are excessively clannish, and 
 given to comlwine against foreigners in any question touching love of 
 country. They are intolerably vain, seeming to take to themselves ut* a 
 merit the glories of Nature with which they are surrounded, and tho- 
 roughly provincial in their jealousy of every other country and peoi»lo. 
 " It's a grand country, sir," said a Scotch settler to Mr. Prentice, " if 
 the nati\vjs wadna' blaw pao muckle a])oot it." If an emigi*ant would 
 consult his peace and «ase, let him say little of his own land, and nothinK 
 disparaging to that which he has adopted. He must not keep him^clt 
 aloof as if he held the natives cheap. Let him mingle freely with thcni 
 — engage in no conipariison betwixt the merits of America and hi» (»\f» 
 country, and above all when he s|Hsik.s at all on Americu, let it l)c 
 ID praise ol it. This* will make society easy to him, while a contrary lino 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 115 
 
 of conduct will ensure perpetual discomfort and serious injury to his 
 prospects. 
 
 The large farmer of England is advised not to exchange his tenantcy 
 for an American freehold. For the small farmer with a family the re- 
 public is described as the most eligible of all places. The farm-labourer 
 is also invited to emigrate, but to give up the prejudices of English 
 farming, and to learn with docility the American plans. He is specially 
 advised to attend only to his master, and not to allow his mind to be 
 poiconed by his fellow labourer. " Oh," says an American farmer, " he 
 will do very well when he has learnt, if a native don't whistle in his ear." 
 Tlie American manufacturers make just the opposite complaint. *' We 
 do not like to have Englishmen in our employ. We have generally 
 found them amongst the most troublesome of our workmen. They are 
 disorganizers, the first to express dissatisfaction, and to propose a strike 
 for wages. They enter into politics, and are noisy and violent ultra de- 
 mocrats. They are intemperate and immoral, and their example and 
 iniluence are decidedly pernicious, and I would not have them if I could 
 do without them." * Is it not probable,' I replied, * that advantage is 
 taken of their ignorance, and that they are instigated by the native 
 workmen V * No, sir,' was the reply ; * on the contrary, they lead on the 
 natives.'" — This is exactly the language which is held by continental 
 manufacturers in reference to English workmen ; and unless there is an 
 amendment manifested in this respect, the results may be disastrous to 
 the prospects of British skilled labourers in America. Not that we have 
 any sympathy with the complaints of the American manufacturers against 
 strikes. The English spinner or printer finds the American manu- 
 fecturer running away with exorbitant profits by means of protective 
 duties which enormously tax his customers, and if the expatriated chartist 
 agitator has the wit to see that the hands should go snacks in the high 
 gains of the protected master, he is quite right to show them tho 
 way. 
 
 Inferior mechanics are not encouraged to go to America, as the natives 
 are very superior. Shopmen, clerks, school-teachei-s, small tradesmen, 
 literary gentlemen, &c., are also especially discouraged, on account of tho 
 superior qualifications of the natives. Autumn is recommended as the 
 best season for agi'icultural settlers to emigrate, as they will have the 
 winter before them to prepare for the spring. Lads and female servants 
 are in great request in the cities. The latter are especially adviticd to 
 retain their English feelings, deportment, and conduct, and to ch^iir their 
 heads of the ideas of equality with their mistress, which will only make 
 their lives unhappy, and themselves shunned. In the country, it is said, 
 servants are still helps and ec^uals of their mistress — but in the eastern 
 towns excessive competition has introduced tho English relations of 
 mistress and servant, the latter of whom may lead a happy and respected 
 life if she will only remain thoroughly English. 
 
 It will have been observed that Mr. Thomason extols East Tennessee 
 as possessing tho most equable climate, although it is distant and of 
 inferior soil. Other authorities which wo have consulted lead us to the 
 conclusion that that regicm is the most eligible in the union in many 
 respects. Inferior fertility is only an indication of a smaller proportion 
 
116 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 I •• 
 
 of that decaying vegetable matter which is the source of so much tliscase 
 in the New world. 
 
 Mr. Robert James, of Cardew, Cumberland, travelled through Canada. 
 In Ohio he found " some excellent dairy farms, one of which I visited, 
 that had twenty-seven cows, was producing 100 lbs. of cheese per day, 
 the selling price 5 and 6 cents per lb. j the average annual produce of 
 each cow was estimated at 20 dollars. Although in general a good wheat 
 country, the crop was this season very poor, and injured by the fly, which 
 last is of common occurrence. The Saxon and Alerino sheep are kopt 
 here, but are subject to the "foot rot" and worm in the head; they 
 have invariably to be housed during the winter, which in this state is also 
 long and severe, renderint; stock-keeping expensive from the heavy con- 
 sumption of winter fodder. 
 
 " In Southern Ohio and the neighbourhood of Cincinnati, the farms 
 are somewhat better improved than in the north, and the land higher in 
 price, being worth from 20 to 50 dollars per acre ; the Indian corn crops 
 were good, wheat crops very indifferent, not exceeding seven imperial 
 bushels per acre, the oat crop was good, and the soil seems to be well 
 adapted to green crops, although they are not raised to any extent. 
 
 " The farms in the neighbourhood of Lexington, in Kentucky, are in a 
 high state of cultivation and improvement ; land in this and some of the 
 adjoining counties sells at from 40 to 50 dollars per acre. The soil is a 
 black limestone, on which the blue grass (a fine natural pasturage grass) 
 grows spontaneously. The Kentuckians, who are well-informed gentle- 
 manly men, have a very superior breed of horses, mules, cattle, and 
 hogs. The markets are south and east. From Kentucky, I crossed the 
 Cumberland Mountains into East Tennessee. The Tennesseans are 
 slovenly farmers and very indolent ; to live an easy life seems with them 
 to be a leading consideration. The capabilities of the soil and general 
 advantages of the country are, notwithstanding, unsurpassed by any i)or- 
 tion of Canada or the United States which I have visited. Four months 
 out of twelve will constitute the average amount of labour done by each 
 farmer ; and farm labour in East Tennessee, to support their own popu- 
 lation, and export what they do, is strong evidence of tlie fruitfulness of 
 the soil and genial nature of the climate. If, therefore, four months will 
 produce so much, what, in the hands of industrious Englislmun, will 
 twelve months produce ! Land is lower in price hero than in any state 
 in the Union; this is accounted for, by its being, hitherto, from its 
 isolated position, almost unknown to emigrants. The country is now, 
 liowever, becoming more known, and rendered so much more accessible 
 by rail, roads, steamboats, &c., that an advance in the price of land is 
 confidently expected; its i)resent selling price is from 12 to 10 dollars per 
 acie, according to its quality and im])rovement; the best upland cannot 
 be exceeded, it is a rich chocolate-coloured loam, with a clay basis. Ex- 
 cellent farms, with good buildings, orchards, &c., can bo purchased at 
 from 4 to 7 doUai-s per acre. Tlu^ river bottom tiirms are the most 
 valuable, but usually unhealthy; they are worth from 15 to 50 dollars 
 per acre. Excepting these farms, the country is as healthy as any i)art 
 of the world; tlie climate is delightful, llie summer not being so hotaa 
 I found it in Cuuudu and the other states that 1 visited; it is not unlike 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERlf STATES. 
 
 117 
 
 the summers we have in England, but commencing much earlier and 
 continuing longer. The country is beautiful and picturesque, watered 
 by several navigable rivers, and abounding in creeks and streams, whilst 
 the majority of the farms have springs of excellent water. 
 
 '•'Tennessee raises more Indian corn than any other state. Hogs, 
 horses, and cattle constitute the leading exports, which are sent to the 
 southern and south-western states. When the Georgia Railroad is ex- 
 tended thirty miles, namely, to Chattanooga on the Tennessee River, 
 there will be a direct steamboat and railroad communication from Knox- 
 ville, the central town of East Tennessee, to Charleston, South Carolina. 
 During my stay here, a cotton-spinning and manufacturing company 
 was formed, a portion to be English capital, and worked by English 
 hands on the Manchester principles. The resources of this section of 
 country destine it for a great manufacturing district. The mountain and 
 woodlands are uninclosed, and, as long as they remain so, the law pro- 
 nounces them free to the community for pasturage ; the winter being so 
 short, cattle and other stock require very little winter feeding. The soil 
 of the great valley farms is so well suited for pasture, meadow, and green 
 crops, that a sheep or stock farmer can winter at a trifling expense on 
 his lowland farm, and send his stock to the mountains in summer, free 
 of cost, except the looking after and saljfing (which custom is now adopted 
 by numbers of the Tennessean farmers). They are an orderly and tem- 
 perate people. I saw but two drunken men during my stay, one being 
 at an election, and the other at a muster of volunteers for Mexico. The 
 few slaves there are in East Tennessee, are apparently well fed, clothed, 
 and treated; attending church or meeting, Sunday schools, &;c.; they 
 seem in general both happy and comfortable. 
 
 " Such is my impression of East Tennessee, and to it I have given a 
 preference over any of the other states, by completing a purchase therein, 
 both of land and water power." 
 
 Mr. J. Gray Smith, who had been an English farmer in our manu- 
 facturing districts, settled in East Tennessee in 1838, and after an ex- 
 perience of eight years, furnishes in a •• Brief Report of a Trip to Canada 
 and the United States," the following interesting and intelligent account 
 of Tennessee, now the land of his final adoption : — 
 
 " Blount County, East Tennessee, Dec. 3, 194B. 
 "Dear Sir, — It is impossible to conceive a valley of land more 
 picturesque and beautiful than the Great Valley, comprising the greater 
 portion of the district of East Tennessee. In travelling along the roads, 
 with which the country is well intersected, and which are in general 
 good, almost every half mile or mile will present a different prospect : 
 sometimes of a substantial homestead with its orchard, corn fields, and 
 meadow, bounded by the primeval forest ; at other times approaching a 
 miyestic river, its banks fringed with evergreens, and its waters over- 
 shadowed by the gigantic sycamore — {Plantanus Occidcntalis)', whilst its 
 rich alluvium bottom lands, hundreds of acres in extent, from their un- 
 bounded luxuriance, remind you of the Nile lands of Egypt, until a bond 
 in the river, or the elevated benches of upland, again diversify the scene. 
 At other times crossing some stream, " bubbling onwai*ds to the neigh- 
 bouring mill," which you can just get a poop at through the woods, with 
 
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 H8 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 
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 1 
 
 J^ :l 
 
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 tl 
 
 M 
 
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 the dusty " miller" gazing out towards the road, wondering who " tluit 
 stranger " can be. And again, at other times passing the newly erected 
 log building and clearing of a recent settler, with half a dozen hardy, 
 bare-footed, bare-headed, and all but shirtless urchins playing about the 
 logs and fences. Whilst you will again occasionally pass the worn and 
 turned out fields of some of the original settlers, or their less industrious, 
 or still less thrifty descendants, with the fences removed or rotting down, 
 and the ground partly grown up wit h pine, cedar, persimmon, or sassa- 
 fras, and, mayhap, a few straggling peach trees, yet, withal, pleasing to 
 the eye, not unfrequently reminding you of the lawns and ornamental 
 park grounds of England. Add to the general view the lofty range of 
 the Alleghany Mountains on the south, and the Cumberland range on 
 the north, which are perceptible in the distance from any part of the 
 Great Valley, and a tolerably correct conclusion may be drawn of the 
 general appearance of this interesting section of country. 
 
 " The river bottom farms are considered the most valuable, possessing 
 a rich, alluvial, black soil of several feet in depth. On many of these 
 farms Indian corn, which is an exhausting crop, has been grown for up- 
 wards of thirty years in succession, without change of crop, and yet still 
 produces on an average forty and fifty bushels to the acre; in these 
 bottoms the corn stalks will be fifteen and sixteen feet high. Above the 
 lower lauds is a second bench, usually termed '* second bottom," the soil 
 of which is not so rich, but yet will average fi'om thirty to thirty -five 
 bushels to the acre. The first bottom is valued at from 20 to 30 dollars 
 per acre; the second at fi'om 10 to 15 dollars; and the upland adjoining 
 at from 4 to 6 dollars per acre, the latter being somewhat more valuable 
 near the river bottom lands, for rail-timber and firewood than further in 
 the interior. On these farms there are either hewed log dwellings and 
 out-buildings, or what are termed frame-buildings, which are of sawed 
 scantling, weather-boarded outside with half-inch boards, and ceiled 
 inside with five-eighth inch boards, brick chimneys, &c ; the buildings 
 are sometimes painted, but more frequently not. These buildings usually 
 contain two or three rooms below, and the same above ; the kitchens and 
 "smoke" or "meat houses" are always detached. On some farms, of 
 late years, brick dwellings have been erected ; but, from the manner in 
 which some of these are tenanted and furnished, it reminds you stronfjly 
 of Wa.shington Irving's description of the Vankoo's " shingle jialaco" 
 with its "petticoat windows," store rooms of "]>umpkins and potatoes," 
 and " festoons of dried apples and peaciies :" and, though the good dame 
 of the house may set her cap a little more triinly, she is evidently sa 
 much out of her element as the snail in the lobster shell ; tlicre are, how- 
 ever, exceptions in these things. The river farms vary in extent, running 
 from 500 to 1500 acres; and although, as regards productiveness, they 
 are most desirable, yet I cannot advise uny of my countrymen to settle 
 upon them ; for, except in some localities near the mountains, where 
 the streams are rapid, they are, in general, more or less subject to fever 
 and ague. 
 
 "A rtrst-rato upland farm, that is, a farm not adjoining the river, say 
 of 600 acres, and of the best quality of land, generally, in this and the 
 neighbouring counties, of u deep nmlutto colour, witii good buildings, 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 119 
 
 iVG'j in these 
 . Above the 
 ;om," the soil 
 
 uiidor good fence, and in other respects what is termed here " in good 
 
 repair," is worth from 7 to 10 dollars per acre. The dwelling-house 
 
 would probably be either a superior hewed-log frame or brick building 
 
 with barn, stables, &tf., to match ; a good spring near the house, for but 
 
 few of our good farms are without, although some have wells, and the 
 
 spring, or some other branch, running through a portion of the farm. 
 
 Of the 600 acres^ perhaps 200 acres will be cleared and in cultivation as 
 
 follows : 10 acres orchard, garden, and truck patch, as it is termed, that 
 
 is, for raising early corn (for roasting ears), beans, peas, Irish and sweet 
 
 potatoes, cabbage, and tobacco, and cotton, for home consumption, 
 
 80 acres Indian corn, 30 acres clover, 10 acres meadow, 30 to 40 acres 
 
 oats, and 20 to 30 acres wheat, the remaining 400 acres will be woodland, 
 
 for rail-timber and firewood. When a farm has more than one half of 
 
 its land cleared, it is considered deteriorated, as being in a fair way to 
 
 become short of fencing timber, the original settlers having, seemingly, 
 
 had no notion that any would come after them, as " none had been 
 
 before them," for the leading object of both them and their immediate 
 
 descendants seemed to be to supply their immediate wants, reckless at 
 
 what sacrifice ; for to cut down timber indiscriminately, and get it out 
 
 of the way by rolling in heaps and then burning, was, and is even yet 
 
 with some, a perfect frolic ; in consequence of which many of the old 
 
 farms are so short of fencing timber as to be obliged to beg or buy from 
 
 their more fortunate neighbours ; even now, a Tennessean would say a 
 
 man had '* queer notions," as the term is, that would leave a handsome 
 
 lawn, shade, or timber tree in his clearing. The average yield of the 
 
 above-described farm would be from thirty to forty bushels of Indian 
 
 corn, eight to ten bushels of wheat, from thirty to forty bushels of oats, 
 
 and two tons of hay or clover per acre. 
 
 " A second-rate farm, say of 600 acres, with buildings in many in- 
 stances equal to those of the first-class farms, and indeed generally but 
 little inferior, but the land, perhaps, naturally thinner or more ex- 
 hauiited — probably the land may be of the best quality, but not lay so 
 well, or be in so good a locality — would sell at from 4 to 6 dollars per 
 acre. The cropping would perhaps be similar to the flrst-class farms, 
 excepting that thei o might not be so much clover, but in lieu thereof a 
 worn-out field gro vn u]) with wild grass and sprouts, and used as a 
 pasture for stock. These farmg may be estimated to average from twenty- 
 ftve to thii'ty bushels of Indian corn, twenty to thirty bushels of oats, and 
 from five to seven bushels of wheat per acre. 
 
 " The third class farms usually sell at from two to three dollars per acre. 
 These have, generally, tolerably comfortable log buildings, orchards, &c., 
 but the land thinner or more exhausted, with perhaps a number of turned 
 out fields, or a scarcity of rail timber. The average crop of such farms 
 will be from fifteen to twenty bushels of Indian corn, twenty bushels of 
 oats, and throe to four bushels of wheat per acre. 
 
 " Wood-land, without any improvements as to buildings, &c., sells at 
 from two to six dollars per acre, according to the locality and quality. 
 In Polk and Bradley counties, sixty miles below this, adjoining the Geor- 
 gia line, woodland can bo bought at 50 cents per acre; the soil is, how- 
 ever, light and gruveUy. 
 
120 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 iMtt; 
 
 " The Improved farms in Tennessee rary from 160 acres to 1000 acres* 
 there being but few less than 150 acres, the majority of them run from 
 200 to 400 acres, on some, not more than one-fourth of the land is 
 cleared, on some, one-third, on others, one-half, and on others, two- 
 thirds. The crop of wheat and oats may appear light ; but, from the 
 manner in which they are put in, it is a wonder that they obtain a crop at 
 all. Oats ai'e sown in February on corn or wheat stubble, without any 
 previous ploughing, and then ploughed in with what is called a * bull 
 tongue ;' and this, without ever being harrowed, is all the attention they 
 get until harvest, which commences early in July. Wheat I have fre- 
 quently seen sown broadcast in October and November amongst the stand- 
 ing Indian corn, and so ploughed in; after the com is gathered, the stalks 
 will be cut and carried off, and this many call putting in wheat ; it is 
 usually harvested about the last week in June. Our best farmers are now 
 however, beginning to put in their wheat with something like a system, 
 namely by ploughing up their clovered land, cleaning, harrowing, &c., 
 but still no attention is paid to the selection of seed, liming, rolling, &c 
 Shallow ploughings have injured much of the land in this country. Some 
 years ago the common shovel and bull tongue ploughs were in general 
 use ; and, as these seldom go more than three or four inches deep, on 
 land at all sloping or undulating, the soil has washed off with the heavy 
 rains we sometimes have, whilst the cropping from year to year with In- 
 dian com, has, of course, added to the mischief. Deep ploughing and 
 clovering, which our leading farmers have begun of late years to adopt, 
 80on, however brings this description of lands round again, much of the 
 virgin soil being still under the surface. 
 
 " I had, last year, a man ploughing up a small lot for me; and, ob- 
 serving him do it in the country fashion, two or three inches deep, 
 though not much of a practical farmer, I thought I could beat that, and 
 accordingly took the line, when, rushing in the plough as deep as it 
 would go, I turned up the rich mulatto loam ; the fellow stared, and said 
 that, if I wanted it done that way, he would do it, but (our Tennesseans 
 
 seldom swear, except about iron and salt works) that he would be d d 
 
 if it did not ruin my horse, and perhaps it did, for sure enough it died 
 afterwards. — Believe mo, dear Sir, your's truly, 
 
 "J. Gray Smith." 
 
 
 We make no apology for engaging the attention of our readers with 
 the rest of these letters, whoso literary merits are equalled by their 
 ability and good sense. 
 
 " Montvale Springs, Blount County, East Tennesso, 7th Feb., 1847. 
 "Dear Sir, — The markets for the produce of East Tennessee are 
 North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and New OrleanA. 
 Horses, mules, cattle, and hogs are driven in the months of October, 
 November, and December, to the whole of these States. Bacon, flour, 
 butter, lard, feathers, bees' wax, dried peaches and apples, peach 
 brandy, &;c., are hauled thither by waggons ; and in the boating season 
 produce of every descript.m is taken down the river to North Ala- 
 bama ; it is estimated that from five hundred to six hundred keel and 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 m 
 
 Iflat boats of considerable tonnage pass Knoxville annually for this mar- 
 (ket and New Orleans ; there is also a steam-boat line from Knoxville 
 |to the muscle shoals in Alabama. The bulk of the Indian corn is con- 
 Isuiiied in fattening hogs, cattle, horses, and mules, or distilled into 
 Iwliisky and sent down the river. The little wool raised is consumed in 
 (the country. Philadelphia and New York, however, furnish an unli- 
 liriited market, the banks or merchants in this State cashing draughts on 
 Imercaiitile houses in these cities, and allowing a premium on them of 
 Ifiom cue to two per cent. Were some of your skilful sheep farmers 
 Ihere, nothing could prevent them lealizing one hundred percent, per 
 annum on the capital invested ; for, with the little attention paid to them 
 in East Tennessee, in three instances out of four, not even being fed in 
 winter, they will yield three pounds of wool to the fleece, which will 
 bring a dollar, whilst the sheep itself is only worth a dollar — mutton 
 jbeingbut rarely used, some prejudice existing against it; but with the 
 (care and feeding, a practical sheep farmer would bestow, he would, at 
 lleast, double the fleece, as well as have an extra increase in lambs ; for, 
 I although our winters are not severe, food and shelter must not only be 
 [advantageous, but necessary. The greatest yield of wool that I have 
 jheai'd of here has been from the Saxony sheep, — as much as six and 
 seven pounds to the fleece having been obtained where the feeding has 
 been in some measure attended to. The common wools of the country 
 {are of a good medium quality, being a good deal mixed with the merino, 
 [which were introduced some twenty years ago, and are now again becom- 
 jing mixed with the Saxony, several hundred of which were brought here 
 in 1840, from Connecticut ; they at first sold for forty dollars the pair, 
 but can now be bought at from five to ten dollars per pair. The horses 
 of this country are in general from * blooded stock,' our farm horses 
 being usually even lighter than your * hacks.' They are, in fact, too 
 light for farm work, and require crossing with some of your heavier 
 breeds. The mules are much superior to those generally seen in Eng- 
 j land, running from fourteen to sixteen hands high; they are sired by 
 [imported Spanish and Maltese Jacks, which are very valuable, being 
 worth from five hundred to one thousand dollars each. The cattle are 
 of a mixed breed ; the Durham have been pretty plentifully intro- 
 duced. I have not, however, seen any of the handsome * Devons,* 
 Kyhich I think would suit the country better than the Durham, being 
 lighter and better suited for driving to the southern market than the 
 heavy and cumbrous Durham. The hogs are crossed with the China, 
 Berkshire, Irish Grazier, &c. The vegetables raised here are, with some 
 ivlditions, about the same as the common run of those used in England, 
 consisting of garden and field peas, Irish and sweet potatoes, French beans, 
 yams, cabbage, beets, carrots, parsnips, cucumbers, water and cantelope 
 melons, asparagus, onions, turnips, &c. I believe that, without excep- 
 tion, they all grow as well as with you, and many of them much bet- 
 Itor— the sweet potatoes, yams, and water melons are very fine. Of 
 jfruits, the strawberry, raspberry, and red cuiTant do well ; the black 
 jcurrant is partially cultivated, but is not liked; the gooseberry grows 
 |and fruits freely, but the fruit is smaller, and sometimes mildews ; this 
 nay probably arise from want of pruning and other attention. The 
 
122 
 
 MIDDLE AND SOUTH WESTERN STATES. 
 
 i ■« ■? 
 
 better kind of grapes, as Hambro', Frontignac, Tokay, &c., are 
 vated by the upper class of citizens, and do not require any shelter ; apri.| 
 cots and nectarines are occasionally met with, but not often, though tW 
 climate is favourable. The Orleans, damson, and blue violet plums an' 
 grown here, but are not plentiful ; and the best kind of cherries are eo 
 tirely neglected, having nothing but a wild sort, not much better tlianj 
 your 'merry.' The wild fruits are the raspberry, strawberry, vacd- 
 nium or whortle-berry, service -berry, hack-berry, wild plum, persiramon, 
 or date plum, black walnut, sweet or Spanish chestnut, butter nut, shell. 
 barked hickory nut, two or three varieties of the grape vine, and ttj 
 pawpaw, or Indian fig. 
 
 " The forest growth consists of the different varieties of the oak, yelloj 
 
 and white, or Weymouth pine, hemlock, spruce, plantanus, or buttOD' 
 
 wood, liriodendron, tulip tree, gum, beech, birch, elm, maple, bom 
 
 chestnut, hickory, locust tree, mulberry, red cedar, magnolia, dfec. The 
 
 shrub growth consists of the holly, dogwood, sourwood, red bud or Judaij 
 
 tree, bird cherry, shumac, sassafras, &c. The herbaceous are too nume- 
 
 rous to specify : amongst them, however, are the coreopsis, rudbeckia, 
 
 lily, iris, aster, gentiana, lobelia, veronica, spiraea, viola, &c. Tin 
 
 rhododendron, kalmia, andromoda, azalea, magnolia, hemlock spruce, 
 
 &c , are principally confined to the river banks and mountain districti 
 
 " In thegi'eat valley, partridges, rabbits, squirrels, and wild ducks anj 
 
 plentiful ; but deer, turkeys, and pheasants are becoming scarce. Bac-i 
 
 coons and opossums are numerous, and good eating~in my opinioi 
 
 far superior to " roasted pig." The red and grey fox are in places tof| 
 
 plentiful, and the black fox is occasionally caught. There are not 
 
 bears or wolves ; and the rattlesnake and other venomous kinds of tl 
 
 species are but rarely seen or heard of in the valley, being principal 
 
 confined to the mountains, so that the most timid need not have an 
 
 fears on that head. This country is supplied with groceries froiil 
 
 Charlestown and Columbia, (South Carolina,) Augusta and Colurabi 
 
 (Georgia), and New Orleans ; and with cotton, silk, linen goods, hi 
 
 ware, &c., from Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. 
 
 " Coffee and sugar sell for ten and twelve cents per pound, molasses or| 
 ' treacle,* at seventy-five cents per gallon. Grey sheeting, thirty-sii 
 inches, ten cents per yard ; bleached shirting, twelve and fourteen cent* 
 per yard. Printed calicoes and fancy dry goods are high, the merchants 
 generally having one hundred per cent, on the original cost. In m/ 
 next, I shall give you some account of our manufactures, people, towns, 
 manners, customs, &c.; and believe me, dear sir, your's truly, 
 
 •*J. Gray Saiith." 
 
 " Montvale Springs, Blount County, East Tennessee, April 8, 1847. 
 ** Dear Sir, — To an indifferent observer the latitude of Tennesseej 
 would present a southern climate, but the elevation of the Great Vallen 
 above the low regions of the south, coupled with the altitude of thij 
 immense chain of mountains forming its southern boundary, thus si" 
 ing us from the hot sultry winds which blow off" the Gulf of Mexico,! 
 as well as those from the low unhealthy swamps along the Atlantic sen-j 
 board, at once account for the temperature and salubrity of oursumintfl 
 
MIDDLE AND SOUTH WE8TERN STATES. 
 
 123 
 
 inus, or button 
 
 lonths, the thermometer usuatly ranging from 70 to 85 degrees ; and 
 [jiou"h, for several years a close observer of it, even in our hottest wea- 
 Iliei' I have but seldom known it exceed 00 degrees, whilst even then wo 
 We light breezes or eddies of wind from one range of mountains, or 
 
 Ihe other. 
 "In winter, the Cumberland range of mountains, which divide us from 
 [entucky, shelter us from the cold, raw, and piercing prairie winds of 
 le north-west ; that, were it not for one or two (I have seldom known 
 lore), extremely cold nights in winter, when the thermometer will sink 
 ) zero, I believe the orange and lemon, with other tropical plants, 
 (Tould live here without shelter. With but very few exceptions, the 
 /inter does not commence until Christmas, and continues until the end, 
 ir the first or second week in January, when we have pleasant and agree- 
 Ible weather, not unlike the -February of the south of England ; it must 
 )owever be understood, that on to the middle or end of March we have, 
 [opasionally, cold spells of two or three days continuance. This season, 
 iur winter did not commence until the early part of January, and con- 
 }nued, off and on, until the end of February ; it is considered the long- 
 st and most severe winter experienced for a considerable number of 
 Bars; the season is, consequently, from two to three weeks later than 
 rerl remember it; the peach, plum, and cherry are just going out of 
 ^lossom, the apples are now in bloom, the Cornus Florida, with its large 
 ^hite blossom, and the " red bud," or Judas tree, with its dark pink, are 
 fow rendering our woods both gay and brilliant, the tulip tree, maple, 
 id Spanish chestnut, are all in young leaf, and some of the oaks putting 
 it leaf and blossom j the pink and white azalea, dwarf blue iris, and 
 Relets are beginning to ornament the slopes of our mountains, and, an- 
 te the Canadian woods — 
 
 " Where birds for<j:et to sinij, 
 But silent bats in drowsy clusters cllug*," 
 
 ligratory birds are returning from enjoying the milder winters of the 
 )uth, and, in concert with those which remain with us, enliven the 
 iroods with the most sweet and varied notes from sunrise to sunset ; 
 Imongst these songsters may be noticed the little wren, and the robin 
 [the latter, twice the size of yours), the red bird (about the size of 
 le thrush), and many others, with plumage as beautiful as their song, 
 (ut whose names are unknown to me. The mocking-bird is migi-atory, 
 
 is the whip-poor-will, who, but yesterday, for the first time this sea- 
 )n, awoke me with his call half an hour before sunrise ; the whip-poor-* 
 »rill is never heard through the day, only for a little while before sunrise, 
 id then after sunset ; his note is loud and clear, though there is a sad- 
 kess about it which some would deem to border on harshness. The 
 ^eautiful humming-bird has already returned to uh also, and busies it- 
 elf like a " spirit of air" (for it is never seen to alight), in sipping nec- 
 
 pyfrom the early blossoms around us. The turtle dove remains 
 irough the winter, and its sweet, though mournful note is to me oft- 
 
 les more grateful than tliat of the gayer and more varied choristers 
 round, impressing mo with something of that feeling which may be 
 ippoHod to have possessed Isaac, " when ho wont out to meditate in the 
 ^eld at eventide." . " . ■ . ■: , m. s 
 
Ar4i 
 
 1S4 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WESTERN STATES 
 
 " In Canada, and the Northern and Eastern States, summer follows 
 quick upon a short spring ; here the spring is lengthy, usually com- 
 meneing the latter end of January, and continuing until the end of May; 
 our autumn usually commences about the latter end of September, and 
 (with the exception of now and then a slight frost), may be said to con- 
 tinue until Christmas ; in November we have, what is termed " Indian 
 summer," when the thermometer will range from 50 to 70 degrees, with 
 a remarkably mild and genial atmosphere ; it is considered by many the 
 most pleasant and delightful season in the year. 
 
 " The slave population of East Tennessee is small, with the exception of 
 some wealthy planters on the river bottom farms, consisting principally 
 of house servants ; not one farmer in ten throughout thie Groat Valley 
 owning any at all. They were formerly more numerous, but the high 
 prices which they commanded in Mississippi and Lousiana a few years 
 ago, as much as one thousand and twelve hundred dollars being given for 
 a young, able-bodied, field negro, tempted the cupidity or necessities of 
 the majority of the East Tennessee slave holders to sell out ; others, 
 * conscience stricken,* availed themselves of this seeming chance of 
 ' washing their hands* of the * plague spot,* soothing themselves with 
 the reflection, that in ceasing to be holders * they would be clean ;' not 
 considering, or allowing themselves to do so, that they were inflicting a 
 worse bondage upon the poor negro, by consigning him to the merciless 
 driver of the South, than he would have endured with them in Tennessee. 
 Others, again, have held on to their negroes until in the grasp of death, 
 when, having made all the use of them they could in this world, and 
 fearing retributive justice in the next, they have kindly determined that 
 their heirs should have none of their qualms of conscience on the subject, 
 and, therefore, in their last will and testament, declared their bondmen 
 and bondswomen to be for ever — * free.* 
 
 "I must, injustice, testify to the almtst universal kindness with which 
 the, comparatively few, slaves that remain here are treated ; it is true, 
 they are valuable, and this treatment may emanate from policy, or a 
 species of * domestic economy ;' with some, this is doubtless the mpia- 
 spring of action, but there are others who, I feel assured, act from a more 
 benevolent motive and feeling, yet, who, like the young man who had 
 * great possessions,' still prefer treasure on earth to * treasure in 
 heaven.' My own impression is, that this stain upon humanity and 
 Christian nations will, ere many years, be abolished from amongst us, if 
 not by Siate enactment, by the voice of popular opinion, and the poor 
 benighted negro be clothed with the mantle of freedom, and the ri^jhts 
 of citizenship.— Believe mo, dear Sir, your's truly, 
 
 "J. Gray Smith." 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WESTERN STATES- 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The Western states abound in beautiful flowers, wild fruits, and birds 
 of eveFy vai'iety, and of the gayest plumage. The glow-worm and fire- 
 fly, and butterflies of every hue, ore common, and the musijuitoes in the 
 
GENERAL FEATURES OF WESTERN STATES. 
 
 125 
 
 e' il 
 
 Uheltcr of the woods, are very annoying. Snakes are very numerous, of 
 great variety, and some of them exceedingly dangerous; yet few acci- 
 dents happen from their attacks. As we have elsewhere said, day and 
 night are more equally divided in America than in Europe, and in the 
 former there is an entire absence of twilight, or gray, still evening, dark- 
 ness hastening on the moment the sun sinks beneath the horizon. As a 
 general rule, roads are few and bad, and bridges still worse. Public con- 
 veyances are conducted in an inconvenient way, from the independence of 
 the conductors upon the custom of the public; and inns and steam boats 
 are indifferently regulated. In the former, the innkeepers bear them- 
 I selves as the obliging parties, and often decline to serve customers whea 
 1 it is inconvenient. The beds and bed-rooms are very badly managed, 
 I and the houses over crowded. The balance of testimony is in favour of 
 the American character for evenness of temper, deference to women, 
 substantial good manners, with great plainness of speech and address, and 
 great and genuine kindness to the sick or the distressed, particularly 
 I strangers, widows, and orphans. Commercial integrity is low, and there 
 I is much over-reaching and sharpness in bargains, and mercantile con- 
 ! tracts. The litigious and pettifogging tendencies of the people, are the 
 j result of their acuteness, logical intellect, and inferior sentimental en- 
 I dowments. Law and lawyers are the curse of the country, and it is em- 
 phatically said that an American will go to law with his own father about 
 a penny. These features are not the result of the character, so much as 
 of the circumstances of the people. Character is not of much conse- 
 quence ^0 a people who may be ruined a dozen times, and recover easily, 
 from the great facilities of getting a living, and of moving from one 
 locality to settle in another. Even repudiation is the consequence of 
 universal suffi'age, and would occur, if we are to believe our conserva- 
 j tive politicians, and Chartist orators, in the case of our own national 
 debt, if every male adult had a vote. A sponge to the debt is a favourite 
 remedy of the Chartists, and an " equitable adjustment" as it is called, 
 finds many supporters among ourselves. Indeed the Birmingham " lit- 
 tle shilling," is but a thin disguise for a composition of 15s. in the 
 pound; while Earl Stanhope, and his agricultural disciples, delibe- 
 rately propose the plunder of the national creditor, and of the church 
 as the alternative of the policy of protection. The Americans are the 
 best informed and educated people in the world. They possess, in- 
 tellectually, a great fund of gaiety and humour, veiled by a cool 
 sedateness of exterior. In our apprehension, their literature is of 
 the highest order, and their attainments in science, especially in its ap- 
 plication to practical purposes, are far beyond their opportunities. No- 
 thing can be superior to their promise in poetry — they have invented a 
 music of their own — their drama can boast its Cu«hmans and come- 
 dians— their kistorians, lexicographers, and Jurisconsults, are deservedly 
 of high reputation— their lighter literature has its Coopers, Irvings, 
 Sedgewicks, Sigourneys, and, above all, its Kirklands, and in moral and 
 theological disquisition they have not fallen behind the standard of Eu- 
 rope. Emerson, Parker, Ware, Channirg, Norton, Dewey, Everett, 
 whom have we that wo can place above such men ; and for orators, to 
 whom shall we reckon Webster inferior ? . •, 
 
 M 3 
 
126 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES OP WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Every form of government has its excellences and its dangers. A re- 
 publican constitution is the only one which was ever practically p(!,ssil)ie 
 among a people who are all freeholders of ample lands, and entirely in. 
 dependent of each other. That which we regard as the peculiar safety of our 
 institutions, the absence of centralization, and the prevalence of local 
 self government, operates to even a greater extent in America. The 
 universal education and intelligence of her people, the deep root which 
 religion has taken among them, their love, almost conceit of country, and 
 their reverence for their really gTeatmen,joined with the boundlessnatural 
 wealth of their territory, and the comfortable circumstances of all, are 
 guarantees for the stability and prosperity of her order of society, to be 
 found nowhere else. Their extraordinary progress in every art of life, 
 and their superhuman conquest of nature over the amplitudes of a bound- 
 less territory, mark them out as the greatest nation that ever existed. 
 Contrasting their history and position with the recent annals of Europe, 
 it is impossible to doubt that the probabilities in favour of security from 
 anarchy, violence, and revolution, preponderate in favor of the transat- 
 lantic republic. United in patriotism, national sympathy, and federa- 
 tively, the people are yet so divided into independent communities, that 
 local convulsions do not affect the general tranquillity. The institution of 
 slavery only affects a portion of the republic, and will gradually sink 
 before the influence of public opinion, and moral dynamics. Her crav- 
 ing for war is providentially counterbalanced by regard for the dollars it 
 will cost, and the discovery of Califomian gold, will restore her currency 
 to a state of health, and mitigate the evils of truck and barter. Of repu- 
 diation the settled states are ashamed. We do not believe any national 
 stocks in the world are so safe as those of New York, Pennsylvania, Mas- 
 sachusetts, Ohio, or Kentucky. The market of England is now opened 
 for the provisions and grain of the Western States, and we cannot enter- 
 tain a doubt, that for centuries to come, this great republic must pro- 
 gress in comfort, security, prosperity, and every good which can make 
 civilization desirable, and the institution of society, an element of human 
 happiness.* 
 
 ♦The contradictory accounts given of American character, arise to a great extent 
 from the prejudices of the writers. Some believe nothing good can come from a J 
 republic, — others that it must be productive of every social excellence. The ten- 
 dency of the human mind to classify where there is no warrant of resemblance, in* 
 duces many to attribute to a natiou that which is true only of the individuals of 
 whom the writers have personal experience. If an Englisliman is cheated by a 
 Yankee, he calls all Yankees rogues;— if by an Englishman, he only attributes the 
 roguery to the individual. Among the vulgar of our own country there exists a 
 superstitious prejudice against all foreigners, and a clannish combination against 
 them. Their helpless condition, their ignorance of onr laws and customs, make them 
 the easy prey of our domestic scoundrels. The further you go into our thinly popu- 
 lated districts, the greater will be found the dislike of Yankees, Frenchmen, or even 
 Irishmen. 
 
 So must our emigrants expect to find it among the Americans, especially if they 
 carry the pride of John Bull and his natural contempt of every body else, on theit 
 backs and in their heading. Wherever Englishmen go, they grumble at every thing 
 that rs not English. They abuse their ov.n country at home, and depreciate e\erj 
 other abroad. Is it singular that Americans should be animated by a similar instinct! 
 
 We ought not to be surprised that the rogues and scoundrels who infest America, 
 as they do our own country, should fasten upon the ignorant foreigner, as their 
 Icf-itimate prey. Their knowledf^e of the quirks and quibbles of thei.* own law, 
 will be readily used to cheat the helpless cmi^ritut. But we have scarcely seen an 
 
TEXAS. 
 
 127 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 For the sake of completeness, we enumerate Texas among the regions 
 of emigration. We have carefully compared the testimony given to the 
 state and prospects of this territory, and read many contradictory accounts 
 of its character. The most recent narrative of emigi'ation prospects is 
 that furnished by the late expedition of Icarians fi'om France, which 
 gives a deplorable account of every thing connected with it. The cha- 
 racter of the leaders and projectors of the emigration, seems chiefly how- 
 ever chargeable with the failure of the scheme, the only very significant 
 fact, condemnatory of the district, being the circumstance that, all the 
 travellers have left it, and returned, some to the Western States, others to 
 France. But it is notorious that the French are deficient in fortitude, 
 hope, and perseverance, and never make good colonists. Our own Co- 
 lonial and Land Emigration Commissioners have inserted the following : 
 — " Caution respecting Emigration to Texas," in successive numbers of 
 
 instance in which this has been attempted, where the native Americans have not 
 assisted the stranger against the knave who sought to oppress him. Facts speak vo- 
 lumes. Crime of every kind is far less in America than in England, or indeed in any 
 other country. The inciting cause of fraud and dishonesty does not exist there. 
 The support of life is easy. There is no struggle for a livine:, nor any of that violence of 
 competition which tempts so many to realize Poor Richard's adage, " It is hard for 
 an empty bag to stand upright." In the Western States, each man has his own free- 
 hold, ana to him a neighbour is a comfort and an increase of his wealth. We 
 ought not to believe all the statements made by those, who, not being contented 
 here, are not likely to find the customs of a new country, among strangers, in con- 
 formity with their own notions. There are many localities in which they may find 
 themselves surrounded by their own countrymen. If they place themselves in the less 
 settled districts, they will perhaps find Americans who themselves complain, as 
 grievously as they do, of bad neighbours. The emigrants from Elmet, near Leeds, 
 encountered a runainly neitfhbour in their remote location ; but he was as much de- 
 tested by the Americans, who combined to drive him from the district. Another 
 who tried to oust them bylaw from their holding, ns many litigious men do in Eng- 
 land, was defeated by the native Americans, who defended the Yorkshireman against 
 their own countryman. Doubtless in the large cities, where the rascaldom of 
 £urope hide themselves, the simple foreigner will be taken in, as a raw man from 
 the country would be in London. Even in the country, where a stranger may be 
 little known, and his responsibility not ascertained, the natives may be sharp in 
 enforcing their contracts with him, as we would be in reference to a newcomer. But 
 the fact that in twenty-four years a million and a half of our countrymen have 
 settled in the States, is the best evidence of the treatment they receive from the 
 Americans, whose kindness to the sick, whose succour of the helpless, whose ready 
 help to Qie unfortunate are notorious. Proud of their country, trained to habits of 
 self respect, they will indeed not tolerate depreciation of the one, or supercilious 
 disrespect to the other. But it is universally conceded that their lower orders 
 are incapable of the pickery, theft, and embezzlement, which are too common here; 
 and that consideri: the motley and shifting character of the population, society 
 is sinjfularly well ordered among them. We have heard loud complaints made by 
 those in this country who have had occasion to employ American attornies, and of 
 the great difficulty they have experienced in the enforcement ol debts, or the re- 
 covery of property due, or belonging to them on the other side of the Atlantic* 
 Americans, we fear, would too often have a similar story to tell of attornies and 
 debtors in England. Human integrity, every where, is too much graduated by the 
 ratio in which fraud can be detected, and punished. The absent, like the dead, are 
 unable to tell tales. English attornies, stewards, partners, debtors, in the West ^r 
 East Indies, in Canada, lu Australia, are persons from whom it is only possible to 
 jcta reckoning by meeting thvm face to face. 
 
 *;0 
 
128 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 i:^ 
 
 :i 1 
 
 fM 
 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
 M 
 
 i ' '';■ 
 
 iH 
 
 Jl; '^^ 
 
 i^W 
 
 tm ^'t 
 
 ifl 
 
 M 
 
 their circular. " Emigrants are warned that the statements recently cir- 
 culated, respecting the salubrity of climate, the fertility of soil, and the 
 richness of the mineral productions of Texas, are reported by authority 
 to be greatly exaggerated, and that British subjects, who may be induced 
 to emigrate to that country, are likely to fall into sickness and destitu- 
 tion." The southern position of Texas, and its capability of raising tro- 
 pical productions, argue a too torrid climate for a European constitution. 
 It is comparatively unsettled, it is a border debateable land, betwixt 
 Mexico an. \ the United States, and it is peopled by the scum and refuse, 
 the daring, adventurous, and lawless, of all other countries. When fully 
 peopled, well settled, and placed under the vigorous controul of 
 permanent government, and institutions, its natural capabilities 
 will render it a desirable place of settlement. It abounds, if we are 
 to believe Mr. Kennedy and other more questionable autliorities, in 
 fine land, extensive prauie, game, and fishj it is well calculated for 
 cattle, sheep, rice, cotton, and other tropical productions. It has scarcely 
 any winter, and is not subject to the sudden changes or great extreni(,s 
 of climate which form the defect of the North American continent. Its 
 proximity to Europe may ultimately make it preferable to the Cape, or 
 Australia, which, in many respects, it much resembles. But at present 
 it does not hold out that security for life, property, and the quiet piinsuit 
 of industry which is essential to the happy condition of a colonist, and 
 even still the Cumanchees, White-feet, half-casts, and trappers, make in- 
 cursions upon tlie cattle, and sacrifice the lives, of many settlers who live 
 in lonely or unprotected cMstricts. Nor can we accept without quali 
 fication even the attested panegyrics of the cliiTiate. The German settlers 
 speak of its swamps, its desarts, its yellow and intermittent fevers, even 
 its sudden alternations of temperature, and only except ti'om unineasiirel 
 condemnation, the uplands and mountain tracts. Even the " Practical 
 Farmer" admits that " towards the west there are vast prairies devoid of 
 waterandtimber, and eastward the coast is flat, wet, rushy, and worthless. 
 The country presents here and there arid and marshy tracts." We cannot, 
 therefore, recommend it as a field for emigration, except to such as all yood 
 citizens would desire to rid the mother country of. " Gone to Texas" has 
 become the proverb for a scamp. "The Texan stock of Americans," 
 observes the New York Tribune, "such as I have seen thrown u])():i the 
 surface in this war, so far surpass in brutality and universal scoundrdisin 
 all Mexican examples, as to set at defiance any attem})t at coii)i»aiist)ii. 
 Rhetoric aside— Texas is a miserable country and its inhabitants a mi- 
 serable population. Grain, Texas cannot grow to any extent. IIiT 
 cotton trade must ever be next to nothing, and her sugtir trade lit( ijillv 
 nothing. Her grazing facilities are incomparably inferior to thuMi oi 
 the whole Western region north of latitude ^Gj deg. from the Allugiiiiny 
 to the Hocky Mountains. 
 
 Kxc('i)t a small patch in Eastern Texas, she has no productive m\ 
 because she has no seasons. Like most of Mexico, the rains of lunniii 
 are scarcely vouchsafed to her at all, and never in seasonable regularity. 
 He who sows has no confi<h>nce that he will ever bo permitted to nap. 
 Not one season in five is profitably productive to the labourer. Irrigation 
 can only make the soil yield a sure return ; and so small u proportion of 
 
OilEGON— VAN COUVBR'S ISLAND—CALIFORNIA. 
 
 129 
 
 the whole is susceptible of this artificial and expensive adjunct, that it is 
 lere trifling to consider it. The same is true of New Mexico and Cali- 
 fornia. Texas is hopelessly bad, New Mexico, if possible, worse, and 
 ICalifornia worst." 
 
 i 
 
 OREGON. VAN COUVER'S ISLAND. CALIFORNIA. 
 
 From Texas to Oregon the emigrant would find a fall analagons to 
 Ithat of, " out of the ffying-pan into the fire.'* The climate and soil are 
 lunobjectionable— but everything else is. Van Converts Island, under 
 Ithe protection and dominion of the Hudson's Bay Company, seems to 
 loffer greater advantages to the adventurous. California has a good cli- 
 mate and soil, admirably adapted for cattle, and not unsuited to cereals, 
 lit is notoriously the region of gold, and also of that most desperate of all 
 Idaeses of men, gold finders. To the bold and intrepid, to all who are 
 embued with the spirit of adventure, to that frame of mind which is es- 
 Isentially gipey, Kalmuck, and Arabian in its desire for a wandering and 
 {restless life, these regions offer the inducement of a climate which admits of 
 [constantly living in the open air, of productiveness which renders rough 
 subsistence easy with little labour, and of the chances of getting rapidly 
 Jrich by the lucky acquisition of the precious metals. We regard them 
 ill however as the destination only of men of desperate fortunes, and as 
 certain source of unhappiness to all persons of orderly, industrioHs, 
 prudent, and virtuous habits. Their ultimate fate will, in all probability, 
 prosperous; and if the new projects for connecting the Pacific with 
 the Atlantic by canals joining chains of lakes and rivers, or by railways 
 [)r aqueducts at the Isthmus of Panama, be speedily realized, tliey may 
 become much more rapidly populated and settled than is^ with the pre- 
 ent means, probable. 
 
 Perhaps wo ought not to dismiss the subject of Oregon without stating 
 that, for persons already located at the upper end of the Missouri, or 
 |Lake Michigan, and accustomed to the life of migration so common in 
 those regions, and to the transport of cattle and goods over ranges of 
 "lills and through vallies, and across rivers, a settlement at Vancouver, 
 the Willamette, orWalhamet, offers the advantage of a very salubrious 
 ^llmate, fine pasture, a good grain country, and untaxed goods, cheap 
 md of good quality. The government of the Hudson's Bay Company en- 
 forces good order, and good faith, offers encouragement, assistance, and 
 protection to all settlers, and manages its commerce so judiciously as to 
 BUH'ound its subjects with many of the advantages of civilization. As a 
 
 lere location, it is regarded by alias greatly superior to California, and the 
 
 ligration through the Western prairies of America, although tedious and 
 lonfT, is not accompanied with many difficulties. But a life that may 
 Wcome easy to Americana on the borders of civilization, would be full of 
 luxioty and difllculty to a Kuroi)ean, and ought not to bo oncountorod 
 
 i»der any chcumstunces whatever. 
 
130 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 PRINCE EDWARDS ISLAND. 
 
 I 
 
 »' a 
 
 Wnpres of labourers are 38. Mr. Cunard holds an estate in this island ; he 
 extends roads through his waste lands, and lays out lots of fifty acres each along 
 the sides. He lets each of these farms to any respectable man, on a lease of 
 999 years, paying no rent for the first three years, then Jd., then 6d., then !M,, 
 and then Is. "an acre, enabling the tenant at any time to purchase tlie freehold 
 at twenty years' purchase, with all the improvements. Instead of taking the 
 rent in money, he employs his tenants in making the roads ; thus receiving pity- 
 ment in labour, and improving the estate of the labourer. It answers the eniu 
 giant's purpose better to take his land than to receive a free grant, becnuse, in 
 the one case, he would have to go into the wilderness to look for his grant, and 
 find it surrounded by wild land ; while, in the other the roads to a market are 
 made, and he can select his laud from a plan. 
 Mr. Cunard remarks, — 
 
 " Settlers are very apt to endeavour to get large tracts of land ; but I hare 
 lately prohibited that on my lots ; and when a poor man comes, I suy, ' Fifh- 
 acres is quite enouga for you, because I retain the adjoining lot for you to 
 increase your farm when your family gets up, and you can increase yotir farm 
 behind.' Within fifteen or twenty years they generally choose to purchase, un- 
 less a man is very fortunate in niaking some speculation, and then he is able to 
 purchase sooner ; but as I only charge five per cent, interest on the money, and 
 six per cent, is the rate of interest in the countrj', they are not disposed to pur- 
 chase. I cannot take it from them as long as they pay tl ~ rent ; I think if a 
 man is sure of getting his fee-simple by-and-by, he works with more cheerful- 
 ness and spirit. I have been able to note the progress of many settlers from tht 
 time of their taking the land, and have never known an industrious sober mau 
 who has not succeeded. I would give land to 1,000 men at that price, if tlifv 
 had j£10or £15 a piece. I should ask for none of it myself, but it would be a 
 kind of security that those men would not become burdensome the first year; I 
 mean taking the aver^ige of the family of each man with £10 at five iiidiri- 
 dunls. I would not take paupers; I require men of good character. In harvest 
 time there is some labour to do : but 1 tliink a man with a few pounds would po 
 on his lot of land almost immediately. Ho would get some of his neigliboursto 
 assist him in cutting down logs and erecting a log-house, sulHcieiit f(tr the fa- 
 mily till he is enabled to replace it witli a good house. 'I'he jirice of jjrn^isions 
 is extremely low, and a sober mau will always get a little credit to eiiablo him 
 to go on." 
 
 Mr. Cunard further stated, that he believed the island would, if cultiviitod, 
 support tj-n times its ])res<«nt )»(»pulation, and that he had seen us many ussfvoiitr 
 vesm-Is from the I iiited Sfiitj's rngngc'd in fishing round t1i<> island, 'ivinjr intlii! 
 harbour at one time. H«' rmiarkH, •'the climate is healthy, the soil goofl.the 
 production good ; it is a beautiful spot, no one can visit it without adiiiirinK ''• 
 - Emkjrant Journal. 
 
 The following extract from a work, published some years since, affords iigood 
 ncconiit of the seasons : — | 
 
 " After a serene and usually dry October, the weather begins to get more nn 
 •teady in the early part of N«>vember, and sometimes a sharp front, with 
 •howrrs of snow, tiikes place before tlie middle of that mouth ; but, wlun tim i 
 *H'(MirH, the OrtobtT weather returns again, and connnonlv hisfs al»out fen 'l")"* 
 •r a foituight rhis thurt intcrviU if uulled thti 'ludiaii Summer.' When it | 
 
ArPENDlX. 
 
 ini 
 
 ice.nflords ivgnod 
 
 occurs, the frost does not generally set in before the beginning of Decemb*^;- ; 
 but the cold weather more commonly begins about the 20th of November, hiuI 
 i;radually increases, until the ground resists the plough, which is ordinarily 
 about the second week in December, llie cold now increases rapidly, and the 
 ground becomes covered with snow; and about Christmas the frost is'as intense 
 as that experienced during the severest winters in England. 
 
 •' During the months of January and February, the weather is usually steady, 
 •with the thermometer very frequently below zero of Fahrenheit, But sometiincs 
 a thaw takes place, and by laying th*e ground bare of its winter covering, occa- 
 Bions great inconveniences. 
 
 "The weather is not so cold ns to interfere with any outdoor occupations, 
 and the length of day at the winter solstice, by reason of the ditference of hit. 
 tude, is about an hoiir longer at Charlotte Town than at London. 
 
 "March, as in Europe, is a windy month, and is throughout very changeable. 
 Vbout the close of this month, the snow rapidly melts, and the ice in the ri^ cvs 
 and bays gets rotten and dangerous to pass; and wholly disappears, except in a 
 late season, about the second week in April. Strong southerly winds now com- 
 mence, and the last vestiges of frost vanish. Ploughing generally conmiences 
 about the third week of this month ; and before the middle of the next, un- 
 less the season be unusually late, the greater part of the seed is committed 
 to the ground. 
 
 " The spring is short ; and during the month of May the mean temperature is 
 little lower than is common during the same month in England, though tlicre 
 are occasionally very cold and raw easterly winds. But towards the end of 
 ihin month steady-'iweather is generally established. 
 
 "In the beginning of June the summer bursts forth; and the natural forest, 
 prespnting to the eye every variety of vegetation, and filling the air with the 
 fragrant perfumes of the native herbs of the island, gives abundant evidence t f 
 the fp'-Hiitv' of the soil. 
 
 "Tl" rilliancy of a summer night in the vicinity of the bays cannct be sur- 
 passt tl at which the finest climates under heaven exhibit, llie wind is 
 
 usual s 1 and the smooth surface of the water reflects the splendid lights of 
 the fii.^uument; and wherever the current runs, the fishes are heard sporting in 
 the stream ; and on the shore, whole acres are sometimes illuminated by the firo 
 flies, which emit flashes of light as they sport in the air; and now and then a 
 torch is seen displayed at the bow of the canoe of some Indian engaged in 
 spearing the eels. 
 
 "From this time, until the middle or the end of September, the climate re- 
 sembles that of the southtsti coast of England. The thermometer, occasionally, 
 during calm weather, shovs a greater degi-ee of heat tlwrn we experience in 
 this country ; but the sea breeze seldom fails to lower the temperature by the 
 time the sun reaches the zenith, so thiH no inconvenience thence arises. But 
 during the prevalence of th« south-west winds, throughout the greater part of 
 July, Au|;ust, and September, the thermometer stands pretty steadily at from 
 75 to 80 degrees of Fahrenheit during the mid-hours of the day; and at night 
 the air is soft, wholesome, and agreoiible. 
 
 "The hay harvest conmiences iibout the middle of July; and the white crops 
 are usually cut between the middle and the last of August. 
 
 "About the middle of September, fhe evenings begin to get {out, and the au- 
 tiunn i)roperly commences. Nothing can exceed the beauty or the healthiness 
 of this season of the year. The atmosphere is exceedingly rarefied, the forest;^ 
 presents scenery unsurpassed in beauty, or in the hopes of future plenty, by 
 anything to be met with in the old or new world." 
 
 ihe iuternnttent fevers of the States are unknown, and the country people are 
 lonjr lived. The general character of the soil is that of an unctuous loamy 
 Bould. The ground is ereiywhere easily worked. Sometimes the settlers i)lough 
 with a pair of bullocks or one horse, and it is rarely necessary to use nu»ro 
 tban a pair of light horses. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 Ci.iMATR.— The official records show, that in the last eight years, IPlfl to 1817, 
 there were, in West Canada, 770 days on which th«v»' m iis ruin, Idu flays on wliieh 
 Uiere was snow, aud 1753 perfectly diy davs*, showing u yearly averaifo ot iHi| 
 
 I 
 
:i-- 
 
 132 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 iil.i'i 
 
 k 
 
 It 
 
 rainy days, of 50 snowy days, of 219 perfectly dry days, wherein there wai 
 neither snow nor rain. If a particle of snow or rain falls during the twentV' 
 four hours, the day is respectively considered at the Observatory as a rainy or 
 snowy day. ' 
 
 Western Canada. — I had daily offers of beautiful farms, more or less in. 
 proved, some as low as 10s. per acre, up to £b. and j^lO. an acre, whilst ijo, I 
 per acre was asked for some suburban spots on the plank road. The buildingi 
 about the towns and along the roads all seemed warm and substantial. The 
 field of enterprise, being so unlimited in Western Canada, there is no doubt our 
 English emigrants will prefer that country. — Rubio's Rambles. 
 
 Price of Land in Canada. — We extract the following from a Canadian ad< 
 vertisement, as the best price current of land cleared and uncleared. 354 acm, 
 165 cleared ; large frame house, A'ame bam and out-houses, orchard, &c., situate! 
 on the bank of the Grand River, four miles from Brantwood, and two from 
 Paris. Price £1 10s. per acre — 145 acres, 135 cleared ; very good log buildingi, 
 six miles from Brantford, and within one mile of the plauk road to London' 
 well fenced, and in good cultivation. Price £b 10s. per acre. 185 acres, IN | 
 cleared, on the White Man's Creek, about six miles from Brantford ; fraow 
 house, and barn. The farm is well cleared, and in a ^ood vicinity. Price £1200, 1 
 350 acres, 270 cleared, frame and log house (containing six rooms and stone 
 cellar), two log houses, large frame bam, with mill shed attached, &c., &c 
 Within three miles of Brantford, with a large frontage on the plank road to 
 London, price £2000, and terms accommodating. 100 acres, cleared ; franM 
 house, bam, &c., six miles from Brantford, £62.5. 100 acres, 60 cleared ; witk 
 good log buildings, situated in the west part of Burford. An excellent lot of 
 hard-wood land, well cleared and fenced ; in a good neighbourhood,--£350^ 
 half cash. 100 acres, 54 cleared ; frame house, frame bam, and sheds, and a 
 large bearing orchard,— situated on the Old Oxford Road, 17 miles from Braat^ | 
 ford, good land. £5 per acre. 3 acres, with a good frame house and bam, and 
 a large orchard, situated in Dumfries, about half way between Brantford and 
 St. George, and about five miles from Paris. This is a desirable little property, 
 and would suit a doctor or other professional person wishing to reside in the 
 country. Price £125. 280 acres, 30 cleared ; no buildings ; frontage on the river 
 Thames, in North Dorchester. 6 dollars per acre. 100 acres, 35 cleared ; log 
 house, frame bam, orchard. Sec, situated in Bayham, about six miles west of j 
 Richmond. £200 cash. — Emigrant's Journal. 
 
 Irish Emigration to Canada.— The "Tee-total Settlement" was formed in 
 1842, by destitute emigrants from the south of Ireland. In a Report from the 
 Commissioners, dated 25th January, 1844, it is thus stated: — "Where, but two! 
 years ago, stood a dense forest, there have been gathered by thirty-five settlere, 
 during the past autumn, 7,2.36 bushels^of grain, potatoes, and turnips. The ac- 
 companying return shows an estimated value of £1,137 in buildings and clear- 
 ings ; and when there is added to this, the market value of the crop, exceeding 
 £800, we have about £2,0(10 return (exclusive of the making four and a quarter 
 miles of road.) The north-eastern section of New Brunswick contains land 
 which seems to be better adapted for the growth of wheat than almost an? 
 other portion of the province. In the county of Restigouch, which is the ex- 
 treme northern county of New Brunswick, premiums for wheat were awsrded 
 in 1844, to several parcels weighing 64 and 65 lbs. and upwards, the Winchester 
 bushel ; the barley was from 52 to 56 lbs. a bushel, and the best Siberian wheat 
 ' 63 lbs. a bushel ; the best black outs, 43 lbs., and the b«st white outs 47 Ibi. a 
 bushel. — Mh. M. H. Puhlky. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 133 
 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A RBFOBLIC AND A MONARCHY. 
 
 Do not be misled as to the advantages of a republic ; I have been a close 
 {observer of men and things in the political atmosphere of this country for 
 iyears, and the advantages arising are "few, and far between." Except your 
 ttithe system, the incumbrance of your National Debt, the heavy taxation for the 
 I support of government, and the enormous outlay for the royal family, I do not 
 ieee in what respect we have the advantage. Since the passing of the Reform 
 IBill, your representation is perhaps as much equalized as John Bull's turbulent 
 [and nractious disposition will bear, your rotten and corrupt boroughs are al- 
 iready or gradually becoming annihilated, your laws are more rigidly and 
 Irapialy executed, your magistracy is composed of a more intelligent and incor- 
 jraptible body of men, and the majority of your members of legislature are per- 
 Ihaps the most honourable, high minded, and patriotic that the world can pro- 
 Iduce : the good of their country, and the ambition to distinguish themselves 
 ■in their own era, as well as on the pages of history, is their highest aim and 
 lobject. Here it is not as yet so : too many of our members, both of the State 
 I Legislature and Congress, serve for pay; the former receiving four dollars, the 
 [latter eight dollars per day, during the session ; hence, the greater part of our 
 [members are needy adventurers, consisting of half-educated briefless lawyers, 
 [and broken-down politicians, with nothing to lose either in character or pro- 
 perty, and, on the contrary, everything to gain; this class of men too often 
 I drive our more talented and honourable citizens out of the field, it being custo- 
 mary for the candidates to go through the countnr or congressional district 
 "stump speaking." when he who is the greatest adept to buffoonery and per- 
 sonal abuse, "who is quickest with the tale and readiest with the lie," and can 
 the soonest use up the character of his opponent, is set down by the mass (the 
 Avord " mob" is not acknowledged here) as the greatest Statesman ; the conse- 
 quence is, that it is but seldom that men of standing and character can be in- 
 duced to "pit" themselves against such demagogues, knowing that they cnn- 
 nut touch pitch, without being defiled. This evil will, however, decrease, as the 
 intel]ip:ence of the country increases, for mind must eventually rule the mass, us 
 I ethereal the material. — Brief lleport by J. Gray Smith. 
 
 Amrrican Mannbrs. — I do not think, that democracy is marked upon the 
 I features of tlie lower classes in the United States ; there is no arrogant bearing 
 in tliem. as might be supposed from the despotism of the majority ; on the con- 
 trary, 1 should say that their lower classes are much more civil than our own. 
 I — Marrvat. 
 
 "For intelligence and correct deportment I unhesitatingly assert that 
 the settlers, as a body, of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, are not sur- 
 
 Siisscd by any equal number of people of any country in the world."— 
 lewhall. 
 
 " Affiibilit^, kindness, and good temper, are prevailing characteristics of the 
 I Americans m every part of the Union. The rough backwoodsman possesses 
 these efitimable qualities in as high a degree as a citizen of the Eastern 
 ! Sfntcs." 
 
 "CoiiHid«!ration and kindness for the helploKsnoss of infancy, and the bereave- 
 inent of widowliood, is one of the most pleasing traits of the American cha- 
 racter."— Flower. 
 
 "I found good breeding, politeness, frank hospitality, and every generous 
 ft;<'1iii»r prevailing amongst them. I saw none of those open displays of depra- 
 ! v«ty which disfiijuro our largo towui. 
 
134 
 
 APl'ENDIX. 
 
 nr. 
 
 «* Every man, rich or poor, seems on all occasions sedulously to give plii 
 aud precedence to ftsmales, and the meanest of them are exempt from thowl 
 masculine and laborious tasks which are assigned to the sex m our own coun-f 
 try."— Captain Barclay. 
 
 AN EXTRACT PROM A LETTER FROM THOMAS THORLEY, BLACkJ 
 
 SMITH, CREWE. 
 
 "Cirkland, Ohio, 25th December, 1848. 
 
 Kl'< 
 
 This is the healthiest place I was ever in. 
 here, thank my God? We love this country 
 prices of various articles of food in English 
 derstand it better ; beef, L^d. per lb., mutton, 
 lb., veal, Ud. per lb., flour, 2Us. per barrel, 
 6d. per measure, a turkey, Is, 6d., hens, 6d 
 and lump, 5d, per lb., tea, '2s. per lb., coffpe 
 
 We all enjoy good hoii'tll 
 well. I will give you th 
 
 money, that you may m,. 
 l.^d. per lb., pork, l^d. 
 Indian corn, first-rate, IJ 
 
 each, sugar, 3^d. 
 per lb., butter, 6d. 
 
 per lb, 
 per Ibi 
 
 currants, and raisins, about as with you. Clothing, both men's and wonieii'i 
 much the same as at home. Farms of about thirty acres, with house and pre! 
 raises upon it, for £^(0 or £90. Apples, as many as you like to gather for no.| 
 thing, we have had given to us ; and hundreds of bushels lay beneath ih 
 trees now rotting close by us. I might odd, for information, that the anioimtl 
 of wages I had to start with was 100 cents, or Gs. 3d. per day, and had tliej 
 promise of more if I would stop. Of course, at the above price of food, twol 
 day's work per week would keep my family ; milk also we can have here frl 
 fetching, as much ns we like. With reference to my own prospects, one thouglJ 
 pays me for all my trials, viz., I have lost the fear of ever wanting! or nijl 
 children! There is' plenty in ubundiiuee; take a case. We have been here, hI 
 this house, seven weeks, during that time one quarter of veal, three qijarten| 
 of a sheep, two pigs, the one weigliint;- IH score I) lbs., the other small, about 
 lbs., so much for starvation ! nearly all this is for work done. And then therel 
 is liberty. I can take my rifle down, and fetch in a brace of large squirrels tol 
 make a first-rate pie, or a wild duck ; these I fetched in ten minutes! Thorel 
 are also rabbits aud quails, these I have never tasted yt i,, but mevn to do tiie| 
 first opportiuiity. 
 
 Thomas Thorlby. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 Venango County, Pine Grove Township, 20th October, 1848. 
 
 Dkar H.— My farm consists of ninety-four acres, sixty fenced with high fiiiiliorj 
 fences, sixteen of onfs, two of wheat, ten tons of hay, sixteen acres in clover iA 
 ne\t year, ftairteen of good meadow land, and forty of good timb«>r, enon^ii fori 
 firing for many venrs, and enough to fence the fnrm for twenty yenrs. lliJ 
 house is well anrf wnriuly built. House-building costs nothing here: you oulyl 
 have to give notice to neighbours round that you intend tc raise a hotise omil 
 certain day, they nil come, bring their tools with them, some a span of horses,! 
 some a yoke of cattle, and they will set to work, fifty or sixty of them, or a Iuiii-| 
 dred, if you require n large house; they go to work and got it up in a dny, 
 when they have put the roof on; you hnve to kill a sheep, which costs a dollar.l 
 provide bread, and a few gallons'of whisky for them (whisky twenty-five centsl 
 per gallon), and you are expected to turn out and help when anybody elie rc4 
 quires a house or bnrn built. 
 
