^^. ^1^^. >.^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) O I 1.0 1.1 1.25 g m 120 6" ^ 4*' -*/ j»* ^^ '/ Photographic Sdmoes CarporatiQn ^ K' ^. <*** % ^/^ 23 WfST MAIN STRHT Wnsm,N.Y. HSM (716)S72-4S03 t\ ■■^n CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series, CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Inatituta for Historical IMicroraproductiona / Inatitut Canadian da microraproductiona iiistoriquas Ttohnloal and BIbliographio Notaa/NotM tachniquM at bibliographiquaa to Tha inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographioally unlqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproductlon. or which may significantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chacksid baiow. a D Colourad covers/ Couvortura da coulaur r~| Covars damagad/ Couvartura andommagte Covars rastorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura rastauria at/ou paiiiculAa Covar titia missing/ La titra da couvartura manqua Colourad maps/ Cartaa giogruphiquas an coulaur Colourad Ink (l.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (l.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I I Colourad plataa and/or lluatratlons/ Planehas at/ou iilustratlona an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rail* avac d'autraa documants Tight binding may cauaa shadows or distortion along intarior margin/ Laraliura sarrAa paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la diatortlon la long da la marga IntAriaura Blank laavaa add«d during rastoratlon may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar possibia, thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ 11 sa paut qua cartalnas pagaa bianchaa aJoutAas lors d'una raatauration apparaissant dans la taxta. mala, lorsqua cala Atait possibia, cas pagas n'ont paa 4t4 fiimias. L'InstKut a microfilm* la malllaur axamplaira qu'il iui a At* possibia da sa procurar. Las d4talla da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-Atra unlquaa du point da vua bibilographiqua, qiH pauvant modlflar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dans la mAthoda normala da f llmaga sont indiquAs ci-daaaous. D D n D D D D n Colourad pagaa/ Pagaa da coulaur Pagas damagad/ Pagaa andommagias Pagas raatorad and/or laminatad/ Pagas rastaurAaa ot/ou pailiculAaa Pagaa diacolourad, stainad or foxad/ Pagaa d4coiorAaa. tachatAas ou piquAaa Pagaa datachad/ Pagaa dAtachAaa Showthrough/ Transparanca Quality of print varias/ Quality InAgala da i'lmprassion Includaa aupplamantary matarial/ Comprand du material supplAmantaIra Only aditlon availabia/ Saula MItion diaponibia Pagaa wholly or partially obscured by arrata slips, tissuas, ate, hava baan rafilmad to ansura tha bast possibia Imaga/ Las pagaa totalamant ou partiaiiamant obscurclaa par un fauillat d'arrata, una palura, ate, ont At* filmAas A nouvaau da fa9on A obtanir la malilaura imaga poaalMa. It pc of fil Or bo th sU ot fir Sl( or Th sh Til w» Ml dif an bai rig rac S Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa supplAmantairaa: Paginatkin at follows: [73] - 101 p. Thia Itam la filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est fllmA au taux da riduction indlquA ci-daaaous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 1 T H 12X 16X aox a4x • 28X 32X Th« eopv filmed Imt* hat bMn r«produe«d thanks to th« QMiarotitv of: UnivtnHy of iMkatohtwM L'OMomplalro flimA fut roproduit grioA k la 94n4rotltA da: Univtnlty of iMkttelMKVM Iwititoon Tha Imagao appaarlng hara ara tha baat quality posslblo oonaidoring tfio eondltlon and laglbillty of tha original eopy and in kaaping with tha filming oontraet apaolf toatlona. Original ooploa in printad papar covora ara fllmad beginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or lllustratad Impraa- ston. or tha back eovar whan appropriate. All other original ooploa ara fllmad beginning on the first paga with a printad or illuatrated imprea- sion. and anding on the kMt pege with a printad or illuatrated impreaslon. The lest recordof* freme on eech mierofiche shall contain the symbol — ^- (meening "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol ▼ (meening "END"), whichever eppiies. Meps, plates, cherts, etc.. mey be filmed et different reduction ratios. Those too ierge to be entlrehf included In one exposure ere filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right end top to bottom, es meny fremes es required. The following diagrama illustrate the method: Lee Images suivantes ont Mi reproduites avec Is plus grend soln. compte tenu da ia condition at da le nettet* de i'exempiaire film*, et en conformity evec les conditions du contrst da filmage. Lee exempleires originsux dont Is couvsrture an pepier est imprimAe sent filmte en commen^ant par le premier plat at an terminant soit par ia darnlAre pege qui comporte una empreinte d'impreasion ou d'lliustration. soit per le second plet. seion ie ces. Tout les eutres exempleires originsux sent filmAs en commenpent par ia pramlAre pege qui comporte une empreinte d'impreasion ou d'iiiustretion et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboies suivants apparattra sur la darnlAre Imege de cheque microfiche, seion la cas: le symbols -^ signifie "A 8UIVRE". ie symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Les csrtes, pienches. tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atrs filmis i des tsux de riduction diffirents. Lorsqus le document est trop grand pour Atre roproduit en un soul clichi. il est film* A partir da 9'engle supArieur geuche. de gauche d droits, et de heut en bes. en prenent le nombre d'imeges nAcessaire. Les diegrammes suivants iilustrsnt ia mithoda. 1 2 3 : ♦ 1 2 3 4 5 6 i sj/: ^r ^^ ^5:^ Jonathan Carver HIS TRAVKi.s IN riiK \f)Krii\vi:sr in i7(.<, s 3k (^r.cjary 111 ;i i-c)iisi)irii()iis placr on tin.' roll of cxploriTs of tlic N'ortlnvi'st beloiiKs tin- iiaiiu- of JonatI an Carvir. Raiikud in \\w (.rdir of clironoloi-ii-ai pn't-i'dcncc. ilie j>o>,itioii of Carver is iiniiii|)rcssivf. Nif.:k't aiitfdatiMJ liim !)>■ \j,2 yuar>.. Raiiissoii and Groscillicrs, Mar- (jucttc and Jolict, Hennepin, Dii I'llnl, L( Sciir and otIuT iMciichnu'ii irascli'd extensively in tile same region during- the period of (iallic dominion, and many of tlieiii left records wliicli are still recognized as full of interest and value. To Carver, howevei, must Ik- awarded tlic credit of having been the pioneer of his race in the westernmost pfrtion of its conijuest of I75(j, and the man wlio first advertised the region to the English-reading world. fie was intelligent, eager, shrewd, Ixild and enterprising, and, with hut small advantages of ffc-nial scientific training, was a careful observer and a solid reasoner. He wrote fluently, in a picturesque and entertaining style. >vith an air of candor which usually carries conviction that his recital is sub- stantially true. He recognized at their full value the agricultural and industrial and commercial advantages of the Northwest, though there were later travelers' who pronounced the country west of Wisconsin to be a barren region, not capable of sui^porting a large population. He pointed out that when the Mississippi valley became settled, trans- portation along the natural water highways might be "facilitated by canals or shorter cuts, and a communication opened by water with New York by way of the lakes." He was one of the first of Euro- peans to describe in writing the vestiges of the mound-builders, which to tlie student of anthroi)ology will ever be fascinating features of western topography. '. Ill 1S48. (^)ii)frPH8 piiNsoil tlir Mil iri'iitlii« tlio toirltory of Mlimi'sotii, nl'tcr n ■ lrii>r(tli' of Kcvt-ial months' dnratioii. Oiio of the nrKUiiioiits used t>.v thoBo who oji- poKcd It wan that the coniitiy was not worth the ccist of ninintalntnir its Bovprnnient. \H'\n>i "an liili'iiwly rohl. liaricn and unlnlinbltiilili' ii'Klon."— "Kcsonri'eg of Mlnnc- Kota," St. rani, lf*S8. 