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 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
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 6 
 
w 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Br 
 
 CHARLES C. ABBOTT. 
 
 A Special Publication 
 
 0» TllE 
 
 Peabody Academy of Science. 
 
 mk 
 
 SALEM: 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
II" III I U Jl; IfliPSliiiii^ 
 
 I 
 
^ 
 
 .fmiti!|(<>w'«»w *»mMill'i^W W 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY, 
 
 / ' 
 
PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY: 
 
 OR 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HANDIWORK, 
 
 IN STONE, BONE AND CLAY, 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NATIVE RACES 
 
 OF 
 
 The Northern Atlantic Seaboard of America. 
 
 Bv CHARLES C. ABBOTT, M. D., 
 
 Cor. Member Boston Society 0/ Natural History; Fellmv Royal Society 
 0/ Antiquaries 0/ the North Copenhagen, etc., etc. 
 
 SALEM, MASS.: 
 GEORGE A. BATES. 
 
 1881. 
 
riftiwui-A- 
 
 
 COPYRIOHT 
 
 IIY 
 
 GEORGE A. BATES, 
 
 Printed at The Salem Press, 
 Comer of Liberty and Derby Streets, 
 
 Sai.em, Mass. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Lm-i.E need I)C added ' v way of a preface to the present 
 
 volume. 
 
 The work may l)e said to be tlie natural outcome of the fact 
 that the author lives in a neighborhood once densely populated by 
 the Indians, as attested by the thousands of stone implements that 
 are scattered over the fields. 
 
 As in the course of my rambles in search of relics, I have always 
 met with kindness and aid from all who could assist me, it is scarcely 
 practicable to mention every one who Vuidly offered assistance, gave 
 me specimens, an<l in other ways furthered the untlertaking. Many, 
 however, have been named in the text, in connection with the speci- 
 mens they have furnished, or the information derived from them. 
 
 Still I feel it is incumbent upon me to acknowledge my indebted- 
 ness to Prof. F. W. Putnam, Curator of the Museum of Archaeology, 
 at Cambridge, Mass., and to Lucien Carr, Esq., assistant curator 
 of the same institution. Without the aid so kindly rendered by them, 
 it is doubtful if the volume could have been completed. 
 
 I am also indebted to the late Prof. S. S. Haldeman for the 
 kindly interest he took in all that pertained to the preparation of 
 the work. The treasures of his cabinet were always at my disposal, 
 and I have drawn from it and from his correspondence, almost all tht 
 matter relating to the archeology of the valley of the Susquehanna 
 river. 
 
 To Henry Carvill Lewis, of Philadelphia, my grateful acknowl- 
 edgment is also due for assistance in many ways ; and particulady 
 
 31918 
 
VI 
 
 I'KKKAC K. 
 
 for tin- cliMiJftr cnntainini,' the rt'siills of liis latest investigations into 
 tiie i;e()i(),uy of tlie Delaware river valley, which he has contrihiited to 
 the work. ISy so <loinj;, he has added greatly to the scientific value 
 of that portion relating to the evidences of i'akvolithic Man on the 
 Atlantic seaboard of North America. 
 
 It is a pleasant duty, furthermore, to acknowledge, at this time, 
 my great indebtedness to my father, 'I'imothy .\bl)ott, Ks(i., of Trenton, 
 N, J., whose unfiiiling interest in my labors, and substantial encour- 
 agement in meeting many of the expenses of the undertaking, enabled 
 me to overcome many ilifficulties that seemed insurmountable. 
 
 To the Hon. Abram S. Hewitt, of New York, I am greatly in- 
 debteil for valuablf; aid, here, most gratefully acknowledged. 
 
 In conclusion, I would add that the series of illustrations of 
 objects from Californit, which have been used for purposes of com- 
 l)arison, are co[)ied from the Seventh Volume of the U. S. Geographical 
 Surveys West of looth Meridian ; Capt. (1. M. Wheeler in Charge ; 
 and their use in advance of the appearance of that volume arises from 
 the fact that the author was associated with Prof. Putnam, its principal 
 author, in its preparation. 
 
 Realizing how much is yet to be done in the field of investigation 
 treated in this volume, the work has been written, not so much, indeed, 
 with the hope that it may add materially to our common stock of 
 knowledge, as that it may inihice others to explore such localities 
 as they have the opportunity of doing, and to preserve such traces of 
 early man as they may find by placing, them in public museums. If, 
 in so doing, my readers shall find this volume a worthy guide, my 
 pleasant labors during the many years in which I have been a collector 
 will ever remain a happy recollection. 
 
 C. C. A. 
 
 Prospect Hill : Trenton, N.J. 
 July I, 1881. 
 
 . ■ i j* * 
 
'IWMI.K ()|.- CON'I'KN'IS. 
 
 Chiiptcr 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Clia|)tcr 
 
 Cliaptcr 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chajjtcr 
 
 Cliaptcr 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Cha])ter 
 
 ChajJter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 C]haj)ter 
 
 Chaj)ter 
 
 Chajiter 
 
 Cha])ter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Cha])ter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chaj)ter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 Chapter 
 
 I. 
 
 11. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI. 
 
 XII. 
 
 xiti. 
 
 XIV. 
 XV. 
 XVI. 
 XVII. 
 XVIII. 
 XIX. 
 XX. 
 XXI.- 
 XXII.- 
 XXIII.- 
 XXIV. - 
 XXV. - 
 XXVI. - 
 
 Chapter XXVII. 
 Chapter XXVIII. — 
 Chapter XXIX 
 Chapter XXX. — 
 Chapter XXXI. — 
 Chapter XXXII.— 
 Chapter XXXIII. — 
 
 — I.NTI«)|)L'(T()kV. 
 
 S\i>SE AXKS. 
 
 fKI.IS, CHISi;i„S ANIJ GOUliKS. 
 
 — (iROOVF.I) HAMMKKS. 
 
 SKMM.IJNAK KNIVKS. 
 
 ClIll'I'KD KI.INT KNIVKS. 
 
 DRILLS, A\VI,S OK l'Kl?'iiKAl()R.S. 
 
 SC KAl'KKS. 
 
 Sr.lCKSIONKS AND SINKW DRlssrkS. 
 
 — MORIAKS AND J'KSTI.KS. 
 
 — I'OITKRV. 
 
 STKAl TIK FOOn-VKSSi;t,S. 
 
 TTITKI) sroNKS. 
 
 — lllll'l'i:!) FLINT IMI'I.KMKN'I'S. 
 lilINF, IMPLF.MKNTS. 
 
 — .ACRICUI.rURAL I.Ml'LKMENTS. 
 
 — I'Ll'MMKis. 
 NKT SINKKRS. 
 
 — SI'KARI'OINIS AND ARROWHF.ADS. 
 
 — FLINT dag(;i;rs. 
 
 — GROOVED .STONE CLUB-HEADS. 
 
 — PIPES. 
 
 — DISCOIDAL .STONES. 
 
 — INSCRIHED .STONES. 
 
 — CEREMONIAL OHJEiriS. 
 
 — lUKD-SIIAPED STONES. 
 GORCETS, Tf)TEMS, PENDANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 C(5PPER IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 HAND-HAM.MERS AND RUBBING STONES. 
 SHELL HF:APS. 
 FLINT CHIPS. 
 
 PAL/EOLITHIC IMPLEMENIS, 
 
 THE ANTI,-;iTY AND ORIGIN OF THE TRENTON 
 GRAVEI^. 
 
 m..a&.. 
 
CHAPTER I , 
 
 INTRODLXTdRY. 
 
 While the early inliahitants of the continent of North America are 
 collectively known as '• Indians," it has been long ascertained that they 
 present distinctions which widely sejjarate them, and possibly point 
 to several and diverse origins. A study, therefore, of the liundiwork 
 in stone, bone and clay, of the former occupants of any one portion 
 of the coimtry is not, of itself, sufficient to give an accurate knowledge 
 of the wonderful \ariet\- of forms, and skill exhibited, in fashioning 
 the articles which their needs demanded. Such, however, is the simi- 
 larity existing among the olijects generally known as " Indian relics," 
 wheresoever found, that we are led to conclude that, to a limited ex- 
 tent, through a s\stem of barter or the vicissitudes of warfare, the 
 distinctive weapons and implements of one ])eople became mingled 
 with the hourj productions of their neighbors. It is evident, therefore, 
 that, m treating of the implements, weajions and ornaments found in 
 any one locality, we cannot be, at all times, ])ositive that any 
 given specimen is the production of the tribe of Indians known to 
 have inhabited the country where it was found. 'Ihe influence of the 
 introduction of objects of European manufacture must also be taken 
 into consideration, as in the century or more that elapsed between the 
 visits of the Hrst explorers and the arrival of the colonists at Plymouth 
 and at Jamestown, and later, at Philadelphia, the introduction of a few 
 foreign trinkets and metal cooking vessels greatly influenced the home 
 productions of the \arious Indian nations. Many of the later artic:les 
 made by them were doubtlessly modelled from similar objects of luiro- 
 pean origin. From this relintpiishment of the customs established by 
 them, during their happy ignorance of European civilization, may be 
 
 (1) 
 
2 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 dated the termination of tlie career of tliese people in manufactures 
 of a purely American character. As one of their own people has 
 well said :' "we lived before the English came among us, as well or 
 better, if we may believe wiiat our forefathers have told us. \Vc had 
 then room enough, and plenty of deer which was easily caught, and 
 though we had not knives, hatchets nor guns, such as we have now, yet 
 we had knives of stone, and hatchets of stone, and bows and arrows, 
 and these served our uses as well then as the luigiish ones do now." 
 
 As the one general locality, extensive as it is, treated of in the 
 present volume, does not include any territory known to have been 
 permanently occupied by the so-callctl Moundbuilders, the relationship 
 of that jjeople to the supposed ruder hunting tribes of the Atlantic 
 seaboard will not be discussed, although the belief may be here ex- 
 pressed that they are not necessarily older than the earliest occupants 
 of the Eastern coast. 
 
 On the other hand, the somewhat vague historical references to the 
 presence of the Eskimo as permanent occupants of the coasts of the 
 New England States, and even farther south, will receive brief atten- 
 tion in connection with a class of objects which were probably the 
 handiwork of that people. 
 
 It has been necessary to adopt some method of classification in 
 studying the great number of distinct patterns of stone and bone im- 
 plements described in the succeeding pages. So far as possible this 
 has been done by following t le references of the early writers, to the 
 utensils and weapons of the xudians. When there were to be found 
 no such guiding references, the suggested purposes are necessarily 
 conjectural ; and if the suggestions are, in a few instances, made in a 
 somewhat r.v axtJuuira manner, it is because the author is fully con- 
 vinced of the probalnlity of the suggestion, anrl not because it could 
 be demonstrated as true. In tlie more general classification, how- 
 ever, implying a greater anticpiity of a given class of objects over 
 those of another, and in separating the traces of the pre-European 
 
 * Acrelius. Memoirs Penna. Historical Society, Vol. XI, p. 52. (Speech of Canassatego.) 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 3 
 
 occupants of the eastern coast of North America into three divisions, 
 each antedating the other, it is fully believed that the facts justify the 
 implied relative antiijuity and chronological sequence. Exception 
 therefore is firmly taken to the view expressed by Prof. Whitney,^ that 
 " it is evident that there has l)een no unfolding of the intellectual fac- 
 ulties of the human race on this continent which can l)e parallelized 
 with that which has taken place in Central Europe. We can recog- 
 nize no j)al?eolithic, neolithic, bronze or iron ages. Over most of the 
 continent, as it seems to the writer, man cannot be considered as hav- 
 ing made any essential progress towards civilization." The careful 
 and systematic examination of the surface geology of New Jersey, of 
 itself, it is believed siiows as abundant and unmistakable evidence of 
 the transition from a true palaeolithic to a neolithic condition, as is ex- 
 hibited in the traces of human handiwork found in the valley of any 
 Eurojjean river. The jiroofs of this earlier than an Indian occupancy 
 of the Atlantic coast of North America, and of the intermediate 
 period that connects this earlier with the true Indian age, will consti- 
 tute the second part of the volume. 
 
 As the greater number, by far, of the various implements and 
 other objects of stone, bone and clay that are here described, are un- 
 questionably the handiwork of those tribes which were in peaceful 
 possession of the Atlantic coast when first visited l)y European ad- 
 venturers, a brief reference to them collectively seems necessary ; 
 although the scope of the present volume does not include a dis- 
 cussion of the ethnic relationship of the various native races of the 
 Atlantic coast, but merely an illustration of how far their ingenuity 
 had expressed itself in utilizing stone to supply their several wants. 
 These so-calleil Indians, which have figured so largely, in the earlier 
 historic times, as well as filled a large jjlace in the preiiistoric annals 
 of America, are known to ethnologists as the Algonkins and Iroquois. 
 
 ' Memoirs of the Muiiciun of Comp. Zoology, Vol. VI (ist I'art) : The Auriferous Gravels of 
 the Sierra Nevada of California. liy J. II. Whitney, Cambridge, M.ass., 1879. (Chapter III, Sec. 
 V, Human Remains and Works of Art in the Gravel Scries, p. 287,) 
 
4 PRIMITIVE INDUSTfRY. 
 
 These are^ "peoples of wholly diverse (les':ent and language, who, at 
 the time of tlie discovery, were the sole possessors of the region now 
 embraced by Canada and the eastern United States north of the 
 thirty-fifth parallel, 'i'he latter * * * * occupied much of the soil 
 from the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario to tiie Roanoke. * * « * 
 They were a race of warriors, courageous, cruel, tmimaginative, but 
 of rare political sagacity. They are more liki; ancient Romans than 
 Indians, and are leading figures in the colonial wars. 
 