 I have n largo bnrn, with mow large enough to hold .'i.flOO sheaves of rom,| 
 thrnshing floor, stftbles, cow-houses, pig-styes, blacksmith's shop, with fltoiic- 
 built forge and chimney. Steve and Henry cut the hny, and we made it auioiiK'l 
 us, carried it with a i)nir of llichard'H'oxen; the boys then set about cuttiniil 
 the sixteen neres of onfs, which they got through; we all raked and uo'iinlj 
 tlieni info slieu\es, Hlioeked fhem into dozens in the field, and then with thai 
 •xeu drew tlieut into the barn. There are ViO dozen sheaves ; each dozen willl 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 135 
 
 >RLEY, BLACkJ 
 
 SOMAS ThORLBY. 
 
 jieW over a owshel of oats, so tliat when thrashed, which we shall begin soon, 
 wc shall have over 450 bushels of oats, and about sixteen tons of straw. I've 
 gold lUO bushels of oats, at twenty-five cents per bushel, and one ton of straw 
 at oif;ht dollars per ton, to be sent in before Christmas." This farm property, 
 including* all I have mentioned, such as ninety-four acres fencing, timber, out- 
 crop, hay, wheat, bam, stables, &c., blacksmith's shop, house, springs of running 
 walor, &c. &c., for 600 dollars. Everything is very cheap here but labour, and 
 n few foreign goods, on which are placed a protective duty. I bought a cow and 
 calf when I came here for twenty dollars, equal to about £4 6s. 8d. English, a 
 BOW and five pigs for three dollars, seven hens and one cock for one dollar. The 
 prices of things here are as follows:— Beautiful horses, such as would cost in 
 England fifty guineas, are here fifty dollars ; cows and calves, fourteen dollars ; 
 sheep, one dollar each ; cheese, six cents the pound ; butter, ten cents ; chickens, 
 eight for one dollar ; geese, two for one dollar ; turkeys, twor for one dollar ; 
 beef, three and four cents the pound; whisky, twenty-five cents a gallon; to- 
 bacco, from ten to eighteen cents per pound; best French brandy, twenty-five 
 cents a pint ; coffee, twelve pounds for a dollar, or equal to fourpence English 
 the pound; and very good sugar, six cents a po. .". I bought forty bushels of 
 Indian com the last time I was in Franklin, at ^ " ;, cents the bushel. Peaches 
 are twenty-five cents a bushel ; potatoes the same. We are going on Monday 
 about twenty miles off for forty bushels of apples ; they are selling them there 
 at eight and ten cents a bushel ; this is an article of food on table at every 
 house at every meal in the day throughout the year. Peaches are also much 
 used, and as well as apples are served up in many various ways. 
 
 Generally speaking, you never see a dish on a table at any house, but every 
 thing is put on in plates. The middle of the table is covered with perhaps a 
 dozen, which are poked on without any order whatever, and containing the 
 most promiscuous collection of eatables you can imagine. I could not get over 
 the admixtures for a long time ; stewed peaches, salt fish, honey in the comb, 
 fried potatoes, butter, preserved plumB, frizzled pork, apples in molasses, cu- 
 cumbers in vinegar, fried mutton, tomato jelly, biscuits, coffee, com cakes, and 
 uiusk. I've seen some people take some of all these things on to their plates at 
 one time. The people are very unconcerned about their ordinary dress; some 
 of the wealthiest will wear many patches of different colours on their clothes ; 
 on Sundays some few will dress as well as English farmers. The people are 
 inclined to be very sociable, constantly visiting and walking in and out of one 
 another's houses without hesitation. The houses usually being not nearer to 
 each other than half a mile, if you should stay to supper, you are invariably 
 pressed to stay all night. I like the people very much ; we have a few very 
 choice families in our neighbourhood ; intelligent, industrious, benevolent, hos- 
 pitable, and sociable. One case happened in the middle of harvest: an English- 
 man who Imd been out here about a dozen years, was taken suddenly ill ; the 
 neighbours all collected together, nearly thirty of them, and in two days got all 
 his corn into his barn for him. Politics engross much of their thoug,hts and 
 conversation, but they don't often get excited. 1 was at the election yesterday, 
 which for this townhliip is carried on at Richard's house. He is town clerk, 
 imd also holds several other official appointments. The face of the country and 
 the climate is fine ; the foliage is grand ; the flowers in the woods are beautiful ; 
 our woods are teeming with game; our boys ure shooting pheasants every 
 diiy; partridges are plentiful, deer numerous, though tlie season is too early to 
 get at them. Of wild, offensive animals, we are in no way short of— bears, ra- 
 coons, wolves, opossums, porcupines, and rattlesnakes ; we have kilkd some of 
 each of the three last animals when we came over ; at least Arthur killed two 
 rattlesnakes and one porcupine, and Richar.! one opossum. The old settlors 
 seem never to think of rattlesnakes when going thvouah the woods, for they 
 wear a sort of shoes only to the ankle, and loose tr()us«'rs ; n(!w scttlersi, being 
 niore timid, wear strong leather boots n\) to the knee nearly; there is then no 
 fear, oven if trod on, for tliey would snap low, and they Ciiiinot bile through a 
 strong boot ; they could through u thin ono such as is used in London.— Emi- 
 grant's Journal. 
 
 i 
 
 T>i 
 
 r. 
 
 "Buffalo, Sent. ^1, 1848 
 My Dear Wiff,— T am receiving I2p. a week, and pay 8s. for ujy board M 
 watl hav« is. h week left. J'liis i* i..,t the vliole of uivr •'uriii:-^^. "The r»^ 
 
W: 
 
 ; fflnmll™ 1 
 
 It H 
 
 I J 
 
 gf'.', 
 
 1'^? 
 
 tit 
 
 f-'! 
 
 
 t ' 
 
 ft 
 
 1 ' '■ 
 
 "'li 
 
 ii ' 
 
 Im 
 
 1i«i 
 
 m 
 
 136 
 
 i^ENDIX. 
 
 mainder mns up till December, when they pay us off.' Some Bay December ti I 
 the best time to come, for there are not so many coming in the winter as in tul 
 summer. You can, in consequence, come much more comfortably. When there 
 ore so many coming, it is very unpleasant. People are very apt, in crowded 
 ships, to have the ship fever. Then, again, you can come for one half the money, 
 and be better looked to than when there are so many coming. If I werecominK 
 over again, I would start about January ; for there are worse storms in the | 
 spring than in January. 
 
 I can buy as good land as any there is in England for 5s. an acre, with tbe | 
 trees on it ; and the timber on the ground will pay for the clearing and smooth- 
 ing over. And the land will want no manure for twelve years. Ishould never 
 want to come to England again, if it were not to see my relations. Though the 
 trade is worse in America just now than ever it was known before, yet there are 
 plenty of chances to do well in America. I am getting 68. 3d. a day, English 
 money. When traffic is good, the wages run about two dollars a day, or 88.44 
 English money. 
 
 It would not take more to keep us both in living than it does to keep myself, 
 You can have a fat sheep for about 3s., and you can buy as nice a fat pig for 
 Id. a pound as ever you saw. You can buy a goose, eighteen pounds weight, 
 for 2d. A turkey, about twenty-eight pounds, for 2s. The price of meat varies 
 from Id. to 2d. a pound. It is considered dear this year. You can buv cheese 
 a whole one at a time, as good as any I ever tasted, for Id. a pound. But but- 
 ter runs from 2d. to 3d. a pound. Tea runs from 2s. to Ss. a pound. Sugar rung 
 from 2d. a pound upwards. The best sugar is 4d. a pound. It is a fine country 
 for tea drinkers. There is scarcely a man to be seen drunk. In America 
 drunkards are looked upon like dogs. Malt runs from 2s. to 2s. 6d. a bushel 
 Hops are 3d. a pound. You can buv the drink for a Id. a quart from the brew- 
 ery. Cider sells for 2s. a barrel. Whisky, 10s. a barrel. There are thirty-two 
 gallons in a barreL All other liquors are about the same, except brandy, which 
 IS dearer. So that a man can get drunk for a little money. Tobacco is M. a 
 pound. Cigars from 3d. to 6d. a dozen. I have been a teetotaller these three 
 weeks. And I have had no tobacco yet. I think I shall be a teetotaller, for tee- 
 totallers are looked on well. Men are not kept under here as they are in Eng- 
 land. The masters talk to them like talking to one another. 
 
 You can buy potatoes for 6d. a bushel: and apples for 9d. a busheL Peachei 
 can be got for 2s. a bushel. Flour is 20s. a barrel just now. It is rather dear; 
 but it will be down next week to 16s. a barreL They are bringing it into Buf- 
 falo by thousands of barrels a week. 
 
 The table at which I sit, is set off like gentlemen's tables in England. There 
 are fowl, cheese, butter, pies, rice puddings, peaches, and apple sauce and ice 
 creams. There are so many dishes that you cannot tast^ of all of them. It is 
 in fj^eneral, as I like it to be. You have beef steak and potatoes for breakfast 
 and supper, as well as to dinner. — C. Jones. 
 
 FROM A CHARTIST. 
 
 Pittifliurg, July 24th, 1848. 
 Deak Sir, — You know by Ann's letters that we live In Pensylvenia, we Kle 
 america first-rate ; We find It all and more than all we expected ; Wages high 
 and living cheap. A beautyful and healthy country, perfect security to life and 
 property, honest and Inteligent persons for neighbours and associates, plenty of 
 traae for all who are willing to work, In fact, the United States Is the most 
 prosperous and flourishing country In the world where All the Inhabitants have 
 enough to eat, A fact that does not admit of contradiction. No begcrs disfigure 
 our streets, this is the land of plenty. Where Industry Is rewarded. And all 
 
 fiersons has to earn their livelyhood each one for himself. And not as In Rng- 
 and, where some role In luxury, while others Starve. TTie working man here 
 Is not robed of half his earning by taxation, here all men are equal No here- 
 ditary titles and distinctions, Such as lords dukes, and other nick-names have 
 existance here; no fat Bishops and State Church, to supply the rich gentry and 
 fag-end of nobility with large sallaries and nothing to do for It, unless it Is to 
 domineer over the working clurgy. I like the amerioans verry much, they are 
 agreeable kind of people ; their politeness Is seen more In their actions than 
 words, there Is nothing artificial about them. I don't see scarcely any difference 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 187 
 
 In the appeftrance of things here and In England. It is mnch warmer here in 
 Bumer and less rain, bright sun shiney days, without fog or clouds continufilly. 
 A summer day here is 2 hours shorter than in england. The cenery round pitts- 
 burg Is beautyful, Shut in by hills that slopes to the edge of the river, covered 
 with trees, looks charming trom the smokey city. You would be surprised what 
 quantitys of steam boats you can see here, many of them 700 ton burden. They 
 run down to New Orleans and Intermediate towns and citys. ITiere Is several 
 large cotton factorys here. And Iron works. Glass works, &c., Similar In Its 
 productions to the English Birmingham. House rent Is as dear here as In Lon- 
 don, and an empty house Is not to be seen or found. 
 
 Some things are cheap here ; ham, 3d. per pound, as good as the best you could 
 ee» in London, and beter ; Beef, 3d., have It cut from any part of the beast. 
 Get A fowl for 9d. ; mutton, 2id;; veal, 3d. ; Butter, 7d. per pound; sugar, moist, 
 3d. ; white, 5d. ; treacle, Sd. per quart ; .Tea, ;Js. per pound, as good as you can 
 get In London for Gb., no duty on it here ; Coffee, 6d. per pound ; milk, 2d. per 
 quart ; vedgetables, much as the same as London market ; Gardening is good 
 business hero ; I think Ann and John would do well here, the strawbereyes used 
 here Is enormous for making strawbereyes and cream, the reason why so much 
 Is used Is, All the Inhabitants can afford to have some. Fruit of all kind Is 
 abundant, not verry cheap, the cittisons buy so much. Servants girls get 8s. a 
 week. And sometimes more. Servant Is a word never used here, nor master, 
 you can't tell which are lady's here, the women dress so fine, all of them, and 
 they literally hod^ their fingers with rings and signets. Wages Is about 6s. a 
 a day for mechanics, 4s. for labourers. Flour 4s. and 7d. per bushel, things are 
 dear now. So the Inhabitants say, the Americans drink verry little Ale or 
 Spirrits, we don't have any ourselves It Is to hot here without that, water doen 
 better.--j£M and Jane Powell. 
 
 fi 
 
 IOWA — ILLINOIS — WISCONSIN. 
 
 The state of Iowa contains a white population little if any short of 200,000 
 persons. The number is regularly increased at the rate of 12,000 a year. Three- 
 fourths of the whole state may be said to be quite ready for the plough, being 
 clear, and without tress. At the same time, in all districts, a sufficient quantity 
 of timber is found for every necessary purpose. The growth of grass is luxuri- 
 ant Mr. Bradford states that during a residence of six years in the state, he 
 scarcely ever ate butter that was not superior to the choicest that is to be pur- 
 chased in any of the eastern states. The mere up-turning of the plough, with 
 the most careless after tillage, is only needed to convert nearly the whole terri- 
 tory into a fruitful garden. Coal, le*ad, and copper are, in different districts, 
 found in immense beds, and in connection with ample water-power, mark the 
 future greatness of Iowa not less for manufacturing than for agricultural wealth. 
 The climate is as propitious to health as that of almost any country in the woild. 
 Its remoteness from the ocean secures it from those insalubrious winds which 
 carry with them a host of pulmonary disorders on the northern sea-board; 
 while its high and dry soil, and pure atmosphere, preserve it from the fatal fevers 
 to which the flatter surface and the fervid sun of the Lower Mississippi often 
 subject the denizens of the south. The winter — extending from December to 
 March— is cold, but dry, bracing, and clear; the heat of summer is tempered by 
 genial breezes and refreshing showers; and the autumn is pmiliar for itsbt'Muty 
 and serenity — the mellow softness of tlie climate, the beauty and grandeur of 
 the foliage, the balmy fragrance of the atmosphere, the serene sky, all combined, 
 form a picture calculated to excite the most pleasurable feelings. 
 
 llie general aspect of Illinois and Wisconsin in many respects resembles Iowa 
 to which, however, both are decidedly inferior. Illinois is deficient in its pro- 
 portion of timber to prairie, and, as a whole, cannot hon stly be described as 
 equal to the desired standard in the item of health. Wisconsin, again, is colder 
 and has less water than Iowa, with more inferior land. 
 
 Newhall, a resident in the state, shows, by a simple calculation, that, with 
 £80 on his arrival, an emigrant, with a moderately-sized family, will start with 
 a, good prospect of success. The experience of the* British Temperance Emigra- 
 tion Society has led its agents to name a similar sum. Marshall, another settler 
 inthe Far West, shows, in his "Farmer's and Emigrant's Hand-book," that 
 with 200 dollars (i*40), and with a team, farming tools, and household furniture, 
 • man may confidently commence his struggle ^I'ith tbe world. " Many a uan 
 
 K 3 
 
 !. V 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 hi' 
 
t 
 
 |3g APPENDIX* 
 
 In the west is now comparatively rich, who commenced with a less sum. All 
 that is wanted is courage and industry-some would Bay luck, but luck almost 
 Swavs follows industry." Our own opinion is. that £106 in sterling money, 
 well expended, and tended with industry, will be found sufficient for making a 
 ^ commencement, even if the emigrant has not been accustomed to agncul- 
 toral labour.—EASTEBN Counties Herald.— From a late resident 
 
 IOWA—WISCONSIN, WESTERN STATES. 
 
 Average prices of cattle and farming implements for a beginner^ 
 
 x s. (L 
 
 Good milch cows, 10 to 15 dollars ; yoke of oxen, 15 dollars 10 
 
 Sheep, 87 cents to 1 dollar per head, 42 sheep in n *^ 
 
 Hamiw ^^d5iars,scythe, pitchfork, rake, shovel, chains, &c., 32 dollars 2 G 
 Double Log Cabin £15, seed com 10 acres, potatoes, turnips, garden 
 
 seed £\ 16 
 
 Poultry and' a young pig, 12s., family expenses, three to five of a fa- 
 
 mily, 6s. per week, for 30 weeks, £10 . . .... l^ ^^ 
 
 80acre8prairieland,58. per acre, £20; horse, £10 30 Q 
 
 Total 80 18 
 
 For £80 the emigrant can be comfortably settled on his 80 acre tract, famished 
 with every necessary, and 30 weeks provisions. If you do not happen to have a 
 home-sick wife, I can see no reason why, with patience and perseverance, you 
 lihould not prosper equal to your utmost expectations. If you have £20 left- 
 keep it. It is the error of emigrants to spend their Inst dollar for the acres a 
 the outset. If you have £500, purchase 320 acres, a half section.— NfiWHiu- 
 
 THB FAINT-HBARTBD— THE HOPEFUL. 
 
 ,5 
 
 "i 
 
 u * 
 
 1 
 
 ^^P'' ' 
 
 M 
 
 ^H"^ . 
 
 1 
 
 Hlff'"' 
 
 1 
 
 1' ' 
 
 1 
 
 ^^H ^ 
 
 ■■ ,-! 
 
 ;i» 
 
 A recently came to this port from England with a wife and three small 
 
 children. He was connected with a Baptist church in his own country, and 
 from all that I can learn, he is a very worthy man. Several years ago he en- 
 tered upon a farmwithseveral hundred pounds capital. The rent was too high, 
 and, in spite of all his industry and frugality, he sunk money, and at last 
 failed. His friends furnished him with a few pounds to bring him out to this 
 country. He came ashore with twenty dollars in his pocket. One of his chil- 
 dren was ill, and in a few days died. His money was, of course, soon gone, and 
 his efforts to obtain a situation, either as a super intendant of a furui, or as as- 
 sistant in a store, tailed ; his expectations so sanguine, by the accounts he had 
 heard of America before he left home, thus disappointed, left him broken 
 hearted. He is now on a sick bed, and kept from the almshouse only by the 
 charity of his countrymen. This is no solitary case. I give it as an exaniple; 
 B was also an English emigrant, but he had left his family behind. Fail- 
 ing, as in the other instance, to find employment in the city, he must either get a 
 place in the almshouse, or beg his way in the country, until he found employ- 
 ment. He wisely chose tlie latter. He travelled, begging and working on his 
 way, several hundred miles, until he came to a new settlement. He met there 
 with a landowner, who offered him land at one dollar an acre, to be paid for 
 when he was able. He purchased fifty acres. He called on a ^eighbourini; 
 farmer, and told him he had bought some land, but he had not a single im])le- 
 ment of husbandry, and not a cent in his pocket. " Well, never mind," said 
 his generous friend, " I guess we can help you along. Hold on till I come back." 
 He soon returned with a few of his neighbours, each one with an axe. Ihey set 
 to work on the land of their new neighbour, cut down some trees, buUt up a log 
 house, turned up, or rather scratched up the ground, between the stumps, and 
 planted it with com. One brought him a cow, another a pig, another some 
 poultry. All this, the work of three days only, was done with the understand- 
 ing that he was to help them in return, and pay them back what they had lent 
 him when he was able. In two years from this time, the man had his family 
 about him, in a comfortable log house, a good part of his farm cleared, and m ris 
 as happy as independence and competence could make him.— Hints to Buii- 
 gfrouts. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 139 
 
 lees snm. All 
 but luck almost 
 iterling money, 
 it for making 'a 
 tned to agricul- 
 t 
 
 er— 
 
 £ 
 
 s. d. 
 
 . .. 10 
 
 
 
 • • • ■ m 
 
 
 
 . .. 10 
 
 
 
 ollars 2 
 
 S 
 
 rden 
 
 
 .. ., 16 
 a fp.- 
 
 ,. .. 10 12 
 
 .. .. 30 
 
 .. .. 80 18 
 
 trnct, furnished 
 appen to have a 
 rseverancf, you 
 have je^Oleft- 
 'or the acres a 
 
 .— NfiWHiLU 
 
 ad three Bmnll 
 
 a country, and 
 
 tars ago he en- 
 
 t was too high, 
 
 ey, and at last 
 
 lim out to this 
 
 >ne of his chil- 
 
 I, soon gone, and 
 
 farm, or as as- 
 
 Lccounts he had 
 
 ft him broken 
 
 ise only by the 
 
 IS an exaniple; 
 
 ' behind. Fail- 
 
 lust either get a 
 
 found employ- 
 
 (vorking on his 
 
 He met there 
 
 to be paid for 
 
 \ neighbouring 
 
 I single imple- 
 
 jr mind," said 
 
 1 I come buck." 
 
 axe. llieyset 
 
 , built up a log 
 
 e stumps, and 
 
 , another some 
 
 le understand- 
 
 t they had lent 
 
 ad his family 
 
 sared, and wri« 
 
 Hints to Buu- 
 
 Tlie United States occupy by far the most valuable and the most temperate 
 portion of North America. Confined originally to the shores of the Atlantic 
 Ocean, this great confederacy of republics has extended its empire over the 
 whole region, spreading westward to the Pacific, and surpasses in internal re- 
 BOUTces, and the means of developing its natural wealth, the capacities of any 
 of the empires of the old world. To the miner, the artisan, the manufacturer, 
 merchant or agriculturist, it offers the most unbounded inducemQnts. In staples 
 inexhaustible, in mechanical power efficient, in means of transportation unex- 
 ceptionable, in matter and mind not surpassed, the prospects of tl'ie American 
 Union are pre-eminently brilliant. The commerce, the internal trade, mecha- 
 nical skill and agricultural industry of the United States, are second, indeed, 
 to those of no other nation, except in the aggregate amount of commercial 
 transactioES, in which it is surpassed by Great Britain alone. 
 
 The progressive increase of the dimensions of this country by conquest and 
 cession has been rapid. At the termination of the revolution, in 1783, it v/sis 
 confined to the territories east of the Mississippi, and 8f)uth of the Canadas. lu 
 1803 it was augmented by the purchase from France of Lousiana, a country now 
 occupied by the thriving states of Lousiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and 
 several territories extending over many hundreds of thousands of square 
 miles Florida was purchased in 1819, and at the saiue time the Spanish claim 
 to the * Oregon' was transferred to the republic. In 1845 Texas voluntarily an- 
 nexed itself to the Union ; and by the treaty of 2nrt of February, 1848, the 
 whole territories of New Mexico and California were ceded by the republic of 
 Mexico. 
 
 The present limits of the United States are bounded north by the Canadas, 
 and the 49th parallel of north latitude ; east by the Atlantic Ocean ; south by 
 the Gulf of Mexico, the Rio Grande, and the Rio Gila, which separates it from 
 the Mexican States of Chihuahua, Sonora, &c., and on the west by the Pacific 
 Ocean. This vast country measures in extreme length from east to west, 2,800 
 miles, and from north to south, 1,360 miles, with an estimated superficial area 
 of about 3,200,000 square miles, an extent of surface little inferior to that of the 
 whole of Europe, and a population counting from 21,000,000 to 22,000,000 ol 
 souls. 
 
 The United States comprises three essentially different geographical regions : 
 —the slope from the Alleghany Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, which com. 
 prises the oldest settlements ; the valley of the Mississippi, or, great central 
 plain, now in the process of settlement ; and the slope from the Cordilleras of 
 New Mexico and the Rocky Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. 
 Such are the great natural divisions. Usually the country is divided into what 
 are termed northern and southern, or free and slave states, in which the cli- 
 mate and habits of the people differ materially. It is chiefly, if not entirely, to 
 the non-slaveholding states that the immigrants, those from Great Britain es- 
 pecially, direct their attention, because there they can enjoy a strictly healthy 
 climate, and associate with neighbours of kindred opinions and habits of life. 
 Greater scope is likewise afforded in these regions for their industry in agricul- 
 tural and mechanical employments. The slave states, especially those in the ex- 
 treme south, or below the line of 36 deg. 30 sec. north latitude, offer inducements 
 only to the capitalist who has sufficient to purchase both lands and slaves. 
 There the climate is unsuited to the European constitution. Neither are the 
 soil or staples of agriculture there grown, such as the European has been ac- 
 customed to. To raise cotton, tobacco, sugar, and other tropical products, is the 
 peculiar employment of the African, and could not be attempted by those indi- 
 genous to temperate regions. 
 
 There are now in the Union thirty separate and independent states, and a 
 number of territories which are as yet but thinly settled. 
 
 The states have also separate and distinct governments, and have uncontrolled 
 surveillance over all their own institutions, and form their own laws and mu- 
 nicipal regulations. The whole states, however, are bound together as a confe- 
 deracy, and are subject to the constitution of the United States. The state con- 
 stitutions are mostly of a similar form, and only differ from the confederation 
 in being integral republics. The territories are under the immediate control of 
 the President and Congress of the United States 
 
 The following table will exhibit the name, extent, population, &c., of each 
 state, and the chief town or scat of government : — . 
 
 ' -il 
 
 ill 
 
:i' 
 
 140 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Extent. 
 
 Poptikitiun. 
 
 Sq. miles. „ ,.-,.,. HstiiUiitt; 
 
 * Consus livlO .yju 
 
 North-East States. 
 
 Maine . . . . 
 New Hampshire 
 Vermont . . . 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 Rhode Island . 
 
 • • • • 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 New York .... 
 New Jersey . . , 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 Delaware . . . , 
 Maryland .... 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 Virginia . . 
 North Carolina 
 South Carolina 
 Georgia . . . 
 Florida . . . 
 
 Western States. 
 
 Ohio . . 
 Indiana . 
 Illinois . 
 Michigan 
 Wisconsin 
 Iowa . . 
 Missouri 
 Kentucky 
 
 SouTB- Western States 
 
 Tennessee . 
 Alabama . 
 Mississippi 
 Louisiana . 
 Texas . . 
 Arkjinsas . 
 District of Columbia 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Mineeota . . 
 
 Western . . 
 
 Nebraska . . 
 
 Indian . . . 
 
 32,628 
 9,411 
 
 10,212 
 7,500 
 
 1,340 
 4,764 
 
 46,085 
 8,320 
 
 44,000 
 2,120 
 
 13,950 
 
 64,000 
 48,000 
 28,000 
 62,000 
 45,000 
 
 39,128 
 37,000 
 
 52,000 
 60,090 
 64,0'0 
 50,000 
 63,»i00 
 42,000 
 
 40,000 
 46,000 
 45,760 
 48,2J0 
 20,(»00 
 55,000 
 100 
 
 £01,793 
 284,574 
 291,948 
 737,699 
 
 108,830 
 309,978 
 
 2,428,921 
 87:j,.?06 
 
 I,7.>4,0.J3 
 
 78,08 -» 
 
 470,019 
 
 1,239,797 
 
 75.3,419 
 
 594,398 
 
 6'J1,.}92 
 
 51,477 
 
 1,519,467 
 
 6H5,866 
 47(),IH.} 
 212,2ii7 
 30,945 
 43,102 
 383,702 
 779,828 
 
 829,210 
 590,756 
 375,651 
 352,111 
 120,000 
 97,574 
 4.V12 
 
 600,000 
 300,000 
 302,000 
 8o0,0 
 
 130,000 
 
 3:}o,000 
 
 2,780.000 
 406,(,'OO 
 
 2,125,00 I 
 
 80,000 
 
 493,000 
 
 1,270,000 
 
 765,000 
 
 605,000 
 
 800,000 
 
 75,000 
 
 1,850,000 
 960,000 
 7;35,000 
 370,000 
 215,0(^0 
 
 i;iO,ooo 
 
 600,000 
 855,000 
 
 950,000 
 690,000 
 640,000 
 470,000 
 149,000 
 152,400 
 46,000 
 
 60,000 
 460,000 I 
 12 ,0i0 
 
 90,0u0 
 
 Inhabited bv Indian 
 Tribes. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Auj^nsta. 
 Concord. 
 Montpelier. 
 Boston. 
 
 {Providence 
 & Newport 
 ( ITurtford and 
 ( N. Haven. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Harrlsburg. 
 
 Dover. 
 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Richmond. 
 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Millodg(>vi!le, 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 Columbne. 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 Springfield. 
 
 Lansing. 
 
 lMadiH(»n. 
 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Jcfl'erson. 
 
 Fraaktort. 
 
 Nashville. , 
 Montgomery. 
 Jackson. 
 Baton Rogue. 
 Austin. 
 Little Rock. 
 Washington. 
 
 Fort Snelling. 
 Fort Leavenworth. 
 Fort Gibson. 
 
 r Fort Snelh 
 1 Fort Leav( 
 J Fort Gibso 
 
 b^X 
 
 j New Mexico 
 \ California 
 ^Oregou 
 
 ixico . 70,000 i 
 ia . . 350,0(10 > 
 . . . 400,000j 
 
 60,000 
 70,000 
 
 Santa FS. 
 
 A'uebla de lo8 Angelos. 
 20,000 Astoria. 
 
 The Emigrant's Hand-Book.— Cotton. N.Y. 
 
Aug^nsta. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 Montpelier. 
 
 Boston. 
 Providence 
 Si Newport 
 JIurtford and 
 N. Haven. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Dover. 
 
 Annapolis. 
 
 Richtnojid. 
 
 Raleigh. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Millodgoville, 
 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 Columbus. 
 
 Indianapolis, 
 
 Sprinj^lield. 
 
 Lansing. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Iowa City. 
 
 Jcflerson. 
 
 Frankfort. 
 
 Nashville. , 
 Montgomery. 
 Jackson. 
 Baton Rogue, 
 Austin. 
 Little Rock. 
 Washington. 
 
 Snelling. 
 
 Leavenworth. 
 
 Gibson. 
 
 I loB Angeles. 
 
 TOTTON. N.Y. 
 
 Al'PKNUIX. 
 
 FARMING IN THE PRAIRIES. 
 
 141 
 
 The farms in Illinoii are generally made in the prairie near to the timber. 
 Jie abundance of grass growing in the prairie, and the quantity of wild vege- 
 able food for animals, offers an ample subsistence for horses and cattle, sheep 
 nd hogs, during the summer months. 
 
 The number of these animals that a farmer keeps, is only limited by the amount 
 W winter food which he can raise on his farm. The farm, on enclosed field, is 
 for the sole purpose of growing the grain, or grass for hay ; but not for sum- 
 nipr pasturage. 
 The great pasture is all outside open to everybody, and to everybody's cattle, 
 mA the abundance and extent of the range is one of the resources of a new 
 pountry. The cattle thus let loose in the wide world dc not run away, as people 
 livlio have kept them only in houses and enclosuies are apt to suppose, 
 ivhy should they? there is abundance of food everywhere. 
 
 It is true they show a preference to certain spots, and 7.n the autumn of the 
 rear, when the grass in the prairie gets dry, they will wander into the woods 
 ui search of more succulent plants ; and as winter" approaches, go further into 
 ^he flat lands of rivers and creeks, where grass h yet i^cen, and keeps so all 
 lie winter. 
 
 The animals like to come to their home where (hey have been wintered ; and a 
 little salt given to them every time they return, will goner <Ily circumscribe 
 piieir range within a mile or two from home. 
 
 In the autumn, or early winter, we bring them into the fa ms, and ieed them 
 
 light and morning. In the day, during the moderate weather of w'.. er, they 
 
 browse about the woods and the skirts of the prairie. Thus are cat' ij and horses 
 
 raised in great numbers. We should let them procure their owu food in '\e 
 
 vinter in the river flats, but for the danger from the watei 
 
 The flats are frequently a little lower towards the k lufi' highlands, than 
 
 bwards the bank of the river. A rise of the river en- .rcles the cattle with 
 
 irater, by which they are penned up on the highest spots v( ground, in the mid- 
 
 ileof the flat; and if the river rises very high, the water ovei'flows the whole 
 
 of the flats, and the cattle are all drowned. 
 
 Hence the danger of letting cattle run unattended, in cane breaks and river 
 bottoms. But much of the stock of these settlers, who live on the margins of the 
 lata, do get their living there, and are perfectly safe, the owners having an eye 
 ipon them when the water rises. 
 
 Though great quantities of cattle are thus cheaply raised, the system of range 
 Ifarming is destructive of all excellence in the breed of cattle. Your own and 
 lyour neighbour's cattle, of all sorts and sizes, ages and qualities, mingle, browse, 
 {and breed together. 
 
 The keeping of sheep is not so easy. They are not strong enough to protect 
 Ithemselves from the wolf, as are the cattle ; t" y must be brought home every 
 jnight, they are not safe even in the fields at J ''t. Hogs are better able to 
 ■take care of themselves ; yet the wolf has usually a large share of pigs in the 
 [range. 
 
 Maze, or Indian corn, is more universally cultivated than any other grain ; 
 lit has peculiar qualities that suit the co uitr^ and climate. It likes rich land and 
 Igreat heart: it has both. But the pecu'it»!C quality for which it is valued by a 
 [people who have very few labouring hands, is its indestructability from wea- 
 jther after it has ripened. It may be left in the field without injury for weeks 
 I and months after it is ripe. AM other grains, when ripe, shell out, and if not 
 fhiiTTested would soon be lost. 
 
 In a country short of labour, the quantity of small grain sown must be regu- 
 llnted by the power of harvest help at command. Not so with Indian corn. All 
 [that can be cultivated to perfect growth may be planted. Its cultivation is the 
 [Tull, or horse-hoe system of husbandry, drill andborse-hoe. 
 
 After the land is ploughed in April it is niiirkedoff ; that Is, a plough makes a 
 Blight furrow or mark every four feet both ways, the whole length and breadth 
 of the field. At the intersecting angles of the furrows, three or four grains of 
 [corn are dropped by a child, and lightly covered with an hoe by an oleter child 
 or a man. Three i^autB arj suffered to remain upon each hill; the corn and 
 weeds start together. 
 
 ■1* I 
 
1 m -^ 
 
 H2 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 When the blade of the com is about four inches high, we run a one-hor8«| 
 plough down the rows, passing as close to the corn as possible, throwing the 
 earth into the middle of the interval. When the whole field is gone over once 
 in this manner, run the plough into the middle of the interval, and thro# 
 the earth back, to the corn. Thus the corn grows rapidly, and the weeds a» 
 killed. 
 
 The last ploughing is generally given in July. It is ripe and hard in Ooj 
 tober. 
 
 There are two modes of harvesting corn. One mode is to cut up the 
 with a short sword about six inches from the ground, and set them up on end I 
 in large circular shocks all over the field. This operation is performed when 
 the plant is yet green in leaf and stem, and when the kernels of the ear.thougl) 
 perfectly formed, are yet soft. There is sap enough in the stem to perfect the 
 ear. The leaf and stem thus preserved is excellent winter food for cattle ; it ij j 
 called fodder, in distinction to hay. In the early part of November each stall 
 is stripped of its ripe and hard ears, which are put into a com crib, and the 
 fodder is left standing to be fed away to cattle in the winter. 
 
 But the most common way is to let the corn mature on the stalk in the field; 
 when it is hard the corn is gathered, and the dried stalks with their dried 
 leaves left standing, and the cattle, during a snow or frost, are turned into the 
 field, to eat as much of them as they will, which is all th'e blades and half of | 
 the stalks. 
 
 Corn atTorda good food for both man and beast. It is most excellent for fat- 
 tening hogs. A man with no other help than his own little family, can, at hig 
 leisure, gather his crop of corn, even if the gathering time is prolonged for 
 weeks or months. It is bad economy, however, to let the corn stand all the 
 winter, as the deer, racoons^ and squirrels, are apt then to make depredationj 
 upon it. 
 
 Englishmen must remember that com, in America, means maze or Indian 
 corn. The term is not applied to wheat, barley, and oats, which are called, 
 "small grain," but never corn. 
 
 llie hunter, when he first settles in the forest, cultivates a small field of com, 
 enough to feed his few horses, cattle, and hogs. Tlie cultivation of the cornlagts 
 from May to July. His farming is then all done, and he pursues his favourite 
 occupation of hunting all the rest of the year. 
 
 The next settler in succession that buys him out, adds another field, and cnl- 
 tivates, besides corn, a little wheat, and some oats. He hunts less, keeps more 
 hogs and cattle, and digs a well. The third is, perhaps, a Pennsylvania tarnier, 
 a Yankee, or, perchance, an Englishman. He enlarges his fields, Jnys down 
 broad meadows of grass, and plants an orchard, then permanent settloiuents 
 begin, and a new aspect of extended and peruianeut comfort is visible in lioiiiic 
 and lands. Then towns grow up and useful institutions of every sort arise. Hie 
 preceding pioneers all move on further westward, and are supplanted by more 
 permanent and substantial men. 
 
 Tallyrnnd said a man plants his patriotinm with his trees. I believe it. The 
 choppers and destroyers have no local attachments. Their pleasures are of ano- 
 ther kind and derived from other sources ; fewness of wants, absence of care, ' 
 lio^htness of labour, and variety of scene. 
 
 We have, in Illinois, no system of agriculture, properly so called, yet there are 
 certain parties that follow in regular succession, suited to anew country, whew 
 land is cheap and plenty, and wliere labour is scarce, It is a system, if system 
 it may be called, arising from circumstances and not from any preconcerted 
 theory. 
 
 We first use such spontaneous productions as the earth yields. The grass, the 
 fruits of the forest, the meat of wild animals, such as deer, turkt^y, Ac, &^ 
 The first crop is produced by the fertility of the noil with very iTapcrft'Ct ''iilti- 
 vation. We plant and sow on the same picMie of ground until its virgin Htreiirfli 
 is exiiausted. We seek not to refairt its fertility, bat receive from it all tlmtit 
 will give, and then go to another pi(;ce and do the like. 
 
 Land is cheap, and labour dear, we therefore use land plentifully, nmt luboui 
 sparingly. 
 
 The Knglish farmers <lo not carry this nystem to the sanu' extent nx tlie n«tir«, I 
 but sow grasti seeds on the exhausted soil, and uiiow the land to recruit itl | 
 strength unde'' a fuw years of pasturage. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 143 
 
 J and hard in Oc- 
 
 The scarcity of labour induces us to do that only which we are compelled to 
 jo. Everything- that can l)e deferred is put off; lill oijerations which time and 
 Feather can perform, are left to them; everything is left that can be done with- 
 out. This gives to the exterior of our farms and farm buildings, a very slovenly 
 Appearance. The weeds are sutFered to take possession of the garden, which 
 Cas yielded its abundant crop of vegetables. The old and abandoned buUding 
 Is suffered to drop to pieces for want of time to take it down.— Flower. 
 
 } I 
 
 AMERICAN CUSTOMS. 
 
 There is no error more palpable, none so generally admitted, yet none so 
 miversally committed, as that which calls up hasty expressions of I'isapproba- 
 Ition and feelings of dislike, when we first encounter national customs, dissi- 
 milar and opposite to our own. Englishmen, with all their good qualities, are 
 Bsseiitiully a most obstinate and opiniated people. Without waiting to examine 
 [the cause" or the effect of the customs objected to, they are apt, at once, to con- 
 demn and reject them. This conduct is particul irly unreasonable when they 
 roluntarily enter a new, and, to them, a foreign country. Many customs prevail 
 In America, so generally, that they may be set down as national characteristics, 
 ^ome highly beneficinl and agreeable, others, the reverse. A custom prevails 
 imoni;- the females of America, so highly beneficial in its influences, and strik- 
 lu^Iy agreeable, as to be worthy of universal example. It is, that when per- 
 jforiniug any kind of work, whether in the manufactory, the shop, or in the 
 fffice of doaiestic drudgery, American ladies ar^, then, generally attired with 
 idditional care. On many such occasions I have observed witli admiration, u 
 mion uf neatness and simplicity in their dross, approaching to the perfection of 
 {ood tu8te. 
 
 The American women have a happy knack of rendering a very disagreeable 
 
 lob, (or which is rendered so by the old mode of doing it), oftentimes a very 
 
 ,uyj^ w. i.u.ii. ^fcgieeable emi)loyment ; and, in none is it more strikingly displayed than in 
 
 sues ills favourite ^P'''-'''" ™ode of getting through with the labour of the wash. Disarray among 
 
 ^^he females, and dismay among the men, combine against all comfort on the 
 
 iwful day, of an English six week's wash. Here the whole thing is ditterently 
 
 performed. The accumulation is not suffered to be so large. Here it is taken 
 
 little by little, and the mode of attack is very difterent. The American lady. 
 
 Before she begins her morning's wash, first dresses and adorns herself with 
 
 more than usual care and grace, yielding to the head and hair a little more 
 
 jthiiu ordinary elegance. If a BU()den call is made for her appearance in the 
 
 parlour, no more time is needed than is necessary to dry her hands. Thus armed 
 
 iiiere is no danger of btiag caught; indeed, in this case, the catching is apt to be 
 
 the other way. American females have a sleight of hand in getting through 
 
 bouHc-work of all kinds, without apparent labour. 
 
 Tlio general inquisitivcncss of Americans is very surprising to an English- 
 man ou his firBt arrival. This iuquisitiveuess is but a feature of a great na- 
 liiinjil liharacteristic. 
 
 UugliHhiueii have a great reserve in all persfmnl matters, and in the minor af- 
 fairs <if life generally. \ reserve, by which they fail to acquire much iuforma- 
 tiun, and, in truth, lose much enjoyment. 
 
 lliore is a sort of community of feeling in America, of all men and womcn'g 
 liillaiiM and motives. The fact is, or ounht to be, known, that from the moment 
 Jot your landing in America, to the latest moment of your stay, you are in a 
 |house of glass. Then) is no point so distant, no place so retired, but the all -see- 
 ing »'yH of your neighbour, tor the time being, is upcm you: it is perfectly vain 
 lo atf'!inpt'to conceal word or action ; and some practice in American society is 
 Ji piinito to prev(!nt the ready divination of the thoughts also. This is a nor- 
 Ition whic'h you have hitherto enjoyed in private, hut now you are required to 
 ^lirowit into the common sto(;k of*int(»rmation, and, in return, ytm may amuse 
 iiisih witii all the actuuis and wclKuieH ol your neighlnmrs, and with those of 
 •eiy othor person with whom ycui luiiy come in contact. 
 
 lliiK dues not ultogethiT arise troin i'ndividtml curiosity. The erratic and gre- 
 l|:iriouf» hiilats of the i>coi)lu, throw largo masses of theui iu uoutinunl com- 
 'V'liaonship. 
 
 ifully, and laboiu' 
 
 m 
 
II-! '1 ■ ;* 
 
 I '< 
 
 Ml \' 
 
 si 
 
 ■'1 . 
 
 il 
 
 ■ t 
 ! 
 
 
 : i 
 
 
 
 - 4 
 
 ) 
 
 ' 1 
 
 il 
 
 riiffl 
 
 144 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Trarellin^ in steam boats and r»f !road cars, meeting and eating together L 
 large hotels and boarding houses all tend to publicity. The habit of re^istpj 
 ing name, residence, and destination at erery tavern is as efficient a clue, i 
 the official records of the French police. 
 
 Nothing is more common than when you are on the eye of starting on a jouJ 
 ney a person with whom you are but slightly acquainted, asks you where jtT 
 are going. "To Baltimore, perhaps." "How long do you think of stayinj;? 
 " Three weeks, perhaps." He accosts the next person he meets with, " A k 
 gone to Baltimore ! wonder what he's gone for. Oh? he's gone for so and sol 
 Thus its all known in less time than I have been writing about it. Thisgenen 
 publicity gives great tact in keeping secret, or veiling a motive where it isntj 
 cessary so to do. 
 
 The merchant's counting house, or the public offices in America, have nothiu 
 of the brief despatch, abrupt question and reply of the like places in Englan| 
 In England you are not generally admitted until the other, who is in, has finishei 
 his business. On entering, you state your business Standing, receive your ai 
 Bwer and go out. If, indeed, it is something more of a consultation than 
 usual, perhaps you recline one elbow on the desk, whilst conversing with the ( 
 cupant who either quits his stool or pen until you have finished, a nod is all tin 
 ceremony in parting. In America a courteous reception, invitation to a seat 
 enquiries of your health and that of your friends, precede the most presBini 
 business. If half a dozen people are present, you are introduced to them al 
 and no feeling exists about speaking of your business before the whole conipnoyl 
 You are ushered into the apartment of a public man, who is engaged i 
 Sirriting an important state paper, he turns round immediately, converses nioi 
 freely, resumes his pen when you are gone, without a single expression of veil 
 ation at the interruption. In this way you become acquainted with everybodrl 
 know everything, and hear all that is going on. T 
 
 It takes some years of experience before an Englishman, asks himself, W!.| 
 do I want to be alone ? what.have I got to conceal ? America is a social eossipf 
 ing country. I incline to prefer these social habits of intercourse of the Aoiei 
 cans, to the greater reserve of the EniAlish. It creates a kindly feeling in tin 
 community. It is not an easy matter for an emigrant to attain to the perfectin 
 of this social talent, for talent it certainly is. He may have lost all hostility t 
 the practice of free and open intercourse at all times and seasons. He muy t 
 on excellent terms with his neighbours, but if he will stay at home and nnn 
 mind his owii business, he can never be a decidedly popular man. In 
 country where freedom of intercourse is almost unrestrained, as to time 
 
 Slace, a retirement or seclusion, is a species of neglect, if ^ <jt ofTenoe, which i 
 ecidedly felt, though it may not be expressed. You may sin and be wicket* ii 
 many ways, and in the tolerant circle of American society receive n fol 
 and generous pardon. But this one sin can never be pardoned, and it yoj 
 would be elected constable, squire, or president, be sure you never commit r 
 It is an error tn suppose that freedom of speech is greater in America thani 
 Kntfland. Freedom of expression and unreserved speech is not universal i 
 America. Common conversation is conducted with more courtesy than in En; 
 land. The energetic and fierce reply, and flat contradiction, is never h.ardi 
 the commonest tavern, or stage coach. This may be accounted for. A' acouitl 
 manners and speech are courteous. In America we are always in presence^ 
 the sovereign peo|> ••. Motives of policy constantly predominate. The unprt 
 meditated thought is seldom expressed. But what is proper and expedient fol 
 tlie occasion is expressed in courteous and guarded phrasnohigy. In qiu'Htiov 
 of domestic policy, American statesmen are, what may be termed compromisml 
 politicians. Striking and eminent examples to the contrary exist aniou^' tli 
 most distinguished statesmen of America. 
 
 H«'nry Clay, of Kentucky, and Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, though in r.ifl 
 particulars directly opposite to each other, and of two distinct politiciil partia 
 Hie, nevertheless, consistent, and uncomprouiising politicians in the courts uf[ 
 litios which they severally pursue. — Flower. 
 
id eating together i 
 be habit of renistcrl 
 .8 efficient a clue, 
 
 merica, have nothiii 
 3 places in EnglanI 
 whoisin.hasfinishei 
 ng, receive yourL 
 consultation than 
 nversing with the i. 
 ihed, a nod is ull tin 
 invitation to a m 
 e the moat pressiB 
 troduced to them aL 
 e the whole corapaiij] 
 , who is engaged i 
 ately, converses moL 
 le expression of vexl 
 ited with everybodJ 
 
 , asks hitiiself, wJ 
 ica is a social goal 
 course of the Ame 
 Lindly feeling in thi 
 tain to the perfectin 
 e lost all hostility « 
 easons. He niiiyi) 
 y at home and mj 
 mlar man. In 
 >ied, as to time 
 
 'jt offence, which i 
 in and bewicke(*ii 
 ciety receive n ful 
 rdnned, and it yo^ 
 >u never commit 
 in America than i 
 is not universal t 
 iirtesy tlian in Eu 
 1, is never h.ardii| 
 ted for. A' ucoun 
 
 PAET TWO. 
 
 
 HETHERTO GO, AND WHITHER ? 
 
 M 
 
 f 
 
 ' A 
 
 ;is| 
 
 YHI TAPI OP QOOD HOPS. PORT NATAL. NEW ZEALAND. NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. AUSTRAL /ELIX. 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. VAN OIBMAN'S LAND. ^ CKLAND ISLAND. 
 FALKLAND ISLANDS, AND REMAINING BRITISH COLONIES. 
 
 nnri, though in na 
 ict political (lartid 
 in the course of |i 
 
nm 
 
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 JBH! 
 
 
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 IIhI;' 
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 Ifi 
 
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 iH' 
 
 ■ i S 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1 
 
 ! 'I 
 
 
 It is a " great fact" which strikes those who prefer to rely upon cir- 
 iumstantial evidence rather than to trust to the conflict of human testi- 
 lony, which at every step confuses and confounds the enquirer into the 
 ibject of emigration, that the great mass of persons who leave Europe 
 DT America, give a direct preference to the United States as a place of 
 ettlement. It is still more worthy of observation, that of those whose 
 briginal destination has been the British American provinces, upwards of 
 kixty per cent, remove ultimately to the neighbouring republic. No sta- 
 ptics, no interesting narratives of '^ Life in Canada," no geological sur- 
 reys of strata and soils, no unpiphisticated letters of primitive settlers to 
 ^heir " dear parents," or ^' Friends at Home," are half so significant as 
 It amounts to the testimony of some 150,000 witnesses yeai'ly, in 
 |:he shape, not of words, but of acts, and personal experience, in favor of 
 ]e superior advantages of the States. The winter in Canada, long and 
 Bvere, the absence of spring, the difficulty of bringing Indian Corn to 
 perfection, except in a mere per centage of seasons* the additional ex- 
 BQces of clothing, fuel, bousing for men and cattlf , the encreased labour 
 id cost of house-feeding through a long winter, and the consequent ac- 
 cumulated obstacles to the easy acquisition of subsistence and enjoyment of 
 ifc, are doubtless all strong arguments in favour of a preference for the 
 jwostem and some of the southern states of the Union. Their self-gov- 
 Brnment, whatever other effects it may produce, has universally a tendency 
 Ito energize a people, and to increase the activity, ei«terprise, and asso. 
 Iciative power of nations. But, added to these motives foi the avoidance 
 |of Canada, or for transmigration from British America, is the absence 
 
,»; „. 
 
 h 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 itw><? 
 
 Ui -A^ 
 
 
 there of that which is generally the redeeming feature of a monarchicall 
 government —stability and strength of the ruling power. The recent hil 
 tory of Canada has been that of organic changes effected by the govern 
 ment itself, and rebellions and insurrections on the part of the peopl&l 
 The influence of the mother country has every year become weaker. J 
 difference of race in the population, has rendered the elements of so(iet;| 
 incoherent. A newspaper, recently established, and conducted with mucll 
 ability, and even temperance of spirit, proposes for its object, separatioil 
 from the mother country, and annexation to the neighbouring republic. 
 These principles find favor even with many British settlers, and persons 
 of substance and standing. The most sanguine cannot escape the con- 
 viction, that a long career of co^^ .ulsion, agitation, and disorder is before 
 them, the source of insecurity, obstruction to the successfiil pursuit of I 
 industry and commercial enterprise, and that social distraction, under] 
 which no people can flourish. 
 
 Removed to the United States, the first step towards citizenship is an| 
 express renunciation of allegiance to the British Crown. It is true t 
 strangers may settle in the country without becoming citizens. But I 
 " Britishera" will find that, until they have become citizens of the United | 
 States, the country is no place for them. They will be universally ta- 
 booed by the natives. A system of petty, but very effectual, persecution, 
 will prove to them that they " cannot serve two masters ;" and that the | 
 last thing Americans can tolerate is the practical assertion that any rule, 
 or country, can be superior, or even equal to their own. Strange, as it 
 may appear, too, this is really a providential element in their character, 
 because their constitutional system is naturally so incohesive, that nothing 
 but a passionate patriotism could hold it together. Do as Rome does, 
 and the settler will be kindly treated, and generously helped. To ** Sit at I 
 Rome and strive with the Pope," will speedily be discovered to be an im- 
 possible effort. The Americans, by whom we mean the masses of the 
 Union, are essentially a vain, arrogant, conceited people. Like all vain | 
 men they cannot rest contented with the self conviction of their great- 1 
 ness, for which their own wonderful deeds give them ample warrant. 
 They live, feast, and gorge upon the praise and admiration of others. 
 John Bull is too proud to be vain. Brother Jonathan is too vain to iM I 
 
INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 oroud. He cannot wrap himself up in his own self-sufficiency. Applause, 
 
 lulation, the assurance of others that he is a wonderful man, is essential 
 
 his happiness. He is a glutton of admiration — and like all such, feed 
 
 lim with grounds for self satisfaction, and he will prove himself good 
 
 itured, kindly, and generous. This is not American, hut human nature. 
 
 LU men, who are to a great extent the self creators of all that surrounds 
 
 ^bem, magnify the work of their own hands'to a bulk far beyond its real 
 
 proportions. There are many of the inhabitants of our own remote 
 
 towns who seriously believe that in all substantial respects, they and their 
 
 "Little Peddlington'' are far superior to London, and that their country 
 
 balls or races, beat Almack's and Ascot hollow. The denizens of Aber- 
 
 leen pride themselves upon being the best speakers of English ; and the 
 
 worthy pastor of the parish, which embraces two small islands off the 
 
 coast of Ayr, was in the regular habit of praying for ** the islt nds of the 
 
 'umrass, and the islands of Great Britain and Ireland thereto adjoining." 
 
 Nothing is more certain than that — 
 
 " Home keeping youth, have ever homely wits." 
 
 [The provincial mind is essentially provincial in its habits of thought; and 
 jwhether in Cornwall, or Springfield, at Glamorgan or Cincinnati, it will 
 ■be found that local poetasters or native Boanergeses, are reckoned far su- 
 Iperior to Wordsworth or Macaulay. The dress of the Americans, espe- 
 cially of the women, gaudy, conspicuous, expensive, eccentric, is evidently 
 devised to attract external attention, and forms as striking a contrast to 
 the quiet good taste of English costume, as the silent consciousness of 
 fluperiority of the Englishman, which neither courts nor almost accepts 
 I admiration, is opposed to the uneasy, restless curiosity of the American, 
 I to know " what Mrs. Grundy says. " 
 
 A wise man, to whom the frailties of human nature are an interesting 
 •tudy, rather than an abomination which grates upon his own prejudices, 
 
 f 
 
 " Can look and laugh at all that." 
 
 Hewill soon penetrate beneath the offensive vanity of the American cha- 
 racter, to its many solid qualities, and real excellences. He will at once 
 ittome and take for granted, that its foibles must be patiently borne with. 
 
 'Hi 
 
l\ 
 
 .;;■)? 
 
 V'^ t 
 
 * ;i 
 
 VI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and not rudely insulted. He will remember that no man is so manage.1 
 able, even so kindly, as the vain, if you do not offend his self-love, oil 
 wound his opinion of his own perfections. He will detect the substratum I 
 of good sense and broad reason, which lurks beneath this worthless sn.| 
 persoil, and at last succeed in bringing Brother Jonathan to laugh athul 
 own failings, and to amend them. 
 
 But this is what many an Englishman cannot do. He is quite ail 
 proud as other men are vain. He does not say, or show that he thinlaj 
 all other men are immeasurably inferior to him — but he certainly f( 
 it, and the loud complaints which reach this country from settlers in the I 
 States, have their origin in the obstinacy with which our countrymen re- 
 fuse to concede equality of character or position to the inhabitants of tln| 
 States, and the pertinacity with which they sneer at the pretensions, ai 
 wound the sensitive vanity, of an excitable and self-glorifying people. 
 
 For those who cannot make up their minds to " answer a fool accord- 1 
 ing to his folly," but who pertinaciously insist upon adding one to 
 fools of the company, America is no proper place of settlement. Our I 
 women, especially, who cannot accommodate themselves without 
 many wry faces, to the new domestic habits which they may find, 
 e^'en by a removal from Penzance to Manchester, or from Edinburgh to 
 London, find the United States often a miserable resting place, and an | 
 generally clamorous in their complaints of habits, which are no otherwise,, 
 objectionable, than simply that they are strange. However little thej | 
 may think of their own country while they are in it, they invariably mag- 
 nify its superiority the moment they are called upon to contrast it with | 
 that of others — like the widow who lived a cat and dog life with her hus- 
 band ; but found that he was a paragon of perfection the moment he was | 
 taken away from her. '*.:'.' r ' ' 
 
 Persons of such tendencies are more and more turning their attentioD I 
 to our southern colonies. In these they find British rule and British 
 feelings in their full vigour. The whole inhabitants, with few exceptions; 
 are emigrants like themselves. The regions are British realms -their 
 praises are congenial to all, because all take them to themselves. 
 They are at home in a foreign land, because the people there aw 
 their own countrymen, and fellow subjects. The union jack waivo 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Vli 
 
 lan is so manage.! 
 i his self-love, oi 
 ict the substratum 
 this worthless sq. 
 an to laugh at liis 
 
 He is quite g 
 3W that hethinla 
 he certainly /fieji I 
 f om settlers in 1 
 ir countrymen r«. I 
 inhabitants of the 
 e pretensions, and| 
 jrifying people, 
 wer a fool accord-l 
 dding one to the 
 settlement. Our 
 imselves withont 
 
 [over them, loyalty to Queen Victoria is universal, the whole strength, 
 Ipower, and genius of the greatest empire in the world, overshadow 
 (them. They are still British, in a wide outlying English province. 
 
 Annexation, disorder, disaffection, rebellion, are unknown in the south. 
 INo sympathizing neighbour fosters treason, or threatens ii:trasion and 
 jconquest. The arts of peace, the pursuits of industry, are not rendered 
 isecure by treason, uncertainty, or feebleness in the governing power. 
 Jut more than this, the southern settlers are entirely removed from all 
 the vicissitudes of European or transatlantic politics. Society begins 
 mew amid the profoundest tranquillity. Our people have a whole he- 
 lisphere to themselves, thirteen thousand miles away from the fierce 
 conflict of sophisticated humanity, and are placed in a state of entire in- 
 lependence upon any other resources than their own. 
 
 "Tliey are monarchs of all they survey, 
 Their right there is none to dispute. 
 From the centre all round to the sea, 
 o , They are lord of the fowl and the brute.'* 
 
 They are the founders of a new empire, with the fifth part of the world, 
 and that the finest and richest, for a dominion. Ages may come before 
 the tranquil solitude of their quiet reign can be marred by the strife and 
 Forry of rival powers or competitive humanity. The problem of social 
 questions they need not be called upon to solve for a thousand years. 
 The tempestuous.sea of human life, and political passion, rages thousands 
 [)f miles off, while they repose upon the great emerald of the South, be- 
 cabued in the profound repose of the placid Pacific. To the fabric of 
 heir laws they bring the experience of the jurisprudence of an ancient 
 cingdom, and may, by a knowledge of the errors and evils which have 
 cursed our European systems, lay deep in the foundations of official 
 aptitude and ample information, the basis of a stable constitution and 
 Ifhe wisest legislation. The rich treasures of Bentham are open to them. 
 Let them sagaciously apply them, and they will not be far from the 
 realization of a workable Utopia. 
 
 The conviction deepens itself into our mind, that colonization is stLkl 
 t)ut in its infancy. We do not believe that the population of the vast 
 
 i 
 
ma 
 
 
 1 
 
 , 
 
 j ^j.^;-t 
 
 j^L. |..„, ,,, 
 
 I ' sjli 
 
 bJPHhIS ' 
 
 i ifli 
 
 
 ^ IH 
 
 H^^^^HwC»' 
 
 i^i^Am^nl 
 
 
 mm 
 
 vlil 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I 
 
 kingdoms of antiquity absolutely perished in their native territory. As 
 men became civilized, and geographical knowledge extended, the evils 
 of a dense population, oppressed, and miserable, were doubtless corrected 
 by migration. The Athenians to Sicily, the Romans to their conquered 
 provinces, the Carthaginians to the ports of the nations With which they 
 trafficked. Babylon, Nineveh, Tadmor, Jerusalem, Tyre, Ridon, Persia, 
 Egypt, Arabia— Pharaoh, Xerxes— it is not conceivable that the vast 
 tide of life, which these names suggest, ebbed into their own sands, and 
 dried up in their native channels. Outraged humanity righted itself by 
 removal to strange lands and greater elbow room, and so will this modern 
 world of ours. No man who has caught but a glimmering of the 
 Christian system, who reverences humanity, and truly appreciates tiie 
 significancy of a human soul, can fail to feel uneasy at the contempIatioD 
 of the existing predicament of mankind. " The foxes have holes, the 
 birds of the air their nests, but the Son of man knows not where to lay 
 his head." All nature, as it comes from the hand of God, and walks by 
 the unsophisticated instincts which he gave it in the place of reason, is 
 happy, and amply provided for. Every creature has its comfortable 
 home, and its sufficient food. It toils not, neither does it spin, except 
 spontaneously, for pleasure, and for itself. Work is but the variety of 
 its pastime. It sings, or cries, or chatters; it sports and plays in tlie ; 
 river, or on the surface, amid the flowers or in the sunbeam, on every 
 bough, in the meadow, by the quiet waters, on the rock or in the green 
 pasture, gi'atuitous activity, busy idleness, play or repletion, testify to 
 continuous enjoyment, ample provision, use without abuse of all the 
 necessary bounties of providence. " He hears the young lions when 
 they cry, feeds the raven, and gently leads those that are with young." 
 In winter those that cannot fly, sleep — those that have been busy in the 
 summer have their winter store — those that can neither hoard nor sleep, 
 follow the sun through a perpetual summer. None are houseless which 
 need a dwelling, none are foodless— few are orphans, none dependants, 
 servants, or slaves. There is abundant food for all— there is no stai'va- 
 tion — no thought for to-morrow— no anxiety for the day. 
 As human intelligence moves into clearer light, man will contrast bii 
 
 » 4 It 
 
 m 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 fn 
 
 own position with that of earth's other animals. He will see that every 
 jyear nature produces for his use a thousand times more than the whole 
 Irace can consume, and yet that there are millions who never know what 
 it is to have enough to eat. He will iind that, in the most civilized 
 I countries in the world, the fearfullest contrasts of wealth and poverty 
 are the greatest; that even in Great Britain, tens of thousands of fellow- 
 creatures perish yearly of absolute want — that those who toil hardest are 
 the worst supplied — that vice and crime increase faster than wealth and 
 I intelligence, and that the idlest are the best fed. 
 
 Civihzation! What a mockery! Ragged Paupers by the million— 
 I millions more who work, worse fed, clothed, and lodged, than the 
 lazzaroni who do nothing. "In the sweat of thy brow," said the pri- 
 moBval curse, "shalt thou eat bread." "Thy brow shall sweat," saith 
 our smug civilization, "and when thou askest for bread, we shall give 
 thee a stone." Mothers shall poison children for the burial fees, starving 
 Uives shall be beaten black and blue from the gin palace door, that hus- 
 bands may drink up the Saturday night's weekly wages by the Sunday 
 morning. Children shall be famished, women abused and degraded into 
 the habits and thoughts of brutes, and man, battered and sucked dry of 
 the very substance of his bones by overlaboured and unrequited toil, will 
 envy the ox that draws his plough, and find himself worse housed and 
 [nourished than the horse that he drives. 
 
 It never was, it never could be the intention of the kind Father of the 
 [universe, that "the paragon of animals and the beauty of the world," 
 should be the meanest and most abject thing in it. It is impossible to 
 [conceive that the end of human existence should be what our mere 
 varnished and bespangled barbarism has made it. To break stones on 
 the highway, from years' end to years' end, and sunrise to sunset, with- 
 out any intermission ; and to account it the greatest calamity when want 
 of employment shall force him to pretermit this degrading task — to 
 [stitch shirts in a garret at threehalfpence per six hours — to begin life at 
 nine years old in shutting and opening doors in a coal pit, and go on to 
 the verge of existence glad that there are always coals to pick— to scavenge 
 through our gutters and cesspools, and got up a riot against those who 
 
,. s'*f' 
 
 1> 
 
 LJ!: '!;:! 
 
 mM 
 
 mm 
 
 X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 would gather filth by machinery — to heave fovl from lighters, and ply 
 the shuttle until the weaver falls famished in a t'sj*:. out of his loom— to 
 plod four miles before six o'clock through rain and in raffs to the turnip 
 field — and four miles back, after six at night, to a hovel of clamorous 
 brats, and an empty cupboard — "there is more in this than is natural, if | 
 philosophy could but find it out !" This is not our view alone, but that 
 of the working classes themselves. Every letter from every colony, 
 chiefly treats of the social elevation to which the writer finds himself 
 raised by expatriation, and of the sense of the degradation in which hig 
 order is sunk in the old countries of Europe. Is this an abnormal state 
 of European, or at least of English Society ? Is it not the ordinaiy con- 
 dition of our masses ? Can any honest self-searcher deny that the life of 
 the great body of the community is little more than a negation of death. 
 Is an existence of mere brute labour, machine work, horse toil, of pin- 
 heading or road-making, or tunnel- cutting — is that in any sense a ful- 
 filment of the purposes of rational, spiritual, immortal being? — Was man 
 created to no other end than that ? Is the daily miracle of sunrise and 
 sunset, of crescent and star, or the yearly drama of the seasons to be 
 acted before the senses, to no purpose of human instruction and enjoy- 
 ment, that our people shall be for ever divorced from the loveliness and 
 wisdom of excelling nature, and driven to drudgery like the herd of the 
 stall, with the whip of want in the manacles of an overmastering physical 
 necessity ? Tell us not that we do wrong by such questions to make the 
 worker discontented with his condition. It would be the most forlorn 
 hope of progress and the soul's health were he contented with such a 
 dungeon doom as that. — "A machine," observes Mr. G. R. Porter, the 
 high-minded and just thinking secretary of the Board of Trade, "has 
 recently been invented and put to use for cleaning the streets of London." 
 ** An amiable person of the protectionist school observed — 'It makes my 
 heart ache to think what will become of the poor scavengers, if these 
 contrivances shall come into general use,' a remark which forcibly called 
 to my mind the very difierent view taken of the same case by the late 
 Mr. Deacon Hume, a man whose heart was ever alive to the finest im- 
 pulses of our nature, and who, while observing one of these pitied 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 xi 
 
 ivengers in the exercise of his calling, remarked to me that the time 
 vould come when such degrading offices must be performed by the aid 
 )f machinery, or that it would be necessary to bribe a man to the task, 
 by pay equal to that of a minister of state." — Helots and serfs long ago, 
 eere no other than what our hewers of wood and drawers of water are 
 aow. They are slaves as they were slaves, by whatever fine name we 
 lay choose to call them. No man who respects his own nature can 
 
 rap himself in the cuticle of a moral rhinoceros, and gaze with unconcern 
 m the tide of life which flows past him turgid, muddy, stormful, saying 
 ily, " flow thou on to the dead sea of eternity, and there lose thyself 
 
 I the indistinguishable immensity of waters." It is not permitted to the 
 Christian to see humanity degraded into professional kennel raking, op 
 ^0 the condition of the gin-horse — 
 
 " Dragging sand, till the sand in his hour glass stands still." 
 
 The hell of thousands of our labouring families, with their dirty drunken 
 Irabs, their brutal husbands* debased by toil, misery, insult, and the 
 lofit abject functions ; their savage lying, thieving children, all churned 
 ap into one chorus of oaths, obscenity, incest, and murderous blows ;— 
 loes not the heart sicken at it, and bid humanity '^ take any shape but 
 Ithat?" Look abroad over God's fair earth, his smiling skies, his genial 
 pUmes, his fair uplands, his peaceful groves and fertile vallies,~contrast 
 vbat nature ofiers and what sophisticated man provides, and who can 
 beUeve that starvation, endless unendurable toil, wretched, slavish de- 
 pendence, and functions assigned to the lords of creation to which the 
 'reator does not condemn the meanest reptile, are normal dispensations 
 of providence ? Industry is a virtue, but not labour. To be useful is a 
 
 iity,--to submit to be a drudge is to abuse the purpose for which man 
 
 Fas designed by his Maker. The slaves in the West Indies ceased to toil 
 
 f;he moment they were declared free. The planters called them lazy, — 
 
 TO call them wise, for having made labour the means to live, rather than 
 
 laking life the mere means of labour. Call us revolutionary, accuse us 
 Df being disorganisers as men may, we will not stand idly by and see the 
 
 lass of our fellow men degraded to the vilest offices, and debased to be the 
 
 strument of the mere convenience of others, without protesting against 
 
 11* 
 
tl 
 
 li 
 
 I 
 
 Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTIOSr. 
 
 the foul dishonour which such base uses bring upon oup common hn. 
 manity. Hardly entreated brother ! look over the wide earth, behold 1 
 those fertile wilds and fruitful woods ; turn thy pale cheek to the sweet 
 south, and breathe the fragrance of that bank of violets : there is a 
 boundless and unappropriated freehold; — scratch but the soil, and it be» | 
 comes pregnant with easy life to thee. Nature is a liberal mistress, and 
 a kindly mother ; here there are too many of us, — there the fruit falls 
 with none to gather. To labour is to worship, — but do thou labour for 
 thyself. Call no man master while thou canst be thine own. Tt were 
 better to be a savage in the free wilderness, than the Caliban of city Pros. 
 peros. Better be barbarous than a slave ; — better the uncouth denizen of 
 the prairie, than the human brute of the roaring ale house, or the stolid 
 starveling of the lane or the mud hovel. 
 
