s.Ti <> ^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 A (./ :/ A, 1.0 I.I i^'^ilM ill It 140 1.25 III 1.4 22 20 1.6 Hiotogmphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV iV cF \\ ^, as Special ( 'oiii- niiHsioiu'i' IVoni Cjinuda. I also have a \<'ry distinct I'ccoilcc- Icclin;^' oi" I'clici' experienced hy tlie coinnninitv tion th when it was learneil tliat yon had come with Full authoi-ity to brine- ahont a settlement of the misunderstandine' then exist- ing l)t'tween the peoj)le of the country and the <;()\('i'nnient of the Dominion. The following- {)ae(',s will sliow that yours was no easy task, and, hut for the skill anri judlaces Canada in the |)roud position of l)ein«;' one of the l)ri;;;htest jewels in the Mritisii Crown. I look u])on the successful carrying' out of your very impor- tant mission to the North-West in l (^HAP'IM'.H XI II. Nttirrn-wKsr koim's and ini>ians '207 (^HAITER XIV. KSTAIU.ISHMENT OK (GOVERNMENT AT UED KIVEH CHAPTEK XV. l:XIM,oH.\ToHV WOkK FKOM 1 77;> TO 1 S()() CHAITER XVI. A STIU'C.JLE KOH I'KEE TRADE - - - - CHAITEH XVII. THE CHrUc^H rX THE XOHTH-WFST (MiAITER XVII I. VOVAOEIKS, EHEtCillTEHS, lUNTEHS AND TUAIM'EUS - CHATTER XTX. CANAm.VX (M..\rMS .VXD THE COMMITTEE oE l.Sr)7 - (^HAITER XX. DEGMXE OF THE Hl'DSONS 15.VV COMl'AXV's AITHOUITY •I'l'.i ■2:\s ■2 52 - 274- - 25)5 - .S«)5 :i2I roXTKNTS. XI ii{TH-\vi;sr kEST COM- iioiiri'Y - MX CHAITKH XXI. r.\t)K. XF.r.OTIATIoNs K(>1{ ijiK TUANSFK TO CANADA H OK Tin; XOKTH-WKST .S2}» ('HAITEH XXII. KI-FECr OF THK XFiiOTI ATIOXS oX THE TI.EUS CMIAI'TKK XX III. RED UIVEH SET al)ilities of the ea.se. Tlif Xoisciiit'ii have passi'd into crcdi))!!' liistorv as the most liai'dy and vciitursome of laccs. Tlieir colonization of Ice- land and ( Jrci'iiland is indisputahlc, and it is liardiy concciv- ahli' that tliey slK^uld have stoppccl short at this point. 'I'lu-iv was not a lont^' stretch of open sea between (JreenhuKl ami Labrador, a voyaj^'e for which their shi|ts and crews were not unfitted, and it is, therefore not mdikely that .some vessels may have been blown we.stei'ly out of their coiu'se in the same way as (Jreeidand was first discovered, ami the main- land coast once found, to follow it to the .south would havi' been the most consistent action on the part of the disco\eri'rs. The \veii;ht of pi'o))ability is therefore in favoi- of the Noi'se- man descent upon the coast of the mainland st)mewhere to the south of (Jreeidand, but the evidenci' cannot be clas.sed as well established historical records. It is more than probable that successive emiiji'ations took place from eastern Asia to the American shores centuries l)e- fore the C(jhnnbian discoveries, and tiieie is hardlv a .strouiier denumstration of such a connection than the physical resem- blances of the peoples now living- on opjtosite sides of the Pacific Ocean in the upi)er latitudes. It is (pjite concei ible that the ui'cat northern current setting' east athwart the Pacific shoidd have carried vessels to the shores of Califoi'nia. anre, for in (S75, when In^olf, a jarl, of Noi'way, went tlu^re with Norse settlers, they found the Irish in possession. Tlu; latter, however, refused to consort witli the nevvconters, and the residt was that the Irish finally abandoned the country to the settlers from Norway. Previous to In^olf's visit, the celebrated Norse vikinir Naddod. in 8(50 discoven^l Iceland, namiut^ it tSnowdand, and in 804 he was followed by (Jardar, of Swedish extraction, who named the land "(Jardaj-s Holm." In 870 it was visited by two Norsemen, Inji;oIfr and Leif ( Hjoerleifr), hy wdiom it wjus called Ic(dand, which name it has retained ever since, and from this time tlu're were successive endiri'ations of Noi'se, until, within half a centui'v, a little re})ublie of nearly seventy thousand inhabitants was establish- ed. In 87() a sea-rover named (}and)iorn, while making- for Iceland, \Vii.s driven in his ship (nit of his course in a westerly ilirection and sij^bted a strange land, but his reporteil discov- ery remained uncontirmed for over one hundred yeai-s. until " Erik the Red," in 084-, sailed for the new land and found it. It appears that Erik Wiw of a lawless clianicter, and havinir to flee from Norway for killing a man in a brawl, he took wl 16 msTOUY OF TIIK .\(»UTH-Wi:sT, il I rofuf^c in TccIjukI, wlici-c, on M;;ain ontraj^inn' the laws, lie was sent a sccoik 1 tinit' into hanisliiiK'nt. It was tlit-n tliat he set sail for tlir land wliidi (laiiibioi'n liaS(), " Krik the Red" took up his residence in (Jreenland, and accomi)anyinn' him was an Ice- lander, named Herjulf. The son of the latter, named Bjarno Herjulfson, was in Noi-wav when his father left Iceland with Erik, and on his return he at once set out for (!reenlan, liaxiu''' found uranes ni'owinii', the countrv aftei'wards leceived the name of N'iidand. Leif tlien returned to Norway, and, thidini^' that Kin«;()laf 'I'lyno'vesson had iMnhraced Christian- itv, 1 le accepted the U lew lith, and when he was rea< Iv t( return to (Jreeiiland, a priest was assi«;iitMl to accompany him. In this way it is declared Christianity was introduc«'d into Greenland, anue ap- pear in the lanj^ua^n' of some of the American Indian tribes. The iI,S< uVKUIKS. •21 I'liitt'd StiitcH lijul not, lie ilccljircd, (n»c Vfsti;;*' <»t' tlwir prc- H('!K'<'. PforcsNoi- Diiiiii'l Wilson, of Toi'onto, siiys : • With .ill I'l'JiHonuldi' iloiihts lis to tlif iiccui'iicv of di'tiiils, tin re is the sti'on^'fst |»i'()l>Hl»ility in T.-ivdi' . the l'ortu;'*uc.sc di.scovcre<| .Ma\«T, w itliniit MccoinjiiiMliin;^' iinytliin;^', nnil ( 'njunihii.s, wlim In- loniKJ out till' ijccfit put upon liiiii, It'l't tlir Poi'tuj^tit'sc court in ili,s;;\jst. Ilr tlii'ii ni-niitiatt'W tlirou;;li liis lii'otluT Hnrtlioloniru witli Hiiny \'ll. of Kn^iliinij. l)Ut witlioiit I't-sult, Jimi tinnlly lni to defend himself, and this he a])])ears to have done suc- cessfully, for we find that in 14!*- outlive its author: tlie dis- co\ ery of the I'acitic soon made it clear that a new world an' his fourth voya*i'e pi'oved to be too nnich foi" e\en the ii'on flame and will of Cohnnbus, and when he retui'ned to Spain in 1504 he was prostrated with weakness and ilisease. In this state he lint^ci'ed, desertecl by his .sovereiti'ii {''enlinand, (l.sabella lK'in<>' dead), until on the 20th Ma\-, 1500, the ui-eat navi;;ator breathed his last. Durini;" his lifetime the sei'\ ices of t"olund)Us to his sovi'i'eiirn iuid the wliole world wei'e not adeipiately recompensed, and even afti-r death posterity I'e- iiiained unmindful of him and his woi'k until \Vashin<;toii IrxiiiiT made a recoi'd of the navij-'ator's eventful life — a bril- liant t'tibrt an5. John Cabot laid ]iropo,sals before Heiny VI 1. to make a vovaiii' of discoverv to tlu' west, and he and his .sons were j^^ranted patents for any discoveries they minht make. Ill Mfiy, 14f)7, therefoi'e, Cabot set sail from Bristol in a small Vessel with ei<;hteen persons, and on the *24th .June lie discov- I'l'ed land upon which he [)lanted a lar^j^e cross, and the tla;js of England ami St. Mark, thus taking" possession in the name of the Eni>lish Kiii;^'. On this voya<;e Cabot dvscovei'i'd New- fouj^Uaml, saw Labi-ador. and entered the (lulf of St. I^aw- 11 ■ I 2(i HISTOHV OF THK .\( Hn'H-WEST. I' '} roncc, wliicli appeared to liiin to be the Xoitli-West passaj^e to tlie Kist Indies oi- (^liiiia, and under this impression, with- out ));'netiMtin^' furtliei", he returned to Kn^laiul and was kni<^hte(l for his services. His discoveries ^-ave the crown of Kn<;'hind a chiini to the s()\ei'ei(;nty of North America, and laid the foundation of the extensi\e connnerce and naval power of (Ireat Hi'itain. Henry VII. now p'antecl Cahot second letters patent to undertake another voya^'e, hut for some reason he did not take connnand, l)ut handed it ovei' to Sebastian who was with him on the Hi-st e.xpedition. As to the exact time wiien Cabot made his disco\'erv, an ancient nap. drawn bv Sel)astian, has the followiui:' words written on it by 1 um Ml Lat in in the year of Our Lord, 14!>7, Job n ('aV)()t, a Venetian, and his son Sebastian, discovered that C(Mniti'y which no one bid'oiv his time had ventiu'ed to approacli, on the 24th day of June, about five o'clock in the morning"." In the sunnner of 14!)8, Sebastian Cabot having" taken his fathei-"s place, sailed fi'om Kni^land with two ships, but on reachinj;' America the severity of the cold in the extreme north, and other reasons, principally a desire to explore the country, indiiced him to turn southward, ami havin^^ pi'oceed- ed for some distance, want of provisions obliged him to return to Enuland. (iaspard Cortereal made the next voyage to America in 1500, stalling" from Lisbon with two vessels and touchinjj' at ( Jreen- land, or, as he named it, " Terra Verde," but the ex])edition was altoj^'ether l)ai'i'en of results. On the loth May, 1501, (/Oiiereal sailed a second time from Portugal, and having" j^^one a distance of two thousand miles from Lisbon, he discovered an unknown land and coasted aloni>' its shores. The number ;■ 'I EAHLV DISCOVEIUKS IN XoKTU AMKHHA. 27 of lai't^t' rivci's t-ncoiiiitt'ivd ('ncoui'ii<;t'*l the hclit't' tliat it was no isUiiKl and Cortcical concludt'd tliat it must 1h' coinici'ttMl witli tlu' countiT discoviTt'd to tin' noitli tlu' yt-ar lift'oi't'. wliic'li at that time could not be ivaeht'd on account of the ice. 'I'licy found tilt' hunl vciy populous and hrou^lit away a n\un- hci- of the natives to be sold as slaves in l^n■tu^•al, ami while iiiakiu}^' their ex[)lorati()ns, they came across a broken swoi'd and two silvei- ear-rinps, e\ ideiith" of Italian make, which were i)i"ol)ablv relics of the visit of Cabot to the country three It * vears earlier. Two of (\)rterears shi])s, one haNintr tiftv sla\eH (111 board, I'eached Lisbon safely on their return voyat;'e. but the \essel containing' (!aspar retnrned home on the 'ioth ,Inly. 'I'he main object of Cartier's tir.st xoyap' proved a faihn'e, and the route to the Indies remained undiscovered, hut the hi-five navij^'ator determine|w)H(m1 to Ite uold, he sailed for Kraiice. It is said that he met Hoherval at St. .Johns, New rouiidliiinl, on liis way out to Canada, Init declined to re- turn with him, pleading; his inahility to stand a;^ainst the savae;es with so small a numher oi' men. It is also said that he stole away from his chief in the nie;jit, liut tiiis is disputed. Cartier, howe\cr, undo\il)tedly I'etin'iied to Ki'ance, and his chief pi'oceeded to the St. Lawrence without him. It is j)os- sihle that Hol)er\al reachetl his winter (|UJirters in 1541, hut it was not till .luly, 1542, that he hejiiin to fortify France Royal below <^)uel>ec, durin;; which he had a <;i"eat deal of trouble with his iiui, and also with the Indians, who were unfriendly to the French fi'om the time that ('ai'tier stole their kinj^, so that extreme measui'es had to be used on sevei-al occasions to as.sert the authority of the o()vernoi'. The whole expedition of 1541 and 1542 was a failure, and some time in 154.S C-ar- tier vif.ited the St. Lawrence and bi-oueht Iloberval home to France. In reviewine- the expeditions of Cartiei- and Roberval it has been said that they did not bear nnich fruit, but if wu may jude-e from the activity that prevailed in the mai-itime towns of France durine' 1540 and subse(|uent yeai's, and the number of pi'ivate expeditions fitted out to ^o to America, it would seem as if the work of the ex})loivrs luid been pi-oduc- tive of ii'ood bv excitini; interest in tlu' new land. From L541 to 1545 this ardor was .sustained, and private cnterpriHe con- tinued to be ent;aoed in trading- to Canada initil 1597, wlien official coloni/'ition was taken up. Cartier, after brinjrino' Robeival home in 1548, retired without havin^^ derived any material financial benefit from his {rreut undertakinj^js, i-nd dwelt as Sei^nieur of Linoilon in his plain manor-house at St. Malo, where he died, greatly honored and respect- 1 1' >'l i;a|{LV i»is('u\ kimks in nukt AMKKK'A. H5 I'll, iilioiit till- yt'ilC I.').").'). As loi' HoluTNiil, lie s()(»ii passed tr' accounts of the new land, for in May, lo77. a second expedition was fitted out which proved as liarreii of results as the first one, yet Queen Elizaheth was so pleased with ivports of the western World furnished 1)V iiim tliat she sent him out a third time in Io78. Nothine- of much importance came of the voyages about this time until, in lofSo, John Davis sailed from Dartmouth aViout the month of June, and di.scoveri-d the straits tiiat Ijcar his name. Subse<|uently he undertook two other expeditions, one in I oNIi, and the last one in I ")H7, when he reported very favorably of the po.ssibilities of a Xorth-West pa.ssage, but for eleven years after this, nothing- was done I :;* • h f '.I :{ii msTnltv OK TllK NoKTII-WKST. \v\ \' ;! i I' ' until tlw MiiniuiN iU- In Hoclic, a ('atliolic ii()l)l»'iimn of Hrit- taiiy, uii(l«Tto<)k the t'olitni/atioii (tt" Nrw Kraiicc umltT tho auspiccM of Henry I\'., an expedition wliicli resiilted only in • lisa.ster ami Iomh of life. In ir)!M> aniis voyii;;*' l\oiiH'\V)irx|KMliti()ii, tlir Frcncli Jippcai- to lia\ »■ tiikcii no iiittTt'st in C'juiada lor a imtIoiI ot" ovci' halt' a century, luitil in KiOIi, Ainyai- dc C'hasU-s, tlu- ;^»)Vi'ni()r of J)i(']i]ii'. (.'onccix I'll tilt' idea ot" renewing' the attempt to colonize tlu new world, and t'oi- this purpose in\ ited Sanuiel de Cham- plain to aet'ompany an expedition to Amei'ica. The consent of Henry IV. haxiiiMlu'en ul)tained, Champlain aereed to ^'o, ami o!i the \')l]\ .March, KiO.S, set sail From Ho;ith'Ur with two \ essels. one of which was eonnnanded hy l'ont^"rav(', and the other hy Sieur I'revert. 'I'he I'xpedition rcaclu'd the St. Lawrence in .safety, and at 'I'adousac; Chaniplain foinid al)out a thousand Al^omiuin Indians a.ssend)led, enraiitt'd a I'enewal of the monoi)olv for one Near. r^ lit He M(aits then fitted out another expedit' in, at ^hj. same time a})pointine' Champlain Lieutenant-dovenior, • nd on l-'Uh April, l(!()S, it left Honileui', an-i\ine at Tadou.sav •■>n Jird .lunr, wheiv C'hamj)lain found I'onteravc, who had preceded him |l 40 H[ST(»UV OF T}IE NOKTH-WEST. ti ^\ it s I ill serious trotihlc with Home tiwlers and tishenneii, a difficiiltv which r«M[uire(l all his charactei'istic prudence to settle aniicahly. He succeeded, lunvever, in l)riii<^in<^ about peace. after which, havinj^^ constructed a small vessel of fourteen tons, he proceeded up tlie St. Lawrence. On the Hrd July, l(i()>S, Champlain laid the foundation (jf the City of Quebec, and the ei-ection of buildinj;s and establish- ment of his colony consumed so ma v months, that he and his men suf!ei'elain, while in France, foi-med a new company with the Connt de Soissons at its head, who. however, dierosecutit)n of the fur trade, the |irincii»al business of the counti'V, was not conducive to colon- i/.Ktiou purpostjs. 'I'he jironi-t-s.s of the colony, therefoi-e, was not satisfactoi'V to ( 'hamj)lain or to the ('ouncilof State in and in Hi'iT, Cardinal ile Hichelieu dissoh fd the old liUice fui' eom|iany and instituted a new one called " La comj)a;4iiie de la Xouvelle France," consisting;' of a lnnuli'eany, anut'l)t'C. Hut the cxiHMlition wms dcstiiii'il iicNt-r t<> n-iich the St. Law- rt'iicc, t'of the Kii<;lish aii. and the forts which he had taken so much troul)le to build and streno'then jta.sse(l into the hands of tlie Kn<;lish. Cluimjilain was taken to En;.;land and held pri.soner there for about a month, when lie was liberateil. (/ana)tt'r tVniii Superior, ami Icanii'tl of i^i-cat trilx's of Imlians liviiii;- far in the intt-rior, hut lie wislicil for more flcHiiitc infoniiatioii. He iiiia^iiicil, from tlic tlcscriptioiiN ;;ivfii liiiii of tlif triht'M, that tlicy cainr from Cliiiia ami .)aj»aii, ami that the j^rcat lakes formed the waterway leadiiii^ to Asia. ThoHe far-ort' Imliaiis were named the People of the Sea, and (*ham- plain hoped that hy ;;ainin;4' more information ahout them and the iiicat inland waters he woidd dlHCovei' a new hiuhwav to tlie Kast. So he chose Njc'olet and sent him on a Journey of exploratiou to the far west. in the sunnncr of Ki.'U, therefore, Nicolet, aceompunied hy s«'veral Jesuit priests, who weri' on their way to lahor in tho Huron eountry, left Quehec and ))n)(,'«'eded as far as Three Rivers, whei'e he l)uilt a fort. In -lidy he i-estimeil his journey to \isit the VV'iiniel)a and the Winnehaj^'oes, whom ho was on his way to meet. From the Huron country he proceeded iu a birch bark canoe alont.^ the northern shore of Lake Huron on to Sault Sainte Marie, thence up (Jreen Hay toward the land of the Winnebaj^oes, and on the way several tribes of Indians were encountered ami presents distributed amon^ them. Nieolet was the first white man, so far as known, to look upon or traverse the waters of I^ake Michii^'an, and from there he proceeded up CJreen Hay until he reached the Menomonee River, where he rested with a tribe of that name, while nies- seni^ens were sent ahead to notify the Winneba^oes of his i: II CMAMIM-AIN IN CANADA. 49 (iiiiiiii;;. riicy, lit'iiriii^j ot" lii.s |)I'()])<>n«'iI visit, flispatclifil sonif ut' their |M'»i|)l(' t(» iiMM't liiiii. iiikI on liis arrival t'castcfl an«l liurioi'cil liiiii. Fie was iuokf*! u|)()M as a .Mai)it;ain the f rienusni Ish aii|iiiicss lor Intuit- nt-ncp- Htii)iiH. Dnrin;;- his last illnc.ss he was attcntlfil hy ( 'harlcs Lal I'Mii'iit, who wrote the Hclat it)ns til l(i:2l i. ami this wortliN' pi'ifst otHciatctI at the fniicral ccifiminics. it is a stran;,'!' I'act, in connection with ( 'liam|)laiii, that there has not heeii louml in Oiiel >ec, so lar as kiitiwn, a sin ele .1 t)cniiient signed hy him, and even the resting;-) )lace ttl' his i-eniains — the Kathei- ol" New I'' ranee is a my.stei'y at the ]»resent ilay. Jn I(i4l , two .lesnit fathers, naineil Isaac .l(ti|Ues ami (Miai'Ies Kaynihanit, pa.sseil alonj;' the slit)i-es of l^ake linidii, ntirth- ward, and reached Sanit Sainte Marie, wheiv thev met an assemhlaet' of 2,()()(> Alet)ii(|\iiiis. 'I'lie nii.ssittnary priests wei'e anit)nu° the most active exiilorers t)f earlv tiavs in ('anatia and tlu^ Noi'th-West, ami we oniv mention the case of {''atheis Jotines ainl Kaymhault, in the ))iv,sent instance, as a link in the chain t)f tiverland ex]»lt)i'atit)ns we are now descrihiny;, it heine' oui" intentitin to tievote a whole cluipter to the work of the missionaries. In l(ir)4. a treaty of peace was efiected hetween tiie French anti the Irotpiois, anti trailers ])enetrated the reeions of the upper lakes, returning- latlen with judtries ami tellint;' wonder- ful stt)ries t)f what they .saw. Xo coni])l'>te recortl is to he founil of the journeyinos of those hai-dy men, but sti'ay nar- ratives of their exi)loits indicate that thev were in I'l-ality the li ! ^''- rilAMI'I.Ar IN • ANAhA A1 t'lircrumii'i's of tln' iiiiNMi(»iiiiiifs mikI tin- fiii-ly t'XiilMrfix It is ;;(iicriilly ni|iiiitt<-i| tliiit tlif ■1 'mi rmrs ilfs Uai.^," tin- imiiic li\- wliicli tlinsf tiiidfis mill tni|i|it'rs w rif known ]»ifct(|ril all ntllils ill till' u\t|llll|il i'\|tlltrMti<>ll III' tlir Nnrtll- Wi'st. Ill \i\V-K Mriliinl ('liniiiii kiinwii )is Sifiiiili's ( JrosciJIirr, a I II I ii'i If ii !< split, or Sinii' Ix-hIImsoii, |iuslifi| tlicir w a v yniiil Laki- SujH'rior, ami wliiji' jiurin-yiiiy; with tin- MuroiiH hranl iiiiich of tin- i|t'i'|i. wiilr ami Ix'aiititul ri\fr (flir Mi MM- it!' tin- accounts tlicv |SSI|»|)1). No IIIIJ»r»'SSC(| Wflr tlli'V w icccivnl tliut tlu'V rcsol\f(| to iii'iictnitc liir iiilnml with the idea of ifachin;>' this rixcraml i\|iloriii;^' the country trihutary to it. Thi-y thcrd'orc |inici'ci|fi| a ioii;^' ilistancc into the in- ttiior. tiailiiiij- wi th tl If Sioiix In.l iiuis who inlialiitcil th couiitiy Itctwccii the St. ('ioi.\ aiiil .Mississi]»|ti ii\fis, ami at'tri' an al)scncc td' alioiit a \ car ii'tiinit'il to .Montreal with three hiimlreil Imliansanil ^i.xty canoes laden witli a wealth nj' skins. So successlul had Iteeii this e.\,,.dition that, iilth()uy;li I )e ( !ro,seilli«'r only returned on the |!»th Au;4Ust, he at once ciijlected toj^ether a Iresh (Mittit oi" j^oods for tradiii;^' purposes, and left .Montreal on the 2^th of the same month on his re- turn to the far w«'st. On this occasion he was accompanied liy an a;;ed missionary, named Keiie Menard, and his .ser\ant (lueiiii. who. hecomine' discoura^^'i'd at the imlitfereiice of the Indians to the caiise of reliuion, left l)e ( Jrcseillier on tin; southern shoiv of I^ake Superior, and went to li\e with the H lu'ons. 111 \v hat IS now the State o f W'i .scolisin, Whel-e tl le Worthy ])ricst afterwanls perished. I )e ( Jroseillit'i' an:j the first explorer tt) crt)ss the plains t)f the t.;'reat Nt)rth- West, although it is daimeil by .some that the Coiircur.s (Jest Hois precedetl him in his threat journey to the Saskatchewan, an account of which appears in a later chapter of this history. I I CHAITKH IV THF KAKI.Y MiSSloNAHIES. CaN'AOA, iiml ('snt'ciallv tlic Xoi'tli-Wt'st. owes nmcli to tli uii.lauutt'il '/.vn\ and t'lUTir^' »>f' the carlv inissioiiarifs. T\ It'll' tiials an- helj)mates in the woi'k he hail undertaken, it was nut. howevei', until the spi'ine- of lii^-S that he aeain \isited tlie Huron country, and when he did, he was accompanied Iiy Father Nicholas Viel and Brother (Jalaiel Sa;;ard. Tl.e Hiiroi'.s received the three missionaries with open arms, and ■ I ■ I' \i lit'c, 54 lllsntHV OK THK N'OKTH-'.VKST. l)uilt a clwi)»('l for thciii, aftci' which Lc (^iron rctui-iUMl to (^Mu'lu'c, IfjiviiiH' F^ithc)' X'it'l to (•oiitiiiuf tln' iiiissioii alone. 'I'lif latter, by paticiie* aiith -June, l(i2o, that Fathers Lalcment, Masse ami Hrebeuf an'ive(| at Quel)ec, and with them came a Franciscan priest of noble family, named Joso[)h de la Roche THK KAKLV MISSK >NAKii:s. 65 hallinii. L.'ilcincnt n'lnuined at <^)n»'bt'c, ami in I(i2() wrote the tirst It'ttiT 1)1" the now t'aiiious " Hclatioiis of the .lesuits," wliile .Ir.iii i\-' liirhfuf, Ix'iii^ si'lccteil toi' tlu' Hin'oii iiiissioii, ])aH.se(l srvt'ial iiioiitlis ainoiio- tlic Iixlians, to |»rt'|)arc' toi- tlie woi'k Ix't'oic liiiii. Katliei' ]a' ( aroii iicNcr ivtunu'rl to the Hui'ons, liiit al)out tlif time Breheuf started to labor ainon<;" that tribe lie ilf|»artt'KTM-\VEST. linliuiis. Tlicn Hi'clM'uf \V(»ul(l liastcii to his Cdiiipnnions assistjiiH'c, iiikI. rt'licviii}^ him of his hurdcii, wouM cany his • louhlc load lor houi's. iiiucli to the astoiiishiiit'iit of all. Wlicn thi'V iTa('h('«l the iiiisHioii of St. .loscph, tln'V fouml [•'athcr Niels hai'k cliapi'l still standing', ami tlu'i'c Hiv'JK'uf aiwl dc Noiir I'ciiiaiiu'd, while Fathei' Dallioii Went to open a mission in another [)art of the countiy. Father Dallion remained hut a short time amone- the Hu- rons, for V)ein^ sunnuoned to Quehee he went there in l(i'27 an. Ahout tills time the court of France seeni.s to lia\e considej-- cil tliat both th(! Reeollets and Jesuits had failed toactjuire the laii;;ua«;es of the Indians sufficiently to suit the woi'k of (!o a terrible ordeal. It seeniH that the summer heini; diy, the di'ouj;ht had extended far and n»'ar, anN.\l!H:s. m Miic callcil ('()ii(H'})ti()M, jiikI tilt' other St. .loscpli. luit they resolved tliat a ]M'niiatient ami central reHideiice, isolateil t'loni the Huron towns, which would .ser\c as their headtjuarteis. was a necessity, and the result of this was that a chain of huihlin^s, including; a larj;e chapel, was ei'"cter| and nan.ed .Sam te M ane. In l(i.S!>, Fathers ,)o(|ues ami (Jarnier \isited the J'etun tribe without nieetinii' with anv success, althouj-h the follow- iiiir vear Father (Jarnier was more fortunate, and estal»lished In I(i4l. some of the Ottawas, repre- IHMSI If in theii' midst. sentinj; tile ^reat Aljionquin trihe, visited the mission, aiiil on their retui'ii were accompiinied l)y Fatheis Kaymhault and .lo(|Ues to Sault Sainte Marie, those two [)riestH Ijcin^ the tiist Kuropeans that ever passed through the Sault and stoo <>!' ( 'Inistiaiiity to tlic'iii. Al)()iit the sniiic time. Katlicrs ( ialirii-l I )niill<'ttt's iiiid Li'oiiai'il ( liii'icaii staftnl on a mission ti> tiw Si(Hix,l)Ut oil tlicii- way wci-c capturcil hy a liaml of Mohawks ami t'oix'ccl to return. In I (id I , tlifsc two prii'sts o)»t'nril tlu' mission ol" St. Krancois XaxiiT aniou;^' the < 'rrrs of tlm .Nnrtli- W'lst. ami this, and the mi.ssiop.s attfni|itf(l anion^ the Siou.x. liivonil the .Mississi]i]»i, mack tlif wrstrrn limit u\' the old .Irsait efforts to coiiM'i-t the natixe trilus. .\hout this time, the .lesuits resiuiic(| the jiai'ishes on tlie St. Lawrence, wliicli they dirt'cted. and contineil themselxcs to ili i« of de\otion; hut \m I) (i2 lllSTonV <»K TlIK Nn|{|||-\VKST .sufficient lins Itcoii iiifiiti(tin'<| to show tlit- licioisni iiinl icsit;- mitioii. nmlcr the most trviiit'' ditlicultifs, of tliosc iiol)lc men. Wv must not lorjitt, however, the lioii-heartetl ('hiuile Allouez, who '^lisr the ujiiiie of Siiiiite Marie to the waters dividing' liakes Huron and Superior, and who I'oi- thiit_\\vear.s preached the ^fospcl to tlie Indians, and estahlislicfl missions anioii";; no h'.ss than twenty diltereiit nations. in l()7l. Father Charles Alhanel was the first white man wlio made the overland journey hy the Sa;4Uenay to Hu mI on tin- sliorrs of l^akc Hui'oii. (i."}(i. I'^atlit'i' .Idlm l)(»ll)i'aii iin't the Ks(|Miiii;i\. Ii4(). Fatlirrs HivIk-uI" Ulld ('liauilinlint discovrrcil I, like I' ru- II. Fatlici's .l(M|U('s and Kiyiiiliaiilt «liscu\ rr.-d i.;ikt S,., x'l'ior. (i+2. I'^ithcr .l(ti(\U's was tlu' Hi'st wliiti- man tliat rwv saw Lakr ( Irnrnc. Ii4»i. Fatlit'i- Du <^MicM discnvficd Lake St. .lolni. {')')'■]. l-'atluT I'liiict't was tlif first wliitc in in that siilcd down thr St. LawicMcc tVoni Lake ()iit irio. (itiO. The .It'suits traced a niajt showin;,^ Luke Sujit'iiur. (!(»■"{. Fathf-r La ("nutiiic \ isitt'd Hudson's Hay. (i(!.'). Father Ailoncz t'onrirnicil the n'|»ort of the r.xistriici; of (•o))|)('r on the islands of Lake Superior. (i(l7. Fatliei' Allouez diseoN'ered Lake Nipey;on. (ill. Fatiiei' Charles Alhanel was the first white man timt made the o\erland journey 1)\' the Sai'uenav to H udson's Hav l7ol. Fathei- Messa^^'er was tlie first mi.ssionary to eiit the ^reit ])raii-ie i-e^don of the North-West. er fi I ^ ■ KBjI !=LS.C£JgS3^.^ . ■ 1 k CIIAI'IKII V KXI'l.<»lt.\TI(»\S l\ IIIDSUNS IIAV, AND roNri.K I'S ItKIVVKKN Tllh; llMil.lslI AMt l'l«i:\< II. i^' ! Al/nionai Srliastiiin CnlMit is niMlitfd with lia\ iii;^ riitnvil lludHon's liay, tin- first fxplorcr nl' its slion's wms. imdKiilitf.l- \y, Hfiny Hudson. Sr\cral attrmpts to tiiid a iiortliwrst jims- sa;;!' in tlic fiH'ti'atiii;;' faitlicr than Davis' Sti-aits. In liiO."). .laim-s Hall and .lolni Kin"iilit, two navi^iators of iioti'. tlir t'ornicr in the cinjdoy of the l)aiirs and tlic latter in tlic s<'i\ ice ol' Kntiland, niadr voxauf^ to tln' iioi'tlii'rn seas. In l(i(Mi, Hall nndcitook another \i>ya;^f, an<[ in tile yttir I'ollowine-. he and Kni;^lit each nmleitook e.\|iedi- tions in seairii of a short passjt^t. to India. In 1(11:2. Hall made his rourtli and last xoxaj-e, whieh was Htted out 1)\' iner- chant adventuriTs in London, hut he was mortally wnunded in an eneounter with the Ks(|uiuniu.\ on the coast of Lahradoi'. and tlie vessels returned t;) Hnjjland without makine' aiiv new discoveries. None of these expeditions succeeded in reachiiijij Hudson's Hay. and it was Kd't to Henry Hudson to make the (liHCovei-y and explore the shores of that li^reat inland sea. Jt is a matter of re^ri't that the names of the merchants of London, who employed Henry Hu\vii ]iri\!iti' I'lnls, .iinl tln-y M)iiiri'- C.Acry of ;| sllDltcC pilssil;^!' to tlir I'lfist lll'llrs, li\ tin- liol'tll, tlif !i<»rtli-t'a.st, 1)1' tlir imrtli-w l•^t . it Immhh- sajil that Hiiilsuii sijiiclii'l(>yiMl liV tlli'lll. Till' tii'st \(»yan;c uiKJiitakfii l»y llniry llihlsoii for flir piir- ipifM- ()\' iJisciiN iTiii;^' a |»assa;;i' tn tin- I'iast Imlirs, was nmi- iiniiccij 1)11 1st May, H»(>7, uIkh hr Idt < ira\ rsfiiij. ami sailt-tl ijirfftly imrtli. ( >ii tin' l-'Uli .liiiic he si;^litf(| Jaiiij i>ii tlic cast coast of ( !rcciilaiiil. aiiil a;^aiii on tlic 2lst,aiiil as he sailed matliwai'il the wcatiicr ;;rc\v more tciii|icratc and |ilcHsuiit_ hut, oil the liiid July, it hecaiiie \eiy cold. ( )ii the I4tli .Inly, Hudson sent a hoat ashore, hut nothiii;;' uortliy of note wa.s discoNd'ed. and he continued his \(tyaec, until in latitude S2° lie was hindercil l»y the ii-e, and found it iiiipos.sililc to proceed faither. It was his intention to ha\c sailed round (iieenlimd, hy the iioi'th-west. so as to return home l>y havis" Straits, hut lie was unable to do this, and made his way hack to l"ji;^land without attenii)tine- any further exploi-ation, the whole voyae-c having; lasted ahout five months. ( >n the 22nd April, IdON, Hudson stai'ted on his second e.x- |Mclitiun, hut on arriving' in the northern sea, foinid himself ajiain iircvcntcd by the ice in his several attempts to force a way through. He eiideavoui'ed to tiinl a North-West pa.s,sa;^e hy eiitcrint;' Lmuley's Inlet, but, batHed in all directions, turn- ed south, and tindine' the ri\-ei'. which still beai's his name, he a.sccudcd and cx|)l(>red it, erectin;^", at the same time, a fort, near the present site of AHiany. which he called St. ( leor/^e. In ]()()!>, hi' undi'rtook his thiril voyae-e, and landine- on the coast of Newfouiuiland, traded some time wi th tl 10 \'i¥ fill II ,H. I'.i' ()(i IIISTOIJV OK TIIK NOHTH-WF.ST. Imliiiiis. Ki'oni tlicrc lie saili'd in a soiitlu'i'ly flii-cctioii t«» Virjliiiia. ami caiTicd dii an cxti'iisixc trade al- his departure from Hlackwall. and his employ- ers, on that oecasion. appointed a Mr. ("olhurne to act as his assistant, which was evidently reseiiteij hy Hudson as indicat- ino- a lack of confidence in him. This appears to l)e the case, hecause, after lea\in^- port, ami while yet in the rivei-, he .sent Colhurn*' hack in a hoat with a letter to the meichants, and pi'occe resoKcd u])on wintering- in the Hay, and in November found a placi' suitable for the purpose. Durinj,^ the winter, Hudson and his men suffered nuich from lnni<;er and KXI'I.OUATIONS IN m DSONS KAY g; liiii'ilsliij)s iirisiiiu- from tlic c 1 umI ill tilt' sitriu; when |irr]t!ir}iti»»iis wt'i'c uciii^' made to rt'tnni hoiiif, tlii- cxpfilitioii was ill a sori- ])li;j,lit and tlif men ri|H' Tor open mutiny. TIh'II a man naiiinl Henry (Ireeii, a pi-ote^i' of Hiitlsoiis and a emst uii;jffatet'iil scamj). eonspired witli Kohert l\ett. tlie deposed mate, and, with the assistance of a majoritv <>f the crew. tiiine U iidson a< h-ift III a l)oat, \vi th h lis .son ami six iiioi-e, m- chidin^' a Mr. Woodhoiise, who had aecoiinpanied the expedi- tion for seieiititic [mrposes. With little |iro\ isicais to siista'ii life, the iia\i^ator and his companions must either lia\t' liens hed f roiii hune'er or heeii killei ill. hV tl le sasau'es, as tliev were iie\e|- heard of a;;ilill, while the mutinee|-s theliisehes siitfered erciitly durin^- the Noya^^-e home,(Jreen Ix'iiie' killed in H;,dit with the Indians and l\ett tlyiii^' during- the passa;;-e. When the sur\i\ors reached home, one of tliein, named Alhaciic I'riwkett. wrote an account of the mutiny, in which he endeavoured to screen him.self from l)laiiie, and from some of the particulars he u;ive. the comjiany of merchants decided to send out another expeilition in the douhie hope of sa\ine; llud.son auisiiiriTy. .Vhhoue'h it is known that ('apt. Button kept a carefully written Journal of his \(tyat;e. he, f.a- some reason, concealed iiiiich of the information it contained, and the piihlic ;^ained little hy his explorations. It was learned, however, that he entered Hudson's Straits, and cr.tsseil the hay to the scaithern point of Southampton Island, wliicli he named ( 'areys Swans' Nest, He next kept oij toward the western side, to which he ;xave the sie-niticant name of "Hope's Check," and, coastine •■ 11 I ; t II :i (i8 insTOHV OK TUK XOHTH-WEST. aloii;,^ the slidic, he iliscoN ricd tlic iiii{)())-t)int I'ivcr, which hr fjiUciI I'ort Nelson, aftcf the nuistci- of his ship, whom he hurird thert', hut which has since hccn kiiowii as Vclson Kivtr. Hci-t" he wiiitcrtMl, and, according' to Fox, kept tlu-cc firt's })urnin^' continually, and aIthoui;h sup]»H»'d with ui-eat store ot* pai'ti'idii'es and other Fowl, he lost many men. On the hreakinu- uj) of the ici' he made a tiioiou^h exjiloration of the Jlay, and of Southampton Island, and finally, in the autmini returned to Kneland. There is wi^ry i-easoii to helieve, as Button was accompanied hy a luimber of expei-ience(i men of ahility, that he collecteil a ercat deal of \alual)le information, hut he i-efused to })ul)lish it. even the exact - unknown. Owine- to the death of his master. Prince Heni-y, ( aptain l)Utton did not make a second Noyaoe, and the com|)any of mei'chants therefore sent out ('aj)t. (Jil)hons, in l(il4, who saile. the ship /^/.vro'v/'y. hut. missine- the Straits, and e-ct- tini; cauejit in the ice, retui'ne(| to Kn^land without accomp- lislunt>' an ythine-. These repeateil disappointments, howe\ t-r, diurahiir(s of the u'reat sea, which has ever since heen known as Hi larhns \v\y, wliei'e they discuvereil and name( I I lancaster SdU nd and .lones Sound, besides niuuei ous s water juhI manv Isl, inds. 'I'l le crew ol the Dlsiin'i'i ij heni;^ mall in er 0( lilies ( >I now attacked with scurvv. the navieators sailed tor home, ar ii\iii;j,' at Dover on the liOth Aueust. and in the report which I'lV lot wrote ot" the vovam-. he ifave most valuable intormation aliuiit the hsheries, althoueh \w was not laxoraole to the i«|ea 1{TII-WKST. Chinief<, a, |)iiiiiact' of scvt'iitv tons, victujillt'd Tor cii-litcfii niontlis. He scarclicil tlic western \)nvi u*-' Hudson's Day, dis- (•o\ere(l tile strait and shore known as ' Sii' Tlioiiias H oe s w come," sailed up Kox Channel ttt a }»oint within the Artie eirele. and satisfied hiniselj' of the existence of the lone- sought pas- .say,'e, \)\ a cai'eful observation of tlie tides. h\it failed to dis- eove)" it. He then sailed for Kni;land, and cast anchor in tin- J)owns, on the .SIst Octoher. At the same time that C'aptiiin Fox succeeded in intei'estin;;- the Lontlon merchants, the merchants of Hi'istol hecanie intei-- ested in the same direction, and the two com)ianies came to .in understanding;" to share the honoi' and profit of any 'isin<;" explorer. De ( Jroseillier, jiushed his way overland to its shores. It is said that the tradine- operations of the " ('(Uin rs ei'ior np the Kaministii|uia Hiver, then thi'oueh the I^ake of the \Vo(»ds. and aloiij;^^ the W iiininee H iver in to W mnipeii' Lake, thence Itv Nelson Hiver to the shores of Hud.son's Hay. De (Jroseillier and h'ad- disoii wer«' coiKluctt'tl hy the Assinihoine Indians on their journey to tlie north, and after they hat about this expedition from (^)uel)ec, and the stoi'y connected with it. hut there is ut) (pu'stion ahout the voyaee in tlie • Xoii ihin'il ." as the expedition wintereil in the Buy, and civcted a small stone fort which ('apt. (iillam called " Foi't i'harles." Pos.scs.sion of Hudson's ii-iy, therefore, ])aHscd into the hands of the Kne'lish. and on the 2nd May, KiTO, as a result of ('apt. (Jillam's vovaiiV, a charter was eranted to Prince Kui)e)'t and Charles, the Preamble to which I'eads hi ates 1) ■ Hie- .s a.ssociates i»y as follows : — That, whereas our dear, entirely beloved cousin. Prince Kupert. etc., ha\"e, at th -ir own cost and char;j,'es, undertaken an expedition for Hudson's Bay, in the noi'th-west {)artH of America, for the discovery of a new })assaj;e into the South ,sea, autl for the tiudine- of .some trade for I'ui-s, minerals and other considerable connnodities, and by such, their undei'tak- iii<^, have already made such discoveries as do encouraj^e them ■f m I i:.\i'i,<>K.\TH)Ns IN iiihsdNs is.vv, tu |iii)ci'.'i| t'jirtlHT ill ])ursu)iiK'(' of tlifir siiid (IcsinM. hy nicaiis u li.icof tlifiT iii.iy j>r(il>fil)ly arise ui<.jit mlvaiita^t' to us and iiiir Ki 1 1^1 Ion IS, etc., otc. In KiT-'i, a .Icsuit missionary, iianifd Katlicr Cliarlrs Alliaiu-I. wiis sent o\frlaniiil(li,son, who was then m h I'auct th F SI to j^o to London and there mender the foits in HudsonH Bay, which, at the time, were 1 f^' .1' jn lit If h lllsTdKV OK TIIK NOUril-WKsT. I;i coiiiiii iinl of his iH'jilirw, C'lioimi't Ik* ( Ji-oHrillici-. Tin- French, not l)fiii;;- jiwfin' of this uctioii on th*' |nirt ul' HiuMison, si'iit out two ships, in t'onMiinntl of Montc^'nic, who, on i-ctich- in;^' St. Tht'iTSii, was surprised to tinil it in po.sscssion ol" the Knu'lisli. .Monteenif was ol)Hj'('(l to wintci' on sonic sniiill iP r,\cr in trie ni'ii'lilto!ho iiiiv niio sent .Montcunie out lost heavily hy tlic ex]»i'(), under Monsieur D'llierv ille. they took Fort Severn hut an attack niaije on Fort Factory the same year havin*;- failed, it re- mained in the hands of the Hn<;lish. 'Die French now remained in possession of the forts on •lames IJay for se\en yeai's. when the Fhidson's l>ay Company, with the assistance of the Crown, recovered them. The fol- 1 )winj;" year they wi-re captured once more by tlie F"rench, and in l(i!>o, they were retaken hy the Knelish, with the aid of the Kin""'s shiits of war, lionavcntuni and Sedfort/i. These constant chan^^vs in pos-session almost destroyed the trade of the Hudson's Hay Company, and they were busily eni^'Ved in [Heparin*;" to reco\'er it when D'lbervilK', with two ships, the Pdli ami G/uironte, appeared upon the scene, (leyt'i". wiio had successfully held York Factory a«fainst the French, in lODO, was still in commantl, but less ft)rtunate in i;XIM/>H.\TH»Ns IN IMDSONS HAY, ( ■) |r,M4 If was CUllMM'llfM l>y I )'nifrvill(' to suni'Milrr on tlu- I Mil (k'tolicr. Tlic Fmicli coiiiiiiiUKlfr tlicii ■'•■nniint'tl duriii^ I'lr wiiitri-, aiiil nil tlic t'ullnwiii;,^ 2()tli July took liis (irjtarturc tni I'l.iiicc lca\ in;:" om- Koi'fst in cliarj;*'. T!ir iH'Xt yt-ar. HilHi. \'ork Factory was retaken liy tlir Kii^li^'i, who cinploycil t'oiir ships t'of the |»ui'|)osc, ami tin- i;,ini*,nins: witii thrrc sni.'i »•! \ (".mIs, the Wiisji. Pri>foiiii(l ami V'utlcutc, an• s Hay ships, the linriir/. •■?(). and tin.' Ilin/strn's Bk//, -M ;^uiis. •ii''a<:t'MM'nt rcsultrd without siicfcss to t'itln'i .MU nil! iiicjiatt'ly attiTwards thr Jlii'lsons Jim/ and H((iiii>-/i irr ui ic lo.st, none of tlif nTw of tin- latter iM'in;^' sa\fd. 'I'jif l'''n;i,i. wiiicli, at tlie tinii', foii^jht the tlii'ee Knejish ships ainiir and l)elia\ed ver\' iiluckih'. was afterwards lost, D'lher- \illc, who was in eoinniaml, e.s(Mj)inir with pai't of his ei'ew to thr shore. 'I'he Kreiieh coniinander then, with his three i-e- iiiaiiiin;'' shins, took \'ork Kaetorv, and, after winterini:' there, rtunieil to France in the PmidH lol. leavinir M. Serinnx- as (ioNenior. ami M. .ler. inie. Lieutenant, in his ahsenct'. Tlie next yeai'. I7. the treaty of Hyswiek left the Fieneli i;i p tssession of all the forts in Hudson s l»ay, e.\ce|tt Alhaiiv, and in 1704, a |iirty of l*'reneli went oveil nid from ( anada to atta -k it. hut were repiilseil l»y Cajitain Hai'low, who was in eliar;>-e. The tre itv of I'trecht. ill I 71.'}, restoreil to the flud- SDll S liay Coinpany possession of tlie Hay, and soo,! afti-r- wards they built a wooden fort ut (.'hurchill, wliich they called Prince of Wales Fort. I M\ h 11 i ( <<) iiisToitv (»i Tin; \oinii-uKsT. Diiriiiy- nil this tiiiir. owiiiy; t(» tlic ii an fXjx'.litinti {Hv this |nu|)(»s»'. Thry never ictiu'iietl. ami their fate simieuhat • liscouraeed I'lirthei- attempts, luit, in 1722, ('apt. Semy^is eon- ihicted an expedition, and ahout 1742 the l>i-itish ( iovernnient. Iiaviii;^' olttaiiieil Iroiri the otheers ol the Mndsons ISay ( 'oni-, |iany inlorniation which was rej^arded as fnrnishin;;' i|ecisi\c proofs of the existence of a north-West Jtassa;;,*'. despatched M iiMxal expedition, in command of Captain Middleton. Imt it resnitfil in no important discoxcries. althoue^h tlie shijis wintered in ( "hnrchill Hi\ er. A lonj.;' anhbs-(it. Francis Smith. On the :}|st Mav, 174(1, these t\ wo xcssels, m companv' w itli ith 1> four of the Hudson's Hay ( 'ompany shijis, set sail from Var In the Parliuiiienliir.v librnrv, Ottawa, iim.v he oecn a iiinp, |>u)i1ii|' iintVifinlli- iii'^>- tit tin- lliiilsdii's l!ay ('niii|iaiiy. wIiksc officers at < 'liiiic- liill. Nnik, Alliany ami .Moust- HisiT. wcrr ilfscriln'il as iiasiii;^' ^tidu n tlii'iiiscK I's iinlaN oral tic t<» tlif siiccfss lA' the i'\)M'|- I mi; NoHTM-WKsr. Y nil tiru III tire |iiiiiit liliiiik ii|Miii any nhip, n|iiii|i nr vt'.snci that sliall uoiiif Ileal' till- Ktictory, iiiiKnh tlicy iiiaku tliu trtii' Hi^iinl iiiul aii.tvvvi yniirn. Tliis waniiiin- was ifpcatrtl t-acli year until IN^N, tin- \\(»rtls. ill racli cast- lifiiiM' almost im|iiiiiy'M riulitN niul in-ivilf^L'M in nnir» liny, „i f.ir uf* till' Huitl ('niiiji.iiiy'H eliiiitt'r cMcinls in tlu' said Hay. ti|Miii any ini.iint wliikthiifvi'i'. Ami tin- wiid Ait iilsn >|u'ritii's. tlmi n>' ik'Imuii nr |n rsHiis lK'l\- tia«lf. ii or iicis.nis witliin tlin liiiiit" .f tl It' .saiii' sliipH from iiili'iiiin Ml or ncai an\ of tin < 'oiii|ia!iy's ti'iritoiirs IIikI- ISi ll\. MO far lis tlit'ii' sniil I'liaittT ixti'iiiU : tln'iofori', iici'ori my to tin- afoii'Hiiitl Aft of Parliament, wv di-Miii' that yon woiilij not oH'ci to Kriiin yoiir sliijis any lii),'lifi' up tins livi-r. Imt to lay tlirm Ih'Iow wliat Mf call UohiKon's ('iillt-y. Mlnrcyoii may i'\|iiit .vliat assistiini't' wi- aii* .ililc to Ki\ f you, so far us our unlcrs aii' from tlm IIuiIhoiih jiay ('oiii- |,aiiy. ami ili'siii' yoiir aiiswur to tlii * licfoii- yon jiroii'i'd any furtlii-i'. Tlioii^li lit HHiiif linu.' would iidviMu yoii, hh livfont, to imtkt' the WuHt (it yi'iir way to Cliunliill Kiver, wliun- yoii are Mun.sililc tlic ships may uinti'i' without any dnniiii(i>. And ri'st, \ our v« r\ liuiiiblo sui'ViiiitH, •Iamrs Isiiam. chahi.ks 1{|i\1)v, Ui< iiAKii Fiiun. wil n tliat tl ( 'iilll|i;lliy s ntlict'l'S I Jilted at York Fort. Sept. 2, I74«. Kniiii tlio mIkivo it Will' uiily ciuitittiiM aliout )H'fl'i»niiiMo- tlit'ir iliity to tlio Irttt-r. witlioiit, linwoMT, rfFusiiio' any iiH-sLstfiiKT wliicli it was w itliiii tlicii' |M)Wt'r to o'ivt'. iiiilfi'il, tilt' oi'fjit st'iA ici's rt'inlt'ioil hy the nflicirs nl' tlir Ijinlsoiis l')ay ("(iiMpuiiy to »'.\|ilorati(iii.s at tliff't'i'ciit tiiiios in till' llistorv ol" tin- Ndi'tli-Wt'st, iinlicato that tln-v woii' not inilVit'iiay. s of the )tiii^ tlif M liort's of iM tiiilt's ii]> this tiiiif on of tlif ^M icli sliii»s .< '1 !(/(', CMcll 1st'. UMt'X- '1 liicli was )\viii;;;, al- .''W 1. ami till' 'v^^ ami took • fort was ■'y* tion. tlii-rc .J I'cl'ousc foititicil, 1(1 twelve ic Kffiicli, • foit, and cniy, and crt'orts at lis attack he whole )i( (visions, •oii^h the eiiee, lost ii>- ad van- possession CMAI'TKH VI. TIIK Fl|{ TI!.\l»i:i!S. I''l!uM thf earliest srttleiiieiit in ("anada, the fur trade was (•iiiisidei'cd of the tii'st inn)ortanee. and the ])rolits -e iiiiti'litv rivers, and e.\i)lore its .mountains. It mav therefoi'e lie trnlv said that the fur traay for them, so that the licensing system failed to he the ])rotection ae;ain.st unscrupulous traders, which it was intendetl to he. While France was in jio,s.sessinn of ( 'anada. the system continued, and it was use(l in icwardini-' otlicers of the arniv, or others of ifood familv connections, not likelv to make u.se of the ])ermits for tradin*;' purposes, hut they sold them for ^ood prices, because, whoe\'er posses.sed tlu' exclusive trade hy license, of .-i district, was the only person to whom the TnK1{S. s;i ;iN licciix', tlxTt' is no iloiiht. Mini, altlinu^li tlir iiiissioimrics \\,it(lii'* di's Jiois" caust'd tlio rstMlilishincnt of military posts to hv iiiailc at ilitfi-rcnt |»ointH (if tilt' CoUlltlT fol' tilt' |)Ur]»oSf of coiitl-oilillli' tilflli, a^'tcr wliicli, a uuiiiIk'I' of ablf and ifsjurtahlf men coniniciict'il to tr.iil-' with tilt' Imliaiis, on a scale lar^jfci' than the " Goinr/arx lea of exploriii;^' the conn- try to the north-west. The scheme was a|)|)ro\t'd hy Ueau- liariiois. the ( lovernor, hnt the Ki-eiich ministry wo\dd not aid the rnterpri.se by contrihntine- towards the cost of the expe- dition, so \'erandrye formed a tradin;^' company in Monti'cal, and. in 17:{|,set out for Lake Sn))erior. takin;^- with him a Althou;;h no assistance was iinot named Ol'e M essam': reiideretl to him hy the ( lovi'rnment. he was expected and em- ]Miweied to take po.sHCHsion, in the name of the French kin;;', of all the cotnitry he should discover. \erandrye, however, between the yeais IT-Sl and I 7:Jo, lie- \iitec| himself more to estahlishine- trade foi- his company than niakin;;' exi)lorations on lu'half of the French kin^-, and his followei's heine- hold, active, and enterprisini.'' nu-n, carried their operations fai' into the interior. Startiny,' from Kaminis- tiijuia, whei'e a fort halMtinli Mddss Ljikr |))lU|illin, SwMll I.Jlkc, Hcd DciT Hi\<'r, iin t(» Michillimackinac. He asked me for my eldest son. as he ho|>ed the jouruex' would l)e s))eedy. I eould not possibly o|)po.se him. he heiuM' ahsolutely resoKcd. They embarked on the Htli .luiie. and were all mas- sacred hy the Sio\i\ at seven leagues from oui- fort, hy the ^i-eatest of all treasons. I lost my ,s(»n, the Kevei'cnd Father, and all my l-'renclimeii : I shall re;iiet it all my life." In 1742. one of the .sons of \'ei-andrye i-eaclicd the Mi.s,souri. hut, heiii^' luiahle to obtain the necessary i^'uides, returned to the heatl(|uarters of his father. The eldei- \'ei-andrye sent him back with another son and two Frenclnnen. and the four n:!.ay. hut in liiat they made their first advance inland, hy effecting a srttie- <*|j iiiciit, as sliown in a previous chapter. al»out loO niiles up the x'cai' .\lhany River. This was done to intercept tlic Indians who were then heoimiin^' to cai'ry their furs to the Ficnch in the iiitei'ior. rathei' than to the Knj^'Hsli on thi' Hay. In I74it. N'rifUiilrye died, and the next yt-ar the work of rxpioration was taken u]) hy Le (iardeur St. Pierre, who. hy oivjcrs of tln' .Manpiis de Lajouipiicre. ( lovernor of New I'' ranee, penetrated the Noi'tli-\V<'st to discoNcr the Westel'li Sea. and on this e\- ]ieditioii a Jesuit pi'iest. nai neil Fat I ler L niioi'enerie aeeom- paiiicfl it part of the way. l)Ut, worn out with the fati;^ue and iiai tl nishijts ol tlie journey, was ol)liue(| to return. In I ns 1' •port of the expedition, this explorer testifies to the ei-e;it inlluiMice which tlu' Hudson's Hay ('omi)any had. at that time, o\ ei- the Indians, and relates the followine- instance: • The Kn^'lisli i- noyed at not receiving' a, larj^-i- amount of fuis at Hud Ts liay.sent collars to the Indians, forhiildini^ them, undei' i • nal- t\" of d villi;, to carry the furs el.sewlu're than to them .Not having done so. anOHts at tlie west eutl t)f Cedar Lake on the Saskatchewan, where hf carried t)n a mt)st successful tratle witli the ludians. The ft)!- h)wino; year, a Mr. .lames Fijday went as far an Nipawee, the last t)f the French settlements on the Saskatchewan, where he en^'ai;eil succeHsfully in the fur tratle for a number of years. If iiii; I'l i{ rnAUKKs. HI Altci' tlic I'ritisli took poMNj'.sHion, the " licciiHc " systnii nt' till I'Vnicli was i|))iic iiway with in tin- Noi'tli-Wcst, ami IVfc liaiif took its j)lact'. Tlie ai|\ (••ituicrs in tlir liit" riiclfaxiirin;;' to si'cure tcaJc hy oft'crin;^' Itt'tttT oi' cht-aiu-r i^uihIs. tlic tran tr.ide. may l»e inianined. The rrach'is wei-e scattei'etl o\ ei- a cninitry ol" vast extent, and so I'ai- removed tVoiti ciNil author- ity, tliat tliey Ix'lieved that they eouhl conunit ahiiost any ciinie witli impunity. These iiii'M wei'e Mot oulv ene'aeH'd in del)auehin!^' tlii' Iii- • jians. hut they usi'd tlie natives when under tUv .ntluenee nf li'juoi', as tlie mean.-i ol' takine- reveni;e ujion their risals in ti'ide.and one trader h,;\iiie- a u'i"'idee atrainst another, instead tniders and was ccrtainlv (I H SIS HISTOHV ((,'•' TIIK MtHlll-WliST. iM'ttiT tliMli till- systi'lii of 1*1 tiMilr .trtcrwtll'ils rollnWiMl ,|ll 1 to wliifli allusion lias just 1 ii iiiailf. ,Sif(liiy ( 'aili'ti>ii. in a li'tti-r adilrt'sscij to L(>r<| Sliclliiirn M)ll(t\VS • 1 ITiiN. stati'^ as Tlic ainir\t'\' l-'raiiif WHS jiM"('Htl>' ••"Hiciiiir.l ill nil this tniijf, ti corniiit iiil- iiiiiiistratiuii i|ii| imt tiiinlN it tlicir intrirst tlint nil tlii'sc itt> rs slidiilij ii|)|M'iii ill .1 lull. I'lt'iir ,iiiil !tistitij4; iiimiiim'I-. ' Sirliiiy Carlftuii tliin sunnrsts tin' si'iniiii;^' (,f militmy iiirii ;is (XlddiTrs, iii|i| tlir txti'lisiiili i)\' rxpinrnliuiis In llif I'jl'ific (' sn VM : "I sjinll nisily timl in llif tiiMi|is line III' [ 'nil»t. II I <,'ii('hic) iiiiiiiy uflici'i-s aiiij iiii'ii very rm'ly In rxplurc jiny |i;irt 'if tliis ciiiit iiiiiit . wild ri'iniirc im otlirr I'liciiiiiiij^'fiiu'iit III, III to lif tnlil sllcil scr\ icr W 1 II iif iircc |itill)l< til IIk KiiiM'. nii'lir |>rii|M'rly rsci-utiil will fccdiiiiiii'iiil tiii'iii In liis lux ur ; Imii as tlii'y arc iiiiac<|iiaiiitiil with the ciiiintry. tlic Jinliaii laii^jtiaji't'M and inaiiin rs. lis nrct'ssnry tu Join with tlirin sdinc ( ' iiiailiaiis tn srivr as ;;iii accurately, as to eiiaMe mir ships tl'ilil the Kast itldies to tiiid it nut with ease. atnl then retui'ii tin year rollow'iii'j;. Ni.ur i^nrdship will readily perceive the advaiitae'es ot -mch s we i\ail oui'selves of the kiiowledp' of tile C'rtimdia'.s, who ai"e Will aci|uaititiMl with the country, the langujig^e and manners of the native.s." •I' M !I0 HISTOKV ul nil, \(>UTII-Wi;sT. ! i I'nt tlif fX|»l(»rati<)iis of tlic Nuitli-WfMt wfi-c tn Ih- Ifl'i cliit'lly in flu- Immls dl" tlif liir tnulrrs. In tin- .spring' dl' 177.'). Ml'. .I(ts('|»li l''rol»isli»'i- with tliiity or Inrty ommm's wmt ns I'm iioi'tli IIS ( 'liiirt'liill i-iMT. iiikI. iiitci'crptiii^^ m niiinlM-r of IikIImiis. nil tlifir way to l''«>it ( "liuicliill, siicci-cilfil in Ituyiiij; tlifir Thin. Ill tlif I'iiIIkw inn ycjir In- rt'tiiriirtl to tli»' saint' place, wliicti was at a point in lat. .")")A, loii;^-. lO.'tA ,aiiil liis sccoimI visit was fi|iially siicccssriil witli tlu' first. lie tlit'ii sent Ins lnittlnT t'lirtlit'i' Wfst, wlio pi'intratf.) •>{ ) , Ion;;'. |(),S Mtaiitiiin' the HiiilsDns Hav ('oiiipanv lia«l not Im-cii iillr siiici' tlit'if first aiKancf iiilaial in 1742, for in 1770 tliey stni Mr. licarnt' to iiiaki- r.xplni'ations in tin- Noitli-Wt'st. Start- in;^' IVoiii I'riiii'c olWaU's Korton tlic 7tli Di'CfiniMT, lie I'ollow- cil tilt' t'oiiisf t»l' tilt' Cluii't'liill Hi\fr. aiitl tlit-n tlisftist-rin;^- tlif ( 'iippiTiiiint' Wivi'i', t'olltiwt'tl it tt) its nioutli wlitTf it fiiiptifil III tt) tl If st'a, a ml wlit'if lif fountl tilt' iff uiilirokfii tm tlif I7tli .lulv. Mr. Ufanif was ahsfiit t)ii his jt)urnfy a yfar ami ststii iiionths. ami altlit)iij>h thf (•t)iiH)aiiv iliil not rt'ceixi' an\' ininif- iliatf piai'tifal hfiiffit rrt)iii his ti'ip. it pi't)Vfil t)!" atlvantaj^f in sfNfral ways, chii'tly t'rtan a si'ifiititic ptiiiit til" vifw. In 1774. lit)Wf\t'r, .Mr. HfarMf, wilt) hail hft'ii appt)iiitftl ( >tiili!in-, which is an ohjcct dcscrvin;; of all the enconi'a;^ement and |irotcction which (lovcrnment can. with |ir<»|triety. ;^i\e to that trade. The Indian trade, hy i'Sv\y coiniimnication, is iaiiii'(l on at };;reat expense, ialior and risk, of hotli men ami ]iiiipei'ty : eveiy yeai' furnishes instances of the loss of men and u()o,ls l)y accident or otherwise. It is not. therefoi'e, to lie expected that the traders in ne!i,.|;i| jne men of suhstance : t purchase, with ready money, lliu 'cil lew ol tl leiii are a hie tl such ^ood.s as they want foi- their trade. They are cmse- '|Uetitly indi'hted, fi'om year to yeai', until a return is made ill furs, to the merchants of (Juehec and Montreal, w ho are I fM I I is ; il IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A .^ :/- 2a 1.0 I.I 2.5 ^ 1^ 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V] <^ /}. ^p}. ^ m^. '/ I Photographic Sdences Corporation v )ubt of Your Excel- lency's good will and zeal to encourage the counnercial interest of the Pr.)vince over which you preside, and particulaily of (that) which lies at a great distance from the frontiers of the unnatural rel)el States of America. Therefore, sulnnitting their case to Your Excellency's con- sideration, they humi)ly, and most earnestly, reipiest speel>iHli»'r, iinf till', Ntiith-Wcst Cun'pitnij hnmhly nhtiirth : " Tlmt the Company from thu Boundrtry de.scribed in tliu lato Truaty " of Peace, being appreliensive the I'nited States wouUl avail theniselvoH "of every means in their power to dispossess them of their trade to tlie '• Nortli -We.st, froui being entitled to an eiiual, if not an exclusive, right "to the (Jrand Portiige on Lake Superior and the water conununication " to the extent t)f Lake du liois : Have, at tlieir own expense and with "the approl)ation of Your Excellency, .sent otl'from the north side of Lrfikc "Superior two persons, on whom thuy can depend, accompanied by six " Canadians, to attempt the discovery of another [Missage north of the line " of the Boundary, to the River Ouinipicjue, and from the information your " Memorialists have since received from thejn, they have every reason *<> " expect that this jws.sage, so much to be wished for, will be discoveiv,.! "and found pi'acticable ; which will etteotually secure that valuable " branch of the fur trade to this Province. "That exclusive of this great object, your Memorialists have in view "another discovery of greater magnitude, which is that of exploring, at " their own expense, between the latitudes 65 and 65, all that tract of " country extending west of the Hudson's Bay to the North Pacific Ocean. Vi 'llli: I Tit cn.Ml'AMIls. !)!) iif wliicl) Hurvey» sluill In- tiikmi, sn far as it imiy ho priictic«lili}, Hiid such Miirvoys, witli ri'iiiiirks tlutrfiiixin, rt!S|n)itiiii,' tho iiHtiin! i«f tin- cniiiitiy, (iiul thu tivL'i'a wliicli (lischiiij^i! tlit-ir wiitt'is iiitu tliiit hwi I>o- twoeii tlionu Intitiidfs tn^^etliur witli uvury ntlier iiiforiiiiitiini tlwit cnii lie cnlloctcd fmiii tliu imtivuM, mIhII I»u liiid Iti'fun- the Kiiik's (lovernur fi>r tliis |ir His Maji'sty. "'I'liHt tin- ("niuiiaiiy's stiviints, .is hufnro iiR'Utiniii'tl, are iniw iic- tiially eiiiploytMl in tliu tirst uf thuno tliHciiverius, liuil tlie lattur wliiili iiuist lie CKUHJilorud as an uliject dustTviiiy <>f evoiy encniiraKiiiii'iit frnin tlie Govurnnu'iit, tlmy iiru ready to uiidi-itaki' l>y siu-li nf tlu'ir servants Hiid DtliiT persons wlm are (pialitied to carry tlieir intentions into execution. "That your Memorialists ifi|iiest Your Kxcellency will he pKmsed to represent to Mis Majesty's Ministers tlio value and importance of these discoveries, ami the jiropriety of grtnting to tho Company an exclusive rii^lit to the |)aasaye they may discover from tlie north side of Lake Su- perior to the llivor Ouinipique ; and also of the trade to the North- West either by that passage or hy the jiresent conuiumication of the (Irand Portage for ten years only, as a reward for their N«"'vices and in consideration of their making these extensive and valua e discoveries at their own expense " V'our Memorialists would not prosume to ask for this exclusive right of trade t(j tho North- West, if it C()uld prove injurious to individuals, or hurtful to this Province in general ; hut, on the contrary, they are the only persons who have any interest or connection in that country ; con- secpiently, no one can ho injured hy it, while it will give them the opportunity of making tho discoveries they jiropose, and pursuing the most proper measures, suggested hy long experience, to sujiply the natives abundantly with every necessary they require, hy which only, and a well regulated system in that long chain of connections, the North-West business is capable of being extended. " Your Memorialists therefore re^piest, that until His Majesty's pleasure is knciwn, that Your Excellency will he pleasetl to susjtend the granting of passes for the Grand Portage, or tho passage thay are attempting to discover from tho north side of Liako Superior to the River ()uinipi(|ue, should they ho applied for, and that you will bo pleased t(» signify the same to the officer commanding at Michilimakinac, to the end, that no person may have cause to complain, under a jirotence of having property in tho country, if tho Company should obtain for the considerations now laid before Y'^our Excellency, an exclusive right to the trade from Lake Superior to the North-West. " Y^iur Memorialists pray Your Excellency will tjiko tho merit of '* their memorial into your con.sidoration, and that you will be pleased to f , Jfij! f , ;)| 1, 1 1 '1 1 ■ 'i i I i W ii.,: Ti 101) IIISTOIIV <>l llii; \n|tri|-\Vi:sT, "t'ooiiiiiiutiiil to His Miijfsty'M MiiiistiTs to uiiiiit to Jin- N'nith-W'L'Nt ('<>iii|iiiiiy (of wliicli yoiii' MtiiioiiiilistH iiic din rtotH), n\\ rxtliisivc privili't^'i- of traili' ftoin {.nkv Sii|a'i'ior to tluit country, for ti-ii yt'iirs " only, liH II ii'wurd for tliHcovcring ii now piiMHiij^i- to tin- Uivor* Miiiii|ii(|iu', " .111(1 tlitivliy otrfctiiiilly Hecmiiij;,' to tliis I'rovinco tlio fur traiK- to llu' " Noitli-W'i'st. And ill coiiHidorntioii (ilso of fxpiorlTi^^ at tliiir own ex- " pt'iiHt'. hftwi'i'ii tiif latitiidi's "lo and <»."», all lliat Irait <»f country wist of " lludHon's Hay. to tlic North I'liclHc < ici-aii, and toiiiinunitating to " (lovt'niiiH'iit HiR'h Hurvi'ys and otluT infoiiiiatioii roNpfctiiig that " country, as it iiiay la' in tlii-ir power to olitaiii. " .\nd your MeiiioiiuliHtH, as in duty liound. will over pray, etc., etc." MoNTKKAl-, 4th October. 17H4 ItKN.i. A Jos. Fkoiiisiikk, l>iirrhifi< of I III' ymih- ll'tnl < !iiniiiini II. Ill a It'ttt'i' iU'C()iii[)iiiiyiiio' this Memorial, Mi'ssrs. Krohislici- ^nvc sonic particulars of their tradiiio- ojicnitioiis, prior to the roriiiatioM of the Xorth-West (.'onipaiiy, which are iiiterestiii;;. They say: — "The Hrst adventurer went fi'oni Michiliniakinac, in the 3'car 17()5. The ln* |M'r.scvt'rt'. Taught, liowcsfr, that scjiaiatf inti'iTsts wi-if tin- lifiiir of that trailc, wt- lost iwt tiiin' to t"onn, with tliosc i;;ciitlt'- iiicii and Noiin- others, a coniitaiiy, and haviii;^' iiicn ol' ('X|H'ri('n<'t> and aliilitit's to conduct it in the interior conntry, the Indians were soon alamdantly siijijilicd, ami, hcine- at the sann- tiiin- Well treated, new |)ostN were discoNficd as early as tlu' year 1774, which, to the French, weic totalK' unknown: and. had We not l»een iiiteri'ti])ted hy new adventurers, the jiuhlic HI a t'ew years would have l»eeii well acquainted with the \ahie and extent of that coinitrv. ol' which, e\en at this time, our kiiowlcd^'e is very iinpei't'ect. These ad\enturers, consultiii;:' their own iutercHt onl}', without the least rej^rard to the man- ant. nieiit ol' the natives, and the ecucrnl welfare of the trade, soon occiiHioned .such disoi'der that those who had the most siihstantial proHjJccts lost no tinu- to witlidraw their iirojierty. since wliieh, this laisiness, thoueh not altoe-ether iie^^lected, lias heeii carried on undei- i'l'i^'ii't disadvautau'es, occasioned l>v a varietv of interests, sonietiuics pai'tiallv, and at other times totally unconnected with each other: insoniucli that, at the latter end of tile year I7M*2, those who had persex ered were no more than twelvi' in numher. ami heine- convinced, hx" lon- particulars were ^iven, relating to the manner of conveying- goodv from Montreal to the Xorth-West: — "The inland navi- gation from Alontreal, by which the North-West business is carried on, is perhaps the njost extensive of any in the known world, but it is only practicable for canoes, on account of tlie great num1)er of carryin^-jjlaces. To give Your Excellency some iilea of which, there are upwards of ninety from Mon- treal to Lake du Bois only, and many of them very long ones. Two sets of men are employed in this business, making to- gether upwards of 500, one-half of which are occupied in the transport of gooils from Montreal to the Grand Portage, in canoes of about four tons l)urden, navigated by eight to ten men, and the other half are employed to take such goods tV)rward to every post in the interior country, to the extent of 1,000 to 2,000 miles and upwards, from Lake Superior, in canoes of about one ton and a half burden, made expressly THE Fl'K COMPANIES. lOS tor tlif inlaiKl sorvicc, aiul imvipitcd l)y four to five men only, aceonlin^ to the places of tlieir tlestination. The lar<;e canoeH from Montreal always set oft" early in May, an 1 I 1 •■ i ! ; I 104 HISTORY OF THE XOHTH-WEST. ill II I ii oi'inji's in their annual voyage to and from the CJrand I*orta<^t'." The vahio of the North-West Conipanyn trade in 1784 is shown in the followinj; words : " The propei'ty the Company have already' in that country, exclusive of their aouses and stoi'es, and the different posts, as appears by the settlement of their accounts tiiis present year, amounts to the sum of £25,- 308, 3s. Od. currency : and their outfits for the next sprinj;, which will be sent from Montreal as soon as the navigation is open, will not fall much short of that sum, so that the Com- pany will have an interest at the (irand Portaj^e, in July next, of alxnit £50,000 orij^inal cost in furs, to be sent to Montreal by the return of their canoes, and in o;oods for the interior country, from which Your Excellenc}' n»ay jud^e of what may be expected fi-om that trade, when in our power, by an exclu- sive rij^ht for ten years, to explore the country and extend it. " Mr. Peter Pond, the foUowiup" year, addressed another mem- orial to Lieut.-Uovernor Hamilton, at Quebec, on behalf of the North-We.st Company, recapitulatini; in a measure and sujv portinj^ the ai-<>;uments of the Frobi.shers, adf transport for their ^ocxls on the lakes l)y the Kin{.('s ships, private vessels not hein^ suttereth, with a lock which raises the water nine feet, and have ' 1 / ' l^•^ i I I I w I; . J : .\i 1 . : 1 111 i Iffl ! I \{)H HISTOKV OF THK NOHTll-WKST. also erected thereon a saw mill, Htorehonses and other neces- sary biiiMinj^s for faeihtatin^' the navi;;ation of said canal." Messrs. Fhyn, Inj^lis tS: Co., the London agents of the XY Company, oi)[)osed the applicjiticjn of the North-West Com- pany for a ^'rant of land at the Sanlt, and the Duke of Port- land, writin^^ on the I8th March, IHOO, to Lieut.