 The Algonkins surrounded them on every side, occupying the rest 
 of the region mentioned, and running westward to the base of the 
 Rocky Mountains, where one of their famous bands, the Blackfeet, still 
 hunts over the valley of tiie Saskatchewan. They were more genial 
 than tiie Irocpiois, of milder manners and more vivid fancy, and were 
 regarded by these with a curious mixture of respect and contempt. 
 Some writer has connected this dilTerence with tiieir preference for 
 the open prairie country in contrast to the endless and sombre 
 f rests where were the homes of the Irocpiois. Their Iiistory abounds 
 in great men, whose ambitious j)lans were foiled by tiie levity of their 
 allies and their want of iiersistence. They it was who under King 
 Philip fought the I'uritan fathers ; wlio at tlie instigation of T'^ntiac 
 doomed to death every white trespasser on their soil ; wh. led by 
 Tecumseh and lilack Hawk, gathered the clans of the foi '. and 
 mountain for the last jiitched liattle of the races in the Mississippi 
 valley. To them belong the mild mannered Lenni-Lenape, who little 
 forelioded the hand of iron tiiat grasped their own so softly under the 
 elm-tree of Shackamaxon ; to them the restless Shawnee, the gypsy 
 of the wilderness ; the Chippeways of Lake Superior, and also to 
 them the Indian girl I'ocaiiontas, who in tlie legend averted from the 
 head of tiie white man the lilow, wliicii, reliounding, swejit away h . 
 father and all his tribe." 
 
 3 UrilUon. Myllia uf ihc New W'uikl, aiij cJ. p. a6. New York, 1876. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 OnOOVED STONE AXES. 
 
 JunciNG from a series of over two hundred examples of grooved 
 axes gathered from nearly every county of the state of New Jersey, 
 and tlie full series of axes from New England, in the Peabody Mu- 
 seum of Archajolog)- and l^thnology at Cambridge, it is evident that 
 no one pattern of this form of stone implement is i)eculiar to any 
 neighborhood, and no form occurs in the south or west, in any way 
 differing from those occurring on the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 The material of which they are made varies almost as much as 
 does that of the arrowheads, altiiough it is rarely that we meet with 
 axes cither of (juartz or jasper, yet such are not wholly wanting. In 
 most cases, a close-grained, heavy mineral, susceptible of jjolish was 
 chosen, althougii the grinding of any ])art of the surface, except at the 
 edge, was mostly omitted. 
 
 In glancing over any considerable series of axes, we find the same 
 variation in the degree of fmish, that we see in every form of weapon 
 or domestic implement : out perhaps the most nodceable difference 
 is in the size. Many of these axes appear to be too large to be 
 readily wielded for any ])urpose; while the smallest doubtlessly were 
 toys. 
 
 As so large a number of these implements have had their shape 
 determined by tlie contour of the pebbles from which they were 
 fashioned, it is difficult to determine what is to be considered a typi- 
 cal axe, if indeed, there is one. The use of a water-worn pebble 
 as a hammer, simply held in tiie hand, was among the first acts 
 of primitive man, and it was not long before the advantage of 
 
PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 1 
 
 a handle to such a stone was recognized. Once hafted and in use, 
 either as a hammer or a weapon, if the ends at al. differed in sharp- 
 ness of point or thinness of edge, the desirability of increasing the 
 effectiveness of these features would quickly suggest itself. In this 
 way we can see how readily a water-worn pebble would be converted 
 into what we have here designated as an axe, and see also, how in- 
 definite must have been the siiapes of those first in use. 
 
 If we endeavor to trace any development of the more specialized 
 forms of stone implements, it will prove a puzzling problem to con- 
 nect the pecked and polished grooved stone axes of neolithic times, 
 with the chipped implements of the river drift. No two forms could 
 be more dissimilar, yet the hatchet of the one ])eriod and axe of the 
 other are supposed to have had similar uses. For use as a cutting 
 implement, one might well hesitate between the two forms, for rude as 
 the better made chipped imjilements of the drift appear to be, they 
 are quite as available for most of the purposes for which the grooved 
 stone axe was designed. The people that used the one certainly never 
 developed them into tlie other ; nor, would the chipped hatchets of 
 the better class always be discarded for the axe. It is, in truth, 
 inconceivable that these latter should be the production of the same 
 people, who used the chipped implements ; and if they originated 
 among the descendants of the palaeolithic folks of the same river 
 valleys, they are of quite recent times compr.ratively, and came 
 gradually into use, as a specialized implement, intended for but few 
 purposes, just as, at an apparently later date, we find the gouge, 
 hoe and celt. There is no relationship to be traced between the two 
 forms, or evidence that the makers of the one were at all related to 
 the inventors of the other. 
 
 In examining any large series of grooved stone axes, the fact that 
 the shape was of less importance than some other of its features be- 
 comes very evident. Occasionally, we meet with an axe that has no 
 trace of work upon it, other than the groove ; the edge being a nat- 
 ural feature of the pebble ; others again have only some slight in- 
 
STONE AXES. 
 
 7 
 
 equality pecked away ; and from such an one, we have a regular 
 gradation in degree of alteration of the original surface, to such as are 
 wholly artificial in shape, of jjcrfect symmetry, and exquisite jjolish. 
 
 Of those that are shaped witliout reference to the previous size or 
 shape of the selected stone, there is not a very extended range of 
 patterns. A])parently, every Indian being his own axe-maker, if not 
 content with the simpler form of a slightly modified pebble, fashioned 
 de novo such an implement as pleased him, antl whether the edge was 
 very broad and the axe short, or just the reverse, was a mere whim of 
 the maker. One feature, in this respect, may be held as true, that the 
 depth of the groove, symmetry of the blade, and degree of polish, 
 are all more marked in those specimens that are wholly of artificial 
 design, and have been shaped from a mass of sione that originally 
 bore no resemblance to the finished implement. 
 
 The maximum size of stone axes may be stated to be twelve inches 
 in length, and six to eight inches in width. Those of this maximum 
 length are very rare, while those measuring one-half, and two-thirds of 
 that size, are extremely common. The weight, of course, varies with 
 the size and the density of the mineral used. Some axes, of diorite, 
 or of porphyry of small size, are as heavy as others that are much 
 larger, of sandstone. The smallest axe I have ever found or seen, 
 from New Jersey, measures but two and three-fourths inches in length. 
 It is well shaped, has the groove extending entirely around it, and has 
 had an excellent edge. As the surface is now so weathered, and as 
 the mineral is not very compact, it is impossible to detennine whether 
 it has been polished or not. 
 
 The most noticeable feature of grooved stone axes is the groove 
 that either partially or wholh- encircles the imjjlement. While in many 
 cases, it is merely a shallow tlepression roughly pecked away, in others 
 it is very deep and occasionally highly polished ; but why it shoukl be 
 so, considering the one object of the groove, it Is difficult to conject- 
 ure. Certainly the material of which the handle was made, whether 
 hide or wood, would not polish it, even if it were wrapped tightly 
 about the axe, as was necessary, in order to secure it effectively. As 
 
1 
 
 8 
 
 I'KIMIIIVK IN'DUSTRV, 
 
 I have already mentioned, this groove is occasionally jirotected by 
 prominent ridges on each side, which also dee|)en it considerably. 
 The position of tiie groove varies from \ery near tiie centre of the 
 axe to a jioint so near the head, that but a narrow rim i)rotects it. 
 On measuring nearly one thousand examples, I fmd that the groove in 
 most cases is .about one-third of tiie total length distant from the 
 head, and is at riglit angles to the u])per margin of the implement. 
 In many specimens, where the groove is quite in the miildle of the 
 axe, it is evident tiiat the blade has been repeatedly shortened by 
 grinding the edge anew, and so, in some instances, fully one-third of 
 the imi)lement has been worn away. In the valley of the Susiiue- 
 hanna river, in I'ennsylvania, tlie majority of the grooved axes have 
 had an obliijue direction given to the groove, which of course would 
 alter the position of the handle, from that of right ang'es to the axe. 
 What object there was in this peculiarity, it is difificult to determine. 
 This jiattern is not miknown, but is \ery rarely met with in the valley 
 of the Delaware river, or elsewhere in New Jersey. 'I'hey are of 
 more frecjuent occurrence in New ^'ork, l)ut probably do not occur in 
 New England. There is no example of this pattern in the large series 
 of New iMigland axes in the Museum at Cambridge. 
 
 .'\ large i)roportion, possibly two-thirds of the stone axes found in 
 New Jersey, have the groove extending along the sides and across one 
 margin ; the opposite margin, in these cases, being Hat or slightly con- 
 cave. 'J'his same pattern is common also to New l'".ngland, but not to 
 such an extent ; one-half, jiroljalily, of the axes founil in Connecticut 
 and northward ha\ing the groove entirely encircling the stone. 
 
 As the imi)Iements mider consideration are called "axes," it is nat- 
 ural to infer that the edge, which in many specimens is ipiite sharp, 
 should be adapteil to cutting. If not, the term axe is a misnomer. 
 It is generally ccjnceded that, with these implements, standing timber 
 could not be cut. 'I'his is not true of all axes, howe\er, and one of 
 unusually sharp edge was found, by experiment, sufficiently sharp 
 to enable me to cut — not bruise — a small tree, by bringing the edge 
 in contact with the tree, at an angle, say of forty-five degrees. But the 
 
STONE AXI^S. 
 
 i 
 
 lal)or was such as would have disheartened an Indian, and the task 
 c-oiild scarcely be successfully rei)eate(l on trees of larger girth. No 
 stone axe, that I have ever seen, would be availalilc for felling trees of 
 even a foot in diameter in a reasonable length of time. 
 
 There is such a difference in the finish of the edge of any ordinary 
 series of these axes, that it is probable this feature, in (-(jnnection 
 with tile size, determined the particular use of each ; and there was 
 that range in use, as is apparent in the case of celts which, varying in 
 length from fifteen inches to one inch, could not have been intended 
 for one antl the same ])urpose. 
 
 The thickness (jf the lilade varies to a considerable degree, and 
 many of the broadest examjjles are {|uite short. The slope to the 
 edge in such cases is very i)ronounced, and however sharj) the edge 
 may be, its cutting ])ower is necessarily much reducetl. Such short 
 and thick axes were even better weapons than those that are thinner. 
 
 From the great number of stone axes already gatiiered, and that 
 remain to be gathered iVom the area of the state of New Jersey, it is 
 clear that this form of weapon or implement, as the case mav be, was 
 in constant and universal use among the Delaware Indians. In some 
 localities, of several square miles in extent, there have been found from 
 three to five axes in every one hundred acres, and still others are 
 occasionally brought to light by the plough. .Mlowing but one-half the 
 smaller number to have been left lying in every one hundred acres of 
 the state's area, when abandoned by the Indians, there would renain, 
 for the benefit of archreologists. the enormous number of one hundred 
 and twenty-five thousand stone axes. If these axes are as abundant 
 elsewhere, as they are in Mercer ami Burlington counties. New Jersey. 
 it is ([uite within reason to believe that one-half that mmiber were left 
 by the resident Indians, when they relin<iuished their territory to the 
 founder of Philadelphia. 
 
 However incorrect the above estimate of the abundance of axes in 
 New Jersey inay be, it is certain that there have been many hundreds 
 gathered in the past, without any apparent diminution of their num- 
 bers. Yearly the i)lough upturns as man}- as in previous years, and the 
 
10 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 thoughtful observer, who chances to seek for these scattered relics, is 
 amazed at tlieir frecpient ocfurreuce. 
 
 Supi^osing that tliese grooved axes, except sucii small examples as 
 were probably toys, were only used and owned by men, does this 
 great abundance of them indicate a larger population, than is gen- 
 erally supposed existed at any one time, or may we take it as indic- 
 ative of a smaller community, wliose oc(U])ancy extended over an 
 immense lapse of time? So far as axes not in use, or those deposited 
 in graves affect their numl)ers, it may be remarked, that we find that 
 several early authors mention the fact of the handing down from 
 father to son, of the cherished stone axe, to fashion which, "the life 
 of a savage is often insufficient."' This shows tiiat the custom of 
 depositing them in graves was only occasional ; and therefore, it may 
 be considered, tliat such setting aside of a certain number would not 
 materially affect any calculations based iiiron their numbers, as now 
 found scattered broadcast over the entire area of the state. 
 
 In New England, grooved stone axes are by no means alnmdant. 
 They are a well known form and a dozen or more may be collected in 
 the course of a summer's work, but in no jjortion of this extended 
 area, do they appear to have been in such common use, as in the more 
 soiUhern states. I'rof. George H. Perkins'', in treating of the archae- 
 ology of the Champlain valley, remarks that " grooved axes are not 
 common, though some very fine specimens have been found, but I 
 have seen none that would compare favorably with the finest western 
 specimens either in size or elegance of form. The largest I have 
 seen is nine inches long and four and one-half inches wide, but most 
 of the grooved axes are much smaller. Such specimens of axes as 
 have been collected have been obtained, one here and one there, 
 singly ; nowhere in such groups as some collectors describe. I ])re- 
 sume that all the grooved axes ever foimd in the Chami)lain valley, 
 unless many were destroyed before collectors began to save them. 
 
 * Mociirs des Su.ivages Ameriq.. Vol. I, p, no, P.nris. 1724. Quoted by C. C. Jones, jr. 
 ' American Naturalist, Vol. XIII, No. 12, p. 733, 1879, 
 
STONK AXES. 
 
 II 
 
 would not amount to so large a numl)er as Dr. Abbott mentions from 
 a single sniali excavation UKide in digging a cellar in Trenton. N. J." 
 
 In Massachusetts, there is a greater abundance of these implements, 
 than would ai)i)ear to be the case in wi-stern Vermont, as is shown by 
 the large series in the Museum at Cambridge, and in the collection of 
 the Peabody Academy of Science, in Salem. Mass. ; but while rela- 
 tively more abundant in eastern Massachusetts, than in the Champlain 
 valley, they are scarce as compared with the himibers found in New 
 York and New Jersey. Nor is this abundam e at all confined to the 
 middle states. Southward of Pennsylvania, they are abimdant ; and 
 along the greater part, if not tiie entire extent, of the .\tlantic sea- 
 board, the statement that in (leorgia they "are frequently met with in 
 tiie sei)ulchred tumuli, upon the sites of old villages, in relic-beds, 
 and in cultivated fields,"" is eciually ajiplicable. 
 
 As found in New England, axes are essentially a "surfixce" find, no 
 reference to them l)eing made by any of tiie an ha;ologists who have 
 so carefully examined the graves of the Indians of Massachusetts. 
 Celts and ornaments, as will be mentioned in a subsecjuent chapter, are 
 frequently found, but never the grooved axe. In New Jersey, a small 
 proportion of the graves of Indians contain, among other patterns of 
 stone implements, a small grooved axe, such as, from the sire and 
 finish, may be considered the prototype of the more modern iron 
 tomahawk. It is doubtfid if the largest of these implements were used 
 as weapons, as they do not appear ever to have been i)laced among 
 the " treasures " of any warrior, who was fortunate enough to secure a 
 careful burial at the hands of his friends. 
 