 What is civilization if it be not the discovery of the secret of securing 
 the greatest happiness to the greatest number. Aggregated results may 
 make a great kingdom, but diffused comfort is the only test of a great 
 people. A nation is not truly rich which can shew five thousand mil- 
 lions of property in the hands of a few, while the mass of its producers 
 have nothing. Your electric telegraphs and railroads, and steamboats, 
 your endless cotton mills, and fuliginous furnaces, your mines and ships, 
 what are they all but the means to an end of securing convenience and 
 abundance and ease to the million? >"?.y^ what is knowledge and power 
 if they are barren of the fruit of general prosptjrity? 
 
 "Where ignorance is blisB 'tis folly to be wise." 
 
 A few men of science do not make a nation intelligent. Nay, that all these 
 are ours, and yet that they exist in vain, — that they have not reached 
 the heart of our social system, — that they have • not merely not 
 benefitted, but that they are scarcely known to the great body 
 of our people,— is not this the wofullest result of all ? NO' 
 Wo are but barbarians in broad cloth, — untatooed savages,— can- 
 nibals that do not, indeed, eat the flesh, but nevertheless devour the 
 life blood of one another. We are beginning to find it out, and wiicn I 
 tlio truth is clearly discerned, wo shall cmignite by millions. Itisiii 
 vain that our snug respectability sneers at the manners of tlie Auiericau 
 
 Ih 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 • • • 
 
 Xlll 
 
 Irepublic. All the Trollopes, and Halls, and Marryatts, and other flunkey- 
 Ihood of literature, who go through a country like moles burrowing for 
 jits worms, when they should be looking abroad over its sunlight, and 
 fho have no more conception of the real significancy of the social organ- 
 sm of a nation, than so many Jeameses and Jenkinses, will not, by mere 
 Sook-making buffoonery, rail this broad fact away, that humanity receives 
 jind enforces more respect, and enjoys more substantial comfort and in- 
 iependence there, than it commands in any other country. True civili- 
 sation is only to be found where the masses of a people are, or, at least, if 
 iey will, may be, happy, reverence themselves, and receive the treatment 
 ad detereuce befitting our common spiritual immortal nature. Better 
 lat service should be less obsequious, the rich less able to command 
 lenial obedience, rank be less worshipped, and the upper classes bo 
 [udely jostled by the herd, than Ihat the dignity of man should fal be~ 
 }re the Moloch of Mammon, and the image and superscription of God bo 
 [blitei'ated by the desecration by which our sophistication dishonours it. 
 To ourselves, indeed, it is infinitely convenient that we can get intelli- 
 [ent and reasonable beings, ingenious, docile, cheap, to scrape our soles; 
 |ck our dirty platters, scrub our gutters, and, 
 
 " Born for our use, to live but to obey ns," 
 
 Jut to the shoo black, the scullion, the nightman, it is not so convenient. 
 i'e would sooner see the fine ladies of America continue to be obliged to 
 Brve themselves because their " helps had taken themselves oft* just when 
 (ley had company,"— wo would infinitely prefer to be compelled to sub- 
 lit to the company of our Abigails in the parlour, or to sit down with 
 he waiters in the ordinary, than to pei'petuato the slavery of our 
 rfitchod maids of all work, tlio insult, drudgery, and ])ollution of our 
 xiginjif house girls, or tho bufietings of our poor governesses, and 
 
 
 " tho Hpurns, 
 That i)ut;ont merit o( (ho unwDrthy takes." 
 
 lie wall (>f China is a grand work, but at what a cost of oppression 
 wlifol TJKi pyramids are a noble aoliievtincnt, bi't, how inany were 
 fbbed aiiil worke«l to de:itU to build thoju ! And so the luxuries and 
 

 -!| 
 
 hi 
 
 
 A\ 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 splendours of civilization are exquisitely tasteful and elegant, delightful 
 in enjoyment, and satisfying to our highest conceptions of fitness, Inge- 
 nuity, thought, and enjoyment. But the ministers to that enjoyment, 
 the producers of these luxuries, the labourers by whose toil those fancies 
 and that taste are indulged and gratified,— look down into the pande- 
 monium in which they swelter, and say if all is not dearly purchased at 
 such a cost. Could we, as we scatter our Carnival bon bona, or trifle 
 with our confections of sweets, but raise the hatches of the slave ship, 
 and gaze upon the horrors of the middle passage, would we suck our 
 sugar plums, squeezed out of these black muscles, with so careless a 
 complacency, or think them still so sweet ? 
 
 For our part we would rather bo less civilized and more human, if in- 
 deed mere barbaric splendour, mere abstract national greatness, and in- 
 dividual concrete personal misery, ignorance, and squalor, can have any 
 pretensions to be called civilized at all. Men are beginning to find thij 
 out, and to take themselves off to the backwoods, or the cattle statioi 
 The clerk, who wields the pen, and has daily, for bare life, to bear the 
 snubbings of his master, discovers that the spade and the crook are mow 
 honourable, where all dig or herd like himself. The dependant who daily 
 hears that England 's the rich man's paradise, but the poor man's 
 demonium, take the proverb at its word ; — the poor leave England to tlij 
 rich, and go out of the pandemonium. Common sense asks itself 
 " Why do I stand or wear my heart out in this mud-fog island, where, 
 »uch as I own no more land than will bury us, when the finest cliim 
 the sunniest sky, tlie most fertile plains in the world ask me only to takej 
 possession cf and till them in fee simple, without rent, tithe, or taxes!] 
 And thus emigration spreads, and colonization becomes a great outlet 
 our redundant numbers. On the Australian cattle runs, in the New Zei-j 
 land valley, on the Tasmauian green hill, common life is found to 
 equal in ease, comfort, and enjoyment, to that of the idle rich in t 
 mother country. All are land liolders ; all may hunt, and shoot, and Mj^ 
 all may take the world at their leisure, and subsist without eflbrt 
 anxiety, and live amid the beauties, the bounties, the enjoyment of 
 ture, as only the priviliged few can do in Europe. Wo sit here, 
 chtuited by the paralyzing sorcery of sophistication, while time runs oi 
 
 In 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XV 
 
 ly 
 
 ilegant, delightful | 
 8 of fitness, inge- 
 > that enjoyment,, 
 B toil those fancies 
 1 into the pande- 
 sarly purchased at 
 wn bonSj or trifle | 
 of the slave sL^,, 
 ould we suck out 
 with so careless a 
 
 nore human, if in- 
 greatness, and in- 
 lalor, can have any 
 ginning to find thiil 
 p the cattle station,! 
 re life, to bear M 
 I the crook are morel 
 ependant whodailyl 
 B poor man's panj 
 3ave England to I 
 i sense asks itseli,| 
 -fog island, when^l 
 [the finest t]iiiiatii,| 
 ik me only to 
 f, tithe, or taxes !'| 
 es a great outlet ( 
 is, in the New Zea-] 
 [life is found to 
 le idle rich in tii 
 [id shoot, and M] 
 without eflbrt 
 enjoyment of 
 Wo sit here, e& 
 lilotime runsoi 
 
 and we never enjoy it. We know not what existence really is, who drag 
 it out in populous cities. The most polished and intelligent men ack- 
 nowledge that the highest reach of happi ness is to he found in savage 
 life, dwelling unconstrained amidst the freedom of nature. Of one such, 
 who had hunted for a summer with the Texan trappers, and who, after 
 years of city luxury and refinement, had been asked by these wild men 
 again to come among them, Mr. Sidney observes, " He looked upon the 
 western plains, and the strange, insatiable longing which fills men's minds 
 when they have once tasted of savage life, came over him. He strug- 
 gled against this wild mystic feeling, pictured to himself the advantages 
 he would sacrifice by indulging it ; the luxuries of civilization, the society, 
 the intellectual life, the friends of his youth, the prospects of a successful 
 and useful career, all to be relb quished ; but the temptation was too 
 strong, a power that seemed stronger than his will drew him on : he 
 threw behind him all that men have accumulated and acquired by long 
 centuries of mental and physical toil, and went forth to live the life of 
 the savage." ** Of the inspiring character of the upper mountain air, 
 where men seem intoxicated and joyous without cause, he spoke with a 
 degree of enthusiasm." Alexander Selkirk, when restored to Largo and 
 his friends, wept for his '* beloved island." Ri'v a, one of the most 
 elegant and intelligent of our modern writers confesses to the same de- 
 cided prefbrence for savage over city life, and we question whether the 
 stockmen of Australia would exchange the bush and the cattle run, free 
 and unencumbered by convention, devoid of care, and joyous with the 
 pu^e air around them, for the most courtly blandishments of populous 
 and conventional society. Mon awaken to the consciousness that tho 
 citizen denies himself the chiefest enjoyments to which his being was 
 destined, that a town life cannot bo a natural, or the happiest kind of 
 life; that God never made green fields, garden fruits and flcwers, 
 mountain air, the valley and the waterfall, that men should run away 
 from them to lanes and bricks and mortar. The question ceases to be 
 ••Whether to go," and resolves itself into " Whither?" 
 
 We have partly answered this query already, and in the following pages 
 will be found an exhaustion of the subject, in so far as it can be interesting 
 to the general enquirer. Since the work was first given to the public, • 
 
 f 
 
XVI 
 
 INTRODUCTTOW. 
 
 ' 
 
 r> ■ 5 
 
 I ^ 
 
 criticism has been passed upon it, which it may be useful to notice, lij^ 
 objected that it does not enable the intending emigrant, very satislkctorily 
 to fix his future destination. In short, it is complained that the author 
 does not make up the reader's mind /or him, but only gives him mate- 
 rials for determining his own mind. 
 
 This is a defect, perhaps inherent in the very nature of tht; subject 
 In no department of certain knowledge is the fallibility of human testi- 
 mony so striking as in that of emigration. The witnesses are absolutely 
 as antipodal as the southern colonies are to the mother country. There 
 is not a single district in reference to which respectable testimony might 
 not be quoted, which is mutually destructive. Eye and ear witnesses to 
 the same fact, give a directly opposite account of it. Mr. Sidney pub- 
 lishes *' The truth about New Zealand," and presents a melancholy picture 
 of its soil and prospects. Mr. Torry is loud in his depreciation of it. 
 Zilr. Power describes it as an impracticable and ungenial swamp. Captain 
 Cook on the contrary, Mr. £arp, Mr. Warci, Mr. Wakefield, assign to it 
 the character of au earthly paradise. Mr. Mathew calls New 
 South Wales a tropical desert, while Mr. Sidney regards it as an d 
 dorado. 
 
 The first alarm excited by the New Zealand earthquakes has died 
 away. Enquiry of the natives has satisfied the general mind, that those 
 visitants are, in any formidable d«igi'eo, S(^arcely less accidental than the 
 great rne at Lisbon. They were also partial in their range, and seem 
 to have been confined only to a portion of one island. We are not dis- 
 posed to assign too much importance to their occurrence ; and, except, 
 for their existence, we cannot hesitate to assign a preference to New 
 Zealand over all the Southern colonies. The writers who depreciate it, 
 have been little bettor than bh'ds of passage, travelling from Dan imr- 
 riedly to Boersheba, and, at a glance, declaring that all is barren. Tho^j 
 who praise it, are persons who havo fortified their opinions by a pro- 
 longed residence in the colony. " No one," observes the Bishop, 
 "knows what the climate is, till ho lias l)asked in the almost perpetual 
 sunshine of Tasman's Gulf, with u frame, brao.«l and invigorated to tlio 
 full enjoyment of heat by the wholesome frost, or cool snowy bre«zo oi 
 the night before. And no one can s*poak of the soil or scenery of No\» 
 
INTBODUCTION. 
 
 XVll 
 
 Zealand, till he has seen both the natural beauties, and Opening harvests 
 of Taranaki." 
 
 Mr. Earp's new volume is well worth a careful study. He bears tes- 
 timony to the ease with which existence may be rendered comfortable in 
 New Zealand— to the satisfaction which even aristocratic families express 
 at their new condition, and to the social refinements which all may com- 
 mand. He warns voyagers of the tricks by which ship owners disap- 
 point them, and counsels them to contract only with the vessels of the 
 New Zealand Company, The emigrant is advised to take out a wooden 
 house with him, which may be had in London, at from £40 to £120 
 complete. The cottage gai'dens of New Zealand are described as far su- 
 perior to any in England, and spade husbandry used In small larmS; is 
 pronounced to be eminently successful. It is affirmed that money in- 
 vested in cattle or sheep, doubles itself every third year in the colony, 
 where stock is subject to none of the diseases which, as Mr. Earp says, 
 reduce an owner worth 20,000 sheep in the morning, to 200 at night. 
 Settlers are advised to set themselves down in the immediate vicinity of 
 native tribes who are vouched for, as peaceable neighbours, and valuable 
 and cheap labourers. It is certainly a somewhat significant fact noticed 
 by the writer, that many Scotch have re- emigrated from Australia to 
 Otago— it is a bettiT testimony to the superiority of the latter, than the 
 ** tales of travellers. " -v 
 
 Mr. Farp talks the usual description of nonsense which is all that 
 Wakeutild worshippers have got to my for themselves. It is satisfactory, 
 hwever, to tind that he ably refutes himself. He admits that the soil of 
 New South Wales is dear at a penny an acre, and considers that of New 
 Zealand, as worth fifty times as much. He also concedes that of the 208. 
 the purchaser pays for land, in the latter colony, only 5s. is paid for the 
 aero, while all tlie rest — 15s. is paid for the immigration of labourers. 
 He also goes so far as to say that £5 should be charged for the Ss. worth 
 «f Soil, chat abundance of labourf^rs may add value to New Zealand acres. 
 But when Hiis intelligent crotcheteer comes to treat of population, he is 
 brought to the naive confes-Ion that, although the unhappy proprietors 
 of Nelson for example, have paid £18,740 for emigrant laboui-ers, there 
 are tijwor labourers in the eettlomont now, than there Wore when it was 
 
1^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 -..,^, t_.~- 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ( ; , 
 
 f ' "' 
 
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 iff 
 
 1 ■■■. 
 J \ ■■:. 
 
 1 '1 : 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 I . 
 
 
 wiii 
 
 ■"» 
 
 JNTRODUCTION. 
 
 first established, in the face of the most prolific marriages in the world! 
 One of his modes of accounting for this is, that the labourers re-emi- 
 grated for want of employment, there not being sufficient capital to era- 
 ploy them. Well — ^what is the cause ot that, except that, if all the ca- 
 pitalist's money is taken from him before he begins to pay passage money 
 for labourers whom he never gets, he has nothing left to pay in wages. 
 And why did the labourers re-emigrate ? Because the price of land wag 
 so high that they could not buy it, and, consequently; not being tied by 
 the nexiis of a freehold of their own to any place, they wauder'id about 
 like sheep in scanty herbage, and left the capitalists in the lurch. We 
 here repeat it — capital is a nuisance in New Zealand. It is capital which 
 raises wages beyond the level of profits, it is not labourers that are 
 wanted there, but labour. Capital can prodtice uoihing there. It can 
 only pay dear for that which is, and can only be produced, without it. 
 The capitalist pays for that which he never gets — labourers. Out of his 
 own private pocket ho is sendiag money out of the colony to the mother 
 country, to relieves it of its surplus population, and to populate the colony 
 without enriching himself individually. When the labourer, thus dearly 
 paid for, arrives, he asks treble the wages he ever earned, just because 
 capitalists are there to give it him. What good does the capital do ? If 
 the wages were not there, would the labourer not produce? The only 
 difiiirence would be, that he would produce for himself in place of for a 
 capitalist ; aud, therefore, the colony would be quite as productive with- 
 out capital as with it. If a capitalist v/ants hands, let him pay /or them, 
 and CO ».tract with them in his ovm way. Why should he be compelled to 
 hand over £750 out of every £1,000 to the government, or the company, 
 to lay out /or him. lliey pretend to supply him with labour for it, but 
 they do not fulfil the implied contract ^ wages are extravagantly, unprofit- 
 ably high, and the capitalist has been forced by proxy to send three- 
 fourths of his money to the mother country, to relieve her of her pau- 
 pers at his expense. 
 
 An agricultural colony can only thrive by all its people becoming per- 
 sonally labourers. The only succcKSsful settlers are those who have U>M 
 with their own hands. Indeed, the sensible cai)italr8t8 see this, because 
 they all come at laj^t to bo labourers thomselvos. The scheme, even as 
 
INTRODUCTIONr 
 
 XIX 
 
 proposed has entirely failed. Men will not labour for others whc ^ uuy 
 cbauce exist by hook or by crook, of their getting land of their own, 
 fhich never can be effectually prevented, when the supply amounts to amil- 
 iion times the demand. Bankrupt properties come into the market, and 
 bring the value of land to its level. If it is not to be had in one place, 
 Ithe labourers, paid for by the resident capitalist, re-emigrate to where it 
 Us to be had. " A very large proportion," confesses Mr. Earp, " of the 
 labouring class now live entirely on the produce of their own land and 
 ^tock, and have ceased altogether to labour for hire. Others work for 
 aire occasionally, employing themselves in the interval on their own 
 rounds. Mechanics, who have not full employment in their trade, gene- 
 rally cultivate an acre or two in the town, in their spare time, though 
 laay of this class, have abandoned their old calling entirely, and adopted 
 , country life." This is as much as to say that they have taken the money 
 of the capitalist to buy his own land with, and to enable them to refuse to 
 Bupply him with the very labour which he paid to procure. Mr. Earp 
 {further avers that these labourers, who have frustrated the whole purposes 
 of his pet system are the most successful colonists of all, and rise from 
 [acre to acre gradually until they become large proprietors. In truth, 
 tliey are the back bone of every colony — the stimulus of wages is inade- 
 Iquate to evoke their real energies, and it should be the aim of wise 
 Irulerfc. to make them freeholders at once, even if they gave them land for 
 iiothing. The idea that capital is necessary to concentrate labour, is op- 
 Iposed to the fact. It isolates families by setting them in the middle oi 
 large tracts of land at a distance from each other. In the United States, 
 whenever a settler places himself on a location, another joins him. Ano- 
 ther follows, until the solitary hut swells into a village, and all on the 
 j plan of charging 6s. 8d. per acre, for land as fertile as that of New Sea- 
 I land. 
 
 Mr. Earp enables us to announce that the site of Canterbury is fixed 
 I at Port Cooper — and we venture to predict that further than the fixing 
 of the site it will not go. A more impudent and execrable imposture 
 novor inMiltftd the penetration of the public. Its projectors propose to 
 purchase of the New Zealand Company 1,000,000 acres of land. For 
 'iiiithey are to pay 'JA an iiore, or .C^oO^OCK) more than the block is 
 
)'.'■>, 
 
 .. i 
 
 XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 \H: 
 
 11 ii'i' 
 
 worth, and to charge liie proposing colonists £3,000,000 sterling, or 
 £2,750,000 more than the value of the land ! And for what purposes ! 
 
 A sixth for the land £500,000 
 
 A sixth for surveys, and *^ other miscellaneous expenses of 
 
 the Association," (as much as for the land itself) 500,000 
 
 Two-sixths for labourers, without any security that they 
 will stay — or rather with the certainty that they will not 
 remain to pay £3 for what they can get elsewhere for 5s. 1 ,000,000 1 
 Two-sixths for " ecclesiastical and educational purposes ! ! ! I,000,0(i0 \ 
 
 Total £3,000,000 
 
 Now a million acres will only give 5,000 families 200 acres each, 
 and as six per cent is reckoned the current colonial interest, although it 
 is nearer ten per cent., £1,000,000 contributed by 5,000 &milies, is 
 equal to £60,000 a yeari or £12 per annum per family, for saving their 
 souls, against £5 a year for their whole estates! Twenty churches to 
 5,000 families, £1 ,000 each, twenty parsonage houses and glebes, £500 a 
 piece, a college and chapel, £6,000, residence for bishop, archdeacon, 
 and principal of the college, £3,000, bishop's salary, £1,000 a year, 
 archdeacon's, £600 and his "residence," twenty parsons, £200 a year 
 each, besides their parsonage and glebe, and only £100 for each 
 school, and £70 a year for each schoolmaster ! The Augurs, it Is said, 
 laughed in eacli others faces in the Roman streets. We wonder what 
 the parsons will do when they read this modest ** prospectus." ^Ve 
 are curious to know how economists expect a settlement to thrive 
 which at its very outset throws away a third of its whole capital on 
 its idlers and non-producei;s, and sends another third off to the mo- 
 ther country, before it even begins its work. In one sense, a man 
 does well who pai'ts with everything to save his soul — but what aie 
 we to think oi a chuich which at every step of its progress, practical!) 
 state* its belief that the salvation of men is an affair of money, ami 
 thrust, itself into every scheme, for bettering the human race, with a 
 demand *or a third of the fruits of the hai'd earned laboui* of the in- 
 dustrious? We enteriain all due reapect for the ecclesiastical zeal hy 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XXI 
 
 vhich the Canterbury speculators are deceived into the idea of its excel- 
 lence But as a commercial scheme we emphatically denounce it as a 
 [bubble, phlebotomising the poor, and blistering the rich simple- 
 Itons who listen to the project for one moment. We earnestly advise 
 lall colonists to guard the issues of taxation. Let them not submit 
 [to be taxed and burdened before hand, and unconsciously to saddle 
 themselves with an extravagant established church,- rendered by their 
 own folly entirely independent of all popular control. Have nothing 
 to do with this Canterbury. Its beginning is radically unsound, and 
 it will end in failure and folly. Bishops, archdeacons, and parsons 
 are not settlers. After they have amassed a competency, they will 
 carry it away from the colony. They are not improvers. They will 
 produce nothing. The profit is to be altogether overlaid by the cost, 
 [and can end only in the ruin of the bladders whom it squeezes. 
 
 Our anticipations have been realized by the results of the expcri- 
 Iment of sending pensioners to the colony. Their presence overawes 
 the natives, gives confidence to the settlers, and raises the value of 
 (property. The system should be largely extended, to the great advan- 
 of the mother country and the settlers. 
 Natal attracts increased attention, and emigrants thither advance in 
 [numbers. Sir Harry Smith has induced gi'eat numbers of the Dutch 
 boers to retrace their steps, and return to the settlement. Still we 
 are not prepared to modify our opinion of the present undesirableness 
 of the colony as a place of settlement, although, ultimately, its fine 
 soil and climate, and its proximity to England must give it the prece- 
 jdence of all the Southern colonies. 
 
 Van I>iemen*s Land ^e continue to regard as not second even to 
 [New Zealand, in advantages. It steadily flourishes; and being fully 
 settled, labour is reasonable in price, and not difficult to procure. 
 Ship bi;iWing is also pursued with great success, owing to the har- 
 jbourage facilities, and the superior native timber. 
 
 The report for Wew South Wales, although, upon the whole, en- 
 |couraging, still bears evidence of the absurdity of the land regulations. 
 IWhil*) 322 town lots have been sold, and 59 suburban lots, only 13 per- 
 sona ha^e, in 1847, pushed their way into the country to purchase 
 

 \ ■■""^' 
 
 i3?f 
 
 : / 
 
 
 
 if' 
 
 I 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 xxii 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 farms. In Port Philip there are only 48 new farms, while for sub- 
 urban lots often acres, 181 purchasers have been found, and forquai- 
 ter-acre town lots, 328. The whole quantity of cultivated land J 
 equal only to four-fifths of an acre per head of the population, against | 
 three acres and four-fifths per head in Cariada. 
 
 In the district of Western Australia, a new tract of 180,000 acres of I 
 superior pasture land, has been discovered on the banks of the Bowej | 
 river— and a valuable vein of lead ore, of good quality, in the li 
 and on the banks of the Murchison. 
 
 Mr. Harris's work on Port Stephen corroborates all the objections 
 have made to Australia as a pastoral district. He quite concurs with Mr, { 
 Sidney in the opinion, that £5,000 are required to commence sheep farm- 
 ing, with any certainty of being insured against the contingences ai'ising | 
 from catarrh, rot, and scab. It seems, therefore, to be a point to 1 
 assumed by intending emigrants, that if their capital be limited, they I 
 ought to dismiss the idea of starting as sheep farmers. What temptatioD 
 there can be, for a man possessed of £5,000 to emigrate at all, or to 
 convert it into live stock, liable, yearly, to annihilation, when he can get 
 ten per cent interest in the colony, on undoubted security, it is for tlie 
 capitalist, himself, to discover. For our part, we should much prefer | 
 £300 a year certain, in a fine country, to the chances of losing all, in j 
 nope 01 Bummg £5,000 into £20,000. 
 
 To persons of moderate means a new arrangement of transport, offers! 
 advantages. Ships now proceed to Australia with only one class of pas- 
 sengers, charged at the moderate fare of twenty guineas uniformly. To 
 families of the middle classes, who object to go in the steerage, and yetj 
 besitate to pay the high rates of cabin passago, this arrangement pre* 
 sents many recommendations. 
 
 We observe that the commissioners state the steerage passage fioml 
 London to New York, 3,800 miles, at £2 16s. per male adult, and 
 from London to New South Wales, 13,000 miles, at £14, and £5 for 
 outfit, in all £19. Now the length of the voyage to the lat' .r colony 
 is less than three times as much as that to the former, while tin 
 freight, is more than five times as much. Is it not to be suspected that 
 the tax upon tii?) south lands charged to ciury out emigrants, has ouly 
 
IWTRODUCTION, 
 
 xxiii 
 
 irms, while for sub- 
 found, and for quar- 
 ' cultivated land ij 
 e population, agaimt 
 
 [e effect of exorbitantly raising freights ? The emigration to the 
 aited States is altogether unaided, except by the voluntary remit- 
 ices of settlers. Yet it amounted to 188,000 in 1847, against 23,000 
 the southern colonies, and was aided by spontaneous gifts from set- 
 relatives in America to persons in England, of £460,000, besides 
 rge sums sent through Baring of Liverpool, of which no account 
 
 been received. 
 
 I A highly eulogistic report of the council of New Brunswick, of the 
 
 Ipabilities of that colony, states that it has 500 parishes, besides other 
 
 liools, 200 churches, excellent and abundant roads, every kind of 
 
 ^Id and garden crops as in Englai. uesides Indian corn. It aveini 
 
 [at more persons die of cold in proportion to the population in the 
 
 other country, than in the colony — that its salubrity is pre-eminent in 
 
 tility—that winter endures irom November to April — that the pro- 
 
 iice per acre is 40 bushels, wheat (some 681bs. to the bushel), 40 bar- 
 
 jT, 60 oats, 76 Indian corn, 75 buckwheat, 40 peas, 1,000 tur- 
 
 |ps, 800 potatoes, 30 tons carrots, 30 mangle wurtzel. But all wiU 
 
 pt do. The whole immigrants of the year, and 5,000 of the settled 
 
 [habitants, have cut and run to the United States, and Mr. Buchanan 
 
 no better account to give of Canada. These circumstances pro- 
 
 kbly account, to some extent, for the encreased emigration to the 
 
 ^uthern colonies — and if not discouraged by imprudent obstructions 
 
 reference to land sales, the tide may flow more rapidly and with a 
 
 jer swell. 
 
 But Mr. Earp gives some particulars of the fees paid to government 
 the transfer and completed titles of land in New Zealand, which indi- 
 itte some gross abuses introduced by the ruling power, and shameful 
 ipositions upon the colonists, which, probably, nothing but self-govern- 
 ment will correct. Mr. Graham, as part of an estimate of the cost df 
 iiltivating land in New Zealand, states, as items in the purchase of 80 
 fcres of land, the fee simple of which was £80, ** Government fees on 
 pto, £14 lis. 8d., surveying, £8," or, in all, £22 lis. 8d., of mere 
 Scial cabbage, being 28 per cent on the purchase. Mr. Dilworth, on 
 ' acres, had to pay £15 of preemption fees, besides the purchase money 
 ^^', a tax of 50 per cent. "They manage these things better in 
 
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 XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Franoe," where the government, on such a purchase, exacts only one per 
 cent. Such abuses as tnese exactions indicate, unless they attract the 
 praiseworthy vigilance of Mr. Hawes, are but too likely, as indeed they 
 ought, to turn the eyes of many to the United States, where the finest 
 land is sold for 58. 8d. per acre, with a clear title, given at a cost of only 
 about 10s., and an immediate survey, so that the purchaser may be set 
 upon his location at once. He will not, indeed, have the blessing of a 
 bishop, an archdeacon, and a parson, at the rate of 20s. an acre, survey- 
 ors at lOs. an acre, and labourers on wages of double what they are worth, 
 Bent to eat him up at a cost of 20s. an acre more. And, such is human 
 nature, the graceless man may think himself all the better off for being 
 bereaved of these blessings, and be only the more induced, on that ac- 
 count, to prefer the United States to our southern settlements. He may 
 even eagerly desire to seek protection under a responsible government, 
 controlled, by an acute people, from the plunder of ghostly harpies, and 
 the blundering maladministration of bungling official imbeciles. If we 
 venture to add that we think him very much in the right, we shall, per- 
 haps, turn up the pious whites of saintly eyes, and excite the loyal horror 
 of republico-phobiasts. But let our colonial blockheadism be warned 
 in time. The United States are creaming our skillets with a vengeance, 
 and leaving little else than skim milk for our own settlements. The 
 difference in the cost of passage betwixt New York and Australia will buy 
 80 acres of fertile American land in a well settled district. The emigra- 
 tion to America is self-supporting, while our colonists have to pay enor- 
 mously for every emigrant they import. The American colonists go to a 
 cheap government in place of our dear one. The capabilities of Wis- 
 consin and Iowa, but above all, of Tennessee, are beginning to be clearly 
 understood. If large numbers of our people settle in the same districts, 
 they may command an entirely British society for themselves — and their 
 eminently thriving condition, and great influen ceinthe mother country, is 
 best evidenced by the fact, that they remit probably little less than 
 jtl, 000,000 sterling every year for the emigration of their friends, and 
 are joined by a bettor and more wealthy class of settlers. Against snch 
 fearful competition nothing but a radical change in our own system of 
 southern colonizing can at all boar up. Self government must at onci 
 
Introduction. 
 
 XXV 
 
 be conceded to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. The price of 
 land must be reduced to a maximum of five shillings per acre, which 
 will speedily create a flourishing land fund. The expenses of government 
 must be reduced to a proportion commensurate with the means of each 
 colony, and all idea must forthwith be relinquished of saddling new set- 
 tlements, scantily peopled by poor settlers, with an established hierarchy, 
 to suck up the substance of labour, and with a college to teach plough- 
 men Homer, or to make senior wranglers out of stockmen and clodhop- 
 pers. Two bishops and a free kirk foisted upon a poor colony of 14,000 
 souls, is enough to turn the stomachs of even an Inglis and a Plumptre. 
 We entreat our colonial fellow countrymen to consider their high func- 
 tions, and solemn responsibilities. Thny are called by their destiny to 
 lay in Australia the foundations of an empire, larger and more gifted 
 than that of all Europe. In Now Zealand they are the rulers of a 
 kingdom, larger and finer than that of the mother country. In Tas- 
 mania they possess another, and more fertile, and sunny Ireland. They 
 have the benefit of all our experience in constitutional institutions, ju- 
 risprudence, a social system, education, religion, science. Let them not 
 be hurried blindly into institutions without their consent, and without 
 deliberation. Let them not be bamboozled by governors, or tricked by 
 speculators In sanctimony. Let them reserve full power and free right 
 to revise, alter, or abolish every arrangement which may be pressed upon 
 them. Jntil they have a free self-government, and a liberal franchise, a 
 I'esponsiblo legislature, and an executive chosen by themselves, they 
 should bind themselves to notliing. When they have a free and nume- 
 rous assembly, roproseutatives of every district, according to population, 
 iu the election of whom every freeholder should have an equal voice, 
 flicii, and not till then, let them settle their institutions, lay down the 
 general principles of wise and simple laws, and thoroughly purge their 
 coiuitry of the accursed juris])rudrnco and insane al)uses of the mother 
 country. Before tliey enter upon their functions they should collect tho 
 codes of the varioiis Unit<'<l States, of Napoleon, of Bnnthnm, of tho 
 Rouian and Civil law. Even from Texas they nuiy boriow sonin pro- 
 found and admirable maxims, and th(\y will find wise ruins in tho legis- 
 lation of Iowa. They are tho forefathers of the stupendous destinies of 
 
XXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the south ; and will be, ultimately the masters and teachers of the east' 
 Let them then " rise to the height of this great argument," show them- 
 selves worthy of the stock from which they spring, and prove that ihe 
 Saxon race are to be, not merely the rulers of the world, but the bene- 
 factors of mankind. 
 
 i'i 
 
 it 
 
 ! I 
 
 ■IM 
 
 I 1 
 
 : .* 
 
 
 -P- I, 
 
■Cu^ 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 
 
 Our colonies in South Africa may be reached by the Peninsula and 
 Oi'ieiital Steam Navigation Company's mail packets in about thirty-five 
 days from Southampton. By ordinary sailing vessels, the voyage is a*?- 
 complishod in about seventy days. The cost of a cabin passage in a 
 sailing vessel, including provisions, is fi'om £38 to £60; intermediate, 
 from £20 to £30; steerage, £12 to £16 ; children half price, iutauts 
 nothing. 
 
 The Cape Colony includes all South Africa, and is bounded on the 
 west south and east by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It contains a 
 territory of 200,000 square miles, and 1300 miles of sea coast. It is 
 divided into the western and easteni provinces by the ranges of moun- 
 tains, and intersected with high ranges of hills, peaks, and table lands. 
 In the east lie many vallies and plains of much fertility, but to the west 
 there is a great desart tract of mere dritting sand. As a geneml feature 
 of the country there is a great deficiency of water, and the rivers are 
 only lagoons frequently dried up, and ge'ierally inaccessible where there are 
 deposits of water. The heat is at times extreme, and the cold piercing. In 
 the eastern division thesumme^' is wet and inclement, and in the western 
 division it is the winter which is so. The climate is so healthy that the 
 moi'tality is only laths per cent, per annum, and the white population 
 born in the colony are superior in every physical quality to the British 
 stock. The European bears only a &mall proportion to the coloured and 
 aboriginal population, and the great majority of the whites are Dutch. 
 The number of females to males is disproportionately small. The chief 
 luoductions of the colony are all the ordiuaiy cerals of fine quality, 
 abundance of cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, and goats, wine, tobacco, wool 
 of the best description, and fish in gi'eat variety and plenty. 
 
 In the Western province the Cape division has a bad harbour, and is 
 deficient in water. Stellenbosch is better in these respects ; Swellendam 
 is an improvement on both, but the district of George is much superior 
 to all the rest in climate, soil, and above all in abundance of water. The 
 best hai-bour in the colony is at George Town. 
 
 The Eastern province was the scene ol' tite late Caffre war, and is the 
 habitat of the lion, river horse, panther, elephant, wolf, baboon, por- 
 cupine, quagga, antelope, ostrich, and the motst deadly snakes. It 
 produces the tropical fruits in perfection, a sure sign of a neaily torrid 
 ciiniute. The most eligible district for settlement seems the division of 
 Uitenhage, which is well watered, very productive, abounds in pic- 
 turesque and varied scenery, boasts the fine harbour of Algou Bay, and 
 is settled chiefly by British emigrants. In the general abseti' o of wood 
 aud coal, cow-dung is made the fuel of the country. There is a demajid 
 for Nbuut 4,000 la))Ouring emigrants annually. Aloiit of the labour of th« 
 b D 
 
 i 
 

 W 
 
 i^• 
 
 If I 
 
 i 
 
 
 iWi i: 
 
 I ;'!• 
 
 8 CAPE OF GOOD IIOI'E. 
 
 colony is performed by the coloured population, which is annually in- 
 creased by considerable iinpoi*tations of captured slaves. Labourers get 
 from 2s. to 3s. ; mechanics, 5s. to 7s. per day ; ovei*seer8, £25 to £40 ; 
 shepherds, £20 to £30; farm servants, £15 to £25 j female servants, 
 £10 to £18 ; male ditto, j^20 to £S0 per annum and their food. The upsot 
 price of government land in this colony and Natal, is 2s. an acre, 10 pop 
 cent, down, and the rest in a month from the purchase. For every £100 
 paid for land, the purchaser will be entitled to free steerage passages for 
 seven persons of the class of farm labourers, mechanics, and small farm- 
 ers, or skilled labourers. 
 
 The captivating work of Mr. Pringle, descriptive of the country, tlic 
 people, and the life of the colonist, has induced many to migrate tliither. 
 The account he gives of his father's settlement is certainly very en- 
 couraging. TJie air is so clear that it is quite easy to read books by 
 moonlight, the nature of the country admits of delightful scampers on 
 horseback over the plains, and the climate is so pleasant and genial that 
 Europeans newly arrived bivouac in the open air for weeks together 
 without injury. In the settlement where Mr. Pringle's friends and rela- 
 tions were located, there were only three deaths in seventeen years, and 
 although none of them became rich, they enjoy freedom from care and 
 an easy acquisition of abundance of the necessaries of life. «The Dutch 
 settlers are rough and unlettered, but substantially kind and hospitable. 
 They have as yet however surrounded themselves with few of the acces- 
 sories of European civilization, and although business is honestly con- 
 ducted everywhere, the Euro])ean, especially the British popula on, Is 
 too scanty, in comjiarison to the masses of the coloured races, * j make 
 society or commerce very promising. Pauper migrations from the agri- 
 cultural districts of England have been more successful in a real im- 
 provement of condition than those of persons of capital or superior 
 prospects. Many of the former have risen to comparative comfort and 
 independence. Internal communication is very defective, as no navigable 
 rivers or lakes intersect and connect the different portions of the country; 
 water is nearly everywhere scanty ; it is by the sea coast alone that trattic 
 can be carried on, and harboura are few and generally bad. IiTigation, 
 which may be usefully applied in the densely populated countries of 
 Europe, where labour is cheap and markets at the door, can yield small 
 profit where wages are high and settlements scanty. Periodical droughts 
 carry off great numbers of sheep and cattle, and fierce, resolute, an«l un- 
 tameablo savages disturb industry, distract the colonists from their proper 
 avocations, and induce an unsettled and violent spirit among all. It is 
 not to be forgotten, that a chief source of the profits of the scanty emi- 
 grant population has been derived from the large sums spent by the 
 government in the colony. The costs of the Caffre war, although ex«)r- 
 bitant, found their way into the pockets of the settlers. But a flrn» <le- 
 terniination exists on the part of the people of England to compel tluir 
 dependencies to become self-supporting, and the large custom hitluMto 
 afforded to tlie inhabitants of tlie Cape through British money, will no 
 longer accrue to them. We regard the immediate future prospects of 
 mechanics, tradesmen, and store-keepers in this colony therefore ns in no 
 Ueipx'e promising, and should not recommend settlement there to such 
 
NATAL. 
 
 s 
 
 is annually in> 
 Labourers get 
 8, £25 to £40; 
 iamale servants, 
 bod. Theupsot 
 an acre, 10 per 
 For every £100 
 ige passages tor 
 ind small farni- 
 
 ;he country, tlic 
 migrate thithei'. 
 tainly very eii- 
 ) read books by 
 ful scampers on 
 and genial that 
 weeks together 
 i'iends and rela- 
 titeen years, and 
 n from care and 
 ife. ,The Dutch 
 [ and hospitable. 
 BW of the acpes- 
 is honestly con- 
 Ih popula on, Is 
 races, * j make 
 Is from the agri- 
 l in a real im- 
 ital or supoi'iov 
 ive comfort and 
 as no navigable 
 of the country; 
 lone that tratfic 
 ,d. IiTigation, 
 led countries of 
 can yield snmll 
 odical droujfhts 
 isolute, and nn- 
 m their proper 
 long all. It is 
 he scanty enii- 
 8 Spent by the 
 although exoi- 
 But a firm dfi- 
 |to compel tlnir 
 iustom hitliorto 
 money, will no 
 re prospects of 
 irefore ns in no 
 t there to such 
 
 classes. To shepherds and persons accustomed to the care of cattle, it 
 offers greater inducements. Its fine climate, its pastoral character, and 
 tlie abundance of stock, joined with its greater proximity to European 
 markets than the cognate colonies of Austmlia, may, under the free trade 
 system, open good markets for the butter, cheese, and salted meat and 
 fish, of which this region is so productive. Farm labourers may most 
 advantageously be removed from 9s. a week in Dorsetshire to the agi'i- 
 cultural *stricts of the Cape. They will be freeholders of a weather- 
 tight house, and abundance of land, and need never know what it is to 
 want a bellyful. We cannot say much for its promises to any other 
 class. We should add, that the titles to land in the Cape are very clear 
 and sound. 
 
 Although the general salubrity of the climate is undoubted, it is pro- 
 per to state that bilious fevers, and other serious epidemics, occur at 
 intervals, ai» *. are very mortal in their character. " The climate," ob- 
 serves Mr. Mathew, " is also advantageous to people liable to pulmonary 
 disease, none of the native race, it is said, having ever been known to 
 cough. As a balance, inflammatory attacks and diseases, measles, small- 
 pox, and other cutaneous affections, are very infectious and dangerous. 
 The descendants of the Dutch colonists (Africaners) are a fine luxuriant 
 race; the men tall and Iwi-ge bodied, the females pretty and round." 
 "The heat of the climate, and perhaps the abundance of animal food, has 
 also the effect to bring life to what we consider a premature close, and it 
 is said few burial gi'ounds afford memorials of Africaners exceeding fifty 
 yeai's of age." 
 
 NATAL. 
 
 Natal, recently erected into an independent British colony, is to the 
 north-east of the Cape of Good Hope, extending 170 miles in length, and 
 130 in width, and contains an area equal to that of Scotland, or eleven 
 millions of acres. Its western boundary consists of high inaccessible 
 mountains, which form a natural wall on that side, and it falls along its 
 wliole extent towards the Indian Ocean which bounds it on the east. On 
 the north and south it is flanked by two considerable rivers. It is there- 
 fore compact and well entrenched, being admirably sheltered from the 
 west, and well exposed to the rising sun. It is within ten days' sail of 
 the Mauritius, where there is an exhaustless market for all that Natal 
 can produce in the shape of fish, meat, rice, corn, vegetables, butter, 
 cheese, and ultimately coal. Cod fishing off the neighbouring sand 
 banks, promises a fine field of profitable mai'itime exertion. 
 
 A careful examination of all the testimony, ofiicial and private, which 
 has been adduced in reference to this colony, convinces us that its natural 
 advantages, as a field of settlement, are literally without a rival. It is 
 the most salubrious climate in the world. Uniformly mild,— subject to 
 no extremes of temperature,— with all the equability and none of the 
 atmospherical moisture of New Zealand, it is nearly as abundantly 
 wat(.'re(l, of tar richer soil, and within half the distance of Europe. Its 
 productions, indeed, of cufiee, rice, cotton, indigo, sugar aniseed, indi- 
 6 b2 
 
! i 
 
 \ ; 
 
 i^: 
 
 <' !l 
 
 J;: 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 lai 
 
 4 NATAL. 
 
 cate a somewhat warmer temperatrire than the fonner, but it is noncedcd 
 on all hands, that the heat is never excessive, or calculated to render field 
 labour very oppressive. Pulmonary and scrofulous diseases are quickly 
 cured by a residence in the district, and ague is entirely unkno\^Ti. Thi 
 soil is capable of producing most of the vegetable treasures of the tropics^ 
 and all those of the temperate zone in abundance, and of the finest 
 quality, particularly the cereals which flourish best in Egypt. Grass is si 
 thick and luxuriant, that it fattens cattle rapidly, and grows up to the 
 Viorse's shoulder. In the numerous clefts of the mountain streams and 
 gullies, fine timber is to be had. It produces cotton of the best quality, 
 and its cultivation is accompanied with unrivalled success. In short, it 
 seems to combine every advantage of New Zealand and Australasia, with 
 much greater proximity to England. The government surveyor-general 
 becomes perfectly eloquent in describing its character and excellences. The 
 successive governors of the Cape are equally emphatic in their praises; 
 public companies, both in England and Germany, endorse these 
 favorable opinions ; and, to sum up all, merchants have largely ventured 
 their money in establishing settlers in its most eligible localities, and pro- 
 moting its culture of cotton. A Natal Emigration Association has been 
 established in London, offering for £25 to carry a labouring man to the 
 colony, transport himself and baggage to his place of location, give him 
 thirty acres of land, and maintain him for six months. Married couples 
 will, for £45, receive these advantages, and sixty acres of land, their 
 families being taken at £7 10s. and £5 each individual. Persons possessed 
 of £100 will receive from 50 to 200 acres of land. A fat ox costs £2 10s.; 
 working bullocks and milch cows, from £2 to £4 ; horses, £10 ; sheep, 
 6s. Provisions are at all times remarkably abundant and cheap. 
 
 With such advantages it may well excite surprise that they have not 
 as yet tempted the enterprise of Europe. It is very important to know 
 that this region was very fully settled by the descendants of the Dutch, 
 called Boei-s, — a clear indication of its agricultural excellences. Jealoui 
 of our supremacy at the Cape, they emigrated in thousands to this su- 
 perior region, and here they would have permanently settled, but for 
 their detestation of foreign, and particularly British rule. Men of pow- 
 erful fi'ames, of resolute character, and intrepidity ; highly fed and little 
 worked, they were little educated, and of stubborn, proud, and daring 
 dispositions. They resisted our supremacy over their new home, as long 
 as they could, and when they were worsted, they abandoned the district, 
 and removed their whole population and establishments to the fi-ontier, 
 beyond our territory. The first objection to the colony is, that it is 
 therefore depopulated of Europeans. 
 
 But the second, and more serious drawback is, that the colony i» 
 surrounded by hostile, savage tribes, who maintained a constant and d«!adly 
 warfare with the Dutch settlors, and stole and burned their property and 
 dwellings, whenever they had an opportunity. These savages amount to 
 at least 100,000. Besides tliese, the colony swarms with refugees from 
 the tyranny and cruelty of the native chiefs. It may almost be said to ho 
 occupied with escaped savages to an extent to outnumber, enormously, 
 any amount of white emigration likely to take place for a great many 
 ^ear«. A strong military lorce will be required for a great length of 
 
NATAL. 
 
 Lit it is conceded 
 ;d to render field 
 ■ases are quickly 
 unknowTi. Tin 
 esof thetropicsj 
 id of the finest 
 ^ypt. Grass is sd 
 grows up to the 
 ain streams and 
 the best quality, 
 s. In short, it 
 /Vustralasia, \\ith 
 lurveyor-general 
 jxcellences. The 
 n their praises; 
 endorse these 
 largely ventui-cd 
 calities, andpvo- 
 ciation has been 
 ring man to the 
 cation, give him 
 Married couples 
 ;s of land, their 
 Persons possessed 
 ox costs £2 10s.; 
 rses, £10 ; sheep, 
 d cheap, 
 at they have not 
 portant to know 
 ;s of the Dutch, 
 llences. Jealoui 
 ands to this sii- 
 settled, but for 
 Men of pow- 
 ily fed and little 
 md. and daring 
 w home, as long 
 ned the district, 
 to the fi'ontier, 
 ny is, that it is 
 
 t the colony is 
 istant and deadly 
 eir property and 
 vages amount to 
 1 refugees from 
 lost be said to ho 
 er, enormously, 
 • a great many 
 great length of 
 
 time, to overawe the Boers and savages, and in the present economical 
 temper of the mother country, we entertain a strong conviction that the 
 expense will not be suflTered. 
 
 We are indeed assured in this case, as in all others where colonies are 
 iiifested with savages, that the native population forms the most valuable 
 jlement of the district. They are, we ai-e told, good herdsmen, tractable 
 to rude labour, and willing to undertake very simple duties. It is to us, 
 however, only certajft' that they are too numerous to be easily got rid of, 
 and too barbarous to be safe, either as domestics or as neighbours. We 
 do not believe in the practicability of civilizing savage blood. The wild 
 and fierce tendencies of the children of nature, have never yet submitted 
 to labour, or the plodding monotony of civilization. The red man lias 
 been extirpated, not civilized in America, and nature seems to rule that 
 races, like rats, may eat out each other, but can never amalgamate. In 
 this settlement are 4,000 Dutch Boers, only 2,000 British colonists, and it 
 is computed at least 100,000 Zula and Kaffir refugees, from tlie tyranny of the 
 native chieft. The present military force required to overawe these, is 600 
 men, at an annual cost of £30,000. The colonial Commissioners report that 
 " the universal character of the natives is at once superstitious and war- 
 like ; their estimate of the value of human life is very low ; war and 
 bloodshed are engagements with which their circumstances have rendered 
 them familial* from their childhood, and from which they can be restrained 
 only by the strong arm of power ; their passions are easily inflamed, 
 while, from their servile obedience to despotic rulers, they show 
 ready obedience to constituted authority." Sir Peregiiue Maitland, in- 
 deed, states that " they are generally of a docile character ;" but the sig- 
 nificant tact that Sir Hany Smith has ordered the removal of the coloured 
 population from intermixture with the white occupants of the land, " so 
 that a distinct line may be established between the diflferent races of Hei 
 Majesty's subjects," is a pretty clear indication of his sense of the danger 
 of employing savage labour, and of permitting the proximity of the na- 
 tives to the settlers. 
 
 This work is intended to be the ii'iendly adviser of private iiu'ividuals 
 in their plan of life and scheme of happiness, — it is not a government 
 project, or a political system. Were we merely to iquare our ideas with 
 the objects of the colonial oflftce, the power of the mother country, or 
 the public purposes of government, we would strenuously advise every 
 one to go to Natal who had a mind to emigi*ate, because we are persuaded 
 that if this colony were fully settled, it would be nearly it not quite the 
 most valuable dependency of the British crown. But we are abundantly 
 i*atisfled that individual emigi-ation to that colony would entail only 
 danger, anxiety and disturbance to the emigrant, and that the constant 
 necessity of watching his property, repelling aggression, and defending his 
 Kfe, would render his exertions unprofitable, and his existence miserable. 
 Society in such a district must be of the rudest kind ; the comforts and 
 "ppliances of civilization must be absolutely wanting. Even civilized 
 men rapidly degenerate into barbarism, amid barbaric circumstances, 
 !md the very spirit of daring and adventure, generated by the vicinity of 
 fiaiigcr, is inimical to orderly and settled habits. The antagonism of 
 ruces degenerates into a loss of respect for humanity and liie ; whu 
 
I t 
 
 {! ■ J J ' * .. 1 . . ■ '' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ . .■ 
 
 ■ ii '■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 1: 
 
 
 iu «ImB*' ^ 
 
 
 
 Ln 
 
 ( 
 
 c 
 
 NATAL. 
 
 there is no power of enforcing respect for the law, each man must depend 
 on his bowie knife and revolving pistols. We, therefore, under the ex- 
 isting circumstances of Natal, regard emigration thither, as perfectly 
 suicidal, and as totally unfitted for individual adventure or private enter- 
 prise. 
 
 But we are loth to lose hold of such a splendid colony. We think it 
 is capable of being made much more valuable to this empire than any 
 other in our possession, and we are certain that it is quite practicable by 
 the use of the proper means of being fully and successfully settled. 
 
 In the first place a force fully adequate to overawe Boers and Kaffirs, 
 and to give confidence and security to the settlers, must be transmitted 
 to the colony. We have at home a large army of pensioners supported 
 at the public expense, and returning no service in exchange. In tho 
 second place we have numerous war steamers, and sailing ships of war, 
 rotting in our harbours. Bring these two together, plant regiments oi 
 these pensioners in cantonments in the colonies, giving to each man a grant 
 of 50 acres of land, with houses ready erected for them, and six months 
 rations, with seed and the necessary agricultural implements. They would 
 serve their country effectually for their country's pay, — serve themselves 
 and their families, and enjoy their health and prolong their lives, instead 
 of drinking their pay the moment they received it, and rendering all 
 around them miserable, as they too often do at home. 
 
 There are 1,700,000 British paupers, 250,000 Scotch, and at least 
 2,000,000 Irish, who are eating up the substance of the country, drag- 
 ging down the rate-payers to their own level, and creating a pernicious 
 redundancy in our labour market. The cost of their maintenance can- 
 not be computed at less than 8,000,000 sterling per annum. It has been for 
 some time observable that the ** Irish difficulty" has been lately showing 
 a tendency to solve itself by the emigi'ation of the inhabitants of whole 
 districts to America, and by the formation of societies in Scotland and 
 England, to take tracts of land in Ireland for farming on the British 
 system. This home colonization, fully carried out by a Saxon race, might 
 soon make other parts of Ireland what the province of Ulster now is, as 
 prosperous, orderly, and well cultivated, as any part of the British 
 empire. 
 
 In other colonies emigrants are absorbed into an existing civilized popu- 
 Ution. At Natal, they only land to have to cope with strangers, the wil- 
 ♦Jc^rness, and savages. Emigration will not do there. Nothing but 
 wholesale colonization, upon a well matured, and orderly contrived plan 
 will answer. Frame huts and houses should be constructe d in England- 
 ft complete settlement with its main roads, and each individual iarm staked 
 off" should be surveyed, and mapped out — a fleet of steamers and war 
 ships should be prepared, and 20,000 settlers sent out at once. The cost 
 of mere transport would not exceed £100,000 if Government found the 
 vessels, and merchants would undertake the charter for £160,000. The 
 average cost of paupers in our unions is 2s. lOd. per week, per head, and 
 consequently 20,000 would swallow up, in one year, a sum of £147,333 
 68. 2d., being little short of the cost of getting rid of them altogether, 
 and placing them in a condition to support themselves. To furnish them 
 etmpletely with every neceosary appliance until they could become useful 
 
NEW ZB.\L.V>TIJ. 
 
 7 
 
 m must depend 
 under the ex- 
 r, as perfectly 
 p private enter- 
 
 We think it 
 ipire than any 
 I practicable by 
 ly settled, 
 jrs and Kaffirs, 
 be transmitted 
 )ners supported 
 hange. In the 
 ig ships of war, 
 at regiments oi 
 iach man a grant 
 and six months 
 ats. They would 
 serve themselves 
 eir lives, instead 
 id rendering all 
 
 ch, and at least 
 country, drag- 
 ing a pernicious 
 laintenance can- 
 m. It has been for 
 )n lately showing 
 bitants of whole 
 in Scotland and 
 f on the British 
 axon race, might 
 Ister now is, as 
 of the British 
 
 ig civilized popu- 
 trangers, the wil- 
 p. Nothing but 
 iy contrived plan 
 [te din England- 
 ^dual form stakod 
 teamera and war 
 J once. The cost 
 [nment found the 
 £160,000. The 
 ek, per head, and 
 Lm of £147,333 
 Ithem altogether, 
 1 To furnish them 
 lid become useful 
 
 producers in the fine climate and soil of Natal, would require a further 
 outlay of £150,000. For this advance out of the poor rates, a flou- 
 rishing colony might be established which would quickly send us valuable 
 produce, and become profitable consumers of our manufactures. A like 
 I'ousignment continued for five years, would establish a British popula- 
 tion in Natal of 100,000 souls, emigration would then, of itself, succeed 
 colonization, and become perfectly self supporting. In the absence of 
 any directing bias on the part of our govei'nment 188,*233 emigi'ants found 
 their way to the United States m the year 1848 alone, and in the last 24 
 years no fewer than 1040,707 all at their own expense, and most of them 
 with capital more or less. Had the poor law unions, and the colonial de- 
 partment of the government organized any well settled plan of coloniza- 
 tion, most of these persons might have found their way to Natal, and by 
 this time established a great Africo-British empire on the halfway road to 
 India. From the Boers and savages any quantity of cattle might be 
 cheaply procured to stock the farms of the settlers, and the land requires 
 nothing but the plough to yield up its tribute to skilful industry. It is 
 jierfectly clear to our mind that it is only by a wholesale plan of coloui - 
 zation, that it will ever become practicable to establish a flourishing settle- 
 ment at Natal, and until this can be arranged, we can advise none of our 
 readers to fix that district for their destination. We have shown that no 
 scheme can be so economical. No money is wanted fi'om government. 
 The saving in poor rates would far more than compensate for the outlay, 
 and our navy is more beneficially employed in extending our colonial 
 empire, than by losing its seamanship and discipline, by nursing idle and 
 featherbed sailors in our depots and harbours at home. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND 
 
 At the antipodes of Great Britain, in the Southern Ocean, extending 
 from the 34th to the 48th degree of south latitude, and from the lOCtU 
 to 178th degree of east longitude, are three islands. New Ulster, the 
 northern. New Munster, the middle, and New Leinster, the southern, 
 comprehended under the general name of New Zealand. They have 
 ;) (HK) miles of coast line, an area of 71,000,000 of acres (31, 40, and 1), 
 being one million more than that of Great Britain and Ireland (37, 10, 
 iind 21.) " Estimating," says Mr. Matthew, "the advantages of position, 
 t \tenl, climate, fertility, adaptation for trade — all the causes which have 
 tended to render Britain the emporium of the world, we can observe only 
 i»ne other S})ot on the ea/'th, equally, if not more, favoured by nature, and 
 tiiat is New Zealand, serrated with harbours securely insulated, hav- 
 ing a climate temperated by surrounding ocean, of such extent and fer- 
 tility as to support a population sufficiently numerous to defend its 
 shores against any possible invading force, it, like Great Britain, also pos- 
 sesses a large neighbouring continent (Australia), from which it will draw 
 resources, and to which it bears the relation of a rich homestead with a 
 vjwt extent of outfield pasturage. In those advantages it equals Britain, 
 while it is superior to Britain, in having the weather gauge of an im- 
 mense commercial field— the rich islands of the Paciflc—tb*' gold and 
 
SIi)l\l ZEALAND. 
 
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 silver regions of Western America, the vast accumulations of China and 
 Japan, all within a few weeks' sail. 
 
 " The south temperate zone, from the excess of ocean, has a much 
 more equable temperature throughout the year than the north. New 
 Zealand participates in this oceanic quality, in an extraordinary degiee 
 and enjoys a finer, mofe temperate climate than any other in the worlrl 
 trees being only biennially deciduous, and presenting, as well as herb- 
 age, a never failing verdure. The back bone ridge of New Zealand at- 
 tracting the clouds and vapour of the southern ocean, affords a constant 
 source of showers, and irrigation, and freshness to the lower country, 
 which under the most balmy atmosphere, and the generative influence of 
 a sun brilliant as that of Italy, produces an exuberance of vegetation 
 surpassing that of any other temperate country — the richness and mag- 
 nificence of the forest scenery, being only equalled by that of the Islands 
 of the eastern tropical archipelago. The stupendous mountains, with in- 
 numerable rills pouring down their verdant slopes — their great valleys 
 occupied by the most beautiful rivers, their feet washed by the ceaseless 
 south sea swell, their flanks clothed with the grandest of primoeval forests, 
 and their rocky and icy scalps, piercing the clear azure heaven, must go 
 to stamp a poetical character on the inhabitants. The small portion 
 under cultivation, yields in luxuriant abundance and perfection all the 
 valuable fruits and grain of Europe, and stock of all descriptions fatten 
 in this favoured region at all seasons, upon the spontaneous produce of the 
 wilderness. The climate is most favourable to the development of tho 
 human species. Of ninety individuals (missionaries and their familief 1, 
 only one died in twenty-three years. " Invalids," observes the Rev. W. 
 Yate, ** become well, the healthy robust, the robust fat. It has a perpetual 
 spring, the whole atmosphere seems impregnated with perfumes, and 
 every breath inhaled, stimulates the system." The " water privileges" 
 are great, the timber admirably adapted for naval and house building 
 pui-poses, being so workable and yielding the finest spars — the flax is of 
 the finest quality, and fishing, from the mackarel to the whale, has al- 
 ready attracted whalers from all parts of the world, and established the 
 islands as the head quarters of the South Sea fishery. The country is 
 destined also to become the granary of Australia and New South Wales, 
 where periodical exterminating droughts, occasionally reduce them to 
 the extremities of scarcity. There are no predatory animals, no reptiles, 
 not even venomous insects in the islands. While the number of rainj" 
 days in London is 178, in Wellington it is only 128, and by Justice Chap- 
 man's register, it appears the number of fine days is 222. " I have," 
 says the chief surveyor at New Plymouth, "seldom or never suffered 
 from cold. I have been up to my middle in water in the swamps, and 
 laid down in the same clothes for several nights, and have never ex- 
 perienced any injury." Colonel Wakefield says, " The bivouacking in 
 the end of winter, during eleven nights, had no bad effects on any of the 
 party. The night air, however humid, has not the same effects on the 
 lungs and limbs as in most parts of Europe." 
 
 The soil of New Zealand, although more variable, is not less excellent 
 than the climate. With the assistance of the latter, even poor land pro- 
 duces abundantly, and the rich, of which there is a very large quantity 
 
ns of China and 
 
 NEW ZEALAND 9 
 
 is, in New Plymoutli, in the Valley of the Hutt, and other distriats, four 
 and five foet deep. Nothing so well indicates the adaptation of a colony 
 to the British constitution as the nature and quality of its vegetable pro- 
 ductions. '* Grain," observes ' a Late Resident,' " of all kinds, fruits, and 
 vej^etables, grow luxuriantly. To an English farmer, it will be praiso 
 guliicient to say, that turnips, the mainstay of British husbandry, grow 
 wth a vigour unsurpassed anywhere, and that beans, peas, and other 
 leguminous plants are equally successful. He will have nothing to un- 
 learn. His old familiar crops will be the crops of his new country, but 
 increased in luxuriance; his husbandry maxims will scarcely require 
 variation, except in the transposal of his seed time and harvest; the 
 gooseberries and currants of his garden, the apples and cherries 
 of his orchard, the hum of his bees, will all reproduce to his mind his 
 native country, endowed with a softer climate and a more bountiful soil." 
 These fads, we apprehend, present circumstantial evidence of the per- 
 fectly British character of the islands, in all its best features, far more 
 reliable than the abstract panegyrics of witnesses, and stamp the country 
 as without exception, the most eligible for the location of English emi- 
 grants of any on the globe. The gi'eater equability of temperature, and 
 prevailing mildness, may be said to double the value of labour, land, and 
 produce. In New Zealand it is quite practicable to raise two crops on 
 the same soil within the year, and in the garden, not a squai'e inch of 
 ground need remain idle for any portion of time. As if but to remind 
 an Englishman of the country he has left, snow and frost occasionally 
 occur during the winter, and a little more frequently in the southern 
 (answering to our northern) island, especially about Otogo. High winds 
 occur regularly at the change of every moon, and there is, generally, a 
 moisture in the atmosphere, which continues the resemblance to the mo- 
 ther country. The islands, being of volcanic origin, sometimes experi- 
 ence slight earthquake shocks, which however seem so little appreciable 
 that they are not observed or recorded by ordinary settlers, and are re- 
 cognised by the scientific, rather by being watched, than very palpably 
 ii'lt. Mr. Justice Chapman noticed 24 in 1846, and 16 in 1847, at Kaori, 
 Wellington.* 
 
 * Recent information renders it neoe8sar3r that we should materially modify 
 ehis observation. Geologists have found the islands of New Zealand to be oY 
 ▼olcanic origin. Extinct craters have been detected in varioiis localities. Hot 
 springs indicate a considerable intensity of internal heat, the water being warm 
 enough to boil eggs. In December last the district of Wellington, where Justice 
 Chapman had made his observations, experienced a protracted series of violent 
 shocks of earthquakes, producing great undulations of and rents in the earth, 
 overturning trees, houses, and other buildings, and swallowing up a family 
 consisting of a man and his daughter. A vessel sixty miles from tlie shore, about 
 half way betwixt Auckland and Wellington, also distinctly felt tlie shocks, and 
 they were faintly perceived at the former town. We should not regard this 
 single occurrence as in itself any more significant than the earthquake at Lis- 
 bon, or the activity of the craterof Vesuvius. It nii^ht only occur once in cen- 
 turies, were it isolated, but taken in oonnection with Justice Chapman's ob- 
 servations, of slighter shocks to the number, on an average, of twenty in a 
 year, in the very same district, its manifest liability to casualities of this kind, 
 of greater or less severity, must be held to form a material deduction from the 
 advantages of the island,' and its eligibility as a place of settlement. Tradition 
 Biijong the natives do«8 not seem to liave recorded any striking prior instances 
 «t earthquakes. In the Waikato distiict, and the southern island, there are 
 
t"S 
 
 10 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
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 HM!I 
 
 Minerals of all kinds seem to be every where abundant, and compara- 
 lively easy of access. Coal, copper, tin, magnanese, lead, iron, and we 
 are afraid to say how many beside, are found almost on the suiface. 
 Sulphur, alum, rock salt, cobalt, ochre, fuller's earth, &c., are veiy 
 generally distributed, marble and brick earth are abundant, and we have 
 already mentioned the gi'eat variety and excellence of tho wood, bark. 
 and ligneous dyes. 
 
 Such a climate and soil present all the best qualifications of a pastoral 
 country, and both sheep and cattle thrive and multiply in this favoured 
 region with surprising rapidity. Wool, flax, ropes, and cordage, besides 
 whale oil, are in course of rapid production and export. Dressed timber 
 is also become an article of the commerce of the country, and the ale of 
 Nelson is excellent, a pretty good indication, by the way, of the adap- 
 tation of the country to the people who in all probability invented that 
 Saxon beverage. 
 
 The finest springs of cold, tepid, warm, hot, and boiling water in the 
 world, are found in the north island, and the time will come when invalided 
 Europeans from India, will recruit here, instead of proceeding home, and 
 when the population of those islands will become, practically, the govern- 
 ors of Hindostan. 
 
 The European population of the three islands, does not probably ex- 
 ceed 14,000 souls. That of the natives is said to fall short of 110,000, 
 diminished every year by European diseases and the contamination and 
 vices of civilization. A chief source of the slow settlement of these 
 islands has been, as usual, the mismanagement of the home government, 
 and especially the tedious and intolerable delays offered by the survey- 
 ors in making such surveys and registers of the territory as would enable 
 colonists to settle on their locations, and confer upon them clear titles to 
 tlieir property. Many of these difficulties have, no doubt, arisen from 
 the nati^ es , at the convenience of the settlers, having been treated alter- 
 nately as civilized men capable of legal consent, and fully aware of the 
 nature and obligations of all contracts, and as barbai'ians whose property 
 could be seized without offending any civil obligations. The missionaries 
 
 ▼oleanoB in active operation : at the northern extremity of the northern islandg 
 there are several extinct craters, and on the banks of the Thames, embraced in 
 tlie Auckland district, Mr. Williams observed indications of superficinl undu- 
 lation, and violent sinkin^^s of the soil, to the depth of 150 feet, which wero 
 symptomatic of an earthquake at some remote period. The hot springs of Ho- 
 torua are in the centre of the northern island, at no very great distance from 
 Auckland. Although we have no desire io magnify the signiticancy of thpse 
 facts, and may set aj^ainst them the silence of the natives on the subject, m 
 pretty conclusive evidence that for a considerable period, at least, there have 
 been no important geological convulsions, we think the recent shock is a reiison 
 for, at least, other things being equal, Axing upon some other than the Welling- 
 ton district in determining the choice of a settlement. The New Zealand pa- 
 pers, make as light as possible of these shocks; but the recent speeches of the Gov- 
 ernor General treat them with very great concern, and lay much enii)hHsis upon 
 t)iu alarm wltich continued among the inhabitants, up to the date uf thi latest 
 advices, and upon the continued suspension of business which they caused. It 
 litis been observed that wooden houses stood the shockn, while brick buildin^a 
 were thrown down. Wo are given to understand that Crieff and Comrio m 
 Scotland, experience sliocks whenever there is an eruption of Vesuvius, und 
 tliat the latt(tr town is nearly deserted, from the feeling of insecurity experi- 
 enced by the late inhabitants. 
 