-( General Hini- ter, agreed with them. He says : — " I am stron<;ly inclined in he of opinion that it must he very much for the benefit of the fur trade, that about foui- or five lea^aies, oi-, perhaps, the whole strait in (piestion, should be forever retaineil in the hands of the Crown." With the formation (jf the XY Com])any, the competition in the fur trade became very bitter, and matters between the contendintj parties be^an te wear a formidaV>le appearance Hostilities broke out between the aj^'ents of the respective coinpanies : alliances wi're formed with the Indians, and the whole trade was carried on in a reckless and extrava<<;ant maimer. In 17!Ki, the Hudson's Bay Company's servants made their appearance at Red River, an expedition e({uipped at Alban}', on James Bay, bein^- conducte vote, ami the aliseiitees votiiie' hy proxy. At the eencral meetiiie', the i)|iei'ations to he carried on the suceeedin;;,' year were arranj^ed, :iiid the stations to be a.ssioiied ♦(> each imli\ idual determineil. At the .same time the accounts oi' the year were .settled, each pfirtnei' l)rinj;ine- in a statement of the transactions of the department he had in ciiai'i^'e. When a wintering- partner iiai' of a wiiiterin*;' partner, the vacancy was tilled l)y the election of another in his place, each candidate bein^ re(|uired to be of r we 11 COl i.sidei'ed. In this wav the clerks of theCom- paiiy, in the hope of promotion, were excited to an activity arid zeal hardly inferior to the pai'tnei's them.selves. Nothinu-, cfitainly, couhl be devised moi'e admirably calculated than this svstem to infuse activity into everv tlepartment of so • xtensive a concern, and to direct that activity in the most t'tft'ctual manner, anut when l)usiness was over and the feastinj^' he^an, the Hcene ol* I'cvcdry was be- yond descri})tion. They were a hard-livine-, liard-(lrinkin<,' set of men, those (jld Xoi-'- Westers ; keen to take atlvantaec where a fur trade was in (|uestion, they were ever ready tiiii)tiiiiiii. Tln' ••oiiiicil nt mi cihI, fiicli wiiitt'riii;; piii'tncr took liis way, iiy liis |M'()|»1»'," to lii.s t'ar-oH' post, with full iiisti-uctions how to |ii(tc»M'(l thirinj; the m-xt twclvf months ; atxi thf h-ailcrs or M;,ft'iitH livinj^^ in Montreal finl»arkt'<| in tht-ii- canoes for their lioiiif on the St. Lawrci let', wliere. tl 1»'V ll\f(| Ul lol' >lh an< lios|iital>l<' style, surrouiKJed hy all the comrorts ami luxuries ol' tile orts. rivers, lake.s and territories within the limits of its ,11 t I 114 HIsTnKV »(|' IIIK \oHTII-WKsT. cliitrJtT, .sliuwiii;;' tlint tlir IIu"Inoii's liny ( '«>iii|iiiiiy wt'iT tlu'ii U|)liol• |)r<>j('ct. however, ciinie to niinj^iit. Tile North- West Mnad Lake, near Kort Alhany, had his house hi'oken into, ami, while lie ami his men were sei/.ed by II force ol' North-West Company sei'vants, the I'urs were stolen. Corri^al's post was hroken into and robbed on .several Mubset|Uent occasions, and about the same time, John ('rear, u Hudson's Hay Company trader, and his men, occupying' ii post cal lei 1 Hi^ l''all, near Lake Wimiipej;, were assaulted ami some of them danj;er(JUsly wounded, while the place was bcin^ robbed of fin's and j^ood.s. In |M()8, Mi-. William Linklater, al.Ho in the service of the Hudson's Hay ('ompany, tr.ided .some valuabh' fui's from the Indians, and was brin^in;,^ them to tlu' ])ost at Rein Deei- Lake, when a Mr. Campbell, of the North- West Company, and some men, stoppe<| and robbed him of all that he had. Instances of the strife that existed between the servants of the two companies wotild, of themselves, till a larire book, but the few we have irlven will show the extreme lengths to which tht^y went. Secluded for years from all society, and far removed from the restraints of law, these men were often {;uilty of acts of injustice, oppression, and even cruelty aj;ain.st their weaker neij^libors, who had no means of obtainini;' redress, and the one thou<;ht uppermost in their TIIK H II < »iMI'ANIK.M. 115 iiiiinlM sct'iiM'il to Im' the MUfccMs nt' tlifir i'('sj)t'('ti\ •' ('niii|iaiii«'H ill |ilt»CUI'ili;f tllf Illl'H^cst lllliullllt uf I'lirs, wlli'tlirr nlituiMi'il Imiifstlv ill tnulf, t»r l»v vinlciici'. Tin- Nnrtli- West ( 'uiii|»iiiiy s ofHcfi-s wt-rc t'xn't'iliiiy^ly lu'tive tiiiil i'iit«'f|irisiii;r, cvt'ii innrt' mo tliaii tliosc (»r tlif Hmlson's I'liiy ('oiii))iiiiy. It is fstiiiiat*''! tlnit nlioiit tliis tiiii*- tlu-y litul over 2,()(K> t'lnployC'H, the ii\fiM;^t' \vii;,'»'s of i :u'li iiriii;; hImhiI t-lo |i< r jiiiiMiiii. Milt tliis was jtaid cliirlly in uo,,.ls sn|»|tlii'i| liy till' (• tiii|iaiiy at a lar;;;*' ]iioHt, iiistcatl ol" cash, wliicli rc- • luci'ii til' total actual amount |iai much in favor of the proposition, and inHueiiee was hrou<;ht hy them to cause th(! matter to he dropped. Lord Selkirk, in his sketch of the Bi'itish fur tra(h\ was particularly severe upon the North-West Company, and ar- gued that the national interest of (Ji-eat Britain would not he promoted by an adherence to their system of carryiui;' on l»usi- ness. He contended that they were opposed to colonization, hecause they considered it would injure the fin* trade. Furth- er than that, he lu'ld that their oidv ohiect was to obtain a ^I'eat immediate return of furs, without any ivpird to its per- manent continuance, and that a war of extermination was hein<<' carried on aj^'ainst all the valuable fiu'-bearini;- animals. Lord Selkirk, at the time, was art-iiint;' aj^ainst free trade in the North-West, holdinj;' that it j^'ave rise to disturbances, bloodshed, extermination of fur-bearini;' animals, and injustice to the Indian tribes, and certainly there was truth in Ids arii;innents. 'I'he North-We.st Company, however, had friends who replied to his .strictmvs. Sir Alexander McKenzie, in his al)le reply, accused the early traders who penetrateil into the country imnuMliately after the contpicst of Canada, of violence and excesses, and showed that the North-West Com- pany was formed to repress those irrei;ularities and enormi- ties, and although subse(|uently scenes of violence were to a cei'tain deg-ree renewed, owino- to the opposition of the fur companies to each other, as soon as a junction of the two pai'- ties took place they innnediately ceased, and he contended that until Lord Selkirk appeared u{)on the scene, tran(|uillity and peace were universally established. Sir Alexander Mc- 'iWm THK VVn COM PA NIKS. 117 Kciizio is not Imu-iu' out. liowevtT, in this statciin'nt hy laots. as \vt! have .shown, a.s thi'iv was ni>)iv (-r le.ss distiu'liaiict' i'l thf North-Wi'st until the anial^aniation of the Hudson's )\ny ami Xorth-We.st C\)nipanieH took place. With retjard to the proposal to resti'ain the liquor trathe of the country hy lej;'islation. the frit-nds of the North-West ("oiiipany held that it would he extremely ditticult. if not ini- jM)ssil)le, to enforce the provisions of an Act of Parliament whiv'h mij;'ht l)e readily olnyed hy one class of persons ami evaded hy another. They stated, too, that there were certain Indians, oi- rather mixed population of Indians jinay Company. H- \- CHAPTER VIII. THE Hudson's hav company. In ))revious chapters we traced tlie (lifierent (li.scoveries iii HiKlfsoii's Bav, and the conttictH between the Entjlish and French for posseHsion of tlnit ^avat inhin^<'i"ii them." In pursuance of the authority thus given, the company in- variably I'xercised all the powei's of government necessary for the administration of justice in their territory, and for that purpose appointed proper officers who acted judiciously in all matters arising therein. THE HIDSoN'S IIAV COMPANY. \-2'.\ Scvrni! ActH of tlu' Hritish IjcoiHlaturo r«'C'()o;iii/,('il tlu' ^'t'li- ctal rif^lits jiiid privileges cluiiiuMl anl II. .(• : ^ :' ' Ii • i i V I liiiim i 1 ! ' I ; 124 HISTURV OK TIIK N( >|{TII-\VKST. Council as .hi(l;;L'.s, who arc to proccc*! according- to the laws of Ki)^laii(l : tiiat the coiiipany may ai>|)oiiit a Sheriff to vxccilto judpiu'iits and do hi.s duty, as in Kiinhiiid : that all ]K'rHons will he subject to tlic jurisdiction of the Court, who reside or are found within tlic tcrritoi'ics owv which it ex- tends, and we do not think that the Act V.i (Jeo. 8, c. i:iH. (connnonly called the Canachi .lurisdiction Act), j^ives jurisdic- ti(»n witiun the tei'ritories of the Hudson's Ha\' Conii)anv — the same hein<; within the jurisdiction of their own (Joveni- oi's aiiv its (lo\ernnient, but also their absolute rij^'lit to ;^rant and convey vast and unlimited portions of territory to otiua's." Tlie {^rounds of complaint which furnished the lon^-con- tinued and embittered opposition U) the company were: • 1. That the charter was i;ranti'd by royal prei'o^ative without ratification. • 2. That it was illegal for the Crown to ^n-ant a monopoly of ti-ade to a favcn'ecl company of subjects. .'}. That the oblii.jations impo.sed by the profe.s.s(Ml objects uf the company, to .search for a passa^v to tlie South Sea, and also to exi)lore for mineral wealth, had been wholly neglected liy the contpany, whicli steridy discountenanced and withstood all such enteri)rises when prompted by others. 4. That a part at least of the territories claimed by the company was really exempted from the ^a-ant made to it, which reco|;nized a possible posses.sion by the subjects of some other Christian Prince.' " It was claimed that a portion of the re^ioji had been pat- ented in 1598, by Henry IV. of France, to Sieur de la Koche, ami that, on the ground of this claim, antedating Prince Kuiiert's charter, the Chevalier de Troyes, in 1(J84, had taken and destroyed the po.sts of the company on Hudson and James Bays, on the plea that the territory belonged to his .*?ovt'reign. According to the report of the commissioners appointed in Iti'ST to consider the rival claims of England and France to Hudson's Bay, the following is the F'rench case as presented : — They claimed "that in 1626 their King conveyed by charter t > the Company of New France, the region now^ known as H \ ? li H|^^w ] (■ ''■ III ..iMi liii 1 Q ri l! II I i i i ?! (I I2() IIISTHUY or TMK N'Oinil-WKST. ('aiiiKla ami tlic \vli(tl»' rt'uioii »)t" Hu7, the whole of Hud.son's Bay was recoifiiized as helone-in};' to the Ci-own of Krance. Hy the treaty of Utrecht, in I71'i, a portion of the shores of Hudson "s Hay was ceded to Knelantl. Tlie French, by as,saultH in 1()H2 and l()H(i, tlestroj'cd all tlic forts except Albany, and Iicld pos.session of York Factory, which they nanieil Fort Hourbon, from 1()!>7 to 1714, and in l(i!)!) tiie French and)assador to Kn^dantl asserted the claim of his ,so\'ereie-M to the whole y coininaiKl of Kin^' Cliaries t)»t' First, nnule a vuvaire to HikIhoh's Hav. aiilishinan, who sailed into a river in the bottom of the l)ay, calling' it Hnjtei't Kivcr. in honor of Prince Knpert, who was princii»ally con- ciriit'd in that exjxMlition with other adventnrers, l)nilt a fort tlit'ie, which he calle, ('apt. Xewland entered Poi't Xel.son, and ijeciared His Majesty's ri^ht thereto by settine' up His Ma- jesty's Arms, as the ensio-n.s of his sovereignty. In the year l(i7(). His Maiestx' was i)leased, bv his Royal Charter, to in- (•or])(>rate the said adventnrers, i^i-antin;,^ them jtower to trade t'xclusivelv to all others within the sai Hudson's Hay in IliMT. On that occasion, e»K!h side presented its view of the ((Uestion, and the ciMiimissioners, the Karl of ►Sunderland, Earl of Middleton and Lord (Jodolphin on tliv part of Kn<;iand, and Harillon ])'Amoncourt, the Manpiis d- Hran<;eH and Sieur Francis Dusson ile Hourepaus on the part of the French, a<.(reetli. Heturned lOtli .\\i^ust followiiji;. Siiccess. — .lolin Hancock, .Mastt'i". .sailed from Prince of Wales Foi't, .lune 2(ltli. Heturned 2nd Septemher. /7J/. Prosprroufi. — ('apt. Henry Kelsey, sailed from York Fort, June "2(itli. Returne»l 2nd September. Siicrcss. — James Xapjiei', Master, sailed from York Fort, June 2(ltli. Lost on SOtli .rune. Wlialchonc. — J* »hn Scroe-ii-s, Master, sailed from (ii'avesend, •Slst Mav. Wintered at Prince of Wales Fort. Sailecl fi-ont tlience 21st .rune, 1722. Returned July 25th following;'. /7-17: Chnri'hill. — .hunes Xapper, ^^lster, sailed fi'om Prince nf Wales F'ort, July 7th. Xai)per diey the Hudson's Bay Com))any, Messrs. 1). Ryder and W^m. Murray being a))p()inted l)y the Committee of tlie Privy ('ouncil to consider and report upon the said {)etition, made the following state- * ment : — "As to the supposed forfeiture of the company's chai'ter hy non-user or aliuser, the charge upon that head is of several sorts, viz : — That they (the Hudson's Bay iUnu- ])any) liaxc not discovered, nor suf!iciently atten)pted to dis- cover, the North-West passage into the South seas or West- ern Ocean: That they have not extended their settlements through the limits of their charter: That they have design - ein])any sent a su])erintendent to each of its posts. The ex- |iaiisi()n of the business, however, soon I'esulted in an adniirahlv iiianajfefl system. A local resident Governor was a|)|)ointed, wlio jti'esided at a council which was heldannually. or oftener, if necessary, for the purpose of directing; all the management ilown to the minutest details foi' the caiTvinir on the affairs of till- connianv throui>'hout its vast territory. 'I'his local (Jover- iKir and council was, of coiuse, sul)ject to tlie Hoard of Direc- tors in London, and, years afterwards, when the com- pany procured its licence for "exclusive ti'ade " over the wiiole North-West, extending- to the Pacific Ocean, the task of administrating- its affairs became one of oivat responsi- bility. When Canada was ceded by the French in 17(18, the Kn^- lisli. following- in the line of their predeces.sors, endeavorecl to pusii the fur tray the North-West Company sending Alexander MoKenzie out, who Followed the river which received his name for 800 miles, and was tin- first explorer to pass tlie Rocky Mountains. In lS20and 182';. .Sir •John Franklin was sent 1)V the British (Jovernment, and ad- vanced the exploration of McKenzie. In 1821), the British • (Jovernment sent Sir John Ross, and, in 1882, aided by private subscriptions, despatched Sir CJeor^e Back to search foi" liini. The Hudson's Bay Coujpany, which had rendered aid in the.se and other expeditions, then took up the work of exploration at its own charges, and in 188() sent Thomas Simpson and Feter William Dease, who, in 1888-0, discovered what was ,snj)- posed to be the longed-for water opening'. It will thus be seen that the Hudson's Bay 'Nimpany played no inconsidrr- able part in North- Western exploration. At the risk of bein^ accused of repetition in our narrative, we will now recapitulate the ditt'erent phases of opposition offered to the company from the time when it obtained its charter. While the comj)any hatl as yet planted its posts only (m the shoi-es of James Bay, and at the mouth of Chur- chill and Hayes Rivers, the French, by as.saults in 1()82 and 1(580, destroyed all the posts, except Albany, on the fornuT bay, and held po.s,session of Voi'k Fort from KiDT to 1714. In 1082, the con pany petitioned (.'harles II. for protecti h' f ^™ ! .. ^ m ■ t i 1 A I ' '■i , li '^' ' ipi j m.M fr r i 1 m t i 1 ' ' , : iii^ \ \\ l:U HISTOKV OK THK \()HTH-\VEST. vt'SHels ^t'lienilly cikIchvoiviI to k('t'|» to^ctlicr on tlic outwfinl passage, parti ii^', after entering' the Hay, the one Toi- York Fac- tory, the other for Moose Factory on James Bay. I'wo yeai's supplies of uoods were kept at York Factory to t^uard against the faihn'e of arrival of the Hhi[)S, tVoni which it would appeal' that the company had not the fullest confidence in the navi- j^ation of the straits. In orfler to facilitate the transport of ^cmxIh, the parcels ini- pox'ted and the Inindles of furs exported were done up so as not to e.xceed one luuulred pounds each in weij^ht. These were conveyed inlaml in canoes, and a strong- man would carry two of them over a portage hy a strap passin<.j either ovei- his forehead or across his chest. In winter, a s1»m1 without run- ners, and drawn l>y four oi- ei<;ht do^s, was substituted foi- the canoe, and in this manner tlu' supplies were transported to the inland posts, from thirty to sixty miles ])er day beinj^ the rate of speed at which they were conveyed. The posts of the company, bein;athered in its storeliouses thousands of ba^s. Most usually prei)ared from the buttalo, })ennnican mij;ht V)f made also of moose meat, deer or mountain sheep. The two yearly hunts of the natives were busily turned to the account of the manufacture of pemmican, and during the liuut, hun- dreds or even thousands of tixe animals were droppeoured into the l)a<;, stii'ivd into a mixtun- and then carefully closed from the air. This f(M)d, which was the main-stay of the company's people when travelling,', would keej) ])erfectly ^ood for years, if stored in a dry place and was transported at wide distances for men and doj^s. The rations of food dealt out to the voya^eurs and to those at the posts varied accordinjf to the nature of the sujiplies. On the shores t)f the bay, a wild ^oose was a day's ration — so Were ten poun; with the natives. When tlie Indians moved in companies, for a \isit to a post with their fui's, thev hail to brinii' with them theii' food and all theii' household floods — their lodye ])oles and coverinijs, their pans and kettles, and theii- whole families. The visitors were re- (piired to keep at a respectful distance from tlie precints of the ])ost, and, while camp was bein^' formed, tlie em[»loy(^s of th(! company would make the necessary arran-e its use as much as has been laid to its cliarfjo. In trading, the beaver skin represented the unit f)f value, and the tariff of other skins was rei;'ulated thereby. The Indians would receive, little sticks prepared for the purpose, each one representing the value of a beaver skin, and these sticks were tlu' cui'rency nse(l and accepted by the company ' THK Hl'DSONS HAY CO.Ml'AXY. i:i7 ill dealing witli tlie IndiaiiH. When tlu' latt«'i' had di.s}M),SLMl of thoir i'ur.s they proct'eiled to purehaw tlieir supplies, trin- ki'ts, etc., aii, the dividenil wiis twenty-five per cent., and in 1(190, tiie stock was trebh'd with- out H!iy call hein^ made on the shareholders. So tht; twentx- five pel- cent, dividend of that year was really seventy-five per cent. From l(i})2 to 1()J)7, the damage F the fur t'onipanics. It will l)«' seen tVoiii tlu' abovi- list that tin- ti'adfis tioiii .Moiitri'al luul extended their operations far into the interior Iti'fore the Hnilson'.s Hay Company Ix'^an to estahlish jiosts there, as it was not until l7!>Mthat tiie eomjiany's sei'vajits n|»|)eare<| on the Ked Kivei- foi' the first time. Then sue<-ee(|e(l a period of keen competition between t!\e rival fur companies — the erection, in (juick succession, of new trading posts throughout the comitry, the amalpimation of the North-West and XY (\)mpanies, and their united efforts iiuainst the Hudson s |-5a\' (/omijanv. This continued initil tlu' Karl of Selkirk appeared upon the scene, when iiie conflicts between the two companies ass\uned such proportions that the attention of the Home and Colonial ( liivernments was called to the scenes of l)loo(|she(l and distur- liiiiice attending;' tiiem. In the beoinnin^' of the present century, Loi'd Seikii'k was extensively eneaircd jn colonization projects in British North America, and in connection with them visited the City III' Montreal. He then had an oj^portuuity to encpiiiv into the iipei'ations of the Xoi'th-West Company throu^^'h the attenticjns III' the aj^fents and partners of that corporation, in their efforts til entertain him, .md the infoimation lie I'eceived at the time (feated a profound impression upon his mind as to the ;ii'eat liossibilities of the Xorth-West. On his return to Knglaiid. His Lordship c<.ntiiH'ied his en- i|niries in relation to the subject which so much interested liiiii, and it was not lon^- until he recognized the superior ad- vantajjes possessed by tiie Hudson's Bay Company over those "f their rivals in the prosecution of the fui* trade. He saw ) u ■ ^N ii j ' 1 1' 1 i ■ y , 1 i ; i '11 UM ■ I 140 HISTOHV Oh' THK NOHTII-WEST. that tliL' ()Vt'r-liinnij»any. 'I'lic mm IV(tm tlic north of Scotland, althouj^h hardy, wci'c stulihorn, unhmdinj^' and miittcr-ol' fact in tln'ii- intfirourHf with the natives, and, added to this, no idea ot" stH)ereroj;ation ever eiiti^reil their minds They were, therefore, not so |>(>|iulai' with the Indians, or so MUccessful in trade as the i-oiiickine-, reckless Kj'eiich Cana- dians : and, as a result of this, the latter penetJ'ated regions in the prosecution of tirade far ahead of the former. The North-West Company, indefatij^ahle in its etlorts ti> extend its trade, after estahli.shing posts adjoining the diHerent factories of the Hudson's IJay Comjtany wherevei* they were huilt, continucfl its proeress to the northwar\ TH|; l'.\< ||'|( ('((AST. I4:{ wlii'ii til)- two Im-oiiiic iiiiiiil;^Miiiatc|»in^ tlieni direct to the I^ondon market, and it is HU|»|»ose;rand com- mei-cial scheme, ;«nd attracte' enerjjy of such men as John Stuart, McGillivray, McTavish, and others, to upset his schemes, and here is where he did not show his characteristic foresi}.jht, for when he maTeement amonj; the paw- ners of the North-West Company, and several of them left that concern in disgust. These were just tlu' men Mr. Astor had in view : men of influence and experience amont,^ sava^-fs, and who, from their eai'lier days had been brought up in and habituated to the hai'dships of the Indian trade. Five nf them, nameN THE rACIl'IC (OAST. 145 st'Xfk concern was formed with a capital of i:i*20(),()0(), winch Mr. A.stor fin-nished. The shares were 100 of #2,()()() each, with power to increase the capital to .S50(),00(), and the asso- ciation was to last for a period of twenty years, with a pro vise, however, that at the end of five vears it was to l)e dis- solved, if found to be unprotitahle or inipracticahle. The allotment of shares was as follows : Mr. Asior 50 shares. Mr. Hunt, who was ai>pointed chief manager, 5 shares. The other partners 4 ■ Iiares each, and the remainder were reserved for the clerks, wlio Joined the company as adventur- ers without any other renumeration than their chance ol suc- cess at the end of the five years trial. The company heinj^ thus formed, a vessel called the Tonqitin was fitted out in IHIO, and Captain Thorne, a lieutenant in the service of the United States, placed in C(jnnnand. A l)arty consistinjjj of four partners, McKay, Mcl)ou>;all, and the two Stuarts, with nine clerks, anr' 4 ( ^ 1 ■ ■ 1 ■ ■ r i! . h«^>i3 11 £iiB Wpw f '' rail i BiiJ HI 11 Bi . f 'i'.W.- ■mM i 11 140 HISTORY OF THE X(U{TH-\VE.ST, lianly vctemns who thoufjht of nothing Init to toil and ob»'\ , while the men who were en^aj^ed in their place proved to lif hroken down, unreli* Me, and in many cases utterly ui.tit fur the hardships of the journey. At Mackina the rii^tiiii; ami carousing of the trappers and adventurers assembled there made it impossible for Mr. Hunt to .secure any niunber of <^(wd men. and V)ein^ joined by Mr. Crooks, another partner in the enni pany, the part}' made their way to St. Louis where they arriv- ed on the 8rd September. Here several Americans eii^'a^^-'l with Mr. Hunt, and received their advance in money for tlif trip, but l)ecominj; dissatisfied with the rations served to them, deserted in a bodv. Not only did they leave in this mainiti'. but they also {;ave the expedition a bad name, so that it was found impo.ssible to secure men to till their places, and Mr. Hunt was at a stand-still, bitterly repentinj; his refusal totaki- McKenzie's advice at Lachine to employ (^anadians. Soon after this, however, Mr. Miller, another partner in the company, joined the expedition, and he bein^' well known as a trader on the Missouri succeeded in inducinji' ainind)er of men to join it. It may be stated here also that the opposition of the Mis.souii Fur Company to the undertakin;;' proved a p'eat obstaclt.' in the way of Mr. Hunt, Imt at last after a vexatious delay of forty-eij;ht days the party left St. Louis on the 21st ()ct(.)b(i', just one month and a half later than the sailing; of the Ton- quin from New York. The expedition moved slowly, ancl on the KJth November went into winter-(|uarters at Nodowa, about 450 miles up tin- Missouri, where they were joined by Mr. McLellan, anotlit-r ])artner, who had the reputation of bein^ one of the best shots in Aiderica. During the winter, numerous desertions took place, and when, on the 22nd April, the paity made a fresh > : i If! 11' 1 ; .1 « , iL JA^ ' " I THE FUll TRADE < >X THE PACIFIC COAST. 147 start oil the journey, tliey were sadly decreased in ninnbei*s, hut Mr. Hunt, notwithstanding this, pressed Foiward, and on the 1 4th September reached the heijfhts of the Rocleinfj^ destitute of j^ame, so that starvation stared the unfortunate party in the face, and several disasters, followini; with the loss of three or four of the men, placed the expedition in a deplorable condition. It was then that two parties were formed, one under Mr. Hunt, and the other in charj^e of McKenzie, and in this way tlit^y proceeded alonjj^ the river, enduring every hardship it is ]ioissible to conceive, sometimes going without food as many as five days at a time, (^heereil im, however, bv tlu- exami)le iind endurance of their leaders, the two bo. Theii- voyage was full of adventure, and throuj^h the arbitrary and disagreeable conduct of tlie captain of the ship, their lot was far from bein^ a pleasant one. On one oc- casion, wliile several of the party were on land durinj; the time when the ship was taking in a supply of fresh water, the captain sailed and left them to their fate on a desert shore, and if it had not been for the determined conduct of Mr. Robert Stuart, one of the })artners, who threatejie()th there wa.s an unwarrantable jiiccipitation — a manifest want of sound judpiient. We made the land in the middle oi' a storm, the channel and coast hoth unknown to us, and without either ))ilot or j^uide ; luider such circumstances it was evident to all that no boat could live on tlif water at the time (to take S()undin<;s), far less reach the slinrc : and our entering; the breakers at so late an hour, the sun at the time not bein^; Hfty minutes above the horizon, the diannel also bein^ unex|)lored, was certaiidy a premature and tnrlorn inidertakinj; ; but there existed such disunion — such a spirit of contradiction on board — that the only wonder is hcnv We ever <(()t so far." Some time was s|)ent after this in examining; the shores, with the view of choosing a suitable place to huild on. At last it was settled that the new establishment should be erect- eil on the south side, on a small rising ground nan»ed Point (it'orj^e, distant twelve miles from the mouth of the inlet or l)iir. and here, on the 12th April, 1811, the whole party, con- sistinj.^ of thirty-three persons disendmrked, and on the 18th May followinjf, the foundation of the town of Astoria was laid, the place beinjjf .so named in honor of Mr. Astor. • 111 June, the Tonqain sailed from Astoria on a tradinj.;; ex- ju'tlition to the North, and not lon^ afterwards the ship was lost, thus leaving Astoria without any means of protection aj,faiiist the Indians, or proper means for carrying (xn trade. With not a siufjle ^un mounted, or a palisade rai.sed, the party stilt out by Mr. Astor was left without the least precaution Ih'Iiij; taken to secure life or property, and this state of tiling and the many mi.shaps that befell the expedition, show«>d a lack of proper management somewhere in the orjjanization of the enterprise. .•'--.■«' ii 'II: III i !| # t t i n ■: ( Mi 1 \ •1 1 t p. 150 msTOHY (»K THE N'OHTFf-WEST. It iii.'iy Ix' intcrcHtin^ at this sta^'c, before proceedin;^ with onv account of A.storia, to }j;iv(' a few particiih'""'* relatijiji; to the fate of the Tonfjain. That vessel saih'«l from the mouth of the Columbia on the oth June, 181 1, on a tradinj^ specula- tion to the nortliward, and on the eve of starting;, the captain. Htul»born and unri^asonable as ever, dischar^e'uard by visitinj]^ the ship unarmed. On the day before the ship was to lea\e New Whitby, the place where McKay was carrying; on his trade, a couple of lari;*' canoes, followed by others, came alongside oft'erinj;; furs for sale, and the occupants wei*e allowed to come on board. Tin' inteirpreter, however, saw si^ns indicating that their visit was with hostile intent, and aj^ain warned McKay and the Captain, but the latter treated the caution with contem|)t, until tlie numlx^r of Indians on board obstructed his efforts to ijet tin' ship ready for Hailins, was thrown overfjoartl into a canoe. Capt. Thorne made a detenninetl stand a^^ainst his as- sailants, but hein^ anneid dreadfully injuring as many more. The first impression iuiiong the surviving lTif voy- jiireurs left at tin; same time and in his comi)anv, for the pui'j)oHe of e.\plorin*i^ that interior which ^fi-. 'i'hompsoM had (lescrihcd so unfavorably. Hut, had the Astorians been wise they would luive ^iven Mr. Thoiiipson the cold shoulder, or if .Mr. Astor had foreseen tiie wiles (A' the Nor -Westers suffi- ciently, his enterpi'ise miji'ht ha\e succeeded hett*'!-. He that as it mav, the colony at the mouth of the Cohnuhia encounter- vi\ manv ditticultii's wliich. it would seem, a little foi'esifdit iiii<,dit have pi'cvented. I'ndouhtedly Mr. Astor was to a ;;i'eat e.xtent in tlie hands of his partners. Itut, knowing' as he must have done and ()♦" which he was warned, that the North- West Company woidd frustrate his liesie^ns if jtussilile, he sli(ad stipplit'N tVom New York, oi'sliij* any furs tlit'ic, and that tlit-rcrori' tlit-y \v(»nl()tten, and when the overtures came from the North-West Company to buy, McDou^all a^^reed to the tran.s- ftr. He lias been blamed in sonu; (piaiters for .sacriticin;; Mr. Astor's interests, and that t;entleman is reported to have said that he would sooner have taken nothinjf than to have s(rld the furs at the prices McDou^all a<;reed to. No doubt the North-West Company madt,' the best barpiin they could, but it would appear as if both principals to the tran.saction wei*e dissatisfied. Mr. Astor. on the one hand, thou;,dit that he re- ceived too little, and Mr. Jolni Stuart, on behalf of the Nor'- Westers, declare* 1 that McTavish had paid too much. Soon the •H I I 'I UHHK |l' : i i I I !.-)(; IIISTOHY OF THE N'oUTM-WEST. whole it niiiy lie citucluiltMl tliut .M('l)i>u;;iill iimilf tlif lu-st linMIIp'IIH'Ilt lit' cnul"! Ulltlt'l" tilt' cin'UIIIstulU't'N. Tlir tl'illlMilc. tioii wuM t'tilly uj^n-t'i'd tn t)M tin- hitli ()cti)l»i'i', IH|:V tlir Nvlioit' HiilcH iiicluiliii;; I'ms tiiul iiu'i-clminliNf. miKmiitiii;;. it is Huiti, to ^HO, ')()(), for wliicli hills tm tlu' ii|ft'iitH of thf coiii- piiiiy ill ('imiulii wtTf to \n- ^ixfii. \U\t Mc'riivish I'Xpi'ctt'il thf an'iviil of an iiriiu'tj Mhi|), tlir Indiir Todil at any moini'iit, ami in that case Astoria wouM ht' ('H|itni'i'tl as a prize, ami his hills of I'xchaii;;;*' saviMJ. Sti ht'. for t>nt' reason oi- another, put oft' completing; the har- "•ain made with M('I)oueall, the tlissatisfactittn of Mr. .lohn Stewart at the priee ae;reetl upon, havine; no ilouht something- to tlo with his intlecision. McDoueall on the other hand ha convey the fiu's into the interior, should tlu' Isatir '/'< (A/ ari'ive. and matters went on in this way for nearly a month, when MeKen/ie, Mr. McDoupiirscolleajiUe, HUtrevHteil a measure likely to brine- MeTaxish to terms. 'I'lic latter antl his party wei'e practically without arms oi- prn- visions, and hein^' canipetl umler the euns of the fort, were therefore at the meiry of the Asttu'ians. McKenzie's j)lan was to man the V)astions, load antl point the y,uns, and with the e-ates shut, irive the Xtn-'-Westei's two hours to tlecitle either to sifii the hills t)f exciianye, t)r hreak oft' the ne^otiatitiiis aito- e-ether, antl remove to t)tiier tpiarters. This su}.je;estion was acted upon, and the Xt)r'-\Vesters were l)rt)u^ht to terms — the bills were tinally antl formally sienetl, antl Astoria passed into tht^ hantls of the North-West ('t)mpany on the 12th Novem- ber, (anothtar account says the 2.Srtl ()ctol)er), 181H. A few of the Astorians joined the service of the Nta-th- VVest C'ompany, amonjjst others, McDouf^all, antl this circuni- .^tance j;ave rise tt) a suspicion that he had been acting,' all Tin; ITU iitAhK o\ rm; i-achic roAsi'. •u iiliiii;^ ill tin' intiTcsts ol' tlir Hi'itisli timl ii|;aiiist tlit- Aiiu'i-i- ciiiw, Idit Jiiil^in;^' IVum tlu' imm's rt'|»iitMtioii for lioin'sty, tliin is not ut all likely. Mr .Inlm Stiiurt, .sucni nltfr tin- truiiMrcr. .startiMl ill coiiiitiiiiy with McKrii/if for tin- iiitfriur tn take iivtT tilt' )>()sts nl' tln' I'acitic Kur ( '(Hiipaiiy. wliicli was acnan- |ilisli*'i| in I )('ct'iMl)i'r. ami IVnin that tiiiit> tli)' North- Wi'st ( 'niii]tany rt'ij^iifd .sii|ii<'iii(' west nj' the moiiiitaiiis, with I'Oit ( it'((i'};(', tilt' iiaiiM' liy which Astniia wa.s ic-cliristtMfd as tlicir iit'ail-t|uart«'rN. . The lonj^-wiNJit'd-J'or ship, Iminc Tmhl, A'ul not ari'i\(' as cx- )M'('t<'(l, and Mr. .lohii Stuart with a pai'ty went apiiii t<> tlu' |iu,stH (»i' th«' interior with such iia'rchaiidi.sc as he cduld collect at the I'di't, tor the purixwe (»!" su)»|tlyiii^ o;oods I'nr the wiiitei's trade. On that trip a trreat deal of opposition was exper- ienced IVoiii cei'tain tribes of Imlians aloii;;" the Coluinhia. and it re((uired much tiniiiiess and coura^ie on the part of Mr. Stuart and his companions to accomplish their mission. When ^oods wei'e stolen, which they were on .several occasions, till' savaei's wei'e compelled to return the articles, and unfcd this was done tlie women and children of the trihe were.sei/ed, and kept as hostaj^es. By such means, and ])rest?ntin;^ a well- ;fuarded front to the enemy nijfht and day. the Nor'-WesterH succeeded in [)ushin}4; throu^^h without any l)loofh the varit)UH encounters yt)U have had with the natives .shoultl have tauj^'ht them to res eet the whites, antl c't>nvint'e them that nt)thin^ is tt) be piined by force: yet as the attack t)f last autunni was bt)th tlarini;' ami premetlitatetl, I am afi-aid it is but the forerujuiei' of ;;i'e;itei' aii';i;ressit)n. Vol. will, how - t^ver, have t)ne ^reat ailvanta^f in the sprinii,', which i' , tluit if tile natives be at that season numei'ous alon^' the ct)mmunic!i- tit)n, it must be with a hostile design, and, perlia|)s, by bej^in- nni o-tl le .^rt'ect^ as.sau I'lausi It yourselves, vou will be able to counteract it> ble, h tl ittwever, as this may a|)peai" in tlieory, it mi<,dit prtibably have ji very ditterent ott'ect in practice. I shall, tliereft)re, leave tiH'mv atlvice. lest vtai mi meet with niaiiv tlithculties, and instead t>f trvin«>; to ctaiciliate the In tlians, they adopted a hit^hdiantletl course whicli made mattii> worse. Addetl tt) this, the Hut|st)irs Hay Company coiiimc;.(( 'I to use mt)i'e enery^'etic measures tt) extemi llieir trade, ainl, takiiij;' .i leaf t)ut t)f the Nor -Westers' book, they benan totin- Tin; I'lH THADK <»N TIIK I'ACIKic (OAST. I ."■)!• |p|(iy ( 'jiimF THK N( (HTH-WEST. iiHjj tor tliL' (iiscovfrit's uuiAa uiKler tlit* autliority of the I'ur coin- paiiicH, New CHU'doniu or British Coliiiabia \vo\iM never liavi- exi.st«Ml, and Canada would be shut out from access ^ tlit- PaelHc. It wjiH only in 18(50 that the HudHon's Ha}' Company finally abandoned its various establiHlunents in Oregon and Wa.shinj;ton Territory, and the movable property not disposed of was transferred to Fort Victoria, on Vancouver Island, tin- ])oint at which, as headquarters, the operations of the company west of tlie moinitains have since been centred and carried on ■i,nl i! CHAITKR X. THK SKI.KIKK SF:TTI.KMKNT. The youths employed by the North-West ( 'oiii|)aiiy, chiefly Scotch, were artich?, practically f^ave him unlimited control, and he hastened to takt! advanta^t' of it in favor of a scheme of colonization which he had in view. At a p'lieral coui't of the company, convened in .May, INI I the proprietors were informe(l that the j^overnor and commit Tin: .SKLKIHK SKTTLKMENT. KW tfc rccoiiiiiK'inlctl }i ^rant, in fee simple, of IMi.OOO s(|unre miles of territory to the Karl of Selkirk, on eoiulitioii that he shoiiM e.stahli.sh a colony thereon, and fnrni.sh, on certain terms such lal)orei's as wei-e i'»'(|nire(l hy the company in theii' ti'ade. This was opposed hy a ninnher of tiie j)roprietors, hut, not- withstanding their pi'otest, Lo)"d Selkirk succeeded in ohtain- inu' the i>i'ant which is desci'ihed as follows :— " Hci'innin;'- at till' westei'U shores of Lake Winnipeg", at a point on .")2° -W north latitude, and thence running- due west to Lakf Winni- peyoosis, otherwise called I^ake Winnijx't; : thence in a south- erly direction throuj^h said lake, so as to strike its western shoie in latitude 52° : thence due west to the ])lace whei-e the parallel ')2 intersects the western hranch of the Hfd Hiver, otherwise called the Assinihoiiie Hivei': theno- due south tiDiii that point of intei'.section to the heights of land which separate the waters run nini;- into the Hu 1 '1 III IM |||liiij i 11 ma 1 1 :\ i ' 11 I(i4 HISTOKV OK TIIK NollTM-WKST. aurin},f- iii;; ii]i in the ni^ht, he set sail. Miles Maedonell, in his letter til i^tiiil Selkirk, l)lanies the customs nuthoi"iti«'s for tiie trniiltlr that took jdace. hut tiiere is very little douht that tliusr (i|i)»osed to the colonization scheme were at the bottom i)t' it. Maedonell wj'ites: " This, my Lord, is a most unfor- tunate liusine.ss. I cannot now state what innnber we nuiy he fihli' to take alonij;, the delay for these last two days hy the custoiiis house has occasioned all this, and the manifest pai't taken hy tin- collector, his friends and adherents, a<;ainst this liusiiH'ss. " In another lettei-. he says: ' Mrs. Keid. wife of the collector at Stornoway. is aunt to Sir Alexander McKenzie, and lif called ('a])tain McKt-nzie, is mai'rieil to a daughter of tlir collector ; the.se. with all their adherents, are in a united r*\ Selkirk's enterpi"i.se. The expedition, however, saile»| from StoiMioway on the 2tltli .hdy, 181 1, and arriv»'d at York Factory on tin' *24th Scpttiiiber, after a pas.sa^e of (il days, at that time the lon<^*- <>t an! latest ex'er known to Hudson's Hay. In a letter to Lniij .Selkirk, dated the 1st Octobei", Miles Maedonell writes: I t'< award a general retui'ii of the nund)er of men, eftectixe am! tion-ett'ective. accordiii^ to the li.sts which ha\e reached iiii' ; by this your Lordship will see our Htren},fth at one \ iew, ami deficiency from non-apj)earance and desertion : our total iniiiihers on board all the .ships amount only to !>0 laborers ^i 1^! ._ .:/.. Jill 166 HISTOHV OK TIIK NOHTII-WKST iukI I') writers, incliKliiio' Mi-. iJourkc: iiifikin^^ n ;,n'iiii(l t<»t.il ol' 105, »'xclnsi\r ol' us who fiiil>arkt'<| at (JravcscMul." Tliis liaixl was ('((iiipoHtMl ol" |)('o|ilr IVoiii Irrland, Orkney and (Jlas- iii'W. tlu' latt(!r, it aniieai's. hfiim- tin- most turl)uK'iit ami «ii^ satisfied. In NoNcniher, Miles Macdoiu'll, with a iiuniher of the emi •i'rants, moved t'' a point on the Nelson Hivei', ahont tilt; miles IV ;'iti , and wintert d tl len ami li'om a II conn ts th 'iicy ol i)i-(» H ■ d li'om many hanlships, throu^di insiitHci- ons, •'' ease, and other causeH. Insuhordinatiun and discontent amon^' t'le colonists aj)i)eai"ed, and tin- leaileis of the exjHMlition had much dithcidty in ipiitstin^^ thiui. It i^ evident also from lettei's written at the time that Macdoiicll looked forward to trouhlesonie times ahead, and he does imt conceal his oj)inion that the North-West ('om|)any wouM do all in theii' powei- to destro\' the proposed settlement on tin H(m| Hiver. He thus wi'ites on 2.')th Deeendu'r to Mi'. \\'illi;iiii Auld, the Hudson's Uay Superintench-nt at York Factory " Weie we to form a jud;,;nient of all Indians hy the prest nt inoH'ensive ami docile stat< tl le natives in the \icinit\ the shoi'es of Huoine nation, into wIium' C(nintry we are ^i'oin*;'. are repre.sented as auionr the nntioiiH is to iiif mict'itniii. ami jiiHtitirs liciiiu- nil our t;uai«l lit all points." Till' ( ilasifow colonists sccin to lia\r i^iNt'ii .Macilniifi! tin' must tiouldi' ilurin^ the wintrr ami l'ol|t»\vin<; sprinli«»;t'(l to rcsoi't to liai'sii 1 1 it ';i suits with them, hut on til.' I!>tli .Funt', I.S12. he wi'itcs to i.ord Selkirk as follows: ■ I am happy to inl'oiiii your Loi conduct towards them, ha\ in a proper sense of their situation and suhmitted. This is so lai well; they are, however, lost to us, as 1 cannot think of takin*;' any of them to Red River settlement. ' Thus ended the iiiHuhordination for the time heine'. ami he- tiiiv leaving- their (|Uai'teis on the Nelson Rivei', Macilotiell ^I'lit to l^ord Selkii'k, sniijiles of stone and sand wliii'h he ri'iiiid there and which he thus de.sciihes : "Mr. iSoiiiki'. wli»> may .justly claim the merit of the disco\-ery, supposes them to '»• of the most valuahle kinds. Diamonds, ruhies, etc., etc., iiiid irold arents witli the sum of five pounds sterliiij;". as a suhstantial token ol their aj)prol),'tioii of the youn^' men s merits. On till' ari'ival of the Hrst hatch of F^ord Selkirk's colonists at Ked Hiver. in Auirust. I(SI2. tliev were met l»v a itai'tv ol emjiloyi's of the Xoi'th-West ('om])any. di,s<;uised in the dress of Indians, wiio warned them that they were unwelcome vis- itoi's. The appc.-iiMuce ami manner of the Nor"- Westers se«'iii- ed to l)t> ,so hostile and meiiacini^". that the settlers bccaim' fi'ij^htened and ready to adoj)t any j»roposition made to them Wt Til THK .SKLKIKK SK'ITI.KMKNT, 10! I U>v their snffty. It wan tlicii n'S(»lv»'(l to move on to I'mihiiui, t(i whii'li |)la('«' tlif h TIIK NtiHTM-WKsT. tIliN |mity l»y Lor iiiiliviihial who t'onml tin sii|i|ios*-(| iliaiiioixis an that hrou^ht him out. and never went further inlantl than the encampment on Nelson Hivei', yet he had the credit of hein^' the first minister of relie-jou from tin Ihitish Isles who «n'er set foot on the shoi'es of Hud.son Hay. InOctoher. IH|:{, Mi-. Keveney airived at I^'d Hivcrwitli his pai'ty and consiened his charec to Miles McDonell. It is a sinenlar coincidence that tlie .second hatch of eniie;rants hail tn make their way to I'emhina like tlu' first, almost innnediatel\ afte)" theii" arrival at Fort Doue-las. Provisions had heen .scarce pri'vious to their coiiiin;;', hut tlioir presence made mat THK SKI.KIIIK SKTll.KMKXT. 171 trl> WOI-M*', IIIkI SI> tilt' Wllnlf colony |>r))y homes to make room for exteiisivf siieep-truets. A niimher of these iinhaii|iy people Wire intlut'ed to join the Selkirk colony, and in the Summer i>\' lS|:i, Hailed from StromnesH for lliidson's Hay. I>uriny,tlie V(iya;;e. fever hroke out amoiij. the pa.ssene;ers. and when tliey arrived at their destination, the party of Scotch emi- ;,nants Were in a dreaeiMliiie a UKtst miserahle winter at ('hurchill and York Factory, the sur- \i\urs of this tliini hatdi of emigrants started in the summer "it 1SI4, for Hed Kiver, arrivin;^- there early in autumn. A fiw days aftei 'heir arrisal, each head of a iamily was put in |Mi>sessioii of H)0 acres of land, hut there were neither im))le- iii.iits to till the stiii, nor a sutHcieiicy of food to he had. Aclded to this the settlement was on the eve of a .series of I ■sr ! .1 ! '; ^l||f|i; #ii- •, 172 IIIS'I'ORV OF THE N'OirrH-WKST. ' N Ift r t «listui'l>aiic»'s which .shoi'tly at'tcrwards rrsultrd in the dcstnic- tioii of thf colony hy the scrvimts of the North-Wc^l Company. It sccins tluit a few months hcfoi-c the arrival <»f this last hatch of emigrants. Mr. Miles McDonell, who \uul heen appoint- ed ( Jovenior hy Lortl S«'lkirk, issiied the following' proclama- tion : Whei'eas the Kiijlit Honorable Thomas Karl of Selkiik i^ anxious t(t provide for the families at present foi-min^' sett!.' ments on his lanils at Red Hiver with those on the way to it. ])assinj;' the wintei' at York and Churchill Forts, in Hudson s Hay, as also those who are expected to arrive next autumn, renders it a neces.sai"y and indis))en.sahle j>ai"t of my duty to ])rovide for their suj>port. In the yet luicultivated state of tlie country, the ordiiuiry resources (h:'rived frm{)any, in the prosecution of their fur trade, it is not surpiisinj^' to hear that the foreeoini^r piodamation excited the hittei'est feelines on their ))art against the Scotch settlers, adtled to which, Mr. McDonell ha 1 ', mm ! B 176 msT«Hv HikIhoh's Bay Company ClTimKHT (J RANT, I>.\ST()NN()1S PaXUMAV, W.M. Shaw, l)()NII<>MMK MoXTol'H. .IaMKS SrTMF.IU.ANI), Chief Factor, .Ta.mks Whitk, Surgeon. I' \ Tlif rt'Huit of Cameron's attack on Ft)rt DouirliiH was the (U;- stniction of the settlers' houses, antl the Iti-eakiu}^ up of the colonv. Some of tiie colonists entered the service of the Hutl- sons Bav ('om()anv : othei's ivpaired to Jack Kiver, on Lake pai Winnipeg', one or two returned to Voi"k Factory, a few re- mainetl, and ahout fifty families wei"e. at their own solicita- tion, conveyed to Canada by tin Xorth-West Company, and JimdtMJ at York, now the city of Toronto, and it seeme •■rtct I'ude huts to shelter themselves, hut in a month or so they had to leave these temporary houses, and Journey to the plains in th. hope of procui'in^f food, there hein^' a scarcity of pi'ovisions at Pend)ina, ann the lilth June, IHIG, an event liappenetl which once more l>ronoht desolation to the colon\'. The hij,di-handed proc«'edin«js of Miles McDonell, and the siihseipjent aj^^ressive policy of the Earl of Selkirk, ci'eated very hitter feelings between the otHcers of the Hudson's Hay and North-West Companie.',, and several collisions took place, resultinj; in loss of life and ])roperty on both sides. Lnril Sel- kirk's nolicv was to extend the tl'ade of the Hudson s Hav Company into distant parts hitherto monopolized by the ti\jil Canadian association, and foi" this purpose '' in IS14. ert.s»>n was induced to enter the sci-- vice, anif his (^llllleil, shall hi' coniiiett'iit to foiiii a C'nmicil for the ailmiiiistration of juslicc, im(^ thu ux- ercise of the power vested in them by charter Tiiirdly— That the (Joveriior of Assinihoia, and the CSovernor of Moose, within their respective districts, and with any two of their respective Councils, shall have the .snine [lower ; hut their power sjiall he suspended, wliile the («overiior-in-chief is actually present for judicial jairposes. Fourthly — That a sheriM' lie appointed for each of the districts of As- Si'dboia and Moose, and one for the remainder of the company's terri- tory, for the execution of all such uroce.sses as shall be directed to th»ni accordiiii,' to law. Fifthly — That in the case of death, or alisence of any Councillor or Sherirt', the (lovernor-in-chief shall ai)p()int a person to do the duty of the ottice till the pleasure of the company be known. Ill the sprin<^ of ISKi, (loveriior Semple, while on a tonr ol inspection visiting- the ditt'eri-nt posts of tlie coiiipany, placi'd Mr. Colin Robertson in charoc at Fort I)ouo-|as, and that ;jeii tleman, beiiii; a thorouoh fur tratler, at once determined tn declare open war against tlu' servants of the Xorth-West Com pany in his vicinity. His efforts were particularly directed lUDSONS UAV AMI NitUTH-WKST coMI'ANIKS. IHI iinfiiiist Mr. hnuciiii ( 'innrron, who liinl ciiiiHcd tlic arn'st ol' Mili-s Mchoiu'll. ami on tlic ITtli Miircli an attack wns iiiu*!*; (Ill Kort (5il)i'iiltaf, tlif ln'atli|iiait<'r.s ol tin- Niii'-\V»'Ht(>rs, wIhto Mr. ( "aiiicron wum Htutiont'd That ut'iitltinaii and all liiNclcrks W I IV tiikm prisoiifis ami placed in ctaiHncinciit, much to their •ted. .sur)in>e. as the assault made on them was entirely iniex|te( Tlif North-West Company "s express hcarin;,' the mail from I'dit William was captured the letttTH ('(illliscated, and all the arms, ^oods, and furs in Fort (lihraltar taken possession ol". Mr ( 'anieion protested strontrlv airainst these hii;h-handcd |irnceedin;4's, and demanded r«'storation ol' tin- ioit and other property, hut he was told hy Mr. Uohertson that as (Jihraltai- was the key of the Hed lii\er, the Hudson's lliiy ( 'ompany was resolved to keep it at all hazards. A force ol' Mr. Utthcrt- .sun s men I'ldly armed was stationed at the s|)ot to j;nard the prisoners and |>re\ cut the place from heinn; re-taken, ami at- tacks were then made on other stations heloimiiiir to the North- West ( 'ompany, am. .. servants driven from their homes. I'lMperty helon;;ine' to the Canadians was i-ontiscated rieht .ilid left, and for a time the power of the Nor'-Westel-s seemed tc lie lirokeii ill that part of the (•ountry. An attcmj)t was cveii ma< lo t( ) ca|)turt the N. W Post at OuA withiiiit siiccesH, and Mr. Alexander .Mchoii, telle lilt wlio was III it tl diavyv detcrmiiu'd to resent the insult and rejiair the losses iii- It th niii^.'il n'\^n\ Ins company, as lie realizeo the iiii])ortance oi the stiji taken by Mr. Kohertson, and the disastrous eti'ect it would 11 tile whole inland trade of his company unless it was lia\i' i» hw arted. P'»rt I )oiielas lieine' armed vvith artillery, ami situ- atid close t*> tile river hank. coiiiniaiider tlu' utiiiost iiii|i(irtaiu'«' to I'cpiin ]>()N.s<'Nsi()ii of Kmt ( lihraltiir, hikI in onU'i" to iiccoinplisli thin In; .sent inysHtMiy^fis t<» the Noi'th-Wcst ajft'iits on tlu- SuMkiitclu'waii hikI Sw.iii KiverH to si'ud liini a forct.- of mm For tin- imrposc. His a|,. |H'iil for a.ssistiiiK't' met with a favoralih' I'cspoiiHr. aiiade nf Xorth-VVest hoats was expected to arrive in the Red Riv r alM)nt the 'iOth June, and as he knew that the Hudson s May Company were in a po.sition to intercept and prohahly captinv the .supplies, he undertook to .send a pai'ty to open comnnmi- cation by land hetweeii Lak«' Wiiniipen- and the .stations on tin' Assinilyoine. Foi- this purpose a hand of about sixty halt- biveds and Indians on horseback was sent with instructions Ut ])a.ss at a distance behind Fort l)'e<| by ( Jovernoi' Semj»le and his uien.who. supposing; that it was either an attack on the settlr- ment. or a party ^oin^ to join the expected brij^ade from F£?. A 7^ 1.0 ■>- hm ill 2.5 •^ Ih III 2.2 I.I UUu m 1.4 1 1.6 1.25 V] i!rii-\vi;si- < omi'amks. IS!) M'ssidii junl n'stoi'fd it to its ori^'iiuil ow ihts, mihI tin- cniniiiis- siniicrs (Coltnitni ninl KIctchcr), timliii^' tli's to I •■ ;!n' ruse. |ir()ct'('(|c(l onto IJfd Ki\('i'. ;irri\ iii;^ iit Fort I )oii^l.i.'> while l>oi(l St'lkii'U was still tlicif. 'I'licy iiiiiiictliatcly iirociidrd to rxccutt' tlit'ii' t'oiiiiiiissioii, Mild cniiiprllcd riicli ]»!irty to iiiakf I'i'stitiitioii. as I'ar as jiossihi*', and rcstort' tlic )iro|ifrty taken IVoMi their o[)|)onents. Fort ( Jihi-altar hail l)een 'reed to come out to Kfd River were as follow : — First — They were t(j enjoy the services of a minister of religion, who was to be of their own persuasion. Second — Each settler w^as to receive 100 acres of land at five shillings per acre, payable in produce. 1. I' I ; il f- '<•:■ li V 5' 1 Itlli i !;l! I ^^i V !M) msToKV OK TIIK NOKTII-WKST. Tliird — TIm'V wci't' to lifi\»')i iiiurk'ct in tlie coIoiin I'ni' all tlR'ir ))ro the first clause, a .Mi'. Sai;T, son ol" l»c\. Alc\- iiiidci' Sfi<^(', ol' tilt' |iarish ol" Kildoiiaii, north ol ScotlanW, was t'liiiUiit'd hv Lord Selkirk to S(i\.S \l.\\ AM) N<»I!I'II-\V|;.S|' ( (».MI'A\li;,S. I!l( i' Ki;(l Rivor, (ind DXteiidini^ iiloiit,' tlio siiim- iis far iih tliu urcnt Furks iit' tlio liiiiiitli of llt'il Liikt- River, iiiuliilnug Assiiiibniiu' Rivur as faf iis Musk- Hiil IxiviT, utlu'rwiso called Riviure des Cliiiiiipimmii.s, mid exti'iidiiiL; ti» ilic dist.'inee of six iiiiles fmni Kurt Dmigla.s on overy »idt'. uiid likewise t'l'iiiii Fnit DiuT (IVinbiiiii), iiiid .iIho frnm the (Jreat Forks, ami in otliur paits e\tt'iKliiit{ ill tlio lircadtli to tin- diHtiinct' of two English statiiti" iiiilos liack from tlio banks of tlii^ said rivers, ou each side, toyetiior with all the ajumrt nances whatsoever of the snid tract of land, to Imve >ind to liojil for ever the snid tract of land and ai)])urteiianee3, to the use of the said Karl of Selkirk, and of the settlers lieing established tlu'reoii, with the consent and permission of our Sovereictobei', at the Forks of Assinilioine River ; and to the Chiefs and Warriors of the Kinstineaux or Cree Nation, alike present, or (|uit rent, of one hundred pouiuls of tobacco, to be flelivered to them on or be- fore the said tenth day of October, at Portage de hi Prairie, on the banks of Assiuiboine River. Provided always that the trailers hitherto established upon any part of the above mentioned tract of land shall not be molested in the possession of the lands which they have already cultivate Mr. William Williams', tin' sii]ifriiit(ii (surpriseil the l)ri;iaile at l>i;^' l''all, as they Were preparing' to ]iii.ss o\er the portaisher. otHcors of liiuh rank in the North- West Company, were taken j)risonerH. The j>'oodH were eonti.scated, and most of the \ (»\a Kn^i'laml without visiting- ('anaila. ami on thr l!»tli .luni'. IMn, the Attoi-ney-( M'lirral of Lower ('anaila, in ii'|tortin^' tn tlic ( io\ crnor-in-chifl, in reply to ri'iiionstrauccs a^-ainst the iklay. says, "'riic ])ri\atr pi'osrcutor, llir Kai'l of Sclkii'k, who alnnr pOHHOiHScil till' rviili'iicc in support of these prose utions, ha.! Im'cu ahsciit IVoni the I'rovinci'. ami since his r.'turn had 1 ii Very much occupieil with the sitting's ol" ('riiiiinal ( "ourts huth at (^)uelK'c ami Montieal." The hi;^h -liamlcd proceedines of His Lordship, and the oiit- raees conunittcd 1)\' the Noith-West Coniitanv, resulted in a series of law suits, which only ser\ed t(» increase theii- ani- mosity toward each other, and the reports of the trials indicate verv clcarlv the hitter feeliim' existiuii' at tlie time hetuceii tilt' contestants. The Xor-Westei's were finally l)i'ou»;ht before the court at Yoi'k, and indictments fomid aeainst them for ])articii)atine' in the aft'aii's of I Ith .lune and 2)Sth .lune, INI 5, and for larceny at Riviere (,)u'A))pelle on 12th May, and the Semple outrauv Ol 1 I!)th June, LSKJ, hut the jury in each case hrouo-ht ii I a U II ■ ill 1 i !l III DsuNs IIAV AM) Nuitlll w |;.sr ruMl'\\||>. i!>; \fi' liml 1 n waiting; t\\i» yi'ius lor trinl. roiilil nut \cr Ills ill this \\n\ \\r tl I'll caiisri I I I (I'll >>• l.irix, Miles Mel )(iiicll, aiiyk at a |M'rio(| when no courts are held there, wittiout eni|uirin^' whether thi'y knew anytliiiie' ol' the matter to which the sidi- |Heiias related, and without e\cr liiinu-ino- tliem I'orward after- wards: sto|)|)in;j,' of the outfits from ;,;<»ine' into the interior, and the returns from coming' to Montreal : )»o.ssessine' tliem- sehes of all the hooks and papers of the concern : seinlini,'' away the ]irincipal clerk under a charj^'e of felony, without e.\- amination, and without haviiie- cxcr followed up that chaiei- : the pretended sale by Daniel Mackenzie (»f the Nortli-West pro))erty ol)tMined l»y His Lord.ship hy means of c(»ntinued duress: tain|)»,'riui4' with and dehauchiu^i' the North-West Com- jiany's .servants, an() IIISTOIJV OK TIIK NOIi'lll-WKS'l'. li!i\c alrcailN' sliewii, the North- Wi'st ('oiiipaiiy were prrparcil to ^o, and iJi fact did tli March, I 'SI 7, and prcnluced his restitution, with wliich his Lordshi[) ivfused to comply, ami when the Earl and the others wi'i'e arrested by Mr. Snnth upon the warrant for felony, his Loi'dship laid hold of him and pushed him out of doors, and he was afterwards k»>})t in cl»jse custody in the fort under a mili- tai-y ouaid."' Mr. Snnth reci'i\ed a verdict of toOO da'.iiaoes a^iiiinst the Karl. Mr. Daniel Mackenzie also entered suit a^'ainst Lord Selkirk in the following- woi-ds : — ^" Civil action for false imprisonment of the plaintiff, a retired partner in the North-West Company, hy the Karl, at Fort William, where he was thrown into a dun- <;eon, and kept there under military ^iiard until he was induced (believiuj;- his life to he in -er) to si ill 'If HCDSDNS ItAV AM) NolM'H-WKST ( ( )M I'ANI KS. 197 jiii'l liis ()j)j)()iR'iit!s, and to iiinke a union of the two intcre.sts <'iiiii< >.st iiiipoHHihle. Dni'inj'- this state ol' attkirs, the R(m1 River colony continued to t inhii'e hardships, nnd one set-l)ack alter aiiotlier oeeuned to the settlei's. In the winttM" of IM17 they were Foi'ced to i^o iiLifiin to l'end)ina, ow'.n*;" to sefireity of food, l)Ut on their re- turn to the settlement in the s)»rin^', hnvin^^' procuivd seee ISth July, ISlS, the sky suddenly hrfanic darkened hy clouds of n'rasshopju-i's, and as they f the (Muirch of Home to estahlish it.self ill t!ie Xorth-West, and from it spread the ^'i-eat chain of mis- sions to the west ami far north. Karlv in the sprin;^' of |M|!), till' Scotch returned to the .settlement, lea\ ine- some of the Can- adian families to locate their homes at Pembina, hut they had no 'letter success witli their cro])s that summer than they had the liiv\ lous year, for almost before they had finished sowin;;, the ymnie' locusts began to appear, and devoured every jj^reen herb ll^^^ fm hi;' m : |Hir m 1J)8 HISTOHV OF TflE N< HnH-WKST, tliat j^Tt'Woii tlio cultivatiMl fields uiul on the plains. This lijow nhnost iiuido tlic colonists dcspjiir of ever ht'in^- al>U' to make H honu' on the Kcd River, and, wearied and diseonti'iitecl, tli e\- (■)'. were forced aj^ain to turn tlieir steps south for the wiiit Many went to the plains to hunt for a living, and in this way they .sti'U^ai't, and on the other by W. and S. Mc(iilli\ lay and Edward Ellice, who represented in England the interests of the wintei'ing partners in America of the North-West IIIDSONS I'.AV AND NOHTH-WKST ( oM I'AXIKS. trati fl'S WllOSt ■h pal tnei\slii |) as a coiiipajiy t*x])ir«'(l in liil) S2I — (iiiil who, liavino- receivivl little or no profits I'oi- sonic titiie, ui'iv (li'sirous of iiitToiiio' tlit'ir intd'csts in those ot" tlie Hud- son's Hay Company. A coalition and partnersliip was theic- I'dic ajiTeed to for twentv-one years, on the basis that eaei should provide an ecpial capital for canyinti' on tlu' trade. There was a suhsecjuent Deed Poll, l)earin', and half the share foi- the four ensuing; years, or if he winU'red for five years, then half for six ycais. Three chief i'actors, or two chief i'actors and two chief trailers. were allowed to retire anmially, according- to rotation, and the representatives of a chief factijr or chief tradei", who died after winterin<;' five yeai's, received all the benefit cO whicli the deceased himself would have been entitled had lu- lived, or in like pi'oportion foi- less dui'ation of service. The accounts were re(piii-ed to lie lanies, on the oth December, 1821, a Royal license was obtained from (jleorj^e the Fourth, dated at Carlton House. This was issued to the Hud- son's Bay ('Ompany and to \V. t\: S. Mc(Jillivray and Edward Hllice, for the exclusive privilege of trading with the Iny the licenses of 1821 and 1838, the Company were author- i i ;j,jl I ii«,||i. m i Pn^ 1 ir r ; Ts- ' ■ 1 i iijl If Jj aliMBIJkJj jII 1 ' .1 J If' t *' i: 202 IIIST(»ltV OK rilK XOKTII-WKST. i/,('(| to ti'Milc ()\('i- tlif '• [iiilijiii territories," west of tlic llock\ Moinitaiiis, at that time opon also to .su})jt'('ts of the riiitiil States. It was of oi-cat iinportaiu'e that (Jreat Hi'itain slioiiM <)i)taiii a footing' ami )M)siti()ii in Ore^fon, anTee, be com[iro- mised were tliey to adojit that reeonnnendation, holding', as they did, the license in (piestion; and, with a de<;'i'ee of energy and enterprise wliich rellecte NOK'I'H-WKsT (OMI'AMKS. •2{):\ ;iii'l after the coalition these t'niK'tioiiiiries il(le;;,atei| tlieir authority to Jiii otticial resiWeiit in Anieric-Ji, wlio was called ttir ( Jo\einoi'-in-(.'hiet' of Hupert's Land, und whose coniniis- .sjdii extende(l oxer all their colonial possessions, with an un- limited teniu'e of office. The tii'st person to till this \\\*^\\ office was Sir (leor^e Sini[)son, who retained the position until he lird, in Septeniher, 1800, a periotl of nearly forty yeai's. He alisnihed all the offices and responsihilities distrihuted amont^' petty heads at the various posts, and dui'inj^' his lon^' term of (itlice he exerte(l an autocratic and su})renie authority, it heinj^; iiii])o.ssil)le to overi'ule his final judloyds eneai^red in tradin*;', there havinj( been double the force of u'en I'eipiired while they weiv in oppo.sition to each other, as compared with the numbei" re- quired when the Inisiness passed under one mana^^'ment. 'I'he consfMiuence was that many servants were discharecd, and some of them bein^f ^-iven i;Tants of lan in^;'. About this time a novel enterprise calliMl the " Ruft'alo Wool Company," was starte, as nlready .shown, the IIihIhou'h Hay Company Iwul six torts, naiuuly Mocjnc, llfiily, Kast Main House, All)any, ^^^k,Mn(l Prince of Wales Fort. In I s:i(i, according' to j»a))erH lajil l)efo)'e Parliament, the ('onii>any hail one hundreil and thirty-six estahlishnients, and afforded employment to twenty- five ehiet' factoi's. twenty-seven chief traders, one hundred and tifty-two clerks, and ahout twelve hundred re^nilar servants, tii'siiles the occasional lahor in nianninj;' h(jats and other services. In iS5(j, the uuml)er of estahlishnients had iiicrense'an, Vermillion, Fond du Lac. Mackenzie's river. Flirts Simpson, Liai'ds, Halkett. Youcon, Peel's River, Lapierre's House, (Jood Hope, Rae, Resolution, Hie- Island, Niii'nian. KN(;i.lSH HIVEI{. I'lirts Isle a la Crosse, Rapid River, (Jreen Lake, Deer's Lake, Portage la Loclie. SASKATCHEWAN. Forts Edmonton, Carlton, Pitt, Rocky Mountain House, Lac I 1 (Njli ti •2()-s HISTOIIV (»!• TIIK N'OUTII-WKST. Ill hiclic, I.t'sst-r Sliivf liiikf, ANsiiiilxiinc, .Ins|)('j''s Ifonsi. Lm CnriH'. ^ ('r'Miu;iii,AM». ( 'uiiihci'limd HoiiMf, Moose i.aUi', Tlic I'as. SWAN UIVKH. Forts I'clly, Kllicf, (^)u'A[)iK'll(' Ijukcs, Shoal Kivt-r, Toudi- wood Hills, K<;n- \ji\ki'. UV.\) mvKH. rpiit'i' Foi't (Jiiny, Lower Fort (liin-y. Wliitc Horse Plains. Puiiiltiiiii, Manitohah, Heed jjike. I-AC LA I'Mli:. Forts Francis, Alexander, Hat I'oi'ta^^c, White D<»u'. Lac- >\v Bonnet, Lac de lioi.s Blanc, Shoal Lake. xouwAV norsE. Norway House, Beren's Hiver, Nelson's River. VOKK. York l^'actory, Churchill, Severn, Front Lake, Oxl'onl HoUHe. , ALHAXY. Albany Factory, Marten's Fails, Osnalmr^, Lac Seul. KIXOOCMISSEE. Matawaganiin^ue, Kuckatcjoah. LAKE sri'EHlOH. IMichipicoton, i^atcliewana, Maui-ainse, Pic, Long^ Lake, Lake Nipif^on, Fort William, Pij^ec^n River, Lac (i'CJriginal. LAKE HTHOX. Lacloche, Little Current, Mississaugie, Green Lake, White- fish Lake. NoltTII-WKST Fnirrs ANH INDIANS. '20') SAt 1,1 sl'K. MAUIK. Sault Stf. Marif, MuosK. Moose Fuc'torv, llaiiimli Mav, Altitibi, New HnniMwick. KAST MAIN, (il'tat Whale Kiver, Little Whale Hi\er, l-'ort ( Jeoi-u-e. uri'KKTs i{ivi:i(. IJiipei't's Hou.se, Mi.stasiimv, 'IVmiMkaiiiav, Woswonahv, Meehiskaii, Pike l^ike, Nitchetiuoii, Kaniapiseow. TKMISCAMINfili:. Teiiiiseaiiiiiiniie House, Li-aud, l^ac Kakaheaniuo, Lake Nipis- tii;^iie. Ilmitei's Lo(le;e, 'reiiianamiii;;ue, Iti a<|ilitioii to till' ahove. there wei'e t Wellt V-t Wo folts and posts ill the MontlVal ilepartllieiit, rolirteell ill Ol'euoii, and tit'teeii ill IJritish ( 'oluiiihia. To ;^i\e an extended des('riptii>ii of th«' company s torts ami posts Would oceiipy mure space than we have at our disposal in a W(ak of this kind, lait a tew particiihirH relating; to tlicni may he of interest. ( 'oiiiiueiicine- with what may he termed tile ancient forts, we find that Fort Rouu'e was liuilt hv Veran- drve on the south hank of the Assinihoine, ])i'ohal)ly aliout tlu^ viar 178'), hut wa.s ^iveii up soon after its erection. Of this Init, a map is to he found in the archives at Paris, containin<:; the new discoveries of the west in Canada in the year 17.'