 Fig. I is a very good example of the most common type of 
 grooved stone axes. This sjieciuien measures eleven and one-half 
 inches in total length, and is but four inches wide at the broadest 
 portion, the ridge immediately in front of the groove. The groove 
 itself is but seven-eighths of an inch in width, and the head, or that 
 IJortion posterior to the groove, varies from one and one-half inches 
 
 ' Antiquities of Southern Indians, p. 274. New York, iH^^. 
 
la 
 
 j'KiMmvi: iN'ui;siRV. 
 
 to (Mio inch in Icnpth. 'I'lio cnttinji-cil^i' is Imt two and onc-tbiirlli 
 
 iiK Iks in ixti'iit. and is still 
 niodiTatcly sliai|i and well 
 pri'sorvcd. Altlioiiuli the 
 s])L'(ini(.'n still shows the 
 marks of the luinnner. yet 
 it might also he placed un- 
 der the head of polished 
 axes, as the \veap(jn has 
 been so carefully smoothed 
 down that the slight ine- 
 (|ualities and shallow inden- 
 tations (an scanelv be felt 
 by the hand. Its weight is 
 se\en and one-half jxiunds. 
 A\'ith the handle ])laced 
 where the groove is, it must 
 ha\(.' produced a great strain 
 upon the wrist. Axes, with 
 the groo\e so lar removed 
 from the middle >,. the im- 
 jjlenu nt, as in this instance, 
 are not often met with, 
 except such as are more 
 nearly of e(iual length and 
 breadth. 
 
 It is remarked by I-os- 
 kiel," of the stone axes 
 of the Delaware or J,enni 
 Lenape Indians, that "they 
 were not used to fell trees, 
 but only to peel them, or 
 to kill their enemies." Cer- 
 
 FiG. I. — Xc\. Jersey. J. 
 
 'Hist, of Mi'i'ilon of I'nitcd Brethren, p. 54, London, 1794. 
 
SIONK AXtS. 
 
 13 
 
 ;)in.'-fourlli 
 iitiil is still 
 i ami well 
 loiij^h the 
 ,lui\vs the 
 luiiHT. yet 
 phii 1(1 un- 
 r )i()lishe(l 
 .a I ion has 
 • smoothed 
 sli.ylU ine- 
 llow iiiden- 
 rely l>e felt 
 ts weight is 
 alf ])oun(ls. 
 [lie i>ki(e(l 
 .' is, it inust 
 great strain 
 Axes, with 
 ir removed 
 v,i the im- 
 lis instaiK'e, 
 met with, 
 are more 
 jrngth and 
 
 I'd by I -OS- 
 stone axes 
 e or ],enni 
 that "they 
 to fell trees, 
 el them, or 
 iiies." Cer- 
 
 tainly the axe before us might have been used f< ' either purpose; 
 but ill an attempt at ilassil'u alion, 1 should refer tiie smaller si)e(i- 
 mens to the ( ategory of weapons or "tomahawks;" to whi< h class 
 fig. I, judging fron\ its weight and si/e, <-ould ne\er have belonged. 
 I'ew Indians of to<lay, certainly, would care to place this axe 
 among their side arms, or be ((impelled to use it in a huid-to-hand 
 conflict. 
 
 'I'his specimen was found on a small gravelly island in the Delaware 
 
 Vu't. 1. — New Jersey, \. 
 
 Fui. 3. — Neyr Jersey, -j . 
 
 1 
 
 river, and was presented to the author by his friend Mr. William Dean, 
 of I-ambertville, N. J. 
 
 l'"ig. ■ represents an average example of this pattern of grooved 
 axe, which is found in greater or less al>undance throughout the I'nited 
 States, east of the Mississi])pi river. Such axes generally arc about 
 seven inches in length, the extremes being from two and onedialf 
 inches to eleven anil one-half, as in the preceding illustration. It is 
 
 
14 
 
 J'RIMITIVK INUUSTR^•. 
 
 very seldom that one is found that measures less than four inches, and 
 but few arc seen in any colli ( tions so small as the minimum here 
 mentioned. 
 
 When of such diminutive size, these objects become toys rather 
 than weapons, although if mounted on a sleniler, flexible handle, their 
 value as a weapon would not be inconsiderable. I'igs. 3 and 4 
 rejiresent excellent average examples of the smallest size of grooved 
 axes. Whether toys or weapons, as much care has been expended 
 
 upon them, as upon the largest, 
 and the battering to which the 
 edge of No. 3 has been exposed 
 shows that, if a toy, the jJJay 
 must have been rough anrl \ery 
 realistic, that so comi)letely de- 
 molisiied the cutting edge. In the 
 smaller of the two specimens, 
 fig. 4, it will be noticed that the 
 edge, which is still preserved, is 
 very smoothh' polished. It is the 
 more probable that these small 
 axes were niatle for children's 
 uses as we find nt)t only ail 
 weapons reproducctl in minia- 
 FiG. 4. -New Jersey. \. j,,^^, 1,,^ ^.^.^.,^ ^^^^.^^ prosaic arti- 
 
 cles as mortars, and cooking vessels. The same is true of the 
 pottery ; especially of the kind found in such great abundance in 
 the western and southwestern states ; where besides clay images, — 
 the counterparts of modern children's dolls, — miniature vessels of 
 most of the patterns in vogue at that time are common. 
 
 Fig. 5 is an admirable examjjie of an axe made of a ])orphyry 
 pebble of this pattern, worn down by continual resharpening. 'I'he 
 specimen now measures four inches in length by three and three- 
 eighths in width, and is two and one-half inches across the head or 
 back. It has a well-defined groove running along one margin, a 
 
STONE AXES. 
 
 T5 
 
 feature common to this pattern of stone axes. Into this marginal 
 groove a wedge is supposed to have been driven in order to tighten 
 the handle. This is jjossibly the true explanation. 
 
 Several specimens c>f axes have been collected quite recently, how- 
 ever, which have this marginal groove duplicated, each being quite 
 deep, anil the sr.parating ridge as high as the exterior edges of the 
 grooves. AVen, the object of the single depression the insertion of a 
 wedge, as suggested, these doubly grooved axes would need two such 
 tightening wedges, which is not jirobaL.le. If, however, the end of 
 the handle was jjlaced against this margin of the axe, and so notched 
 a.; to fit closely the single or 
 
 double groove, as the case might .<e*WtV!W^^|^w!<j?Aw,vw;Bsn 
 
 be, then the binding withe or 
 sinew wrafiped about the imple- 
 ment would closely adhere to 
 the transverse groove at every 
 part, and need no wedges to 
 secure the attachment of the axe 
 firmly to its handle. 
 
 In many axes of this pattern 
 the groove is but very slightly 
 tlefined, and in none from the 
 Atlantic seaboard is it so deeply 
 cut, as in a number of those found 
 west of the Alleghany Mountains. 
 
 Fig. 5 is of especial interest as showing how carefully preserved 
 were these stone axes, whether used as weapons or merely cutting tools. 
 So long as any blade was left to be sharpenctl, it was utilized. This is 
 more marked in the above than in any other axe in the collection of 
 the Museum at Cambridge. 
 
 This variety of axe is usually of sandstone, and the ordinary cobble- 
 stones, or water-worn i)ebbles of the adjacent river-beds. At and 
 above Trenton, N. J., the bed of the Delaware river is wholly com- 
 posed of loose stones of various sizes, with here and there an out- 
 
 FiG. 5. — New Jersey, j. 
 
i6 
 
 PRIMITIVI'; INDUSTRY. 
 
 cropping of rock. These loose pebbles are frequently found on ex- 
 amination to bear considerable general resemblance to finished axes, 
 and to need little work upon them other than making the groove antl 
 rubbing one end down until a cutting-edge is produced. So abundant 
 are the well-adapted stones, in shape and si/e, that we wonder wliy 
 so frequentl)' one meets with stone axes that have been carefully [lecked 
 over the whole surface to bring them down to the proper shape. Phis 
 may be exjilained, i>erhaps, by the suggestion that many axes were made 
 where suitable stones were diffictdt to obtain, and that the fre([uent wars 
 or wanderings of a community and bartering may have resulted in the 
 conuningling of the axes of a uuillitude of localities, many of them 
 miles distant from each other. It is known, too, that tribes came from 
 long distances to make autunuial \isits to our seacoast, and, of course, 
 on such journeys they would ahva\s be jiroNided with, and fri'([uently 
 lose, as they passed through the state, many specimens pf both weapons 
 and ck)mestic implements. 
 
 The routes taken by the Indians who annually crossed New Jersey, 
 from their liomes in the mountains of Pennsylvania, on their autumnal 
 visit to the seacoast, were well known to the early surveyors of the 
 state ; and se\eral of the principal thoroughfares, extending from 
 the Delaware river eastward, are the sites of those trails o\er which the 
 Indians had betMi accustomed to pass, for unknown centuries. 
 
 It is iti the immediate vicinity of these trails that we still find a 
 great number of the various patterns of stone implements and frag- 
 ments i)f pottery, which are largely the traces of those inland com- 
 munities whi( h i)assed yearly, by the same iiath, to their chosen 
 locality on the coast, ^'ear after year, they camped at the same spot, 
 while en route, and left imperishable traces of their sojourn by the 
 sea, in the well-known Indian shell-heaps. 
 
 It has been thought by many, and confidently asserted by a few, 
 that this particular form of stone axe was peculiarly a moundbuilder's 
 weapon or implement, ('ertainly many of the finest examples of this 
 form have been picked uj) in the immediate vicinity of moimds ; 
 though it is well known that axes of any description have been but 
 
STONK AXES. 
 
 17 
 
 1(1 on ex- 
 iled axes, 
 roove and 
 i abundant 
 jnder wliy 
 Uy pecked 
 ipe. 'I'his 
 were made 
 ([uent wars 
 ilted in the 
 ly of them 
 came from 
 , of course, 
 i frequently 
 ith weapons 
 
 v'ew Jersey, 
 ir autumnal 
 yors of the 
 nding from 
 r which the 
 les. 
 
 still find a 
 is and frag- 
 iiland com- 
 K'ir chosen 
 aine spot, 
 )urn by the 
 
 I by a few, 
 
 uudbuilder's 
 
 iiples of this 
 
 f mounds ; 
 
 |\(" been but 
 
 rarely found in the mounds ; moreover those of the maximum size 
 and liighest fmish arc not confined to tlie \icinities of mounds. 
 
 A very fine specimen of a large axe is in tlie cabinet of Rutgers 
 College Museum, at New Brunswick, N. J. It was found within the 
 limits of that town, on the banks of the Raritan river, which was 
 probably a favorite locality with the aborigines, on account of the na- 
 tive copper that was formerly found there, andwhic:h they highly i)rized 
 for a variety of purposes, especially ornamental. The axe above re- 
 ferred to is of identical iiatlern with that figured by Squier and Davis 
 in Smithsonian Contributions, vol. i, ji. 216, fig. loS (Anc. Mon. 
 Miss. Valley), but is somewhat larger and hea\ier. The former meas- 
 ures nine inches in length by six inches in width, and weighs an ounce 
 or two over nine jjounds. The western specimen " is made of very 
 compact greenstone, and measures eight inches in length by five 
 inches and a half in its greatest breadth, and weighs eight pounds." 
 Squier and i;)avis fiirther state that this " is regarded as a genuine relic 
 of the moundbuilders. Its form is (rlmost iticntical 'loith that of the 
 forcst-axc of the present day.''^ The result of investigations up to the 
 present time, in and about these same mounds, rentiers it almost cer- 
 ftiin, that the above mentioned axe was itself a " forest-axe." 
 
 Fig. 6 represents one of the finest si)eciniens of a large stone axe 
 that we have ever met with. Very many that we have seen ha\e been 
 as large ; a number have been of more finished workmanshij), but no 
 one has as many features of interest as this. This sj)ecimcn measures 
 eleven inches in length. The conical head is three inches long, the 
 groove and ridges together two and one-fjuarter inches, and the blade 
 within a small fraction of five and three-ipiarter inches. The conical 
 head does not appear to have met with any very hard usage, and was 
 probably intended for ornament. It would seem as though the ridges, 
 at each margin of the groove, would be of great advantage in fasten 
 ing the hantlle to the axe, inasmuch as it secures greater tlepth to the 
 groove without cutting too deeply into the body of the implement it- 
 self; but such plausible reasoning somewhat vanishes when we come 
 to compare weights and find that this specimen (fig. 6) weiglis but 
 
i8 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 six pounds, whereas fig. i, with one jwund and a half greater 
 
 weight, lias a groove 
 only one-half the depth 
 and widtli, jjlaccd as 
 near as i)ra(tiral)le to 
 one end, while in fig. 
 6 it aj)proaches more 
 nearly to the middle. 
 
 Axes of this i)attern, 
 having both the jiro- 
 jecting and protecting 
 ridges at the groove 
 and a conical head, are 
 common within limited 
 locali ?s in New Jer- 
 sey. Thus, in (Glouces- 
 ter county, in a series 
 of one htmdred speci- 
 mens, about twenty 
 were of this patterrt. 
 All were similar to the 
 specimen here figured 
 tliough not so large, 
 and in no instance was 
 the conical head so 
 symmetrical. 
 
 The material of which 
 this axe is made is 
 very compact and un- 
 yielding ; and <:onsider- 
 ing the amount of work 
 
 Fig. 6. -New Jersey. J. ^^^^^ j^^ ^^g ^an Well 
 
 realize that much time was consumed ere it was completed. 
 
 Axes of this form do not appear to be widely distributed, as judged 
 
'w^w-vwn, 
 
 STONE AXES. 
 
 19 
 
 ilf greater 
 
 a groove 
 
 the depth 
 
 placed as 
 
 :tii\ible to 
 
 ilc in fig. 
 
 :hcs more 
 
 middle. 
 
 lis pattern, 
 
 the i)ro- 
 
 protecting 
 
 lie groove 
 
 1 head, are 
 
 hin limited 
 
 New Jer- 
 
 in Glouces- 
 
 in a series 
 
 ired speci- 
 
 it twenty 
 
 is patterA. 
 
 Hilar to the 
 
 ere figured 
 
 ; so large, 
 
 nstance was 
 
 1 head so 
 
 rial of which 
 is made is 
 ict and un- 
 nd consider- 
 )unt of work 
 ne can well 
 d. 
 d, as judged 
 
 by the examination of large series from various states. In some col- 
 lections, there was but a single example, whilst in others, nothing at 
 all similar to it was seen. 
 