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NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 11 
 
 in this, as in most other cases, practised the quirks of civilized law, on 
 the ignorance of savages, and claimed masses of the most valuable terri- 
 tory, as having been regularly sold to them for a few blankets. Unscru- 
 pulous adventurers set up equally dishonest pretences for maintaining 
 their right to thousands of acres of the best land in the islands, while the 
 moment the government asserted for the queen the primary property of 
 the colony, interminable squabbles arose with cunning and litigious 
 savages who had been too fully recognized as capable of comprehending 
 and exercising all the civil privileges of cultivated Europeans, to be dealt 
 with in the only way which the actual circumstances of the case rendered 
 practicable. Nothing could be more preposterous than the idea that 100,000 
 savages, scattered over these islands, capable of comfortably maintaining 
 50,000,000 of souls, should be heard to set up a title to the exclusive prop- 
 erty of 78,000,000 of acres, neither enclosed, cultivated, reduced to posses- 
 sion, nor even described, and to demand any price they chose for them ; 
 or that Europeans should assert a right to an odd million or two of 
 acres on the strength of a title derived from a present of a rusty knife or 
 an old blanket to an old chief who could not himself qualify a property in 
 a square inch of it. A too great tenderness in dealing with these gentry 
 and their quirks, has led to a pernicious retardation of a settlement of 
 land titles, and to the encouragement of much presumption on the part of 
 tiie natives. 
 
 It must be confessed that these latter are the finest savages in the 
 world. Muscular, healthy, long lived, wonderfully intelligent and natu- 
 rally susceptible of education, of perceiving the advantages of civilization, 
 and of the most tractable docility, they have quickly acquired a know- 
 ledge of our religion, and agriculture, a taste for our music, dexterity 
 in navigation, and the art of reading. Unlike other savages, they have 
 become patient in labour, fond of industry, and dexterous in trading and 
 tlio making of bargains. They have almost abolished barter, and will 
 neither buy nor sell without the intervention of money. Their mental 
 activity is indicated by their incessant talkativeness, their quick percep- 
 tion of the ludicrous, their dialectic power, and their eloquence. In wai 
 they are generous, fearless without foolhardinoss, and skilful in stratagem 
 As yet their numbers, courage, and intelligence have rendered them very 
 fom)i(lHblc to the handful of settlers, and have kept the latter in alarm 
 and insecurity. They gi'aduallv, however, die out, the emigrants become 
 more numerous, pensioners have been quartered in convenient canton- 
 ments, as subsidiary to the regular troops, and at no very distant date 
 all anxiety on this score will disappear. Cannibalism, which undoubt- 
 edly prevailed until a recent date, the natives are now heartily ashamed 
 of, and considerable bodies of them are under the full influence of the 
 christian religion, the only stop to the progress of which arises out of the 
 rival pretensions of the methodist parsons and the clergy of the English 
 church, another legacy of the endowment of colonial bishoprics. These 
 Maoris, as they are called, are excellent seamen and skilful whalers. 
 They soon become dexterous carpenters, and many cultivate their land 
 and breed stock with very gi'cat skill. The balance of po])ulati()n will 
 Nhortly he on the side of the Europeans, and then the natives will cease to 
 be a source of anxiety, and boconio uuxiliury to our supply of labour. 
 
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 NEW ZEN LAND. 
 
 Nothing show8 the nntural advantageB of the soil, and the encr{»isiin 
 influences of the climate, more completely than the present conditioiiof 
 these islands. With so small a European population, shi])s are not, only 
 chartered as coasters and foreign traders, but built, cordage and canvas 
 manufactured, ale exported, mines worked, considerable exports and im. 
 ports effected, harbours constructed, newspapers published, chui'ches and 
 institutions built, mills of all kinds erected ; tanyards, coopei'ages, canvas 
 manufactories in operation, and schools in requisition everywhere. Being 
 naturally much more productive than Australia, and subject to no 
 droughts, New Zealand is destined to enjoy in that vicinage a never fail- 
 ing and most profitable as well as convenient market for its sm-plus pro- 
 duce, and its timber trade, at no distant date must become important. 
 It possesses the raw material of ship building in unrivalled profusion, and 
 will probably ere long possess a considerable marine. 
 
 These very circumstances, however, point also to the grrat defect of 
 the arrangements of the colony. Peopled to some extent from Australia, 
 its inhabitants have partaken toonmch of the speculative character of the 
 European inhabitants of that <',ountry. Nothing can be more ridiculous 
 than the fact that town lots in various of the settlements have sold for a 
 higher sum than an equal area in London itself. This is gambling run 
 mad, and its consequence is, that the social prospects of the islands have 
 been subject to the greatest extremes and the most extravagant vicissi- 
 tudes. The absurd " colonial sjstem" as it has been pompously called of 
 Wakefield, has disturbed the natural settlement of property,and course of 
 emigration. Based on the system of charging 408. an acre for land, tlie 
 real value of which was not forty pence, and which was actually sold tor 
 much less, it defeated its own object of encouraging labourers to emifp'ato, 
 by making the soil unattainable to them, by refusing to sell it in smaller 
 sections than 120 acres, and by compelling the poorto continue to be the 
 servants of capitalists. The moment the price of the land found it* rtiil 
 level, by bankrupt capitalists throwing thdir purchases on the niarktt, 
 then othei*8 found r, depreciation of their property to the extent of 000 
 per cent, and thus the most speculative character was given to that which 
 ought to have bcrn subjected to the smallest variations. The attention of 
 the colonists was uiverted from the cultivation of the soil to the mere buying 
 and selling of it ; and it will long remain a reproach to the good sense of 
 the settlers, that while they have been proclaiming the extraordinary fer- 
 tility of the soil, and the ease with which it can be tilled, the first neces- 
 saries of life have oflten been dearer at Auckland than in London, and 
 that at M'ellington, Nelson, and New Plymouth, the most fertile and 
 agricultural districts, the retail prices current at last year's advices (Feb. 
 1848), were reported at a much higher rate than the average of the 
 United Kingdom in February, 1849. Beer, 28. per gallon, in place of 
 Is., quarten loaf, lOd., instead of 6d., butter, Is. 3d., against KM., cheese, 
 1m. 4id. ! eggs per do/en, 28. ! beef and mutton, 8d., new pork, <"l i 
 poultry, 4s., and turkeys 13s. per ])air! These are the prices qufted i" 
 the Mew Zealand Spectator and Nelson Kxamhier, and materially vaiy 
 from thoMo of the lean reliable authority of the agent of the New Zealiind 
 I'Oinpany. 
 . Now ono of two conclublons are obvious from these facts— either th« 
 
NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 m 
 
 facta— either the 
 
 poll is barren, and the climate unfavourable to production, or the scttleris 
 liave entirely neglected their advantages. We see nothing but ruin in 
 such a system. The high rate of wages convinces us that capital is much 
 too abundant in comparison to the supply of labour, and that the Wake- 
 field /orcm^r system is the most pernicious that can be devised. Neir Zea- 
 land, from its fine scenery, and British climate, would be the most desir- 
 able country in the world, for the retirement of European invalids, or 
 small capitalists who, on a high rate of interest, and a very low price of 
 provisions and living, might be tempted to settle in thousands, and create 
 an admirable state of society. But when it is seen that money will not 
 go 80 far for any purpose in the colony as in the mother country, per- 
 sons of moans would be mad to prefer it to Illinois, where beef and 
 mutton are less than Id. per lb., and wheat may be had for 2s. per bushel. 
 This state of things will be ultimately ruinous to the working man also. 
 Capitalists have no inducement of profit to go to a country where wages 
 run away with their gains, and of what advantage is it to a ploughman to 
 get 38. 6d. a day, when the cost of his subsistence leaves him no surplus 
 saving. It may indeed be said that these high prices indicate a high re- 
 muneration to the farmer, and it is perhaps true that they arise from the 
 rapid influx of consumers having exceeded, for the time, the capabilities 
 of production. They may also ultimately have the effect of stimulating 
 cultivation, but we are persuaded that they, meanwhile, induce an un- 
 healthy state of things, and that colonists have no business with mining, 
 ghip-building, canvas factories, fisheries, rope walks, breweries and other 
 Tubbishing speculations, while they have no roads, few farms, limited 
 ftock, and a very deficient supply of the first necesaaries of life. The 
 *' land question" being now settled, the turbulent natives quelled, and 
 the territory surveyed and staked off in selling lots, we cannot entertain 
 a doubt that the first attention of the settlers will now be steadily devoted 
 to agriculture ; and we feel perfectly assured that as no country in the 
 world has so many natural attractions for British emigrants, so it is only 
 required that subsistence should be reduced to the lowest practicable cost, 
 to make New Zealand the great land of settlement for all who desire to 
 leave their native country. In time, it is also likely to be the chief resort 
 of Anglo- Indians, the invalid station of our Eastern and Chinese Army, 
 and th» place to which nabobs may retire to spend their fortune when an 
 increase of society, and progress in the art of living, shall have added to 
 the natural advantages of the colony, the luxuries of Europe. To Otago 
 and Canterbury, the Scotch and English settlements, mnny persons of 
 property and character have gone, or are going, colonization, in a sys- 
 tematic form, having been carefully planned for these districts. We 
 know persons of large means who, attracted in a groat measure by the 
 climate, have sold off their lilnglish estates, chartered ships, and gone 
 out in companies with pro])er establishments of servants, stewards, imple- 
 ments, and houses, so that society in these places will be thoroughly Bri- 
 tish not only in charn<'ter, but in manners and classes. For persons in 
 the middle ranks of life, and especially females, nothing is wanting to re- 
 move the chief objections to an emigrant life, than that which is supplied 
 in the desiderato which are all to be found in these settlements; and we 
 can conceive no life more truly delightful than the freedom from the fot- 
 
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 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
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 ters of convention^ and enjoyment of all the utilities and beauties of life 
 and nature which can he commanded at New Zealand, combined with the 
 society and refinements of Europe. 
 
 Small as is the European population of New Zealand, it is not among 
 one of the signs of its improvement that it is a good field for the pursuit 
 of the profession of the law. The jurisprudence is that of England, irora 
 whose bar the judges are selected. Any attorney or barrister practising 
 in the superior Courts of England, Scotland, or Ireland, is entitled to 
 carry on business before the New Zealand Courts. We can but eamefttly 
 express the hope that a community which will have the power of mak- 
 ing its own laws, will emancipate itself from the huge curse of Euro- 
 pean, and, especially, English jurisprudence. 
 
 Mechanics and labourers of all kinds are in great demand at almost 
 extravagant wages. An unskilled labourer in food and wages earns £57 
 per annum, so that if he lands without a farthing, he possesses in his 
 thews and sinews that which is equivalent to a capital of £1,150. Fe- 
 male servants are very scarce, and consequently very highly remunerated. 
 These circumstances, together with the high price of food, and the 
 luxurious style in which servants demand to be entertained, form serious 
 drawbacks upon the settlement of capitalists in the country. When pro- 
 duce becomes more abundant, the cost of keeping servants will indeed 
 not be so great, but as subsistence will be more easy, they will be better 
 able to decline accepting engagements, thereby aggravating the scarcity 
 of the supply of labour ; and as the profits of the producer will thus be 
 diminished, he will be less in a condition to afibrd high wages. On the 
 whole, we suspect that New Zealand, like other places where land is 
 abundant and labour scarce, will be a profitable location only to persons 
 who can do all the work by their own fiunilies, and to such capitalists 
 as can, by the high interest of money, and eventual cheapness of land, 
 houses, and food, make a little hard cash go a great way in a country 
 where there are no taxes to diminish the value of money. 
 
 To the labouring agriculturist or shepherd, this colony presents unri- 
 valled attractions. There is no winter to require housing of stock or the 
 collection of winter food, no season in which verdure ceases to fatten cattle 
 or stop the vegetation of crops, no day on which either cold, heat, rain, 
 or excessive drought interrupts out door employment, and, above all, no 
 diseases which weaken the constitution, or affect the pursuits of industry. 
 The equability of the climate saves the wear, and diminishes the require* 
 ments of clothing, and also prevents the weather from corroding houseis, 
 fences, and implements, or affecting the health of live stock. The soil 
 also is friable, requires little drainage, and facilitates road making, while, 
 combined with the climate it yields successions of crops all the year 
 round. 
 
 Mr. J. Lethwait«, of Halifax, Yorkshire, who left Taranaki, in Fe- 
 bruary, 1845, states that the expense of clearing, breaking up, and 
 sowing the seed of an acre of timbered land there (no fencing), was £14 
 2s., and of performing a similar operation on fern land was £0 28. 
 *' Now timber land,'' he observes, " yields from 50 to 80 bushels per acre, 
 while fern land yields from 30 to 50, but when you consider that for tlie 
 •um required to cultivate one acre of timber, you can cultivate A\ acres 
 
NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 15 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 of fern, and instead of 80 bushels you reap 225, the advantage in the 
 latter is great and apparent." At 3s. per bushel this would yield £33 158., 
 at an expense of £13 19s., leaving £19 148. for reaping, harvesting, 
 thrashing and marketing, the price of the land (£9), and profit. The 
 cost of fencing is not stated. 
 
 Mr. Ward from Kensington ^ a settler at Nelson, states that in 1847 
 the price of 50 acres within six miles of Nelson, would for flax land be 
 £3 per acre ; inferior land from 208. to 40s. ; if at a greater distance, less 
 proportionately. Rented, the cost would be from 6s. to 28. 6d. per acre 
 for each of the first seven years. 
 
 Fifty acres, rented at 58. per acre per annum, would involve the fol- 
 lowing further outlay : — 
 
 £ s. 
 
 Wooden house, large enough for a family of six 15 
 
 (A good substantial brick-house of the same size £30.) 
 4 working bullocks, £40, plough, £6, harrows and roller, £5, 
 
 cart, £12, gear and small tools, £7 70 
 
 (2 horses would cost £50, harness, £6.) 
 
 Fencing a 10 acre field 10 
 
 If 50 acres fenced at once, then £25 25 
 
 Seed for 3 acres wheat, 2| bushels per acre at 5s 1 
 
 Seed for 4 acres barley, 3 bushels to the acre, at 4s 1 
 
 Seed for half acre potatoes 
 
 Garden seeds and plants 
 
 1 cow, £12, pigs and fowls, £5 17 
 
 Housekeeping expenses for 3 for 12 months, £50, ~ 
 
 (After first 6 months, your own vegetables, \ 70 
 
 eggs, and fowls), furnishing house, and in- f 
 
 cidental expenses £20. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 185 19 
 
 Say, Including all casualties, £200, besides the farmer and his 
 family's labour. 
 
 , Return first year : — 
 
 3 acres wheat, 30 bushels per acre at 5s. straw paying ex- 
 penses .... 22 10 
 
 2 acres barley, 40 bushels per acre, at 4s 16 
 
 Half acre potatoes, 4 tons, at £2 8 
 
 Cow and calf, £15, pigs and poultry, £10, sold butter and 
 
 milk, £6, 2 pigs, £1, 20 fowls at 9d., 15s 32 15 
 
 Bullocks, cart, plough, &;c 66 10 
 
 House and goods 30 
 
 Improvements, 10 acres fenced, £10, six in full cultivation, 
 
 £24 34 
 
 4 acres cleared, ploughed, harrowed, and rolled 8 
 
 Cow-8h«d, pig-sty, fowl-house, tool-house, £6j deduct for 
 
 boards, 326., nails, lbs. at 7d.| 3s. 6d.« 35s. 6d 4 4 6 
 
 221 19 6 
 
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 16 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Return second year : — * • • - ' - • 
 
 10 acres wheat, at £7., barley 8 acres, at £8., potatoes, 
 
 2 acres, at £12 158 
 
 Increase and sale of cows and pigs 49 •> 
 
 Bullocks, cart, &c 66 10 
 
 House and goods, £30., improvements on land this and last 
 
 year,£80 Ill 
 
 384 10 
 Deduct cost of barn, £15., housekeeping, £20., rent, £12 10s., 
 . sundi-ies, £10 67 10 
 
 Total value end of 2nd year 327 
 
 In renting by lease, it is a stipulation that no rent shall be charged for 
 the first year, and that the tenant shall have the power to purchase the 
 freehold before the expiry of the term, at a certain price fixed in the 
 lease. 
 
 ** I should go," observes Mr. Ward, " to Nelson for farming pur- 
 poses, or New Plymouth may perhaps be as good ; to Wellington for 
 mercantile pursuits ; to Auckland for a storekeeper, or for a situation ; 
 to Otago, Port Cooper, or Wariau, for sheep farming." 
 
 We should observe that the statements of prices and wages are very 
 conflicting in the various accounts, which however in places having no 
 communication with each other, of small population and transactions, 
 and where a ship load of emigrants will sometimes constitute a very large 
 proportion of the whole mhabitants, is not singular. A temporary re- 
 dundance in the supply of labour from this cause will suddenly reduce 
 wages, 400 new consumers of food coming at once on an unprepared 
 small market, will produce an extravagant rise in prices, and new 
 capital at once to be expended in stocking fresh lots, will quickly absorb 
 more than all the spare stock and agricultural implements, until new 
 importations equalize the supply with the demand, or perhaps exceed 
 the demand for the moment. On a minute examination of the actual 
 circumstances, we ai'e indeed reassured that the high price of labour and 
 of provisions is not the result of defective powers of production. On the 
 contrary, we are bound to admit that these are continually overcoming 
 the temporary excess of demand for both. But we regainl it as a great 
 evil that the enterprize and industry of the colony are so much dis- 
 tracted by secondary pursuits of mining, brewing, shipping, manufac- 
 turing, from the primary and all important object of farming and 
 rearing. The soil and climate are tha real strength of the colony. The 
 Americans have frequently been reduced to the greatest distress by neg- 
 lecting agriculture to attend to other speculations, and no country can 
 possibly thrive until the necessaries of life are reduced to and kej)t at 
 that low price which is alone compatible with abundance. Thousands of 
 small ca])italists who leave England and settle in the Channel Islands and 
 on the continent to retrench and save by the low cost of living, numl)rr- 
 b«*» half-pay officers and small ainiuitants who wish to make their littlo 
 go u iutt way, would emigrate to Now Zealand where their young ianiiiivi 
 
 r i 
 
LOCALITIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 17 
 
 would have at once a means of doing well, were they tempted by the 
 union of great cheapness and abundance, with the prospect of being 
 enabled to hire labour at a price which would leave them some profit on 
 the outlay of capital. 
 
 LOCALITIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 At the antipodes of course everything is the reverse in nature of what 
 it is here. The compass veers round and points to the south. June 
 is midwinter, January midsummer. The north is the warmest, the 
 south the coldest point, and the south-west wind answers in character to 
 our nor'-westers. The south island of New Zealand is uninhabited, the 
 middle island is the coldest of the two settled islands, and the north is the 
 warmest and most genial. From the fact of the New Zealand Company 
 having made choice of the middle island for their settlements, it might 
 be inferred that that was the preferable territory, if they nuuie ajtidicious 
 choice. But that Wellington, Nelson, New Plymouth, Otago, and other 
 places, should exhibit greater population, more trade, more extended 
 cultivation than the independent settlements, is only a proof that . a 
 powerful and wealthy company fostei-ed the former, and left the latter to 
 their own resources. The fiict that that Company has not commercially 
 prospered is rather a proof that they have not made the wisest choice of 
 places of settlement. On the other hand, it is to be remembered, that 
 the seat of government, and of the chief government expenditure, is 
 Auckland, the independent settlement on the noi'th island ; and, consi- 
 dering the smallness of the population there, and its slow progress, it is 
 rather to be infeiTed that when the money of the mother country is with- 
 drawn from it as it will be, it is doubtful whether, for a long time at least, 
 it will be a self-sustaining settlement. 
 
 The census of the Nelson settlement for the five years, 1843-4-5-6 and 
 7, brings out this result : — 
 
 Baths 766 
 
 Deaths in an average population of 2,040 in five years 69 
 
 Excess of births 697 
 
 Or, an average of 14 per annum, being less than a half per cent. 
 Yet the population in 1843 was 2,492, and in 1847 only 
 2,947 ; from which, deducting the increment by nett births, 
 it will be seen the population has decreased 692 in five years, 
 or about 23 per cent. 
 Tor the whole settlement we have only the returns for 1845 and 1846 : — 
 
 The white population in 1845 was 13,242 
 
 „ 1846 „ 12,788 
 
 Being a decrement, in face of large increase by births, of 454 
 
 The census may have been erroneously taken, but if not, the result is 
 symptomatic of dissatis&ction with the prospects of the colony. If the 
 births increased in the ratio of those of Nelson, or 5 per cent. \)er an* 
 •: • C 3 
 
It-I; 
 
 U '' 
 
 i 
 
 i 1 
 
 ■].■ 
 
 Il 
 
 '"Mi 
 
 y\k 
 
 18 
 
 LOCALITIES AND SBTTLRMBNTS. 
 
 num=660, and there was any material importation of settlers, it ii 
 obvious that a considerable migration must have taken place to Australia 
 or other places, to account for the decrease of numbers. This conclusion 
 is however certainly not warranted by the census of the productive pro- 
 gress of the colony, at least so far as regai'ds Wellington and Nelson, of 
 which settlements alone we have the returns, because, while in 1843, the 
 
 number of acres under crop was 13i)5 
 
 In 1847 they had increased to 5137 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Goats. 
 1843, 212 2484 10,005 408 
 
 1847, _794 7715 pM^? 3131 
 
 Increase 582 6123 42,797 2723 
 
 Auckland, situated at the head of the frith of the Thames, about tlie 
 centre of the eastern shore of North Island, has a good harbour, and is 
 beautifully land-locked by small islands a short distance from the mouth 
 of the harbour. It boasts the finest and most genial climate of all the 
 settlements, and as the seat of government commands the best society in 
 tlie colony. The surrounding scenery of gently undulating plains is very 
 beautiful, presenting much of the appearance of a gentleman's park. 
 For botanical and horticultural pursuits, its superior geniality must give 
 it an advantage over other places. The wind there, although high, has 
 no gullies as in other districts to concentrate its force, and produce 
 serious annoyance or material damage. The absence of gi'eat superficial 
 irregularity , and the nature of the soil, facilitate the making of roads, 
 transit, and the reclamation of the land. The soil is said not to be quite 
 so productive as at New Plymouth or Nelson. At no great distance is the 
 Bay of Islands, nearly at the northern extremity of the island, where a con- 
 siderable number of natives are congregated, and the chief whaling station 
 of the colony is established. But the natives have ceased to present any 
 reasonable ground for alarm to the settlers, while the great number of 
 ships from all quarters, constantly stationed at Bay of Islands, afford a 
 large demand for agricultural produce, and for all the commodities kept 
 at the Auckland stores, much to the profit of the townspeople. To per- 
 sons emigrating with no view to farming or business, we think Auckland 
 much to be prefen*ed to any other district from the society it affords, tho 
 settled institutions it already enjoys, and the comparative abundance in 
 which it possesses the appliances of European civilized hfe. The recent 
 advertisements which have appeared in its only newspaper, tho "^outhnn 
 CrosSf inform us, that cultivated farms are for sale in the neighbourhood 
 at very cheap rates, and some lots of land at so low a figure as 2s. per acre. 
 It is obvious, therefore, that ample means are presented to all to rai.sn 
 their own produce in great variety and profusion, and that after the liri-t 
 twelve months it matters little to persons of some little annual incorno 
 what the price of provisions is there, as they have the remedy of self- 
 supply at hand. Every emigrant should take out with him flower and 
 fruit plants, and garden seeds of the best kind, packed by nursery and 
 seedsmen. They will all grow luxuriantly at Auckland, and be a benefac- 
 tion to the district. Do not forget hawthorn and holly. A living fenco 
 iri the best, tho most picturesque, tho most English, Whenever a climate, 
 
LOCALITIES AND SliTTLEMENTS. 
 
 19 
 
 as in New Zealkiiid, combines geniality with moisture, scenting flowers, 
 and song birds will thrive to perfection. Let these, the sweetest remem- 
 brances of England, be transferred to your new home. Captain Cook's 
 description of his matin concert of the birds which saluted him before the 
 dawn, rises to the passion of poetry. 
 
 Oil is very cheap. There is abundance of fern, scrub, brushwood, and 
 timber ; and coal raised near Nelson, sells there at 20s. per ton. As grain 
 is or rather may be abundant, and grapes prolific, it will be seen that corn, 
 wine, and oil, food, light, and fuel, are well provided at Auckland. A 
 lawyer of character and ability would find a good field there. All soli- 
 citors admitted to practice in the superior courts of England, Scot- 
 land, or Ireland, are entitled to carry on business in the New Zealand 
 Courts as barristers and attomies. The English law prevails. The News- 
 paper advertisements indicate that a considerable business is transacted at 
 Auckland in auctions of all sorts of goods on commission, and that stores 
 are very profitable. We have already noticed the chief defect in the 
 prospects of the place, that they are founded upon the expenditure of the 
 government money of the mother country. But it has sufficient natu- 
 ral advantages to enable it to recover the effects of the prospective loss of 
 that adventitious prop. Besides a fair proportion of ships from Europe, 
 Auckland keeps up a communication with the other settlements, and Aus- 
 tralia, by coasters which rapidly increase in tonnage and numbers. The 
 newspaper advertisements of Auckland afford a good idea of the manner 
 of life of the inhabitants. Our esteemed friend Mr. W. Brown, has 
 favoured us with the files of the Southern Cross, of which he is pro- 
 prietor, and from the latest number, December 16, 1848, we observe the 
 advertisements of the sailing of ships for Hobart Town, of the sale of 
 paints, leather, shoes, stationery, paper hangings, wine, and beer ; of the 
 announcements of tavern keepers, inns to let, posts, rails, cups and 
 saucers, lime to be disposed of, grocers, butchers, blacksmiths, brewers, 
 auctioneers, puffs, and the vending of coals, printing, and crown glass. 
 The Auckland races are announced, the theatre entertainments given, 
 the agricultural society's resolutions issued. Natives advertise in their 
 own tongue. Money to lend, houses and lands, and farms, given out for 
 loase or sale, building lots offered, strays proclaimed^ and all the ordinary 
 t;ii,ni8 of society and business are indicated. 
 
 Akaroa. — Is a French settlement at Bank's Peninsula, about the centre 
 of the eastern shore of Middle Island, and need not be further noticed, as 
 iiiitish emigrants will certainly prefer the vicinity of their own country- 
 uicn. 
 
 New Plymouth, at the western extremity of the northern shore of 
 Cook's Strait, is a settlement of the New Zealand Company, and by uni- 
 v( r»al testimony is admitted to be the garden, or rather, perhaps the 
 f^ranary of New Zealand. It produces finer and more certain grain crops 
 than any other, yielding an excess greatly beyond the local consumption. 
 It exports flour to Wellington and Auckland. It possesses an in- 
 different access irom the sea, and a poor harbour. Persons in pursuit 
 of commercial occupation are unfitted for it, but it is the best of all the 
 districts as a location for the mere farmer. The soil is deep and strong, 
 there lb abundance of fern land and timber land, wtil adapted to the fut^ 
 
 
i 
 
 If 
 
 20 
 
 LOCALITIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 si 
 
 
 
 tMlA 
 
 i:.|, 
 
 tening of cattle, but not so favourable for the rearing of sheep. In 
 short, it is better adapted for agricultural than for pastoral pursuits, and 
 its produce is more in excess of its consumption than that of any other 
 district, being exported largely to the less fertile settlements. The dis- 
 trict is not too far southward, and is considered as less objectionable for 
 high winds than some other settlements. Coal easily accessible and of 
 good quality and thickness, is found in the neighbourhood ; and, although 
 the sea harbour is inconvenient, the river Waitera running through the 
 settlement is accessible fi'om the sea by vessels of moderate burden, and 
 navigable a considerable way up the country, which is also well watered 
 by the Huatoki and the Emui. "The soil," says IV . Palmer, "is a 
 black vegetable mould four or six feet deep, the subsoil a yellow clay. 
 Wheat and Indian corn are finer here than in any other part of NeTv 
 Zealand, a? also potatoes." Captain Liardet corroborates this statement, 
 and dwells upon the beauty of the scenery, and the great command of 
 water power. He mentions also a bridle road, connecting the settle- 
 ment with Auckland; and that the cost of clearing forest land was 
 £27 per acre. " Many persons," observes a settler at Port Nicholson, 
 " are going into the bush with cattle ; this is what they should have 
 done at first, for a settlement of merchants and shopkeepers can never 
 stand long. To raise the common necessaries of life is the great object. 
 If capital be continually going out of the colony for the necessaries of life, 
 there must be a break down. All we require is to raise the loaf, for then 
 nothing can stop us. With such a climate, and land, no place out of New 
 Zealand can keep pace with us." The same writer states that fern land 
 may be cleared for less than £5 per acre, and although it is not pro- 
 ductive the first year, it yields well the second. Bush land is so 
 strong that he had to cut down his wheat twice before it would stand 
 up. He produced oats seven feet high, and peas, the pods of which grew 
 above his reach. His land was groaning with the finest green crops of 
 all kinds, and in the bush, cattle become very fat. Sheep breed twice in 
 the year, and from four goats he had twenty-five in less than two years. 
 He announces an excellent road, twelve miles long, from the town to the 
 Waitera river. Slugs and caterpillars are somewhat destructive occa- 
 sionally, but do not appear as yet to amount to a serious inconvenience. 
 " It is a land," writes a Tourist, " of rich mould, luxuriant wood, full clear 
 streams leaping to the sea. There are cottages after cottages with tasty 
 gardens trees and ferns left here and there to throw their shadows acroi« 
 the thatch and neat gates, and compact fences ; and you meet with all 
 the little civilities and kindly greetings of the west country peasantry. 
 We looked fi'om a cliff over a huge hollow filled with the richest wood of 
 every shade and colour— a blue sti*eam rushing and winding through the 
 midst, and beyond the clear dazzling cone of Mount Egmont. Then 
 came up the piping, gushing, and thrilling of birds." 
 
 We are satisfied from the facts above stated, and the conversation of 
 travellers in New Zealand, that New Plymouth is at present the most eli- 
 gible locality for an agricultural settler. The only drawback arises from 
 its too great proximity to the scene of the recent earthquakes. " The 
 natives" says the * Times,' " state that they have no recollection of any 
 previous eaithquakes of such violence or duration^ and this, coupled 
 
5ELSON. 
 
 SI 
 
 with ti»c universal immunity of the wooden buildings, and thocircum- 
 fetanco, that the most severe shocks had been preceded by minor ones 
 which had given timely warning, had contributed gi'eatly to promote a 
 return of confidence." It has, fortunately, too bad a harbour to tempt 
 its inhabitants to abandon agriculture for any other pursuit ; they are, 
 therefore, forced to devote their energies to tilling and cattle raising, and 
 facilities ai-e thereby presented to a settler in the shape of cheaper food, 
 stock, and labour, than probably any other district can furnish. The soil 
 also Is generous, and the climate entirely unexceptionable. Wo o])>'on o 
 tliat th(3 prqxirtion of wheat crop to the population, and the land under 
 tillage, ai'e much greater here than in any other settlements. 
 
 NELSON. 
 
 Of this settlement we have recent authentic and well digestic accounts 
 by Mr. W. Fox, the late President, Agent of the New Zealand Company. 
 His report is candid and trustworthy. 
 
 Nelson is at the head of Tasman's Gulf, on the southern side of Cook's 
 Strait, and, consequently, on Middle Island. The harbour, which is at 
 the top of Blind Bay, " has always abundance of water for vessels of 500 
 or 600 tons, perfect shelter in every wind,4tnd excellent holding ground." 
 In this settlement are included three districts, not very naturally con- 
 nected with, or accessible from each other. Blind Bay, the seat of Nel- 
 son proper, consists of 60,000 acres of tolerably level land, whereof 
 scarcely one half is arable. Scarce of timber it is covered with fern, and 
 towards the sea with flax, which, it is now discovered, is indicative of a 
 very superior soil. Where the fern grows strong and high it also intimates 
 the presence of fine land; and although that production is an effectual 
 exterminator of pasture, cattle and sheep are no sooner put upon it than 
 grass begins to appear, and ultimately in great luxuriance. On this ac- 
 count the rapidity with which stock has here increased, has given a great 
 impetus to breeding and store farming. 
 
 Massacre Bay, about fifty miles fi'om Nelson, is remarkable for the 
 beauty of its scenery, is heavily timbered, and possesses, out of 45,000 
 acres, about 25,000 of the finest quality of soil. It also abounds with 
 coal and lime easily workable, but is very defective in harbourage, except 
 for iimall craft, navigable up some of its rivers. 
 
 Cloudy Bay, with the Wairau plain and valley, and Wakefield downs, 
 is 110 miles south of Blind Bay, and contains upwards of 250,000 acres 
 of, for the most part, level land of fine pasture through its whole extent, 
 and perhaps the finest sheep runs in the world. It also possesses much 
 rich soil, eminently fitted for the production of grain, and is not only 
 the most extensive, but destined to become, by its splendid pastoral 
 qualities, the most valuable district in the settlement. 
 
 " No heavy clays," observes Mr. Fox, " or stiff" marls are met with, 
 but the light lands break up as fine as garden ground. 
 
 " The average produce of the settlement, under inferior management, 
 is 24 bushels wheat, 25 barley, 21 oats, 6 tons potatoes, 24 tons turnips 
 per acre. The flax, and some of the fern land, will yield about five 
 
i , I 
 
 23 
 
 NELSON. 
 
 quarters per acre of wheat. Except the wire worm in wet grounds, no 
 other destructive animal has affected the crops." 
 
 The climate is said to be the best in New Zealand, and the wind 
 gives less annoyance than in the other settlements. The temperature is so 
 mild that flocks lamb in mid-winter, which is never so severe as to check 
 the blossoming of geraniums, fuschias, and other English summer flow- 
 ers ; while in spring and summer, " days and weeks, occur of almost per- 
 fect calm, with brilliant sunshine by day, and magnificent moonlight by 
 night." 
 
 But for the operation of the Wakefield system, this settlement would 
 have progressed much more rapidly than it has done. To describe it in 
 little it is an artificial and forcing system. In place of allowing coloniza- 
 tion to take its natural course, and the balance of capital, labour, and 
 land, to adjust itself by the ordinary laws of social distribution, it made 
 land dear to prevent labourers from becoming owners. It paid for their 
 introduction to the colony by gratuitous conveyance ; it made an arbitary 
 proportion betwixt capital and labour, founded upon mere theory, in 
 place of the real circumstances of society ; and it supplied employment 
 and wages out of the funds of a wealthy company, in place of waiting 
 for the natural development of local wants and resources. The conse- 
 quence was, fits and starts of prosperity and adversity, and at last vio- 
 lence and disorder among the labourers. Nature's cure has at last pre- 
 vailed. The labourers have become landholders, discontent has disap- 
 peared, and the settlement is now in a state of slow but certain progres- 
 sion. 
 
 The statistics of the settlement do not indicate a very flattering state 
 of things as regards population, which actually appears to have decreased, 
 and this in the face of a considerable increase of tillage, live stock, and 
 grain. The prices of all necessaries are ridiculously high, and until they 
 are much lower it is impossible that much substantial prosperity can 
 exist. That population, or in other words consumption, should fall off, 
 production increase, and prices remain high, is an anomaly in econo- 
 mics, only to be accounted for by the assumption of gross blunders in 
 the statistical returns. The preponderance of evidence would tend to 
 shew that there must be considerable exaggeration in the accounts given 
 of the increase of production, population having retrograded, and prices 
 having continued comparatively exorbitant. Much of this has doubt- 
 less arisen from the absurd policy of the New Zealand Company, which 
 has discouraged the settlement of labourers Tipon the land, by maintain- 
 ing it at an artificial price, and by diverting labour from the cultivation 
 of the soil, to engage it in the execution of public works. The diminu- 
 tion of the population, in the face of considerable immigrations from the 
 mother country, is a ludicrous commentary upon the Wakefield theory. 
 It shows that while capitalists have been paying large sums in the shapa 
 of a high price of land to supply themselves with labourers, the inac- 
 cessibility of that land to the labourers has induced them to leave the 
 capitalists without hands, which they had paid a large sum to command. 
 It also shows that the only tie, which will bind labourers to a district, 
 that of the possession of a freehold of their own, having been systemati- 
 cally withheld, the laboureiB become migratory, and wander from plact 
 
NBLBON. 
 
 to place according as they are tempted by wages. Had labourers at once 
 been made freeholders, their families would have been attached to the 
 district, and in due time supplied labour to the capitalists. 
 
 From the excellence of the barley and hops, the purity of the water, 
 and the adaptation of the temperature of Nelson for brewing, ale of the 
 finest quality is manufactured here. 
 
 The natives amount to 615, are peaceable^ well disposed, ingenious 
 and industrious. 
 
 Mr. Tuckett, the company's surveyor, complains of the enormous 
 number and fecundity of the rats in the settlement ; a characteristic 
 however not confined to vermin, since while rats produced seventeen at a 
 birth, goats produced five kids, and sheep four lambs, and sometimes 
 more within the year. 
 
 We have carefully perused a great number of letters from Nelson 
 settlers in all conditions of life, and from these we learn, 
 
 1.— That the climate is most unexceptionable, the weather not being 
 accompanied, generally, with the very high winds which form the annoy- 
 ance of some other places. 
 
 2.— That there is rather a large proportion of swamp, (easily drainable, 
 however,) and a deficiency of timber. 
 
 3.— That in Massacre Bay there is an excellent whale fishing station. 
 
 4.— That there is an abundance of wild fowl for the table, a good sup- 
 ply of sea, and a fair supply of river, fish. 
 
 5.— That the climate is in the highest degree conducive to health, 
 mental elasticity, and bodily vigour, recovery of appetite, and the con- 
 valescence of the infirm. 
 
 6.— That the great curse of the country is not the want, but the super- 
 abundance of capital, artificially aggravated by the absurd and profuse 
 outlay of the New Zealand Company. Indeed we are irresistibly led to 
 the conclusion that the whole economical theory of the colony induces the 
 speedy transfer of the whole of the money of the capitalist fi*om its 
 owner to those who have none, to the encouragement of idleness and 
 stagnation. When we read of the Western States of America raising 
 produce so abundantly that wheat may be had for 2s., com for Is., and 
 oats for Is. 3d. per bushel, — the most fertile land for 4s. 6d. per acre, — 
 a good log hut for £5, — a frame house for £20, and every man prosper- 
 ous and independent, but eminently industrious, we turn with contempt 
 and disgust to those letters, which tell us of butter at 2s. 6d. per lb., — a 
 quarter of an acre selling at £200(what idiot bought it ?) —of a three roomed 
 mud house costing from £200 to £400, — of all sorts of food at rather 
 more than London prices, and of wages of men — botchers and bunglers, 
 the refuse of our towns,— screwing out of capital jfrom 7s. to 14s. per 
 diem, for little more than half a day's work. All this is the sheerest 
 gambling and plunder, destructive alike to rich and poor, and entirely 
 incompatible with success. We find that even rent is forced up almost 
 to an English price, and that speculation, and the most reckless pur- 
 chases, equal to any of the stag transactions of Capel Court, disturb the 
 whole natural progress of society, and productive industry. We 
 maintain that capitalists can only be ruined by such a system, 
 and that labourers should be placed, at once, not in employment, 
 

 w 
 
 u 
 
 WELLINGTON. 
 
 
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 out upon the soil, to cultivate it to the utmost point of produei 
 tiveness. 
 
 All the letters, from every settlement, concur in this most favorable 
 point, that the voyage is a most pleasant and 8F,fe one. The number of 
 non-seafaring persons who not merely go out to the colony, but return to 
 Europe temporarily, and go back again, is surprising. Even women 
 •^ake light of the expedition, and frequently go and return two or three 
 rimes. In fact it is understood that fewer wrecks have occurred on tlii* 
 line than even on the short trip to North America. 
 
 WELLINGTON. 
 
 > This settlement of the New Zealand Company, is at the southern ex- 
 tremity of North Island, having Port Nicholson for its harbour, a safe 
 and commodious one, with good wharves, and affording a considerable 
 stimulus to commercial pursuits. 
 
 The longest settled, wealthiest, and most populous of all the settle- 
 ments, it also possesses, by far the largest number of live stock, having 
 4,381 settlers, 4,850 cattle, 24,352 sheep, 496 horses, 20 mules, and 911 
 pigs. But in agriculture it is far behind, having only 1674 acres under 
 crop, while Nelson has 3,355, and Auckland, by a much earlier return, 
 (1845), 1,844. Wellington includes the districts of Porirua, Karorl, 
 Loury Bay, Wainuiomata, Wanganui, and Petre. The vicinity of the 
 town has the advantage of abundance of fine timber, and althouf^h the 
 Hutt valley is a mere funnel for increasing the force of the very high 
 winds which form the drawback of the settlement, it is very rich in pas- 
 turing qualities. The roads leading from the town to the various tribu- 
 tary districts, are reported as excellent, and, as a means of communica 
 tion, of the utmost value. 
 
 The defect of the social and economical system of this district is au 
 exaggeration of the error committed in the rest. By artificial interfer 
 ence with the natural order of settlement, the attention, capital, and in- 
 dustry of the people have been diverted from their first duty and proper 
 sphere, the cultivation of the soil, to mercantile pursuits ; all the neces- 
 saries of life are scarce and dear, wages are ridiculously high, and capi- 
 talists have been ruined. The only persons who seem really to have 
 prospered under so foolish an arrangement, are the hard working labour- 
 ers, who have managed to make capitalists " buy gold too dear." But 
 indeed the great error of most settlers, in all new countries, appeai-s to 
 be to loiter about towns and to keep near the coast, in place of boldly 
 going back into the bush. 
 
 Mr. Bradey states that doctors, for want of patients, become farmers nr 
 publicans. " Any man," he continues, " with two or throe liuiidrcil 
 pounds, may buy a snug freehold farm j become a proprietor, and leaM) 
 his children independent. There are fine pickings for the capitali^f, 
 eitlier in the sale of land or merchandise, making frequently 150 ptt 
 cent. A gi'eat deal may be made upon loans on the best Kecurity." 
 
 " People," observes a gentleman settler, " have land, but little monoy, 
 and are leading useless lives, becauwe tliey have not enough to stait. 
 We have iwt the clan thcU go to Canada, who put before themsjBlvet) tlie 
 
WELLINfiTOX. 
 
 25 
 
 ¥^ 
 
 point of produo 
 
 lis most favorable 
 The number flf 
 lony, but return to 
 ag. Even women 
 eturn two or three 
 B occurred on thi» 
 
 ,t the southern ex- 
 ts harbour, a sate 
 ling a considerable 
 
 of all the settle- 
 live stock, having 
 20 mules, and 911 
 r 1674 acres under 
 ich earlier return, 
 f Porirua, Karori, 
 'he vicinity of the 
 and although the 
 
 of the very high 
 5 very rich in pas- 
 
 the various trihu. 
 ms of communica 
 
 this district is au 
 artificial interfer 
 n, capital, and iu< 
 it duty and proper 
 its ; all the neces- 
 y high, and capi- 
 jm really to have 
 rd vj^orking labour- 
 too dear." But 
 untries, appears to 
 in place of boldly 
 
 become farmers or 
 or three huudrcil 
 >prietor, and lea\o 
 for the capitalicf, 
 requently 150 ptr 
 est Kecurity." 
 1, but little money, 
 t onough to stait. 
 ore themselveB tli« 
 
 task of working in the bush. Life is too easily maintained here, and 
 even the fine climate wont tempt them." 
 
 Mr. Wait speaks of an acre of land in Wellington which sold by 
 auction for £700 ! —of land letting at 5s. to 7s. 6d. per foot of frontage ! 
 —and acres cut up so as to realize very large rents ; and these prices, 
 greater than are given for the best situations in SuiTey, Middlesex, 
 Essex or Kent, are paid in a wild settlement where people are continually 
 complaining of want of capital to till the soil ! 
 
 "Two fine diistricts," says Mr. Tiffin, "are now opening, Manewatu 
 and Wanganui, each containing 60,000 acres on the borders of two fine 
 rivers, navigable by coasting schooners." 
 
 The settlement of the Wanganui River (Petre) is described as admitting 
 vessels of 340 tons ; to be " as beautiful as valuable ; six or seven fathoms 
 water in the river all along ; fine clay for bricks and pottery ; the river 
 full of fish ; wild duck and teal abundant ) and the climate not subject to 
 the high winds which prevail at Wellington, from which it is distant 
 about five days' walking journey. Warepara on the other (south) side of 
 Wellington, is highly extolled as a grazing country. 
 
 An intelligent settler avers that 20 per cent, is easily to be had for 
 loans on first rate security. 
 
 On the Manewatu, a river between Wellington and Wanganui, it is 
 said there is abundance of fine land, and the best natural arrangements 
 tor water power. 
 
 Many letters complain that the want of roads, the delay in giving out 
 sections, and the aversion to the bush life, " have turned many a good 
 farmer into a bad storekeeper." " I am sorry to say," observes William 
 Dew, "there ai*e but few who support cultivation; they seem to be 
 afraid of the bush, which is not half so fierce as it is represented." And 
 we are satisfied that, so long as there are frequent new arrivals of green- 
 horn capitalists, with more money than wit, who will submit to be fleeced 
 by the old settlers in the way they have been, labourers who can get 10s. 
 for soleing a pair of shoes, which could be had new in England for 5s. or 
 lOs., and the same sum for a short days' lazy work at carpentering, 
 watch-mending, or sawing, will not be in a hurry to lose their aversion 
 to the bush. "Our town," bleats out W. Dew, "is in a flourishing 
 condition ; we have a great deal imported, but nothing exported, which 
 robs us of all the ready money. We want the cultivation to go 
 a-head." 
 
 Dr. George Rees describes Wanganui as midway between Port Nichol- 
 son and Netr Plymouth, communicating with them, Manewatu, Otaki, 
 Porirua, by means of roads, and with Auckland, Bay of Islands, &i'. 
 by the river. The farms of the district are of the finest description, and 
 white bait, eels, baraconta, karwi, plaice, soles, oystoi*s, and Imrbouku 
 (the i ing of fish) abound. " At the heads of our river you can see fish 
 weighing 1 cwt. each, in such quantities, that it is imj)ossible to count 
 them. We have hanging in our smoking-room, hums, German sausages, 
 bacon, saveloys, fish, &;c. In our salting-tub, pork,— we get pigeons, 
 ducks, snipes, &c. for shooting — to those we add from our own stock 
 poultry and eggs. In my own gardcni are peaches, apricots, ]»lmns, int*- 
 iouB, strawberries, cabbage, i)i'as, l^cnns, brocoli, cuiTots, cauliflowers^ 
 
 d u 
 
 ^ 
 
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 V 
 
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 M 
 
 20 
 
 OTAGO. 
 
 turnips, sweet herbs, &c. &c. In short I can only say, 'Here one can 
 live in ease, without care or trouble, in one of the most geni?l and healthy 
 climates in the world, and where it only requires the hand of man to 
 make a paradise." 
 
 "Cultivation," well observes J. White, "goes on very spare: the 
 reason is that most of the landholders are gentlemen's sons, and know 
 nothing about farming ; two old English farmers would do more than 
 twenty of them. The land produces fine crops of corn, the woret 
 of it." 
 
 A small Devonshire former at Patoni, Port Nicholson " has no doubt 
 about the land being very superior to that of Devon — two crops in the 
 year — wheat 60 bushels an acre, potatoes 16 tons; wages 30s. a week; 
 provisions little dearer than in the old country ; a labourer bettor off 
 than a Devonshire farmer who pays £100 rent. 
 
 The evidence seems contradictory as to the qualities of the valley of 
 the Hutt, but on the whole we suspect it to be a very inferior place of 
 settlement. 
 
 
 J- 
 
 OTAGO. 
 
 This is the youngest and the most southern of the European settle- 
 ments of New Zeal nd. It belongs to the Company, and is colonized 
 chiefly by 650 Scotcii, promoted by the Free Church of Scotland. A 
 good number of English have also joined the adventure, and we know of 
 two gentlemen of large fortune who, for the sake of the climate for 
 themselves and families, have ventured their life and happiness in the 
 colony. 
 
 We have said that Otago is the southernmost point of settlement. It 
 is consequently the least genial and the most inclement. At times it l<< 
 extremely cold, and has by its detractors been said to be more unkindly 
 than the climate of Scotland itself. Mr. George Rennie observes, "Al- 
 though the winter at Otago may never be severe, there may not be 
 sufficient sun and dry weather to produce a fine quality of corn." An 
 Auckland correspondent of our own writes to us to " expose the Otago 
 scheme — the place is wretchedly cold." This gentleman merely speaks 
 however from hearsay, and from the presumption, that a point so far 
 south should be cold. We can more safely trust to the testimony given 
 on the subject of Otago than on that of any other settlement. There was 
 no object in the Free Church of Scotland making choice of that district 
 in preference to any other, except its real advantages. The committee 
 are men of the greatest prudence, great intelligence, and first-rate 
 business habits, whom it was not possible to deceive, and who wore not 
 at all likely to proceed without ample inquiry and satisfactory evidence. 
 The letters from all the settlers are, upon the subject of climate, unani- 
 mously most favorable. Dr. Munro, Mr. Tuckett the Company's, and 
 Mr. Sirmonds, the government surveyor, Mtyor Bunbury and Captain 
 Smith, and Messrs. Dean the extensive gi-aziers, claim ** a saperiority 
 for the east coast of the middle over the north island, in that it is greatly 
 lee« wet and windy. In the wet season the continuous heavy rains in tin 
 
OTAGO. 
 
 87 
 
 Here one can 
 
 rery spare : the 
 
 North Island, partake of a tropical character, and are comparatively un- 
 known at Otago and Port Cooper. Mr. Petre observed parroquets and 
 the cassowary flying about even on the southernmost island in the depth 
 of winter, and that the leaves and stalks of the potato were at that season 
 as green as in the height of summer. Dr. Deiffenbach concludes from 
 geographical and meteorological phenomena, that " New Zealand has a 
 rainy climate," and Sir James Ross, from the same facts, regards it as 
 proved, " that a much greater quantity of rain falls at the northern than 
 at the southern parts of the island." Captain Thomas, after twelve 
 months' residence in the settlement, says — " the climate is very healthy ; 
 I should say more mild than that of the southern part of England." 
 Others consider it as mild as the south of France, both being in the same 
 latitude. In fact we regard the abundant evidence in favour of the mild- 
 ness and superior dryness of the middle island, as completely establishing 
 the fact. 
 
 This point being settled, we think there can be little doubt of the eli- 
 gibility of the settlement in other respects. At some distance behind the 
 town, there are hundreds of thousands of acres of the richest pasture land 
 ready cleared, and nearer Otago, plenty of soil, raising, of superior 
 quality, all the ordinary cereals. 
 
 We regard the fact of its being a Scotch enterprise as of the very high- 
 f>A value. We have carefully examined the details of the plan, and the 
 tacts of the execution of the colonization of Otago, and we think they 
 fully bear out the character of our northern neifrhbours for forecast, 
 prudence, intelligence, and energy. The organization of the settlers 
 seems perfect. A scheme thoroughly matured, rules well weighed and 
 strictly carried out, needs anticipated and supplied, the different mutual 
 dependences of society perceived and maintained in the altered circum- 
 stances of location as nearly as possible, lift up a community as it stands 
 in Edinburgh or Glasgow, and set it down on its feet and in its places in 
 the Otago block. Capitalists, farmers, shepherds, tradesmen, handi- 
 craftsmen, labourers, doctors, clergymen, and schoolmasters, in the right 
 proportions, emigrate together in a spirit of sympathy, mutual help, and 
 with the associations of country and of neighbourhood. The clanship of the 
 Scotch will here find its best use. Neighbour will act on neighbour, 
 parish will communicate with parish, the pastors of the people acting as 
 their worldly advisers, will turn the tide of emigration from Scotland 
 to Otago, until the colony will become in very deed a mere outlying pro- 
 vince of Caledonia. 
 
 The very letters of the settlers are all of a superior class for intelli- 
 gence, interest, and good sense ; and that wonderful ability for business, 
 and mastery of detail, which hav© enabled the ministers and lay members 
 of tlio Free Church to create, within a few years, the most admirable 
 ecclesiastical establishment that ever blessed a country, have been mosi 
 conspicuous in the management of this colonization. They refused t» 
 budge a foot until they had got their charter oi the land signed and 
 sealed by the crown. They would not move till the territory was sur- 
 veyed and divided ready for settlement ; 2400 properties, included in 
 144,000 acres, are divided thus:— 2,0(X) for sale to settlers; 100 for the 
 estate of the municipal government ; 100 for religion and education ; 
 d D 2 
 
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 'if 
 
 28 
 
 OTAOO 
 
 800 for the New Zealand Company. The price is 40s. an acre, or £289.200 
 whereof, £108,750 are appropriated to Emigration and labour; £72,000 to 
 surveys, roads, bridges, improvements, and steam-boats; £36,150 to 
 religion and education; £72,300 to the New Zealand Company. 250,0'"^. 
 acres more are to be yielded on the same terms when required. Fo: 
 £120, lOs., each purchaser is to have a town quarter acre, 10 subuiba* 
 acres, and 50 rural acres. For each property purchased an euiigianl 
 may take out as steerage passengers, including full rations, three adults 
 or two adults and two children. If he desires to apply the allowance tc 
 himself, £15, for each property purchased, will be deducted from the chia 
 cabin passage money of forty-five guineas. Besides their lots, purchasers 
 have the privilege of pasturing their cattle and sheep upon the whole un- 
 sold land of the Company. It is with much satisfaction we observe 
 that the New Zealand Company, both with regard to this, and their 
 other settlements, have so far modified their original plan, as better to meet 
 the wants of the poorer classes of settlers. They are now prepared to dis- 
 pose of land in lots of 25 acres, accompanied with proportionate advan- 
 tages in the shape of allowances for passage money and ti-ee pasturage. This 
 is the way to keep labourers after they have got them. The vessels are of the 
 first class, admirably arranged for comfort and convenience, full manned, 
 excellently officered, with an experienced surgeon, a cow for milk to the 
 children, half a ton of free luggage to each passenger, and a first-rate dietary. 
 Extra fi'eight,50s. per ton. Judicious rules, binding on passengers, officei'S, 
 and crew, are strictly enjoined and enforced. All concur in stating that the 
 voyage is remarkably pleasant, little subject to sea perils, and very seldom 
 accompanied with accident. By sailing from Milford Haven the perils of 
 the Channel are avoided. The best time for starting is in the end of 
 July or August, as these are {he calmest months in the northern hemis- 
 phere, while October and November, the months of arrival, are the early 
 summer at Otago. Money may be insured at 3 per cent, in the marine 
 insurance offices, or transmitted through the Union Bank of Australia, 
 38, Old Broad Street, to its Wellington Branch, or the New Zealand 
 Company by letters of credit on the Branches in the settlement at two 
 per cent. As from 3 to 4 per cent, is allowed in the colony on the ex- 
 change, the cost of transmission is thus more than covered. The passage 
 of the first two vessels occupied 93 and 115 days respectively, from land 
 to land, and 99 and 117 from port to port — the average being 120 days, 
 or 17 weeks. Persons who have made voyages to New York and to 
 Wellington, state they infinitt;ly prefer the latter, notwithstanding its 
 greater length. 
 
 We regard it as of great promise to the success of the settlement, that 
 every pastor and flock of the free church of Scotland become interested in 
 it as a field of emigration. The " minister" is the family adviser of all 
 his congregation, and, consulted on the subject of emigration, will give 
 Otugo the ])reference. 
 
 The scheme suggests that if three persons contributed £40 18.s. 4d. 
 each, they would get a free i)assago, and an entire section of land. They 
 are also housed and fed for one month after their arrival in tlio colony. 
 Tlie Scotch being the best colonists in Europe, and this scheme having 
 embraced the sending out of mauy tliinkiug aud cnorgutic men, wo hopo 
 
OTAGO. 
 
 20 
 
 mucli fop the comfort and assistance of future emigrants from the fore- 
 thought of those who have preceded them. They have a genius for gar- 
 dening and agriculture, which will find ample scope in then* adopted 
 country. 
 
 The Otago block of 400,000 acres, is bounded on the north by the Otago 
 harbour, and on the south by the Matou or Molyneux rivers. It has 
 abundance of untimbered fertile land, and open grassy pastures, inter- 
 spersed with an adequate supply of wood, a navigable inland communi- 
 cation, runs up its entire centre. It has ample fields of coal, easily 
 workable ; an unbounded sheep-walk towards its mountains, and sixty 
 miles of sea line. Puerua, Koau, and many smaller streams, are more 
 or less navigable, the former by vessels of considerable burden. 
 
 Otago harbour is thirteen miles long, 2 miles wide, 6 fathoms deep, for 
 seven miles, and three fathoms up to the very head, perfectly sheltered, 
 and with a tide run of three knots an hour. The access and egress for 
 vessels is safe and easy. Along the shores, and for some distance inland, 
 there is abundance of fine timber. The harbour teems with the finest 
 fish, and the coast is an excellent whaling station, whalers of 600 tons 
 often lying in the harbour. 
 
 The Clutha, as the Matou, or Molyneux river is now termed, is a 
 quarter of a mile broad, and six fathoms deep, retaining these dimensions 
 for 60 miles up, as the crow flies. Its banks are singularly fertile, liable 
 in portions to be overflowed. Many extensive lagoons, lakes, and 
 streams, intersect the country in every direction, which will, ultimately, 
 be connected by canal, and aflbrd a perfect internal communication. 
 Few topographical difficulties present themselves to the connection of the 
 various districts by means of roads. 
 
 The stock fed only on the natural pastures, produces beef and mutton 
 of a quality which we are assured is quite unrivalled, even in England, 
 and is fattened with great rapidity, and to an extraordinary size. The 
 quality of the cereals is also stated to be very superior, and this is quite 
 what we should be led to expect from the nature of the climate. 
 
 It appears unnecessary to enter into a minute detail of the various lo- 
 cations, and of the aspect of the country. It seems enough to say that 
 in some districts it is deficient in wood, compensated by abundance of 
 coal, and by clear, open pasture, requiring no expense to subdue it to the 
 profitable purpose of store farming, for which the whole region seems 
 eminently adapted, and which presents a great advantage to the capital- 
 ist, from whose profits the high wages of the colony form a heavy de- 
 duction. Wages for artizans are fixed at 6s. per day, and the labourer 
 has IBs. per week, with a free house, fuel, and pasture for a cow. 
 
 The following extracts from the letters of settlers, are full of interest 
 and information. They are all dated from Otago, and the earliest is so 
 recent as April, 1848. 
 
 " The voyage most agreeably disappointed our expectations, so much 
 so, that at the close of it we said, were it to become a matter of necessity 
 that we should do so, we should not shrink from facing about and making 
 the same voyage back again. We were favoured with a great deal of very 
 fln« weather, and to this we were indebted for the good health enjoyed 
 by the great pr()p()rtion of the passengers. Wo had 87 children under 
 
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 OTAOOt 
 
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 fourteen, and some of the very young amongst them suffered a goocl 
 deal ; and to our sore affliction four little infants died. These were all 
 the deaths that occurred, and these from children's complaints, mostly 
 cutting of teQth. But in regard to nearly all the rest of the children 
 they thrived prodigiously, and exhibited the most joyous spirits, causing 
 the deck to resound during the fine sunny afternoons and evenings with 
 their obstreperous glee. Every week day, except Saturday, we had a school, 
 forenoon and afternoon, of six or eight different classes : six or eight of 
 the passengers taught them, the schooloiaster superintending. I had 
 two classes for religious instruction, which I took charge of myself, one 
 for young men, the other for young women, and I made one ministerial 
 visitation of the whole ship." " The harbour, throughout the entire 14 
 miles to which it extends, is one uninterrupted scene of most romantic 
 beauty. As we sailed up to the anchorage, some of our people exclaimed, 
 " How like this is to the Trosachs and Lake Katrine." The difference 
 is that Otago is on a larger scale, and of a blander character. Up at 
 Dunedin, at the head of the harbour, the country opens out into untim- 
 bered land, and continues of the same descriptimi of open grassy land 
 across to the foot of the snowy mountains running along the west coast. 
 The large river Clutha, (Molyneux of the maps,) rises out of three very 
 large lakes, situated near the foot of these mountains to the north west 
 of Dunedin, and so soon as it issues from the lakes, becomes at once a 
 very large stream, flowing through a widely expanded valley of gi'ass 
 land, interspersed with timber blocks, admirably adapted for sheep 
 grazing. As to the present productions of the place, all our party can 
 bear most laudatory testimony in favour of the beef, mutton, and pota- 
 toes, the growth of the wilderness, and also as to the abundant supply of 
 fish of excellent quality. It only requires a sufficient supply of capital 
 and labour to convert this into a very rich agricultural country. Such 
 are my first impressions from all the information I have been able to 
 gather from some of the oldest settlers, and from my own observation. 
 " My wife has stood the voyage remarkably well. The children have 
 improved in health and looks, greatly. We are all now in the enjoy- 
 ment of the best health and spirits, and delighted with Otago. Nothing 
 can surpass the romantic beauty of the views from the site of the port. 
 The whole harbour, fi-om the Heads to Dunedin, 14 miles in length, is 
 bounded on each sid? by a succession of headlands, projecting a little 
 way into the water, forming little bays with a beach of hard dry sand. 
 The headlands rise up at once to a height of from 300 to 6000 or COCO feet, 
 and are wooded from the water's edge to the very summit. It is a re- 
 markable fact that whilst the soil on these hills, and all around generally, 
 is remarkably rich, consisting of dark vegetable mould, vai-ying from 
 1, 1^ to 2 and 3, and in certain places to 6 and 7 feet deep, i^ ^ i n ascend 
 to the tops of these hills, instead of finding, as you would in Scot- 
 land, little else than rocks and heath, you have here the same soil 
 as at the bottom of the hills, viz. black earthy mould with a sub- 
 soil of good strong clay. In some of the streams running into tlio 
 harbour there is solid freestone of good quality, through which the stream 
 has worn a channel for itself. A party of settlers are prepared to com- 
 HK^nco brick-making immediately. Thoy are well satisfied with the clay 
 
OTAQO. 
 
 31 
 
 !ep, i^ Vial ascend 
 
 an they find it all around. Thus I hope to see our houses, at least some 
 of them, and the Church, for which I brought building plans from Edin- 
 Mirgh, built of brick or stone from the outset. On the whole, my pre- 
 sent impressions of the country, both as to beauty and richness of soil, 
 have greatly surpassed my expectations. All the Europeans here, with- 
 out a single exception, speak well of Otago. But I trust more to the 
 opinion of the surveyors, particularly that of Mr. Kettle, the principal 
 one, who speaks in the very highest terms of it. A large bullock, about 
 1000 lbs. weight, was killed at Dunedin for the use of the emigrants, and 
 though the beast never got a morsel of feeding but what it gathered in 
 the \^ilderness, yet the meat is uncommonly fine. We all think it far 
 better than any we ever tasted before — but this of course. But the * John 
 Wlckliffe's* people who have been here for a month, all declare they 
 never tasted better meat than the beef and mutton they have got here. 
 The fish too is excellent and abundant. The baracouta and the habouka 
 are the only two kinds I have tasted. The former like a cod but much 
 lai'ger, the latter like a ling but longer and thinner. 
 
 *' On Friday the 2nd of June I brought my family here finally from the 
 Philip Laing. The servant maid with the three youngest children, in- 
 cluding the baby, were in the luggage boat; there was not room for them 
 m the captain's gig. In the morning when we started, there was as 
 lovely weather as ever shoue, but suddenly the sky became overcast, and 
 the wind blew right in our teeth. The gig pulled through in good style, 
 but the luggage boat could make no head against it ; the consequence 
 was that poor baby, Fanny, and Annie, with the maid, slept all night in 
 the bush, the boat having put into a little bay, about three miles down 
 the harbour. Cold, cold it was, snow and frost, — by far the coldest night 
 ve have had ; ice as thick as a shilling was seen next morning, though 
 ice and snow were both gone soon after breakfast. My poor wife was 
 most miserable all night. Next morning about 11 o'clock we were 
 delighted to see two sailors with Fanny and Annie on their backs, and 
 Jane Pattulo, the maid servant, all walking up to the manse door. The 
 children were not a whit the worse of it. One of the singular features of 
 tills singular climate is, no matter how much you may be exposed to it, 
 you take no injury. Ever since, the weather has been enchautingly fine. 
 On Thursday and Friday last it blew strong from the N.E., and rained, 
 and was uncomfortably cold, but Saturday and yesterday, and to-day, 
 surpassed the very finest summer days in Scotland. At the same 
 time whilst we were lying at Port Chalmers in the Philip Laing, we had 
 eiyht days of soaking rain, very cold and disagreeable ; no fire on board. 
 Tiie natives said we had brought the bad weather with us, for they never 
 hau the like of it before. My estimate of the country has only risen 
 higher as I have become better acquainted with it. 
 
 "There is a very beautiful little bay called Deborah Bay, just opposite 
 the anchorage ground, where the large vessels lie at Port Chalmers. It 
 has very magnificent timber on it, with two beautiful streams, that wouli' 
 each of them drive a large mill, running into it. 
 
 "The manse is weather boarded, lined with rough deal; canvas and 
 paper are ready to bo put up in it. It stands at the very head of the 
 harbour on an eminence clothed with evergreen bushes, down the almoHt 
 
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 OTA&O. 
 
 perpendicular front to the water's edge, with a pretty little bay at the 
 bottom, where I mean to keep my boat (I bought the Philip Laing's life- 
 boat,) a very beautiful situation. It is as yet the prettiest and most 
 aristocratic looking place in the colony." 
 
 " Another settler observes :—" There extends for about 100 miles in 
 length, the widely expanded valley of the Clutha (Molyneux of the 
 maps), of the finest land, in general free of timber. The river rises near 
 the roots of the Snowy Mountains (which run along the brink of the west 
 coawt), to the north of Dunedin ; it flows out of thi-ee very large lakes, 
 and at once assumes the aspect of a broad deep river. The valley through- 
 out its entire length is represented to be of the richest description of land, 
 and adapted in the highest degree for sheep grazing, and will, all of it, 
 ultimately be made available for the purposes of tillage. The Clutha 
 flows into the sea on the east coast of the island, about sixty miles south 
 of Dunedin, and forms the southern boundary of the block of land pur- 
 chased for the Otago settlement. The beef and mutton fed in these wilds 
 is remarkably well flavoured; very fat — some think it too fat— but it , 
 in no respect like the fat of over-fed meat, but firm and high flavoured. 
 The Europeans squatting here all concur in giving the climate of Otago 
 a decided preference over that of Wellington, the boisterous character of 
 which seems to be its main &ult. We have had hard gales since we en- 
 tered here. The peculiarity is, that these gales blow uniformly all the 
 year round either up or down the harboui", and never last beyond 48 hours 
 at a time, and are followed by weather of the most beautiful serenity, 
 finer, certainly, than our finest days at home. On the other hand, the 
 bad weather here seems to be just about as disagreeable as at home, with 
 this difierence, that it never lasts longer than the time I have mentioned. 
 The winds are sometimes very cold : we have had the thermometer here 
 as low as 48 and 46 degrees. I dare say at home, and in the month of 
 November, we should find this not an uncomfortable temperature, bat 
 coming off a four months' summer voyage through the tropics, we are 
 more affected by it. I am told that the amount of fine weather through- 
 out the year bears a large proportion to the whole. < ! . 
 