{7, and on it is marked a fort at the north of the As.sinihoine, M-itli the note "abandonecl" affixed, siiowin^^ that it could (•Illy have been occupied about one year, in tlu^ Department of Marini', Paris, there is a map .said to have been made after sketches by Verandrye, dated 1740, in which Fort Kou^e i.s shown at the mouth and on the .south side of the Assiniboine I I I I ( . •! ^IH! 210 IIISTORV OF TFIE NORTH-WEST. Another map {^'iven to the ])(3pot of ^Fai-ine, Paris, by M. fit- la Kali.ssoniere, in 1750, shows a fort on the site of Fort Kou^v with tlie mark " Ancien Fort " mad*' in reference to it. Thomas Jeffreys, oeo^nvpher to His Maje.sty of En^lanil in 17()2, states tliat a fort was luiilt on Riviere Kouge, hut aftfi- wartls deserted, owing to its jn-oximity to Forts ^raure])as ami de la Reine. A map in the l^epartment of Marine. Paris, dated 1750, has a Fort Rouge markey a ran^'e iif woods, with the Assiniboine river in front. Fort Carlton — Situated on the south side of the Saskatche- wan, and defended by hij^h palisades, with a gallery armed with wall pieces siirroundin},^ the whole s(|uare. Fort La Cr sse—A neat and compact post on the lake, with M m 212 HISTOKV OF TH1-: NOKTH-WEST. a low, swfuiijjy country firouii'th than Upper Fort Garry, but not so neatly arranged. It, too, was a most im})ortant post, and was used liy Sir ( Jeor<;e Simpson as his heaihpiarters vvlien lie visited that ])art of the country. Xorv'.iij House — At the head of Lake Winnipeg-, surrounde(l liy a barren country, was at (jne time the place of meeting-, where the (lovernor and his council assembled annually, and was one of the })rincipal posts of the company. Ctiiiiberldiiil House — On the Saskatchewan river, at a spot where it is touched by Cumberland Lake. The fort is Iniilton an island, and was the head(piarters of the Cumberland district. ■li ■ I ■ I '^\4. r 214 HISTORY OF THE NoRTH-WEST. Fort Vermillion — 'Die most favorably nitufittM I jjost in Atlui- haska diHtrict foraifi'icultural ptirposes, wlieat, barley, iiotitocs, and o-Hi'don vcwtahloH boin*^ raist-d there. Uaiivejjun — Built at the eonHuenee of the Smoky and I'-'.icf rivers, the point of Assiniboines 580 4,0(i() Blackfeet 300 2.100 Peigans 850 2.450 Blood Indians 250 1,750 NORTH-WKST FOHTS AND 1NJ)IA\S. 215 Tfiits. Souls. Surcees 50 -MiO GroH Ventres aOO 2,100 Saulteaux 20 140 2,850 10,450 It is tliou^ht, however, that Sir (Jeorj^f SinipHon iiiehnled in hi.s tignres orjly those Indians in tlie vicinity of the eoiiiixiiiy's forts, and that liis estimate is therefore under tiie mark. The following will give some idea of the tribes inhabiting at that time the north-western country east of the Rocky ^lountains, and is a fairly correct account — as accurate at least as could then be ascertained. MACKEXZIK lUVER DISTRICT. The Copper Indians. Tlui Loucheaux or Quarrel lers. The Hare Indians The Dog Rib Indians. The Strong-Bow Indians. ATHAMASt'A AM) ISLE A LA CROSSE DI.STRKT. The Chipewyans. The Crees (a few of this tribe). PEACE RIVER DI.STIUCT. The Beaver Indians. The Saulteaux (a few of this tribe). IMM'EH SASKATCHEWAN DISTRICT. The Blackfeet. The Blood Indians, 'i'he Peigans. The Gros Ventres. The Surcees. li :'?. 21() HISTORY OF TIM-: XOKTII-WKST All tlu'Sf H\(' ti'i))('S Mere ;4('iit'rally tcrnKid l^laekfei't, iiltli()ii;^li tlii'V spoke tlitf'erent laii/^ua^'s aiil" Tin-; N(MITH-\VKS'|', TIkj Sw}iiii)iic'.s were mtlitM' diiiiimitive in coiiiixirisoii with tln! IiidiaiiH who iiilialjitod tlic [)lfiiMH, ami woiv not a wailikf rat'f. Tlicy often surtt'i'cd from want of food, in.stanci'H lia\iii;; been known of their heinj^ conipelkMl hy Innii^er to resort to eaiuiibaliHni, althoiii;"h Huch instances were rai-c. The Sionx, at one time, laid claim to a part of the IJritisli North-Wfst, but liavin<^ made themselves uii|)o))nlar with tlir other tribes of Indians, they were ay Company s M I \aiits wunltl Ijc tV'lt — liiini^vy mouths woiihl he Hlh'd as far a>- till- rcsouret'H of th«' po.st would allow, mrdiciiR's and clothes wiiiild Ih' funiisju'd, and thf <;rat('f«d Indians would ft't'l thfui- siUrs hound to tlu'ii' whitt' Itrotlirrs hy tin- j^rratt'st of all tios, that of nratitiide. It was this fathci'ly care of the In- dians that ^Jivo till' Hudson s iJay ('oni])any thfii- ;;,ivat iiitlucnc't' ovei" the savaj^'e tribes of the Nin'th-W'est, and with the union of the fur companies the use of into.xicants, aithou^'h 111 it aliolished in tradinj^' with the Indiaiis, was nnjatly cui'tail- cd, and general drunkfuness amongst the trilx's became a thing of the past. huiing the days of the Hudson's l>ay Company, the Indians lived a life of thorougli frccflom ; the tribes of the ])lains fol- Inwing the chase, tlu- wood Indians hunting and tra])ping, and whrii the furs were thus gathered in they were e\ ri' able to (lisi>ose of them at the company's posts or to tiieir servants, at fair prices. ln,'ular and useful oicuiiation as is suiti'd to their ayo and capjieitii^s, ,iml liest calculated to suppress vici oils am Ipr omoto vu'tuou.' habits .'inl. .\s a prejiarativo to education, that tlu' women ;ind children at the several posts in the country lie;dwa}s addressi'd ;ind h.iliit iiated to cou- verso in the laiiynagu (whether Knulish or French) of the father of tho family ; and that he be encouraged to devote a portion of his leisure time to their instruction, as fa)' as hia own knowledge and ability will permit, 111 liis testiiiioiiy Im'I'oi'c m Solcct ( 'fuiiniittof (if tho lldiiso ol' ( '(iniiiKiiis. ii]i|)()iiitt'il to coiisiiltT tlif stall' lA' the Hritisii |i(ts- Sf.ssions ill North Anicrica, Sir ( iooror Siiii|isoii stutcd mi tlie 2(ith Foil., IS.')7. that in liis oiiinioii tlir Iinliaiis in tho 'I'hick- \V(ioHTIII;K\ DHI'AliTMKNT. Athabasca District . . . . . Mackenzie River . . - . . Knglish Hiver ...... Saskatchewan ---.-- Cundterland ...... Swan River ...... Red River ....... Lac La Pluie .--.-. r tho natixc |io[)ii- 1,550 10,4;5() i,:t70 i'f<,050 750 2,200 ;j,ouo 2,850 1 i." li: f *i 222 HISTORY OF IMF. \<>HTH-WKsT. Norway IlnuMo . . . . . York ...... Alltiuiy Kiini^{iiinisNL'o ..... liiiko Siipurior . . . . . Liiku Hiirnii ..... Hiiiilt St. Miirii' . . . . . MooHe ...... Kiist Main Ituport'M Uivfr .... TomiHcauingut' Indian iMipnlation <>f tho North-NVuBt Ai>i» TO THIS : Montreal Dopartment Oregon ...... Hritish t'oluni)>ia .... EHquiniaux I. OHO i.noo 1,100 4(10 i,;j:{o 1. 100 too 7W 7iiiiy at Fort ( iil)ialtMr, ami uinltT the arnin;;*'- iiieiit iiuule Uy Mr. Malkct, the .settlfis wrrr .supjilit'il witli i;()(m1h from tlu> coinpany'.s .ston-.s at tin* following ratt-s mi prime cost : Hr.st, thirty-three and one thii'd on the oi'i;;,inaI ('(».Ht in KnifJand to cover char^ss, to which wa.s added Hfty- ei^ht per cent, profit. This meant practically alxmt one hun- dred per ctMit. added to the tir.st co.st of the j;ut as the condition of the country iiii- pro\'e(l, e\ I'll these jioor people ^'radually succeeded in hetteiiiiL; their circumstances and hecaiiie trip-men, lishermeii. and \'n\ lowed other pursuits conp'iiial to them, althou;4h few under took the cultivation of the soil to aii\' extent. Ill KSl'AlilJSIIMKNI' OK (!(>VKI!\Mi:\T AT |{i;i» KIN Kit •)•)■ ^Vm\ 1 i lie St ttl crs iit'iu'iM lly, ): OWt'NCl', Wt'f*' SMCCfSS ful III tlii'ir t'l'iniiiuii' opt'Ditioiis, .iinl .m coiisidt'iahlt' fNtciit of iifW l.iiiil \v;i> turned over, the i)ossfssi(iii ot cjittlt' ussistiiij>' wvv iiiatfruillv ill this rcHpcct. Tlif crojis oicw luxiifinntly, ri|it'iit'il well, mihI wriT MiitlicrtMl ill ill i;(Mi(| coiKlitioii, tlu' yield ln-iiii;' iVom twenty to tliirty Imslieis to the rere tVoni eidti\ ated land, and from six to seven when sown upon tiie sod. The j^rassliojijjei's had (h'sappeared. and the only ih-awhaei-; exjierieiiceil was in the autumn of IS'J."), when the coIoiin' liecame inti-sted with mice, w ■hich lor a time threatened the settlement with a IVesli calamity, the new eiieiny iieini;' exceedin^^ly numerous and de- structixc, hut lia])])ily they came too late in the season to do iii'icli serious harm. he lollow iiii"' \eai', IS-2(!, was one oi' dire disaster, and th calamities of the former seasons seemed to ha\e returned with fourfold force. It commence(l durini:' the winter, wlieii a sud- dell and fearful snow storm swept the lainl, drivin;^' the lnill'alo heyond the hunters' reach, ami killin;^' most of their horses. The \isitalioii was so unexpected that tlie peopleon the plains were totally uii|irepared for it, and hein;;' without food,star\a- tioii stared them in the face. The lludsons Hav ( omiianx' iiid jirivate individuals in the settlement, as ,sooii as tlie_\ heard of tlie disaster, at once sent out jirovisions to the a tllict- I'll hiintei's, and in tliis way .sa\ed a numlier of them from death, liut others, !iot so fortunate, were eithe. frozen or died from exhaustion, and in this way many lost their li\e,s. |t w as a terrilile winter, and in the spring- was fo!'o\V"d l)y fresh di.saster, for liardK had the colonists recoxered theniscKcs from their exertions in i ell e\ inn' the plaindii ters and their I'amil les, than the\' t hem.scKes were \isited l>\ a ""reat c;; i.iliii- t\. The winter had heeii uiiusuailv severe, the snow avcratf- i 1^ I^H' ' 1 !l i ^ ■22{) HISTORY OK TMi; NOKTH-WKST. in^^ over tliree feet in depth on the ))raine, and from four to five feet in the woods, and the ice on the river measuring neai-- Iv six feet in tliickness. The result of this was, that in tlic spring, the How of water from the melting of the snow became alarming, and the ice Vjeing so thick, the river on the 4th oi May, overflowed its hanks and spread so fast, that almost be- fore the [)e()})le were aware of the danger it had reached tlieir dwellings. Then ensue«l a scene of destruction that struck terror into the hearts of the unfortunate settlers. The people had to fly from their homes, leaving all that they possessed behind them, and tlie cries of the women and children, the lowing of the cattle, and howliny; of the dogs, only added to the confusion. The Hudson's Hay Company did all in their power to aid the distressed colonists, and by me; s (jf boats tlie fandlies were conveyed to places of 'safety, the cattle were driven to the hills, and an attempt was being made to save tiie grain and furni- ture from the hou.ses and barns. M'hen the ice gave way ami swept e\ervthing before it. Hardly a house or building of any kind was left standing in the settlement, some of them be- ing carried away whole and entire to be engulfed in Lake Winnipeg. The flood continued in fidl force until the 2bst, the v.'ater rising fully flfteen feet above the ordinary level of pre- vious years, but on the 22nd, it began to recede, until, on the loth .June, the .settlers were able to a))proach the sites of their former dwellini''.s. Fortunatt'ly only one life was lost, but the people were almost ruined, and the colony which had ccjm- menced to show signs of .sub.stantial ])i'osperity, once more sank into a .state of desolation and distress. It is .said that in 177(5, the flood on the Red River was even higher than the one just described, and others in i7}K), and in l:i '!' KSTAUI.ISIIMEXT OF (iOVKKXMKXT AT KICK HIVKK. 1H09. M't'i-L' unuHually hi() ami that i^cutlciiiaii siu'ct'Cflctl in ruiminj;' it witli jtrofit t'l liiiiiseU' and Ix'iit'tit to tlitM'oniiiiunity, and From tliis iK'^iiniiiiu' windmills soon sjii'miii;' u]) in i'wvy direction, until, in a tVw years, there weiv a dozen oi- more in the settlement. A wattr mill was also attempted about this time by Mr. Cnthbiit (Irant, who had settled down to be ji stead v-ooinj'' man (if business, but his enterprise was not I'ewarded with the success it deserved. He constructed a dam across a creek at Whire Horse Plains : liuilt his mill only to tind that it did imt wmk satisfactorily, and the dam ;iivin<;' way soon afterwanls, the whole investment proved to be a total loss of about £S()l> to Mr. (irant. In \i^-U, the Hudson's I>ay Company built Lowei' Fnrt Oarrv, with the intention of makin<'' it fthe seat of (!(i\(tn- ment, but this was afterwai'ds relintiuished in favor of the Uppei- Fort, 'i'he latter was at that time a lively and attrac- tive station, full of business ami activity, as all the atfaii's of the colonv were transacted then Lowei" Foi't (ian'\- wa> more pictures(|ue. and its surroinidino-s full of rural l»eauty, which made it delightful as a residence, and, pi'obably on this account, Sir (Jeoree Simpson always .selecte*! it as his <|uai't(i's when \isitinn- the settlement, 'i'he Hud.son's Hay Company were now lords of all they surveyed. On them the set- tlers had to depend for all they re(|uired — they constituted the chief market for the farm ])roduce raised in the colony, and tlieir woid was law in all matters affecting' the maiiaui- m<'nt of the colony. To do them justice, the otHcers of tlir company did all in their power to areat loss, but in one respect their aet^ were aibiti'ary an was in prrvcntiii;;,' Jiny oin' draliiii;' in or possessing;' furs witli- (lUt tlu'ir consent. Tin' I'uli' was that all t'ufs had tolx- sold to t\\v vnm\y,u\y. no one else Ix-inj^' allowed to trade in them, and ill sevei'al instance;; very liieh-lianded proceedings were direet- ^^l\ aejiinst ort'enders. ^len wei'e iniprisoi ed and tlieir lialiita- tions desti'oved l)V the constahies eniplo\-e(l hv the Hudson's ( t/ III I5ay Company, who. without projier wanant. wei-e wont to undertake liouse-searchin;^' e.\]ieditions tlirou<;h tiie settle- iiient, to discoxer. ii' possihle, traces ol* tiie tratHc. < )n some occasions these men went armed with muskets and hayonets, to the terror of tlie inmates of houses visited l)y them, and wlienevei- any furs wi-i'e found, they were at once contiseated. Lookine' at events sulweipient to this period, we are of opinion that the officers of the com|)aMy adopted a short-sio-jited policy in thus attemptine- to suppress fur tra:}. the Hudson's Hav (V)nii)anv was the onlv source from which set- lit t tiers wei-e able to purchase their su])plii's. and the only market acked, and in this way the produce of the Red River Settle- ment came to 1)1- looki'(l upon with disfavor, and the market for the sale of it injui'ed. Sir ( Jeor^c then tried an experimental farm, to show the set- tlers how to till the soil, Init this faile than tilt' tVfc tnidcns, capturtMl tlir trade. Tliis naturally in- censed tile small \' i\\^- satisfaction amone' the half-hi-eeds. who endea,voi'e(| to lailly the company, and from demands heean to use threats. Init up to !o>al ("O- gni))liical Society awarded them their (fold medal, hiit 'infortuiiately Mr. Simpson did not live to enjoy the honors he had earned. On his return from the norlli in 183!t, and while tra. lUiir.' overland from Kort (larry n'a the I'nited States, hound for Kns.dane allowed cxpoit fiom tile country, .so that other markets than that of Fort (iarry mii^ht he opened to them. I'hey also protested au'ainst anv import dut\' heiuL!' h'vied on ecxHls hrouuht in hy them from the I'niti'd States. These demands, howexcr, wcie not acceded to. and for a time the half-hreed.s accepted tile situation, and ceased further demonstrations, hut tlie feel- iiii;- of discontent iX'Uiained, and the authority of the comjtany was (111 the wane, the spirit of opposition liein;^' fanned hy de- si^niniJ' demaii'oii'ues. who e\-cn thus eai-|\- in tln' da\' had he- ;;uu to dujie the simple aneen the only machinery (»f government existing in the si-ttle- ment. It was a system of [)ei-suasion, rather than one of force or ajithority, and, looking' at the hostile demonstrations wliicli had been made ai;ainst the company i)y a section of the C( im- munity, the any . . Tilt' Ri'Vt>rt'ii«l William Cocliraii, Assistant Chaplain. . .Tanit'H HinI, Ks(|., foniit'i'Iy Cliicf Factor Hudson's Hay ( 'onipany.. Juini'S Sutlicrlanti, Ks(|. W. H. (\)ok, Ksq John Pi'itt'hard, Kstj.. Holjort Loi^an, Kstj. . . Alexander Ross, Sliei'iti' oi" Assinihoinc John Mt'Cnlhnn, (.\)r()ner John Hm-ns, Ks(|., Medical Adviser.. Andrew McDei-niot, Ks(|., Merchant. . Cutlihert (Irant, \Vai'' traiii|iiillity liiid ^unoHsil>lc socit'ty can hold tonotluT : thiit the tiiiio has jif It'iiijlh ai livt'd wlii'ii it liccoiiu's iifci's.sHry to put tho adiiiiiiiHtraticiii of jiistici' oil li more tinii ami ri'i,'iilar footiiiju; tlmu herutdforo, ivud that iin- uu'diate nti'jjs oii^ht to ho tHki'ii to j^iiard aj^aiiist daiii^ors ffoin ahroail, or (lithcMltirs at lictnie, for the uiainteiiaiice of yond ordiT and tran(|iiillity, and for the .security and protottion of lives and propiTty. " Till' ('(iiiiM'il tht'ii ri'.iiiird M iiiiinlM'i' of ciiactinciits. wliicli wt'iv |iiissril into Inw. ami most ot" tliciii <^i\\i- or|,,.c.,l >,itis- iMctioii. [Icir ni'i' si'Vt'rfil ol" tln-iii : iHt — That an ethcieiit and dispoaahle force he embodied, to he styled a volunteer corps, to consist of sixty otticers ami privates, to ))e at all tiim s ready to act when called upon ; and to he paid as fidlowa : Ci>nimaiiciiii'^ officer, t-H pef annum ; sert{eants. tlo ; and iirivates, ffi, besides oxtrii \my for servimj, writs. When not so employeil, their time tt) be their own. •_'nd— That the settlement be divided into four districts ; the first to ex- tend from the Imago Plain downwards ; the second from the liiui'^c Plain to the Forks : the third from the F'orks upwards, on the main river : and the fourth, the White Horse T'lains, or Assinihoiut' Rivir : and that for each of tho said districts, a magistrate i)e api)ointed. That James liird, Ksip, l>e Justice of tho Peace for the first district ; .lames Sutherland, Ksip, for the second ; Robert Loyan, Ksip, for the third, and Ciithhert (Jraiit, KiS(|., for the fourth. These magistrates to hold (|uai- terly courts of sunuaary jurisdiction on four successive Mondays ; to lio ajipointed according to tho existing order of precedence in the four sec tions ; hegiiniing with the third Monday of January, of A])ril. of .luly, and of October. ord — That the said cotu'ts have power to pronounce final juy a tiiu' iml ixcuviiiiii; tlit> ikfniuMiid Hiiiii of ti\u ixmiiiiIh. 4tli 'riml the Hiid iiiuitx lie «'iii|iu\vi ifil tn iH'fer iiiiy riiM*' of tlniibt or ilillicully III the 8ii|i!viiii' trihiiiiHl nf tlic ciilmiy, thu Coiiif nf ( invi-riior mill riiuiu'il of AHHiiiilmiiu', iit itH iioxt miMiiiu^; ijiiiirtcrly m'ssimi, liy u'iviiiUH CMK n»(( iiiliiiiiitiiiii nf tin- n-fi'iciico in npcii cimrf, ami a writtiMi iiiiiinatimi nf tlu' Haiiiu iiiidi r t • hands nf a iiiKJniity nf tlu> tliiif Bittiiii,' iiiaijiHt rates, at loant nius wlmli- wci k l)ofnro tlio cniiiiiienconicnt nf the said i|ii irtiM'ly Ht'SHJiMi, and tliis, witliniit I ciiii,' rnm|it)lU'd tn Htati" any reason IciC sil dniiin. ."•til -Tliat tlif <'iiiirt nf (Jnviriinr and "niiiiril, in its judicial capacity, sit nil the third Tliiirs lay of Foliruary. of May, of Aii>,'u«t. and Nnvem- lu-r ; and at such ntlicr tiiiu-s as ihf (tnvcrnnr-in-Clii«ff nf Knpt'it'H Land, ni. Ill liis al)sciico, tlio (fnvi'rnor nf AsHini mine, may deom tit. • it h— That in all contosted civil case*, which may involvo claims nf nmre than tLMi jtoniids. and in »11 criminal casus, the verdict of a jury shall di'teniiine tin- fact or facts in ilisiiiite. 7th -That a piiMic hiiildiiij,', intended tn answer the doiilde piir()nse nf II cnurt-hniiMe and j^anl, he en-cted as early as pnssilile nt the forks nf tiio Ued and Aswinilniine Kivers. That in order to raise funds fur defraying,' >iil1i expenses as it may ho fnuml necessary tn iiieur, tnwards the main- tciiaiice nf nrdi'r, and tiio ereetint,' nf pnlilie wniks, an impnrt (iiity shall he levied nil all gnods and iiiiTchandise of fu. mn manufacture, imported iiitn Ked River, either fnr sale nr private use, at 7k |ier cent nn the aiiiniint of invoice: ami further, that an export duty nf 7i percent, he levied nil all i.;nnds and stnre.s, nr .su|)plies, the ymwth, prndiice, or manu- facture of Red Fliver. Sir (HM)r<;t' Simpson tluMi aiinomici'il tluit the Hudson's Hay ('(itiijiaiiy woiiM make a ni'.-mt of ,t!'i(H> in tiiil of imlilic works in |{t'(l Hivt'i', and the coinicil, lia\ inn- passed a xotc ol' thanks I'm- tliis lihiTal donation, Hdjouvtied. riuTc wi'fc sonic wiio thonnjit that the pci'sonncl ol' the ediincii Wits not all that could he dt'sircd, inasnim-li as it savored too niuch of a repre.senttition t'jivoi'aliie to Ijudson'.s iJay Company's interest.s. The duties proposed to he le\ ied Were also con.sidere(l too hinh. and ainieil anainst the ])etty traders, hut, on the whole, the introdtiction of hiws tind reoula- tions, imperfect thouoh they were deemed in some (puirters, w !is received g'enerally with favor, o ! ■ '. • i''^ ■■ 1 ■ I V '• ' i I 3 1 I Hit ClIAI'TKU XV. KXI'I.OlJAI'OltV \V()|!K 1I!(»M IT7.S TO ISIIO. W'l; will now tnkf u]) the ifconi of rxplorjitions in tin Niilth-Wfst tVniii the tiliir when the I )i)l)l)s-M-.ill('y cxiicdit icii ri'tiniK'l vu 1747. In 177-'>, an fXpcilitioM nndcr connnjind <<\' ("iiptiiin .h<\\\\ I'liillips and Ciiptain l.nlwiilov left Kn<;l;M III in hnif, to discover a na\i»;'a ltl( clianncl liftwt'cn he castcni and Wfsti'in roas ts ol" Anu'rica, luit tlif vcssfls havin^' n-aid h'(| latitntli' SO :>7'. wtTf fnconi|iass(M| liy ice. and, at'ttT osi'a|iiiiL; with ditlicidty from destruction, rctni-nctj home. The next exjiedition in order oi' date was that ol" Sif .\|i\ ander M ickenzie, who was the tirst white man tVom ('aiiad;i iiii'ih to reach the .\rctic ( )cean. the tifst iMifopean to pa.ss tin the Kockv Monntains, and the first overland tfaveller north < I the (inlf of Mexico, to anise at the shoics of the I'acitic. He was liorn at Inverness, Scotland, in I7ti(), and was ai'iiin twelitv Veai's ol au'e w hen he aifivcd for the lii'st time in ( 'an .ada. In I7S,'). he was ailmitted a ])ai1ner intit the fm- tr lUr ojieiatiolis o f the west, li;;vin<;- heeii then in the o Hic( Met ire'-orv fof live vears. When the North-West t'()m|>aii\ was orv,'!nii /,ed in 17S7,Sir .\lexainler MacUeii/.ie Itecaiiie i I III meted With II, am I in I7n'.I we liiid him stationeil at l'"'irl ('hii>ewyan on Lake .Vthaha.st a. On .Inne 'Wil o\ that year ln' .set ont on his meinofaltle joiU'liey to the noi'tli, dtlfilt;^- vvhirh he discovei-ed tile fiver which hears his iiaiiu', and exploivil it i:\i'i,i>i! Aiom \\(»i!K. 2.S!> 1(1 it.s iiioutli witliiii tlir Aictic firclc, rftuniin;^' to Fcti't (Mii|)t>- \\\;iii oiiSt'jit. I'JtIi, I7SII. He ihi'ii paid !i viHit to Kn^liiiid in iiiilrf t(i t'thu'jit*' liiiiisclf ill tin- scifiicc i>r astroiiDiiiy ami iia\ i- ^at idii, and also to |ii'ocui(' Ih.uUs ami iMsti'iiiiifiits Inr I'Mturr use. ( )ii his rcluni to l''ort ( "lii|ic\v\aii in l-Ti'^. in- It't't llici-c on tin* lotli < )ctnl)t'i", on a ionrni'N ot" I'uftlifi' discov crw and, asn-nd- mi:' tli«' I cacc l\i\('f until Ins |ir(t;;i'css was nnjuMJcd l)y ice, In- aii'l his jiai'ty I'cniainrd llicrc for the wiutn-. In !M;i.v, I7!>M, when th'' ii\iT opened, the voNai-e was rcMnned, ami le ascen led iN'ace l\i\('i' to the l''oil\ Kol- luwiii^- one of the hraiiehes to near its sdurce, the explorer cut a passa'i'e across eounli'W ihi'oujili tin- wonds to the HTeat ri\ er r K'outche ' (now kmtwn as the I'Vaser), on which lie eiidiaiUeil with his t'ojlow ers. I'tut on leaiMiiii;;' that the passage ilown the ii\fr was full of perils, his men niutiiiied, upon which Mackenzie I'esoKeil to reach tlie .sea hy another idute, ,ind in ortler to do this was ohiiy'eil to turn hack. It was t'oi innate that he diil so, hecanse the route desci'ihed hy tile Indians, and which he follow cd. led to the sea in sixteen xp|oi'ation and discovery, with all its toils and solicitudes, had lieen crow n- ed with complete success, and it was liis pride to thiidv that he had atlded new reyions to the realm of Uritish connnerce Mackenzie died in JNi'O. the same year that Lord Selkirk, his ;;i'eat opponent, breathed his Ijist. Il- I ill i m !li|!i I i li 240 IIISTOKV (»K THE N'OUTM-WKST. Ill th<' 3't'ar 1792, Mr. Simon FruHer filtered the sei'vicc of the North-West Company, and ten years later l)ecame a part- ner. In 1805, whe\. at a conference held at Fort William, it was decided to extend the t)peratioii8 of the company heyund the Rocky Mountains, Mr. Fraser was sent, charged witli tlir duty ol" carrying- ont the project. The desire was to anticipate the United States exi)lorers and traders who might estahlish ,i claim to the ownership of the country by right of discovciy and occupation, and ]\Ir. Fraser carried out the programiiic thoroughly. Leaving Fort William soon after the conference. he made his way to Lake Athabasca, and ascended the IVact- River, where he established a post named the Rocky Mountain Portage. He then continued his journey to McLeod Lake, which he discovered, and in 1800, lie portaged to Fraser Ri\er (named after him), and which at that time was regarded as the main stream of the Columbia, or one of its principal afHuent.s. Leaving the Fraser, he then followed a triV)utary, which was called Stuart River, after Mr. John Stuart, who also about this time discovered and named Stuart Lake, where a trading post was established. Mr. Fraser gave the name of New Caledonia to the terri- tory, and in 1807 estal)lislied another post named Fort George, on the main stream of the Columbia. In the Spring of 1808. accompanied by Mr. John Stuart and others, and a crew nf men in four canoes, he left Fort (ieorge to explore the un- known waters which were regarded as the main affluent i»t' the Columbia, and for several days the expedition made goixl progress. Hut at the point where, fifteen years earlier. Sir Alexander Mackenzie turned back to follow the trail west- ward to the sea, Mr. Fraser decided to continue on, and, as the Indians predicted to him, he encountered appalling difflculties I . i I !i KXI'LOKATOKV \V()|{K. 241 durin*;' his jounu'y. Rapitl.s iiiid fri^iitrul caHCiules, whirlpools lifiiiiiitMl ill l)y liuf^'e rocks, mid iiuinerous porta^^cs, nuidc the tiip a most ditHeult and daii^crous one, but Messrs. Fraser and Stuart were not the men to be daunted by sueh obstacles, and when thev could no lonrn'r travel by water, thev abandoned tluir canoes and started to travel by foot. On the l!Hh .luiic, ISOS, they discovered a river flowing From the east, which they named the Thomjjson, after Mr. l)a\id Thomp.son, the tViiMxl and colleaj;'ue of Mr. Fraser in the work of discovery, iiiid after a couple of weeks of extreme hardship and danj;t'r, thev reached the ti : ' 1 i '-■ % i l\ . I i .i. i %\\ •ii I i ; Hii *'! Mi ' I 242 HISTORY <>i' I'liK \(>i{'iii-\\ i;sr. t(jria, wlicii the Pacific Fur ('oiiipniiy was occupying' it, and tir was tlif Hi'st civili/cd man to traverse tlic main stream ot" tin- Coluiiihia, at least that portion of it aliove Kort ('olvillc, tn its source. Mr. Tlionipson lived to Im- eit>iitv-.seven vt-ar^ ol' aL!f. and died on Keliy. liitli. I'S.')7, in poveity. at Lon^uei!. on the St. LawriMice, opposite .Montre.il. In the Ci-own L.-inds ])( p.irt- nieiit of ()nt!irio. is a nia]» ])i'e|)iire2 to 1X12. 'i'urnint;' once more to the ex[H'ditions sent out hy st-a, we find that ahout ISKi the Hritish ( ioNcrnment despatchcil snmc vessels to the North Sea in (piest of a pasisa^e, l»ut they ic- tiu'ued without accomplishin;^- anythin, Lieutenant Fianklin was sent by land to tlic n<>i'- theru coast in order to survey to the west of Co- pcnniiM' River. Hitherto the coast hay Sir Alcxantlcr Maekcii/Jt' in l7S!t, at the inoiitli nt' tin river wliicli l)fars liis iiaiiic. Franklin was ,icc<)iii]»anit'il tiy Dr. Kif'liarrii;ade of colon- ists from York Factory to Reel l^isci'. and on that occasion es- t;d)lishe(l several tradiiie- posts to intercej)t the traile of their rivals. After the union of the comi>anies. Mr. Mid.eod s work was contine; \'ork Factorv. he ascende(| Haves River ali th at rcaite to Lake Winnipeg-, thence u[) the Saskatcliewan to .ri,il (ii; I I 244 IIISTOHV OK TIIK N(»l{TII-\Vi;sT. Cumin'iluiul HouHi'. Fi'oin tliis jioiiit lit- went iKUtliwaril tlirou^rh tilt' cluiin of lakes and stivaiii.s to ("l;'"cliill Ki\tr which he t'oIlowiMl to the heij^ht of hind .Mcthvc l'orta';i'. Wv Ch'arwatcr Kivrr lie ciitcrcd the Athahascu to the lake of that name, am 1 I caec K i\er, wluc h 1 le asccin h-;j;'ei'atioii if the facts were not sus- tained t)y iihlisjaitahle evidence. Sir (Ieor«;e Sim})son was noted for his ra])idity of movement. Til I.S2n, Sir Felix Pxioth, a man of wealth, undertook to de- fray the cost of a pii\ ate expedition, and jjlaced it under com- mand of Sir John Hess and his nephew dames. This expedi- tion passed fom- years in the fro/en I'eeion, hein;;- wiutei' hound, and weic unahle to I'eturn until lr<;-t; Hack and Dr. Hidiartl Kiii;^- to scarcli for tlicm. Tin- lattt'i- set out ill \>i-\-\ and travrllfd hy (Jfcat Sla\t' LaUt' and < ii'cat Fisli Rivci', rrtnrjiiii;^- in I.S."i4. hi is:{«i, Sir ( Icoi •<;•»■ Hack was jdaccd in coiniiiaml of a naval (•\]M'dition to proHociitf iiorth-wcstvni discoNcrics, ami hcinjj,' oiilit^fd to wintt'V in ttif [lark-icr, rt-tunifd to Kii^land in In 1887. Siin]ison and Deaso were sent out at the instance of the Hudson's l>av (V)nii)aiiv. and reached tlie mouth of the .M;ieken/ie River. Tlieohject ot" this e.\aniinatioii was to eon- tiect l»v actual survey the several points on the iiorthrrn coast I 1) winch nao oeeii visi ited 1) )V i»ri'\ lous explorers, am d tl us work .■n;^ai;ed the attention of the exjtedition until l'S:}!>. in 1S4.'), a fresh attempt to discover the North-West )>as- sa;^r was undertaken by Sir .John i'^-anklin and Captain Hichard ( 'I'ozier, in ciiar<;i' of a naval expedition with l^io otlicers and men. The unfortunate end of the expt'ilition is wtll known. 'I'lie ships />Ve/>it.s and yVr/vr saileil on May l!>. IN4.>, and were last seen liy a whaler on the foUowiiii:- .Inly 2(itli, in Bartin's Hay. After years of anxiety and uncertainty, and many efforts to obtain tidin<^s of the niissinii' ships, all that eduld he learned ret;ardin^" them was conij)rise(| in the few nlics found l)y search parties, proving- that they had all per- ished. In IS4(), Dr. .John l^ac was entrusted with the work of complftini;- the exannnation of the coast. He wintered within the Arctic circle, and remained there until the suminei' of 1847. Kraiiklin had now been awavthret' years when the British (ioverniiient decidetl to send in .search of the missinir shi ps, P> I I • IM 1 m.^ i m v\ '■ I!: If •24(; HISToHV (»!■' TMi: \( »l{TII-\Vi:sT. ;uitMills Clonic ;iii(l Kcllrtt. WCIlt ItV WAV of iJcliriii; the s«'C()im1. umlfr Sir .lolni Hiclianlson ami Dr. .I«iliii II sea was ,s<'iit ((Ncrljiiid li\' wa\' of the M ackriizii' am I ( ()M'/'/.sr, under ( 'aptain ( "ul- linson, ivtiirned to Eii^^laml in 1804, hy the Pacitie, lnit thr Ivirstij/dJor, under Captain McClure, iievei- retuniecl. In tlif second year she heoanie hopele.ssly emlit'diU-d in the ier, iic\ii- to nio\'e a;n'ain. In the third year she was aliaiidoncd. and Captain iMeChire, his otHcers and erew, hcin;^' disc()\frfd liv Cai)taiii I'ini, in eommand ofasledoe nartN'. decideij to aliaiid loll the ship, and then marched o\er the ice to the Ri'^ohiti . of Sir Edwai'fl IJelcher's e.xpetlition, whicli they rcaehrd after a Jour- uev of two weeks. The Rcfiolute, iiowe\er, was cauu'lit in tln' pack-ice, and remainetl in that state ilurinii' the winter of 1 \vled;^e. Iiiit did not acconiplisli tlie main oltject of the e\|>ei|ition ; tliev returniMJ in |S.')2. In lsr)2. another expedition was sent ont Ity the iSritish (Io\ernment, consistine- (if a nimdier of \-esseis in command of Sir Kdward Helchec, ( a])tains Osl.oine. Hichards, Kellett. and Mc('lint<»fk, and anwaie- the otlicers were. Teiiy, Hamilton. .Mecham, Nares, l*ini. and nther \\clld\nown names cunnecied with the na\al ser\ ice. lint this e.\|iedition. like the oth'Ts. was un))i'()< ilncti \(' of results, so fai" as the seai'ch foi' Sir .loh I'laiiklin and pai't\" was concerned. In IS;)."i Dr. .loh;; IJae a;;ain nndei-took a land expedition, ;md compU'ted the coast examination of previous years, thus connectine- the discoxeries of fniuier traxcllers. Dr. Kae was t lie first to Iti'i lie- hack the tidin<''s of Fi'aid\lin, the news of the fate of the e.xpe7. under the aus- ilH pices of Henry \'II., up to the ()() iiiilrs in tliirtx-i'iulit (la\-s. 'riicic was an onlinarv trail to Ivliii oil- ton, from which place a south western cours<' wa.s taken, ami of tht whole jt)urney as far as ( "ol\ ille. Sir ( leort^e writes: H ere then tenninateil a lone- aiii I lal) )ntius )ouniey oi nearly two tiioiisani 1 mil es t»ii liorseltack, across nlaiiis, mountains. riN'ers ainl itirests. V or sl.\ wet ks ami five ilavs, we hail lieeii ct)nstaiitl\' riiline', or at least as ctaistantlv as the sti'eiiutli of our horses woulil allt)w. from earlv ilawii to sunset, ami we ail, on an avt'raef, het-n in the saihlle aliout elexfii hour s aiiu a ha I a I lav. From Heil Hiver to Ftliiiontoii, one tlavs wor witli another amounteil to about fifty miles, hut from Ktliiioii- ton to Colville, we, moi"e ecncrally than otherwise, fell short of forty." From {'ol\ ille. Sir ( Jeoree pfocceileil ilown the Coluiii- hia hy canoe, ami after icachine- the coast, ami makiiit; a tour of ins])ection as far north as Sitka, he left ft)i' San Francisco liy steamer on his way rountl the wt)rli|. We will now elo.se the list of lami ex])l()rations for the present hy referrin*;' to the e.\peilition of Captain Palli.ser ami K.\IM.<)|{.\lnl!V WultK. 24! > f I \\\-> MSHociiitrs ill is,")" liSdO — which whm uiHli-rtnkfii l»y in Htriu'tiuii of thf liiipfrial ( io\criiiiii'iit. Ht- ascciidt'il tht- St. Lawifiict' ami traxtTscd thf lakes to Kort W'iiliain. w hi-ii' his i-xaiiiiiiati()iiM may )»• said to ha\f coniiiifiK'cil. ami in this hf was aiilt'il l»y several well-known scientific men. aiiion^- whom may he meiiticaie<| Dr. Hector, [lieutenant Hlakiston. Mr. .John W. Sullivan, ami M. Mouret-au. The exaniinatieei' Hi\t'r, and Bow River districts. The latter stream was followed to the mountains, alont;' the route on which the Canadian Pacific Railway is to-day con- structed. The Vermilion and Kananaskis pas,ses were examin- ed, and the .sources of Kootenay Hiver reached. Dr. Hector returned \>y Ivickin;^' Horse River, and explored in the e».iieral direction of the mountains to the Bra/eaii ranee, and from the sources of the North Saskatchewan he followed the course of that river to Edmonton. Captain Pal liser extended his jour- ney to the houndiiry of the Ignited States, and traces of the wearisome journeys made by Dr. Hector are everywhere to he i| III: ill !i ill 250 IIISTOKV ol' nil; N(t|ITM-\M;ST, iiirl with l>y tlif railway ti'a\cll<'r. in tin- iiaim-s ol' tlif iiumih. tains ami ri\i'i's iM'twoen ('al;^aiy ami tin- < '(iliiiiiliia. Ill .laiiuaiy, \H')\), I)i\ Ht-ctor Irl't Kla('i'. he di'sccmlt'd the ("oininhia to tlif sea. Till' rt'|iort of till' I'allistT i'\|M'iHtion was prcHciitt'd to tlic hii|iiriid I'arliaim-nt in l. and *-ontaini-(| niuch ■iciriitilic and ^rm-ral inroniiation rrs|M'ctini;' the cfiitral pniirit' i'<';;ioii>. which itidicati'd the '^n-nt a;;riLMiltunil and industrial possi- Itilitiis III' ^ ast aiTas of the interior of British North AiiH'iicu. Captain I'allisers rcpoi't is also iciiiarkahle for his adviisr rccoinnirmlation to the Uritish ( Jovfrnnicnt, in resjicct to opl'Min^ up tlu." country for scttli'iin'iit, and for tin- ]»ositi\r opinion ;^i\fn hy him as to the iinia'aetifahility of construct- iny' a railway throueh jJritish America to the I'aeiHc. We will on these two latter points ijuote ('apt. I'alliser's own words : " 1 therefoi-e cannot reconinicnd the Imperial ( lovernnient to countenance or lend support to anv .schenu' for eonstructin<4', or, it may he .said, forcing' a thorou^'hfare hy this line of I'oute, eitlier I)y land or water, as there woukl 1m- no immediate adv^antaee conniiensurate with the reipiiieil sacrifice of cajjital : nor can I ad\ i.si- such heavy expenditnii as would necessarily attend the construction of any exchis ively Britisli line of road l)et\veen Canada and Red Hi\ei' settlement." I I KXI'I.OUATOltV VVUKK, 251 III iiiiotlit'r ]mi-t <>r tlif r»'))ort. lie says: "Still the kiiow- |ri|y,(' of tin- country <>ii tlit- wjioli- wouM ih-ni r Icail iiif to ml- MX'iitt' a liiii- oT ('oiiiiiiuiiicutioti from ('aiiada acro.s.s tlw coii- tiiifiit to tlu' racitic. t'.\cliiMi\t'l\- tlirouirji |»i-itisli tfnit»a'v Tlir time lias now for cvd- j-omc liv for ftft'ctintr sncli an ol»- jcct. aiiil tlif nnfortunatt' clioici- of an astronomical liounlly, asked for a Further renewal of tlieir license foi* twentv-one vears, altlioueli at tl.-^ time, tlir eraiit of I.S-21 had six years to run. The c'o>n])any j.rohahly considered the occasion opportune for making an appeal, ami they certainly occasio succeeded in presentinji' a. sti'oni;' case 'I'l \rV representi'd that peace rei^neK, 2.-):{ iiiiiin'fliiitt'ly at'ttT tlic t'ofiiiatioii of a systt'iii nt" ^fdViTimu'iit at 1{((| liivfi', and it was doiilttlrss it ro;;-!! !/,»•< I tltat a t'urtlit-r t'x- tfiisidii (tf tlit'ir powtT ill tln' (•(nmtry l»y <4>ii»'i'iis liccnsr wmild stiviiMthcii their liaii of the iiia<;'isti'ates. all of wllolll Were memhers of the ;;-overniiient, only tended to litii;liten the discontent. The first ]ietty jury was empanelled on 'JSth Aj)ril, JS-Sti, and the case of a man iiaiii-'il [..ouis St. l)euis, accuseil of theft, was trieil.the pi'i.sonei' heine' convicted. Hut the puni.shmeilt to which he was seliteiicefl created a feel- ing; of popular excitement and indienation in the settlement, iiiid destroyed inuch of the respect which otherwise the ail- iiiinistration of Justic l»y the new ;;'o\frnment would have en- joyed. St. Denis was cr the law, ratlici' tliiui r('S|H'C't or contiUcuct' in ilw udiniiiisti'ation <»1" juHticc Matters. liowt'Vfr, for .sonif time after this, proj^'i'esseil sniuotlily, although ll;;- arnitr.ty aini one-silled coii«hic't of the magistrates, in cases wliere the t\- chisive rijijlit of the company to the fur trade was invohril. excited a considerahle amount of discontent. It will thus he seen that from the first introduction of cuii- stitntional laws into the settlement, the system worked with only partial success, and the seven and a-half pei- cent. iliir\ on imports was found to he so olmoxious to the pe()[)le, aiiil ^u oppressive, that it had to he rescinded hy the council, and in- duced first to five an()(). It had become the habit at this period, to account for every step taken by the company, as wholly in their own intei'est. and ay;ainst that of the .settlers, and the heavy lo.ss in the pit-sent instance was put down to a mere sch<'me on the part of the fur-trattlement. "^riie absurdity of this rea- soninj;' is apparent, but it will show tlie pecidiar state of feel- iii;^' toward the company that existeen and tiir furs it contained foiribly .seized. Two more seizures wiiv then maiU'. and the result was that the whole French half- breed pojjulation became enraged. The English luilf-breeils illP vw !! «il A STKUOOLE FOli FREE TRADE. ■iru so lar had stood aloof until one of tlu'ir priii('i]»al iin'ii natin'il liallrt, •It'cmiiii^ liiinsclf jsli^-litt'ij hy a conipaiiy's ottictT, suc- ctt'ded ill arousing- tlit'ii- sympathies in his favor an' that Frmcli and Kn<;lish joined toectlu'i'. and for years afterwards there existed a spii'it dl' condjination which o-ave I'ise to ))lots, plans, an»'s of the chartei'.to an uniieeessarx' deni'ce, so as to inflict what was really an injustice upon the (•onimunity. As an instance of this we eive the followin<^: In 1M44 a proclamation was issued by the (Joveriior of As- siniboine, statine- that all business letters fi-oni impoi'teis of jioods to their aijfents in Kni>land, to be forwarded bv the com- pany's packet, should be .sent to Fort (larry open for the per- ii.sal of tin" authoi'ities previous to beine" dispatched. Such iiiiportei's as would consent to sieii a declai'ation. the sub- stance of which was equivalent to a security a^^ainst theii- eii- Uaf^'ine- in any private fnr-tradiiin- Nciiture. weic exempted from the neccssitv of coniitliance with this reeiil.itioii. Mr. Tlioni's view of this extraort'iiilciit^ ovfi' tlif only availal)li' route of wliicli it Iwnl tin- inilis|tut;ili|i control. ( 'crtainly tilt' nici'cliants lunl the ln-st of tlif jiil;u nit-nt. ami it niav !«' nicntiout'il hcrr that tin- i-'t^vt'iiior ami coniinittcf in London must have thou^^ht so, hecausc tlicy n - |)udiatfd anil disallowctj a nuiidirr of thf i'('<;ulations niade \>\ Mr. 'I'hoin. From the ahovf it will he st-cn that indi\iduals in the .scttli- nu'iit were ciiuau-iiitp in tlu' puirha.sc and salt- of ;j,'oods wliicli they iiiiportfd fioiii Kn<>lanr|, and this the conijiany assisted 1)V c'oii\ e\-in<"' the nieirhandise in their shins to Voik Ka(!tor\ Now these vessels were not supposed or intended to he useij as common cairieis. hut simply for freiohtin^' the supplies re- n trade. It a|)peais that they ll.MI (pured hy the company s askine- for a reduction of the frei;^ht char;;es on that article, in order to stinndate its ])roduction and exportation. The com- {»any, {trohahly rem(!nd)ei'in;.i- the fate of the 'I'allow Companv which Sii' ( icorj^e Simpson had attempteil to e.stahlish, niav not have had much faith in the success of tlu' industry, excn with low freii;hts. At all eNcnts, Mr. Christie ne\er an- Wel'ed the letter. The nund)e)- of petty traders now increased, and the com- pany found that they were husily eni^ap'<| in sowiiij^- tin A STIM (;t;l.i; l-ni; KltLK TltAKi;. 2.')!) si.ils ul' ilisHMtisriu'tion lUimn;; tin- |KM)pIt', especially the j)laiii InniliTs. Tlie monopoly nt" exclusive trtule in furs wmh l>eiii;; ii>^Milt', the Imperial Statute for regulating the foreign trade of the British jiosses- sjcins in North America ; jirovideil, however, that tiie (Jovernor-in-Chief, or, in his absence, the President of the Council, may so modify tlie iiiaeliinery of tiie said Act of Parliament, as to adapt the .same to the circumstances of the country. 2m MisToKv or iim: NoHTH-WKsT. That, heiiceforwanl, nn ^(mkIm slwill Ik? tldivtfred at Yojk Fartory tn anv lint pciHiiiiN lUily licensud ti> fri'i<4lit tin- .saiiii' ; siu'li licoiist's lieiiii; j^imh only in thnst- casus in wiiich nc fur tiatticki'i- may li.ivc any inti-n'Ht, (liri'ct (ir imliri'ct. 'I'liat any intoxicating drink, if founil in a fnr tnittitkei's pd.sHo.sinn, licyond tilt! iiinits of tliu aforesaid settlement, may be seized and dt'stiuy- ed hy any person on the spiit. Whereas, the intervention of miildhnien is alike injurious to the Hon orahle ('oinpany an> to he people ; it is resolved — That, 1. ..(fo-- i.l, ful-s shall lie purchased from none but the actual hunters of th.^ v»!)u», FoKT (Iakkv. duly Kith, 1845. C()))y of Ijcfiisc >' "red to in rorcocdno- Minuter: — "On lahalf of the Hudson's Hay Company. 1 herel)y license A. l!. to trade, and also ratify his having traded in Knglish goods, within the Hniits of lied River settlement. This ratification and this license to hi- mill and void, from the beginning, in the event of his hereafter trathckinii; in furs, or generally, of his usur)>ing any whatever of all the privileges of the Hudson's Uay ('oin|)any " As ini<;ht la- rx{K'C'teil, the paH.siiio- of these iiiiiiutfs l»y tin cotiiK'il raised a stoi'iii of iiidiyiiatioii ainoiij;' those likely to be ati'ecttMl l»y them. 'I'he eoiiijtaiiy, foi- some time ]iie\ii)iis to this, liad he};iin to employ some of the leadiiii; half-l»i-eei[s as middlemen in the fur trade, navino- them inonev or o()()ds, and receivinj;' furs in exchange, whilst the middlemen midertook the tl'oiihle of proeiirin^" the furs from the natives, ol' cnurse with some advanta^'e to themselves. Tliis was no new systein in earryino' on the fiU' trade, and the half-hiceds, seeino so m\ieh ])roHt in the Imsiness, had heen temj)ted to enoa;,'e in the fur trade on their own aceount, and as they eould nnt ex- port furs to Knoland. they sent them, when opporttniity oc- curred, int(j the American territoiy. Haviiio- tasted the henetits of fi-ee tratle, the (|Uestion at once arose in theii' minds how far the ])rivile^es of the com- l)an\' could restrain the natives of the eoinitrv fi'om ohtainini: A STIUUULK K<>l{ KIU'.K TIIAhi; ■n\\ furs, ami «lis|t()sini,f nl" tlinii as tln-y (ItM'int'd Inst. 'I'ln- coiii- paiiy ili'clai'tMl tlu' tiatlic illt';;al. lait tlif liaM-lntfils ili R|\KI{ Sktti.kmk' •. AiU'uiit \i'M\ '.8-^ Sni, - Hh\ iiii,' fit this iiKiiiieiit a vrry strnm; lielief tlmt we s niv .f tl MS c'diintrv. .'i n'r.. lust we should commit ourselves liy dnini; anytliini; in upiiosition, either to the laws of Euijland. or the honorable comjiany .s piivilej^cs, and, therefore, lay Itefore yon. as (iovt'rni>r df IJcd River Settlement, a few (|ueri(s, which we bej,' von will answt-r in conrse. 1. Mas a half-breed, a settlei' the liyht to hunt fnrs in this country ' 2. Mas a native of this country (not an Imlian) a right to hunt fur.s ! .'! If a half-ltreed ha.s the right to hunt furs, can he hire other half- lireeds for tlii' |iurpose of hunting furs f 4 Cm a half-brei'd sell his furs to .my person he pleases? T). Is ;i half-bieed obliged to sfll his furs to the Hudson's Ray < 'onipany iit whate\er price the company may think proper to gi\e him :' t). fan a half-breed receive any furs ,i8 a present from ,in Indian, a re ative of his i 7. Can a half-bn-ed hire any of his Indian relatives to hunt fnis for him > 8. Can a half-breed trade fnrs from anotiier half l>reed, in or the settlement I out !>. Can a half-bieed trade furs fmin an Indi.m, in or ont of the settle iiient U). With regartl to trading, or hunting furs, liaxc the half-breeds, or natives of Kuro])ean origin, any rights or priviler uvcii fr. Ill thu MuilHDirs Way ('uiii|>;iiiy, without niiy cuiiditioiiH liltiiclietl tn tlitm, t,v witliiMit li!iriiii{ hI^iumI miy itmiil, lU-t'd, or iiiHiniiiu-iit whiituvur wliuntiN liu iiii^lit liiivt' willutl awiiy IiIn ri^lit to triulu fiiiH, cuii liu lie pruMMiti I from tiiidiii'' furs in thu sottUMiiciit with settluiH, or uvuii out of tlir NUttI eiiieiit I'J. All! the limits of the si'ttlfmi-iit ilfHm-d \>y tho miiiiici|Mil liiw, Stl kirk Kiant, III' liiil l.'kll Hlllu IM If li perHoii cannot tr.tilc furs, t-ithur in or out of the suttlununi, can hu puirhiise them for liis own aii'l family uhi>, und in what ipmntity ' 14. Ilaviiiii nivui' soon any olhciiil statidiifutH, nor known, hut 1)\ roput, tiiat tho Hudson's I5ay Company lias poouliar iirivih'j^os over British Huhjocts, nativos, and half-ltroods, rosidont in tin; sottlomuni, wc wnuld wish to know what tlnmo iirivilogoM aro, and the [jonaltius littaohod to tho inti'in^omoiit of tiio ^amo ' Wo romain your iiumlilu sorvants, .Famks Sinci.aiu, Hai'tist La I{i»/i k, Thomas Looa.v, .FciHN 1)ka.-k, .Nl.KXIS (ivi l.AT, Loi IS LkTKNKKB I)K Ha7ochk, Wim.iam McMillan, xVNTOINE MolUl \N, Hat. WiLKie, John Yi.n«knt, William Hikd. I'ktkh (iAIUHII. Hknkv Cook, .FoHN Sl'KNCK, • loH.N AnI>KK.SON, Tho.mas McDkkmot. AliALL TkoTTIKK. Chaulks Holk, Jo.SKI'H MoNKMVN, Hai'TIht Fakman. To Alk,\amikh Chrihtib, Esi/., tiovornorof Rod Kivor Settlement. |iii!i|i ■ \ '- '■ I I I, Mr. Cliristit! replicil us fullosvn: — FoKT (Jakky, Soptumbor T), IM."). (Ikntikmkn — T recoivod your lettor of the 2!>th ultimo, on tho uveniii.: of tho Ih'd instant, and I am suro that tliosoiomn and important proooid inj^s in wliioii I was yostorday oiii^a^ed will form a sutticient apojotfy for my having allowed a day to pass without noticing your communica- tion. Howovor unusual it may l>o for tho rulor.s of any country to answoi legal imjuirios in any oilior way than througli the judicial tribunals which can ahme authoritatively tlecido any jtoint of law, 1 shall, on this particu lar occasion, overlook all those considerations which might otherwisi A .STI{r(;<;|,K K(>|{ KKKK THAhK. •2M |ii'iiin|>t iiu' to (U'clinu, witli nil diir ci'iirtoNV. flir dimMmsinii of yuur Iftti-r; himI I iiin tlu> ritthur iiKliKuil t<> mlopt tins oimsc li\ y<>iir iisumiiI, fur wiiiili I Hill 111 mini to give you full rit'n on ii Iohh favoialilu footing in Itiipcrt's I^huiI than yoiirst'lvi's, ^'oi.r supposition, fiirtluT, smns to draw a distimtion l>e- twct-n lialf-hrufdH and piT«ons horn in the muntry, of Kuropeaii piiront ago. and, to iiicii of your intflligoiu'c, I need not say that this distinction is still iimrf uni'casoiialilc than the other. N'liiir tenth ipieiy i.s fully aii.swered in these olwerviitionH on your tir»t nine ipierieH. Vour eleventh ^aii, iiiid iitliera. Tlir Molciiiii iiidI iiiijMii-taiit jir<>cccilinu;s iTfi«i'i'ftly an't'stt'<|. tritMl, ami Ix'in;;' convicttMl. wiis liun;; tVoni tlic walls (tl" Kort ( lai'iT on tin- .')tli Scptt'nilM'i-. lN-1-.'), as mm fxani|>l<' to ilt'ttT otlit-r Indians tVoni connnittiii;!; niui'lfr. Tilt' i<'n|\- of ( lo\ fiiioi' ( 'liristir was not. aH niav In- iniatrint'd, vciy satisfactory ti) tlif parties to whom it was atlilit-sst'ij. and it certainly did not tn.d to allay tlu- fcclin;^' of ojtpositioM against the t'onipany. No opportu'iity to cntVart' rt'sjicct for the chartered rie;|its was at this period ne;,decteay ( 'omjtany was framed for presentation to the Imjierial authorities. an tluii Sccrctarv ul" • « • Stiitf lor tln' Colonii'H, rt'Cfivcil tt-stitiioiiy tnr Mini ayaiiist flu- (•ni;ii»aMy, ami tln'ii notitif(| Mr. Isliistrr tliat ln' iiiiiNt asfsuiin- tlif t'\|i<'Mst' lit" a jinlicial pnicfss il' In- di-Niicfl t<> liavc unr, iiihliii;;. li(»\vt'Vt'r, that tlif n aliility nt' tlir rliartiT was not to Itr i|iit>.sti()ii«i|. Mr. Ishistrr ilcclint'il to iiitK-ml. anii;^li lie (■iiiitiiui*'iis in aeitatin;; aeuin.st the llmlson's liay ( 'oiii]iany. lie leceiveil his I'ewanl ill the rollrwine- letter: SiH, — I Im'j; to Htate that in a |>rivjite letter IVom Mi-. Sirre- t.iiy Smith, ilateil the iSth April last, ami reeeiveil on the 25th instant, I am re<|Uesteil to aci|uaint you that no uood.s will he shipped in your name on lioanl the Mudsoii's Hay ( "oiiipany 8 ships for York Factory, I am sir, V'our niOHt ohedieiit servant. Alknankkk CmusTii; H li|i!!, i,,ii .Mr. .1 ime Miiclair. The meanmj,^ of which was that .Mr. Sinclair s hiisint'SH was ruined for thai year. The j)roceedin^s of the company in thus punishing; those who were opjiosed to them, and forcing eoiapliance with tln.'ir '-. i • 1 jna ■? '■ 11 < I 10 ; lil«» i u ii fl 1 I : ( Hit 2(i0 HisToKV or riii; NourM-WKsT, r<';^nilatii)iis .i^ainst trtulinj; in furs, may a|nti'Hr liarsli an! uii juist. I»\it it must hf honic in mind that tlicy lookt-il at th m attcr j)un'ly from a business stand-point. They liaai'ties. Thus matters stood, with an under current of discontent ap- proachine- i-ehellion, hut no open hostility to the conipiiny. when in .lanuai-y, 1H4(J, thi' iidluen/a raj;e(l. and in May \]\r measles hrdke out in tjio settlement. Neither of these epi- demics pi-oved very fatal, l)ut in June, the hloon a force of Hritish troops appeai'eil upmi the scene, and, while they remained in the countiy, all uppusi- tion to the Huii*inunt "I A STI{r(;(iLK K(>|{ I'lJKK Tlt.VDK. 267 t'odt, (U'('(>tnpani«if the Koyal Kn^iiit'crH. This U^rcv. ('((iisistin^j of ('i;,flitt't'ii ottict'i's, three hun(h'e(| and twenty-nine men. s«'venteen women and iiiiiet«!en children, or three lunidred and ei; to do with it. It is not to he considereil for a moment tluit so stroiij^ a ioi'ce was .sent merely to U]»holtli |»ai'allt'l, proviilt'il that the line from tlmt coi'iii'r should run thic north or south, as was rt'(|uiri'il. till it .sti'uck that |tai'allt'l, ami th; ucf westward o!i tiiaL j)arallf| tn tilt' crtsts of tilt' Kockics. The (|U('stit)n of homitlary. Imw- «'Vt'r. it'iiiaiiii'd a, matter of tlis|iute, ami the Americans ijiil not conceal their ilesire to excluile all Kuropeans, es])eciall\ British subjects, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 'I'he 4itiii (le;;ree t»f latitinle was the extifiiiest northern limit that tlif Americans eoulil ;;t't to their claim in their litdtiest assum|>tiiiii of i'i;;lit. yet the I'l-esiilent, in his formal me.s.sap' tt) ('onj;it'ss on .')tli Deceiiihei'. |S42. ,says : "The Tnited States have al- ways contenileil that their riehts appei-tainetl to the whole re^itjn of ctmntry lyine- on the Pacific, and embract'd within 42° and ')4 40' of north latitu° ])arHllt'l, and along' it ui'stcily to the iiivi(|»'(l tliat the 'iin' on tlif 4H° n. lat., liavin;;' struck tlif watrr, sliould follow the iiiid- illc of tile cliannel dividiiij^- N'aiicoincr Island from the main, and thence procet'd thi'n for (Jrcat Hritain sending' troojts to Heel Hi\t'i- in 1)S4(I, .Old in support of this, is tlie fact that they Wfif recalled al- iimst innnediately after the disjiutcd f|uestion hail hecn settled. The i.strate for one year, at the nt, lie was charged witli very important duties. <.) 1 I ( ' 1 ■ r I liH !:i i'\ •270 IIISTOHY OK THE N( >I{TII-WKST. DowNi.No Stuket, lOtll .llUlf, 1.S4^. Sir — I Hill diructud by Knrl (iiey to iic. .Mujor Caldwoll, iiowcvor, did not jirovc to he a .stii-ccss eilluT JUS a j^'ovi'nior, I'oiiiiiifindcr, (»r invcfsti^atoi", a o()od (l.;il of disHatisfMctiou hoiii^^- cxprt'wsfMl liy the people witli his ad laiiiiHtratioii of artaii's ; atid the peiiHioiiers were neithof iv spected nor feared, for hardly had the (ith foot ttiriied ttnii hacks on the Hettlenieut, wheti wi^-ns of di.saflection once iiwy ajipeared. Mr. I.shi.stei-, in the nieantii)ie, continued at work in I'jiojjind, agitatino the cause of th" Red Hiver peojilo aoaiii'^i that of the company, liut with indifferent success, anted to asciihe t(» theii- rule the existence (jf evils which it is alto- L;t'ther heyond their power to renietly. There is too much rea- M>n to Teur that il' the tiade were thrown open, and the In- dians left to the mercv oi" the adxenturers who mii-'ht chance .lit to ennjin-c III it, their condition woulil lie ^^reatiy deterioi'ated W III* th •se ihscussions were j^oiiie' on alii'oad, and opinions liein;:,' expressed, while committees were in\ esti»^'atin;^' the ni.il- ter )iro and con, an excnt occurred in the settlement which turned out to he U (lea th-1 )ioW to tl le exercise ol t heir excl Usi \ i iriv.lcMes hy the Hudson's Hay ("ompany. In the spring' ol" |N4!t, a French hall'din-ed, William Savers, with tin ee others named .Mc(iillis, Lai'on. made a tive population at a time wlieii they had no ]>owei Niitiicient to eiil'oice respect for their authority. The ITtli of May was the day appointed for the trial, and before it took jilaee, it was li I i ■ r*' , l> i 1 i Rii •)7-) lllsTuKV oK Tin: N«>lt'l'll-\Vi:sT. ilt'cidi'd hy lIic tVit'iiils of tlir |»iiM»iicis. iind iii'lfcil l.y tin- .u- tiri' (•iiiiiiiiiiiiity ol' l-'i'dicli linll' hrccils, to imjiUi' ji 'li'iiiunsiiii- tinii in tlirir t';i\(ir. AccDldilinlx', (III tllr liMiniiii;;^' (if tlir I7tll Miiy. ;;r(ili|i> 111' oxcitnl |ic()|)|c were seen liMst ciiiii;;- ill till" dirt'ctiiiii df t|,, coui't lidiist', aiiil lidiits ;iiiii (MiKics were |ias,siii^' niicl it'|iassiii:^- across till' ri\ i-r. tillt'(| witli imii IkmiihI U>[- l-'oit (ianv. Tlir cniirt-lioiisc wliicli was a sinall I>tiil(|iiiH- (ailsidc the I'oii. was siDTdiiiidcd liy a ^^'^.|l(•ss iiioli (»!' |i('(i|i|c. who liccaiiic tli'^ mkiIi' tlnvati'iiiiin- as a ruiiidr s|)i(ad tlial Major ('aid Wfl I intrndid to lia\r his |»ciisioiicrs iiiidcr anus to resist any attack. TIm' iiiilitjiry, lio\vc\ (T. did not make tlitir a)i)nai'aiicf. and w in n tlir hour ol" trial caiiic. t he .Major .liid^^c Thoiii. and the ma _;'!><- tratcs. took their seats on the Iteiieh without aiiv' dis])la\ of armed i'orce to protect them. IJiit hy this time tliere wciv alioiit 4l)() arm.'d men cdHected around the coiii-tdioii:-c and thai iii'liv I'Ina oi Mis irieinl when the case of William Sayers was calhd old not a|)|'ear. heiii;;' held ha ■,', hy a niimi)er until at last, after a consultation of the lieiich, word was m lit out to the half hiii'ds that they mi;;lit a|i]ioiiit a lead<'r to as- sist Say<'i-s ill lie cdiirse of his trial, and this was accepted, a mail iiai I Sinclair hein;^' chosen for the |)iii'|>o,se. 'The trial, however, was a farce, for after Sinclair had ehal- ieiim'd niii It of the tw elv e jurymen, Sayers co(/ily adndtled that h did trade furs from an Indian, and was thereu|(.i I a ■ I \Mt'.\ I 1 f I - f CHAITKH Wll. TIIK (IUKCII IN Tin: NOKTII-WKST. In .1 |)if'\i(»us cliMjiter we rd'cncil t<» tlic liiliois iiml tiiiiU of tlic early luiHsionai'it's, and now wf will ^ixt' an account nf tilt' work and HprcatI of the cliurcli in the Ndrtli-Wcst. 'i'n i\<> so, wc will he ohliet'd to cctracc our steps to tlie time wIkii the first niissioiiaiy a|)))eai>M| in Hed h'iver. We lia\e alfeady h H. shown how ne\'. rci'e .Messaecr acconi])anii M. d V eranui\'e nw his first expeilition to the .N'mth-West. and how j'cie Aineaii was massacred hy the Sionx Indians at Lac de la ('iiii\ liin the tiist sei'ious attempt of missionai'ies to settle in the enmitiy s in IMS. when Rev. Joseph Ndi-liert Prosenchei and the wa Rev. Severe Dumoidin, ari'ived at Red Rivei', >n aftei tlii' 'hurch I ami missioii-liouse w» -h ■re erected at St. Honifac e Mil ti;t eastern hank of tho Reil Rivei'. opposit*' the mouth of rln Assinilioine, and here the Kiencli-( 'anadians tlocked to tie services. In I S2() another priest. naiiie<', Th. Destroismais I 'MS. arrived in the countrv, followed hv another in IS22, naiin-d « « .Jean Harper, and in the latter year. Rev. .1. N. Pro\en'-her was con.secrated Hi.shop of .Juliopolis, a name derivecl from a town in (Jalatia, under the metropolitan see of Ancyra. In the meantime, the Scotch settlers had heeii promised a minister of the Presbyterian faith, and indeed Lord Selkirk had selected a couple of lots on which a church and schm)! house were to he imilt for them. But a ^^entleman, named TIN-: • iiri{( II IN I'm; Noirrii-wKsr. .1.) Mr Sa;^!'. .son nl' I'-v, Ali'xninlcr Siih-i-, of Kililoiian. Scotlmiil who WHS n)>])oiiiti'i| to tin- iiiiiiistrv at Hi'd HiNt-r, for moiih' irasoii. lu'VtT iiiailt' Ills appfaraiicf. .-iimI a Mr. .laim's Siitlh-i- laiiil was sflcctf\nn('d. tlM-rt'l'orc. tliat it did not reach liiin. s(» Mr. Siitlierland nintinued in his ministrations. On the 14th Octoher, \H-2i). Hev. John West arrived in the >fttlement, who. in his jonrnal afteiwards pnhjished, says that, in his appointment as ehaphiin to the lindson's P>ay ( 'om]>any. lie was instnietei' Ni reside at the Hed Hivcr settlement, and under tlie rneoina. •nt and aid of the('lnM'eh Mi.ssionarv S(KMet\'. to set k tl e inst rnction. an( i end eavor to inelioiate tin condition of the native Indians. He, sailed from ( Iravcseml on Itoard the Hudson s |]ay ( 'ompany's ship Kdili/sfmu'. itw the 27»^h May. IK^O.sm that it took him ahont five months to reach his iestination at Ked Kisi-r. Immediately aftei- his arrival 111' l,»"M-aii the Work of his mini.stry. and, spt^akin;^' of the '•hnrcl»<»'s in the settlemtiit at that time, he .savs : "There w'a.s an untiniii^lied huihlint; a»* a Catholic church, and a small hou.se adjoinin*;'. Mie residence of the priest: hut no Protestant man.se, church or M'hool-house, which ohli^^ed me to take up my ahode at '^he Colony Fort ( Kort I )ou;i;las ), where the ' chare-c d affaires of the settlement ivsidetl, and who kindly afforded the accommodation of a room for divine worship on the Sah- ii w 4f I:! ii I 'I t|' II i^li M ;.(! 270 HIsToKV <>|- T»IK Noinil-WKST. \mt\i. My iiiinistiA' wii.s y;»'ii('nilly well attriidtMl l»y tim s.t- tk'i'N. hikI ,sk up liis rcsidfiicc on a larm \»-- loii^iii^ to tilt' rstatf of |j)r(l Selkirk, which was aliout, >i\ miles (Hstaiit IVom the school-house, aiitl. to use his own woi'U. continued to have divine service reeularly on tiie Sahhath. In tliis way, throui^h the ministrations of Mr. Sutiii-rland, tlie Catliolic priests, and Mi*. West, the moral and social ol»lii;at'Mii of Jiiarriajie cume to he eni'orced upon those who were living- with, and had families I )y, the Indian (»r half-caste women, and. as Mr. West .says, he hud the ha|>j)in(,'ss to ])ei'forni the ci-i-e- mony for several of the most respectalile of the settlers, under the conviction " that the institution of marriaet-, and tin- security of property, were the fundamental laws of s(jciety." Mr. West's instructions were to ati'ord, in a.fr\ icf, a liiiildin''' wliicli was intt'iidi-il as a x'luiul limisc ami ti-iiipurarx )lact' ol \v (irslii|i in tli«' scttlt'iiit'iif . i>ii wliicli occasitni In- I tap tizcd two ot" the hoys iimlcr liis fliar;;T, one of \vln»iii at'tt-r- wards JM-canif a cltTt^yiiian in tin- i-ountry ( Hf\ . II. I>udih. Soon at'trr this, in St')ttt'iiiln'r. \H'2'1. wliilf on a \ isit to Wivk Kactoi'V, lu- iirt'sidt'd at tin- rirst anni\ »'i'sai\- iin'ftiiii'' of tin- Auxiliary IJililc Soi-icty. at wliicli, it may Itr niciitioni'd, ('apt. Krankliu (uftrrwiirds Sir .iolni Franklin) was prt'scnt, lniii;^ at the time on tlic I't'turn fi'oni Ids nortlifin trip to tlic inoutli of tlu' ("oppt'iiiiint'. 'I'lic donations, in aid of tin- sucicty. fiinountt'd tlu'ii to €2()() Os. (id., of which sixty pounds was sul sui)Kcnix'(.l 1 it tl ic annncrsarv nicctinj'-. 'Dius the Christian religion was hcin^i- spread, and Mr. W'tst. hy his zealous ctiorts in the sottlenu'iit and dui'int^ his travels through the countr\ . diy nearly tifty scholars, includiii;;' adults, inde])endent of the Indian children; and the oon^reeati(jii consists, ujion an axcranc of from one hundred to one hundred and thiity persons. It is a most ^ratifyin^' sjeht to .see the colonists, in eroups, direct their steps on the Sahhath nioi'nine' towards the Mission-house, at the rin};in^. \ > ^. A IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .^ 1.0 M !fiM IIIIIM ■- !■■ Ill 2.2 I/- 1^ 11118 .- 1.25 1.4 lA M 6" - ► - V] <^ /2 v: ->> y /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 "q S. -u ss S\ c^ % V \ c\ 6^ ^ '% ^ 1^ i '• I I r lil Hi i ■ft I 27'S HISTOHV (»F THK XOHTH-WEST. On the lOth June, \H2li, Mr. West preached liis far. \\.1| sermon in the church Just described, and in a few days lift for York Factory, from which phice he paid a visit to tlir Esquimaux, and tlien returned to Knt>1and. While the Church of Ent^hind was thus pro^ressiny in its work, the Catholic priests were (|uietly establishing themselvts on the l)anks of the Red River, amon^ the people of thtii' faith, and jireparino- the way for the planting- of the ;;iv;it missions wliich, in after years, spread themselves in ahiinst every corner of the \ast Xortli-West. In addition to their church at the couHuence of tlie Red and Assiniboine rivers, tliey had erected one at Pend^ina, where a nuiidier of Camnli- an families were settled, and in this way [irovided for their tlock. preparatory to the arrival of more pt-iests to assist in the work. The Scotch settlers, however, remained in a state of dissat- isfaction because no Presbyterian minister was sent out to them, and some very unjust statements have been penned in relation to this oversii^ht to provide for their spiritual wants. The ([Uestion is, who was responsible for the nei>'lect ^ Mr. West has been assaile- at it, and the Church Missionary Societ\' rejtroached for sendin<;- out an Episcopalian, when a Presby- terian clergyman was needed. There is no do\d>t about a minister of the church of Scotlan1> with tw(^ or three on the sultject, but none of them felt it their duty to accept. Surely, then, if this apparent luke- wai'uniess was disi)laved by the Pivsbyterian Church, it was liiu'dly fair to lay the ])lame at the door of the Church of England. However, we are antici})ating, and must return to the consideration of our subject in its proper order, In 1828, shortly after ^[r. West's dejiai-ture. Rev. D.T.Jones aniveil in the settlement to take his place, and, like his prede- I i^Wi ^m arts i>i' the Liturgy and fornnda of the Episcopalian church, he laid them aside for the time being, jmd also held prayer meetiiiLrs in a manner somewhat after their own heart. This he ilid tn win them, in ordei', as he said, to do good to theii" .souls, aiid certainlv, if we are to iudu'e by the way he manatjed to gain the love and I'esjiect of the whole peo])le. his efforts were siic- ee.ssful. Tn 1824, he commenced the erection of a sec<)ud church. about six miles farther down the Red River than the upjit r one, and Vieing joined l)y Rev. William Cochran, in lS-2o. the two clergymen conducted their work eoniointly for t)ne \rar. at the end of which time Mr. dones paid a visit to Knglaml. In 1827, a settlement having sprung up at a spot called (Iraiid Rapids, about twenty-five miles from the mouth of the Ucl River, and fifteen from Upper B^ort ( Jarry, Mr. (\)chran cniu- menced the ei'ection of a third church, where he officiated for seven years. In I8.S1, the original building was i-e[)laced by a larger structure, and that in turn was toi-n down to give way, in 184!), to one of greater proportions, and more .substantial construction, which to this day ivmains, and is known as St 1 i • 1 1 1 r i'i IMI-; ciiriicM IN I'm: noktii wksi. 2S1 Aiiurcw s ( 'liurcli. In \H'M'>. Kev. Mr. (.'oclirnii, who was iiidc- tatigahlt' in his cflorts to pi'oniote the cause of i-elij^ion, erected a s'linll wooden ehiu'ch abotit twelve miles down the rivn Ironi hi> jiHrsonii;^f, at St. Andrew's, which was afterwards known as tiie I'arisli of St. Peter, where he oathered jii'ound him a ciinp edition composed chiefly of Indians. I'.y tliis time tile Roman Catholic priestliood in the settle- ment was aueineuted l)v the addition of five to their numl)er. iiiiil\in^ altogether, exclusive of the Bishop, eieht pi-iests lahor- in;,^ in the settlement, and thus the Catholics and Kpiscopalians tiirove in their woi'k. while the Scotch were still without a minister of their own denomination. The tii'st Roman Catholic mission estahlished in connection with the church at Reency, the youno- priest Tach^ was received into the Order of Oblats. Thus matters stood with the Roman Catholics in 1845, and now we will once moi'e turn our attention to the Church of R^n^dand. In 1888, Rev. Mi', Jones took his final departure from the settlement for Enu'land, and the entire charu'e of tlir parish was left in the hands of Mr. (\)chran, thus 'mposino' upon him more work than he could well attend to. Hack Sunday he regularly attended service at the uppi-r. niidillc and lower churches, at the hour arrani^ed for his convenifncf. thus necessitating' a journey of between thirty and foity miles, in addition to his rej;ular clerical labors. Mr. Cochvaii was an indefatii^-able and earnest worker, and no doubt \n-r- foi'med his extra duties cheerfully, but he must have experi- enced a feelino- of relief when he welcomed the arrival of Rev. John Smethurst in 1889, who innnediately took chai'ge of the church at St. Peter's. In 1841, Rev. Abraham Cowlev lii'T 1 Tin: ciiriicii i\ Tiir xoirni-wiisT. ls:\ ■ r 1 7 1 i, m r 1 canic to the settU'iiH'iit and took over tlu- niidWIt' cliurcli. atnl ill |S44 Kov. Jolin .McCallniii ariivrd, aixl Ix'caiiu' iiu'iiiiiluiit (if tliL! ui)per one, thus allowing' Mr. Cochran to <;'ive his wholf attention to St. Andrew's. In iS-Ki, he lH';^an niaUin^- pri-- parations for thi' erection of the second church in his parish, and while thi' work was in progress, he handed ovit the jias- toi'ate to Rev. Kol)ert Janie.s, and paid a visit to En;>land. he- iii<^' absent Tor about a year. Soon aFter his return, the death of Mr. iMcCalhini left him the e.