 Fig. 6 was found on the shore of the Delaware river, near Tren- 
 ton, N. J., and was presented to the writer by Dr. J. \V. Ward of that 
 city. 
 
 Fig. 7 represents an axe of somewhat similar outline to the pre- 
 ceding, iiaving the ridges tiiat 
 are on tiie margin of tiie groove 
 very well definetl, but the taper- 
 ing, conical head is by no 
 means as artistically finished 
 as in the former instance. As 
 the illustration shows, this 
 specimen has been pecked 
 over its whole surface, and is 
 a good example of the per- 
 severance and patience of the 
 primitive folk who accounted 
 such weapons among the chief- 
 est of their worldly goods. 
 Axes of this shape and ])attern 
 occur in many parts of New 
 Jersey, but are less common 
 in New England. No better 
 opportunity for contrasting the 
 rude with the elaborate specimens of a similar implement is furnished, 
 than by a study of this axe and the preceding. In the specimen 
 before us, we have the same high protecting ridges to the groove, as 
 in fig. 6, but without a trace of the care and workmanship there 
 shown. The conical head is symmetrical, and has been brought by 
 pecking to its present shape, but it is not much altered, in compari- 
 son with the pointed back or head of the preceding .specimen. 
 
 Much has been said, by early writers, of the use of these axes as 
 
 Fig. 7. — New Jersey. J. 
 
30 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 wedges for splitting wood ; and as this implies the use of a maul of 
 some sort, there is an apparent explanation of the frecpient fractures 
 of the head of the axes, as now found. Still, it is doubtful if grooved 
 ax'is were customarily used in this way, as the labor of making them 
 was far too great to warrant their being subjected to blows which would 
 very cpiickly destroy them. Certainly axes like the present and pre- 
 ceding examples, which show no marks of violence, could not have 
 been so used. 
 
 Fi<^ 8 represents a remarkably fine example of a polished grooved 
 
 axe. The illustration gives 
 a better idea of the spec- 
 imen than can any descrip- 
 tion. Suffice it to say, that 
 the whole surface has been 
 beautifully jjolished, and the 
 edge, still perfect, is as 
 sharp as it can be made, 
 and describes nearly an ac- 
 curate arc of a circle. It 
 will be noticed that this axe 
 has two grooves, one of 
 them shallower and much 
 less well defined than the 
 posterior and deejier one. 
 The object of the double grcove, which is but seldom met with on 
 the Atlantic seaboard, is by no means clear. No similar example is 
 found in either of the large New ICngland collections at Cambridge, 
 or at Salem, Mass., nor do such axes occur in any numbers, appar- 
 ently, except in the immediate vicinity of where fig. <S was found. 
 Polished axes of somewhat similar form, but without such a well defined 
 cutting edge, arc met with in New Mexico.'* Specimens have been 
 found in the ancient pueblos, with the two grooves, very well defined. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Jersey. 
 
 •U. S. Geog. Survey of Territories, west of looth merid. Vol. VII, PI. xvii, xviii, six, p. 377. 
 
STONE AXES. 
 
 31 
 
 'I'hese doubly grooved axes, or axc-shapcd implements possess sev- 
 eral marked j)etuliarities. Some of tiiose described in the volume 
 referred to, "seem to have had cutting edges, but they now so blunted 
 that they apjiear to liave been used more for giving blows than for cut- 
 ting jnirposes. 'I'hey are of small size and may have been mounted 
 for use as imi)lements (if war, similar to the iron tomaliawk of a later 
 date. * * * Others ought rather to be called axe-shapetl hammers 
 than axes, for tliey evidentl)' 
 never were furnished with an\- 
 thing approaching a cutting 
 edge, and their rounded and 
 fractured ends show that they 
 have long been use<l as ham- 
 mers. • • * These pueblo 
 axes are highly polished." 
 
 While no doubly-grooved 
 axes have been found on the 
 Atlantic coast that have so 
 comjjletely lost their < utting 
 edges as ha\e those described 
 by Professor Putnam, it is no 
 uncommon occurrence to meet 
 witii ordinary axes that have 
 been i onverted into hammers 
 by tiie gradual loss of their 
 cutting edges, ai.d the frac- 
 tured surface worn to a com- ^"- ''-^'''' ^""'''- ''■ 
 paratively smooth one either by design or as the result of use as a 
 hammer. It is probalile that most of the grooved hammers, other 
 than those cylindrical in sha])e, were originally axes of the ordinary 
 patterns. 
 
 Fig. 9 represents a fair average specimen of a cobble-stone axe, 
 in which the groove extends entirely around the weajran. One fea- 
 ture is particularly noticeable in these axes, viz., that the groove is 
 
22 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 more nearly in the middle of the specimen. I have examined a 
 large series of axes, and find that the following characteristic is com- 
 mon to all the examples that have come under my notice, viz. : that 
 when the groove extends entirely around the axe, it is in advance of 
 the usual jjosition of the grooves that do not meet above, or on the 
 upper margin, as in fig. i. There was something in the method of 
 using these implements that is yet to be learned, l)efore an expla- 
 nation can be given of this curious feature of the varying position of 
 the groove. Certainly, the original shape of the selected i)ebl)le had 
 nothing, or very little, to do with determining tlie location. Tliis 
 specimen (fig. 9) is about the average size of any ortlinary collection 
 of these stone axes as gathered from any one neigliborhood. 'I'iiey 
 range from four to eight inches in lengtli, seldom exceeding tiiis limit ; 
 and the number of instances of axes less than foi'.r inches in length 
 is comparatively few. As a class, the c<jmpletely grooved axes do not 
 appear to be as well fuiished as the i)receding style ; an<l being usually 
 of "crooked" or irregularly-shaped stones, when a number are to- 
 gether, there appears to be but little in common except such features 
 as pronounce them all "axes." 
 
 Such an axe as fig. 9 is the simplest, if it may not be considered 
 the primitive form of this implement. This is true, if the minimum 
 amount of labor expended upon them is indicative of the first steps 
 towards the production .of such an axe, as the one immediately pre- 
 ceding. There is little, however, to warrant such an opinion and it 
 would rather seem that if axes were the outgi'owth of some simpler 
 form, they originated beyond our boundaries. It has occurred to tlie 
 writer, that as axes were made not by professionals, as was largely 
 true in the case of arrowheads, but by each man for iiimself, tiiey are 
 really something of an indication of the great individual lifferences 
 that existed among the Indians ; a rude axe being the workmanship 
 of a lazy man, and a symmetrical one, the result of long, patient 
 labor on the part of a person who had the taste to design and the 
 pluck to accomplish what, to them, was a serious undertaking, and 
 involved, as we have seen, a great expenditure of time. 
 
STONE AXES. 
 
 «3 
 
 Fig. lo represents an exceedingly crude axe, tliat, when figured, 
 was tlie very "plainest" specimen I had ever met with. Since 
 then, however, others, even more primitive, and yet uncpiestionahly 
 "grooved stone axes," have been collected. 'I'he specimen here 
 figured has the groove on eacii side and al)o\e .md below of a uni- 
 
 FlG. lo. — New Jersey. J, 
 
 form depth, and is well defined throughout, as the illustration indi- 
 cates ; but, in the still plainer specimen, the groove consists of a faint 
 roughening, that seems of little use, being scarcely uneven enough to 
 prevent the fastening from slipping; but, like fig. lo the groove at 
 the top and bottom is practically deepened by a projecting knob of 
 
24 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 the stone, at wliirh points all the strain of the fastening of the handle 
 must have come. In the specimen figured (fig. lo), tiie sides of 
 the blade of the axe have lieen dressed ilown with a hammer-stone 
 to a pretty well tlefined edge ; but in the still plainer specimen before 
 us there is found that upon one side a few rlii|)s only iiave l)een struck 
 off, and on tlie otlier two great portions have been artistically knocked 
 awa)', and tiie tiien roughly-] jrejjared blade has been rul)bed witii a 
 |)olishing-stone until a small but highly-polisiied edge has lieen jjro- 
 duced. I cannot imagine any more diflicult task than tra//y cutting 
 or splitting wood with such a weapon as this, and would, therefore, 
 restrict its use to brviising the bark oi trees. Judging from tlieir pres- 
 ent api)earauces, the etlges only of these axes have been used ; the 
 back, which is \ery uneven in each case, does not show any trace of 
 having ever been struck with a hammer ; and 1 find in many of the 
 axes, esi)ecially in the jjattern of figure i , tiiat they were so struck, 
 thus con\erting the axe for a time into a wedge. Loskie!" says; 
 "Their hatchets were wedges, made of hard stones, six or eigiit inches 
 long, shari)ened at the end and fastened to a wooden handle." 
 
 Occasionally we meet with crooked or bent axes, which have, how- 
 ever, more method in their irregularities than has fig. lo. Several such 
 specimens have been collected in New Jersey, which were originally 
 nothing but ordinary cobble-stones slightly bent or bow-shaped. 
 Stones of this shape were frequently chosen, as I iiave seen a number 
 of specimens from widely distant localities. The best illustration of 
 such bent axes is one measuring nine inches in length by three and 
 one-half inches in width. The head alone is the natural surface of 
 the stone, except a narrow strip immediately in front of the groove ; 
 all the rest has been carefully worked but never jjolished. These 
 so-called bent axes are attractive in appearance, but do not seem to 
 possess any especial advantage over other forms. 
 
 Fig. 1 1 represents an irregularly shaped cobble-stone with three 
 uncommon features : the near approach of the groove to the middle 
 
 • Mission among N. A. Indians (Delawares), page 54. 
 
STONK AXKS. 
 
 a$ 
 
 of the specimen ; the almost flat surface oi one side of the imple- 
 ment ; and the ink-m/af <\o\\h\c edge. Jt may be that tiie sjiorter 
 end lias had a cutting-edge, although there is now no trace of it left, 
 or the broken condition of this end may be the ])reparatory < hi|)i)ing, 
 to have it ready for grinding to a ( utting-edge at any time it might be 
 desirable to do so. This specimen measures six inches in kn-th bv 
 twt) and (me-half inches in breadth, e\( ept at the jirojection imme- 
 diately in front of the groove on 
 the upper margin, wiiich projection 
 is aiK)ut one-half an inch in length. 
 A\'hat nn'ght be the object in hav- 
 ing one side flat, or nearly so, tloes 
 not api)ear; but it will be seen 
 that this i)eculiarity is not confined 
 to this axe, or to a few axes as a 
 class by themselves, but occurs in 
 weapons and imj)lements of very 
 different character. 
 
 If the specimen here considered 
 is, or was, a (hnible-edged axe, it 
 is the only example, so far met 
 with. In describing axes found in 
 tlie southern states. Col. C. C. 
 Jone;:!" remarks, that while "in 
 most cases the groove is near the 
 head of the axe ; occasionally this Fk^ ,,.-n,,w jcr.cy. \. 
 
 transverse furrow runs across the central portion, thus affording an o{,- 
 l)ortur:ity for a double edge. Specimens of this latter variety, so far as 
 our obserN-ation extends, are carelessly made, and of soft material. 
 'I'hey could have been used for little else than offensive purposes." 
 
 The above does not apply to Hk- axes found either in New England 
 or the middle states. Properly speaking there are no double-edged axes 
 
 A.ui.iuitics of .Southern Indians, p. 276, New York, i87> 
 
i6 
 
 PRIMITIVK INUUSTRY. 
 
 in tne Museum at Caml)ri(lj,'e, or elsewhere in the United States, so far 
 as I iiave seen, and tlie impression among many people, tiiat sticii are 
 occasionally found, arises from the habit of ajiplying the term "axe" 
 to the small ceremonial objects which, whatever their significance, 
 were certainly never used as weapons, or implements of any kind. 
 Mention has already been made of grooved axes with the furrow 
 
 extending ol)li(|uely a- 
 cross the implement. 
 Such axes are character- 
 istic of, but not i)eculiar 
 to, the \alley of the 
 Sus(iuelianna river, I'a. 
 In a great majority of 
 these the groove does 
 n(;t encircle the axe. 
 A few specimens have 
 been noticed that were 
 simply water-worn peb- 
 bles, such as fig. 9. An 
 ilj estimate based upon the 
 examination of several 
 hundred specimens from 
 J that valley, and which 
 tallied with the infor- 
 mation received from 
 correspontlents, who had 
 Fig. 12. — Pcnnsyivaiu.i. J. collected at different 
 
 and widely separateil jioints, le.i'i'.; ine to infer that in about sixty per 
 cent, of the axes found there the groove was oblicjue. In New Jersey, 
 not more than three per cent, are of this pattern. 
 
 Of the stone imi)lements generally, as gathered m the valleys of 
 the Delaware and the Suscjuehanna, there is little to be said of the 
 cne series that does apply to the other. The same people were at 
 the same time the sole occupants of the two localities, and it is a 
 
STONK AXKS. 
 
 aj 
 
 fact of jjccdliar interest tliat so marked a difference slioiild occnir, in 
 so prominent an implement of daily use, as tiie grooved axe. [t is 
 in vain to attempt to offer any reason for tiie dil'ferem e. Tlie bare 
 fac t is all that \vu ean ever know, and we are only left to wonder why 
 the obli(iiie groove, 
 apparently nnu h less 
 ilesirable for every 
 purpose, shonld iiave 
 l)een preferred l)y a 
 peo|)Ie to whom the 
 straight and more 
 desiral)le method 
 must have been fa- 
 miliar. 
 
 Fig. 12 represents 
 an average examjjle 
 of this pattern, and 
 well exhibits the })e- 
 culiarity of the ob- 
 lique groove, referred 
 to in the preceding 
 paragraphs. It is 
 common to the axes 
 found in the Suscjue- 
 hanna valley, whether 
 of the largest or small- 
 est size, and thus, of 
 itself, is not indicative 
 
 Fig. 13. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 of any particular purpose, as might reasonably be supposed, if it were ' 
 limited to axes of a certain size. 
 
 In any considerable series of axes from the New England states, 
 there will be found a certain proportion with the groove running in a 
 more or less obliiiue direction, but very seldom is it so pronounced, 
 as in fig. 12. 
 
