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 ON ^ OF ^ SaNADA 
 
 •Pacific Railway 
 
 AND 
 
 NORTH - WEST TEP^PvITORIES, 
 
 ^ 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pacific ^ ilway and the North West, a speech by Mr. A. W. Ross. . 1 
 
 Manitoba Soils, b" Prop. Gilbert, a paper read before the British 
 
 Association in Montreal «*• i"*. jjuihsu ^^ 
 
 North-West Prairies, Notes by Prof. Fream 15 
 
 Notes on the Canadian North West, by Prof. Sheldon . . . ! 21 
 
 Advantages of Canadian North-West, by Prop. Tanner . 25 
 
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 lU'RI.AND I.ITHO. Co., 
 
 (1 Map FngraviTs, 
 
 • ■■*''^'"^^ MONrREAL, CANADA, 
 
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 8ar Francisco 
 
 i7£ 
 
 American ik 
 
 juxiticr 
 
 •J.pdarl Is 
 
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 CAN. tAC. Rl 
 
 IHER 
 
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 ST' 
 
 EQU, iTOR 
 
 160 
 
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 Table of Compnraiive Distances. 
 
 Mil«. 
 
 Man I.lne — Montrfil to Port ^I.ivlj, 
 A.l KailRyUU (un.lrr roiijituciioii ', i.dJJ 
 
 Kroai Vr-.T Vork to I'm't MoofT, i ui 
 
 liro.»Mll9 and ( »n. I'u'-iOe U'y , • • 2,7<fl 
 
 Frim Ni w V iiic to b*"' I r. «m :> c, i1.t 
 Ifniril and Lnon I'li i|iP lla.'i>!iii, 
 tiij 1 ."rtc jt c<iniie;(lu^ liiitt liiro.iV'l 
 tlto i. i.itfi SlaU'fl, 
 
 I'roia l.iviinr.yOL to N»w YonK, • • • . 
 
 From I.iTEnpnoL la I'rmT Mi ,vt, v.n 
 
 Uo.itreal anil Lao. I'ao. R J., . • -l 
 FroTi I.ivsnfo.i. to Saw FruNcmco.fia 
 
 ihort.'at coiiueciing \v:r» la tlis t.&., 
 From I.irrRPooi. ij 7' •; jn»«i Map&o), 
 
 fia Aloutreulant Cati. l*ac H';., • - 
 From I.iviBpo )i. to Vck ^insn (Jajan), 
 
 iiiaNew York amlKiu I raucuoo, • -10,420 
 
 Tho diatatK^s, vio the Cauullan PaclQo 
 
 Uailwa/, uru hy tlio Kail auil 
 
 Luku lluule. 
 
 IM 
 5,b80 
 
 .1 
 
 -r^ 
 
PA( 
 
 SI'KIK II OK 
 
 Till' ffillmv 
 
 llflllHI' (it ( 'llltlll 
 
 tiuiis to tin: ( ',11 
 iiituiiiliiig HvttU 
 
 Mr. iJOSS 
 i»f ilftciicIiiiL; til 
 tilt! |lii|icy .,(' til 
 
 stjitclllCllt.H lllhl 
 
 W'fst, iiiKJ al.Hd 
 
 I'lltlllT Jd'OSpOct 
 tlu' rll.lltci- WMs 
 
 ill the Noitli V\ 
 nor wcic we, in 
 was not so iiiipi 
 liiivo show II us, 
 ill a politii a! sii 
 Hailwa}', hccaii 
 
 W'V tllOll;,r||t, to 
 
 111 tlic; past \vt; I 
 wi-rt! p1i'iIl;ciI t( 
 
 r01|j^r|-;lt,||l;|t(r,| II 
 
 when tlit-y fomi 
 \ ii'iiiity of Will 
 rapid constnicti 
 and now \M' In 
 lio<ky Mouiita 
 sliowii that till- 
 and the wliolt- I 
 (ilohc of -Jiid A 
 
 "The cvciii 
 j,'rcat was tin; f< 
 jiuojilu to foriu a 
 
PACIFIC RAILWAY 
 
 \M> IIIK 
 
 NORTH WEST 
 
 «-*-•• ^ Vw>.* ^w-^V 
 
 SI'KKCII (»!•' mi:, a. \V. ROSS. M.I'.. I\ IIIK C WA l»l.\\ IIOL'.SK ol' 
 
 (•(»MM()\>. 
 
 Till- t'i»lln« ill;^' spi'fi'ji V\HS i|ili\ clf.l liy Mr. A. \\ . Ijiiss, IlK'lllliiC fitl' M.S;,'iir, ill fllf 
 llnllMc lit ( 'iiiiiliiuiis, (III .lillit' I'.dli I SS.'t, mi till' .Hlilijiit lit till' r.uilii' II.ul\N.iy III itrt Iria- 
 tioiis tu till' ( an, nil, III \\'c.>it, It IH i'i'[ii'<ii|iii;ci| ii.s mill. lining iiiallti ol iiiiicli iiilcK.-.it tiir 
 iiitfiiiliiig .wttU;i.>i : • 
 
 .Mr. KOS.S. Ill risiii;^ t<» Hpcak ii|)<iii tliiHi- icsiiliitiuii.s, I iIh imt ilo so \s itii tlif olijcit 
 
 of ilcti'iiiliii:^ till' puliry nt' till' ( iiisfriiiiniit witli ir'^anl to tlif .N'ortli West luiintry aii'l 
 
 till- policy lit' till- ('aiiailiaii I'ai'ilir U.tilway ( oiiipiiiiy , Imt I u i.>sli to point out sonif iiii.s 
 
 stattMiKMits iiinl soiiH- ini.sappioliciisiiiiis ii.s to tlir true pimition tif uiluir^ in tin; Nortli 
 
 West, ami also to point out \\ hat, 'ii my opinion, is the tiitiii«' of that yrrat roimtry. tlif 
 
 flltllli' plospcrt.s 111 the ( 'anaili.ili I'arllii' K.iilu iv ami lulu r tlli' flltllli' of ( anaila. Winn 
 
 thf cliaitiT was ^iMiitciJ to tln' pii-scnt loiiipaiiy, ami was latilinl in this railiaiiicnt , wr, 
 :.. <i... V 1. i\'. ... : I 4i...t .1 . i:." . ... i .. i...;i. .1. . i' 1 ..!.. <... :. .. 
 
 In tlir past \M' liail seen tlir artioii o| liotli ( io\ n niiiriits, ami lonMiIci nl tliat wliilr tlicy 
 wi'i'c plfil'.M-il to push thf loail on, tln-y hail not Idiilt as ra|iiilly as wr wishnl, ami w«! 
 (•on;^r|iitiilatt;il ourselves on tlu- cspcriiilly rapiW cuiistiui-'tion of the mail liv this company 
 when they eoinmenceil woik ; Init, unfortunately for oiiisches, in Wiiinipei.', ami in the 
 vicinity of W'innipe;,'. we iliil not aiiticipulc the iliie results that \miiiIiI follow from thi« 
 iMpiil construction. Iiiit the roail has lieen Imilt west of W'innipe;,' to the .Monntain.s, 
 ami now we lielieve that it is all iinportaiit that it shonhl he constriicteil across the 
 Hoeky Mountains, ami completeil from ocean to ocean. Keccnt ('veiits have further 
 shown tiiat the rapi'l const riietion of the road has lieen of immense ser\' ice to the iromitry, 
 ami the whole Uominion. The follow in;; st.iteinent has lu'eii inaile, which I r«;ail in the 
 (ilohe of "Jinl April : 
 
 "The events of the pa.st few ilays in the N'ortli-\N'>st prove unhappily too well how 
 j^rt-at was the folly of hastening; the construction of the raiiioail, ami thus caiisim.' the 
 people to i'oiiii Bcattijiei I .■juttlcinentd along its wiiolo length, ll to-day the settlcineuta 
 
oxtcinlcil only ;i U\\ liiiinlriii miles from WiiiiiiiicL'. tin re w onlil |iidl(iilily I'" mo iclifllioii; 
 or if tlii'ir wcic, it woiilil not lie .so torniiiltiMc. 
 
 I Hiniply Hav lli'il llx' iM|>i>l ii'n>hu(lion lias liml as mmli to do with llir war in tliii 
 SoUilaii as it III-. 1 1 'I l<> >!' > >'. ll ii i Ml l< III Hi on in ! Ii> Noi l |i \\ I'l . ,iiiii t hat I hi' stt tlriiK'iitH 
 on tJit' Sasi\;i|.ln\\ .111 \^ II I I ,1' ■ I ■ -'ii;!' \ lai s 111 li'i !• a mili'ol i.iijw.iy w.i.s Imilt west of 
 Winnipf;:;, .^onu' oi ii;\ n, u i-n , iniiit--, w inn I \\.i.<.i mi'inlici in tlir l.nrai House, 
 h'ft my I'on.^l i! ;ieiii\ ..ini. i • ii' i,u \ ii. iii\ ;il\iii. wnii to '.(till iijiiii till' Noitli San 
 katchew an. ami I In " .<< I ; i ,. i lo . \. ii e loi me I . nil in i-n n <e n| i In i .1 pi ■ I eons 1 1 net ion of 
 thf railway, li, .mii-i' llie lun- i. - I • .1 Imilt .i\'..i\ t'l tin .>.iiitli. .iii'l ,1 thin line of .settle 
 
 IllCIlt ll.nl lieell IiumhiI (!( ii , ,..| i ■ i , , |,| :■■ 'i i, i .| leile,^ soiilh nl llii> ilislllet ill willell 
 
 the re he II inn till 11. pi M I . I ■ r,, • i-. , ■ ■n-t , ii'i i^n I ml nut i.ik. n piaee. Imw w 011 hi t he 
 X'ollinteer.s h.n r ■•Ml i.li h .. . i'. ( ' 1 \ ; 'pil ',- , 1 > I 1 -ll ( I 1 1 k ; le.\\ w niihl I lie\ ll.i v e lieeli 
 
 alile to ^o to .sn\ 1; ; 1 •' ; 1 .1 . ::\ ■i\ ■ !■ • . II i I I 'i 1 1 I |i t"l il. ami In ( ,il.'.ir\ in m ile;- to ^et 
 
 to I'alnioiitiin, !'■ tin i.li 1 .1 .i \.i:i Itii iiii-.' The m 1 1 lie. on the North 
 
 SilsUateliew .111 \»iii;!.l 1 1.. 1 ,11,, . ..1..;, , in 01. h; ti n ;ili tin 111. the Miliinteers 
 
 won hi ha\ "• 111 I 1.1 ; ■ . ■ ; .■ jir . II 1 ■ tl mil \\ liillij I";, 'ii 1 1 W ,ill !• r t lie iee to he 
 
 rellloNCil ll'nm 1 . 1 !■ \\ii:'i|i . wliili \ilii>eM mi-, in ,1110111 li\enl si\ W eeK.s ihla\ . rill- 
 
 rapiil const iiie! I '11. vi'mI, ;, ' li'.ii, !i! I'l-nii ml iimh t>i m.in\ III lis ill W'lnnipej. has 
 Iteen of imineiisi- ii.i •. I ■, • . t .: \ .., ' , W 1 1 in I !ii- 1 1 ;iil 1 ■! 1 rii ni i\ cni >, 1 1 is nntor 
 tllliaf e t h.ll I lli ^ ei Miip,' 11 • ~ V 1 ■ 1 •-, , in 1 1 : li. I ., -U |i 'l ll.i'i e nu nes , Init I he •, .1 re here, 
 ami MOW , sh.ill v\ 1 . I'l-' v., wi'lii-.l i.inl i( - ; 0,11' -1 nl h n.'li ■.■ s lleM tlietJoxeril- 
 
 inciit shoiilil l.ike (.\i' I'.i- '.•..;, |i,ii I liiin! i! wniihl he oiii' 1 1| ilir iMosI 1 1 isa st loll.S 
 things lor ( ';ni,'ii. I it l',i' W.I' I'll pl:ve. Iheieil 1 .1 pi i-^m ;i ml t In pa 1 1 onaiie which 
 
 W'olllil re>;i!| I'. 'in n 'l :. i- . II i ■.Wi'll-i .i.'^lrnV t'le ■-i:eee..>llll oprr.itioll of ally 
 
 I'oail wit h slleli :i It •! ',',).•■ ; !, .^ n 'I hr, .| m .1 r n 1-., hi ,\i. h.i , r i in eon , p.niN ei .ml net eil 
 
 t.licir a-ll'airs sill,' . ||, , ,, , m i nu ' m . I I.e. ."•■...■. inn '■ IIm- H.--, n .■hi.i.m iI the loiul 
 
 ill the interesl of llie ■ . : . . ^v . I !i \\ . I . Ill -in !i I \' y i.^ l.. enl .I le I hem to the 
 
 ctnisitlcral ion o| ! in • I i • ■ i. i ■ i.ii' . \ .' 1 I 'ni.h ■ in ■, I. i \ . . \.il w ii hst.imlin;^ 
 
 their inoiiopiijy ell ■.■■.'.; I . -.i I,. . '■ i; .'-.i;. .-.hiw |i. ,ln. ;-.et I his. tint I think they 
 
 «1() merit the iMiisi.lei ,,; i .n ' i i ! < . I li .u-.i' h-hI ..i tin iMiini .■\ . In I. Mis. w Inn t he railways 
 «NlHterIy I roln ( ll n-.i . i h i I O. . ji mi . • .li-' i n.'l i. .n |i .i \ i .; i .. i he ehaiL^es tor \v lleii t to New 
 York, hy the ,;|l r.iil -i n; ■ ,, << r." lUl nul- i hll-ln I, v lille I lie eli,irL;es, toiliiy, from 
 NN'innipeL', 111 Mmt 1 1 il. .n .■ . >.)\\ '_' . .ei-.i . .1 hn-^lrl, : 'iim\ ne; till' relatixe posit ion of an 
 Illinois farmer I In II, .. ml ; Al nil' hi lniii imw. The k'n 'iiiirs I nion, throii'.:li their 
 olHcers, lia\e e\pM.,si'I Mnn ..mi a.-iiii lii.it the .ompiiiN have ilealt fairly with the 
 settlers in the Nm I li Wet. ' h 1 In in . i m easi', t 'le I pn si ion aii.<es : Will this railway 
 over pay, ami. il il will pi\. I:.\i' w.' •! :. I'liiil;, tm the loan'.' Tlie ipiestion whether 
 it will pay or iinl in pi 11. Is chImiIx' np.i; t!ie i h.p.n ier 111' tin- eoiinlry through which the 
 roatl runs, ami ils spi-.'. I ni o. \ ilopMeni . I ,i'l ns l.n U .il 1 he I ' nile.l .stales ami see w hat 
 
 was (lont^ there. i'l. i\\.iM I*-...'..' .m I Is.h; |.,||| -re;;! trniik lines flolii New ^'ork to 
 Chica-Ljo w ere eoinph'li li. ami .: 1 1 1 i\\ ,1 1 . 1 , .'1 .|i ii.i I ii .ns ;i 1,1 1 le f 1 1 mi ( 'liieaL'.o to !,onis\ille, 
 ('iiu'innatli ami .^1. l.iMi:-. In Is-ii, \, In n ihe < nnmii ion w.n; made with ( liiea;_'o to 
 New York, the Inl.ilevp if-nl Li . .i.l -1 nli'-. Iiom llie liiiKil Slates weieonlv .s;7.'!.<>(ii. l.'U, 
 M.'hill' ill hS.Stlthi'N ui;e ' ' .'.H .' •JU, ^^.".. I'l I SliCi the ti.lil ("ports of w lle.it from the 
 'v v'fiMl Slates oiil\ .■iiiiiiiiiiii ll i.i i(t.s','i'.7'_'l Imslii IS. oii!\ li.iir yt .11 >. hel'ore ihe lirsl itiel 
 ii''.('lHoM in the .\i.il!i \\i .1. I'lii III |ss:; till' amount of those e\ports had risen to 
 i ♦7,0}KS,.S,S.) Iiiishels. This w .'., 1:1 ".elx d He t . 1 t lie 1 h \ elopnn lit li\ railway const met ion 
 ■ •<' their <; real West. M.iii- i!;;poit-Mi| sdll is tin' im're.i.--e in tin interna! eommeree of 
 
 III 
 
 (iiiilrv, ai 
 
 id espe.'l:il!\ ol I li" I'l 
 
 lit wlie.ll '.'low 111'.; .Stales. Let ll.s take tivcof till 
 
 cii'ht wheat lii'ow III" .Si.iti-^. ( '.ilili .riii.i, Kan 
 
 Mi 
 
 sola. Missouri and I Jakot.i. and 
 
 HVV w 
 
 mi 
 
 hat 
 
 railw a\ i(e\ eloiniieli 
 
 I li.'is done for them. In I.s7(i the\' iiniledh' had miK Iti.") 
 
 k'.s of r.iilwa\. Ill l.ss: the\ had I'.I.Kl.'. 
 
 on On'ls 1 1 '.1 .'. 111. or .>. 
 
 II ill's, .iiid what w 11 e the results V They had 
 
 t Ile total exports of t he 
 
 ,.s(M 
 
 .il.i liiisin is o\ (' 
 
 last year I.Sl,.i(lt».(IOl» 
 
 wliolc coiiiil ry. That is whit his Ini ,1 dom' hy i.ipid railw.iy de\ (•lopimnts in the I'nited 
 
 States, and heme the rap 
 aiiioinit of expoi l^i in Ins.'.. 
 
 IMiiladelpI 
 
 oi'v e|ii)ili.enl 
 I ; i n ■: i 1 1 1 o t i 1 , ■ p 
 
 i| the wcsti'rii pr.iii'ies. (hit of the total 
 ii*s of r.i.slon, N( w N (irk. Ilalliinoi-c ami 
 
 lla, l.ir i.ii'el'.'ii slop 1 I'lit,, !>.. p 
 
 it. of th 
 
 ■rail.. !l.'i iier eeii 
 
 t. of the l.eef. 
 
 })."{ iier cent, of tin' pmk. S.i per ei'iii. of the li\ 1' .1 II i ma Is, e.ime entirely from the western 
 ami north-western .'^1 lies of the I niiin. Ml iliis wms done since the rapid railway de 
 Vi'lopineiit of t lii'si. \v I 'iterii .States. ('an we expect to reeei\-e siinil.ir results from our 
 own North-West '.' I.iok ,il mir s.iil. I'li.it soil is imt ihiIn cipial to the hest in the 
 Vuituil State's, lull it is siijMiior in eNtciit. to that of a,ii\ |).irt of the .Anieiiean eontiiu'iil, 
 
:\ 
 
 tlicrc liciii;^ riiiicli limit i,''">'l l;iiiil fmmil tin n in < nc snliil lilnck. I.iist yi'iir I ininlr Hdino 
 I'l'in.nK'i Mil llii.i jiciiit, anil in a;i'.,\ci In (iiat Mimr slatiiiiciils \mt<' niailc tlial were not 
 i'\aill_\ iiur. I will nail a Iru rnu.irk. I i'.a<ti' last \v.\i aii.iiit tlir -.'lil nf ||i" Ncitli- 
 Wisl •.' I ;,ai.l : 
 
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 iiioii_- ;iiiy .'{(H) mill .1 o,< 1 aiis liar it lail'..'. in ('ana. la. ! lie soil, sir, i ; .'\i rlli'iit . I'.iit 
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 "I ilo iliiiih without t ;,'oti.aii I know a. innli alioai fliit I'oimtiy asiinylioii, inciiilicr 
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 of ('.\aiiiiiiiii .; t 111' poiini 1 A . ^omip • 1 1 m .i I'mII. i.i n I'ii i. a ml w liilr !i i \ in • i^i mil \\ \i\f ;iii(l 
 «'n joyiiiif thi'iiisi'l VPS, tin-y liml ihat <'\ piy t limj is .ill li.iit. (Itlii-i- ppiil Ipiiipii torip lln'lr 
 o|iinioiis Iroiii w hat tlips h'ai n ,it a iliniH'i' I.iIiIpmh' m .i '•lii'i room: whijp ot licis ilpiivii 
 tlu'ir ojiinion tiom (hrii own siipprior iniipr lon.npioiisiips.s. ,Sonn' f^'pntlcincn ;.^o llipfy 
 
with their thooriuH of tho country iilrwuly forinotl, ami if the facts do not Ixiar tjut the 
 thcoiy anil (exactly <:oinci(l(^ \sitli it, so much the worse for the facts. Sonit- men go to 
 that eountry who are strong i»<ilitical partisans, ami w ho (■mleavoi- to make tlic country 
 hear some relation to their politics, ;imi still moi'e strongly conhr'in them in their political 
 opinions. If they find four facts, thiei; of which do nut hear niit their political opinions, 
 they reji^ct tiie tinc*^ facts and keep tli<' one that ilnes. 'j'he hon. gentleman from Kast 
 York dill not ailr)pt any of the ahose courses. lie wiMit ovim' tiie line of railway and 
 examined it carefully and took information fiom all the farmeis that he came in contact 
 with. Mere is his testimony, as given hy a re|)orter of the (llohe. .And I wouhl Hay 
 further, with regard to that pulilished interview, tiiat I consider his statement a trut; 
 representation of the .North- W'c.st and matters there, and I only wish the |)eople of 
 Canadii would read and digest it more fully. I have leail it over and ovei' again, and in 
 my opinion it is the ahlest and truest representation of that eoiniti'y that has ever ap- 
 peared in print fiom any of our puhlic men. lie wa.s asked : 
 
 " l)iil yiui ohseive particularly the ciipahilitii s foi- farming hnther east, hetweiii 
 Calgary and Manitoha?"' 
 
 To which he leplied : 
 
 crop 
 
 On being iisked hi.s opinioji on Innnigration, he replied : 
 
 "Immigration has heen .stopped lai'gely from Ontario, hy reports of complaints 
 coming from tiie West, and also, I fear, hy the action of some portion of the (hitario 
 pi-e.SH in dwelling too persistently upon imfavourahle aspects, tliough no douhtliased upon 
 foi'mer ofiicial rt^ports. I found a genital im|)ression to this allect prevailing among 
 intelligent men in the Xorth-We.st, the general idlect of which was prejudicial to the liest 
 interests of the settlement." 
 