24S74- 74 jo.v r/7/.i.v cAin'Hii. AccoreliiiK to somtiiI ni liis hio^traijlu'r^, Jun.itlian C'arur was a native of Cantcihiiry, l'iMiiK'<'titui, Imni in that iiu'iiniralili' year, ijj^j. uliicli Kiive till.' world (loorRi' \VasliinKtnn. Urccnt iiivi'stiKatioiis tliriiw (lisi-rcflit on tlii> dafi'. ami iiiaki' it appiar prol)al)k' tliat lio vas horn some yiars (.'arher. Xor is it rrrtaiii that tlir phici' of liis nativity was Canterhnry, ihon^h that is wIkti' his inlaiu-y ani;iin;d)ie in ,i small (■oiuiecticnt town a ceiitnry and a half a^o, ami died, it is said, wlien the hoy was only i.S years of a^e. Soon after losing his father, Jonathan heRan the study of medicine in a doctor's ollice. fie appears to have spent the best part of three years in this |)nrsmt, at the end of which time, lonKinR for a more adventurous career, he secured an ai)pointment as ensign m a Connecticut regiment, lie served in tiie Canadian ampaiKU in 1755, and was a lieutenant in the Massachusetts battalion raised hy Col. Oliver Partridw^e in 1757 to .serve aRainst Canada. He was present at the massacre at l'"ort William Henry, from which scene of siauKhter he narrowly escaped with his life. Ife i)articip;ite(l in the victory of Wolfe at (Juehec, and in the taking of .Montreal hy Andierst. Tlis rank of ciijitain was conferred in \j()o. when he was ^iven a command in Col. Whit- cond)'s reuiment of foot, lie led a company of foot in Col. Salton- stall's regiment in 1762. 'i'he next year came the peace of \'er.v'iil1es, and the end of Capt. Carver's military service. The most thrilling of his e.\i)erienc<'s in the eventftd seven years that he i)assed in border warfare was_ imdoubtedly his escape from the nias.sacre at Fort William Henry, of which he has left a vivid account.-' He was present on this occasion as ;t volunteer with the corps of tn'teen hundred I'"n^,dish and Provincial soldiers sent by (len. Webb from Fort I'.dward to stren).;then the Karrison at Fort William Henry against the expected attack by .Montcalm. The JM-encli and Indians under the leadershij) of Montcalm, to the nund)er of i.^omi, made their appearance in front of the h'ort the day after the arrival 01 the detae''tnent in which Carver served. Includinfj; this reinforce- ment, the force under Col, Monro, the commander of the garrison, amounted to only j,.^oo men. Every reader of history is familiar with tlu- circumstances of the cai)itulation, and the I'^rench commander's promise that the ijallant defenders of the fort shoultl be i)ermitted 2. Si'P .V|i|)( i}illx. 3. Ciii'Vi'r's Travols. mt .f tiic melancholy result> of the hreiich commander's failure to Kiiard against the sudilen outlireak of feroiily ainoiiK Iiis red allies. The portion oi Carver's account which relates to his personal experience may, however, he appropriately this took place. Carver was in the rear divi- sion. He attempted to join a body of the iroops crowded together ar some distance, but w;is thrust at by the Indians, one of whom Rrazed his side with a spear, while another wounded him in tln" ankle. Before he ^jot by the savages in front of whom he hail to pass, the collar and wristbands were all that remained of his shirt, ;iiid his I'esh was scratched and torn in many places. \ow bewan the indiscriminate slau^diter of men, women and children, "many of the savaues drinking the blood .approachiufjr with hasty strides, it was i)roi)osed by some of the most resolute to make one vigorous ctiort and endeavfir to for( way throu^jh the savii^es, the onlv tMobable method of ])reservinj:r our lives that now remained. This, however despenUe, was resolved on, ;ind about twenty of us sprung at f>nce into the miilst of them. In a moment we were all separated, and what was the fate of my companions I coidd not learn till some months after, when 1 found that only six or seven of them clYected their design. Intent o?dy on my own hazardotis situ;ition, I endea\' ored to make my way throuKh my savajt>e enemies in the best manner possible; and I have often been astonished since when I have .-ec- ollected with what composure I took, as I did, every necessary step for my preservation. Some I overturned, being at that time young and athletic, and others I passed by, dextrously avoiding their mm 7(1 ./()\ATllA\ CAli\h:U. Wiiipcills; till ;i( la>l twii MTy >tnllt cllil'i's, iti til" nin-.l MUilKl' tlihl'S, ;is I iniild (lisiiiiniiisli by ilu'ir lirt'ss, wIidm- slniiKtli I oiitild not ft sist. laifj hold ot iiu' l>y rai-ji ;inii. and lii-waii to l'ori.'i' iiu- tliroiiuli tiu' iTowd." 'I'liiM' iiowi'i'fiil ass!iilaiil>< would jiavi' niadi- short worl: with (atMr, hut that an l',iiKli>h otlioiT in scarli-t sidsi't hri'i'clii'S n.iiu' ninninn by ami divcrlod lliiir attention. Wliili' tlu-y wiTo tomahawking tlu' oltii-fr, who lonKJit bravely for his liuv Carver made a dash to join another boijy of Mnulish troops that was yet nnb. iken. A boy of ij, who ha he made a dash thronnh the outer ranks of tile Indians, and Kained the woods, where he p.issed three days with- out shelter or snbsistmee, and endured "tlu- severity of the eohl ilew lor three nights." Mut at leiiKth he reached Kort Ivlward, "where," he says, "with proper care, my body soon recovered its wonted strength, and my mind, as far as tlie recollecticm of the late melancholy events wouM iiermit, its usual composuri'." The man whose hardy frame and athletic address enabled him to survive this ordeal possessed admirable iiualitications for successful work as a pathfinder in the wilderness of the Northwest. .\t the time when Carver set out upon his travels, the extreme Western frontier of the British settlements was marked by the Alle- uhany Mountains. The powerful Iribes of the Irtxpiois con- lederacy were still in i)<)ssession of Western New York. The Delawares occui)ied the valley of the ^)Iiio. while to the west of them were the Shawanoes. The Miamis held the country east of the Wabash. Still further to the west roamed the bands of the Illinois. The Wyandots were in the country around the western end of Lake Erie. The Ojibways held Eastern .MicliiRan. The I'ottawattamies had their home in the western part of the Michigan peninsula, at the southern end f>f Lake Michigan, with the Kickapoos for ncr n( iKhl'f)rs on the west. In Eastern Wisconsin were the Meiiomonies and WinnebaRoes, in the middle o? the state the Sacs, and in Western Wisconsin, to the east bank of the "Mississippi, the Ottigamies. There were forts at Niagara, at Presque Isle, at Sandusky, at Detroit, at St. Joseph, and at the southern extremity of Green Bay.^ Tiie remotest English post was at Michillimackinac. Only two years had elapsed since the suppres- sion of the conspiracy of Pontiac, and Pontiac himself was still alive. i ;'5 4. Sec Mnii of KortK ami SettlcmentB In Amorlca In 17fl3. Vnl. I. rurkinan's I'cm- s|(lru- III not lu'lp lanu'tit till' fur nu' to his way to t from tlu' IT ranks of (lays witli- if tllf fold rt lidward, I'oviTi'd its of the lato Tlu- man inrvivo this work as a he cxtrcnu- y the Allc- inois con- Vork. The to the held the 'St roamed ie country 'Id Eastern estern part Michigan, In luistern the middle eai-t bank it Niagara, and at the li post was ie snppres- i still alive. \rkiiiiiirs I'lMi- In iimtiiiK dovsii tliiii iipriNiiiK. ' •< n Kradstnct wiih ;i luicc oi .l.ooit nun had pi in'ccdtd as lar \\i>l a-, nelroii. Hut no oliscivinu I'.nKJishnian, and "few of any other nation, sa\«' the solnary hriiuli trader, or tln' devoted nnssitiiiar\ . had ventured into ilu' eoimtr> oi the rpper .\lis!*i)»<*ippi. oi lii'vonil the western slmre-. of l.aki- .\lieh iwaii, and the month oi the I'Hx ki\aille- in 17(\\. Carver iiad been re\ol\ink; in hi-- iiiiiid an expedition by whieh he miulit eoiitnbiite touaril inalaiiK adsanlaKeon- to his eoiin trymeii the vast ;n (|nisitiun of territorv in .Vorlh Anierici lh;it liad fallen to (ireai Hrit;iin The ]n\\^ w.ir now einii'il bad elianned the |iolit ical ilestiiiy of the iciiitiiuiit. It had doiu' aw.iy with tlie sjuvv procissi's of l'"rann' in deiiliiiK with the Inilian tribes, ami established conditions Lvorable to the l'!nulish system of coloiii/alioii and imlnstriai de- vi'lopineiit. ('arvef could not realize how r.-ijiidly the politicil and economic reviiintioii which he fores.aw wonlil t.ake pl.ice, for he ilid not dre;im of the American war of independence ,ind the esteni to which that would fai'ilitate tlie coming ch.inge, Itnt llu' -pint of enterprise stirring within this Coiinecticin soldier .ind stimulating; him for his task had the same racial gene -is as th.it which was vvilhiii less than a ceiitin'v from his time to maki' the vast wilderness from the .MIeghames to the I'.acitic tlu' abode of the most jidvanced civili/.atit)!!. In his own proper person lie was the tirsi drop of spray frinn .in .\nglo-.Saxon w;ive that would innmlatc and fertilize the continent. With ,i distrust of the hrench th.it vv.is characteristic of Englishmen and .\inericans of his time, he fully belii'ved that the I'Vench. while they ret;iined their jjoui'r in N'orth .