28 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 A modification of the grooved axe is to be seen in that pattern where 
 the groove is reduced to a deep marginal notch, as in fig. 13. This 
 
 illustration is an 
 excellent example 
 of this form of 
 stone axe. It is 
 four inches in 
 length, by two and 
 one-half in width. 
 It is of uniform 
 thickness, the edge 
 being (luite abrupt, 
 and hence of very 
 little ( utting pow- 
 er. The surface of 
 the ininlement has 
 been polished ex- 
 cept at tile head, 
 which has been 
 pecked to the de- 
 sired shape. 
 
 I'ig. 14 repre- 
 sents a second ex- 
 ample of tliis form, 
 and differs i)rinci- 
 ])aliy from the pre- 
 ceding, in being 
 an ordinary water- 
 worn pel)ble, that 
 has been notched 
 '*, .*' and bv a little mod- 
 
 ■ ■• ••'■ ification brought to 
 
 Fig. 14. — New Jersey. \. jts present shape. 
 
 Except this, all the examples of notched axes have beer, well polished, 
 
STONE AXES. 
 
 29 
 
 and have received that finish over the entire surface which charac- 
 terizes a polished celt. 
 
 Two other examples of this pattjrn have been coUevjved in Glouces- 
 ter Co., N. J., one of which shows a trace of wear upon one side, ex- 
 tending from notch to notch, though it does not amount to a groove- 
 This scratched and worn surface was caused, probably, by the b-md. 
 that i)assed around the implement to secure the handle ; although 
 how the handle was attached, if differently from the method fol- 
 lowed in hafting the ordinary grooved axes, is not made clear, i)y 
 the mere presence of the notches, unless they can be considered as 
 replacing the groove which is hariUy p^ossible. 
 
 Notched axes, such as the above, while not common in any 
 pari of North America, are of comparative frequency in South 
 Americ;,. In the cabinet of the late Prof Haldeman there is a 
 beautiful example from Demerara ; in the Museum at Cambridge, 
 there are otliers from lirazil and the West India Islands, and in the 
 Archives of the National Museum of Brazil," a specimen very similar 
 to fig. 14 is represented. 
 
 I'"ig. 15 represents a highly finished example of a grooved im- 
 plement, which may originally have been an axe. At present, the 
 point that replaces the edge makes it difficult of rlassification, as it 
 is (]uite unlike any other specimen from the localities, whence are 
 derived the material upon which this volume is based. It is not, 
 however, by any means a uni(iue specimen. Axes witJi an edge so 
 narrow, as to be almost pointed, are occasionally found in I'ennsvl- 
 vania ; and in ()hi(j, sp cimens that are distinctly jiointed. and not 
 simi)ly with a narrowed edge, are even more common. The)- do not 
 (jccur in New Kngland, at least nothing of this character is found 
 in the collections of axv.-, in the museums there. 
 
 'l^Jie upper margin raid a portion of eac h side of the specimen here 
 figured, from near tlie middle to the extreme point, are quite highly 
 polished. The under surface and head of tiie ini[)lement are jiecked 
 
 *' Arctiivos do Mtis. N.ic. do Rio de J;meiro, Vol. i, Trim i**. Est. i, Fig. 3, 1876. 
 
3° 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 and smooth, but not polished. This polishing of one surface only is 
 indicative, probably, of the fact that the specimen was originally an 
 ordinary axe, with an edge e(jual in length to the width of the blade ; 
 and the polished surfaces result from grinding the face down to its 
 
 l)resent outline, in consetjuence 
 of some accident by which 
 the edge was destroyed. This, 
 however, is wholly conjectural. 
 As an instance of tiie oc- 
 currence of a well known form 
 of stone imjjleinen'. far be- 
 yond its supposed boundaries, 
 fig. 1 6 is worthy of attention. 
 Not only does this specimen 
 ])ro\c the occurrence of 
 groo\ L'd axes o;i the coast of 
 California, but it is also an 
 instance of the pointed instead 
 of edged axe. This axe, if 
 su< h it may be called, was 
 foun<i by Mr. Schumacher, at 
 the steatite quarry, on St. 
 Catalina Island, and it shows 
 in the thin coating of steatite 
 dust which is ground into it, 
 that it has been used for the 
 purpose of pecking or ham- 
 mering out masses of soap- 
 Fir,. IS.— New Jersey. ». stouc, for subsecjucnt Conver- 
 sion into the cooking vessels, that are found in that neighborhood in 
 such great abundance. 
 
 While in the immediate vicinity of the locality, where the preceding 
 example of a pointed axe from New Jersey was found, there is an ex- 
 tensive soapstone quarry, that was well known to the Indians, it is 
 
 2 
 £ 
 
 
I 
 
 STONE AXES. 
 
 31 
 
 not probable that tliis specimen was used in working it, as it is free 
 from sue h scratclies and slight fractures as would result from the con- 
 stant hammering upon even so yielding a material as steatite. In all 
 probability, the pointed axe, 
 fig. 15, was a weapon, and 
 the somewhat similar speci- 
 men from California was a 
 tool. 
 
 Dr. Daniel Wilson, in "Pre- 
 historic Man," page 412, gives 
 an illustration and comments 
 on an "inscribed axe" tiiat 
 was found in New Jersey, and 
 so claims a notice here. We 
 quote in full; 'In 1859, Dr. 
 John C. Evans, of Pemberton, 
 N. J., communicated to the 
 American Ethnological Society 
 an account of a stone axe in- 
 scribed in similar [that is, to 
 the 'Yarmouth 15ay Stone,'] 
 unknown characters, which 
 had been recently plougiied 
 .i;i on a neighboring farm. 
 ') Ik' axe, wiiich measures 
 • .out six inches long by three 
 and a half broad, is engraved 
 i'i':n a drawing furnished to 
 me by Dr. Evans. Dr. E. M. 
 Davis, after carefully examin- 
 ing the original, informs me 
 that, though the graven char- 
 acters have been partially retouched in the process of cleaning it, 
 their edges i)resent an appearance of age consistent with the idea 
 
 Fig. t6. — California. J, 
 
3a 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 of their genuineness, and the circumstances attending its production 
 furnish no grounds for doubting its authenticity. Two of the char- 
 acters are placed on one side in the groove for the handle ; the others 
 apparently form a continuous line, running rounil both sides of the 
 axe-blade." 
 
 An example of an inscribed axe is now in the collection of the 
 Museum at Cambridge, from New Jersey, whic:h certainly cannot be 
 considered as of modern origin, nor is the "inscription" of an "ali^ha- 
 betical" . .irpcter. Yet there can be no doubt that it is a carefully 
 carved insci whatever its meaning may be. The figures or 
 
 marks are as kv >vs : "mo." They are dee])ly cut, and are about 
 as closely placed, as they would be. were it intended to write that 
 date. 
 
 Such an instance as this cannot be attributed to plough marks or any 
 accidental occurrence of that character ; and if it has any meaning 
 such as ownership, it is of great interest, and may be allied to the 
 peculiar notchings oi^ many ornamental objects, wh'.h are of such a 
 character as to lead to the supposition, they are not simply attempts 
 at ornamentation. 
 
 The Pemberton axe, referred to above by Dr. Wilson, has at times, ex- 
 cited considerable tliscussion and is a fraud, so far as the "inscription" 
 goes. It should in all such cases be remembered that the discovery 
 of such specimens, even when made by peoi)le of known integrity, 
 does not by any means, settle the (juestion of the genuineness of the 
 inscription. Those who unfortunately have so little to do, that they 
 can find time, and are malicious enough to perpetrate sfuh hoaxes, 
 desire, al)ove all things, tiiat their handiwork should fall into just such 
 hands as did the Pemberton axe. When such remarkable objects are 
 found by men of respectability, they are received with that attention 
 and interest, which the fiibricators could not hope to gain, were they 
 to present the discovery as their own. Fortunately the poor fool, 
 who carved a few meaningless lines on an axe, overshot the mark, 
 and in making them too mucli like known characters, he faileil to 
 niyspdfy the honest workers in archeology. 
 
STONE AXES. 
 
 33 
 
 And here, also, it may be well to caution archaeologists against frauds 
 of a different character, which are even more likely to deceive the 
 unwary. These are imitations in soapstone of well known i)atterns of 
 implements, rare or even wholly wanting in some cases in the localities 
 from which they are said to come. Fraudulent axes of polished ste- 
 atite, beautiful in form and finish, do no!^ unfrefjuently find their way 
 into the cabinets of private collectors, where, however, they accom- 
 plish but little harm. 
 
 It would be easy to go o; for an indefinite time, and point out pe- 
 culiar features in the multitudes of stone axes that are to be found in 
 every museum, and scattered throughout the country, but it is unnec- 
 essary to give additional examples. 
 
 Whatever may be thought of the scientific value of single specimens 
 of these axes, or of other relics found lying upon the surface of the 
 ground, that value is enhanced perhajjs, or at least interest is attached 
 to the specimens, when we occasionally have the good fortune to un- 
 earth a so-called " deposit " of these sjiecimens, sometimes numbering 
 several hun<lred. 
 
 In one case, in digging a cellar in Trenton, N. J., one hundred and 
 twenty wer^e found, "all closely hudtlled up together," as described by 
 the man who found them. They were about three feet below the 
 surface, and a " foot deej) " in the gravel 'uiderlying the soil. They 
 were surrounded by, and entirely cosered with, a bright brick-red pow- 
 der, -igain, in digging the receiving-vault of the Riverview cemetery, 
 near Trenton, N. J., "a bushel-basketful of these axes was found, 
 Jiacked closely together, six feet deep in the ground." In the neigh- 
 borhood of the bluff fronting the Delaware river, about three miles be- 
 low Trenton, N. J., several such instances have come to the notice of 
 the writer. In the first two instances, the specimens were all grooved 
 cobble-stone axes. In another case, fifty pori)hyry celts were found. 
 These appeared to have been carefully <le;>osited, and not thrown 
 pell-mell into the hole dug to contain them. 
 
 In all such cases of " deposits " of either axes or celts, there has 
 been no commingling of a number of (ornv: of implements, nor any 
 
34 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 trace of fire. The inference, judging from the conditions under wiiich 
 those in New Jersey were found, is that they have been buried for the 
 purpose of temporarily concealing them. 
 
 But one single fact has come under notice that in any way bears 
 upon tiie subject of the age of these relics. 
 
 Tlie instance referred to was as follows : on the 3d of July, 1869, 
 a large white oak, measuring twenty-seven feet in circumference 
 at three feet from the ground, during a liigh gale of wind, was up- 
 rooted. A short time afterward the immense stump was removed pre- 
 paratory to levelling the ground. 'Die hole that the extracted roots 
 left measured seven feet in depth and thirty-three in circumference. 
 Four feet below the bottom of this hole, or eleven feet from the sur- 
 face of the ground, was found a very rude stone axe, entangled in a 
 mass of fibrous roots that had been cut off from the mam roots of 
 the tree. In this case the axe must have been buried in the earth be- 
 fore this old tree was an acorn. Now, as to the age of the tree. 
 There were not less than five luuidred rings clearly to be traced on a 
 section of the tree afterward made ; and a large portion of the centre 
 and another portion about the circumference could not be determined 
 accurately, but which, on comparison with so mucli of the tree as 
 retained the rings sufficiently distinct to be counted, might safely be 
 estimated at as many more circles. Without allowing for any time to 
 have elapsed from the time the axe fell to the ground, or was inten- 
 tionally buried, we have here with considerable certainty, indications 
 of the long stretch of one thousand years that this axe has been quietly 
 resting in the ground. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 CELTS, CHISELS AND GOUGES. 
 
 Thk term "celt," from the Latin Ccltis, a chisel, has been univer- 
 sally applied to certain iiolishcd cutting implements of stone, which 
 may be considered as the tyi)ical form of implement of the polished 
 stone, or neolithic ])criod.'- Tiie term, as ordinarily used, however, 
 includes sucii a considerable range of forms, that some limited sub- 
 division seems desirable to avoid confusion. 
 
 The series of polished and worketl stone implements that are 
 collectively described in the present chajjter, are, in accordance with 
 this plan, subdivided into three classes : the celts jjroper, with broad, 
 convex cutting edges ; the chisels or narrow celts with straight edges, 
 and the gouges or celts with concave blades and curved cutting 
 edges. 
 
 As in all cases, where an attempt is made to classify a large series 
 of stone implements, so it will be found here, that many objects are 
 so closely related to each other, that ])laccs are assigned to them 
 according to the foncy of the collector. 
 
 In considering the various forms that have been gathered, the 
 grouping has been made about the most pronounced examples, and 
 the boundary line in most cases has been obliterated by the many 
 intermediate forms. 
 
 Of the celts proper, much has been written, yet little positively as- 
 certained as to their uses. If there were no grooved axes found along 
 
 '^Not alt implements of this, the later division of the Stone Age, .ire polished^ but many are 
 simply pecked and hammered Into the desired shapes. Such Implements are strictly "neolithic" 
 in age. 
 
 (35) 
 
36 
 
 PRI.MiriVE INDUSTRV. 
 
 our Atlantic seaboard, the larger celts might be considered as axes ; 
 
 but under the circumstances it cannot be shown that they were merely 
 
 a simjjler fonn of that im- 
 plement. 'I'he smaller celts 
 have been supi)osed to be 
 used as knives for skinning 
 animals, jet no savage was 
 ever seen to skin an ani- 
 mal with one of them. On 
 tiie contrary, stone knives 
 of a very different })attern 
 are used for this purpose. 
 
 The typical chisels were 
 doubtless used in mu< h the 
 same manner as the steel 
 chisels of to-day : the wood 
 having been previously 
 charred, so as to make 
 these primitive tools avail- 
 able. Such of these as are 
 of very small size are a 
 puzzle to the archiuologist ; 
 and they are called celts or 
 chisels from their general 
 resemblance to other and 
 larger olijects, of a similar 
 form, the use of whii h is 
 inilicated by their size and 
 shape. 
 
 There exists less doubt 
 in the mind of the col- 
 lector, as to the gouges, 
 than as to any other form 
 
 of stone implement. I'hat they could be used in any otlier manner, 
 
 Fig. 17. — New Jersey. J. 
 
CELTS, CIIISKLS AND GOUflES. 
 
 than as their name indicates, is inconceivable ; nevertheless, we are 
 here confrontcl by the difficulty that besets the satisfactory classifi- 
 cation of other forms, that there are numbers of these gouges too 
 small to be of any jiractical use. In this case, they cannot be 
 disposed of as "toys for children," and hence, as far as they are 
 concerned, we are left in tlie dark. 
 