\tra duty of attendniu' to tiie waiiis of tlie upi)er church, in addition to his own. and thus it came about that for einht years, from 1S8!) to 1H47. Mi'. ("ofhran performe(l work which would have tried the strenjuth of the strongest man. Indeed, he is regarded to this day as lia\ ine- been oi;e of the mo.st active and zealous ndssionai'ies in the countiy, and not only did he labor for the salvation of his Hock, but he assisted them with money, and in othei- ways. often clothino' and fee" them when in want. The Church of Flngland now be<;an to extend their missions beyond the Red River, for we hear of Rev. Air. Cowley estab- lishing one at Lake Manitoba, and about the same time, the Wesleyans established themselves at Lac la Pluie. In 183!>, the Hudson's Bay Company invited and encouraged the Wes- leyan Society to extend their missions to the North -West Territories, and shortly afterwards, six stations were establish- ed, namel}', at Moose, Michipicoteu, Lac la Pluie, Fort Alex- ander, E Hudson's Bay Company in regard to the Wesh^y- !in etibrts: — Resolved, — That three missions be established in the North- i2s4 IIIST(»|{V <>|' Tin; N'ouril-WKST. m : 1 \ I Vi' »rii 'lr|i;irl imiit tliis si'ilsoii. siiy (iiic at Norway I loiisr. iindii t he cliiiruc "f |{f\ Mr. I']\aiis; niic at l^ac la I'luif, uudri- tln' cliarijf <>|' tlir llr\. Mr. .Mason: and (meat Kdiiionton. u niii'i till- fliar::!' of l{i'\. .Mr. Ilundl*'; that r\fi'y facility If atl'ordrd tlirm for successfully conducting: tlirir spiritual lahoi's; and that a ci i\iy ol' the I'tli |iai'iini'a]ih of the ( lo\ crnoi- and conmiit tff's dfsj.Mtch of .March -l-tli. IS4(>. on this siiltjcct. he forwarded to each of the eentlenien in cliaret' ()f the al)o\e districts, for purjiose of ei\ inn- full ellect to their llonoi's' instructions. ' III a letter dated Aueust. IN4I, Ilex, .lames Kvans. (lei ier;il Sujierilltelident of the Wesleyail Missions in the Hudson s lljiy t.'rrit>•■* ii. :liui i 1. i 'I Tin: ( III i;< II i\ iiii: \<»I!TII-\vksT. ■ih; .itclii-Wfin or All lahnscfi iMi its. ITMcliiii;;' N KIW II V II dllM' III Juiif or .Inly, |H4*2. Tlif joiiniry is uiiilt'itiikrii with tin- ilrciiltMJ ii|(|>rarnh'\', Mason, HuihIIi'. .lacoli iihI tlii'\' I'i'i'i'isi'tl i'\ iTV rncourMci'iiii'iit and asNistancc in thrir W II ik, l)Ut thi'ic I'tl'orts wi'ii' not crowiii-d with thr suiriss W.'sl r\'ans ha\(' contuiurd ivi-r thry dcsifi'd. althoiinh tl siiK't' to woris in thf country. 'ruining' once inoic to the Koiiiun ( atlioiics, wc lind tliat in 1n42 the Hev. Mr. 'rhiheanit travelled westward, a i was the first pi'iest to \isit the SasUatchew an \'alley and lOnciish llivcr DiHti'ict. In the foniiei-, he fonnded the mission of Stc .\nne, in iS^.'i, and in the latter, the stations ealled Notn^ Dame lies Victoires, and Isle la ( 'ro.s.se, at Red Deir Lake, and al)uut this time tlie Catholie missionaries must have heen very active, for we find in the re])ort of the \Vesle\an mis- sions of 1S4.S, that Mr. Rundles position at Kdmitnton wa.s jiarticuhii'ly trying;', the people around him bt'iii<; chiefly Ho- iiuin Catholics, and the j)riest from Red Hivi-r liavinc- that sunniier visited extensively both the company's posts and the. Indians. The (jitholic missionaries built comfortable mi.ssion stations in diflen'nt parts of the country, which were erected after the expenditure of much trouble and hard laboi*: and not only this, but the entliusiastic buildei's of these houses wi're e\-er on the move, and may be described as belonj^in^' to a class ( f tiu'U who, at the first intimation or hope of permanent work, II m ! 11^' I I •2S(; HlsKdiV n| nil; Nnlijll \V|:sT. \\ •ir (|uitc williii;^' to takf U|) tlnir jilMnlf in tlif w i;^\vain>> nl tlir sii\ii;^rN. until siicli tiiiif as tiny ((iiiM cslaltliMh tlu'iiiscK cs ill ninrt' cDiiiriirtalili' <|iiait<'rs. In this w ay. tlif ( 'atlmlic miis- siiins .sprtaW i'a|»ii|ly, llifir udiU IxTdniin^^' iiioii' iiii|tui'taiit t'acli y<'ar, until tln-ir laliois txicnilnl to t'\cry part of thr t'onntry. I'^roiii IS-!-! to |S.')(». l)is|io|i I'rox tiiclii r aioni' (•oinliict,(i| tin' Imsinrss (»!' Iiis ilioccsf, imt in tlir latter year a i-oatljutor anil sncci'ssor w as ap]»oinlci|, in llir |ii'rson of I'riT Tacln''. who, as a N'oun^' no\ icr of tin- ( )iars to IIS, is a [(lain, Mn\ aniislifij statt'iiifiit ol" tht- cast'. Ill ortliT, howt'\rr. to placi' thr siilijt'ct clfaily lii'Toii' our iviilcrs, wt' will tjuoti' from thf convsjiondi'iict' that took jilacc lirtwt't'ii tlu' various jiaitii's in ndation to it. In a |iftition, pivst'UttMl hy tliL' Scotch .st'tth'i's to thf ( Joviinior ami commit' t.'f of the comi>aiiy. in IS44, the foilowini;' claust- appfars : •'riiat vt)ur iiftitioiifrs, hcforf jt-aviiit^ Scotlaiul, had a Milciun promise from the latf Karl of Selkirk, that a clfriivmaii til' their own church wouhl fither accom[)any them to this tiumtry, or join them the foUowino' year in it. That when his Lortlship visited the colony, in the year 1817, this promisi- was then renewed: hut the trtjubles, or rather the lawsuits, in which his Lortlship was fni;afetl in Canatla, tletaineil him lon^- t'liere ; and the state of his health after ^"ointi^ htmie, rend"rin^- it necessary for him to travel on the Continent of Europe, Jt (? I. i t I I t in II I i ■ffl I I 2SS IIISTOKV OK Tin; N()l!TII-\Vi;sT wlici! lie miroi'tuiiMtvly ilit'il. |»ut Mil ciiil to tilt' liopc \vlii( h they, n\) to that ju-riod, had chcrishctl, and wliich has not sincr ht'cii rcahzt'd. " Tlif IctttT then drt'W attention to the fact that the coiiipMiiv were assistin*; other inissioiiaries in the eouiitrv. while t!ie Scoteh were heiii^- allowel the Kirk of Scotland, for their editieation and instrnction ; and, as their means will furnish him with hut a small sti|)eiid, you would he plea.se in con;:;!'*'- Dui'ino' thr tiiiif tluit tlic scttK-incnt was uihUt tin- dirrc tinii of tlir Ijiti' Ivirl of Sclkii'k, st('j)s Mppcai' to have liccii t.ikcii with a view to the a])j)oiiitiiH'iit of a I'rcshytcrian cIci'i^Tiiian. ' ( Xott' — I'liis was incorrect, as Mr. Sa;;'c was a))- ]i(iiiitt'(l l)y his Lordshiit, hut iicxcr \isitcii Hcd Hixci'.) ' Nor when it was traiiHiVrrt'd hy his Lordsliijt to the Hudson "s I'.ay ( ouipaiiy, was any sti]iulation to that cticot nia-e receipt of vour letter of the ISth .lulv last, with accompauyinii' iit tor three vears received no replv < it In 1845), however, Rev, f t ^ I f\'} ;!l 2!)0 HISTORY OF THE XoHTH-WK.ST. John Bonar, thf convenor of tlie colonial cotnniittoc of tin- Free Church of Scotland, wrote tliat hr had not succccclcd in finding a suitable minister, several to whom he had ap)tli('.| having; declined to go, hut tlie hope was expressed that oiic would be founth of French River into Lake Huron. C'oastini;' u|) the northern shore of this lake, foj- liK) miles, he came to Hault Ste. Marie, and, crossing- over, passed intc) Lake Superior and alon;^' the northern shoi'e until Fort William was reached. Hei'e the lai'e-e canoe was e.\chan" his stay at He(l Hi\t'r, the Hisho}) onlained as priest He\. Abraham (\)wley, and as deacon and priest, Rev. .lohn McAUum, l)(!sides holdini;- scvcr.il confirmations at the dirt'eieiit churches, and it mav lie interestiuii- at this time to note his description of the four l..iiii'lish Churches in the settlement, as they appeared then. " 'I'he Indian Clnxrch," he says, "is a wooden Iniildin^', painted white, fifty foot or upwards in length, with a cupola over the entrance. It has s(piare-toi)ped win- Scotchmen, 22 Kn;4lishmen, and 2 Swiss, Wales. Italy, Norway, Denmark, (Jei-many, Poland and the I'liited States, each conti'ihuted one to the list Thei'e were 7:{() dwellines, 1,2I!> harns or stables, IS windmills and one water-mill, 821 horses, 74!) mares, 107 hulls, 2.207 cows, 1,5S0 calves, 1,!)7() i>ies, an hUl 294 MISTOKY OF THK NOUTII-WEST. Ir !? V ■ ■ ' 1 ! Hil iii^' that the HikIhou's Hay Coinj)aiiy sliould (louatf the sum nf £SOr> ammally to Ix^ set apart for the pur|)ost' of enilowiii;^ a l)i.sht)i»ric ill Rupert's Laud, which, added to the iutei-ests nf the t!l2,()()(), reudered the iiicoiue of the see about £701). 'I'liis aii'MU;>('Uieut wa8 cariied out 1)V order iu Chaucerv, aud in l. and establishero- vidin^' for future wants, and seldom lay up any part of their earnings to serve them in a day of sickness, or in the decline of life. Trifiin^ provocations will often throw them into a raj^e, but they are easily appeased when in anuer. and they never iful St th •h th narnor a revengetul purpose aj^anist tliose hy wiiom tliey con- ceive that thev have ])een injured. Thev are not brave, but wlien they apprehend little dan^ei', they will often, as they say, play the man. They are veiy deceitful, are exceedingly smf)oth and polite, and are even gross flatterers to the face of a person, whom they will basely slander, behind his back. / M I > ' il I I i! if: 296 lllSTdliV <»!■ rilK NoltTII-WKST. "'riii'\' |i;iv littlf iv^-MT'l t(» Nt'iMfitv <»r to lioiit'stA'. 'I'lnir word is Hot to Im' ti'iistt'd, ami tlx-y arc iiiiicli a;e Simp.son, there were 500 of them in the em[)loy of the Hud.son's Bay Company annually durinif his time, but of these many were Indians ent>aj^"ed merely for a trip in sununer, and a nund)er of those lived at the Indian settlement, where Mr. Cochran es- tablished a mission. In the early days, cauoas, some of them being very large v<)V.\(;i;ri{s, I'ltKHiMTKits, iirsTKits and ihai'I'KUs. 'Ji>7 iiinl Htroii^", wcri- iisccl, hut tlit-s'- ^i-iiilually ;^m\<' way to lioMts, wliicli Wfi'r workfil liy iiiiic iiifii, ri;^lit ot' wlioiii wtif idutrs ;iiii| tlif other the stt't'i'MiiiHii. r>ri<;ii(lt's coiiijiosfd of t"i"om I'mir to rit^iit of these ci'aFt, wei'e kept constantly ^'oinn- H msToitv or TiiM N<)in"ii-wi:si iin]»r(t\ idi'iit lunl iiiiiclialilf, as tlic vuya;;t'iir ol' tin- raiiui; in tilt' caily ' the hreak Hrnilv, and nudxine' the cait as strouii- as e\er. Kach cart was drawn hy one ox or an Indian hoi'se, the weight of the l(jad carried hein;;' from !•()() i > 1 ,200 Ihs, and the common I'ate of progress, about twenty miles a day. The number of carts in a ti'ain vai'ied, sometiuitjs aniountint;' to several hundreds, and in that case it was divided into bri<;'ades of ten carts each, strun;^' out in single tile alone- the piairie. To efich three carts there was one man, and the whole train jjad a supply of spare animals, vai-ying in number according to the state of the tracks, in ca.se of accident, or the giving out through fatigue, of oxen oi' hor.ses, an tivent that frequeutl}' hap|>ened on a long trip. The rate of freight paid by tlu' company from St. Paul's. Minnesota, to which place the fi'eigliting carts went in large numbers, was from sixteen to eighteen .shillings per 100 lbs., but a large pi'oportion of this was paid in goods, at Fort Garry prices, which reduced the actual cost of freight very considerably. Advances were made to the freighters during the winter, to be ai)plied on their spring and .sunnner work on the same plan as carried out with the voyageurs, but in the case of tiie former, the money was generally .spent in support of their families, while VnVA ill til*' lattt-r it was iisimlly spfiit in tlriiik. It was t'stiiiiatrd tliat tilt' IIikIsoh's May Cntiipaiiy ami pt'tty tiaWii's riiipldyril al«»ut fit'tt't'ii ImiikIi'oI oI" those cartN, Ix'twccii St. I'aiil ami Ui'il Hivcr, ami IVdiii tlii't'c to tivc Iminlrcd more to tin- Sas- kiitclu'waii hihI ((tiler inland district.s, so that there were tVoin ()()() to 700 men eiieaecd in this laisiness. We now ('oni(.' to another class of men who wei'<' by lai- the iiiiist important in the Noith-West at the period we are writ- ing; al)i)ut. Tlio hunters ot" the plains were, as a I'uie, as reek- less, and nearly as imi)i'ovi(K'nt as the xovaet-urs, onl\- thev were a hi'avt! people, the nature of their calline' hi-iiiuin;^' them lace to Face with dan;,^er in pursuit ol" the cha.se and in attacks I'iDiii hostile Indians. TIk^ system of eivin<; them almost un- limited credit which prevailed, at one time led these men to lau'dcn themselves heavily with debt, under which the_\' strue- ^•ied From one season to another. 11" the hunt ]iroved success- lul they were generally ahle to pay up arrears — if it w as had they sank the deeper into debt, ami so they went for years, few of them bein^- able to accunndate wealth. After the union of the fur companies, the ])lain hunters in- creased in numbers rapidly, the oxciteinent and freedom of the life attractini;- numy to follow it. In 1820, the number of carts assend)led to ^'o to the buttalo hunt was 'AO. In lS2o, the number had increased to (iSO: in IS.SO, to 820 : in 1N3.>, to !>70, and in 1840, to 1210, and to j^'ive some idea of the ca[)ital invested in the business, we append the followine- statement relating to the outfit of the last name,| l.')() ;;iilluiiM H(iii|tu\vim(|s trn( - - »i.()4.') (» (i.').') curl lioiscs (M)st .'),'J4() .').S(i I'HAI'I'KUS. :R)| liiiiitfrM was tu IfUNc tlif Mcttlt'iiH'iit ill Knmll luMlifM as mimih as tlirii' an'aii;^t'iiifiits fur (Im' tl'ip wtif coiiiiilrtt'tl, ami at a y;i\iM N|Mit on the plaitis all woiiM asst'iiiMc tor tlif |iui'|MiNr nl' t'orm iii;^ camit. W'lii'ii all wci'c assciii'ilftl, till- loll was callftj, a ('(luncii <»t' tilt' |ii'iiu'i)ial iiifM lii'iil. iiiid a fliitt' ami statt' ntiiccis sflrctril. TIktc welt' captaiMs ami guides aitpniMtcd. tin- latter liriiiy; tln' stamlai'il-l)t'arci's of tlw party, aii■ : iri- It V(»v.\(ii;ri{s, riJUKiHiKKs, ihntkks ani> rirMM'KKs. ;i()3 (Iropped Fioni thf iiioutli into tlu' imizzlt', and almost Uefore till' hall had thne to ivaeli the powd t the pieee would In- tii'ed. without puttino- it to the shoulder. In this way <;uns IVe- (|Uently exphxled, and it was no unconinion thinj;- to st'e a hunter without a thuinh or some of the tinat hi'in;^' the staple articles of food used hy the freii;hters. The Indians, too, were most wasteful, and l\ille(l the huttalo oftt-n out of pure wantonness, when the carcasses would he left to rot on the j)lain, thousands of animals being sacrificed each year in this way, so that it is no wonder that to-day the hutialo is almost extinct. Ahout the year 1S34, private individuals lu-gan im))orting miods from Enuland on their own accoiuit, and for theii- own use, and gradually the system extende, the.se petty tiaders confined tliemselves to buviu": and sidlinir ordinarv merchai;- F 1857. Tn July, 1 849, the British House of Coiunions passed an Ad- dress to the Crown, prayiiif^ that an en({uiry nnj4ht be made into the le()\ - ernniont necessary for the administration of Justice, and !i|)- pointed proper otficei's, wlio acted jndicionsly. It was also claimed that no exact system of taxation had been exercised, the whole expenses of the jrovernment of tiieir territories ha\ - m^ been defrayed without the aid of any contributions from others. This statement was sid)mitt»'d, in 1M50, to Sir John Jer\is and Sir John Romilly, tlu' law officers of the crown, to ex- amine and rejiort upon it, and they expressed the opinion that the rights claimed by the company properly belonged to them, adding that, for a more formal argmnent and decision of thf (|uestions at issiie,the best tribunal would be the Judicial Com- mittee of the Privy Conncil. Earl (irey then wi-otc to Mr. A. K. Isbister and the parties who had presented the petition against the compa)iy, in IS47, upon which chiefly the Address to the Crown had been based, asking whether they would appear as complainants against the com])any in order to test the case, but this they declined to take the responsibility (jf doing, and so the matter ended in 1850. In I S57, with reference to a despatch from Canalackbui'n, Charles Fitz- william, (}ordon. (iurney, Percy Herbert, and Hell. This connnittee sat until the Jlth Afarch, and on 12th and b'Uh May. Its composition was s(Mnewhat changed for the second session, Messi-.s. (Jordon. P>ell and Adderley retiring, and Mr. Alexander Matheson, Viscount (Joderich, and Mr. Christy taking their places. The investigation aiul examination of witnesses ended on the 2)ird June, ane carried on throughout the country, de.scrii)ed l»y connnercial com])aiiies and tiaders, who had e.stahli.shed themselves there under authority of the Crown of France, and tliat a trade was likewise, and at the same period, carried on l»y other traders of British origin, who had entered into that country and formed ostahlishments there consetjuent upon its cession to tlie British Crown ; "That such trade and trattic was carried on freely ami independent of any restrictions upon commercial freedom, either as originally enacted hy tlie Crown of France, or jironndgated by that of Great Britain ; "That in 1783, nearly all the aforesaid traders and companies united and formed an association, under the name of the "' North-VVest Company ), that bearing a date nearly 100 years before that this country had ceased to bo an appendage to the Crown of France, it pertained to that of Great Britain ; "That under 8\ich pretended authority said Hudson's Bay Comi)any assume a power to grant away, and sell the lands of the Crown, acquired by con(]uest, and ceded to it by the Treaty of 1(573 ; Il lii In ! • I'! lif^ .'no HISTOUY OF THE NORTH-WEST. " Tlidt 8(iily pray that j'our Flonorahle Tlonsf will take into consideration the subject of how far the assmnption of jiow er on the part of the Hudson's IJay Company interferes with ("anadiaii rights, and as to the necessity of more i)articularly declaring the l)ound aries of Canada on the westward, and on the northward, and of extending throughout the jirotection of Canadian laws, and the benefits of Canadian institutions. " .\nd your petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray. " (Signed) Thomas Cl.vrkso.v, Presiil>'iif. " ClIAKt.KS HoilKRTSOX, Svcfclanj." The instnK'tioii.s ^iven to (^hicf Ju.stiec Drajier, \v<'i'o as follow : — Skckktauvs Opfk'k, Tokonto, 20th February, 1857. Sir — I have the honor, by command of His Excellency the Governnr- General, to connuunicate to you, hereby, his Excellency's instructions hn your guidance, in connection with your mission to England, as the speci.il agent, appointed to represent Canadian rights and interests, before the ])ro})08ed Committee of the House of C'onnuons, on the subject of tlic Hudson's Bay Territory I am to premise, however, that as it is impossible to antici)iate tlic nature of the evidence that may be taken, or the conclusion that may be arrived at by the Committee, or the course which Parliament or Her Majesty's Government may think pro}»er to adopt on the report of the connuittee, it is not in his Excellency s power to con', ey to you at present, any instructions of a piecise or definite cliHracter. f, CANADIAN CLAIMS. 811 His Kxci'llt'iu-y lni8, linwcver, ontiri' (••inHdiMue in \"\\v kiiowltMli^o ami (liscrctinii, and liu lias tlic- inuiu readily iiUrustod tliis iiii|M>i'tiint iiiisHinn to yiiii, iiiasniufli a.s your liigli position in thu colony rt-niovuK you from 111! tho ordinary inHuencoM of lotal or party fonsidfration. Iiiiiiifdiatt^ly on youi- arrival iis London, you will plare yoursidf in roui- uiuiiitjition with thu llight Honora))lu tho Secntary of State for tlui CiiloniL's (to whom thesu iiiHtructionM luivu heen communicated), and a» siMin as any pirliamuntary couuuittee, on the suliject of the Hudson's Bay CiJiiipany or torritoiy is constituted, you will take stej)s for ofl'erin.n to .iltiiid all information in your power relnting to the interest or claima of Cunadii. Vou will consider it as a part of your duty to watch over those interests liy correcting any eironeous impressions, and l>y lirini,'in<,' forward any clftiiiiH of a legal or ecpiitable kintl, which this province may possess, on account of its territorial position oi' past history. ^'ou will not consider yoursi-lf as authorizetl to conclude anj' negotia- ti(iii, or to assent to any definite plan of settlement ati'ecting Canada, without re])orting the particulars of the same, and your own views there- in, to his Excellency in Council. His P'iXcollency has full and comjtlete confidence in the justice and iniisideration of Her Majesty's (Jovernment, and he is sure that the in- tcivsts and feelings of Canada will l»o consulted so far as is consistent with lii^lit and justice. The people of Canada desire nothing more. His Excellency feels it particularly necessary that the importance of securing the North West territory against the sudden and unauthorized influx of inuuigration from the United States shouM he strongly pressed. He fears that the continued vacancy of this great tract, with a hoinidary nut marked on the soil itself, may lead to future loss and injury hoth to Kngland and Canada. He wishes you to i rge the expediency of making nut the limits, and so ju-otecting the frontier of the lands ahove Lake Su|»erior. about the Red River , and from thence to the Pacific, as effect- ually to secure them against violent seizure, or irregular settlement, until the advancing tide of emigrants from Canada and the United Kingdom may fairly flow into them, and occu[)y them as subjects of the Queen, on hi'half of the British Empire. With these objects in view, it is especially importnnt that Her Majesty's Government should guard anj renewal of a license of occu])a- tii)u (should such be determined on), or any recognitiii, ami that ill the iiieaiitiiiie ail "'/ Intevlm iirovisimi he iiiade tor the ;;()\t'rnnie!it of the North-West. He expresstMl the opinion, ton, that ('aiiaany sliouhl maintain those stations, and that trade which they have liithert(j carried on, which ha\e kept the Indians at peace I should not h(> speakiiij^- candidly or fairly t(j the committee if I did not say that 1 think a very lar^e portion of those (in Canada) who are most prominent in the movement, are so from a desire to share in the commercial ]ii'uHts of tlie fur trade ; I tiiink that that is uiit|uestionah!e ; I lilt r think there is another portion of them, and a very con- siderahle i)ortion, too, who look to future consecpience more than to that <|uestion Ijookini^" ujxin the determina- tion of C'anachi as a Ci^ntingent determination, to depend upon tlie result of survey and exploration, I should sunee^t that while that state of thines, namely, the contingency on the one side exists, on the other side, the exclusive right of trade shouM exist also: in this spirit the Imperial (iovernmentgave to the Hudson's Bay Company the power of settling Van- couver's Island for a limited period, and it is in the nature, I presume, of an experiment. I w^ould ask, on the part of (Jan- •C-} / ' 1 1 1 1- i. . i ™l j j|,l| ■ V 1 ■ !!■ 1 1 PI f! P 814 HISTORY OF TIIK NOHTH-WKST. a" In, t<» lmv«! ut Uui»t tho hhuw priviirm* hh was i^'iveii t|m to see the time, or that my chihh'eii uiay .see tlu; time, w Imh there is a railway ^oin;;' all across that country and endinj^' ;it the Pacific : and so far as individual opinion j^oes, I entert.iin no douht that the time will arrive when that will he aceom- plished." Twenty-ei^ht yeai's after these words were utteiv.I, the last spike of the C'anailian Pacific Railway was driven h\ Sir Donald A. Smith, thus comj)letinj^ a track laid from occiin to ocean. While the eonnnittee was sitting' in London, the Provinei;il House of Parliament was in sessi; " in Cana(hi., and a com- niittee of that House, composed of Hon. Messrs. Terrill (chair- man), Robinson, Cauchon, Hrown.and Solicitor-General Sniitli. was appointed to take evidence with the view of a.scertainin;^ Avhetlier all the rei)re.sentations which had been made as to the impos.sibility of approaching; the North-West, and a« to the comparatively small (puintity of fertile soil capable of supporting an ai;Ticultural population, were well founded oi' not. Tiie witnesses examined were, Allan, MacDonell, (ieorf^e Gladnian, and William MacD. ])awson, and their testimonv. i jj ifiH n : M ■..j_._J . r.WAKIAN < I, A IMS. :n5 wliifli was nitlit'r ui»l'ii\lt' to tin- llinlsoii's iJny ( "ompaiiy, was Mt'Ut lioiiu' for the eoiiHidcratioii o\' tin- roiimiittff in Hin^- Tlic 'olMliiillDlls ('\ i<|fiiCf ciillcctt'd l»y t lie (•(tliiliiittt't' of tin* I'.iitisli Hoiisi' of ( 'oimiioiis fiiil)i'aft'(l t-viTv .siihjcct of any iiii- |iinlaiKM' relating to tliti Nortli-Wcst, tlif fur ti'adc, ami tlu» .iiliiiiiiiHtration of tlif HiidsoM'H May ( 'oinpany, ami tlic n'|)ort of tlii.s tt'stiiiioiiy, witli the various ilocuini'iitH prrtainiiij^ to it, is one of tilt' inoNt \alual»lf puMicatioiis on tlic .sul))f('t t'V«'r issui'il. Tilt' spaw at our ('t)iiiiiiaiitl forliids ilt'aliti;^ with its foiitt'iit.s as \vt' would lia\ f likt'tl to ilo, hut tlit-rt' is ttiif point of wliicli nit'iitittn slioultl Ik; iiiailt'. Tile (|Ut'stion of tilt' hountlary hftwi'i'ii ( 'anada and tlu' lliul- sim's Hay tt'rritoiy was an important oiif, ami, in sulaiiittin^f a iiii'iiitd'amluni wiiii'li ]\v had pi't'pari'il on tlif Huhjt.'ft, Cliiff .liistict' DraptT thus alluilt^s to it: ' Astlif con.struetion of thf iaiinuaye of tlif chartfr, and tlu' fxtfut of thf territory pur- )ii)i'tiii};' to l»e ^raiitt'd, ai'f invt)l\('t|, it may hf ('(jusitlfrt'd dc- sirahlc that the matter shoultl ht; referretl to the Judicial Com- iiiittee of the Pi'ivy Council. In this event, I venture tt) re- i|U('Ht, that counsel on the ])art of the Province may he ])er- iiiitted to attenti to watch the artfunient, ami, if it he deemeil lU'ce.ssai'V, that they may he heartl in suppt)i't of those views which more immediate!}' att'ect the intei'ests of ( 'anatla. 'I have .su<;'}^ested a refertiuce to the Judicial Committee, he- cause I think its opinion woultl commami the ready actpiies- ence of the inhahitants of Canada as to their le^al rii;hts, ami hecaust! I helieve they entertain a \ery strong ojtinion that a considerahle j)ortion of the territory occupied or claimetl hy the Hudson's Hay Company will he fountl to lie within the proper limits of the Province. I I / m ii HK) lllSTdlJV OK TIIK \Lalve 'reniiseani- arv, ' to the bounchiry line of Hudson's Hay,' and the U[)per Province is declared to consist ' of, or include all that part of Caiiiula lying to the westward and southwai-d of the said line.' •' The union of the Provinces has given to Canada the lumndaries which the two separate Provinces of Tpper and Lower Canada had : the northern boundary being the terri- tory granted to the Hudson's Hay Company. " It is now becoming of infinite importance to the I'rovince (»f Canada to know accurately where that boundaiy is. Plans for internal connnunication, connecte: i \ I Hi i i ' 1 B ( t :K :!!l! ■mlW mii ;jis HISTOUV (»F Tin; XOUTH-WKST. 1. The; lU'iir fi](|irf tlioso distrii'ts slmidd 1)1- ftt'cftiudly siTiired. Vmir cuiii- iiiitti'L' trust tliiit tliuri! will ln' im dittirulty in I'tlbi'tiiii^ HrraMi^i'iiiciits as liclwoeii Her MajeHty" i (lovi'i'iiiiiuiit and the Hudson's IJay Cimipany, by wliicli tlu'si" districts may he ct-tU'd to Canada on ei|uitaliU' |)riiH-i|ilt's, and within the districts thus annoxod to lior. the authority of the Hudson's liay Comiiany wouhl of course I'ntirely eease. H. Your committee think it best to content themselves with indicatiiVJ! the outlines of such a scheme, leaving it to Hi-i' Majesty's (iovi'rnment to consider its details more maturely before the Act of Parliament is prepar- I'll. which will ])robably be necessary to carry it into effect. '.(. In case, however, Canada should not lie willing, at a very early period, to undertake the govei'ument of the Ki'd Kivci' District, it may be proper to (Minsidei' whether some temporary jirovision foi- its ailministra- rioM. may not be advisable. jO. Vour committee are of opinion tiiat it will be projier to terminate till' coiuu'ction of the Hudson's Bay ("oiui>any witli N'ancouver's island, as soon as it can convenuMitly l>e done, as the best means of favoring the ining continent, to the west of the Hocky Moiuitains, on which |)ermanent settlement may be found jii-acticablo. 11. As to those extensive regions, whether in Kupeit's Land, or in the Indian Territory, in which for the present, at least, there can be no pro.s- pect of permanent settlement, to any extent, by the Kuropean race, for the purposes of colonization, the opinion at which youi' committee have arrived is mainly founded on the following considerations : 1st. The great iiiilMirtance to the more j)eoj)led jiortioiis of British North .\merica that law and order should, as far as possible, be maintained in these terri- tnries ; Iind, The fatal efl'ects which they believe would infallibly result til the Indian population from a sy.stem of o])en i'oni])etiti(in in thi^ fur trade, and the consee taken on the line proposed hy ('hiel' .lustice I )ra])ei' to the ( 'olillllittee of the House ot" ( "onUMOns, w ith I'eeai'd to surs'eys and e\]tlorations, fitted out an explor- in;^' ex]»edition. under the eommand of Simon .1. i)a\\soii. cixil iiie'itieer, anil lleni'y ^'oule Hind. M.A., each of whom had (•liar;^'e ol' a separate dcpai'tment of the work. Mr. l)awsou ami his party started IVom Toront(j in .Inly, ami sinAcyed alon;^' the we!»tern sJKti'e ol' Lake Su|ierior. commencine' at Fort William, and during' the succeedin;^- winter he cari'ied his operations to the coast ol" Lake \Vinni])eti' and the \{ri\ Hiver. he- tween Foi't Alexander and I'emhina, niakine- l-'ort (Jarry his liea. I'rol'cssoi' Hind's work was directed to the ii'*-^oloi>'ieal nature of the conn- ti'y. its natural lii.story, y-eneral topoi^rajdiy, and he was also expi'cted to report upon the chai-acter of its .soil and ve<^eta- tion. H( e nuide a thoroue-n exannnation ot these ni co-o|)ei"a- tion with the surveyiu},^ party during tlu' summer of 1X57, and I'eturned to Canada in the autumn. In the spring of the following' year, howevei', he rent'Wed his exploratoiy work, and examined the countrv alone- the rivers Assiniboine and Saskatchewan, which occupied until September. Hind's book ^ I :i p; r r i 1 ■1 i ii ' : m 1 ; 'M ■I ' I' t Is, « ' I I it *pl m\ ii '! :\u msTouv <»i- Tin; nohth-wkst. relating to these expeditions, wliieli lie arterwjird.s j)ul)lislh i|, eoiitaiiiH a vast aniotiiitot' valiial)le inl'oniiatioii coneeniiiin' tin- c'a|)ahiiities ol' the North-West, and served to draw attentinn to the country. As an outcome ol' the Dawson-Hind oper.i- tions, and also in line with Chief Drajier's proposals re^-arre it coiniected with the United States jK)stal sy.stein. and in IH(i2, ti»e American (Jovernment havinif arran^etl a bi- weekly mail to Feud)iiui, the authorities at Red River increa.scd theirs to once a week. We have already referred to the fact that traders in the set- tlement carried on Inisine.ss with the United States, wliieli made them indepen( i FIISToHV o|' I'lIK SoKTII-WKS'l'. Ill the liifiilltiliir, (lie task ot" ;;()\ rriiili;;- the ((iiliitiv ic- iiiiiini'il ill ilir IimimIs oI' the I linlson's \\i\y ( '(iiii|i)iM\ . lln rf\(';nir.s liriiin- dcrivcl cliirlly Irniii cUMtoiiiH duties, wliidi WfiT l('\ icd fit .1 iiniriinii lutf (,s|iiritii<»UH liquors r\cc|iiid i dt lour |ii'r (•(■III. ((II t III' net invoice piicc (»!' the ;;•()( m Is. 'I'lic is <'i'|)t ions to tlii.s rule woe fiiticics dcsion(.(| \'(,y Inditin inis- sioiis, Htiitioiiny, li.ir iron, sti-rl, scimt itic instniiiM'iits. iiy,ricul- tiiial iiiipji'iiii'iit.s. si'imI.s, root.s, |»lniits, toinlistoiifs, n^i-indstniio. I'tc, etc.. and tlnic was no i-siiort duty. l''our stations lur till' (•ollcction of t III' dntii's wcrr I'stalilislii'ii at I'oiiit ( 'oii|i('c I '|»|i('r and l.ow rr l-'oit ( !arry. aii!' roads and huililinoiiii«|.> |i«'tty oHrliccs iii\i)l\ iii;^ n liin' of IfSH tliMii I'orty ,sliilliii;;,s, jiinl (vii.iiii inriMctioiis of thr JKiiior IflW. 'I'lirsr courts Wi'li' liild ill . aUo a ( leii- irai (^hiarterly ( 'oiii't, presided over liy tlie (loxeinor, or a judiff Hjipointcd for the )iur|)ose, an a lieiich ol' iiia;^ist rates to try tlic nioi'c inipoilant cases. 'rhis short outline of the ju-oorcss of the seitleineiit and tli*^ institutions ustal»li.she(l I'or the re^^ulation ol" law and ordei-, all indicate a more ad\ aiiced state ol' afl'airs anion^' the settlcrn on the Kud liivur, a ^renter dt'<;rcc ol' contideiice in thenisi-K es, and more indcjicndencc of feelinii'. With the exjiiration of the conij)any's lici'iiHO the question of their exclusi\e )»ri\ ile;,fcs was no lonjfor to he feared, and free ti'adin;;", in different ])a!'ts of the country, increast'(| rapidly. The uncei-tninty of the company's position as a f^overnin^^ power, however, tended to weaken its intluenci' in that respect with the settlers, and there being no force at their conniiaml to enforce the laws if n(!ces8ary, they governed a good deal hy moral suasion, and, through the good-will and law-ahiding character of a majority I iINi ! 1 M i ill IS, I III;- ; hi i |.,H ; t 328 HISTORY (»K THK NORTH-WEST. of tilt.' pc'opli'. Hut tills was not a safe |)Osition for tin- authorities to be in, especially when intriguers and a^^ntatois were at work to overthrow them, and who niij^ht, at any tiinc. succeed in excitin*; public opinion against them. The officers of the Hudson's Hay Company realized the un satisfactory position they occupied as rulers, and events, whicti we will relate in a sul)se([uent chapter, soon proved \u,\\ powerless they were, and caused them to openly express a desire to he relieve«l from the responsibility. . t,M :;(!!!§ j! V<\ C'HAITKH XXI. Ni;(i(-ilATH).\S l-OK TlIK rHANSKKH OK TIIK X( HJTII-WKST TO CANADA. In lsr).S. the Hriti.sli 'iovernmont ilccided to make N'aiicou- \rr Island a Crown colony, anay Company's license to exclusive trade in British Cohunbia expired, and on tile followiuf^ 8rd Novendiei", (Jovernor Douj^das, by instruc- tions from the British (Jovennnent, proclaimed its i-evocation, thus raising it to the position of n Crown colony. Previous to that, the home authorities ex])ressed a wiilinj;nes8 to renew i- : ll 1 1 !■ i It :' » 1 1 ■ Fl 1 :1: vff 1 if 1 1 : .p !■ 1 I I > I Hi • Ml' I 1 , ifiiii J ^30 HISTOKY OP TirK NOHTH-WKST. the lic'ciist' ol' tlu! company, ho far as it rclatccl to the Nurth- West, cast ol' the inouiitains, for a term of 21 years, iit tli.' same time ofi'erin;;' Lo refer the ((Uestioii of the ( "aiiiiili;iii Ijoundaiy to the* Privy Couneil, if both parties eonscntiil Thr Seei'ctary of State, however, I'efused to allow the validity of the ehartei' to he called in quefstioii, (luring- the [doposcil proeeedin^^s, and the (^madian (lovernmeiit thereupon dei-lii- ed the ort'er, on the ;!,round that Canada should not he f\- peetcd to compensate the com])any for any jiortion of tciritory nn' the validity of the charter, as is sliown in the following' clause, taken fi-om tlic joint address of the Ijet;Mslative Council and Assendjly, to the Queen, in August, 1858: "That Canada, whose ri^'hts stand affected by that chai'ter to which she was not a party, and tlu validity of whicli has been (piestioned for more than a century and a half, has, in our humble opinion, a rigiit to i-ecpiest from your Majesty's Imperial Government, a decision of this (pies- THAXSKEU OK IMIK N(»|{TH-\VKS I' To ( WADA. .S3 1 rioii, with a view ol' imttiiii;' jm end t() flisciissioiis and (pU'S- tioiis of conHictiufj; rit^lits, j)i't'ju(lic'ial as well t(j vdui- .Majesty s liii])iTial ( Jovormuent, as to ('anath Api'il, IS')!*, sayiun' that his KxecutiN'e Council would not advise steps to he taken for testing' the validity of the charter by sfire fdcids. Previous to the receipt of this connnunication, Sii- Kdward liulwei- Lytton had written, on the i)th of Maicli, iSo!), to the Covei-nor of the Hudson's Hay Company, ui'eiue- upon him to come to an amicable arran :i ^1 '• H: I m\ ft t I i\ I'M :!i ?|:i **l :i.S2 mSTOHY OK THK NOHTH-WEST. the Duke of Xt'wcasth', to facilitate the ac(|iiisition from ih.- company, of hiiuls re(|uire(l for settlement, copious ininntts l)('in(r pasHed on the subject, which entailed a ^reat artial surrender of our territories, may not appear sufticiently obvious to jtarties not conversant with the trade, or the country, but my knowledge of both, ba.sed on per-sonal experience, ' V] THAXSFKK OF THE N(tHTll-\VKST To CANADA. •saa from tin- iiiiiiuti's it f tin- jK would nut luld indirect - as to render lid necessari- nefit, but the ■ritories, iimy th the trade, 1 exiHiriunce, aii'l from other sources o]ieii to nie. point to the conclusion that partial ffiiiiessioiis of the districts, which must necessarily he alienated, would iiiivirahly lead to the extinction of the company. Granting that the company were willing to sacrifice its trading inter- t'.sts, the very act would deprive it of the means to carry out the proposed inea.sures. There is no sort of revenue to moet the most ordinary ex- piniliture ; and even under present circumstances the company has prac- tically no jiower to raise one. The coo(eration proposed in calling on till' company to i)erfoi'iu its co-relative duties, pre-supposes it to stand on ane(|ual footing with Canada. It is not to be supposed that the Crown would grant more extenHi\e powers to the company than those conveyed l)y the charter. If any change be made it is presumed that direct administration Ity the Crown wipiild be resorted to as the only iiuasure likely to give public .sati.sfaction Not having anticipated the i)resent ipiestion, 1 am without instruc- timi.s from tin Hoard of Directors in Tiondon for my guidance. I believe 1 am, however, safe in atating my conviction that the com- [liiiiy will be willing to meet the wishes of the country at large, by con- .sonting to an e([uitable arrangement for the surrender of all the rights conveyed by the charter. Soon aftei- tlii.s, Mr. Edward Watkin, then connected with th(! Grand Trunk Railway, interested himwlf in a scheme to provide a teleo-raph .service and means of travtdlin^" witii re- gularity between ('ana(hi and tlie Pacific Coast, and a letter on flic subject, dated 5th July, lS(i2, was addressed to the Duke of Newcastle, sii^ned by Thos. Hariiiy, (Jeo. Carr (Jlyini, and otiier.s. An interview was then ai'r.moed })y the Duke be- tween the directors of the Hudson's Hay CV)m])any uid the ]mi'ties interested in this schenu', tlie meetinj;' taking- place early in iW-i. in the meantime, the aj^itation in favoi' iA' opcnino- uji the Hudson's Bay TeiTJtory continued in ( "anada, and in Septem- Iter, 18()2, two members of the Canadian (Jovernment, Messrs. Howland and Sicotte, were deputed, by order-in coinicil, to pro- ceed to Kn^land, and press upon Her Majesty's Govenniient, its ;^n'eat importance. In the followino; l)ecend)er, a meeting V f 1 1 i> ■1 . . Si ^*.'l 384 IIISTOHY OK TIIK X(»KTH-\Vi:sM'. "I, of gentlemen intereHtctl in the telegraph service to r)iifi>.li Columbia already referred to, took place at th banking limisr of Me.SHr.s. (}lynn,(i7 Lombard Street, Lonclon, at which Messrs, Howland and Sicotte, the Canatlian delegates, wei'e present. A course of action was then formulated, and at a subse((Uiiit meeting on 21st January, 1^(13, for the purpose of s'Up[M)rtiii;; the scheme, Mr. Edward Watkin moved the following rcsnlu- tion : "That this meeting, considering the growing imjKnt- ance of British North America, an\' the ;^i -on rapl ileal iMPimdarics of ('aiiaila in that ilir^-ct ion. Sncli a dt'tiiiit ion of houndary is a (h'siraMc in't-hininary to t'urthi'i' |iro('ff(liM;;,s witli v<'S))f('t to tin- \a.st tracts dl' land in that unaiti'i" luditnt^f- iii;^- to ( 'anaila, l»ut not yet hron;;,ht luidci' thf action of our )iohtical and nunii('i|»al H\'stcin." In the ilcl)att' on tlic Adch'css which t'ollowcd, lion. Win. Macdoiiuail. Minister of ( "row n Lands, who had chai'm' ot' tlic (|iU'stioii. said : " 'riic ( loNcnuiit'iit of ('aiiada Hoon catiic to the conclusiou tliat the tirst thiiiu" to he done was to dctci'iniiic whfthcr the Hed River Ten-itorv helon<'ed to Canada or to snine other col intry, and tlu^ ('o!:8e([Ueiice was that a coi'ivspondeiice had heen ojteiied witli the Inijierial e()verniiient on the suliject, as stated in the Sjieech. He did not know tliat there was any .sel liol inn in his statiiiehis individual \iew <»i the case at the \m it time, which was that Canaila was entitled to (daiii 1 as a. tion of its soil all that ]»art of the North-West territory. that could he pi'oved to have lieeii in the possession of the I'lcnch at the time of the ce.sHion of Canada to the l^.i-itisli." On the I Ith March, aial oth Aju-il, 18()4. the Duke of X eW castle de(dined the su;^'^»'stions of Sir Kdmund Head, hut made the following counter pro[)osal8: "1. The company to surrender to the Ci-own theii- terri- torial rights. "'2. To receive one shilling- for e\-ery acre sold hy the Crown, hut limited to €15(),()()() in all, and to tiftv veais iu duration, whether or not the receij)ts attained that amount. " ■]. 'i'o receive one-fourth of any gold revenue, hut limited to Cl()(),()()() in all, and to rifty years in duration. liifHI' fl 1 |.:r' • '1!' \w < 11 ' .: 1? ii I) : I 1 1 Si mm !)l :V.\H lllSToitV <»l' Till'; NuKTM-WKST. "4. 'I'o have oiu' s(|Uiiic mile of iifljiicfiit laiul tor cmtv liiit'iil iiiili> ('oii.sti-uctcd (jf j'(»a acres sold hy the Crown. .Mi'. Cardwifll, who hud suceeeded to the otHce of Secretary of State, stated on the iith .June that he could not accept the company's \iew of tlic j)roposals, and so Sir Kdmund Head, in Decemhei-, while n( t receding' fi'om his former i)osition, threw out an alternative of which the {)iMncipal feature was a payment to the company of £ I, ()()(),()()() sterlini;- foi- the territory which he defined in his letter. About this time, Hon (!eo. Hrown, who was in Enj^dand, re- presentingf his coUeanues in the Canadian ministry on this art of Canada was to be .suppo.sed to remain open, and pointed out the conseipiences to the pecuniary interests of the c()iiij>any, if they were to be considered Ixnnid to lose favor- iit)le opportunities of .sale, and were restrained by a very inde- finite understanding l)etween twiis which coiiM only he c(ani>lete(l ami I'llltilled hy the COM federate ( !o\ eriiliient and l.ej^islatlll c, hut had no doiiht that these Wiaild feel it to he one of theii' tii>r duties to ojieli liefiit iat iiMls with the Hudson's May ("oiii|iaiiy for the transfer of their claims to the territory. The mimit> of council then insited the aid of Her Ma jesty's ( Io\ ('inment ill disciainteiiancine' and |»re\entin;^' any such sales of aii\ portion of the ti-rritory. as contemplated hy the coiii|iaiiy The lejdy of the ('aiiatjiau uiinistoi's was communicated to tin' company in July, l-SIKi. In the following' .laiiiiary. I^ord Carnarvon su^f^^'csttMJ to the Hudson's Hay ('om|tany, that whilst douhtless they were free to consult their own interestH, yet, with reference to what had |)assed with the Canadian (Sovernnicnt. it would not he advis- alile to take any step which would emharra.ss the oxpecteil iieo<)tiations. The followinir year tlie dcleiiatcs fi'taii FJritish North Aiiiei- ica on Confederation, while in sesision, deprecate-\N'»'Nt Tfrrittd'y us niiiy \>r cjiitultlc of n, iivi' ftf Mjiiiiioii tluit the \ ii'WH fxprcsscil Ity tin- ( 'niniiliiin (i(i\rrn- iiii'iit cii hotli jiuiiits jiic w t'll-t"(iiiiiilt(|, iiinl will lie coiitiniHil l.y Mif I'lirliniiit'iit of ("niimlii." Tin* Mclit'iiH' <>r ('ii, ttri^i'imitiii;,' MM it f the Cjumdiim people, ainl conduce to the Jidvfintivge of the whole Kiupire, if llie Douiinion of Ciiimd.i. constituted under the provisions of the Bi-itish North America Act, IH(t7. wi'ie extended westward to the shores of the I'.icitic Ocean. '2. That colonization of the lands of the Saskatchewan, Assinihoia and Red River settlements, and the development of the mineral wealth which abomids in the retfions of the North-West, and the extension of coimiici- mercial intercourse throuj^h the British |)ossessions in America from the Atlantic to the Pacitic. are alike de[iendent upon the establishment of ;i stable jfovernmunt, for miinten^ince of law an 1 order in the NorthWest Territories. .'{. That the welfare of the sparse and widely scattered po])ulation of Brit- ish subjects of European origin, already inhabiting these runtotu and un- TltANSlKIt <)|' TIIK N<»l«TM-\Vi:sT To < .\\\|>.\. :14:} mv^iinizoil turiit(irii!s, winiM bi- iii.ittTiiilly fulmnct'il by the foriuHtiiiii ilu'i-ein of jiolitio.il institiitiniis lu'.-iriiii,' ,in;ilii!.^y, iis far as oiivinnstaiu'ca uill adiiiit, to tlmsu wliicli exist in tlio sevrial I*rnviiR-e» >>f this Du- iiiiiiiiiii. I. That tlio 14r)tli Hucticiii of tlu" British Xoith Aiiu'iici .\>t, \SCu. |>ro- \iiles for tlio adinissioii of Hiiprrt's Land ami tiic Nort li-WCst 'IV'iritor\, iM- oither ()f tiu'ni, into union with Canaihi. n|i<>n Iffnis and i-oiiditions to lie i'X|ii'e8si'd in achlri'ssi's from thi- Houses of I'arliamt'nt of this no- minion to MiT Maji'sty. and wliiidi shall lir apjU'ovod of l.y th» ',>nfi'n in I ' Hm''il. .1, That it is at'i'ordiiinly ex|(i'dii,'nt to address Ihr .Majesty, lliat she UMidd be i^racionsly pleased, by and with the advice of Her .Most llonoi- alilf l'ri\y < 'onneil, to nnito IJupeit's I/md and tlie N^'ith W I'st Teriitniy uith the dominion of Canada, ind to i^r|-,||,t to tlu* I'arlianient of Canada lUtliorily to h'l^islate for theii' fiitnie wilfare and ^ood government tl. 'i'liat in the event of tiie Imperial ( lovernn lent a''iia'inu' to I lansfer to ( aiiada I he jni'isiliel ion an\ < 'anada. 7. That njioii I le ivansfereiiif of the teiiitoiies in ciiiest ioii to t In' Call (hall ( iovernmc'.it, tii>t claims of tlie iinliaii tribes to compt n>ation for lands iei|iiired for pni'pose <'f settlement, would be eoiisideied and settled in conformity with the eipdtalile prini iples which uniformly governed the ''low II ill its dealings with the .Mioiigines. ■'^. That a select committee be appointed to draft all hiimlile Addvi'sH to ill r .Majesty on the siiliject of ilic foregoing resoliit ion->. It Hull. Win. .Mel hni^illj. in his s|i-'ei'll Ml]i|inllil|^ thrsi' llcsolll- tions, (•(iiH-linlfd with the lolhtwiiig' wui-ds: ■ l-'iist. it is dr.sii'- ■llllc tllMl this (•(nilltfV (the Noftll-WrSt ) sin 111 1. 1 lie llil 1 Ist'iTlfi 1 liniii liii|iefiiil to ( '.iiiaili.iii Jiiithoritv. Srcimd. th;it thccon- iii'I ol' (hilt coiiiitry oiiojit to lir ill the Iniiids nt' this I'arlia- ineiit. Mild iiiidci' fhf direction ol' (his I.,coisl,it iiie. Thcii, il" I he coiiijiiiiiy iiitikf nwy claim to any |ioftioii ol' the st.il occn- U !■ if if I!' I ! 1 M ' i III In :iU IIISTOKV OK TIIK \<)HTM-\Vi;sT. pifd 1)\- o\ir sc'v.ints, tlu'V will come into the courts to iiiiiki- o-()()\' council ])ass\' terms, the honorable gentleman had pretended that the ( in\ - ernmeui was prepared to reconiii/,' the ri^Iit of the lludsons l);iy Company to demand a lar;;'e sum of money fiom tlif people of this country. He denied tliei'e was such inti'ntion They j)ro])osi'd to claim this country as hein;;' part of .\c\\ i'^rancf. as lia\in<>' heeii ceiled to tin' {'Jiiilish (Io\crnment in I7(i(), ami as ha\iiij^- I'emained in th.-it [losition fi'om that time (h)wn to the present." An amendment to the Hesolutitms was nio\ed hy Mi'. Ihil- ton in the.si- words: "That it is. therefore, inexpt-dient [<> aented tt) the luipeiial I'ai'lianient. The result of this was that Sir (leor^t. K. ( 'artier and Hon. W 111. .\!(d)ou;iall wefe a]»|ii»intet of ihein •n the ( io\ eminent in Dritain was defeated, and Ivirl w II (Iran\ille heeaiiie Secretary of State. At first t he ccaiipanv" )|io.se(l to reliu<|uisli its riiilits <>f ^dsernment and claims to iin the ten-itory, reser\ in;;- a royalty interest in the lands and mines, with certain reser\ aliiais for hiintiii!'' and tradiic juir- poses, hut after the aci-essiuii of Ivirl (Jranville to otlice, an ji^reenient was Mnally reached, and arraii;^'enients for the transfer concludeil on the Hth March. |Nti!l. Dy this ai;ree- iiieiit the Hudson s Hay ("(aii|iany were to receive ♦;:{(>().()()(> --terlin^i' (HI the surrender of theii- riL;lits to the Imperial ( !o\- irniiieiit. who should, within (aie month from such transh-r. iv-ti'ausfei- the same to ( "aiiada. The company also retained leitain resersatioiis of land in the \icinityof their forts and tradine' jiosts, and were to have two sections in each surveyed m 1 I ■ i > ' i ' ■ 'If 1.1 If! ^Ili V I I If II) II :U(i HlSTtilJV (JF THE X< >HTH-\Vi:.sT. township, or about oiie-twi'iitietli. 'riic Inijicrial ( ioNcniiin nt aj^reed to ouaraiitt'c a loan of t:U)(>,()()() .stt'ilin;^' to ])ny tin Hudson's May (N)iiii)any. ami the Dominion ( Jovfrnnicnt iiii- (lertook to ivsju-ot the rights of the Imiians ami H.ilf-i!ii nU in the ten-itory transferri'd. k Li f 1 ' I r ^i' ffl f' ^r^^^: CHAITKK XXII. KFKECT <»r THK \i;(i< (TIATH >NS (»N THK HKD IMVKU SKTTI.EHS. Thk cft'cft, on tlu' H(m1 River s('ttl<'iiM'nt, of tlw iic^'otiations liitwcc'ii Britain, ( aiifula, and tin- Hudson's Hay Company. was to create a feelin^^ of unrest in the minds of the people. Tlie offieei's of the fur trade wei-e not wholly satisfied with tlie eliano*' in the jiolicy of the company, hrou<;ht ahout by tile plan of reconstruction which had taken place in London. The future of the ei'aiid old concei'n appeartid to them to bo very uncertain, an ! ;ir :UH HFSTOltV OF rHK XOUTH-WKST. ))»'t\V(H!U I2,()()() and l.'i.OOO s(Mi1h. of whom about om- linlf were French half-breeds, en^a^ed cliietly in huntinj^, tiadinn, traj)|)in<;' and Frei^htin;^. 'I'hey were the nio-st restless of the people under the proposed chanf^e of administration, aiiii) vide nioiu'V paid out 1>\' his othiMM's ^ I • till' |iroMii|r ol' Hi'il HistT. as at oiii' tiiiir it look,cl as if their su|»|ilit's coiiiiii^' \ ia tlic I'liittjil States woiiM he cut oti'. 'I'liis, ho'ex'T. did not lia|p|)eri, ahlioMH;li die lliid^-nu's |>a\' ( i| i.iei w ith a hea\y loss in thi |»ilhine ol' oi I' their t;''!i- It- :' hand of ( "hi|i])e\vays. 'I'he is ied • ■iition of most of tlie settlcl'S, should tlie liostile Indians come north, was such as to leave tiieiii at the nierc\' of the sa\ash,. however, saw in this an opportiniity to make an attack on t!ie M-ovcrnmeiit. and at once (Irew up a counter ]ietition. whieli. while askin;:' for troops, conmiented disparaeiuoly on the maimer in which the coni])auy s jni'isdiction was exercised. l)oth petitions foinid their way to the ( 'olonial otlice. ami at the same time into the waste haskei of that department. Meanwhile the action of Mr. .lames |{oss, in thus attackine-. throU;;h the columns of the Nor' Wrs/rr. the edscrninent 'if which he was a paid otiicial, coidil not remain unnoticed, and at a full nieetin;^' of the coinicil he w as depi'ived of the jmsts he held as sheriti-;;'o\ ernor of the uaol and postmaster, Mi'. Ilein\' McKenny l)eine' apj)ointed sheriH", and .Mr. A. ( i. M. Ilannatyne liecomiu;;' postmaster. Mr. IJoss, freed from the trammels of utlice, now hocaine a .strong- a^itatcjr against t!ie M I' L lyini i i i:ki'i:«t nr tiii; \i;(iiiii.\Tin\s ftx iiir. sriTi.KUs. :\rA ■.llnlll.l till- fill lit till' IS t'.'lt that (•(•iirtliii;;Iy. il. jirt'siitfii ihiiwii lip. tiiil t(i tli:^ '()?•- 11 < >^ ('. icl\ on t!i'' Kill, wlii'li. (•iiiiijmiiy,.!iii(l liy iiiDins df his |)M|Mriiiiil tin- hoMiii;; ol" piilijic iiiictiiiifs. he iiiiHic iiuittt'ls lisily in thr sctthMiMiit. At nm- v •iiiiiiriit at Fort (!arrv. was ai'rcstcil on thr ('harui' i " attr )t- ahort ion on the prrsoii ol a N'ouni:' uirl in his i'i',.l»: i lie trial oi' this case cxcitril a ;4ooi| ilral of t'rclin;^' in t' ■ -irtfli'- iiHiit . owiii;:' to the tact that ( "orlirtt a|i|n'ali'(l t> •niilic sym- [lathy on tlif ;^rouml that he was lirinn- jxTsccutt'o 'hriV, W'csln' took u|i his canst' stron;^ly, ami cohnnns of niattt-r ri' pnhlishcil in an ftlort to niakf thr i'f\ irfiitl }.;'fiit Irintii a W I ma rt\r: l)nt. notwithstamliii''' all this, hr was cons iit i'i'al to his frifmls oiitsidf. ami. as a nsnlt. petitions askin;^' for his rt'least' were forwanlfil to the anlhor- itii's. i)ut < lovernoi' Dallas, ami .Iml^f lUafk. who ti'ifd thf fast', ilt'clini'il to srt thf prisoiit-r at lihi'ity. althoiieh thf pfti- tioiis contaiiifi I tl If naiiifs o f sfVi-ral of thf Irail iim' f If ri'A iiif n. If f \ nif iii'f. aiiii t lit and others of proniiiifiiff in thf sftt If iiif nt, on thr ^^inuml that the verdift was in aceortlance w ith tl puiiislinicnt justly ii| i!l :{:)!> IIISTUIIV i»|- IllK SnlMH-WKST. jail. Iiioki' in t lie tlonc, ;iml lilMijiti'l liiiri. Mr. Jjiiiifs Stt-wai i -nii. ami rt'lca.scd liiin. NcitlitT ('(»i'lu'tt ma- Stewart wci-c yi- arri'stfil, ami .shortly alter tlifir lilicratioii tlir Jiisticfs of tin' jicaci' aueen's direct autlmr- ity, justiee could no loneei- l,,- administered. It was soon after this that the Hudson's Uay olliceis of tin fur tra-ht tend to excite ]ml)lic I'eeliiie-, the author- ity of the Hudson's Hay Company, unsupported as it was hy any force, l)iMn<)' practically dea|is umlfr ciaiimaiiil of Major ilatrii. TIh- Sioux. lio\v»'\ IT, coiit imii'tl to visit tlif llritisli siilf of tin- lioiiMilury line, ami iiiadr .srvrral att('iii|ils to |M'niiaii<'iit ly talvi- lip tlifir (|iiaitt'rs in tlic tcnitoiy, Imt the Saiiltcaiis. ('n'cs, aixl ( 'lii)i]ic\vays uoiiM yi\f tlitiii no |tcacf. ami tlic llmlsoii's liay ('oinpany ai,ir'-\\'ishr.nn>\ |)r. .loliii Sclmit/, in coiiiiiany with Mr.("oM- vvi'll. carricil on the paper, ami tln' ijoctor, on In-half of himself .iimI partnei'. issued the followin;^' iiit rodiietory address; NN'c iiuud Imnlly iisHurc mir n-Hili'i's tliat tin- tlicei y nf tlic \\ lii^ I'l'tiini to Kiiyliiiir. .Intni ll.ii'. tlir All-tic fxnjoirr, til iisi'fitiiiii tin- |ii';irticjiliility i>\' r^ tiiMisliiii:^ iniiiiiimiic.itiiiii in this way iicfuss kin- cuntiiMiit |)i'. IJfir was acc(»ni|)ai!iri| liy an fn;^iiir<'i' naiinil S<|i\\ icni r. aiiil tli<' twn iiiaili- a can'riil ixaiiiinat imi nl' tlir ronli' ti> I'liit isli ( '(iliiiiiliia. ami al'tri'waiils siilnnit tnl an i'\lianstivc I'i'|miii oil till- siil>i»'ct. loit. witli till- i'\ci'|it inn i>\' ti'ans|M»i'tint^ a iai^v i|iiantity ni' wire tn the Nnrt li-\\'i'st . tlic cnniiiany ih'Mt |an- itimIimI I'nrtliiT wit li tlir w |M'rs a^jiin \isiti'i| tin- si-t tlrinciit ami itirrly ili'st nycil tlir cmiis. Init. iiwiii;^' tn tlir rxtrrnir shal- rl Inwiirss III' tlir l'i\rr tliat srasnii. tlir stranirf / ii tmiill nni'il lliailr nnl\' nlir tli|i. ami tlir cnjiiiiany Wrrr nl)|i;4ril tn rliijplny a lar^ir nninlirr nl' trriu'lltris. wllirll rlialilnl tlir srttlrrs tn l)ii\- llirir sn|i|tlirs. Tlir limit tliat year was alsn r\cr|itinii- all\' ^nnil. SI) tliat tllrrr was plrllty nl* Inm | ami 111) ilrstitnii W'r nnW cnliir tn all iliciilrlit wllicll. at a sulisri|Urnt Si- nn. in tlir liistnr\- )!' tlir srtt' •iiirnt, was ilrstiiinl to pliiy all in iinrtant part ami tn crratr I'lirtlirr tmnlilr t"nr the aiitlini'itirs at h'nit (iany. I )r Scliiiltz. wliniii wr lia\ r alrrady iiiriitinii ril in cnnnrctinli W itil tlir Nn/'-W'rslrr. Iiail riitrrnl iiitn pait- iirrslii]! with Mr. Ilriiry McKmnry, Jiml with him cairiril nn a Hi 111 n-rnri'al trailing; Imsiiit'ss, which in l(S(i4 was ilissnK cil, ai clo.sin;^' ui» thr acc -lii'(»^jit<)rv to tln' Ih'IU'Ii. wliicli 111' ilfcliiit'il to I'ftract. I'poii this lie was I'clust'il tlif i'i;4lit to ji)»|M'ar in liis own iH'lialt' in tilt' cjisc in <|nt*sti(»n. and scNcral otlit'is which he hail prnilin;^'. ,iMil Iti'in;;' Htill projirictoi- of tlu; iVor- U^'.^•^'/•, hi- iiiailt' use of that shcci to (It'nouncci tlic anthoritii's tor thi'ir attitmh' to- wai'ils hini. I- roni this t inu> th \m\ n'V iM'canii' a much more hitter o|»j)oncnt of the comitMny than it i'\fi' was iluiin;;' the iMlitorshi|) of Mf. .lames Koss. In I.S(j(i the ivmnant of the Sioux that remained in the set- tleintnt were attacked hy a hand of Ked Lake Indians, four of the former liein;;- killed, and the authorities, fearin;;' lest it iiiii^ht lead to hostilities Ix.'tween the two trilies. decided to call out a f(jrce of frotll ")() to KM) of the settlers to defend the ^ittlement, but foitunately the Sioux ne\ei ,sou;^dit to retali- ate. SJiortly aftei- this, a half-hreed named Desmarais killed a Saulteaux in a i|uanvl, and was ti'i«'d, convicted, and sen- tt'iK'ed to l)e han^^ed. The prisoners fi'iends petitioned for a commutation of the sentence, and the Indians in the neieh- hurhood tlireatened to take the law into their own hands un- e.ss l)e smarais was hane;( itl d. so the authorities adopted a middle ccturse. hy secretly conveying,' him from the .settlement and hanishine' hint for life. It will thus he .seen that the condtu't of court business at lied River about this time was attended with no small dilii- cl iltv. Indeeik it cam e as near lieini"" a farce as it well could i f It was, liowe\er. a [leriod of ridiculous proceeilinj^s in the settlement, and j)rol)ably the most absurd was a meetine which took place in the Court House at Kort (Jarry, on the Nth l)ecend)er, bS(i(i. At this meetine- there were just live ptrsiais present, who [>roceeritisli ( "olunil)ia, in orit the Xoith-West. a iloeumeiit emanatinjj," IVom the fertile inaiii of a white man. M'ho wisheil to y a youn;.i' lialf-liree(l at scliool in the settlement, and no Indian .so far as known, had anythin;.;' to do with its production. 'I'his e.xti'aordinary document reiid as follows: — 'I'd the First-honi of our (Jreat Mutliei'. aurnss tlu- \- Mi-. Tlionia^ Spetice. the author of the menK)rial. from the SeciX'ttus' uckinol»ani, acknowled<,nno' i'ecei])t i.f \\'\-^ comnuinieation. Jind statine- that it hat! been presented to tie EI'KKCT or I'lii: M: to that tiuK' fiom llritain and the I'nited States. In the snmmei- of |S(i7. .Mr. W. Iv San- tnid (now Senator Sanfor«D. heiiie' in St. I'.iid on a \isit. met Mr. I >ei!'<>', the wiiter of this hook, and indueed him to under take at Ixeij Hi\'er. the opetiin;;- u|) of a trade with ('anada. Mr. Said'ord on his return home indm several |iroiiiinent lionses in llamiltoii and, Toronto to taki- |part in the scheme, and .Mr. Ifi'j;'^ |iroi-eeosin^ of their furs and piu'chasine; stippliis. At tirst the merchants in the s-'ttlement would have notliin;^' to do with Mr. \>*"^'^ and his ('anadian ;;00(ls. helievin^', as they said, (hat there was nothint;' to com- ))are with the Hritish and American manufactures. Hut time and jiei'severance oscrcame these ohstacles. and a set of e.xcel- leiit samples of ( 'anadian-made articles served to conxince the sceptics that (^iiiada, aftei- all. couM furnish supplies ,'(|ual in "(Uality and nnich cheapei- in price than those they had heeii i I lll^ :i5S HISTOIJV OF THK NOKTII-WKST. in the lial)it of huyini;'. 'I'lif ivsult was that in .lanuaiy. iSiis. Mr. Hvn;*^ rt'tui'iHMl to ( 'aiiaila with orders iunouiitin^' to in aiU .i*9(),()()(), which hf ha()(), which Mi-. McKenney, it aj)pears, was forced to pay Mr. Kew, while lie was on a visit to Knglaini. and on his return to the settlement he instituted proceedings against Schultz to recover from tliat gentleman his share in the transaction. Ml'. McKenney obtained judgment by default against lii> T . Kri'Kcr OK TiiK .\i:(i<>TiAi"i(».\s (IN Tin; si;ni.Ki«s. :{.')!» )t'ars, was ) hn^laini. .■.i\ . i| |)!ii'tii»'j', mill, tlirrt' ln'iiij; a))]»ar»'iitly im otlicr way to re- r the .ii'l)t, lie, as .slici'itf, procrcWcd to li'\y «»ii tlif M•lMMl^ ,iii and iiide- hm IJ) !i} • iilM IrB iv ' !ii iM f-*ii i»,ii ir I i< h I Mil :{(i() HISToltV ol' IMK \(»|{ril-\vi;sT jK'inlciit to adsisc him, tlic first step t!ik<-ii l»y liiiii l»ciiiM' t.. |tii)vi(Ir for tilt' lf\ yiii;;' of taxt's. iH'omsf, MS tlicy soon fuuii'l out, no ;;'oVfiiiiii('iit. no mattci- hcnv ^oo»l, c-an succccil wiilmiit funds. Hut tlicrt' were rdx-ls in the I'cjiulilic from tlif \ri\- stai't, who rt'fuscd to conti'ihutc to the supjtort ol tlif I'rcsi- dcnt and liis council, and one of these. n;imrd .Macpherson. \\a^ duly indicted foi- trea.son. and arrested, hut his friends, nojn^ at once to his aid, rescuer tlio consideration ufHiT Mo.st (iracio.i-, .MiiJL'sty, oni' beloved <.i>neeu, tlie circuniHtauoe.'f attendiic tlie creation of tliis self-sn|)|iortin}; jietty government in tliis isolated poi tion ot Her Majesty's doniinions, and, as loyal British aiihjeets, wo lium hly and Hinceicly trust that Hur Most (Iracioiis Nfajesty, and her ad- visiM-', ,vill lie pleased forthwith to j^ive this ;,'overnnient favorable recog- nition, it being simply our ain> to develop oui' lesonrces, improve the (icii- dition of the people, and generally advance and jiresorve British interests in this rising Far West. An humble address fi'om the pi'ojile of this si'ttlenient to Ibi Majesty the <^*iu'i'n, w.is forwarded through the (jo\ernor-(n:noral nf Canada, in dune last, briefly setting forth the superior attractioi\s of thl> portion of the British DoUiinions, the growing population, and the gradiic\! intlu.x of immigrants, and humbly praying for i-ecognition, law, and jirott'c- tion, to which im reply or acknowledgnu-nt has yet reached this pe<)ple. E uly in -lanuary last, at a jiublie nu-eting of settlers, who duuiImM' over four hundred, it was unaiumously decided to at once proceed to tlu electioix and construction of a government which hii.s accordingly bceii carried out— a revenue imposed, public buildings commenceu, to carry out !li i:kii:< r m- tiik NiKioiiviinNs on iiik si:rri,i:i{s. :{(il ihf 1 uvs, |(rii\ isiiiiis niiiilc fur liidiaii trotitieH. tlu' couHtnictifin of rnads. ,iiiil itlitT piililii! Wiiks, ti'iitliim to jirnmiitu till' iiilfii-Hts aiitl Wflfaic of till' |M'o|ili!, tliu l)oiiiiil;ir OS of tlif jiirisdjctioii liciiii^, for tln' time, pro- il.iiiiit'il as follows : .Vi>i7/i From a jioiiit riiniiiii!.,' diif iiortli fioni tlir i)oiiiisimlioia till it strikes l.akc Maiiitolia. tliciicu, from the |ioint stnirk, a siiai'^lit liiif across till' said laki; to Maiiilolia Port ; thfiici' liy lom^dtiid IiimI lino r»l, till it iiiti-rHi'i'ts lino of latitude iOU. ir.s/ — |5y liiii' of latitude KM) to tiie hoiiiidai'y liiiu of tlic I iiited Sluti'sand lliitisli Ami-rira. I'I'isI -'I'lii' liouiidary line of tlio jiirisdirtion of the ("oiiiieil of i\s»iii- I lima. ,Si)i(//( - The iioiindary line lietweeii British North Aiiuriea and the liiiicd States. 