 " We were all most agreeably disappointed in the voyage. Instead of 
 one prolonged scene of hard endurance, as we anticipated, throughout 
 the great part of it there was a high degree of enjoyment. We had the 
 aflliction of seeing four little infants die on the voyage, and a fifth since 
 we entered this harbour. With this exception, we had a great deal of 
 good health amongst our 250 emigrants, 87 of whom were children undei 
 fourteen years, and 11 of these under twelve months. For this we were 
 mainly indebted, under God, to the remarkably fine weather we had, and 
 to the admirable way in which the medical superintendent enforced the 
 regulations as to order, cleaning, and ventilation. Order was so well ob- 
 served, and the arrangements made at the commencement so good, and 
 ,80 little altered or modified up to the very last, that a history of one day 
 will be a history of the Voyage. Here it is : — 
 
 " At 6| A.M. the proper constable went along the steerage and warned 
 the people to rise. At 7 1 he had every soul on deck; when the roll was 
 called, the cleaning and scraping the floors and sprinkling with chloride 
 01 lime commenced, and, if not finished before breakiast, wa^i finished 
 
OTAGO. 
 
 3 A 
 
 after, and before worship. At 85 the cabin passengers went to breakfast, 
 ^t 9 the steerage passengers began to have theirs served out to them. At 
 I0§ we had morning worship. At 11, or ratlier immediately after wor- 
 ship, the school opened, six or eight passeng*>rs taking each a class, under 
 the superintendence of the schoolmaster, Av. Blaikie. At 2 1 , the 
 steerage dinner was served out; the cab a dinner at 3. At 4 the after- 
 noon school. At 05 the steerage tea; t) . cabin ditto at 65. At 75 evening 
 worship. The congi'egational library was opened once a week, when books 
 were returned and new ones issued. A newspaper in M.S., by a cabin 
 passenger, was published once a week : and another by a steerage pas- 
 senger as often. The tirile passed away, no one knew how. But before 
 we were able to bring matters into such exact order, we had some serious 
 proceedings. The captain, the doctor, and the minister, a formidable 
 triumvirate, conducted several criminal jury trials with gi-eat formality, 
 and inflicted various punishments. Sometimes the proceedings were re- 
 ported in presence of the congregation, at the close of divine service, and 
 public rebuke administered. The state of discipline ultimately became 
 very thorough and to the rigour. Out of school hours it was a very joy- 
 ous scene to hear the obstreporous mirth of the children ; and in the fine 
 tropical evenings, the entire body of passengers being on deck, sometimes 
 they practised church-music, sometimes Scotch songs were sung, the 
 cabin passengers listening on the poop, all forming a happy scene, and 
 under the finest sky, from which we used to withdraw with reluctance at 
 bedtime. With all this, it was a season that put poor human nature under 
 a most sifting process, and presented it under a most humiliating aspect. 
 Not an infirmity of temper, not a vicious habit, not an unseemly feature 
 of character, but was dragged forth into open day, and exhibited in all 
 its naked deformity, in the eyes of all. 
 
 "The natives are quiet, peaceful, harmless creatures. We shall probably 
 wish we had more of them by and by. There are herds of cattle, sheep, 
 and goats in the wilds all around." 
 
 William Duff writes: — "The appearance of the country is rather 
 wild, but everything is green as in the heat of summer. Carrots, pars- 
 nips, and potatoes, were newly sown and planted, and a settler, a Scotch- 
 man, at Port Chalmers, has a second crop of barley, which he expects 
 will ripen before winter. The soil is very rich, and I do not think it will 
 1)6 ill to clear. There is a gi'eat deal of brushwood, and there is level 
 clear land a few miles back ; but I have not been far in the bush. We 
 have a visit from some of the natives every day ; they seem glad to see 
 us, and are very peaceable. Some of them are dressed in the native mat, 
 and are very wild looking. There are a number of Scotch settlers hero ; 
 fiOHie of them have been for a number of years. They seem quite at 
 home with the natives, and have no fear of them so far as I have seen. 
 The winter is beginning to set in. We have had heavy rains since wo 
 came, and some of the warmest days we ever had in Scotland in the heat 
 of summer. The settlers who have lived here for some years say that 
 this and the next month ends their winter, and then I hope to commence 
 forming in earnest. There are plenty of horses here running wild. 
 Jones has between one and two hundred ; their price is somewhere about 
 £20, but I see no market for them yet, so I do not think 1 will deal mucli 
 
OTAGO. 
 
 n 
 
 ir ' 
 
 i.1 '! 
 
 in horse flesh for some time. Mr. B. and Captain Cargill thinks there 
 will be a great demand for them so soon as the road is opened up between 
 the town and country sections. Provisions are not very dear ; the Com- 
 pany have a store, and sell meal at 2s. 6d. per stone ; flour at 3s. per 
 stone ; tea at Is, 3d. per lb. ; sugar at 3|d. per lb. The wages to labour- 
 ers are 3s. per day; mechanics, 5s. per day." 
 
 James Williamson states that — "We all had to build houses of some 
 sort, but frpm my weakly state I was not able, and rent one from a Mr. 
 A., at about 5s. per week for the winter, and then we will get to our sub- 
 urban section and put up a house there for myself. This Mr. A. is a 
 brother to Mr. A., George Street, the fishmonger, he and his wife are 
 very kindly people. By his help I have made a very fortunate choice of 
 my Town Site. The original price was only 10s., and I believe if I were 
 to sell it I would get £100 for it ; this is turning the money. Our sub- 
 urban sections will not be fixed for choice for perhaps a month yet. We 
 mean to go there to reside, and clear what we can for the coming year's 
 crop of potatoes, which will about doubly pay the clearing, — so you see 
 it is soon brought to render a profit. The ground is very fertile; fop in- 
 stance, from one seed or cut of potatoes, there will be an averanf*? produce 
 of about 55 to 58 potatoes, and large, many of them weighing upwards 
 of a pound English. Nothing like this could be produced in Scotland, 
 and they sell just now at £4 10s. per ton, an acre producing about four- 
 teen tons. 
 
 "When I make choice of my suburban section, which will be very soon 
 now, I intend to put up a good house, built fi-om the wood of my own 
 property, but for this I must wait till my funds increase, as it will cost 
 me perhaps about £60, and this is more than I can spare at present. I 
 have too little to work upon just now, which depri/ysme of many advan- 
 tages, and I can get no return of money till I get it from the produce of 
 my ground. Please to send me in the place of cash, the following goods 
 which I can sell readily here for nearly cent, per cent, of profit :— very 
 strong boots, laced in front, such as the railway workers wear ; they can 
 be made in Scotland for about lOs. a pair, perhaps by contract cheaper, 
 but they must be stout and well made, and filled with small tackets and 
 shod on heels and toes with iron ; they sell here at from 18s. to 20s. a 
 pair. There is 10 per cent, now laid upon all British goods, and the 
 fi-eight, 50s. per ton, dead weight, but notwithstanding there will be a 
 good profit. Cheese will pay well ; it is «elling here just now at 14d. to 
 18d. per pound. You could buy a lot of old Ayrshire cheese at perhaps 
 less than 6d. per lb., when bought in a lot in Scotland, and I could sell 
 them here wholesale to the stores for about Is. per lb., and perhaps 
 more. The prices are expected to rise as the other settlers arrive. You 
 must select them old, but whole and sound, as new cheese does not stand 
 the voyage so well as old, and they must be put into air-tight tin cases, 
 packed into a large wooden box; they must not be of the very large sizes, 
 ju»t about a medium size, running about 25 lbs. e&6h. ; these take whole 
 readily. Blankets, common, bring about 26s. a pair. Blue bonnets of 
 caps, iiuch as the boys wear in Scotland, not the dandy kind with tassels, 
 but just a stout wool cap, take well and give a high price here, as nothing 
 else is worn. Hats are not worn at all. You will get the caps perhaps 
 
OTAGO. 
 
 for about Is. 9d. to 28. as in quality, by taking a lot of them , they will 
 bring more than double here. Tartan dresses for ladies will sell Veil; 
 the prices of them run about 5s. to 7s., and I think they can be got in 
 Scotland at about Is. 2d. to 2s. or 2s. 6d. Then agahi, moleskins and 
 fustians for gentlemen's common dresses, and for better dresses, doeskins, 
 woollen cloths, tweeds, &c. All these things pay remarkably well and 
 would turn a little money to double account. Carbonate of soda is a 
 dear article here ; the price of it is 5s. per lb. It is now a good deal 
 used in baking, and will be more so as the population increases, and may 
 return an excellent profit. A storekeeper is particularly anxious that I 
 should send home for a few casks of cabin biscuit ; they should be well 
 fired, rather brown, and put into air-tight casks. Salt butter would do 
 well; it is at Is. 6d. per lb*, and not to be had, and will always give a 
 good price. Also oatmeal, it is at about 4d. per lb., and sells readily. 
 Oats are grown in the country, but there are no mills to make meal. The 
 other ship brought a lot out, and it is all away already, and the want of 
 it is much felt." 
 
 Mr. Mercer informs his father that "no cloth-merchant or clerk need 
 come out here with the intention of doing no other thing than standing 
 at the back of a counter, or sitting at a desk. They must be able to use 
 other instruments than scissors or pens. Nor must they come with the 
 intention of sporting jewellery or good clothes, but must come out steady 
 and ready to do what is going, unless they have plenty of means to carry 
 the gentleman out. All must work hard here to get on. I never wrought 
 so hard in my life as what I have done since I came here, but I hope to 
 be repaid for it yet. We will very soon be proprietors of a good house. 
 We are nearly finished with a house or shop 24 feet long and 12 broad, 
 with a division for the room oif the shop for the man and wife. We 
 have engaged a carpenter and cabinet maker to work ; we are going to 
 stop with them. We have very good prospects. I have got a great deal 
 of orders for furniture and joiner work. I really do not know what to do 
 first after the house is finished. I am like yourself, too anxious ; I am 
 never idle. We have given in estimates for a church and school. We 
 have also given in an estimate for a boat that is to be built by the com- 
 pany, 36 feet long ; these matters are not yet settled. If one thing will 
 not do I will try another. I am determined to make my own of this 
 place, and I would be quite happy here if I only had my fether, mother, 
 and friends out beside me. I am very well now. This is a country 
 where people will thrive." 
 
 Mr. Edward Atkinson thus addresses his brother and sisters : -—" I 
 shall name a few things that actually attract one's attention on the voy- 
 age. — viz. : — Flying fish, which are more like a flock of swallows than 
 anything I know, dolphins, porpoises, whales, sharks. We kept a 
 harpoon always on the fore-chains for the albacco and poi-poise, and on 
 one occasion I went out to get it to strike an albacco, but when I was on 
 the point of seizing hold of it, a large shark floated on the surface of 
 the water like a log of wood ; it was about ten feet long and not more 
 than four feet from my shanks, so you may be sure I was not long in 
 getting oflf, for I thought he might skulk under the ship and watch his 
 opportunity "*-> *^t a mouthtul. The birds are very scarce. The alba- 
 
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 d6 
 
 OTAGO. 
 
 tros3 and cape pigeon are the only ones of any importance t brouglit 
 down with the long range ; we sometimes caught them with the line 
 and hook and a piece of pork ; we had ten or twelve on deck at one 
 time, some of them ten feet from tip to tip of the wings. We hove 
 anchor and sailed right up the harbour to Port Chalmers. Ships from 
 six to eight hundred tons can anchor close to the shore : the * John 
 Wickliffe,' nearly seven hundred tons, lay there. The government 
 steamer Inflexible anchored opposite Musselburgh within the heads, and 
 she is from twelve to fourteen hundred tons, After we had been there 
 a day or two, the doctor, a few others, and 1 went out to shoot pigeons- 
 we met Old Fire, the Chief, and half a dozen of his tribe, sitting round 
 a fire, dressed in European clothes ; he made a bow, which we returned 
 and passed on. We got into the bush as they call it, but bush means 
 forest, and came upon two natives sitting round a fire, roasting fi-^h and 
 potatoes. Feeling hungry we sat down and joined them, and in return 
 gave them bread and cheese. They have no idea of figliting, and are 
 frightened at the sight of a gun. I have never seen a weapon in their 
 hands since I came. They are all dressed in European clothing, and 
 are very anxious to get work ; their wages are 2s. 6d. per day to the 
 company, and 3s. to settlers. They were very handy in getting up 
 houses, (kc, for the emigrants when we first came ; they know the 
 lalue of money well ; they come into the store for food, and speaic 
 good English considering. I know that many parties in Britain are 
 frightened for the natives, but that ought to be the last thing they 
 should bother their heads about, for I would rather go from Dune- 
 din to Molyneux than through the streets of Edinburgh at night ; if j 
 you believe me the white men are more to be dreaded in New Zea- 
 land, for their bad principles and trickery, than the blacks. Tlie land 
 has not been made for the New Zealander I think, but for the white 
 man, for the former is fast disappearing from its surface. The di- 
 mate of the country is certainly very fine, beyond all doubt, for European 
 constitutions ; for my own part, if T had suffered the same privations 
 in Britain, as I have done in New Zealand, it must have been my death, 
 what with sleeping in the bush, and wet nearly up to the middle for 
 six or eight hours at a time, and yet without the slightest injury to 
 my health ; let the labour be what it may through the day, you get up 
 next morning quite invigorated ; in fact, I thought the voyage was a I 
 great means of restoring my health. To parties not strong, the air here 
 is pleasant, and there is something light and exhilarating in it ; it does 
 not create that tickling sensation in the throat you experience in Britain, 
 which, I think, is often the means of bringing on consumption and other 
 diseases. This is the winter season, and we can sit in the house with the 
 door open. In the morning I have often gone out with nothing but 
 trousers and boots on, and gun over my shoulder, to get a shot at the 
 ducks. Milch cows and calves are out winter and summer in the bush, 
 without any effect on either ; no turnips or any artificial means to keep 
 the cattle here; in winter no byres, the only thing required is a stock 
 yard to drive them into to milk. Horses are treated the same as tliel 
 cows, wintei and summer. Pigs thrive well from the great quantity of 
 fern root they eat ; thoy are never put in styes, but allowed to roam about; 
 
OTAOO. 
 
 37 
 
 lortanco t brought 
 hom with the line 
 ve on deck at one 
 3 wings. We hove 
 Imers. Ships from 
 shore : the * John 
 The government 
 ithin the heads, and 
 we had been there 
 it to shoot pigeons; 
 tribe, sitting round 
 which we returned, 
 it, but bush means 
 ■e, roasting fii^h and 
 ;hem, ahd in return 
 3f fighting, and are 
 ri a weapon in their 
 opean clothing, and 
 6d. per day to tlie 
 andy in getting up 
 ne ; they know the 
 for food, and spealt 
 rties in Britain are 
 the last thing they 
 her go from Dune- 
 iburgh at night; if 
 eaded in New Zea- 
 6 blacks. The land 
 :, but for the white 
 surface. The cli- 
 doubt, for European 
 the same privations 
 lave been my death, 
 ) to the middle for 
 5 slightest injury to 
 he day, you get up 
 ; the voyage was a 
 strong, the air here 
 •ating in it ; it does 
 cperience in Britain, 
 isumption and other 
 I the house with the 
 it with notliing but 
 get a shot at the 
 immer in the bush, 
 acial means to keep 
 required is a stock 
 3d the same as the 
 10 great quantity of 
 owed to roam about; 
 
 we very much want a good bree<l of English pigs; they arc quite easily 
 brought out, and should have plenty of water on board ship. On board 
 of ship, you have every thing you require, but you may take some pre- 
 serves and pickles if convenient, two good pillows and a mattress, as the 
 ship's ones are too thin, sheets and blankets, a tin washhand basin, a little 
 fi'ying-pan and goblet, cinnamon, arrow-root and sago, and a few cabin 
 biscuits; mine were put below and only got at on arrival, but I sold them 
 for 7s. per stone, cost Os. Od. ; also take a little oatmeal, you will find a 
 relish for it. Be sure and take care with whom you associate ; be atten- 
 tive and clean ; keep near you some books, as well as your brush and 
 coinb, knives, forks, and spoons ; and purchase marine or salt water soap." 
 
 Robert Donaldson states that, — " Birds of every description are plen- 
 tiful; there are great varieties. There are, li^t. Five or six different sorts 
 of hawks, very numerous ; 2nd. Touis, a bird like our blackbird, but 
 with two tufts of white hair under its throat, like a minister's band, hence 
 it is called the parson's bird ; 3rd. Robin Redbreasts, just like our robins 
 at home, only jet black with pure white breasts, shape and whistle alike ; 
 4th. Pigeons, same as at home, but larger ; 5th. Parrots in great variety, 
 splendid eating ; I eat one to day; 6th. Wild Ducks, called "Paradise 
 Ducks," nearly as large as a goose, splendid eating ; 7th. Quails in great 
 abundance, delicious eating. I could tell you of a great many varieties, 
 but I don't know their names. We are surrounded by mountains round 
 and round, abounding in vidld boars and pigs. I have not been so fortu- 
 nate, or perhaps unfortunate, as to meet any yet, but the old shepherd 
 met one in the swamp about three miles off, which gave him cliace, and 
 he had to run for it. He proved to be an old foe known about this place 
 for a great many years ; he has lost an ear, and is nearly as large as a 
 good sized donkey. They are very large and fierce some of the boars." 
 
 Captain Cargill announces that, — " The Schooner Ea^le arrived within 
 the heads on the 30th ult,, her principal cargo being 30,000 feet of sawn 
 timber, but too late for the supply of our more urgent wants, grass and 
 clay houses having been already got up, with much delay, and at great 
 expense as regards their short duration. A few thousand feet have, how- 
 ever, been bought at 208. per hundred ; but as we have now five saws 
 established on the margins of the harbour, we shall soon have an abun- 
 dant supply of our own at moderate prices. And I have also established 
 an experienced quarryman, with one labourer, to turn out freestone on 
 the bank of the water, and within a mile and a quarter of our landing 
 place ; whilst other parties are making brick and tile to bring to market 
 on their own account. I have therefore every confidence that my next 
 report will be of a more cheering and agreeable character than at one 
 time I could have anticipated, until tho winter shall be over." 
 
 In a letter from Mr. John Hutchiuf^oa, to the Secretary of the Asso- 
 ciation, he states that — "The crops of the Middle Island, whether we 
 take the 'grain' or the * green,* are excellent and abundant ; while the 
 grasses are rich and luxuriant, enabling the dairyman to produce butter, 
 better than any I have eaten in Ayrshire. 
 
 "As to the provision made in support of religion and education by the 
 Otago Association, it is only necessary to refer to the scheme, as published 
 in your Journals, to insure at once hearty commendation, 
 « B 
 

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 93 
 
 CANTERBDRY. 
 
 ** Regarding the passage to New Zealand, the more especially were I to 
 compare it to the St. Laurence or United States' one, I should say it was 
 but a summer trip, and I confess myself loath, after having experienced 
 an Atlantic voyage, and seeing the state of many of the passengers' ships 
 again to take a berth on board of one of them ; and still more would I 
 regret were I called upon to endure the cold of a long Canadian or 
 Northern States winter, while remembering that there is such a place in 
 the South Seas as New Zealand, where all can busy themselves from July 
 to June, at out door work ; and where cattle at all times find abundant 
 pasturage, never requiring to be housed, and, when imported from Aus- 
 tralia, improve in appearance after running on the New Zealand pastures 
 the same amount of land supporting three and even four times the num- 
 ber of sheep that the former does, and the stockman and shepherd bein^ 
 no way annoyed by tlie herds of native dogs, or natives themselves, so 
 gi'eat pests to the Australian settler. The natives on the Middle Island 
 of New Zealand are a mere fraction, and even these are engaged in the 
 business of whaling." 
 
 We have been thus copious in our extracts, because they appear to m 
 to give a living picture of the settlement by trustworthy writers, and are 
 more satisfactory than' a mere meagre digest. We feel that nothing need 
 be added to them, and we therefore here conclude our notice of Otago, 
 with this single observation, that by the latest information the settlei-s 
 had started a newspaper ; that they were very energetic in the pursuit of 
 the noble game of cricket ; and that the prices of the necessaries of life, 
 all of whicli we are assured are producible in abundance in that colony, 
 were actually considerably dearer than in the London market. Thiin last 
 phenomenon may be the result of the rapid influx of consumers, but it is 
 a very ugly circumstance which should be made to cease as soon as jms- 
 sible. 
 
 CANTERBURY, 
 
 Is a projected Church of England settlement, on the plan of that of 
 Otago. It is yet merely iu embryo, and need not bo further described. 
 
 We have now brought to a close our view of New Zealand as a Colony, 
 and we cannot hesitate to state our conviction that, und<ir the prcM nt 
 circumstances of other fields, this, is in respect of climate, soil, produc- 
 tion, minerals, timber, internal communication, position, the most elijiihlii 
 of all the British colonies. The contiguity of America to Europe, its 
 easy steam navigation, its settled laws, institutions, society, and its dcnsti 
 population, j)resent many advantages. It is quite as productive, and 
 land, labour, food, buildings, are much cheaper. The settler is, there, 
 also more entirely sun'ounded with the accessories of civilization. Unfit 
 Is inferior in healthiness, in pleasjmtness of climate, and in weather, 
 adapted to the Euro])ean constitution. It has superiority in the niiiHi 
 greater cheapness of freight to Europe and the qulcknoss of Its returns, 
 and cannot be made the victim of official in('<nnpetency, possessed ns it in 
 of the advantages of self government. Du the whole, it is not easy to 
 
specially were I to 
 : should say it was 
 aving exporienced 
 passengers' ships, 
 ill more would I 
 long Canadian or 
 is such a place in 
 imselves from July 
 les find abundant 
 iported from Aus- 
 r Zealand pastures, 
 ar times the num- 
 id shepherd being 
 ^es themselves, so 
 the Middle Island 
 ire engaged in the 
 
 they appear to us 
 hy writers, and are 
 that nothing need 
 r notice of Otago, 
 mation the settlei-s 
 ic in the pursuit of 
 necessaries of life, 
 nee in that colony, 
 market. Thifi last 
 onsumers, but it is 
 aso as soon as pos- 
 
 CANTBRBURY. 
 
 39 
 
 ir 
 
 plan of that of 
 ther described. 
 
 aland as a Colony, 
 under the pveMiit 
 lato, soil, produo- 
 n, the most eligiMt! 
 ica to Europis it!< 
 ciety, and its dens(i 
 
 productive, and 
 settler is, tli(;re, 
 ivilization. Ibitit 
 
 and in woatbcr, 
 ority in the nnirli 
 H^ss of its returns, 
 y, possessed as it ii* 
 
 it is not easy to 
 
 « 
 
 rive the preference to either country as a place of settlement ; and hav- 
 ing placed the condition of each candidly before the reader, he must be 
 left to his own decision. As to the sea voyage, that to America, if reached 
 by steam is easy and quick — but by sailing vessels it occupies from seven 
 to ten weeks, through much bad weather, and includes a long inland 
 journey to the Western States, both tedious and somewhat expensive. 
 The number of shipwrecks is much greater of American emigrant ships 
 than of Australian vessels — not perhaps, however, in proportion to the 
 greater number which undertake the voyage. We are bound also to add, 
 that these shipwrecks seldom occur fi'om the mere bad weather, but are 
 generally the result of ignorance of the Channel, or of mistakes in 
 soundings, as it is not at sea that the accidents occur, but generally 
 near the coast, either in setting out, or on the approach to British 
 America. New Zealand is often reached without any weather worse than 
 a breeze. 
 
 Perfect candour and impartiality call upon us to observe, that opinion 
 is not absolutely unanimous on the subject of the excellence of New 
 Zealand. A friend of ours who resides at, and speaks in the highest terms 
 of the district of Auckland, considers the climate and capabilities of 
 Otago as very inferior. Mr. Terry, and others, denounce the whole 
 island as made up but of precipitous mountains, impenetrable scrub, 
 deep gullies in the place of vallies, and morass in the place of plains. 
 Among the foremost of its detractors is the editor of the Emigrant's 
 Journal, who speaks authoritatively from personal observation, and 
 whose gj'eat literary talents, and thorough acquaintance with the whole 
 subject, entitle his opinions to respect and attention. At the same time 
 we have observed a tendency in his Journal to tme indiscriminate con- 
 demnation of every colony, except that of New South Wales, in which ho 
 was, and, so far as we know still is, a large stock and land holder. At 
 all events, it is impossible to be a regular reader of his Journal without 
 being satisfied that its tendency, if not its object, is to applaud New 
 Soutli Wales, and to depreciate the United States, the Cape, New Zealand, 
 and Canada, and to pass over Van Dicman's Land in silence. Wc con- 
 fess to being one of the "stay-at-home" writers on the Colonies, of 
 whom lie expresses his contempt ; but on that very account wo consider 
 that we are more competent to marshal tlio testimony upon which tho 
 decision of intending emigrants should bo founded, than one who, after 
 all, is but one witness among many, and whose evidence, like that 
 of others, must be weighed witli the rest. Had we ourselves been a tra- 
 veller to any one of the Colonies, wo could to tho emigrating jiublic have 
 heen no more than one voucher, more or U>ss, for facts about which such 
 discrepancies of statement occur among ptfrsonul observers, that it would 
 still have been necessary that we should quote tho aulhoriti(!s which can 
 he cited from our coh)nial literature; and by individiml inspection we 
 could have placed tho public in little better a position to choose between 
 tiio whole fields of settlement, than if wo had never seen any of them. 
 The intending emigrant has iiimself never beiui abroa<l ; and ho must 
 judge from u review of tho whole evidence wliieh can }w procured. We 
 have eudoavoured to place him iu tho pusitiuu in which that judgment 
 «aii most safely be mode. 
 
 ll 
 
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 40 
 
 (;£NERAL INFORMATION 
 
 GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
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 To a settler, economy in all matters is most important. If his posi- 
 tion in society and means enable him to go out iu the chief-cabin, woU 
 and .ffood, by all means let him do so ; but that feeling of false delicacy 
 and pride which would induce the expenditure of a larger sum than 
 can really be spared, should be carefully avoided. If your means are 
 limited, pack up your pride with your baggage, and consign it to the 
 bottom of the ship's hold ; go out in a fore or steerage cabin, and your- 
 self and family will be all the happier in landing with the £50 or £60 
 thus saved, in your pockets. 
 
 If you have a large family, and are a mechanic, or an agricultural 
 labourer, write to the New Zealand Company, 9, Broad Strdfet Buildings, 
 London, and if they cannot assist you, — the price of your passage will be 
 15 guineas each adult person fourteen years of age and upwards; the 
 passage of two children between the ages of one and fourteen, being rec- 
 koned equal to one adult, will cost another 15 guineas ; throe, 23 guineas; 
 fouj", 30 guineas, and so on. 
 
 As a general rule, take out your money in preference to articles for 
 sale; you may, by clmnce, do well if the articles you take witli you hap- 
 pen to be in demand when you arrive in the colony ; but this is such a 
 chance, that it is by far preferable to avoid the risk. Ready mont;y will 
 always command what you require; and though you may i)urchase 
 somewhat dearer than if the goods were taken with you, yet, in the long 
 run, you are most likely to act with the wiser economy by depending 
 upon the supply already there. In the old settlements, especially in Wel- 
 lington and Nelson, the merchants and traders are ever watchful to pro- 
 cure a supply of everything that may be in demand. The largo markets 
 of New South Wales are within a fortnight's sail, and between them and 
 New Zealand a constant trade is being carried on. 
 
 To a new s<'ttlomoiit, such as Otago, it would bo well that a settler 
 took out with him the ironwork necessary for his house, including door- 
 hinges, locks, stoves, and fire-dogs — a few of the best description of tools 
 — and, if he intend farming, a small stock of imphimitnts. Ciirt-wheels, 
 wedges, beetles, and a blacksmith's forge, would, no doubt, bo found 
 useful. 
 
 Many persons have taken out portable houses. This is projier only at 
 the commencement of a settlement ; but to none of those already estab- 
 lished is such a proceeding reconinuMidod. In Wellliigtou, Nc^lson, and 
 New Plymouth, houses or lodgings cim Ix? easily procured at a moderate 
 expense, and in all of them the Com])iiny finds shelter, for tlu^ first few 
 weeks, for the labouring emigrants whom it assists to send out. InOta(?o, 
 where houses and lodgings are jxu'haps not immediatt^ly available, the 
 Company have erected temi)(>rary shelter for the accommodation of all 
 classes. 
 
 Sheop and cattle are itnported info New Zealand from Now South 
 Wales, mostly to order, thougii cargoes aro frequently arriving to bo dii 
 
GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 41 
 
 ant. If his posi- 
 3 chief-cabin, w(3ll 
 f of false delicacy 
 , larger sum than 
 f your means are 
 consign it to the 
 B cabin, and your- 
 the £50 or £G0 
 
 >r an agricultural 
 (1 Strdet Buildings, 
 our passage will be 
 and upwards; the 
 ourteen, being rec- 
 ; throe, 23 guineas; 
 
 nee to articles for 
 take with you hap- 
 but this is such a 
 Ready money will 
 ^ou may purchase 
 3u, yet, in the long 
 omy by dei)en(Ung 
 , especially in Wel- 
 r watchful to pio- 
 The large markets 
 between them and 
 
 well that a settler 
 se, including door- 
 description of tools 
 mts. Curt-wlieels, 
 doubt, bo foimil 
 
 is is proper only at 
 lose already cstab- 
 igton, Nelson, and 
 iinul at a moderate 
 r, fin- the first few 
 send out. InOtaRO, 
 t(dy availiible, the 
 ommodation of all 
 
 from Now South 
 arriving tobodiJ- 
 
 posed of at public auction. Lant ed in the colony, the price of sheep 
 varies from 15s. to 20s., cows and young cattle from £6 to £12, and oxen 
 from £15 to £18 per head, according to the demand. Prices on extraor- 
 dinary occasions run higher. It is, however, a very considerably cheaper 
 way to buy sheep and cattle in Sydney and freight them down. 
 
 Horses are plentiful, and may be purchased at all prices, but there is 
 much labour done by bullocks : this one fact shows the necessity of a 
 settler using caution, and taking the best advice in his power. He might 
 take out harness for horses, and find himself obliged to use bullocks ; or 
 he might provide himself for bullocks, and find it requisite to use horses. 
 
 It is well to take with you a supply of clothing : the strong and ser- 
 viceable should have the preference over the better attire worn in England. 
 
 Furniture, and other bulky articles, should not be taken, if it can pos- 
 sibly be avoided. Every requisite, of this description, can be made in 
 the colony, and large importations are occasionally taking place from 
 America. 
 
 "advice to a person going to new ZEALAND WITH £60 
 
 OR £100. 
 
 " 1. Endeavour to go out jfree if you can. Make inquiries of the New 
 Zealand Company, and try to get out as an emigrant. If you cannot 
 go out fi-ee, the passage will cost you £20 (since reduced to 15 guineas in 
 the Company's ships). 
 
 "Be careful on board ship not to mix up with any quarrels. Keep 
 yourself clean and respectable ; the voyage will soon be over. As soon 
 as you can after you go ashore, when you have had a little time to look 
 about you, see if you can buy five or ten acres of land ; it will cost yon 
 £20 or £30, perhaps a little more, in the colony. I do not know whe- 
 ther the New Zealand Company would sell such a small quantity in Eng- 
 land or not; but, if they would, it would be much cheaper in England, 
 and besides, they would send you out free. But do not buy too much 
 land at first ', reserve some money to buy a cow or two, and some pigs 
 and fowls. Having bought your land, build your house in the most con- 
 venient place for wood and water. The house would cost you £5 or £6, 
 if you assist yourself. Then commence cultivating half an acre of ground, 
 and put in some potatoes and cabbages, &c. Buy a cow or two if you 
 have the money, one or two pigs, and some fowls ; and if you run short 
 of money at ftny time, you can work for other people — there is always 
 plenty of work— and do not sell the cow, nor yet the calf. The cow will 
 cost you £10 or £12 ; but then she will bring you in, for butter and milk, 
 10s. or 12s. a week. If this should be in a new settlement, the cow will 
 cost you a little more perha])8 ; but then you will get double as much for 
 the milk and butter. The cow will cost you nothing to keep ; she will 
 get her own food on the uncultivated land. You will have to fetch her 
 in night and morning j but, If you keep her in at night, you must turn 
 hor out eaily in the morning. The calf will cost you nothing until it 
 becomes a cow; the fowJs will lay an extraordinary quantity of eggs, if 
 you give thorn a littlo Indian corn once a duy; your pigs will get their 
 
 9 £ 3 
 
m t ; 
 
 !r* 
 
 iD 
 
 i 
 
 
 II 
 
 42 
 
 GENERAL INFORMATION. 
 
 own food ; and If you want to fatten them, put them up and give thera 
 some Indian corn for five or six weeks. Be sure and attend to your cow 
 after she has calved ; for, if all is attended to as should be, she will have 
 another calf in twelve months ; so thatj in twelve months, the increaijc 
 from one cow would make up £19 ; — that is, the cow £12, one calf twelve 
 months old, £5, and one calf five days old. £2 -all this in addition to the 
 butter and milk — therefore keep your eye on the cattle. 
 
 June, July, and August is the time to sow wheat. Get an acre of land 
 cleared as soon as you can ; dig- up the flax, cut and burn the fern, and 
 get a farmer to plough it for you if you can. It will cost £1 an acre to 
 get it ploughed ; but, if you have not got the money, make an agi'eement 
 with the farmer to do so many yards of fencing for him, or work for hini 
 ten days or a fortnight ; that may suit you both — it would be quicker 
 than you can dig it up yourself. Try all you can to get in an acre of 
 wheat the first year ; when your wheat is in, set to work again directly, 
 and try to get in an acre of barley. Of course, once ploughing will not 
 do ; you must dig it and rake it about, and you will be sure to get a good 
 crop. Barley will do, if sown before Christmas, but the best time is July 
 or August. Potatoes must be set in November or December, but early 
 potatoes may be set in August. Turnips, onions, cabbages, and those kiad 
 of things may bo set all the year round. When all your crops are in— 
 which they ought to bo by the 1st of January — set to work again, and get 
 some more ground ready to sow wheat in May ; so that the second year 
 you will be able to sow double the quantity you did the first, and your 
 expenses will not be half so much when you grow all your own food. By 
 the end of the second year, you will have some steers grown up fit to 
 work, or that you will have to look out for a plough and arrows, &c. ; and 
 in a little time, if you persevere, you will soon want to increase the size 
 of your farm. Take out a few tools with you, such as hammer, saw, 
 gimlet, reaphooks, rubbers, and choppers to cut wood. My object in 
 writing this is to give an industrious man going out to New Zealand 
 such advice that he may profit by my own experience and information. 
 
 " If you have not already made up your mind to go to New Zealand, 
 consider the matter over calmly, do nothing important in haste j in tho 
 first place, consider your present place and prosj)ects where you aie ; if 
 you are well ofi", and comfortable, stop where you are, for New Zealand 
 is a long way off", and there are some difficulties to encounter ; hut if 
 your prospects are bad — if you cannot see your way clear without slavery 
 and starvation, then I can safely say you would be ten times better ofl' in 
 Now Zealand, where, if you are able and willing to work, to keep your- 
 self sober, you would, in a little time be surrounded with abundance of 
 bacon and eggs, bread, butter, milk and cream, puddings, fowls, and all 
 kinds of vegetables. There is no stinting there, * cut and come again' is 
 the order of the day ; this, I can assure you, is an absolute fact. 1 know 
 plenty of men in Nelson, who came out as labourers, without a penny, 
 who are now very well ofl"; some of th«im have twelve or fourteen head 
 of cattle, worth on tho average £7 or £8 a head, and a fitty-acro farm, 
 not their own (that is, only leased), with a great part under cultivation; 
 th(!y use their own cart, plough, harrows, and other farming implements. 
 1 MiW in ono man's house, six great sides of bacon, and fourteen liumB) 
 
GENBRAL INPORMAaMON. 
 
 48 
 
 up and give them 
 ittend to your cow 
 d be, she will have 
 onths, the increase 
 £12, one calf Twelve 
 is in addition to the 
 le. 
 
 Get an acre of land 
 burn the fern, and 
 cost £1 an acre to 
 make an agreement 
 m, or woi'k for him 
 would be quicker 
 ) get in an acre of 
 /ork again directly, 
 ploughing will not 
 )e sure to get a good 
 the best time is July 
 )ecember, but early 
 ►ages, and those kind 
 your crops are in- 
 work again, and get 
 hat the second year 
 the first, and your 
 , your own food. By 
 rs grown up fit to 
 nd arrows, &c. ; and 
 to increase the size 
 1 as hammer, saw, 
 ood. My object in 
 ut to New Zealand 
 !e and information. 
 ^o to New Zealand, 
 ,nt in haste; in tlio 
 i where you ai-e ; if 
 ■0, for New Zealand 
 encounter ; but if 
 lear without slavery 
 1 times better off in 
 /ork, to keep your- 
 with abundance of 
 ings, fowls, and all 
 and come again' is 
 iolute fact. 1 know 
 without a penny, 
 e or fourteen head 
 1 a fltty-acro farm, 
 under cultivation; 
 irming im[)lonients. 
 ud fourteen hums; 
 
 he had a nice cottage, five acres of land all his own, and cultivated, and 
 twenty sheep, worth at least £1 ahead, besides three or four cows, pigs, 
 and things ; but, understand me rightly, all the people who went out 
 there have not done so well as this ; gome have done badly, but mostly 
 through their own folly or want of mdustry ; there is not the least fear in 
 the world, but that an industrious man will do well in New Zealand. 
 
 " I have written the following directions, that a person going to New 
 Zealand may know how to act : — In the first place, you must endeavour 
 to go out free ; you must write or apply to the New Zealand Company to 
 know whether they can send you out free, and when the ship sails ; — if 
 all goes right, and you know when the ship is going to sail, prepare your- 
 self in time for going on board, sell all your lumbering and useless goods, 
 and pack up safely all useful small household goods, such as cups and 
 plates, &c., and lash the boxes well with strong cord, and be in London, 
 or at the appointed place in time, and mind and do not let the ship sail 
 without you ; after making all these preparations— all your provisions 
 will be served out to you on board the ship— you can take a little butter, 
 and three or four pounds of cheese with you, you will find it useful on 
 board ; the voyage will soon be over, but two or three days before you get 
 to New Zealand, collect your things together, ready to go on shore, and do 
 not leave them till the ship is at anchor, for then all will be bustle on 
 board, and you will not find half your things. The company will find 
 you a house to live in, for four or five weeks ; — if you are a labourer or 
 a shepherd, you must go to work as soon as you can, you will find plenty 
 of employment ; you must get up a cottage as soon as you can, it will 
 cost you about £4 or £5 ; but the materials, wood, and nails, will only 
 cost £2, and if you can get a friend to help you for a day or two, you 
 could put it up yourself, then you must assist your ft'iend in return ; peo- 
 ple in the colony are very ready to assist one another. When your house 
 is up, buy some fowls and pigs as soon as you can, and when you have 
 Bufficient money buy a cow, it will cost you nothing to keep ; the cow 
 will bring you in lOs. a week if attended to well, and do not sell the calf, 
 even if you are short of money ; you will be able to get plenty of work 
 at good wages. If you caimot buy a spot of land, rent four or five acres, 
 you can get it for 4s. or 5s. an acre, and the first year rent free — flax land 
 is the best land, that is, land that flax is growing on ; do not choose stony 
 bad land. Be cautious and do not make a mistake by trying to get on 
 too fast at first ; begin and go on steady ; put in some potatoes and vege- 
 tables in the garden, as soon as you can ; — labourers get the afternoon 
 on Saturdays to themselves, so you will have plenty of time to grow your 
 own vegetables; tea and sugar is cheap in New Zealand, — tea 2s. to 38. 
 per lb. ; sugar, 3d. to 4d. per lb. ; clothes are as cheap as in England, the 
 climate is so good that you don't want half the clothes you would at 
 home. — Mind and keep yourself steady, and persevere for two or three 
 years, and you will be well oft'. " J. Warh."* 
 
 * Mr. Ward returned to Nelson thui month in the "Beruicia," with his wife 
 Mid sevoral relatives. 
 
■ : 
 
 '^HMKL* ih^'X-l 
 
 III ii 
 
 44 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 ; «' 
 
 !' ( 
 
 It fl I 
 
 
 
 We are addressing, and our counsel is intended for, Europeans. To emi- 
 grants, adaptation of climate is the first and most essential consideration. 
 For the absence of health, physical comfort, and mental elasticity, no ad- 
 vantages of gain-getting can compensate. To persons born and bred in 
 the temperate zone, a temperate climate is indispensable. Indeed, the 
 human constitution of all regions is best preserved by weather in which 
 extremes are small, and sudden alternations infrequent. The countries 
 at the antipodes are naturally much warmer than those of the north of 
 Europe - many of the southern regions are absolutely tropical. We have 
 already explained that on the other side of the globe, time, seasons, 
 nature, are reversed — the needle points to the south. June is midwinter, 
 and the west answers to our east wind. Hence it follows that there, as 
 the traveller proceeds northward, or furthest from the nearest pole, he 
 goes towards greater heat, and as he goes south, he comes upon more 
 temperate and colder seasons. Aridity will be the natural character of 
 the northernmost parts of the antipodal regions, and greater moisture, be- 
 cause less power of sun will exhibit itself, the nearer he goes to the south 
 pole. 
 
 It is on this account, if on no other, that we consider it advisable for 
 the British emigrant who makes choice of Australia, to fix upon its most 
 southern settlements, and that scarcely any consideration should induce 
 him to establish himself at its northern extremities. Van Dieman's Land 
 which is insulated at the southern extremity of Australia, appears to us 
 on that account still more eligible, and in proportion as the settler goes 
 further north, we think he deteriorates his condition in reference to 
 health, and physical comfort, and thereby, on a far sighted view, liis 
 worldly prospects ; because, where health is highest, human energy will 
 be greatest, and ultimately produce the greatest social results. 
 
 Australia is the largest island in the world. Its size is variously esti- 
 mated at from 3,000 to 2,000 miles long from east to west, and from 
 2,000 to 1,700 broad from north to south, lying between the ddeg. and 
 38 deg. of south latitude, and 112 deg. to 153 deg. east longitude, con- 
 taining an area of 3,000,000 square miles, and being 16,000 nautical 
 Kiiles distant from Great Britain. It has a coast line of 8,000 miles. 
 The general geological chai'acter of the country is that of immense level 
 plain, low ridges of hills, open forest, and in some places rich vallies, 
 scantily timbered, and spare in its verdure. Its rivers, gi'eat and small, 
 are liable to extensive inundations and droughts which dry them com- 
 pletely up, or leave only a few scanty pools. The grass, although bai'e 
 and coarse, is very nutritious. The soil, generally very thin, is either a 
 red, sandy loam, or a coarse white sand, producing little vegetation, and 
 a little stunted timber. There are few quadrupeds, except the kangaroo, 
 opussum, and wild dog — no great variety of birds — very fine bees pro- 
 ducing the richest honey— some u ngerous snakes, a few musquitoes, and 
 a rich assortment of populous tieas. Aquatic birds, including black 
 ■wans, frequent the rivers, wliich teem with cod, shrimps, mussels, and 
 
AUSTRALIA. 
 
 46 
 
 •■■■ * I 
 
 ? 
 
 Is, including black 
 l-imps, mussels, and 
 
 oystci's, and the coast seal and whale fishing could be made exceedingly 
 profitable. 
 
 Many portions of the island abound in the richest quality of minerals, 
 6uch as coal, iron, limestone, and potter's clay, besides the finest sand 
 for the manufacture of glass. The Burra Burra copper mines are cele- 
 brated all over the world. 
 
 There are aboriginal savages in the country, intractable but insigni- 
 ficant in numbers, and comparatively harmless now, although they have 
 been very troublesome. 
 
 The climate is dry, salubrious, and towards the north eminently 
 adapted to the cure of consumption. The hot winds of summer, how- 
 ever, approach almost to the character of the simoom, and the prevalence 
 of dysentery and opthalmia towards the north indicates great torridity. 
 In the hot season the thermometer rises to 146 deg. in the sun, and 95 in 
 the shade. Sometimes it is as high as 100 deg. 
 
 The island is intersected near its centre by the Tropic of Capricorn, 
 and all of it to the north of its centre is therefore within the tropics, and 
 entirely too torrid and too arid for settlement. Towards the south it is 
 more temperate, but in our apprehension the great defect of its whole ex- 
 tent is its proximity to the torrid zone. A scarcity of water is felt to a 
 greater or less degree through its whole extent; periodical droughts 
 sweep away millions of cattle and sheeji ; in many places, even the sites 
 of towns, there is scarcely enough of water even for domestic purposes, 
 and what there is of it is frequently of the very worst quality. In 
 Adelaide, for example, it is so detestable as to form one of the " miseries 
 of human life." 
 
 There is no colony about which the statements chieily of interested 
 persons have been so contradictory and perplexing, as those with re- 
 ference to the various settlements into which this vast island has been 
 divided. Land companies, book makers, large colonial capitalists, dis- 
 appointed emigrants, settlers in rival colonies, have conspired to confound 
 and bamboozle the public mind. We have been compelled to form our 
 conclusions of the real value of the territory, and the actual state of its 
 prospects, rather from circumstantial evidence, than from reliance on 
 direct testimony, and there are certain Jacts which have dropped out 
 from the statements of all, which furnish much better conclusions on tho 
 subject than the assertions of the writers. 
 
 The climate and soil of Australia seem considerably to resemble those 
 of the Cape of Good Hope. As a general rule the island is as salubrious 
 as one nearly tropical can be, the air presenting, in many districts, a de- 
 ),Tee of elasticity to the sensations quite opposite to the relaxing influences 
 which might be expected from the mere temperature, which is very 
 high, although in Sydney, we have intelligence of great complaints 
 of lassitude and listlessness induced by tho extreme heat. Soil, as 
 every one is aware, is created from the gradual increment of decayed 
 vegetation. But where the heat is very great, and there is little rain 
 and surface water, the entire vegetation, scantily supplied with sap, has 
 comparatively a very small amount of annual refuse, and that being so 
 completely burnt up as to be almost charriKl, falling into mere powder 
 when rubbed between the fingers, u very slender material is afibrded of 
 
'ftl; y 
 
 i. i 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 ■i J 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 ii 
 
 ♦ ' 
 
 il 
 
 tr. 
 
 I 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 any value for annual superficial accumulation. In all the northern parts 
 of the settled districts, pastoral are the only practicable pursuits, from 
 the scantiness of the herbage, the long intervals of any available supply 
 of water, and the bareness of the burnt up soil. Population from the 
 necessity of the case must live very far apart. The great extent of 
 country over which a single sheep run, must spread, in order to sustain 
 even one flock, and the necessity of keeping it within the bounds to pre- 
 vent waifs and strays, require that the shepherds should be on horseback 
 from morning to night, leaving no time for the cultivation of the croft or 
 homestead. The great scarcity of females, from causes to be subsequently 
 noticed, renders home comforts and civilized offices impracticable, iuid 
 the desire for them to cease ; and we cannot avoid the conclusion that, 
 except in the near vicinity of the chief towns, the Australians are very 
 little better than the Mexican la-so throwers, and not much more civilized 
 than the Cumanchees. A purely pastoral life, the most primitive and 
 least removed from that of the mere hunter, is essentially wild, unscsttled, 
 and rude, producing such men as the Dutch boors of the Capo, com- 
 petent indeed to cope with wild bulls and wilder Caffres, but only by 
 partaking of the wildness they encounter. To those who like tlie wild, 
 adventurous, exciting, and exhilarating life afforded by a good climate, 
 boundless space, an open country, and physical exertion without plodding 
 labour, the northern parts of settled Australia present a field for their 
 gratification, not perhaps however much more eligible than the Cape at 
 half the distance. But to men who affect settled life and civilized tastes, 
 and plodding, orderly habits, we consider the region to be imperfectly 
 adapted. With reference to the whole of this island, it is our deliberate 
 opinion, that, except in the near vicinity of towns, that portion of terri- 
 tory which will not permit of the combination profitably of agricultural 
 with pastoral pursuits, is entirely undesirable for any description of emi- 
 grant whatever, except the wild and adventurous. A man with large 
 capital ought not to emigrate at all, as England is the paradise of the 
 rich — a man with moderate capital can command many sufficiently pro- 
 fitable ways of applying it without subjecting himself to the i)rivations 
 and barbai'isms of the bush— and the man with no capital will seldom or 
 never do any good for himself in the servitude of a mere shejiherd, in a 
 country where he cannot get less than 650 acres of land at 2()8. an acre, 
 and where the scab or the drought may so reduce a small flock, us to 
 sweep away his whole gains, and even so to destroy a largo one as to ruin 
 even a capitalist. Mr. Sidney, himself a flockmaster, expresses tlie 
 opinion, that £2,000 is the smallest sum that can enable even a skilful 
 breeder to conduct the business to profit; and the author of "Throe 
 Years of a Settler's Life," states, that " In the first place, £300 is but a 
 drop in the bucket to commence settling with." He indeed advises the 
 possessor of sucli a pittance to hire hunself out to some other person, buy 
 300 ewes, and liand them (his all) over to some careful shepherd wlio 
 will look after them for one-tliird of the produce, promising him H!)5, 
 and £192 of profit at the end of throe years. But disease, or the sun, 
 may sweep ott' his entire stock, his shepherd may be dishonest or unskil- 
 ful, failures of flockmasters may annihilate the value of the flocks. At 
 this moment flocks bought at from 6s. to Bs. per head do not realize Ss., 
 
i« 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 47 
 
 owing to a depression of the price of wool ; and to convert them into tallow, 
 Mr. Sidney considers as perfectly ruinous. In slioi-t the trade seems 
 altogether a precarious one, as we hear every day of many men reduced 
 and elevated from immense nominal wealth to nothing, and vice versa, 
 and of not a few coming back to Europe peixuiless. It is very certain 
 that Australia is eminently favourable to the gi'owth of wool of the very 
 finest quality. The increment of flocks is also very great, and pro- 
 ductive of great and rapid fortunes. The absence of roads is much less 
 felt in pastoral than in agricultural pursuits, and either wool or sheep 
 ai'e more portable than agricultural produce. A greater value in com- 
 parison to bulk and weight .can be transported of wool than of grain ; 
 and the demand for the former, and the price, as a general rule, will in 
 Europe be less variable than for the latter. By the large quantity of ex- 
 portable material supplied by wool, tallow, and hides. It is obvious also 
 that the imports will be paid for in produce, and the money of the colony 
 kept within it. These advantages unquestionably are favourable to the 
 mere abstract commercial prospects of the colony. But it is quite evi- 
 dent that no man with small capital can ever be assured of permanent 
 success in pastoral pursuits in Australia, that the man who has none 
 must be contented to remain a shepherd, and that the man who has 
 much, could do better with it, than to barbarise himself in the bush. If 
 pei*sous of these classes, however, affect the bush life, and make light of 
 the privation of the accessories of civilization to which they must submit, 
 and of the occasional torridity of the climate, they will always be secured 
 in the possession of plenty of beef and mutton, tea, and tobacco, and in 
 the enjoyment of exhilarating activity rather than hard labour. If they 
 aie often left without flour, have neither butter, milk, nor cheese, 
 notwithstanding their vast herds, and never taste vegetables, it is only 
 because they regard cultivation of land and the milking of cows, as not 
 worth the while — a very savage conclusion, in which perhaps Cherokees 
 and Cumanchees but few other human beings would concur with them. 
 
 It must be conceded, however, that these views do not ay^pear to be 
 very generally entertained. The increase of population in the island has 
 been rapid — the exports have largely advanced— the proceeds from tho 
 sale of lands have been very considerable, and the revenue is healthy, 
 and by no means contemptible. To feed increasing numbers, and to 
 supply the various wants of communities rapidly acquiring wealth, gi'eat 
 encouragement is presented to agriculturists, mechanics, tradesmen, and 
 labourers. Nor ought it to pass unobserved, that some parts of the 
 territory must be well adapted for the farmer, because they are enabled 
 from their surplus, to spare a not insignificant proportion of grain for 
 exportation. If the rapidity with which money has been acquired and 
 lost, the reckless habits of the pastoral population, the wild life of the 
 bush, and the large proportion of the population branded with crime, or 
 their descendants^ have much degraded the tone of society, it may be 
 hoped that ultimately, from the discontinuance of transportation to the 
 island, a better order of things may arise. But it will probably bo a long 
 time before the population will recover from the demoralizing influences 
 which have resulted from the great disproportion of tho sexes, which has 
 too long prevailed. 
 
3t ' 
 
 I Hi'. 
 
 t"i flB*^' 'i 
 
 i . 
 
 i s 
 
 Mi 
 
 LI 
 
 I Hi 
 
 48 
 
 NEW SOUTH'WALES PROPER. 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES PKOPER. 
 
 This penal colony, embracing 860 miles of seaboard, and of no great 
 extent inland, is the southernmost and therefore the least temperate of 
 the settled districts. It embraces a population of 196,404 souls, whereof 
 about one-third, or 50,000, inhabit Sydney the capital. We apprehend 
 that it owes its prosperity mainly to the fact that it commenced with a 
 forced population of convicts, and has been chiefly maintained by the 
 expenditure of a great annual amount of money supplied by the govern- 
 ment of the mother country, to meet the expenses of the penal ad- 
 ministration. Its stimulus to the settlement of free emigrants consisted 
 to some extent, of the government expenditure; and in a greater degree 
 of the abundant and cheap supply of labour from the assignment of con- 
 victs as servants and labourers to the settlers, in any number, at merely 
 nominal wages, made to all intents and purposes slaves by the power 
 of punishment conferred upon the master, and by the severity with which 
 insubordination was visited by the executive. The receptacle for all the 
 unhanged capital criminals of Great Britain, brutalized by drink, and de- 
 praved to the utmost degree by a disproportion of the sexes, to such an 
 extent that, in 1828, there were only 8,98V females in a colony of 27,611 
 males, and even in 1847 there were 1 18,927 males to 77,777 females, 
 some conception may be formed of the character of the population. 
 Transportation to New South Wales ceased in 1840, at which time there 
 were 26,977 convicts undergoing their sentence. It is said that those 
 have now diminished to 3,000, by the expiry of the various sentences, 
 and the consequent absorption of prisoners into the general society of the 
 colony. (The government return for 1845, gives 16,429 convicts.) 
 The escaped convicts fled to the wilderness, and became what is 
 called bushrangers, whose " hand was against every man," and formed, 
 along with the savages, the teri'or of the country. We have already 
 noticed the character of the free colonists who follow pastoral pursuits, 
 and it must be confessed that a colony made vp of such elements of po- 
 pulation, does not present any great inducements to the emigrant in the 
 shape of society. Mr. Sidney indeed assures us, that *' there are no taxes 
 to pay — liberty exists in the most perfect sense of the term. Lynch-law, 
 bowie knives, and the brutalities of the backwoods, are unknown j the 
 climate is the most healthy in the world ; and our population will find it 
 infinitely more to their advantage to settle among their own countrymen 
 than among tka brutal population, and ague-begetting backwoods and 
 plains of the United States, where only land is to be obtpined." But m 
 must take leave to draw inferences which are inevitable from facts which 
 are incontrovertible, and to state our opinion that this attemirt to cry up 
 the superiority of the white Cumanchees of the bush, and the felonry of 
 the city, above the educated and moral population of Ohio or Illinois, is 
 absolutely ludicrous, and will be entirely abortive. We know men who 
 have fought for their lives in the bush with these Australian desperadoes, 
 and the cases are not few in which masters of flocks have been got rid of 
 by their shepherd, and their disappearance accounted for by ihe state- 
 ment that they had gone to Europe. How, indeed, can it be otherwise 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 49 
 
 R. ■ 
 
 ard, and of no great 
 he least temperate nf 
 )6,404 souls, whereof 
 ital. We apprehend 
 t commenced with a 
 Y maintained by the 
 plied by the govern- 
 es of the penal ad- 
 emigrants consisted, 
 d in a greater degree 
 le assignment of con- 
 y number, at merely 
 slaves by the power 
 e severity with which 
 receptacle for all the 
 sed by drink, and de- 
 the sexes, to such an 
 in a colony of 27,611 
 es to 77,777 females, 
 • of the population. 
 , at which time there 
 It is said that those 
 the various sentences, 
 e-eneral society of the 
 16,429 convicts.) 
 id became what is 
 y man," and formed, 
 We have already 
 ow pastoral pursuits, 
 uch elements of po- 
 the emigrant in the 
 *' there are no taxes 
 term. Lynch-law, 
 >, are unknown ; the 
 apulation will find it 
 eir own countrymen 
 tting backwoods and 
 obtpined." But we 
 ble from facts which 
 is attempt to cry up 
 and the felonry of 
 Ohio or Illinois, is 
 We know men who 
 tralian desperadoes, 
 ave been got rid of 
 ed for by the state- 
 can it be otherwise 
 
 jn a country so barren, parched, and scarce of water, that It is only fit 
 for rearing sheep in the proportion of one to every two or three acres, 
 flocks and stations being necessarily at great distances from each other, 
 and their occupiers being entirely removed from the face of men for life, 
 except at half yearly intervals of a week, when they sell their fleeces, and 
 buy their supplies at the chief depot. " I lived," says Mr. Sidney, " in 
 the far interior — the nearest of my stations being 300 miles from the 
 settled districts. I saw the Barwen change from a Savannah, well 
 watered by a broad and rapid river, to an arid desert through which 
 trickled a thin thread of water." " I have encountered hundreds of wild 
 blacks— raced and fought for my life with them." — " I have been three 
 days in nine days without drinking — privation under which one of my 
 stockmen, and two black guides, died of thirst."--** I have had four men 
 killed by my side in fights with the blacks, and on the Macintyre alone 
 I read the burial service over twelve who, at different times, were as- 
 s&jsinated by the Aborigines." We prefer to rely upon these /ac^a rather 
 than on the writer's mere opinion, and it must be conceded that they do 
 not present the bright picture of "Life in Australia" he designs to 
 pourtray. 
 
 As to the salubrity of the climate, the testimony is conflicting. *' I 
 rode," says Mr. Breton," 50 miles a day in a hot wind without more in- 
 convenience than I felt in England; and at night I have slept in the 
 open air, the breeze balmy, the sky cloudless, and I question whether 
 any thing is t< be feared from night exposure." Dr. Lang regards w. . 
 expectation of life as higher in the colony than in England. A woman 
 at the age of 125 was still able to work. Mr. Butler saw several persons 
 upwards of 100. Out of 1200 convicts and soldiers at Moreton Bay, only 
 one was in the hospital in six months. In Bathurst district, 2,100 feet 
 above the level of the sea, only two persons are said to have died in 
 12 years. But against this evidence we must place the fact that the 
 region of Sydney grows tropical plants, such as cotton, that the hot 
 W'flds rise to the intensity of the simoom, burning every thing up, drying 
 i 1 the largest and most rapid rivers, and producing periodical famines 
 for two or three seasons every twelve years. Dysentery is by no means 
 uncommon, and an intimate friend of our own, writing from Adelaide, 
 states that Dr. Bright, an experienced physician, and other settlers, emi- 
 grated on account of their conviction of the unhealthiness of that district 
 to New Zealand ; that he himself is perfectly satisfied, that for Europeans 
 to pass the unwholesome Australian nights in the open air would be little 
 short of suicide, that he has no hesitation in pronouncing the glowing 
 accounts he had read in Europe of the climate to be perfectly false, and 
 that the sudden and extreme variations of temperature he had ex- 
 perienced, amounting to as much as 30 deg. in the course of one day, 
 were not compatible with these flattering statements. " Dr. Bright," 
 observes our correspondent, " considers the climate decidedly unfavour- 
 able to British constitutions. One thing is certain, the heat of summer 
 is very oppressive, the thermometer rising to 90 dog., and sometimes to 
 112 deg. during the day, although it is always cool in the evening. The 
 thermometer ranges betwixt morning and evening, not less than 20 deg., 
 generally 30 deg., and occasionally 40 dojr. The skin and internal 
 
 / F 
 
.t 
 
 50 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES I'ROPBR. 
 
 organs therefore become highly susceptible, and the least exposure to 
 cold produces dysentery. There are also many cases of fever, botii com- 
 mon and typhus, opthalmia, erysipelas. The liver is extremely liable to 
 derangement, and glandular swellings of the neck and knees continue for 
 a month, and occasion great pain. The slightest abrasion of the skin 
 which in England would heal in three days, continues a sore for a month 
 or six weeks." We should add that this letter was written during one of 
 the cycles of drought, when half a carrot in Adelaide cost 6d., a single 
 egg 5d., turnips the size of a walnut 2d., milk 5d. a quart, and that his 
 description may not represent the normal state of the climate. We should 
 add that, he perfectly ridicules the idea of Europeans, as a general rule, 
 sleeping in the open air with impunity, and states his confident opinion, 
 that in nine cases out of ten such a practice would be accompanied with 
 serious consequences. 
 
 Mr. Sidney calculates that of the whole island of Australia not more 
 than one fourth is fit for cultivation or corn grazing. As it maintains 
 300,000 souls, 2,000,000 cattle, 12,000,000 sheep, and 150,000 horses, it 
 obviously affords the means of considerable exports. 
 
 In New South Wales Proper there are 5,000,000 of sheep, 1,100,000 
 head of cattle, and a large number of horses. But the nature of the soil 
 may be gathered from the fact, that although it is the oldest settled of the 
 colonies, and contains upwards of one half of their whole population, it 
 is not yet able to feed itself; but besides large supplies of potatoes from 
 the neighbouring settlements, it has annually to import from £60,000 to 
 £250,000 worth of grain. The balance of trade is still against the 
 colony, the imports in 1846 being £1,630,522, against £1,481,539 of ex- 
 ports, and exhibiting an annual drain of £148,983. This, however, is 
 perhaps to be expected in a country where the number of immigrants 
 constantly arriving, bears a not insignificant proportion to the whole 
 population. 
 
 As, propably, at least one third of the population are dependent upon 
 foreign imports for their supplies of grain, it is obvious that New South 
 Wales is essentially a non-agricultural country ; a result, indeed, to be 
 anticipated from the fact that it is the settlement lying nearest to the 
 tropics. Its people, therefore, consist of the inhabitants of the towns, 
 and of the stockmen, shepherds, and bushmen of the interior. Of the 
 former, the majority consist necessarily of convicts, free, or undergoing 
 sentence, and their descendants. We are informed that too many of the 
 inhabitants of all the towns of the island are characterized by a more 
 than Yankee sharpness in all their dealings, and, altogether a very lax 
 commercial morality. They are dexterous in trade, and very "wide 
 awake" in all their transactions, partaking too much of the nature of the 
 " smai't man" on the windy side of the law. As there are no manufiic- 
 tures of any kind in the towns, it is obvious that the only pursuits are 
 those connected, not with production, or industry, but with exchange and 
 ingenuity. " Sydney," says Mr. Byrne, " is overrun with young and old 
 clerks and professional men, who are a complete burden to the commu- 
 nity." It has a splendid harbour, and all the most desirable qualities of | 
 « large shipping port — surrounded on three sides by water in the estusiy 
 of Port Jackson, where hundreds of vessels of the largest tonnage lie w 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 51 
 
 ) least exposure to 
 of fever, both com- 
 extremely liable to 
 I knees continue for 
 ji'asion of the skin, 
 ; a sore for a month 
 ritten during one of 
 de cost 6d., a single 
 , quart, and that his 
 climate. We should 
 LS, as a general rule, 
 is confident opinion, 
 )e accompanied with 
 
 Australia not more 
 g. As it maintains 
 id 150,000 horses, it 
 
 of sheep, 1,100, 
 the nature of the soil 
 e oldest settled of the 
 whole population, it 
 lies of potatoes from 
 )ort from £60,000 to 
 is still against the 
 ist £1,481,539 of ex- 
 \. This, however, is 
 mber of immigrants 
 (ortion to the whole 
 
 1 are dependent upon 
 ious that New South 
 result, indeed, to be 
 lying nearest to the 
 itants of the towns, 
 he interior. Of the 
 , free, or undergoing 
 hat too many of the 
 icterized by a more 
 together a very lax 
 lie, and very "wide 
 
 of the nature of the 
 ere are no manutac- 
 ;he only pursuits are 
 It with exchange and 
 
 with young and oM 
 •den to the coinuiu- 
 
 desirable qualities on 
 
 water in the estuary 
 avgest tonnage lie Hi 
 
 ^■,My at the ousy wharves, and are amply supplied with docks, atores 
 and warehouses. 
 
 The wages of sliopherds and farm labourers range from £18 to £25 a 
 year, with 10 lbs. of flour, 10 lbs. of best meat, 2 lbs. of sugar, 4 ounces 
 of tea per week, and a hut. Domestic servants £15 to £20, married 
 couples £30 to £35, with house and rations. Artizans, for whom it is 
 1 ii'ht to say the demand is limited, from 5s. to 7s. per day. According 
 to" tlie recent quotations of the Sydney newspapers, butter is 8^d!, 
 cheese, 4d., hams 4^d. per lb. ; eggs, 6d. per dozen ; beef, 2d. to 3d., 
 mutton, Igd. per lb. -, bread. 5d. per quartern ; rum, 3s. Od. per gallon ; 
 tea. Is. 9d., coffee, lOd., sugar, 2|d. per lb. With wages so high, 
 living so cheap, and convicts or their descendants so numerous, it was to be 
 expected that vice would, in Sydney, be of the most rampant kind. 
 Another reason is even more cogent. The pastoral population resort 
 once, or at most, only twice in the year to Sydney to sell their wool, get 
 the profits of a whole year's labour and produce paid at once, lay in a 
 return load cf necessaries to take back again, and are entrapped by every 
 stratagem which cunning can suggest, to spend their whole earnings in 
 the capital, leaving them nothing to take home. The number of grog 
 shops is, accordingly, perfectly appalling, and the drunkenness both of 
 men and women frightful. It is an occurrence of every day for stock- 
 men to place £^40 or ^^50 in the hands of the proprietor of a gin palace, 
 and dh'ect him to supply them with all the liquor they and their friends 
 may call for, until the whole is spent. 
 
 Mr. Sidney quotes rent at £40 for a good house for a private family, 
 and the taxes trifling. Genteel board and lodging, 21s. per week — for 
 mechanics, including washing, 12s. He states the price of beef and 
 mutton at only Id. per lb., whole legs of mutJ;on 6d., ox tongues the same. 
 Flour, £10 per ton, wheat, 3s. 6^. per bushel, of 63 lbs. 
 
 Fortunes have been so rapidly lost and won in Australia, the colony 
 has been at one time in such high prosperity, and at another so entirely 
 ruined, that we suspect much of its apparent substance has been merely 
 nominal and ai'tificial, as indeed was rather to be expected from a town 
 which produced nothing, but only exchanged and distributed, and a back 
 country which could not feed itself, without considerable importations. 
 
 \ye have reason to believe, that for some time to come, at least, how- 
 j ever, considerable profits are to be made by stores in Sydney of goods of 
 [ all kinds well bought in the mother country. Clothing of antiquated 
 [ pattern, shape, and material, if of fair material, may be still new and 
 I attractive to the bush population. Articles of an exploded construction, 
 lor which are unsaleable \^ the mother country, from having been super- 
 Beded by newer devices or inventions, stocks of books which have had 
 their hour's run in English circulating libraries, while the surplus copies 
 hang a waste paper burden on the bookseller's shelves — in all these com- 
 modities money is still to bo made if the purchases have been very cheap 
 in Britain, and the Sydney market do not happen to be glutted by too 
 many having made consignments of the same description of merchan- 
 jdise at the same time ; a contingency too likely, when the customers do 
 [not, at the outside, amount to above 40,000 male adults. 
 
 The disproportion betwixt the numbers of the sexes in Australia, 
 / P 2 
 

 U: 
 
 ■ ,1 ,. 
 
 I!M 
 
 I' 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 I' I 
 
 da 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 although gradually adjusting Itself, is still very great, and without any 
 intentional offence to delicacy, we trust we may venture to state, that 
 respectable females, having no means of maintenance or protection in the 
 mother country, would find themselves at once comfortably provided for 
 in Australia, and greatly benefit the manners and morals of the colony 
 by their settlement there. The greatest precautions should, in the first 
 place, be made by them to take out with them testimony as to their his- 
 tory and character, to place themselves under proper protection in the 
 ship, and to consign themselves to the care of persons of known respect- 
 ability in the colony. Bachelors of proper character, and, especially 
 among the pastoral population in the bush, have a wholesome self-respect 
 and are fastidious in the choice of wives, so far as respectability is con. 
 cerned. The father of a family of helpless daughters would greatly coii- 
 Bult their independence, and his own, by taking them to Australia, where 
 they might get well married, and where by such connections he might bo 
 assisted in his own views. So great is the demand for wives, and so es- 
 sential are they to the comfort and happiness of the bushmen and flock- 
 masters, that every emigrant ship is met at some distance from Port 
 Jackson by bachelors in boats who come to place themselves first in the 
 good graces of the female passengers. 
 