 Fig. 17 represents what may be called the typical celt or axe without 
 a groove. This sjjecimen measures eleven inches in length by four in 
 greatest width, and lias a beautiful, even, sharp cutting edge, of a semi- 
 circular outline, wjiich is perfectly true in every detail. The entire 
 surface is evenly polished, but the material — a very compact fine 
 grained sandstone — lias not that glossiness of surface found on celts, 
 made of i)orphyry or diorite. 
 
 Admiral )ly fashioned and well ada])ted as it is even to cutting wood, 
 it is difficult to conjecture any use for such an iniijlement, except it be 
 securely hafted ; and that it was nsed in connection with a handle, 
 there can be but little doubt. If such ( elts as these, which are very 
 abundant along our northern .Atlantic coast, had been usually hafted in 
 stag-horn, as are many of those found in Swiss lakes, it is scarcely 
 l)0.ssible that all trace of such //(vv/ handles should have disappeared, 
 especially as other implements of antler are exceedingly common ; and 
 in one case a finely polished celt of that very material has been taken 
 from a burial mound in .Arkansas. 
 
 In the collections of the .American Museum of Natural History, at 
 Central Park, New \'()rk, there is i)reserved a beautiful example of a 
 polished celt of this pattern, still retained in its wooden handle. This 
 handle is made of some hard wood, ajiparently black walnut, worked 
 to a neariy cylindrical shape, and about fifteen inches in length. The 
 handle has been perforated for the insertion of the implement, in the 
 same manner as the wooden and horn handles found in the Swiss 
 lakes. In the New York specimen, the celt was hafted so that the 
 implement projected equally from both sides of the handle, and thus 
 rendered available for use, the pointed end, as well as the cutting edge 
 of the tool. This hafted celt was found near Lake Lu^eine, N. Y. 
 
38 
 
 PRIMrnVF. INDUSTRY. 
 
 If such implements as fig. 1 7 coiilcl be referred to the simple class of 
 chisels, which is scarcely warranted, and considered only in connection 
 with a hammer, as implements for working in wood, as canoe-making, 
 then, indeed, there woukl be no reason for s'.ijjposing that tliey were 
 ever hafted, but the specimen foimd with its handle, to which refer- 
 ence has been made, siiows that, at least to some extent, these larger 
 celts were attached to har.dles. 
 
 Mr. Morgan'-" lias remarked of tin Iro(iuois, " for cutting trees, and 
 excavating canoes and corn-moiiars, in a word, for those necessary 
 purposes, for which the axe would seem to be indisi)ensable, the Iro- 
 quois used the stone chisel Uh'-ga-o-gwiit-hii. In cutting trees, fire 
 was ai)plied at the foot and the chisel used to clear away tJie coal. 
 By a rei)etition of tiie process, trees were felled and «ut to pieces. 
 Wooden vessels were hollowed out by the same means. I''ire and the 
 chisel were th.e substitutes for the axe. The chisel was usually about 
 six inches long, three wide and two thick ; the lower end being fash- 
 ioned like the edge of an axe. Stone gouges in the form of a convex 
 chisel were also used when a more regular concavity of the vessel wxs 
 desired." 
 
 If it be ])roper to call all such polished stone implements, chisels, 
 and consider them only as a carpenter's tool ; it is evident from the 
 fact of their very freciuent occurrence in graves, that they possessed 
 a high value in the estimation of tiie natives, which is someW'hat im- 
 probable, if they were never put to other uses than boat-building and 
 the felling of trees. Fig. 17, associated wilh another celt of equal 
 size and scarcely inferi(jr finish, was ploughed up in a field known to 
 have been an Indian burial place. When discovered, the two were 
 lying side by side, in actual contact. 
 
 As there is a well-marked class of im[)lements found in the same 
 localities where celts occur, which are true chisels, it is not without 
 reason that such large celts as fig. i 7 shoukl be considered weapons. 
 
 In figs. 18 and 19 we have examples of common celts. These are 
 
 '* I.cagiie of the Irotiuols, p. 358. New York, 1849. 
 
CELTS, CHISKI.S AM) noUOKS. 
 
 39 
 
 the ordinary forms as gatlicrcd in tlie ])loiigiic(l fields, found in graves, 
 or unearthed in digging about village sites. Although not so abun- 
 dant, they are almost as well known as arrowheads, or grooved axes. 
 In the two specimens here figured, there will be noticed one marked 
 difference. Fig. iS is acutely pointed at the upper end ; while fig. 19 
 is as markedly blunt, and further shows that it has been subjected to 
 hard usage, as from blows from a stone hammer. Does this difference 
 between the acutely pointed ami the blunt head indicate that the 
 
 Fir.. 18. — New Jersey, i- 
 
 Fin. 
 
 -New Jersey. 4. 
 
 latter was used as a chisel? It -would indeed be difiicult to strike an 
 effective blow, with certainty, on the pointed head of such a chisel 
 as fig. 18. 
 
 This pattern is found in every part of the globe where polished 
 stone implements occur, showing that it best met the common wants 
 of mankind, everywhere ; and possibly, if we could determine one 
 use to which such axes were adapted, of a strictly universal nature, it 
 
40 
 
 J'KIMniVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 v/onkl be safe to apply a name siiggesteil l)y siicli use to this form, now 
 known by the somewhat objectionable term of "celt." 
 
 Sir John l,ubl)ock'' figures a celt, similar to fig. iS, from Ireland ; 
 Nilsson'^ figures them from Scamlinavia ; and the ])attern is nearly 
 
 ajjproached in axes from 
 Accra, West Afri( a, figured 
 by Sir J. I.iibbock.'" 
 
 I'ig. 20 rei)resents a speci- 
 men of the larger nngrooved 
 celts, that show but little trace 
 of human workmanshi]), other 
 tJKHi the finely-wrought edge, 
 and a limited polished surface 
 on tile up])er and lower mar- 
 gins. It measures eight and 
 one-cjuarter inciies in length, 
 by four inches in width, at a 
 ])oint a little in a(l\ance of the 
 middle. It is of ordinary sand- 
 stone, and originally was \ery 
 nearly of its present shape. 
 One side is flatter than the 
 other, and appears to have 
 been 1 ecked and then some- 
 what polished. The margins 
 have been ]>olislied for a s lort 
 distance from the edge, and, 
 on the lower margin, there s a 
 very smooth surface, a liide o\er an inch in extent either wa\ . that 
 ajjpears to be such "])eculiar jjolished space, which has been produ :ed 
 by the friction of the woc^d," described by l,ubbo( k as exhibited in 
 
 Fig. 20. — New Jersey. J. 
 
 '* Prehistoric Times, 21! cfl., fy^s. 97-98. p-ige 88. 
 
 '^ Stone Age in Scandin.ivia, plate vii, figs. 151 and 162. 
 
 '•^Journ. Anthrop. Tnst , London, vol. 1, page xcv ( Proc. Elh. Soc.). 
 
CELTS, CHISKI.S A\l> (JOUfU'S, 
 
 4» 
 
 some specimens found in luirojic. 'I'licre docs not appear to have 
 been any hard iianiniering upon llie liead of tliis celt. 
 
 Rude celts of this very ])riinitive pattern are l)y no means conniion 
 in New JcTscy, nor are tlie| any more so in the New lOnglancl states. 
 rossil)ly, to some extent, they may iiave been overlooked, for such a 
 celt as fig. 20 would scarcely be recognized if found lying in a 
 stony fielil. Pelibles thus sharpened at one end may have been used 
 for a short time only and then thrown asiile, and under most circum- 
 stances, such discarded im- 
 jilements would iiave tiie 
 edge broken by \iolent 
 contact with other stones. 
 
 'I'he puzzling feature of 
 such rude implements as 
 the above is, that one fails 
 to comjjrehend wiiy such 
 siiould e\er have i, 'cn used, 
 when tiiere was a|)p:irently 
 such an abundance of bet- 
 ter ones, and when tlie etlge 
 is too limited in extent ap- 
 parently to be of any use 
 for cutting iMirjJOses. 
 
 Fig. 21 represents a com- 
 paratively conmion style of 
 
 Fig. 21.^ New Jersey. \. 
 
 celt made from a i)iece of serpentine, ])ecked to a blunt jioint 
 at tiie back. I'Voni about the middle of tlie implement to tiie 
 edge it is very smoothly ])olished. This specimen measures a little 
 less than three inches in length, and two inches m widtii along 
 the cutting-edge, and is a very good average example of this class 
 of implements. 
 
 Objects of this character, made, not only of serpentine, but of much 
 denser mineral are very jommon, wherever stone implements of any 
 
Ifn 
 
 42 
 
 PRIMITIVF. INDUSTRY, 
 
 pattern arc f. uind. This partirnlar shape is even iiiorc abundant than 
 the nio(lilk;ition of it, wliitli li:i-. the head m'ariy or ([tiite as l)r<>ad as 
 the edge. 
 
 In New England, tliongii iidt rare, these sii.all f cits arc ie>s fre- 
 (liientiy luind tlian throiigliont N'ew ^'c)rk and New Jersey. Tiiis 
 <:omj)arati\e scarcity tliroiiidiout New England is the more ncitii eahle 
 froai the lact, tliat tiiere d(>e> not a[)i)car to lie any ( ommim form of 
 stone implement found there wiiicU might readily replace it. .\s a 
 rule, these small reits are still found with entire or but slightly frac tured 
 
 edges. wlii( h is |)r()of of the 
 fact that 'hey were not ex- 
 l)osed to violent coiUac t with 
 substances hardiT tiian wood. 
 Indeed, tiieir si/e and shape 
 siiow that they wi're not 
 mounted in handles. a> were 
 grooved axes, howewr it may 
 iiave been with sin h long and 
 si(.'nder tonus as lig. 17, but 
 may ha\e been hatted in deei^' 
 horn, as were all the similar 
 ( elts foimil in the Swiss lakes. 
 Ill the magnificent series of 
 small I Its, (ontained in the 
 (lemiiu (ollection <if the .\r- 
 chneoiogic a! Museum at Cam- 
 bridge, there are hundreds 
 whit h are mounted in horn or bone. h\ being inserted into the handle 
 in sui h a mam)er that onh' .1 >mall [loriion of the iilade projects. The 
 use to whi< h these dinunutixc implements were put. is, of 'ourse, ,\ mat- 
 ter of conjee ture. Tlu'y may iia\-e been weapons, and possibly were also 
 used for splitting the long bones of those animals which were used for 
 food. The identical c haracter of the imitkment as found in America, 
 
 Frc. i-'.-S 
 
 cw lfrs«'v. 
 
1' 
 
 CF.LTS, CHISEI-S AND GOnES. 
 
 43 
 
 does not, however, indicate necessarily that they were used in this 
 country in the same manner as were those found in the Swiss lakes. 
 
 Fig. 2 2 represents a slightly different ]iattern, being nearly stjuare 
 in outline. This blunt heail, however, is carefully smoothed, and 
 shows no trace of hammerin^j, as might lie Un)ke(l for, had the imi)le- 
 ment been used as a ( hisel. This difference in outline does not indi- 
 cate any difference of purpose, i)robably, and no use could be made 
 of this ( elt whit h ( ould not be made of the one immediately precc<iing. 
 
 .As yet. the collections of stone implements made do not supjily us 
 with any exam{)les of pebbies of this form, with simply an edge 
 worked upon one end, as we have seen is true of such larger celts 
 as fig. JO. Small i elts, like figs. 21 and 22, anil, as will be seen 
 later on. hg. 23, have 
 had their entire surfaces 
 carefully worked, and it 
 is not unlikely tiut, in 
 many cases, these >nialler 
 specimens were origin- 
 ally niu( h longer, and 
 constant resharpening 
 has retluced their origi- 
 nal length, possibly Ciie- 
 half. (Iroovcd aaces, we 
 have neen, \\i\\ ' lieen 
 reground until their 
 length was (juiie (lispro)iortionc<l to the breadth and thickness of the 
 blade, and such. too. was the case widi main of the grooved hoes that 
 have been collei ted. 
 
 Fig, 23 represents an excellent exam|)le of these smaii cells greatly 
 reduced in length by successive sharpenings. Thi, - ecimen is a por- 
 phyry jjcbble, originally globul.ir in form, although 11 may have been 
 oval, and lien.e the original grinding away (jf so mu< h as was neces- 
 sary to produce an edge was not as great as n-m ai)pears. It, indeed, 
 seems incredible that a jjcbble of one inch and three eightlis in thick- 
 
"ir^T 
 
 44 
 
 I'RiMrnvK i\in;si'R\'. 
 
 ness, and les, than two inches in length. sh( iild be clinsen for making 
 one of thesj small imi)lements. 
 
 Quite small celts, with convex sides, curved edges, and of a tliick- 
 ness usually e(iual to one-half the width, are almost as ;il)undant 
 as those I have called the typical, medium sized celt, such as fig. i8. 
 It is difficult to deteniiine tlie relative aliunduK e of various i)atterns, 
 as we are still. (»f course, ignoram >.f how great a ninnlier of these 
 same forms are left in the soil, for future explorers to collect ; but 
 basing calculations on ;ui( h large series as have been gathered, it may 
 be stated, that celts are abundant in ]>roportion to their ap|)roach to 
 
 such sizes as those re])resented 
 in figs. iS ;in<l ly ; and that 
 larger and smaller spec imens 
 are rare in jiroportion as they 
 ex( eed in size, or are smaller 
 than. tigs. I 7 and 2 1 . 
 
 l"ig. 24 rei>resents an ex- 
 amjile of a tlun pebble, <|uite 
 similar to fig. 22. This little 
 telt is made of very <'ompact 
 stone, and has not only a 
 carefully worked edge, but is 
 evenly polished over the en- 
 lire sur(;ice. Sui h thin, s(|uare 
 celts as this .ire fre<|uently 
 found in New Jersey, and oc- 
 casionally in New i'.ngland. 
 ill ()hio .ind westward, they are in greatest abundan< e, and taken 
 cf)llectiveh-, those found in that region cxiiibit the maxiniiun degree 
 of skill in shaping and finishing. 
 
 I'ig. 25 varies considerably from the preceding, in that the surfaces 
 are not made to blen<l into each otlier, but are ground so as ti> make 
 the celt angular. This is noticeable not only at the edge, but at 
 the margins also^ which are smooth and almost at right angles to the 
 
 Kid. 24. — New Jersey. 
 