1 have the honor i^i remain, my Lord, ^'onr Lordship's ohediuiit servant, T. S|'K.S( K. I'll s, lit llii ( 'nil mil . ']'" tile Secretary <»f State for Colonial affairs. London, Kii'^daiid. To this letter Mr. Sjioncf rcrcixod the I'dlhiwiiio- reply: — I >o\VMNi ■ I • '-.KT, May .'«»th. 1 868. SiK I am directed liy tlit: [)uke of Hiiekin<4liam and t'haiidos to in- foriii 3'(>ii th.it your letter of t!ie JUth Fehrnary last, addressed to tlii' Secretary of State for Korei^^ii Atiairn, has iteeii forwarded to this depart- ment, and tliat His (ii'aee has als(» ii'oeivi'd a copy of a letter addressed liy yoii to Mr. .\iiL('is .VIorrison. a memher of the Canadian Parliament, il.a d the I7tli Fohruary last. In these eoniniuuications you explain the ii easnre.'* that have heoii t.ikeii for creating a so-called self-supportinLj ;^o\crnineiit in Manitoha, within the territory of the HinlMo?rs Hay Company. Till people of Manitoha are prohahly not aware tluit the eieation of •■! ■separate 'jiovernmeuL. in the inauner set forth in these ]>a]iers, has no fi'rce in law, and that they have no authority to create or oi'\, (iUV'iiiU'is ill fiiiiiiii.il easts, tn levy tiixi's tninpiil.suiily, iiiiil to iittfiii| put in fiircf ntlicr |Mi\vcrs, wliicli can oiilv ln' fXtTcisoil liy a |iio|icil\ , I i< St I tiiti'd liiiMTiiiiii'iil 1 am ilfsiri'd tu warn vmi that Villi a lul vmii (Ijiituis an- in'tiii;^ illi'f^'ally in tliiH inattirr, and tliiit, l)y tin; course \ini liiliti all) aduptiiiK'i y»'" >^^^ inciirnnii miive irspiiiisihilitieM am Sir. Voiir n)n'di»'nt, si-rvant. lie reel i|.t tins . itlici; II III K'llllll'llt CilllSl'll til <■ IIIIIIM'lll- !ltr ••iilliijisf ol' till' Hi|illl)li(' lit' Mailitohji, ht'caiisc Mf. S|iiii(|. wliilr i|iiit(' williiio to niiikr liiiiisclf iiotoiioiis. Uiis not piv l.;i:i"l iit till' saiiif tiiiir to iiiciif tin- orjivr ii'sjiunsihilitifs niiii tioiii'iriii tlic IrttiTor His < iracr till' hiikcot' liiickiiioliiiin. lie lirW s o r tilt' procrfiliiios iii i'ortiio u Iraini', uiiirh w - li;.\f lit'scrilti'ii, ami tin- ijistiii'liaiin's ai'isiiio' out tit' tlif Mr Ki'iiiii'X' Sclmlt/. atlair. ifarliiMJ ("aiiada in a ijistortril nianiiri and hail tlu' rtl'.ct of )>i'oi|iicino- a, .iiiprfssioii that thfy wnv finsi'd liy till' iiiiso'oN cninii'nt ami tyranny of thf Hnilsiiir-> [)a\ < 'oni|iany : hut \vi' lia\i' now i-ohh' to a ]iffioi| w hrn a ili\ i sion of till' |iro]i|f toiik placi' on this \fi'y suh)rft, innl it will hf si'fii that a \fry small niajoi-ity In-lil tin- o|iiiii()U that tlif actions of tin- conqiany wrn' opprrssiv r. In point of fart, tlii sfttlfniriit was ni'MT iiion- contfiitiMl than a,t tlu; tiint' wi- a IT rv wi'itino' ahont. ami althou^'h thi' ^o\ fninii'iit of tlir I'ouiit was arknowlcdufil to hr wt-ak. if not jilto<;"('tlu'r jiowfi'li-ss, tti sittlfi's. as a nilr. wn'i' law-.-ibidiiio'. and tlir condition of tli coumninitv. on the whole satinfac'toi'v. Tilt' iiiajoiity of the settlers weiv not. therefore, in accord with the few disturhers of the |ieace. ami a^^'itators who iiad reached the point where there was ■ method in tlieir mad ness. the purjiose heiiio- to phiv iuto the hands of Canada, hy diowin;^- the weakness of tlie company's otivt'rnuiettt. I till IIISI'lvcs. silictiiiii ..\(i til atti'iii|ii I.. |iri>|it'rlv (■..II III iiiiil \..iii It' cmirsc \ ..11 1 i 1 urn CMAITHW Will I'l.dSlNd |l\^•s (If IHMSdNS li.W ( Inll ntii III' tiliUx' III' till' ciiinimiiy. Its iciimiks, Imw ever, lic- lllc Ml iitlrllsiN <• tllJit the llllljiifity lit" till' |ir(»j»l»' Ih-ciiiiic (ji.s- oiistcil w itii it. Mini its cilitur. Mr. Wnltii |{ llnwn wIhi liiir. .Scjinlt/. ijuriiiu lii^ nliscncc mi m \ isit til ( jiiijiila. was iiiit what may 1m' callfil liciii'ially |)r-\\'t s/ir :iil\ ocatetl an alteratimi in the s_\-stein ot' i;ii\ I'liiineiit, to ailnw .if |i'l)l'eselltati\e COtmeillors heine- rlccted tiy the |ie(i)»le. Kor tiis |»tir|itise a |it'titi(>ii to the ( iovennneiit wa.s |tre|tai'e(|. ami a iiiiiiilier of siMiiatures attachei'l hut iniiiHMliately a eoiinter- p'tit'.ion was ijraw h n]> liy another party ol" settlers, .statiiijji', niioii;, other tl)iiiL;s. that the iinlawt'nl liheration of |)r. ""•hiilt/ l.iH«l not the eMiintenance of the majority of the Ked Hivei- ])0]!<*ilation, and this ijocinnent received no les.s than -StJ-i ■>iL:iiatures. The J'/d to jiiihlivli the counter-petition, Mlion which a party of settlers called upon the editor to de- III ind its insertion, hut w itlnail succes.v. 'I'liis so annoyed i ! a ir i ! ''M ^ ■■- 'MA lllsTolSV i»r Tin; N«»ltTII-\VKST. IIIII||Im-|' nt' tliosr will) llfl'l Mi^'IIIMl till' < |l K'tl lllfllt , tllllt tlliv NtarlftI out witli tin- iiitt'iitictii of ilnnolisliiiiM' tin* otiicf. Tlii\ wtTc, liow t'ViT, n'str.iiiH'il lis t In- ( lovi-nior, M|)(»ri iJnsvu iiinlii tiikiiij^' to |iiil»lis|i !i ••(•iliiiii iiiiiiiIm r of copirs of tin- pi'tition lor wliicli tln' iiu-'rifN cil scttli'i's ai;i'<'t'i| to pav. I'lif oiitcoiiM ol' this littlf IVacas was a snit tor (Icraiiiatioii ol" cliJiiMrtci liroiiu'lit liNtwool' ilic iiicii aijaiii.st liown, wlio was coikIciiiihiI to |iay a sum of ti\r |)ouiuIh, wliicli lie rcfiisrW to ilo. \\r \\a> tlifii (;la]>]))-*l into Jail, lait in alioiit an lioiii- a fi-iciiij ]iaiil tin amount, ami tln' wiatliy <'(litor was rcli-asiil. 'i'liis incif foiinielitly. With the eliaii;;*' of ownershiji, how ever, the tone of the journal did not imj)i'o\(', hut, on the coii trary, virulent ahuse of the authorities heeame e\en woim' than ever. In Au;4ust, however, the Nor'-Wt'stcr did ^^'oimI .service to the settlement in calline' attention to the distre.s> that prevailed, owiny' to the ravaj^es of the ^raHsho))])ers. In the autumn of 1^(17, the whole covnitiy was invaded hy svvaiMiiH of locusts, and tliese ha\ int;' depositiMJ their euirs, tli'' youuf^' insects in the followine- spring devoured every <;ic(ii thintr on the face <>i the land The result was that actiml starvation stared the settlers in tlu' face, and the iVor'- llVs/( /• puhlished an earnest appc'al for n'u\, addressed to the iidiah:- tants of Canada and the Tnited States. 'I'he Karl of Kimbei-Iey, (Jovernor of the Htidson's \\;\y Company, anSUNS MAY cuMl'.WV III !,i: It.) L ii'liiii TittKs, ami us »i rcsiilt ot' t.'n's»' rHuitM, ;;ciii'n»\i,s ilmia- ri.>ii> |K>un'il ill IVoiii nil smirccs. It was tin- ilaikrsl sfa.snii I'lir the .m'ttlt'int'iit in many \ rais, for not only were tlir croiis (|fstroy«'l>its and pliiasants in tin? (■Mimtr\' ha.l ^, tlicnt'oii-, im I'ooil lor tin- |iro|ilr, t'\c«'j»t what collM he olitaitH'il iVolii tlir lilnral ■ loliatiolis of outsiilf iVirlHls. 'I'lii' niucli ahnst'.j council of Assinilioia was tin- lirst to come to the rescue of the si'ttlcis, \>y votin;;' a sum of L'l.tiOO, to he immt'tjiatt'ly spent in the followine- manner: tiiOO were aj)|iro- |tiiatetl to puirhaHe seed wheat : .t!')()() for llour. aiie distrilmted amoiii;' snch settlers as desired to use thrm in procurin;^- tisli and name. The donation of the ( 'ouncil of Assinilioia was (piickly fol- lowed Ipy a lilieral amount ( L2,()(K>) from the Hudson's l>ay ( otupany, which made a total of C^JOOO in all recei\cd from llritain: then came *('ana(hi with a jifuerous sum, foil owed hv the I'nited States with i.{H){). cen tral ori-a ni/ation, named the " Hed Hiver Helief ( "om- iiiitte comnosei 1 of some of the principal residents, including; the (Jovenior an«., "W^ #^^ w, # N !' \i i\ i^iiii^i ^1 m ma Hl.STOHV OK THK X( )in"H-\\ KST. to the lateness of the season, had to he cairieil into the wim, ^ months, it enabled many to tide ovei- the scas(jn. In the autun)n thei'e arrived in the settlement, a partx )f Canadian Government em])loyo's, in eharne of Mr. .hilm A Snow, for the pnrpose et\veen the l!c .1 Kiver and the Lake of the Woods, the idea heinjj^ to prosecuti' a pnhlie work, and at the same time afford I'elief to the settlt is I'V employin;^' them on it. With Mr. Snow came Mi-. Ciiarles Mair, as his assistant, and this gentleman. Ixiny- of a literal v turn of mind, oeen|)ii'd his s})ai'e moments in writinj.;- letters tn friends, whieh, unfoi'tunately foi' him, were afterwards |iuli- lished in a numbei' of Canadian jiapers, the Toronto (Huhi amon^' tlie nnmbei'. 'Hie c(jntents of these letters were, to say the least, injudieiotis, and Mr. Mair's ei'itieisms not onK- l)ron<4'ht him into disre))nte with the settlers whoJii lie had ridiculed, hut they also created a had feelinj^' towards the ex- pedition of wliich he was a memher. The Fi'ench half-breeds, of whom Mi-. Alair w rote dis])araL;- inyly, were ])ari!'jularly ott'ended at the tone of his letters, and resented the calumnies which he had endeavored to cast ujinii them as a class. We would not, however, have mentioned this circumstance, if it were not that tjiese letters, from the pen i»t' i\lr. Snow's assistant, aroused a verv unfriendlv feeliny on the part of the half-breeds against Canadian lU'W-eomers gener- ally, which, later on, had much to do with the difficulties that arose between the two. W'e will have occasion to deal with Mr. Snow's work on the Lake of the Woods road, in a later chapter, and will thererniv proceed to j>-ive our readers a short deseri})tion of the settle- ment as it was immediately ])rior to the transfer of the coun- try to Canada. ' closing; days of mj).s()Ns may comtany hci.k :Ui7 lu' wiiili r !\ piuty •>! ■. .lohn A L'U tlu' Kt^- )te (lis])ava;j,- is letters, aii'l to cast upon ,entioiK*d this ,n\ tlu' pen of IVeliuii' on tlif [oiners i;vn- \nf its weak- constabulary, nrts, whit'li a and I'or this ifi' anion;;' all )any's otlicci's ly for sonic V Council, al- y, was really HMit, lieeausc, ihe settk'i's on )uncillors luul uld proViably e. the autlior- eu niaintiiiii- Miue but also nent. e to the walls le ])articulars relating;' to the administration ol' tlie law, we may say that the process, thoueh well aihipted tor jau'poses of fail' ar})itratioii ill siiiijtle cases. w as liable to abuse, owiiii-' to its summarv Cll iracter, and al)scnce of ])reliminary and other necessai'V ai'iane'ciiiciits customary with reuular ci)iirts aw. Th a'dtation ajiainst the authorities an. Sueh was the state i if the settlement when arrani^ements 'for the transfei" of tlif country to C'ana, was in that year placecl in chai;ne of Hi'V. Mr. Chapman, and in 1851 a substantial stone church liavinn- been erected at St. Clements between the Indian settle- iiit'iit and St. Andrew's, Rev. Henry Cochran was a])pointed to it. ( )n the river Assiniboine were the })arishes of St. .lames, H('a I ■I ; •II hj 1 ^ Il 1 1 1 1 ',' ' 1 1 ) . 1 :.;l i 1 ■ i i' ij M: i^-^' :}72 IlISToHV ol- Tin; N(»|{TH-\Vi;sT. iioi'tli MS Atlifihascii. Oil the .'iOtli May, IMKI. tlic Hrst •■('oii- I't'it'iicc lor clciny iiml lay dclc^ati'.s tVoiii jtarislirs" in tli. |)i(i<'t'Sf of Hiipt'i't's Land was licM at St. .loluis, hy liislmp Macliray, thus iuaunuratiiii; tlic work of orL;aiii/-iitioii in tin- Clnircli of Kiinland, ami in tlic t'olIowiiiL;' ( )(tolM'r tlic \', and in l-Sd'S, a siiiall wooden church, ' Holy 'I'linity the first edifice of the kind, was erected in the town. Wlieii Kev. John J^lack arrived in Ked Kivei-, about .S()(» mJ tlie Scotch settlers separated from tin; Church of Kneland aiil attached themsch'es to him. In hSo.S, a secon, down the river from Fro^' Plain : and in liS(i2. Hew .lani's Nisbet took charf.^e of it until lS(i(i. when he went to the Sas- katcliewan to form a niissi(jn there, and was succeeded by Kev. Alexaniler Matheson, who, in l- ol" a road from l^nt (iarrv to the Lake ot the Wood.s. on the route rec-oinmeiided liy Mr. S. .1. |)a\vsoii. At that time, ( 'aiiada had no rinlit or title in the territory, iic^otiation.s boiiijn' then in proi^ress for ac<|uirinL; the same. MossrH. Dawson and Hind, it is true, hail ex|)lored anay ( 'om- pany, hut Mr. Snow was ])ut to work without so much as say- nu *y yonv leave to tl le cluirtere(l proprietor: 1 1 was done with the ostensible object of att'orropriate(l towards the work on thf Lakf til" thf Woods loail was intt'iiilfil for thf rcliff of the sfttlfrs. as the Had- son's Hiiji Compunt/ had ilovc not/nag for tlw sftirvinr/ pi'oplr of Red River." Wo have seen how much tnith thert- was in tlif latter part of this assertion, and, as for thf first, a very small amount of the money exjiendeil passetl into the hamis tjf the starvin;^' })eo])le. The whole amount j)ai\' tli. country, ('ol. I )fniiis at niicc jirncccdid witli liis witik, jiimI iil'ttT roiisultiiin- with tin- ( 'i(»\\ II l^.iinls I )(|ini t iimiii, siiliinii- tt'<| )i inriii(ii'tiiin on the |ijiit uf tlif iiiill liifcils to any sni\ry nntil their riainis had hern iii\ rsti^intr.l ami sctth'd l)y the |)i>niinion ( iox iinnii'iit. Mr. McDon^^iill li(t\vt'\('i-. |i)iii| no attriitioii lo ihi.s waniiii^'. Init, with thf UMsont of tilt' l'i'i\y ( 'oiincil. issunl an ordci'. in ( )ctol)t'i'. U'V tilt' .sui\ ry.s to |tr(»('ft'(|. ( 'ol. I )('ijiiis a('conlin;;ly wrnt towdik to carry out lii.s instructions, and |inl inrn in the tirld for that |»nr|)osc, hut IuhI liai'dl_\' coninit'iicrd njicrations wlirn, mi \\\r lith ol' <)ctolitr, a party - caused throu<^h distrust of the intentions of Canadians to- ward them, and this was broueht al)out in a ^rcat measure hy tlie acts of a few men in the settlement wlio. professine' to have the cause of Caiuuia at heart, were really more con- cerned in filling their o^vn pockets. These men, as soon as the work of survey liad connnenced, staked out hir^e claims of land for themselves, which they openly hoasted would he theirs ns soon as the Canadian Government secured possession. l»lS.S.\TISI'A(Tli»\ IN |||;|» 1! IV Kit SKTTI.KMKM'. ii ( Tliis, ill foiiJuMcl inn with tlic pntrrcdini^.s nt ()al\ I'ltint, on rlic Lake of tin- Woods I'oiiil, |iroi|iicci| till' iiii|in'ssioii in tlir iniml'i lit' tlio Mini|>li' li!i,lt'-l)it'fan\\ and really had no desiie for a ('han;;t', hut their susjiicioiiH, ciucc uronst'd. had an etf'ect on their excitaMe teni|ieraineiits, w hich it was inipossihle to control. In the nicantinic, as we ha\t' alrtjiidy shewn, ai-rjin^^cinents for the traiisfei' of the country had hceii made, and 1st ( )(i()- her, IS(I!>, set a.s the date on which the j)urchase money was to lie handed over. It was then expectexl that, on oi' ahont the 1st Deceuiher followini,', a (^>ueens Proclamation would be issued, tixinjj' a day for the union of the Xoith-W'est with ("anada. , On the 2.Sth September, lH(i!>, Honorable William McDou- pdl wan appointed Lieutenant-CJijvenior of tlie North-West Territories, to take etf'eet from and after the day on which such territories were tran.sferretl by Her Majesty to thi; Do- minion, the salary of the otHce Ijein^ placed at seven tiiou- sand dollai's per annum. On the same day as this appoint- ment was made, the Secretary of State for the Provinces 378 mSToKV OK THE N'oKTH-WKST. addressed a letter to Mr. MeI)oui;all, iiiHtructin*^ liiiu to ino- ceed witli all convenient speed to lM)rt (larry, to superintcnil the preliminary arranj^enients for t]ut orj^anization of the tci- ritories, and report to the CJovernnient at Ottawa on the following suhjects :— SuitabU' names of persons to aet on iii.s council — the state of the laws — system o\' taxation in force — state of the Jiulian tribes — nature and amount of the curren(\- — systr-m of education — lands desirable to open at once lor settlement — relations existini;- between the Hudson's Hay Company and the different religious bodies in the territories — otiicei's employed hy the Hudson's Bay C\)m)>any, salaries, etc.. and V.nt names of those who should be retained: and, finally. Mr. McDou^all was instructed to take steps for the extension of the teleoraph S3^stem to the North-West. Soon aftei- his ai»pointment, Hon. .Mr. jVrcDou<;all left for the North-West, via the Tnited States, and on tlie 11th Octti- bei', the Secretaiy of State for the Pi'ovinces ti'ansmittei"<>poinid the policy of the ex- pected Clovernor. He came to see the people {^vnei-ally, ant' trips jiip and down the Red and Assinibijia Rivers, in tlir cfMirse of wliich lie became conversant, no doubt, with a ^dod deal of the feeliiijn' then existin*;' amongst the settlei's in re- gard to the pro[)Osed change of government. Hut at tluit time tliei'e were only gnunblings, and acts of hostility toward Mr. McDougall were not even suspected. Mr. Howe's Wfll- known fighting ijualities as a statesmen, and the attitude he took in d<'fence of the rights of his native province, no doul)t gave the impression to some that his instincts were somewhat of a rebellious nattnv, and that, therefore, he sympathized with tile French half-bree' at the Kiviere Sale; and tiieii tinal action will he taken, as ahove men- tioned, shoulil he still further endi'avor to foree his way on to the settle- ment. That, anionir other houses in the \icinity, where ei'rtain of the fnity men at l{iviere Sale are liilleted, ten of the armed Jiarty find tpiarters at the house of the Cure J{ev. I'ere iviehot. Finally, that the deponent seriously believes that the said nu'U ,iic tridy in earnest ; and that without [jromjit action heini^ taken hy the .ni- thorities, toa\ert the same, a serious calamity is about to ensue— in ;ni outrage, which may be of a fatal cliarai'ter on the pei'son of tlu' lioii'i- able geiith'man now aliout enteriui,' the colony to assume the cliargc nf guverumenl (Siiriied), \V. HvMAN. Sworn before me at Fort (Jarry, ) this L'2nd day of October JKfilt. ( (Sigiieil), Wii.i.iA.M Cowan, .).]*. ^Ii'. .Mfl)()tij4'all, while on liis way across tlic plains, had met Mr. Howe, wlio told hiiii that thciv was a certain aiii piiiiits \, iK-liuVL'H to fniwanl, ii"t- 11 thf rt'scrw' s iil)iive iii'U- to the scltle- I of till' fiiity nl (|uartt.'i- :ct said iiH'ii iiir i<(.ii liy tlu.' .111- ) enKHf - ill :ni of the luuii'i- tlii' cliaii^f lit" \V. HVMAN. Siiiniror'l, iind that Li'ciitlciiinii, at thr cxjh'Iisc of a coiiplt' (»!' liiis. hail iin't n amount nl (Hiltl r(M[uiiv e any aruuil Jovenior ^vuh orm whifli it )n atVr iii<'t arturc a IV w rst infonueil Riviere Sale, leave the set- oiild not ;;''t 1 with Mr. A. for Kiel, ami, ti-odueed Mi'- ittli es oi elianij)a;Liiit', succec led m olitamnij;' troni the Scci'c tary of the in«\ir^'e:its, thr neeessury authoiMty to enahlf hin li. avr Mr. M( I )ou- tii jiass tlie obstruction at ivivioi't- Sali iiall a verv cleai' idea of tlie troulilfs he mii^ht exitect ahead of liiiii. a suhject U|)on whie d< f (• )Ul(l sjicaK iriMii personal i'\ lici'ifnee. At tin- solieitntion of (ioNcnior Maetavish. he had delayed his departure from the settK-ment a few days, for the purpose of liearin;;- tlie decision of tlie Council of Assiniioia, al)()ut tlui French unrisiiii'', which tlie\' were then consideriii<'-, so that word miiiiit he sent to Mr. M(d )oU!'all, whom .Mr. Sand ford expected to meet on the way. In the meantime, (^)l. Dennis had jx^nw down the l{e(| Ri\er to s(!e what could he done with the Scotch ami Kii;4lisli set- tlers, to raise a force to escort the new (io\(!rnor in. and the followinji', taken from his report, will show the state of feeling' in the settlement outside the Fn-ncli. lie thus describes tlie sentiments of the settlers: '"We (tlie Kti^^lish settlers) feel coiiHdenee in the future administration of the uoxi'i'iimeiit of this counti'V, under Canadian rule: at the same time, we have no t b en consulted in any way, as a peo])le, in entenn*;' nito the Dominion. The character of the new j^overnment has been settled in Canada, without oui' beino- consulteil. We ai'e ltre))ared to accept it res|)ectfully, to obey the laws and to be- come f^ood subjects: but when you present to us the i.ssue of a conllict with the Fi-eneh party, with whom we haxc hitherto lived in friendshij), i)acked up, as they would be, by the Roman Catholic church, which appears probable, by tiie course at pre- sent beini;- taken by the priests, in which conflict, it is almost c Octoher, ( Idveinor Mactavish addressed tlic t'ollowini' letter to Mr. .MeDoUi-all, at Pembina: — Hon. Wii.i.iam ]M(l)nr(; m.i,, l'.l\. My Dkak Sni- It is with nuicli cnncuru I hfivo to say, tlnit fuiKni^ ,i certain poi'tiun nf tin; lialf lireed [joptilatioii liore, tliero ]ii'cvails a ilcniti- nf fxritomoiit at the prospect of your arrival in tlie country, whii'li sih'Iiin to luaki' it necessary that in coniinj,' into the settlement, you should iinc great eircinnspection ; and it is for the ])urpose of pointing attention t.i that apparent necessity that I send you this conununicution. For some weeks past, rmnors have l)een reaching me through more or less reliahle chaiuiels, of dissatisfaction among the French half-lireeds. witli the recent arrangements ; l)ut liclieving, as I then ilid, that tlie.sc feelings had no very deep loot, 1 indulged the hope that they nnght pass aw.iy. But in this res|)ect I am dee[ily pained to .say I have heen disap- ))ointi'il, and that within the last few days the feeling of di.sconteiit has manifesti'd itself in such a manner as to create serious apprehensions for the result. After interfering with the surveying oi)eration.s of Colonel Deiniis, these people, in considerable numbers, have cond)ined for the avowed |iur[)ose of stoi)pnig your entrance into the settlement, and witli that \ iew they have actually taken up ])ermanent jiositions on the road by which, in the usual course of travel, you would advance. Ever since matters beg.an to assume a seri(»us aspect, the conduct of these people ha.s been, 1 may say, constantly engaging the efanestdelilier- ations of the local a\itliorities, but although every eti'ort hns lieen nwi'le which the Coiuicil deemed |)rudtnt or jiracticable for biinging these mis- guided ]>eople to reason, and for j)rueuring their peaceable dispersion, yet I am sorry to say that hitherto all has been without effect, and that the ditticulty, the serious and now somewhat alarming diltieulty, still remaiius unsolved, as to how you are to be etiectually protected from molestation in a|)pr(jaehing the settlement. From t'olcmel Denius T learn that, by different hands he has lately been sending you reports upon the state of matters here, and that in liis last connnuincation lie has advised you t^ renmin in Pembina until you should ascertain, through reliable intelligence from this, by some means or other, the course has been cleared so as to make it prudent for you to come on. It appears to me that, under the rn'cumstances, the advice so tendered iiy Colonel Dennis was sound and judicious, and it relieved my mind from pon«iliility las (It'ciilnl Irosst-'tl till' hilt alllnll;^ :i ,'fiils a ilegl't'i' which sL'L'Uis )U shi'wld usu fitteiitiou to DW^h UK Hi' i>V I liiilf-hrut'ils, i\ le eniif inest dulihi'i- is lifiii iiwi'le )g theso iniH- is]ifi'8iennis"M coimiiunii'atious to ymi en the suhject of these unfortunate occmri'iices, hut he has heen kind enoiij^h lo read them to some memliers of the Council, for the purpose of eiiahliiiLi ii III, and aviii''' that the contents of hciii to jud^e of the accuracy and completeness of his infoiiuat iiiion their assurance I h lave no hesitation in till' Coloiud's conimunications to yon, may lie relied ujion as coincyini,' in tiio main a correct narrative of the occurrenct' to which they icfcr. and a fair representation of the popular sentiment tliroui^hout the set tleincnt. T le iiuestioii w h.icl 1 now presses its.'lf upon every mind is what l^ to I) dune to secure your peaceahle entrance into the settlement '. So far, all (lur expedients have failed ; and unh'ss the eti'oits nf a tempori/iiiii char- acter, which are still lieint,' earnestly used for tlu' dis|risicin nf the mal- tents, succeed, it is to he feared that 3'our coming into the settlement, c< m at the piresent moment. wouM not he free from coiisiderahle danger. From Col. Denis's despatches and this letter, you will (h'ri\('as full and acciiiate know ledi^e of the pnsition nf the att'aiis here, as I lu'lieve can ;i\i'n ill writiii'j; ; and having satisfied myself that you are i-ei}- w dl 1. aci|uainted with all the material I'ircumstances of the ease. I think that yoii are now in ])ossession of the principal data for cnahling you tn detei- iiiiiie the impnrtant (juestion of your iiin\ eiiu'iits : and 1 need imt say that 1 shall most anxiously await your ilecisimi. I '.lit wi thoiit, if course, ill any way meaiiiiiL; tn piesciil the line ti |Hiisued, I may he permitted tn add that, to those who with myself lia\i lieeii deliherating u|)on the most advisahh' steps to 1k' taken in ciicuin stances of so embarrassing and so critical a nature, tlieix: havi' lieeii sug 'ested three courses f( 111 eetinif the dilhculty as it now i-tands The first is, that, there happily lii'iiiL:; among v\vi\ the {'"leiicli ha ilf- bieeds a considerable element of Wl' l-.l isp >sed iieisniis. there should be carefully seh'cte|iiiiinh. opt^ii to the (,'i'ii\i' 'iliifftidii tlifit cvt'ii if it WITH to issiui in yor.i' nhIi' arriviil aiimiiyMt iis, it wmild ulivimisly invnhc ji virtiiul ackiiow lf(iii;iiiiiii (if tlu' .isct'iuliiiu'y iif tlii'so liiwk'SH in'iiplc, and wcnild liavc a iliix'ct tcn- (Umuv trii.si'fntinf^iy of opinion that inidor jut'Sfnt i ir- cunistunces j'onr personal safety conlil not lie snlficii'iitly pi'ovidi'd for \i\ the attenduni't' of so small a liody of mi'n as that pcoposcd a liody lai'iii; unoMj^di to pro\dki' a i/ollisioii, lint proi)alily far from strong unotiifh h. niuL't it. Till' si'i'oinl is onr whirh, all alon;.,', tho local aiithoritii's havf liei'ii poM ilcrini,', Imt one which, a.s in somewhat sindlar I'mer^encios on foi'intr Dirasioiis, they have hitherto shrunk from a(hi|ilinj^, partly from a mis j^ivin;:; as to the extent and the ."pirit of the response to such a call as that proposed, and partly also, but luim-ipally. from an apprchonHion of pii' cipitatin'^ a collision hetwuen diHurcnt sections of tlie people, whiclnninlit jilunue, not only the settlement, hut the wiioK' territory into all tho ilis asters of a war of races and reli^^ions — a war in which the legitimate ohjcct. for which it had lieen lieL,'un, wouhl prolialily soon he lost si'^ht of, iind passion and prejudice alone animate the minds of those en^aj^ed in it. 'I'd tlie coinicil and mysidf it appears that under tiie present circmii stances the third proposal is the only one that can he regarded as prudent or practicaltle ; and it is, therefore, our opiidon that you should remain at I'emhina. and await the i-^sue of conciliatory negotiations, in the hope ef procurinu; a peaceahle dispersion of tlie malcontents. 1 have only to add that although this letter prnceeds ostensibly from myself, it endxtdies the views of the Council of Assiniboine, and that, at a meeting of the council to-day, held for the express purpose, it was un- animously adopted as the connnunication which 1 slioidd immediately mike to you. Karnestly hoping that ere long some peacojible solution of all these ditlicidties may be arrived at, I am, my dear sir, Yours faithfidly, W. Mactavisii I my <)|iiiiiii of |iii' ', wliicli mii^'lit iti) all tho ilJN lu' k'Ljitim.iii' L' Inst si;^'llt of, (SO fiij^ai^cd in esent circmii led aH iinulcnt slumld remain in the hiipe «i stensibly fniin e, anil that, at (SO, it was im- l immediately n of all these Malta visii, CIIAITKIJ XXV. nri-|il!i:AK OF TIIH I'KIACM II A Li- l!l!l,i:i»S. Mlt. .1. A. N. I'l!n\i:\(iii;i{, wliom we inrntioiKMl in tlic last rli;l|»t('r MS llHvillo- hcdl St'llt liy Mf. Mel )nUoi|ll tn l^ift ( i.llTV with a iiic,s.san-(' to ( lovcriiof .Mju'taN'isli. was |»roiiii)tl\' stopjxMl at the hai'fit'i', l)y the I'^fi'iicli. and tiinii'd liack to I't'iiiltiiia. C"a])t. ('aincron, who caiiic witli Mr. .Mel )oiin';iir.s |iarfy, also attriiipteil, about the same time, to j^aiu t'litraiice to tln' srttlc- it. liut he, too, was sent to the rlniit-Jiliout, a o'uaid of 2') iiH'M jict'oinpaiiN'iiiu' him aii«i I'fovciichcr to the hoiiiulai'X' iiii'i or .1 liiif. aiKJ this .same niiard, uiidrf command of a Ki'cnch halt'- hit'cd, named l^e[)ine, coudiu'teil Mr. M(d)ounalI and party from till" H. H. Post iiitf) the ITnited Stati's tei-ritory. and warned them not to ciiter the settlement a^'tiin. ( 'ol. Dennis, who had ioineil Mr. Mel )(mt''all, then went to work with ener^'v, and arran^X'd comfortiihle (jnarters for his chief and his followers, close to the American Customs Kotise. ( 'ol. Dennis, however, liefore leaviim- the settlement, com- iiii MH tted an act w hicl 1 mii-'ht have le.l t o verv serions conse ences. ["^nder cover of contiiminy the stirve\s in the direc- tion o f 1= ortaj;" (' la 1 rairie. he si lit a nuinh XXSHl r ol his men in that direction, with instructions to l•ais(^ if jio.ssihle, a force to brinn- in Mr. McDon^'all,l)nt fortunately the attempt did not succeed, unl bloodshed was avoided. On tlu! l!)tli November. Mr. McDoui;all recei veil a despatch _,„ 1 ■ :l| -ni.^l' < I f n :' i ! ■i ! |i 1 I" . u j;:- li I PI 5 H • i \ ■ 38« UlNToNV or Tin: Nnltlii-WKsr, from tin- Sccrftiiiy of State at < )tta\\a.a|.|.rii\ in^' of the ((.ins,) ln' luul j»urHU(.'t| ill rfiiiniuiiin' at I'.'iiil.ina, ami stati!i<;- f\|,li- C'itly as follows:—" As nmttci's sta,ii(l, you can claim or as-.,.|t no authority in th.' Hudson's l!ay tciiitory until tlic(^)uccirs IVoclamation. aimcxino' the country to ('aiiafercise the powers of ^^ovennuent until Her ajesty's Koyal Proclamation permitted him to d this tact slioiilil lie rt'iiifiiiln'icd ill tlic li^lit uf Ml'trr f\t'iits. AliHiit tilt' sMiiir tiiiif, li(i\\ f\ IT. II iiuiiiltcr t>\' ('miiikIImiis iTsid- iiil^ ill tliu .sottlciiK'iit, snit an a<|ilrt'ss to ('|)ositioii of the |''ifiich lial f-la'ee(|s, and at the same time iiistnu'titi;^' him to avoid all collision w iih the insiir;^-eiits, and aiiv violntioii of the neutrality laws of the I'liitecl Sti'tes, and tlins. with his exjilicit instructions on the (aie liaii|ii'i'st|Miliiti..|i • if Kii|)i'rl'H liaiiil, ill rnllllrll. (tin- ilivililcrs nf i>lll' ^i^lllN lirill^ li<>\\ i'X|i('l' Ifil), ali-rai|\ aware i>t' y>\i\ synijiat liy, ilu i'Xtt'iiil tlit- liaml uf frii'iiilslijp ti> yoii, mil' frit'iiilly tVlluw-iiiliHliitaiitH. ami in iliiiii)^ nh invite ynii to ^iinil twelve lepieseiitatives ffiiiii tin- t'lillnwiiiu |ilaees, vi/.. : St. .InllllM lleailiiif^iy St. Miir.vH SI. I'anis St. .Vmliew.s St ClellKMltH St. MiU'HurotM St .laiiu'H - Kililiiiiaii St. I'etefH- ill: 'I'l.w II c.f \\'iiiiiii»eK • • 2 ill ni'ilei" ti) fiifiii uiie liuily with tlii' a^nvt' eniiiicii, ciiiisiHtin>,' uf twelve iiieiiibi'is, til cmiHiilei" the |iit'seiit pulitieal state of this euiiiitry, ami t" juliipt Niieli iiieaHiiri's as i.'iay lie (U'eiiieil best for the futuri" welfare nf tlir BHinu, A iiieetiiii^ iif the almve cntmcil will he hehl in thi'roint Miniso, at Knit (iarry, (Ui Tiiesilay. the Itlth ilay of Ni'\iiiiln:r, at which the invited n • pi'o.seiitativeH will atti-iiil. Hy diiler nf the I'resiileiit, NN iiMiipei,'. Niiv. following' extract i.s taken :■ — "I wrote you two letter.s, lioth in one envelo)ie,detailin<>' the III i I ;|{TS L\M>. \iU |)<>|ltll.'ltlM|| Uii now l'Jl|ii'l f frit'iiilH)ij|itii 1' V"M III >rhil iiiiitrj', .iiiil t'l wclfiirt' lit' tliu loiiso, lit Fiiit III' iiiviteil n rs. that Mr t' anus tVi'in t to Itc USril as a pretext ire allowiiiL; ()ll\eiiieiicei| (leal of ill- )'tuiiate eir- part of Mr. r Mactavish had taken iii<;' extract Ol l-llltKAK Ml till I l(l,M II II.M.I -ititi;i;i»N. :{!»l |i|iifeer|illUM MIhI |lOMitiiill of thilie;M here alli| sn.:L;est 111;^' a |iiii('limiatioii froiii y^iir ;4ip\ eiiiment, ex|ilaiiiiii;^ the nature of the chaiiet' ill Ki»\ »'riiiiiciit. ainl w ariiiiiy; the iiiah-i m tents of the riiiise(|iience.s iif their arts. I was adine' statements aliont aH'aiis. As an instance of this, we will ,i;i\i' a few extracts from letters sent to Mr. Mcl)ou«j"alI \>v inirties who st\led theinselve.s Friend.s of Caiuida "The Hudson's liay ( "ompany are evidently with the rebels, uid their present nllc is to pre\ cut your liavine' any otHcial iuterc(jurse wi h th tl lem. ssue proclamation, and tlien you may come leariesHly down. Hudson's Bay ( 'ompaiiy evidently shaking. l>y no means leave Pembina. ' ,-! r 1 f ., 1 < 1. l~\' 1 ' i i 1! ; ! ' ', i i' ' It ; .^ ill! , i :j!>2 HiSToHV OF THE N'(»HTH-\VEST. " 'I'lu! CMdiipMiiy, iH-yond all (lucstioii, nvv ilcfjily {•oncfnuMl in the inattui'. Half-bivods tliemselvcs (Icclaiv that they lia\r received as.siHtaiice. * * * Issue yoiii- jiroclaii atioii. and it w ill be responfUjd to by .')(»() uu'ii."" Mr. Mcl)uu- tious made in the lettei'."' The faet of ( 'ulonel Dennis liaxinL: acte;' the latr Imperial Act re^'ar territory, and warning- the pe(i]>li' of the eonsecpienees of steps tendin<^' to impede any action that mi<;ht be taken mider its provisions, would have a salutary effect in checkiuo- the present unlawful movement on the part of the French population. It is ditfictdt, if not impossible. ti> liii I \ ' .^ ^ !one('nii'(| m t- they li;i\(' I. and it will Preserve me 11 acti\'e i-di- I'liuis. fur We lie i'olliiw iiii;' e Jiuthnrities !; the suj^^es- eiiiiis lia\ iir:^' itri^ned with .Maeta\isli in if it. HUiliLiiii- iiiiis was ]iur the most iif- The Crisis:' ition! " 'llie aivle, what it a])pears nici s- sary for me to declare in t' e interests of public order, and of the Nifety and welfare of the settlement. Therefore, I notify all wh.om it conci'rns. that during the last few weeks large bodies of armed men have taken u|! ]iositions on the public high road to Pembina, and, contrary to tlu' remonstrances and protests nf the public authorities, have committed tlie following unlawful acts : Kir.si. they have foi'cibly obstructed the movements of varii>us persons ti'avillin;: on the ])ublic highway, in the peaceful jirosecution of their lawful busi- ness, and have thus violated that i)ersonal liberty which is the undoubtid right of .'dl Her >rajesty's subjects. Secondly, they have vudawfully seized and detained on the road at La Riviere Sale, in the parish of Sr. Norbert, goods and niei'chandise of various descriptions, and of very con- siderable value, belonging as well to jiersoiis coming into the Cf)lony as t« citizens already settled here, and carrying on their busine.ss in the settle- ment, thereby causing great loss and inconvenience, not only to the owners of tho.se goods, but. as has formally Iteen complained of, also to tlir carriers of the same, and possibly involving the whole colony in a ruinnus responsibility, Thirdly, they have unlawfull}- interfered with the public mails, both outgoing and incoming, and by thus tampering with the est.ili- lished means of connnunication l)etween the settlement and the outsiilc world have shaken i.ul)lic confidence in the security of tlie mails, ami given a shock to the trade and commerce of the colony, of which the mis- chievous eHects cannot now be fully estimated. Fourthly, not only with- out jiermission, but in the face of rejieated remonstrances on the jtart vi the Hudson's Bay Company's officer in immediate charge of Fort Garry, they have, in numbers varying from about sixty to one hundred and twenty, billeted themselves npon that establishment, nnder the plea of protectiiit; it from a danger which they allege was known by themselves to be ini- luinent, but of which they hav« never yet disclosed tho particular nature : i Ol'T-ISHKAK oi" TIIK I'HKN* II I! ALl'-UHKIMS. :i<)5 they liiivt,' pliicLMl ai'iiR'il giuinls at the yatt's of an i'stal)lislniK'iit, wliicli, every stick tttnl stoiu- of it, is private projierty. in spite nf the most tlis- tiiii-. protestations (lyiiiust such a disregard of the riglits of property : tiu'y lia\e taken possession of rooms within tlie Fort, and althongli tliey have tliere as yet conunitted no direct act of violence to person or projieity, lie- vond what has Ijecii enunierate'S('/ll'/n/.l, Til i'<'r('i'fiii'4' to tlic al)()\<' I'l'oclaiiwition, Mr. McI )()umm11 thuis wi'otf to tli<' Srcictfii'V of State at Ottawa, on tlic L'.")tli ?\ovriiilM'i' : "I have i'('c<'i\c(l a ])ri\att' note tVoiii ( Jovt'iimr Mactavisli, iiiroi'iiiiii;^' iiic of liis liavinu' issued a Proclaiiiatinii, iiiofe, he ol)serves, ill ilet'ereiice to iiiy opinion than IVoiii ;iii\ expectation of a faNoralih* result." 'I'his, indeed, was the fjict of the ease ; hoth ( lovernor .Mactavish and .ludii'*' l>lack hein" of tlie o))inion tliat no n-ooil would ensue from issuiii;^' tlir docuiiieiit, l»ut ha\ ill;;; lieeii iinpoituiied hy Mr. Mel )ou;4all so often on the sulijeet, they ileteriiiined to follow his sue-e'cstidii As it turned out. (lovernor .Maeta\ish and .lud;^-e lilaek iiii- dcrstoud the character of the ]ieople they had to deal with •better than the man who set himself ti]) as their adviser. When the I'l'oclamatioii was handed to Mr. McKenney, tlir French delee'ates at tlie convention at once ohjected to its bein*;' read, while the Kn^^lish memliers in.sisted upon heaiiii;^ it. This caused a wrang'le, and. from the ver}' outset vif the meetine-, a feeling of iintagoiiism between the two parties w,is thus created. Had no Proclamation ))een presented to disturh the deliberations of the a.ssembly, there is no sayin<;' how miicli u'ood miu'lit have resulted from the convention. Hut as it W!'s. all chance' of a union of the two parties was broken befoiv even their di'liberations connnence(l. Tlie N^or- HV.s7r'/' was not alone in the newsjiaper field of the settlement, at this time, Mr. Win. Coldwell, whom we had oc- casion to refer to in a jirevious chapter, having brou|;ht in a plant, and started t\w Pioneer. To this paper, (Governor Mac- tavish sent his Proclamation for publication, but the Nov- ■•,'C'iitli (lay ..f >t .l.''S('/li'l.iiil, M('I)(m-,ill 1)11 till' I'otli II ( io\rrii(ir •ocliiinntiMii. ,11 IVdiii any A'flS tllf t'.icl l')lack \n']w^ issuiii;^' tlh' cl)(ni''"iill SI) SUn-O'cstKHI ' l)l;UM< uii- () (U'ill with Iviscr. veiiucy, till' 'ctt'il tip its [)()ii hcariii;;' itst't nl' till' lartit's \v;is to (li.sturli how iiuu'li it ais it wi's, Dken lu'l'mc tielu«iall, after its appearance, as follows: — ■ We ha\e no faith in the sincerity of that Proclamation, liiit l)eli(!\e that the pressure l)r(juy,iit to l)eai' up(tn them hei-c, li\- the loval partv, was such tluit they could no lon.S nisTdHY «»r Tin: \(»KTH-wi;sr. was notliiii'f tfi sliL'W that the compaiiN' wnuld uiiiii aii\tliiii(r l)y .sii(;li action. 'I'll*' Hudsons \Uiy autlioiitii s wfif in a dfcidcdiy |M'culi;ii position. On tlx' one side, tlicy \vcr<> at'CMi.scd by tlu! ("anadiiin party of playin^i' into the hand.s of tln' Kri'iich, and on tlir otlu'i", tlif lialf-hrccd.s .suspected tlicni of Ix'in*.;' in eoiln.sinii with the ('ana I iiiiytliin^ 11\- jH'culiai' (' ( '!iuiit tlic laviii^' iiiii- so, I am directed l)y the (lovernor and committee to state that the company an^ iuixioiis to atl'ord all the assistance in their power in imhicinii' the Ked River peoph^ to allow the survey's to he proceeded with, and to use their influence in any other mannei-, with the view of assisting' the authorities at Red River to make their arrangements for the government of the country. "And in view of the more serious aspect which affairs at Red River have recently assumed, I beg further, on behalf of the company, to otter tiie assurance that tJHiir Governor, factors and officers generally, will use their influence and best etfoi'ts to restore and maintain order throughout the territory. " I have, etc., etc., " I)()XAiJ> A. S.MITH." ' illrUji*' I: "■ I I ! ill! illH ^'^' CHAI'TKH XXVI. I'lMHiitKss OF I'm: iii;iii;i,i,iu.v. Druixc. tlu' cxcitcmont ami niinoyiiiici' attdnliii;^' flic actinii of the I'^t'iicli liall'-lyi'i'i'ds. ( iovcriior Mactavisli was \rry ill most of tilt' tinii', no nmcli si» that lie was imal)lc to atttii'l soN'i'i'al iiit'<'tiii;4's of tlic couiicil. Hail liis hciiltli Item licttrr howevt^r. it is douhtful. wlictliri', iiiisii])portt', the council had sent a jiaity of French half-breeds to endeavor to reason with their country- men, and prevail upon them, if possible, to forego the attempt to keep out Mr. Mc])oui;all, and the following is the resolution passed by them on that occa:.ion. " It was moved by A. (i. H. Baiuuityne, and seconded by Mi". McKeath, that Messrs. Douse and (Joulet be appointed immediately, to collect as many of the more respectable of the Fi'ench connnunity as they could, and with them proceed to the camp of the })arty who ii'tnid to intercept Hon. Mr. McDougall, and endeavoi', if possible, u> iMuxiiiKss (»i' Tin: i!i:iii;i,i,i<»N. UU |iiMcni't' tlicir |it'a('t'al»l»' (lisjicrsiuM. jiinl that Mi". I )ra.s(' report to Mr. Mucta\ isli, on or licl'oic 'I'liiirsday next, as to tlirir huc- ct'ss or otluTwiHc, ' Messrs. heaseaiid 'overrnnent, hut he had met with no success. Then, taunted by the vain hoastines of irresponsible Canadian residents, as to what Canada wonM do to keep down the na- tives, and excited bj' the actions of these same men, in claim- iiiti-, beforehand, larg-e tracts of land, he and liis followers took the initiative in rebellion, 'i'he fact, too that Mr. M(d)ou<''all was known to be in sympathy with the irresponsible Cana- dian element in the country, and on close terms of intimacy with some of the leaders, led the French to conunence by vis- J r. 1 r I 1 i M|H| kM l! 'I { i ii il m I \i ^^^^^■l ; • ' ^H' ' 1 ' 1 1 1 J HI' )■ WM-'I^^ % 40:J msToMv (»i nil: Noitm \vi:sr. ■M f itiii^' on liis liiMiil tlii'ir first iiiniUs ol' ilis|ili'a.Miii'. I'liry wt'iv tlctt'cmiiti'il to |iit'\t'iit liis Mcijiiiiiiiu' tlic It-ast .sfiiiliLinic ol' nntliority in tlic .scttlriiifiit , as llir surest inrniis nl' nli Htructin;;,- aiTaii;4t'iii('iits fur i\ I'linn;;*' of ;^o\ fiiiniriit , until siidi tiiiii' as tliry were st'currtl in their I'inliis. While matters were in this coiidition, ami e\cr\' etl'ort lieiun inatle to keep him out of the settleiiiciit, Mr. Mel )oU;;(lll. muone' other tliiu;;s, eneaneil acti\ely in a corresiiondence witli Mr. Z. (1. Sinnnons, the ['resident of the North-W'esti in 1\'le;jira]ih ('oiii]iany. w ith tlie\ie\vof piepai'in;;- for the (•.in- struction of a line fi'oni l''ort (lariy to eonneet with the irjr y;rapli systems of the I'liited States and ('anada.and a pro position t(» ea. B. Hauuatyne, the postmaster of the town, wrote the followiny' letter, ^ivine- his reason for refusing- to sig-n the document. .\ iR'titidii, written !ii)pjiroiitly hy Dr. Sduilt/,, hIj^iuhI princiiwlly liv n lunnbor (if strungors .■uul etliers in till! settlement, and hoiidud by .Janus i'i{«M;iti>s III' Tin: iii;iiKi,i,i<>v. 4(m Sti'U.krt, liiH jiirtt b.a'ii lii'oii^lit lilt' hy Mi. I'l >\vii, witli it ic jiiiMt | mIhhiIiI ni^ii it. I li ivi' Ti-fii v I fti ,si:(ii tliix il iriiiii miI , li'iiiHi' tlpMc i'ii.;,ii^i' I in ({iiltiiin it ii|i li.ist' 1)1(11 til II vi'iy >^nmt KXtoiil tin- iiiiim' nf nil mir IiimiIiIuh. Till! I'Hiirsf tlii'V liiiM' ii(|>\ ll ii'ir cniiht'i'tinn ■ I'liiiicnt mill its (ttlii'i.-ils is well known to all lu'ii' ; iiml witli tilt' liittt-r liiis iinf luH'ii fniitfiil uf ^,,ni\ to tlio i-uuntry. 'I'lif |Kttitiiin li.is liccii written liy I'ln- wlm lius tirnkcii mir I.iws, liculnl In nwf wlin lii'iik en olll' i.'iv>.s. itnil li.'il nil' l> ,1|M 1 ins limki niir IiiWH. 1 I'oiilil imt roiisi'iit tn nii\ niysi'lf with sncli |irli', lunl linvc ■ 'II tlioso Ki'"iii"l^ I'L-fiisuil to 8i;{n it. |{i'|iorts linvi- of lute liccn iniliis- tiiniisly circtilattMl, it'tlfitin'.^ both on my iirivatc ami |iiil)iir tliaraotur 11^ |iostiiiastur. It lias lici'ii said I liiivt' assi.stfil to niisi- tln' Kri'iich h I't' l»i<' ' Is to ci'slst .Mr. .M •!> 1,14 ill. an I as-iisti'l liy proviiliii.; provi- HJoiis, mill othi'i'wisi', to iii'iiiitain llir |ii'i'\'ailin;lish and Scotch to join him. 'I'his, the dtdej^ates repiv- sentiu{( the latter couhl not aj^ree to do without tir.st consult- in<; the people who elected them, and the con\ention w.i^ therefore, fui'ther adjouriUMl until the bst ■)ecember. In the meantime, the French allowe(l them.selves to be ad- vised and directed to a certain dei>ree l)v a Col. Stutzman, an American subject livino- at Pend)ina, which liad a bad etl'ect on theii- cause in the eyes of the rest of the .settlement. This in- dividual had the luudihood to (haw uj> an addicss on behalt of the Indians livin^i^ near the international boundary line, and endeavored to persuade them to pi'esent it to Mr. Mc- Mcl^ougall, but the Intlians were better adxised. and decline! to do so. Riel has been credited with wishinii" to form a uni(jn with PROGKESS OK rilK IJKISKLI.loN. 405 atlici- tliiiii miiou with tlic English-speaking settlers, an of I'eports were lly' y,' a1)out, one of which was to the I'fltH't that the C'anadians in \ViiniipeTee to allow the Hud.sons Bay Companv to continue the <;overnment. 'J'his chanj^ed the wliole asj)ect of affairs, as the En^'lish peo- ple W(>re sending their delegates to the convention on the un- derstanding that the Com))any should remain in power, until such time as an agreement was reached between the ])eo[)le ol the settlement and the Dominion. But at a public me(>ting in Winnipeg, about this time, Kiel, who attended it, said that the idea of having a Provisional (lovernment was simply because the Hudson's Bay Company was too weak, and that there Wii> uo desire on the part of the French to coerce the rest of the settlement into their views. The Englisli delegates then as- i pu(m;hks,s (»!•' rm: liKitKi.i.ioN. M)'i moi's ^"oiiii sciiiMt'd touctlier, and were in tlic miilst of di.scu.ssiiiif wlu'tluT !(• attciiil the conveiitioM, when wonl was l»r()n. Uannatyne for tl o iiurpose of placing- the document before them. This was done, and th(.' gi'cater part of the French seemed inclined to I'eganl tilt' event in a favoi'able light, so much so that Mr. IJainiatync sent the followiiiL; note to the Fnglish deleg'ates, who were waiting" to ht-ar the restdt of his nnssion. To Dr. Bii'.l, Mr. Hown, W. aiid R. 'I'^it, Mr. (iuiui, .iinl iill iho Kim- lisll (lolOif.lto.S — I llHVU si luwn the ProcliiHiatioii to all the Frciicli ik;k';';ites lin jiro hure ii<>\v : tliey will bu ylail if you fome up ill ;uo (|iiii Hiid ilo.'isod, uiid I ht'lievo luuch j^ood van l)e dune by C(jiniii!i hvvv at oiu't Youi's siiH'ori'ly, A. (J. H. n.V.N.NATV.NK. Thereupon the luiglish deleg-ates in accordance with the above note, proceeded immediately to Fort (iariy, and re- mained in council with the French luitil 4 p.m., whrn the meeting- adjotu'iied till (i p.m. in the meantime, co|)ies of the Proclamation (which will be found in the ap|)endix ), written out hastily by zealous volunteers, were displayi'(l in \arious parts of the town of Winnipeg, and throug'liout the settlement. At (i p.m. the convention again asseml)h'il. and the Fi'ench l>resented the following" Hill of Rights," which was ja-actically agreed to by botit sides as the basis of a joint claim to be pre- 83iited to Canada :— i ■ i 4()S IIISTOia' Ol' Till-: N(>KTH-\Vf:sT. 1. Tlif ri'^li( to t;ltH;t our own [ieyisliitui'i'. 2. 'I'lie Lt'gislHtiuv to liiivi' power to piiss all laws local to the terii- tory, over a veto of the Kxeeiitive, \>y a two-thirds vote. M. No Act of till! Doniiiiioii I'arliaineiit (loeal to this territory) to lu hiiidiii^' on the peojile miti! saii<;tioiieil l»y their representatives. 4. All Mheritfs, inagistrates, eonstal'K's, vie, etc., to he elected Ity tlic pt'ople — .\ free homestead pre-enijition law. r>. A portion of the piililie lands to he appro|iriated to the lienetit of schools, the Imildin^ of roads, briilges, and parish hiiildini^s. > the Legislatui'e of the tei'ritory. 7. l'"oi' four years the puhlic e.xpensi's of the territory, civil, niilitaiy. anil niuniciiial, to l)e paid out of the Dominion treasury. K. The military to he ccMupo.sed of the people now existing in tlif territory'. !•. The French and English language to he connimn in the Legislature and Council, and all public documents and Acts of the Legisl.i tuie to he published in both languages. 1(1. I'hat the dudgi- of the Superi ; and until such Act be obtained, he must stay outside the ter- ritory. ir». That we have a full and fair representation in the Dominion Par liament. ''if 1 ^!! I. : ;■ ' li: ■ i i i f ' ^ • .1 ^ ^^ _ [ It was then proposed to send delej^ate.s from the convention. consiHtino- of two from the French side and two from the Kn^- lish, to confer with Mr. Mel)ou<;'all at IVmbina, hnt Kiel arose and said the bill of riohts wonld have to he secnred to tln' people, and that initil Mr. Mcl^on^all could produce such an act, he would not be allowed to enter, as no written or verlial I'lioiUKSS <)!• Tin: lU'.ltKLI.loX. 4()!> ininioii T'ar- [.roinise from liini on the >*ul)j«'c^, would hi' satisfactory. This |iiit an <'nr any uotiee of tlu' oi'der in council, which has no douht been pas.sed to elleet it. in the.se circnmstances, I am compelled to act npou the general jiowi'rs and directions of my commission, and of the .\cts of Parliament, Canadian and lm|)erial, which seem to hear upon the case. I harf (ii-( nnl- ntiihj pit fiiircd a I'mrliondtion, to i)e issued on the first day of Uecend)er, reciting so nuich of the several .\cts of Parliament as seemed nece.s.sary to disclose the ro(iuisite authority ; and stating, by way of recital, tin fori i>J siirrtitdtr hij tin; Hvdioii'.s H(i>i ('ompiDUi, arc pf'tiir.r hy Hrr Majcfty, (Uid trntiafer ti) Cumtda, from and after the 1st r)eccml)er, A L). IHtlil 'I'hese facts T ijiithir fimn tin; iieir.timixrti, (nnn a private letter to me c)f the nepnty-(>overnor of the company's, and my own knowledge before I left < Ittawa, that the 1st Decend)er had been agreed upon as the date of the transftr. In the jiresent state of affairs in the settlement, it is of the ut- most importance to announce the transfer in the most tiidliciilir and Kiilemu manner possible, in order to give confidence, and the pfottction of li'fjnlitij, to the act of the loyal and well-disposed, and to put the malcon- tents and their American advisers and sympathisers publicly and techni- cally in the wrong, etc., etc. Mr. McDougall therefore concocted his Proclamation, hut, not content with going thus far, he issued a second one, cut- ( •: Hi 1 i t t m H 1 If \\m 1" 1 : ! ' M II (.:: 410 HISTORY OK THK N'oUTH-WEST. tiiiLf ott' (lovernor .MactaviHh's licad, uiid a tliinl, appoint in^ Colonel DoiuiiH 1 )epntv-< 'overnor, both ol' whicli are to l>c found published in full in the Aj)peiidix to this volume. In his letter to .Mr. Howe, Mr. ]\Icl)ouy of the I'roclaniation, none havinir been sent to him until a frieiul placecl one in hi.s hands; hut tliis treatment was only in keepine' with the wlwjle conduct of .Mr. McHont^all in his attitud<' toward the man whom h(! ex|iected to succeed, and who was the tii-st one with whom he should h;ive endeavoi-ed to connnnnicate in so im- ]iortant a matter. The news[)a|»eis Xor'-Wf.sftr and Pioneer wt'Vc now both seized by Hiel. who als-o ma ii'l III li! ^V ■/'• ' !; ji, i M' m m P ._ •} ' if 1 ^ ' 1' I 1 1 ■ 1 1 i 41-2 IIISTOUY HI' TIIK .\(»|{TM-\Vi;sT. iiitcMHitii'd, when a rumor njuclKid Wiimipejj; that tlie Sidiix IndiaiiH, to tlu; iiuiiibci' of clrvt.'ii liuii(Ir»'(|, wcit; on the \\;i\ to Re \:\ W'! 114 IIISIOHV or TIIK N(tl!lll-\Vi:sT. liHli-sjH'iikiiiy; st'ttli-rs. ns tliri'c seniit'il tu lliriii imtliiiin im reiisniiiililc ill tlic (Iniiiiuil, iniil in coiisi'iUH'iifc (•!' this, ('olninl Dniiiis round ^rciit ililliculty in ixcitin;^' iiny ciitlnisiaMiii Jilioiit niiHinu' Ji I'orcc ( )n tlif Stli I d'ccinlirr, lit' |)|r were willin;^'. thry cuiild nnistcr ariii> L'ii»)n;;li to [)Ut (h)\vii tin' halt'-lacnls, hut they won't "In it The fai't of the matter is. I/k 1/ nvr nnrdrds oiw ami all uf tlu'.iii. Aithouj'-h th('\' ai'f iii\' couiitrvnifii. I must speak the truth jihout tliem. ' On the 7th I )eeeuil)er. a few nl' the ))riliei)ia! residents ill Winuiiiee' and vit'iiiit\' met toecthei', and ih'i-ided to m) to i>i Schiilt/., and point out to him how lie was eiidan<;t'rine' the whoh' setth'nieiit, hy keepilie' a foi-ee of men in his Ikhimv otieriiie- at the same time to l)eeome respoiisihie for any dain- a<;'e done to his ])ro|»erty or the (iovernment sui)]iiies. While these u'eiith'nKMi, however, were on their wa\- to cai'rN- nut this misHion of peace, l^iei, at the hea wont i\n ii If ii ml (ill iif iHt H](cak till' I residents ill I to ;;■() tti 1 h liiii^'eriii^' tlir ill liis limiM', I'di- any 'laiu- )\)\\rs. Wllilr to earrv "Ut lit tliree Imii- tlie road IVoiii 'aiiadiiuis. It ikcrs at oiicf Schultz first {iel consented, ender of the en up in nejio- [809, Dr. Scliultz svirreiuler tlieiv - n case of refusal, II tllU Kiii^HhIi lllllf lil'eeil.s iUlil ntlitT il.'lti\'cs, Wiililt'll Mini t'hililrcll. all' ,i\ iJH'rty to (lci)iirf niiiiinirsted. liOl IS ItlKI. I'uliT (lAlllt^, Till I »r(clulicr. iMti'.l, The siiiii'iuler will lie ;ict'i!]»teil at m lifteeii iiiiiiiitis at'ttir tlu' dtU'r. I )i'. ( )'|)oniien. w ho was then stayin;^^ with I )r. Sehnh/, set tiie exaiiijde, which tlie Test of the party followed, liv sinning III he docuineiit, and two who wen- imt in the house at the time [('has. (lari'et and •'aiiii's Mnllinaii) wen- sent I'or hy lliel and included in the nunilier. The sin-iiiltures to the suneiiiler were; — .Idsfpli Lyiicli. M.l>. Will, (ii ihaiii, .Inliii Scliiilt/. M.I). Will. Niiniiiniis. aiiii'.s .\rtliiir Haiiiiltdii (i. I). McN'iuiir, |{. l\ Moaao, \\ in. Kitsnii. ■ Iiillll FiT^^llsiili W 111. Sjiicc lines St'.'wart. Ik"iry WoixUngtuii, Tlicis. liiisted, W. .1. Allen, Tlioiiia.') Laii^iiiaii. 1). r. ('aiiii)liull, ('. Kent, .1. .M . ('iii)inlis, .V. |{. Cllisllnllil. .Inlin Kecks, • liiliii Ivy, !•". ('. Muj,'ri(lj4e. K. Kraiiklin. 11. w ei'^litinaii. h. W. .\ivliil)al(l, .Inliii <) Domiull, .M.I) , ('. K. i'altner. iL'e. Nic!) Mill W. F. Ilyinaii C liiil lar, I) nies Davvsim. .1, W. .1. 1); IVlS, .1. B. Haines, 'ienrge F\)rtney, Vy persons in Matthew Davis. A. Wright, P. McArtliiir, Knbeit H. Smith. .lanies H. .\>liihi\Mi, .\ W. (irahain, D. Cameron, • I. H. Stncks, ■ lanies Miillig; ( Mmrles ( iariet. Ill, all. There were also three ladies in the jiarty, Mrs. Schultz, Mi's. ^h^ir, and Mrs. ()'J)onnell, who, of their own accord, accoiii- pauied the prisoners to Fort (Jarry, whither Kiel inarched tlu'iii,and Mr. J. H. McTa\ sh, of tlie Hudson's Bay ("oni])any, placed his apartuieiits at the service, of the ladies, who were thu.s made conifortalile. But the balance of the jiarty found tlieinselves hacked up in (piarters very much too small for their accommodation, and without sufficient food or coverinir. t ^iilifi u ,. ,! I ffi ii 'iiji tiu' ! i 1 ■ i . 1 i 1 1^ 1 1 ■ 1 ■1 1 i ^ ■ 1 1 i M i ' ; 1 ■ ! 416 IIISTOUV •»!• Tin; N(»ltTII-\\KST. On tlif Htli I )t'Cfiiil»fr, Rifl issiicil tlir Inllowin;,' •IcclnratiMii, jil'intt'tl in l'!n;^lisli mikI l-'irncli, inul coiiirs wrw I'lrfly ciicii- hiU'A tlMi)U;^li()Mt tin- si'ttlcnicnt : -- DKCF.AKA'rioN oK TIIK I'Mol'LK OF Ml I'KK'I'S |.\N|t \M» TIIK NOKTII WKST. Wlx^rt'iis it Ih iidiiiittiMl Ity nil iiicii, its n fiiniliiMiciitiil |iriii('i|ili', that tlii' piibMc authority cnininaiMls llu^ itlii'diciii'c and ri'Mpi'il nf its siiliji'cts h is hIbo H(liiii(tuay Company. 'I'liis inaui^uiated that species of government which, slightly modified hy sid)sc(pient cir cumstances, ruled this country up to a recent dote. Whereas that government thus accept eil was far from miswerint^ to the wants of the people, and hecinie more and more so as the population in- creased in nundiei-s, nnd as the country was developed, a d commerce ex tended until the present day when it lommandsa place amonyst the coln- nies ; and this people, ever act uattid hy tlu; ahove nu-ntioned piinciples, had generally su|)[)orted the aforesaid goveinment, and gave it a faithful iillegiance ; when, contrary to the law of nationf, in March, IHtiM, tlit said goverjiment surrendered, and transferred to ('anachi, all the riylii-- which it had pretended to have in this territory, hy ti'ansactions with which the people were considered unworthy to he made ac(iuainted : ami, whereas it is also generally admitted that a pe(»ple is at liberty to estab- lish any form of government it may consider suitalile to its wants, as s(ioii us the power to which it was subject abandons it or attempts to sidijugale it without its consent, to a foreign power, and maintained that no ri^dit can be transferred to such foreign power. Now, therefore — 1st. We, the representatives of the people in council, Hssenibled at I'pper Fort (jarry, on the 24th November, \HitU, after having invoked the M^ m I'liiKjuKss ui rm; hkiiki.mox. 417 i|)'('tnrutiiiii, ri'crly cirrii- I.ANI> .\M> u'i|ii<', niiit iiii' H SUlljfC'tM I' eiit, is fit*' I'l I liivo iir fffiisf tlio iihnVf tirsi if.s|iiTt»Ml tlmt ;y ctniipfllitl it ('i>iii|iitny. ami rli-H II.), •••Htnli 'tnry, for t i.kI rsiMis, n'(|iiii>il (iiiiiiiui'ci! mily, •t, siiic't! till re |ifnplo iilroiiily allUii's to Imvf liis iiiiiiit^uiati'd ^iil)SLMHH'iit cii (iciil iif NutiotiM nlyiiiK on tluNt* fiiiiiiiitly iji'clui't', illtlh' liaiilt'H iif mil' I'liiiHtitlH-lltH, aliil in oiiiiiwn iialiirH, lirfnl'it tinil mill man, that frnin lliu day on uliicli tlu> (invcniini'iit we liail alwayM iis|H-('tril nliaiidiiiu'il us. Iiy traiiMfci'iiiii^ to n stran^r piiwrr the Nacifil iiiiiliniity t'lintiilt'd ti> it, llii' |ifii|ili> of |{u|icrt'N Land and tlif Nm-tli- (iiil «'\('iii|it fi'iiiii all alli'uianct tn til iid ( • iivcrn- Wctt Id'caiiif fn iip'iit. U'nd. 'I'liat \vf ii'fii i' to ncHj^iii/.r tlir mitliority of ("iiuada, wliuli \i\c t> imIh to liHVf a ri){lit tokuciri mm, and iiii|HiMi> upon um n dti mu lionl niu' tlioiisaiid oi<,'lit iuiiiilrfd and si\ty-niiii'. John Hki (K, I'nsiilnif l.ixis Uii:i,, Si'i-i-fttiiih Hit'l tlit'ii .sent a ^•uard of forty int-ii to dcciipy tlu- Hiiil.son s Hay post at Pcinbiiia. to pi'evciit Mr. McDouoall IVoiii riitnin- it, and li. Mtitilu-d Mi. .1. A. Snow . tlic superintendent of tli^ Lake of the Woods road, to arrano(. Iij.s atlaii'sand de|»;irt \ivn\i\ the .settlement within a fortnio-ht. Mi'. l>o\vii. the editor i.i the N(>r'-]Vrsti'i\ thinkin<;' di.seretion the hetter part of valinir, hud left the .settlement, it is saiost in the interior. eallcMl l<]aL;le"s Nest, whieh heloiiovd to the Hnd.sons Hav Coiiiiianv. It seems tliat Col. Dennis, at the time when Sehnltz and his men were l)e.sie.i;ed hy Hie!, attempted to rai.se a f(jree in tin Lower Settlement tt) rescue them, hut did not succeed, and on the (ith Decemhea'. the day hefitre the surrender, he i'ecei\ril tlie following" lettei' from the I'ishop of Hu])ert s Land, '•■Jiich thi-ows much liuht on the state of afl'airs in the settlement. Hisiinr'.s CoritT, Dec. (itli. l.sii'.i Dear Coi.onkl Dknms J ^'l■il•ve to say that tliu state of things is a> .sinning daily a graver aspett, I an. greatly dis;i|i|H)inted at tlu' niauifest.i- tion.s of loyalty ;ind ;i determination to support flii' government of Mr. MeDoiigall, on the part of the K'nglish population. Instead of a hreakin,' down of the force of the insurgents. I feel cert.iin from my oi)servatioii> at Fort Oarry to-day. and from information from Mr. Miicta\ ish ami others 1 can rely on, that ovei' r)0O mon art \v in aims, and they arc well armed. I see no ri'ason to dei>enti on want of courage or deteriniii.i tion on the part of these men. In addition to this strong e.xhibition 'it force, there is a belief, apparently on good authority, of a determination to avenge loss of life, if they are attacked by house to house massacriii;.;, or, at any rate, by individual assassination I feel, therefore, that success in an .attack with such forces as yon can briiiL' together, with nothing e year of mn •:, l'r tlu' iiumifi'sr.i- nnirut I a vit'tiivy will Canadian (»nv \'iiii iiiust nut sii|i|i(isi; tliat this eniiics ficnii mw wlin is lininri'iis Tlmiigli i neviT said it la-foro, I wnit in tin.' tirst uicrtiiiL; nf tliv CipiiikmI (pf As.siniln>ia, pieiiart'd tn ri'Cdiniiii'nd a forfihii' juittin^ down ot tin' in siiiri'c'ti(tn, and wlu-n yon I'anii' in. 1 lio]R'd that thf oxliiliition ot force wi.iild 1)1' siilhL'ii'nt : Imt tlic Unce of the iiisurt^cnts has only i,'ro\\ii «ith iipiMisition and is iiow. I liclicx e, c|iiiti' a match for all thai can tic lni U'-;lit tiii,'cthor a^'aiiist tliciii. I would cariicstly adviMc, tiu'icfoic tlu- i^dviii;; ii|> of any idea of attackiiii.' the Krciu'h jiosition at Fort (iarry at present, and also any iilea of seizing liy stealth mi any reliel. I'lit away such counsel for a time at least. I feel tjial tlu result to lie ant icipated would lie very di'-astroiis I see ever\tliin!' to he gained l>v dela\ : at aiiv rate there «oll Id he some opportn-Sty, perlia|is, of hringiiiL; ahoiit some dii'ect coii lUiiication hetwv ii ( loveriior .Mcl)oU''all and the disallected lie I lliil ik Villi siioiild on everv aci iiint, lii'i iig that alioiit. Finlher. it would lie well Hot to act till yon ascertain clearly the mind of tjie Canadian M n- istry and people, on the way of settling this atlair, and I think soiiiethii g is due to the jieople from (in\crnor .McDoiig.ili. I for one am at this iiionieiit |>erfectly ignorant of an\ detail of tlii' character or policy of this government. Personally 1 do not eare foi' tliis. I am not only fei\ curly loyal to the <^>iU'en, hut i have iinipie.^tioiiiiiL; contidciicc in the manage iiieiit of Canada. 1 iiiow all will he ri' :ht >tiil tl leii' IS not less a great wa:.t, a very conciliatory attitude is what is ^^ anted from ( io\ ciiior Mc- l>oiigall, and a ]>lain setting forth of how tin- goxeinineiit is to lie con- iliu-ted. ineetim.;. as far as possihle, any of ihe wishes e.\prcssi'd hy the dis- .•ill'ct'ti'd jiersons, and iieiliajis referring others to ('anada, hut promising a. ueiieroiis consider/it ion . Til nil trhoin it moij co)icefn. By certiiiii printed piijjers, of late put in circulatinn by the Frencii party, ccinnnunioation with the Lieutenant-Governor is inrlicated with .i view to layinu; before him alle>,'ed rijjhts on the i)art of tVio.se now in arms. I think that course very desirable, and that it would lead to yood results. Tnder tlie belief that the party in arms are Hincere in their desire foi peace, ami feeling that to al>andon for the i)re8ent, the call on the loyal to arms, would, in view of such connnunication, relieve the .situation of mucli eMd)arrassnu'nt, and so contribute to bring about jieace, and save tlic country from what will otherwise end in ruin and desolation I now call on and order the loyal party in the North-West Territories to cease finthcr action under the appeal to arms made by me. and I call on the French party to satisfy the people of their sincerity in wishing for a peaceful end- ing of all these troubhs liy sending a deputation to the Lieutenant-liovcr- or at I'embina without any unnecessu'y delay. ; i - : 1 i ; ■ 1 : .h, iHii'.t. v'ill satisfy intry inaina, and the latter, finding that all et!brts to oaiu admission into the settlement had failed, }>acked up his ba^'^a^'e and took his de))artni'e on the 18th Decemlvr for Canada, eiuent, r i»tli, 18(W. the FruiRli icfited with m now in anus, good results. eir desire for n the loyal to ition of nnicli md save the I now call on cease fiutlar II the French peaceful end eiiant-Govcr- Ml M ! . J I lilt l! !