 After his evidence, 1 think the hon. memhei' for South I'eitii should throw aside his 
 native modesty and heconie egotistical. We have another test, and a .still higher one as 
 ])l-oof of my stateuu'uts of last yi^ar, in the ten (,'Xperimental farms started west of .Moo.se 
 Jaw for the production of gi'ain. On the whoh' ten the a\i:ragc yield was 'il .1 hushels, 
 of wheat to the acie : oats 14.', to tiie acrt; ; harley '2'i\ ; ])eas I'J.j. How many eountii's 
 in Ontario can show hetter lesults, and yet these alio\c results were from tiist sowing on 
 th(! sod, not even hroken in the proper season. \iz., dune, liut late in Septemlier and first 
 week in Oetol)er. With such a magnilicent soil and such |)roduc(^ raised in a j)ortion of 
 the country which has heen descrihed in the jiast as a haiT.ii desert, and in the Olohe, of 
 tlune I.Sth, INS4, descrihed as heing such tluit 400 miles of tiiis ])art of the line can never 
 earn enough to pay foi' locomotive tallow, unless alkali should hecome of great commei'- 
 cial value, what may we not hope from other |>ortioiis of the cnimtiy, and what may not 
 the future of the (;o>nitry tiu'n out to he. With res|)ect to climate : Though we may not 
 have the variety of climate they [lossess in the Tnited States, yet we have a climate 
 which ])roduces a vigorous, hardy, intelligent and enterprising race, .sami)les of which, 
 and in emlnrani'c and hiaveiy, iia\c heen furnishi'd in the half hreeds on the Saskat- 
 chewan and the !K)th IJattalion of Winni])eg. Witli respect to the capacity of the .soil 
 for wheat growing, the following descrihes fully the capahilitit's of soil and climate for 
 growing No, I hard wheat : — 
 
 " The (|ualities of climate which hear on wheat raising in the \orth-West, and con- 
 tribute more regularly, uniformly and ellicientlj to the growth of the crop than any 
 
 •S * 
 
5 
 
 i 
 
 fdiiiiil ill iiKirc sdiitlicrly I'liiiiutf's, arc : iiiofc dnily smisliiiH' tln' il;iys liy fcjisoii of tlu; 
 lii;4ln'i' latit mlf, lii-iii<^' l<(n;.'rr runl iii^lit>. wliiili always tavniii' tlif cereal (■i-n])s ; ilerj) 
 fro.stH, uliifh ;,M'a(liially melt ami supply iiii>istiiie tn the u'low in;; plant ; less intense heat 
 flni'ihL; tlie maturing,' niontlis, fewer- injniinns eapiiees ot' weather at the ecitieal period of 
 ;,'ro\\ til. and natural I'liniafie eonditions. whieh render possiMe die prodnet in of hard 
 spiiii;,' \\ iieat a i-heap erop, hy leasoii ot its lieiii.' a ipiick eiop of only alu t 1(10 days 
 fidiii seeding,' to matiiiity. ' 
 
 This No. I hard wheat eaiiiiot he prodneed except in the .North- West and in northern 
 |)akotaand in northern Minnesota. South of latitude Id. ellorts have heeii made time 
 ami a;,'ain to ;.'row this wheat. Nortliern seed has lieen hroii^lit south, hnt it lias always 
 failed and turned into soft wln-at. Anot her advantage whicji our .Noit ii-\\ est possesses 
 ill common witli |)akota and Minnesota. i.> that it is not siiliject to tornadoes and 
 cyclones, which prevail further soutii. In KansMs they lia\c had two or three annually 
 for the last "JO \ ears, and they are also siiliject to theiii ill Illinois, .Missouri, Iowa, In- 
 diana ami (Hiio, while in tin- .North-West uc Iia\'e not liecii siihject to them. ( )iir ;,'razinj; 
 lands art! also ;:oiiiL; to pro\c most \alnal(!i in future years. Mxperieiice is showiri;^ that 
 tllt^s(! lands are ;.''»inL; to he of iariie dimeii-^ions. especially in soiiiliern .Assinihoia, wliic'h 
 has not lieeii lo lUed npon as a ;.'ra/.in„' '•ouiitry, ow in;: to the ron-hiiess of its surface ; 
 lint owiii;.' to this very character and its cliniate, it is Lioin.^ to prove anioiii,' the most 
 important ;,'raziii,!.,' lands in the North-West. The future of our lountry entirely ilepend.s 
 lioweviM'. upon the outlook of the wheat crop in the world. Is there any other eoiintry 
 where wln'at can he raiseil cheaper and of hettt'i' ipiality than in the .North- West? Ft 
 the answer he in the atiirmative. then the future of the .North-W est is not assured, the 
 future of the ( anadian I'acilic IJailway is certainly not assured, and the future of ( 'anada 
 is iiudoiihtedly not assured. In looking' fit the v\ heat crop of the world 1 lind the numher 
 of hushels re(|uired for I'lurope I .;!7.">,0()(».000, and its pio.iu.tioii 1 , 1(10.000,000, lieiice a 
 deliciency of '27'">,<M>().((0() iiusheis, and tlie nnuilier rer|uired for |']n;,dand alone is'JlO.IKM),- 
 000 ; the av('ia;;c numher of hushcls MiiLdand has 'j,row n annually is tiO.OOO.OOO, so then', 
 is a sliortai^e of ir)(),(MM.',(M>0 hushcls. Last year this deliciency was supplied |irincipally 
 hy tlu! LJnituil States. Russia, India, (iermany, .\iistralia. (anada, (hili, ls;.,'ypt and 
 Turki'y, and in the ahove order according; to amount furnisiied. Our only tw o rivals art; 
 the l.'iiited .States and India. The former furnislie<l Mn-land last year with 7(>.'S.'{i{.7-(> 
 hushels ; India with '.?(). !(S7.NI'(l Imshels. In lookiiii; at the wiieat crop of the I'nited 
 .States, the hist .State of tlic I'liioiias re_'ards wiieat is (alifornii. Last year she ;;rew 
 ahmit 4r),.")00.000 liiishels : hut tiii.> v car licr wlicat crop w ill not exceed t: om 1S,0(»0.000 
 to *J."). 000, 000 husiiels. 'I'he farmers of California ar<; aii indoniiij w heat -row iiiL' ami are 
 entering,' more into fruit, hei'aiise they are enai)le<l to inal<c .s|(»() per acre from fruit in- 
 stead of .SIO jier ai-re friuii v\ hi'at, and the fruit ci ii|i is a iiiiicli surer crop than is wheat. 
 Tn till! future, tiiei'id'ore, California will drop out entirely as a wiieat competitor, and 
 ;^row |triiicii)ally fruit and tlie v inc. Kans.is la>t year raised l.'>,."iOO,000 iuishels ; this 
 year I. '),.")()(), 000 hushcls, and the prices rec<'ived last year iiy Kansas farmers were from 
 1!( cents to ."»() cents per hiishel. In all tin; wlicat-L'iow ini; .States wliere winter v\ heat 
 was sown, the wheat i-ro]> is almost an entire failure, and the estimated shortai,'e of the 
 wheat crop of the I'nited States is !.">0.000,(lOO hiishils. Only two .States may he con- 
 sidered as our competitors, northern .M iniiesrita ami nortliern l)akota. l)otliey possess 
 siiperioi- advanta'/es to our Northwest, or are our advanta:.;es eipial to theirs'.' In tin; 
 matter of elinia c and in soil and in other respects they arc; very eipial. .\ ;;rf;at 
 (leal has ht;eii saiil ahoiit our farmers desertiiiL; .NIaiiitoha ami the Northwest and going 
 into Dakota. 1 lind the lion, meinher for South lluron the otiier day said : 
 
 '■ l»ut lion, geiitlciiien opposite, l)v their sympathy, aid and assistance to the ('ana- 
 dian Pacific Railway, so lianipered the Wiiinipeu' ;ind .Smitliw estcrii RailvNay that tin; 
 latter was m;ver ahle to extend their line heyoiid .">S miles of Winnipeg. What has heen 
 the I'esult of this policy'.' It is apparent to every hody in tlic country that of tin; lar^'c 
 nmnlu'r of iiniiiiur'ints settled in .\lanitoha. ."lO per cent.. I venture to say, have left tho 
 country. Why have th<y left the country'.' 
 
 "Mr. WIIITK (llastim/s). No; tliey have not. 
 
 "Mr. (,'AM KR( >N. I'lie hon. gentleman says no. | make no statement on tin; 
 floor of I'arliameiit that 1 am not prepare<l to [irovc, and 1 am prepared to prove it out 
 
r 
 
 I" 
 
 tif.i ;i[, W -Jiiii;^!'!'!. i ,', .',,1 1 ; 
 
 f)f tllf IiKilltJl iif lion, ^rciltlriiicll fijilKisitc. (•s|)ici;ill\ t lie iil.;i II plilil I.nIiccI ill tlic city of 
 \Vllllii|>r;^. ■ 
 
 ilc fitt'Miil in (lie |ia|i(!- ill W'iiihiin-L; viippiiitiii.' tin' < 'O^ « i iiii int. | <|ii imt cjiic 
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 kiHiu 1 1ll' .-tail incut 1-- i:..i iiiic. I hivc jnxucd m|i liic rcjnal Ml Mr. Xi.iiijio, a ivpinl 
 h1i')\\ in.L.'- ai-ii,i'lii;j ii h li ii i, ■;, . ,.;.•' |^i , •, .ii.m-. I Im' iiimvImi- i.l iinii.i-i i.ui.- iur Icii yi'urs 
 ;,'<)! ii;.' I lit" ill.' I 'iiiii .1 Male . I |, ; ;,(.' II ,1 h!., . 1 >,^ 1. I liinl 1,\ that n | m 1 tli;.l I lie iiiiiii- 
 l)ci- III |icrM'ii.- vUmui'il Iri'i'i .Manl'.lia iiiii. i';r \U."ic ot ilic I iiUi-d Mjiic, in that 
 |M'lii.'i v.as: Mah , 'J.7-<i : Ni a:..-. 'J.t'll : i.'ial. !.7<i7. i )lii iiiu the .> iliic t ilnc I am 
 SJlti.>-IIc(| (ill I Ilii'lC li.. Ii t;.' . IM. Ill- ■ r.Mi.i Mill srlliiil ill (lie \> ai h W Cf-t iVnlli tllC 
 I'liili M •-!; '!;■>. I i a , I- 111.-,, I ) I' :' cfl;.. .' r ."> ] " I c< lit . .'I 1 he |)i(.|iie (hat lia\ e -..he in- 
 
 i"' ■ !• ;• ■ ;■.(• Im. ', .11 * i.iiai i'.. '!.• .-".iti-ty 
 
 . . . ,.: . t . ih. e!ii. 1 ,,■ il,.' i.;;r,Ma ..(' .'^tati.-i- 
 
 I.' ilMian. |;> I a' il.c \ \-[ I'. .11 >e.;l;. Ic'call.'^l! I 
 knew IM.ii ri" ii,.;iil.i 1 ., .,i:; II; J , .■ i i 'I la |" ..pie \\ l,.i l-.al li it Maiiihili.. were 
 
 Iai';;i i- ! ii.i II ill 1 ii.' >.•■(■■, •■,.'.'■ ,1 .■ 11 i! . . .. I IK (I . . t lie u Im'i ,ii:i..i;ii' . I ii reply, I 
 
 j;i)t l.lii.^ .•'ii.-u . . ; ■■ i nil .^ui I , a i .''■'. , • i h •;• in, .i)\\ , n v .,:.■, : I .S-> I , i . lO,"! ; i^.^'J. 
 
 l.;i!I.S: l.^s.' . I. I.:;.- l--.- :. :■.,':. 'l ; , ,. .1., ii.,:;ier. nn i.i.viail \\ the Wa.sliiii^ti.li 
 
 aiilhiilit I! .s I I 1 he III i. i.ei I I pi . j , \', .,1, !i 1 1 '.i.il:; : . h;. -iliii w ( lit ilii" : lie I ' lii tcii ."^tJi te.s 
 illlliliL;- I ",;,.(■ ii.hl' ye... .-. 'I ! I:- I . I : • . h. I is i i' .i a I' \ 1 1 1 i ! iL; 1: ive ." 1 1 per cUit.. .aail the iimi. 
 men ;i lei' ; h a.- -^ii. .v. ... li: > :;r . i ; !;• > , . ; ,; . : .. .-iiu : v 1 1\ i iniii ^iiin. it . eiicinie.-i with siieli a, 
 wc.ipiiii ti) li.ulit it. lieic 1.-. ::n(.iliei- ui. ^laiii. li I,- hum .Mr. .1. 11. Ma(!ta\i.<h, ami i.s 
 iiH follow .-^ : 
 
 " ( 'i i.p,~. oil « \ p.'i'iM 1. 1,' I t'.i ' ;.i-A looh in-.- eM ( ih III , eon ' leraMy alnail nt' la^l year, 
 siiiiif ilati , l'io.--oeel • i.,r ..ooii ei oj,.- i hn iijluaii. tioiii W ini'ipc'j; to Calvary, never so 
 j^'odd as ai present. * onliiieii. e oi settlers ill i.'e.ipa ami -Meosc .law tiioron^hly re- 
 .storeil. i-'aiiiK I s ami !ii;sinc^.s in i: L.eue.,.!iy t 'iioiii:lion; Noitiiwesi \ii;, liopefiii.'" 
 
 I am xei'v sol ry llial any i'e.i)i!e iiail lo le'Xe the Xorii. V\''-l . auil th.-it any went into 
 Dakota.. Imt I .<( iohl'n' "■•,. ••1 < > t' '■ e\.iL .ei:, lien i.t' tl'<' fa. t - ;.. the injiiiy of tlii:-( 
 eininiry. 'i'here \\-as i.i, • i';-!ais.' whi! ! \';l; ei tiinitii'il. a'.l i: \> a.s .■ontinueil for a 
 year's .-e;, i; of in.i i'..i . . '■ n. :■• 1 ■■:.!i \, ;,.--, lii<' rt ,-m . . .-; .i,ih of tlu' railw.iy 1-clt 
 ami t!;e l.iial.-; I'.-'i i.l '..; ■ ■ I . II f. r 1 ; a ;i. i'. . -•.;;;■ -. itle.; li.'.i. no ii..iilil. ,yoiie into 
 
 ■: '. :>'.' I;: :•. h:,\ e ',;■,, 1. ..le liy '.!.. ! M •!!. n , -n il icr foi Soil t li 
 '■-. > -ij e; io,' ,i(i\ a.ifaia .- to < ur Noitliw i st. ami 
 
 I )a!<ot.i ( i. a' I oi.; ; - 1 
 
 lliiion. i.;;!il!, ].,-\ a!; os.r.-;,, • !,;:i, .u- 
 
 the pel p!.' \,e,it 'li;'e i!\ 1. ;.i »'. ■''■i 'o ji, ;.,,..'. o'l aeconi.t of a n.i.ia ) .prehension of 
 fa.et.-;, .rail lux . r v, ; 'i" lo iir \i.ti'\ i • .il all. Theie iia,~ iicxir, how cvt'r, lieeii any 
 nioiiicnt w Iicii .-.illieii ill i.nal '..r , i tt .a n.eiit ei.'ihi I'll 1 e ^L'<'t Im 11. c country not .-oiith 
 of the r.-iil\\;i\- he't di'iia;^ .■ lie y ■>!■ .11 I a '. '.'. ':'i ni'i. - l.nt iiiirtii .■', ml tioi thw e.-t of \\'iii- 
 nip( -■ there li."\e alwi.ya 1 < •, n !, i:i'-. enon.'ii i( ]■ Mi; Ill's. In i.iy opinion, in sexcn \e:irs 
 from to ihiy llic .o'l at \dlajKe I t ■!' )..i..;r;'l i II to the \or(hwe.-t is ^oilie to lie from the 
 rnileil states. I ail' ^'.at i -Ik li a - 1 ■) ; hiit . 'I ia wi'eai: lands of tiu' liiited .Stales are 
 lieiii,:' i;i|.ii'!\ f:il:< n np. I'lui lia;-,. in ijn Intmc \, In wi'.nv to -d into L;rain-.L,'ro\\"iii!_' \\iH 
 enter oiir .'-.oi tli\'. i ■ i . .■on! tia y in <!■.•,;.! i'ini a;; Ki pnl lie it; i lii.'L.inn!n,L;' to appreciate our 
 eoiintry, a.- i''«,' w'l! ■".>,,■■■ ■ fn'!'..: i n- ''ia" o.ite. (iiii' yrijit si.iir.'o of iniiiiii;ra- 
 tii II. i repe.Ti \. id I ■ li'i'l l.ii.s' .~ •;.!!■ . i ■ : ,- 1 \ , 1 1 v. 11 rs. Si'.enfy li\e per cent, of the 
 w heat lam'.s ot : I.'. ■ •nt;,, n: lie ,. . . h , : ;,t'' i .le .j!). I.-m h.ieki'd in tliis opinion hy 
 the I 'niii li ."^"ates (. ■■: al •, W'.: .''i . .ii'i •.' la.iM 1 here is no lii-her aiiihori;\ on the 
 Aim ricaii c( i>, ja ir . Tl;i ! n' ii .1 ,'■,;•<- la;, ; • 'i I > ■' the limit ol it ■ \\ he.it pioi Imt ion. 
 and its no n w lu .ai pr. o ia ii- e'a. ^ i>. i;u ; . ., in:, i ,. |.i.il\ ; hence. \ ea i' l.\ scar its wiieat 
 (avp..i-t is ;j,.-ili'^ to .il!iiii:i.- ii .ami I'-i.'!' ■ I . - al!"! 'a -s . Iir eompet itor in t!ie i'in.u'lish wiieat 
 Inarket. 'I'hc ■ ■ he;- . ai •■ a ,.;....: ear ■.,;.s ai;i(!el\ iii h ;i. laer.her ior Xo;tli Xorfolk 
 i M r. ( h.irlioii) ',■, inch i i-. ,■ i t ;■ o. I.. .; n, ■■ ; ';a.. la ... ..i i.t'a icmi h.s alwa\a show ii ;i j'air 
 knowledu'e o' t iic hoiii l.iw .■ ...' . I'l ai . i o .^ , ,*• .^ a mi ( 'aiani.;. 'Inc .slaleiiient he iiaide 
 is not accordin^v; to the ,',ia,;l i,;e; . Ii -,',.,.< ;;s i'ollows : 
 
 " The ilillic.iity V. i. i; the >. .a il,\'. I ..f '■■■ ;."[ il e eritiii.vin-, of the ( )ppo.-.iiion, not that 
 t!ie I )jip id i ion h.'.v . ;ie. I, il tia't ■ ouiitry. h..l die joli.'V of i he ( ...v .a-maent with rc-ard 
 lo 1 he I.Mid re;;nliit i -as. the hold i m; !a no > a '. a hi'.dn:' ra te t hiili th.y Weie held in the 
 United States, tin; pkieiiig of imliieeiiicutb tor iiiiiiiiyraiits to j^o tiicre on a lower iicalo 
 
 1 
 
than in till.' United Stfitcs. Wliilf tlu' I'liit.'cl Statrs nii'nr.l iiini ;i lioini'sti-ail wherever 
 lie coiihl linil piililii' liiii'l, the lii.niesti^ail L'taiit-, in tin Noitliui.i wciv irstiietetl to 
 only a portimi ot" tin- piiliiii' ili>iiiaiii. wli.l.' tlic w uuu- |.niilic liiinaiii of the I nited 
 States was open to tiie M'tllrr. " 
 
 Now, wliatan tlic tiu'ts '.' In the iiiluay lul'-; ..t t! 
 
 11! I'M, >! 
 
 ili-.^ i\(rv altriiiate 
 
 srclion is liclil for Imini' ;tiaii- and pir "inptMai .. j.i- ' i-i u i; n ii-. ."i.l tiie pi icf of pre- 
 emptions is tin- same, vi/... -r'J.aO per aci'. . ( >iii .i.i.' t li.- .ailna.N li' ll-^ vinic is tiiis ililler- 
 eiicc and this ininh to Icnk up tin' st itciniiits '<\ ;li ■ lini. .< ■ .n^ ' \"V Ni'ifoIU : Outside 
 of thi' railway liclts all ;ii< piililir liiids m| ;•,.• ri.ln-i > r..rin i>i' tak'ii f<>r home- 
 steads or prc-cmpl i'ur-. 1 nit llisi.lr the |-i:!l\> i \ licli - t ' • \ l i- t ' ■' • inii' a> u It ll US. Now, 
 what is the railway helf :,| tlie Noithuii raiiie.' i..'i:i„ i.MMu^^n Paknta. it is .")U miles 
 on ea<'ll side, or a lielt lOII i:iile-> \>. iile. 
 
 Mr. ClIAlM/roN. Tlhi. ai.- \.i;. tes\. 
 
 .\lr. KOSS (Msu'iirl. In liie i aiix\a \ iaia'-iii, . .,:v I;,-,, ll-- s.^' <• as with us. _ In- 
 siile the lailwav hell tile alti ilia I e heet l. li ■■ e. !| I.,- t,. a' 1. .: ■ : ;■ .n ,i .-; , ad.-' or pre einptions, 
 
 and the other x'ctinii;, an iail-.\a> ,-i<iiia;--. Om .'H- ii.< i- !>■,.> ii.i i cv e, y seetion (lan 
 he t.ikrii. hilt III olir (•iiinlry tne i.ov ri.;, ent lia\. e-.T\ . • i e . ery ...id lllllnliered section 
 for rail w a \' plir|ioses, to lie i;i\ ai r.i' fii; al •• i' li ! .» ,i' . '> . •\ e; v a iterna !.e ,>ect loii is pllh- 
 lie domain ; ami all section^ laui i er li..;ne.4e,i-,i.-. uim |e. i:.|.ih.ii- i.e!on;^ to the piihlie 
 doinain, and if the .^elt ler ,n <s ;., i»ak..;;', .ioi- Im- v. ;!m ,.' . •)i» lull' • aw.iy from the 
 railway? I ie w ant> to -, t a itlnn -lia, !».■! d.ie .n- .n.. ..; Me ,,,iU-...y. and oO inile.s is 
 too fill for that purpose, 'j'hat i.^ t iie oi-l.nu'i' oi li' v ■ t:.- n i'aeilie, and on the St. 
 
 i'inil and Manitoha it is -JO mile-, on eaeii ■>i.;e. w nr ii i - i a. lor i iie lai in. i to reach a 
 
 market, '{"lien hi' ^oes on iiiitlier: 
 
 '■Then, lands were granted to -olnni- at ion roi •! 
 lands to the seltli'r ; they w. re sold on en 'I't in.-i. . 
 eaiise for dis<-()nteiit. 
 
 ■ li ; i:. pi iee ot those same 
 ;,, aii.l till-- was another 
 
 Now, the pre-em])tioii with ii- is al.-o a •■: !'■ on -n 'iir. 'e .i-l. a • .ii •■mi take a pre- 
 ein|(tion and a leanestead. and iot)ii\ !..,•(!,,• ■ . , . , ' <ie:' t f'-iir years, and I 
 do not !■■, lie\e tliere is a ea-^e oi' a 1. a:i :n tie's., iiV-,- ; i^-i . h; [a i -eUipt ion simply 
 heeausi he does not pa\ to,' i (, in ti'Me. A- to t ''.e .•<•;.','- ■!; n '■oMpaliies. I do not <le- 
 h'lnl them ; i do not t i'link t Ins ha\ e done aii\ aiod to i he \. ; i!, .-,-, -t . hut I think too 
 miK'h lias heeii made ai tliem. .\il n'le odo nii .lioi ; . .1 .. 'i M.-, Iielil hy eolonisation 
 companies ill the Northw-.-t a.iiioiini to iitrhiaorr liia". I .(oM.ihio of aens. '{'hey are 
 
 simply as pin jioints on an ei,i ai.nir > lii'ii : un . . .oirni . 
 of that cfaiiitry. and e\en in the laiid,^ ui.i.it' ■'. ; > 'oii n 
 sections are open for lioaa -teaos ani ji|.' • liijiiou^. a-- 'ai ' 
 .Northwest, aind each company must .-eille two , eitlei - .ai ■ vci \ 
 heh're uettiiii: title. He eocs on to >a\' : 
 
 V . ; \ ii : I in ;lie w hole extcMit 
 
 ; [c n I iji iiics till' alternate 
 
 ■' , - ,, ,s ot i.er lands in the 
 ;i'.n. Olid and e\'en, 
 
 " If the settler had a choici- hetVi. i ,, I >akoia, ai t' 
 Northwest oil the I. tlar. lie lianal.Ml f'.r- .a'.. t:,-i ,, 
 I'ates to hriiiL; in supplies and take oiiL ila pindii'c i ; id 
 
 I ■. . i.d Manitoha and the 
 \,. . . • ; ,11 litioii in railway 
 
 Now, with regard to thai. \, liile on mir side to i he .•'■nier -'.'iij an-' his .rraiii there is ,i 
 
 ni<iiiopoiy in name, on tiie other -ade liaTi is a i. < i. ;.i ,\ i 
 
 I'oads on the other side. I he Noi't !ie! T, I' .1-1! 'e • ;; I- .-I 
 
 two points ill North .M inne-ota or |i,'l'.;a v, !..«. i.i\ ■ • :i 
 
 l)eiii;j; l''ar_o and ( ilyndoii. Tiie eoia|, iiii' .- I' n i ■•. n . ' 
 
 fields ill that <'ountry.aiid the;, oo not eo i,e in -• a-:,..; i Ion ■ ; . 
 
 and Manitoha has one part oi the :-la,le .e.- T rrilory to it>, i 
 
 has another part to it elf. T1;il i,- 'ia' .-oi; j, i i ,■ n .. Ja 
 
 hear out the stateinelii of the leai. a:-a I'ocr, N.'iili r. 
 
 will read the follow iiiLT repoi 1 tr.an l.'oheri A. I.\,i i. 
 
 of W alsh county, hakota, .-.eiit i.o the t hie.i\;o lio.ud ol 1 i.u 
 
 a ]• a lii v. 1)1 e:ii|se the tWO 
 
 i , at; M.I '.itolia, iia\ e only 
 : . •! , I 1 t ition. those points 
 ! ,1' '/...d he tie II- I es]iectiv(! 
 V. -r- .r ;ioints. The St. I'anl 
 :. and ti.e Nortlu'i'ii l'a(;itic 
 . i.-.is llure, and does not 
 ■.! i.> t'iii-1 p'int, still further I 
 Ml s oi t :, • I'anners' .Mlianet; 
 
 e ; 
 
8 
 
 " At a iiicctiii).' ." tlir A<t(,ii (lislri.t I'lmmrs" AlliiUicc. No. I.'!S. Walsh county, 
 Dakota. lii'Id April 1.'!. I SS."». a icsolut ion was passed iiist nict iiii; tiic scrrctai\' to coiii- 
 Miiinifati witli you. svilli a \ icw ot t<>tiii^' lln tc;'^il)ility of sliippiiii; wiicat ficiii points 
 on till" |-!("1 Hivcr via tlir Canatlian I'arilii'. Kailway to I'oi't Aitlmr, ami tlii'n<T l-y tli'- 
 lakes to Cliicajio, and to this end I vvoidd i"ill attention to the following' tacts : 
 
 " The (expense of extra hanlinj,' and ( 'nstoni dnes hy tiie pi'oposed route would he 
 inoi'e than compensated foi- hy the cheapness of frei;^ht on the ('anadian I'acitic Iwiilway, 
 and tin' slijiht cost of shippin;^ hy water, leaving a favourahle margin of profit when coni- 
 paiitd w ith all rail routes. 
 
 " 'I'he superioi (|UaIity of lied II i\ er wheat is u ell know u. and in order to sustain 
 this ri'putation it is necessary that it slioidd reach the cast w ithout liltration through the 
 Minneapolis niark<'t. 
 