\inerica. had taken ;irtfnl methods to keep all other nations in ignorance of the interior of the coniUry. in the introduction to his travels, he p.ir- ticnlarly m>tes that "they had called the dit'ferent nations of the Indians by nicknames they had givi'ii them, anil not by those really appertaining to them," though he admits a doubt as to "vvhetlu'r the intention of the I'rench in doing this was to prevent these nations from being discovt'red and traded with, or to conceai their [the Frenchmen's! discourse when they talked to each other of the Indians' concerns, in their presence." It was a great undertaking for a |)rivate citizen at his own cost and risk to plunge into the unexplored wilderness to the West of the Great Lakes, with the intention of making his way to the Pacific ocean through regions where no white man had ever trod. i)coi)led by fierce savages, speaking unkm)wii tongues. "What I had chiefly in view."" he says, "after gaining a km)wledge of the manners, customs, languages, soil and natural productions of the differeiu na- ."i. .Sinnii's KiMMinii'Mlury IILshirv cif W'Ihi'(iii»|ii. 0. IlilrodiK'tloil til l.'iii'vci's Travels. 7H ./n.SATll.W rM{\'KI{ tiitiiK |ii.ii iiiliiiliii ill)' li;i>'k itl (lie MiooiHsippi, wan In iKt'iTtain tin* linaillli >it that \a«i oiiiliiniit wliuli cxlriult Iroiii ilu- Allanlii In till' I'acitii' ( )i»an, in iih llrllalU•^l pari, lHtvv< aci'iiiiipli^li tlii^, I iiitkinU i| to liavi- prnpiixcil til uiiM'rtiim-iit to i"«tal)lisli a |HiHt in Honic m' tlnxo part-, aliinil llic Straits uf Anniaii,' wliiili, lia\iiiK Iiitii lir'«t iliHcuM-ri'd l).v Sir I'raniin Draki-, of cniir-i' lulling tn llic l',ii«li-.li.' Hi- \va'» III tlu- ii|>ii)iiin thai the ili'^fuscry n< a iicirtliwot paH'.aKC <>r tDniiutiiii- catinii liy watir li«t\vi'iii llii(Uiii\\ May ami tlir I'aritii' ( )i'»'aii wmild <«niiii I'lill'iw llic otalilislinictil III an I'-nMli^li |)'>«t on llif I'a'itic. In jniir, i"'''i, larvfr m'I unl irniii Mnsimi in make llii-. jonrm-y. 'I'll naili lii-. Imm' uI llpl■ralillll^, MictiilliniaiUinac, lliirtcm linmlri'il milt's ili^iiint, lii' travi'K'il iiy \\a\ ul Aihany ami Niagara. Hi'ln'\iii« thai lu' I'liiihl ht'sl attain liis iiliji'i-t» li>' iiitriiiliii-inu; hini'^i'li in ihi' liiilian^ ill itic miixi' 'if a irailrr. hr arraiiKi'l willi <"'il. K'imi'', ihr iiiiiiiiiamlani al M ithiiliiiiaikinai', In Mijipiy him with I'nilil nil tlu- trader^ at I'rairir liit t'liiin inr mi a-Miitmcnl ni unniN, ami iiad an nmlcv^lamliiiK that a I'lirtlu'r rniisinnmrnl slmnlil be iniuiirdcd tn n.u'li iiiiii wlirii III' arrived at tlu' h'alK nl' St. Anlhnii). lie It'll l'"nrl Mifliillimafkinaf mi tlii' .vl >>i St'pU'inln'r. in ftnnpaiiy with a jiarlv' III l''.nuli-li and Canadian irathrs liniind I'nr I'rairii' dn ('hifii. arrixiiiK at h'nrt I.a Itayc nn ilu' iXih, jia^sinn liirniijih thf l'"nx and Wisi-niisiii waltruay. and rrafhinn i'rairic iln C'hirii nn llif 151I1 of Oi-tnhi'r. Tluri' \\a> nn i;arri>nn in l'"nrt I.a Hayi' wlu'ii C'ar\i'r saw it. and It had fallin inln dixri'jiair miu'i' il< ahamlniinu'iit hy I.ii'iit. flnrrcll, tliri'i' yi'ars lii'fnii.'. C'arviT imti's that "a fi'w fainiiifs live in thi" fort, and opiiosiu- to it," mi llir I'.i^t side nf tho l-'nx Kivi'r, "aro simik' Fri'ticli si'ttlt-rs, wlm iiilti\;iti' thr i.iml. and appt.'ir to live vi-ry coiii- fnrlalily.'" This was tlu' sIi'ikKt cNHiit nf whilf si'ttli'iiu'iit in W'is- tonsin ill I7(i(). At tlu' sniiill islaml in tho cast I'lul of I.aki' Wiiiiu-- bajfo, wliicdi \vi' know liy tlu- naim- of (iov. Duty, Carver found a town of tlu- W'inmlian'i'i's, pri'sidoil nwr hy a ipu'i'ii, insti'ail of a saelu'in, who received him, he says, "with ureal civility," entertain- ing him in ;i distinjrnished manner for four days. This (|iuen was IIo-p(i-ko-e-kaw. nr (ilnry nf the MnrninK."* She was a daujihter of 7. Till' StMllM 111' .\niiliiii iiro not to li" founil on tlii' timiiN nr In tlio BiizottPi'i'H of till' iiri'si'Mi ilii.v. On III'' niiip ongriivpil for tin- f^intlim pilltlim of (Uirvpr'H Trnvi'U IimIiIInIii'iI In I'M. iiiiil on otlicr. t'lirlli'r niinn-. tlir.v nic niii'i'Nt'nli'il dm ('onni'illii); tlio Stnilt iif .liiiin ill' I'licii Willi llio Hlvrr of llii' Wfsl, a Hli'i'nin wlilcli In I'vlili'iill.v lili'n- tli'iil Willi till' roliinililiin Itlvor. In <>lliri' wnnlx, tlio Striills of .Vniiliin Ki'i'ni to lie tho lioilli'S (if wiitrr. iif wlilcli .Vdiiili'iilt.v Inlet Ih oni-. Ii'iicllni; Inln I'liui't Sniiml. Tli(>.v do nnt c'(inni'l:t ICIvit. .VNtnrln Is at llii' niniilh of llii' t'oliiinlila. I'nrt 'rnwnsi'iiil. Sraltli' unci Tin'onni llniiil.di In Ilir ri't'lcm wlii'ir I'lirviT wniilcl liavo I'lillt liU city. f I Urapi Ilnti' to IHirrli' nil Cai'Vi'!'. Wis. IIUl. Cnl., Vol. VI. Jn.\.\ril.\S rM:\h:ii, n t»"»'rtain llii* Atlaiitii- to illtcMilnl ti> lU' 1)1 tl|l)<«0 " llr vva> r I'liininntii- Uiaii wuiiNI I'a-itir, hi'' jciiinicy. t'l) liiitnlrcil I'^i'll Ik till' Ki'UlT--, llu' I'cllt nil llu- ami liail an rwaidi'il to y. He l.'ft lans with a • fill t'liicii. If I'"(ix and llic i.itli of saw it, ami lit. rir.rrcli, in tlif fort, "arc sftnic ' VITV CDIIl- •nt in Wis- al\'i' W'intic irvi-r found nsti'ad of a cntcTtain- qutcn was daii>j;liter nl ' Bii7,«'fto('r« nf rvt'r'n Trnvt'ls iinni'i'tlii); till' •vldciiily Idi'ii- ('I'lii to ln" tho iiiHJ. Tlicy
  • III)' <'iiliiiiil>lii, T Wdiilcl Imve ihr iiiimi;i.il i III" i Ml till WmiU'luiMoi"*. and llif widow ni a I'tdiili ■null iiaiiii'd I). K.iiifv. ulio wa« niorlally woiiiulfil nt yiU'lK'i- In \p»}, Till' inland lowii I Mill, Mill d liity liuit-t'., siioii^ly Imilt with |ia!i-.adi>it, 'I'll!' fcrtili land ahoiit thi' laki' prodiii rd ,i .|iMiit,iin mi^ rio|i uf IiiiiIn, imliidiii); |iliiiiH and k and watcT- iniloni. and -oiiic tohat'io WistiPiiMii wa"> .1 lohavin vial*', tlicri'fort'. loiiK licfori' StouKliloii ami Id^MitMii wtTc i'>italili< lo thi "unoij old i|min" a^ hf lalN lur. and iii'iiMii lur l)lis>iii)4 wlnn hi' Kit to piir-nr his jonriii'y. (til lii^ wa,\ ajoiin ill.' I'ns Ivucr in till portaKc lir \va«t Kfi'alty striit'k with till- wild rii-c and with the .dnimlani i- of iiatluTi'd Kii'iU'. ' Tlii^ ii\rr." he >.;iy«, "is tin' unalf't n^ori oi wild fowl of fsiTy kind tiial I nut with in tin v\liol»' timr-r m my travels, I'Vi'ipH'iitly llif siin wiii'jil Ih' olisciiri'd \>\ tli'in im- •.onu' niiniitcs lomthcr." t'anynm their laiiois omi tln' p.»rlaui, Carvor and his parlv prm-ci'dfd down the VS'Isj-oiinjh NiMr, arri\inu; on tin- Mth of ( )i'to her at what i~- now I'rairii' dn Sac (.'arscr iK'si-rihf^ this as "tlu" ^rt'at tovMi of thi' Saukics." Ili> aii'mint oi it has hciti i-riliri/id as (iv»'rilra*Mi "This/' In.' ^avN, "is tlu' l.nui'^l and hi-t lniill Indi.iii Inun I vwr saw. It I'ontains ahoiit nimiN houses, c'lch larnc inniiuh for --I'viral travidirs. Thc-i' arc Imilt ni Inwn p!;ink. iic;itl> jointed, ami covered with li.iik Ml 1 umpkti'ls a-- to kn p nut ilic iiii)>l |it iiitr.itiiiK rains, lieforc the doors are placed ci'inlorialik' sheds, in whiih the inhahit- ants sit, when the weather will permit, ami sinoke their pipis. 'i'hf slnels are rciLinlar and s|i,icii'iis, so ilial il .ippi-.irs mure likr .a civili/ed town than the aliinlc oi s;,\aKcs I'hc land mar the tnwn is \ciy uood. in their ))lai'.latinns. which lii' adi.iceiit to their hoiisi's, ,iiid which ail' iiciily laid mit, llicx raise j^rcal i|naiititics ni Imliaii corn, heans. nu lolls, etc., so that this place is esteemed the hest ni.irkit for Ir.adcrs 111 inrnisli tluinsclxes with provisions, of any within ei)j:ht Inindred miles of it." lie j.^oes on to say that "(he Saiikies can rai-r almnt ,^00 warriors, who are p;ener;illy eiiiplo\eil every siiininer in niakint.!: in- cursions into the territories of the llliiinis ,ind I'awnei' ii;itions, from which they retiiin with ;i nre.it nnmlier oi slaves. Ihit thnsi' jieople frei|iiently rctali.iti', .md, in their tnrn. destroy man\ of the Saiikies, which I JikIkc to he the reason that they ini'reasc no laster." I'*,vcn lifter niakiiiK allowatices for snnu' cxaKKi'ration. this is a picture of tile Saiikies which leaves the inipression that hefore the advent of the whites there were Indians in Wisconsin who were living in the pas- teless savages. Carver dcscrihi's the Blue Mounds as "sonic nioiintains that lie ahout tifteen miles to the southward" of ihe town of ihe S.'ukies, and "that .•iliound in lead ore." Ili' savs lh;it he »1 JnSATIf.W (iHVKIi, Miw lariii' iiiiiiniilicK <>( Uail nri' lyinu aliotil in llu* »lri'vl« ••( ilu- inwii t>i the Siitikit'*, "ami il n't'itiol tu Ik- a* kimmI a* llii* prodiitc nf diIht ii>iiiitru''« " riiri'i' ilayn' >.iii<>iiiim iImsmi iIu W !■>> llM^ill, uitcr li'aviiiK ilii* lowfi III till- Saukli'o, IhciiimIiI CirMTo |iarl) Id wlial lu' lalU "llif liml liiwn n( llif ( Mtiuaiiiiiii'o". xiiiiiiitfil li> tlu' lali' I) S. Diirric tu Iwim' lit'iii «ittmli-il at or mar Mit^iiiila. 