■ CHAPTKK XXVI I. A I'ASSIVK COMMISSION. The only attfinpt (as far as we know) iii;i not wish to denj', alletfiance, it is propn that some si'xli oomnnniication should reach me. It will he a great mi-- fortune to us all, 1 think, if I am obliged to return tt) Canada and hand over the powers of government here to a mditary ruler. This will be tin inevitable result, unless we tind some solution of the present ditticulty very soon. I liave full powers from the (lovernment, its well as the Mtrongest desire personally, to mei't all just claims of every class and section of tlu" jieoplt Why shoidd you not come to me and disou.ss the matter ! I beg you to belie\-e that what occurred will not aft'ect my mind against you oi' those fiir whom you may be authorized to si)eak. The interview proposed must be without the knowledge or jnivity of certain American citizens here, who pretend to be m Kip/iort v,ith you I trust to youi honor on this jioint. Very faithfully yours. William .Mr Dot ti am.. mind iij^aiuHt le intfi'viow ,in Anierii'Hii •list tn ynin A I'ASSIVK (((MMISSION. 4.2:i 'I'lic aliovc invitation was sent too latf in the day. and Hid iK'VtT rt'.s|)onv mv authority on that dav, correctly reciteut wi! will now see what the Cauatlian authoi'ities thoueht of ]\Ir. Mc])ou«iairs action while at l'end)iua. The Secretary of State at Ottawa, wj'itin;;- to him on the ■24th December, .says : As it would iippcjir fmni tlicso deciiiiiciitH iliat vmi luixf u.^id tlie '^tuoeu's iiiime witheiit Iilt authority- iittributed to Her Majesty jvcts I :| h. ■'1 , 1 i p ( i [ ' i 5 - i ^ j : i;]!:!';^ ■ ,1 ■ :•: ' 1 i ': 1 ■ 1 ii 424 HISTOKV OK Tlir: N'OHTFl-WEST. which fhii liHH not yut performed — niul orijaiiixed an armed force within the territory of the Hudson's Bay Comjiaiiy without warrant or instriK tions. I am commanded to assure you that tin; grave ooeurrencfs wliicli you ri^|inr( have occasioned here great anxiety. * * * * \i\i\ .^j^ flu, org.ini/.ation and use of such a foice by you was, under the circumstances, entirely illegal, the (Joveinor-CJeneral and council cainiot disguise fnnn you the wtiight of responsibility you have incurred. Acting on the l)elief that the country would be c[uietly transferred, with the general assent of the inhal)itants, all the ])re])arAtory an;mg(;- ments were made, as you were awaie, in anticijiation that on or about tin Ist December, the territitry would l)e surrendered hy tht^ com])any to the Queen, and that thereupon Her Majesty would issue Her Proclamation, fixing a day for the union of the coinitry with Canada. The Proclamation, when otticially eonnnunicated, to you would enable you, under the commission and authority given in anticiiiation of that event, to enter legally upon the a])pointed day on the discharge of your official duties as (Jovernor of the North-VVest. In the commission issued on the 28th September, you were emi>ower ed to enter ui»on the duties of government only " on, from and after the day to he namad" in the (Jueen s Proclamition ; and in the insLructions handed to you with the connnission you are directed to proceed to Fort Garry and be ready to assume the g read tlio (' )loiiur.s aocoutit of iiis atti'inpt t<> per- suade tludge Black to aid h in in proclaiming martial law, without strong feedings of regret that you should have been repr^•^ented in the settlement liy a person of so little discretion. It is no wonder that .Fudge Hlack was frightened at the piopo.s.vl as he iiiu.st have known that <'ol. Dennis would have to answer at the bar of justice for every life lost by such an Hssumption of authority, and that ♦he illegal seizure of an Ameiic.ni citizen would at once provoke interference in the (piarrel, and lead to vciy serious complications. 1 have the honor to be. eti usKiMI If OW K. Sffiild Iff cr as snpjioscd ). and wcic wortli no more than waste paper. " I may he jiermittt'd to say here that, althoiij,di I liad pre- viously felt niortitied at not havino- heen ahic to hriiijf about [leace by means of any kind, on hearino' the statement of Colonel l)e Salaberry, that feelino- chaiiircd at once to one of heartfelt thankftdnr'ss that my pi-oceedino-s had not liccn tlu! cause (t.'Vcn to the extent of a ilro[>) of lilooilsheil amono" th peoi lie in justice to Col. Dennis, it must be .said that he, undoubt- edly, considered himself fully i-mpowered to act as he ,'' too miicli (^oiiHtlence in tlw statements and advice of suj)])ose(l fiimils in the settlement — men who sit the time had made themscUcs wholly ol)jectional)le to a larj^e class of settlers. The dilii- eulty witlt Mr. McDouyall was the ahsence of any conciliatory spirit in dealing w ith the ditHculties that confronted him, .iikI this, cond)ined with his overhearing' majuier, and tlie injudici- ous lan^-ua<.je attril)uted to him. and whieli, unfortunately, characterized nearly all the letters anlnN. 42: till' proNisioiial LiDVcriniicut, thi- ilosiyii Ix.'in;;' <\ coinliiiDitiuii ol' till' ih'tirx lie /?•>-• ami sfitimrncl,'. tlic l.ittt'f Ih-Iii;;'. it was suiil. in honor of \V. 15. < )"l )oiiolni<', who had Irl't thr cojlfni. of St. Ilollifi ict\ whiTi' 111' wa.s stiiilyiii;;' foi' tlir |)iii'sthi )OI| ami jimicil till' iiiHurycnts. |)r. Tu|»|m'I' ( now Sir ( ■liaili-s 'rM|)]Mr) altont this tiin».' |)aiil a tlyiii;;' \isit to thr si'ttli'niriit for tlir f o])ti purposi' oi oi)taiiiin;( posst'ssion ol soiin' lii;;';x"ii''' '><'l"ii;;in;,f to liis ilauy,hti'i\ Mrs, ( 'anirron. whioh haui'('ii. ami vahicii'ss, ami thr rrvnlsion of fn'liiiL; that took )ilaci' in thr mimls of thr si'ttlcfs n-(Mn'i'ally, only scrvfij to ftii- tluo' sti'»Mi;^'thi'n tln' luimls of Hirl Thr iiiifortmirtte jirisomTs ill Kort (lan-y, wiio no ilonht luul actrd from a .sj)iiMt of loyalty to ( aiiuchi, folt thciusolvcs sohl, ospccially as lioth Mr. McDoii- ^all ami Colonel Donnis had taki'ii thcif ili'parture, tluis li'a\- inf>" them to their fate. Steps were taken, howi'\rr, hy jiartirs ill the settlement to procun-, if possible, their rrlrasi-. hnt Kiel would not a^ree to any proposition of the kind, and in this hr made a j^reat mistake, for had he g-ivcui the iiirn tlu-ir liherty, it Would have prevented in a ;^ii'at measure, thr hitter feelin;,^ that sjiraii},;' up ai^ainst liim amon<,j the English settlers. The fact is, that from the time of the eollapse of Mr. MeDou- ^i'all's illegal plans and his subseipient departure for ( "a nai la, Kiel because abiti'ary and inflated by the temporary power whicii he held. His first hi^fh-handed proceeding- was to cause the safe of the Hudson's Hav ('f)nn)anv to be carried oti' from their office, and to abstract several thousands of pounds ster- linfT from it, it even being said that part of this nu oney was I!i 42S msToHV ol" Tin: NoliTII-WKST. I ! I . I 4a B^i !»i iiHt'il ill pMviii;;' Mr. ('iddwcll tor tin- plniit of tlif I'loniir nowH|)ii|)iT, which wiis at'tcrwiinls used in |iul)Ii.shiii;;' t\\v. N( "■ Ndtioii. Wifl'.s (jroMii. |)r. Schiilt/i fihdut the saiiif time \\,is t.'iki'ii tVoiii the (|uartrrs. win re hr had hccii allowed to reniMJn with his wife, and eoiitiiied with the rest ol' the pi-i.soiiers, iiini ill fact tlie leadei' of the h'ti'iicli lic'-'aii in e\er\' wa\' possiiile to make hinisell' oliiioxioiis to tiie I'liieliHli-HpeaUiii;;' [leople of th. settlement. Aliout this time also, rumoi's were afloat thai l*Y>nians and Americans were in collusion with Uiel. which \\r l)elieve had no f(tuiiilation in fact, altliou<''li it was well kiiown that \V. r>. ()'hoiiohue. hioh in thi' councils of the French, had a tenileiiey in that direction. Kiel, on heine- approached hy pai'ties upon the suhject, stated that there was no truth in the rumors, and that all he wished was the formation of a I'rovi sional » lovernineiit in which all classes would he represented. anlad if either (!o\eriior Mactavisli or .)udj.;t' lllack would hecoiue head of it. Kiel now continued to make arrests of parti<'s sujtposed to he in sympathy with the Canadian party, and so (piietly was this done on .^onie occasions, that it was really unknown how many j)risoiiers he had contined in Fort (larry. He and his followers al.so lielpe(| theiiiseK «'s to whatever they wanted from the Hudsttn's I5ay ( 'ompany s establishment, and in some eases from the stoi'es of private merchants. On the "i.^th l)eceml)er, IS(!!», John Bruce resi<,nied the posi- tion of President of the Provisional ( Jovernmont, a ])ositioii wliicli 1h' hail only held nominally, and f.,ouis Kiel, the real head of the insurrection, succeeded him. and ahout the saiiie time word was received of the expected arrival (^f (Iraiid Vicar Thihault Ji^id ("olonel de Salaberiy, two eommi.ssioncrs appointed ))y the Dominion (Jovernment for tlu' purpose oi \ ^ tln' A'l "• • time \\,is I to iciiiiiiii SOIICCS, illni possililc li> 'Opic of till' tllloflt tll.lt , whicli \\r Vfll IslldW II ''I'clicli, liail rdaclicd li\ ruth ill tile 1)1" )l l'l'0\ I v|in'Sfiit('(l. • Miictiiv isli U]I|MI.SC(| to uiftlv Wiis iiowii how Ic and his t'V wautctl 11(1 ill soiiii' 1 the })osi- a jioHitioii 1, the real it the HHiiie of (Iraiid imissioiu'i'.s |)iU'i)()se til //^r/z-'-'/t^ ■-z^/i^^' , -. / Hin. William McUou^all Il ii I ': 1 - ; 1 A l'AS.s|VK • uMMissioN, \2U riii|nii'iiiy; into tlif ;4;rii'\;iiici's dl' tlir |n'n|(lr, miiiI |iiiciryiii;^' tlifiii. il* |t(tssil)lt', SI) IIS tu Miiiii tlir (I'liiiiMsiuii mI' Mr Mchoii- l^'illl illtii tlir tillitniy. ( )ll llir WllV u\ iT tllf |ilaills. tllfsc two «iiiiiiiii.ssiniii'is lint Mr. .Mrh(iii;4iill iiii'l lii^ |ifiity liuiiinl t'nf St .nil. .'iiiil t'li llllllllllicfltt'il tn tll.'lt UVIitli'lll.'in tlir I'llct tliiit till' traiLsFri' hii'l imt lifcn inniir. ,'iii| | a lli \ i 1 1;^' a t till' iMtilliilary liiir, it was ilcriijcd that thr (Irainl \ icar sIkuiM ;^ii I'll aJnin- to St. I'loiiirari', as tlnTc was sninc i|oiilit whi'tlnT he Sii'alii-rry would hr adinittfd. Thr lattiT. as a inattir dl' prr- raiit'oii, I'rtaiiifd all tlir paprrs comifctrd with tlirir inissicai. and it was not until tlir iltli .laiiiiary that lir w as ninhlrd to jdiii his ('oJIcay'Mr in tlir srttlriiinit. 'I'hr ( iraiid \ icar and I )r S.ilahrrry tlirii |)rriiiittrd tlirir |M|.rrs to pass into thr hands uf Kirl. who Itrinr' thus iiiailr awai'r hrt'orrhaud of tlirir cuii- tiiits. and Iff thr fact that tln-y wric iii\rst<'d with no author- it)', was not incliiiril to pay iiiuch rrsprct to tlirir mission of pracr. Indft'd.at his rrtjurst, thr two coiiiuiissinnrrs rrniaiiiril '|uirtly at th;' liishop's I'alacr, and did not \ isit to any r\trnt .iiiKai^' tlir pi'o|)lr for soiiir tiiiir at'trr tlirir arrival. Tlirir prrsrMcr ill thr srttlrllirnt had no rtl'rct llpcai thr r't'lHTill state nt'ati'airs in l»rinrin<;- ahout a hrttrr iindristaiidinr- unions; thr proplr. Mattrrs wriit on as usual, and IJirl carrird tliiiirs jn the sjiUK' hinhdiandrd niamirr, prisoners lirinr' arrrstrd and kr))t ill coiiHnrniriit — e^tiard.s Itriiio posted as usual at l-'ort ( Jarry. and soiiietinirs patrolliiiL; the streets ot" Wiiuiiper, and a uciieral feeline- of uiiL'Jisiness pervaded the whole settleinout. Ahout this time, too, another Siou.x scai-e oeeurr<'<|, and a [)firty of these Imliaiis aetually came down from Porta^^e hi I'rairie to within a few miles of Fort (Jarry.and were only in- AA i« u i 4:U) msToiiv OK Tin; \f»i!Tii-\vr.sT. ,^ i 1 li u 1 If i ' ■ • liU'tMl to I'ctni'ii liy ;;i\'iiin' tlirin ]»i't'.s»'iit«. Otlit-r Indi.-iii-- l)r()k<' into fiinl stole some of the ( Io\('niiiu'iit pidvisions iit Oak Point, aiiri\w \. |).i-.iul>t rJ, IH()M, Till' \'v\\ IJcvt'iciiil (!r.iii(l N'ic.ir, M. '!'liil>;mlt. SIK |{.f. rlliu III I lu' ciiinfisal loll IhIiI u ith .1 ((Piiiiiiit tec iif tlif I' i-iin> •lit to iii.iliTtaki' til (• dclR'MtC t oimcil ycstfiilay, ami tn yniir kiml t i^k of n'lu'i'soiitiiiu'. ill c piijiiiK'tion with Coloiirl i\i' S.ililirirv. tlic \ icws ami |ioiii'V of iliis i,'o\t'iiiiiK'iit to ihr pi'iijiK' of tlic Hudson's Kav 'I\t- III ory. 1 am rommaiiilotl 1)V H i.s l'].\c'i'll»inv tlic ( Jovrrmir-iJcncral ti >]] vi'y to yon in tlu' form of instnu'tions foi- \ our ''iniiancf th rroinnls of liojn- fiitiTtaiiU'il Ih'Io tliat yonr mission of |u'aoc ami conciliation will lie entirely siRiH's.sfnl. You will not fail to direct tin- attcnti'iii of tin- mixed sofiefy inliahitin<4 ilif cultixati'd hoi'diTs of tlic Red Kivn and .\ssinil)oini'. to tlic fact which CDiucs within your d.iil}' knowledge an I (■Its.'i'vatioii, and is patent tj all the world, that in the fojr |nd\inces of this j) miinion. men of all iiijinH. cn^cd.s and com|i|exioiis stand upon om lit fool in perfect ei|uality in the eye of llie liovt'iiimciit and the law : and that iio .idmin- istration could confront the enlightened jnililic sentiment of this country wliich fitfcniptod to act in the North-West upi'ii principles more ri'- sliicteil and less liberal than tlm.si' which are tiiuiK estahlisheil lieic So far as you m v\' have intercourse with the linlii .•hief in duels HII'l peo|(ie, Villi will lie gooi I'lioULjh to remind tiii'iii thai uhile Moody and costly Indian Wii''s have ra;_'ed often for long periods in ditt'erent sections of the (iiired States, there has hi-en no w;ir with the Indians in any of the Provinces I f Uritish .\iiierica since tJu' I'oiiipu'st. For mo;-e tlian a : while the rii'hls century the Micniacs of Nova Scotia hive lived in jiea iif the Milici'tes of New Briiuswick have liei'ii respected. Isverywhc within the Can.nlas, the proirress of settUunent, wiiile it furnished in an iploynients to the Imliins, was rendered practiciMe hy treaties and angi-meiits nintiialiy sktisfactory, that h,i\e formed th e secure liasls o if e sympathy and co-operation winch lia\e disiinuiiished I he ('anadian.>^ uid Indians, not only since the Treaty of I'aris, i)iit from the earliest ex- ploration of the country. It may fairly he assumed that the just .ind judicious treatment of tin- Indian trilu's forms the lirii^hti'st p.ige in the history of Mrilish .\merica. Canadians cannot att'ord to sully it liy any un.;enerous treatment of the Indians in the North- West. That the disturhinces which have taken jilace at and around Winnipeg and Fort (iarry, have grown out of vague apprehensions of danger iiu'ident to the transitory state of things, which t!ie liensio action nf the linpi'riaKIoverniient and Parliament rendered inovitablt II 1 li I! ■ i i' ii::S< m ill!: f I i: I 11 4:^2 msToitv OF Tin: \(»i{Tii-\vi:sT tliiTo is 11(1 rt-asoii t > di iilil ; liiit it is (|iiitu appiiriMit tli.it, iiii«lurlj'inti wli.ii IS ii;itiii"il and |»!ir liavt.' taki'ii |iart in this distiiilianti'. tht'ii' would vw tliisliavi- liii'ii liloml. sliud and civil war in Kii|ioit's Land, with tho pros|K'ct of the tlaiiK- spreadiiiL; along the frontier as tlio tiru spreads over the |irairie. Kortiin ately calmer counsels liave picviiiled l)oth in Knglaiid and at <>ttawa. 'I'ln Proclamation of the 'jMiei'ii's icpit'si iital ive,* witii copies of wliicii vmi will l)e furnished in French and Knglisli, will convey to Her pi'oplc, the Solemn worils of their Sovereign, who, possi-ssed of ample powi'i- to eiifoui; Her authority, yet contiiled in tlu'ir loyalty and atl'eetionate attachment in Her throne. The instructions issued to Mr. .McDougall, on the 2.Sth Septemher, Imh.; lii'fore there was any ri'asoii to ap|(reliend serious opposition on the lud River, will show how titti-rly groundless were the suspicions and apinr- lu'iisions of unfair tn-atiiu-nt which have lieeii widely circulated in tlu' Nortli-\N'est,auil to which unfortunately some of the ( "aiiadian newspapers, for party |iiirposes, at times gave tlie niischievoiH color of their aiitliuiit\ . Voii will percei\ethat at no time was the aUsiird idea I'litertaineil i>\ ignoiing the municipal and political rights of the peojile of the North- West, that the only two persons that .Mr. .McDougall was formerly in structed to call to his aid, were (ioveiiior .Mactavisli and .Judge lilack. \\liii were known to hi' universally respected, and that any snhsecpieiit sek( tioiis were to l>j tirst rei)ortiMl here, with grounds of his belief th.it tlicv stood eipially high in the confidence and aH'ectioiis of the peojile. All the Provinces of the Uritish Kmpire which now enjoy represcii tative institutions and responsilde goveininent, ha\e pa.ssed tliron;;li .i probationary period, till tin- growth ofllie jiopiilatioii and some political training prejiared tlu'in for self-govi'rnnient. In the I'nited States, the territories aio ruled from Washington, till the time arrives when tlu'y can prove their fitness to be included in the family of ^^tates, and, in the li;ills of Congress, ch.illenge the full iiieasuie of power and free development which .American citizenship includes. It is fair to assume that some such training as human society re(|iiireN in all free countries, may lie useful, if not indispensable, at Ked ilivcr ; hut of this, you maybe a.s8urLd, that the Governor-ijeneriil unci hi.s coinuil will gladly welcome the period when the (^)uooii can confer, with their en • The I'roclunintion of the tiovi'rr.or(itm'ral of Cnnnila. wliii'h will lii' found in thcAviH inli* , Till!) ilociinifiit Wits ])liu'('"ii >l' |K!0|lU', till' WIT ty ri')ii'ostii I'd thl'nll;.;ll a soiiit.' piplitiial ashinjitnii. till irhitU'tl ill the • full iiii'a^un' iiK'lmk'H. c'ty ri'(|uiii"- in eil Uivt-T : hut lul his I'liiiiicil with their in tire .'ipiirohiititiii. the laf^est iiieasnic of Helf-^overmiieiit mi lier sulijoets ill that ii'i^ioii, I'oiiipatihli? with the pn-servatiuii of British interests on tliis eontiiieiit, ami the iiiteifiity of the Kiiijiife. I think it unnecessary to make nmie than a |passin<{ reference to the ails of folly anil indiscretion attiilmteil to jiei-smis who have assumed to repriMeiit the Doiiiiiiion and to speak in its naiiii', hut who havi' acti'tl <>n ilit'ir own I'espoiisiliility and without the kiiowh'di^e or the sanction of this (lovt'iniiu'iit. ill iindertakin<4. at this season of the yi'ar, so loiiy a journey in tiie pul>- iif service, you display, veiierahle sir. a spirit of patriotism which I am r iiimiHiided to assure you. is fully appreciated hy the <^>iu'en's |{epiesciita- ii\e and liy the Pri\y Council I have the honor to In' \ our most olieilieiit servant. .losKIMI HoWK, Sni, till II iif Sldh Tlic I'ollowiiio- was iii('lucftios. fiohts and oimitios of f\fiy Iviiul, as (Mijoyod nndof the ;;-ovoi'inm!nt of tlu' Hudson s iJay ("ompuny, will Jx- contiinuMJ to them. -S. That in orantino- titles to land now occniiioil 1»\- the settlers, the most lilu'ial ]iolicy will ho pni'snod 4. That the jii'csont tai'ifl" of customs duties will ho contin- ued fof two yoai's fiom the 1st .laiiuai'V next, oxcojit in the case of Hpii'ituons lii|Uors, as specified in the ordei -in-coinicil idiove alluded to. til • t !l ■ ■< ii if it I mm '■■ i 1 . r 1 '|! '' i' ' ' 1 1 I- 1 1 1 likfl i ill Ii; , , :. 1 |. 4:U III.SI'<»I!V Hi' IIIK X(»|!l'H-\Vi;sr. ."). 'I'liiit ill foriii ill;: your •"••niicil the ( Jovfnior-* iriicr.-il will see that not Kiily tlic lluilsdii's liny < 'ompaiiy l)iit tlir otln'i classes of till' rrsidriits arc liilly ai f I'stalilisliin- iiiuiii(*i)ial s('lf-;4<>\ rniiiifiit at once, ami in sufli Miaiiiicr ,)-. tlu-y tliink most Itrin'ficia! to the conntry. 7. That the ronntry will Itr ^ovcnit'd. as in thr pasiKv ISritish law. ami accia'diiiL; to the s))irit of liritish justicf. S. That the iircsciit li'o\ frniiifiit is to lie (•onsi. a (•■('iitlenian arrived in the fsettli'iiient, who was not oiiK Nested with authoritv to act, hut who also, hv iiis experience t «. I ability and cool jiidenu'iit, understood how to brine matters properly before the peo])le, and hi.s important mission to ,i suocesufnl i.ssue. il till- I last, li\ Justici'. Cfil as nirlr- iTIllllfllt i>\' ])ai'liaiiiriit. IS ( loNfllK iV. lortiii;^' fully ic ( 'anaijiaii 'oplc ol till' 1 his l)cliall' iiiiiiissiitiicrs »• aiitlioiitv 1 to tlic |iiii- 1 I )t'crinl)( r, vas not only I, expcrit'iicr ■illy iiiatti'is lission to ,1 CIIAI'TKK X.WIII. Sl'KilAI. ((iMMISSloNKl! SMIIIIs Mlss|u\. On tlic 27tli D.crml.rr, lS»i!», Mr, Don.iM A. Smitl 1. accoiii- [laiiinl lt\' Mr, llarilisty. of tlio Hudson's l!ay ( 'oiiipaiiy s scr- \ ier, arrivcil iiuictlvat lM>i't ( larrv, ami licforc Im'Ium adiuittcil. wiTc met 1)\' llit'l. who ina foi- safe re very iniportnnt indeed. Indeed, the true cha- racter of ^[r. .Smith's mission did not become ))ul)licly known for some time afterwaids, while plans were matui'iiiL;- to en- sure its success. It may l)e well then to know how Mi', Smith came to pay a visit to Rer<'ss tlcsii-c of Her Majrsty. • These will enable you to speak authoritati\cly on the snh- jict of your mission. • Vou will pioceed with all ed Kiver are contimially chan<;ine', it is not coiisidereil e.xjtedient to hamper you with more specific instructions, ^'ou will, therefore, act according!' t(» the best of vour judLinient in con •il with Mr. M(d)ou,t;all, and you will keep me fully in- iiincd bv e\crv mail of th<' i»ron;ress of excnts. ■ In addition to the more immeiliate oliiect of vour mission. ct you ai'c reipn'steil to report on the best mode oi deahnu' with the Indian Tribes in the country, and nvnerally to make such sui^ecstions as may occur to you as to the rei|uirements of the country for the future. " 1 ha\t' the honor to be, etc., " .b)si:i'ii Ibtwi:, Sevretary of Sfafr for the Pror'tncci*, HI 1 II 1 1 ii ^1 -'"r ■ ! I ^1 4:{s iii>'r()i!V <•!• iiii; N()i:i ii-\vi:si', .Mr. DonaM A. Smith was tlifii I'liniislinl witli dtlifi- ihn'ii inciits lirariiiii' tiuoii his mission, ami at inici' h-l't Inr l''nrt ( lanv aii-i\ 111 ;; thcv »'. as \vt' na\t' sci 'II. (Ill the 27th I )rcc|iil)rr, ( )| n-achiii;;' thf lioiimlary lint', h<'. howcxiT. tixik the pn'catitinn ti> leave his pajM'is in char^ie n\' Mr. I'lux eiichiT, at l'einltiii,i .is hi' siispcctiMl tliat Hie! woiihl enilea\iir to take |Mis.sessiiin n| thep" sh( ilil thi'V lie roninl with him. on his ani\al in tlir •p* i i"inf:,t. This, as it sulise(|uently transjiireil, was a wi.sr lit on the part of the ( 'ommissionei-, ami eiiahleil iiiiii to I'heel., .; te Kiel in an attempt to (lisci'edit him het'ore tin )!»• peoi Foi' nearly two months, ( 'ommissioiier Smith remained in l"'oi't ( lari'v, jiractically a jirisoiier, luit «liirine' nil this tinie lir II. was h\' no means idle, as alio\ Kiel soon ijiscox'efed to Ins cos t. II. \ ed no opportunity to slij) to impiv.ss ujion leadine' on Itoth the l''reneh and l-ji^^lish sides, the lihenil iiiteiitioi tlu' ("anailian n()\ einnieiit, and his inllueiice heean to s| IIM'll IS 111 lew- its. ill Hi .11. more esjiecially aiiione' som.' ol niel.s pnneipal loMowei>. It was reported aliout this time, that otters of assistance had also. h.'eii otiered to h'iel, liy jiai'ties in the I'liited States, ami • that oveftui'es had come iVom Canada to s.'ttle the ditiicultv w llKl ith him. I'or a pecuniary consLU-ration. 'rii.'i'.' is r.-asoi think tliat tlw tirst rumor was correct, altli()U<;li th.' otiers not com.' IVom any .itlicial source, luit, as to tlie latter, tlniv was no s.'iiihlance ol" truth in it. 'riie Americans, inside and outsid." the settl.'iiient, were at this till!.' close in till' councils of the Kreiicli, and cliiel" amone- them was the man Stutsmaii ti) whom we ha\.' ali'.'aijy r.'r.'rr(3d. The very day on wliicli Coiinni.ssioner Smith arrived, the I'ollowine' letter, t'liejosed o[H'n in a n.'wspa[)er, and aildres.scd to Kiel, was interc.p- ted: SI'KflAI, ('t».MMI,SS|oM;i! sMIIIIs MIsMuN. 4W riMlirw. I>ir. -jr.! Il, IMC! I. Dkak (iRNKUM. I wish ymi anil yoiir t'lU'iuls a lia|i|)v Cliristiiiiis. 1 lii'i'i'witli soimI yiiii a St. I'aiil |ia|it'i', cuiitaiiiiiiL; a ciiiiiiiiiMiii'atinn tVi'iii Mr. N\'ls{ inalturH nf iiitfii'st r. 'I'lipper is a mcmlK'r nf the hiiinininii I'aiiiaimiit. frmn Nuv.i S.citia. If it 1m' (Icciiifd iR'ri'.ssary I" cniifor with tlu' (amnliaii ('nmmissininTs, wciiilil it imt Itr ailvisahlr that such I'linfi'iciur shinijil takt' |ilaii' mh this frniitie'- ^ I am afraiil that if Dt- Salaliciry uml Father Th ilia nit (wlm I SCO li,\ I'fci'iit t'anailian |iiijii'rs, is jnst as nmcli nf a ( 'nmmis.sinnfr as ("n|. !>(• HalaltiTiy) arc permitted tn have free cnnnnnnie 'ti with ymir | enple they will yivc ynn tinnhle. iiiitsmmh as Kiilhei < in dt I'lmu's in an I'tticial capacity, he shnnld he rei^arded iis an nlhc ', ;iii it as n uiiiiiMter nf ("hrist. If he, lieini,' an nllieial a^cnf nf the ' .i. I'liaj. i; ivernment , Ik' admitted, why reject McDuU'^.ill nr De Salaliei IJcuiirds tn friend Dnnnjnie. Kxcr ynnrs. StI TS.MAN. Tlir |»!l|icf rcr«'flril to \\M> till' St. I'.Ull /'/V.s.v, of I "til Dc- (.•i'IiiIm'I', I8(j!>. Mini tliis iicwspMpff, cacli week, coiitaJiril false ami I'xannciatril ai'comits of tlir iloiiins at iliil Hi\ii', writtrii |Miijtos('ly l»y Stiit.sinaii ami otlici-.s of Kii Is .Vninicaii syiii- |tatliiz<'i'.s. ()ii tlir !ltli .Ininmi'v, a imiiilH'r of piisoini-.s fsca|)i(| in tlM- iiin-lit, tlii'otinli a wiiulow of tlif cotirt-housc, but, a.s tlie woathcr wa.s cold, tlicv wcfc uiialiif to tiavri fast ami sonn- of tliiiii Wfic I't'-captiirnl \>y a n;n}ii' ( I 1 . Ji ' ' * I li . '1 !l i ISIRiff 1. i ■''H i' ii i 1 , I I 1 if ; t II H^ i 1 ll 1 ii ; il If 1 ■ 1 f ' ! 1 i i id J F 4*0 HISTOHY OK TIIK N'Oirnr-WKST. nUKKUS or T IK i'u ivisroN \i. ( Jovv.hnmknt (iK Ut i'kki's Lvmi. Tlic |u'(i|ili' of Uii|i('rl s Liiiiil .ire imtilinl l»y tlii-Hi' priHuiits : — TImt Ht a )iii)utiM<4 nf ilit- Kc]in'Sfiit;itivfs of the I*cn|ilc, lul 1 at K^ii < ifirry, nil tllO liTllMlliy of Di'ITIIiImT, ISCilt. tlir fiilliiwili;^ rcHollltinliH wnr ailnplfil : — Isl.— Mf. .Iiiliii Mnu'c liitviii^, nil acciiimt of ill liciltli, ii'si^^iii'"! Iiis |niHifinii as pn-Hiilont, Mr. Lniiin Kifl was clinsin in ri|ilai'i' him. Till' iifw |iii'siil('iit taki's this (>|t|>,'iiiiiit. 'l'li('S(M|naliti('H, which wcri' nf such '^'icat assistaiuT tn the itrnph', (U-sitm- |Mil)lif ri'cnj^nitinii. and tin- licprt'si-ntativrs ac(t|itfii his rtsi^natinii nuly in the hnpt! tluTi'hy to prt-HiTvi' the lu-alth nf niu' dear tn thfiii 2nil.— .Mr Fiun^'nis Xavii-r l>anpliiiiais h;is lucii chnsfn N'ifc-l'n-i (h'lit. Urtl —Mr. Lnni.s Si'lmiidt has Ik'cii appuintfd Sfcri-tary nf tin- (.'niiinil 4th.- Mr. \V. I'>. O'DniinJiui' has Ihtii appnintcd Sucrutary-Troasiin r. Tttli —y]v Aiiilirni.si- Lfjiiiu^ has hofii ap|inintt'd .Adjiitant-i iiiural. (Ith.- 1'. has Ik'cii dc-idi'd that Mr. .\. y till' .Vdjutant'a cninicil, and all thosf who took this kind nf lici-nsf nii the 1st Dfci'iiiln'r l;ist. must ha\ f thi'iii ifiu'wcd \>y tho said cnuiifil In pulilishiiii,' these orders the President and Kepresentativi's nf tlir IV'nph'. an.xinus tn draw upnn thi' e.xercise nf iln-ir aiitlmrit^' the hh-ssiiiu nf Heaven and the appinhatinn f>f all. annnunue tn the peo|de of Knpeit s Land that they have pardoned twelve political prisoners, shewing' theiv- l>y that elemeney and fniM^iveness ai-e as familiar tn them as severity. Lot IS KiKi,, I'n'silcnt. Loi'is >Si.'ini(iiT, ISeci-ftiirii. y\v. Bannatyiic consontc*! to join Riel'.s council on the nii- (IciNstainliiin- tjuit ii tiiiion of tlic whole scttlt'nient wotiM take place for the ptirpose of tivfitin*^ with Ciinada, and ffoiii a ilt- ii'l 1 at F.iii lltinlis Wi'|<' IC fdHllCll Tn'iisiiifi . ii'iii'ial. slllllllll III' wild iiiiulit ijili tri'iisiui. lural. wliosr Daii|iliiiiai^ iid MiiikUn Sl'i:< lAI. ( I >.M MISSION Kit SMI IMS MISSUtN, 441 >iif to t|(» M^ddd, in i| ktt). ill cluck tin- l-'rciicli |iiiity. I'lil the l>iilili('iitii>ii of tlir nnlt-rs wns, it m|i|i<-;ii's. imt Miitlinri/.ril. uinl ,ill !'(>|iii's |Missil>|c to lit' 'ilttiiiiifti Were ciilli'il ill .-iikI ilcstmyfil. M.ittrrs Wert' not ^I'ino- nltnj^ctlit'r sun »••; lily iii tlif lunks of tlif I'lcjicli alHiiit fliis tiiiM'. Mini ji'iiloiisy iiiiil ilistnist ucrc kiniwn 111 exist lllllollM' the IcailtTS. W. !>. ( ) I )i >||( ilillc W iis callHlit t lllll- |ifrili;4' with Wit'l's letters, .IH)! eirnlls Wele liiaile to secure Up- lit tint lliellts ill the ;^(>velllliielit tor A liielicuiis. which so t\\y- ■listeil se\-erai (if the {•'relicli ci )i||icill( li's that fllcN' thrcateiieij to witlnlrnw This hail the etl'ect III' check iiiir \\ . I!. < )'! )iiiiuhiii w liM was the inoviii;^' spirit in the cumicil in favor of anne.\;i- tioii. iiiwl Stutsman, who hail come to take up his resitleiice in the settleiiieiit. returned to i'einliina in (liseiist, while ( )sciir Maliiioras. the rniteil Stat's consul, who hail, it ap|tears, heen iiiixiiie; himself u|i in the afl'airs of the country mote than his otlicial pttsitioii wananteil, hecame aware that his elloits were iM'iii;;' thrown away. Affairs were in this couilitioii. when, on the I ')tli .laiiuary. Kiel ilemamU'tl aeain from ( "ominissioncr Smith to see his pa]iers, who replieil that they were Hot ill his posscssiuii. Hiel then proposed seiii line' for them, and demanded an order for their delivery, which was decidedly refused, hut on Mr. >Miiith s hciiij^' assui'cd that the documents would not he inter- fered with, he at last consented to send a messenj^'er (Mr. Hanlisty) for them. Uiel. however, despatched one of his ;;uards with Hurdisty. in order, no diaiht, to sei/e the papers I'cfore they reached the ( 'oiiuiiissioiier s liiinds, hut certain |)roiiiineiit individuals jimon^ the French, who were not alto- ;:'etlier satisfied with Hiel's doines, heard ahout this, iind on haviiiu; an interview with Oovenior Mactavish, with whom Mr. Smith was in communication, a suspicion arosi- tliat every- |M ^i !►: 'it :( I ' ' '1 '1' t l'!ll • 1 '] i'^ i i ll 442 iiisToitv or iiii; soitiii-wrsT tliiii;; wiiH not till i-i^lit. and n sinall jtaity ol' I'ivmcIi mikI Kn^- lisli wttU'Ps Ht't ntf towartls I'cinlmi.i to iiitrrcciit Mr, Haiili--i\ and liis ;fuar<|, mihI mi iniii-tly ami (|Mi(kly was tlii> «luiic. ili.ii tin (iiii- ill llif lort, i'\('i'|)t the ( 'niiiiiiiMMioiicr iiinl (iiivcinMi Mactavisli, was awaii- nl' ulial iiail taken |tlat'i'. Almiil this tinif, liowi'MT, wlii'ii Mr. Stiiitli's mfMMt'n(;;cr was cNiifct".! i,, n'tiitii, Hit'l wctit out to iiit'i't liiiii. and. at tlw Iioiim- of i.u.' Lttlioiican I >aii|iliinais, In- round liis oimi-d a prisoner iniln' hands of a party of men. and llardisty l>eiiin- cniidncted luirk to Kort (Jarry witli tlie pii|iers all sjil'e. Kiel, on per(ei\iii- tliis, attempted to intert'eic, liiit a l-'ieiieh lialt' Inced imnii'l I'ierre liaveiller, pjaciii;.; a loailed pistol to Ids liead. tlireiitrind to iijow Ids lirains out if he did not Tail into line u ith the rest of the men. The whole party, now nillldieline' hetWeell si\ty and seventy. ;^ath<'fed from the stirrotindinu- .settlement in sympathy with the movement, then drove on to l'"ort (Jaiiy. and the jiapeis Wi-re safely delivered into the liainls of the ( 'oinmissioner. We will now refer our leailers to the report of Mr. Smitli, which is ptihlislitd in t'hajiter \.\.\i.. for a full account of what took place iiinncdiatcly after the delivery of the papers, and proceed to describe the std»S('(|Ucnt events. .ludee lll.'ick, who was present when the papers nrriveil. opened them while Conniiissioiier Smith was havin;^^ an iiiter- vit'W with Kiel, and it was then deci(le(| hy the party who had eH'ectecl the rescue, that a ptdilic nieetiii^^ sliouhl he lield the followine" dav to hear them read. Me.s.senm'rs were ut once dispatchcil to call the settlers to<;ether, and on the i!>tli Jaimarx', 1 111 \\)|s ilrttllllilH'l to ■ liiil iiiily with tlic scttli'i's )!■' II V, lidlf .'iiiil lint with iiiiy I'lir- ticiiliir cliis.s III' tlit'iii. Tlic ilii\' \vii> liitti'ily colli, it Itciiin' (i\i.r •_'() lidow /.cro, \r| till- |M'0|i|(', without <'.\Ci'|lt loll, irllUllllrii fjosr l|str|ir|S III |iMi;^hoiit the w holi |ii'occc.|iiiy;s. Mr. 'riioiiiiis Ihiiiii w fi'^ I'lt'cti'il (•liMifiiiiiii ; Riil, iiitfr|trftrr : iiiiil .liiilur rdfii-lN. Si'cirtiiiy : ( 'oloiii'l I >i'S;il,ilii'iry hi-iii^ iiIm> IHTsriit. CoiiniiiHHioiit'r Smith \vii> tlnii iiit io.Iikm'iI to tin- iiH'i-tiiitf, Mini filtrr M shoi t ailil rt'ss. III wine III' r\I)li'SM'i| lis lIl'Nilf t( linii;;' alioiit a solution oiiit iiniit. which will )><■ roiiinl at the I'oiiiiiiciiCL'iiieiit of this cha|iti r. He thin icail the lollowin;,' Icttcf IVoin the ( lo\ eini)i-( leiuTal of ('anaila. iliiiin^ which he was fi'pciitt'iily iiiteiiii|)tei| \>y Hiel aiiil others: 'tllAWA. il'lll Die. ISdll. My Dkak Mit. Smith- I Kani with .satisfin'timi that ynii lia\c |ilaccil \niir st'i'vifi's at till' tliM|iu.sal of tlu' Caiunliaa < invci'iiiiiriit, ami tliat jtmi arc |iii)c-i'iMliiiji In |{i'il |{i\i'r to 'iixe tlu' |iartii'N lliat arc at vaiiaiicc tlic liciictit iif yuiir L'X|n'rii'iicc, iiifliiciicc and iiiciUatinn. In my fiipiifity us Her Majesty's ii'|>ivsi-iitati\c in the I'.iitisli Nmth American |t'>s8ossitiiis, I have aililicsHcd U'tteis to «io\iriioi' Mactavisli. tho I'loti'staiit IJisliop of I{ii|(crt's liaml. aiul the \'icai-(iciicral, wlio actH III lii;u of the Roman Catliolic ISislioii iliiiiii!^ Iiis inocnce in Kome. I have sunt them co|iies of tlic messai^e reccivcil l>y tilij^'raph from IIit MajuNty'M Secretary of Stale, which forms the ataple of the |iroclamaf ion .•li.lrt'HHed to her sulijects in the North-NW-st 'reiiiloiy. Voii will ohsi-rve tl, f it calls upon all who have any coiiiiilaints to make, or wiHhes to t'X- lire« . to address themsehiH to me as Her Majesty's representative. And 'Oil may state with the utmost contidi-nce that the Imperial fiovern- luent lia.s no intention of actiiiij; otherwise — or peiiuitliiijL; othen to act otherwise — than in perfect good faith towards the inhaliitants of tlu Hed lliver district of the North- West. si ■' ! '' 1 ijii' II f ) l>i m"^ M Pi 444 IIISIOKV o|- Till-: \»»|{|||-\VKST TIh' |K'i>plt> may ivly ii|>iiii ii ili.it ii's| i-c^i ami pnitiMtinii will In. iaIch,] c'(l to till- lUtliTi'iit I'l'litiiniis |ii'i.siia.siiiiis ilial lilies to ex i rv (li'scii|iti(iii i,t |iri>iKTty will lu" iK'iftHllN i^nanUil. aiif Her Majesty's Caliiint. yuii miiy very safely use the terms nf the aiuieiit formiilii, that " Ki-lii shall he clone ill all lases." WishiiiL; yoii a 1 losjieidiis |oniiuy. ami ail Micce.-s in ynir llli^silln <>i |ieaie anil Ljood will, I remain fait ht'iiiiy ymirs. John Vol M,. Tlif ( 'oiiiiiiissidiicr iiuw .lciii;uiti]i|Mii-ted hy M-xci'al oi' tlie most iiillueiitiiil I'esideiits. and liy tlie majority of the |ieu]ile present, 'i'ho doctuiients wei-e then |)iodiu-ed. hcino- round in tilt' desk of the Secretary oi' the Pi'o\isional ( lovei-iniient, and in the meantime .Mf. Smith i-ead tli^' (^hieeirs niessaof. it was dated NoNcmhei- 2(!th,aiii| had heeii sent in the t'nini oi" 11 ti Ico-fam from Karl (!ran\ille to Sir .John ^'o^nl"■, as follows : " 'I'hc (^)ueen has lieai'd with surprise and reo'fct, that cei'tain niis;(uided pei'sons have imndcd toocther to o[)posc, hy t'oree. the entry oi* the I'utni'c l^ientenant-( Jovci'iiof into our tenitm) in Red Hiver. Her .Mtijesty does not ilistrust the loyalty of her suhjects in tluit settlement, and can only ascrihe to iiii-- untlerstandino- or misrepresentation their opjiosition to ,i chane-e plannt'd for tlu'ir asiMii ..f II ol' ccrt.-iiii Ml' 'riiiiiiiiilt id this p[\ !• .liusi\i' iiii'l N'oiiiiL''. as lilt cHTtaiii ', liy I'lirci'. ir tcrriti'iy loyalty I'l' 11)1' to iiii'- iitioii to ii ort to r\- -tu a^ct'l•- SI'KCIAI, »(>M.MlS.s|(»Ni:i{ SMITHS MISSION. 44: lain tlicir wants, ami conciliate the ^[oo'l will of tlic pcojilc of UimI Hi\cr Scttlenit'iit. Hut in the nicantinic, she authoi-iz'-s you to si<;'nify to them the sorrow and (}overnor-( Jeneral to (Jover- nor Maetavish. (JoVKKNMKNT lliHSK, «>TTA\v.\, DeCL'iiiltor, Utli, 18f a M, > sfijro reci'ivftl from Kai'l (Ji'anvillf in ivnly tn llu' aciMunit wliii'li | >,iii utKcially of tlu' ovi'iits MccHirinjjf in Hi-tl |{i\i'r Srttk'niini. The .Mi-.-.i._r, riinvcys tlu' matnic npininM nf tlu' lni|ii'rial ('aliinct. 'I'lu' iH'iclaniatiMU | liavo isH\u'il is hascd nn it, and yi'n will nhsciAc tliat it rctiTs all uh.i Imvi' (li-siri's tn I'Xpi'i'ss, or coniiilaints to niako. to icfcr to nm as in\i-^t(ii with authority on brlialf of tlu- I'liitish (Jovi'inincnt. And tlie inlial.it ants of |{n|ii'rt'.H Ijand of all classes and luTsnasions may lest assnifd tli.it IliT Maji'sty's (lovi-ranirnt has no intention of interfeiiii'^ with, or settiii:; aside, or allowing oth'T.-. to interfere with the religions, the rights or tin franehise hitherto enjoyeil, or to which they may prose themselves ei|Uil. Make what use you thiid< liest of this communication, and of the in closed. I iia\ e the honor to he, ^'our most olieiiieiit ami hundile si'rxant, .John \i>\ S(i. 'I'lic ( 'omiiiissioMtT tlicii ri'.iil i\ cdpy til' tlic lottof written liv 11(111. .l(iSC|)ll Howe to Mr. Mcl)iH|o-;ill, on the Ttll Drcrlliinl- foiitaiiiin;^' the iissiii'mici-s to the |M'o|)lf ol" Hnl Hivcf, jis (jiiot- o(l l»y lis ill tin- last chapti-r. after wliidi lie read the lettii nf instructioii.s oi\,.ii to Mr. Mchoiiuall on 2Stli Se|)tfiiilMT. |M;:t Tliis cIosimI the i'eay of !i Ml > hull I M'Ut '1k' Ml— .1.', K-laiiiiiti'iii I \'r> all \\h" • as iiivc^lfil till' iiiliiiliit- issurid tha' 1), or si'ttiii.; I'iylits or tin sflves fciii-il. 1(1 nf the 111 liii liccn till- As (lie motion \V!is liriii;^' put. a sottloi' olijoctfil tluit tlio d (lutiou sociiit'il to cjisl ji iloiilit on Mr. Smith s conimi^sK iTi, \vlu;r«Mi]»on Kit ;nni ( ) I )oii(ilmr liotli cxcljiiiiicil W (■ !lCCrl)t till' conimissioM as Honuinr. aiiil aro nn'i'ily to consiilrr w hat. to he iloiir iiniliT it. A cotiimitti'i' was tlion a|)|ioiiiti'il to a]>))()i'tioii the Kiiulish ri|iir.sciitati\ l■^^ tor thi- liitirrrnt |iar- isjics ill tllC Si'ttli'llH'tlt. anil to ili'trlltlillr tlir moilr ot" I'li'ctioii. after which short .sjicrchi'.s were m.-tilc hy tho ISisliop nj' KiiiM'i'ts l.,aiiil, Kathi-r Hichot, ami tlio nii-rtini'' was closi'il li\' 1 ^ « Hid iiihln'ssiiin^- thr ci'owil in tho t'ollowiiin- woril.s: " licforc this as.snntily lin-aUs up. I cannot lait i-xprcss my I'ccliiios, however lii'ietly — 1 came iiei'e with fear We are nut V«'t enemies — luit we caiiii- \er\' ne.ir heino' so. As soon as we niHlerstood each otiier we joineil in ileinandino what our Kiil;- hsii fellow suhjects, in commnii witli us. lieliexe to he our just rif^hts. I Jim not afraid to say our ii;^hts : for we all have lij^hts. We claim no half ri;^iits, mini! you. hut all the riiihts We are entitled to. Those riLi'lits will he set fortli lt\' our re- prest ntatives. and. what is mor^ oeiitit men, we will lift them. Iiiiniediatcly after the ineetino'. the utmost oiiod f(.TlinLi' prevailed — cheers were ;4i\t'n and caps thrown in tlie air — Krencli .'iiid Kiiolish shook hands, and. for the first time in many niontlis, a spirit of unity lietweeii the two clas.ses of settlers ajtpeared. Thus the Sjiecial ( 'ommissioner scored a second triumph in uniting;' the jteojile toi;i'ther for the jjiirpose of conjointly ])lacin>; their orievunces hefore him. I ill 1 s coninu" !' ™i|i| W i' V: 'V- • 1 i' , r m I S: n !': 'S 1 ' ^^H W ill C'HAITKH XXIX. THE roXVENTIoN AND lUI.I- (>K HHiHTS. On tilt' 21st DwL'iiihfi', I8()!), the comiiiittt'O aitpfjiiitt'il to apportion the Eiif^lisli ropreseiitativos, mot at the re.sideiu'f of the Hislidp of Hupert's Lantl, and iua<■ iniai^iiuMl, thcrcfort', that the I'K-ction ol" AitVt'd H. Seott, a vounn- man of no i-t'Hi»onsihilitv in tlic ooni- iiiunity, and the niouth-pieco of the Ann'rican jiarty. was not very !tcct'|ttal»ie to tho Kii^li.sh-speakint^' si'ttit'is, ami, as it turned out. the selection of this youn;^' man was a must unfoi- tunate blunder. While the Knji'lish side was husy in eh(tosino tlnir repre- sentatives, the Kreneh were no less aetivelv em|ilti\'eil. and Kiel spared no effort to hrine- aliout the election of men fnxor- al)le to him, in opj)osition to those who had lieen instrumental in la'in^in^ in ( 'onnnissioner Smiths papers, and supporting- that ^('ntleman in the stand he took. Kiel, however, was only partly successful, as, after the elections, it was found that a u-ood sprinkling' of l"'rench half-hi-eeds wei-e chosen representa- tives, who were not altogether suhservient to Hiel's will. As a matter of i'ecor;. McKiii/ii SI . .1 ,/(//vwr. Judyc IjImcIn. Doiii-iM < !uii' . Stiir, St. James : — <;.•(., Klrtt. HolH'it 'I'fiit. Uidil lugl ji : Joiiu Tiiylor. W 111. Loiisijiilf. >S7. Mil ,ii.< : — Kfiuit'tli M<'kfii/i«' Ali St. I'duls roi l)o\(l >SV. Mil fijii rf'ts , Will. ( 'mniiiiii;^> 1) .s7. .1 r. 1)11(1 I' lies ( ilM. i lllllll. h'ifll iiiuni : — 1). S. Si it'licc .loliii Frascr. .lolin Sutlu'J'liiiiii W nnipeij Alfivd H. Scott. 'li #il>l i',S Oil the 2or(l \)v. Scliult/ rscajifd iVoin I-'^rt (Jarry and as lie was rcjKirti'd to lia\'t' none in tlif ilirrcl idii nl' Lowfi- Knit (iarry, K'icI sent a party ol' his im'ii to n-cajiturr him, imt thrv dill not siu'cccil in tiiidiiii;' him. ( )n tile '2')t\i. the iv|nvs('ntativ('s oi" thi' srtth-rs met, Imt as st'Vfral of the {"'rriich di'lc'-alcs liad not arriscd, the nicrtinti' iifV a!i the iiKx'tiii.u I'IM; I nN\|;\ri(iN ANI» lUI.I. <'| IMtillls. Wy\ was inljiiunitMl until tin- iii'xt "Iny. ' Jn flif 2(itli, Imu f\fr, tlir ri.liXfllliuli iisscllll'li'il, .lllil pI'iK ilcil to lill^illfSN. liy rli'ct iliu • lil'l;;'. nijirk. clifiiniiaii. Win. ( 'nMw ell. sccivt.-iry. on tlif I'lii^- lish sidr. anecenihe;', linl .Mr. Smith decidedly declineil to do anythiiii;' ol' the sort, as he was there to deal with all clas.ses of the .settle- ment, and not one portion of it. Aiiytliin;^' comiii;^- from the con\ fiitioH then in session, lie said, wdiild recei\c his most <-arefu! consideration. K» il ii I !'' > .liiijjil |! II 'Hi H: I I 452 HISTOMY OK THK N( Umi-WKST. 'riuH positinn takni l)y tlic ( "oiimiiMsioiici' was ho |)nl)ial>l\ I'orroct, that Kiel vnuhl not ohjcct to it, aixl .s(» it was im'suK.,! to foi'iii a coiiiiiiittoo to fniiiu' a list ot" ri<;lits to 1»' s\il»iiiitt< 'i to Mr. Siiiitli, ami the t"ollowin<;' were the inl, 'I'lioiiias liuiiii. All these ii'elitleliieli Wfic liiiti\i's oi' the eoillltrv. The coiiveiitiiiii then ailjourned to permit the committee t^ proceed with their lahors, and did not meet !i;;ain nntil \\\>- 2!*th, and in the meantime |{ir| tooU it upon himself to call upon ( 'ommissioner Smith and propoiuid a (pK'stion w hetlpr the hominioii would he willing;' to ereate tlif \{^'A Hi\'er Teni- torv into a pro\ ince. hut he ilid not succeed in olitaiiiin;^' any 8atist"action on the suhject. as will lie seen l)y rel'crenire to Mr Smiths report contained in ( 'haptei' X.Wl. The committee havine^ finished their report, the ileleyate> conimcnced on the 2!ttli January, to consider it clause hy clause, and. without },;i'te(l iiitd tho country Hhall coiitimu' a.s at pri'.snit ^i'xce]it in tlio case of s|iii'ituon.s li(|uors). for thi'i'e years, and for Bucli fiu'tlier tinii' a.s may elapMU until tliere Ite uni.itLTrui)ti'e impo.sey .'liMt.- tli.ir 'Sfiitcif ail' I 111' iiuposc'l tin: (((Nvkvtio.v and I'.ii.l or uHiiri's. 4r)a Vr tliiiii ('aiuida, ami a Li'^jiHlaturo, Hiri'i' iiiiiiiIhi-.s nf \s Imni ht'iiii; lit-uds of dci>artiin'iits uf tlic j,'iivi'iiiiiii'iit, sliiill hv iniminjitud liy tln' (JMVoniiir- ( ioiiural I if Canada. Titli. — That after the t'X|iinitiuii cif this oxfi'|itioiial pcrind, the cniintry ■diall Ih' Lfdvonu'd, hh ri't,'anlH its hical afj'aiis, as the Provinces nf Ontario and ominion I leasury. 11th. — That there shall lie guaranteed nninleniipted steaui eoiumuniea- tioii to Lake Sujieiior, witliin live years, and also the estalilishmeiit hy lail .|(ffii'(l, ami rliat the rcrnanit inii ami arruii'ioinunf 'itj' i ij ciiMtMiiis, iisa'^'i's ami I piix !!(•:;(•■. lie iiiailii iimlti' I lie fniit ml nf tin- I.ixal l.f^islatiiri'. ITtli. 'I'liat ilic |,.Ma! I,f all tlic lamis iiiMiilf a lircimitVri'iRU' liuviiii,' r|i|)or Fuit (iiiny ii,s a trnin', ami iliat llu! radius iif tins tirciimfi'rciito Im tlir iiiimln'r nf milts thai till) Xmi'iicaii liiif is .listaiit t'lnm Foil (iaiiy. JMtli That cvciy man in tln' riiiiiiliy (rMc|il iiiiciv ili/nl ami uiisi'ttlnl linliaiiH), who has atlaim-il t|i iLju cf "Jl years, ami I'vury llritish siilijiii a straiivjtr til this toiiiitry. wlm has risiilod tiiriMt ywirs in this iniint i\, ami is a liniisfhcMfr. shall have a ri^hl tu vote at tin- i-K'rtiun nf a imiii la-r tc. srrvf in the Ic^islainn! nf llu; tuiintrv, ami in tlm hnminicni I'u lianiiMit : an( timr in the I'luiiitry, ami is a himsfliMhl,]. shall ha\c thn saniu riijht tn vntc, nn conililinn of his t- kiiii,' tlu; nafh nt alli'i,'iatu;if. if Imin;^ nmlurstuu I that this artichi lie siiliji'i't i<> airn'mlinmt t'Xcliisivi'ly l)y the F.ncal Li'u'islatiiri-. I!>ih. -That \\u' Nniih Wftt T.'rrit..ry shall nrvor lu- lu'M iial.h' tnraii\ liKfticin nf till' f;! 10,0(0 |iaiil tn the Hinlsun'H Uay Cninpany, nr fni any pnrtinu nf thf |)nlili<' ( ('anaila, as it stamlsat tim tinii' nf nnr fiitci iiilj; this Cniifcili'iatinii : ami if thcrcaftiT wi- Ito ralh-il n|inn tn assume nm .share (if Slid i>iililic ilehi, we mnsent nnly nn enmlitiun that we llr»t lie allnwecl the .imniint fniwhitli we shall ln' held lialile. As soon MS till last iirtifli' IuhI lirt-i! Diffirij. |\it'| |»ro]Hiseil tliat. MS tln-y Iniil I'lilly ami sai I nil til <'ii i"\ I'll t-iiioiit I III >1 nf till' I iM ,1 full Culltrnl uf ly .i.^ a ii'iitii', iif IlliicH l!l;il .'lixl Mllst'ttliil lirilisji siilijiii I this ciiiiiii ly, iiiii of ji nii'iii Diililillioli I'ai iiji'cf, \vln> lias u lioiisilii'Mir. 11'^ lllc ilMtll i.( til aiiiL'iiiliiiiiii I lial)lf for ;ui\ ly, or for ,iiiy (• of ollf I'lltii to a>siiiin' oil) lat w I' tii'ht lir ml IIS flmt jiiiy Hi'i'iiiiyi'iiii'iits witli ffrrri'iicf \n \]\r trfiiisrir i)\' tlii- iiiliy sliiill 111- ciiiiinl III! (Hily with tlir |ic(i|ilc ol' tl tiuiiitry. '■ Till' iit'xt il.iy this ])rn|)()snl was (liscnsscil, jiml, w Inn jtiit in li'iiii 1)1' )■ iii()tii)ii. was i|i't'i'atf iiiotmn. I>iil Noliii ri'si'iitiil tln' attack \ iyoCDiisly. " i.rt iin' toll ynii, Mr. iJicI," III' >aii|, that I was sent hrir li\' iii\' iiaii>li. I in'\ ir suiioht till' |ii)sitinn, anil il'. as ymi say, I am Inst tn |iiil(lic aH'aii's, I wiiiiM 111' rathiT ol.nl (if it. \'iiii, .Ml'. |{it'l,ilii| what ymi cuiilil t'l |ar\i'nt my ftiiiiiiio- hn-r, anil lailfil ; ami it" it siiitnl my jiiirpn.sc to ciiiiit' hack a;4ain. I would cniiir at the call nf my jiarish in s|»iti' ol" ymi. Tin' cuii\ mt imi thni laoki' u|i in •siiiiii' cont'iisiun, hilt not until it wj arraiioril that ( 'omii Is- sioiii'i' Smiths views on the ' List oi' lliohts" shoiilil he lnanl the iie.st ilay. In the meantime I'iel. who seeineil to lia\e lost his heail lAiT the ilel'eat which he hail sntrei'i'il in the coiiM'tition. went in a cowanlly niannei' to the sick-heil of ( loveiiior .Macta\ ish ami ahu.scd hini, e\en, it is sai. iJannatyuo |»ris()ner, toi' ha\ ino' \ isited the fort aoainst his orders, am started out to cajitiire ('has. Nolin, hut the latter and his friends showed such a hold front that Kiel ahandoiied the at- teiiqit. If he had persisted, there is no doiiht the Nolins wduld luivc killed him. v^, *>. i^. o . V^^%^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // \ 1.0 I.I 2.5 2.2 \^ 128 |50 '"^~ i/- IIIIIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ,^ 6" - ► V] <^ n /. 0% ]:^ h' '/ //a Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 (716) 873-4503 <^ i^ 4" (V - ^ % V 1^ C)\ ^ <^ ^;1 ».,p- * m n •i ; w m 4o6 HFSTOUV OK THE NORTH -WKST. A j^iianl Wits tlii'ii sent to capture the mails, but did not suc- ceed, and iiuittei-s generally were heiujLj carried hy Kiel in such a hi^h-lianded manner tliat the Kn^lisli dele^'ates hesitated for a time alxait attending;' the convention. They, ho\V(\. r finally resolved to attend, and on the 7th February, at I I a.m., Commissioner Smith, who was present by invitation, ir- ceived the List of Kii>hts for consideration, one p.m. bein;^' the iiour arranged for liearin^ of the convention and their constituents in respect to these ar- ticles. Fourth — The Canadian (Jovernment assured me of their de- sire to consult the wishes of the people of the territory iu I'espect to matters connected with the composition of the Local Legislature, and of their intention to select at least two-thirds of the council from among the residents. This ccmncil would have reported as to the best mode of ])roceeding in introduc- TMK CONVKNTION AM) IJILL OK HKillTS. 457 uv^ the elective principle, jiikI Parliament would then have Ix'en asked to pass an Act on the 8ul)jeet, the (Joverniuent havin;^' no power to settle such a matter without an Act. Beariiii;' this in mind, I do not hesitate to o-ive it as my opin- ion that the Dominion (iovernment will ask Parliament to provide a liberal tj^overnmeut for the country while it remains a territory. F'ifth — I have the most explicit assurance from tlie Cana- dian (iovernment that such will ])e the case. Si.xth — For this, the Doniinion (Jovernment will provide in a liberal spirit. Seventh — This article brinj^s up .sou»e con.stitutional consid- ei'ations, with which it would be presumption on my ])ai't were I to deal sunnuarily. But I will repeat most distinctly that the Dominion (Jovernnient will pay the utmost deference to the wishes of the convention as regards this and all other matters in connection with the government of the country, and I have full eontidence that the decision arrived at will be acceptable to the people. Eighth — I have been instructed by the Canadian (Jovern- uient to make known to the people of this settlement that all ))roperty held by residents in peaceable possession will be se- cured to them, and that a most liberal land policy' in regard to the future settlement (jf the country will be adopted — every privilfge in this respect enjoyed in Ontario or Quebec being extended to the territory. Ninth — I feel certain tliat an amount even exceeding that here mentioned will be appropriated for the purposes referred to. Tenth — I can safely promise that the Dominion Govern- mei:t will defray the cost of all the public buildings re(|uired for the general business of the territory. ill 458 msTonv or tiik xohtm-wkst. ,;!' hi n Eleveiith--I do not licsitiitf to oivc this assuraiK't', ms tli^' works on Lake Superior I'outc, which \\a\c hccii ])ro^rcssiii- actively since the early part of last .summer, will doubtless 1m- com])loted much within the time specitietl. As to the i'ail\\ii\- to I'cmhina. shortly after the American line reaches tli.it ])oint, it will certainly he cai'ried out. 'I'welfth — This will uufiuestionahly he p)'o\ ided for. 'I'hirteonth — The answer ;;i\t'n to No. 12 will Mpply eiiually here. Fourteenth -Fully alive to the necessity of this, the |)m- minion I'arliament will not fail to take an early opportunity of dealin^i' with the matter, in order to extiniruisli, in an e(|uit- ahle maiuiei', the claims of the Intlians. so that settlei's m.iy obtain clear and indisputable titles. Fifteenth — Tlu' convention will not expect mo to s[te,ik detinitely as to the nundier of representatives to be allotted t" the territory, but I can pi'omise that the circum.stances and reijuiivments of the country will be ftdly and liberally con- sidered in dealing- with this matter. Sixtet.-nth — On the ])art of the Canadian (Joverinnent. ;i^ well as of Ffer Majestys representative in British North America, and also as coming innnediately from the Sovereign assurances have been jj^iven to all, that the pro[)erties, ri^ht^ and privile<;os hitherto enjoyed by the people of the territory M'ould be respected, and I feel sure that the Dominion (Jovern- nient will confide to the Local Legislature the recognition aii Einiiteeiitli — Without ciitci'iii;^' into tlie tlftailsot' the article. I would say that the franchise will he so adjusted as to lie satisfactory to the puhlic, hoth nati\'e and iinini;4rant, ami in a manner conducive t(j the ;4'eneral welfare. Nineteenth- - My helief is that the ( "anadiaii ( !o\'ernm"nt lias no intention of iiiH)osin<.;' on the North-West Territory the' jiayment of any })ortion of the €;?()().()()0, and I have much contiflence that tliey will he so actuated in I'veiy resjtect l>y w ise and just motives that in arran^in;^' for the distrihution of the ])ublic deht of Canada the Noi'th-West Tc'ri-itory will not he held liable foi- anvthine' it ou^^ht not to hear; in shoi't, that here, as in e\'ery other particular, suhstantial justice will he done." Havine- <.()ne throue-h the articles, the Commissionei' then spoke as follows : — " I would hee- to say that althoue'h author- ized, as Commissioner, to act ^•enorally as mielit ajipear liest in the state of aflairs here, it was thoueiit prohahle some points iiii<.jht ai'ise with which I could uot deal personally, ami to meet this I was instructed by the Dominion ( io\ crnnient to invite a delef^ation of two or more of the residents of Her Hiylits l)f i't'-M|i|Miiiiti'(| to discuss, iiiid di- • •idf (III the l»asis iiiid dftails of tlir I'lov isiniiJil ( lONcriiiiiini wliicli we liiiNf ji^Tcrd is to hf I'oriiird i'ur |{ii|)ci1's Lund and the North-West 'IV-i ritory. " .Mr. W. 15. ( )'l )oiioliiif took tli.. ]iliicc<)l" Mr. Scliiiiidt, wlio wns ahsiiit, mid tlir following' \\; till' I'csult ol' tlic (•oiiiiiiittfc's l.ihoi's : as Ist. 'I'hut till' opimcil i'i>ii.si>t nf twciit ytmir iiirmlu'is, twi'hr tidiii tin I']ii^lisli, find twflvi! from thu J^rt'iicli-spuukiiiy |in|iulHti(iii. liiid Ivu'li side dcc'idu ii.s to tlic .•i|ij)niiitincMt nf it.s own iiifinlpiTs nf council. Iiid. Tiiat Mr. .laiiit's l{o.ss lie .liidiji' of the Sii|iri.'nu' Court, 4tli. That all tlif -liisticus of tlm iV'acc, IVtty Magistrates, Constalilcs, etc., retain tlu-ir placu.s. with the u.\i'i'])tion of Mr. Dcasc, .J.I'., wlmsc jiliice shall l)o taken hy Norliert liaroni'i-. .■")th. That Henry McKeiiney, F.si|., he sheiitl', as hcfoie. ()th. That Dr. liird lie coroner, as hjfore. 7th. Thiit the (Jeiieral Court i)e held at the same times and place.-, as formerly, and that tlie Petty Court l>e held in five districts : Lower Mid- dle, ri)]ier, St. .\nns, (I'ointdo Cheiie), and St. Margarets, (Ltiprnirie). Sth. 'I hat Mr. I'lannatyne he contimu'd Postmaster. 9th. That John Sutherland and Uoger < Joulet he Collectors of Customs. loth. That the President of the Provisional (Jovernment he not one <e not out' of lit of the I'lnvi- ivernineut, mul a})poiute(l to Uition of all, i-h it was late le convention Kiel and his elected. l>y tlii> time it wiiH nii(lni;,'lit, ami wlnii tlif news wont nut tliat I lie Provisional ( loNci-nnicnt was loinird, and would lio lol- lo\vo(| initiiciliati'iy \>y tlir I'rlcasr ol' tlio |ii-isouors, tliorc was i;rcat n'joii'ino', lion-tiros lioiiiu li;^litod. ami liioworks sot otl. tlio lattoi- I)oinLr tlio |)ro|(orty ol' \)\\ Sdiult/. wliidi lie liad iiiijtoi't('ut tlir Kriylisli panHlirs nt tlif noii- ri'lcasc of tli<' wliolf of till- iiit'ii coiiliiicd In h'dit (lurry, luul Kiel, if Ik- IdiiI r'-lciiwd tlicin, wouM not only linvc stn-n^tlu'ii- «'il his po.sition, l)Ut li*> wouM liavt> ])r(>vcnt*')l tiir nnfoitiiniiti' o('t'Ui')TM('«'.s tliiit aftcrwanls took place. A moxtnicnt wiis MOW coniniciiccd at Porta^ii- la I'laii'ic, to laisc a hody of iiiin to liln'i'at(' the priNonci's, and a party nmnltfrin;; Ix'twi'm liO and loo canic down as far as llcadinulw when' tlicy caniiMtl, and after a Nliort stay |)ro( led to the l^ower Settlement On theii' way they stoppcMJ at a house where Hiel had heen in tlie hahit of stuyiiie- at ineht, in the hope of ea])turine- hini, hut fortunately for himself, he happeni'd to he al)sent at the time. An effort was then made to raise a force for the pur- pose of attacUiiie' Kort (larry, which to a certain extent was succcssfid, and at once had the etl'ect of ;.;atherinj;' the Freucli in mnuhers arouiul Hiel. and for a time it lookeil as if the twn .sides of tlu' .settlement would e(» to war with each other. .\ laree hand of Kne;lish and Scotch s(;ttlers indeed collected in Kihlouan, and rumors were j)lentiful as to their propo.sed moveuu'uts. The rising-, however, was ill-timed and unfortunately pro- ductive of consequences, which nearly set the whole settlement in a hlaze. The party at Kildonan, it appoars, took a coujilc of men prisoners on suspicion of hein^- Kiel's spies, and one lA' these 'nanuul Parisian, in his ettbrts to escape, shot a yoini^ ocotch settler, the son of Mr. John Sutherland, who after- wards hecanie one of the senators froui Manitoha. Younji' Sutherhmd died from his wouiuls, wliich only increased tlic hitternesH of feelinf( existing, and Parisian, who was also badly wounded by his captors, was kept a jirisoner at the Stone Fort, and ultimately succumbed to his injuries on beiii;^ removed to his home. riii: I'KovisKiN'Ai. (i(ivi;n\Mi:\T. 4(;:i liitlif midst III' t lii'sc ti'diilili's, IJirl icsolvi'il til fclcasc till- prisoiiiTs ill Kort (lany, mihI, hm tliiir tnkiiij; tin milli in ktip till' |Mii('(', all \v ere liJM'nitiil, wliicli lia. Moiiisnn. Stij^oiuit rowers, .Inlin Ivy. (}. Parker. And two uiikuowii. Tliu.s, liaifliy hiul one sot oF prisoiu'i'.s been released, wlitn theii" places were tilleil ])y others, and th<' iiieiiace to the peace of the settlement eoiitimied. On the one hand, Kiel was teo dilatory in releasino' the first ])ri,sonei's, anth Febvuarv was the liour set for tlif shooting of Bolton, find on the esfMiing of that day groups of nu'u were seen conversing (|uietly, but glotjmily, over the pros- pect before the coinitry, should blood once 1)o shi'd. Numbers of the English jiarishes hail expressed a determination not to !■ TlIK I'UnVISloNAI, ( ioVKUNMKNI', 467 sriid meiiilx'i's to the I'l-ovisioii'il couiumI, .•iml .Iuili;v iU.-ick Iiml fleeliued to act as a dfli'^^utt' to Ottawa, so that tlic lio|)<' oi" ceiiR'ntiM;^' a union ot" Kii^lish and I'^fcncli was not proiiiisin;;,'. Added to this, thf risiii!^' ot" tlic Kiii;lish scttlrrs ami the action of the I'orta;^!' ])arty, had fxaspfratrd IJicl sti, that iir was not in an aniiahle mood. ( 'onnnis.sioncr Smith, on h.cai'in;^' of IJoltons dany^cr, lost no time in sccin;;' Ivid, and usimI every argument to tui'ii him tVom liis purpose, lie pointeii out tlu; impo.ssiljility oi' heino' able to unite thi' two sides oi" tin- settlement, ii" l)loo' for Canada. No council was called, au. "God knows where all this is ^"oin^ to end ! " Was it n fon-- runner of the terrible crime which was soon to he jierpi- trated '. On the 4th Mardi, a deed was committed that struck horror into the minds of all classes in the settlement — an act of cruelty that can ofl'ei' no palliation for its committal, au'l one which suddeidv i)h;niie in\itation, to <;'o to Ottawa, and treat direct with the Cana- dian ( Jovernnu'nt, and, by his infiuonce, hi; liad induced tiic Engli.sli ami French to work together for the preservation ul peace until such time as the transfer (^f the coinitry could lie i.'tfecteil. He had, in fact, Itrou^'iit tlie people of Ile«1 Rivrr, ami, on lu-ariiio- of tlicin, had at oiuh' placed his scr\it'es at the dispo.sal of the Canadian ( lovi'i'iinH'nt, and undertook a winter voyan'e jicro.ss the Atlantie to o() to I^mI Ki\'er. On the Kith I\'iii'uary, IH7(), Hon. .Joseph Howe, Secretary of State, ad- ilre.ssed the followino- letter to him : — Dki'Aktmknt of .SKeKi:TAiiv or Statk KOI! TIIK PhoVI.NCKS, F(d)iuary I(;th, l.STO. Tlio Very Reverend the Bishop of St. lionifaee :-- Mv Ijohk — I am commanded l)y His Kxetdlency the (joveruor-Gen- eral to aoknowledgo and thisiik you for tlie |iromi)titude with which you placed your services at tlie disposal of this (iovernment, and undertook a winter voyage and journey that yon might, by your presence and inllu- ence, aid in the repression of the unlooked-for disturbances wliicli had broken out in the Nortli-West. 1 have the honor to enclose for your information : — 1 — A coi)y of the instructions given to the llunoral)le V\'m. McDougall, on the 28th September last. '2 — A cojjy of a further le'ter of instructions addressed to Mr. ^^c- Dougall, on the 7ih November. .'! — Copy of a letter of instructions to the Very Reverend Vicar-General Thibault, (m the 4th December. 4— Copy of a Proclamation issued by His Kxcellency the Goveriior- 'ieneral, addres'sed to the iidiabitant.s: of the North-West Territiiries, by tin- exjjress desire of the Queen. — Copy of a letter Hddre,s8ed to the Secretary of State by Doiiahl A, Smith, Es(|., of Montreal, on 24th November. fi— Copy of a letter of instructions addressed by nie to Mr. Smith, on December last. if! 1^ 11 if I ill jj'i i;l ^ll if 1 f •i MMi ii - it \ ,^;-'||j|M'M II ! 1 i • 1 |! 1 ! i ,1 472 HISTORY f»F THE \OHTH-WKST. 7 — A suiiii-orticiil letter addressed by tlie Minister of Justice, uii iln> .'Jrd .Ifuiujiry, J 870, to Mr. Smitli. H — Copy of the coiiimisHioii issued to Mr. Smith on 17tli .January. Is7n. Copies of the Prochiniation issued by Mr. McDougall, at or near I'em bina, and tiie coumiission issued to Colonel Dennis, liavini,' l)een printed in the Canadian papers, and widely circulated at the Red River, are it is assumed, (piite witliin your reach, and are not furnished ; but it is im- portant that you should kjiow the proceedings by which tlie lives ami properties of the people of Rupert's I>ind were jeopardized for a tiinr, were at once disavowed aiul condemned by the Oovernnunt of this Dom- inion, as you will readily discover in the despatch addressed l)y me to Mr. McDougall, on the 24th December, a copy of which is enclosed. Your Lordshi|) will perceive, in these pajjcrs. the policy which it wa* and is the desire of the Canadian (ilovernment to establish in the Noitli- West. Tlie people <)f Canada have no interest in the erection of institu- tions in Rupert's Land, which public oi)inion comlemus : nor would they wish to see a tine race of pei>ple trained to discontent and insubordina- tion, by the pressure of an unwise system of government, to which British subjects jire tniaccustomed or averse. They look ho])efully forward to tlu- period when institutions, moulded ujion those which the other jirovincLs enjoj', may be established, and in the nu;antime would deeply regret if tlie civil and religious libei'ties of the whole population were not adeipiate- ly protecte make. You are aware that the Very Reverend the Vicar General Tliibaidt ami Messrs. Donahl A. Smith and Charles de Salaberry are .already in l^uiicit's L»nd, charged with a connnission from (Jovi-rnmeut. Enclosed are letters to those gentlemen, of which you will oblige me by taking charge, and I am couuuanded to ex])re8s the desire of His Excellency that you will co operate with them in their well-directed etibrts to secure a jieaceful solu- tion of the ditticulties in the North-West Territories, which have causcl His Excellency nuich anxiety, but which, by your joint endeavors, it is hoped may be speedily removed. I have the honor to be Your obedient servant, .JosKi'H Howe. ;U_. : SticO. nil the muniy. 1^7". nr near Teiii- liocii jiiinti'il iver, aiv it is Imt it is ini- thu livL's .