 "The idea sugLtesteil ahoxc has hccn operateil t<» some extent last season hy the 
 Canadian wheat huyers, who erectcil a honded warehouse at i'imerson. Miinitoha, and 
 hought wheat for export along the IJed Uivcratand near the international houndary line. 
 All that is ne^'dcd is an extensifin of the system, w hieh would meet w ith the hearty co- 
 opeiation of the Iteil 1,'iver farmers." 
 
 jlerc^ are the farnu'rs of Noi'thern Dakota, where they have the competition which the 
 lion, nii-ndier foi' Norfolk s|)caks of as existing to the south they are going to shiji their 
 wheat roniiil h\' the Canadian I'acili-- Itailway. the monopoly load, and then hring it to 
 Chicago, cheaper than Ihcy can get it there now. Last winter the farmers of Dakota 
 wero actually hringiug their w lii'at across the line, paying duty on it. st'lling it to Cana- 
 dian huyers. and tiieu making money hy so doing. In a talile carefully prepared hy tho 
 Deiiartmcnt of .Agriculture for ( 'aiiada I tind that the sum total of the cost of 'A\ agri- 
 cultural implements used in the Northwest in Ontario is ?>.'!, 7(il ; Chicago, .s;^,S7."> ; l<twa, 
 !-;4,()74 ; St. Paul, s;<.sr><; : Winnipeg. >=t,.'{<>l ; Ihandon. Sl..'W.">. Thus Manitol.a pays 
 \'2l percent, over ( hitario, II percent, over Chicago, (> |icr cent, over Iowa, and II \n\r 
 rout. <»vcr St. I'aul. and not the .'tS per cent, as is 1 icing iiiiliistriously circulated to injiiri- 
 our immigration. Now, 1 wish to repeat again, as I diil last year, a comparison hctuceii 
 the laml laws of the United States and our ow u, hecausc there is still a misapprehension 
 on that Huhi(!ct ; 
 
 ^ 
 
 '•The laws of the rnited States jirovidi' that citizens of the CiiitiMl States, or per- 
 soii.s w ho have declared tlu'ir intention tf) h;'couie such, who are heads of families, or 
 over the age of twenty-one years, can ohtain lauds as follows ■ " 
 
 Now, it ap|iears that a man in the I'nitcd States must he twenty-one years of age hisfore 
 lie can ohtain his homestead or pre-em|)tion. With us, he < an tak(! it up when he is 
 eighteen, and hy the time w lien he is twi'iity-onc years of age he has secured a lioine- 
 st(Md and pri'-einptiou ; he has 'A'20 a<'res of land, paying all rouiul S|.'jr> per aci't; for the 
 whole .'i'iO acres, hy the time he can hcgiu to take iiji laud in the I'nitetl States. Js'ow, 
 as to pie-eini)tions : 
 
 " Heads of families. wi(hiws or single ]>ei'Sons (male or feiuale) over the age of 
 twenty-one years, citizens of the rnitt'd States, or w ho have declared their intention to 
 heconie such, under the naturalisation law s, may enter upon any ' otl'ered ' or ' nnotl'ered ' 
 lanils, or any unsurveyed lands to which the Indian title has heeii extinguished, and pur- 
 chase, not exceeding KiOat'ics, under pre-emption laws. A fee of .'!<,'> is required within 
 thirty days aftcM' making scttleiiu'iit. ami within one year actual residence and cultiva- 
 tion of the tract iiiiist he show n. when upon the |ire-eniptor is entitled to purchase the 
 same at SI. '2.') per acre, if outsidi' of railroad laud limits, and at S'J..")() per acre if within 
 railroad land limits. At any timi' ln'fore the expiration of time allowcil for proof and 
 payment, t'le sett'cr may coiu'crt his pre-emption claim into a houiestcatl. No person 
 Avlio ahandoiis his n idenci' u|)(in land of his ow n to rt'side upon puhlic lands in the same 
 States or Territory, or who owns '.\'2() acres of land in the same State oi' Territory, is en- 
 titled to the benelits of the pre-emption laws," 
 
 Y 
 
 o.» 
 
9 
 
 Now, uinlfi- tliis, ji iiiitn ciiiiiuit tiiUr ii)) ;i |>ic cmiitinn .iml ii linincstciul ,it tlic Hiinic tiiiir. 
 liccilllsr lie lliis to live it ('('I'tliili tillli' iiH t'ilrli, inn I lir <';illll<it li\ r iiii In it 1 1 at tlic .-MUM' t i Mir, 
 ami lie must not lie an owin r of lamls in tiir s.iiiic Stiitc >ii- 'rtri itmy tn tli" <\tfiit of ,'{'J(( 
 luTi's ill tiikinu np !i |ii('cm|itioii, Smli a thiii^' ii- i" Known to u> as i pre I'inption in 
 onr \r)rtli West is nnknown in the rnitcij Statts. W liaf is tfiinnl a pir cmption in tin- 
 I 'nitiil States is siniilai- to oiii- iionitstrail, witliont vcar's liu'ht of pnrcliasc pnri'liasc 
 aftfi- livin;,' on it for one viar. Itfsiilcnci' on a piccmption in tlif I iiitnl States must 
 l)C' iMinMiicnct'it fit once afttT mtrv. No.\, take flic liointstfad : 
 
 " Any person w lio is tlie In ail of a family, oi' w lio lias arrived at the aye of twenty- 
 one years, ami is a eiti/eii of tlie I'nited States, or lias tiled liis deelaration of intention 
 to heeonie sinli, is elit it led to eiit el' one (pia I ter >ert ion, or less (plant i ty of unappropriated 
 plllilie land, limler tlie homestead laws. 'i'lie applicant must make allidasit that lie is 
 £, entitled to till' privile;;es of the Homestead .\et,aiid that the entry is made foi' his ex- 
 eliisive use and lienelit, and for actual settlement ami iidtivation. Within six months 
 the homesteader must take up his resilience upon the land, and reside thereupon, and 
 cultivate the .same for live years continnously."' 
 
 With ns, a settler must cidtivate only three years, whereas in the I'liited .States he must 
 live continuously on his homestead for ti\e years. In our country he need not live on it 
 tit all, and only within a radius of two miles from it. l'"our witnesses are reipiired in the 
 rnited .States to prove rcsiih nee and "iilt i\ at ion, ami the law there allows hut one home- 
 stead privilege to any one person ; with us only [\\<t witiies.ses reipiired, and a second 
 liomestead entry is alloweil. Lt't lis examine our other rival in w heat supply, vi/., India. 
 There are certain very serious iliaw hacks in India which will he dilliciilt to overcome. 
 Ivailways in the tirst place must he liiiilt, and money must he cheaper than at present, 
 for farmers there are lionow ing at the enormous rate of I.S per cent. IJailways are more 
 necessary to connect the famine districts and ei'iities of population w itii centres of food 
 HUjjply than to connect the latter with the seahoard. There must he a siillieieiit supjily 
 on hand for one year in case a famine i'mer,:;eney might arise, and this is eipial to from 
 two to three years" accumulated surplus. |)iains must lie constructed, and at \cry great 
 cost. One drain alone in India is .")0*J miles long, and with hiaiii'lies'J,."((MI miles in length, 
 hence it is very expensive to hring new lands under cultivation, 'i'lie ryot or farmer 
 has a small holding of from ."> to ]'i acres, ami hence imiiossihle for him to employ agri- 
 cultural implements. He plows with a crooked stick, pointed v\itli iron, harrow s also 
 vvitli a rude instruineiit. sows hy hand, reaps with a >ickle. thieshes \vith a Wdodeii cliih, 
 winnows hy hand, hence wlii'at is very dirty. lie is very i onsei \at i\e and will not 
 migrate to new fields, and wiiite i)eo|)le cannot st:uid the ilimate. He will not sell his 
 wluNit under ."lO ets. a husliel, ami theiefore laid down in Liverpool it will cost from .Sl.'-'O 
 to.SI.'J,"). The yii'ld per acre in India is only ahoiit Ul hiishels. Her v\ heat exports ar»: 
 not now increasing, hut are less tli.in they were two years ago. 1 am informed that there 
 
 must he a coinhiiiation of circumstances hefoi-c India can 1 onie a foiinidaMe rival. 
 
 Tlici't.! ai'e ahiindaiit crops thi're, and (.'rops in Muropi' and .America helow the avcr.ige; 
 low rates of freight and low rates of exchange, and these must exist togt'ther for a iiiiin- 
 her of years. At the hest India can do little l>ettci than doiihle her pii'.x lit export, thus 
 siijiplying only-oiie foiirtii of w hat I'inglaiid alone k i(iiires, and our .Northwi'st can com- 
 pete with any country tor the rcinaining three fourths. 
 
 In ISdlt Kngland had under wheat 1. 0(1(),()(I(» acres, and in ISS."! she had only ■J.T.'.O,- 
 000 acres. In France tlieie was a liki' shortage of acreage. The w orld's crop is ahoiit 
 '2.0(m,0()0,0()0 hiislu'ls. and in time, we, in the Northwest, can gn.w one half of this, 
 while elsiiwhere the demand is increasing and the sii|iply diminishing. With us the 
 sii|)p]y is increasing mu( h more rapidly, and we have lie future wheat lields of the 
 woild. 
 
 Mr. HO.'^S. With regard to the carr\ in. trade of this country i|.. connect ion with 
 the .Northwi'st it is to he done almost wholly liv tiic ('. I*. I,'., and a similar werk south 
 is lieing (htiie hy a iiumhei of tailwavs and not one only, even if the Hudson Hay railwav 
 is liiiilt, and proves a, success, which I hojic it will, there will he more than enough tiade 
 supplied hy the future wheat lields of the Xorthwest for hot Ii ro.'ids ; and if other roads 
 are hiiilt tliei-,' will he enough for thei.i. licoiiisc the ca'-iyiiiu' trade of the Northwest is 
 going to be immense, i)ut it.- full cxtiiit will dcpi ml cntirdv on the railwav dcvi lopment 
 of that country. It has hi'on .stateil that, in the western [part of thi' Northwest, w i; can- 
 
to 
 
 r 
 
 not ^ritsv wliciit, liccjuisi; the (liHtiiiioe from the iiiark(;ts Jiiid from the sciihoiinl i.s ho yreat 
 lliiit it caniiot Im' .slii|)|ici| Hii'.-coHHfiilly ; uinl tliat if wo ciiniiot ;{rn\v wlioiit ucst of Moohc 
 .law oc ( sen t,)!! .\|i|ifll<'. ami ciiiry it to tin- scalKianI at sui'li latfH as to nialilc the 
 taiiiMTs to li\t', tlii'ii till' saliK'ot tlic I'acitic l!ail\Mi\ ami the fiiluic of tlic Xoitliwcht 
 «il! Ill' Ml V ^flatly alicctril. lint tlicro \n a |)ro.s|iirt that wheat can lic^iown there. In 
 looking; at tiie rniteti States, wt'Nee that of all the yiain I'eeeipt.s at I'oitlaini, New ^ oik, 
 ISoston, l'hilai|e||ihia. Ilaltiiiioie and New Orleans, l,S.'{,(i.s!(,."»7<i liiishels, or three-fonrtliH 
 of the total i|ii;ility, has lieeii shi|i|ieil iiy all-rail, only I (,!M(). I4(i Itiishels shippe'l liy 
 hike ami eaii.il. ami I (i,0.")S,.s!(2 liiishels liy the M issis>iji|ii liNcr. I"',\eii dnri/iL; the summer 
 season only one third of the ^'I'M III and lloin' slii|inients from Miniiea|io|is ^it via iMdntli, 
 the lialame ;ioes hy all-rail. l"'onr years a;.'o an attempt svas made to ship \\ heat from St. 
 I'anI to hln^dand liy the Mississippi river tliroii;,di ;,'iilt of Mexieo, and only .■|(),(I(M( liiishels 
 were shipped and the ellort w as iiescr repeat id, thus show iii^; thiit the all rail routes of the 
 I'niled States are alile to eolllpi'lf smfe.->st'iill_\ , even where there is so inlleh W ater eal'- 
 rifi;;e as is tiiriiished liy the Mississippi rimninj,' tlir<iii;^di that whole region. And if that 
 can lie done in the I'nited States, why cannot it lie don(> in Canada? I Itelievc it can, 
 that farming; is ;4oiii;4 to pas in (he centre of the Noitii-W'est, and tliat there will tliei'e- 
 fore he plenty of traliic tor tile { 'aiiadian I'acilic llailway in that country. I>ut thtne is 
 one featiir<' that is often lost si;.dit of, \\ hicli is ijoin;^ to he of 1,'rcat impiirtanee to the 
 future development of the North-West and of the I'acilic Ita il w ay , t hat is. the iinter- 
 proviiicial trade of Canada. The inleiiial ( oniiiiercc ot the Ciiited States is <if ;^reiit 
 nia;^nitui|e. in Canada it is not yet a j^'icat i|iicstioii, and it is only in eiiiliryo heri' to- 
 day. There are however in Canada varied and distinct natural resources and our pro- 
 ducts and manufactures will he interchanjj;cd to advantage. 'I'he completion of the 
 ('anadian I'acitic Railway will yive a new impetus to our internal iiitercour.se, will stim- 
 ulate the dex'elopment <if our latent resources, which we possess in soj^reat a variety, and 
 increase the Imnie and forei;,'ii trade of our people. What, is it that ki'cps men and 
 women at work on the spindles and in tin; factoiies of the New JMiLdaml States hut the 
 deniami of the fariiuMS of the ij;reat west ".' What makes the railways in Massachusettn 
 pay so well to-day luit the internal commerce, and .so with the other railways in the 
 various states. So it will he in Canada, we, in the North West, will send the products 
 of our soil to the Ivistcrn I'rovinces and tiie people of the Mast will lie sendini.; tlu'ir 
 manufactures to the .North-West : and this is ;i<iing to Ik' .hi important mattei', not only 
 for the commerce of Can.ida. lint for the developnieiit of the Canadian I'acitic iJailway, 
 hecause no other railway can lie so constructed in Canada as to carry the produce fi'om 
 one end of the country to the other. Whatcscr is ^oiui:' to develop the Noith-W est will 
 d(^V(dop the Canadian I'ai'ilic l.'ailvvay and all the other railroads in tJie country 1<> the 
 I'last. The people of I'.ritisii ('oliimliia will lie ahlc t<i scud their tiiiilieis across the 
 liocky .Mountains to the prairies of the .North- West, and the pidpic of the North-West 
 will send to the jieojile of llritish Colnmhia their wheat ami Hour. To-day the peoiili' of 
 liritish Coluinliia import annually IIS car loads of w he;it and tloiir from tin- Cnited 
 States ; when the I'acitic Itailway is completed this amount of Hour will lie sent there 
 from the Nortli-W»'sl. l.,ast year tin' people of iSritish Coliimliia shipped .")77 car loads 
 of salmon, some to the South and some to 1'aiL.d.iiid ; hut when the I'acitic llailway is 
 liuilt, that lish can also he sent over to the eastern pai t of Canada ami fai^land. 'i"he 
 shipments on the Northern I'ai'itii; for liiitisii Cojiimliia alone are thri'i' <'ar loads of 
 nu'ichandise jier day on an averaije fr<ini the merchants of Ontario and (,)uehi'(' to the 
 nierehiints of llritisli Colnmhia. Ilere is a tratlic that will he div<'rtcd to the Canadian 
 I'acitic Railway the moment it is coniiileted. liiitisli Colnmhia will also supply the 
 farinci- of the North West with fruit which he <'aunot successfully grow. The develop- 
 ment of the mines of Ki'itish Columhia, <'ertain to follow railwjiy completion, will he of 
 immense value to Canada, and a largi- source of re\enue to tlu^ Canadian I'acilic llailway 
 carrying trade. The internal coiiimeice of the Ciiitcd States is estimatt'd to he .Si, ()()(), - 
 ()(»().()(>(». or seven times its foreign comniercc. in ISTti 10. (KM). 0(10 tons of goods were sent 
 over the N. ^■. C. \- I'. i{. ami N. V. \ I.. K. .V W. I!y. roads l.-et ween' the W»'st and 
 Ni'W ^'ork. which had increased, in ISS.'5. to Ki, 000, 000 tons. If our internal commerce 
 he.'irs the same i>ro|ioi'tion to oiir foreign tiade, the tratiic of theCanadian Racilii' Railway 
 is going to he ininii'iise, and largi'r than most ])eo|ik'. or exa'ii any of our people imagine 
 t<i-day. Wc are going to have a great throiigii tradi' foi' the Canadian i'acitic Railway. 
 On the Central I'acitic Railway, w Idle the local trade im;reased hetweeii ISSO and KSS.'{ 
 from .sd.'i.TNO.OOO to .S|(),ll'_'.o6(), the through ti'ade has douhled in the same length of 
 time and in KSS.'I was one third of their total recei[its. 'I'liesc are tlu' results, and they 
 
 ,1 
 
II 
 
 1. 
 
 
 slinw tli.it tlinnmli tiMliir is iiLiiiisiiii.' VI i\ i;i|>i(lly mi tlu' (nitiiil I'iKitir, tin- I'.ii iiiiij^ 
 |Mi' mill' 1)11 iiiiiin line oi' wliidi was sjO.stll tuc Iss.;, 'I'lic stiitfiniiit wjim iiiinlr liy tin- 
 
 liMiIti i<t till- OpiKoitioii fli.it '• liiMii ( .lil.iii'lfi In I'm t M ly. 'J.."i(l(> III' 'J. I KM) mi Irs, tlifn- 
 
 is 11 |)ii|illl:itinli o| |."iO.(M»0, |p.ili,i|i. •J(M»,(M»0. w liiti nun. I'lii'l ctnl''. uinil \i>ll limk ti> 
 tliD.Ht' li;;iHr.H ot a i'nii|i|i' lit iiiiMili<'<l > In >ii>.i ml wliiti' iiirii. not ali •>( wlmiii liavr \sliitt' 
 SI Ml Is " i ilu not UniiNS what lie linMnt l>V tiiat ; wImIIhi it is a Irllrrtiun un tln' |iri)|)|r 
 nttlii' N'oitli \\ I'M (.1 mit I ('..limit >.i\ liiit it >•> I iisi'iit it. •• I'liit till' Niiitlii'r'ii 
 I'ai'ilii'. ' 111' I'diit iiiiiril, •• lla^ ali'iiit '_' OOil.OIMI uj |ii iijilc 1 1 iliiitai'S . murr ni Ir.ss ti. its I'liail. 
 uliiK I'll. Ill Cillamlu to I'lirt \|.-oily the ( ',ii.,i.lian ri.ilic l;iiil\\ay liiis alioiit •J(M».(MK» 
 |iro|>P t; iliiit.tiy to its ro.nl." W'liat ate llir 'ict»*'.' TaUitlic Statint .\I iiiiifsotji, wliirli 
 is oin' lit tlir l.ir;_'i 't Stall'.-- toiii'lii il I iv til'' Noitlii'iii I'aiilii' lim . ami lia> iiM'i mil' lialt 
 ol till' W iioli' I Ml I II I !. it ion a Ion.; 'In III i!. '! ill' lioli. i;i III li'liiall liii^lit as UrII ii ilim rt I hltal'io 
 \NitJi tic I iii'iiiin I'li'ili' liailw i_\ . In I' kii^i till' iuhI runs to ( ailamlt'i', .is to i mmi't 
 M iniH'-'it.i U II ii t ill- \ii! I 111 III riii'lli!-. \'« liV , ill 1 ill Mall III' M iiilicsiita, I lilt ot a milra;,'i' 
 ot 1. 5^- niilfs. iiiily niH' I'ii'x I iilli iso\iiiiii ii;. llir Nu'llnrn I'arilir ; tlir rrst of its trallir 
 falls lo ollii'i' I'll. Ills, I ,1111 .^.lt i.-'ii .1 tii,.t S;.ilc lii I v. not i-viii ji\i a twi'lttli of its trallir 
 to tii.il I oiiiji.iiiy. laki !>.il\ii!,i; till ,\i>;l!niii 1 '.iril.r ow n- niil\ oiic.-iMli of till' total 
 iiiilrani' III ill il ^tati' : HMil I ..:ii .ui-.ii'' 1 it ilo",s not .it. inoii' tlian oni'sislli of tin- 
 r.iriyiii'.^ tiaiji' of tli.it ."^I'lli'. in liliiio, \ln- No; tln'in I', rilir lia^ our iiintli only of tlir 
 mill .1 ;.'. ii li.i.^ I lie \, iioli' III Moiii.iii.i, I II ( »ri'_iiii iii.l \\','i.->liiiii;toii only mir tliinl of 
 thr I' ,|ioi'l.'^ Ill' I'arilril liy l.iil .ili'i oMiy (>\tr ti litli ot it.. i'\ |iii|'t.'i. tlir lialami- lirili;,' r.ir- 
 liiil i>\ .>:iil anil >trami'i . sn tli.i( mil ol '.In' ini.'l liaih' iiiil\ oln foiiitll is I'ai I iril liy rail. 
 ami i'\ in tli.it is il;\ iilc .1 lirt Vvi i ii iwo lo.n's. tlif N. I*. K. .iinl Ilir ( ). ('. L. K. Tlic total 
 |iii|)iilal ion. Iliiiifori'. that tri'iis tiic .Noithrrn r.ii'itir, is Imt .'(T I. (>'.(.") smil.s. ami this is ii 
 \('iy liliii.i! 1 .-tiiM.itr. 'I'hat is I iir iihmhi'i' lli.'.t iliirrtl\ liiils till' Nortimiii I'aritic ; 
 wliilr on oar ruail tin |io|iiil,itiiiii is "Jdll.dOll. .iml ihiTr i.>, hrsiili's, no otini' mail iiiiiniii)^' 
 tliioiinh our tfi'i it'll \ , ii\rr\\liiili lii< |ii'ii(ili' .ni urt tln'ir sninilii-.-. or smil out thfir 
 proilmr. (Mil' load i;, .i nioiio|io|y, wliilriiii' .Noithrrii I'arilic has many mails to i-om- 
 |)i'ti' with for t III' rai lyiii'.^ tiailf of thi' roiintry, so that Ihi' lion, thi' Irailcr of the Op- 
 position li.i.T li,i>i(| his ai Liinii'iits oii fal.-M' prriiiiMS. W ith iri,Mii| to throu^^ii tnitllc, th«! 
 triiili' u ith ('liiiia ami .l.ip.in a'al llir I'.n ili'' ( 'o.ist . priniipilly ,Saii l'"i'iuirisi'o, for tlm 
 yi'ar I'liiliii^ ildth .liim . I.s.sl, '.\as .->l ■'i.7oii.,Sl(i. \ ia. .">aii I riiuisrii, last yi'.ir, liirrc wi'IT 
 shippi'il .'{.O.'iD r.ir loail.s of llmir to ( hiii.i aiiil •iapaii, aii.l alioiil l.'JdO rar loails of tea 
 sliippi'il I'li^t liy I'.iil. It isi.iil^ la 1,'iti' Vi ii'.-^ I Ir ('hina .iinl Japan lia\i' lii'^iiii to nsr 
 mil' ',\ iii'.il llnar. iini tiirir is no ni.ii'.ii till ,v ''(iii.-iiinp' loll ot il will iin'ii'asi' lar^i'ly. ami 
 it is also diiiaiulif'. il i iial, t iii'ir mhuii' .si.ji|«iy iiir\ \\ili \t,\\i to ;;rl from tin- .North- Wrst, 
 hiT.iiiM' ( (iiiornia is fasi lHro:iiin'.. a i. ,iit -u'l''''.'. i" - "oiinlry as I h,i\r alri'aily stati'il. 
 Thi-- V. ill tiu'i'i'ioii' L.ix'i' ,'1 1,11 '_ I r,ii ry il!;.; 1 1 ,;|r in till- I ,iii.. 1 1 i,i II i'ailiic ll.iilw ay, ami fiir- 
 iii,'-li anotlii'i' outlet lo till pcnjili' i! o ir .\ i n'l !i W i-.-t for their '^rain. With ri';;aril to the 
 traliic la..* ; 'Tin' propli. i.i I l.i.-t >'; ii In, in.; alniii' I ' ipiiii'i I ()7(i I'.ir loail.-> ol riri' iml Ti'-l 
 r.ii' loa Is of tea |U'r yiai' "a hii'l in ilu' ja -[ wi'i'r In on '^h I liom ( In at r>ri tain ami from the 
 I'nitiil Sl.itfS pi ini'i|.:ill\ . in M;t,iin', mails .ill of it will coini' oxir tlir ( anailiiin 
 I'ai'ilir li'ailway froin ( hina aiul .laji.in, ll is lioiiml lo laiiiily comi' this way. liiTiiiisr 
 Wi; liii\i' all ;!.(' larilltiis aiul ail\ aiila'jr ■ in roiuu'it inn with oin loiiii li_\ whii-ii we riiii 
 .si'fiii'i' ihr r.iri'\i!i!j' traiii' tinm ( hiin .inn .lap, mi. I hr .'hoiti-.^i w iiit'i' rmitr from San 
 I'Vaiii'lsio lo "^ (ikoiiamii. i; .">.'i.">d mili-.s ; from N oko'iima iiai'k to .S.in |''r.'iii('isro it i.s 
 ■1,7 Ml iiiih's ; aii'l t!ii: .-.iiiiiinir I'liiitr to ami from ^'llkohalll.l troiii ."'l.'in fraiirisro is 4. I'J.S 
 
 milrs. i'Voiii I'oll Xliimly (u ^' i .k ' ili.i iii.i thi' .li-.tam'i' i.s l.'J(M) milrs; tl'om I'ol't .Mooily 
 
 to \|.ii,lM-!l till' ilistam-r is -J.s!*.'. iiiil 
 
 II! Mfiiiti r ll lo l,i\i'i|iool it is ,'!,0I.'{ miles. 
 