'I'Iuh Inwii. wliich iiiiitaiiiiit aliDiii lilty liiiii«('». \sao alitiii^i i|i'«i'rti-il, iim^t nf tin- HurxixiiiK lnll:ll)ititllt^ tiaviiiK I'nl tn tlic \vihm|< to ,iM>ii| a iinilauion that li.nl iU'<«trii)i')| iKiirc thai) liall' nl tlw |M>|iiilaliiiii. On tlif Mi«4i<>^i|i|>i, Iinc iniUi* almvi' tin- I'Miillut'iu'i' ni iln \\i. I'fiC'iti, ('arsir fntitnl llu' rtiiiaiiH ni amiitu-r liulian tnvvii wlmli lu >vaN l'>l alxiiit tliirty Ni'ar!> licfnri', il-> inh.ilMlatit liavinu; M'tlliil at rtMiiic ilii (liiiii. 'I'lu'ri' '«i'('ni>< t<> luuf lii'i'ii no I'liropiaii M'ltit MU'iit at I'lairic ilti ('liiti) wluii Carvrr \\ai-> "will built after the Imhaii maiiiuM." ili' !«aw a K<>"it many Imr^fH thfrt-. "Thi>. town, ' lu- nay-*, "i>* tlu' ufvax mart wIuti' all the a>ljai'i'tit trilii's, ami cmii tlin^' uhn itilialtit the ninnt rcmnti' liramlu's ni tlu' Mi^si^si|)|li, annually a^^l'mllll' ahntit tlu' latlt-r i-ml ni May, hriiiKinu with tluiu tlu'ir furs tn iliHpnHi' nf tn tlu- tracU-rs," Snmi'timis till' >hr(W than tlu- traders wnuld k'v' tluni, ami decideil at a cnum-il of llu- ihiefs in earry tlu- im-rihamlisi- li> litlur l.nui-siana nr Mifhillimaekinai Tlu- party i> traders with wlmm Carver hail thus far traveled deiideil In make iheir wintvr resideiu <• nppn>ite I'rairit- du •.'hien. at the nuitith nf the >'ellnw Ui\er. while larver, aeenmpaiiii'd hy a Canadian vnyaKt-ur and a Mnhawk Indian, prnei-eded in a eam>e np the Missi>>ipi)i, reaehiiiK L.ike J'l-pin nn the 1st nf Nnvendter. The nnly iiuideiit which he relates renardiiiK this pnrtinii nf his vnyaKc neenrred ten days after his parting with the traders, ard illus- trated his eharaeteristio intrejiidity ar.d unnd judnnu-nt. At tiinht, while he was nn shore in his tent, enpyinn the minutes vvhieh lu- had made duriiiK the iireeedinK; day, a party nf stra^{K'i"K Indians at- tempted tn plunder his canne, lie waked his men, ennunandinK tlu-m iu)t to fire, unless he wave the word, as lu- was unwillinn; tn henin hostilities till tlu- necasinn ahsnlulely reipiired it. Tlu- Indi.ins. ten or twelve in mmiher, were arnu-d with spears. .Advaiu'iuK to the l)oints of their weapons, and l)iandishin>^ his hanger, he sternly asked the iiitruclers what they wanted. They were staK^ered at this, he says, and jjerceiviiiK they were likely to meet with a warm reeeption, tiiriud ahnut and precipitately retreated intn the wnnds. Carver's T ./f».V.I77M.V r.\n\ UN. U tun tMiii(ititiiiin'< \\*rv iit)|iri>lii .Khi' ni (iirilur irmtltU-, itml ItcMtfcit ttiiti Id ri'liiiii to till' IriiiUr* ihry liml Kfi; Ititl hi> «liaiiii'i| itifiii Uy •■iiyiiiu ili.il iitilix till) Moitlil Itr cxii'i-itii'il iiti! Miiiiii'ti tlif)' tmioi li Hiivv hull I'ur lit< purl, he ili'iliiriil, lit' Ma« )|i't'riiiiiu'i| \n pttrtiti- lll>t llltrifli'il ruulr, 111 iill i-,llKlt«l))lliill, otifi* I'liKtiKi'il hi illl Ittlvt'lltlin-, lu'MT ri'iri'iilnl. Tlir iriivcUr u^w » \t\i>\\mu iM'>°>>tiiii di l.aki' IVpiii, iliti'riltiittf the hi'.iiily )i( ihf vt'i'iury, tlit- fcrlilll) uf llu' «i>il, ilu' "varii'ly i>( iK'i"H ihal yii'M iiiiiaKitikt >|tiaiiiitif< oi tniil withoitt «arf nr itilllvation," .iihI till alitiinlatu't' ki t'i«li ami u.pmi' ") Mi llu- iilaiim," hi' i*ay*, "itri; till' laik;»>t liiiiyal'n « III any in Aiinrii'ti." I.,iIm' l't|Mii IukI I»hii till- 'iriir i>i I'rcm'lt lumMiiMiiHl ••i(li'ri>fi»i'«i Mini' till' tmif of \i.l!,)|;i, I'liiot. t'arviT •ay'^; "lli-ri' I >.list'r\i'. \\|ii< h Ii;i>. oitcn \m\\ icurrol to a> tlic Im'hI aft-oiint o| Joiiatliati CaisiT, f^t.iiit, oIimiw-- "It i« a I'ai't worthy of iiotf, lhal lai'MT vva> lln' lir^t lo r.ill iln .iiiriiiiini <>\ tlir t'ivili/i'tiiiK aiuiiiil nioniiiniMt* in the Mix- sirisippi Nalii'V," It may Itr woiili wlnlc to n |ii-oi|in r tin- parlu'iilar pa^saur ironi ('ar\t'r\ travvN wliii'ii lalliil loidi iln^ remark! |t. \> Illl wim llilo SI I'li'fri''' Till' liiiiiH' wiix lliiil >il llu iIikI whlii' in in nii llio Mill' iif Mll»iiitk r tv liiiiti irinllllMii iin'Ri-rvra n nmi' hlil in' iniiii' In ri' nln'ii lii> li'fi III* iiinlliiir iiKMi iiiiiiiiiir ilip Sin. II, III Illl' |ili Inn Mini' lirniiili'iiliiu nt llu' l''iillii>r ■ if Wiiiitk',' .liilm IIii>iIn. Kill' nr III' I'niiiiili'f- III' MllwMiiki'i'. ii lit ini' ilmi he iliiu ii|t lii'iir »liMl U iiiin III" MiiilliMi'Kl rnrinr at I'Mfiii iiinl <'lii'l li.v llii' lllillilllH, llMil III .Mllwilllki'i', mill Hull III' Will ri-iiM'iiilii'i'i'il Hint llii< rniiill) wlm lln'il nu tin' Nlin \vlii'ri> llir rnrui' \\»* tniiii.l iM'i'i' iiiinii'il Si. I'i'li'r III' HI, I'lrrr'. Mr IIiiniIh, i">IIiiiiiiIiiu till' liiillnn'N imi' at an, 'iili'iiliiii'il Hull ilin irnri' Hi niMiilriirjr nr I'luillni'. Iliil llii'ri' I* I'tlili'ini' Hull Hi I'lirn' hiik llvliitf iii .Mllwniilji'i' liiiu iirtrr Hull Hiiii', mill liiili'i'il Hiri'i' .vi'iirn iirii'l' Hii' lliiii' H lii'ti I'lirxi'i imli'il Hu' riiliiN nf Ilio HI t'li'll'l' rili'Inr.V III |jlki> I'l'jilll. Hi I'l Itnlil'llH Willi llllnll'il IIIM IllilUll Mil.|i'Hly'H Hliinp l''i'lli'll.v nil l^iki' Mli'liluHii III Illl' rull nr ITTti, liiiH Inn II r nl nr I'linlnu In lii Mllwnki'i' llii.v iliirliiu ii hih'II hT hi|iiiiII,v wruHnr rmm iiti' >iiiii!iw>'iti, nii I Irmllim n ki'K nr I'lilii In "Mnlixli'iir Hi. I'li>r," Willi |iillil rnr II Willi tirii'i'li Iiiikh iir I'niii. 'I'liii III),' linnU nr Hiiniili'l Itiilii'i'lH In ii'|il'n WNi iiiihIii IIIkIiiI'IiiiI I'iiI- IrrllniiH. I Nliniilil iml inni'liiili' IIiIh iiiiIi'. Iinwiti'i', wlHiniil inlillnu Hull K. I). .Vli'll, III "Kiiil.v l''ri'lir|i l''iiitH mill l''iMi||irllil' nf Hir SUlli'.v nr Hii' IplMT MI«i«liiMl|i|il," Mliiiii'^tnln lllKlnrii'iil I'lilli'illniiH, \nl. II , Kiiyp*: "\Vf liillcn. Hint rurllii'r ri'in'iirrli will kIiiiw tlint IIiIm Kiiini' <'ii|ii. HI. I'li'iii' luiiiiiii' llir iiui il l««iirili'iii' Hi. I'lrrrt', In I niMiiiiinil nr till' null- pnMt In Krlr <'n., I'n . In IM' riiiln'r, IT.'i.'l, In wliuiii WiiNlilnKlnn, JiiNl i'lili>i'lliK ii|inii IiIn iiiiiiiIiikhI, lini'i' ii liiii'i trniii lint. IMiiw lililli'. iilnl, nrii-i' lii'lin( rnlll'li'nll»l,\ Iri'llll'il. WIIM niIiI linlni' W Illl II 'llulllMliI lull lli'i'lili'il ll'|ll,Y." Hi JONATII.W CAR\'Hli. I I "( )iu' «I;iy, li;i\ iiiK lainli'il im tlic xlinii' of tlu' Mississippi, sniiu' ihili's bi'Iow Lakr IVpiii, wliilst iiiy altiiidaiits wiTc prcpariiiK iIkt/ iliiincr, I walked out to take a vivu of tiie aear- ance of an entrenehnient. < )n a nearer inspection. I liad Ki't'ater n.asf)n to snpposi' tjiat it liad really hceii intended for tliis many centuries aKo. XotwitlistandinK it was now covereil with K''ass, I could ])lainly discern that it had onci' been a breastwork of abouf four feet in height, extending the best i)art of a mile, and sulTiciently cipacious to cover Ihe tlionsanhable. and ajjpeand as regnlar. .and i.'ishioned with as nnich military skill, as if plamied by \'anban himself, 'ihi' ditch was not \isible. but I tliou},dit, on iw.'imininK more curiously, that 1 could ])erceive there cert;iinly had been one. I'rom its situation also I am convinced that it must h;ne been designed for this ])m-- pose. It fronted the country, and the rear was covered by the river; nor w.is there any risini; ^M'ound for a considerable way. that connuai'ded it. A few straKuH'iK o;ily tlic fci't by wliicli its Krt'at ri'at atti'ii- iH' oil tlic lescriptidii frical talc liat Moiis. ;en notice lanio con- III Naudosv- dowcssifs Sands and ul known poils, had est. One lortly be- in with a and their ' a vastly tliu inonnil ins, to kcnp I'i'H, p. 78. su|)friiM" liiic ul ( liippfw.is, wild uiTc .idvanciiiK to attack them. This pacific si r\ ice iiiKr.itiaud liiiii with the Mawtawbauntowahs. and when Ik icacticd tlu' cuunlry of ilic .Xaiidowessies his fame liad preciiU'd him, and he wa-^ acconjid a cordial reception. .Many nionths afterward, when lie \isited ilie t"hip|)(\v;i \iilaKc near the Ottuwaw lakes, he was similarly rewarded for his udoil work, the ("hippewas telling liini tliat the war betwi'eti tlieir nation aiii';ir> in litcnitinf Wlu'ii hryaiit wrote tliat tiiio liiK' ill Thanatopsis rclVniiiK tn "'I'lu' vast woods wliorr rolls the ( )rrKoii", lu- |)rol)al)ly drew his inspiration from Jonathan C'arxcr. l'\'w of till' liKhans anions whom t'arvi'r i)assf(l the winter had e\er seen a wliite man. ()thers had 1)een allies ..f tlie I'reneh in their wars with the ImiuHsIi and the ecdtniists. With these warriors he talked o\er the exeitinn eampaini's in whieh they and he had borne a part. All formed a hiuh o|)ini()n of Carver's bravery and abil- ity, and treated him with ureat respect. When, at the end of .