Cr.I.TS, CHISKUS AND GOUG. -S. 
 
 45 
 
 broad sides. Tliis specimen differs in these resjjects from the average 
 implement of this i)atlern, found in New Jersey, and is similar to the 
 majority of tlmse found in Oiiio and Indiana. 
 
 Fig. 26 may properly he placed in tlie same " class " with the jire- 
 ceding. .Mthough a niiu h le^^s finished specimen, it was uniiuestion- 
 ahly put to the same uses. It is made of a fme-grained porphyritic 
 stone, and has been polished over its entire s irfa< e. 'I'his little "( elt" 
 measures two and oiie-cighlh inches in length by one and three- 
 quarters in wiilth. 'Ihe cutting edge was originally good. The back 
 
 Fio. ^3. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 Fii.. : 
 
 ■ New Jersey". 
 
 has a ridge running obliipii'ly across it, from which the surfaces sio])e 
 at an angle <if fort} -Tin e degrees. 
 
 Sir John l.ubbock," in some "Notes on Stone Implements from 
 .M'rica and Syria," gi\cs figures of actual size of stone axes, wiii<h 
 certainly are identii al in shape, and have been used, no doubt, in an 
 identical mamur. 'I'Ih- author s'\s, with refereme to them : ".Some 
 of the Wc-t .\fri< an axv, as will be seen by the figures (plate ii, figs, 
 t and s), closely resemble some of the smaller axes >.o ( ouunon in 
 
 " Jmnii. Amlimp. Inst., l.onttnn, vnl. i, page xcil, pl.itc ii, figH. 1 and a (Eth. Soc. I*roc.). 
 
46 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRV. 
 
 Western Europe;" and adds, as has already l)een observed of the 
 preceding pattern, " Indeed, this type may lie said to l)e cosmo- 
 politan, and needs no description." 
 
 I-'ig. 27 represents one of those very diminutive celts that arc not 
 uncommon in almost any considerahle tollection (/f Indian stone 
 implements. This example is a serpentine jiehble (arefully ruhhed 
 down, imtil brought to a convenient shape, an<l then given an e.x( client 
 cutting edge. l",.\cept the still smaller hematite < elts, of which but 
 very few examples hnve been found in New Jersey, and none in New 
 England, this is about tiie smallest of this (lass of jiolished stone im- 
 plements. For what jiurpose they were made, it is in vain to con- 
 jecture ; but it must not be inferred because this 
 specimen, measuring less than two inches in 
 length is called by the same name as fig. 17, 
 which lacks little of being twelve iin iies in 
 length, that they were reganle<l as identical im- 
 lilements by the jieople who fashioned them. 
 
 The hematite celts, to wiiii h reference has 
 been made, arc seldom smaller than fig. 27, l)Ut 
 are thinner and Ikv.c had e\ery surfac e carefully 
 worked down to a polished state. The edges of 
 these celts are well jiresened, and while usually 
 sharper than even the best specimens made of 
 hornstone or pori)hyry, there is not that dilTerence which would 
 seem to warrant the extra labor of reducing iieinatite to a suitable 
 shape. 
 
 It is an interesting fact with refereiK e to the use of this mineral, by 
 the Indians, for making either implements or ornaments, tiial in Hun- 
 terdon and \\arren counties, New Jersey, where hematite occurs in 
 the greatest abundance, that so few specimens of implements made of 
 it should lie found. Ordinary stone implements, of every pattern 
 oc( iir i:i l!ie greatest iinji'usion, but of thousands of specimens ex- 
 amined, 1 'ss than a dozen were made of hematite. It i; not impr<>ba- 
 ble that the few that have been found were broimht from .1 distance, 
 
 Fig, 27. — New Jersey. 
 
CELTS, CHISKI„S AM) GOUGES. 
 
 47 
 
 and that the resident trilics were not accustomed to make use of this 
 material. 
 
 Fig. 28 is a remarkably pretty example of a celt of totally different 
 shape and character, being a long, slender stone, edged at one end, 
 instead of on the margin of one of its longer sides. The illustration 
 will convey a better iilea of the si)ecimen itself than can any descrip- 
 tion. The specimen is a hornstone pebble, beautifully polished over 
 the greater portion of its surface. One end is blunt, as though al)- 
 niptly broken off, but is now as well polisiied as any of the other 
 parts. From this blunt end, the widdi of the sjjecimen gradually 
 increases, with about a corresponding decrease in the breadth or 
 
 l-'u.. 2R. — New Jersey. '. 
 
 thickness for the distance of an inch, when the width decreases by a 
 beautiful ( urve more marked ujioii the ujjjjcr margin, which margin 
 becomes the edge at the descent of the ( ur\e, and continues so until 
 it joins the straighter jiortion of the lower outline of the specimen. 
 The Made, or edged end, is slightly bent, or, at least, has tliat appear- 
 ance, from the edge not being in a line with the middle of the thickest 
 portion of the im|)lement. If the specimen is held with the straighter 
 side {/.>:i'i-r s/</i-, in our figure) up, then the blade is bent to the right 
 and has ju^t tiie ]iroi)er "twist" to sei)arate the skin from the muscles 
 inost readily, if the imi)lement is, as was ])rol)able, a knife for skinning 
 animals. Certainly ,0 suth a i)urpose, it is in every way well adapted. 
 Still other fori js presenting slight variations might be readily given. 
 
48 
 
 PRIMmVK INDUPTRV. 
 
 and an unbroken scries from one extreme to tlie other might be pro- 
 vided from the hundreds of these celts that liave already been gath- 
 ered ; but a sufficient niunb(.'r have been noticed in detail ti; enable 
 any one, who happily may chance ui)on one of these implemenis, in 
 the course of a summer ramble, to recognize it without difficulty, even 
 if our studies of hundreds of specimens do not throw any li^^'ht ipon 
 
 the part they i)layed in the daily live^: of 
 the savage jjeople who made them. 
 
 In the preceding illustrations of this 
 chapter, the ciUting edge lias been pro- 
 duced by carefully grinding the stone 
 from each side, so that the sloi)ing shoidil 
 be e(iual. and the edge in the nuddle of 
 the natural margin of llie pebble or slab 
 of stone usL(l. Furthermore, all tiicse 
 celts ha\e a distinctly ( omex edge, as 
 has been already mentioned. I'"ig. 29, 
 while ill many respects (piite similar to 
 the ( cits ])roper that have been described, 
 varies in having a straight edge, in being 
 but little altered over much of its surface, 
 and in having a large portion of the peb- 
 ble split off, thus giving the blade of the 
 ( hisel an upper surfat e that is Hat. \\'ere 
 there no other exan)i)les of this fonn in 
 the collections made in New Jersey, this 
 might be considered a c haiK e oc lurreuie, and had resulted from 
 finding a jiebble with a c ouNenient frai ture, whic h had been utilizeil 
 by being ground down to a i:utling edge at one end. A sutlii ient 
 number of this pattern iiave l)een found, howev.r, to show that it is 
 evident that the ])artial splitting off of one surface of the pebble was 
 intentional. It is not of the least interest in v'.iis (onnec tion to de- 
 temiine how this was a( ( ()m|)lished ; for the evidenc." favors the 
 conclusion that the specimens were shaped by this process, and 
 
 Fui. 29. — New Jersey. \. 
 
CKI.rs, (IIISKI.S ANIJ G()U(;F.S. 
 
 49 
 
 were not brought to the general pattern of fig. 29 by pecking, or 
 grinding. Chisels of tliis pattern are not abmulant in New Jersey. 
 
 Fig. 30 represents a polished hornstone pel)l)le, i)erfe< tiy flat upon 
 one side, and convex upon the other. There is a symmetric al ronical 
 head, below which is a contrat tion in the width of the blade, ])ro- 
 (hicing shallow notches upon the margins, but which do not meet so 
 as to form a groove. 'I'he cutting edge is 
 very sharp, and has been (|uite straight. M 
 present the corners are worn away. This 
 impieiiient, supposed to lie a < hisel, is es- 
 sentially the same as the preceding, and 
 measures seven and one-half in( lies in length, 
 by two and three-eighths in greatest width. 
 In speaking of a chisel, we are apt to as- 
 sociate it with the idea of a hammer, as it is 
 of but little use, except a blow, as from a ham- 
 mer, be given it. This is true (jf the modern 
 steel chisel, and is the more so with an inii)le- 
 ment made of stone, such as fig. 29, even if 
 charred wood be the princijial substance cut 
 with it. In this inst nee the narrow conical 
 liead seems to offer a serious obst.icle U) 
 tbe use of a hammer ; and moreover, the 
 polished condition of the head clearly indi- 
 (!ates that it has never been exposed Ic an\ 
 violent usage. 
 
 It has been suggesteil that this implement 
 might have been used in detac hing bark from 
 trees, enher for ( anoe purposes or for coverings for huts ; that by 
 l)lac ing tJK llal side down or upon the body t^f the tree, and pushing 
 the implement forward, the i)ark woulil be detac hed from the trunk of 
 the tree without danger of cutting it, as the edge of the implement 
 pressed upon the wood, and the curved bac k of the blade lifted the 
 bark up as the bl.icle moved forward. 
 
 I'l .. 30. — New Jersey. ), 
 
50 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Other chisels, or chisel-like modifications of tlie better known celt, 
 consist of cylindrical and (luadrangular implements, usually of seqien- 
 tinc, measurin},' from three to five inches in length anrl often less than 
 an inch in width if scjnare, or half an inch in diameter if cylindrical. 
 These very small chisels have an edge varying from one-fourth to three- 
 fourths of rn inch in extent. Hut very few have been found in New 
 Jersey, and they are still more rarely met with in New I'.ngland ; but 
 as we ])ass westward of the Alleghany mountains, they nre of more 
 fre(|uent occurrence, and are fairly abundant throughout Oiiio and 
 Indiana. 
 
 The purpose of these diniimuive chisels is difficult to determine ; anil 
 we can only safely jilace them among that indefinite class of stone 
 implements which, it is evident, were used as tools for making other 
 objects, and were in no way ever brought into play as weapons. 'I'his 
 is, indeed, a somewhat unsatisfactory method of disposing of a vast 
 number of the most interesting forms of stime implements ; but as the 
 early writers either did not see them in actual use, or else have 
 neglected to mention it, we are left in ignorance of the part they were 
 intended to jilay in the daily life of the native races, or are forced to 
 take refiige in conjecture, as to the purposes of a considerable pro[)or- 
 tion of these objects, whidi is, at best, a hazardous exi)eriment. 
 
 Stone gouges, such as that represented in fig. 31, are very alnin- 
 dant in New I'.ngland, and comparatively rare in New N'ork and New 
 Jersey. In eastern Massachusetts, and j)articularly in I'lssex Co., they 
 are even more abundant than stone axes in central New Jersey, and 
 are as characteristic of e\ery series of stone implements from that 
 vi( inity, as are the axes from the former locality. Still, they do not in 
 any way take the i)lace of the axes, for tiiese are fairly abundant in 
 New l",ngland, although nowhere of as freiiuent oc( urrence as in more 
 southern ])ortions of the Atlantic- seaboard. 
 
 Fig. 31 is made of a compact, granitic rock, and has been carefiilly 
 wTOUght by pecking, imtil brought to its present symmetrical shape. 
 It is nowhere polished or smoothed, but the surface is, nevertheless, 
 (juite even, and has a finished appearance, notwithstanding the slight 
 
CELTS, CHISKI.S AN'I) GnrcjKS. 
 
 51 
 
 inequalities. This gouge, which is not, iiDwever, of the ninximuni 
 length, 'measures eight and three-fourtiis long, by about three inches 
 in greatest width. I'nlike many, the 
 curved edge is of limited extent, 
 while the hollowed portion of the 
 implement itself is nearly equal to 
 the greatest width. .\ second pe- 
 c\iliar feature, which, with various 
 slight modifications, is common to 
 many of the New I'.ngland jiatterns 
 of stone gouges, is the transverse 
 dorsal ridge, which in this case, is 
 duplicated. The object of these 
 ridges is i|uite clear, when we ccjn- 
 sider the implement as a gouge 
 for -.vorking in tharred wood, as in 
 hollowing out a log canoe ; for, as 
 such, it re(iuired a handle to which 
 it was attached in mucii the same 
 manner as a New Zealand adze was 
 hafted. Mxcej)! in the one feature of 
 a more or less degree of cur%ature 
 of the cutting edge, the New Kng- 
 land gouges are the American rep- 
 resentatives of the Pacific Island 
 adz.es referred to. 'I'his, of course, 
 does not apply to all of them, as 
 many are too small to have been 
 
 used as cutting tools, unless in cases where the material worked 
 upon was very yielding, and the implement was held in the hand, 
 or jiossibly used in connection with a hammer. While many gouges 
 have been collected in New I'lngland considerably longer than this 
 specimen, it is seldom that they are wider or even as wide, and 
 therefore this example may be fairly considered as about of tiie max- 
 
 FlG. 31. — Massachusetts. |. 
 
5» 
 
 rRiMirivr. inhl'siky. 
 
 iniiini sizL'. As lias already been niciUioncd, these larj^er gouges, 
 particularly, vary greatly in minor details, and the same slight differ- 
 ences arc n(>ti( eahle that have alread)- been pointed out as conimun 
 to the grooved stone axes. As in that case, so it may he with gouges, 
 every Indian was his own inijilement maker, and made the gouge 
 of tile jiattern he thought would best serve his purjiose. 
 
 Of the gouges of the (.'hami)lain \alley, it has been remarked, that,'* 
 ''though not among our most abundant specimens, they are yet rela- 
 tively (juite (ominon, and of an almost endless variety of form. That 
 all of these grooved inipleiiu'iits were used as gouges is \ery doubtful. 
 Of some of the specimens 1 have found it impossii)le to do more than 
 conjecture the use. None of the ol)jects found are more carefully 
 formed and fniely finished tiian some of these 'gouges,' and most of 
 them are far more carefully made than the 'chisels' or celts. Some of 
 the larger sjiecimens are a foot in leiiglii, of basalt or other hard stone, 
 but yet are made witii a degree of skill, as exhibited in the symmetry 
 of form and smoothness of surface, that excite great admiration. 
 In some the groove is dee]) and wide, and reaches from em! to end, 
 each end, in some cases, being ground to an edge, in others it is short. 
 Some are flat on both sides, others on one, others convex on both. 
 Some have one edge fmi^hed like a gouge and tiie ojiposite like a 
 chisel, and in these the gouge end is flatter than usual and the exca- 
 vated jiortion but little concave. Some are of such soft material, 
 steatite, that it is diflicult to see how they ( ould have been of much 
 ser\ice as implements, but most are of hard stone. Several long 
 'gouges' have been found whi( h are somewhat peculiar in form. AH 
 of these are very finely made ; in cross section they are shaped like 
 a narrow Oothic an h, the point coming o])posite the groove, or, in 
 such as have only a short groove, tiie portion ai)ove this may lie nearly 
 cylin(lri( al." In this communication reference also is made to two 
 gouges, measuring, respectively, eighteen and nineteen inches. 
 