 'I'liiis. iM'iM N iikohaiiia lo l,i ■, ci po. il si;, j'oit .Mooily the lii.-laii e is I0.|;5,S miles. From 
 ■New N iiik to l,i\i'rpiio| il i.--.'{.iol iiiile- : li'om .New ^ ork to s.m I'laiiekKco, .'{.li.'ll mill's; 
 ami fmiii .'^aii I l .1 lui^ei i ..ml N okoli.i lea. t he a\ eia^;'!' ot the three routes lietweeil those 
 two points IS l,(i."ilt lillh'-^. Till. Intil niilciuie. I liel'i I. 'l ' '. II'Oiii ^ 1 iki iliaina. to Li\el'p()ol 
 
 via th'- ( .'in.'iiiian r.'"ilie i;ailw,i\ i.-- !m. I M.S iiiile.^ ; while \ ia ,~-ai: l^'raiieiseo it i.s II, -til 
 miles, m.ikiii.; a diireiemi. in f.-iXnr o| 1 1f ( .inailian I'aeitie ll;iilway ror.te of I .'J7.'> miles. 
 'i'lle liLi'Ui'es I h,i\i '.i'.eii are fi'o.n l|p' oilie" ■>[ the I'iH'ili'' .M.iil Steimer Naviu'ation ('om- 
 pany. I'lviii fn'iii .New N.niv. \ i.-i th" ( .inailian I'aeihe llail'Aiv lo I'mt .Moody, ami 
 tliein'c t I N'okohaiii.i. tlie distaiier ; ()•_';; 1 1, lies in i,i\dr of I he ( 'a nail i. '1 1 1 r.'ieihe IJ ail way 
 route. 'lie espoi't- If. 'In (iiiiia to lii;'.;l.iiid ill iN.S.'Jweie .•<.'iO. i.Ss,.(>."i.'» ; imports from 
 lai'^rlami. .'^•21 . I*_M.l'/0. I'isports fiom .l.ipaii to l']ii'j;!;i;al were .•<.■;.;; I. 'i.fliO ; ami the im- 
 
 poit,-. .--^I I ..■!.S'..'..SI;."t : (ol.il. .-SI'i..M I -j'.HI, ,111,1 |,;ii'i iif thl>t;.i.!e we 1. ill secure. Some lion, 
 ■41,'ntleiiiaii h,i\e stated it is no ,iil\ .intake to ha\c ihroii.ii tratiic lluit it is no advaiitiiyc 
 
\'2 
 
 to hiivc II niunln'r of cars piissiiiy (iiir ddniM. I liolil it is ii ;;i'«'iit iul\;iiitiii.'r to Inivc iih 
 many nUM us we run ;,'tt fo pass over tlif roail. 'I'lifv ask : What aiUaiitam' is it to 
 liiivt- nniaii ;r<i liver ftiir tuaij fioin Kn;,'laii"l to Anstialia or tn li'dia ? Iliit tin re are 
 always ail\anta;.'i's t<i lie drrivi'd tVinn nu'ii <>\' means L'oin^ <)\ei- mw loud and seeinj^ <>nr 
 I'dniitiy. W'liat is the tendency of Mn'li travel'/ Many ot these travellers will lie men 
 • if na'ans, inelined tn nndxe investna'nts, or who may have friends in the uld '•i.nntry w ith 
 capital to in\i'st : .jid I may say that a very lar;,'e anmnnt of the foreign capital that h.is 
 Im'cu invested in the I'nited States has Keen invested in the lpe;iinidn;,', simply owin),' to 
 the fai't that people who were travellinL,' for pleasinc or health at leisnre over the 
 American railways, visitiiiu' ( olorado and other States, and seciin.' what the lonntry was 
 like, lie;,'an to pnt their money in it or induced friends to do so. This was the iieirinnin^; 
 of the investment <if thcveiy lar;.'e amonnt of foiei^'n capital that is invtsted in the 
 United States, and tlicsame result will, no ddidit. fojldw in onr country, imder similar 
 eiri'nmstances : and we slioidd l>y every imans possiMe in\ite fiirci;^'n capital to develop 
 our I'ountry, and it ("rtaiidy cannot he lione Wy Indinu or decrying,' it. It may he asked : 
 if the .North -West, which is to supply in the future the ;jreater part i<ii flic carrying trade 
 for the Canadian I'acilic Hallway, is as re|)i('sented. how comes it to he in its pre'sent 
 unfortunate couilition ? 'I'Im' toHnwim.,' are the chief reasfins : ( >ver tradin;,' and over- 
 speculation amonLTst <iurscl\es, proiliicin^j; dissatisfaction, discnntentment and disapp'iintcd 
 hopes ; tie prostitution of farmers" niectiui,'s, led liy dema;4n^'ues, to the liasest of 
 political purposes, th;it of villifyin;; their countiy ; visitation liy rrovidenee, in the shape 
 of earl\ trost and followed nc\t season liy a wet harvest : low prices foi* wheat in tht- 
 markets of the Wdilil : ndstakes made hy Imth (l<i\ crnnant and Opjiosition as to the true 
 character of the country and its rc(pMremcnts. I'.nth political jiartics are to hlame foi' 
 the manner in wlii<'h they olitain theii' infoianation ahout the country. Only such 
 inffirmation is s<iui;lit foi' which I'ouies filtered through partisan ehamieis. It wnuld seem 
 that |iolitical rcfu;.'ees and partisan parasites have more intluence in moulding,' tlu' viiiws 
 of the two |)arties alioiit the North-West than men with sound jnil;_'nu'nt and non- 
 ))artisans, wlm know the <'ountry' from years of a<'tual ex))crienc<', ami what its tiiie 
 position is, au<l w hat is reipdrcd for it. The people of the North-West olijcct to havin;,' 
 their country used as a foot-hall hy tin- tw<i parties, with the Treasury hcuches as 
 the ;,'oal. The country has, theiefurc, hcen kept liai'k and innnense injury has heen done 
 to it, hut its progress cannot entirely lie retarded. There were two imjiortaut facttirs 
 which made the adjoinim,' Kepuhlic advance so rapidly duiin:,' the past ei^;liteen years. 
 They were, iirst. the siidsini; of the ipu'stion of States' riLrhis fidui its lu'oniinence, ami 
 the <'onsi'(pn'nt oliliteratiou of hixic's line hy their ci\d war. Then the imnie<liat«! 
 foUowini^ of this liy the pctiplc unitedly pushin;,' forward I'ailvvay construction thronuh 
 theii' ,L.,n-eat west, and thus sccnrinj; its speedy development. Our country is too nnn-li 
 divided and hedged in l>y si'ctional feeling's. In fact, there is a Dixie line around ea<'li 
 I'rovinee, and even we. in this House, are luakinL;' these lines lu'oadei' and deeper liy the 
 class of motions and iimeiidments proposed. Whili- helievin^j; fully in iirovincial rij^lits, 
 yet I consider it to hi- the duty of this House, as far as possililc. t<i crush out all stM'tioiial 
 feelings, and oliliterate our \arious provincial lines, and to laideavor in every way to 
 make our people united, hy animating:; them with one common sentiment of ("ai\ailian 
 unity and a ;.;reat future ilestiny, and henei' drivi,' away some of our extreme ]iessiinism. 
 Our press is thoi'ouuddy sectional and pi'ovincial. and we have no pajiers that have yet 
 been aide to wi'ite for the wluile Canadian people. Take the two leading papers in 
 Canada, an<l alon;,' each column of their various editoi'ials the water lines I'ci'il -. Outarif), 
 Ontario. While we do not seem to he aide to rise to our duty in this res))i'ct, our volun- 
 teers are uufortunat(dy doing it foi' us in the west. The men of Nova. Scotia, t^)uel)ee, 
 Ontario and .Manitnlia, aie otl'ering up their lives with patriotic devotion for their 
 ooinitiy, and to maintain the iuti'.riity of Confederation, are cementing, with their Idood, 
 the various component parts of Canada ; and while I'ctin-ning to their homes to do the 
 work of imndgiatiou agents for <ni\- feitile praries, they are also going to perform a higluir 
 and uolilei' duty. l''or in their haptism of tire they have risen fi'om the battk'-tieM 
 politically Ixirn again, aiumatcd w itli a strong love and a new faith, that <if their country 
 and its fu^^ure. They will then go forth into the lienighted ]iarts of Canada and witii 
 zeal and a worthy cause endeavor to instil into others the teachings of their new hirtli. 
 May this present unfortunate troulile in the \()rth-\Vest iierform for us what the civil 
 wai' did f<ir the I'nited States. If we vigorously and unitedly take up the liuilding of 
 railways over our extended prairies and devidop our vast heritage there, then we may 
 expect somewhat similar results. The first step in this work is the completion of the 
 
 i 
 
 .i 
 
 7 
 
i 
 
 1 
 
 Caiiutliuu I'iicitiL- lliiiUvay, tiuitiii^' oiir |i<'ii|iU' liy an iiim luiinl lunl <ifvcli)|iiii;: our 
 I'tiMKiirct'H, whirl) art' «o viiHt ami vaiinl. Winn tin' lii>ti>iy of tliis coinitiy fointh to In- 
 wi ittrii, ami tlif |>ait tin- lli;.'lit IJoiioi al>lf tin- Kiiit Miiiisti'f has acttd in it. iintliinj.; 
 will lit' |i!;ii'<'il iii^lii'i to liis I'li'illt tliaii till' |iart In' tonU in ( 'ontrilt'iation ami tlir ron- 
 sti'Mi'tion ami i'oni|i|t'tion ot tin' ('ana>lian I'aiilii' il;iil\«ay. At tin- .tanic tin c. cicclit is 
 iliu- to tin' lionoialtjr naniltri' tor |'!.i>; N oi U tor tai lyin;; i>n tlic uotkot I'onstnii tmu 
 uniU'i'taUcn liy tin' lliulit lionoialiir tlir jniMnt l''ii>t Mini.-tii. iJ.lii'v in;; in f his roa'l a.s 
 a [lolitiial ami n.itiiiii,i| nrcc-^ity, al.-o a I'liimai'iiiiil nn i ssit_\ tor oni |i)'ii|>h', ami also 
 Unowim^' thr • ountiy alon.: the lim' (<| i.iilwis ironi Moutiral to the I'arilii' ( )i'*Mn, <in<l 
 having nnltonmlcil ronli'lrm'c in it - tiitui'c sm'i-<'s.>.fnl ili s)'|o|inM'iit, ami in the ;{r<'at pait 
 that tin' Western ronntry i- lo |il ly in the niaterinl pm^irss ot onr i-onnliy, ami from 
 o|)|»ort unit it's oi' oliM'r\in'4 and <oi:;|iarin;,' onr wcstein i'i,untr_\ u it h "mi n tries to the south 
 aloii;,' similar lims of railw.iy, ami aft 'r seeiiiu' \*liat has heen il'iie there in ihe iie\i'lo|)- 
 inent of iliox' eonnti ies liy railways, ami w hat the < oiinti ies are iloiiiu' in retnrnh>r the 
 earryin;; tiaile of tlie railways. I haxeiiineh |ilea.-<iire in .-ii|i|Mirtin4 tlu'si' lesolutioiis to 
 aeenre the speetly eoiniilet nm oi oiir n.itiona! hi;;iiwa_\. 
 
 MANITOBA SOILS, 
 
 b 
 
 i'.\iM';i: Ki'i.M) \',\ iMioi-i'issoi: cii.i;!:!;'!' i;i;!''(>i:k tiik I'.im'IIsii a.s.socia- 
 
 TIO.N. .MuMKi;.\L. ,s|;i'r. -Jm,, 1,s,s-4. 
 
 "r 
 
 The oi';4aiiie i'i<'hni'ss of the jiraiiie soils of .Manitoha is ,i snlijeet of ;,'reat ('aiiailian 
 inipoitaiice, ami it is, therefore, that the following' re|iort ol a |>a|ier of an authority so 
 eminent as I'l'ofessor ( Jilhcrt, leaW at the nuetin;,' of the Ihitish As.soeiation of Montieal 
 last yeaf, is of interest : 
 
 !)i'. (Jilhert read a paper, which lunl Keen prepareil hy himself ami ,'<ir .lolin I.awes, 
 " On some jioints in the eoniposition of soils, s\itii results illustiatin^' the sources of 
 fcitility of Manitoha prairie soils." This paper was a continuation of om? ;,'iven at tiie 
 meeting' of the Anieiican .\ssociation in .Montreal two years niS". eiititleil '• determina- 
 tions (»f nitrogen in the soils of some of tiie experinu'iital liehls at iJothamsteil. ami the 
 hearing,' of results on the (pU'stion of the sources of the nitro;^'t.Mi oi our crops.'" After 
 refi'i'iing to tlu' resiilts shown in i!:; t pi.pei, I ir. (iilhcit went on to say tliat tiiey had 
 inaile a larLTi' ininilier of ii«\\ .xprrinicnts. Tlie_\ lia<l louml vfiy miu'h more nitio^en as 
 nitric aeiil in soils ami sni. soils to the depth ot lO.S inches w here the le^jnminous than 
 w Iku'c the Ljramineons plains L'rcw. The inference was that nmlei h';,'aniinons L,'row th 
 the conditions are fascuaiile for tlie development of tin' nitiilyin;L,' or;.'anisni, and if this 
 view were eontirnied an iiniioicant step would he i^aiued towards the more eomplele 
 i'X))lanation of the sources of the iiitroi,'cn of the i.i:i:imino> i:. A^^ain the icailt sliowed 
 that tiu' soil i-outained less introLjen as nitric acid after t!ie ^..'I'owth of ;,'ood crops of \icia 
 sA'riVA than \\ here tiie shallow rooted 'IKIIOMIM iM.i'KNs tailed to ^r(/w. This was 
 further cvidenic that the i.i;iir \ii sos i: took up nirroL^eu as nit lic ,iiid. Another experi- 
 ment alforded an illustration of the loss of nitioLCen that the laud may sustain in a wet 
 season, and to the heiielits arisiii;,' from rlic _'iound liein^' coscred with a (ro]) which takes 
 lip nitric ai'id as it is prodm fd ; aial ohsiously the etrc.t w il he the i^realer w hen that 
 crop is a iei^umimnis one. It may iie con.^idcicd estahlished that much, at any rat<', of 
 the iiitr<»;,'en of ciops i^ derived tioni tin' stores ot the soil ii>elf, whilst it is hij^'hly 
 pi'ohalile that much, if not the whole, ot the nifioi^cii .•=;o derived is taki'ii upas nitratt's. 
 This led to tiu' consideration of the second part of their- .-uliject. namely, tlie sources of 
 fertility of the soils which were ix.imineil from I'orta^'e La I'rairie, the Saskatchewan 
 district, ami from Koi'1 Mllici'. They pi'oved to he twice as rich in nitroKi.n as the 
 avefiige of arahle soil- in (ireat i>ritidn, perhaps ahiait as rich as the average of the 
 surface soils of pLrmanent pasture. Four <jtliei' Maidtohu soils were examined in greater 
 
H 
 
 (li'tiil. OiH- sv;is finiii Nivri\ illf, U iiiilr-i u • --t i>t W'iimi |'il,', tln' xrcninl fidiii ISiMinldii, 
 till' tliinl fnim Srikirk, ami tin' tniii tli finn \\ irini|M-i; itsilt. 'I'lii .-ti noils hIiovm-'I u \v\y 
 lii^li |)cicfiitii;:i' of iiilii»:.'(ii ; tiiiit t'lutii N i\ •iviiii' in.iily tuiii- iis liiLiii a |HM>'ciitii^'i' lis ill 
 tli)- tii'><t six 1)1' iiiiM' iiic'lii's of unliiiiiiy aniliic I.umI. .uhI .ilioiil a» liiuh as tin' Mii't'aci^ hoil 
 of pastiirc laii>l ill lirrat I'litiiii ; that trim lliainloii wan not so riili as tliat iVoin N'iviT- 
 vill(\ still tin- lii'st twrlvc iiiclii's of lii'ptli is .i,-. rich as tlu' lii'st six or nine imhrs -if ;,'oo<l 
 ohl iiahlc lamls. 'I'lic soil fimii Selkirk sliowcl an cxlrtirit ly hiirli in'reentaye of nitmum 
 in till' tirst twi'he iii'ln'-., ami in the sc'dikI twh c IikIh's as hi_'li ,i in'id'ataui' as any 
 oi'iliiiary siirtacf soils. I,:i>tly, lioth th>'lii <t tii<l .m'>'oiiiI iiiiK' imlu's of soil from Winnijn ;^ 
 wi'ie shown to In- vny ridi in iiiti'oi,'cn, lirh. r tliaii the avcriige of ol>l [lastiire siirfaeu 
 Hoil. Tlic i|ii)'.-^tion ai isi's liow far the nit I'l-^'i u in tlie-.e --oils is siisee|)tilile of niti'ilieation, 
 ami so iieeonies Nainahle to Vejef atioli. The .>oils ami Mllisoils weir sllli'iiitfi'd in -hallow 
 dislit's nmlei' |ii'o|ief i 'o! hilt ions < if ti II I lei at lire Mill 1 1 in is In re for siie^'iliiil peiioils aii'l tliiii 
 i!\traele<l from time to liine an<l tlie nitiie aei'l ihlermiih il in the estrael. I'he |miiiiiIs 
 were neser less than '2H ilavs ami •'iim''iinies iiioie. The rate of nit ritii'ation ihelineil 
 after the thinl ami foiiith |u'rioii.s. 'I'lnre was a \ei'\ inarkeil iiierease in the rate of 
 iiitrilieation in tlie siilisoils ovei' the i'i_hlh jieiii"! i'iiMi|i.iriil with f'le -'M ntii, thei'e 
 haviny liein only as miieh as a ;^rain m ;,'arilen soils eontainin.; iiitrit> inu' >>r'^aiiisiiis 
 jnhlt'il. 'i'his result is sery st' ikin^ ami of nnnh inteirst, all'orilin,' liireet eviileine that 
 tin; nitrogen of snhsoils is sMlijcrt to nitriiiealloii if 'iiily in .aiitalth! eomlitioiis. ami 
 the lesnlt leiiils eonlirmiti'iii to the \ iexi that ilei piooteil plants lavore'l nitrilieation in 
 the lower layers. The piil'lii' ree; rils slmw that I'le rii;h praiiie .,nils of the \ortli West 
 yiehl lar;4(! erops, Init nmlei' present > i>ni|itioii-i tin y ilo not yiehl amonnts i'iiin!m'ii>iirate 
 with tlieii' rii'liness eompireil with the si.ils i.f (iieat 15'Itain vihieh have hetui iiniliT 
 araltle eiiltivalion foi' rent uries. TItat tlie lii'li je' mm'i' -ni!> mi. imt yii'M more proiliiee 
 than tli-'v ilo is pai tly '111'.' to the eMmtl", hut l.ir'.'eiv t<i semiiv ot lalmr. ami ennse- 
 ipieiitly iniperfei't i'iilti\ alioii, thus leulim.' to loo lii\iiriant ;>, ■rrovMliof wceils; ami until 
 niixeil a'^'i'ieiiltiii e ami sfnek fe'iliii'j; ' an !ie Irnl re. (mp m' io, ami !• al ihniaml arises, tht^ 
 litirniii'^ of the straw an<l ilejiciemy unl nasi ' ol n::iini!i. ai'e more or le-is an ine\'itah!e 
 Itnt still exhaiistiiiL,' praefiei;, So lonii as lami is ehcap ami I ilmr ilear, sum.! saeritiee of 
 fertility is inevitalile in the pmeess of liriii'.'iii.'^ the ■ vii'^in soils iniilei' prnlif.ilile enltiva- 
 tioii : ami tin- only reiiieily is to he f mml in iueriase of pnpul;ttion. Still the faet 
 shoiilil not. he lost si'.^Jit of, that such pi'.'ietiees of early settlement ilo iinolvi! si'rious 
 waste of fertility. A tahle was hiiiiL; n]i ■<houini.' Hie emiiparative eharaeter of exhaiisteil 
 arahle soils, of newly laiil ilou n p.istiires. ami oh! pasture soils at Kothamsti 'I. ami aI:-o 
 of some ohl arahle soils, of Illinois ami .Maiiitoha prairie soils, ami lastly of -nine very 
 rieli Russian soils. l''i'oin these results there emihl h ' no iloulit that the eharaeteristie 
 value of a rieh virgin soil, oi of a permamiit iMstuie surhiee soil, is a relatively lii<_'h per- 
 eeiita^'e of niti'oLfen ami larhoii. ( )n the other liaml, a soil that has loie^; l>t>oii iimhr arahle 
 eiiltiire is niueh poorer in these respeets, whil-t the arahle soils iimler i oiiilitions of 
 known a;,'rii'iiltural I'xhaustion show a \>ry lo^. pefeiita^'c of nitroixeii and carhoii. a low 
 relation of eaihon to nitrogen. In eoii'lioiMH. lu <a!il. it had heen nmintaiiieil liy some 
 that the soil is a lalMii'atnry ami not a mine, hut n.it only tii" taet i aiMneeil l.y tlie iiut liors 
 in this ami former pipers. Imt tlie history of ,';..'rii'iiitiiie threii'.dioiit the worlil. so fai' its 
 we I low it, I'leaily shows that a feitil" soil is one which has .'ii'ciDnilatei! within it tlie 
 l'esii''le of aL;es of pi evioiis \ e:reta t ii 'll : ami tli u il lif.'i'iiles ii ;:li rl ile a • lius I'esiilu'.' is 
 exiiaiisteil. 
 
 i 
 
IS 
 
 THE NORTH-WEST PRAIRIES. 
 
 MiTKs llV 
 
 WILLIAM KKLAM, I'.Sr, Ln\i... I'. L.S.. VMS., 
 
 i 
 
 AHSOCIATK <»K TIIK. UUV.M, (itl.l.KtiK «U' sni.M'i.. hllll.lN; I'KnKKSsuK <•!•■ NVTI'llAr, lllsTuKV 
 
 IN TiiK riii.i.i'.iiK OK AtiUin i;n III:, imiwntuwn, s vi.i.Hiintv. anh riiNsii/riNii iinrvsisr 
 
 TO Til K I'.IUTISII I'AIKV IAItMi:U.>" ASSnci V I K iS ; IliKMKItl.V I'ltuKKSSltK n| N\!IU\I, 
 MISTUUV IN Tin: KiiVAl, AilKHI I.TI K Al, ( u|,|,|.i , 1 , I'l UKNrK.vniK, IS ISSt. 
 
 TiiK VMi\(i l■n•l^:■^ ui' ini i-kaikik. 
 
 TIh' prnxiiiiity nf ii railway in an iiiip'iitaiit factor in tlir mai Urtiii!.' nf au'rii'nitiiral 
 produce, ami it is not Mir|M'isiii'^ to tiinl tlial touiis iia\f s|)IU1il,' up ail alnui,' the line of 
 the Canadian I'acitic liaiiuay. I'Ut it is siirpri-iii;; to ictlect nn the rapidity uitii which 
 HOMU! of these towns have ^.mkw n in si/e and importance. ,uid hou neat, luisiness like, and 
 well laid out many of them appe.it- to lie As Honu; are the centres uf le.idiiii,' ai,'ricultural 
 districts, it a|)pears (hsiralde to ;_'i\c a hrief account of a few nf the leading' ones, taking 
 them in the oider in which tiiey are reacju'd l>y the traveUer in his journey we^twanl 
 fi'om Winnipei^. The municipal or;„'uiii/ation of some of the>e towns is \ery complete, 
 and remai'kaldy so when it is Ixuiie in mind that most of tht;m are not more than two dv 
 three years old ; they all'ord a stion_' testimony of the eiiei'iry and capiicity foi' luisini'ss 
 which charaeteri/e the dwellers in the N'orthWcst. 
 