•uul ed fnr a tiinr. nf this Doiii- liy nil' tn Mr. ISt'll . f which it was in thi' N'nrtli- ion nf iiistitu- lor wmilil tlifV il insiihni'clina- i which British forwaril to tlu' ithcr jii'oviiiccs ceply le^Tct if not aiU'i|iiati • bo iiiiiiU'Ut ;it Fort (lain, t" may cniisiilti siinu'. Whni by till' Privy he nioantinif. lUcncy wil' 1h' avc k'isinv I'v ThihaiiU aii'l uly in ItujuTt's iscd arc letters charge, ami I lat yon wi'-l co- leaccful sohi- ;h have cause! ■luleavors, it is SKl'Il HOWK. TIIK I'UOVISKtNAL (iOVEUNMKSr 473 Oil tlio SniKlar followiiio- his niTivnl (KJtli March, 1H70), liishop Tache jircachiMJ an chMiueiit scriuon, in which he ex- pressed his sorrow at the rrv((U!i of Slide, LETTKK OK IN.STKICTIONS. Sir— Enclosed with this letter you will receive your connni.ssion and also a copy of the conditions and terms ujion which the people of this country will consent to enter into the Confederation of Canada. You will please jiroceed with convenient sjjeed to the City of Ottawa, Canada, and on arriving there you will, in company with the other delegates, put yourself immediately in communication with the Dominion Government, on the subject of your commission. You will j)leiise observe that with ! i.H (■ I ill 47() IIISTOltV OK Tin: NuHTII-WKST. '.«r in ii repaid to the iirtii-li's niiinlicretl I, 'J, .'{, 4, (1, 7. IT), 17, IS', aii'l L'((, ymi iiro U'ft !il libi!i'ty in coiicitI wiili yiiiii' fillnw t'DimiiiMsidiifrN. In cxfi'cis,. yniir (liscrotinii ; Imt licjir in iniiid, tliat as ymi rarry witli ymi tlic full cuiiliiU'iK't' nf tliis pi'dpli', it is fX|ie(tc(l that in thr cxt'irisf of t lii-. liberty, ynii will do yoiir utmost to si'iiiri' tiiuir lights and jiri\ ik'^i;* •which havi; hitherto l)ei'ii i^noit'd. With ii'fi.'innce to the n inainin:^ aiticK-s. 1 am din-ctcd to inform yiii that thi-y arc |it'r»'m|)tory. I ha\»' fiirthiT to inform you that you arc not em|K)Wi'r('d to (■oncludc linally any Hrran'^cmcntH with tlu^ Caiindian (!o\- ornniL-nt, hut that any ncyotiations ontiMed into liftwoen yon and the said "jovfrnment must tirst havti the a|i|)ro\al of and l)f lafitii'd liy tin- I'rci- visional (iovciinnc'iit, liidori' Assinilmia will lioconii' a [Uovinco of Cnn- fudoriition. I havu tla- honor to \n\ Sii', Your obedient servant. 'i'llos, UlN.N, kN'id'i..".. i>f Shih . Tlif I'ollowino' is tin; List ol" Hiohts, in tlii' fonii liiiiidrd to tlio i. Ist. That tht! Territories, heretofore known as Ru|iert's liand and North West, shall not enter into Confederation of the Doniininu, exiijit as a province, to be styletl ami known as the Province of Assiijiboia. and with all the rights and privileges connnon to the ditt'erent provinci-s nf the Donnnion. 2nd. That we have two representatives in the Senate, and four in the House of Commons of Canada, until such tinu; as an increase of popula tion entitles the province to a greater re]>reseiitation. 3rd. That the Province of Assiinl)oia shall not be hi'ld liable, at any time, for any portion of the j)ublic debt of the Dominion, contracted In fore the date the said province shall have entered the Confederation m; less the said province shall have first received from the Dominion the fn I amount for which the said jirovince is to be held liable. 4th. That the sum of eighty thousand dollars l)e paid annually by tl;c Dominion (Joverninent, to the Local Legislature of this province. 5th. That all ja-operties, rights and privileges enjoyed by the peo])le (f this province, up to the ilate of our entering into the Confederation. It re.spected, and that the arrangement and contirmation of all custom>. usages and privileges be left exclusively to the Local Legislature. 6th. That during the term of five years the Province of Assiniboia shall not be subjected to any direct ta.xation, except such as may be imjiosed by the Local Legislature for municipal or local puri)oses. ,VL : i', iiinl lid, _vuu IS. til CXlTci.-i' ynii tlif full I'lrisc of I hj., 111(1 |irivili'j,'i's 111 iiifipini ymi iit yuii arc not 'llliniljllll ( in\ II .'iml till' sMJil il l)y tlic I'm iviiicu of C'liii <■;■;,■ of Shih . II llMlldcil til t's Land and iiininii, oxc'i'|it Lssitiilioiii, all! I t iiroviiircs I if nd four ill tin liisu of po]iiila liiil)k>. at any L'ontractt'd In.' t'doration un- ninion tho fii'l iinudUy liy tl;f vince. ,• the iJt'iiplt' (f ifedei'ation. lo f all customs. lature. issinihoia shall iiy be inipiwid ^ / '^ /' V'/ r;/'t /( Hon Joseph Howe. f III i; 1 i 1 ' i Ij ^ ; 1 1 i Mlu i.^ ■ TIIK I'luA isiuN \|. (;ov|.;ii\MKNT. 477 n till' r,n liaiiiiMt uf 7tli. 'I'lmt a (Hiiin "f iiiMiicy, ri|iiitl tii fii;lil_\ icnrH |ii'i IhmiI nt tlif |m>|iu lalii'ii lit' this |ii. tin- wkiil |i.i|iiiliitii>ii iliiill hiivt' iiicrt'iiHfit to xix liiiiiiircil tliniiHaiiil. >'tll. 'i'lmt till' I.oi'iil Li"^i>.lnturc mIihII have the n.^lit to licti'liiiiiU' the i|iii(litii'uti(iiiM of iiii'iiilii'iN I.I r(>|iri'Mi'iit tjiin jiinv iih CaiiMila ami in tlic Local l.t'^islatiiri'. I'tli 'riiat in tlii.s |iiiivim.i', witli tlu' fXi't-ption ot uiiiiviliz iiiitivu citi/ifii wlm lias attaincil tlii' n-^r o| twenty oiii! yeai's ; ami every fori'i^ner, lu'iii'^ a Mi'iti».li .siilijeit, wlm has attaiiieil the sanio, ami has ii'sideil three years in the |iio\iiiei', ami is a liouseliujilei' ; ami evefy t'oreij^ner other than a British Hnl)ji'(t. who liiiH I'l'HiiKtil here iliirin^ tliu huiiu' purioii, lioin<^' u hoiiseholiler, ami litivini{ taken th f oatli of alle'^'iancL', shall lie entitled to vote at the election of laenihei's for the Itoea! I.e'^i^I'itnre ami for the Canaliaii I'ailiainent. It lieiiiLC iimlerstooil that this article in* suhjecl to umen yovorniiieiit of this country to the Dominion of ( 'anada. he anniillud ho far as it interferes with the iii,dits of the people of Assini- lioli I, and so far as it woiild afl'eet oiir fiitiiie relations with Caninla. llth. That the Loi'al LcL^islatiire of the I'roviiu'o of Assinihoia shall have full control over all the public lamls of the pnniiico, and thu ri,i,dit to annul all auts or arran^'umeiits niado or entered into with rifforenen to tlu; piililic lands of Uupeit's Laml and the Noith-W 'est, imw called iho I'lo- \ iiice of Assinihoia. rjtli. That the < iovernmeiit of Canada appoint oIlimissioMel' o f I- n ithin five veiirs from the date of our eiitoriiiL' into Coii- ;.,'int'L'rH to cxploro thu \arions districts of thu Province of Assinilioia. and to lay hefore thu Local LuLjishiture a report of thi' mineral wealth of the province, w federation. loth. That treaties ln' conclmled lu'tweun Canada and the ditferuiit In- dian trihcs of thu I'l'ovince of AHsiiiil)oia, hy and with the advice 'uid co- "[leratioii of thu Local Lei,'islature of this province. 14tli. That an iininterniiited .steam communication from L.ike Superior to Fort (>arry he 'guaranteed to he completed within the space of five years. ir)tli. That all public buildings, bridt^es, roads, and other pul)lic works bu at the cost of tliu Dominion Treasury. Kith. That thu Knirlish and French laiiyiiaj^'us be common in thu Legis- lature, ami in the Courts, and that all public documunts as well as Acts of the Luyislaturu, bu publishud in Itoth languagus. DD m 478 \i\ HISTORY OF THE NOUTH-AVEST. 17tlK Tliat whereas tlie Freiicli ami Eiiglisli-.'^jicakiiij^ jieojile minibers yi-t so united in tlieir intenNt.>.. and so connected by coniiiierce, family connections, ;:nd oilier ]i(»litical ii'iil social relations, that it luis ha|M>ily been found inijinssibki to bi'inj; tiicui into liostile collision, although repeated attempts ha-.e been made by siiii- leir iiiti'iT>ts. r jiolitical ii'.iil (t \tvw^ tluui iiiiuli-' l)y Ian le English ami L-rnment of the \su(iuencf of the iitticials to hriim 11 Treasnry, ami or any of thosf ^. with ri'^artl to (ut negotiations. m of Assiniboia .t in the case of years from the lier time as may ication between tween Winnipei; I'oi- OttaAva, led their tirst Intil the iOtli ucipal resoUi- Ivrd to the Crown it necessary f"r those rights aii tirst taken tlie oatli of alli'giance. Kiel then took the following- oath a.s Pi'esideiit : — " I, I^ouis Kiel, do hereby .solciiiidv swear that 1 will iaitht'idlv i'ldtil, to the be.st of my ability, my duties as Presiileiit of the Provis- ional Govei'iiment, proclaimed on the 24th Novendjcr. LSdi), and also all the duties which may become connected with thii office of President of the Provisional Government of Assini- boia, as they may hereafter be defined by the vt)ice of the people." The effect of closing' the stores of the Hudson's Hay Com- pany at Fort (larry was now beino' felt by the whole settle- ment, and business was more or less paralyzed by it. There was little money in circulation, and only a limited market for the produce of the settlers, who were nuich inconvenienced by the general stagnation of affairs. Neo()tiiitions were there- ft)re opened for a resumption of business by the company, and the following letter was addressed by Riel to (Jovernor Mactavish : — ill! I'll m i i\ 480 HISTORY OF rilK NOirPH-WKST. fJ^ S' I i I f;i^ ^w To Willi.Mii INInctavisli, (iovenmr of tliu Hiulson's Bfiy Company in ilic North-West : — Sir — In referuncc to our intcrvit'ws rc^ardiiig tliu jiffairK of tliu Tliid- son's I'ay (^mipany in tliis country, 1 liave the lionor to assure you tliat my great desire is to opiMi, as soon as |)ossil)le, in the interests of tlie [luo- plo, free ami undisturbed, tlie connuerei: of thi country. The people, in rallying themselves to the Provisional (Jovernment witli unanimity, ]irescril»e to each of us our res])ective conduct. The I'rovisional (iovernnieut, established upon the principle of justice and reason, will fuilil its work. By the action of the Hudson's Bay ('.mipaiiy, its commercial interests may besived to a certain extent, but tint is entirely for your considera tion, ami de]ieiids upon the eom]>any itself. 1 have had the honor to tell you that arrangements were jxissible, and tlie following ai'o the con- ditions : — 1st. That the whole of the com])any in the Noith-West shall recognize the Provisional (Jovernment. '2ui\. That you, in tiie nauu' of the Hudson's Bay Company, do agree to loan the Provisional (}o\ernnu;iit the sum of -three thou.saml pounds sterling. .'{rd. 'I'hat o i demand, i)y the I'rovisional (Jovernment, in case arrange- ments with Canada should be oppo.seil, you do guarantee a supplement of two thousand j)ounds sterling to tlie al)ove-mentioned sum. 4th. That there shall be granted i)y the Hudson's Bay Company, tor the support of the pi'esent military force, goods and provisions to the value of four thousand pounds sterling, at current prices. 5th. 'I'hat the Hudson's B.iy Company do inunediately put into circu- lation their bills. (ith. That the Provisional (l\ KUNMKNT HorsK, FoKT Gakky, A.\m\ 7tli, ISTO. To till.' iiili!il)it!viits of tlif Nnrtii ami tlio Nortli-Wcst. Fi;r,i.t>\v-('()i NTUYMKN— VdU all' awiiro, ddubtless, Imtli of tlit- Hciii's nf events wliicli liavo taken place at Heil IJiver. and hoconie aeeoniplislieil facts, and of the causes wliidi lia\e ln'ougiit tlieni ahour. Von know liow we stoitped and I'ondiicted V)ack to tlie fi'ontiei' a (lnvei- nor whom Ciinmlii— an Englisli colony like ourselves -iiinorini^ our aspi- rations, ;vnd our existence as a iieojile, fornettinjf the rii^hts of nations, and our rights as British sultjects — sought to impose upon us withoui consulting ore\en notifying us. Vol! know also, that having been abandoned by our own goverinueiit, ■which had sold its title to this country, we saw the necessity of meeting in council and recognizing the authority of a Provisional (Jovernmeut. whicli was proclaimeil on the 8th December, 18(j!(. After many ditliculties raised against it by the )iartisans if Canada, and the Hudson's Bay Company, this Provisional (iovernment is to-day master of the situation- l)ecause the whole peojjle of the colony have felt the necessity of miion and I'oncord— l)ecaiise we have always professed our nationality as Uritisli subjects, and liecause our army, thiugh small, has always sutticed to hold high ihe noble standard of libei'ty and of coinitiy. Not only has the Provisional (iovernment succeeded in restoring order and }>acifying the country, l)ut it has inaugurated very advantageous negotiations with the Canadian (Jovernment, and with the Hudson's Bay Comjiany. Vou will l>e duly informed of the results of these negotia- tions. People of the North and of the North-West I You have not been strang- ers either to the cause for which we have fought or to our attections. Dis- tance not indifl'ei'cnce has sejiarattMl us. Your brethren at Ked River, in working out the mission which (iod assigned them, feel that they are not acting for themselves alone, and that if their position has given them the glory of triuni])h, the victory will be valued only in so far as you share their joy and their liberty. The winning reeds or Indians who mii^ht wish to take advantngi' of this so-called time of disorder to foment trouble, that the true state of pid)lic ati'airs is order and peace. The government established on justice and reason will never permit dis'irder, and those wlm ;u'i' guilty of it shall not go iiMpui'ished. It must not be that h few mischievous individuals should compr(unise the interests of the whole pi'ople. People of the North and of the North-West I This me.ssagi' is a mes- sage of peace. War has long enough threatened the colony. Ii(»ng enough have we been in arms to protect the country and restore order, di.sturbed by evil-doers and scoundrels Our country, so happily surroinided by Providence with natural and almost insui»erable barriers, invites us to unite. After the crisis through which we have passed, all feel more than evei' that they seek the same interests — that they as|>ire to the same rights — that they are meud)ei's of the same fannly. We hope that you also will feel the need of rallying round the Provis- ional (iovernment to support and sustain it in its work. Hy order of the President, Loiis ScHMinr, Asst. Sec 1/ of lititti'. The above proclanuition was widely cirt'tiUited aiuon^ the half-breed trader.s and Inuiter.s, and Indian tribes thronohout the interior, and on the !>th. Kiel issued the following to the people of Red KivM-: — reposes upon PROCLAMATION. TO THE PEOPLK OK THE NORTH-WEST. Let the Assembly of twenty-eight representatives, which met on the IHli March, be dear to the people of Red River ! That assembly has 1 '.'■ t ' w m ■ m mim. u i? •J- L . 1 k \ -,' 484 HISTOUV <»!• TIIK N'OHTH-AVEST. shown itself woitliy <>f greiit contidfiici'. It 1i;ik worked in union. Tlir members devoted tliemselveH to tlu' public interests, and yielded only t.. sentiments of good-will, duty and generosity. Thanks to that nolile eon- duct, piddic autliority is now strong. 'I'hat strength will be empjoyi'd to sustain and protect the people of the country. To-day the Government ])aidons all those whom political ditl'erenci's liil astray only fr)ra time, .\mnesty will be generously ai'corded to all thisi.' who will submit to the (Jovtn'nment : who will discountenance or infonu against dangerous gatherings. From this day forth, the public highways are open. The Hudson's Hay Company can now resume liusiness. Themselves contributing to the public good, tiiey circulate their money as ot old. They pledge themselves to that course. The attention of the («o\ernment is also directed very specially to the northern [)art of the country, in order that trade there may not receive any .serious check, and peace in the Indian districts may thereby lie all tlie more securely maintained. The disastrous war. which at one time threateneil us. has left among us fears and various deplorable results. But let the i)eople feel reassureil. Elevated by the grace of Providence, and the suffrages of my fellow- citi/.ens to the highest position in the government of my countrj'. 1 \)\'>- claim that peace reigns in our midst this (hiy. 'I'lu' (loverinnent will takr every precaution to prevent this peace from being disturbed. Whih' internally nil is thus returning to order, externally also mattiis are looking favoral)le. Can'ida invites the Red River })eople to an amic- able arrangement. She oti'ers to guarantee us our rights, and to give us a place in the Confederation ecpial to that of any other province. Identified with the Provisional (iovernnient, oiu' national will, basid ujjon justice, shall Vje respected. Hapi)y eounti'y, to have e.sca|ied mau}- misfortunes that were prepared for her I In seeing lier children on the point of war, she recollects the old friendships which used to bind them, and by the ties of the same [tatriotism. she has re-united them again foi' the sake of preserving their lives, their liberties, and their happiness. Let us remain united, and we shall be happy. With strength of unity we shall retain prosjjerity. (> my fellow-countrymen, without ilistinction of hmguage, or without distinction of creed — keep my words in your heart I If ever the time should unhappily come, when another division should take place amongst us, such as foreigners heretofore sought to create, that will be the signal for all the disasters which we have had the hap])ine.ss to avoid. In order to prevent similar calamities, the (Government will treat witli all the severity of the law those who will dare again to compromi.se the 11 I'lii: i'U(»\ isiuNAi, i;(»\ i:i{.\Mi:Nr, 485 •ncth of unity j)iil)lic weciirity. It is rotidy tn iirt .'i^'iiiiist tlif disunlor of piU'tii's, iis well as (vy.iinst thiit nf individiialH. Hut let us hdpe rather tlmt extreme meiiHures will be uiikiinwn, and tliat the lessons of tlie past will ;4uide lis in the future. Loi IS IllKI,. OovernnuMit House, Fort (Jarry, April '.•tli. 1«7<». On the 2()tli April. Hii'l oi'deriMl tlic rnioii Jack to he hul.st- v(\ at Fort (Jarry in ))]a('(' of the eiiihlfin of the Provisional (lovennnent. When Coniinis.sioner Sniitli addrew.stMJ the mass meeting on tlie U)th .Fanuary. one of tiic first thing.s he called attention to was the floatino' of tlie ihio- (p^'lciu-ilc-lis ami Shamrock) over liis head, and asked that it Im- taken down. 'I'liere was strenuous objection at the time l»y Kiel and his fol- lowers, and not wishino- to cause any interruj)tion to the meet- ing, the Commissioner sinqtly entered hi^ protest. I>ut a change iiad now come over the spii-it of the President, and no douht tliinking that his loyalty should be made appai'cnt to the eyes of the peoj)le, lu- had the Ih'itish Ihig hoisted. O'Donohue however and a few of his inunediate followei's hauled .MMISS|oNKI{ SMITH. Oil the 8tli July, Mr. Alfiv.! II. Scott retunifd to the settlo- nuMit, liut no notice was taken of liis ari'ival, fui'tlicr than a sliort ])ara<;Taj)h in the Aciv i\nfion, announcing the fact. .Iu. otHcer in diarp' oil F(jrt (Jarrv during- tlie troubh'H, took hi.s departure for Scotland, on the 81st of May, \ia York Factory. Matters now prouv pii. viiifi', ri!|iri'Bt'iitiiiK no party, cither in ri'li;,'inn nr pnliticH. imd will (ifjMnl fi|iial pnitfcl ion to tin' Hvch and inupcrty of all ract's and of all I'l'co.dN. Tin' strictest ordi'f and y the ndiahit imtH to thi" troops. hIII he duly paid for. Shoidd imy oin- consider him golf injured by any imlividual attached to tho force, his t,'ricvances >hali lie pronijitly impiired into. .Ml loyal jpeopli' lire oarncHtly invited to aid me in carrying out tin altovi' mentioned olijects. K. .1. WolSKI.KV. Vohinel C'ciiniKiiiilinii H t'ii(|niic' intu tlm riiiiso W'l- hiivo riMiiaikt'il. iiniiu'iliHtoly iifti'r tlii' liiiidinn uf tho luhnittinunl (steaiiiei) uiMids tlviiiH; i" "11 ilirortionH, uiid tniiiul out, i>n I'lupiiry, tlmt MDMif niyrttuiioiiH iii'i'Hoii (('a|)ttiiii Hiitlur), a iniSHOiif^or tliciruii. Imd madiii li'!i|i fidiii the ttoat as slic tiinu'd tlu' |Mpiiit to I'litcr tlif As.siiiilioi.i. Nrt'iiil<. Many people seem to douht the authentieity of this I'roelauiation and want to know if oertitied to liy any person, hnt this is impossihle. as it eaine hy mail. \N i' are afraid the whole tluML! is anotlier ('olonel Duunis affair. I 'lease answer the (pieries .ind ohliu'e the puhlie. Vours, A Si use It Hi Kit. Tilt' f(illt)\viiio- noto to tilt! rditor w.is attaclit'il to the aliovn iloeunicnt: "As yoii have not iTiniii-i'il coiTt-.sjtondcMits' names, it is not necessary to have the wi'iter's; let the President eouie out with the explanation. \ ours. O'D." This \V!is about the last attempt made by W. H. ()'l)onohue to stir u}) trouble in the settlement durintf the days of tlie Provisional ( Jovernment. And now, as a tittinj;- termination of this period in the His- tory of the North-West, we will ask our readers to carefullv peruse the following able and faithful report of Special Com- missioner Smith, which will give them a much clearer idea than anything we could write of the difficulties he had to en- counter in bringing about the accomplishment of his most im- iliit: !l ^'n 490 lltSToltV up TIIK N'oHTII-WKHT. 1 Ml! 1 i 1 i 1^ 'I I Nil portiiiit iiMMsioii. til)' N(ic(;('SHi'ul i'ultiliiiriit oi' \vliii>li .sfciirnl the tniiiMrt-r (»f tln' Noi-tli-Wt'st to ( 'iimula, not only witliimi ltl(»()(|.sln'<|. I)ut also with the eoncuiTcnce and IVieiullv IVi'linuM of till' Wllolf |MM»|l|f. "Ottawa, I2tli Apiil, I.S70 "The lion. .Im.si'|iIi Howe: — " Sfcrctiirv III' State for the Pi'oviiiecH, " ( )tta\vn. "Sii! ill pui'suaiKM' of tlif coiiiniiHsioii conlitli'd to iiir liy Hi.s Kxi'i'llciiey the (lovcriior (it'iici'al, in rflatioii to tlic fitDiifs of tilt' Nortli-Wt'st Territorit's, I addressed you from time ti> time duriiiu' iii\- i-esideiu-e within l''ort (lairwa eoireHpondencr carried on under scry unl'nxoiMlile cii'duiistiinees. as will ;i|)- poar fi'oiii the rejiort I Iuinc now the honor to siihmit. " Leavine- ( )tt!iwa on the IMtli l)eceml»er last, I reached St. Cloud, the terminus of railway cfimmunication, on the I7tli. contiuuinn' on the same day l»y stae'e, and ai'ri\ iii^' at Alpei- crond)io on the evening' of the l!>tli. Here we had to ahandoii wheeled carriages, and procm'in*; a .slei^di. after a couple of hours rest, wt> resumed the Journey, and on the afternoon of the 21st met Hon. Mr. McDoui^a'l and party, about thiity miles beyond (»eor;.;et()wn. Fi'on> him I learned how serious tlie aspect of affairs had latterly become at Red River: and pushing on, we y,()t to Pembina about ] I p.m. of the 24tli. and to Fort (Jarry on the 27th. "The j>'ateof the fort we found open, but i>uarded by several armed men who, on my desiring to be .shown to Governor Mactavish's house, retjuested me to wait till they could com- municate with their chief. In a short time Mr. Louis Kiel appeared. I announced my name : he said he had heard of ni}' arrival at Pendjina, and was about to send oft' a party to I ' KKI'nKT y tell i»r a ilo/.rii iiicii, wliMiii lie iMti'oilu(')'(| to iiif MS iiiciiilicrM of tlic "Provisional ( lnvcniinciit Mr rt'<|Ui'Ht«'il tn kimw tlio |tiir|toit i»r my visit, to wliitli I n'|.lifil in sulistancr, tliut I was coniH'ctcil witli tlif lliitlson's Ma\' ( '<»iiii)an\', Itiit also held u coMiiiiission i'roni tlif ('anmliaii ( lovrrnini-nt to tlii> |M'o]ii*' of |{»'<| |{i\t'r. Mini \V(Mil(| lu' |ii't'|)ai<'(| to slmw my crt'tlfntials so soon as tiify, Ilif |h'(i|»|i', witc willing;' to irftivc me. I was tlicn ask('«l to take an oath not to Mttt'iii|it to leave tlie fort tiiat ni^ht, nor to upset tlh'ii' ^<»veiiinient, legally estMliiislied, Tliis re(jUeHt I peremptorily reFuse(| t(» coinply with, Imt said that, ht'in;^' \ery tin-d, I had no desire to n<, uiitside the i;ato thMt ni;^ht, and promiscMl to take no immeiliate ste])s t'ojcihly to upset the so-ealled "Provisional ( loveninieiit. " leoal or ille, -i 492 HISTORY (»!•" THK N()I!TII-\VKST those lir()u;;-lit into tht- scttlriiifiit sliui'tly artfi' by the \aiilt aiirevent me frtMU connuuuicating either veibally or in writiui!" with any individual. I ])r(jtested, sayin- thcr to Foit few niinutts r. Thibauh. )()n me aii«l. lie first intli- ise since the I said it was licite the dif- 4 any such use of peace people, both leral views of Imsfer of tlif used to thii k tliore was now eveiy hkelihood this would sjieedily be acenni- plisl\ed. In tlie uieantinie. the party in jiossessidu of my |)apers entei'ed the adjoinine' room, in whieii I'ei'e Lestauc joinesii'eil it, Iiut that Im was willini;' the question should \)v submitted to them." I'ei'(* Lestauc spoke warmly in favor of the • President," who. he said, had actt'd so as to merit the e-i-atitude of his cotniti'ynieu, and beifgecl them still to place contidence in him. 'I'his e\ i- dently had no effect, and idtimately. after a ;^-ood deal of recrimination, it was ai'ran;^'e(l that a nieetine' of the iidiaV)it- ants from all parts of the settlement should be called for tin; morrow, tlu> l!)th, at which the pajiers bi'arini^' on the sid)ject should be read, a euard of forty men remainine- in the house.' to ensure the safe-keepine' of the documents. " Riels men were now fallinn-away from him, while the lov- al party expressed their deterinination no longer to lie guided in the matter eithei- by hiui or by I'ere Lestauc and his associ- ates. They were full of hope, and confident that the follow- i? ff' 4!Mi IIISIOUY OK Tin; .\<»inil-\VKST. Jili 11' I';! !''itl|j' '1 it I.I hv^ tlay would liriu^- with it coiiiplctc .succoss to the ciiuse of Viuiivhi. " Lutt' that ni^^ht, I'lTo Lcstuuf ])Jii(l thcni auotlier visit, which was pi-oloni^icd for seveial hours beyond iiiidnii^lit, and iirxt nn)rnin>;' it was found that a majority of these who liad s('('('(|rpointment of forty deU'gates, twenty from either side, to meet on 25th January, ' Witii the object of considering the REPORT OK Sl'KCIAr. ('((M.MIS. lON'KK SMITH. 4!t7 :m r ! cause <)i subject of Mr. Smith s ('oimniHsion. and to dt'cidc what would be Ix'st f(jr the welfare of the country." the Knnlish, as a body, and a lar^-e nund;!'r of tlie French, declai'ino- their entire satis- faction with the ex])lanations oivcn, and theii' earnest desire for union with Canada. "On the 22nd, Kiel hail several conferences with the well- affected French within the fort: he was melted even to tears, told them how earnestly he desire[' the Canadian Government, and ^ave assurances that on enterini;' (-onfedei-a- tion, they would })e secured in the possession of all rieht.,«, privileges, and innnunities enjoyed by f^ritish sid)jects in otht r j)arts of the Dominion: but on being' recpiested by Mr. liiel to give an oi)inion regarding a certain ' List of Hights," prepared U 4').S IIISTOHV OF TIIK XOinH-WKST. 'r-l •5 1 I !', «i Ity liiis party in Dccciiilx'r lust, I decliiitMl to do so, tliiiikiii;^' it bcttt'i' tliat tlx- pn'st'iit ( 'oiivcntioii sliouM placf in my hands n ])fi|)('r Htatin^' their wishes, to wliidi I should ' l)e hii])|)y to uard over him, and heaping reproaches and in- sult on him, declared that he would have him shot before midnight. Kiel then sought out Dr. Cowan, the othcer in im- ■ i II l!i:i'(il!T 111 SI'KCIAI, COMMISSIONKI! SMIIII. 499 iiH'ilifitt' clmr^v of IJcil Hixii' I )istiict. uplirjiiilcil him for 1 lis lii'i'sistcnt opposition ti) ' tln' people.' the insui'^ciits, .ukI ile- clariii;^' that his naiin' woiiiil '^n iluwii witli iiit'aiiiy to jioster- ity, tor tht; pai't he had taken. deniaiidiMl tliat lie woiihl inniiediately swear alle;^iaii('e to the l'ru\ isioiial ( ioveninieiit, or |»repar(' for (h'ath within thi'ee lidurs. ;;i\ iii^' him a (piarter ot" an hour lor eonsiih'rati on. 'Tile Doctor imniediati'lv re- plied that lie knew no lei-al authoiit\- in the cManiti'V l>ut that of (Jreat Bi'itain. to which his alleoiance was due. and that he would not take the oath reipiired of him. lie was then seized and put in coiitiiiemeiit. alon;^' with the ])risoners taken in l)ec(;nd>er last. 1 was also jait under sti'iet uuanl, hut not removed tVoiii tlie house. Notwitlistan take any part. Governor .Mactavish. Dr. Cowan, and two or three othei- persons, were then ndea.sed, and tlu' Hudson's Hay Company's officers again allowed to come and go at pleasure, but I was still confined to the fort: Riel. as he expressly stated to Judge F)I;'.ck, being apprehensive of my inttuence with the people in the apjtroaching election. Riel promised tliat all the prisoners sliotdd soon be relea.sed. On the llth i«:[^ II' 1 1 1!' KKI'oKT OF SI'KCIAI, coMMlssioNKH SMITH. .-)()! aiiy from •'}()() to .SoO men, principally Kni,dish half- breeds from the lower jtai'ts of the settlement. Had these men, propei'ly ai'meil and ore;ani/ed, hecn prejiarcd to sui)port the well-atlected French i)arty, when the latter took action about the middle of .fanuary, or even in the lieninniu},; of Fel)ruary, durini;- the sittin<:,' of the Convention, onlei- nuuht have been restoi'ed. and the transfer to Canada provideil for witliout the necessitv of tiriiiii- a sinole shot: but now, the rising" was not only rash, but purjioseli'ss, as, without its in- tervention, the pri.soner.s would un(|Uestionably have been re- leased. The iiartv was entirely unoriiani/ed, inditf'ereiitiv armed, unprovided with i'ocA, even for one meal, and wholly incapable of copine' with the French, now le-uniteil. who, to the number of at least 700, were ])repared to otf'er the most iletermined resistance, which, as they were in ])ossession of a number of ^uiis (six and three-[)oundersj, anijiie stores of ain- iiiunition, provisions, and every other re(|uisite, they ci>uld have done most eti'ectually. My sympathies were, in a ^reat measure, with the I'ortai^v men, whom 1 lielie\e to ha\e be<'n actuated by the best of motives, but, under the circumstances, it was not difficult to foresee that the issue couM not Ite other- wise than disastrous to their cause. The attempt was there- ill ■' H I 502 IIISI()|!V OF rilK Nnlflll WKST h \. I, 'I I r i r, W\ 1 ■f i 1 t I i^-: ■■i : ■ ■ 1^ ' '■■: t ■-■ fori" ti» lie <|r]»|()rci|, ;IS if I'l'Slllti'il ill plilciliH- tllf wlmlr st'ttlc- im-iit at llir r<'('t (»r Ikirl. 'riic ^I'l'iit iiifijority of HcttltTs, Vavj:- lisli !iiii| Scotcli, (|i>c(iuiitciifiii('('(l till' iiioNciiiciit. Mild Itittcrly cuiiiplfiiiird (iT those who hml set it on loot. Korty-srxcn o|' tllf |iarty were cnitfun'il on tln'ir way home, whih' iiassin- within a few liiiinirt'cl yards of thr I'ort : tlic t'\|ihiiiat ion I have heard n'i veil for their otherwis*' ine\|ili('ahie coiKhict in having' taken tliis route, instead of niakiii;^" a di^toiir, which would have I'lisiired safety, lieiii^^' a supposed promise hy Kiel that they would he permitted to pass unmolesti'd. Their iiies- .st'.iH'ei' ji \'ouiit;' man named .M(diean. on lieiii(>' iiuestioiieil li\- Archdeacon .M(d..ean and inyselt', in presence of the '»e\. Mr. ut at the in- tercession (jf the Ijord IJisho}) of Rupert's Laud, Archdeacon McLean, and, in sliort, every inllueutial man amon^" the \in*x- Hsli : and, f ha\(' ln-eu toKl also, at the earnest entreaty of the Catholic clerev, the execution was delayed till midujeht of Saturday, the IDth. Further than this, Kiel declared he could not, woulil not, yield, except, in(!eed, J)r. Selinltz should be ca}>- tured in the meantime, in which case he would be shot instead of Bolton. Archdeac(jn McLean had been in close attendanct; !■" !M liolf Si'ltl... ttlclS, KlIM- iml liiltrrly ■ty-sr\rli (if lili' |iMssiii- |iliniiiti(iii I (•(iinlnct ill toui', wliifli iiisc hy Kiel Their iiH's- I'Mtioiirtl liy Iw Hr\. Ml i\ that l!irl. () ])nss," was tt'iulcd mxt arknl ' Ah ! iH «(). ( 'a)i- at tlw I'oi- lo.st t(» kt't'|j st laoiiiL'iit, •waft I. He 1,' aiitl coii- it at the iii- Archdeacou •• the Knjj- caty of the uidiiit^'ht of t'd hu could )uld 1h' cnii- iliot instead atteiidaiR'c i{i:roi!i' or sn;ri.\i, coMMis.sKtNi:!! smith. rAV.i MM ('ajitaiii I'lohnii for t w I'lity luiii' hniir^. had adiniiiistri-rd to him thf Sacraiiifiit . rrcrivcd his hist coiiiiiiaiids, and had |)i'oiiiis(>d to Im- |ir*-sciit with hint at tin- hist iiiiiiin'iit . and wln-ii I iiu-t th* Ai chdracdii (III iii\' wav to sec Hi alMiiit S .) clue oil the cvciiiiiu' ol' the I'.Uh, he was (h'ciii\' atrcctcd, aii(| had r> I • ^i\('ii ii|» all lio|K'. I roiiiid with Kiel Mr. II. N. Woliiiisoii, of tilt! Xctv Nil I in It news] taper, and shortly afterwards, .Mr. .lames Iv'isM, 't'liief .liisticc, eiitcivid, followe I ill a few minutes l»v .Mr. II aniiatyiie, ])ostniaster, who lieell ordered to hl'lll' the key of the mail liae, which Kiel openeil. and examiiiiii;^' the letters, perused and ivUiiiied one or more. .Mr. Koss |»leaile(| for lioltoii. hut was re]iuUe(| in the most contelilptU oils maiiiii.'r. I had already heeii speakine' to Kiel on the siih- ject, when interrupt e(| M r. Kosss entrance, and now re sumed the conversation, iiiel was oli(hiratc, and said that the Kni;Iisli settlers and ( 'anadians, hut more especially the latter, had laueiicd at and despised the I'^reiich half-lireeds, l»elie\iii;^- that they would not dare to take the life of any one. and that, under these circuin.stances, it would he impo.ssihle to have peace, and cstaldish order in tin; country : an example must, therefore, he made, and he hail tiriiily resoKiMl that lioltons execution should he carried out, hitterly as he deplored the neces.si ty f or (h)inii' so. itl reasoned witli liim Ioiil; and eai iiestlv, until at len!• Tin: noktii-wkst ,k 'ii it ■ 1. 1 ; 1 1 1 1 i 1 ; i t| j 'i MLL *. on tii-.st coiiiiii^- to tin- cuiiiitiy, I wouM now rf|ifMt. tliat I wiMiM Hi\(. my wliolo lu'iirt to cHl'ct ii pfiicfiildi- union ni' tin founti'v with ( 'iinmlii.' " ' W'f wnntonly our just »'i;^iits iis Hi-jtisli sultjt'cts,' lir Miiil 'ami Uf wiint the Kiif^liHli to join us. sinijily to olitiiin tli.M ' 'I'lit'ii, I irniai'kcMl, • I sliiill at once set' tlifin anNKI< SMIIII. :)or> jM'ilt, tliat I uniuii III' til' 1 1 ;m^.ri' relief of tin' cmiiit ly to ( 'm inula, .11 n I tor eiismiii;^' sni'ety <>\' life Mini |ii'ii|ierty in the iiieMiitiine. In sniii<- in.stnnrt'N, I ii'l tlit-y liml (liiiwn m|i ]ietitii)iis to Mf. |{iel n I'resiileiit," loll >\|ues.siny; siiliiiiission, ef' , tlu'se I ri'<|iieHt»'il tliem to ijestroy. aiixisin;: that iiothin;;' inoi • should lie done than nnder the liri'Muistances was ahsohitely iie<'ess)iry, namely, that ha\ in;;' made tlieii' elertioii, yon .•■hoiild siiiijily intimate the tact ill t'onnal terms to Mr. riuiin. \. ho had lieeii named Secre- tary of the ('(Huicil, and not to Mr. Uiei. 'The elections in the I'liiulish parishes havin;;' taken place on the iJilth I'^elnuary. I a;;!iin saw iJiel, who re-assnred me, that all the prisoners Would lie released witliiii a ilay or two after the tirst meeting' "\' till' council. < )n the 2.Sth, he a;;aiii sent for me. and in pri-- siiice of .Mr. I''ras<'r, delee'dte from the Scotch parish. Kildonan, I'epeatefl his pr(jiiiist'. that llie lives of the prisiaiers were se- cured, and that tlnir release would sh tl\' folio w • 1 had no fuither communication with h'iel until .Monday the 4th Mai'ch, when about H) o'clocU in the morninu' I'cii Lesti iiic called on nit II e nitoniieo me (I l>ls||o|i ache .s ex- pected arrival, not later certainly than the Sth, and prohahly M>nie days earlier, adding- that his Ijordship had teleei-aphed to re(|Uest that, if ahout to leave tor Canada, I should defer my departure till lie could comuuuiicate per.sonally with nie. He then said that the 'conduct of the prist)nt'rs was \fvy unsatis- I'actorv, tluit tlii'V wei-e \erv unrulv, insolent to the ' soldieis,' and their l)ehaviour alto;^ether so very hak t'oi'WMnl to lie tipoetlily I'clcjiscd in fulliliiiciit ol" the ])r()iiiis(' iiiinlc by Mr. Kiel. One iiinii, I'juls.i', was nit'iitioiinl as liaviii;^' iiiailf liiiiiscli" jjarticulai'ly ulnioNidiis \>y his violent comluct, hut not one word wa.s .said oti tiiis occ; - sion ivj^ardinjLi" Scott, or the sli^^litcst intimation oivcn tliat In- or any other person iiad heen condenined to he siiot. .Mhuh 1 I o'clock, I'cre Lestanc iel't nie ami went up stall's to com- n.iinicate to ( iovei'uor .Macta\isli, as he .said, ' the oixid ii,.\v^ that l)ishop 'I'achu was expecteil so soon.' 'I'he Hescrend .Mr Y<)vniMII1I. )07 \\v\i y rt'lt'ascd m iiinii, l*!uk.i\ ly (»l)iiti.\iiiiis oil this (icci - ivt'U that lie ihot. Ahdiii nil's to ciiiii- IL' 0()(|(1 lll'W- {('Vfrt'iid Mr r house, aii'l II a t\'\v iiiin- II iiiin I iiaoniface). and had all spoken to him al)oiit it. hy which I understood tliat tliev liad interceded for Scott. ( Joxcinor .Macta\isli was -rea tly Hliocke\\i When We elltereil. hi as CO ked till me 'w hat news tf; ;ii Canada he mail had arii\ I irectMlniii" dav and replied oill\ the intelliii-elice that Hisho]) 'rache wi ill liere \er\' soon. I tl leli nii'll- tioned what I had heard re;;ardin^' Scott, ami helore Kiel answered, I'ere Lestanc iiiti rjiosed in French words, meaniii;;-, Is tl lere no way oi e.scap Kiel replie' to me, •you understand that lan^'uai!Tii-\vi;sT. • •rs, who hail hci-oiin' iiisuljoriliiiatc to .s;:ch an extent that ii was ditlicnlt to withhold tlie guards Ironi retahatine'. Ih fuith er sail 1, • I sat down with Scott, as w e are doitiLi' now and asked him truthfully to tell nie, as I would not use hi-, statement against him. what he and the I'oitaee party intend- ed to ha\e done with me. had they succeeded in ca]it uriii;.'; me when they suri'ounded ( 'oiiture's house." to whi<'h he re|ilied, ' We inteii le I to keep \-ou as a hostai-'e t'ol" the sat'etX' of tin' |irisonei-s.' I ai'eiied with lliel. and endea\ored to show that some ot" the circumstances he had mentioned, and especially the last, wei'e very strong' I'easons to ui'e-r why Scott s jil'r shoiiM not lie sacriticed, and that. if. as he represented. Scot t was I'asli, thoue'litless man. whom none cared to have an\tlnn"- t th do wit h. no e\ ll neeil appi ehellded IVom his e.\amii|( ]»ointed out that the one ^reat merit i-laimed tor the insuiii tion was that, so far. it had lieeii Moodless. exceiit in one sai nstance, wIik h all were willing to look upon as an accident, and imiilored him not now to stain it. to hurdeii it with \\\\n\ wo uld he considered a hoi'rihle criii le exclaimed W must make Canada I'espi.'ct us!' I re])lieil. "Shehase\ery pi'o|ier respect for the people of Red |{i\cr, and this is shown ill her haxiiie' sent ( "ommissioiiers to treat with them.' 1 told him 1 had seen the prisoners some time hack, when they coiii- inissioncd me to .sa\' to their friends at I'ortae'e that thev vasoii ♦leHircd peace, and I ort'ereil to ;^() to them a;L;'ai" find r with them, should that he necessary. On this he said, ' Looj, here, .Mr. Sniitli. Mr. Scott, the re|>resentative, went to sec tin prisoners at my desire, and on askiiie' tliem wlioni tlicy would vott> for as councillors, if they were penuittcd a choici' outside of their own hody :"' 'I'iios. Scott came forward >ind said, ' My bov's havt- nothine' to do with tho.se Amcric ins." And when |ii; :tt'iit tliiit ii atiii^'. Ill' • (loiiii; iiuw I not usr lii> iirty intfii'l ilitiii'iii;': iiic, II lir rcjilicil, ilViy uT thr to sliDW that specially tlir 's lit'i' shi MiM , Scott was a aiiytliinu to cxainiilc I tilt' iiisuni<'- iit in iiiic s!\'\ < an acciilciit . it with wlia! lainit'd, ' W i he has every his is shown U'Ul." 1 tolil Ml they com e that they anil reason said, ' Look It to sec the they woul'l loice oiltside nil suitl. ■ M) Ami \vliell Lord VV'olseley. 1-^^ ft ') ' 1 1 'P IJKI'oirr (»l- Sl'KClAL COMMISSIONKU SMITH. 509 I iTiiiarked, 'This is I't'iillva most tiMHiny atlaii'. and oiii^lit not to have been repeated,' he said, ' Do not atteiiij>t to ])i'ejii(hce us a<;ainst the Americans, for althouf^h we iiave not hern with them, they are with us, and have been better friends to us than the Canadians.' Mncli more was said on luith sides, but ur'-umeiit, entreaty, and protest aHit'n cni-aircd on tin- \\a\\ for a tew minutes ; lie asked .Mr. Vt)unt'' lunv he shonM place liiniselt', wliethei' standin<;- oi- Uneehn^-, tlien knelt in tin snow, said farewell, and immediately fell hack, ])iereed Ity tliitr hullets whieh had passed through his liody. The tirin;^' party consisted of six men, all of whom, it is said, were more oi' liss into.xicated. It has lieen further stated that only three of the muskets wei'e loaded with hall eartrid^^e, and that one man did not disehfir;;e his |iiece. Mi', ^'oun;^• tni'ned aside when the first sliots were Hi'ed, then went hack to the hody ami ajj^ain retired foi' a moment, while a man discharj^jed his revol- ver at the sutf'ei'er, the hall, it is said, enterinj^' the eye aiiil passinjj,' round the head. "The wounded man groaned hetweeii the time of receivinj^' the musket shots and the ;er at Ked River, hut it was not until late in the iii^ht o\' the l^^th inst., Riel gave permission Wiv my departure. Al- though not aceouiplishing all that could have been desired, Hi:iM»IM' (»F SI'HflAI. ('<».M.MIsM((M;|{ smIIH, r,it the inis!si()ii to Hfil |{i\rr, as I sliall I'liclcavm' t(t show in a t'cw words, has hccii iproductivc dI' soiiir ^ood. and tliat it was not cntii't'ly succ'L'sst'nl, may I'aiily Ix- attrilmtt'd to tlir ciicnin- •stances ahovc rt'tVrif"- lish-speaking portion of the inhaltitants grer.tly di\ided in opinion as to the eomparati\e ad\antant's of union with ('an- ada. and the foi-mation of a ('rowii ("nlony, while a few. a vei'v small numhei'. favoi'ed aniie.xation to the I'nited States. The I'.xplanations ottered on the i)art of ("anada they received as satisfactoi-y, and. witli hardly a dissentient xoice, they would now vote for the immediate t)'ansfei' to the Dominion, 'riiey earnestly retpiested me t(. assure His Ivxcellency the ( ioveJ'nor-( Jeneral of their warm loyalty to the Uritish Crowi'. '• Tlu' case is ditlicult as regards the i-^-ench lialf-ln-eeils. .V not inconsidei'alile nundierof them icmained ti'ue to their alle- ii-iance durinii' all the troubles through which thev hav<' iiad to pass, and witli these will now he fouml jissociatiMl many others whose minds had for a time heen poisond hy gross misi'ej)re- seiitations ntade hy designing men I'oi- their own selfish ends. A knowledge of the true state of the ease, and of the advan- tai')i(ii' race ' about to pour in upon tlicni. '• It is also too true tliat, in tin- unauthorised procce(lin;j,s of sonic of tlie recent Canadian ai'i'i\als, some plausible ;^m'ouihI had btH'U ;fiven for the fedin;;' of jt'aloiisy and alarm with wl)ieh the contemplate(l change of no\(.|iiment was iv^^arded by the native population. In vaiious localities these ad\rii- turers liad been industrious! \- maikinu' otf I'o)- themselves eon- siderable, and in some eases very t'xtensi\-c and exceptionally valuablr. tracts of land, tin rcby impi'essinj^' the minds of the peo])le with the belief that the time had come when, in theii' own country, they were to iic entirely supplanted by the strani;er, a lielief, howexcr. which I have no d(jid»t mi;^ht ha\e b'jon comi)letely precluded by the prevention of all such opera tions until Canada had fully uid'olded her jtolicy. and shown the ^^Toniidlessness of these fears. " J^et ns further liear in mind that many of the ('atholie clergymen in the country are not I'^reiich ("anadians, but Frenchmen, an t 514 IIISTOKY (»K TIIF, N(>MTH-\Vi;sT. 1 1 II i,,.^ i j j 1 I ! 11, r Servit'L'H so valuuhk' jukI of .such iinjxjrtiiiicc to the Do- iiiiiiion, should have huon rt'oo^iii/cil without dchiy.hut it was not until Fel)ruaiy, 1 872, two yi'ars al'tor thcjy wore rcndcnMl, that Mr. Donald A. Smith reci^ived any official rcco^jnition of th(! f^ceat and loyal work pi^i-forniDd by hini. On th(! 22ri(| Fohruaiy, 1872, the followin<; letter was received by him f'njm the Secretary of State;, Hon. .lo.seph Howe: — Ottawa, 22nd February, 1872. Donald A. Smith, E.s(|., M.P., Fort (iarry. Sill — The events which led to your appointment in Decem- ber, 18()(), as a Special (\)nuni.ssioner to the North-West, are now matter of history. But the (jiovernor-General feels that the important services which in that capacity you rendered to the country have not yet received that official recognition to which they are justly entitle- Iloti. Wni. .M(l»(,iii;al|. ap|i.iiiitiii^' Tol. i'tH*' 7. Fim'Ian.ation issued hy IIoii. Wni. Mc|)(,uyall ..i, J,,.! Dcr.-ml MT, lS(i!). Proclamation issued hy Sir John Voin,g. (iovernor ( MM.eial Canada, on (itii l»ecenil)ftr, 1809. D. ('oiuniissiou issuerl to Donald .\. Suiitl', I- Special Connnissioner. si|., a|>i>oiiitiri;; him 10. Laws «.f Assinii)oia passed hy the Pir.\ isinu.d (i May, IS70. 11. The Manitoha Act. "Veiiiinent , ( til 'tl 1 i ■ i , i . \ 1 ^X'^~^ AJ^PENDIX. No. I. |{(IVAI, I'lIAKTKl! KIK l.\( (Hil'DliATI.Nt; TlIK H lliSONS 15aV CoMI'ANV, GHANTKK liY His Ma.IKSTY, KiNO C'IIAKLES THE SKCONK, IN TIIK ■22m) ykak ok his i{ki(;n, a.i>. H)70. ("iiAKi.Ks tilt' Second, liy tin- yr.ice of (Jod, King of England, Scotland, FraiK'o find Iruland, dufunder of tliu faith, Ac, to all to wIiomi tlicso presents shall eowie, greeting : Whereas our dear and entirely heloved consin, Prinee Kupert, ("onnt Palatine of the Rhine, Dnke of Bavaria and Cuniherland, Ac. ; Chris- topher. Dnke of Alheniirle; W lliani. Kill of (/raven; Henry, Lord Arliii'^ton ; Anthony, Lord Ashley : Sir John Robinson, ami Sir liohert Vyner. Ivnigl-.ts and l^aronets ; Sii- Peter Colleton, Maronet ; Sir Edward Minigorford, Knight of the Ra'h ; Sir Paul Neelo, Knight ; Sir .John (iritlith »nd Sir Phillip Carteret, Knights ; .lames Hayes, John Kirke, Francis Millington, William Prettyman, .John PY'iiii, Escpiires ; and .lohn Purtinaii, r'itizen and (ioldsmith of London; have, at their own great cost and charges, undertaken an exj)edition for Hudson's Bay, in the nortli-west part of America, for the discovery t>f a new passage into the Souiii Sea, and for the finding some trade f(jr furs, minerals and other coiisiderahle commodities, and l)y such, their undertaking, have already made such discoveries as do encourage them to ])roceed further in pur- suance i>f their said tlesign by means whereof there may probably arise very great advantage to us and our kingdom : And, whereas the said uiulert;ikorH for their further encouragement in the said design, have Inimbly besought us to incorporate them, and grant unto them and their suceessora the sole trade and eoinmerce of all tliose seas, straits, bays. rivers, lakes, creeks and sounds, in whatsoever latitude tlu'y shall be, that lie within the entrance of the straits, commonly called Hudson's Straits, together with all the lamls, countries and territories upon the coasts and coiitiue.-i of the seas, straits, liays, lakes, rivers, creeks and sounds, afore- i • I\ AI'I'KNIilX. Siiiil, wliitli ;iro Hot imw lu-tiiiilly pusscsHcd liy .'iiiy nf oiir siil>jt'ct'^. m liy till' HulijcMt i (if iiiiy I'tlu'i' ('hristi.in Priiici! or Stfito Now Know Yt-. ili.it wi:, lii'iii:; iltMiroiis to proiiiote iill uiitliJiivorH tiMuUn^ to thu piihlic g ,iil t<( our people, iunl to I'lifoiir.'ii^i' the said luulertiikinii, liiivo of mir special ijifiee, ci'rtfiiii kiiowK'd'^c .•iinl iiu-ro motion, i^iveii, i^r.'iiite 1, r.itilieil jiiul continued, ;iiid l>y these presents, for in, our hi'irs .-ind successors do yivf i^r.mt. ratify and eontirni unto dur s.iid eoUHin, I'rince Uupert. Chris- toplier, Ilu'>e of AiUeniar'e ; William, Karl of ('r.,ven: Henry, Lonl Arlington: Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir .lohn IJo inson. Sir Uolnir Vyner, *ir I'eter ( "olleton. Sir Kdward nun>,'erforil. Sir Paul Neele. Sir .lohn (iritiitli and Sir I'jiillip (/ai'teret. Janu!s Hayes, John Kirke, Franeii Millini^ton, William I'rettyman, 'dm Fenn and John I'ortman, that they, ami such otliers as shall l)o admitted into the said soeiety as is hereafter expressed, sli.ill lie one liody, eorjinrati' ami politic, in dee tliem 'hall seen And fni-ther. we will, and 1>v tlu'se presents fur ns, imr licirs and suc- ce siirs, wi' do nrdain that there shall he frcnn henci'fortli ime nf the same Ciini|>any. tn he eljctiMl and apjiointed in sneh hirm as hereafter in these presents is expressed, whieii shall lie called the (i(>\ernnr ni ilie gaid ('ompany : and that the said (ii>vern<>r and Coinpany, shall nr nmy eleit seven nf their nmnber, in such form as hereafter in these jiresents is expressi'd, wiiiili shall i)o ealleil the Ccinimitlee nf tlu' said (''im|)any, wliich Cuiiimittee of seven, or ,iny three nf tjieni, tn^ether with the (Jnv- ernor nr Deputy < Jnvernnr nf the said Company for the time bein<,', shall have tin.' direit ion nf the Voyages nf and fnr the said Company, and the md ilso the sale of all mereliainli/.es, ynnds and nther thuiiis relnriied. provision of the sliippini; and nu'rehandi/.i'S thereunln hejnnuin 111 a 11 nr HllV o f tl le \i>yai,'es or shii >f or for th lid L oiupaiiy, lese ami tlu' miiia''inLr and liandiiiiL; of all other liusiness, .itfairs ami thiie's beloii-iiiif to the saiil Company ; And we will, oid.tin, and ;4i;int by tl jireseiits, for ii~ ( 'oiupanx ur iieirs and successors, unto th d ( le saiil (lovel'iior am ,1 am I their successors, that they the said (iovernor ami Com- pany and their successors shall from henceforth, fnifver be ruled, order- ed anil governed, accordiiiij; to such manner and form as is hereaftir in these p.rcseiits expressed, and not otherwise; aTid that they shall ha\t', hold, retain and enjoy the grants iibertiej, privileges, jui isilictions, and immuuitii's oiil\ hereafter in tliesi' pri'sents graiitcd ami expressed, ami no other : And for the iietter i xecnt mi nf our will and grant in this be- lialf, we have assigned iiounnateil constituted and made, and by these j>resents. for us, our heirs ami successors, wi' do assign, iiomiiiati', coiisti- it nd tncnntinue in the said njiice. fmm the tiite and make our said cousin, I'rince Kuiieit, to be tiie liist ami presei ( iovernor of the said ( 'omp.iny, a date of these presents uiii il the KMli Nn\cmber then next following, if h the saitl Prince Hupert, shall so long live, and >o until a new (Joxeiiior I chosen by the saiil Company, in form hereafter exjuessed : And also v have assigned, nominated and ap|>o)nted, and by these |ne.-i'iits, for i ir heirs and succissiPis, we do assiijn, nominati' ami constitute, tl IS. le said Sir .b)hii |{obinson Sir I'oliert \'vi ler. Sii 1' •'er ( letoli. .1,' 11 i\e John i\irke, Francis .Midi ini'ton and John I'ortiiiaii, to lie th e seven first and present Committees of the said Company, from the ilate of these l>resents until tlm said lOlh day of Novendier then also next following, ami s'l until new Coinmitti'es shall be cho.«,en in furni lu'ififter expressed : .\nd further we will and grant by tlevso pri'sents, b^r us, our heirs and successors, unto the paid (jioxorunr au 1 Company, iii.d llair successor.-, !J IMl i I 'I ' \ 1 \l'l'l,..l)l.\. liany that it sliall and may hf lawful to and f'(»r tlic .said <• 'Vornnr and Con: fur till' tinic! l)eing, nr tlic yri'iti.T part of tlieni present at any pul)lii siMnlily, cuinnionly called the Court (Jeneral, to he hoi en for tlii' saiil Company, the (Jovernor of tiie said Ccmpany l)ein<^ always one, from time to time to elect, nominate and appoint one of the said Com|)any to he Deputy to the said (iovernor, which Deputy shall take a corporal oath, before the ( iovi'mor and three or more of the (.'ommittee of the said Com- pany for the lime heing, well, truly and faithfully to execute his said otfice of Deputy to the (Jftvernor of the said Company, and after his oath !=o taken «hall and may from time to time in the absence of the said (lovi'ruor. exei'cise and execute till' otiice of (iovernoi" of the said ("ompany, in sui h sort as the said (io\ernor ou'^ht to do : And further we will antl grant by these presents, foi' us, oiu' heirs find successors, unto the said (iovernor and ('ompany of Adventureis of Kngland trading into Hudson's Hay, and their siuet'ssors, tha' the the greater jiart of them, whereof the (it ernor toi- the time lieing or his Deputy to lie one, from time to time, and at all times hereafter, shall and may have anthorit}' and powir, yearly and every year, betwei-n the first and last day of Novend)er, to assend)U' ami meet tog< ther in some convenient place, to be appointed from time to time by the ( Joveriior, or in his absence by the Deputy of thi' said ( iover- nor *" ir the time being and that they bi'ing so assend)led. it shall and may be lawful to and for the said (iovernor or Deputy of the said (ioverno)', antl the said ('om[>Hny for the time being, or the gri'attr (tart of them which then shall lia|tpen to be present, whereof the (iovernor of the said Company or his Deputy for the time being to be om-, to tdett and nm ui nat e oni' < >{ tl le sai< IC. luipany, w hich shall be (iovernor of tin; said C paiiy for one whole year then next following, which |)erson being so electi'(l and noiuinated to be (io\ernorof the said Company as is aforesaid. befon lie at Imitted to the execution of the said otHce, shall takt; a c< poi'al oath before thi' last (iovi^'iKir, being his predecessor or his l)e[iuty, m< re of the t'onuuittee of the said Coiupany for the time md an\ tnree < th b»)ing, that he shall U'om time to tinu' well and truly execute the office of (governor of the said Company in all things concerning the same; and that innuediately after the sanu- oath so taken, he shall and nuiy execute and usi- the said ottici' of (iovei'nor of the said ("ompany for one whole year from thence ni'xt following ; And in like sort we will ami grant, that as well, every one of the above-named to be of the said Company, or Fel lowship, as all others hereafter to be admitted or free of the said Com- jiany, shall take a corporal oath before the (iovernor of the said Company or his Deputy for the time being, to such etlect as by the said (iovernor and Company, or the greater part of tlu'm, in any public Court to be held for the said Company, shall be in reasonable or legal manner set down and devised, before they shall be allowed or admitted to trade or tratlic as m^ Al'I'KNDIX. Vll 11 fieisnmu of tlir sjiid Company : Ami fiirthcr wo will ami maiit liy tlu-so prosoiits, for us, o\ir lit'irs and suoci'ssors, unto tlu' said (iovcinor and ConijKiny and their successors, thht tlu' said (iovt-rnor or Deputy ( lovi'i-- nor, and the rest of the said Company, and their successors for the time being, or tlu; greater i>art of them, whereof the fioveriior or Deputy- (lovernoi' from tiuK^ to tinu* to he oni,', shall and may from time to time, and at all timi-s hereafter, have power and authority, yearly and I'Vi ry year, between the first and last eing so assemltled, it shall and may be lawful to ami for the said (Jovi'rnor or his Dt'|>uty, and the Company for the time beini^, or the greater part of them, which then shall h, ppin to be jiresent, whereof the (iovernor of the said Company or his Deputy for the time being to he one, to eUiCt and nominate seven of the said Coiiipany, which sliall be ;i Connnittee of the said Company for one whole yi'ar from the next ensiling, which persons being so elected ani.'i)iit,> (iosiTiini for tilt' saiil ('<>iii|iany, in tlic plneu and stiatl nf liini tlint sn ilii'd oi' \Mt> veniovc 1 ; wliicli lu-rson, ln-iiiu so u't'ttcd and noniinati'd to llic oilier ot (loVLTMor or l)i'|nit_v ( iovoriior of tlic siiid ( 'oinpaiiy. sliall Iihm' and (An cisi! tliL' Haid otlict' for and diiriiij^ the ri'nidiii' of tlie said year, takiiiu' first a cor|H»ral oiitli, as is afori-said. for tin- due rxccntion tlicreof ; aiul tluH to bo done finiii tiiuu lo tini f so oftt'ii as I 111' casi' sliall Ho riM|uii'i And also, our will ami ])li'aMirc \a, and liy llii'si; jircscnts for us, our li inl- and Hiicri'ssors, Wo dn v;raiit unto tlio said (Jovi-rnor ami ('oiii|iany, tliai when, and as ofton as it shall ha|iiini, any |ifrson or persons of the Com niittoo of tlio said ('oiii|iany, for tlio tinio l>cin<;, at any tinii' within oin' year noxt aftor that thoy oi- any of tluiin Hhall ho nouiiiiati'd, olcctcd ami Bworn to the otlico of Coiiiniiltoo of the said Company, as is afoicsaid, to dii- or lu' rcniovi'd from the said otliro, which Coiiimittt'i's not (U'liicaninu' thjiu-L'lvus \\A\ in tlioir said olhco. wo will to ho rniiovahloal tho ploasiiii' of tho saiil f tho aaiil Company, for tlio timo hcin'^'. or his Dopiity. to 1. ino. that tlioii and so ofti'ii. it shall and may ho lawful id for til ■said r, and tho rost of tho Comjiany for tln^ timo hoim;, or tiir greater pai't of thoni, whi'icof tho (oivoriior. for the tiiiu' lioinj^. or his Dojtuty to l)o one. within ooinonitiit timo after iho doatli or roniovin<^ of aiiv o f tl 10 sa id C 'ommitiot'. to a.ssonihlo thonisolvos ii iicl n such tonvonioiii ilaoo as is or shall ho usual and aocnstomed for the oloction of the Covo nor of tho s:iid Com|iany, oi' wlii'ro olso tho (Jovoinorof tho said Com p.iiiy. for tho timo hoiiijj;, or his |)oputy shall apjioinl : And that tho said (lovernor and Company, or the niiiiiaiiy, tli.ii ■. lit the Colli lie witliiii y these presents for us, mir heirs and siiccessoi's, make, create and constitute the said (lovernor and ('onipany, for the time heiiig. and their successors, the tnu' and alisoluti' lords and piopiietors nf tin- same teiritory. limits and placi's afori.'said, and of all other llie ]in'mises. .a\iiii,' alwavs the faith, allegiance and sovereign dominion due to us, niir heirs and successors, for the same, to have, hold, pnssess and I'lijoy the said territory, limits and places, and all and singular other tlu' premises hereh}' granted as afore- said, withthi'ir and e\eiy of their rights, mi'iiihers, jurisdictions, pri'- logatives, iiiyalties and appurtenances whatsoever, to them, the said (Jov- erimr and Coiiipaiiy, and their siiccessurs for ever, to he liulden of us, our II our county heirs and successors, as of our manor of Mast ( iieeiiu icli, i of l\ent, in free and coiiimiii soceage, and imt in capite or hy knight's hli service ; yieliling and pay d \i'arlv til us, I iiir heirs , -111(1 siieci'ssors, for the .same, two elks and two lilaek heaxfi's, whensoever and as often as we, our heirs and successors, shall happen to eiitei' into the saiil countries, territories and regions lu-rehy granted : And further, mir will and plea- sure is, and l»y these presents for us, our ln'irsand successors, w(! do grant d to their successors, that it iiiiti th sai( I ( loxeriior am 1 C. ipany, an ^llall ,ind may he lawful tn and for tl d ( le saiil t loveriior am I (' impaiiy, am their successors, from time to time, to assi'iiihle themsehes, for nr ahor.t any the matters, causes, atl'airs or liiisinesses of tlii' said trade, in any placid oiiiiiiioiis nr elsewhere, a ir.d or places fur the same convenient, within oiird there to hiild court fm- the said <'oiii]iaii3', and the ali'airs therenf ; and that also, it shall and may he lawful to and fni ihi'iii, and the greati r part iif them, heing so asseiiililed, ami that shall tlieiiaiid there he \)\-r- seiit, in any such |ilace or jilaees, whei'eof the (Jnveriior nr his Deputy, for the time heing. to he mie, to make, ordain and cniislitiite such and sn many reason.'ihle laws, constitutions, ni'iU-rs and nrdinaiices as tn them, nr the greater part of them, hi'lng then and there |irescnt, shall seem necessary and convenient for the good govei'iimeiit of the said company, GO AIM'KNIMX. and (if till gdVLTiiors if colonirs, foils ainl |il(iiitiiti:y si* , ii.;v.-< (institutions, tirdcis and ordinances, in such form as aforei. >>.)!.. •■■UnW and vuay lawfully ini|io8e, ordain, limit, and pro- vide such paitis, i'..?i. , and punishmi'iits upon all oH'cnders, contrary to such laws, consiitution . > lers and ordinances, or any y virtiU' of onr proro^^ativf royal, wliich we will not liavt- in that huhalf in>;ufil or iirou^lit into (piestion ; \\ f striitly cliar^ii', loin- iiiaml and proliiliit for uh. mir licii's and snoiH-ssors. ;ill tin- sul)jrot>- f ns, our heirs and sneeessors, of wlmt dej^reu or quality soewr they . !(■ ' none of them, directly or indirectly, do visit, hainit, fretiuent n tra^'. trattic, or adventure, by way of merchandise, into or from any o: '■! .wi; i territories, limits or places hertdiy L;r.inted, or any, or fitli' ^ i in, othi-r than the s.iid ( JoM-nior and Company, and such particnla'' | >o.'is as now lie, or liei ciftcr shall ln'. of that Company, their aj"''Us. taclois and assij^ns, unless it he Ity the license and a(iii\, jiinl tlu'ir siuc'i'ssors, tli t .»»•, cmr lifirs iind siicci'ksoi'b. \mII lint tjraiit lilii'i'ty, liruiisc i>r pdwor ti> niiy |ii!rsnii or |utsoiis wliat.sncxcr, coiitiiiry to till- ti'iior of tln-so our IctliTs jiatiiit, to liadi', trallic. or in lliiliit, unto or ii|ioii any tlic tcrritorifs. limits or jdiicfs nfurv .s|ii'cilifd, I'onriMiy to tlic trm- mcaniiii^ of tlu-st' |irfsciits. without tlic ci'iiscnl of till' said < loviTiior 1111(1 ('oiiipaiiy. or tlu' m<>>;t pail of tlu'iii : And, of our more aldindnut yriifi' iiiid fiivor to tlio said (iovfiiior ami Conipaiiy, we do licieliy declare oiir w ill and ploitHiiro to lie, that if it shull ho happen that any of tlu,- persons free or to he free of the said ('oiiipaiiy of adven- turers of Knylanil Iradiiii,' into ilndson's Uay, who shall, hefore iho ^{oinu forth of any Hhijt or ships appointed for a voyai,'e or otliurwiist', promiHe or a^ifi', l»y writing' under his or their lniiids, to advi-ntiire iiiiy sum or sums of money towanls the fiirnishiiii^aiiy provision or mainti'iiamu of any voy aj^e or Voyages, set forth, or to 1k' set forth, or intended or meant to lie set forth, l>y the said (ioveiiior and Coiupaiiy, or the more part of them present at any pulilie assiin ii.lv, immoiily ealU'd their <4i'neral court, shall not within the space of twenty daya next after warniiijj; ^dven to him or them Ity the said (loveriior or ("ompaiiy, or their known otliior or minister, lirin<^ in and delivir to lliv Trcasnri r or Treafcuii is, appointed for tlu' ("omjiaiiy such sums of money as shall have lieeii expressed and set down ill wiitiiij,; liy the .said person or \ < :sons. suliserilted with the name of .said adventure or adventurers, thai then and at all times after it shad and may lie lawful to .iiid for tile said (io\iriior and Company, or the more part of present, whereof the said (Jo\eriior or his Deputy to he one, at .any if their "eiier.il courts or i/eiii'ial .issemlilies, to remove and disfraiicliiso th •h him or them, an> lu' niiilf foi' tlic (JoviTiiini'iit nf tl\c h.M ('niii|iaiiy : And fiii'tlici-, iMii' will .iimI |plt'!iHiiri' in, ami liv flic"!' prt'si'iits, fur \ia, mil' heirs aiii I HII Cl'l'SSIirH, \\ (• ( in m nut until the ^ii shall lia\e a iiuuilier nf vntes afmrdim,' tu his stuck, that I- ti ly, fur e\fiy hu mH'i'il |iiiiiii Is ll MliSM'lillril 111 hi'iiu^ht iiitii the |ireseiit slnek, niie x'lite, aiid that any nf thn f that have siiliserilieil nr hinULjht intn the |iresent slnek, niie vnte. ami that any nf tlinse that havi- suiiseriln^Ml less than niie hnmlieil |inuutls, may jniu their i'eH|iuetivu .sums In make up mii' humlreil pnuml~ ly fur th ■ sam ;. ami imt nt her .1 I ami liav e one vnte jnint- « ise Anl fuilher nf nui •spe-ial '^race oei'taiii kiinwleili^e and mere uiilinii, we t\i> fnr us ir heirs ami suet'oss- iM'H, i^rant tn and w ith the said < inxerunr and Cnmpiny n| Adxenlureis nt H'r ami autlmrity, liy c-niiiiiiiHHiiiii uimIci' tlit'ir ciiiiilii*>n Htal, i>r otliei wIho, til coiitiinii! <•! niakt' piwu'f or war with uwy prim-*! or ju'oplc wliafso- uvor, that arc not ('hristiaiiH, in any iilaccs whoic thcHaiil Company HJiall havf any |>laiitationH. forts, or factorieH, or atljiiccnt tlu-rtMinlo, hh .shall he nioHt for tim ntlvantagu ami liuiietit of thu Haiil (iovcrnor ami Com|iaiiy. ami of thfir Irailo; ami also to lii^lil ami rccompinsi' tln-m Hi^lvi'M upon the ^oods, r.statt'N or pi'oplo of thfisf poMtH, lij' whom the Hniil (iovt>rnor ami Company aliali 'timtaiii any injury, hms or nt.s, interrupt wroni;, or injuro tlu-m in thi>ir said tratlo. within tin* said placi's, ti-rritorivs, and limits ^rantid liy thiH charier. And that it Hhall and may he lawful to and for the .said (iovurnor and Company, and their succeHsois, from time to time, and at all times from heneeforth, to ereet and huild such caHtles, fortitieationH, fortn. i^arriaons, colonies, or plantations, towns or villages, in any post or places within the limits and hounds granted hefuru in thuHu pruseiits unto thu said (lovernor and Company, as they in their discretion nhall think tit and reipiisite, and for the HU|iply of such as shall lie needfid and convenient. to keep and be in the same, to send oiii of this kin{>;doni, to the said castles, forts, fortifications, garrisons, colonies, plantations, towns or villages, all kinds of clothing, provision of victuals, ammunition and implements necessary for such pinpose, paying the duties and customs for the same, as also to transport and carry over such nund>er of men, being willing thomselves, or not prohibited, as the} shall think tit, and also to govi'rn them in such legal and reasonable manner as the said (Jovernor and Company shall think best, and to inflict puni.sh.neiit for mis«lenieanors or impose such tines upon them for bioich of theii' orders, as in these presents are formerly expressed : And further, our will and jileasure is, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, wi' do grant unto the said Governor and Company, and to iheir successors, full power and lawful authority to seize upon the ])er.sons of all such Knglish, or any other our subjects which shall sail into Hudson's Bay, or inhabit in any of the countries, islands or territories hereby granted to the said (Jovernor and Company, without their leave and license in that behalf first had and obtained, or that shall condemn or disobey their orders, and semi them to Knghind : and that all and every j)er.son or persons, being our subjects, any ways employed by the said (Jovernor and Company, within any the parts, places, and limits aforesaid, shall be liable unto and sutl'er Bucli punishment for any oH'ences by them committed in the jiart.s aforesaid, as the President and Council for the said Governor and Com- jtany there shall think tit, and the merit for the ofl'ence shall recjuire, as 'I « AI'I'KNIUX. XV iifui't'Aaiil ; niiil in cuNtt niiy ticrriDii nr poi'Kiins Itciiii; cDnvieti'il nuA nru- ti'iict'd \ty flu- I'n'sidcMi iml Coniiril employi'd in tlu- »aif lawful to and for the naid iJovcrnor mill Company, and their respective I'reMidcnt, Chief Agent or (iovuriior in the parts aforuHaid, to examine upon oath all fnetorN, masters, purHers, siipercHr^oeH, coiiitiiHiiderHnf eiistles, forts, fortitieations, plantatioiiH or colonies, or other porsoiiH, touchinj^ or concerning any matter or tiling in which hy law or iiHa^e an oath may he ailministered, so y till' (iiacf of ilitd of till' I'liired Kingdom of (Jix-at IJiitiiin and In-laml, Kin«- fi'iiiU'i- of till' Faitli. //n /' i/.s .