 The imports of British manufacture amount to £5 158. per head of the 
 population, and £10 per head is the aggregate import, against £8 of ex- 
 ports per head, certainly a considerable amount for such limited numbers. 
 
 Within the boundaries of the crown territory and settled districts, aie 
 twenty- one counties, but a great many stockmen squat beyond these 
 limits. We have .stated that only about one fourth of the whole teiTitory 
 is fitted for grazing, and a very much smaller portion is capable of agri- 
 culture. Of course, for the raising of crops, a sufficiency of water is 
 indispensable, and tlie farming districts are chiefly to be found at Hunter's 
 River and Hawkesberry to the north, and at Illawarra to the south of 
 Sydney, the territory about the capital being wretched. But nearly all 
 the good arable lands within the settlement are already sold and occu- 
 pied, or possessed under free grant of the crown by largo freeholders. 
 Besides grain, the colony produces cotton and silk, but is likely, ulti- 
 mately, to be still more distinguished for its wines and brandy, which are 
 said even now to bo of a superior quality. 
 
 The cattle run wild in the bush, and are collected once or twice a year 
 for counting, drawing the fat stock for market, and branding the calves. 
 Stockmen cannot be at the trouble of even milking a cow for butter, 
 cheese, or milk for tea, and the calves get all the cow has to spare. Tho 
 profits of stock can spare nothing for enclosures ; but cattle, when herded, 
 soon attach themselves to a run of country, especially, if in tho vicinity 
 of water. Tlie branding of the cattle does not prevent serious (U'preda- 
 tions. Sheep are herded by shei)herds by day, and by watchmen by night, 
 to guard them from the attacks of the native dog. Besides the shep- 
 liords, there is at each grazing station a hut keeper to cook, move the 
 sheep hurdles, sweep the yards, and watch the homestead. Where a 
 proprietor has large possessions, he fixes a home station for his own resi- 
 dence, his stores, rations, and tho cultivation of grain for the whole. 
 Stockmen cannot bo at the troublo to cultivate vegetables even where i 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 11^ 
 
 53 
 
 the land is good, but live on mutton or beef, green tea, and what in Scot- 
 land IS known by the name of scones, being unleavened flour dough rolled 
 thin, and baked in the ashes. Sheep runs are let by the crown on lease 
 at a low rent, not being worth a tenth part of the price put upon them 
 by the Wakefield system. The increase of breeding ewes is said, by Mr. 
 Byrne, to be over 100 per cent, per annum, and of black cattle to ave- 
 rage, perhaps, half that proportion. The Australian breed of horses is 
 excellent, many travelling sixty miles a day for hundreds of miles, fed 
 onlv by the pasture on the way. They are highly prized in our Indian 
 market. 
 
 When stock is sold, the price generally includes the pasture and the 
 lambs under six months' old. With station the price averages 8s., and 
 without it 6s. per head. Fat sheep average 62 lbs. weight, and fat 
 cattle bring 10s. per cwt. in Sydney. Milch cows from £2 to £4, work- 
 ing bullocks £0 to £10 per pair, herds of cattle, (the calves under six 
 months given in,) 25s. to 35s. per head. Draught horses £20, hacks £16. 
 Stock horses £10 per head. 
 
 We have already stated that, in obedience to the quackery of the 
 Wakefield system, the lowest price for land is 20s. an acre, and the 
 smallest quantity sold 640 acres. Another regulation of the colony is 
 that a free passage shall be given out of the land fund only to shepherds 
 or farm labourers, and persons accustomed to rural employments. That 
 valuable class of men who would bring into cultivation small grain farms, 
 is thus practically suppressed, and entire discouragement presented to 
 cultivators. Two classes are thus only possible in the colony, men of 
 largo capital, and servants who have none, and no means of getting prop- 
 erty, except that slow, lingering process of protracted thrift, the tedium 
 of which induces the mass of labourers never to strive after indepen- 
 dence, but to squander their savings in the bush, by dissipation and vice 
 in Sydney, and to whom the best tiling that can happen is that they 
 should quickly run through it, and turn home again. The scarcity of 
 women, rendering domestic happiness rare, adds to this recklessness. 
 Government servants even, have married convicts and blacks ; and for 
 300 miles along the Barwcn, Mr. Sidney avers there was not one white 
 wouuui, although, according to the same authority, bushmen make ex- 
 cellent husbands and fathers, — a fact we can easily believe from their iso- 
 lated and dejicndent state. 
 
 Although t\c demand for mechanics, as such, is very limited, there is 
 abundant employment for them in the leading pursuit of tho colony. 
 They are said to bo quite as capable of making good shepherds or hut- 
 men as farm labourers or shepherds properly so called, and they have 
 hut on arriving at Sydney, to go out in any direction, to meet with a 
 hearty welcome, hos])itablo entertainment, and an immediate engage- 
 ment. Kven young boys can be extremely useful in the care of stock, 
 aiui javly become a source of profit to their parents. IJut under tho 
 exisi'r.g arrangemcfuts of tho colony, if Mr. Sidney is to be trusted, tho 
 ac(iuiisiti()n of Hnmll arable farms for the raising of cereals, is beyond tho 
 reach ol" the labouriiig» class, while successful sheep farmhig requires 
 large ca[)ital, and cattle or horse brc^eding brings a very slow return. We 
 ai'u inclined to concur in his oi>inion, that tliu culture of cotton, tho 
 
t , 1 
 
 
 u< 
 
 . r 
 
 
 I- i* 
 
 ll 
 
 54 
 
 KEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 olive, or the vine, — he might even more empnatlcally have added and 
 the pursuit of mining operations, — only distract the labour and capital 
 of the settlement from their primary and proper staple, the growing of 
 wool, the breeding of stock, and above all, the unfailing resource of 
 agriculture. 
 
 No mere adventitious source of wealth, such as the production even of 
 the finest copper and the best wine, can compensate a new country fop 
 the neglect of an abundant produce of the chief necessaries of life. In 
 1835 the devotion of the people of the United States to manufactures 
 and commercial speculations, and their temporary neglect of the culture 
 of their fields produced, even among them, the greatest depression and 
 distress. 
 
 For labouring emigrants, it will be desirable that they should set out 
 not earlier than August, nor later than October, in the double view of 
 takiug advantage of the fine weather both here and at the colony, and 
 of arriving at Sydney at the time when the settlers come up from the 
 stock runs to sell their wool, and to take back their supplies and any new 
 hands they may require. Sydney is recommended as the landing port 
 even for those destined for other places, as it is there the best informa- 
 tion is to be acquired relative to any district and state of employment, 
 that every kind of goods and stores are to be had easiest and cheapest, 
 and that land, steam, and sailing commuuication with every other district 
 is most certain. 
 
 The chief imports of grain and potatoes are from Van Diemen's Land, 
 and Port Philip, the indigenous potatoes being of very inferior quality. 
 The boiling down of sheep and cattle for tallow, except disease renders 
 the step imperative, is regarded as ruinous, — killing the goose in place of 
 keeping her for the eggs. But we are rather inclined to think that the 
 boiling down process, for the purpose of preserving meat, and getting 
 its concentrated essence as an article of export, might become hif^hly 
 profitable. A friend of ours has been in the daily use of a supply of 
 this essence of meat which he has had in his house for four years, and 
 states it to be of the very best quality, and to continue still perfectly 
 sweet. 
 
 It has been already seen that no man can become a freeholder in New 
 South Wales of less than 640 acres, at the price of £640. Out of £1000 
 all that he would have left to build houses, barns, cattle sheds, and to 
 purchase live and dead stock, would be £360. In most cases, therefore, 
 the settler is driven to squatting beyond the boundary of the colony, or 
 to taking a lease of a cattle run, which is generally to be had for about 
 £10 yearly. His capital is thus necessarily invested in live stock,— the 
 most precarious and dangerous kind of security in which he can well re- 
 pose confidence. Sheep bought at Os. or 8s. per head, may fall, by com- 
 mercial depression, as at this present time, to 3s., fleece included ; (h'ought 
 may annihilate the pasture, and destroy both the sheep and the run. 
 " By catarrh," observes a writer, " many a squatter has lost 1000 and 
 2000 sheep in a night, and scab is so expensive to cure, that the ouly 
 remedy is to consign its victims to the melting pot.* Mr. Sidney statei 
 
 * An anplication has been just mad^ tn th« Ooremor of Van Diemen's Land, 
 (Sir W. Daiiiion) not to permit any uiura rtiM«*.o be imported from I'ort Philiiv 
 
KEW SOUTH WALES PROPBR. 
 
 55 
 
 Uy have added and 
 
 labour and capital 
 
 aple, the growing of 
 
 nfailing resource of 
 
 e production even of 
 a new country for 
 Bssariep of life. In 
 ;es to manufactures 
 Bglect of the culture 
 test depression and 
 
 they should set out 
 the double view of 
 at the colony, and 
 come up from the 
 lupplies and any new 
 IS the landing port 
 3 the best informa- 
 ate of employment, 
 asiest and cheapest, 
 b every other district 
 
 Van Diemen's Land, 
 
 pry inferior quality. 
 
 lept disease renders 
 
 he goose in place of 
 
 to think that the 
 
 meat, and getting 
 
 ight become hiphly 
 
 use of a supply of 
 
 3 for four years, and 
 
 itinue still perfectly 
 
 I freeholder in New 
 640. Out of £1000 
 attle sheds, and to 
 ost cases, therefore, 
 of the colony, or 
 be had for about 
 in live stock,— the 
 lich he can well re- 
 , may fall, by corn- 
 included ; di-ougUt 
 heep and the run. 
 has lost 1000 and 
 re, that the only 
 Mr. Sidney statei 
 
 .Van Diemen'i Land, 
 ted from I'ort Fbilif^ 
 
 that small numbers of sheep do not pay; that profit is not perceptible 
 until 8,000 sheep are bred, and that 3,000 do not yield such a return as 
 to afford hired assistants. The washing and shearing, pressing and send- 
 ing wool to market, are all expensive processes. A sheep station requires 
 a superintendent's hut and store £3.5, kitchen £10, huts £5 each, wool 
 shed, press and yards, £200, milk yard bail, and bullock gallows, horse 
 paddock, grain paddock 4s. per rod of llf feet, a barn £100, corn and 
 horse sheds, £12, a steel mill £4 10s., hurdles £7 per hundred. From 
 this it will be evident that sheep farming is not the pursuit of any man 
 without fair capital, and that the man of small means would be more 
 profitably engaged with cattle breeding. Cattle are little liable to dis- 
 ease, and the return from them is certain although slow. Still the hous- 
 ing and fencing required for the trade require no insignificant outlay, 
 and branding, herding, recovering strays, reclaiming the stolen, and 
 habituating the herds to the run, require great exertion and many 
 servants. 
 
 The poetical temperament of the adventurous who penetrated into the 
 Australian wilds, depicts "Life in the Bush," in the most attractive 
 colours. The fact is that it is to the daring and unsettled that it is 
 attractive ; but ordinary plodding men, who seek not to gallop but to 
 trudge through life, do not realize those bright visions. The squatter's 
 hutiswrelc^ ^ Hs furniture rude and inconvenient, his bed a piece of 
 bark and at . t, 500 or 600 miles from a market. 
 
 " Many a ' ..or's head sheep station is 30 or 40 miles from his nearest 
 neighbour ; out stations may be 10 or 15 miles from the principal one, 
 and the routine of life is the following : — A shepherd starts soon after day- 
 light with his flock, having had his breakfast, and takes with him as much 
 bread and meat as he thinks he may require foi* the day ; he drives his 
 flock, according to the pasture, over 8, 10, or 15 miles in the course of 
 the day, and in the evening returns towards sunset to head quarters or the 
 out station. The sheep were counted out to him in the morning, previous 
 to starting, and he counts them in at night to the hut keeper or watch- 
 man, and when penned or folded, the shepherd's occupation for that day 
 is over. He takes his evening meal, solaces himself with his pipe, and 
 sinks to rest fatigued with his day's labour, and his appetite well satisfied 
 with tea, damper, and mutton chops. 
 
 " The watchman takes charge of the flocks at night, and ought to be 07» 
 the look out to prevent a surprise from natives ^ or to protect the sheep 
 from being rushed by native dogs, rather troublesome visitors, and often 
 causing serious loss. Rushing a flock by native dogs is for a settler the 
 very devil to pay, and creates a scene that it is no joke to witness or de- 
 scribe; however no shepherd can expect to escape an occasional visit 
 
 for fear of tho infection, as numbprs of the uettlerg have lost every sheep they 
 possPBBed. One gentleman has lost as many as 19,000— another 20,000 1— some 
 10,000 up to 15,000; inflicting: ruin upon thefr owners. An entire flock died in 
 t1i« course of a night from tho complaint. One gentleman in particular, had 
 ITone from Port Philip to Sydney, leaving his flock quite healthy ; on his return 
 the who\e of the flock, with the exception of eight, were dead! The writer of a 
 <«tt(<r states that he was at the time surrounded by 36,000 dead sheep, and in 
 nomentary dread of the infection (catarrh) spreading to hii own flook*— Bristuii 
 
 JOVRNAL. 
 
[. k,j 
 
 56 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 k 
 
 I ! 
 
 ■ fK ! 
 
 of this kind. Daylight of another day finds him resuming the same rou- 
 tine of the preceding one, and again he starts with his dogs for his com- 
 panions and assistants. Wet or fair, — summer or winter — hot or cold 
 makes no difference : day after day, week after week, and month after 
 month, it is the same thing over and over again." 
 
 The various perils of the stockman, and his many trials, can only be 
 known by experience. Cattle are so frequently stolen and felsely branded 
 that the purchaser of a herd may find them strangers to each other and 
 to the run, as wild and scattered as so many beasts of prey. Sheep may 
 be all tainted with incipient disease. Rushed by the native dogs, op 
 taken with an erratic fit, whole herds or flocks may irreclaimably dis- 
 appear in a single night. To bring them back, to count them, to keep 
 them within the run, are arduous duties, requiring unremitting exertion. 
 A paddock of 300 acres is required for a 10,000 sheep station, "to 
 have five or six horses," (Sidney,) " ready at a moment's notice, in 
 case of a flock being lost. I have known many hundred sheep, irre- 
 trievably lost through the horses being away feeding, when they were 
 first missed." 
 
 The following advertisement of the Australian Agricultural Company, 
 it will be seen obviates the obstructions which the Wakefield system pre- 
 sents to the settlement of small capitalists ; still it charges perhaps more 
 for the land than it is in reality worth, and as it will ultimately fetch. 
 
 " The Australian Agricultural Company, after having for the last 20 
 years confined its operations to cultivating and grazing estates (comprig- 
 ing 1.000,000 acres,) which were selected ^^ith great care in New South 
 Wales, has determined on offering for sale or lease, all that portion con- 
 taining 500,000 acres, situated near the excellent harbour of Port Ste- 
 phen, (100 miles from Sydney and its 50,000 inhabitants). This estate is 
 bounded by the river Manning, intersected by other streams, and pro- 
 vided with roads and bridges, which have been constructed by the cora- 
 ]>any at a cost of many thousand pounds. Also churches and schools. 
 A resident clergyman, school master and surgeon are paid by the co'n- 
 pany for the benefit of their servants. Farms and vineyards which have 
 been long in cultivation, with excellent homesteads attached will be 
 offered for sale at twenty years* purchase, on the estimated annual value. 
 The uncultivated land will be sold in lots of fifty acres and upwards, at 
 £1 per acre; each £60 paid in England entitling the purchaser tea 
 choice, and a free passage in one of the comi)any's ships to Port Stephen. 
 Each lot will include a right of pasturage for stock on adjoining land at 
 a low poll tax. The company are willing to lease land for ten years, 
 with a riglit of purchase, at £1 per acre, during that term. They aro 
 also able to offer cattle, horses, and fine woolled sheep, of the i)urest 
 breeds on advantageous terms. Cuttings, plants, and seeds may ho ob- 
 tained from the company's gardens, orchards, and vineyards Purc!:a- 
 sers, immediately on lamling at Port Stephen, will be received hy tho 
 agents of the company, forwarded to the agricultural district, about twenty 
 miles — and allowed to occupy buildings belonging to the company, nt a 
 trifling rent, for a reasonable period. Further information may he ob- 
 tained on application to tho Secretary, George Engstrom, Es(i., 12, Kiuii 
 Arms-yard, London." 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER 
 
 57 
 
 It must be conceded that these arrangements are excellent, and that 
 the roads, bridges, and other provisions of the company are calculated 
 materially to enhance the value of the land. If the soil and climate are 
 well fitted for agricultural purposes, the proximity of Sydney attaches 
 to the settlement great advantages ; but Mr. Sidney very emphatically 
 expresses the opinion that all coast land in that quarter is more than 
 usually barren, and unproductive. The company dwell upon the fact 
 that a greater quantity of rain fells in the course of the year at their set- 
 tlements than at London, — but they also admit that it is only by large 
 reservoirs and irrigation, a very expensive process, that it can be made 
 available — indeed, it is evident that without this remedy for the long 
 and intense drought, vegetation, for agricultural purposes, will be im- 
 practicable. It is, indeed, a striking feature in Mr. Sidney's Journal, 
 that he discourages all attempts at farming in this colony. He repeatedly 
 quotes an aphorism of the district, that it is cheaper to buy wheat than to 
 raise it, on account of the high price of labour ; and yet we have shown 
 that those who embark their all in pastoral pursuits may find their entire 
 flocks, however large, perish in a single night, or the price of their wool 
 fall so low, that stock keeping ceases to yield a profit. 
 
 The settlement at Port Stephen offers the advanlage of planting the 
 emigrant on his location the moment he reaches the shore, and of placing 
 his produce within easy reach of a port of shipment. The number of 
 cleared farms with neat and commodious cottages, offices, outhouses, and 
 gardens which are for sale, form a valuable consideration to the capitalist 
 who would desire to settle in this healthy and cheap colony, escaping all 
 the irksome preliminary ordeal to which settlers are generally subjected. 
 
 The most fertile district and the most equable and temperate in New 
 South Wales appears to be that which comprehends Argyle, Bathurst, 
 Wellington, and Roxburgh Counties, about 120 miles from Sydney, at the 
 nearest point. Along the Macquanie river, which seems to contain abun- 
 dance of water at all seasons, the soil is particularly good, and its eleva- 
 tion imparts coolness to the air, and qualifies it with moisture. 
 
 From Sydney, good roads diverge to the various districts. To Para- 
 matta stages and steamers go several times every day. To Richmond, 
 Windsor, and Liverpool also the communication is easy, fi'equent, and 
 direct. Indeed, few colonial cities have so many subsidiary towns and 
 villages in immediate connection with them as Sydney can boast of, or 
 such excellent roads stretching out to the different provincial stations. 
 Considerable attention seems to have been paid to symmetry, elegance, 
 and comfort in the laying out, and also in the architecture of the streets 
 in these towns. Society, good, bad, and indifferent, is to be found in all, 
 and entertainments, exhibitions, theatres, elegunt equipages, and all the 
 usual signs of luxury and refinement are to be found there, as well as in 
 our European cities.* 
 
 • SociRTV IN SvDNKY.—A few days after my arrival In Sydney, I received an 
 invitation to an entertainment, given on the oiu-tiHion ot f«»ns«M'vating" tiie new 
 church of St. Stephen, — a hundHome edifice built entirely by private Hubscrip- 
 tion, for the convenience of numerous families who live m the healthy and re- 
 tired neighbourhood of Cook's River. On this occasion 1 had an opportunity of 
 •eeing a specimen of the best society in the colony, nad I looked in vain for 
 ■ajriurkll)]^ which I Oould dittinjpiiih it from any r«fiA«d or gente«l oom* 
 
i 
 
 l! 'M %/ 
 
 r 
 
 I'Ut' 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 Asa circumstance to qualify the consideration of climate, it is not un- 
 important to remember that the surface of the country presents great di- 
 versity of elevation, and that, therefore, the settler may choose almost 
 any temperature he pleases. It is now the practice to acclimatize our 
 troops sent to India, by sending them on their arrival, first up to tlic 
 hills, where they find the vegetables of the temperate zone growing in 
 perfection. The Bathurst district of Australia, is at an elevation of 2 ()()o 
 feet above the level of the sea, and the highest recommendation which wo 
 can give to it is, that it is unfit for the production of any of the tropic;J 
 fruits which flourish in the lower regions of the colony. 
 
 The Emigrant's Journal contains elaborate, interesting, and most gra- 
 phic details of the whole duties and operations of sheep, cattle, and grain 
 farming in Australia, to which we gladly refer all who desire to form a 
 minute and precise idea of the life and occupations of a settler. lands 
 consist of town lots, suburban lots, and country lots, the two former of 
 which in the hands of the government, can only be sold by auctioi; • 
 while the latter after being once so offered, may be purchased at 20s. per 
 acre, in quantities of seldom less than 640 acres. But all the best land 
 having been disposed of, it is seldom that government land is worth nearly 
 the minimum price, and lots of a smaller size may often be purchased of 
 private persons for 2s. 6d. per acre, well improved land in a good locality 
 being frequently purchased at 20s. per acre. 
 
 Leases of cattle runs are granted by the governor, of fourteen years 
 (with power of tillage), capable of feeding 4,000 sheep, or 640 cattle, at 
 a rent of £10 per annum, and a poll tax of Id. per head of lambs, 3d. per 
 head of cattle, and Od. per horse, and a right, during the currency of the 
 lease, of buying any portion of not less than 160 acres of the run, at 20s. 
 per acre. Under such arrangements it is, obviously, better for the settler 
 to lease than buy, as he may pui'chase at any time, and has the use of his 
 capital and its interest in the meanwhile. Any man, it is said, may ho a 
 shepherd who has sharp sight, and hearing — but his charge is an onerous 
 one, and to his employer, carefulness and fidelity are indispensable addi- 
 tional qualifications. The shepherd starts before sunrise that the slucp. 
 confined through the night by hurdles, may be led out to the dew. \\ ith 
 a jorum of strong tea, and a bellyfull of beef, or other meat, he proteitg 
 
 pany in Eiiglnnd. The etiiiipnges were fashionable; the ladies were in t-oiicriil 
 pretty, nnd elegiintlv attired; and the gentlemen were equally unexceptioniible 
 m their dress and <leinennour. When the service was over, it being on a MCfk 
 day, a ])ortion of the company, to the number of two hundred, proceeded on 
 liofseback and in carriages to the residence of a gentleman in the neiglil)()ur- 
 hood, where a collation was prepared. In front of the mansion, a lawn, tiistc- 
 fully and ornamentally laid out, sloped gently down to the edge of the river, 
 across which the visitors were ferried in boats. The mansion itself, n lurge 
 cottage ornee, with an exterior verandah and colonnadt;, and snow wliifc uidls, 
 constituted the chi<'f ornament of a v«>ry pleasing landscape, and ])resi'iifod (i 
 lively contrast with the variegated and umbrageous foliage of a garden, ridi in 
 specimens of the rarest jdants, native and exotic, which had been srieiifilindly 
 grouped according to their botanical eharactijrs. There was a library iiiid >ni 
 aviary, and the walls were hung with Flemish and Italian paintings. On lliis 
 occiision, 1 had an opportunity of judging to what an extent tin; eliiiriu'tfr of 
 Australian society has been nnsrepreBente<l ; and 1 rod(( into Sy«lney, imiircKstd 
 with a conviction tliat the most fastidiiais judge of manners would' fiad in tliu 
 higher classes of tiie coinniiinity nothing thut could Bhuck. hiBiaost tender Kuiibi- 
 bilitiee.— JAMliUlu^'» Nlu Zealand. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 SO 
 
 limate, it is not un- 
 
 py presents great di- 
 
 may choose almost 
 
 to acclimatize our 
 
 val, first up to tlie 
 
 ,te zone growing in 
 
 in elevation of 2,000 
 
 mendation which wo 
 
 any of the tropicj 
 
 ny. 
 
 iting, and most gra- 
 ep, cattle, and grain 
 ho desire to form a 
 of a settler. lands 
 5, the two former of 
 )e sold by auctioi;; 
 urchased at 20s. per 
 at all the best land 
 ; land is worth nearly 
 iften be purchased of 
 nd in a good locality 
 
 p, of fourteen years 
 
 sep, or 640 cattle, at 
 
 lad of lambs, 3d. ])er 
 
 the currency of the 
 
 !8 of the run, at 20s. 
 
 better for the settler 
 
 id has the use of his 
 
 it is said, may he a 
 
 charge is an onerous 
 
 indispensable addi- 
 rise tliat the shocp. 
 |t to the dew. With 
 
 r meat, he protec t« 
 
 .dies were in lioiicriil 
 ally unoxceptioiiiible 
 T, it being on a wpfk 
 mdred, proceeded nn 
 [an in the neighbour- 
 nsion, a Isiwn, tiistO" 
 [le edg-e of the river, 
 insion itself, ii large 
 .ndsnow whifc \wdls, 
 ipe, and ])nnt'Mtv'rt a 
 I of a garden, v\r\) in 
 Ivd been Heieiititicidly 
 Ins a librnry niid mi 
 In paintiuns. On lliix 
 Itent tlie ••hiiriK'tcr of 
 fco Sydney, imprcssrd 
 jrt would" lind in tlie 
 Lib most tender Hfuiii* 
 
 his stomach against the rtioming air— calls his dog, lights his perpetual 
 pipe, counts the sheep out of the fold (800 or 1,000 to the flock), if ne- 
 cessary, keeps them in sight, and out of the scrub, hounds them out of 
 the bush, halloes the native dog from them, leads them towards water at 
 mid-day, and when they have drunk, and rested, he kindles a fire, boils 
 his tea for dinner, and has another supply of meat and bread. Should 
 he fall asleep, his flock may wander away and many be lost, they may be 
 rushed by the native dog, and totally disappear. Practically then, the 
 whole of the owner's capital is at the mercy of the shepherd. He may 
 take his gun and bring home kangaroos, or feathered game. At sun- 
 down he drives the flock to the fold where they are taken in charge by 
 the hut-keeper, who has properly placed the hurdles, and prepared a hot 
 supper for the shepherd. The shepherd goes to be- 1 it he hut — the hut- 
 keeper fastens the hurdles if it be windy weather, or if calm, lies down 
 beside the sheep, and trusts the watch to his dog. In the morning he 
 6\Uts the hurdle ground, and after putting the hut arrangements right, 
 perhaps tills the garden. When the lambing season comes on the labours 
 of both are very heavy, in saving ewe and lamb, making them take to 
 each other, defending them fi*om the eagle, hawks, native dogs, and 
 crows, &c., &c. Next come the toils of washing and shearing, the 
 sorting of the fleeces, and sorting into pressed bales. The shearers earn 
 from 20s. to 30s. a day, and with that, and building and fencing, often 
 make from £200 to £400 in about as many months. 
 
 How squatting should be managed by hiring a stockman, who will find 
 you out a good station, with a creek or river water, by engaging a dray- 
 man to help to put up houses, yards, and hurdles, to gather firewood, to 
 manage refractory or awkward bullocks, to help you to a good cheap dray 
 and team, by working like a slave yourself, by buying wheat at 26s. a 
 quarter, as better economy than growing it, by getting your station before 
 buying your flocks, and by using the greatest caution in the purchase of 
 the latter — all these are better ascertained in the colony than by reading 
 books in Europe. 
 
 Clearing and farming for cereal produce, with the collateral operations 
 of logging, burning, fencing, tScc, seem to be conducted on much the 
 same plan as in America, with tliis only difference that the fencers will 
 extort about £100 each per month out of the employer for the work. 
 
 " Having cleared the ground," observes Mr. Sidney, "the next opera- 
 tion is ploughing, for which a much heavier machine is used than in Eng- 
 land, at least twice or three times as heavy ; we clap eight or ten bullocks 
 to our ploughs for breaking up new ground. On coming near one of 
 these stumps the driver takes the bullocks quietly along, and the plough- 
 man lifts the plough clean out of the ground, entering in again when he 
 considers he is nicely clear of roots ; small roots do no hurt, but if 
 you come in contact with a large one, and the bullocks do not stop quickly 
 when spoken to, ten chances to one you break your i)lough — no joke in 
 some places where there are no blacksmiths for five, ten, or fifteen miles. 
 For this reason, in the bush, and in all new countries, I think tliere is 
 nothing like the wooden plouglis of Cornwall, which you can make, brrak, 
 and mond yourself. We often plough the ground one way, the first year, 
 •owing the wheat first, and ploughing it in where the soil is loose. It is 
 
;i< 
 
 , k- 
 
 ^i^ 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 i^: '^ 
 
 ■ \ 
 
 [pi 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 i-' 
 
 00 
 
 NBW SOUTH WALES PROPER. 
 
 done in e very rough manner, not being at all particular about drawing 
 straight lines. We then harrow it with a harrow, if we have got one; if 
 not, some boughs are dragged over it ; but I used to prefer to either fop 
 a flock of about 1,000 sheep, to be well dogged over it four or five times 
 and consider this method far superior to any harrowing. In this rough 
 manner I used to get 600, 800, 1,000, and 1,200 bushels of wheat off a 
 paddock of thirty acres, capital white or red hamas, weighing sixty-three 
 or sixty-four pounds to the bushel, the quantity used to vary accordingly 
 to the season, but never the quality. We reap exactly the same as in 
 England, but, instead of the binders following the reapers, every man 
 works on Ats own hookf and reaping and binding for himself. Some set- 
 tlers never put up a bam. Our bams are made exactly the same as in 
 Buckinghamshire, of strong weather boards or slabs, with a thrashing 
 floor inside. But those who have no barns thrash on a floor, which I rill 
 describe, and then carry the wheat into the hut, after winnowing it, on a 
 windy day, by letting it fall from a sieve, held in the air by a man stand- 
 ing on a stool ; the chaff is thus carried away by the wind, and the wheat 
 fells clean on a tarpaulin, or blankets spread out to receive it. Colonial 
 thrashing floors are made the same as the hut floors, by removing the 
 sods outside of a piece of ground near the stacks, and then breaking up 
 the soil carefully, and mixing with it wood ashes and dry cow dung; you 
 then work it well up with water, and smooth it flat with a spade. The 
 sun soon dries it, and this forms a good solid floor for thrashing on, which 
 will last for years. On some farms the best English systems of agricul- 
 ture are in vogue, thrashing and winnowing machines are used ) but this 
 expensive system doeis not pay in a country where wheat is sometimes as 
 low as 3s. 6d. a bushel, and only averages 4s. It has fluctuated for many 
 years between 3s. 6d. and 8s. I have known it as high as i^l, but this 
 was before there was much grown ; and Parson Tom grew a lot of wheat 
 at the Cornish settlement, thirty miles from the market town of Bathuret 
 near Frederick's Valley, where the crops never fail in the driest seasons. 
 It is still very thinly populated, though there are thousands of acres fit 
 for the plough without a tree on them. 
 
 " The only hay we ever grow is oaten hay ; this only requires ploughing 
 and sowing once, as every year it grows up of itself, being self-sown. I 
 have known a settler to get a crop of oaten hay for eighteen successive 
 years without sowing or ploughing, except the first year. Young bul- 
 locks are almost always broken in at plough ; you run them into the 
 stockyard, put a rope round their neck, drag him up to a post, and yoke 
 him to a quiet bullock. You seldom put more than two young ones to a 
 team, and set them to work on the off side at first : when first yoked up 
 they kick, jump, and bellow sometimes awfully, but in a couple of days 
 they are generally quiet. When they have done working, they are hobbled 
 out J that is, their fore feet are confined in a kind of handcuff, colonial 
 called hobbles. If they refuse to work and lay down, the bullock driver 
 chains them to a tree, and gives them a good thrashing with his whip, 
 • every stroke of which, if he likes, draws blood, and cuts through their 
 hide. In this way they are soon broke in j but the mischief is, the trou- 
 ble of finding them in the morning, as the young bullocks generally 
 •eparato from the old ones, and wander hobbled as they are into the bueh. 
 
•tlcular about drawftig 
 if we have got one J if 
 to prefer to either for 
 !r it four or five times, 
 3wing. In this rough 
 ushels of wheat off a 
 5, weighing sixty-three 
 ed to vary accordingly 
 cactly the same as in 
 B reapers, every man 
 )r himself. Some set- 
 jxactly the same as in 
 abs, with a thrashing 
 on a floor, which I rill 
 er winnowing it, on a 
 lie air by a man stand- 
 le wind, and the wheat 
 > receive it. Colonial 
 [)rs, by removing the 
 md then breaking up 
 id dry cow dung j you 
 t with a spade. The 
 ►r thrashing on, which 
 ih systems of agricul- 
 nes are used ; but this 
 wheat is sometimes as 
 IS fluctuated for many 
 high as £1, but this 
 Q grew a lot of wheat 
 rkettown of Bathurst 
 n the driest seasons. 
 housands of acres fit 
 
 ly requires ploughing 
 being self-sown. I 
 eighteen successive 
 year. Young bul- 
 run them into the 
 1 to a post, and yoke 
 two young ones to a 
 when first yoked up 
 ; in a couple of days 
 ing, they are hobbled 
 )f handcuff*, colonial 
 n, the bullock driver 
 hing with his whip, 
 cuts through their 
 mischief is, the trou- 
 bullocks generally 
 ley are into the bueh. 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES PB01»ER. 
 
 CI 
 
 We work bullocks about eight hours a day at plough, and never give them 
 food till they have done their day's work. 
 
 " Australia could well supply Europe with wheat ; for the droughts in 
 this country, are ouly partial, and, when one part of the colony is suffer- 
 ing fi'om drought, another will be perfectly flourishing ; but there are 
 millions of acres where no drought has ever been known, beautifully 
 ivatered by springs and rivers, capable of furnishing millions of quarters 
 of wheat and Indian corn. Such is all the neighbourhood of Frederick's 
 Valley, King's Plains, Pretty Plains, the Cornish Settlement, Blackman's 
 Swamp, Emu Swamp, all near Bathurst, embracing an area of thirty 
 square miles at least. Then there is the whole of New England near the 
 Peel's river. Here you have boundless acres well watered with rivers and 
 springs; both these districts have a climate like the south of England; 
 the winter not quite so cold, the summer rather warmer. Then, again, 
 vou have the whole of the district in the neighbourhood of Goulbourn ; 
 beyond this, Yass, the Port Philip district, Australia Felix, Gipps Land, 
 these districts are all wheat-growing districts, and occupy an area of 
 country larger than the United Kingdom. There are also hundreds of 
 millions of acres where wheat will not grow, or only in the most favour- 
 able seasons ; such are the Macquarrie, the Darling, tht Castlereagh, the 
 Barwen, the Narran, the Cookeraine, Mooni, Namoy, and many other 
 rivers ; but these districts are invaluable as sheep and cattle rivers, and 
 though rain did not fall for two years, and not a blade of grass was to be 
 seen, you would find the sheep and cattle rolling in fat, feeding entirely on 
 the Myal bush, or trees, which makes the best beef and mutton in the 
 world, so bountifully has nature supplied these regions with the means of 
 subsistence to animul life." 
 
 The position of ihe farmer struggling with his earliest difficulties, is 
 truthfully embodied in the following letter, wh'?h we quote from the 
 Journal : — " New South Wales^ 1847. 
 
 "Honoured Sir, — In accordance with my promise I write to let you 
 know how we get on. We went to the gentleman you told us of near 
 Bathurst, and tbund the land better than any we ever saw in our lives. 
 He let us have one hundred acres on lease, rent free, for seven years, in 
 consideration of our fencing it in with a three rail fence, building a barn 
 and a hut. Out of the one hundred there was about twenty acres without 
 a tree on it — a black loam — so we determined to take in thirty acres the 
 first. Father bought six bullocks, old workers, for £12., and borrowed 
 a plough from a neighbour. The people are very obliging ; they will 
 lend you anything if you will do the same. Father and Tom then set 
 to work to plough the twenty acres, and right tough work it was. He 
 found we could not turn up more than half an acre a day, and work hard 
 at it. We hired an old fencer at 10s. a week and his grub, and in one 
 week with the cross-cut saw we felled all the trees on the ten acre 
 piece; so we found the land not at all heavily timbered— just a tree here 
 and there. 
 
 "Father and I and Tom then set to work after ploughing of an evening 
 
 to cut all the trees into smaller pieces, and then put them together, 
 
 the old fencer showed us how, and burned some off; We made large 
 
 bonfti-es all over the ten acre piece . one of us used to keep watch at 
 
 9 o 
 
62 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES TROPiSR. 
 
 t.i 
 
 m: 
 
 »•■;; 
 
 iia 
 
 night and keep the fires in, so that the logs never stopped burninif 
 till they were all wasted away. When this was done wo coaxed the 
 old fencer to hold the plough for a day or two, and show us how to 
 plough between the stumps ; it was very easy when once you got into it 
 but very liable to smash the plough all to pieces if you liave not i^ot the 
 nack of stopping the bullocks, and lifting tlie plough out directly you 
 come to a stump. 
 
 *' It took us about three months to get the land all cleared and ploughed 
 twice over. We then sowed it all with wheat, but wo had no harrow sii 
 we were obliged to use a colonial method of harrowing. Billy, the fencer 
 saw us in a fix about the harrow, so he said, " Never you mind; just you 
 sow it, and I'll get it harrowed for you for a bit of negrohead tobacco." 
 So when it was all sowed, at night Billy said he would go and sleep av/ay 
 to-night, and fetch the harrow in the morning. So off he went, and 
 next morning, about two hours after sunrise, we heard a great shoutiii" 
 and barking and baaing on the hill ; down comes a great flock of sheep, 
 with Billy, the shepherd, and four or five dogs behind them. Tliey 
 rushed the sheep over the paddock, dogging them backwards and for- 
 wards for an hour, when Billy, the fencer, came to inquire wliat wo 
 thought of his patent harrow ; we then gave the shepherd a little tea and 
 tobacco for his trouble, and this was the way we got our first crop in. 
 The next job was to fence it in. Fences in this country are all made witli 
 three or four rails. Fourteen miles from here, near the Connoboiy 
 mountains, there is a fine vein of stringy bark, the best wood in the 
 colony for fencing or building. Billy and father wont out tliere with 
 some rations, wedges, a maul and a cross-cut saw, and they conmioucod 
 getting fencing stuff for the jjaddock. Tom used to carry the rations to 
 them, and father sent me to Bathurst to look for a dray. I bouglit one 
 there, and two bullocks, from a man who was on the spree as tliey call it, 
 which means getting drunk and spending all their money, often selliiii; 
 everything they have got. This man had sold fifty head of cattle tor 
 £25, and a good mare and foal for £8, and spent the money ; he wanted 
 me to buy the team of ten bullocks and dray, but I had not got money 
 enough, though I sorely wanted to have them. He offered them to me 
 for £18, which was only what the dray was worth, so at last I bought the 
 dray and two bullocks of him for £8 ', he was so pleased to get real 
 English sovereigns, he said he had given the dray away, which was really 
 almost true. I got the dray, a new tarpaulin, or dray cover, worth £-3, 
 and yokes and bows for eight bullocks, for £8. I left my purchase at 
 Bathurst, and went home thirty miles to fetch the bullocks to bring it 
 home. Father was delighted, and the o\iX fencer said " he anH new chummi 
 yet anyhow^ young one." Tom and I now commenced to draw in the 
 stuff, and to lay it round the paddock exactly as it was wanted, and when 
 it was all got, the old man, and father, and Tom, came home, and put it 
 up. They digged holes eighteen inches in the ground, and put the posts 
 in them, ramming them tight with a rammer. All this time mother was 
 very uncomfortable. We were living, rather sleeping, in a bark gunnyer, 
 that is to say, we slept in a place made of bark, like a large dog kennel 
 in England, and used to cook, wash, and live, in the open air, but when 
 it rained it was very uncomfortable." 
 
 sK 
 
3r stopped burninj' 
 one wo coaxed the 
 tid show us how to 
 >nce you got into it, 
 ou have uot <i:ot tho 
 Lg'h out directly you 
 
 leared and ploughed 
 
 had no harrow, sc 
 g. Billy, the fencer, 
 you mind; just you 
 
 uegrohead tobacco." 
 Id go and sleep away 
 5o off he W(!nt, and 
 ard a great .shouting,' 
 ijreat flock of sheep, 
 )ehind them. They 
 
 1 backwards and foi'- 
 to inquire what wo 
 pherd a little tea and 
 got our first crop in. 
 try are all made witli 
 near the Connoboly 
 he best wood in tlie 
 went out there with 
 and they coninioucod 
 ) carry the rations to 
 dray. I bought one 
 
 spree as they call it, 
 money, olten selliii;? 
 y hea!d of cattle for 
 money ; he wanted 
 ll had not got money 
 offered them to me 
 at last I bought the 
 pleased to get i-eal 
 ay, which was really 
 ay cover, worth £0, 
 left my purchase at 
 . bullocks to bring it 
 he an' t new chummed 
 
 jced to draw in tiio 
 as wanted, and when 
 
 lie homo, and put it 
 id, and put the posts 
 ihis time mother was 
 , in a bark gunnyer, 
 
 e a large dog kennel 
 open air, but when 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 63 
 
 Cattle and horse breeding seems to be accompanied with fewer riskB, 
 bat also with smaller profits than wool growing. Cattle and horses are 
 not 80 liable to disease as sheep, but at the same time they require closer 
 and better pasture to keep them in condition. For dairy purposes the 
 scantiness of the herbage renders cattle-keeping in New South Wales 
 impracticable. We suspect, too, the meat on account of the gi'eat heat, 
 cannot be salted for export ; and that the only way in which the cattle 
 can be made available is by temporary exports of live stock to other 
 colonies, until they can breed for themselves, by boiling up the tallow, 
 and by extracting the concentrated essence of the meat as a jelly. There 
 are no tan barks available for the hides nearer than New Zealand. It is 
 obvious that, as it takes two or three years before a cow or ox can be 
 made commercially available, as the time of gestation is very protracted, 
 as the produce is scarcely ever double, and the risks of parturition in- 
 crease in proportion to the size of the animal and the difficulty of pro- 
 ducing milk from a spare herbage, the profits are not such as to offer 
 great inducements for embarking in the laborious and often hazardous 
 business of cattle rearing. Where food is so scanty, cattle must be very 
 wild to gather a subsistence, and must therefore be very troublesome. 
 The dairy cannot be attempted without heavy outlay for buildings, uten- 
 sils, and wages, and also without the presence of rich pasture land to 
 a considerable extent immediately round the location. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 We pass on to the description of this province, because the observations 
 which apply to New South Wales may be also extended to it. 
 
 This colony is to the west of New South Wales, and is bounded on the 
 west by Swan River settlement. It has an area of 300,000 square miles, 
 or 192,000,000 acres, reaching to the tropic of Capricorn on the north 
 and bounded by the sea to the south. The Murray bounds it on the east 
 and Gulf St. Vincent on the west. Its capital Port Adelaide, is by sea 
 distant about 500 miles from Port Philip, 700 fi-om Launceston, 800 from 
 Hobart Town, 1,100 from Sydney, and 2,000 from New Zealand. 37,000 
 acres were under cultivation in 1847, 95,000 enclosed, the population 
 amounted to 33,687, whereof the proportion of females was 25 per cent. 
 below that of males. The imports of 1847 reached £410,825, and the 
 ex])oits £350,348. 
 
 It says much for the capabilities of this colony, that it has survived 
 the grossest mismanagement ; that its income exceeds its expenditure, 
 and that it is the only self supporting colony connected with Great 
 Britain. It also is significant of the fertility of the soil, that it not only 
 feeds the population but spares an expjrtof grain and flour to the value of 
 upwards of £40,000 per annum. Two causes have conspired to promote its 
 prosperity; — it is not a penal settlement, and it possesses the richest 
 copper mines in the world, offering wealth to the capitalist, and well paid 
 customers to the farmer. 
 
 The land is sold at an upset price of 20s. per acre. The South Aus- 
 tralian Company lease their lands lor 21 years for 4s. per acre yearly tor 
 9 g2 
 
'fK' :,'-'^' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■■ J. 
 
 ,! 
 
 ii, 
 
 ll,^ . 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 lift 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 Wv ' 
 
 
 
 
 Hp'^ 
 
 1 
 
 Im 
 
 ■.'! rj ■ ** 
 
 Bgg 
 
 ■Uj 
 
 ^ 
 
 lliffin 
 
 lijliili 
 
 i 
 
 64 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 the first Beven years, — 5s. for the second, and 6s. for the third, — in famis 
 of not less than 67 acres. Runs may be leased for fourteen years, at £10 for 
 every 4,000 sheep or 640 cattle, with the right of buying 120 acres, at 
 208. per acre. 
 
 ** With regard to the productiveness of the soil," observes Mr. Ilewott 
 a Devonshire farmer, " I have seen three harvests : the one at my arrival 
 was gathering in. I have ploughed and reaped two years, and am now 
 ploughing the third. There are three distinct soils, black, red, and white; 
 the black and red are preferred. Many of the flats are from a quarter to 
 three quarters of a mile broad, and many miles long, with no timber ; at 
 other places, more or less, large gum trees. With a moderate fjiu n- 
 tity of rain they are full of beautiful gi*ass and flowers. Some of the 
 slopes and hills contain a deep and rich soil of black and red loam, \\ith 
 more or less timber. Lucerne gi-ows natural, and in the broken up land 
 many of the English weeds are making their appearance. Swedish 
 turaips and mangel-wurzel grow well. 
 
 " Corn, the great staff of life, grows well; where the land is ploughed 
 deep, and sown in season, the corn grows long and strong, both in stalk 
 and ear ; yet it doth not corn as well as I have seen from some of the 
 BEST land in England ; — but on the average, much better, and more 
 quantity, than the general crops in Devon. No doubt remains with 
 the experienced men hei'a, of the capabilities of this colony for grain. 
 With regard to cattle and sheep, no country can be better ', we scaicely 
 hear of a disorder in cattle. 
 
 " I hesitate not to say, that I fully believe that this willy in a few 
 years f be one of the best agricultural countries in the woi'ld." 
 
 " In a new country," continues Mr. Joseph Gould, " a great deal has 
 to be done before one can expect to reap the fruits of his labour ; but as 
 the produce of a dairy is always saleable, many weeks did not pass before 
 I made a very handsome return from my cows. The natural grass in 
 this country is very nutritious, and both butter and cheese is made by us 
 of excellent quality. 
 
 " I brought about £500 with me into the colony, and laid out some- 
 thing more than £400 of that amount upon stock, which was of much 
 higher value at that period than now. 
 
 *' I laid out nothing in building during the first year, but from the 
 profits of the dairy I have been able to build a house, barn, &c. ; but 
 besides having now a comfortable dwelling house, I have got a good 
 stock-yard, sheep-pens, pigsties, and every other necessary requisite for a 
 forming establishment. 
 
 " The land was all fenced in, before the expiration of the second year 
 of my lease ; the first year I could only get about twenty acres fenced, 
 on which I grew four acres of wheat, which yielded about 30 bushels 
 per acre ; one acre of potatoes, which was a fair crop, and the other 
 fifteen acres was in barley, which turned out very well. Last year I 
 had ten acres of maize, which was a failure, but the v/heat and barley 
 turned out well ; indeed I never saw a crop equal to these in England. 
 I expect the return will be about 1000 bushels of wheat, and 500 bushels 
 of barley. My live stock have increased very fast, and I have 
 now 28 cows and 12 bullocks, besides 40 head of young cattle ; I have 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 65 
 
 the third, — in farnjs 
 Ben years, at £10 for 
 lying 120 acres, at 
 
 bserves Mr. Ilewott, 
 ;he one at my arrival 
 years, and am now 
 aek, red, andwluto; 
 ire from a quarter to 
 , with no timber ; at 
 1 a moderate fjiuu- 
 wers. Some of the 
 and red loam, \\ith 
 I the broken up land 
 jearance. Swedish 
 
 the land is ploughed 
 trong, botli in stalk 
 a from some of the 
 ill better, and more 
 doubt remains with 
 lis colony for grain. 
 better; we scai'cely 
 
 this willf in a few 
 world. ^* 
 
 , "a great deal has 
 his labour ; but as 
 s did not pass before 
 [he natural gi'ass in 
 heese is made by us 
 
 md laid out some- 
 [which was of much 
 
 irear, but from the 
 Use, barn, &c. ; but 
 
 ll have got a good 
 ^ssary requisite for a 
 
 of the second year 
 i^enty acres fenced, 
 
 about 30 bushels 
 Irop, and tlie other 
 'well. Last year I 
 
 wheat and barley 
 
 these in England. 
 Jat, and 500 bushels 
 
 fast, and I have 
 lung cattle j I ba^e 
 
 also 40 pigs, 2 horses and 500 sheep. These, I consider, are worth 
 about £800 ; but two yciirs ago they would have brought more than 
 double that amount. My ploughs, drays, and dairy utensils, are worth 
 £100 ; so that, in the course of two years, I find that my capital has 
 been doubled. I have not had things all my own way either, for some 
 of my cattle died, and others strayed, or were stolen ; besides, 1 lost a 
 considerable amount by a person who purchased some barley from me. 
 
 The Rev. T. Q. Shaw describes the soil as of the richest quality, 
 especially among the hills, and as to the climate observes : — 
 
 " Our latitude would lead yor to expect hot weather in the height of 
 our summer. But there are many alleviations to the heat. It is not 
 humid ; and consequently is not oppressive. The greater part of the 
 year is delightful : the winter is pleasant, and the autumn and spriiig are, 
 for mild and balmy sweetness, the perfection of cHl ?ate. But you would 
 wish to know how this climate affects health as well as comfort, Two or 
 three years back, we had fears in this respect, as there was considerable 
 mortality. But our fears are quite gone. For years past thd statistics 
 are most satisfactory. There has been but little sickness and few de vilis. 
 As a minister of twenty years' standing^ I can say that I have it )er 
 had in my congregation^ in proportion to numbers ^ so little sicktens as 
 since I have been here. We have no epidemics. Dysente j sometimes 
 occurs, but in isolated, and, for the most part, well accou ited for, cases. 
 Infants suffer most. But this is in hot weather, when the heat and 
 teething are simultaneous. I need scarcely say that to consumptive 
 persons, our climate promises much, and that, in many instances, it has 
 checked the malady, and saved the sufferer. 
 
 " We have no droughtSt no season in which grain is 'mt brought to 
 maturity. The rains are more frequent, and more certain as to seasons, 
 than in the more eastern parts of New Holland. In Adelaide^ we /lave 
 never known the want of abundant water." 
 
 " A rain guage has been kept in Adelaide, and the results regularly 
 published— the following is the summary for seven years, from 1839 to 
 1845, inclusive. 
 
 I3i 1839 rain fell on 102 days to the extent of 19*840 inches 
 
 1840 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 jf 
 
 ?> 
 
 23-997 
 
 
 1841 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 » 
 
 if 
 
 18-045 
 
 
 1842 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 fj 
 
 n 
 
 20-418 
 
 
 1843 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 1) 
 
 
 17-212 
 
 
 1844 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 ; f 
 
 Ik 
 
 16-878 
 
 
 1845 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 » 
 
 n 
 
 17-557 
 
 
 being, on an average, 110 days annually on which rain fell — and the 
 average extent upwards of nineteen inches during the year. One fact is 
 particularly deserving of notice. — No one calendar month during these 
 iwen years passed without rain." 
 
 In a publication of the South Australian Company, it is stated that the 
 mean temperature in the shade, is at 9 a.m., 64 deg.; at 3 p.m., 73 deg,; 
 at 9 p.m., 63 deg. That one day the heat reached 102 deg.; five days 
 100 dog.; 35 days upwards of 90 deg.; 67 days above 80 deg.; 105 days 
 g u 3 
 
fiO 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 ! >.' 
 
 ';*,'ll 
 
 II r> 
 
 l£ 
 
 above 70deg.; and 110 days above 60 deg. Mr. James pronounces the 
 heat intolerable from November to March. " I have seen the thermo- 
 meter in a dark room thickly thatched, 96 deg., a dozen different days. 
 and in the sun 140 deg., drying up every thing, even garden vegetation— 
 the dust penetrating every where — the Torrens vanishing, having only 
 a few water holes to save the country from the aridity of the desert." 
 
 It is generally understood that there is a greater prevalence of rain 
 on the south coast of Australia than on the eastern, where New South 
 Wales lies, and the superior productiveness of South Australia, proved 
 by the fact of its having rapidly become an exporting colony for grain 
 seems to afford evidence of this superior moisture, of a more satisfactory 
 kind than the rival testimony of competing companies. 
 
 An important tact is noticed by Mr. Simmonds, in reference to the 
 whole of the Australian continent. The grass grows in tufts,— the roots 
 being found only at intervals. But the effect of grazing it, and eatini^ 
 it short down, has been to viridate the vegetating power, — to bring the 
 roots closer, and increase the verdure. The manure of the sheep and 
 cattle will greatly assist the fertilizing influences. Nothing is so well 
 calculated to retain moisture as manure, and when vegetation is so 
 strengthened that it entirely covers the soil, it protects it from the heat, 
 and keeps up a shade for it, which is reciprocated by imparting greater 
 coolness to the plants. Hence we are satisfied that if small farms were 
 encouraged and highly manured, the cattle and sheep being fed in pad- 
 docks, and even soiled, if possible, the grass would grow much ranker, 
 and resist the ardour of the sun. "The two or three acres," observes 
 Mr. Simmonds, " for a sheep, and a proportionate quantity for an ox, do 
 not now seem to be requisite ; for the feed of the country has been 
 greatly increased in quantity and improved in quality, by the feeding 
 down of the grass, which no longer allows of being burnt off, by which 
 so much of the roots were injured or destroyed ; and the continued dis- 
 covery of springs and water holes, leaves very little to be desired on tliat 
 account." 
 
 At the Adelaide Horticultural exhibition of 1848, prizes were awarded 
 for the best specimens of wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, onions, grai)es, 
 oranges, citrons, lemons, nectarines, apricots, i)eache8, apples, ixmiis, 
 plums, green figs, melons, raisins, dried figs, Jordan almonds and other 
 dried fruits ; vegetables, vegetable seeds, bouquets, wine, butter, clii'c>u, 
 honey, silk, and various other articles. 
 
 Several pieces of woollen cloth were exhibited, all of excellent trxtuip, 
 manufactured from the wools of the colony, and dyed with indij^ondii!! 
 dyes. There were exhibited some specimens of copper ore, from the 
 Burra Burra mine, an ingot of copper, and some copi)er manutacturnliu 
 Sydney into ribbons. The beneficial influence of the mineral dis- 
 coveries and mineral operations on the agricultural interests of tlie 
 colony, is duly appreciated by the farmers. 
 
 Laboun^rs earn ;3s. Oil. from the govcrinnent, and 48. Gd. from ])riv8te 
 persons per day, without i-ations, and »ro in -^uch demand that the pub* 
 lie works are at a stand. Shei)herds 10s. to 12s. per wtiek, with rations, 
 a cottage and fuel free. Mariners 4h. (Id., rea[)ors 12s. an acre. HJieareni 
 12«. per 100 bhoep, bullock drivers 24s. to aOs. per week, bakt^** SSu., 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 C7 
 
 I, where New South 
 
 blacksmiths 30s. per week ; bricklayers and masons 7s., brickmakers 10s. 
 carpenters 6s., saddlers 8s. per day ; Gardeners £50 per annum, with 
 I cottage. 
 
 Prices of provisions. —Wheat 3s. 6d. to 4s. ; barley 3s. 6d. to 4s. oats 
 4s. per bushel : bread l|d. per lb.; flour l^d. per lb.; tea Is. 6d. per lb.; 
 sugar 3d. per lb.; beef, mutton, and veal, l^d. to 3d. per lb.; fowls 3s. 6d. 
 per couple; Butter Is. 4d. per lb. Clothing a very little dearer than in 
 England. Tools scarce and dear. 
 
 Emigrants who are married, are preferred for a free passage, not above 
 forty years of age, nor having more than two children under seven, or 
 more than three under ten years. Single men must be between eighteen 
 and thirty-five. Single women under eighteen, are not taken unless 
 accompanied by married relatives, or acting as servants to cabin passen- 
 gers. They are not eligible if above thirty-five years. Agricultural 
 labourers, shepherds, miners, mechanics, female domestic, and farm-house 
 servants, are alone entitled to a free passage, and must give evidence of 
 character and qualification. Unprotected female emigrants are taken to 
 a house in Adelaide, and placed under a matron, until employment is 
 provided for them by a committee of ladies. The length of the voyage 
 from three to four months, and the outfit costs fro.n £3 to £4, — children 
 in proportion. The cost of erecting a labourer's cottage is from £10 to £15. 
 The steerage passage is from £15 to £20, intermediate £30 to £35, first 
 cabin £50 to £70. No serious accident has ever happened to any vessel 
 from England to Port Adelaide. Free emigrants must take (males,) six 
 shirts, six pairs stockings, two pairs shoes, two complete suits of clothes. 
 (Females) six shifts, two flannel petticoats, six pairs stockings, two paira 
 shoes, two gowns. They must also bring their own sheets, towels, and 
 soap. All emigrants to keep their old clothes, which are as good in the 
 ship and the bush, as the newest cut of fashion, and more comfortable. 
 
 The mining prospects of the colony may bo gathered from the following 
 letter of a settler : — 
 
 " On arriving at port, seven miles from Adelaide, I remained there 
 one week; I went to Kapunda mine, distant about fifty miles. Having 
 there got employ, we remained there about six weeks, and, hearing tliut 
 better earnings were to be made here, we travelled up forthwith, and 
 have remained here ever since. We are 100 miles from the city, and 
 107 from port. I feel persuaded that, had brother Nicholas conio out 
 \vhen I did, he would have done extremely well. There is here abundant 
 employ for all steady people, and likely to bo for many years to couie. 
 This mine is rxtremely rich, and considered the best in tiie world. The re 
 are no less than 700 pair of hands earning a good living for thcniMelves 
 and families. On my first coming to the IJurra, I worked on tut-woi k, 
 after a mor.th I worked on tribute, and worked very well. I belong now 
 to the bottom end, having taken a job. The average wages on tut-work 
 are from £1 158. to £2 a week, and they are settled up onee a niontli. 
 Tribute earn more if they are lucky; but this, of course, is chance work: 
 there are sixteen or eighteen other mines, but not all in course of work. 
 We have here a township of 300 houses, besides a fhurch and chajiel, 
 court-house, police-station, seven or eight good stores, four or fi\(i 
 butchors' shops, several schools, and u coui»le of public houses. Livinj^ 
 
9.' 
 
 1 1 
 in 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 lui i ■ i 
 
 i' 
 
 68 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 of the best may be readily procured. Butchers* meat is abundant and 
 sells for 2d. or 3d. per lb., and we often give more to the blacks and dogg 
 than many families consume in Cornwall in a week. In fact, everythfne 
 is cheap and good. Flour is 12s. to 15s. per hundred; tea 28. per Ih.- 
 cofFco Is. ; sugar 4d. ; and most vegetables may be procured for a trifle 
 in the winter. We have only two seasons. Summer begins about 
 October, and winter in May. In summer it is extremely hot, and at 
 times hot winds prevail, which do a great deal of damage to the corn, 
 and now and then swarms of locusts descend and devour all within 
 their reach. 
 
 " In summer, too, clouds of very fine dust darken the atmosphere fop 
 miles, and swarms of flies, fleas, bugs, and mosquitoes are then very pre- 
 valent. The ^vinter brings with it torrents of rain and abundance of 
 mud, often knee deep. Yet we soon get used to all these things and think 
 nothing of them, and we never hear of any one wisliing to go back 
 home." 
 
 The prospects of general operative emigrants seem sufficiently in- 
 dicated in the letter of Robert Walden : — 
 
 Dear uncle, — " I hope that some of my cousins will come here as soon 
 as possible ; for, if they are industrious, they may have sufficient to live 
 on in their old days. Farmers' labourers get from 12s. to 15s. per week, 
 and their house-rent and firing, and twelve pounds of flour, twelve of 
 1 ri utton or beef, two pounds of sugar, and half a pound of tea. Besides, 
 it is a free country ; we have no tithes, taxes, nor rates of any kind. J 
 do not know of any licence for any one thing but beer and spirits, and 
 that I have not tasted since we came into the colony, and I hopetliat 
 (;<)d will keep us from it while wo live. This is a beautiful country, and 
 aliout 3,000 miles across it; while England is hardly 300. We have but 
 (»iie prison in the colony. We have no unions, nor yet anv one going 
 ul»out asking charity, for all are at work and are well paid fo. it. Trade 
 is increasing very rapidly, as there are a great many emigrants from 
 nearly all parts. We have no snow here, only a little rime frost. This 
 is now the middle of winter with us, and I have not seen any ice at all 
 since I loft England. Our gardens grow green peas all the year round, 
 and cucumbers about nine months in the year. You may grow two crops 
 of potatoes and tuimipa a year. Onions and cabbages, turnips and po- 
 tatoes, the best I ever saw, and plenty of grapes, oranges and figs, almond? 
 and peache» in abundan o, all grow in the open gtirdcns. 
 
 " If any of you intend emigrating out here, make no delay. All that 
 come bring plenty of pots and kettles, earthenware, and such things as 
 you want in a house ; such as yuu can well pack in your boxes. Bring 
 all the tools you possibly can, for they are very expensive here. Bring 
 plenty of hatchet handles and hammer handles ; or for any tools that 
 may want handles. You will want them, as our wood will not suit for 
 that purpose, it splinters very much, a good riving hatcliet, or as many 
 as you can get, you will find very useful, as they are very expensive 
 hero : all tools are. You need not fear the jiassage, for it is a pleasant 
 ono. If you were to send mo a hundred pounds, and give me a house to 
 live in when I landed, I would not come back. 
 ** 1 am oarniug between £2 and il3 weekly, and out of that I uii^v 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 69 
 
 meat is abundant and 
 to the blacks and dogs 
 . In fact, everything 
 dred; tea 28. per lb.; 
 e procured for a trifle 
 ummer begins about 
 sxtremely hot, and at 
 f damage to the corn, 
 nd devour all within 
 
 en the atmosphere for 
 IOCS are then very pro- 
 in and abundance of 
 these things and think 
 B wishing to go back 
 
 seem sufficiently in- 
 fill come here as soon 
 have sufficient to hve 
 12s. to 15s. per week, 
 [itls of Hour, twelve of 
 3und of tea. Besides, 
 rates of any kind. 1 
 it beer and spirits, and 
 )lony, and I hope that 
 )eautiful country, and 
 ly 300. We have but 
 nor yet anv one goiiij; 
 ell paid iu. it. Trade 
 nany emigrants from 
 ittle rime frost. This 
 aot seen any ice at all 
 Eis all the year round, 
 I may grow two croj)! 
 ages, turnips and po- 
 iges and flgs, almond? 
 dens. 
 
 a no delay. All that 
 •e, and such things as 
 1 your boxes. Biin|i! 
 pensive here. Bring 
 or for any tools that 
 «rood will not suit for 
 ; hatchet, or as many 
 ly are very expensive 
 ;e, for it is a pleasant 
 id give me a house to 
 
 out of that I aU*»* 
 
 128. a week to the house for living, and my house is 8s. a week, and now 
 I caa save more than I could earn at home. Female servants get from 
 6s. to 12s. a week according to their servitude; women that go washing 
 and chairing, from 3s. to '« -. a day, as servants are so very scarce, a great 
 many ladies have to do r^>.Av own work themselves. Clothing is very 
 little dearer here than at home, according to wages. If any females 
 come, bring plenty of pins and needles, and such like, for they are verji 
 
 dear." 
 
 But in regard to the prospects of tlie capitalist, we are of opinion tliat 
 the following statement of Mr. John Coghill presents a less promisiufjf 
 picture : — 
 
 "From the accounts which I have lately had from the colony, they 
 have had a great deal of rain, and the cattle and sheej) are got into ex- 
 cellent condition; but the very liigh rate of wages is more than they cun 
 afford to pay, and they will be obliged to boil down very large quai>. - 
 tities. I have no doubt that from 800,000 to 1,000,000 sheep will b.i 
 boiled down this year, and from 3,000 to 4,000 cattle. — If a greater 
 amount of labour were supplied in the colony, it would lead to the in- 
 vestment of a great amount of additional capital to follow that labour. 
 This must be the case. The persons that emigrate to a new colony ha^ .; 
 very little capital. Men of property will not go ; it is men of limitetl 
 means who wish to bene^t themselves and their families, who go ; but 
 they arc not able to lay out a largo sum of money at first, and, if labour 
 is not to be got easily, they are at once stopped in tlieir operations. We 
 should cultivate arable land more extensively if we had labour j we would 
 do everything in a more extensive way if we had labour. For in- 
 stance, suppose I am living in a small house in the countiy, I would 
 bi<ild myself a comfortable place^ if I could get anybody to do it, but I 
 cfiunot get labour at a rate that I cjin afford to pay. In putting up some 
 buildings I had to pay 12s. 6d. a day to carpenters, and therefore, I 
 could not continue it very long. If the labour mo ''et were more abun- 
 dantly supplied, such a state of things would not eonthme; there would 
 be more cultivators of the land and a greater disposition to become pro- 
 ducers of wheat and other agricultural produce. If we had labour, there 
 is no doubt that a gi'eat deal of land would be brought into cultivation, 
 that is not in cultivation now, because they could raise wheat at a moro 
 reasonable rate. Another advantage they would have, there would be 
 better roads. There would be a larger quantity of wheat grown in the 
 colony ; if it failed in one i)art of the colony, we should have good crops 
 in another. The climate is very various. Alouf/ the coast the (j)ound is 
 low, and you ascend tip to liathurst and Argyle two or three , ^n.^fxiidfeet. 
 ^Vhile the drouyht is severely felt at Sydney^ aud along the coasC, there is 
 \pe,'hups ahandance of rain up the country. IJut, at present, ;»ersons do 
 '.»ot cultivuto to any great extent in that country, for tli(>s(^ t\vo reasons : 
 in the first ])liieo, they do nrtt raise more tluin they want themselves, on 
 account of the great expense of labour; and, in the next place, they have 
 I no roads to carry it." 
 