 Fifty-six miles west of Winidpe^i the town of I'ortaj/e La I'rairie is reached. It 
 lies neai' the western lioundary of the tirst steppe, and oecupie.s the central position of 
 the richest wheat j^rowinii laml in the I'rovince of Manitoha. It ciunmand.s a \erv 
 iidvantai^eons jiosition. for. In sides hciui,' on the main line of the Canadian I'acitic 
 Railway, it is tJie southeastern terminus and iiead (piarteis of the .Manitoha and .\oith- 
 wi'stei'u Railway. This line i.s i.roji'cted to run in a n<irtii-westerly directi<iii to I'rinci; 
 Allieit. on the Saskatchewan River, a distaiu'*' of l.">0 miles from l'ortaL,'e Ra I'rairio ; 
 ahout SO mih's of the track ari' now in opi ration, the stations piocccdini.' froui l'nrta;^e 
 La I'rairie Ixin;^' Mactlnn ihl, Wc-thourue, \\ oodsidc ( Jl.id.-iione. Nccpiiwa. Ihidi;!! 
 Creek, ami Minuedosa. The last niUiMii place is ahout lid mihs due north of Rrandon. a 
 risiii;,' town on the Canadian I'acilic jlailway, and is situated on a tiihutary of the 
 As.sinii)oine Ri\fr. The .Manitoha and Noitiiw cstt'rn Company has a land ;,'rant from 
 the Dominion ( Jovernnient of o.T'id.OOO a( res of fariniiiL; and tiudier lands alom,' its line 
 of route, anil cheap warrant.-, foi' Kid .eics or more, to he .sdectt'd hy the .scttlei', may he 
 purehast'd at any of tiie otiiccs of tiic Allan Royal .Mail Steamship Compaiiv. Ill 
 addition to it.s position with refcrt'nce to these two lailways, I'ortaLje La I'rairie po>sesses 
 a furthi'r advanta,:,'e in that it lii'sou the north liaid< of the main .\>sinilioine Riser ; it is 
 therefore likely to hucome an important industrial cntre, and it alriMily po.ssesses paper 
 and tloui' ndlls. and a biscuit facioiy. The |)opulation is hetween three and fr>ur 
 thousand. 
 
 Between l'<U"ta^'e T.,a I'rairie ami Carheiiy. fifty miles to the west, the line ascends 
 the ;,'eutle slope of tlu- tii'st esi'arpiiicut . and Carberry. iOli unles frrim WiniMpcL,', is near 
 the eastern boiiler of the second prairie steppe. It is the county town of Noifolk, and is 
 the centre of a feilih; wheat-grow ing area called the " Reautifid I'lains." AltliouLdi the 
 building of the town was only cfuinueuced less than two years ago. it now has a popula- 
 tion of over 400, iiu<l ia already an important centre for the .shipment of wlieat. 
 
'r\V(!iity-Hcvcii miles hryonil Cai'lici'i'v tln' tiavcllri- iurivcs iit l!f;iiiilnii, n liciiiitifiil 
 tdwii sitiiiif I'll at the crDssi.'*;,' of the Assiiiilmiiic lli\ci'. I(s tine liiiildiii'^s aii<l lnoail 
 rt'^^iilai" strctitH caiiiiot tail to iinpicss tlir visitor. aii<l it strikes one at ome as a town in 
 wliieli it, woulil I.e pleasant to cUvcll. It is tlie market centre tor a roiisiili ralile area ol 
 country, cxtenilinL,' not tliw aril as tar as M inneilosa, anil sontliwarij to'i'nrtle Mountain, 
 anil there is min'li exeel'ent lanil in IIm' neiu'lilioi'liood. .\e,ir llie railway are se\eral 
 lari^e elesators t'or tlu' reception ot wheat ;;ro\\ n in the distrii't. 
 
 !>ranilon is l.'!;{ miles west of \\'inin'|ieL;, ami 17 niiles farther on the risini; town of 
 N'inlen is reacheil, whence a further run of .'!!( miles places the tra.sclh'r at Moosomin, 'Jl!( 
 miles fi'oni W'innipe;^, the lini' leaving the ;^en','ra I trend of the .AssiniKoiiie i!i\ t-r salley 
 in the \icinity of \ irden. West of Moos<imin, near Wapella. the track ei'os.ses the 
 Indian trail from Moose Moinil.nn in the southwest to Fort Kllicc. on the Assinilioine 
 iviver, in the north east. Moo. e Moiniiain forms part of a '^roup of drift hills known as 
 tin: Weedy, Wolfe, and Si|niriel Hills, and is a fa\-orile place for settlement; I'ort- 
 l']llice, as has already liccn slated, is the point up to which sti'aniers from W'imdpeL; can 
 nasi;,'ate the .Xssinihoinw ri\cr, l'"a\oralily situated hetween these Iwn points, and in the 
 niidnt of a promising country, .Moosomin appears to have a, hrii^ht future hefoi'e it. TIk! 
 Seotcii (ndtcrs sent out. last year liy Liidy ( Jordon ( at heart are est a I dished in the district 
 a.hoiit ten miles south of \\'ap(dla. I'lach crofter has ji homestead of HiO acres, and the 
 settlement is already on the hiizh road to suc<-ess, 
 
 l>i'oad\iew, Mil nules west of W'ininpec;, and 1.") ndhs lieyond Moosomin, is another 
 well l.iid out town, and the connnercial centre of an excellent taiiiiini,' country. It 
 (KMMipies a pretty situation near the head of Wood lake, and workshops of the railway 
 are estalilished here. 
 
 Proceeding wcst\\ard the line skirts the southern lioundarv of the (,ln'.\ppelle 
 N'alley, and IS nnles from iJroaiUiew the Iravellei- ronas to Indian Head, ihe station of 
 the famous liell Tarm, which is ."il'J miles from Winnipeg. The town of Indian Head, 
 which takes its name fiom the tact of the Indian .X'^ency foi' the <,>u'.\ppelle district 
 l>ein;f situati'd here, rejoices iji a ch.iriiiiiiL; siluation. possesses excellent natural draina;^e, 
 and is the site of the linest, lirick hotel ill the North West. I'lii^ht miles north of the 
 town are the lishin;:; lakes of the (,>ir.\ppcllc |;i\er, and a lieautifiil lake may he \ isit»'d 
 ill (( jouiney six nules south of the tow n. The I'.idl r'arm alloids a. notali!.' examph- of 
 tlu! eapaliilitics of the prairie sctils, and a full description of this remarkalile featmc in 
 tin; aj^ricult.nral enterprise of the Noiih-West is ei\en later- on. 
 
 'I'he town of (jhiWppelh- is only S nnles lieyond !nil an Head, and is situated south of 
 the fort of the same n line. The (,Mr.\ ppelle ri\er is exclusively north of the railway 
 track, ami il llows from west to e.ist. poiniii;.' its waters tirrally irrto the .Vssirrilioirii' 
 River' near l''oit I'illiec. The towrr of (,>u".\ppelle w.is. rrrrtil r-ecciitlw I'lJIcd Troy, and 
 the loc.il ant horit ies, in adorn irii; its str'eets w il li poplar' trees, lia\ c set arr example w hich 
 desei'Ncs i.ior ilion in .ill the prairie towns. The ( oi\ crirment lirrrnic;iat iorr Ihrildiiies arc 
 at (jhrW ppi'lle, i'.ird in lire rrei;.^drliorlrood of the towrr ai'e iriinrliei's of e.M'ellcnt farms, lioth 
 lar'L,'e and small. 
 
 .\ft( r' leaviii;,' <,hi'.\ppelle, the ircvt place of inrpoi'tanee is iic^ina, .'{*J niiles to the 
 west, and Vriti miles fioirr Winiripcu. Kc^ina is not orrly the ( 'apital of the I'r'ovisioiral 
 Disti'iet, of .Assiirihoirre, lurt il is the metropolis of the North-West 'I'err'itories. It is the 
 head (juarteis of that lirre liody ot men. the .Nort h \\ ester'ii .Mounted I'olice, who .'rr'e 
 entr risted with the maintenarrce of law .ind order ovci' ,'rn enoimorrs ar'ca, arrd, as the 
 s( at of L^overirrrrcirt ot the North West, tiieic may also lie sen at lle^'ina the hrdi.'iir :irid 
 Hepar'tnicirtal ( )liices, and the i-esideiii-e of the IJeiiteir.i nt ( io\ eriror'. The Wascaira 
 Kixcr, or Tile of Uoires, as it is also called, llows across in a rror'tir westei'ly dir'eetiotr, 
 and snpplii s I he low rr ^vith eood water', KcLiina jiosscssirr'j; the lai'Ljest iird liest <'onstructe'l 
 reservoir' in the Norlh West. .\ scheme is under considerat ion for' constructing a railway 
 fr'om Ki';^'iiia in .-in almost dii'eclly iiorihcrn direction, p.ist Lorr;.; l/ikc to I'rince Albert, 
 t,lie town on the Noi't h .Saskatchewan Kixcr w Iridi. it will he r'c'iienrlicred. has .also heerr 
 eirosen as the rrortherri ler-ininus of the .Marriloha and .Ndi'th- Western liailway, which 
 joins the Carradian I'aeilic Kailway at I'ortaLfe La I'lairie. Ue^irra is irr the midst of the 
 (ireat IMain of KeL'ina, one of the lar';.'est eorrtiiruoirs tracts of wheat i,'iowini^ liind orr 
 the praiiie, tlic soil being a ricln dark clayey loam, With its [lublic Imildin^^s, sribstau- 
 
 I 
 
ll <'t 
 \v,i y 
 
 l>ninr 
 
 mill 
 
 hi.'li 
 
 ;s ;iri' 
 
 liiitll 
 
 tlw 
 ilnllill 
 tlic 
 u ••lie 
 
 < Ml.- 
 I ;iiiil 
 
 <i';illii 
 •tioii. 
 ih'ti'.l 
 iluiiy 
 
 H'l-t, 
 ((•I'll 
 
 A'llirll 
 )t" til.' 
 Ill DM 
 
 isUiU- 
 
 tial lioiiHCH, and wide, ofxsn stntotH, tlio town wmnot fail t<i imprcHH favDUrahly anyone 
 who may vinit it, and it is likfly to imdcij^o ia|)i<l (hnrlopnuMit. And y»^t, I^hh tiian 
 tlin-o yoaiH a^«) thtiie was Biotliinj^ to mark tin; aitti of tlii.s rapidly rising <;ity Have a few 
 canvas tents, and tlie silfnee and solitnde of tlm (Jreat I'lains f>f Kej^ina liad nev»T lieen 
 distnihed hy the shriek of the hx'omotive. 
 
 Journeying ahmg westward, some (-iioKre farming land is entered n\nm after heaving 
 Regina, and heic the traveller commences the ascent of the st-cond piairie escarpment, 
 the MiHsoiiri Coteaii, marked hy gently niidiilating land. At Moose .l;iw, 4'2 miles lieyond 
 Regina, and 'AUH miles from Winnipeg, a very jiopidar town is reaciicil at the conihienct! 
 of Uh' \!o(,se .law ami 'riiMiidei (reeks, trihiitaiies of the (,)ii'Ap|)elle Hi\er. The town 
 is n(!at and trim, its stieets and avenues are well [)laniuMl, many of its buildings are 
 handsome and suhstaiitial, and the growth of its population has Ikh'Ii remaikahly rapid 
 even for a prairie town. I'iftceii miles to the north is I'nUalo Lake, foiiiietl hy the 
 I'.xpansion of the Uig .Arm Kivei- on its way to join the (jMrAjipclle ; the liauks of this 
 lake are aliout .'lOO feet high. l''rom the Utwn of Moos(; .law an Indian tiail leads north 
 wai'ds to the Temperance! Colony, al>»»ut l(l(t miles distant, where the settlers occupy a 
 lolling prairie, well watercfd and fertile. Saskatoon, the capital of the colony, is on a 
 wooded liluM, oveilooking the hroad Saskatchewan River. 
 
 |{(!yond Moosti .law tin; railway track follows Thunder Creek, and continues to 
 asceiul tlie sl((pe of Ihcllraiid Coteau of the .Missoini. There aic good pastui'es in this 
 disti'ict, and the land looks well adafited for sliccf) grazing. Twenty miles west of Moost; 
 .law the line passi's tin- southern shon^ of the long, narrow Pelican Lakt-, which ahounds 
 in <lu(!l:, geese, and peliean. The summit of t\\v .Missouri Coteau is reai^hed at a point 
 4r> miles west of Moose .law, and tl.'i miles from Winnipeg. At this point, called 
 S(!cretan, the third prairie stepjie is reached, and Secretan is furthei' of Intercast in that 
 tlur most easterly of the \i) experimental farms of the Canadian l'a(;ilic Railway is 
 situated here. Tin- most westerly of the ten farms is at Cleichen, 'A'tl miles heyond 
 Secn.'tan, and the historv of this and other faiins will he fouml (h.-tailed later on. Th«' 
 railway track thiough the Coteau passes ov(;i' some thiity miles of rolling or hioken 
 country, consisting of suc(!essive ridges and mounds, diversified with swales and alkalim; 
 ponds. To tlu! south .are the (Md Wives' Lakes, with Chaplin .Station, ninc! miles west 
 of Setn'etan, at thi'ii' noithern end. 'I'he lakes, fifty mil(>s long, and six to ten milcH 
 hroad, swarm with wild duck, doing on westward the tiain passes Rush liake, and 
 arrives at Swift Current, ."»l I miles from Winnipeg. This small town is not far from tlu! 
 South Saskatchewan Kivei', as it hends south war<l on its way to join the main sticani. 
 I'orty-four miles further on is Cypiess Statir)n, lying Lo the north of the Cypress Hills. 
 Around this spot is a considt-rahli: tract of hare, and a|)parcntly harrtin land, hut as theic 
 appeals to he plenty of useful clay resting on sandy suhsoils, it is vt^ry lik(dy that" good 
 agricultur.il soils may here he worked up, and the success of the expeiimental farms at 
 .Swift Current and Cull Lake gives sm)|)ort to this idea. 
 
 Forty two mihs west of Cypress is Maple Creek, ."»!t7 miles heyond \V'innii)eg, and 
 more than I, (KM) miles from the shores of Lake .Superior. The creek takes its name from 
 the i|iiantity of ash leaf maples which clothe its lianks, and it is not unlikely that a 
 considerjihlc town may arise at this spot, in.asmiich as the ranchiMS of .Montana, the 
 nearest of the states of the I'liion, find that they <'an save hoth time and money hy taking 
 their c!)ttlc thi'ongh Canadian territory, driving them first to Maple Creek, wheiiee they 
 itrc taken hy rail to Winiii|)eg, and then sent soiithwaid to Chicago. Ahout tliiity miles 
 south-west of .M.qile Creek an Indian trail leads to l'"ort Walsh, one of the chief 
 barracks of the NorthWestern .Mounted Police. 
 
 Medieine Hat, (!."{ miles west of Maple Creek and tillO ndlcs from Wimupeg, is 
 heautifully situated on the east hank of the South Saskatchewan River, a short distance 
 north of the point where this river receives the watt^rs of its trihutary, the Seven Persons 
 River. With a |)resent population of It^ss than half a thousand, it is neverthele.sH a town 
 wiiich seems hound to make rapid progress, foi' it is the centie not only of an agricultural 
 aica hut also of m hat in the near fiitiii'e hids fair to hecome an important coal mining 
 district. It oriupies a great am|ihitlieatre sui'rounded hy low Cretaceous hills, the elleet 
 of which rising ahruptly from the dead level of the prairie is very mai'ked. Medicine Ha^' 
 is at a height of "J. HH> feet aliove the Ivvel of tlie sea, and the magnificent river which tuUb 
 
18 
 
 so imicli to tlie natural )K;auty of the locality lias here caivoil out for itself a ehcanncl, tlie 
 l)aiik.s of wliicli rJHi! rujai'ly .MOO feet al>ovc tin; water l(!Vul. Iniiue'liatoly on Icaviuj; 
 Medieine Hat for tlie west tluitiMJu jiasses nu-r a very tine ii'on railway lirid^;' wliieli here 
 at a gr'eat iii'i^^'lit aliove the water spans the ^or;,'e ol tlif South Siisi<atelie»van. Away to 
 tlie n<iith(;ast of .\le<liein(^ Hut tliin rixcr is joined hy the lied l>eer Hivei, while niueli 
 farther in the saint; direution, on the hanks of the Northern Saskatchewan, is the town 
 of liattl(!for<l, l)(,'t\\i'(Mi which and Meilicine Hat connnunication is kept up alon;^ tlie 
 Jiidian trail. Mattlcford is the ct^ntK^ of a pictiiresipie l■e^ioll occupied hy many thrivin;^ 
 Hettlenients. 
 
 And north-west of Medicine Hat and as fai' as ('al;,fary, a distance of 170 miles, the 
 route lies throuj,di the last stretch of genuine prairie land firairie land, too, of the most 
 typieal cha.raeter, one sky hound yrassy plain, iinliroki'U eitlu'r hy tree or sliruh. 
 lilaekfeet, decs, and p.irties of other trihes of Indians are here met with. lieyoml 
 
 Med 
 
 icine 
 
 Hat 
 
 Red Deer Kiv 
 
 I hroac 
 
 ei' 
 
 tail 
 
 am 
 
 I extends lK!twcen tlie How l!i\ei' on till' south and the 
 
 n the nortii, and at Lan^e\in, 
 
 .>.! miles wt 
 
 st of the hanks of tin; 
 
 Sa.sk ate he wan a recent horiim for coal resulted ili the tapping of a iii;^hly comhustihle 
 
 as, in Septi'iii- 
 
 H 
 
 'as which was mnitecl as it issiu 
 
 from till' earti 
 
 tlie heat c\() 
 
 Ived 
 
 lier last, heiiin' utili/.ed for dri\inL,' the steam iiiachiiier>' employed in tlie hoi 
 
 mil: 
 
 ( 
 
 \l. 
 
 .rowloot I rossiii;^, 100 miles trom Medicine llul, tai^es its iiaii.c trom a well-Unown 
 Indian chief ; a few farms art; estahlished Ihmc, mid there is al.M) a lar;4e Indian reserve. 
 Nineteen inil(;s further on is(ileiclicn, in the midst of a promisiic^ a;4ricultiiral district, 
 and almost on the direct north and south line hctwceii the important centres of l''ort 
 Maeleod and i'ldmonton, the former lying amon;.;st the footdiills stuithward on the hanks 
 of the Old Man Itiver hefori; it Hows into tlu; Ueliy river, a trihutary of the South 
 Saskatchewan, and Kdmonton hein;.;- far away to the north on the hanks of the North 
 Saskateh(;waii. Here, on a clear <lay, the lofty, snow -d, id peaks of the l-Jocky Moun- 
 tains, more than a hundred niili's distant, may hi; seen j^listeiiiiiLj ai^aiiist the wi;stern 
 sky. lieyond (Jleiclu'ii is a line (;.\panse of unoccupied grazing land which, till r(;<:ently, 
 was the home of huH'alo and antelope. Passing C'headle, which is nanieil in honour of 
 the intrepid travt;ller who made tin; "north-west jiassage hy land,"' the W(;stern 
 boundary of the third prairii; steppi; is attained near the hanks of the heaiitifiil Uow 
 River, penetrating the tniter vallt;y of which tin; traveller pushes on to Calgary, tin; 
 iiio.st westerly of the genuine [irairit; towns met with along the track of the Can.idiaii 
 I'aeifie Kaihvay. 
 
 Calgary, I7!( miles from Medicine Hat. S.'iO miles west of Winnipeg, I, 'JOS miles 
 from I'ort Arthur, Lake Superior, and 'J,*2S0 miles west of .Montreal, is more than .'{,000 
 feet ahovi; the level of the sea. .\ small town as yet, it ne\'ertli(dess possesses ca[' •> ities 
 for jfr(;at and rapid development ; the centre of a hroad and fertile agricultural district, 
 the head (piarters of the large cattle ranches to tlu; south, the future commercial centre 
 for the mining i;iit«;iprise which will ert; long de\ elop the country to tin; westward, and, 
 ahove all, the natural h(;aiity of its situation, these are some of the fa(;tors which will 
 help to insiiri.' a great future for the town of Calgary, hlastward is the [irairie, and the 
 town itself is on the prairie ; hut to tin; north, to the smith, and to the west, the foot 
 hills of tin; l-focky Mountains hr(;ak tlu; monotony of the seem;, ami are theins(dvi;s 
 thrown into relief hy tin; loftier summits in the hack-ground, and these in turn present 
 a wonderful contrast with the wliit<; peaks w hich tower ahove and heliind them in aw fill 
 gramleni. 
 
 'riirotigh the plain of Calgary How the clear waters of the 15ow River, which a short 
 distance from the town is joined hy its trihutary, the Mlhow. The exci'llence of the land 
 in this district is testifi(;d hy the iiumher of tlourishiiig farms on I'iiie Creek, on fish 
 Creek, and on the hanks of the Mlhow l\i\cr, and the plentiful siijiply of good water, the 
 ahiindance of fuel, and tin; kindly climate must continue to niaki; this an attractive 
 region to .settlers. A jouriH;y northward hy stage, occupying five days, is nec(;ssary to 
 ri'ach Kdmowton, the lieail (jiiarters of the Saskatchewan trade of the Hudson's Hay 
 Company. 
 
 West of (Jalgary tiie prairie (;ontinually narrows as it follows the coiirsi; of the Row 
 River over which the railway is carried no less than four times. 
 
19 
 
 How 
 
 Tin; SCKNKRV ni THK MiUTII-WKST. 
 
 It vvoiiM 1k! a li()[)el(.'SH task to atttiiiipt to convoy any adiMjuate idea of the .scenery 
 of the ii()i;ky Mountains. In approaching thi.s supcrh I'an^^e from tlie east the traveller 
 experien<,e.s a .sncccs.sion of snrpri.-ics, (lach oni^ more novel than its preilecessor. .Ml tlie 
 splendid and nia;initic('nt ctl'ei'ts uliicli .Nature can produced hen she works with such 
 materials as massixe rocks and yawniiiL; ciiasnis, lakes and streams and waterfalls, dens« 
 belts of daik f,'i-ccn forest trees. dii/./lioL^ snow tields, and hMty ii'c-clad mountain peaka 
 ylisttMiini.,' in tlie liluc \aidtof hea\cn, are here <'oniliinc(l to form a 'glorious jianorania 
 which must liuLjer in the memory of him who sees it forever. I>uc1Iits on the prairie 
 neeil never he moic than a day or- two's journey from re;,dons wlu're Natuic; may he' seen 
 in hei' grandest and wihlest moods. To (he south, and more particularly to tiu' north of 
 the railway helt, seenei'y widi'ly ditVerent from tii.it of tlir prairie may he enjoyed ; mind 
 and hf)dy may alike he refreshed in the wild recesses of the llockii's, the .\lps of the 
 Xorth-W'est ; and the country east of Winnipeg, hctween hake Superior and the Red 
 Iviver X'alley, pi'esents anothi'r eom|)lete ehisnge of stienery from that of the prairie. At 
 J\at I'ortage, for examiile, i.'J'i miles east of \\'iniiipi'g, the lovely Lake of the Woods ia 
 hr)und eic long to hecomi! a great plai'c o* resort in tin; sumnu'r season ; not only are its 
 sui'i'ounilings in the highest degree pictui-esipic, hut the surface of the lake itself is dotted 
 with innumeralilc islamls of e\-ery \ariety of sha[)<! and si/e. These islands, treeelad or 
 grass coNered to the watei's (^Ig*', are like 
 
 " .Summci- i^lcs of Ivlen 1\ iiu,' in I he dark puriile splKM'cs of sea," 
 
 and upon tlu'm, and in the wati'rs around tluMii, the tired workei" will lind rest an<l 
 enjoyment. .Moi'e to the east, al)out the shoi-e.s of Lak(! Superior, are many of the scenes 
 of Hiawatha. 
 
 CI.I.MATK or TMK I'liAIIUK. 
 
 Nothing in comiection with the N'ortliW'est is, perhaps, nioic inisappi'ehended at 
 lK)me than the nature of its (dimatc. Old notions, and particularly I'rroiu'ous ones, die 
 hard, and the idea, that up to tifte.cn oi' twenty years ago was still euri'i^nt in i'higland, 
 that North-West Canada was a cold, desolate, iidiospitahle region, with its soil frost- 
 l)ound nearly the year lound, and litted oidy to hi- the home of furd)earing animals, still 
 lingei's in the ndnds of many peoj)lc. 'i'hat in the Nortli West the theiinometer as a I'ule 
 gives higher I'cadings in the sunmicr and lower in the \\ inter than we ai'e acciistoinod to 
 in the old country is perfectly true, hut in estimating the character of a climate it is 
 wrong and misleading to he guided hy the thermometer alone. The atniospher(t possesHc.s 
 other projuirties hcsidcs teuiperatuif ; it can tell a tale to other metcoiological instru- 
 ments besides the thermometer. The hygromt'ter. an instrunii^jit for indit'ating tne 
 amount of moisture in tin; air. should Ik' ohser\eil in conjunction with tiie tiiei'inonieter, 
 or the saiiu; information may l)e gained by comparing the readings of a wet iiulb and a 
 dry bull) thermometer. It is therehy ascertained that tlu; ail' of .Manitoba and the 
 North-West is usually drier than that of the Ihitish Isles, iuid to comprehend the 
 signilicaiice of this hict it is necessary to bciir in mincl the welbknoun physical law that 
 water is a lietter conductor ot lie.it than dry air. 'i In^ presence in the atmosjilu'it! of 
 inoistiin; and atmospheric moisturi' is merely water \apour, often c<)ntaining minute 
 particles of water renders the air a lietter conductor of heat the higliei' the percentage 
 of moisture, lit.'iice, in cold weather, moist or damp air will eomliiet away heat from 
 the animal body more lapidly than drier air, ami thus ari.s(!s the {)ronouneed feeling of 
 discomfort which in the Ihitish Isles is rifti n assoeiatt!(l with cold, damj) weather, and 
 j)rol)aldy much more freipiently expcijeiiced in Ihitain than in North-West Canada. 
 I >ry air is a liad coinluctor of heat, so that, e\'eii with a \cry low ttMiiperature, such air 
 really l)lays the part of an insulator in iiicxcnting the escape of warmth from the body. 
 Let it, however, become .saturated w tli moisture, and it would at once, by conducting 
 the heat away from the skin, [uoduce a sensation of cold and dist:onifort. On physic, il 
 grounds, then, it is easy to understand how the ilwcllers in the Xorth-Wi'st can endure 
 a winter temperature wliii'h in our own climate would be intolerable the drynesH of the 
 atmosphere is their |)roteetion. To explain why the atmosphere is so much drier there 
 w<nild involve t( > great a divergence into physiographical details. 
 