■ihiill ciiiiii , (;l{KK'l'IN( VV'hkkkas An Act passi'd in llic scconil year ur Royal liiti'iise, Miidor tlu- hand and seal of one of our Priiui- |>al Secretaries of State to any liody eor|»orate or company, or jierHoii oi persons, of or for the exclusive privilej^'e of tradiiiL; with the Indians in all such puts of Noith America as should lie specified in any such (Irants or Lici'iises respect ixily, not lieint^ pirt of the lands or territoiies heretofuie granted to the (lovt'rnoi' and Coiii|iany of Adventurers of Fnylaml trad- iiifi to Hudson's Hay, and not lieinu I'li'l of any of oiu' jirovinces in North America, or of any lands or teiritories lielonuiiiLj to the Cniteil States of Ai nerica, and t hat all such < I !n air jicenses slioi ild lie ''ood, valid and etl'eclual, for the purpose of securiiiL; to all such liodies corporate, or com- panies, or persons, tli" sole ami exclusive piiv le<_'e ( if tradiii"' with th Indians, in all such parts of North America (except as tlu'ieinafter ex- cepted) as should he s]iecitied in such f : and it was in tlie said Act further enacted, that no such tirani or License iiiadi' or ^iven liy us. oui' heirs or successors, of any sucli exclusive privilejfes of tradin<,' with the Indians in such parts of North .\merica as afoi'esaid siioul) In- made or ^dveii for an}' lon<;er period than lie leiiiiired or demanded for oi' in re- 21 md that no rent shonli spoct of any suchtirant or License, or any juivile^es Lfiveii thereliy, under the jirovisioiis tif the said Ai-t. for the tirst period of •_'! years ; and it was furthei' enacted, that from and after thi' jiass.u^ of the said .\ct, the < jovernor anil Comiiaiiy li- iitrary nnt- liat Ml) sucli nf any such ts i(f N'mtli |iurii>d tliaii fur 111' ill ic- troliy. iukUt : and it was id Aft. the to Hudson s wlioin evi'iy I, shoiihl I'l.'- iloy, in any parts of Nortli Aim-rica, and slioidd onci' in i-arh yrar ri-tiim to niir I'lin- fi|ial Serretiirios of Statt* afiMirutu duplii-ati-s of such i'i's,'istiTs, ami should also untui' into siu-li si'ciirity as should In- rt't|nirt'il liy ns for the diu' I'Xe- cntion of all criminal |iioi'i'ssfs. and of any I'ivil |iioc»ss in :\\\\ siiii wIrto tin; niattiT in dis|uitt' slioiiid cxcffd 'J(M(/,. and as well williui the tcni- torit's inclmlfd in any siicli j^raiit as within tho.so iii'antcd liy ('hartcr to till' (Jovtiiiior and ('omi»any of Advfiitnri'rs of Kn^daml trathe citizens and siilijects of t he two jiowers for the term of ten yeais from the dale of the sii^naluie of that ( onvention d it was therefori' enacted, that iiotliiiii,' in the said Act eoiitained should he deemed or construed toautliorise any body corporate, fonipaiiy or |iersoii, to whom his Majesty nii>;lit, under the pio\isions of the saiil Act, iiiak e or ;i'ant. or uive li iceiise of exclusive trail nil' with the Indians, in such parts of North .America as aforesaid, to claim or exercise any such exclusive trade within the limits specitied in tiic said article, to the prejudice oi- exclusion of any citizens of the I'nitci Si ates of America trade: l*i<>\iileil always that no who miL(ht he entia'j,i'd in tii' sa Hritish subject should trade with the Indians w it hiu such limits without such (irant or License as was bv the said Act reouiiei .And whereas the said (loveriior and t^)lllp:ln\ o|' Ad\entun if I-: land, trading into llulsius !>ay, and cerliin Assm-iations ot persons tradi nj' urn ler tl le name i if th out ll-w t'S t Complin of .Montreal. " liavi respectively extended the fur trade over man> parts nf North .\merica which had not been before exjilored : .-Viid wlnii-as the eompetition in tho said trade has been found for some years past to be ]iroduetive of i^reat inconvenience and loss, not only to the said <'nmpaiiy and .Associations, but to the said trade in Kciieral, and also of u'leat injury tn the native Indians, anil of ntlier persmis our subjects ; .And whereas the said (inv- ernnr and Cniiipany nf .Adveiitiirei's nf Kn^daiid, trading into Uudsnn's Bay, and William M'(iillivray, of Montreal, in the province of Lower t' will AI'I'KNDIX. hi '.I' I (^ [M^ ' .' Ciumtla, e8()uire, Siiimn M'Gillivray, of SuH'olk lane, in the City i>f Lon- don, iiiorclmnt, and Kdward Kllice, of Spring (Jarduiis, in tlie county of Middlesex, t'.s(iuirL', liavi- lejiresontud to us, that tlioy liave entered into ail agreement on tlie '_'(>tli day of March last, for putting an end to the sjiid competition, and carrying on the said trade for 21 years, coinmeiicin^^ witli the outfit of 1821, and eniling with tlie returns of 1841. to be carried on in the name of tiie said (Jovernor and Company exchisively. And wliere is tlie said CJovernor and t'oiupany, and William MXiillivray. Simon M'dillivray and Edward Ellicf. have humldy besought us to make a grant, and give our Royal License to them jointly, of anvince8 in North America, or of any lands or territories belonging to the said United States of Amer ica, or to cny Euro|)eaii (iovernment, state or power ; and we do by these ))re8ents, give, grant and secure to the said Governor and (-onipany, and William M'dlillivray, Simon M'(Jillivray and Edward Ellice, jointly, the sole and exclusive privilege, for the full period of 21 years from the date of this our grant, of trading with tin; Indians in all such parts of North America as aforesaid (except as tln'reinafter excepted) ; and we do hereby declare that no rent shall be reipiired or demanded for or in respect of this our (irant and License, or any prixileges given thereby, for the stiid period of 2J years, but that the said (li ■ ernor and Comi)any and the said William M'Gillivray, Simon M'(Jillivray and Edward Ellice shall, during the period of this our (Jrant and License, keep accurate registers of all persons in their employ in any parts of North America and shall once in each year return to (mr Secretary of State accurate duplicates of such registers, and shall also enter into and give security to us, do iilisii licrol)y iTniiivo, tluit tlio caid d'oMa-iinr and ("oiiipaiiy. and William M'(iii!ivray, Simon M'Oillivray and Kdward Kllico sliall, as si; their moral and relijfious improvement. And we do hereby declare, that nothing in this our grant contained siiail be deemi'd or construed to authorise the said Governor and Com- ]iany, or William M'tiillivray, Simon M'Ciillivray and Kdward Kllice, or any person in their emjiloy, to claim or exercise any trade witii the Indians on the North-West coast of America to the westward of the Stony M(uintains. to the prejudice or exclusion of any of the citizens of the I'nit'd States of America who may be engaged in the same trade : Provided always tliat no Hritish subjects otiier than and except the said ';riil!itiii|^' tlic Fur Tnide, mid cHtaMisliiiii: a <'riiiiiiial ami Civil .liirimlictimi within lertaiu partH of North Anioriia. it was anioiiyst other thin!,'s, I'liactod. that from ami after the |ia.ssiii«{ of the said Aft, it hhoiilil he lawful for His sail .Majesty, his heirs or sue- eessors, to umko (Iraiits, or <,'ive his or their Ko.val Lieensu, uinler the hand and senl of one of his or their principal Secretaries of State, to ans liody corporate or Company, or pi'rson or persons, of or for the exclusive privile^'e of trading' with the Indians in all such parts of North America as • hoidtl lie spi'citieil in any such ( i rants or Licenses respect ively, not Ix'iiiL; pare of the lands and territorii's theretofore Ljranted to the Cnwr iioi and Company of Adventurers of Kuyland tradini,' to iJudMin's IJay, and not hein.' part nf any of our provinces in Nmth America, or of ,iii\ iiid s or territories lielon^in;^' to the Cnited States of .\merica, and t hal all such (irantsaiid Licenses should lie i,'ood. valid and ellectual for tli pui()oNe of securiii'^ to all such li idies c ftutlier eimcted, that no siu ■h (iraiit or Lici nse made oi' >'ivcn hv His sai I Majesiv. his heirs or su'jcessors, of any such exclusive privileges of i^rad mg with the lnay. ami every Imdy cor iich < It or Li cense porate. and comiiaii}', and peison to whom ;iny s should lie made or L(i\ en as afori'said. should respectively ki'eji accui'iite ri.'- gistersofall jiersonsin tlu'ir employ in any parts .if North .\merica, and should (ince ill each vcar return to the I'riiicipal Secri'taries of State accui- luplicates of such ri'gisters. and should also enter into, such security as ate ( sho lid 111' ri'ijuired fortlu' due exi'cu! ion of all processes criminal and civil, as well within the territoiies ini'liided within any such <«rant-«, as within those L(ranted liy Charter to the (iovernor and Coiiijiany if Adventurers of Knul ml trading to Hudson's Hay, and for the producinsj; or deliveriiui in- to safe custody, for the purpose of trial, all persons in their employ or act- iiii; under their autho.ity. who should lu' charj^ed with any criminal otl'encc. and also for the due .lud faithful rvaiice of all siu-h rules, ret'ulatioiis ai lid stipulations as should lie contained in any such (irant or License Uy.l minishiiif.; and ultimately pri, ventiny the sale or distii eithi/' for gradua 'Mition of spirituous I'lpiors to the Indians, or for proinotinj^ their moi'; AIM'KNDIX. XXl t'stiil>lisliiii>.' Ii Aiiierica. lit' piissiiiii "I lii'irs ('!• 8UC- ie. uinlrr tlir St.itf. til aii\ lIlC CXclllsiv !■ irtli AiiR'ric.i fclivi'ly, lint u till' (JiiVlT- lulson's I'lMN , .•a, or lit' aiiN ica, ami thai I'tual for tile ^, ui' |p('rsciii^. IS ill all siicli as sliotild 111 \ Act nr Acts : and it wa- ll li,\ Mis sa: 1 li'^ii's tit' trail (■said, slmiild tliHt nil rent icli (iraiit "1 siiiiis iif till' icr I'liacteH. \ el iinr and ■\- lii'dy c'lir or liii-oiisc iL'ciir.'ti' rc- ViiR'iica, and State accttr li soriiritv as al and ci\il. ■ t". as within vi'iitiiri'is any iiin ho.l lei tl y corporate, com|aiiy or person to whom his said Majesty niiyht, d Act, make or <^'rant or ^ivea license of ix- le provisions of the san f th exclusive trade withthe Indians in such partsof North America as aforesaid to claim or exercise any such exclusive trade within the limits specilied in the said article, to the prejudice or ('xcliisioii of an_\ citizens of the said I'nited States of America who miulit lie eiis,'ai,'ed in tlu'said traile ; with a inciviso, that no IJritish siiiiject should tradi' with tin- Indians within such units without such (iraiit or License as was l.v th d Act reiiuire< And whereas liy an instruineiit under the hand and seal of the {{inht Hoiior.iitle Kirl Hathurst, then i ne of his said late .Majest\'s Sec- retaries of State, and datt'd the *itli day of Dccemher, I.HiJl, after re- citing therein, as or to the etl'ei't afori'said. and also ii'citiie^' that the said (Jovernor and ("oinpaiiy imon Mc(iillivray, of Sutf'o'k Line, in the city of London merchant id Kd- vvard Kllice, of Sjiriiii,' (Jardeiis, in the county of Middlesex, esij .iie ; had represented to liis said Majesty that they had entered into an .:reeiiient, iipetition, o , lie said on the 'Jiitli day of March last, for putting; an end I and carrying on the said trade for 21 years, commemuiiy u .i h the outfit of 1821, and endiiii,' with the returns of tlu' outfit of 1841, to be carried on in the name of the said (Jovi'rnor and Coinpany exclusively, and that the said if' f,fl xxn AI'I'KXDIX. i-xciusivu privilege ^in>{ the Hiiid trade, and ruinodying tliu evils which liad ariMen fr(»in tlie conipctitinn whicli liad theretofore existed therein, did give and grant liin Hoyal lii cenHo. under the hand ami seal of one of his |iiincipai Secretaricn of Stat*', to tlie said (i<»v(!rnor and Company, and William .MctlillivrHy, Simon Mi- (lillivruy, and Kdward Kllice, for the exclusive privilege of trading with the Indians in all such parts ai North Ameiica to the northward and to the westward of the said lands and territories In-longing tni|»ftny of Adventurejs trading to Hudson's Pay, and the said Wil- liam Mctrillivray, Simon Mo(iillivray, 'id Kdward Kllice, should during the period of that grant and License, keep accurate registers of all pei Sfins in their employ in any parts of North America, and should once in ojich year return to his said Majesty's Secret.iry of State accurate dupli cates of such registers, and enter into and give security to his said Ma- jesty, his heirs and successors, in the penal sum of 6,(KX(/. for ensuring as far as in theiu might lay, or as they could hy their authority over the ser- vants and persons in their emiiloy, the due execution of all criminal i)ro- cesses, and of every civil process in any suit where the matter in dispute shall exceed 2(K)/, hy the ofKcers and persons legally empowered to exe- cute such ]>rocesses within all the territories included in that grant, and for the producing or delivering into custody foi' pur|tose8 of trial all jier sons in their employ, or acting under their authority within the said terri- tories, who should he charged with any criminal offence ; anti his sai*l Majesty did thereby re([uire that the sai>n strued to autliori/.c tlu- H.iid (Jovcrnor .md Conijiany, and Willifiiii M'lJilli- vray, Simon .M'(iillivray and Kdward Elliiu-, or any persons in lluir rniploy to claim or rxtrciHe any trade with the Indians on tlic Noitli-NVest coast of Amt'i'ica to tlu- wfstwHrd of thi- Stony MoimtainK. to ilii> pn'jndice or exclusion of any citizens of the I'nited States ot America who mif^ht !)«► engaged in tiie said trade ; and jirovidinj^ also by the now reriting ^^ranf, that no Hritisli sulijects, other than and except the said (!o\einor .md (Jonipany, and the said William M' .onditions to those specitied and referred to in th» said recited grant : No > know ye, that in consideration of the surrender maile to us of the said recited grant, and being desirous of encouiaging the said trade, and of preventing as much H8 pocaible a recurrence of the evils mentioned or referred to in tte s lid recited grant : as also in consideration of the yearly rents hereinafter reserved to us, M'e do hereiiy gnnt and give our License, under the hand and seal of one of our jirincipal Secretaries of State, to the said (Jovernor and Compan\, and their succesaors, for the exclusive privilege of trading with the Indiana in all such parts of North America to the northward and to the westward of the lands and territories belonging to the I'nited States of America, as shall not form pan of any of cur provinces in North Ame- rica, or of any lands or territories belonging to the sai 1 Cnited States of America or to any European government, state or power, but subject never- theless as hereinafter mentioned ; And we do by these presents give, grant and secure to the said Governor aiul Company, and their successors, the sole and exclusive pri\ilege, for the full period of 21 years from tlie date of tins our grant, of trading with the Indians in all such parts of North America ais aforesaid, (except as hereinafter mentioned): And we do here- by declare, that no rent shall be rei(Uired or demanded for or in resjiect of this our grant and License, or ^Miy jirivileges given thereby, for the first four ye.irs of the said term of 21 years : and we do hereby reserve to ourselves, our heirs and successors, for the remainder of the said term of w r- , ' Hi XXIV .\I'I'i:ni>ix. !H' V I 21 years, tin- yoitrlv I'eiit ni' siiin nf ("is. to bo piiitl liy tlic saitl (invt'iiKir and Coinpiiiiy, nr tlieir Hiurcsscus, mi tlio tirst day of Juno in ivery yt iiitn our hiXcliei|iU'i', i>m thi' ••iccouii thi It nf IIS, niir Moirs iiiiil Biu'ci'SHitrH ur, iiid wc do luTil)y di'clfirc, tlmt tin- siiid (invoiiior .iiid ('oinpaiiy, and tlu-ir siiocosHors, sliivll diiriii;,' th»' period of this our ^raiit and liicfiiHc keep ai'curatf ri's'istcrs o f all I lorsons tlicir oiiiploy in any parts of Ndrlli Amorioa, and shall once in i-ach year return lo our Si'crctary of Staff Htcurate lUiplifiitL's of siifh registers ; and shall also enter into and ^ivc seeiirity to us, our Iumis and successors, in the penal sum of r»,Cy their authority over the at'ivants and persons ill their employ, the due execution of all criminal and eisil pmeesaes liy the otlicers and persons iei^aily empowered to execute such processes within all the territories imhided in this our grant, and for the |iioilucing or delivering into custody for tiie piirposi s of trial all persi>ns in their eiM|>loy oiactiiiL' under their authority within the said teriitoiies w ho >.h lie eliarged with any I'riiiiinal otl'ence ; i and te do also herehy reipiire. that the said (io\eriior and Company, and tl leir successors, s hall. tl IS soon as tile same can lie coDveiiieii itly doi le. make and sidimit for our consideration and approval such iiiles and regu- lations for the manaueiiuut and carrying on the said tui tiadi' with the Indians, and the conduct of the persons employed liy them thefeili, as may appear to us to he eti'cctiial for diminishing or |ireventing the sale or distriliutiou of sjiirituous lupiors to the Indi iins, ami f.ir prom .ting tl leir moral anil relii,dous improv emeni : l>ut we do hereliy declare, that iioth ing in this our grant coiitaineil shall lie deemed or construed to authori/.i' till- said < iovernor ami ('ompaiiy. or tlu'ir successors, or an \- person!- in tlh'i:- employ, to claim or exercise any trade with the Indians or file Nr •very J»ai% HHtii'H : ami , iiinl tliiii i'i\8i', ktup s (if North jy (if St lit f hi lunl «ivc r.,oth- t(i auth<>ri/A! i\ peVHonM m liaiiH "!■ the iiiutaiiis, t'l iciiiii statoM, lu'twiH'M us ^liall 1)1' I'l (111 lu'ivli> 11 iXtl'llll "V .SlllOl'SSHl'f , l)V Clil'iIllOl-'. id tenit.iviis Riial Cr. lent as to iii'> inco or im - cct'ssors, fttll lu'iTdf. in so \t.'S afort'saiil, lii's, iirovitioe [t bi'iiij,' iicvfrtlu'less hoioliy tUuliUfd, tlial no Uritish suliji'tts otluT than and i'.\(r|it tin- said (lovrrnor and ('oni|iaiiy, ami thtir Niiirrssiirs, and tin- pi'isoiis authoii/.cd to cairy on fxilhsivo tiado hy tlieni, shall tmdu with the IndianH dnriuK tliu period of this onr griint within tlif limits afoifsaiil, or within lliat part theicof whit-h Hhall not la- coniprisi-d within any hiicIi colony m pinvincu as aforesaid. (liven at our Court at Itiickin^hani Palace. aOtli iluy of May, IH:IS. liy Her Majesty's Comiiiaml, (I..S.) (Sij^ned) r.LKNKI.C. N.t. 4. CoMMtssidN Al'I'oiNTiNd Hon. VVm. McDimom.i, I/Ii;i ri;N.\Nr-(«o\ i;k- NOK OK rilK No|{TH-\Vl;sl TKIIItlToliIKH, ('\N\|i\. JonN Vol No. Vk loKiA, hy the < iraci' of (ion of the I iiited Kin'.,'diim of (ireat Britain and Irehiml l^i kkn, Defender of tho Faith, Ac. 'I'd the Honorable 'n MeI)oii<,Mll, of the (Jily of Ottawa, in the Province of Ontario, in Our Dominion of Canada, Memlier of Our I'rivy Council for Canada, and Companion of Our Most Honor.ihlo Order of the Bath. — Oi.kktim. ; \Vhkr!';.\s hy an Ai't of the Barliaiiieiit of t,'an,iilii, iiiaile and jia^sed in the St,--'«ion held in the thirty-second and thirty-third ye.irs of Our reigM, and intmuled : " An Xct for the Teiiiporarv rioverninent >>( f{iipert's Land anf Territory when united with Canada.' After recitiiii,' that it is jnohable 'hat We, purHiiaiit to the JJritish North America Act, 1H(>7, may Im:- pleaswl to adni t Ritpert'* Land and the North-West Territa-y into till' Ciiioii ir Dominion of C.mada bi^fon- tiie then next session of the Canadian l'a><'liament . and further recitin<; that it is expedient to pre- \)wre for the transter of the said TerritorieH fnun tho Local Territories to the fJoverniiu-wit of Canada at the time which m.iy be appointed by Cs for such admi.ssion, and to make si.me teini>oraiy provision fur the civil ljov- ernment of such Territories until more porma" ont arrangements can be made by the (iovernnient and Legislature of (.'au«da. It is by the said Act now in recital in etiect enacted that it shall be liwfiil for Our (Jover- nor, by any order or orders to be by him from tune to time made with HH \ X \ I AI'I'KNDIX. I till) atlviei' of tile I'rivy Council find Hiilijt'rt to «ucli comlitioiiH iumI ri'«trii' tionH .'iH to liiin sIihII sut^ui incut, to iiiitlion/.c hikIi olliccr as lie iniiy from tinif to tiino tippoint as liiouttMuuit-iiovonior of tlio N'oitli-VVt-Ht Terri- tories, to iniikt! iii'ovision for tlic lulniinistriition of jnfltici' tlicrciii, and guneiiilly to niiiki', ordain and eHtal)lisli all such lawH, inMtitutioiis and ordiiiaiict'H as may \ r neit'smiry for the piiace. order and ]i^ood <4ovi!rnmeiit of < >ur subjects and others therein, and it also further enactey Order in Council. .1 /((/ ]l'linrns f<»r the purpose of prcpariuL? for the transfer of the North. WeMt Territories afonsaid to the (io\crnment of Canada, at the time which may lii^ ap|>ointed hy I's for such ailmission, and for making some temporary piovision for the Ci\il (iov»rnment of such 'i'eriitorit s, \\ C are desirous of appointing you, the said William McDou«,'iill, to l>e /w-i.- hiiinil-('iii'i:niiii' i>( the Ninili-Wrsl Tvnilnrifn. .\iiir A/Ki/c ijr that We, ritposing special trust and eontidenci' in the prudence, eouraj,'e, loyalty and inteLjrity of you, the said \N illiam Mc- Doti'^all. of our esjteciid grace, certain knowledge anil mere motion, have tlioUi,'ht tit to constitute anil appoint you, on, from and after tlu' day to lie named iiy Cs for the admission of {{upert's Ijand and the Norlh-\N fsleru Territory into the Ciuon or Dominion of Canada, to he. during Cur jiha 8nre, Lieutenant-(io\ernor of tlic North-NN'eMt 'J'erritories iiforesaid, and We do herehy authori/.e and empower, and n.'(|uire and command yon, nn, from and after the day to lie so named liy I s for the admission of Kupert's Land and the North-WeHtern Territory into the Cnion or Dominion of Can.uhv as aforesaid, in due manner, to do and execute, in all things that shall lielong to youi- said command, and the ti'ust We have n^posed in you, accoidiug to the si-veral |>rovisions and instructions, granted or ap- pointed you liy this Our Couuuission, aiul of the Act hereiid)efore recited, according to such instructions as are heri'with given to you, or which may from tinu- to time be given to you in respect i.f the North- West Terri- tories aforesaid, and the gnveinment thereof, by order of Our (Jovernor- (leneral in Council, under the sign manual of Our said (Joverni)r-(Jeneral, or by Cs through one of Our Privy Council of Canada, and according to such laws ;is are or shall l)e enforced within the North-West Territor- ies. In testimony whereof Wt! have caused these Our Letters to be made I'atent, and the Creat Seal of Canada to be hereunto afhxed ; Witness, Our trusty and well-beloved the Right Honorable Sir .John Young, Baronet, one of Our Most Honorable Privy Council. Knight (Jrand Cross of Our Most Honorable Order of the Hath, Knight Craiul Cros.s of Our Most Distinguished Ch'der of Saint Michael and Saint (Jeorge, (Joveriior- General of Canada. AIM'KNhlX. XXXVIl 'J. l)iNtrict <'iiurtn nlwill lie lu-lil tit micli tliin's iiii'l placi'n us fulluwH : M;mit(jl)ii, Mimli, Se|itfiiilK'r. Dfccmlifr iiml .liiiii' . I'uitam' In I'r.iirif, Int 'I'lu^siliiy fiicli iiiniitli ; U liitc HnrMc I'laiii. 'Jiiil 'I'lumiliiy citcli iiiuiith ; Fort (iiiny, 4tli 'I'liL'sdiiy I'lifli iimiitli ; St. \iiili'ow«. .'liil Tui'stluy uiich iniiiitli. ;{. Tlio cluiiiiiriii nf i\ DiHtricf Cuiirt shall he h .liisticoof the I'laiT — tlic cliaii'iiiuii iiiul twn iiia^isti'iitcs li> fonii a <|ii(>riiiii. 4. The DiHtiict Cdiirf Hluill takr cnirni/.am'u of all iictinns fi«i- nut iiii>rt> tliaii ten |ii>iiiiil.s, all otlViuiH with tiiicH nf not iiiorr than luo |ii>iiiiiIm, ami all liiiK> Court. t'». District (Joint caHt's hIihII I>o tiiod in thr district in which defendant resides. 7. Any Diatriet Maiiistrato shnll Ihsuc sinnniuiis for his cwn district. I)nt not for any othei', nnless counti'i'sii{nt!d hy tliw Ma;;istrate where snni- nions is to take ellect. 8. Distiict Conrt cases ninst not be l)ron;.;hl liefoi'e (iisneial Coni't. !•. In any Conrt, either [tarty to a civil action may lu' madi- the olhei'H wiinesH. 10. lU'j^nlated the fees to l)e churj.;ed for wi'its issued in the SM|irenu« and District Conrts. 11. W'itnesst'.s and jumrH to he paid live shillinifs per day. 12. In Siiprenu) Conrt eases, a deposit of one ponml fiom plaintiH" necessary. I.'i. .MIowances for feedin;,' prisoners, and in cases of debt, the creditor to be responsible for Hunie. 14. Fifteen days' notice in Snpi'enie Court cases, ami ei'^ht in the Dis- trict Court. 15. Triiil i>y jnry in Siipreiiio Court, e.xcept where ii 'th parties desire otherwise. Ki. The I.e^iislativi' .Vssembly to issue lici'nse< to pi-actise law atid rej^u- latini; fees. 1". l{eL;\il;itiny seizure and sale of 1400, Is and chattels on jud'/uu iit. 18. The right of e.'ipia.s. I!>. In case of capias, the ci>niplaiiiant, if afterwards found to have no ground for aclinn, to be lial)le for damages. 20. Regulating seizure of the property of an ab.seonding ilebtor. 21. Sunniionaos for the (ienoral Conit to l)e issued only liy .lust ices of the Peace. 22. Magistrates and .Justices of the Peace to have snnunary power in deciding cases not over tliree pounds, oi- damages of one pound. 23. No action for the recovery of debt to be brought before tlie .August term of Sui)reme t'ourt. •^- 4 v.^^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.! 1^^ 111^ vi, niffi z ■- IIIM 1.8 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 1.25 1.4 ^ << 6" ► LO' #> V k :\ ,v \ ^\ fv '-e^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 O^ XXWlll AI'l'EXDIX. It f 24. No Judicial orticer hiiviiii; iiny interest in a case to be able to sit npon it. 2."». pjini)(iwerin|4 the ("oroner or any Justice of tlie I'eace to execute judgnient on tiie Sheiifl'. 2(i. Any debt or crime incurred or connnitted outside jurisdiction c.f court, to l)e i)ro.secuted when ])erHon is found witliin liuiits of juriMdiction. 27. Justices of the Peace, Magistrates and Constables, mu.st lie British subjects. 28. .Summons not to be served on Sundays or legal holidays. 2!l. The Su|>reme Court to l)e composed of a presiding Judge, and tiiree i)r more Justices of llu- Peace. 30. The Supreme Court to take cognizance of all cases not assigned to the District Court. 31. Any barrister, advocate, attcu'uey or solicitor i|ualitied to practise law in the Fnited Kingdom or any British Colony to be entitled to i)rac- tise in the courts of Red River. 32. Providing for Records of the Courts. ¥ I I ' ClSTOMS Dl'TIKS. 1. The duty to be 4 per cent ad vMlnrem. 2. Free gnods to be — bar iron, steel, books, publications, stationary, scientilic instruments, agricultural implements, baggage, X:c., for tlie present use of the owner ; seeds, roots, i)lants, goods passing in bond cases, boxes, barrels, bottles or covering containing goods or fluids, monu- mental tablets or tombstones, grindstones, stoves, gocjds for missions, animals for breeding stock, mill and factory machinery. 3. Tliree custom houses, one each at Pembina, Portage la Prairie and Fort (Jarry. 4. A Collector of Customs to have power to administer oaths, and to search for and seize contraband goods. 5. Collector to pay the duties collected into the Treasury twice every month. t), Collectnrs to be entitled to one fifth part of seizures. 7. Pr()\ iding for attested invoices or manifests. 8. Collectors to verify accuracy of invoices by oath, if necessary, or examination of goods. !). Collectors to provide clearance certificates. 10. Providing t'lr want of invoices. 11. Goods without clearance certiticate to be seized. 12. The owners or consigners of goods by way of Hudson's Bay to report quantity and j)rime cost witliin three months, inider penalty of not more than £'4,000 sterling. 13. All contraband goods seized to be sold by auction. AIM'EN'DIX, X\1X fi'Diii, (Hid aftiT tlio (l;iy ti> lie iiiiiiR'd by us, for tliu JKliiiissinn of Rupert's Liind find tliu Xortli-W'ostern Territory, aforesaid, into tlie I'nion or Dominion of Canadii, to wit ; or from and after the first day of December, in the year of our liord one thousand eij^ht hundred and sixty-nine, to lie, during our pleasure, the Lieutenant-doveriior of tlie North West Terri- tories ; And we do hereby autliorize, and empower and re(|uire and command him, in due manner, to Do and Kxecute, in all things that shall belong to his saiil command, and the Trust we have reposed in him. according to the several provisions and instructions granted, or ajjpointed him, by virtue of our said Conmiission. and the Act of the Parliament of Canaibi herein before recited, and accoi'ding to such instructions as have been, or may, from time to time, be given to him, and to such laws as are or shall be enforced within the North-West Territories. Of all which our Loving Subjects of our Territories, and all others, whom these Presents may con- cern, are hereby re({uire(l to take notice, and govern themselves accord- In Testimony Whereof, we have caused these, Our Letters, to be made Patent, and the Great Seal of oui' North-West Territf)ries to be hereunto athxed : Witness Our Trusty and Well Beloved, The Honorable William McDougall, .^iember of our Privy Council for Canada, and Companion of Our Most Honorable Order of the Bath. Lieutenant-Governor of our North-West Territories, etc., etc., etc. At the lied River, in our aforesaid North-West Terri- tories, this first day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and in the thirty-third year of Our Reign. By connnand, .1. A. N. PUOVKNCHKK, Sirretiirij, X<). (i. jsary, or CoMMissn)X Ai'PoiNriMi Cor,. Dkxms Conskuv.xtoi; ok thk Pkack. Thk Nokth-Wk.st Territories. By His Excellency the Hon. William McDougall, a Member of Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada, and Companion of the Mo.st Honorable Order of the Bath, Lieutenant-Governor of the North- West Territories. To Jolni Stuiit and defiance of the mai^istrates and local authorities ; And, whereas, William Mactavish, l']s(|., (Jovernor of Assinihoine, did. on the sixteenth day of Novemher last, publish and make known to these armed men, and all others whom it might concern, that the lawless acts aforesaid, and which were particularly set f(jrtli in his Proclanuvtion, were " contrary to the remonstrances and protests of the ])ul)lic authorities," nrul rotest or Proclamation, cer- tain of the armed men aforesaid, have taken possession of the ])ublic re- cords and papers at Fort 'Jarry, and have seized and held as j)risoners the public f)tticers, or persons having chai'ge of the same, and, as T am credit- ably informed, still keep unlawful jiossession of the said nicords and pub- lic ])r<)i)erty, and with force and arms contiinie to olistruct public otlicers, and others, in the performance of their lawful duty and business, to the great terror, loss, and injury of Her Majesty's peaceful subjects, and in contempt of Her R(jyal authority ; And, whereas, Her Majesty, liy Letters Patent, under the Great .Seal of the Dominion of Canada, bearing date the twenty-ninth day of Se])- tember, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- nine, has been graciously pleased to appoint me to be, from and after the first day of December instant, Lieutenant-Governor of the North-West Territories, and did authorize and command me to do and execute all things in due nuinner that should belong to my said coimnand. Know you, that reposing trust and confidence in your courage, loyalty, fidelity, discretion and ability, and under, and in virtue of the authority in me vested, T have nominated and appointed, and, by these juesents, do nominate and ajijjoint you, the said John Stoughton Dennis, to be my Lieutenant, and a Conservator of the Peace in and for the North-West Territories, and do lierel)y authorize and empower you as such to raise, organize, arm, ecjuip, and provision a sufficient force within the said Ter- ritories, and, with the said force, to attack, arrest, disarm, or disperse the said armed n)en, so unlawfully assembled aiul disturbing the public peace ; and for that jjurpose, and with the force aforesaid, to assault, fire u[);ive ^oii full jiower and authority to call upon all niaL,'istrates and peace otHcers to aid and assist }'ou. and to order all or any of the inhabitants of the North- NVest Territories, in the name of Her Majesty the <,>i'.een, to sii[)iiirrt and assist yuu in protecting the lives and properties of Her Majesty's loyal subjects, and in preserving the public peace, and, for tliat purpose, to seize, disjierse, or overcome by force, the said armed men, and all others who may be found aiiling or allotting them in their unlawful acts. Aiitl the said persons so ciilled upon in Her Majt'sty's name, are heri'by ordered and enjoined, at their pi'ril, to obey your orders and directions in that behalf; and this shall lie sufficient warrant for what you or they do in the premises, so long as this Commission remains in force. Given under my hand and seal at arms, at Ked |{iver, in the said Ter- ritories, this the hist day of December, in tlie year of our Lord one thou- .sand eiglit hundred and sixt^-nine, in the thirty-third year of Her Jleign. I5y Command, WILLIAM M(D()U(JALL. J. A. X. PROVENCHER. Semi a I'll. No. 7. ;e, loyalty, authority ', presents, I, to be my orth-West h to raise, sai Decemukr, 18(;9. Thk Nokth-Wkst Tkkkitoiuks. PROCLAMATION. By His Excellency the Honorable William McDougall, a member of Her Maje.sty's Privy Council of Canada, and Companion of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, Lieutenant-Governor of the North- West Territijries, etc., etc., etc. To (I'l to v;h<»i) these presents .shall come. Greetin(; : Whbkeas, Her Majesty the (.^)ueen, by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Dominion of Canada, bearing date the twenty-ninth day of n XXXll AI'I'KN'DIX. 'ill [■' -rr! 1 . ) Septuinbur, in the year of mir Ldid one tlioumiinl eiglit luiiMlied and six- ty-nine, in tlie tliii'ty-tliinl year of Her Ma jeHty's reign, Iihh been gracioUH- ly i)leaseil to eonstitiite and ajipoint nii^ on frcjni and after the day to \n: named Ity Her Majesty for the admission of Hii|i;'rt'H Land and tlie North- West Territory into the I'nion or Dominion of Canada, to he Lieiitena'it- (iovernor in and over the Noith-West Territoiies during Her Majesty's pleasure, and did thereby autliori/e and impower and reipiire and com- mand me, on, from and after tiie thiy uforosaid, to (hiand execute all tilings in due manner that shall hehmg to my said command, and the trust repos- ed in me, according to the several powers and instructions granted or ap- jiointed mo hy that Her Majesty's Commission, and of the Act of Parlia- ment passed in the thirty-secmd year of Her Majesty's reign, intituled "An Act for the Temporary (lovernnient of Itupert's Land, and the North-Western Territories, when vniited with Canada,'' and the instructions given me with suth Counnission, or by such further instructions as may hereafter be given me in respect of the North-West Territories, and the (iovernment thereof, by Her Majesty's Governor-(ieneriil in Council under his sign manual, or through one of Her Majesty's Privy Council of Canada, anil according to such laws as are now and shall hereafter be in force in the said North-West Territories ; anil whereas Her Majesty has declared and named the first day of Decend)er instant as the (hiy for the admission of Rupert's Land and the North-West Territoiy into the I'nion ami Uominion of Canada ; And whereas by virtue and in piu'suance of •"The British North America Act 18()7," The Rupert's Land Act IHOH, the said * Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert's Land and the North- western Teriitority when united with Canada." and the said Declaration and Onler of Her Majesty, Rupert's Land and the North-West Territory have been admitted into union with, and have become, and are now part of the Dominion of Canada, and are henceforth to I )e styled and known as " The North West Territories " Now Know Ye that 1 have thought fit to issue this Proclamation to make known Her Majesty's said appointment to all Otticers, Magistrates, Sub- jects of Her Majesty's and others within the said "The North-West Ter- ritories," and 1 do hereby reouire and ct)nniiand that all and singular, the jtublic otticers and functionaries holding office in Rupert's Land, and t'.ic North-Weatern Territory at the time of their admission into the Union a.s aforesaid, excepting the |)ublic otticer or functionary at the head of the .\dministration of affairs, do contiime in the execution of their several and respective offices, duties, i)laceH, and employments, until otherwise order- ed by me under the authority of the said last mentioned Act ; And I do hereby further re(|uire and command that all Her Majesty's loving sub- jects, and all others whom it may concern, do take notice and govern themselves accordingly. AI'I'KN'IHX. X X X 1 1 1 (Jiven uiitler my lifiiitl and Si'ul-at-Ainis at Red liivor in tlio said 'IVr- ritorius, this si-cnnd day of Di'eoinl)or, i;i tlif year of our Lord mw thou- sand eight InnidriMl and sixty-nini', and in the Thirty-third year of Hit Majesty's Heign. By Connnand. W.M. .M( |)(H(iAF.I,. .1. A. N. I'l<(»\ KNCIIKK, Xo. S. Proclamation ok Sih .Iohn VoiNd, Gn\ ki;nok-(Jknkkai, ok Canaka, ON 6th Dkckmhkk, l.Sfj!». PROCLAMATION. By His Excellency the Right Honorable Sir John Young, Baronet, a Memher of Her Majesty's Most Honorable I'livy Council, Knight (Jrand Cross of the Most Honoial)le Order of the Bath, Knight (Jrand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. (ieorge, (lovernor-deneral of Canada, T(i ((II imd I'lrrit the LdiJ'iI Snhjccls of Her Majcstij the (fhiecii, mtd to all to iclioiii tliesi- I'risi'iitu »i mi' as («(ivfi'ii(ir-(ii'imi'Hl. At tlio same time slu; lias olmrj^ud me tn i^xurciso all tlie pdwcrs jind aiitlmrity with wliicli slii' lias trnHtinl im- in tliu siip- |Mnt (if ni'dcr, and tlic siipprcHsion of miiaw Fill disturliaiicos. I'>y Her Majesty's aiitlmrity, I do tlioiefnii' as.siiro yi'ii, that on the iiiiinii with Canada all ymir civil and itdiyioiis ri<,ditsand priviloyus will lie rt'S|iecti!d, your propuition socurud to yon, and that your country will he govornod. as in the past, iiiidcr liritish laws, and in the spirit of Biitisli jllsticl^ ! do, further, under Her anthoritv, entreat and command those of you who aro still (vssi'inhled aii, by these jiresents, nominate, constitute and appoint you, the .said Donald .\. Smith, to be our Sjjccial Coimnissioiier, to enquire into the causen, nature, and extent of the t)bstruction offered at the Red r{iver, in the Nortli-West Territories, to the peaceable ingress of the Honorable Win. McDougaU, and other parties authorized by our (Jover- nor-General of Canada to proceed into the same ; and also to empiire into the causes and di.seontent and dis.satisfaction alleged to exist in respect to tlie pro))OHed union of the said North-West Territoiii's with the Dominion of Canada ; and further to exjilain to the inlial)itaiits of the .said country, the principles on which the (Jovernment of Canada intends to administer the Government of the Country, according to such instructions as may be given to you l>y om- Governor in Council in this behalf ; and to take step.s to remove any niisap|»rehensionH which may exist in respect to the mode of Government of the same, and to report to our Governor-General the result of .such eiKiuiries, and on the best mode of ipiieting and re- moving such di.seontent and dissatisf.-iction ; and also to report on the most proper and fitting mc^de for efi'ecting the speedy transfer of the Country and Government from the authority of the Hudson's liay Com- pany to the (Government of Canada, with the general assent of the in- habitants. And further, to con,si(ler and report on the most advisable mode of Uealing with the Indian Tribes in the North-West Territories. a X\.\V1 AIM'KN'IHX. i; To liavi' ami In Imld tiic said utlH'c of ('uiniiiissioiicr, for tlic |hiiii<>sl's iifmi's id niiti> \nu tlic said Duimld A. Smith, diuiriy iili'iisiiri'. Ill test iiiiiiiiy whiTOiif, fto. (( JuK.AT Ska I..) Ndi'K Tlu) iiliiiVL' CoiiiiiiisHinii wfiK not sont to Mr. Donald A. Smifli until till- 'jritli .Jfiniiary, IM70. altlioiiuli it was i^dvoii iiinU'r tliu (iroai Stwil on till' ITtli Di'i'eiiilR'r. CoiniiiisHionfr Smitli, liowrxcr, aiti'd on tlif U'tttT of tlif MItli FJeci-'nihi'i", whicli was in fact a comiiiission ;iiviiiu him tlio fiilli'st authority to ai't according to tlm lit'St of his jud^^iiit'iit in ilualinj.; with the troiildos at Kcil Kiver. I II V ' '♦ 1 No. 10. liAWS OK ASSINIIIOIA, I'ASSKIi liV THK PKKSIDF.NT AM> LkoISLATI VK As- SiSMIlI.Y OK ASSINIIIOIA ON IIIK "TU r)AV OK MaV, 1870. (Srfiiiiil Scssldii iif the Lniisliil iii'i'. ) (Tlu'so laws coniu into operation on the 20tli day of May, 1870 ; until wliich tinm tlm laws under which tin; country lia.s hitherto been governed remain in full f(uce. On and after the 20th (biy of May, 1870, all the old laws are repealed.) NoTK.— The fiilloirliiij Is liivrcl ij n .iiltinpnii of Uir iiiKi'tllKiifs pn'^siil , lltr ilr- t< KM..) A. Siiiitli 111. (lifiit ud I'll tin- iviim liiiii l<^uioiit ill At Our (invcrmiifiit llnusc, in Oiir City nf futiiwii. tlii.s Twenty iiintli •lay nf Si'iitiinbiT, in tlu' yi;ir nf (dir I.nnl nnc tlion.siiml iii,'Iit Inimlriil uiid sixty-iiiuL', ainl tlu' tliiity-tliiid yt-iir nf ( dii' Ki'ii(n. \\\ I 'uirini.'ini), IIk'Kik L. Lavuk.vin, Stii-it((lil of li'ldli . N I •. •). .ATlVK As- I'ltcM I.AM M liiN l.s.sl Kli IIV Hi'S. \N M. .M( iJitl (lAI.I. CIS Isf Dki KMUKK, lH(i!». \'n loiti \, liy I lie < Jr.icc nf (ioii, of tlir I nitcil Kin;,'(li)in nM iiciil, Hrit.'iin and Inland, ^>i i;i:\, DufemliT ><{ \\\v Kaitli, etc., rt , fir. 1870 ; until n yoveriR'd , all tlio nld .,S(8." enacted and declared that it should lie competent for " the (Jover- nor and CompHny of Adventurers of Kngland, trading into Hud.son's Bay." to Hiu'render to Her Majesty, and for Her Majesty, i)y any instru- ment under Her sign manual and signet, to accept a .surrender of all or any of tlie lands, territories, jiowers, and autiiorities, wliatsoever, granted, or puriiorted to he granted, by certain Letters Patent of His late ALij»\sty King Charles the Second, to the said (ioveriier and Company witiiin Rupert's Land, u])on such terms and conditions as should he agreed upon, l>y and between Her Majesty and the said (Governor and Company: And whereas, by "The Rupert s Land Act, 18(58," it is further enacted, that from the date of the admission of Rupert's Land into the Dominion of Canada, as aforesaid, it shall be lawful for the Parliament of Canada to X X \' 1 1 1 AI'I'KNDIX. iiiiikt', lU'ilaiii, and cHtHlili.sli, williin the hhuI lainl uml territory mi mliiiit- tofl, iiH afHaiil, III! mdIi Ihwh, iiistittitiuiis ami niiliiiaiiccs, aixl ti> cnnsti tuti! such coin ts, and olhcfiM iin may Ite iieci'MNary for the poacu, onU-r ami j{ooil ^u\'crniiit>iit of llci- Majesty's siiliji'cts, and others theri'in : And wliereaH, it is further provi(hMl liy tlie said Act, tliat until ot lier- wino u:tacte i Ity the snid I'arliaiiient of Canada, all the pdWerH, author- ities, and juriHilictioii of tlie suvt^ral I'ouits of justice now eMtahiished in {{ujiert'H Land, and of the several ofhcers tliereof uml of all mii^jistrati-H an7." hath dei'lared that Rupert's i^aiid and the Nortli-W'i'slern Teiritory, shall, and from tiu' first day of Decendicr, in the year ii wiiu's miil lii|iini>. i rii port) Co.NHTAIll.KM To Ihi imt It'HH timii Hixtci'ii it) iiiiihlifr, Miiiiitnlia, 1: IVntikL'i' In I'miiii 2; Wliit.' HoiHc IMiiiiis. ;i ; St. AimIitwh. ."I ; Fnft (Juriv, W iiiii|i 2. l'ni\isiiiii WHS tliuii niiule fm- tin- .ViliiiiiiiHtratii'ii nf liitustiUi- KHtiitu.s. I'OSTAI,. lit- c.iiri>'il at puMie c'.\|>i)ii!)c. Clifirycs for |M(stayt' : - IjottiT.s iiiuU'r halt' nimcc. mir |ii'iiiiy, tllK I H poiiiiy fur iMcli jiiMiticdial Imlf uiuifo. .Ma'^aziiiL'H i.r Ituvii'Wrt. \\ puiico. No WspHplM'iS, lit |ii'iiiiy, tlici.sc friiiii iilliL'c iif piiii|i( at loll i i'Xi'lr»iii,'i)s Ut Ik' fri'f. IJdiik.s, liaif pniiiiil anil muli r, fmir pciu'i'. I.ncal liMti'i's, lino ponny oai'li. Ijncal nrw.spapiT.s tn .snii.ii ril)ui'.s t'lia-. lii'Ljnla- tioim for (iilvurtisid Iitt'is. Uninuli utlicra tn ho at St. Aiidrt'w.s, Hiiid- inujiy, I'mta'.,'!- l;i I'laiiii- and St. Nnrhfit. Koiiidatiiiiis wiTo tiion madi' fur tho pruvi'iitimi nf prairir liirs. ,'iniiiiiils riinniii'4 at liu'^^o. and for hay ciittiii'^ priv iium's. lil^l III! l,\\\. Any per«(in .solliiiL; m' supplyini,' liipmr tn iincivilizi'd Indians tn he linod. 1. Two jxmnds fur fiiinisliinu' hnnviii'^ iilisnails. 2. Thiol' piiiiiid.s fur fiiriiiHhiii;^ malt. 3. Fivo piiiinds fur fiiniisliinjL; boor ur any fonnontril lii|iiiir. 4. Ono hiindiod puiind.s fur fiirnishiiiL? dintillod Hpiritw ur any intu.xioat- inj.; drink uthor than foriiionti'd licpmrs. [n additiuii tu aliuxo, the ulR'nili'i' to iiiako ro.stitntiun tu tin- Indian, and tho intiixicated Indian to ho ini[)risuni!d until he iilil discliiso fn wliuin lio pruciirod tho liipiur, and no por.suii tu carry liipiur ainuiiL,' In- dians, unlo.ss in tran.'^it ur fur his uwii ii.so. 5. Nil pursun tu .soil .spirits, wine or boor, uinlor five ;4allun.H, withmit ;i liooiise. Tho liquor not to ho suhl lietweon tho huur.s of 10 p.m., and (i a. Ill iiiir on Sundays, (Hood B'riday or ('liri.stnias Day. It wa.s fuiliiddon tu soil tu intoxioatod porsons, and all luanufucturing had to bo cuiitinod tu tho pro- inisos oovorod by lioonso. Twolvu of the nearest liousoliuldors, irrespective of Distiict, cuuld liy potitiun, prevent tlie granting of a license. Whulesale lii|Uur licenses oust ton pounds each, and wore issued by tho President uf the Fort Garry District Court. \i'I'i:m>i\. |{ OAllS. I. 'I'lial nil |M'l)lit' inail.^ to ii'iiwiiii tlii' widlli tlu>\ liiul lu-cii laiil nut. ■J. No |n'i'siiu Id flit ii liiili" into or thrniii^li tlu> ri\t'r u'c. imiIcns |iri'ini't int; it \>y a t'l'iu'c fmir f»'t>t liii^li, on pi'imlty uf miK |ii>ni;(l, A ("i>niiiiiH.siiiiii'r ot' I'lililii' \\ drks to lie iippoiiitt'd mihI licld icsihiumIiIi' t'nr tilt' st.'iti- nl' the loails and lu'id^'i's. Nni'K. 'I'lic laws trniiu'd ii\ tlii' I'lnv isintial ( inx oniiiit'iil , and \\li i-ami' ill liini- on iMMli Mas, IS7(), Assinilmia, nndiMllio Hudson's llay Coinpauy. wt'ic M'lN iiiuili III Inu' wi itii tl ii'h U' laws of ■f i\o. II. THi: MANirolSA Acr \\\o run i:siMo I'i'Kiio \ n i'»)iti i kkuis v. If » ^'^ r. \ An .\t'l f > rstalilisli and pro\ idf lor tli M.uutoli.i. >\t'i'nuuoiuiuion of Canada cloll' ll\t> IU<\t .si'ssioll ot tlu' fail iaiin-ul of Canada. .\nd w lit'icas il is r\|H'dii'nt to prepare for I he If.'iusfcr of tin' said 'rcrrilorii's to ||n> (iii\ tTiiniiiil of t'aiiada at I ho t iiui- appointiul l>y tlio (j>ui'i>ii f isiicli adiuission. And wlu'i'cas it is itxpt'diiMit also to providol'or I lio lU'i^ani/at ion of part of llii' said 'r«'n'itorv a.s H l'i'o\ini't>, and for tlic I'staliiiMliiuont ofatio\i>rn- lui'iil lliiM'ffor, and to niaki" pro\ isiun for llii> Civil (!o\ (•rnuii'iit of tlir ri'uiainiiii; part of tlii< s.iid 'riMiilorii's not included within iho limits of the Pro\ iiu'i'. 'riu'i'i'foii'. Hit Majesty, l>y and with the ad\ iee ami eoiiseiit of the Seiialti and llousi> of Commons of I'anada, onaets as follows : 1. On, from ami after tiio day upon wiiieli tho (j>uoen, hy and with I he ad\ lee ami eonseiit of iJiT Maji'sty's Most lloiiorahh* I'rivy (.'ouncil, undei the anthoi'ity of the l-l(ith seetioii of the Kritish North Ann>riea Aet, I8H7, shall l>y order in Coiimil, in liial beiialf, admit Ilnpevt'.s Land and the North \\'i«stern 'revritoiy into the I'nioii or |)ominion of Canada, there shall he foruu'd out of tile siiiio a I'roxinee whieh shall he one of the I'rov inees of thit l>oniinion of Cantnla, tiiul which NhaU ho ealhul llio I'ro-. ii, -e ot Maiiitidia, and bo lioumlod as foUows, that in to .say, eoin MU'nein<4 at tln< point wheio tim nioridiaii of ninety six dou;roe.s of west longitude from (Jreiuiwieh intersects the paiallel of forty nino ile^reos Ai'i-i:siii\ Ml •1> laid iitll. lllll'ss |iM'li'l'l 1(1 ri'spiMlNlMr lit, and wliieli ill I lie ll^\V^^ of iiy, imisii:iiil I" KlllU'irs l.:Uld ion mI' ♦'aiiadii \N lu'lfllH ll IH S |l> till* ''>'\ m-luuliiusshiii. li.iii nf pari "I t 111' a * !ii\ i>ni- iMinciil of the 1 tho limits of I'oiisont of till' , l)y and \\illi I'rivy Council, Soi'tli \nH>rii'a Uiiiu'vl's Land lion of CanailH, hall Ik- oni> of 1)0 calloil the to say, com H of \vc»t V nine lU'ijiccR iiortlt I ititndi' ; tlu'iico due west ali.iii^ ilu' said jiarallcl <'\ forty nini> dfm'ii;lri'.s ami lliill\ miiiiitcs liui I li lal il iidc to Us iiitcisial |uii willi IJu' In. foil' iiumiI luiird liliTldl.iIl of liilu'ly sl\ di"4li'i's « I'sl lun^ilndc ; llii'iu'c dm soiiili aluiio tlif said iiioiidian of iiiinl_\ si\ drj^roi's wi'st luii^ititdc to tin ilat'c ul '(".'.iniiilii;. '2 On. f rum and alli'i I In' said da\ uii w liicli ill.' » MdiT ><( llir < >i in I'oiiiuil shall laKo rllnl as afoii'sanl, lln> pruxiMuns uf the jiiitish Norih Vincrica Act, lSt>7, shall. o\ia'|il tliuso pa'.'ls llicri-of « hiili arc in It'inis lilidi', ur liy rcasuiialih' ml rlidiiu'lil liia\ ln' In'ld lu lir .s|irriall\ a|>|ilnMli|r t u, ur uiily lu illi'rl , uiic ur nii'ii', lull liul 1 1 if w liulo uf | jir I'lu \ iin'cs iiuw i'oin|iosmn till' I >oiiiiiiion, ami »'\ri'|i| su tarasiln' saino iiiav he vai'U'd liy this Ail, ho applu'ahlo to the I'luxinco of Mamluha, in tin- saiin' \va\, am 1 lu ihc hU.' lAl.iil, as ihcN aliiil\ lu ll 11' si'\ rial I'l u\ imi's if Maniluha had lita'ii uiic ul I lir I* uf t'aiiada, and as if llir I'luviiui'i \ lines u||,.inall\ iimird h\ llnsaul Aet. 3. 'Thr said I'l'uv iiuf shall In' n'|iri'srnl i«d in t Ini Seimi e uf C'anaila hy l«o im-iiilii'is mild ll shdl lia\o, at'eurdiiii; tu dia'cimial I'riisiis, a |>u|iiila tiuli >>{ lillN lliuiisaiid Nuuls ; and fluni I lirm cfuil li it shall he ri'iiri'seiil ed llltTt'in lv\ lui'i' iiu'IiiIu'Is, illilil it shall have, ai'cordllli; to the decelimil census, a |iu|Milalioii uf se\enl\ li\t' lliuiisand souls, and from t liencefoit h it shall he re|ireseiilial I herein hy four meiiihers. -I, The Slid I'ruNim-e shall he i epi I'selil ed ill the lii si iiisl;. ce, m tln> Hulls.' i<( ('uiniiiuiis, h\ fuiir im-mheis, ami for that |iiir|>ose sli.ill he tlivnled, h\ |iiuelaiiial lull i'\ t ln> ( Jo\ eiiioi't ieiieral, intu funr I'ih'etuial I)ist riots, .'aeh <' ad|iisted a.i'or.lmi; tu ihe provisions .il the lifty-lirst sei-tiun of the IWilish Nuilh Ameri.a A.I, IS|17. & I mil the I'arliaimnl ..f ( 'aiia.la ul liei w ise pro\ ides, I lu' .pialllieal luii of v.iters ill eleelions of liieliihi'i's ul the ll.'iis.' i>i ('uiiiinons shall lu. tin- same as furllii> Lei^islat i\ .• Asseinlily heri'inall er inentiuin'il ; ami no pels >n shall \ is a duly ipi.ilitie.l xuhr williiii the saiil I'liiv iiu'i'. (3. h'or till' sai.l Pro\ inee there shall lu' an ullieer styled the i.ientoiiiinl 11 xlii AI'I'KNhlX. • I CJiPViirnnr, iipiniiiitud by tlif \L'riini- (ifiieiHl in C'lHiiicil, 1)\' instniiiiuiit iiiidur till' (iioat Sual of Cdiifidii. 7. The Kxociitivf Council nf the ''rovince sliall he composed of such jieison.s, and nnder sueh de.siLcnatinns, us tlie Lientenant-CJoveinor shall from time to time think tit, and in the first instance of not more than five j)ei'sons. 8. I'ldessand until the Executive (Jovernment of the Province other- wise diiec'ts the seat of (Jovernment of tlii^ ^anle shall be at Fort Garry, or within one mile thereof. 9. There shall be a Legislature for the Provinec, consisting of the Iiieuti>iiant-( Jovernor and of two Houses, styled resjiectively the Le^jisla- tive Council of Manitoba, and the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. 10. The Legislative Council shall in the first instance be composed (>f seven mendiers, and aftei^the exi)iration of four years from the time of till' first appointment of such seven mi'mbers, each nendier of the Leg- islative Council shall W a))])ointi'd by the Lieutenant-(ioveinor in the Queen's name by instrument under the Great Seal of Manitoi)a, and shall hold otlice for the term of his life unless and until the liCgislatureof Mani- toba otherwise provides under tlie l'>i'itish North America Act, IHCt't . 11. The Lieutenant-Governor may from time to time by instrument under the (ireat Seal apjioint a member of the Legishitive Council to l)e Speaker thereof, and may remove him and appoint another in his stead. 12. I'ntil the Legislature of the Province otherwise ])rovides, the |>re- sence of a majority of the whole nund)er of the Legislative Council includ- ing the Speaker, shall be necessary to constitute a meeting for the exer- cise of its powers. 13. <^'uestions arising in the I egislative Couni.ii shall be decideil liy a majority of voices, and the Speaker shall in all cases iiave a vote; and when the voices are e(pial, the decision shall be deemed to be in the negative. 14. The Legislative Assembly shall t)e composed of twenty-four mem- bers to be elected to reijresent the electoral divisions into which the .said Province may be divided by the Lieutenant-Governor as herei' after mentioned. 15. The presence of a majority of the niend)ers of the Legislative Assend)ly shall be necessary to constitute a meeting of the House for the exercise of its powers, and for that pui'|»oae the Si)eaker shall be reckoned as a mendjer. 16. The Lieutenant (iovernor shall (within six months (.f the date of the Order of Her Majesty in Council admitting Rupert's Land and the North-West Territory into the Union) by Proclamation under the (ireat Seal divide the said Province into twenty-four electoral divisions, due re- card being had to existing local dis isions and [lopulation. liy iii.strmiiuiit posed of H\ic'li Jovonior shall riore tlifiu five 'idvince other- it Foi't Garry, sistiiig of tlie y the Logisla- Vlanitoha. e foiii{)osecl of III tlie time of r of the Leg- ivernor in the oha, and shall atureof Mani- ct, 18(>7. ly instniimuit L'ouncil to he in his stead, ides, the jire- oiuicil iiichid- fol' the exel- 13 decided liy a vote ; and to be ill the ty-four iiieiii- bo whicli the IS lierei' after e Legislative louse for the 1 be reckoned (■f the date of jand and the ler the (ireat iions, due re- Al'I'KXhlX. Xllll 17. Every iiiah- person shall be entitled to vote for a ineiiiber to serve in the Legislative Assembly for any electoral division who is (piali- tied as follows : That is to say if he is J. Of the full age of twenty-oiie years, and not subject to any legal incapacity. 2. A Subject of Her Majesty by l)irth or natuiali/.ation. .'1 And a hona fide householder within the electoral division at the date of the writ of election for the same, and has been a hmia fiilr householder for one year next before the said date ; or 4. If being at the full age of twenty-one years, and not subjeet to any legal inca[)aeity, and a subject of Her Majesty by birth oi' naturalization, he was at any time within twelve months prior to the jiassing of this Act, and (though in the interim temporarily absent) is at the time of such elec- tion a hoiKi fill,' householder, and was resident within the electoral division at the date of the writ of election for the same. But this fourth sub-section shall ajiply only to tlie tirst election to be held under this Act for members to serve in tlie Legislative A.ssembly aforesaid. 18. For the first election of members to serve in the Legislative As- sembly, and until the Legislature of the T*rovince otlierwise provides, the Lieutenant-Governor shall cause writs to be issued by such [lerson in such form, and addressed to such retuviiing-otlicer as lu; thinks tit ; and for such first election, and until the Legislature of the Province otherwise provides, the Lieutenant-( iovernor sliall by pi'oclamatioii prescribe and declare the oaths to lie taken by voters, the powers and duties ef return- ing and deputy returning-othcers, the proceedings to be observed at such election, and the period during which such election may be continued, and such other provisions in respect to such tirst election, as he may think fit. 19. Every Legishitive Assembly shall c Pro\ incc;, or of any Trovincial author- ity aliectiuL; any ri^ht or prisile^e of the I'mtestant or Roman Catholic minority of the (i>ueen's siihjt^cts in iclation to ey any person tile di'l.ati if the Houses of the liCuislature, and lioth tho-ie laii^;ua;j;es sliall lii; used in tlie iespe(ti\ t' Hecords and .louinals of those Houses, and either of those lanyuaLtes may he used iiy ai.y jierson, or in pleading; or process, i)r in issuing from any Court of Canada, estah- lislied uiidi'r the P>ritisli North America .\ct, IStiT, or in oi- fr\iTiior. 'J. SalnrifH find .-illoWiiiRx's of tlu' .liuli,'t's of tlic Superior .iiiil Distrii't or County Courts. .'{. ChargL'H in ri!.s|iL'ct of tliu I)i'|iurtuieur of tlie Customs, 4. Postiil DL'|i!irtniont. 5. Protection of Fisliorios. (J. Militia. 7. (iiMtloificul Survey. 8. Tlie PeniteutiMry. il. And sucli furtlier eliariies as may l>e ineident to and eonueeted with the service.s, which, hy tlie British Noi'tli Amei'iea Act, l.S(»7, a|(|u'rlaiii to the General (iovcrnment, and as are or may hj allowed to other Pro- vinces. 27. The Customs' duties, now l)y law ehar'^t'alile in Kiijiert's Land, .shall l)e eontiinied, without ineri'ase, for the ]ieriod of three ye.irs from and after tlie ipassiiiif of this At't. and tlie jiroei't'ils of sueli diitii's shall form |iart of the Consolidated Re\enue Fund of Canada. 28. Such provisions of the Customs" Laws of Canada (otjiei' than siieji as prescribe the i-ate of duties payahle). as may he, from time to time. declared l)y tlie (iovernoi-( ieni'ral in Council to apjily to the Province of Miinitoba, shall he applicahle tlien^to, and in force tlu'rein acroidini;ly. 29. Such provisions of the Laws of Canaila, respecting; the Inland Kevenue, including; those tixiny the auK'tuit of duties, as may he, from time to time, declared hy the ( Jovernoi-Ceneral in Council applieahle to the said Province, shall apply thereto, and l)e in forci' therein atcord- ingly. 30. All ungrauted or waste lands in the Province shall Ik?, from and after the dale of the said transfer, vi'sted in the Crown, and admin- istered hy the (loxerument of (.'anada for the ]iinpose of the Dominion, snhject tr) and except and so far as the same may he atieeti'd hy the con- ditions and stipulations contained in the agrei'ment for the surrender of Itupert's Land by the Hud.sons liay Company to Her Majesty. 31. And whereas it is expedient, towards the extinguislunent of the Indian Title to the lands in the Province, to appropriate a p, shall, if re- • [uired by the owner, be confirmed by grant from the Crown. 2. All grants of estates less than freehold in land made by the Hud- son's Bay Company up to the eighth day of .March aforesaid, shall, if re((uired by the owner, be converted into an estate in freehold by grant from the Crown. .'». All titles by occu[)ancy with the sanction and under the license and authority of the Hudson's l>ay (Jompaii}', u|) to the eighth day of March aforesaid, of land i'l that jiart of the Province in which the Indian title has been extinguished, shall, if re(piire(l hy the owner, be converted into an estate in freehold by grant from the Crown. 4. All persons in peaceable possession of tracts of land at the time of the said transfer to Canada, in those parts of the Province in which Indian title has not been extinguished, shall have the right of jire-emption of the same on such terms and conditions as may be determined by the (Jover- nor-in-Council. o. The Lieutenant-(io\eriior is liereby authorized, under regulations to be made from time to time by the (jovernor-Ceneral-in Council, to i ake all such provisions for ascertaining and adjusting on fair and e(puial)le terms the rights of connnon and rights of cutting hay held and enjoyed by the settlers in the Province, and for the conunutation of the same by grants of land from the Crown. 33. The (Jovernor-Cteneral-in-Council shall from time to time settle ami ajtpoint the mode and form of grants of land from the Crown, and any < h'der-in-Coiuicil for that purjjose, when published in the ^^ Canada irKu-tte," shall have the same force and ert'ect as if it were a portion of this Act. 34 Nothing in this Act shall ui any way i)rejudice or atfiict the rights or i)roperties of the Hudson's Bay Com|)any, as contained in the conditions under which that Comi)any surrendered Rupert's Jjnud to Her Majesty. 35. And with respect to such portion of Rupert's Land and the North- \\'est Territory as is not includetl in the Province of Manitoba, it is hereby ei acted that the Lieutenant-CJovernor of the said Province shall be ap- pointed by commission under the Great Seal of Canada io be Lieutenant- (lovernor of the same under the name of the North- West Territories, and subject to the provisions of the act in the next section mentioned. tti tliu Sditl B8 to settlo- y from time in the Pio- m, it. is en- idson's Bay shall, if re- )y the Hiid- ,i