\pril. In- set out on his return, a |)arty of threi' hundred ;ieenmpanie(l his e.iiioe, many Roin^ as far as the present site of the city of St. I'aul, to visit a yiwM eave, which they called Wakon-teebe, meaniuK the Dwell- ing of the (jreat Spirit. To this cave the Indians were accustomed to briiiR the bones of their dead, and their chiefs held a council there every spring, to settle imblic ;dT;iirs for the ensuing? summer. Carver had been in the cave on his way up the .Mississippi, and had found on its walls Indian hieroglyphics which prcsenteil an appearance of ^reat ."uticpiity, the lapse of time having nearly covered them with moss. Carver was jjresent at the sjiriuK council in this cave in I7'<7- !*'"' took occasion, he says, to deliver a speech, a report of which he in- serts in his book, telliuK the Jndi.ins of the ^reat power of the Huk- lish king, and of that sovereign's desire to i)rotect them if they would be his children. That Carver in fact delivered this speech, which as it stands in his book is a fine example of dorid elof|utnce, full of pictures(|ue imagery of the kind in which the Indians delighted, has sometimes been dippantly (piestioned. Likely enough he polished it at leisure when he was preparing his manuscript f(3r the press. But that it repre- sents the purport of what lie said there is no reason to doubt. The policy of tjic speech was excellent. He had heard at different i)laccs on liis route that emissaries were still employed by tlie French to detach the Indians from the English interest. He had seen with his own eyes l>elts of wampuiu that had been delivered for this ])urp travels brought out in London in I7c'^i. rii:> a'.coiint leiers to Carvn's niediation between the Chii)- pewas and Xamlnwessies "i-oiuiliatiiig their att;ichinent anil frii-nd- sliin." and s.i>'^ ihat "a- an ackimw lfd;.;tneiit of their grateful sensi' of his h.i|;py iiiierieveiiee, llie .Xatiilowcssies gave him a formal grant oi ,1 tr.iil 111 land lying on the north side of Lake I'epin." "The origin.al" of the deed, tlu' account continues, "is in my possession, and as an Indi.in deed ni ripin ey.ince mav inoM- a curiosity to many read- cis. I sli.-ill lure insert a copy of it," Then follows the text of an instru- iiuiit pill polling to have been made by .1 lawiio)),awjatiii, or the Tor- toise, ami ( )to|iii)tigiMiiiili>lu'aw. or the Snake, "chiefs of the Xaiido- wi>sies." , iiincying to "jonatli.in t'arver. a chief under the most mighty and potent King Georg'' the Third, king of the Miiglisli ami other iia- lion'-." 'ill return lor ilie ni.iiiy prisi'iits and other good devices done by till' said Jonathan to ourselves and allies." "the whole of a certain tract or territory of land bounded as follows: (viz.) From the fall of St. Anlboiiy. rumiing on the ^:ist banks of the Mississippi, nearly soutli- eaM. as far ;is the south .iid of Lake rejiiii, where the Chippewa river joins the M ississip])!. and from tlieiici' eastward five days' travel, acooimting twenty I'".nglish miles per day. and from tlu-nce north six days' travel, at twenty luiglish miles per day. and from tlieiue ;ig.-iin to the fall of St. Anthony, on a direct straight line," "to which we have alVixed our respi'ctive seals, at the great cave. May the hrst, one thoiisaiul and seven hundred and sixty seven." The (lied piirjiorts to bear the marks of the res))ective chiefs, a tortoise and a snake." Strong, in his Territorial History of Wisconsin, says the boundaries named in the purjiorted r. Lfttsdm'H iitcdiinl confirm the K^ant. In the way of such action stood in the tirst pi, ice the infoi-maiity of the alleged j;e of Sioux chiefs with names like those on the deed, the tortoise in particular not beiny a Sioux totem: and there was the further fact that the Sioux of the Plain never owned land on the east side of the Mississippi. Rev. Dr. Samuel Peters, who was the foremost and most active person iti i)Ushinp for Con>^ressional action recoj^ni/inw the claim set uj) that he had secured statements from Indians to the efTect that they had heard of such a (j;rant beiufj; made to an RuKlishman at the time stated, but these statenuMits did not serve to counteract the evidence against the validity of the grant, and the signitic-int circum- stance that no such grant hid been confirmed by the l-Jigiish govern- ment, under which Carver lived, and in whose behalf his services were performed. Long after the failure of the attempts to obtain Congressional recognition of the grant, however, deeds were sold preten(hng to convey property under it, and many of these worthless instruments are on record in ihe western counties of Wisconsin. '- 12. .Seekers after the (iritflii of iilinises liin.v be Inlerested ill Uiuiwlii;.' Unit ill one pliico In tlio deed tlie Kniiitee is referred to us "Our k- si'iii siiiiiv the Unilvd HU' ill iH(j(j, ."oH>r|-,.ss to iho i-!aiiiic'(| y i-oiu-iTiU'd 1 thi' claim. 1 thf way of Ik'UT'I (iced. ivas wiihiHit kMUmI hy thi- ll to hi' ill •h tiu'y (h(l tlif ralitica- a proi-Iaiiia- )rivatc piT- LTc was the Moiix chii'fs r not hciiiK ionx of tJK' )pi. most aclivi- tla- claim cfTcct that mail at tlic ntoract tin- lilt circiim- ish Kovern- lis services i to olitain were sold ,' worthless oiisiii.'- ; Unit In (iiii< mil lU'iirt'Hiilil, isi'il ilial III,' I. iliii'lii^r I III' II, Hlllll, "\Vl' nil llii' I'lili'i', ir, flii-ri' HUM I'liri' till' Iti'v- Tlu' cAlint Id wliiih ('.irvii' wa> reipoiisiliie for and helii'ved in the decil will pKih/ilily iu\er fully apjiear. If he had coiitidence in ii> \aliilil\ it -ecnis straum' ^hat he said nolhiiiK oi it in I'ither of the l\M» rdiliiin>. of his liiinl'- which were piihli^hed duriiiK' his life, one 111 lluni .liter he li.id had .i lieariiiu hrfore the kiiin at which he lei-eived permission III piihlish his jiiiirnaU, and ;il which, accord iiiR to Dr. I'eters, the kiiu; recn^inized the validity of the (Knant. IVter^ appears lo li.ivc liccn held in low olecin hy lii'^ coiitemiioraries, and he was till' coiis))icniiii- liKitre in llu' esploitiiin of ilu' C'ar\er Kraiit The |j;oods which ( ".irvei had conlracted for at M ichillimackinac to Ik .sent to hmi ;it .St. Anthniiy's l'";iMs never cime. They had heeii enlrtisti'd hy ('ul. Umer^ to iradv'r-, who ignored his orders and ili-piised of them elsewlii'ie. I'lii^ interfered with Carver's jilan of piishiiitj- forw.ird tow.ird t!u' I'.icilic, for his experience h.id taiiKh'L him that it would he impo^silije to work his way safely tliroii|.jli ■ tr.-iiiKe .ind saxM^e trilic^ without wilts to hestow as he went aloiivf. • mill).; to I'rairii' dn Chien. he |irocnred what could he sjiared hy the tiiiders whom he h.ad left there the preceding year, and with these determined to hiiy frieiidshij) on the rmUe across the country of the C'lii|)pew;is to Lake Superior. .\l the (iriiid l'orta^;e on the north side of that lake he would encoiiiui'r the trader> who anmially went from .Michillimackiiiac to the northwest, and from tlu'se he miKht he ahle to iirocnre a snpi)ly that wniild w.'irr.'int him in carrying out his larger iiUentioiis of western exiilor.ition. .\ ])leasaiit incident of nieeliiiK with the Chippewas has already keen narrated. .\ii tmple.asant incident was his encounter with the (iraiid S;iiitor. who, when ap- proached hv Larst'r in a coiirleons manner, withheld his hand, and loiikiiifj; at him fiercely said in a Krnff voice. "C'avvin nishishin saRa- iiosli!" which was the Chippewa for "The h'.nglisli arc no jrood." The (Iraiid S.antor h;id hi-^ tomahawk in his hand when he spoke, and Carver, fi'arin.ij a hlovv. seized his i)istol. hiildin>4 it carelessly as he li.issed close hy to let the chief see that he was not afraid oi him. Tlu're was no hloodsheil. and Carver. haviiiL; kept on his guard during the ni|j;lit, went his way unmolested the ne.xt morning. Descrihing the sci'ties .along the Chippewa River, he tells of a wood three i|uarters of a mile in length, and in depth more than the eye could reach, where "every tree, m.any of which were more than six leet in circmnference, was lying tlat on the ground, torn cp by the roots, the work of some exlr.iordinary hurricane." On a head branch of the St. Croix he discovered several mines of virgin coi>per. lie ihouglit the country hetween the Mississippi and Lake Superior justly named the .Moscheltoe Country. "It being then their season, I never saw or felt sd many of those insects in my life." Toward the end of July he arrived at the Grand Portage. Here he met a large jiarty of Killistinoes and .\ssinipoils "with their rcspcc- mi 1 88 ./()SATllA.