 Moreover, the frost which locks up the land for months in the winter is really a 
 servieeable friend to the jnairic fanner. The moisture which pernu-atea the yoil 
 
20 
 
 expands in the act of freezing, and this causes a minute separation or disruption 
 amongst the particles of plouglicd earth, so that wh(;n the thaw comes tliey fall apart 
 in a desirable state of tilth, which it is well nigh impossible to l)ring about by the work 
 of any agricultural implement. Frost is a good servant to farmers, and one that works 
 without pay. At home a winter witiiout frost is regarded by farmers of arable land, 
 particularly of heavy clay soils, as a misfortune ; they know well that it means nuicli 
 extra work on tlieir fallow lands for l)otii men and horses, and that witii all th(!ir pains 
 tljey cannc;t produce so ellective a result as frost is eapable of V)ringing about. 
 
 TIIK I'KAlltlK. AS A lloMK I'OU SKTTI.KKS. 
 
 What advantages or in<luc('ments does the North- West otl'er to scsttlers '.' Part of 
 the answer to tiiis question must br souglit in the foregoing pagi's. Itut 1 will enumerate 
 here some of what I consider to l)e the ciiief attractions. <iraiits of land witlun 
 ccjnvenient distance of the railway may be obtained citiier free from tlie (Joviirnnuait, or 
 at very cheap rates from tlie ('anadian I'acitic Railway. These may be selcete<l from 
 the richest prairie land at the ciioice of the settler. No clearance of timber is re(iuired, 
 there is no severe labor witii tlie axe, nor any patient Wiiiting for years in <»rder tiiat 
 tree stumps may rot to facilitate their removal. The prairie sod can be hiid under a 
 plougii for tlie first time and a crop harvested all within the space of the tir.st twelve 
 months. Tlie eountry is well watered, for, from what has already been said, it is 
 evident that rivers and lakes and creeks abound, and where rumiing water is not 
 conveniently near, good watei- can be got within moderate distance of the surface. The 
 prairie is healthy to dwell upon, the climate is more genial than is generally supposed, 
 and settlers who go out in robust health will tind the country is not only tolerable, but 
 enjoyable to live in. VVeak or delicate people should not go there, for they might Hnd 
 the air too bracing. Idlers and loafers should not go there, liecause the prairie is in 
 need of thrifty workers. Men who want to ac(|uiie wealth without working for it 
 should not go there, because they will be disappointed. Thomas Carlyle once wrote, 
 "Two men I honour, and no third-tiist, the toil-worn craftsman that with earth-made 
 implement laboriously coiuiuers the earth and makes her man's.'" Men of this type will 
 tind on the prairie a wide held for c!on<iuest, and I lielieve they may feed more certain of 
 a reward, and of a speedy reward, than in nine cases out of ten they could hope for in 
 the old country. 
 
 The nutritive value of the prairie herbage is suthciently proved by the fact of its 
 having sustiiined the vast herds of l)uH'alo which for ages have made the prairie tlieir 
 home, but whicli are now disappearing before the advance of civilisation. Nevertheless, 
 tlie introduction of cultivated grasses would in all probability be a step in the right 
 «lirection, and the attempt would most likely be justified by the success which would 
 follow it. Although much of the land appears capai)le of growing wheat foi' an indeHiiite 
 period, yet those settlers whose means would allow of it woulil I think do well to sow a 
 portion of their land with good English grass seeds after the thiid or fourth year. Such 
 grasses as cocksfoot, foxtail, meadow fescue and timothy, together with \\ hite and purple 
 clover and a little black medick suggest themselves as desirable, but every effort should 
 be made to seciM'e clean seed. It is an inteiesting fact that there are no true clovers 
 native to the prairie, although many species of the milk-vetch. Astragalus, are met with. 
 
 The more mixed farming extends on the prairies the more intei-esting will tlu' 
 settlers find it, and the less dependent will they be uptm tiie prices they will from yv;\y 
 to year secure for their wiieat. The establishment of flour mills in the North-West will 
 lessen the cost of Hour and oatmeal, while the facilities atlbrded by the railway must 
 continue to enable them to conipetc on favouiable terms with the other wheat-exporting 
 countries of the world. Artiricial feeding stuH's, like artificial fertilisers, belong to a 
 future period. 
 
 There is no scarcity of timber or fuel, for vast forests are at ditl'erent spots touched 
 by th^ rwilway. Moreover, it is ivb.^olutcly certain thiit ONtensi\c coal-bearing regions 
 
to 
 
 + 
 
 21 
 
 i!.\i.st in many tuisily accessiMe jvtintx of tlu' N'ortli-Wi'st, soino of tlio coul, as in the 
 Saslvatdunvan valloy noar Mcilicinc Hat, lu'in;,' ohtainaldo liy optni workings, tlu' coal 
 cropping out at the .surface. Not only \v ill tlu' \r)rtli-\Vc.st continue cajialiU' of meeting 
 its (»\vn demands for mimnal fuel, Imt in a sliort time it will proiialily !>«• in a positii.n to 
 export coal. 
 
 Though tlie prairie is destitute of trees it is not destined to remain so. Kvery 
 settlej' sliould plant l)elts of poplar and otiier trees ahout iiis homestead, 'iiiey will 
 lireak the force of tlie wind, atlonl grateful shelter to ii\e stock, and do much towards 
 lelieving tin; monotony of the plain. i'lie woik might lie piogressive, a few trees heing 
 planted each year, l)ut it is a iletail tliat sliould not lie neglected, in the rolling country 
 lieyond Calgary, and in the foothills of tlii^ Itockies, wiiere pastoral farming will 
 prohahly t-onstitute the main industry, much ground siielter is availalile for live stock. 
 
 As to the prospects of the (Jreat North-^Vest, it is only tin- poet wiio can say : 
 
 " For I dipt into tlic I'utuic, tar iis Iniuian eye coulil sec. 
 Saw the N'ision of the world, and all the wonder that woidd ho;" 
 
 Itut if its development in the near future may lie at all gauged by its progress in the 
 iiunuidiate past, then will its growtli lie rapid indeed. Men who go out thert? determin»'(l 
 to work will, as the years roll on, find themselves in a much lietter jxisition than they 
 can hope to .secure in the old country, and wluii the time coii\es for them to enjgy a 
 welleanied rest in their declining years they will timl that they have got the means to 
 •tnahle them to do .so. And the children who are liorn and Ined in the happy prairie 
 homes, who will see around them on every side the tri\implis of man's industry, who art 
 reared in the bracing atmo.sphere of a northern sky, they cannot fail to be healthy auu 
 vigorous. 
 
 " Iron-jointed, supple-sinewV.. they shall dive, and they shall run," 
 
 antl, true "prairie flowers," they will grow into men and women possessed of a physitpie 
 which cf)uld never have been aiMpured under the sumuer, more southern, and mfin; 
 enervating climes whither .so many efforts are made to attract Ihitish settlers, scions of 
 the nation which has con(|uered and colonised a larger porti<>n of the earth's surface than 
 all other nations taken together. 
 
 1- 
 
 NOTES ON 
 
 THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST. 
 
 K.\TK.\<'TKii Fkiim a Hki'oiit \w .] . 1'. SllKM)()\. i'i;(ii'i>>ni; (iK .Aciucri.TiRi;, at 
 Till', Wilts \M) Hants .Vciiicri.Tiu ai. ('oi.i.i;(:k, Downton, Sai.isiuhv, Kn(;i..\.mi, 
 IN 1SS4. 
 
 '{'he I'rovinci' of Manitoba so well known by repute in Kui'ope is just now 
 emerging from deprt'>si(in < aused by iidlati'il speculation in real property. This was a 
 bubble which, by opening up the vast territory to the west, the Canadian Pacific 
 Kailway was sure to buist. Land has now come down to its legitimate and intrinsic 
 value, <ir has even sunk below that level for the time being, ''ontidence, however, 
 which never ought to have beiMi lost to the extent it was a year ago, is now being 
 restored, and enterprise will proceed at a I'egular rate, so that now is the time for 
 emigrants to go out. The province, which has been greatly enlarged of late, has now an 
 area of 1'2.S,'2(K) square miles. It is one of five sister provinces in the North-We.st, the 
 others being: Afssiniboia, containing !>."), 000 s(|uare ndles ; Alberta, containing 100,000 
 
*h\ 
 
 H((UartMiiilc;.s ; SaskutcliuwiUi, coiitiiiniiij^ I I4,(HK) s(|Uai'i! miles; iiml AtlialtiiHka, coiitfiiii- 
 iiig 122,000 H<|iian' miles. Nlaiiitolia has tiMMef'ore an acfea:;e of IT.'^OSSMHM), of wliicli a 
 coiiHiderahle ixirtioii is water. In many piiits of the proviin^e tlie soil is of HurpaHsiii;^ 
 riehiHiH.s, piodueiiig exeelleiit eiojw of wheat, hailey, oats, turnips, jiotatocH, earrotH, 
 onions, ete., (ttc, tlie wheat i)artii'nlarly hein;^ of \-ery snptMior (Hiality. Iiai'd and dry, 
 and much s(Mi;,'ht after liy Ameri(%in millers for j^radiiiu' iij) the sotter \\ heats of southern 
 di.striets. An important natural ])rin(iple in respect of the North- W'e.^t must lie horno 
 in mind, viz., that whe.it ;,'row,s in a manner most nearly ap)iroachinj,' ])erfeetion, so far 
 as milling' properties are eoneerned, at riiK NoinilKKN l.lMrr or its ,srcn;ssK(i. CKowni. 
 'riiis n)atte,r stamjis for t^ver the \ot■tll-\\'(^st TtMiitoi y as perhaps the Ix'st w heat-;irowing 
 rei^ion in tin; world hetter hy far than any wiiich the I'nitcd States posstiss, for Alaska 
 is outsiile the limit of siiece.ssiul wheat production. Fall ploui^liin;,' for wheat is done as 
 exten.sively as tiuui permits, and it must Ik; iMtmemliei'ed that the severe wintc^rs of 
 Canada do a great dtial of the farnmr's work for him. in the way of pidvi^rising and 
 nudlowing tim soil, so that liairowing in the seed is a simple o))cration, (piiekly 
 pei'foi-med, on fall]ilonghed lami. 
 
 A great <leal of swanniy laml, which is excellent for erops \\ lien draiueil, oceurs here 
 and there in Manitolia ; els< .iiere then; ai'c lighter soils, some of which arc; unsuitahle 
 for agri<'idture ; and thei'c; are jtatehes of alkaline land which, until a tew ploughed I'rops 
 have been taken, are moi'i; or less detriiriental to the grow th of grain and grass. 'I'imher 
 and water ai-(! very unevenly distriliuted, and genei'ally oci'ur in comi>any with each 
 othf;r. AN'ater, however, can usually he ohtained anywheie i)y lioring foi' it, and 
 windmill pumps ought to lie of great service to the Manitohan farmers. Water i.s 
 .sometimes conserveil for stoi'k hy throwing a weir across a slough. an<l hasin-like hollow y, 
 oi' " meers,"' .scooped out in the prai;ie elay, ai'e found to answer fairly well as 
 resoivoirs. It is tolerably certain tluit properly (;(»nKtiiicted meei's, as we have them on 
 the Derbyshire hills, lined with concrete first, then with four inches thick of well 
 tempered clay firm y beaten together, and lastly, witii well paektjd stones for protection, 
 would answer well in Canada. 
 
 'I'rees, indeed, are found on the [ii'airies, l)ut ehielly on the l)aid<s of tin; rivers and 
 in the swampy lands, and it is to tlu; recurrent praii'ie fires that tin; scarcity of tindier 
 f)n the great plains may be attributed. WhiMever the tires have found a natural e'iieck, 
 as by thi! rivers and swamps, \\r. timl ti'cu-s for the most part ; and ehielly on the tiastern 
 hanks of the ri\eis which, by atlonling a boundary, have I'outinueil to check the tires 
 that are driven onward by the prevailing west winds. At \arious i)Iaees along the road 
 through the Noith-W'est. at the liell i'"arm. at I'ortage la Prairie, and clsewliere, trees 
 which ha\e been planted ai'c glowing a])acc. The ]>ractice of planting trees on the 
 prairies should be encoui'aged by (Jovernment subsidies or rewards, foi, apart fi'om the 
 (|Uestions of an increased rainfall, <»f fuel and of shelter, nothing can pf)ssibiy adorn those 
 great plains like ti'ees. Trees, indeed, are tlie greatest natur;il oinament any counti\y 
 can possess, not cxci'pting cxcn watei' ami mountains, and they would tend to end)elli.sli 
 the life of a man on the prairie.^. 
 
 ; 
 
 The grain-growing capacity of the soil is the holding criterion of its \aluc, pi'oliably, 
 in Manitoba and the Xorth-W'est generally, iuid most likely w ill continue so foi' some 
 time to come, because that r<'gion will bi'come the ciuef granai'y of the Amerit-an 
 continent and remain so ; but it is none tlu' less true that its ability to produce excellent 
 I'oots and green crojis is a, factor which w ill be utilised extensively in years to c'omi'. A 
 purely grain raising region is an agricultmal anomaly which cannot last, and it is a fact 
 of great jiotcntial \aiue to this \ast territory that its soil will ])roduce all the erop.s 
 which contribute to the jilcnary welfare of both men and anima.ls. Cattle, hoises, pigs 
 and p;iull.!y are inseparable from the comfoil of man in all agricultural connnunities, and 
 the Sana; may also be pr.'dicated of siiei-ji ; but all of these demand ai'rangenH'nts and 
 provisions uiori' or less nitiieate, in the form of shelter and food, ])i'ovisions which can in 
 a great mcasui'e be dis])ensed w ith while the land is devoted to grain-raising only. 'I'he 
 process of po])ulating the Xorth-We.st with domesticated animals will be contemporary 
 with the [)rovision of shelter, water, and suitable food ; and though the i)roi:ess may be 
 a slow one, it will be perfected in time, in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains it will 
 be much more rapid, fot there exists in that region a rich natural herbage, a good supply 
 of water for the most part, and abundance of " laml shelter " among the hills and dales. 
 
itillll- 
 icli a 
 
 nr»tH, 
 
 <liy, 
 
 tlicrn 
 1)01110 
 so far 
 
 iWTII. 
 
 H'l'L' 
 
 italdc 
 ii'ops 
 "iiiilaT 
 cac'li 
 and 
 itui- is 
 llc\s y, 
 fU as 
 t'lM on 
 \i well 
 ctioii, 
 
 'J8 
 
 We passcil along tliroiijili tin- l'r<tvinris <if Assiniltoia, lontainiiij,' !).'», 000 sqiiari' 
 iiiilf \ ami All)t'rt , coiitainiii^ 1(»(>,(MI(I s(|iiaif iniU's, at h-ast lifty per (M'lit. of wiiicli is 
 sniil to 1(1' j,'oo'l land availal)l(' tor ai,'ri(:nltiir<'. \\'«' saw scvnal of tin.' fxprriincntal 
 farms wliicli Iimvc licm cstuliliNlicd 1»\' the ('. I*. H. ('<i., and fcinml \arious ci-reals, roots 
 and j^ardcn vc^L'taMfs giowim/ siicccsstnlly on the in'W praiiif soil, '{"lie soil varies 
 from a dark-colonrt'd clay to stronj^ loams, and liglit saiuls, and affords scope for 
 all kinds of ;ii,Micult ural f.iiicy. lint the handsomest I'oinitiy \vc saw wiis from ( 'al;,'ary 
 lip tile sliipes of tlic Kockii's. Tiu^ is till' ;,'rcat laiuliiii^ cuiintry. and we saw many 
 cattli' I'oamiiiLj ahoiit tiie pasinrivs w lucli adorn this inidiiliiting district a district wliii:li 
 sti'ctclics a loll;,' distance to the iiortii and soiitli of the I'i'ilway. It must hu inlinittud 
 that tlu! advaiitajius wiiieli this eoiintiy atl'onls tor cattle-raisin;,' are very extensive and 
 important: for, as the isothermal line runs in a north-westerly direction alo' g the 
 prairies, tlie climate a*, the Itockiis is haliitalilc and I'Vi'ii ^^I'ldal in a dc;,'itM' of latitude 
 uiiicii is di'solatc on the Atlantic side ot Ciinada. At a point live thousand feet aiiove 
 tile oea level, in the Jiocky Mountains, we found tlie air so mild that no overcoats were 
 want' d, e\eii at five o'clock in tiic^ morniii;,', altliou^h we liad come up the mountains in 
 a snow-storm tlie previous cvciiiiiL;. AIhivc tiiis point, which is tiic liii,'lie.st the railway 
 attiiins in the Kicking lloisc I'ass, the niinu' hcred snow clail |)caks of the monntains 
 siioot u|) into tlie clear air ten i>r twlvt' thousand fec^t aWovc us, formiiiL,' a spectairlc 
 i^rand, suliliiiR:, iiiaj,'iiiticeiit, and well repayinj^ a thousand miles" journey over the 
 prairies I The splemliil pine trees with u Inch the mountains are adorned creep up the 
 ])eaks until they arc stopped hy the ^lai'ieis and the eternal snow, and tlii'ic is ahiindaiit 
 interest for tlii! loxurs of hotany and neology. One iiia^'nilicent day spent among the 
 crags and ravines of IJritisli Columliia, lirought us to the liegiiining of the return journey, 
 many of us carrying away specimens of ro( ks, ferns and other Mora, including even the 
 wild gooseheriy, which we found llourishing not far Kclow the snow level. 
 
 The eastern slopes and foothills of the lvo<'kies and tin; adjacent prairies are destined 
 soon to resound, as iinleed they already do in part, to the lowings of herds and the 
 lileatings of tloeks, and they will hecome one uf the most important cattle-raising 
 districts on tln^ American continent. I>ut ranching has various disadvantages in its 
 |)res(.'iit condition, and cannot well prosjicr save under the personal siiper\isioii of an 
 owner or owners. Mired men are apt to remhu- only such an amount of work and earo 
 as they d*^eiii themselves amply paid for, and ahsiMitee ownership is not calculated, as 
 things are, to meet with miieii sueeess. .\ fruitful .source of loss occurs in calves when 
 luanding time comes luiind, many of them pa->ing then into tin; owimrship which 
 liap])eiis to he most vigilant ; for, until they arc In iitidcd, w ho can say to whom they 
 liclong, where cattle r')am in cot'onon over iiiiilion.s of aercis V Cattle that are out of 
 condition when winter comes on are apt to perish in the cold, unless they are carefully 
 fed and sheltered, and the Coehrane llancliing ( iiiipiny sntl'ered sexcM'cly oik; winter in 
 this manner, with cattle that weie out of cuiiditioii after lieiiig dri\H-n northward from 
 .Montana, too late in the autumn. I am assured, l:o\\e\cr. that catth- in good condition 
 to start with will stand the wi'iti'r luavely, ktcping on their tiesli till long after 
 Christinas. (Jiass, w;it«'i'. forage for hard winters, and shelter hoth natnial and 
 artificial, arc indispensalilc to the contimu'd success of a raiwhe. The winti'is \ary in 
 sexciity, so that the amount of inoxision to he inadi; foi' stock, in the way of food and 
 shelter, is always prohlematical ; Init the safe thing is to pii)\ ide 'uougli for any pi ohalile 
 or [lossilile contingeiii'y of weather, fo'' an early winter and a late spring. It will thus 
 1»(^ seen how neccssarv it is tiiat an owner should ]>'■ in lesidenee at a raiiche. 
 
 1 am assured on good aiithoiity that tine crops of routs and oats can lie grown with 
 \ cry crude <iilti vation, and that, even where the land in its natural state ap)ieais harreii, 
 iiiai/c: and cereals pros|(cr ama/iiigly. The ranchcis depend a great deal on the hay, 
 which is self-ciiriiiL;. that is, on grass euriiig as it stands, to l>e consumed i\ sm ; and it 
 is a peculiarity of the native gia.-s that it shouhl cure in this way. providing frosts do 
 not cut it down hefore it has had time to do so. (o-uerally speaking, the cattle siihsist 
 very well through the winter on this self cured liay, for the winds as a rule lilow it hare 
 of the dry snow ; hut w hen it happens to he deepl>' Imricd in snow . and remains so until 
 the snow is frozen so as to resist the wind, then the cattle are in danger of perishing for 
 vsaiit of food: and \\vrv it is that a siipyly of forage is so lu eessary and heiieficient. 
 Dairy farming, in coniu!ctioii more or less direct with rauciiin-. will prohahly open out 
 in Alherta, where, it is asserted, and 1 think not unfairly so, that the country pos.sesses 
 
21 
 
 all tlic iiutunil coiiflitions essential to that liusiness. A voung Knglish rancher of two 
 years' stiinding, infonne<l me that lie contemplated forming a herd of dairy cows to let 
 out to a dairyman on tlie "half-sales" system. This, Ik, wever, necessitates the fencing 
 ot land and u provision of huildings and forage, and so can hanlly hecfJine general for a 
 long time to (!oine. It is an item of some signiticance, however, tliat siicii an idea shoidd 
 already he entertained in tliu neighhoin-luxxl of tiie Hockies, and it serves to illustrate 
 tiie speed at whicii tilings are moving in tliat region since the advent of tlie railway. 
 
 The North-West lias very large deposits of coal, it is known, in places, and there is 
 r(!ason to siippo.se that tliere am many otinus awaiting discovery. In some of tlie hanks 
 of the livers coal is seen protniding in seams many feet tliii'k, and we hrouglit with us 
 specimens of ai)pareiitly excellent coal, which was (|uarried in the Medicine Hat district. 
 At Langevin, .30 miles west of Medicine Hat, ami (>!(.") miles west of Winnipeg, we saw a 
 gas well, which was then ilriving a twelve horse-power engine ; the gas had oeen struck 
 at 800 feet deep, while horing for water, and is now heing used to hore iumther well for 
 water. It is indeed iiiipossihlc to say what may not he in store in this laiul of wonders. 
 
 My impression is that the North-West of Canada presents an opening for pushing 
 young men of good conduct, healthy, soher, t'liifty and industrious. An extensive 
 Knowledge of IJritish agricultural praetices is not necessary to a farmer in the Nortli- 
 We.st, where farming is of the simplest imaginahle character where ploughs are used at 
 all. C/apital is most useful in Canadian agriculture, and Hnds a hetter reward than in 
 Knglanrl, when it is in the hands of men who know how to use it. Uut even men of 
 capital, and of experience in British farming, will he well advised not to enihark at once 
 in fanning on their own account, hut rather to hire themselves out to farmers already 
 estaldished, and thus to pick uj) tuition and cash at the same time. There is an old 
 adage to the etFect that "a man must pay for his learning." This, however, is not true 
 in Canada, if men will hire themselves out as I have advised, for there a man is I'AID for 
 HIS LKAKMNi;, and does not pay for it himself. He should also look aroiuid the country, 
 north and south, and east and west, hefore he finally decides where to locate himself. 
 Where land is so splendidly ahundant, it is hardly worth his while to take hold of the 
 first hlock he comes across. A new heginner in the North-West must make up his mind 
 to "rough it" for a time, until he can get his dcmicstic surroundings lixed up properly, 
 to which end the energies of a wife would be well directed. He must also he prepared to 
 work hard, he steady, and lie content with sparse society. Loungers find no congenial 
 home in that country. 
 