 A curefiil perusal of that most valuable and intrepid perh)dical the Emt- 
 kmn<«* Journal^ and of the otlier works devoted to the sultject of Aua- 
 jtralia, press homo to us the conviction that now, and for a long period it 
 
i' 
 
 :i 
 
 I I ■ 
 
 ill* 
 
 ; I 
 
 '1 ( 
 I t 
 
 
 70 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 will be quite unsuited for capitalists, or persons of the middle rankg. | 
 These publications teem with exclamations of self-gratnlation from work- 
 ing men on the happy change in their condition. Bullock drivers rejoice 
 in earning £10 or £20 a week — charwomen 58. a day, and full rations 
 — all kinds of labour in the same proportion. Now this is very paradi- 
 saical for those who receive the money, but in the same proportion it 
 must be ruinous to those who pay it. A farmer who gets only 32s. a 
 quarter for the best wheat, a grazier who has to part with fat bullocks at 
 Id. per lb., a flockmaster who has paid 20s. a head for ewes, and has to 
 pell them for 6s., has a very di/Terent story to tell. We can iind no letters 
 from capitalists in all this epistolary glorification. The land, indotxl, 
 flows with milk and honey, but it flows fi*om a pocket which the stream 
 empties to another which it fills. It might, indeed, be assumed, that a 
 country must be very productive to afford such high r* muneration for 
 labour. But it is not Australia but England, which affoids it. Stop the 
 current of British capital into the " Great South Land" to-morrow, and 
 then it would be proved that its trade was not carried on at a profit- 
 wages would fall to their level, and a different story would have to be 
 told. It is impossible that any trade can afford such extravagant wages 
 as appear to rule in the colony ; and we cannot avoid the conviction tliat 
 Australia is a place where a man who has any money goes to be stripped 
 of it by his labourers, unless he makes up his mind to descend to the class 
 of labourers himself. The lady must become charwoman herself, unless 
 8he makes up her mind to pay to her substitute a sum, which with ra- 
 tions, is equivalent to a captain's pay in the British army ! The gentleman 
 must squat on land where it is cheaper to buy bread than to raise it, invest 
 all his money in living creatures, liable to infinite accidents and fatal dis- 
 eases, and look to very uncertain profits to pay the wages and rations of 
 his hands — with this alternative, that he can only dispense with them by 
 becoming a journeyman himself, and must be content with the small 
 profits vviuch his own single labour can alone afford. Exorbitant wagps 
 for labour, which is not very productive, is not the only evil. The 
 greatest is, tlmt a moderate outlay will yield a very small, if any, return, 
 and that the investment of a large capital is scarcely prudent upon a pre- 
 carious commodity, such as sheep on a bai'ren soil, subject to dangerous 
 droughts. The Wakefield system, which fixes so high a price for laud, 
 and precludes the ..^quisition of small portions, renders it ditlicult tor 
 labourers, who have saved a little money, to settle as farmers on their own 
 account, and they therefore continue to ])ursue any kind of calling in 
 and about the towns, rather than devote themselves to the first gnat es- 
 sential in a new country, the settlement of the rural districts, and the 
 pursuit of agriculture. We are satisfied tliatthe profits of sliec'i) fiiruiini,' 
 are most gi-ossly exaggerated. The value of the increase is calculated fls 
 high us the original stock, wliile it is quite evident that the very fuct of 
 tli<5 greatness and ra])idity of the increase is destructive of its money 
 value. For a tinui, it would be better that there were neither large capi- 
 talists nor extensive stocknuisters in Australia. Let every shepherd get 
 a grant of as miurb haul as will graze fifty slieej), with the right of pftf- 
 fure over the neighbouring run. With his hut, his fleeces, a cow, and 
 Itii annual increase, he could keep all hit* family comfortably , and devuto 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 of the middle rankj, 
 ^atulation from work- 
 Bullock drivers rejoice 
 day, and ftill rations 
 V this is very paradi- 
 le same pi'oportion it 
 who gets only 32s. a 
 rt with fat bullocks at 
 . for ewes, and has to 
 We can find no letters 
 1. The land, indeed. 
 ;ket which the stream 
 d, be assumed, that a 
 ligh r* muneration for 
 h affoi ds it. Stop the 
 L.and" to-morrow, and 
 rried on at a profit- 
 tory would have to be 
 uch extravagant wages 
 oid the conviction tliat 
 ley goes to be stripped 
 to descend to the class 
 twoman herself, unless 
 I sum, which with ra- 
 army ! The gentleman 
 than to raise it, invest 
 iccidents and fatal (lis. 
 wages and rations of 
 ispense with them hy 
 )ntcnt with the small 
 . Exorbitant wages 
 the only evil. Tiie 
 small, if any, retuni, 
 prudent upon a pre- 
 subject to dangerous 
 ligh a price for laud, 
 enders it diHicult for 
 fanners on their own 
 ly kind of calling in 
 to the first great es- 
 ral districts, mid tlie 
 ofits of shecq) fanning 
 ■crease is calculated ns 
 that the very fact of 
 uctive of its money 
 5ro neitlior large enpi- 
 every shepherd get 
 th the right of ]m 
 
 fleeces, n cow 
 
 and 
 
 fortably, and devote 
 
 himself to his little store until ho could make it bigger. Careful tending, 
 nightly folding, would keep them healthy, and the hurdle placed near the 
 hut would raise luxuriant crops of grain and vegetables. Population 
 would be kept closer together — the crowds of the towns would spread 
 themselves over the country, and capitalists would devote themselves to 
 town speculations when wages became moderate. 
 
 At a future period, when the supply of labour becomes abundant and 
 I cheap, we do not doubt that much may be done in New South Wales and 
 South Australia by irrigation. In the latter, the rain falls in torrents, 
 and produces the most perilous inundations, raising the water at the 
 flooding season 90 feet above its natural level, and rendering the country 
 as muddy as Egypt at the overflow of the Nile. It only needs that these 
 torrents should be preserved in vast tanks and reservoirs, and let out to 
 irrigate the soil at convenient seasons, to produce a high amount of fer- 
 tility, and to gather vegetative power sufficient to resist the action of tho 
 heat, and to retain moisture when received. The Earl of Leicester was 
 enabled to create a vegetable mould on his sandy Norfolk acres by ''high 
 fawning," and by retaining them in grass after they had been once laid 
 down. Australia may be gradually fertilized by irrigation and manuring, 
 and to this end nothing would be more conducive than the encourage- 
 I ment of small farms and settlers of small means. 
 
 From the report of Mr. Chauncey, it would appear that all kinds of 
 JEuroi)ean fruits and vegetables grow in perfection in Australia, except the 
 currant, gooseberry, strawberry, and raspberry. Besides these, the almouil, 
 orange, lemon, fig, guava, melon, pine apple, olive, pomegranate, flourish 
 luxuriantly, and all fruit trees grow with great rapidity. It is probable 
 that at no distant date fruit and wine will become important articles of 
 [export. 
 
 Tho progress of the colony in agriculture, stock, and population, has 
 I been undoubtedly rapid. The population of Adelaide, the capital, cannot 
 now be less than 10,000. The town, which is symmetrically laid out, is 
 divided by the Torrens, "a chain of ponds in summer, a rapid torrent in 
 winter." Holdfast Bay, a fine land-locked harbour, capable of receiving 
 vessels of considerable tonnage, is the port, and is situated about 8ev<in 
 miles below the town. The Murray is described to be, for 200 miles of its 
 course, as broad and deep as tho Thames at London Bridge. Extensive 
 and fertile flats are on its banks, and both on the course of this river, the 
 Torrens, and other streams, irrigation might be successfully and most 
 profitably pursued, by damming up tlio streams at a comparatively small 
 I cost. 
 
 It is a great drawback to New South Wales and South Australia, that 
 [neither can be called an agricultural country ; and we incUne to the nn 
 pre88U)n that so long as there is room in more productive and fertile set- 
 tlements, it is not desirable to squat in tho first mentioned localities. In- 
 deed, we very much question whether they have been self-supporting ; 
 land are induced to believe that the continued incursion of capitalists into 
 I other locations, and tho unnatural demand thereliy created for stock for 
 New Zoaland aud other places, hav«» ruis(Ml prices to a point which is not 
 at all likely to be sustained. Mr. Carr, for (example, gives the followinjj 
 estimate of tho profit on a small flock of sheep. 
 
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 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 73 
 
 This estimate gives nothing for expenses of house, ofRces, rent of 
 
 Irun, carrying wool to market, or other items. The result is the effect 
 
 Iwlely of calculating the price of sheep, at from lOs. to 258, which are 
 
 only worth 6s., and the account, if stated according to the range of 
 
 I existing prices, would stand in the following less flattering position. 
 
 £ s 
 
 {Original cost of 400 ewes and 9 rams at 6s. a head 122 14 
 
 [Shepherds 225 
 
 347 14 
 lvalue at the end of three years 1679 sheep at 6s. 
 
 a head £503 14 
 
 iWool 153 2 
 
 656 16 
 
 [But deduct cost of run £10, of hut, hurdles, car- 
 pentering, &c., &c 
 
 There is left for three years* labour 
 
 338 2 
 
 50 
 £258 2 
 
 lor at the rate of £86 per annum, which on an outlay of £122 is /ery 
 fair, provided it can be depended on. But a single night may annihilate 
 the whole stock, and leave the proprietor in a far worse condition than 
 his shepherds. Indeed, the prospect is so discouraging that Mr. Sidney 
 declares it to be useless to begin stock keeping with a smaller capital than 
 £2,000, and another settler declares that £300 would be a mere drop in 
 the backet to begin with — a sum which would in America settle a yeo- 
 
 |man comfortably, on an improved farm of 100 acres. 
 A number of interesting letters from mechanics in Adelaide will be 
 
 I found in the Emigrant's Journal, from which the truth may be better 
 learnt, than from the books of travellers. About snakes, mosquitoes, 
 flies, fleas, bugs, and rats, they are compelled to speak. They cannot 
 put their thumb on the eiroccos and hurricanes, upon the winter torrents 
 
 m rain, and floods which suddenly rise 90 feet above the level of the or- 
 dinary channel, and cany every thing away with them. These persons, 
 as we have said, naturally speak in high terms of a country where many 
 employers are competing for each labourer, and unnaturally forcing up 
 wages far beyond the chances of profit to the capitalist. No doubt many 
 bold, energetic, hardy, and laborious men who begin with nothing, bring 
 about them flocks, herds, and lands, which they nominally appraise at 
 a high money value, and if their flocks escape catarrh, scab, and other dis- 
 eases; the owners may have something to show for life in the bush. But 
 these cases only show how little mere capital, and how much energy and 
 
 jhard work can do in Australia ; and the somewhat significaijt silence of ca- 
 
 Ipitalists, of the men who /)ay wages, and buy everything, in place of mak- 
 ing or rearing it, is not to be mistaken. Mr. Sidney well observes, that 
 "immense fortunes have been lost there" (in South Australia), '* I have 
 no doubt that the immigration of capitalists will very soon be tempo- 
 raiily overdone." "The greatest and safest fortunes will be made by 
 
 |grcg shops and stores, required by the labouring population." 
 ^i u 
 
! I 
 
 if; 
 
 74 
 
 i <i 
 
 '1 
 
 M; 
 
 ! 
 
 \ 
 
 AIJS'IRAM* I'KLIX. 
 
 AUSTRALIA FELIX. 
 
 Port Philip is bounded on the north by the rivers Murray aw 
 Hurne, Mount Kosciusko, and Cape Home, and on the east and soutl 
 by the Pacific. It includes an area of upwards of an hundred thou- 
 sand miles. 
 
 The settlement is divided into three counties — 1st, Bourke, embracing 
 Melbourne, the capital, which is on the banks of the Yarra Yarra, eight 
 miles fi'om which is the port of William's Town, at which large vessels 
 may lie. The population of the capital exceeds 13,000 souls. 2nd. 
 Grant, in which is the rising town of Geelong, 45 miles from Mel 
 bourne, on Port Philip Bay. 3rd. Normanby, which includes the har- 
 bour of Portland. Beyond the settled portions are Western Port, Mur- 
 ray, and Gipps's Land, Districts. The total population is, at present, 
 nearly 40,000. 
 
 Port Philip is somewhat further to the south than any other part of 
 Australia, and, therefore, much nearer to the nearest, (which is the south,) 
 pole. The defect of Australia being its aridity and excessive heat, it fol- 
 lows that that portion of it which is nearest to the pole, and furthest from 
 the tropics, partakes in the smallest degree of the defects of the island. 
 
 Accordingly Port Philip possesses a much more temperate, or Euro- 
 pean climate, than any other part of Austr&lia. The fall of rain is 
 abundant, and at more continuous intervals than in the other districts. 
 — the quantity of lake, river, and surface water, is much greater— the 
 cold, morning and evening, in winter, is sensibly felt, while the mildneis 
 of the day is pleasant, and a boundless extent of rich and arable soil fit 
 for the plough, and adapted, not for sheep runs alone, but for the best 
 cereal agriculture, may every where be found, especially for about 200 
 miles on Lake Colac, along Glenelg river, and around Portland and 
 Port Fairy. Abundance, over abundance, of fine timber is found all 
 through the settlement, a never failing sign both of fertility and moisture; 
 and gentlemen well acquainted with both England and Australia Felix, 
 regard the com lands of the latter, and the crops, as quite as fertile and 
 luxuriant as those of Kent and Essex. At least 30,000 acres are at pre- 
 sent enclosed and under the plough, and the colony, in 1847, possessed 
 11,400 horses, 290,439 cattle, 5,867 pigs, and 2,996,992 sheep, an amount 
 of produce, which, considering that the first land sale only took plaa 
 ten years before, exhibits a progress totally without parallel. A large 
 export of grain to New South Wales and New Zealand is carried on, 
 and the exports vaiy from £130,000 to £180,000, while the import 
 range from £250,000 to £400,000. Port Philip is a self supporting 
 I colony J indeed, there is a balance in the treasury of £40,000. 
 \ We regard the prospects of this settlement as far superior to those of 
 the other colonies of this island. Its superior capabilities for maintain- 
 ing a large population upon a limited territory, by a soil and climate 
 «which will enable farmei's to cultivate grain rather than stock, and! 
 live in immediate contiguity with each other, afibrding the unity es- 
 sential to strength, are advantages which are already establishing the 
 pre-eminence of the district. We entertain no doubt that not only the 
 
 r I*- 
 
AUSTRALIA irELIX. 
 
 75 
 
 le rivers Murray and I 
 
 on the east and south 
 
 \ of an hundred thou- 
 
 st, Bourke, embracing 
 the Yarra Yarra, eight | 
 at which large vessels ' 
 ds 13,000 souls. 2n(l. 
 , 45 miles from Mel- 
 hich includes the ha> 
 [•e "Western Port, Mur- 
 )ulation is, at present, 
 
 than any other part of | 
 38t, (which is the south,) 
 id excessive heat, it fol- 
 pole, and furthest from 
 e defects of the island. 
 re temperate, or Euro. 
 a. The fall of rain is 
 1 in the other districts, 
 , is much greater— tho 
 felt, while the mildness 
 rich and arable soil fit 
 alone, but for the best 
 specially for about 200 
 around Portland and 
 ne timber is found all 
 >f fertility and moisture; 
 d and Australia Felix, 
 ^ as quite as fertile and 
 10,000 acres are at pre- 
 my, in 1847, possessed 
 ;,992 sheep, an amount 
 id sale only took platt j 
 lOut parallel. A large 
 Zealand is carried on, 
 , while the import! | 
 IP is a self supporting 
 of £40,000. 
 J superior to those of 
 [pabilities for maintain- 
 by a soil and climate 
 er than stock, and to 
 iffording the unity es- 
 ready establishing the 
 •ubt that not only the 
 
 progress of population, but the advancement of society, and of civilized 
 institutions, will be far more rapid in this agricultural, than in the other 
 merely pastoral settlements, where even herbage is so scanty, and water 
 runs so scarce, as to render the wide dispersion of the inhabitants a 
 matter of physical necessity. It cannot be necessary that we should 
 point out the demoralizing influences of this over-solitude. The history 
 of the lumberers and trappers of America, who withdraw their conduct 
 from the supervision of public opinion, and the restraints of settled 
 society, is a sufficient proof of the importance of surrounding emi- 
 grants with the humanizing influences of social intercourse, and with 
 that discipline of friendship and neighbourhood, without which, civilized 
 man too quickly falls into the barbarous habits of the savage, and, at 
 .last ends, by renouncing the virtues of civilization. Agriculture is the 
 happy medium betwixt the wild irregularity of the Arab, and the sophis- 
 ticated vice of Paris ; betwixt the licentious freedom of human passions 
 left without the control of law, and the more pernicious contamination 
 of bad example, and the constraining pollution of the temptations of 
 populous and crowded life. There is something essentially irregular and 
 adventurous in the life of the mere drover or shepherd. He is but one 
 remove from the hunter. His calling has nothing of the methodical 
 order of that plodding industry which gives sobriety and reliableness to 
 the character of the gardener, or the ploughman. A nation solely of 
 shepherds, is but a tribe of Kalmucks, a congregation of trappers. Their 
 work is not steady, stated, punctual. It wants the discipline of rule. 
 Their outward appliances are rude, wild, " hugger mugger," wanting in 
 the decent external symbols of self- reverence and personal respect. The 
 Dutch boei-s of the Cape are of the same stock as the industrious and 
 peaceable dairyman of Rotterdam and Dusseldorf, and the honest and 
 orderly fanners of the Hudson. In every physical quality they are 
 their superiors, but mentally and morally they have, under the influences 
 of inferior social discipline, lamentably degenerated. 
 
 On every account, therefore, we have no hesitation in declaring our 
 conviction that Port Philip is by far the most eligible of the colonies, 
 which are embraced within the island of Australia. It is beyond all 
 question, better adapted by its more moderate temperature to the 
 European constitution — its superior fertility renders it best fitted for 
 agricultural pursuits — and its greater moisture and command of river, 
 : spring, and surface water, both for domestic and pastoral use, gives it 
 [advantages for farmers, stock keepers, and residents, to which none of the 
 other settlements can lay an equal claim. Even mere existence is made 
 more pleasurable by a cooler temperature, and by good water, a luxury 
 of which neither Adelaide nor Sydney can at all times boast. Private 
 emigration, therefore, and public colonization should, we apprehend, be 
 primarily directed to Australia Felix, where the nature of the soil favours 
 the concentration^ in place of necessitating the dispersion, of population, 
 and where the steady and substantial pursuits of agriculture may encou- 
 jrage peaceable, orderly, and industrious habits. On such a soil, the ac- 
 quisition of twenty or thirty acres of land will enable the small farmer 
 lor peasant to establish himself in comfort. The soil will not, like sheep, 
 [perish in a night, and seed time and harvest will not fail, even although 
 h II 2 
 
76 
 
 AUSTRALIA FELIX. 
 
 IM 
 
 Wk' 
 
 m 
 
 
 ■fi 
 
 i I 
 
 IM 
 
 ■cab should scourge, and catarrh cut off. The small capitalist also ma 
 here live well on the produce of a small freehold, getting his extraneou 
 luxuries with the interest of his mortgage. 
 
 Here, as in other settlements, the upset price of land is 20s. an acre 
 better worth the money than much in other districts is worth twent\ 
 pence. Small quantities may be purchased from private speculators, aiu 
 a good farm may be rented on very moderate terms. In a letter datec 
 Melbourne, 19th June, 1841, Mr. Jolly says— "I like this country very 
 well since my arrival. My son William was hired as soon as we arrived 
 for £24 a yeai"; and John, £12 a year; and James, £9 per year, and 
 everything found them. Me and my wife is hired for £65 per year, and 
 no house rent to pay nor fire wood to buy. The land in this country, the 
 upset price is £1 per acre. I could have rented 340 acres of good laun 
 for £40 a year ; and when you are travelling, you can go into any per- 
 son's house and get your bellyfuU for nothing ; and in parts of this country 
 they will keep you as long as you like to stop for company ; as for small 
 beer, there is none in the country. The current price up market is, beef 
 l|d. per pound, mutton the same; tea. Is. 6d. per pound; sugar, 3d. 
 per pound; flour, for one bag weighing 2001bs., £1 5s. — every other 
 thing in proportion." 
 
 A large capitalist, holding 305 square miles, and 30,000 sheep, in a 
 letter to Mrs. Chisholm, dated 25th of October, 1848, calls loudly for a 
 reduction of the minimum price for land to 5s. an acre, al^^^hough he 
 states, as renting tenants, farmers would speedily " accumulate wealth," 
 become " at once, well provided for, and be placed in the enjoyment of 
 abundance." " The immigration to Port Philip has been quite too tri- 
 fling. It will take 10,000 souls in one year to reduce the wages of an 
 unmarried shepherd to £16. Wages here are enormous, labour more 
 scarce than at any former juncture, yet almost all the immigration aiises 
 in Sydney, where wages are lower." 
 
 Agricultural labourers, engaged for a term, have a house provided for 
 them ; but the cost of erecting one ranges from £5 to £20, and the rent 
 of a town dwelling for a mechanic is from 4s. to 6s. per week. The nmth 
 number of the Colonial Circular, price 2d., to be had of all bookselleK, 
 gives the most minute particulars as to ships, times of sailing, dietary, 
 free or assisted passages, freight, clothing, rules of the ship, sales of land, 
 and every other essential point of interest. 
 
 It is important that it should be known that by a circular, dated 5th 
 of April, 1849, it is announced that such is the immense accumulation 
 of applications for free and assisted passages, that the Colonial Commis- 
 Bioners decline to receive any more for six months to come. 
 
 A very entertaining letter, dated Port Philip, 30th of July, 1848, 
 from a lady's maid, has been published by Mr. Sidney; she gives 
 most graphic description of the voyage, with which she was so well 
 pleased, that she wept when she left the ship. All her fellow pas- 
 senjers, especially the women, willing to accept service, were hired 
 at once at high wages, and had there been as many more, they 
 would have been gladly taken. She was at once engaged at £20 a 
 year, by the kindest master and mistress, at very easy work, and 
 declares herself quite heppy. The female servants rapidly get married, 
 
eJI capitalist also may 
 g^etting his extraneoug 
 
 f land is 208. an acre, 
 ricts is worth twenty 
 nivate speculators, and 
 ns. In a letter dated 
 like this country very 
 I as soon as we arrived 
 nes, £9 per year, and 
 i for £65 per year, and 
 and in this country, the 
 340 acres of good liuid 
 1 can go into any per- 
 in parts of this country 
 company ; as for small 
 )rice up market is, beef 
 per pound; sugar, 3d. 
 ., £1 58. — every other 
 
 ind 30,000 sheep, in a 
 848, calls loudly for a 
 . an acre, al<->iough he 
 
 " accumulate wealth," 
 Bd in the enjoyment of 
 [las been quite too tii- 
 jduce the wages of an 
 mormous, labour more 
 
 the immigration aiises 
 
 e a house provided for 
 5 to £20, and the rent 
 . per week. The ninth 
 had of all booksellers, 
 les of sailing, dietai7, 
 the ship, sales of land, 
 
 a circular, dated 5th 
 immense accumulation 
 the Colonial Commis- 
 ;o come. 
 
 , 30th of July, 1848, 
 Sidney; she gives a 
 hich she was so well 
 All her fellow pas- 
 service, were hired 
 as many more, they 
 ice engaged at £20 a 
 |very easy work, and 
 rapidly 'get married, 
 
 ATTSTRALIA FELIX. /ff 
 
 her two predecessors hSvlng been wedded to wealthy settlers, and visiting 
 tlieir former mistress in their own caiTiages. " Now," she continues, " I 
 have such a romantic fancy for the bush, that nothing else will please me 
 Had it been possible, J might have had four husbands ; for I have really 
 been annoyed with the fellows; but I again swear I will think of no one 
 unless my hopes are blasted in regard to Charles. With respect to this 
 country I like it very much ; it is now the middle of winter, and we have 
 had some severe cold weather. You would scarce believe I have seven 
 blankets on my bed, and am sometimes cold withal ; but the reason is, 
 my cottage, as I must call my room, is detached, built neatly of wood, 
 stands just inside of the garden fence ; it is about ten feet square. A lot 
 of English newspapers are pasted inside the boards, which overlay each 
 other to allow the rain to run oflf, of which sometimes we have a super- 
 abundance ; the roof is lined vntYi old canvas, and shaped like the old- 
 feshioned attics ; then I have a little bed v^dth curtains, and covered close 
 overhead, as a slight shield from mosquitoes, which abound here in hot 
 weather. I did not expect such weather as I understand there will be, 
 come Christmas. Strong men throw themselves down on the ground 
 almost dead from the effects of the siroccos, or hot winds, which some- 
 times seta the country in a flame ; when waves of flame will be seen 
 consuming everything before it. I have seen numberless trees which 
 have been burned in this way, trees as large as an English oak, the half 
 of the trunk burned away. They say there is scarce anything green to 
 be seen in the summer, everything is scorched up; therefore now is th© 
 pleasantest time. Most of the flowers are in bloom, and the weather so 
 beautifully bright, even when it rains it does not look so dull ; but the 
 weather changes very suddenly, a wmd may rise and cover every place 
 with dust in five minutes, and rain equally sudden. 
 
 " I have sat down several times to this letter; since I last sat to write 
 I have been crippled with rheumatism, as indeed, numbers in this coun- 
 try is said to suffer with it, the changes in the weather are so sudden. In 
 mercy's sake, do not persuade any more to come out, for there are several 
 persons in the three last ships not engaged, the wages have fallen very 
 low, and provisions will soon rise very high ; we have emigrants now 
 from England, Ireland, Scotland, France, and Germany, and many more 
 expected, so the country will soon get as poor as England, if tLey do not 
 stop free emigration for a year or two ; meal is almost the only cheap 
 article we have, and that will not be long, I fear. I dread the summer 
 coming, for the heat is excessive, and the flies swarm to that degree that 
 they blow the meat in your plate at dinner time. I an) sorry to say that 
 I am still suffering with rheumatism ; it takes away the use of my hands 
 and arms, but Dr. H.'s prescription has done ma a little good I think. 
 Was I not with very kind persons I should be most unhappy : my lady is 
 now lying very ill. I earnestly hope she will soon recover, for I respect 
 her very much indeed. This part of the country is overstocked with 
 emigrants, and the next that comes in they are going to send to Portland 
 Bay. I expect a storm is coming on. the wind is ready to tear up the 
 large trees, and the air is filled with dust; oh ! now it comes, farewell till 
 to-morrow. 
 
 "We had a most severe storm yesterday, and I was near being killed 
 h h3 
 
; i 
 
 78 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 k'i 
 
 ' ! i 
 
 I 'I 
 
 *v i 
 
 ) ; 
 
 k!- 
 
 i^i 'ti " 
 
 ■ ■! M 
 
 by a large branch of a tree falling as I was crossing tho pAdock, for thl 
 ^nd tsars the trees up by the roots very often ; it hm • iowQ me dnv 
 twice when I have been on high ground, it is so po;s*..vi.i, The cold 
 weather is not yet gone, and it is now the middle of August : this is onl) 
 our spring." 
 
 Port Philip is about to be separated from New South Wales, and erectedl 
 into the independant colony of Victoria. 
 
 In concluding our account of the province, it is desirable to observe! 
 with reference to all the settlements, that females should be especially I 
 cautious with whom they engage, either as servants or as wives. Em- 
 ployment is so easily obtained everywhere, that character is of compara- 1 
 tively small importance to any settler who has a mind to set good con- 
 duct at defiance. He has but to shift his quarters whenever he is found 
 out in misconduct, and thousands are ready to engage him. ^'Though 
 girls," says the lady's maid, " get married here immediately, I may say 
 still, there are a great many villains in this place, and many have left 
 their wives and married again, and taken their wives to the bush for a 
 time ; if found out they run away, and nothing more is heard of them." 
 
 At all the chief ports, committees of ladies have kindly undertaken, in 
 co-operation with the governor, to protect and encourage respectable 
 young women, provide rooms for their accommodation, and assist to pro- 
 cure them desirable situations. 
 
 Some interesting and instructive letters have been published by Messrs. 
 Chambers, regarding this colony, which fully bear out all that has 
 been said by other writers with reference to the impracticability of cany- 
 ing on stock farming to a profit on a small capital. With £500 the wiiters 
 found that nothing could be saved, and had to club stocks with two ac- 
 quaintances, so as to enable them to begin business with 1,000 ewes, for 
 which they paid 21s. each. Even then they had to do all the work them- 
 selves (four persons) and at the end of the third year only, they had paid 
 their expenses by the wool, having 2,000 lambs of increase for the profit 
 at 20s. each. It has to be borne in mind, however, that lambs fell to 
 about 6s. a head, which upon a stock of 3,000 head, would leave them 
 £300 behind the original cost of the first thousand they purchased 
 After they commenced the bush life, their letters are full of complaints 
 of the climate, the fleas, the wild dogs, snakes, wretched huts, and rude 
 solitary existence ; but subsequently, when they had become accustomed 
 to their pastoral duties, they write in high spirits, and with sanguine 
 hope, . 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 SWAN RIVER, KING GEORGE'S SOUND, PORT BSSINGTON, 
 
 KANGAROO ISLAND. 
 
 Western Australia, better known as Swan River, and including Aus- 
 tralind, occupies the south western portion of the great island of Austral- 
 asia, extending 1,280 miles from north to south, and 800 miles from 
 flast to west. It is twenty days sail nearer England than Sydney, and iJ 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 ^ 
 
 J the pAtScck, for the 
 hii-- '.iiiWQ me down 
 
 ► pov 111^, Tiie cold 
 f Au£,u3t : this is only 
 
 >uth Wales, and erected 
 
 i desirable to observe 
 } should be especially 
 s or as wives. Em- 
 iracter is of compara- 
 lind to set good con- 
 whenever he is found 
 ;age him. "Though 
 imediately, I may say 
 , and many have left 
 ves to the bush for a 
 ►re is heard of them." 
 kindly undertaken, in 
 encourage respectable 
 tion, and assist to pro- 
 
 n published by Messrs. 
 bear out all that has 
 )ractieability of cany- 
 With £500 the wiiters 
 
 ► stocks with two ac- 
 with 1,000 ewes, for 
 o all the work them- 
 r only, they had paid 
 ncrease for the profit 
 er, that lambs fell to 
 
 , would leave them 
 md they purchased 
 [re full of complaints 
 jtched huts, and rude 
 become accustomed 
 and with sanguine 
 
 IT ESSINGTON, 
 
 land including A«s- 
 
 Vt island of Austral- 
 
 md 800 miles from 
 
 than Sydney, and ii 
 
 the nearest point of the land to the East Indies. A considerable portion 
 of it beuig further south than New South Wales, and South Australia, 
 the temperature is more moderate always, and is often even cold. Its 
 entire exposure to the west and south winds of the Pacific, affords it a 
 more frequent and regular supply of rain than the former mentionei* 
 settlements. We have carefully examined the exploring journals of 
 Captain Grey and others, and are inclined to conclude, from these and 
 other sources of information, that the colony enjoys a greater share of 
 surface, river, and spring water, than the others. Being of granitic for- 
 mation, the soil is also more fertile and moist than that above sandstone, 
 the geological attribute of its rival settlements. Its dews are exceedingly 
 heavy, its grasses very various and nutritious, and the great abundance of 
 wood, brush and scrub, every where to be found, are evidences, not only 
 of a richer and more retentive soil, but also of the existence of material 
 for attracting and retaining rains. A number of rivers which, however, 
 are not navigable and of no great size, intersect the settlement, and good 
 wheat is raised in many places, besides extensive and prolific flocks of 
 fine wooled sheep. An experience of twelve years, enables the agricul- 
 tural society of the colony to report that they have never suffered from 
 those droughts which periodically scourge the more eastern and northern 
 portions of the island. The best whale fishing stations of Australia, are 
 found in this settlement. 
 
 The climate is on all hands acknowledged to be excellent and agreeable. 
 Nowhere is health more thoroughly enjoyed, or does the physical system 
 experience more comfort and agreeable sensations. For consumption, 
 asthma, dyspepsia, and nervous diseases, the region appears to be quite a 
 specific. 
 
 " Mornings and evenings," observes Mr Hutt, " sunrise and sunset, 
 are peculiarly calm, hushed, and beautiful. Distant objects appear actually 
 painted on the horizon, and their edges seem more sharply carved out 
 than I ever noticed in Italy. 30th May, my gardener tells me there was 
 ice in the garden early this morning. I found it cold enough for fires all 
 day, in rooms not exposed to the sun. Winter clothing is comfortable. 
 The duration of hot and cold weather is pretty nearly as in England. 
 Many persons wish a feather bed and blankets at night." Harvest season 
 commences in April, increasing through May, June, and July, and rece- 
 ding until they cease in November. Land and sea breezes blow with 
 gfeat regularity through the summer, and the west wind is always charged 
 with moisture. The atmosphere in the summer season retains so little 
 moisture that none but hardy and fibrous plants can withstand the drought. 
 The thermometer occasionally reaches 105 deg. in the shade, but the nights 
 are always cool." 
 
 This colony is much neglected : scarcely any body writes about it. 
 No jobbers, speculators, agents, or companies, agitate its claims, or re- 
 port upon its qualities. It made an unfortunate start under Colonel Peel, 
 and its distance from the older and more populated district, has retarded 
 immigration from thence. It is not a pushing colony. The settlers are 
 quiet, good easy souls, who take life smoothly, and wont put themselves 
 about, to make foi*tunes. " The society," observes Mr. Sidney," of Swan 
 River, is said to be rather superior, and the mode of life quiet and care<« 
 
80 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 less. I should say it was not the place to make a fortune ; but at timet 
 farms which have been some years in cultivation, may be bought on mo- 
 derate terms." 
 
 The regulations as to the sale of land, are the same in this as in the 
 other settlements. All descriptions of labour, especially connected "^"^h 
 farming, stock holding, and domestic service, are here very highly re- 
 munerated; and provisions, grain, meat, potatoes, are dearer than in the 
 other settlements, which still further enhances the cost of labour, as the 
 addition of rations uniformly constitutes a condition of service. 
 
 The statistics of the colony are very meagre, no writer appearing to 
 take any interest in its concerns. Tha West Australian Land Company, 
 has wound up its affairs, and there are no doctored reports, nor vamped 
 up statistics, — not even mis-spelled letters from happy Corydons, nor p 
 single Wilts or Dorset pauper, transmogrified by the magic of colonial 
 jobbers, into an Arcadian Amaryllis, to pour out her transported soul in 
 bad grammar, in joy of her altered circumstances, and mutton at a penny 
 a pound. There is, instead, only the grumbling of capitalists fleeced by 
 tneir labourers of high wages and expensive rations, in requital oflaboui-, 
 which the profits of the employment cannot afford. 
 
 All this is the natural effect of the Wakefield system. In a country 
 whose sole wealth is land and stock, capitalists should follow uL a long 
 distance, but should not precede labour. What can capital do for such a 
 state of things, but make cheap things dear ? In a new country if labour 
 is not fastened to the soil, by obtaining it in freehold, it will fly fi'om 
 master to master, and settlement to settlement, according as it sees em- 
 ployers foolish enough to bid too highly for it. Sheep will brctjd no 
 fiister, grass will grow no ranker, clouds will rain no oftener, for a mil- 
 lion of sovereigns, than for 20s. Capital, thon, can only have the effect 
 of making every thing dearer than its natural value. It is not the capi- 
 talists who have become rich, hrA the labouring men who, inured to 
 work, have risen from small beginnings by personal industry. Uulees 
 there be as much of the natural products of the country exported as will 
 pay for the imports, all the difference is loss, — a draw upon the colony. 
 If of £1,000 laid out by the capitalist, £750 is dissipated in the expense 
 of sending labourers to the colony, and only £250 worth of land received 
 for the whole, how is the individual capitalist benefitted ? He cannot 
 keep the labourers when they arrive. Nay the colony cannot keep them. 
 If wages are higher elsewhere, off they go, and leave their paymaster \r> 
 the lurch. It is on this account that we so often see the population of a 
 settlement actually decreasing^ by the emigi'ants running away to w)m( 
 newer Eldorado^ where some green capitalLsts are waiting im])ationtly to 
 be fleeced. 
 
 The latest news we have from the colony announce that speculatow 
 were busily engaged with the timber trade. Sandal vood was being sent 
 to India at the rate of £10,000 for 1,300 tons. Industry, diverted from 
 cultivating the soil, was throwing away its energies upon that which 
 might bring temporary profit, but would lay no foundation for future 
 productiveness. South Australia running after mines, and Western Aus- 
 tralia after timber, neglect the true sources of permanent strength, and 
 may, one day, find thcinsolvcs in the middle of a devastating drouglit, 
 
brtune; but at timet 
 lay be bought on mo- 
 same in this as in the 
 3cially connected ^-^^h 
 here very highly re- 
 are dearer than in the 
 cost of labour, as the 
 a of service. 
 ) writer appearing to 
 ilian Land Company, 
 reports, nor vamped 
 ,ppy Corydons, nor p 
 :he magic of colonial 
 ler transported soul in 
 and mutton at a penny 
 )f capitalists fleeced by 
 i, in requital of laboui*, 
 i. 
 
 ystem. In a country 
 luld follow ut a long 
 n capital do for such a 
 new country if labour 
 tiold, it will fly from 
 jording as it sees era- 
 Sheep will breed no 
 
 10 oftener, for a mil- 
 ,n only have the effect 
 
 It is not the capi- 
 men who, inured to 
 lal industry. Unless 
 |untry exported as will 
 aw upon the colony. 
 Isipated in the expense 
 orth of land received 
 efitted? He cannot 
 my cannot keep them. 
 |ve their paymaster i? 
 le the population of a 
 nning away to Bomc 
 aiting impatiently to 
 
 ince that speculator 
 
 11 v'ood was being sent 
 lusiry, diverted from 
 
 lies upon that which 
 foundation for future 
 les, and Western Au8- 
 .lanenc strength, and 
 devastating drought, 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 m 
 
 
 with no bread to eat, but a good supply of copper ore, and sandal planks. 
 America, the granary of the world, absorbed in manufactures and rail- 
 roads, discovered in 1835, that she must import wheat from England! 
 She has become wiser since ; and we trust Australia may not have to pay 
 dearer for the lesson. The American capitalists do not, to this hour, be- 
 come farmers. They leave the soil and its products to working men ; and 
 if they do buy farms, they farm upon shares, giving the practical worker 
 a thiivl of the produce for his skill and labour. 
 
 Western Australia raises most of the vegetable productions of the tro- 
 pics, and it is, therefore, obvious that the climate must be tropical. It 
 has its I'Ot winds, and we have seen by Mr. Hutt's account, that the heat 
 burns up all but the hardiest plants. It cannot be, therefore, but that at 
 certain seasons, the temperature must be all but intolerable. Nothing 
 can be mo-"^ Dpvnicious than the system which has prevailed, of scatter- 
 ing settlements all over this vast island. One should be fully occupied 
 before establishing another. We cannot advise settlers to go to any of 
 the settlements so long as there is room at Port Philip. There the soil, 
 Climate, productions, adaptation to the European constitution, are all su- 
 perior to those of any of the other colonies, on the main continent, and 
 by concentrating energy, capital, and population, in that favoured dis- 
 tinct, every class will be benefitted. A purely pastoral people speedily 
 degenerate from civilization. Agriculture is the main humanizer, to 
 which stock raising should only be auxiliary. 
 
 Mines are beginning to attract the attention of the colonists. Wo 
 have made it our business to procure from the mr t reliable sources, the 
 most rpcent information, brought up to May, 1849, received in reference 
 to this colony. Gentlemen of great intelligence, and of enlarged and 
 liberal views who have been long resident in the settlement, and exten- 
 sively engaged in its affairs, have imparted to us their views and knowledge 
 in a spirit of candour which has gained our confidence. At our request 
 they have favored us with the following statement of the present position 
 and prospects of Western Australia. 
 
 "Climate, &c. — Dry and extremely healthy — no seasons of periodi- 
 cal sickness. Land and sea breezes constant. No drought has yet been 
 experienced— as too frequently felt in other parts of the continent ; for 
 the westerly winds, bearing the rains of winter, visit the western coast ww' 
 obstructedly fi'om a boundless extent of ocean, wiiilo they are too frequently 
 exhausted in passing over the continent. Rlieumati.«n and ojjthalniia 
 are less prevalent ii this than in many surrounding settl«;ments. The 
 climate of the Swan River is the most deliglitful the writer of this ex- 
 perienced in Australia, or Van Diemen's Land. 
 
 "Population, &c. — The census of 1848, taken on the lOtb of Oct., 
 gives a total of 4,022. It exhibits both a wonderfully small ])opulati()n, 
 and one tint may be increased with great advantage to the iniirJgranr, 
 and the com. fry itself. It explains pretty clearly the cause of the sKvv 
 progress of that settlement, and gives the lie at once to the aspersions too . 
 frequently vented against it. This numlier includes tl * military also, 
 who amouiu to one hundred and three ouly. The male population sadly 
 exccofls the female, being thus : — males, 2,8 18 ; fomdes, 1,804. 
 
 ^' Tho males wh arc single amount to 1,201, while the females who 
 
82 
 
 WE8TBRIf AUSTRALIA. 
 
 are so, to 297 ! With regard to births in the colony, the balance of th( 
 sexes is most striking and peculiar. We have, * under three years of age' 
 —males, 267 ; females, 244. * Three, and under fourteen,' males, 606 • 
 females, 605 ! ! 
 
 " This population is made up of the officers of Government, the 103 
 military men, officers and privates ; farmers, squatters, sandal-wood 
 cutters, storekeepers, sailors, &;c. Sec. The natives of the territory are 
 computed at 1,960. 
 
 " The state of religion is of a very interesting kind, as the following 
 will show : — 
 
 Church of England r 3003 
 
 Wesleyanr? 276 
 
 Independents 187 
 
 Other Protestants 188 
 
 Church of Rome 337 
 
 Protestants not specified 311 
 
 Mahommedans, &:c. (these are Chinese & Coolies) 90 
 
 Religion not specified 80 
 
 '* The exports of the colony are wool, oil, whalebone, sandal-wood, 
 stock, and timber for ship-building (highly approved at the Admiralty) 
 — where a cargo, ex * Unicorn,' received in 1846, at her Majesty', Dock 
 yard, gave such satisfaction, tnat a good price has been guaranteed for all 
 such sent in future, as will be seen in another place. 
 
 "All kinds of fruits and trees flourish here as well as in any other 
 parts of the continent. Fruits of Europe and of the tropics together. 
 But, perhaps, the most successful of all is the cultivation of the vine and 
 olive. This, though yet in ^'S infancy, has favoured our settlement at less 
 cost and more successfully than New South Wales. Already do the colo- 
 nisis make annually their thousands of gallons of light wines. In a few 
 years, if pet)ple get to this promising portion of Australia, a rich harvest 
 will be gathered from the industry and disheartening toil of the present 
 pioneers of the country. 
 
 " In no case has the distressing want of population and labour been 
 more clearly shown than in the issue of the sandal-wood trade, which is 
 one of but two years existence. The reason of its not having been taken 
 up before is simply this, that nobody took it for sandal-wood, and the 
 discovery of its virtues was accidental. It commenced in 1847 — in which 
 year commenced also a sad importation of fiour and grain, owng to 
 labour turning off the land to the new pursuit ; which like all now spe- 
 culations was to effect wonders, aud, of course, gave higher wages and 
 promises than agriculture. 
 
 " Mark tL j way in which this importation proceeded :- - 
 
 1847 
 Sandal-wood exported 
 Flour, &c., imported 
 
 Tons 
 337 say at £8 
 
 1847 
 £2,000 
 2,789 
 
 1848 
 
 Bandal-wood exi)ortcd 
 Flour, &c., imported 
 
 Tons 
 1,319 say at £8 
 
 1848 
 10,.'i,V2 
 8,823 
 
 ' p 
 
 *' Who will say that in this colony, traduce it aa we may, there is not 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 83 
 
 , the balance of the 
 er three years of age' 
 iirteen,' males, 606 j 
 
 overnment, the 103 
 latters, sandal-wood 
 of the territory are 
 
 Ind, as the following 
 
 3063 
 
 276 
 
 187 
 
 188 
 
 337 
 
 311 
 
 oolies) 90 
 
 80 
 
 ilebone, sandal-wood, 
 edat the Admiralty) 
 t her Majesty' . Dock 
 leen guaranteed for all 
 
 well as in any other 
 
 the tropics together. 
 
 ation of the vine and 
 
 our settlement at less 
 
 Already do the colo- 
 
 |ight wines. In a few 
 
 stralia, a rich harvest 
 
 ,g toil of the present 
 
 ion and labour been 
 [wood trade, which is 
 lot having been taken 
 ^andal-wood, and the 
 ;ed in 1847~-in which 
 
 and grain, owing to 
 
 |uc;li like all now spe- 
 
 higher wages and 
 
 led:-- 
 
 1847 
 £2,090 
 2,789 
 
 IS4B 
 10,.%2 
 8,823 
 
 ^0 may, there ia »«t 
 
 much to do, and a great and secure opening, for the agricultural capita- 
 list and labourer, particularly the latter ? 
 
 " In 1848 we find an increase in the cultivation of nearly half as much 
 again as 1847. See following comparative statement : — 
 
 -■ 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 
 
 No. of Acres 3,3644 4,556^ 4,8S0 4,830i 5,I37i 5,784 7,0.50^ 
 
 among which we notice 114 acres of vineyard, wid ten of olive-yard, 
 planted in 1C48 ! 
 
 "It is astonishing to see the amount of property of the colonists, despite 
 their small forces. In 1848, we find — Horses, 2,095; horned cattle, 
 10,919; sheep, 141,123; swine, 2,287; goats, 1,431. 
 
 "There is a flourishing little bank, called the Western Australian 
 Bank, which has, for a long time past, yielded a dividend of 12| per 
 cent. The proprietary are residents of the colony, and they have a 
 London agency. 
 
 "With regard to the extent of available land, it must be acknowledged 
 that this colony is surpassed by Port Philip, Adelaide, and even New 
 South Wales, but news has just reacheu England, by which we learn that 
 a splendid tract of country has been found to the northward of Swan 
 River, and open to location. So that with this and the great advantage 
 the settler has there, of a perfect climate, and the absence of seasons of 
 drought, we may fairly prognosticate that Western Australia, from her 
 geopraphical position, will be no mean rival to her sister settlements. 
 And from experience, the writer of this can assert, that with society, un- 
 surpassed in the southern regions, an unambitious and contented mind 
 could revel here in a delightful climate, and a country possessing many 
 great charms amid numerous though not uncompensated '^ j-wbacks. 
 
 " All that Western Australia wants is one harbour on l.er coast, similar 
 to Sydney or Port Philip, and then it might be said with truth, she is 
 equal to them in all points. 
 
 "May Ist, 1849. 
 This paper affords another illustration of the evil of any colony begin- 
 ning to embark in trade, before they have taken care to provide themselves 
 with the common necessaries of life. This sandal-wood trade, may ulti- 
 mately do well as a secondary reliance for the employment of industry — 
 but to pursue it at the outset, is only to divert labour from the primary 
 object of settling, subduing, and civilizing the district, and to raise wages 
 for beyond the level of remuneration to any capitalist, who has the sense 
 to prefer the cultivation of the soil, to debasing the population, by the 
 demoralizing occupation of lumbering. 
 
 Mr. Mathew, in his most able and philosophical work, " Emigration 
 Fields," and who has travelled over the whole continent, and made 
 its clinmte his careful study, seriously contemplates the possibility of its 
 being periodically left by droughts entirely without food ; and urges upon 
 the attention of the inhabitants of all the settlements, the prudence of 
 erecting large store houses, where grain may be accumulated to be used 
 in the season of universal dearth. We have pointed out to many large 
 owners in New Soutli Wales tho great evil of encouraging stock raising 
 to tho neglect of agriculture ; but their answer is, that it will not pay to 
 expoii graia to Europe, —that for home use they raise more than they 
 
'^' i'.i: 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 84 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Cftn sell or consume, — that high wages cannot be paid without money 
 profits, — and that stock and wool are the only commodities that will yield 
 a remunerative pecuniary return. It is in pursuance of this logic, that 
 they have gone on breeding sheep until they have fallen to one fourth of 
 the price at which the original flock was purchased, and clip'ping of wool 
 until even that staple English commodity has fallen below the point of 
 remuneration. We are satisfied that when agriculture is raised to the 
 first rank as the great settler and civilizer, the richness of the soil, and 
 abundance of the pasture may be greatly increased, and that the r^al 
 difiiculty in the way is the Wakefield system, which prevents the acqui- 
 sition of land in small but adequate quantities, and the consequent settle- 
 ment of numerous labourers, who would be their own employers, and would 
 be independent upon capital, so long as the earth produced sufficient lop 
 their subsistence without it. It is very true, that so long as wages are at 
 their existing high level, as agriculture requires the application of a 
 great amount of labour, to its successful pursuit than store farming, and 
 as it demands a greater amount of skill, and minute personal superinten- 
 dence than a shepherd life renders necessary, gentleman farming will be 
 pursued at a loss in the colonics, as it is in the mother counti'y. But 
 farm labourers are thf; best farmers, — they requiie no wages when they 
 farni the land themselves, and that which the farm produces is sufficient 
 for themselves and for their families. They are yearly adding to the 
 value of the soil by its improvement, — the erection of buildings, —the 
 making of roads and gard^'n::;, — and t\ ey cor.centrate the population, 
 which naturally affects society, good fellow;ihip, neighbourhood and 
 mutual co-operation. In America, where agiiculture is the chitif jjur- 
 suit, no sooner has one man made a clearing in some wilderness, than lie 
 finds himself speedily surrounded by neighbours, who prefer even an in- 
 ferior location with society, to a superior settlement where they have to 
 be scattered remote from each other. A hamlet soon rises to a village, 
 and a village to a town. 
 
 It is rem-irkable that it has never occurred to the crotcheteers of the 
 Wakefield system, that if tliree-fourths of the caj)ital of colonists are 
 taken from them and sent out of the coijny in payment of the tran 
 sit of la1)ourers, the amount is absolutely lost to the colony, and spent on 
 the shi])i)ing of the mother countiy,— that freights are artificially en- 
 hat)('e(l l)y a forced demand, and thereby voluntary emigration diuoom- 
 aged. The steerage passage to America is £4 lOs. for a voyage of eijilit 
 weeks, and to Australia £20 for a voyage of sixteen weeks,— more than 
 four times the amount for only double the time of transit. The farce U 
 still more grotesque, if it be remembered that after the capitalist has paid 
 £7.50 out of £10(X), for the import of labourers, he has no security wiiat- 
 ever that he shiill get them allocated to himself, and that he has to i)uy 
 higher wages to them than any other employer in the world. Periiajjs 
 on their arrival at Sydney, the immigrants learn that high wages are 
 going at the Burra Burra mines or the sandal wood lumber trade, of 
 Swan river ; and off they go to hire themselves to masters who have not 
 paid one farthing to the emigrant fund, but who make a profit by wiling 
 away the ploughmen to their own speculation. 
 
 Nothing in more remukable iji the statistics of agricultural America, 
 
TASMANIA. 
 
 IP 
 
 agricultural America, 
 
 than the steady and rapid increase of population in every settlement. 
 Nor can any thing present a more striking contrast to that state of things 
 than the aspect of the census in the New Zealand and Australasian colonies, 
 in nearly every one of which, population appears to have stood still, and 
 in general to have retrograded, in the face of highly coloured descriptions 
 of the salubrity of the climate, and of the fecundity of the human race. 
 The disproportion of females to males in these colonies, is the chief cause 
 of their demoralization, and of the unprogressive character of the popu- 
 lation, and that cause can not be removed so long as the mass of those 
 who require wives, are only squatters, or labourers having no permanent 
 property or interest in the soil. It is notorious that the men living in 
 the bush or squatting, marry wives, get tired of them, and then run 
 away to some distant station,— picking up a new wife where they can, and 
 abandoning the first. No man could do that, if he were settled on his 
 own freehold ; because he could not abscond from his wife without 
 running away also from his own property. If capitalists had the sense 
 to see that after importing, at a great expense, large numbers of labour- 
 ers, the supply does not increase, because the labourers^ when they land, 
 migrate to other places, they would soon become convinced that it was 
 their interest to fix and settle families, by granting them farms at a very 
 low price, so that the labour market should be supplied by their progeny, 
 who would have little inclination to wander from their native home, if 
 they could easily acquire land beside their parents, brothers, and sis- 
 ters. It may, indeed, be retorted that if freeholds were easily acquired, 
 tlie progeny of the first settlers would refuse to hire themselves to capi- 
 talists, and insist upon acquiring farms of their own. If that contin- 
 gency did happen, is it not obvious that that would bo the very best result 
 which could occur for the progress, stability, and happiness of the colony, 
 by concentrating in place of scattering the population, and by inuring them 
 to plodding and orderly liabits, instead of the Wandering and unsettled 
 life of the shepherd or iiie squatter 
 
 TASM-ANIA. 
 
 Van Diemen's Land is an island 120 Tnihs south of the southernmost 
 point cf Australia, and extends 210 miles from north to south, and 150 
 miles from west to east, possessing an area about equal to that of 
 Ireland. It is separated from the g?'eater island by Bass's Straits. Of 
 small size, suiTounded by the sea, rugged and mountainous, and lying 
 between the 42 deg. and 45 deg. of south latitude, it has every ad- 
 vantage of climate, abounds in the finest harbours, and possesses several 
 fine rivers, and numerous smaller streams, and inland lakes of some 
 extent. 
 
 The u.' ^ haracter of the island, its insularity and its greater proximity 
 to the South Pole than the main island, have given it a climate greatly 
 resombling that of the fu-uth of Rugland. It produces no vegetation of 
 u tropical cliaracter ; but evti y pi oduotion that thrives in Britain, thrives 
 
 'or there. Including not only grass, grain, and fruit, but trees, men, 
 aiid live stock. Water of good quality is every whore to be found^ and 
 ram in regular, frequent, and abundant. 
 
 I 
 

 ii 
 
 * • ; 
 
 ii ; 
 
 } 1 
 
 ! ■ I 
 
 |i I" 
 
 V 
 
 -H ! 
 
 im 
 
 8G 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 One of the best signs of soil and climate is the abundance of the tim- 
 ber, which in Tasmania is of the choicest sorts, of great variety, and of 
 immense size. Here, as in America, farms cannot be cultivated until the 
 forest is cleared and felled, a tedious and expensive process, the cost of 
 which, however, is profitably returned by the great fertility of the land 
 which it has encumbered. Every where fine productive farms, well en- 
 closed, and supplied with excellent brick or stone-built houses and offices 
 are found. No part of the island can be further from the sea than 
 seventy-five miles, and the bays, creeks, and harbours, which abound in 
 every part of the shore, render the export of produce easy. Australia 
 subject to devastating droughts, and possessing little fertile soil, has Tas- 
 mania for a rich granary, which will never fail in supplying its wants. 
 Ths cereals of Tasmania are of the best quality, and the produce is very 
 great. For consumers it has not only its own population, but the in- 
 habitants of the neighbouring continent, the fishing navy which frequents 
 tiiobe seas, and ultimately, probably, the inhabitants of China. India, 
 nm\ the islands of the south and of the east. 
 
 The recent work of Count Strzelecki, on pll hands admitted to be a 
 Idi'jh. authority on the subject, thus describes the climate and asiDsct of 
 Ov^ country. 
 
 " Circular Head is found to have the summer of Prague, Lausanne, 
 W^^rtzburg, Karlsruhe; the winter of jNew Orleans; and the annual 
 »Y(r an of Toulon, and St. Fe de En.gota. 
 
 *' The climate of Van Di^mc^i's Land has never been shown to have 
 exercised any of those deleterious effects on the constitutions of Euro- 
 pean emigrants, which many climates, highly vaunted for their excel- 
 lency, have done. 
 
 " In Van Diemen's Land, the agricultural districts are superior In 
 appearance, to those of New South Wales. The details of farms and 
 ffirming are better understood and defined ; and the practical results 
 are such, that no country reminds the traveller so much of (the old 
 one) England, as Van Diemen's Land. There the tasteful and com- 
 fortablo mansicus and cottages, surrounded by pleasure grounds, gardens, 
 and orchardg; the neat villages, and prominently placed churches, 
 forming, ns it were, the centres of cultivated plains, divided and sub- 
 divided 1 y hedge-rows, clipped or bushed, and through which admir- 
 ably constructed roads wind across the island, are all objects which 
 forcibly carry back the n ind to similar scenes of rural beauty in England 
 and Scotland. 
 
 " The fhnns of the Vat; Diemen's Land Company are in a most ad- 
 vanced state: the rotation crops, and mode of working tlu land being 
 truly admirable, and present, together with the farm buildinfi:s, the 
 residence and gardens of the company's chief agent, an entirely English 
 aspect. The sample of soil, taken from a field, is of a reddish-brown 
 colour. It is fine grained, of moderate cohesion, and friable ; unctuous 
 to the touch, porous, and easily dries up. It does not onck during 
 drought, neither does it clog when wet. It is manured, and <he prin- 
 cipal crop it produces is wheat, of which forfi/ bushels is the average 
 return. The rotation is two crops cf turnips, and then a fine cropof wheat. " 
 
 The following account of the seasons, and rotation of employment 
 
TAaslAJKlA. 
 
 
 of Prague, Lausanne, 
 
 will further illustrate the nature of the country and the mode of life oi 
 
 uio settlers. 
 
 "January. — Warm weather and strong »ea breezes near the coas . 
 Turnip seeds shr Id be sown early, cauliflower, cabbage, and salad seeds. 
 Bud fruit trees. Sheep shearing over. Wheat harvest general. 
 
 " February. — Dry weather, with occasional showers, gather garden 
 seeds, and seeds of plants, and shrubs in the bush. 
 
 " March. — Dry weather, with alternate sea and land breezes. All 
 vegetable productions are now in perfection and plenty. 
 
 "April. — As fi*equent showers and heavy rains fall, take up and 
 store potatoes, carrots, &c. Sow wheat and barley in this month and 
 the next. 
 
 " May. — This and the month of June are the depth of winter in Van 
 Diemen' s Land. Thrash out the corn, feed pigs and poultry, and make 
 use of the plough. 
 
 "June. — Break up new ground. Plant out shrubs and trees. The 
 height of the lambing season. Black whale fishery is now in full force 
 and activity. 
 
 " July. — The average temperature of this month is 40 deg. of Fahren- 
 heit. The weather is occasionally wet, but the operations of the farm 
 may be carried on. 
 
 " August. — The beginning of spring. Keep the plough and harrow 
 at work. Collect manure, and refresh the pastures. 
 
 " 8' PTEMBER. — The most laborious month in the whole year with the 
 farmer and gardener. Every description of seed should now be in the 
 ground. For grass land, barley should first be sown, and as soon as it has 
 put on its first blade, the grass seed should be sown, well mixed. 
 
 " October. — This month resembles April in England. Plant pota- 
 toes. Sow Swede turnips. 
 
 " November. — Vegetation is now very rapid. Plant out cabbages, 
 &c.; young peas, potatoes, gooseberries, and straw-berries, are now in 
 season. Sheep shearing is at its height. 
 
 " December.— Hay harvest general, and barley harvest begins at the 
 end of the month. Prepare the soil, manure and sow turnip land, thin 
 and hoe Swede turnips, and mangel wurzel. Hoe potatoes, cabbages, 
 &c. Clip hedges." 
 
 These quotations speak volumes. They indicate an English climate in 
 all its best features, a thoro\ighly agricultural and well settled population, 
 a soil of the richest quality, abundance of moisture, and a temperature in 
 the highest degree favourable to the European constitution. Abundant 
 workable timber, every where accessible ; wheat forty bushels, (five quar- 
 ters) to the acre, good roads, and substantial brick houses, are facts,— and 
 gi-eat ones too. Nothing proves the industrious, settled, and oivili/.od 
 character of the population more than the habitual use of manure on the 
 forms, the successful cultivation of artificial grasses, the systematic atten- 
 tion to gi-een crops, and canonical rotation of crops, as also the extent to 
 which barley is cultivated. Wise men see the advantage of rather raising 
 forty bushels on one acre, than twenty on two ; of high farming on 
 a small holding, where soil and climate will admit of it, rather tlum bar- 
 biU'ons scmtching of the ground ov(U' a large suriace ; of rather having 
 » 1 :^ 
 

 ^U 
 
 
 f I 
 
 1^ i 
 
 88 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 eighty acres of fencing to upholrl, whete the enclosure will feed 1,000 
 sheep, than to have no fences but a crew of shepherds and dogs to herd 
 sheep, which must have 5,000 acres of scanty herbage to keep them m 
 existence. 
 
 The mountainous character of the country, besides making it pictur- 
 esque, varying the climate and habits of the people, and by the absence 
 of monotony, giving its inhabitants that love of home which is an in- 
 stinct of all mountaineers, must impart a certain hardiness to the popu- 
 lation. Impart a British character to the scenery, and greatly facilitate the 
 process, both of surface and under draining. 
 
 We observe that a hut fit for a labourer costs fi'om £10 to £15; a slab 
 (shepherd's) hut £5 ; a brick or stone house £20 to £25, and a town 
 lodging from 2s. to 3s. per week. " According to the latest information, 
 (Colonial Circular, No. 9,) there is a great demand in this colony for free 
 labourers." While in Australia, potatoes are 7s. per cwt., in Van Die- 
 men's Land they are only 3s., and wheat is 36s. per quarter, — a moderate 
 price to the consumer, and a fair profit to the producer. Beer, also, is 
 only Is. per gallon, against 4s. to 5s. in Aiistralia. Wages, too, notwith- 
 standing the demand for labour, are thirty per cent, lower than in the 
 neighbouring colonies, but still higher than in England, and averaging 
 a fair remuneration to the labourer, and a moderate outlay to the capitalist. 
 Nothing can show the superior advantages of the colony better tlian this 
 fact, that wages are less in Tasmania, than on the main continent, because 
 it indicate:* that there is a greater influx of labourers to supply the mar. 
 ket, and that they are contented to submit to lower remuneration in 
 consideration of the preferable attractions of the colony. 
 
 The summer heat, according to Mathew, ranges about 70 degrees. 
 Occasionally, for a day, the sirocco raises it to 100 deg. Frost never 
 exists, except during the night, and disappears with the day's sun. It is 
 said that the change of temperature betwixt day and night is more 
 extreme than in England, and requires caution to avoid colds and rheu- 
 matisms. It would alsD appear that snakes of a somewhat dangerous 
 kind are rather numerous, but the progress of settlement, and the breed- 
 ing of hogs, which are the great enemies of snakes, will at no distant 
 date probably extirpate them. The trees are so fine, that some have been 
 found of 150 feet stem, free of branches and thick enou ;h to render it 
 practicable to drive a stage coach from end to end of tho, stem. 
 
 " There is a depression," observes Mr. Mathew, "along the middle of 
 the island, commencing with the fine harbour, firth, and valley of the 
 Derwent on the south-east coast, and running at first north-west and then 
 north, along the valley of the Derwent, which flows soutli-enst, and then 
 along the valley of the Tamar, which flows north till it meets the sea at 
 the mouth of that river, at Bass's Straits. Tliis depression consists of 
 rich level land. It is chiefly in this protect<Ml low country, constituting 
 the double basin of tlie Derwent and the Tamar, that the cultivation of 
 wheat and potatoes is carried on ; tlie mountain districts on both sides, 
 of inferior quality, being more suited for grazing." llobart Town, the 
 cajntal, is beautifully situated on the Derwent, twenty miles from its 
 mouth, boasts the finest anchorage, and admits any numl>er of vessids of 
 the largest burden. It possesses noblo wharves for the heaviest tonnage. 
 
TASMANIA. 
 
 m 
 
 is embosomed amid groves and a fine amphitheatre of hills, and displays, 
 besides fine streets, many elegant suburban villas. Launceston, on the 
 north side of the island, is connected with Hobart Town by a fine road 
 121 miles long, and is situate forty-five miles up the Tamar, at the con- 
 fluence of the north and south Esk. It is in the midst of the finest land 
 in the island, and possesses an excellent harbour, capable of admitting 
 vessels of 400 tons burden. 
 
 It is one of the drawbacks of this colony that all the best land in it is 
 already appropriated. But the Van Diemen's Land Company dispose of 
 lots of eighty acres, or even less at 40s. an acre in fine districts, and af- 
 foi*d every assistance to the settler in supplying him with stock, imple- 
 ments, seed, &c., at a reasonable rate. One half of the purchase money 
 must be paid down, with an allowance out of it of £20 for a passage to 
 the colony, the rest by instalments, spread over seven yeai*s. There are 
 no convicts employed on the company's lands, nor within 150 miles, and 
 the aboriginal natives were entirely removed from the island in 1830. 
 
 That Tasmania is a penal colony must always operate as an objection, 
 from the inferior morality attaching to such a class, and from the dispro- 
 portion of the sexes, which is its invariable accompaniment. But it is 
 not wise to exaggerate this disadvantage which the settlement of free emi- 
 grants is daily diminishing, and it affords an additional supply of labour, 
 and induces the expenditure of government money in the island. 
 
 The statistics of the island are somewhat meagi'e. The population in 
 1847, was 57,420. In 1841, the exports of wool to the United Kingdom 
 were 3,597,531 lbs. In 1840, the imports amounted, according to 
 M'Culloch, to £988,356, and the exports to £807,607. Tonnage out- 
 wards and inwards to 171,782. Produce of corn in 1838, 970,000 bushels ; 
 sheep, 1,214,000 head ; 75,000 cattle ; 9,650 horses j 2,409 goats. Re- 
 venue, £138,501 ; expenditure, £133,681. The upset price of land at 
 the public sales is 12s. an acre. The island is from six to eight days sail 
 nearer England than Sydney (800 miles), and freights and passage 
 money are proportionably less. 
 
 If the foregoing statistics by M'Culloch are to be relied on, the exports 
 appear to have sustained a diminution, as they only amounted to 
 £582,585 in 1846. No less than £150,045 worth of corn was that year 
 exported to England and the neighbouring colonies. Only eight emi- 
 grants arrived in the colony in 1847, while 2,751 went from thence to 
 Port Philip in that year, a rather unfavourable symptom of the colony. 
 The average price of land was 22s. an acre, and of wheat 4s. 6d. a bushel. 
 
 From the limited size oi ^ island, its comparatively long settlement, 
 its mountainous character, and the fact that a considerable proportion of 
 it is unfit for cultivation, land, in eligible districts, is proportionately 
 high in price, and farms, in good situations, ure scarcely to be had at a 
 moderate cost. But we consider property here, worth all the diftercnce 
 of the money which it costs on the main island, and as it may be had in 
 small pai'cels to suit the most moderate CHi>ital, we have no doubt that an 
 ludustrious labourer might raise as nmch on ten acres in Tasmania, as on 
 "fty in New South Wales. He will ylso be, generally, sure of fair prices 
 in couHequence of the demauu ior cuittle and grain in the loss favr)red 
 lifcigUboL'rijog x:oatiueut; tlii natural etfect of Australian droiighis, barren- 
 
 i3 
 
90 
 
 THB AUCKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 i I M 
 
 Vi 
 
 ness, and the influx of consumers from the mother country. Cattle and 
 horses are far larger, fatter, and more mettlesome in Tasmania than in 
 Australia, from the richness of the pasture, and a climate which is kindly 
 without being enervating. For these, the demand in the neighbouring 
 settlements must always be considerable to improve and keep up tha 
 breed. 
 
 The mode of life and of conducting agricultural operations in Tas- 
 mania, is so similar to what it is in the mother country that it requires 
 no particular description. Fences in place of shepherds and cattle runs; 
 clover and rye grass, in place of scanty and natural herbage; trees, run- 
 nir g brooks, inland lakes, abundant dairy produce, and the waving of 
 the yellow corn, remind the traveller of England and settled industry. 
 The hills, and waterfalls, and mountain air, give to each man's home a 
 distinctive character, and inspire the mind with feelings of energy and 
 hardy independence. 
 
 On the whole, we are inclined to give this island the preference of all 
 our colonies. It has no earthquakes or continuous high winds, and pos- 
 sesses a better soil than New Zealand. It has no droughts like Australia 
 — it has no simooms or oppressive heats, and possesses the alternations of 
 season experienced in Britain. It has a much finer climate than Canada, 
 and is almost as productive as the western states, with a better market 
 and greater proximity to the sea. It affords the greatest enjoyment in 
 the shape of weather and temperature, and is eminently conducive to 
 health. That it is scarcely mentioned in the current handbooks on emi- 
 gration, is, perhaps, to be accounted for, by the fact, that it has no land 
 jobbers who wish to push sales. As yet, its government is a sort of vice- 
 royalty of New South Wales, but since 1825, all its domestic concerns 
 are admini,=tored by a local executive, and legislative council. In every 
 respect, it is y colony which, mindful of the responsibility we incur in 
 advice on a subject so momentous to those who follow it, we think, de- 
 serves the first attention of all intending emigrants. 
 
 THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 The Auckland Islands are situated in the latitude of 51 deg. south, and 
 longitude of 166 deg. east, about 180 miles south of New Zealand, and 
 900 south-east from Van Diemen's Land. At pre:^3nt, they are much 
 frequented by whaling vessels for the purposes of the fishery, especially 
 in the months of April and May, when the whales come into the bays to 
 calve. The group consists of one large and several smaller islands. The 
 largest island is about thirty miles long, and fifteen miles broad ; it con- 
 tains about 100,000 acres, and has three harbours, whose entrances are 
 from the eastward. 
 