\ i'AU\/:h'. I. ■ I irl 'i ■ hi I' i! I tivi' IsiiiK's and I'ainilii'^," and ri'ccivi'd frnni llii'iii niH-uiiiits of tin- laki's lyiiiK to llw iKirlliwcst i>l l.aki' Siiiniinr. I'dipU' wlio haw a I'aiu-y for iii will ri'lisli tlu' --tory wliii-li lie tclN oi ilii' ini'dicitu' man \vl)o I'ontold to im Imur tlif tinii' at uliiih a I'aiio" would ani\i' with people in it who wonld mi\e inlornialion eoneeiii ill},' the a|)|)roaeh of the trader-. The trader-^ eame. hnt they eould spare no ^oods lor Carver, and he wa- oliliKi't honlers of l.aUv Sninrior. and pro- I'eidinvr to l,al eanoe, t'ar\er arrived in N'o\('nd)er. I"'"", at Miehillimaekinae, having' >afely traveled nearly twelve hundred miles on the nvvM lakes in that frail vessel of hireh. lie was ohliyed to stay tlirouKh the winter until the following June at Miehillimaek • inac. the ice in Lake Huron not permittinK travel, hut he found socialile eonipany, and si>ent his time very aKl'i'oahly. lie arrived in Boston in Oeloher, i/fxS, "ha\ inj,' lieen ;d)seiit on this expedition two years and five months, and duriiin that tii le traveled near sevi'n thousand miles,"— ,i loii;;er journe\' in those d.iys th.-m it is in these. "From thence," >ays (.';irver, after telling of his arri\al in I'loston, "as soon as 1 had |)ro])erly digested my Journ.il .md Cliarts, I set out for i'lnK'laiid to eomnutiiicate the diseiMeries I had made, and to ren- der them benel'icial to the kingdom." I lis reception at first appears to lia\e heen ausi)icious. "On my arrival in I'JiKland," he says, "I presented a petition to his majesty in Council, praying for a reim- bursement of those sums I had expended in the service of the ^overn- ment. This was referred to the lords commissioners of trade and plantations. Their lordships from the tenor of it thouKht the intelli- gence I could Rive of so much importance to the nation that they ordered me to appear before the board. This message I obeyed, atid underwent a Iour examination, much 1 believe to the satisfaction of every lord ])resent. When it was fmished, I requested to know what I sliould do with my papers. Without hesitation, the first lord re- plied that I iniRht publish them whenever- 1 pleased." But from this time on the fate of the unlucky traveler was "cast in shallows and in miseries." Ife disposed of his ])apers to a book- seller. When they were nearly ready for the press, an order was isMied from the Council Board re(|uirinK Carver to deliver without delay, into the plantation office, all bis charts and journals, and every paper relative to the discoveries which he had made. To obey this command, he was obliged to repurchase his manuscript from the book.seller, at great expense, and an effort which he made to have the amount of this outlay added to the account of his other expenses was unavailing. The government allowed him £1.373 6s 8d, his original account, and that was all. In 1774 he had a gleam of hope. Richard Whitworth, Esq., mem- i J(t\.\TII.\\ iWHVKH. lilts Ml' lIlO • wlin liaso tells III tlir ell ;i laiiD" m rnmiTii tluy ooiiM his Wi'siiTi) r. and pni- N'ovi'inliiT, •Ivc liimiln.(l was ohliKCfl icliilliiiiai-|< - t 111' tiniml r aiTivfd in )r(liti(iii t\vr» iK'ar seven is in tlieso. I in Hiistiin, ts, 1 set (tut and to ren- lirst appears lie says, "I for a reini- tlie K"vern- f trade and t tlie intelli- n tliat tliey obeyed, and tisfaetion of know wliat rst lord re- ■r was "cast to a hook- 1 order was ver without s, and every o obey this )t from the ide to have ler expenses his original ber ui' I'arhaniciit lur Stalfuid, who apjte.irs to h ise possesse < TIIKOl'Otl TllK I.NTKlUOll r.MlTS 01-' NORTH A.MKKKW. fur .Mciri' lliiin l"lvi> TlimiKnnil MIIi'k; t'DiitiilllliiK n" Arcoiiiit of tllO (irciit Ij InillanH Inlialilllnv the linniU tlint. Lie Adjnicnt to the Iloails anil III till' Wt'Ntwaril of tin' iji'cat ItlrtT MInhIhhIiipI; and an ApiH'ndIx DpMorlliInu the I'liriMthati'il I'artH of Anii'ilra that aro Mimt l'ro|H>r for ForiiilnK SettlvmentH. It}' Caiitalii .lonatlian ('uivit, of lhi> Provincial TroojiM In AuK'iicn." The length of time consumed in Carver's journey is exaggerated i". this title, while the distance traversed is understated. Not more than one-third of the volume is devoted to the account of his travels, the rest being occupied with a description of the origin, manners, customs, religion and language of the Indians, and with chapters on the f'ora and fauna of the interior parts of North America. In tho 1,'itter part of the work he does not content himself with giving his 1.1. London Quarterly Review, Jan. 1815. 00 JOXATII.W CMiVF.n. y. I r i '1 ^ ,' ' ; 1 1) I' I own iilisi't \a(ii>n<>. Iiiit .iNo ilraws Irci'ly. witliDiit i'ri< oi ('liarlcvoix. Mfiiiu-pin and l.aliiintaii. Carver'* cimtrilmtiims to tlu- scifiui' nf K»'"Knii>liy ari' iml nii the wlinlc sntVuMi'iit til justify liis disparaKi'iiU'iil nf tlir map«. nf llii' tarly I'riiuli ixpliMii-,. Ill' i-uviTs till- iiittrior nf tin- jnwiT .MirliiKiiii pi'iiiDstila witli a fnmiiilaliU- raiiwc of niotiiitaiiiN. lii- inakt-s Lake Mii.-lii^an iiniluly hroad, aiwl rolts it of fully oiu-third of its Iiii^tli Due lastward from Lake Winiii'haKo. lii' show . a dcip indiiitaiioii o( the coast, ami tin* dthoiiilinre of three rivers. Milvvatikee is possibly indicated at a point marked "I'oiitowattimie Town." Imt he has placed it on the south shore of the lake, east of !•" .t St. Joseph, which he also places on the south shore of Lake. , Michigan. thouMlh its loca- tion was on the east shore. The route over which he traveled is in Kineral set down correctly, hnt Smith in the Doeumentary llistor\ of Wisconsin notes that Carver makes a mistake in his description of the sources of the I'ox and the Wisconsin." The Carver map oi Lake Superior does not show the Keiieral shape of the lake and thr relative si.'.e of the lar^e islands as well a' the map of the Jesuits pub- lished at Paris in xdji, though it is worthy of note that it shows the islands of the .Xpostle Kfoup- which are not on the Jesuit map, and it calls them "the \i Apostles," a fact which has sugRested the errone- ous assnmi)tion that Carver K-'ive the islands this name.'"' But it w.is Carver's expressed intention to avoid descrihiuK localities by fanciful new names, and to give the names by which they were known to the inhabitants of their vicinity. The "Twelve Apostles" is a name nuich more likely to have originated with the pious Jesuits than with anyone else. It is a mistake to suppose it appeared on Carver's map for the first time. It may be seen on the map of "Canada and the Northern Part of Louisiana, with the Adjacent Countries, by Thomas JefTerys, (jeographcr to His Majesty," which bears date of \7(u. and a reprint of part of which is published in Neill's History of Mimiesota. From the treatment which Carver and his charts and journals were accf)rdcd by the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantatit^ns in England, however, it is evident that he was recognized as having made important contributions to the fund of English geographical knowledge at that time. His minute and practical remarks on the indu.^trial resources of the Northwest also possessed great original 14. .Smith's I>oo. UlHt. WIh.. Vol. I., pp. 140-7. l."l. WlH. UlHt. fol.. Vol. XIII. A Hlicirt illHtaiK'c iiIhivo tilt* rallM of .St. Alitliory ii rlviT t'iii|itli>s In. wlilrli Ciirvpr ciiIIm Itiini Ulvt'i'. Tlii> IiiiIIjiiih Hiiy It 1h tlit> ithIiIcikt of Kooil anil bail M|>lrltH. CnrviM'. nut iiniliTHtanillnK tlii-ni, niiist liavo I'litlrrly nilstakt-n tlii'lr lui-aiiiiiK; anil Umtpail nf Its watiTH lichiK lllli'il wltli at>rlal tlilnKK Ih> lias mail*' tlii' watiTH rral olil .lamfllrn.-- I'atierH nt' .1 inics Dininu Duty (182U), WlMcunHln lIlHtorlral CiilUH'tlonH. Vol. Xlil. 4 i I i J(fS.\Tll.\\ CMiVNIL Dl It, upon til'.' (' mil nil till' 111 till' I'iiily cr MicliiKaii niiiUfs l,;ik»' il' its IriiKtIi iitlcntatiiii) <)( •I' is possibly K- lias plai'i'd isi-pli, wiiiili hkIi its loca- lavoU'd is in itary llistor> s (Ifscriptio'.i nrvor map of laUi- and tlic ' Jesuits pull- it shows tho nit ina)), and (1 tlu" crroiif- ' Rut it was .