 The following is Dr. Clieadles account of the horses, taken from pp. 167-8 of the 
 .sixth edition of the " North-West Passage hy Land : " " We now prepared to leave our 
 winter (luarters. The first thing to do was to find the horses, which had been turned 
 loose at the commencement of winter. ^Ve had seen them or their tracks from time to 
 time, and knew in what direction they had wandered. La Ronde followed their trail 
 without ililHculty. and discovered theiii about eight .)r ten miles away. We were very 
 much astonished at their tine condition when lie diove them back to La Helle Prairie. 
 Although very thin when the snow began to fall, they were now perfect balls of fat, and 
 as wild and full of spirit as if fed on corn -a most unusual condition for Indian horses. 
 I'lie pasture is so nutritious that animals fatten rapidly even in winter — when they have 
 to scratch away the snow to feed if they Hnd woods to shelter them from the piercing 
 wiiuls. No horses are more hardy or enduring tii '.n those of this country, yet their only 
 food is the grass of the pi'airies and the \etches of the copses. The milch cows and 
 draught oxen at Red River and in Minnesota, feeding on grass alone, w'ere generally in 
 nearly as line condition as the stall-fed cattle of the Baker .Street Show.'' The distiict 
 between lialtle River and the SaskatcJiewan, lat. 53" and long. 112" and 113% is marked 
 in Dr. Cheudle's map as possessing " rich soil and tine pasturage." 
 
 Alany progressive towns are rising up along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 Portage la Prairie is an important place, situated in the centre of the richest grain- 
 growing plain of Manitoba, and having giain elevators, flour and paper mills, a biscuit 
 
OR 
 
 factory, many liotel.s. ami other wfll-lmilt cditices, and a populatinn of Monu' 4.(K)((. 
 
 Brandon, too, KW nnhiH wi'st of W'innipt!^'. ia a tlonrisliin;^ town, with mayor and 
 
 corporation, and a popidation of f)vcr .S,(MM) tiionjili only tlirrc or four yeai's old. It haw 
 .. *!.... ,.: 1:,.., ;.. ii... \'..ii ,.f ti... \ i.. ,;..;!. ,.;..,. .....i <■,.,',.. i ....;.. ..i'.. ....*. v* ti 
 
 laH 
 At these 
 
 a fine HiuUatif)n in tlic X'allcy of tiic Assinilioinc. and foip large grain eh-vatois. .\i im-.se 
 two plaeeM we received addresses and the hospitality ot tlie people at the latter place in 
 the nuilfUe of the night, and at the former in the varly morning. \ irden, Moosomin, 
 liroadview, Inilian Mead, (^n'.Appellc, Kegina, Moose .law. Medicine Hat and Calgaiy, 
 are also incipient cities, and already important centri's of trade. 
 
 W'ininpeg. lK)\\evei', is the (!ai)ital of .Manitolia and the comnnMcial capital of th(» 
 North-West. It is the great distrilniting point tor all of the country between the Red 
 Kiver and the Rocky .Nloiintains. In l!S7() it wa.s a handet, with a population of '1,'>0 
 souls. In 1874 it was incorporated as a city, with an assessment roll of .S'_',()7t),OI<S ; in 
 188*J it could hoast of 2,"»,(K)0 inhahitants and an assessment of .'*.'{0.4.TJ.'J7(), and its 
 population is now ahout .S(),(XX). It has hroail and well laid out streets, line<l with 
 liands(inie stfires and warehouses, ])rivate residences an<l pulilic buildings. The city in 
 lighted by electricity and gas, street railways are in operation, a tire brigade has been 
 orgain/.ed, and all the advantages and conveniences of an old established city are enjoyed 
 by its inhabitants. The oiHces and j^lant of the western division of the Canadian I'acitic 
 Railway Company are situated in Winnipeg, ami a tine station has been built. 
 
 THE CANADIAN NORTH-WEST 
 
 AM) 
 
 riiK Ai)VANT.\(;i:s it okkkhs 
 
 KOlt 
 
 EMIGRATION PURPOSES. 
 
 r.Y PKOK HENRY TAN \ EH. M.R.A.( .. V.r.><., 
 
 SI'.MOK KXAMINKk ON TIIK I'lM NCI IM.KS oK ACKKTI.TI KK INhKK TIIK ( .OV I'.KN M KNT 
 DKl'AKTMKNT OK SCIKNCK; IUKKCTOK ol' KhrcATIoN INhKK TIIK INSTITITK OK 
 AOHlt'l'l-TlKK, SOITII KKNSINCTON, LONDON. 
 
 [Ixt'jKirt of LSS.") piihlinliKl ./iiiiiitiri/ \ssi\.) 
 
 Under this title we include the I'rovince of Manitoba, iiiid tin; North- West 
 Territories. The more complete jiolitical organisation of Manitoba, and her more 
 advanced settlement, distinguish hei' from the general group of rising Provinces in the 
 Canadian North-West. As a first step, it is very desiral)le to lealize sfnuething of the 
 magnitude of the country we are about to notice. The I'lovince of Manitol)a is lather 
 larger than ( iieat Britain with Ireland added, and to the \\'cst <if Manitolia four other 
 J'rovinces have been formed, each being somewhat about the same size. After these 
 lands have thus been cut out of the North-West 'J'erritories, we have a tract of country 
 remaining rather larger than the total area of Russia in Europe with the Cernian 
 
J 
 
 Kiiipirc iidilcil. Iltiict; it will lie mtii tliiit mult'i' tlic title of tin' Cimiulijiii N'oitli WcHt 
 \VL' iiit; <li'aliii;,' witli iiii tiioriiunis fiiirt of cniiiitiy, iiikI n \»'iy iiiipoi taiit |MHtiou of the 
 l)oiMiiiioii of Ciiiiailii. Lonl I )iilli'i in, in spoikiii:^' of this diHtiiet, Miiiit : " Kioiii itH 
 ^<!«)ifni|ihiral |iositioM. ami its iiccnliiir ciiaractfii.Htii >. Maiiitolia may lif ii'^^anlcil as the 
 ki'Vstoiic of tiiat iiiijjiity aicli of roister l'io\ iiiri.s wliicli .s|iaiis tin- roiitiiii'iit fioin the 
 Allaiitic to tlic I'ai'iiic. It is iii'ic t hat ( aiiaila, mifr-iiin fioni her woods and forests, 
 tirst >,'a/fd n|ioii lu;r I'olliii;; |trairii'.s. and imcNploifd Xorth-W est, ami Icaiiit that her 
 historical tciritoi ics of the (anadas, thouuh tlu-msehes niort: extiiisivc than half-a-do/.eii 
 I'lni'opean kin^'donis. wni' lait the antcrhainlicrs to tiiat till then undnamt of jlominion, 
 whose illiinitalile dimensions alike confonnd the aiithnietie of the sui\i:yor. and the 
 verilieation of the e\|iloi'ei'. It was heiiee that. <'oMutin^' her past aehievenients as lait 
 the prelnde to hei' fntmc exertions and eN|iandinu destinies, she took a new departui'e, 
 and IV'lt lu'i'self no lon;i(M' a nuM'e setth'r alon;; the hanks (d a sin;.de rivei', Imt the peei' of 
 any power on tlie earth." Four years then eliipsed. and at the same point of the 
 Canadian Noith-W'est, his sneeessor in the otiiee of ( lONci nor-( Jeneral, thi' .\lar<|nis of 
 {..orim, in an address whi<-li he deliseri'd in NN'innipej;, in ISNl, most uarndy supported 
 these views, lie said: "I'nknown a few years a;;o, \\v now see Winnipei: rapidly 
 lifting; itself to the front raid; amongst the eonimereia! centres of the Continent. We 
 may look in \ain else\\ here for a situation so favouralde and so eommandiii!.' many 
 as are the fail' iei.'ions of w Inch we <'an lio;ist. There may he some anion;,' you la-fore 
 whoso eyi's the whole wonderful p;iiioiania of our I'rovinees li;is passed tiie ocean 
 j^'arden island of I'rinee Ivlwird. tlie nia-iiilicent valleys of St. dohns iind Sussex, the 
 mai \elloiis cfiuntry, the home of " MvanL'eline.' w here llioinidon looks dow n on the tides 
 of j"'undy. and o\'er tracts of reil soil, richer than the wciiid of Kent. N'ou may have 
 seen the foitilled I'arailise of (,>uel)ec ; and .Montieal. whose prospeiity and lieauty are 
 worthy of lier ;,rreat St. Lawrence, ami you may have ailmiied tiie wfU-wroiiglit and 
 splendid Province of Ontaiio. and rejoice(l at the ,L,'rowtli of her lajiital Toronto, and yet 
 nowhere can you find a situation w hose natiM'al adxanta^^es promise so ;;i(at a future as 
 that which sei-nis ensured to Manitoha. and to Winnijiei.'. tlie Heart City of our 
 Dominion. The iiu'asuiH'less meadows \\ hich commeiM e here, stretch without interrup- 
 tion of their ^rood soil westward to your liouiidiiry. 'I he I'loxinet' is a yreen sea over 
 whii'h the summer wimls pa s in waves of rich grasses and llowers. and on this vast 
 extent it is only as yet here an<l "id'e that a yellow patch shows some u'inantic wheat 
 field. There was not one person who had manfully fiiced the fiist difliculties always 
 far less than those to he (.'rn'ountered in the oldci- proxinces iait said that he was getting,' 
 on well, and he was glad he had come, and he geiuMally added that he helieved his hit 
 of till- coinitry must he the lust, and that he only w ished his frieiuls cotdd have the same 
 good fortune, for his expectations were more than leali/.ed. 
 
 Another period (tf four years passes hy. and in the inter\al we find the Canadian 
 I'aeitic Railway completed from the Atlantic to the l'aeiti<'. In Octoher, ISiS,"), the 
 (io\-ei'nor-( icneral of ('Miiiula illis Ivxccilency the Marcpiis of Lansdox\ne). received a 
 right loy.d welcome in Winnipc;,' on his I'l'turn from a tour extending through the 
 Ciiiiadjan Xoith-West to ihitish Columhia, and on that occasion he said : - " It is 
 ini]>ossilile to tra\i'l from this city to tlu^ Western Otean without feelings of admiration 
 foi' the couragt'. hotii of thosi' wiio lirst concei\e'il. and of those who have carried to a 
 successful consmii'uiition. this great national work. The construction of the Canadian 
 I'acilic Kaih^ay stands alone in histoiy of gii.'at achie\ements in railway huilding. The 
 physical ditiieulties which had to he oxcicoiik'. the shortness of the time in which the 
 work was ciinied oiit. the small numerical strcngtii of the nation for whom the work has 
 heen done, arc without paiallel in the history <it' simihii' undertakings. * "'■ * There 
 was another thouL;ht wl.iii'h foi'ced itself ujion my mind during my travels. .All this 
 country o\ei- which we have la'cn passing, its natural resources, and physical heauties 
 belongs to thi^ Dominion of Canada. * " Jt is imjxjssihle to look upon this 
 
 Continent, now sparstdy inhahited hy a few millions of human lieings. without reflecting 
 how small ari' tlie inteii'sts of the present, coni|)arcd with those of the future which lies 
 before us. Let us keej) oui' vision fixed iijion that future, and let us remembci how vast 
 is the load of responsibility involved by the ow nershij) of this gi'eat country. Jf I could 
 venture to give you advice 1 should tay. let the Dominion (oivernnient at Ottawa, the 
 I'lcivincial (lovernuient in each Province, the imuiicipal authorities in your cities, let 
 every citi/.cn in his ow n })lace, let them bear in mind that they are trustees for those 
 who will come after them, for the millions who w ill one day replace the thousands now 
 
 ► *-' 
 
1 
 
 ► ^-r 
 
 •», 
 
 ii|>(iM till' siiil, tliat \\ lit'ii tlioy ar«' >,'itiif tlifii' HiuicsHorH iiiiiy miv nt tluiii, tliat in tlio 
 • iuly ilaVf* of tlu' luMtiiiy of tln-ir ciniiitfy, tlm.-ii' wlm wnv in tin- |>"Mitinn to niouM itH 
 \oiiii;.r clfstinics, uscil witli uiMJoni ami foicsii.'lit tlic tii'iiifudnuw n|i|ii)rtnnitii'M wliidi 
 l'io\ iilcnrc |iIa<Ti| within tlifii' rcarji."' 'I'licsf rrrnai ks w liicli liavr t.iilen tioni tlif li|m 
 of tliii'f siicccs.sivc ( <<i\t'i noi'.s-( irni'ial ('on^»titntt• a :;it'at ami ;;loi imis tiilmti' to the 
 un«M|nall(!'! conilitionM of |>i'oiH|K'iity rxlstin;^ in tin' Ciinadiiin N'oitli- \S fst, and tlu-y ^ivo 
 r.lviiv imiirations as to tlir ^'I'rat dcv ilnpnicnts wliicli await it in tin' rally fntnic. 
 
 Till. I'liov I N( I. (,i \i \M I'oi; \. 
 
 riii« i'lovincc tin' t'Mcst sistiT of tlic N'oi tli \\'t>t j^ronp may We fiiiily i'nii.-.idt'r«'il 
 as liiiviiig l)('t'n rclcaHt'd from tin- paniital cart- of tlic l>oininion ( ;o\»'i nnii'iit, and us 
 lia\iiin- smioiiiidt'il lici'srlf witli a tlioKMij^nly «-nm|iIrtf cstaliiislnnt'iit of her own, 
 W'lictlit'i' \\r diifct onr attention to tin' work iloiic in liir rarli.imciit, or to tin- 
 adniinistiatioii of litr law.-, or to thr di'\ i|ii|)iii('iit of Inr intrinal wealth. >\h- .■^taml.s 
 iin.siirpa.s.scd for their rxcfllfm'f. Aihidst .-o nnuh that i.s well or^'aiii.si'd, it i?* still 
 iit'fcs.sary for inc to niaUe N|ici'ial rcfcrt'iirc to the work done nmlcr 
 
 rill. lii:i'AI;TMI.ST ol .\i.l;lrl l.TI KK. 
 
 • 
 
 'J'hcir work would lie highly loiniiii nd.iMi' in any coiintiv. if only for the fai't that 
 tl'.eir annual ifport.s art- of tlii' hi^ln >t cM'rllfm'i-, and thfir nop and li\»' stock hullttins 
 arc of immensi.' practical value. 'Jht' care taken in ohtainin;,' at'curati' information is 
 woi'thy of all piai.se, and it i.s a matti'r for warm coiiiiiatnlation that the example which 
 Maiiitoha lias .set is very likely to he followed tiiron'j,iiont the Itominion of Canada. 'I'lie 
 work of the department as now organised goes far lieyoml this, for it eml>ra<'es tlu' 
 oversight of all matters relating to agriciiiture such as the estalilishment and assistance 
 of local hoanks of agriculture, and local agrieiiltiii.il societies the inatiagement of the 
 I'roviiu'ial Agricultural lv\liil»ition the estalilishment of sclionis for agriculture ami for 
 i'lstruction in veterinary science tiie eiiforceiiieiit of laws ri'lating to the diseases of 
 animals, coujiled with providing professional assi^;ta!lc^' in cases of exceptional dilhciilty 
 the enforcement of the laws lia\ ing rcferciict' to noxious wi'cds the management of 
 experiments on crop.s, live stock, fruit, forestc>'. etc., iU\ I have noticed the work of 
 this Departnient .somewhat in detail, liecause I think tiiat it should l»e more generally 
 known, that thi-se farmers who settU' witliin tiiis |'i'o\ ince have a giianlian care ovi'i' 
 tlmm and a stmng and willing hand ready to help them in any ditii<'ulty. The ( lovern 
 ineiit of .Manitolia recognises this g'cat truth that tiic |)rosperity of every individual 
 settler is a matter of puhlic importiiiice, hecansi' of its intliience upon the general wt'lfaie 
 of tlie Province. .Men are not lilt hereto liccoim.' inartyi> lo circumstances w hich are 
 licyond their control, ni'ither are they i>ermitted to feel that they are iincaittd for, 
 \\iu'tlu^r they siicci'cd or rail. Tliere is a je.iions protection t'Xteiided towards them, 
 hecaiise every successful farmer is a producir of wealth, and heiiig such it is considered 
 to he both economical and dcsjralilc to encourage aU his etlorts. I must not, however, he 
 sup[)osed to suggest that any < iov crmiaiit care can convert our " nc'ci'do-wet'ls " into 
 prosperous I'len of husincss, hut. in'tw ii hstaiiding this, immense help can he given and 
 is given to tiiosi' men v\ Im understand tiicir v\ork, and wiio have the ' apital to enter 
 into their husincss under conditions v\hich are consistent with success. 
 
 •riiK (■ii.\ii\<Ti;u ol rill. .--oil.. 
 
 The cliara(;ter of tlic soil of any couiitrv necessarily t'xerts a commanding intliieni;e 
 upon till' connneiiial success of tliost' w iio cultivate it. and tlic natural tertility of the 
 soil consciiui'iitly het'omes a matter of very gri'at iinjiortancc. This is .'i ti iitii which is 
 more perfectly known in Mnglaml and ."Scotland than in anv country in the world, for 
 here the greatest ellorts and the heaviest cxiieiiditure have hecn maile. in keeping uj) tin; 
 fertility of oiir soils hy the aiil of ai tilicial manure.-. 'J'he soil of Manitolia diHers very 
 greatly in dilleicnt parts, for we must not forget that we are speaking of a tract of 
 coiintr}' larger than (lieat Uritain and Ireland. Xo om^ need he surprised at the fact 
 that we lind in Manitoha soils vvliich are good, hail, and inditl'erent, and yet ex})erienee 
 justilies the Indian title it hears as " The J.,and of the ( Ireat .Sj)irit of ( iod's country," for 
 thia is the literal transhitioa of the word '"Manitoha."" One man may truthfully 
 
iluHcril)!' tin' Hoil ot liJH it«!i^liliiiiirli(><)i| as liiiiij,' iiiohI ft-itil)' in itM clnirMctcr, wiiilNt 
 aii'itlii'i' iiiiiti iiiiiy \sitli ('i|iiiil ti'iitli ilrHi'i'ilii' miiim' laiiil lie Iiiim ilisi'iiSfinl as ln-iii^' of 
 littl.' ii^iiiiiltiiml \aliir. No oin' kriovsiii;^ tlu' rriiinfry <',iii iHHirstly ilciiy tlicsr furtM, 
 lint it iIdch not inatttr' to us as iiicii n\ Imsiiit'ss u liitlni' i>i' not it is |i(issili|c to timl poor 
 soils in Manitolia. 'I'lic inactiral ijinstion we liavr to ileal with is this: Canw*- timl 
 plenty of vciy ;^oo(| lam! thnMi^li'iul tiic I'lnviiicr'.' I ha\ •■ not tlic sliyhtist JHHitation 
 in sayin;,' tiiat lainl nl very hi^'h teitiiity may lie most caMJiy olitaimil tin if liy any man 
 who knows his hiisincss, ami who ran till tiie ilill<'icnir lictsMcn j^ooii ami intrriof soils. 
 I am liinunl cncii to ^'o licyond this, ami state that ulthon;,'li we |ia\<' hitherto consiileieil 
 the lihnU Karth of Cenlial itnssia I Trhoiiioi /em) the riehest soil in the \soi'l<l. that 
 lami has no\s to yield its <iistin;^iii.shei| position to the riili, ijeep, lil.eU snils of Manitolia 
 ami the North \Vest Teiiitory. Here it is that "The ( hampion Soils of tiie Wnihl " are 
 to lie foiuid, and we ni.iy lejfiiee that they are located within tin! iiriti^h I'impire. 'lake 
 as an illnstiation of their powers of fertility the simple fact that on the Kildonan I'arni 
 neai- Winnipeg, Itelon^iin^' to Mr. Ilohert .McUeth, <in w hieh land I saw their ."lOth erop 
 of wheat ;;rowin^ in Issi crops wliirli had followed eaeh other year aftei' year, and had 
 maintained their full yield fr<im first to last without the soil hisin^' any portion of itH 
 productive powei'. N'ear liy year had the winter fifist lenovated tliat soil with fresh 
 stortis of fertility, fr<im its rich reserves, an<l thus the land liecanu! latter prepared than 
 ever foi' its woi'k. It may appear to a stranu'i'r to this country a Wold statement t<i make, 
 hut with full knowledge of the responsiliility which atta<'hes t<i it, I do n<it hesitate to say 
 that there are millions of a.;i'es in the Canadian North- Went, not only fully eipial to the 
 Kildonan ."oil in fertility, Imt that these lands aic still remaininj,' as uneai'ed-foi' wasUis 
 • inly rei|iiirin;; tht^ plou;,di to prepare them f<ir thi! icception of the .seed. It we descend 
 in the scale of fertility and take those soils whiih are fully eipial to the richest noWn 
 in <Jreat Kritain and hi-land, <'ven when these possessed their most luxuriant powers, 
 soils of this <'haraeter and i|mility exist in still lar^'or ijnantities. .Manitolia possesHeH her 
 full share of such lands, hut these rich soils oveispread her lioiuidaries, and are well 
 distriliuted thioiighont lu^' sister provinces, and thence they extend onwanls and 
 onwards through nuich of the outer ti^nitories. The opixirtunities then'f<ire whi<'h 
 exist for capital and laliour lieinj,' prolitahly employeil in the prodiu'tion of fooil. 
 sntlicient f<ir millions of Itritish sulijects, and for supplyiui,' them witli happy homos 
 sinronnded l>y every comfort, thest? opportunities, I .say, are simply lionndless. 
 
 V 
 
 I'll' II a man is a man if lie's willini' to tdil, 
 
 .\nd the Inimliiest mav Kaliu'r the ('riiit of llie xiil. 
 
 I'll! II <'hiliireii are lilessinKs. and lie who liaili most 
 
 Has aid I'oi his foitune, and riches to lioast. 
 
 Jill II the youuK nia.v exult, and llieap'd iiia\ rest. 
 
 Away, far awa.v, in The Land tif the U'est." 
 
 A(ii:H'ri.TtK.\i, ('Ai'Ai'.ii,rrii:s. 
 
 These results will take us lieyond the eii(|uiry as to the ipiality of the .soil, and will 
 liring us int<i contact with the snrronndin^ cii'cumstiinccs w liich enalile lis to make; usi! of 
 a good soil in a more or less successful manner. Here we ha\c to deal with tw(i vi'ry 
 clearly defined seasons the summer or the jieriod of giowth, and the winter, or the 
 period of rest. At the presi'iit stage our en(|uiry will la; limited to the former <if these, 
 for this demands our consideration liy reason of its spt'cial inlluenee upon our crops and 
 live stoek. Kvery faiiiicr knows that if he is to olitain an aliundant croj) hi' must not 
 only secure a fertile soil, hut lie favoiiied liy a go<id season and a suitalile climate. 
 Happily for the Canadian North-West good si'asoiis are tlu' rule, and had seasons are 
 extremely exceptional. The conditions of climate are definite and .settled, for the frost 
 and snow having left the surface, the land is soon ready for tillage, the seed is sown, and 
 the rajiidity and luxiniance of growth is simply increililile to those who are accustomed 
 oidy to tiie giowth <if crops umler tiie llritish climate. This variation will lii! easily 
 understood if Ave rememlier tiu' cle;ir. liright sunshine, ami the sti'ady stimulating 
 warmth which distiuguisli the climate of tiie Canadian Nortli-West. The rapidity of 
 growth we oliserve may lie traced to the fact that there is an almndance of plant food in 
 the soil, and that the stimulating infliu nee of warmth and sunshine impart to the plant 
 a great energy of growth, whercliy that food is rapidly made use of. In these cases such 
 rajiidity of growth is free from the olijections which too often accompany it in (Ireat 
 Britiiin, for the simple reason that the plant-food in the soil in Manitoba and in her 
 
 i 
 
, 
 
 'J9 
 
 Hintcr provinrTH in not only iiliuinlatit in i|iiiintity, luit it i« also iwrfcct in its <f>inp«ixiti<in. 
 If tlicMr fiictH iirt' rt'ni<'nilM'ic(l tlt«'y uill ^'<i tur to hIhiw to imy intrlli^rnt in'liviiltml, tliiit 
 in tin- (iinailiiin North Wont wi* air ili-ulin^' witli conilitionH wliirh to tlii' iSiitiHli fainter 
 an- iiiost iiiiiiHiial, if not |>iii)'ti<'ally iinkiiiiwii. 'In illiiHtratt' tliiM iiiont iiii|i<>i taut Mt of 
 
 • onilitJoiiM, lit IIS Nii|i|ios<' that ii iiiMiiiitactiiKi' has a \(iy ^ooil iii.iihiiK', whhh, litiiif; 
 aliiiiiilaiitly Miiii|ili<'<| with all tin' iiiiitniaN wliiih ai'i> imtiIciI, tin- use of steam |iov\«>i' 
 1'iialilf.s a ia|)iil piocliutioii to In- srciinil « itiioiit .iiiy saciilici- of (|iiality. Allot th»'Hr 
 tliicc coiulitions, howcvti. aif lUTcssaiy for succcmm, foi' a wcnk |ioiiit in litln-r Mould 
 Noon iiiakr itsilf cvidfiit. So alno in tin- L'lowtli of iiops in that iliMtrift. the rlcar. 
 hri^'ht HiiiiMJiin*', ami the wai intli, art as tlx' ntivr povM't', Tlir iii'ifcct ch.ii'.ii'tt'r of 
 tlif siinli^'iit iiiaUcs ^.'I'owtli r\< i'|itioiially laptu. ami as the sii|i|ilifs ol food in the soil 
 aio also i()ni|ilctc. the rX(;tlhiii!f of the nop is piactiially icyiilatcd liy tin- aliility of tin' 
 s«'fd for tin- discliar^'f fif its diitiis. It iiiis \tu'<'talplc mariiini' In- not thoi('iiiL'iil> 
 
 • ■He ti\i, the almndaiK't' of motive power, and an nnlimitid supply of \n\\ mattii.ds, are 
 not snlhriciit tor senirin;^ a sMccess. In no part ot the wmld iia\e well trained farm 
 seedH eipial opportunities f<tr j^'iviii),' their hest results. W'e shall siil>s< i|iiently refer 
 more fully to the important intluenees oxerted liy the seed ; hut whi'ii these are equal to 
 tlieir duties the trio is a'^ain eouiplete, and very mii;.'nilieent results are within < onimmid. 
 I'liaiin^' all tliese tacts in mind, I trust that the rimhi uill not he disposed to eoudemn 
 an aeeurate .statement of farts as hein^ too hi^idy inhuired, or as exa;.';;eiations. In any 
 uase my duty is clear, and tin- risk must he run. for I cannot follow the exaiiii)le of a 
 settler in the .N'ortli- West, who. havin;,' ex|>liiiiied to me how Mirprised and deliv-'hted he 
 was with the happy circumstances surroumiiu;,' his new hoiia. I naturally expres.^id to 
 him the hope that he had written houa' and told his friends all aiiiuit it : hut he ;;avi! us 
 this sij^nilicant reply : " Wiiy, Sir. if I only told them one half they would nev«!r 
 hclit'Vi! iim a^,'ain." I have ;,'one out of my w;iy. therefoie, to preface sonu- of the details 
 of my repoi't \>\ showiii;,' that the couditions ot tiic district are perfectly exceptioii/d, and 
 for this reason no (uii' Hlnnild feci surprised if tiie result.- olitained are ex( eptioual also. 
 