 " The western side of this island," observes Mr. Enderbey, "is a per- 
 pendicular, bluff, iron-bound coEist, with deep water within 100 fethoms 
 of the shore, while the eastern coast is principally lined with a pebble or 
 sandy beach, behind which are extensive level plains, covered with beau- 
 tiful grass and refreshing verdure, extending back about five miles, and 
 then rising into elevat id hills. All the hills, except a few of the highest, 
 

 T^B AUCKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 91 
 
 and the waving of 
 
 covered with beau- 
 
 are thickly covered with lofty trees, flourishing with such extraordinary 
 vigour as to afford a magnificent prospect to the spectator. The large 
 trees are principally of two sorts. One of them is of the size of our 
 large firs, and grows nearly in the same manner ; its foliage is an excel- 
 lent substitute for spruce in making spruce beer. The other resembles 
 our maple, and often grows to a great size ; but it is only fit for ship- 
 building or fuel, being too heavy for mast^ or spars of any dimensions. 
 The quality of the soil in this island is sufficiently indicated by the uni- 
 form luxuriance of all its productions. Were the forests cleared away, 
 very few spots would be found that could not be converted to excellent 
 pasturage or tillage land. The valleys, plains, hill-sides, and every spot 
 where the rays of the sun can penetrate, are now clothed with a strong, 
 heavy, luxuriant grass, interspersed with many other plants. An Ame- 
 rican explorer observes : — A thick growth of underwood covered the sur- 
 face of the lower ground. On the highest parts, the small level spots 
 were covered only with moss and a description of tall grass, and in places 
 also a kind of grain grew abundantly ; t^ , round was very dry every- 
 where, all the water being found in the jjiieams, which were numerouf 
 and pure. Near the summit the ground was perforated in all directions^ 
 probably by birds who rear their young in these holes. Many of the 
 birds, principally procellaria, were sitting on the ground ; they made no 
 effort to escape, but suffered themselves to be taken without any attempt 
 at resistance. The forest was full of small birds of three or four differ- 
 ent species, which were perfectly fearless ; one fellow alighted on my cap 
 as I was pitting under a tree, and sang long and melodiously ; another 
 and stili smaller species, of a black colour, spotted with yellow, was 
 numerous, and sang very sweetly ; its notes were varied, but were like 
 those of our blackbird : occasionally, a note or two resembled the lark's. 
 Hawks, too, are numerous, and might be seen in almost all the dead 
 trec$s in pairs. Dr. Holmes remarks, that he was occupied fully an hour 
 in making his way for 100 yards where to all appearance a human step had 
 never before trodden. There was not a vestige of a track ; old trees were 
 fitrewn about irregularly ; sometimes kept erect by the pressure from aU 
 sides. Sometreeswere seen upwards of seventy feet in height, although they 
 were generally from fifteen to twenty. Every part of the island was 
 densely covered with vegetation. The soil, from the decomposition of 
 vegetable matter, had acquired considerable richness. Some plants re- 
 sembling the tropical plants were found. Some attempts at forming a 
 garden were observed at one of the points of Sarah's Bosom, and turnips, 
 cabbages, and potatoes, were growing finely, which, if lefl; undisturbed, 
 will soon cover this portion of the island ; to these a few onions were 
 added. The harbour of Sarah's Bosom is not the most secure ; that of 
 Laurie's (Ross's) is protected from all winds, and has a large and fine 
 streamlet of water at its head. The rocks are covered with limpets, and 
 small fish of many varieties are caught in quantities among the kelp. The 
 crew enjoyed themselves on chowders and fries. No geese were seen ; 
 and the only game were a few grey ducks, snipe, cormorants, and 
 the common stag. The land birds are excellent eating, especially the 
 hawks." 
 Sir James Clark Ross, in his voyage of discovery, remained at th« 
 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 11.25 
 
 [21 
 
 
 
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 33 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WIISTM.N.V. I4SI0 
 
 (71«)t73.4S03 
 

 
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 1)2 
 
 THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS 
 
 Auckland Islands twenty-two days. He describes Laurie Harbour 
 perfectly land-locked, and a steep beach on the southern shore as affow 
 ing great facility for clearing and reloading vessels requiring to be heavt 
 down for any extensive repair. 
 
 No species of animal is found on the Aucklands, except the domestj 
 introduced some years ago ; goats and rabbits, all which find amp] 
 food on a curious vegetable. The climate is healthy and favourable 
 vegetation. The Colonization of the Islands will be contingent oi 
 the success of the fishery ; every acre of land will be put in requisitiol 
 for supplies for the ships of the Company and others touching at th] 
 Island; consequently the Company will carefully reject all offers to purl 
 chase land coming from pei*sons who do not engage to bring it into im] 
 mediate use for the required purposes. 
 
 Mr. Enderby calculates that the annual expenditure of the Southen 
 Whale Fishery Company at the Auckland Islands, for the establishmeni! 
 and for the re-equipment of thirty vessels for the fishery, cannot fall 
 much short of £40,000. " This sum will embrace the salaries to the 
 Company's officers and servants, and wages to sundry mechanics and 
 labourers employed in laying out roads, constructing wharves, storehouses, 
 houses, cottages, &c., together with the expenses incidental to the fisher}-, 
 such as for the capture of whales coming, into the bays, boiling out the 
 oil, discharging the cargoes of the ships, storing, filling up, searching, 
 and coopering the oil, cleansing whalebone, and reshipping the whole on 
 board freighting vessels ; setting up and coopering the casks intended to 
 replace those filled ; repairing, when necessary, the hull, masts, rigging, 
 and sails of the whaling ships, and also the stores ; purchasing 900 tierces 
 of beef and pork, l''>0 tons of potatoes, 100 tons of biscuit, 50 tons of flour 
 and other stores, fresh meat, poultry, vegetables, grocery, cheese, butter, 
 &c. The above expenses may be estimated at £20,000., and if we add 
 the wages of 700 seamen, estimated at £20,000 per annum more, the 
 amount will be, as before stated, £40,000, the whole or greater part of 
 which will probably be expended on the island. Such a colony must 
 hold out a reasonable expectation to settlera that they will find there an 
 extensive and profitable demand for their labour and produce." 
 
 In addition to this fixed expenditure, all the ports of the i land will he 
 free to the whole world, and numerous vessels will find it ])rofitabltt 
 to visit, and, consequently, to employ and spend money amongst tlia 
 Auckland islandera. 
 
 It is obvious from the foregoing description that these islands o]>('n a 
 very limited, but at the same time a somewhat eligible field of oniigra- 
 tion. Climate, soil, water, harbours, access, markets, are entirely un- 
 exceptionable. Indeed, in regard to markets, they must be the be^t iB 
 the world as the demand and consumption of agricultural produce, must 
 always and progressively exceed the possible supply. To Orkney, Sh«'t- 
 land, and West, highlanders, inured at home to combine farming with 
 fishing, the settlement presents the greatest attractions, and it is eviiU'ut 
 that emigrants from these localities must be very valuable settlors. 
 
 Mr. Endorbey, who discovered the islands in 180(i, and received a iirmi 
 of them from the crown, has coded them to a company in the viow of 
 applying capital to their i»cttlemout, and Uie puiiiiuit of the block uiiil 
 
)GS Laurie Harbour as 
 luthern shore as affoi'd- 
 i requiring to be heaved 
 
 is, except the domestic 
 all which find ample 
 althy and favourable to 
 will be contingent on 
 ill be put in requisition 
 others touching at the 
 reject all offers to pur- 
 age to bring it into im- 
 
 iditure of the Southern 
 s, for the establishment 
 ;he fishery, cannot fall 
 race the salaries to the 
 sundry mechanics and 
 g wharves, storehouses, 
 acidental to the fishery, 
 le bays, boiling out the 
 :, filling up, searching, 
 38hipping the wliole on 
 g the conks intended to 
 e hull, masts, rigginjr, 
 purchasing 900 tierces 
 jiscuit, 50 tons of flour 
 Tocery, cheese, butter, 
 20,000., and if we add 
 
 per annum more, the 
 
 lole or greater part of 
 Such a colony must 
 
 hey will find there an 
 
 id produce." 
 of the i land will bo 
 
 vill find it profitablo 
 money amongst the 
 
 ; these islands open a 
 fible field of (Mnigra- 
 ets, are entirely un- 
 must be the best in 
 Itural produce, muAt 
 To Orkney, Slut- 
 ombine farming with 
 ons, and it Is evidiiii 
 uable settlors, 
 and received a jrranl 
 npany in the vii'w of 
 luit of the black and 
 
 THK FALKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 m 
 
 sperm whale fishing. The terms on which the lands are to be sold 
 appear to be not yet settled, but it is obvious that 100,000 acres, even if 
 all arable, could not settle comfortably more than 250 families, making 
 clear allowance for the wants of the future and rising generation — so that 
 it ia probable the company will pick their o^vn settlers. 
 
 • 
 
 r 
 
 ' , THE FALKLAND ISLANDS. 
 
 These are between lat. 51 deg. and 52 deg. 45 sec. South, and long. 
 57 deg. 20 sec, and 61 deg. 46 sec. West, about 1,000 miles S.S.West 
 from the estuary of La Plata, 240 N. E., Terra del Fuego, and 7,000 
 miles from London, occupying a position in the line of vessels bound to 
 double Cape Horn. There are 200 of them, but only two of any conse- 
 quence, 130 miles by 80, and 100 miles by 50. They possess a sufficiently 
 temperate, almost English climate, a soil excellently adapted for pasture 
 which is abundant, and plenty of good water. But no wood gi'ows, nor 
 are the islands capable of producing corn with any degi'ee of success. 
 Wild cattle, horses, pigs, goats, and rabbits, are large, fat, and exceed- 
 ingly abundant, and all sorts of European vegetables grow luxuriantly. 
 As stations for sheltering, refitting, and victualling ships, these islands 
 present great facilities in their safe and excellent harbours ; but the fre- 
 quency with which they have been abandoned, proves that they can pre- 
 sent very few attractions to the settler. Two hundred Robinson Crusoes 
 might there find desert islands a piece, and nobody to disturb their 
 soUtary sulkiness. Sea elephants, seals, and whales abound, as also 
 aquatic birds. The islands are the resort of whales and sealers of all 
 nations, and ships bound for Cape Horn. They present no other note- 
 worthy features. At the last accounts upwards of 200 settlers, mostly 
 Scotch, formed the population, chiefiy engaged under Mr. Lafone in 
 taming the wild cattle, and preparing to supply fresh meat to ships, of 
 which upwards of one thousand pass the island yearly. A patent slip has 
 been constructed for refitting ships, of which very few visit the colony. 
 
 

 iM 
 
 ' I 
 
 I ' 
 
 m 
 
 1 1 
 
 ■ I 
 
 i; 
 
 ♦4* 
 
 ' h' 
 
 I' 
 
 "'} 
 
 !i 
 
 ^ 
 
 • ,1 
 
 I 
 
 IP.' 
 
 94 n^MAlMJNU IIRITISH COLONIES. 
 
 REMAINING BRITISH COLONIES. 
 
 For the sake of completeness, we hero present a Tabular view of I 
 number and state of our dependences, which scarcely come within 
 sphere of regions desirable for settlement : — 
 
 EUROPE. Population. Imports, 
 
 Gibraltar 15,008 £1,040,507 
 
 Kxjtor 
 
 Malta and Gozzo 105,450 
 
 Ionian Isles 223,349 
 
 Heligoland 2,000 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Newfoundland 74,705 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 Antigua 35,412 
 
 Barbadoes » 102,005 
 
 Dominica .... 18,000 
 
 Grenada 20,994 
 
 Jamaica 37,3405 
 
 200,009 
 123,928 
 
 Montserrat 7,119 
 
 Nevis 7,434 
 
 St. Kitt's 22.482 
 
 St. Lucia 14,179 
 
 St. Vincent 27,122 
 
 Tobago 11,478 
 
 Tortola 7 731 
 
 Virgin Islands 
 
 Trinidad 39,328 
 
 Bahamas 23,048 
 
 Bermuda 8,933 
 
 Demerara 74,883 
 
 Berbice 21 ,640 
 
 Honduras 7,935 
 
 Bermuda 1 ,500 
 
 Anguilla 3,006 
 
 MISCKLLANEOrS. 
 
 Mauritius 135,197 
 
 St. Helena 4,730 
 
 Sierra Leone 44,035 
 
 Cape Coast Castle 800,()(M) 
 
 Ceylon 1,241,825 
 
 Singapore, Hong Kong, Labuan 
 
 EAST INDIAN EMPIRE. Popnlntion. 
 
 British Proper 503,000 square miles; 94,2(50,000 
 
 Allies and Tributaries 52(»,000 ditto 38,000,000 
 
 708,887 £853,2( 
 
 237,905 407,9' 
 
 504,484 54(1,71 
 
 50,410 07,lf 
 
 80,340 11-2,7!) 
 
 1,470,344 1, ({00,47 
 
 7,007 17,81 
 17,985 51,5G 
 
 135,816 
 
 05,C)37 
 
 134,096 
 
 43,439 
 
 5,779 
 
 437,411 
 
 100,014 
 
 131,844 
 
 002,028 
 
 61,995 
 
 177,14 
 
 101,{; 
 
 210,29! 
 S3M 
 12,21^ 
 
 40a,8il( 
 
 8(?,a']c 
 
 25,14;] 
 893,001) 
 225,570 
 
 1,132,731 1,021,()94 
 21,000 
 203,125 227,(1!)4 
 133,510 
 
 1,404,787 372,:j(il 
 
 Total, 
 
 Po])nlnHnn. ItnportH. Exi»orti 
 
 138,012,181 £14,816,671 i;i2,Oll,06< 
 
95 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 5 708,887 £853,290 
 
 2 
 
 237,905 
 
 407,946 
 
 5 
 
 594,484 
 
 04(1,71)9 
 
 
 
 5G.41G 
 
 (57,183 
 
 4 
 
 89,340 
 
 11-2,792 
 
 5 
 
 1,470,344 1,(?()0,473 
 
 9 
 
 7,097 
 
 17,812 
 
 4 
 
 17,985 
 
 51,505 
 
 9 
 
 135,816 
 
 177,145 
 
 2 
 
 05,C)37 
 
 101,361 
 
 8 
 
 134,096 
 
 210,299 
 
 H 
 
 43,439 
 
 85,948 
 
 
 5,779 
 
 12,214 
 
 18 
 
 437,411 
 
 403,820 
 
 8 
 
 100,014 
 
 8n,3;io 
 
 3 
 
 131,844 
 
 25,143 
 
 13 
 
 002,028 
 
 893,000 
 
 
 
 61,995 
 
 225,579 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 
 
 In such a region where rain is rare, and dews almost unknown, the vegeta- 
 tion must, of necessity, be at all times extremely scanty : and in summer, when 
 the sun has dried the soil to the hardness of brick, it ceases almost entirely. 
 Exceiit along the courses of the temporary rivers, which for the most part are 
 marked by a fringe of Mimosas, not a tree, nor a bush, nor a blade of grass, 
 decks the wide expanse of the waste. Low stunted shrubs resembling heath ; 
 numerous s^iecies of fig, marigolds, and ice plants (mezumbrvanthemum), Ghan- 
 na-bo8ch (salso la), gorteria asters, &c., some sorts of prickly suphorbia, and 
 other succulent plants ; and bulbs, whose roots nature has fortified with a ten- 
 fold net of fibres under the upper rind, to protect them during the long droughts, 
 are alone nble to subsist in the arid Karroo. During the drv season, even these 
 appear to be for the most parched into a brown stubble, thinly scattered over 
 the indurated or slaty soil ; but in the early spring, when the ground becomes 
 moistened with the fall of rain, those plants rush into vegetation witli a rapidity 
 that looks like enchantment, and in a few days millions of flowers of the most 
 brilliant hues enamel the earth. It is chiefly at this season, wlien the whole 
 dreary waste may be said to te transformed into a vast flower garden, that the 
 colonists of the Schnumcrberg, the Nienwooldt, the Bokkweldt, and the Bogge- 
 vcldt, whose alpine farms are then chilled with keen frosts and the piercing 
 mountain winds, descend into the Karroo to pasture their flocks and herds on tlie 
 Bhort-lived vegetation."— (Pringle's Sketches, p. 297). 
 
 Climate.— Though in general temperate, and healthy, the climate is neither 
 irtendy, agreeable, nor suitable for agricultural purposes. In the South West 
 districtjj, rains are in the cold season profuse, but in the summer they are of 
 rare occurrence, and during the greater part of tliat season the ground is 
 parched up with drought. The deficiency and irregularity of the rains are, in 
 fact, the great drawback on the colony. In some of the more northerly tracts, 
 bordering on the jtreat Karroo, there has, occasionally, been no rain tor three 
 years together ; and even in the more favoured districts of Albany and Uiton- 
 iiage, and, generally, throughout the greater part of the colony, the rain, when it 
 does come, descends in torrents, that swell the smallest streams to an extraor- 
 dinary mngnitude, and occasion great damage. Sometimes the south-east wind 
 is really a species of simoom, and is not only exc(!ssively luit, but is loaded with 
 impalpable sand, which it is all but impossible to shut out ; but as the breeze 
 continues, it gradually cools; and, usually, in about twenty-four hours becomes 
 wipportable. 'I'lie mean temperature of the year, at the Cape, is aboat 67^ deg. 
 t'ahrenheit, that of the coldest month being 57 degrees, and of the hottest 79 
 de^Teps. Cape Town is a customary place of resort for invalids from India, who 
 certainly benefit by the change ; though, perhaps, thev have been led to visit it 
 «w niucli from its being within the limits of the Kast India Company's charter, 
 vhich entitles servants of the Company, resident there to full pay, us to its salu- 
 brity.— Macculloch'B (ieographical Dictionary. 
 
 SOUTH AF«ICA. — fOm NATAL. 
 
 FROM A IJIUOURP.R. 
 
 "Port Nntnl, 15th Dec, IRH. 
 1 "My Dr\R and Evrr Paithfim, Wife,— I write to you, hoping these few linei 
 hull liiul you ill good health as this leaves lue in at present, thank bod for it 
 
?••! 
 
 I i 
 
 t ■ I 
 
 !, 
 
 . t 
 
 H\ 
 
 06 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Dear Jane, I am employed at £i a month and board, twelve miles from 
 Natal, but very unhappy without you. It ig hard to get on here without bc 
 money. The land here is as good for grass or for to till as ever I seen ; 
 Lesly that it is easy to get land here, and about £iO or £50 worth of goods wol 
 purcliase 150 year old cattle, and you could sell them in twelve months for £1 
 piece. It is the best part of the colony; three yards of black calico will bin 
 year old heifer ; two yards of Caffer baize will buy a cow. Brass rings t\ 
 would go on the rust would exchange cattle ; or blue beads about the size oj 
 marble would buy cattle. Any sort of brass rings, big or little, would get catf 
 for them. It is not the nicest things that the Caifers like best. I will send 
 a bit of the calico inside of the letter, but the lace is 4s. 6d. a yard here, 
 inquire in the wholesale shops ; they know it by that name well. The CaffJ 
 are quiet people ; you need not be afraid here of any one but the white peoi| 
 I have known to attend me, both them and I find them very quiet now. Del 
 Jane, when I left Algoa Bay I had £6. I paid £4 for my passage to here ; I 
 eight days idle here and hope to get on. I am so unhappy without you that| 
 am without any comfort now. Now, dear Jane, if you come here, bring 
 clothes with you but what you have, they are cheaper here such as you wail 
 Take shoes, caps, and bonnets as much as you will well do for you. If I hJ 
 a little money I would get some cattle. The Caffer baize is black woollen clol 
 with wool on one side and none on the other, be sure these things wonld g 
 you a fortune, if you could bring £15 or £20 worth, see and get out with son 
 family to the Cape or Algoa Bay, and you can get here for £6. There is fe 
 houses here but wattle and dab ; don't you expect to be so comfortable ns 
 home, but I think that there is a prospect for any one that would have a litt 
 money. The place where you could get the cattle is five days' journey with tl 
 wagon, and the man that came from there brought 250 cattle that he change 
 for goods, and a load of elephants' teeth that he sold for £150, so be sure thei 
 is no fine land, llie grass is as high that you would not be seen out of i 
 Give my love to Mary and Ann. If you are not in place and I get your lette 
 I will send you the last shilling I have if you require it. Now excuse me fo 
 this writing, for I cannot get any one here to write for me here. Now I con 
 elude, and remain your ever fond husband, John Mullins. 
 
 Cotton from Port Natal.— On Monday week at the annual meeting of tlu 
 Manchester Commercial Association, two samples of cotton were exhibited, whicl 
 had been grown at Port N atail, by Mr. Sydney Peel, the brother-in-law of Mr 
 John Peel, one of the directors of the association, on land belonging to the latter 
 who holds a very largo quantity of land in the colony. One of the samples ii 
 of the indigenous cotton of the country; it is of a yellow colour, almost amount 
 mg to " nankeen," which could, however, be taken out by bleaching. The 8tapl< 
 is fair, but not very strong; it would be worth about 4,^(1 per lb. The other sam 
 pie is grown from Sea Island seed ; the colour is good, and the staple long aiic 
 silky; it is worthed, per lb. Both samples are hand-picked. The capabilities n 
 Port Natal for the growth of cotton and other agricultural produce, without, th( 
 expenditure of a heavy amount of capital and labour, may be judged of froii 
 the fact that Mr. Peel had several hundred acres (we believe, we might sa] 
 thousands) of -virgin land, through which the plough could be run without re 
 moving the stump ; and the whole is but thinly wooded. — Manchester Guardian 
 
 " The farms of the Boers have, then, chiefly passed by purchase into the hand 
 of English colonists from the Cape. A German Company is carrying on cottui 
 growing. A truda has been opened with Mauritius. Flour, we believe is for thi 
 pi esent, not grown, but imported. Nearly 200,U0() natives are spread over thi 
 country, subsisting on a little desultory cultivation, and herds of cattle, whiri 
 nearly all possess. They labour for very low wages, but their labour is not t 
 be depended on. At present, they are perfectly humble and harmless to whit 
 men, although a warlike race ; they are given to (rattle stealing and abductioi 
 of each other's wives and dau;;hters; hence constant feuds. King Rendah, m 
 the northern borders, has a standing army of 60,000 men, and other sides w 
 tribes more or less powerful and numerous. The constant influx of fugitive 
 nations, escaping from thtj tyranny of their chiefs, is a cause of anxiety and di8 
 putes. A British colonization, organized as a militia, will be the best security 
 
 Natal appears a fair field for adventurous young men with small capital. N(' 
 for labourers, black competition will render wages too low. Not fathers of youni 
 families, the prospects are warlike and uncertain. Not for men of ample meani 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 , twelve miles from Port 
 ^et on here without some 
 till as ever I seenj tell 
 £50 worth of p:oodH would 
 in twelve months for £,i a 
 of black calico will buy a 
 a cow. Brass ring^s that 
 ! beads about the size of a 
 f or little, would get cattle 
 like best. I will send you 
 4s. 6d. a yard here. You 
 t name well. The Caffers 
 ' one but the white people 
 m very quiet now. Dear 
 my passajtre to here ; I was 
 [»appy without you that I 
 ' you come here, bring do 
 er here such as you want. 
 well do for you. If I hud 
 lize is black woollen cloth 
 re these things wonid get 
 see and get out with some 
 lere for £6. There is few 
 
 be so comfortable as at 
 e that would have a little 
 five days' journey with the 
 ;}50 cattle that he changed 
 
 for £150, BO be sure there 
 Id not be seen out of it. 
 ilace and I get your letter 
 3 it. Now excuse me for 
 for me here. Now I con- 
 
 1 John Muluns. 
 ;he annual meeting of the 
 ottonwere exhibited, which 
 the brother-in-law of Mr. 
 ind belonging to the latter, 
 ly. One of the samples ii 
 ow colour, almost amount. 
 ; by bleaching. The staple 
 i\a per lb. The other sara- 
 
 and the staple long and 
 icked. The capabilities of 
 |tural produce, without the 
 r, may be judged of from 
 e believe, we might say 
 could be run without re- 
 — Manchester Guurdian. 
 y purchase into the hands 
 iny is carrying on cotton 
 ?lour, we believe is for the 
 ivos are spread over the 
 nd herds of cattle, whifli 
 Imt their labour is not to 
 e and harmless to white j 
 10 stealing and abduction 
 feuds. King Rendnh, or. 
 en, and other sides are I 
 nstant influx of fugitive 
 cause of anxiety and die- 1 
 will be the best security, 
 with small capital. N"' 
 w. Not fathers of younif 
 for men of ample roeani, 
 
 97 
 
 the trade is too uncertain. If the difficulty of the native population can be satis- 
 factorily sottlod, and they cjin be induced to work regularly, Natal must, in a 
 few years, bo a very fine colony. As tliere is plenty of giime, from the pheasant 
 to the elephant, wo hope some of our accomplished si^ortsmen will visit it soon, 
 and write the book we want. 
 
 A second company had been announced. The projectors of the first placed 
 their main reliance for an ad»!q»mte supply of Inbonr upon the Gfrraan emi- 
 grants ; the second proposes to employ Zoofahs. The Zoolahs certainly are an 
 industrious race. ITie maize cxjiortcd from Nntal is exclusively raised by them. 
 Two vessels, which arrived at tlio Cape from Natal on the 13th and 16th of Mav, 
 brought between them 'Mi'S bags of maize, and left as much as would amply 
 supply the place and afford two more cargoes for export. The soils on which 
 the «M)tton is grown are cfmtiguous to the sea ; and therefore resemble those on 
 which the first class American cottons are rsiised. There is little jungle to clear; 
 the appearance of the country resembles that of Oliphnnt's Rock, bordering on 
 the sea in the neighbourhood of Port Klizabeth, being here and there clotted 
 .with mimosa trees, and showing a park -like api^arance covered with luxuriant 
 verdure. All that is required is to jiut in the plough and turn up the soil. The 
 vicinity of the plantations to the sea will necessarily keep down expenses and 
 facilitate shipments. Experiments have been tried, which show that when 
 cotton has been soAvn there the quantity produced has been to the returns from 
 the same quantity of seed in America as six to four. Tliis is reasonably ac 
 counted for; a virgin soil, such sis that at Natal, will always produce more than 
 ground which has been worked. Land can be jiurchased from 28. to lOs. ; added 
 to which, indigo grows well. Tobacco, flax, maixe, and all the products of the 
 East, as well as those of more temperate regions, are successfully culti- 
 vated. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 Nrw Zk*i,.\ni) anh cts PaonrcTioNs. — Tlie exaggerated statements circulated 
 in England of the colony and its ])roductions, soil, an»l climate, have led gene- 
 rally to the very eiToneous impression and opinion, tliat the necessaries, and 
 even more, as regards food, w<nild be abundant and cheap. But New Zealand 
 has neither a tropical climate, nor is it a country in which edible vegetables 
 and fruits, indigenous to such regions, grow and' flcmrish spontaneously and 
 abundantly; nor is it a land inhabite<l by native nnimals, adapted for the focul 
 of man, and easily obtained by the toils or clnise. The islands of New Zealand 
 are uncultivated wastes— either of mountains covered with dense forests— of 
 jdnins and lowlands covered with impenetrable high fern and shrubs, or of 
 Bwamps and marshes covered with rush and flax, without any open sjiots of 
 grass land for parfttirage, or of verdant downs and hills for sheep. In tliese 
 vast tracts there is n6t to be seen a living animal, wild or domestic. Whatever 
 is produced from the soil in New Zealand for the food of its population, either 
 of grain from arable land, or of stock from pasturage, must be the work of time, 
 by great labour and at much expense. The very nature and circumstances of 
 tfie countrv must render tlie i>rogress of agriculture in New Zealand slow and 
 gradual. Ilie reasons are, the scarcity and high price of European labour, for 
 the fnrmers cnn reckon on no otlier, tlie indispensable necessity and consequi-nt 
 Inhour iind expense of inclosing nil cultivated arens, and the furtlior cost of 
 time and Inbour in clearing the ground, whether of timber or of fern.— Terry's 
 New Zealand. 
 
 " Nothing," says Mr. Tnte, " can possibly exceed the exquiaitencss of a morn- 
 ing concei-t as performed in the nmple' woods of New Zealand. One ot the 
 greatest treats I enjtiy is to be awnkened in my tent by the load and l<nely 
 voij'Ps of the only musicians I have met with since I left the hirk and night- 
 ingale behind us* in England, llieir song is too sweet to be of long continn- 
 HHco; nt the first dawn of dav it commences and gradually heightens ns the 
 light increases, b..t no sooner ^oes tlie sun appear gilding the moniitinns with 
 his beams, than the performers, one after another retire, and nil tlie lovi-ly 
 "ouadK die awnv into j>rofound silence." C'a])tain Cook says: "th«! ship lay at 
 ♦be distance of a tpinrter of a mile from the shore, and in the moming we were 
 awakened by the Hinging of birds; tiie number was incredible, and they seouied 
 k ' K 
 
♦ 
 
 !l 
 
 ''.r 
 
 1- 
 
 i 
 
 I ! 
 
 < i 
 
 it 
 
 : 
 
 9ft 
 
 AP^ENf)IX. 
 
 
 to strain their throats in emulation of each other. This wild melody wn 
 finitely superior to any wp had ever heard of the same kind ; it seemed 
 like small bells most exquisitely tuned." 
 
 New Zealand: — Wellmgton District as an Emigration Field.— "Is, 
 New Zealand adapted for colonization ? Yes, although its capabilities for 
 porting an export trade have been ridiculously overrated. ITie country will 
 to importance, but its rise will be slow. It will produce readily every art 
 at least the staple ones for home consumption. Were a family put down u 
 any part of its coast, they would soon, with industry, such is the moistur 
 the climate, raise a subsistence from its poorest soil. This is high praise, am 
 no more than New Zealand deserves. The seasons are sure, and the conn 
 healthy ; but it wants both level land to raise and markets whence to con 
 grain, to enter into competition with the broad com land of Europe i 
 America. Let no agriculturist, then, think of visiting these islands with a v 
 of realizing a fortune, and returning to spend it in Great Britain. Tliis in q 
 chimerical. No one will be benefited by emigration to New Zealand wl 
 unable or unwilling to work for a living. Those who go there must mak 
 their home. We are not speaking of men who go abroad to speculate in t 
 and commerce, but to the class best adapted for the colonization of New Z 
 land ; and these are the farmer, whose labour is within his household ; the an 
 capitalist, who, with his hands upon the plough, can afford to wait until lie 
 a return ; and, lastly, for the poor of the mother-country. The mountaiiiu 
 New Zealand are higher, the morasses deeper, and the forests denser than w 
 those of Britain. It is, in truth, a stubborn country, which only the nerve o 
 peasant's arm will subdue. The poor man covets a piece of ground, and bi 
 Government and the Company should facilitate its possession. A few ac 
 among the mountains are soon, by the labour of his family, transformed int( 
 garden. The ground is his property, and will be his children's when he is 
 more. He is never wearied in adding to its beauty. The spot is the creation 
 his own hands, hallowed by a thousand kindly recollections. From this soui 
 will yet spring, in New Zealand, a numerous yeomanry and a bold content 
 
 Seasantry. Cottage farms are what the land' is calculated for, and they a; 
 oubtless, the best means of subduing a wild hilly country." — Wool 
 Travels. 
 
 The Earthquake at New Zealand.— The following is an extract from a pi 
 vate letter from New Zealand, dated " Wellington, October 25, 1848," descripti 
 of the late appalling series of earthquakes in that colonv. It appears in tl 
 last number of the Inverness Courier. " As you will learn from the newspape 
 that we have suffered severely in Port Nicholson from earthquake, I am auxioi 
 to show you that I am still in the land of the living. On the 34th October; abo 
 two o'clock in the morning, I was awakened by a most violent shake, whicb 
 had no difficulty in discovering to be an earthquake, the most severe I had ev 
 experienced here. I was nearly thrown out of bed, and, expecting the chimni 
 to fall in, I got up to rescue a favourite bust that stood upon a bracket on tl 
 wall. The bust, however, was thrown down, and the chimney stood. Wbt 
 daylight came, the damage to the town was found to be considerable. Perhti] 
 one-fifth of the chimneys had fallen, and many of the brick buildings were rei 
 and shattered. This was on Monday morning, and, as on former occasions 
 earthquake we had only one shock, we thought little more of the mutter. Tl 
 following day, when a short distance from town, I felt the ground beneath u 
 rock to and n-o ; and, looking towards the town, I saw, from the dust, that son 
 buildings had fallen. Almost every brick building was in ruins, and two chi 
 dren were thrown down and killed by a wall. Tlie father of the children, f 
 old Waterloo soldier, was likewise so hurt that he survived only two days, t 
 Thursday evening, another violent shock destroyed nearly all the cbiy hi 
 brick buildings— the hospital, the Wesleyan cha'pol, the gaol, the storeH, k 
 Hundreds of houses were demolished. Since then we have had several 8iiinll< 
 shocks, but they are now dying off, and some doys have elapsed since the la 
 severe one. The town of Wellington is, by this calamity, put back almost to i 
 first stage ; for, although the wooden buildings have not suffered to any t'xter 
 still, as the brick houses formed the principal stores of the leading merchan 
 and dealers, and also of government, the loss cannot be reckoned at \v»» thr 
 from i:iOO,000 to i;i50,000. Many people have to begin the world again, and i 
 feel it in some degree. Consternation was on every countenance— no one ku« 
 
Al>l'£NDIX. 
 
 90 
 
 rhis wild melody was in., 
 luine kind ; it seemed to b« 
 
 ifrration Field.— "Is, then 
 igh its capabilities for 8up> 
 -ated. ITie country will rise 
 )duce readily every article, 
 re a family put down upon 
 try, such is the moisture of 
 
 This is high praise, and ig 
 I are sure, and the country 
 markets whence to convey 
 com land of Europe luid 
 f these islands with a view 
 Jreat Britain. This is quite I 
 in to New Zealand who is 
 who go there must mwke it 
 iroad to speculate in trnrle 
 ! colonization of New Zea- 
 lin his household ; the small 
 
 afford to wait until he hiu 
 country. The mountains of 
 he forests denser than were 
 , which only the nerve of a 
 !i piece of ground, and both 
 3 possession. A few acret 
 
 family, transformed into a 
 lis children's when he is no 
 . The spot is the creation of 
 llections. From this source 
 lanry and a bold contented 
 alculated for, and they are, 
 
 hilly country." — Wood'» I 
 
 is an extract from a pri* 
 itober 25, 1848," descriptive I 
 colony. It appears in the 
 |learn from the newspapers 
 earthquake, I am anxioiu 
 On the 34th October; about | 
 lost violent shake, which \ 
 the most severe I had ever I 
 [nd, expecting the chimney 
 pod upon a bracket on the 
 ^he chimney stood. When 
 be considerable. Perhaps 
 brick buildings were rent 
 as on former occasions of 
 more of the matter. The 
 lit the ground beneath uie 
 , from the dust, that some | 
 [as in ruins, and two chil- 
 father of the children, an I 
 vived only two days. On 
 nearly all the cliiy hu<1 
 the gaol, the stores, ke\ 
 have had several sninlier 
 |ave elapsed since the luhtl 
 ity, put ba(!k almost to its 
 lot suffered to any extent, 
 of the leading merchants 
 be reckoned at lees than 
 the world again, and nil I 
 Muuteuanott — no one kuewj 
 
 where it might end— and those whose houses were destroyed or injured went to 
 their neighbours and kept up the excitement and gloom. Many of the inhabi- 
 tants flocked on board the <Subraon,' a ship bound for Sydney; and the captain 
 generously kept open table for all comers. His conduct has been much ap- 
 pliuuled, and from £10 to jCSO. has already been subscribed to present him with 
 ii piece of plate. Mr. Fitzherbert, one of the largest merchants here, has 
 suffered so much that he intends removing to Sydney, and great numbers will 
 follow his example. You will have heard that Colonel Wakefield died some 
 months ago. This calamity would have broken his heart. Even the natives are 
 deeply sorry for us. They say they have before had single shocks of earthquake 
 88 heavy as those we experienced; but never such a succession of them in so 
 short a time. I have been going from house to house, encouraging the people, 
 aud also visiting those on board the ' Subraon.' 
 
 AUSTRALIA. — NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 The Voyage to Australia.— The voyage from England to Australia, though 
 much longer, is actually safer than from England to America ; and the differ- 
 ence in the length of the voyage is, in my opinion, a matter of very little conse- 
 quence. Once you get yourself, your boxes, and your books, on board the ship 
 in which you have taken your passage, give yourself no further concern about 
 her. Leave it to the captain and sailors to manage the rest. You sit to read 
 until you hear that the Sydney lighthouse is visible, or the anchor is let go in 
 Port Jackson. I can assure you that, for my own part, I was soiTy when I was 
 interrupted in my studies, by the termination of upwards of five months' voyage. 
 It is good for a man to be occasionally shut out from the busy world, and com- 
 pelled, as it were, to hold communion with himself— thus affording him all the 
 advantages without the austerities of the monkish life. — ' Mackenzie's Guide.' 
 
 "'llie unproductive nature of the soil in the immediate nei;;hbourhood of 
 Sydney, causes kitchen vegetables and fruits to maintain a high price in the 
 Australian capital, whilst at the same time the inhabitants are little disposed to 
 stint themselves in the enjoyment of a good table, however high the price of 
 provisions may be. Fruits, therefore, and vegetables command a ready sale, 
 the supply being much under the demand ; but in other parts of the colony the 
 propinquity of garden soils render garden produce both abundant and cheap. 
 The swampy grounds near Botany Bay furnish a large portion of the vegetables 
 consumed in Sydney, and land adapted for the purpose is not reckoned exces- 
 sively dear at £1U0 an acre. The con^iuuous moisture in such situations renders 
 them extremely valuable and prodi ^ "ve, even in the driest season." — 'Jamie- 
 son's New Zealand.' 
 
 LiPB OF A Squatter in Australia. — The following is a specimen of the daily 
 life of the generality of the squatters at their stations in the bush. " On awak- 
 ing in the morning the squatter lights his pipe and smokes whilst his breakfast 
 is being prepared. This consists of a huge heap of mutton chops or a piece of 
 salt beet and damper, which he washes down with an ocean of strong green 
 tea, literally saturated with coarse brown sugar. After breakfasting, the squatter 
 again lights his pipe, mounts his horse, and sallies forth on his daily avocations 
 amonghis sheep or cattle; the short blackened pipe, his constant companion, is 
 frequently replenished in the course of the day. His dinner is the counterpart 
 of his breakfast, viz., mutton-chops, or salt beef, damper, and tea. In the 
 evening the squatter smokes, reads, or writes until supper, when another vast 
 Jna«s of meat and tea is again brought forward, and then, after smoking one 
 more pipe, he goes to bed. liiis rough and uncomfortable life is supposed to be 
 unavoidable, but many of them have their slab cottages kept in the most scru- 
 pulous state of neatness and cleanliness, whilst the table is supplied with fowls, 
 geese, and butter, cream, all kinds of vegetables, home-made beer, and pro- 
 perly made bread." — Hodgson's Reminiscences. 
 
 Hints to Labourino Emigrants who have obtained Free Passages to Aus- 
 TRAUA.— The masters generally come down and engage you on board ship. 
 When making an agreement with a master, the servant stipulates for wages, 
 length of service, and rations ; the usual rations are, 10 lbs. flour, 10 lbs. meal, 
 12 lbs. meat, | lb. tea. Hlb. sugar, 3 oz. tobacco. The poorer emigrant with his 
 wife will be allowed by the regulations to remain twelve days on board ship to 
 giTO them time to choose a situation; After that time, if they refuse a fair offer. 
 
f( 
 
 ' I 
 
 
 1 
 
 i-' 
 
 M^ 
 
 > I 
 
 . I 
 
 j; 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 100 
 
 APPBMOIX. 
 
 they must look out for themselves. This class of persons easily obtain emplt 
 ment as shepherds, labourers, cooks, or to make themselves (^euerully uHuf 
 and their wives as nssistants at their several stations (or houses ) Marri 
 emigrants with large families meet with a little dilhculty ; they are allowed t 
 twelve days, and then received into a benevolent institution and fed, till th 
 can provide for themselves, unless they refuse a fair offer, but those who hu 
 families must not expect high wages, from £25 to £30., with rations accordii 
 to the number of your children. ' Be sure and have everything put down 
 black and white.' Young men will have only to arrive to hnd employment 
 shepherds, labourers, or servants. £20 is excellent wages for a raw' hand, 
 you have your trade to learn ; the second year you will perhaps get £2') or £3 
 Stay at one place, and if in five years you have not saved £70., it is your ow 
 fault, avoid the grog bottle as you would a black snake. Let not old hands wh 
 look upon you as invaders of their harvest, deter you from the right wa^ 
 Single women, likewise, need only to land to obtain situations with res]iectab 
 families, either in the bush or in Sydney. Be careful on arrival ; you will fin 
 many enemies ready to assail you, but being allowed twelve days on board, yo 
 ought to secure a situation. You will find plenty of admirers and suitorK, bi 
 do nothing rashly, find a respectable mate and know his character. Man 
 under a garb of temporary sobriety assume a style of life they never have no 
 intend to have. You are a class of emigrants always required, bo good, aiM 
 you will be happy, and never regret coming ; but if you fall you go to ruin in j 
 moment, unpitied and friendless. Young folks, either boys or girls, fron 
 fourteen years of age, will find employment readily, and receive wages at th( 
 rate of £7 per annum for boys, and £5 or £6. for girls with rations. Bear ii 
 mind you go to a land where you can never want, flour, meat, tea, sugar, anc 
 excellent wages ; where by patience, perseverance, and good conduct, you maj 
 gather sufficient means in a few years to enter into business for yourselves. 
 But be not disappointed, the life is a novelty to you, it improves upon ac- 
 
 8uaiutance, though few like it at first." — Reminiscences of Australia, by C. P. 
 [ODGSON. 
 
 " This is the statement of , of the parish of Mennngle, in the county of Cam-] 
 
 den ; he had arrived on the 20th March, 1839. He says, ' I left Sydney on the 
 2nd May, for the service of Dr. Bowman, brother-in-law to our present land- 
 lord. He gave us weekly thirteen pounds of flour, twelve pounds of meat, and 
 new milk as we wanted it, and £20 a year for the services of myself and wife. 
 I was a farm labourer, and my wife was house servant, but I did not allow my 
 wife to work the second year. I got £26 the second year, and sixteen pounds 
 of meat, eighteen pounds of flour, and as much milk as the children and our- 
 selves required. We were well and regularly paid ; had a good master. I 
 would sooner be on the farm than not. I have forty acres of land on a twenty- 
 one years' lease, by Mr. Macarthur's word; he is a man that his word docs as 
 well as a bond. The first year I paid no rent, the second 2s. 6d. an acre, ad- 
 vancing 2s. 6d. until it gets to 10s. an acre, when it is to remain at that price. 
 The land is very good, 1 grow wheat and com. At present they have no school. 
 He wishes to have his relations sent out, and he gives the particulars of them. 
 His opinion of the country is this: — 'This much I have got to say; I know I 
 should have never got a plough or set of bullocks in England ; not if I had 
 worked my eyes out of my head, and yet I was a very hard working man there, 
 and made a living.' Hie wife says, ' J am of the same opinion as my husband ; 
 we could not have got these comforts at home. When we commenced this farm 
 I had £11 in cash, four bullocks, and ten bushels of wheat After the first year's 
 service we had £4 clear. After we left we had the third year £'J9 ; but I 
 helped my sister.' Pointing to some flitches of bacon and hams on the roof of 
 the house, she said, ' There is what we could not kill in England ; a good guu 
 too— our own, and paid for. The only thing is that our house is not so good, 
 but we shall soon have a better.' Ilns was a very good house. On the shelf 
 was a bottle of pepper, starch, mustard and currants. Those articles in that 
 country are expensive things. English mustard sells at 2s. a bottle. * We have 
 a cask of beef. I have been on the farm since IVbruary, 1844, and have cleared 
 thirty acres, myself and partner. We have had 400 bushels of corn, 225 of wheat, 
 averaging 25 bushels of wheat, and 45 to 50 of com an acre. The wheat we 
 ■old at 3s. 2d. on the farm, with no expense whatever, and we have enough in 
 store to harvest. We have four pigs, nineteen hens and chickens, one cow aud 
 a calf, aud we have a team of bullocks.' " 
 
 #1" 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 101 
 
 ^le, in the county of Cam* 
 I, 'I left Sydney on the 
 
 " ' The Show Garden of the district, (lllawurra.) is the property of an enter- 
 prlHiiiv: man, who was long the nmster of a trading veMHel. Sailors always 
 mnki! trood HOttlers. This garden is situate in a warm liollow ; and the approach 
 t<) it is by means of a rustic bridge, thrown over a clear and rapid stream, into 
 which droo]» the branches of a fine weeping willow. Passing the bridge we 
 (Mifpr an arbour covered with fuscliins, the double white moss rose, and the 
 bipnonia. 'ITie garden hedge is of lemon, laid and trimmed like a holly hedge. 
 On oach side the middle walk, and fronting the visitor as he enters, is a mass of 
 phiintnin stems, (here called the banana,) full thirty feet in circumference, and, 
 h» the season, laden with fruit. The stems are about twelve feet in height, and 
 from them depend the beautiful jiurple sheaths of the younuer fruit. There are 
 many plots ot them about the garden; and a bunch of the fruit sells in Sydney 
 for half-a-crown. On the sides of some of the walks are orange, lemon and 
 Hhaddock trees, the citron and the flowering almond: and on the sides of others, 
 stiindard peaches and apricots, and weeping nectarines, with occasionally mul- 
 berries, and the finest varieties of pears. The squares are filled with plum, 
 apple, cherry, and medlar trees. There are two very fine walnut trees, being 
 amongst the first that have borne in the colony. Other squai'es between the 
 walks, to the extent of three acres, are filled with vines in full bearing. Some 
 of the orange, lemon, and citron trees are from eighteen to twenty feet in height, 
 and have always two crops hanging on them, and often three. At eight or ten 
 years of age, each of these trees produce, in the course of the year, from 100 to 
 mi dozen. The pomegranates are in high perfection ; and the'hops are said to 
 vie with the finest from Famham. The ground is covered with melons in every 
 variety ; while the asparagus beds would bear a comparison with those of 
 Battcrsea, Fulham, or Putney. I must not forget to mention the loquat rasp, 
 berries, cape-gooseberries, and filberts. In one corner of the garden, in a damp 
 spot, grow the osiers in which they make baskets for packing the fruit. Every 
 fruit is superior of its kind ; and it appears that in this disti-ict, in the open air, 
 can be grown all the fruits of England, with all those of a tropical climate, tho 
 pine apple excepted ; but this succeeds in the open air, at Moreton Bay. I 
 must also except currants and gooseberries, which do not generally succeed in 
 the colony, except on high table-land. In the stream is English watercress^ 
 and the hawthorn is grown in the garden as a memento of old England and her 
 green lanes. The walnut here bears in the tenth year, and the ntulberry in the 
 third. Another settler has the following succession of peaches, bearing from 
 Januftry to June, both inclusive:—* The early Newington,' 'The Noblesse,' 'The 
 Roman,' and the ' Late June,' which corresponds with tho October peach in 
 England, and is here a delicious table-fruit, being highly improved in flavour, 
 by the effects of climate. He has ' The Moor Park' apricot, and ' The Blood 
 Nectarine,' (a colonial variety), • The Weeping Nectarine,' and the double-flow- 
 ering Chinese Nectarine,' which perfects its fruit here."— Ramblbs in New Soutu 
 Wales. 
 As to No. 1, we again quote from Count Strzelecki's work.— 
 "That portion of the country which, from its system of working, and range of 
 tillable land, deserves to be included within the agricultural district, is confined 
 to the valley of the Karua, which is limited in the extent of its cultivated, but 
 not of its cultivable land, and of which the best tracts are in the possession of 
 the Australian Agricultural Company, to the valley of the Hunter, composed of 
 the confluent valleys of the Goulboum, Pages, Patterson, and Williams Rivers, 
 &c. : the valley of the Paramatta ... In these localities a good many farms are 
 in a very forward state ; many lexhibit remarkable improvments, and some dis- 
 play only partial Mtempts, all of which are, however, in the right direction. 
 The farms of the Australian Agricultural Company, at Stroud and Booral, the 
 most northern farms of the colony, may be regarded as the first in the rant 
 of improvments. The farm buildings are of the best construction ; the tilled 
 lands are almost entirely clear of timber and stumps, well fenced in, well 
 ploughed and worked, and presenting, on the whole, gratifying proofs of well 
 bestowed capital and labour. _, e^ u \ 
 
 "The orchards and vineyards of the company at Tahlee, (Port Stephens;, 
 which produce the choicest grapes, oranges, and lemons, are not less worthy of 
 notice. It is this orchard which shows most forcibly the extensive range which 
 the beautiful climate of New South Wales embraces in isothermal lines ; as thfere 
 the English oak is seen flourishing by the side of the banana, which is again 
 
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 1 , 1 
 
 V ' 
 
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 M. 
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 , < 
 
 102 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ■urroanded by vines, lemon, and orange trees of luxurious growth. To t 
 southward of Port Stephen are a series of thriving farms, spread alonp: t 
 Goulboum, Pages, Hunter's, Patterson, and Williams Rivers, wnich comprise 
 agricultural district of 2,0UU square miles in extent. The excellent harbour 
 Newcastle, good water and tolerable roads, a coal mine, a soil well adapted f 
 wheat, barley, turnips ; the vine and European fruits, and a situation the tan 
 favourable to the application of irrigation, renders this district one of the rie 
 est and most important in the colony. . . . On crossing the Nepean to Camd 
 and Argyleshire, the farming, with some exceptions, does not improve. In fi 
 list of exceptions, the estate of Camden, the property of Messrs. James an 
 William M'Arthur, stands prominently, being only surpassed by the farms 
 the Australian Agricultural Company. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 The excellent work of Mr. Wilkinson on South Australia, is what its title im 
 ports, a Working Man's Hand-Book. His description of Adelaide and its vurioui 
 vicinities, would induce the conclusion that it is exceedingly eligible for 
 emigrants, especially for those who desire, on a small capital, to enjoy some 
 what of the description of life which they command in the mother country 
 Parks, hotels, stage coaches, good roads, pretty suburban villas, fine views, au( 
 neat farm houses, promise to renew at the antipodes the associations of home 
 Ten per cent, is the current rate of interest on good freehold security, so that 
 jflOOO would yield j^lOO a year in a settlement where food is at a very moderate 
 
 Erice, and iiruit and vegetables abundant, and of the finest sorts. Mr. Wilkinson 
 as agreeably surprised us in his description of the adaptation of the district 
 for agriculture, and of the number of smiling farming homesteads everywhere 
 to be found on the main roads within twenty miles of Adelaide. This looks 
 something like stability and productiveness, and forms the best guarantee for 
 the future steady prosperity of the colony. It affords an excellent opening for 
 the small farmer or ploughman ; wages bei~\g high, roads good, and fine land 
 39s. an acre, the labourer being enabled to procure the smallest quantity of laud 
 which will suit the state of his purse, is presented with a much more secure 
 means of independence than even his richer neighbour in the bush. We gladly 
 make room for the following extracts:— 
 
 " Buy your land on or near a public road, and in a district where farming is 
 general ; for instance, at Mount Barker, or the SouthArn District. Choose more 
 than one section, and advertise those selected for sale through the government, 
 so that if any person bids higher for one section than you like, you may have 
 the other to fall back upon : by this mode there will be very little diificulty in 
 obtaining good land at a moderate price; for observe that all lands fit for grow- 
 ing good wheat, are well worth £1 per acre. 
 
 " Having bought your land, and fixed upon the size of house that you require, 
 you agree with some party to build it for you, if you have a familv ; if not, at 
 once get upon your land, and, with a couple of men, knock up a hut of slabs, 
 to last until you have time and funds to build a better. This will serve for a 
 single man, but a wife requires a comfortable house of brick or stone, but 
 which need not cost more than j£40 for one with six good rooms, or more than 
 two months to build. All this time, the family, living in town, will run away 
 with a good sum of money for board and lodging ; but when the house is up, 
 the children will soon become useful, and compensate for the expense they have 
 ]mt you to. You will have bought a good dray for £10 ; four bullocks for £'iO', 
 also tackle for the cattle, and a plough and harrow for £8; two cows and calves 
 £10 ; pigs and fowls, £4; a box of strong tools, £5 ; seed wheat, £10 ; and stuff 
 for fencing, £:^0; a broodmare, £20 ; twelve months' provisions, £30; amounting 
 in all, to £137. The land may cost £100 for eighty acres, and the hire of two 
 men for the first twelve months and their provisions, £70 more. Lodging in 
 town for a family, £20, and the house at the farm, £40 ; furniture, crockery, and 
 cartage, £30; in all about £400: this will leave the £500 man with £100 clear,, 
 which money should be placed in the bank, at interest, until wanted. 
 
 " Being now fairly on the land, ploughing must be at once commenced, if the- 
 •eason suit ; if not the fence must be put up, and an acre or so divided off, for 
 a garden. All this the labourers will do. It requires but little care or know- 
 ledge to put up a strong fence; only make the rails fit weU in the mortises of tht 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 lOS 
 
 xuriouB growth. To the 
 fannB, suroud alonp: the 
 Livers, wiiich comprise im 
 rhe excellent harbour of 
 e, a soil well adapted for 
 and a situation the most 
 i district one of the rich- 
 j: the Ncpean to Camdnn 
 )es not improve. In the 
 y of Messrs. James unci 
 'passed by the farms of 
 
 ralia, is what its title im« 
 Adelaide and its vurioua 
 seedingly elif^ible for iill 
 11 capital, to enjoy some- 
 l in the mother country. 
 an villas, fine views, uud 
 the associations of home, 
 freehold security, so that 
 jod is at a very moderate 
 lest sorts. Mr. Wilkinson 
 idaptation of the district 
 • homesteads everywhere 
 of Adelaide. This looks 
 s the best guarantee for 
 an excellent opening for 
 oads good, and fine land 
 smallest quantity of laud 
 ith a much more secure 
 in the bush. We gladly 
 
 istrict where farming is 
 
 n District. Choose more 
 
 ihrough the government, 
 
 ou like, you may have 
 
 very lit*;le difficulty in 
 
 at all lands fit for grow- 
 
 house that you require, 
 |ave a family ; if not, ut 
 .nock up a hut of slabs, 
 
 This will serve for a 
 
 of brick or stone, but 
 
 |od rooms, or more than 
 
 in town, will run away 
 
 when the house is up, 
 
 »r the expense tliey have 
 
 [; four bullocks for £2(} ; 
 
 18; two cows and calves 
 
 wheat, ;C10 ; and stuff 
 
 isions, £30 ; amounting 
 
 I, and the hire of two 
 
 |jb*70 more. Lodging in 
 
 Turniture, crockery, and 
 
 man with £100 clear, 
 intil wanted, 
 juce commenced, if the 
 le or BO divided off, for 
 lut little oare or know- 
 ]U in the mortises of tht 
 
 posts, and place the latter firmly in the ground. If the emigrant can get iif)on 
 hiij land betore May, he will be able with his own team, by hiring two extra 
 bullocks for a few weeks, to turn up and sow about thirty acres of land ; and 
 by the time this crop appears above the ground the fencing will be completed, 
 rendering it safe from the intrusion of cattle. This done he can look about him 
 and make any improvements required, such as building pigsties and fowl-house, 
 stockyard, and dainr, and collecting materials for the construction of a bam ; 
 however, the second year will be time enough for the latter, as the weather is 
 generally such that the first crop may be thrashed in the open air. The return 
 of this thirty acres, averaged at twenty-five bushels, (sometimes, though rarely, 
 forty-five and fifty bushels to the acre are obtained,) at 3b. 6d. to the bushel, 
 will give him £131 5s. clear profit; for the farmer and his two men can reap, 
 thrash, and carry to market the whole of this crop, without extra expense. In 
 this calculation I keep on the safe side for the emigrant, and give a low aver- 
 age crop at a low price ; thus instead of thirty-five bushels to the acre, (the 
 average throughout the colony in 1846,) I put down twenty-five, and the value 
 3b. 6d. per bushel, instead of 4s. or 48. 3d., the price quoted in February, 1848. 
 
 " Some parties who have never been in South Australia assert that farming 
 there does not pay ; but this is untrue, for almost all the settlers within fifteen 
 miles of Adelaide, are agricultural farmers, and, in the moneyed sense, sub- 
 stantial men. Many of them pay a rent of 5s. per acre for lands within five 
 miles of town, within which distance all lands are eagerly taken for agricultu- 
 ral purposes. Unlike the other parts of Australia, this colony has never 
 Bufferea from drought, nor has there been any general failure of crops from 
 any other cause. The wheat here grown obtuius a ready market both in New 
 South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, and a great quantity is shipped to the 
 Mauritius and to Sincapore, besides what is brought to England, where it has 
 been pronounced equal to that raised in any part of the world." 
 
 " In New South Wales, we are told that a smaller section than 640 acres is 
 not to be obtained from the government, and that this is a good reason why 
 persons with small capital should not go there. If so, it will be satisfactory to 
 parties to know that land in South Australia, well worth £1 per acre to the 
 farmer, can be bought in blocks of from twenty to eighty acres from the govern- 
 ment, a price not too high, if good land be purchased, and of which there are 
 immense tracts not even surveyed, but which will be laid out on application to 
 the surveyor general. I do not hesitate to say that within a few years all the good 
 land, to a distance of twenty miles around Adelaide, will be laid out and cul- 
 tivated in farms, and that owners of sheep and cattle within that distance, will 
 be obliged to gnrow food for them. This opinion I form from my knowledge of 
 the splendid soil, and of the excellence of the wheat already grown there. 
 \yhen first I went to Adelaide, in the year 1839, the whole country was uncul- 
 tivated, with scarcely a fence to be seen ; but when I left, the road from the 
 town to the south was fenced in on both sides for some miles, and the land 
 under crop and agricultural farms were scattered about to a distance of thirty 
 miles. This was also the case more or less both to the north and cast. 
 
 " Any party who will look at the names of farmers in South Australia, will 
 find that few of them in comparison have been brought up to their present mode 
 of life. For example, there are numerous agriculturists who were once sur- 
 geons, but whose returns now are as good as those of old English agricultural- 
 ists. I can say, from personal observation, that their fields are generally as 
 well cultivated. The same may be said of other professions and trades ; for if 
 a man with a little capital finds that he can do nothing else, he at once takes a 
 farm, as a sure method of properly investing his money. Some persons are 
 ruined by farming ; but these belong to the class who leave others to act for 
 them, and spend their time and money in training horses for the race, driving 
 tandem, and living at hotels ; fond of what they call a quiet game of cards, and 
 going home in the morning without hat or boots, which have been as quietly 
 staked and lost ; and so on, until they turn unfortunate and become acquainted 
 with « Ashton's Hotel,' as the gaol is called. Such are not uncommon cases, 
 even in so small a community as South Australia ; and it is curious that you 
 may generally tell the habitations of these characters by observing their dwel- 
 lings surrounded with the remains of expensive furniture, broken shafts of gigs, 
 tools in abundance and much broken, expensive clothing, and piles of empty 
 bottles, which last are the only articles that make any return to the poorcredi- 
 
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 ! HI, 
 
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 n 
 
 
 
 !( 
 
 »<■■ i i 
 
 m 
 
 tf'Si 
 
 104 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 lorg, for the land has been already staked and lost to some brother cliip. Them 
 are the men who lose by farming, and would lose by tlie richest mine that w.ii 
 tver discovered ; but even they afterwards find employment, and their pooi 
 seat on horse back, and ' devil-may-care ' hunting propensities render then 
 valuable servants to the cattle owner, who engages them as stock keepers 
 where they vegetate until a fresh supply of money comes out and enabk'i 
 them to pursue the old game. However, there is no fear their case will discou- 
 rage the hard working sober man from engaging in the pursuit in which tliej 
 have failed. 
 
 "I was struck by an account in a late Adelaide paper, of a 'reunion,' oi 
 * soiree,' that was' held by half-a-dozen of these characters last May in tht 
 town : — 
 
 "A publican was leaving his business, and these worthies went to help offliig 
 ctock of beer and wine. Tlioy mside away with all they could procure in th« 
 house ; and when no more remained they broke up the chairs and tables, and 
 made a fire of them. Calling now for the bill, they found that the amount wm 
 less than they er^iJicted, and ordered the huidlord to bring some trays ol 
 glasses, which they smashed, until they made up the sum of £2b. Such is one 
 kind of high life in Australia." 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF EMIGRATION TO CANADA AND AUSTRALIA. 
 
 "The Canadas are within the distance of a six weeks' voyage from Enirlund; 
 they hold out many advantages to the British emigrant of good cliariictHr, 
 more especially the Upper Province, into the heart of which he car eiisily 
 penetrate, through the facility afforded by a magnificent river, the Saiut LiiW- 
 rence, canals and immense lakes, in two months from the time of his leavins,' 
 liome. There he will readily find employment at good wages the expense 
 of living moderate, most of the articles, the nuinufacture of his Uiitive 
 countrv, cheap, those of clothing, which alone are now dear, rapidly diminiKli- 
 ing in price. 
 
 " Tliere he will find a climate healthy ; a soil, when cleared of the timber 
 which covers it, capable of supporting a dense population. Much expense, not 
 less than £3 lOs. per acre, is required to clear the forest, but the labourer will 
 gradually clear his own portion of it by the sweat of his brow, and sweet is the 
 bread of industry. There he will find a people speaking the same language ami 
 professing the same religion as himself, Hud enjoying the same laws to wh cli 
 he has been accustomed,— laws which are the admiration and envy of the world. 
 If he is sober, industrious, and possessed of perseverance, he may look fo-wnrrt 
 to the certainty of seeing in a few years his family placed in the enviable situa- 
 tion of comfortable independence, the severity of the winter being the only 
 natural obstacle to the attainment of affluence." 
 
 **To the man who has through life been accustomed to labour and privation, 
 the degree of cold will appear but trifling; but there is one danger against 
 which the emigrant should be strongly cautioned, the ill eifects of indul>>iiiii in 
 the use of spirituous liquors, the cheapness of which is the bane of the colony. 
 From this his own judgment and resolution alone can preserve him. 
 
 "The scenery in the eastern townships of Lower Canada is finer than that of 
 the Upper Pn»vince, and therefore to the emigrnnt who can afford it, and w'whn 
 to combine ornament with profit, mtiny dewirable locations present theniHelveH. 
 The position is nearer to a market, but this iidvantiige is nn»re than counftr- 
 balanced by the Ittiid generally being less agricultural, and by the ipreater length 
 and severity of the winter. 
 
 "In Australia, the emigrant, if he can overcome his objection to the greater 
 distance from his native land, and the incouvenieinies <»f a voyage of tuiir 
 months, will find a climate the most delightful, free from excessive hunt or 
 intense cold, an«l might almost say perpetunl spring, when? the flociks ani 
 herds can roam at large throughout the \ear. A soil certainly more jri- 
 nerally adapted to pastnnige than hnsbanfiry. Yet there is eviTywhere ti> 
 be found u sufficient (piantity lor agricultural )»urposes for the use of m 
 
 farm. 
 
 "In many i)loees the country is devoid of timber, and consequently not"* 
 quiring^ the expense and great labour of clearing <lense forests, nit in Canii<lii 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 r>mo brother chip. The«e 
 K! richest inino that \v:is 
 jyracnt, and their good 
 •opensitiea render tliem 
 them as stock keepers, 
 comes out and enables 
 tr their case will diseou- 
 I pursuit in which tliey 
 
 aper, of a 'reunion,' or 
 iracters last May in the 
 
 'thies went to help off liin 
 ey could procure in the 
 ic ('hairs and tables, and 
 ind that the amount was 
 to bring some trays of 
 am of £2b. Such is one 
 
 AND AUSTRALIA. 
 
 is' voyage from Enjrhmd; 
 grant of good character, 
 : of which he can easily 
 lent river, the Saiiit Liiw- 
 i the time of his leaviii:; 
 good wages the expense 
 mufacture of his nntisc 
 iv dear, rapidly diminish- 
 
 105 
 
 n cleared of the timh«r 
 tion. Much expense, not 
 ost, but the labourer will 
 his brow, and sweet is the 
 g the same language ami 
 the same laws to wli di 
 on and envy of the world. 
 nee, he may look fo'wnni 
 ced in the enviable situa- 
 10 winter being the only 
 
 J to labour and privation. 
 
 [re is one danger against 
 ill effects of indulniuti m 
 is the bane of the colony. 
 
 I preserve him. 
 nadft is finer than thnt oi 
 can afford it, and wiHhM 
 
 .itions present themHelv*"** 
 gc is more than counttr- 
 and by the greater Iciib'tl' 
 
 is objection to the great.r 
 
 Ices of a voyage ot tom 
 
 from excessive heat oi 
 
 Ig, whi'r<' the flo<'ks anil 
 
 soil certainly more lh 
 
 1 there is overywhen' " 
 
 L)oses for the use oi "" 
 
 ■ and consequently not v<'- 
 %iv forests, as in Can:i«lti 
 
 «• No urgent necessity for places of shelter and variety of clothing for man and 
 beast exists in this quarter of the globe. It is true, however, that severe 
 droughts occasionally occur; but that inconvenience may and will be obviated 
 by the formation of ponds, whenever the colony is so far advanced as to en- 
 able the settlers to bear the expense. Here also the wages are good, and the 
 nacessaries of life cheap. It is indispensable to success wherever the emigrant 
 bends his steps that he should possess perseverance, industrious and sober 
 habits ; but I am sorry to say that his utmost efforts will be required in this 
 colony also, anl his resolution brought to the test, to withstand the same de- 
 moralizing and ruinous effects of the use of spirituous liquors as he is exposed 
 to in Canada." — Emigrant's Journal. 
 
 PORT PHILIP. 
 From a small Squattbr. 
 
 " Melbourne, Port Philip, June 25, 1847. 
 
 "Dear Patrick, — 1 wrote to you about twelve months ago, and, knowing the 
 state of Ireland at the present time, I feel very uneasy at not receiving an 
 answer from you. I have written to you at some length already about 
 this country ; but, as you may not have received the letter, I must again re- 
 peat, that {here is not in the world a better country than this ; and nothing 
 would give me gnreater pleasure than to see you here, where you and any per- 
 sons wishing to do well may, with the greatest ease, make a comfortable home 
 for yonrselyes. 
 
 "I might sa^ a great deal about this country, but I cannot illustrate it better 
 than by showing you how I have done myself since I came to it. 
 
 "Michael Henessy and myself possess a 'Station,' as it is called in this 
 country, capable of grazing 500 head of cattle, and we pay a rent of only 
 £10 a year to the government for it. We have at present 400 head of cattle 
 between us, with some horses and mares. We have about twenty acres of land 
 at present under cultivation, and of course it is optional with ourselves to cul- 
 tivate as much of it as we like. Our distance from market is about 40 miles, 
 and we carry our produce to market on drays drawn by bullocks, with which 
 we also cultivate our land, and we always nnd a ready market in Melbourne 
 for anything we grow. 
 
 " Our land here, that we pay a mere trifle for, produces between 30 and 40 
 bushels per acre, allowing 60 lbs. to the bushel, and we can always get at least 
 5s. per bushel ; lOd. per lb. for our bacon, and Is. per lb. for our butter, and 
 often more. 
 
 " I feel, in common with every Irishman in this district, a warm sympathy for 
 Ireland in its present sad condition ; for, if one-half of what we hear about its 
 miserable state be true, it is enough to make any man feel wretched who has a 
 drop of Irish blood flowing in his veins. 
 
 "I have to thank God that myself and family, and Michael Henessy and 
 family, are enjoying the best of health ; and I must again repeat that I would 
 be very happy if you and Edmond Kennedy, and families, would come out to 
 UB ; and, even if you landed here without a shilling, there can be no fear of 
 you, and any assistance in my humble power will "be at your service, until you 
 eiitablish yourselves. Single men are getting £'M a year— single women the 
 same, as they are very scarce here. Married peo^)]e can readily obtain jt'50 
 A year, even with young families— so that I can, with confidence, recommend 
 this country to you, and any persons who wish to better their condition. 
 
 " I have seen Brian Downey and Patrick Stokes but once since I came out— 
 they are about 100 miles from me — I hear they are doing well. I now conclude, 
 hoping nnd trusting in OoA that this will find you and all my friends as well as 
 I wish them.—Your ev«r affectionate brother, "John Dorb." 
 
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 CHRISTIAN'S [The] HALF HOUR BOOK; comprising 8( 
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 JOHNSON'S DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH %AlfQ 
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 JOSEPHUS [FLAVIUS] THE WORKS OF. The Learned 8 
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