•s by fanciful known to tho ' is a nami' lits tiian with Carver's map nada and the V by Thomas late of 176J, s History of and journals d Plantati(ins ;ed as haviiiK geographical narks on the {real original ill, wliloli Ciirvpi' K|i!rltri. Ctirvci'. : mill limtpnil nf il iild .liunntcii. V..1, Xlil. « v.iiiif j.iiiio C. riliiiig'- i\hauHtiM' bibliography oi iIk Sinniiii I. in Kiiages "indicates that Carver ii» the tirst author who iser publi'^hid i \ni;diiiliiiy 01 ilie Saiitee tongue, and its length, tiglil pMgi's, vniilers 1* r\ii|i'iit thai il was ,111 onginal coinpilation wliuli iiiii-iiler;ilile imn' .iiid patience. " Tii.il the book nut a pcppniar lUiiiaiid for inforniation not acces siblr I Ixwiiiif is iiiilicjiU'd li\ llie lait that it w.is liiiiislaled into the I'leiich. (ieniian and Dutch languages, and that it has licin ptint.d 111 no k'SN lh,iii Iwiiily-lliiii' editiies may be cited as ,111 instance. In tlusr cases ju' possilily follows the argniiieut ol what Aas actually s.dd, but it is improbable that he took down a (orm.il report :il the time It is iiincli more likely that he wrote irom memory, introducing as tiiiiny embillishments as he could. As pr "'riie Death Song iiiiiit mT till' :iiilli<.r. Willi |>iirlriill. IC. (iKfl.v Hins Iwi'iiLv-tliri'i'. I'llllim uIvh 11 MmI of Iwciil.v as IhIIuwh; KIHTIONS ol" t AUVi:il"S TIt.WII.S. t.- ITTH l^iiHliiti. I'lliili'il fur till' .\iithiir. J. liTIi l,r. a.- 17711 lluhllli. I. I7HII lliiinliiirtr. ,'i. I7M Liiniliiii. Ill wlili'li Ih iiiIiIi'iI smiii' m 1 II. I7st I'hlliiili'lpliiii. I'll. 7 • \lSi Kri'iicli Iriiiis. s. t"s4 l'"r<'iirli triiiiH. II.- t7.sii riitliiil<'l|ililii. I'll. 11 . I'tU lliisliiii. 11. 171MI l,f.V(l«'ii. 2 veils.. Willi |iiiilnill. I'J. I71III riill.iili'lliliiii. I'll. 1:1 i7ti7 lliiNliiii. n. isi.'i wiiiiHiic, .\. II l.'i.-is.'ts lliii'liir llniN.. aa l^iiiiliiM Killllnii in. is.-ia Krt'lirli liiilis. Otilcr VllltlllllH lll'l' Hlllil III IllM' nirj.-l'lilliiili'liililii. I'll. I7iiri. i'iiiiiiiici|>iiiii, I'll. lHit7.-K.illiiliiir>.'. IHiiJS.- Killiiliury. INMH.-- \Vlll|ltiillx. M Jf>SATIlA.\ t'Ali\t:ii I 1 (V..:;' ■ 'Mil nf a Niiiii|i>\\f'»sio Cliiff," '\'\\\n \uhu\ Ii.ih Ih-cii traiislatril intn I'-iinliHli at thrri ilil'riciit tiiiii'*, liy I'.ilKar A. ItnwriiiK, Sir J<>lm IIitm lul ami Sir lulward lliilwir l-ylton. (."irvfr's lani years vvi-ro full ni wrctclu'(lnr)i«, lie marrii'd in I.i)n<|i>n, wliili' liin tir>t wU\-. with a larui' family, wan xiill living i.i Anurica. Tiic Ititttr (li!ta|)|>i)iiitiiu-iit due to the faihirt' of his prc»jcits iif is|i|(»rafi(>n may hi- lattir imaKiiu-d tluiti dcscrilicd. Ho maiifully >lriiKKl>'d til Mipptirt liis i'ji^liliiet en- titled "Treatise nil the Cnltnre of 'rohaeen," which in de'Mrii)ed a> .1 \Mirk III muih merit.*'' and which appeared in 1771). Ilis uriKinal wiirkH appear to have lirouM^ht iiim noanty rctmineration, and when lie was constrained hy poverty to sell his name to the publisher of u iarue folio volume in the writiiiK of which he had home no part, en- titled "The New Universal Traveller," his friends lookerly employ- ment as a clerk in a lottery ofVice, and «lied in January, 1780, accordiiiR to the (leiitleman's MaKUzine, "absolutely and strictly starved." Ilis friend. Or. Lettsom, sold a number of copies of his book for the benefit of his EnKlish widow and her children, and turned to advantaRc the puMic sympathy for destitute authors which was aroused by the cir- cumstances of his death, by founding the Literary Fund, of London, for the relief of needy authors.'" Travelers on the upper Mississippi in the early part of this cen- tury never failed to look fir Carver's Cave. But not all of them found it. As late as 1820 it w s said that his name and the date when he visited it could be plainly seen cut into the soft rock. Schoolcraft went into Fountain Cave, four miles above, thinking it was the one made famous by Jonathan Carver, and Doty, who was the secretary f>f his expedition, notes the fact in his journal. Later the Schoolcraft party discovered their error, and found that they had missed the en- trance to the Carver Cave because it was obstructed by fallen rocks Featherstonhaugh made the same mistake as Schoolcraft. Nicollet, who was employed by the government to make a hydrographical survey of the upper Mississippi, in 1837, removed the debris and laid the entrance of the famous cavern open to curiosity-seekers. On Wednesday, the 1st of May. 1867. the Minnesota Historical Society elaborately cele- brated the Carver centenary and visited the cave in a body. An inter- esting monograph published at the expense of the society commemo- rates the celebration. In 1872, the Milwaukc. & St. Paul Railway cut away the outer wall of the cave to make ',ay for a track, and diverted the st."eam running through it to feed u tank which supplied the loco- i l|; 1:1 i ~ i 18. IMirrlp. 10. fiMitlrnmn'it MiiKnzliie. Feb.. March and April. 1780. JnSATIlAS <\i{\nn. tito l''.llv{li»ll ^r^i'll('l ami iiiarru-il in ill liviiiK in ills prtijcits lo manfully IK ihildri'ii, itmphli't cn- icriliffl as ,i lis oriKJnal ml wlu'ii ho l)lislu'r of u no part, cii' (I upon the ICC from his irly omploy- 0, uccordinK rvcd." His r the hcncfit IvantaKi' tiic by till- cir- of London, moiivi-« will) s\.ii i ut away tilt' la«t vfsiiui'H of ilu' i-avT ti» make room lor ix* iruckit, which nre laiil lu'twirii tlio^c ol the Si. I'aul and llu- lilntt Tliiiv lulorc tli'' marrli ni material piiiMrif>s. pcrwii llu' puinii-Mim monnnunls oi ilic pa'«t' Ihii m-ml i» lUpi-rior lo matltr, I. ft me cln«c hy citing an ofti'n-i|mit('d paiiiKiMpli Irnm ('.iiwr'-i ImnK: "To vshat povvii "I .iiiiliorn) ilii- new smmM will licionir depend iMtt afti'r it has ari>trn from its present nncnitivaled stato. timi- alone can disiovir. Mm as the seal of empire fmni limi innnemnnal lia^ heen uradnally pmKressiiiK toward the \\e»t, there is no doulit Imi thai at >ome fmnre periml niiKhly kinKdoiiis will enieruc from these W'ildern«'-<^es, ami stately palaces and HnUniii ii inplc with wiided spires reaching to the -.kies, supplant llu- Indian liiUs whose only dec firations arc the harhanuis trophio ni their saminished eneinie*." Carver's ("jivc lia» \anishcd, hut Carver's prophecy has hecoine . soliil reality, more womUrliil than the womlers ol any cave, and more inspiriuK to the iniaKuialion ni ili.ni^;luful men. of this ccn- thiMU found ite when he Schoolcraft was the one he secretary Schoolcraft ssed the en- fallen rocks JicoUet, who :al survey of the entrance dncsday, the oratcly cele- r. An inter- r conimemo- Railway cut and diverted ied the loco- rr~:i: i \ % ;w~ i^H X ••v^. / l> H JUS' ■ v ♦ ■■ Jifv ' '*'W^ jf'f"^ ^ rf ■f?<.iiri 'Cfzj-ner's 7^'a.vcCs" ^'•g, Xiojtcioft JSd. J ^ mnac^jruiiian: iwuu'c. ^""l\ ^— Lv -If -Vsr ,/ (iyytfa V -^^Xj^: ..__i^ -^ •^. .- /.iK ■ -1, VOn- Trend M'mfj I \ ''^■"*--'3t!^.y^ ,/; ryff(? eei-icl i-'Sy. )niim--::rl:3iuin.'iir(t.-r;-:niinnm" ~" jamiun.-- ^)1_. J'-^ lioitclou. Sd.. iy i- 1 •*« "^i.'li'S ■'.;'>i-\»'l 'lY.lN^' AlVV 'i'1 f r/.-ulNT 'i' (r J— '"\ V -, 7^4 , /■" >t.S ,•■ iic:^-::i--:i-:fln JMm rr::: !7N ^112- ■:=zv i%mawr .^ :i^- ' w m aia r.-:r:rrau»i.iiimmrr---nmi:arcl •r., I »■ h APPENDIX. ■'"Ill; I'l.ACI.; AM) |)\T|.; (,!.• LAKNliKS It! Kill. •Dr L.ttsMM. (.ivts StillualiT, in CnmvclwM. as Ca.vu-s l.irtli l.lan', an.l a.l(l>— \i,k-i. nn.l.'iv.j lainnn^ I,y tl.r Mtrn.tHi..r ni tlic armv iin.lcT (KM. I'.urKnyn.; A. ur \u.v. no siuh ,,la.r as SliliwaUT in < """^•■^•tn-m. u. hav. it stale! I,y tl.r A.n.riran Anti-niarian Snn.ly 111 Un- |nil.!is!ic(! pi-.K-ocdinRs .,t tliur nuctniK -'f ( )i-t.,!Kr m 1X71 tl.at 'Stillwator. in X.w Vnrk, is w!kt. Carver was in fad Imrn"/ \\\- mUT !,c was not a nativr .,t Stilluaiu-, .\\w ^•..r!<. In.ni tlu- fact state-! in -ronclis lhst.,ru-a! an.l Stati>tical (iazdlccr ..f \(.^v V,,rk. tl.al Stillwater was nut srtllnl till al.nnt ,73c)--dRlitrn. vrars after Car- vers Inrth; an.l the Carver name -loes not appear anmnu tlie tirs siltlers 01 tliat town. Dr. IVters slates iliat C Canterbury. Comieitient IK ar\er was horn in an.l lliiniian's (ieneal.iRy of the I'nritans of t ..iinccticut Kivc's the names .,f several Carvers am..nn tile early set- tlers tliere-am.ni^r them. David Carver, wlio .lie.! there in 17/7- his son nenjamin. who was l...rn in i;-; Samnel an.l I'lsther Carver the heads 01 a family; Jonathan an.l AhiRail (nee Kohins) Carver, marrie.l -n i74(); and in the adjoinitiK t.)wn of Windliam, llinman states tliat J.mathan Carver, by l^unice Downer, ha.l a s,.n. J..natlian. born Ueeember 18. 1741. P,arber, in his nist..rieal Colleeti.,ns of Cmneeti- cnit. states that it is believe.l that Captain C.ai ver was born in Canter- bury.^ All thinus eonsi.lere.l, this inference seems the most i)r..b- able."— L. C. D. [I.yman C. Dniperl in n.)te t.. Durrie's "Capt. J.)na- tlian Car\er." Wis. Historical C.ilins,. \'nl. \|. Judne Daniel W. Hon.l. _>io6 .Massachusetts Avemte, CambridRC Ave.. .Mass.. one of the justices ot the Supreme cnirt of .Massachu- st tts. who has made r.'searches concerning the Carver family, says in a letter to Charles L. tloss. of .MilwauUce, a Kreat-KTcat-nrands.'