 M wrroii \ w Ml. \ r. 
 
 This is a most vuliiahle wheat for millin.i;. It recommends itself from a inill''r"s or 
 hakcu's point of view in all points, a type of the perfect. .More desiiahle wheat than 
 .samples of Hard Kyfe Canadian for the liiitish miller could not la found. It is simply 
 magiiitioont. 'I'hero can he no hotter (piality of w ln;at useil for mixiii;; purposes, hoth for 
 stren^'th and (piality of tloiir produced superior e\en to .No. I .Minnesota wheat. It 
 would prove invaluahle to milleisin this couutiy where home-^rown wheats ficiprentl) 
 uoine to hand in damp comlition in eonseipieiice of tiie humidity of the climate. It 
 possesses splemlid (piality and value for mixin;.' with Kn^^lish wheats ; hut can we j,'et a 
 regular supply of it'/ I am afraid tlu^ American milleis are too Cute to allow this 
 (piality to come here in aii\ (piantity. if they can possihly i>re\'ent it. If sucli w heat can 
 he put on our markets at a reasonai)le price it must meet a ready dciiiaud at .'{ or 4 
 shillings per (piarter over the hest Indian l-Jed w heats. No doirht it W(aild do toi' rniNing 
 in some (liHtiicts, hut I would most cei tainly grind it aloric, and itwduld make ihair of 
 the tinest (piality. (^aild we get siicir (puiiity regularly we should have no fear' of any 
 ^\iirer'ican competition in the point of iprality of lloui'. It is just w hai we want, and 
 what we cannot huy. The valui, and (pialiiy of .Maiiitoiia wheat lies iu the fact that it 
 is grown on almost virgin soil. .Makers of hest Ihair arc or' shorrld he, anxiiais as far as 
 they can to get tiicii' .supplies of wheat tliat they depend on for strengtli, fiom those 
 parts of the .N'oith West of America where wheat is a new crop to tlie land. Xo. I 
 hiilutli is not in any way tit to compare w itii the hest .Manitoha wheat, especially not in 
 its working (pialities. It is ta-rtainly as h(Mutiful w heat as e\ er' I s.aw. and par ticrrlarly 
 well adapted for millers in this country. Suiely some agency can he devised Pa getting 
 inoi(,' ('asy access to these hard wheats which are iie\cr seen in commerce in piri'ity. If 
 the I'aiglish nnller' could only ^'ct a good supply ot such wheat at a iiioder.ite price line 
 J4iingariair Hour wiadd .^taiid little chance in tiiis country. 
 
 1 may now state that although I most fully agree with this Ncry high comincridation 
 of Manitoha wheat, I have in this stati'irrent litcially (pioted tiie pirhlished opinions ot 14 
 of our largest tinns of millets in this country, and I have sim[)ly gioirped tl((;.se opinions 
 together such opinions coming fronr men of extended experience, and tlu.'y t(aj huyers 
 
■M 
 
 who cannot ovoii Ixs .siiHpocted of giving any ovur-commondation -these opinions are of 
 far nioie value than aiiytiiing wliich can lie said hy those; wlio arc, not in tiie trade. If 
 those statements mean anytliing tiiey prove tiiat tht; wlieat of tlie Canadian Nortli-West 
 lias a s[ieeial value u|ion tlu; iJritish markets, and that lai'ger impurtations ai'e eagei'ly 
 desired. The fait of Manitolia wheat iteiuL; tlius sought after l)y millers cannot fail to 
 eneoui'age its production, and tiiis ih'mand will help to maintain its markt't value. 'I'he 
 increastid production of wheat will lie materially assisteil as tin; means of transport to 
 the Ih'itisli markets arc imiirovcd, and as the costs arc; decreased, it is. however, most 
 important, that tl\i' farmers of the Canadian North-\V'c.st should lia\i' increased fa"ilities 
 for selling diicct in the Ihitish markets, hccausc it will give them a fi'cc choice hetweeji 
 the local l)uyer» and an export of their w iitsit, tlu'rchy sccuiing a tair competition. 1 am 
 glad to he oliicially infoi'mi'd that such arrangements aic daily licconuug more within 
 general connnaml. 
 
 t 
 
 'J'lu- increase in the nundier of Hour mills in .M mitoha is very marked, for whilst the 
 cost of grinding [irotitalil_>' ttconondscs the cost (u export, much valualile food is also 
 taken hack to tlic farm, and given to stock, which wnuld <itherwise ha\c lieen sent away 
 in the unground wlicat. I^ach yi-ar also shows increasing accommodation alongside the 
 I'ailways in the form of idevators lor storing wheat. .\t the end ot JSSi these gave 
 aeeonnnodation in Manitoha alone for one and a lialf milli<in liushel.s. .Ami in addition to 
 this there was stoiagc at I'ort .\rtliur for anothei half a, million. .\s these eh'\atoi's 
 give a ehi;a.p and good stor-.ge for wheat whilst it is heing held over fo" .vale, the 
 convenience to faiiners is vci'y gi'eat. (,'loscly associated w ith the \aluc of the .Manitoha 
 Nvheat is the question of its cost in production. 1 sec no reason to modify the cost I have 
 i.lready given for each acre under wlusit, as a lirst croji after breaking the praii"'*;, vi/. : 
 i*J (oi" say 10 dollars). .\s I'egards the co.st foi' the cidti\ation of sul)sei|uent crops, as 
 there will he tillages on tlu- summer fallow to piMvide for, it is fail' to calculate upon 
 somewhat similar expiinditure. 'I'he <'ost per hushel will of eouist; vary with the yield 
 of tin; crop, hut it is no uncommon tiling to find 40 hushels produced at just the same 
 cost hy a goo<l farmer, as twi'Uty hushels are obtained hy one who is "too late"' in all 
 his operations. I am not disposi^d to (piotc a viiry low cost tor produi'tion, hut it niay 
 he safely calculattMl as averaging aliout '20 penct; per hushel, and in ordinary seasons it 
 will leav(! a mai'gin of jirotit ranging from f'J an acr(! downwards, aci.'ording to the 
 character of the management ami various local ('onditions. 'I'he I'xpenscs incurred in the 
 delivery of wheat to the railway station \ary consideralily, as will he e\ ident if it hi- 
 consi<lered that some has to he draw n three miles and othei' wheat w ill rc(|uire perhajis 
 tiiirty ndh^s carriage. 'I'lus repri;sents so much additioual cost- prr hushel, and so much 
 less {)ri)lit to tlie grower, w hii'h he would do well to take into iiis calcidations in selecting 
 his hind. 
 
 During the last three yi^ais ( 1SS,'{- 1-.">) the growth of wheat has heen inti-rfered with 
 hy siunnii:!' frosts. 1 am perfectly satislii'd that any injuiy w iiicii has arisen iias hei-n 
 improperly magnilied hy two <'!asses namely those who liasf opposing inteiests, and 
 t'lOK'' who want to lower the market price of wheat. 'I'licsi; reports aic also remarkahle 
 for the fact that, generally siieaking, whilst they refei' to any damage done in the 
 ('anadian North-West in very t-xaggcrated tt'ruis, they an- remarkahly silent about otlier 
 distrii'ts in the States w Inch nuiy have sutlcrcd far moi-e sevei-ely. Having visited the 
 Canadian .North-West during each of these tin-ee harvests. I have had very fair 
 opportunities for learning the opinions of farn,crs in various parts of tlu^ district, and for 
 persoiwiUy insji X ting the cr(»j)s. Putting aside all exaggeration we must face the fact 
 that much dama; ■■ has undoubteiUy arist'u, and it is in the highest degiee imimrtant for 
 us to determini! liow fiir we t'a?i lessen or prevent these losses. 1 have not the h-ast 
 doulit on my ndiid but that tlie danger may lie very greatly decreased by a better system 
 of management, an<i I base that opini<»n upon tacts which havi' comi; under my observa- 
 tion in this district. It may, however, be desiiable to state at this point, that if the 
 growth of the wheat crop has been unduly <lclayed by any cause, and fi'ost (not 
 necessai'ily si'\-ei-e frost) stiiki-s the eai' when in a nulky state, considerable danuige 
 arises, but the lialiility to injury ilecreascs just as the grain bi'comes tii'iucr and more 
 solid. The testimony of many of the oldest residents, and notably tliat of the Hudson's 
 liay oHiceia, tends <liiectly to show that these frosts are pi-rfectly excepti( nal. This is 
 satisfactory so far as it goes, hut it is ^tdl very dt!sirable to et;(|uire fully into the facts 
 of tho case, I'ersonally, I nni satisticd that by such an enijuiiy we shall scatter our 
 
 
:)i 
 
 f 
 
 fears, ami oorrLvrt thoHt; errors on the part of many ^'I'owers of wheat, which have so 
 hii'^'ely (;(intiil)iite<l to any loss svhich lias arisen. In fact it very lai>;ely icst.s with eai-h 
 farniei- to determine w licthei' lie will make himself safe or run the risk of a loss. A moi'e 
 perfect cultivation of the wlcat croj* niiiy i>e rci^ardeil as the first ami hest |)i'otection 
 against frost, or any other injtny. Ily this I mean that the .soil .should he lirou;^ht into 
 a tliorouuhly friaMc conditinii ih.it a healthy, hardy, and <|uiek ^mwiiii; seed nf Lood 
 and suitalile ipiality slmidd lie sow n tiiat e.irly sow ini,' and thieUer sow in^ should In' the 
 rule that the lands chosen for w Inat shoidd lie tree Iroiii the watery \a|)our arising fi'om 
 Likes and p'luds and that reasnnalile protei'tion from strong wimls should he provided. 
 Maeli and all uf llu'se conditions are ohviously desiiahle as a means tor securing,' the n;ost 
 suei'cssfid eulti\ation nf whiNtt, and they ennslitiite a chain nt which it may he said, the 
 wt-akest link indicates its strenuth. Whether there are tiostsor not, these a ic the re(|uire- 
 nients for success. If they are adoptinl the farmei may he a.ssined tiiat he has dune his 
 part, and su far as he is persnnally cdncerned we shall hear no more of injury from tin' 
 frost. ihit when a fainn'r has lieen I'onteiit to sow his si'cd wheat upon a roui;hly 
 pIcMighed turf w hich is as tough as a ro|)e, or w hen he has cvi'U plouglu'd that turf over 
 a si'cond tiuK', ami left the soil lu'neath too hard foi- the roots of !hi' wheat plant to 
 enter, can it hi' any cause of wonder if that wheat ciop makes a slow growth, and that 
 it remains ;:ifen and full of sap when it oui.dd to ha\e hcen cut, and icady for '.^oing into 
 the stack. If, a^ain. some faiiners will continue sowing the seed wheat which year atti'r 
 year they have thus hi-ought into a slower and still ^-lower h.diit of eiouth, can it cause 
 surpiise that the crop does not ri[)en early. Natuic has done \cry much for the 
 Canadian North-West, there are soils there une(piallcd in the world, thei-e ait; sunshine 
 and warndh capahic of aiding those soils to produc'- wheat of a most desiralile character, 
 hut these ad\antages must In; prudently used if \\v would secure the di'sired result, 'i'he 
 fact that the soil and climate of the district so powt'ifully favour a rapid and perfect 
 growth makes it the more neci'.ssary that we should give tin- whi'at ])lant e\(!ry chance 
 for utilising these powers. 
 
 the 
 
 tlie 
 
 it he 
 
 aps 
 nnieh 
 •ting 
 
 w itii 
 hieii 
 , and 
 <id<le 
 the 
 otLiei' 
 the 
 fair 
 1 for 
 fat;t 
 t for 
 least 
 ysteni 
 si'rva- 
 if the 
 (not 
 image 
 more 
 (ison's 
 lis is 
 facts 
 IT our 
 
 The .st'lectioii of healthy, hardy, and ipiieker gi owing seed involves much skill and 
 good maiiageinent, hut they will yiidd a rich reward. Here is a work in which I venture 
 to heliitve the Department of .Agriculture will soon take action. The conmnndahle 
 energy already shown hy that Dciiaitment is a miarantee that this also will i)e carried 
 <uit. The fact is that much of the lied l''yfe wheat necils ,i prudent change of treatment 
 to giviMt greater energy of growth, hut let the wheat g;owersof Manitoha think well 
 what they are ahout hcfori- tlu'V set that wheat aside. If the land is hetti'r prepiired 
 for tlii^ seed the lied f'yfe will have a hetter chance, and an improv I'Uieiit in the seed 
 will soon follow. Marly sowing is very generally acknowledged to he necessary, hut 
 it is not sullicicntly recognised that thicker sowing ecpially savi's time. If the seed 
 wheat is sown moderately thin say at the rate of fiom I.', to '2 hushcis per acre as 
 soon as the young plant has li\ed itself lirmly in the soil, it commences throwing out 
 a niimhcr of additional seed stems, and making a tliicker plant. If that thicker plant 
 is i)ro\ ided hy a more liheial seeding it is more than prohahle that fully two weeks \ull 
 he saved, ami the crop w ill he ready foi' harvest that much sooner. I saw an exceUent 
 example of this on Mr. das. I'indley's arm, <m the iKuth side of Shoal Lake. He soweil 
 ;{ hushels of seed w lii-at, and he not only reaped a crop of fully h") hushels of tirst rate 
 wheat, hut no injury was done to it hy the frost, l/ccaiise it was two weeks more for- 
 ward than other corn sown at the same time. Tiie lion. J. ('. Aitkins, Lieuteiiaiit- 
 (iovernorof .Manitoha, also dn-w my attention to a case which came under his ohserv- 
 
 ler 
 
 atioii in iSSl. in wl 
 
 fiillv 10 da\s had heer eaincd h\ thicker 
 
 sowing. 
 
 Neitl 
 
 must w I' overlook the tact that the extreme fertility of these soils has rather .i tenilency 
 
 to eneoiirage 
 Thi 
 
 on;. 
 
 <'kt;r sowiin. 
 
 llOW ('\l' 
 
 oiitiniied 
 ten. 
 
 ■rowtli ot stiavv 
 
 ami 
 
 tl 
 
 HIS tinu' IS nei 
 
 <ll 
 
 lo.st. 
 
 to di\('rt till' eiier,Ldes of the plant in the direction foi" 
 formiiiL! its seed more ipiiekly, ami it certainl\ t'avoiirs an increase in the yiidd of tin; 
 wheat crop. 
 
 Miieli that has heeii 
 d,l 
 
 aid ri'spertiii;; wheat culture applie-, e(|Ually lo oats, harley, 
 riie hoiinties of Nature must not he mac 
 
 a cover 
 
 lor 
 
 peas, and other hirin crops 
 negligent arrangements, and the res|)onsihility for stecess must in any case rest upon 
 individual management, and not upon the country, for a proper rotation of c'lops, the use 
 of siiitahlc farm seeds. an>l a thorough cultivation cif the sc)il, are most clesirahic even in 
 this fertile district. In these various farm cic)[»s there is a steady increase, year hy yi;ar. 
 Thus, in the I'rovince of .\Iaiiitoha, 
 
:^'2 
 
 tlie growth of wheat increases r)5 per cent, annually. 
 " oats " 'iO 
 
 " peas •' 46 
 
 " barley " 'M 
 " potatoes " :« 
 
 It will also lie interesting to notice tiie average of tiie earliest and latest s()wings and 
 harvestings, as also tiie liigiiest and lowest avei'age produce on entire farms, with tlie 
 averag(! product! generally. The most lecent returns of tlie MaiiltuVvi Department of 
 Agriculture enable this to lie done witii every contidence. 
 
 ( 'ro)). 
 
 Wheat. . 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley . . 
 I'otatotts 
 
 .Seeding, 
 Began. Kndcd. 
 
 Harvest. , Average on One Funu. ^—2 
 
 Began. Kndcd. lligliest. 
 
 ki -I = 
 
 a ^ u 
 
 Lowest. ■< ^ 
 
 April 22 ' May 19 ' Aug. 28 Sep. i9 
 
 .1 o- 
 
 May 8 j " 
 " 14 
 
 2.S 
 .SI 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 Hush. 
 
 40 
 
 70 
 
 o") 
 42.-) 
 
 Hush. Bush, 
 ir, 2.S.7 
 
 I". 4-1. 
 
 I.i .SO. 
 
 100 234. 
 
 In reference to the results givei above, siiowing tlie farm averages of various kinds 
 of grain, it is desirable that tliey jliould be clearly understood. In the case (juoted 
 showing the highest produce it represents that on the farm referred to, the entire growth 
 of wiieat averaged 40 ))usliels pei' acre, and tiiat on anotlie farm the entire growtli of 
 oats averaged 70 busiiels per acre, and so on with tlie otlier instances named. Wlien we 
 speak of the average of all farms, it must not be forgotten that inexpeiienced and unsuc- 
 cessful farmers pull down tiie average greatly. A good farmer having an average yield 
 of 40 bushels of wheat, may iiave two neigiil»ora producing an average of l(! and !"> 
 l»ushels respectively, and this would reduce their general avei'age to about 23 l)usliels as 
 in tlie above table. 
 
 In all newly settled districts which are favoura})le for the growth of wheat, oats, 
 and barley, these naturally command the first attention, becaust; their cultivation gives 
 the (I'.iickcst return for the capital expended. As those .settlers accumulate additional 
 capital tliey naturally supplement this tillage work by stock-keeping. Some wlio can 
 command su(Kcieiit capital, cominence witli a system of mixeil husbandry. Manito'*a 
 lias been no exception to this general rule, and here we Hilda remarkable increase taking 
 place in the live stock of the province, and following rapidly upon tiie successful growth 
 of grain. We have a 'argc iiu:idier of very useful Horses and Cattle reared in Manitoba, 
 and .some of tlicsc arc lired from the riclicst gems wliicli Kngland and Scotland liave 
 produced. I'igs are being very extensively introduced, and although tliere are very few 
 pig ])reediiig establislimeuts on tiic American .system, pigs are still hirgely produced l»y 
 many farmers wiio keep from four to ten sows each. Sjicep thrive well in most parts of 
 Manitol>a, and tiie number is steadilv increasing, for tiie soil and climate are very siiital)le. 
 Diiticulty has been experienced in some neighi)oiirlioods wliere the " Spear-grass" (Stipa 
 spartea) is al)unilant. Tliis is sometimes also known as the oat-grass, an<l as tlie wild 
 oat. Tlie seed of this grass is sliapcd like a spear, and it lias the jiower of working it.self 
 tiirough the lleece, and it can penetrate tiie skii of slieep, causing tliem much sutl'eriiig 
 and loss (>f condition, ih'eedcrs lind tiiat liy keeping tlieir sheep foi' tiiree or four weeks 
 in tlie ea: ly autumn, upon land wiiich lias been mown, or in fields which are free from 
 tliis grass, tiiey are able to avoid all trouble from it. If })y any means the siiecp can be 
 protected wliilst the I'ipening seed is itcing seiiarateil from the seed stem, all dithculty is 
 ovei'come, for tlie seed soon worksits way down into the soil, and there it is safe. This plant 
 yields one of the earliest and sweetest grasses (m the prairie, and it is in consequence 
 Very higlily valued as food. On small farms this grass is cic-ly '..eld under control, and 
 the sheep breeders can make use of it witli safety. The real ditliciilty is felt when slice]) 
 are kept on raiu;hes, but even here it is being successfully oveixome by cart; ami atten- 
 tion. 
 
 i 
 
SANADIAN Q0YBRI2MECT AGBBSISa, 
 
 , HowingH and 
 IMS, with tli»' 
 apartment of 
 
 rann. f -. £ 
 
 i'est. •< 
 
 sh. 
 
 OrZ 
 
 ;) 
 
 'SA.i 
 
 ") 
 
 44. 
 
 o 
 
 30. 
 
 
 
 '_>34. 
 
 various kinds 
 i case (J noted 
 entire giowtli 
 ire growth of 
 d. When we 
 ed and unsuc- 
 average yiehl 
 of 10 and 1") 
 '23 l)ushels as 
 
 -0- 
 
 ALL PERSONS desirous of obtaining information relating to 
 Canada, can make application to the following Agents : 
 
 IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 LONDOX....SIK 
 
 Mr. 
 
 LIVERPOOL. Mk. 
 GLASGOW.. Mr. 
 BI:LFA3T... Mr. 
 
 DUBLIN Mr. 
 
 BRISTOL.:.. Mr. 
 
 .Chari.t;s Tupper, K. C. M. G., &c., High Commissioner for the 
 
 Dominion, 9 Victoria Chambers, London, S. W. 
 
 J. CoLMER, Secretary, High Commissioner's Office and Mr. C. C. 
 
 Chipman, Assistant Secretary (address as above). 
 
 John Dy;ce, 15 Water Street. 
 
 Thomas Grahame, 40 St Enoch Square. 
 
 Charles Fgy, 29 Victoria Place. 
 
 Thomas Connolly, Northumberland House. 
 
 J. W. Down, Bath Bridge. 
 
 CANADA 
 
 IN THE OLD PROVINCES. 
 
 f wheat, oats, 
 [tivation gives 
 Lite additional 
 Some wlio can 
 •y. Manito'na 
 iierease taking 
 jessful growth 
 \ in Manitoba, 
 Scotland have 
 J are very few 
 y produced l)y 
 
 most parts ot 
 i Very s\iitable. 
 r-grass" (Stipa 
 id as the wild 
 
 working itself 
 luich suti'eriug 
 > or four weeks 
 
 are free from 
 J sheep can be 
 all ditUculty is 
 afe. This plant 
 in eonseipience 
 ei- control, and 
 "elt when sheep 
 cart! anil atten- 
 
 QUEBEC... 
 TORONTO... 
 OTTAWA . . . 
 MONTREAL 
 KINGSTON 
 HAMILTON. 
 LONDON ... 
 HALIFAX... 
 St. JOHN . . . 
 
 .Mr. L. Stafford, Pointe Levis, Quebec. 
 
 .Mr. J. A. Donaldson, Strachan Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. 
 
 .Mr. W. J. Wills, Wellington Street, Ottawa, Ontario. 
 
 .Mr. J. J. Dalf-y, Bonaventure Street, Montreal, Province of Quel)ec. 
 
 .Mr. R. Macpher-son, William Street, Kingston, Ontario. 
 
 .Mr. John Smith, Great Western Railway Station, Hamilton, Ontario, 
 
 .Mr. a. G. Smyth, London, Ontario. 
 
 .Mr. E. Clay, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 .Mr. S. Gardner, St. John, New Brunswick. . ' * 
 
 IN MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST: 
 
 WINNIPEG.... Mr. W. C. B. Grahame, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 
 EMERSON Mr. J. E. Tetit, Railway Station, Emerson, Manitoba. 
 
 BRANDON Mr. Tho.s. r>ENNETT, Office at the Railway Station. 
 
 QU'APPELLE..Mr. a. J. Baker. 
 
 PORT ARTHUR.. Mr. J. M. McGovern, l\)rt Arthur. 
 
 IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 •VICTORIA Mr. John Je.s.sop,