.n of Jonathan Carver: "[ don't believe the date Kiven. 17.U of the birlli ni Capt. Carver is correct. It seems his wife was 17 wlu-n she was mar- ried t.) him [in I746?'!. In all my ^fnealofrjcal investigations 1 have seen the marriage of but .me boy under jo years of age. 1 here i.; one marrie.l at 17. Sheldon [Sheldon's History of Dtertield I gives Capt. Carver's birth as 1729 or 17.^0 (?). He does n.it kn.)w where he found that .late. I .1.) not think he was married at if. or 17 years 'l! 11 86 JONATHAX C.\li\h:Ji. ol iiKc."' JikIki' Mninl Kivo a li^i nf Capt. L'aiviT^ i-liildicn, takiii fmiii till' Caiiti'i-ljiiry, t'niiii., ri'i-(ii-(|>. in wliicli it aiipiais that lii«. first I'liild, Mary, was l)..rn April S, 1747. I'KTKKS AN l\ki;i.IALli.K U 1 IWKSS. "Ur. I'l'UTs is at l)"st M-ry i|iu'sti(iiial)li' aiitiinrity, I U- was a native nl Ili'l)roii. Ctmiiccticiit. hurii in I7,?3, and was in ai'tiw liu during tlic wlmlc period of Capt. Carver's pid)lii- eareer, Ills aii|uaint- anee witli liini edninieneinv!; in 1754, and no donlit In ' aniiile oppm- tnnities of learning tlie partiiulars of iiis put)lie servii-es. How nimli jjrejttdiie or interest may iiave warped liis jiulKment or tenii)t4'd iiis itipidity to make statements unwarranted hy (lie faets in tiie ease, it is inipo^sil)le at tliis remote date to determine, lie was a \iolent Tory, and retired to ImikIuihI before tlie breaking oin of tiu' Ue volution, and remained there over thirty years, duriuK which lu wrote his f;imous History of Conneetieut: 'This work." say;; Dr. .Mien in his Ilionraph- iial Dictionary, 'is embarrassed in its authority by a number of fj.bles," while the Rev. Dr. Haeon, of Connecticut, in his Historical Dis- courses, calls it 'that most unscrupulous anv\n up ^iiuikc In till' (iiH'.it Spirit^ Why art' iliosc li|)s Mleitt tliat lately dfliviTrd u> us I'Npri'ssions and jjIrasiiiK laiiK'iiaKi'? Why arc tlinsi' tVi-t inutiiink'ss lliat a short tiiiu' aKi> wrti' llrctir than the (K'rr mi yiindi-r muinitaiiis? Why usfU'ss haiiK those amis that cniiM i-hiiih the lalU-st tuc, ur ihaw th»' toiiKhcst hew? Alas, .•viry part of that traiiu' uliiili wf latily liihrhl uitii adniiratiim and wmidir is imw liioiiu- as iiiaiiiniati- as it was tlirri' lniiidrfd years aRo! We will nut, Imwiver, hi-moan thee a> ii' thou wast fori" ,r lost to us, or that thy iianie would he liuried in oliliyioii. Thy soul yet liyes in the unat eountry of Sprits with lliosv' i>> thy nation that haye none helore tluc; and though we ,ire left he- liiiid to perpituate tiiy fame, we shall one day join thee, .\etuafed h" the respeit we hore thee whilst liyiii)-', we now eoiiU' to tender thee the last ;iet of kiinhiess in our power. That thy liody iniKdU not lie iien leeted on the plain and heeonie a prey to the heasts of the tield or fi/wls of the air, we will take eare to lay it with those of tiiy prede- cessors who haye Koiie liefore thee: hoping at the s.inie time that thy •spirit will feed with their spirits, and he ready to reeciyc ours wiien we shall .'ilso arri\-e ;it the yreat eountry of souls." The tine poem hy Schiller wliivli this iiassaye inspired is .is fol- lows: Haftoutcrucre iEl1^tcn^l'^. 2ohl- M iilji n ,rif rci' '.Vi.Ulc, ■.'iufu'rt't iiiM ,i iM, ■.'.'(it tcni -.'iiiiMnb, reii cr Ivitlo, ■!U, u'l' 111 fic .Hioii fcr ,v,\ufiiv ■hh' fi\< ■.'lil'eiiio .'i>,ui*, Ttr iif* iiiiiaii (iiiii tirc'tioii i>'i'iiu' iMii'^ fci- 'lifcit'c ;l(,iii* ■? Ji'i" ric '.'liiadt, falti'iil'fllo, fie ^i•l^ .itniiiiivci-.i 2vm .S.il'licii .mi ci\' i>*v.iicv> 'iMU. '.'liif fciii 5h,iii rev ivliii'? Tioic iilH-iiri't, no h'lH'iifiT i^lohcii fin* tfii 2*iicc. •lUt tt\- JOivi*. for .'t. ta^^ VcL'cii lii oiuili'iii'ii 1 iclit, iio iMiiai'ii i*l,ui I hh'H ihiii. a I't lMii(im,)ii(ioii. J'.'e to II ict'iioo iiul>i' lit, J'.'i; mil '.I'i.iu^ cic ,>olcci immiijoh. Toi IH-u ioll'oi iiniclfl; JUSAI II.W ('Ali\ Eli. W .Vo mil lii>« III .iflc 2ii,uii1<(, JiU' fit h'.iif mil Wile, Ji'e mil iViKtMi .III* hiil'i' Vm'tiii line dttiilit. ■.'.'ill f«ii fi-iil'iii (l'«iJi 01 tu'l';M, Vith iiiiv' hii'r .illMi. Z^U irii (ciiu' tiMliii ici'iii lliir ihii ul<>nriiii (III, I'lll'ilCl IHI fU Ifllll'll (X.lK'll. jlKllllll t\< !0fUlltM|)'l .lllcv' Id mil thill ('(iii.U't'ii, W.u' ihii iu'iuii m,ia. Wai llMII IllltfU' .\,>,11U'I tic i'lMll', Tio I'V l.U'''i MniMiiii, 'fliiit' f«k< IVui'ii ftllc lUiili'. fiiiii ttt Win 111 l.iiii); .'llllV iMi< "(fild. iilMlf «i'M'llttlll, r,u» Vi'iii ,V'uiCi'i'ti-i'f .i|.iM> mil citi aciilMitoii ixnit.ii iilM'lc •t'lUit iiiif 2.1'i'i"i; 'v.iiW'ii ,imt', fill V«il' 111 mikii, iUiH ihm 111 f c .f^.iiir, Tild il lOII-ll* II Ojc lir.il'liil .\ii cev ioiicii IMiir. ( )l llu' tlirci' \n:>l kiinuii luiglisli MTsiiiiis of tlii> piiiMii — tlidse ri'spi'i-tivtly lis Sir Jnim I lorsdii'l, Kdnar .\. liinvriii^ and Sir luKvard l.yltDii ISulwir. tlu' oiif Ia Icjiii of tills iiiicMi l.s liiKi'ii liiiiii i'iiimt's Tiiivi'ls Tliiiiiitili Noilh Aliurlrn. (iot'lho ri'r'kiiiied It iiiiiinii.' ,'<>'lillli'i''< Im si | iiih uf tlio kliul, niiil wIhIiciI he liiiil niiiilc n (Iiizi'it such, lint, |iri'r|Mi'ly Ihiiiusc lim'tlic iiilmlri'il It I'nr lis oliji'dlvlly, Wllljjm Villi Ihiiiiiiiililt futinil It wiiiitliii: in lili'iilii.v. .Sii' niilTni<-lsti>r, p. .'I, ail. 'I Src, nil Ills lllMl :is If III .Vipli', .\ll lll'i' llUc slls hi' hi'ir: Willi lllllt Slllllr |I^1M•^^ ivllli-ll hr Willi' WIn'li li^'hl III hllll uils ili'ill'. I'm wlii'i'i' III!' I milt hilinrs slrrlimli. mihI uIii'I'O Till' liri'iilh ihiil tiivi'il III lii'i'MlI.i'. Til till.' tjrriil SpM'll. tiliifl 111 nil'. Till' I'l'iin •ii1|i''h liisly wi'i'iithV .\iiil «hiri' till' liiiwU HKr '■y<\ iiliis! That wiiiit till' ill"!- imisiii'. .Miint; till' wiivi'S nf rliiiliiiii '.;r;ls.s. Or lii'lils lliiil sliuli'' wllh ili'W? 100 .f(K\ATii.\y <'Ai{\mi. .\rr l'ir«i« |i|i' Hlilli I lii.linilllltl fi'i I Thill iiHf,.| |lii> H Inli'i' xriimx' Wliiil nhih'lli Nt niiiu XII riiHi mill Iti'i'l 7 'I'llrir N|H'i'il iilll Mliinly Imi» I'llllill nn|l|lll' riillll lU lu'lili'. Iliiw Hliii'k mill lii>l|i|i'i»i limitf Ihi'v iinw AiImwii I 111' Nilffi. I Hliir: Vi'l, iM'mI Ii. IiIiii III (iiMii I' Iii> nii'iitK W'hrii' iii'M'r full Ihi' miiuhm; Wlii'li' ii'iT Mil' hiiMliliiWH N|ii lliun llir 11111I/.1' 'I'liiil iH'trr iiiiirtiil niiuh; WliiTi' lilnU iiri' lillilii nil I'M. IV liiiiki', VNlliTl' liili'Mln h'l'lii Willi ilri'l'. WliiTi' ifllilf Mil' Hull llii'iiiiuli I'vi'iy iiiki' - iiiii' I iiiiMi' ri'iiiii .vi'iir III .vini'l Willi HiiIrK;) mm lir fi'iiHlx nlmti': All li'fl UN III icviTfi Tlic ili'i'iU »i' liiiiinr Willi iiiir liivi', Till' lIllNl »!' Il'lfj liflT, lli'ii' lirliiK llH' liiNl tiiri"! Ii'iiil mill hhrlll Willi ili'iilli'illi'ui' fur ilii' hi'iivi'! Wliiil iili'iiMi'il liliii iiiiml III nil' limy hIIII lihi' iiliiiMiiii' III Mil' urnvi'. Wi' Illy Uii' iix lii'iii'iilli IiIh hi'iiil III' MWIlIm Wlll'll Niri'llKlll WIIH Hlllllm — The hear mi wlilili IiIh Iiiiihiui'Im Iril Till' Wiiy I'riilii 1 Ill-Ill In liiiiu! And licri', ih'w-nIiih'ih |, iiimp hh. loilfi' Tlml Ni'viTt'il iriiiii ilii' rliiy, I'miii wlilih llii' MX liiiil N|Nillnl ili. IliV, Till' riiiii|ii('i('il 'A'.l77/.l.V CM/; I a; A'. lUi lillll.MKiUAl'HY. My I'liii'f ^oiirccH m iiiiuniialinn ni tin |)ri'|mrati«Mi ,,i tlii> iikiiki- Krapli havr hfiii ' CarviT'it Travfl* IIumukIi tlu- Inti-rior Parts of North Aiiurioa"; tin- "\\iM'un>iii lli^turiial C'nlUi,li(iiiH." partiiiilarly Nolmiii- \ I., wliiili ii.iitaiiix I), S. Diirrit's artiili- on •'Caplain Juiia- lliaii Carvt-r and Tarvcr'n Grant"; tlu' •Miiuiosi.ta IliMoriral ColU-i-- tions." iiartiiiilarly N'niuims I. ami II.: Smith's Dn.-iinniitJiry History oi VVisiunsiii, Vols. I. an. I III ; Strongs " l"irritorial llistory ot VVis- .onMii": W'ill'x "History of Miiinisoia"; (iiii. A. \V, (irtxly's "Ex' plort-rs and Travi'lcrH," artiilr on "Jonathan I'arvfr"; I'arkrnan'o "Consi)iraiy of I'ontiai"; Thwaili's' ' Siory of VVisionsin"; Huttor- til-Id's "History of Wiscnisin"; Xilts' Wet-kly Register, Baltiniorc. I'Vlirnary j. i8.'5; tho l.ond.Mi (Jnartirly Ucvifw; tin- (K'ntlonim''- Mawazini', Harper's Manazim, ami the lih-s of Wisconsin luwspapiTs F also take pleasure in acknowledKiiiK indehlednt-ss to the rcscarclu-* of Jud^e Daniel \V. Homl, of the Supreme i-onrt of Massaohiisctts, for information throwing linht upon the proliahle plaee and date of Car- ver's birth: and to Charles I-. (loss, of Milwaukei'. a descendant of Jonatha;i Carver, for allowinj,' me to have access to vahial)le family records in his possession. Hy the courtesy of David L. KinKs^bury, assistant librarian of the Nfinnesota Hisiorical Society, I was per- mitte