 Fig. 32 represents a second examjjle of New laigland stone gouge, 
 
CEt.TS, CHISEUS AND fJOUflES. 
 
 53 
 
 wliicli has two very marked 
 differences from tlie ])re(ed- 
 inj{. In tliis case, instead of 
 the two transverse ridges near 
 tlie npiH-r end of tlie imple- 
 ment, there is a flattened oh- 
 lii|ue stem or jirojection form- 
 ing the head of tiie gouge, 
 and the i)lade is wider at the 
 liroad ciiiting edge witii whicii 
 it terminates, tlian at any t)tlier 
 l)art. Tiie curvature of this 
 cutting edge is \ery jiro- 
 nouni ed, and it is sufti( iently 
 sliarp, e\en now, to make the 
 imiilement a \ery good tool 
 for tlie ]iuri)oses for which it 
 was intended, '['lie iiroje( tion 
 at the head does not afford a 
 surface of sufficient widtii to 
 enable one to use a hammer ; 
 and it is safe to sujjpose that, 
 when made after this pattern, 
 they were intended for remov- 
 ing siu h yieiiling material as 
 ciiarrcd wood, and not for 
 cutting wood in its natural 
 state. Whilst there is a 
 great variation in the finisii 
 of the heads of these gouges, 
 it is seldom that we meet 
 with one of tiiis peciihar 
 pattern. Indeed, the form 
 is not ])artieularly desira- 
 
 Fii:. 3J. — . Massachusetts. \. 
 
54 
 
 I'klMITIVK IMirSTRY. 
 
 \)\v in viow of llie umj to whi( li is ji'.t tlii' carpenters' K""K^' "f 
 to-day. 
 
 rig. ^3 represents an excellent example of tlie simpler form of 
 
 yoiige, such as is more or 
 less common along the entire 
 Atlantic <-oast. 'i'hey are (juite 
 loiiiiiinn in New ^'(l^k ; and in 
 some ]iorti(>ns of iVnnsylvania 
 tliey are more numerous tlian 
 the straii'lU-edged celts, or 
 <.liisels projjer. In New Jer- 
 sey, this form of implement is 
 not conunon, in comparison 
 witli ordinary cells, but 't is 
 found ill sill h nuiuliers, as to 
 he generally representi<l in all 
 local coilettions. 'I'iie speci- 
 men here figured is made of 
 very compai t, unyielding s.md- 
 stone, and has heeii hollowed 
 out as deep as «as compaiible 
 with the strength of the imjile- 
 meiit. 'J'iie back has been 
 quite e\enly smootiieil, or it 
 may h.ne l)een worn so by 
 long continued use. At the 
 upl)er end, a hole has been 
 drilled ]iart!y through the 
 stone. This s])e( imen presents 
 the maximum degree of curva- 
 ture of the (uitting edge, as seen in these gouges. (){ the very large 
 series from Massachusetts, in tlie Museum at Cambridge, and at the 
 Academy of Science at Salem, not one exceeded an<l but very fi.-w 
 api>roached it in this respect. I'rum the worn ci;ndition of the c ulling 
 
 Fic. 33. — Massachusetts. \. 
 
CKi.rs, cmsicus and (joikjks. 
 
 »Mlj,'t', it is i)r<)!)al)lc tluit. wlicn m.u\v, it jirojci ted Amvard, as 
 shown ill the following example, troni New Jl■r^L■y. 
 
 Fig. 34 ri-prcsfnts a similar plain gouge Tpjh New Jersey, 
 sjiecimen differs only in having a 
 projecting or ( onxex edge, which 
 makes the specinun in thi^ respe( t 
 more like the onlinar)' celts. It is 
 l)robii)li'. however, as before ■■ng- 
 gesteil, that this was a (omnion 
 form of gouge, and that the edge 
 was gradually worn away li\ long 
 (unlinued use. (If the series of 
 gouges, fr.un .New Jersey, whether 
 plain or with work^•d knoh-like 
 heads, none possessed st) marked 
 a degree of curvature of tlie hl.ule, 
 as (lues this s])ecimen. It i^ not 
 without interest to know tiiat of 
 the gouges of tliis pattern, that 
 h.ne been found in New Jersey, 
 all have the upper end or head 
 badly battered, thus showing that 
 they had been used with a maul 
 or hauHuer ; whilst those- with a 
 coni( .il or otherwise designed 
 workeddiead, sue h as the < hisel 
 in fig. .50, show no trai e of any 
 such usage. Whether this fact 
 indicates a different u->e of these 
 ini|)lenunts. and lu ik e tiie infer- 
 ence that they are not gouges in Fig. j4.-Nc» Jersey. | 
 the ordin.iry acceptation of tli.U tern), is left for tlie re.uler 
 Icrmine. 
 
 In the northern (ountiesof New Jersey, and about the re 
 
 55 
 
 is well 
 This 
 
 to de- 
 ,'ion of 
 
56 
 
 PRIMJTIVF. miUSTRY. 
 
 the Delaware Water (lap there is frequently fotind a ])attern of gouge 
 or chisel, as the case nia>- he. whidi is strictK an intermediate 
 fonn. It is made of cornpact stone, is well polished, and has a 
 straight cutting edge which is l»onn«led hy a narrow rim uiKin each 
 side, extending at right angles to the hlade. It is not apparent what 
 advantage arises from these narrow bomidary ridges, if the implement 
 is a chisel, su( h as is now used : and tlie slightly elevated edges of 
 the sides of the blade scarcely convert the ini!)lemcnt into a gouge 
 proper. 
 
 '^'^-Xf^'i^m^v. 
 
 ^wm^ 
 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GROOVED HAMMERS. 
 
 In an nttcmpted classification of rtone implements, tlicrc is often 
 great danger of making a distinction where no dill'erence exists. Tlus 
 is particularly true of the grooveil globular pebbles and small bowlders, 
 that a-e so common liiniughout the wliole extent of the Atlantic 
 coast. Kxamples of tiiese, of a small si/e and carefully worke<l, have 
 been described as ])robal>ly "club-head" stones. Others, of ruder 
 make, as the natural pel)ble with a gr{)ove onl}- worked about it, 
 were probably used in the same manner as the notched, iiai |)ebi)!es. 
 Hesides these, there are larger examples of practically the sam form, 
 ivhi( h are of such dimensions, and, in some instances, show such evi- 
 dence of work, otlier than the jiei king out of an encircling groove, that 
 tlieir use as hannners r)r mauls seems to lie indicated. NVliile none 
 have been fouml .n New Jersey, or throughout New luigland, ;".>' large 
 and as heavy as the largest stone maul?, from the Lake Superinr copper 
 regions, thev do occur of such si/.e and weight as render them avail- 
 able for all ordinary pur|)oses for which a hammer is rec|uired. A 
 small series from ( ;iou( ester Co.. New jersey, are hanl, silu ious peb- 
 1 ies or small !K)wlders, varying from five to seven inc hes in length, and 
 three und one-half inches to four and one-half in diameter. None ot 
 these are worked otherwise than by being grooved or by having jjecked 
 out a shallow channel around tiiem, at or near the middle of the stone. 
 The ends, in two siK-ciinens, are slightly battered, as thovigh us.d for 
 h.immcring substances nnially as haul as the mineral of which they 
 are made. The others show no trace of usage. 
 
 Stone hammers of this < haracter, but of beautiful workmanship, 
 having whoiIy artificial ^unaces, and the groove jjrotected by a narrow, 
 
 (67) 
 
58 
 
 PKIMIIIVK INDLSTRV. 
 
 sligluly elevated ri(l;;e liave l)een ()l)taiiK'(l from Iiuliaii gia\es in 
 Kansas. A series of these are ( imlained in tiie (ollei lions of llie 
 Musenin of Art lueuloi^y. at C'aniliridge, Mass. 
 
 I'iunre ^55 ri|iresents the more usual shape and si/e uf tiiese stone 
 liamniirs, as we tlnd them in New Jersey, 'i'his speeimen is exaeily 
 fi\e in< lies in len;;tii. It was orii;inally of tiie oniinary o\al (nitline 
 ho ( onnnon to the cohlije-stones of the ri\eilied, and afterward pei ked 
 at tile head to make it (latter. It li.N a very shallow };roo\e pec ked ir- 
 rc^'ularly aliout it ; the dressinj^ down was api'arently nmre with a view 
 to oMiterate projectinj^ angles than to sei lire a depression or ^;rouve 
 fur the handle-fastennigs. .\l the end or i".>int there is a small pecked 
 
 Kn,. 15. — NVw jcrM-y. ). 
 
 surface whi( h may have been intended to produ< e a Munter end, or 
 cause<l l>y hauunering upon other stones, as in tisiny tiie stone < hiscl 
 or {,'oug.-. 
 
 I''ij.'. ■^(i represents a natural i)el)lple whi< h. luing grooved already, 
 wa^ iilili/td as a hammer. The < in ums'.m< is i"iiler \\hi( h it was 
 found are the only reasons for plat ing it with the grooved hamniers. 
 It w.is associated widi a mnnher of arrowheads anil other ohjeets, 
 and the assmnption is, that, like them, it h.id been plated where 
 foimil. I)y the Imlians. So atlniirahly shapetl is this stone, that, conlti 
 thev he ri adily tiht.iinetl. there woultl he no int entive to m.ike and 
 groo>v less shaj)ely pebMes, for in no rcs[)ecl is this specimen inferior 
 to the others. 
 
UkUOVI.li IIAMMKKS. 
 
 59 
 
 Fig. .17 rciircsciits" an unaltered i.chljlc, that has liccn grooved; 
 and thus, it is supposed, ronvcrted inlu :i hammer. In t'ne prccetUng 
 examples, the length ami diameter of tlic pel)ljles have ijeen more 
 nearly eipial than in this instance. Here wc have a (latter pehlile, 
 and one that needs Imt a 
 ( nttinj; edge at one end, to 
 make it a good example ol' 
 a eonunon foni) of axe. 
 Tile absence of this edge, 
 tmless it ( an l)e shown tiiat 
 it is an unfmished axe, in- 
 (hcales its use as .i Iiai uiur. 
 or pos-.ilily the iiead of a 
 ( lull like weapon. This 
 spet imen is se\en in( lies in 
 length, three inches wide in the middle, and tajiers unite mulurmly 
 to the narrowed ends. The ends are not battered, nor is there any 
 trace ot u-^e of any kiml to be seen. As .i weapon, such an im- 
 plement would long pre^e|■\e its n.ilural siuiace uninjured and 
 
 Tu\. 3^). — NVw Jf.T-.cy. i 
 
 Km., 
 
 - Wtt Jt rv<-y. \' 
 
 iinmarketl. If useil as a maul, in . nniu-< lion wirh a stone gouge, 
 till* surfaces would soi>n bci onie itallered. 
 
 Fig. 38 represents a pet uli.ir p.itteru of stone hammer, hi which wc 
 have ll\e hammer he, id and the h.mdle. in one. This so-callcti 
 
6o 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRV. 
 
 "handle" is a rontinuation of tlic lic-ad, Imt has Ir'cii jiccked, 
 ground and chipped, until it is cylindrical. While the outline is that 
 
 of a hammer, it is not iin- 
 prohahle that it was used as a 
 pestie, although the end is 
 nut haltered or worn in any 
 way. 
 
 The " head " varies con- 
 siderahly in thickness, and on 
 that side projec ting fr'im tiie 
 han<lle is i|uite narrow, and 
 has tl": .ippearance of haxing 
 been chipped ; or, possilily, 
 this is tile ri'^uli <>l' long < on- 
 tinued usage, in h.unuiering 
 against stone. 
 
 I'erforatetl stone hauuners. 
 similar to those foimd in sutli 
 abundance in nortiicrn 
 iMirojie, are ol nue u( ( ur- 
 rence in Nortli Auuric ,i. 1 
 know of but a single spet i- 
 nien of perfor.iteil stone im- 
 plement, whii it may be 
 considered as pndi.ibly a 
 hammer. It i> in the < ollec- 
 tion of the l.ile I'ntfessor 
 Ilaldem.m. This hammer 
 measures eiglit and one h.ilf 
 inches in length. Iiy four in 
 width. It is oval in shape, 
 ar 1 througli the middle i-. a c.irefully cirilled jierforaiioii, Inurand one- 
 h.iif iiii hts in length., a-i.! one in< h in di.uui'ter. The stoiiv h,i> been 
 pec ked over U:; cntiie surface, and is a heavy, fmely grained sandstone 
 
 Fui. 39 — New Jt:r><y. J. 
 
GROOVKIJ IIA.MMKKS. 
 
 6i 
 
 pebble from the bed of tlic river. It was found near ('lii<:kies, 
 I^incaster County, l'i;nna. 
 
 \\'oodeii mauls, it would ap])ear, were sometimes used, Mr. I'.. W. 
 I'.llsworth ''•' has described tiie <ir(umstan( es of the discovery of a 
 wooden maul, in the valley (jf the Connecticut river. 'I'his imple- 
 ment i.i twenty-one in- hes in length. " J.englh of head, eleven and 
 one-fourth inches; length of handle, nine an<i three-fourths inches; 
 diameter of the head measuring in a plane coijicident with the cunc 
 of the handle, five indies." This specimen shows two indenleil and 
 battered surfaces. " Professor Rau has suggested that the mallet was 
 used for driving stone celts. This is proliabie, both from the form and 
 posititm of tiie indentations in the mallet." 
 
 " F.lliwurth. Smithsonian .Annual Rciwrt f.jr iS;^., p. 446, iij;, i. 
 
 -o^:;^ 
 
CHAI'TKR V, 
 
 SKMII.INAK SLAIK KNIVKS. 
 
 It is jmiposcd to roiisidcr hcic, a class of knife-like iin])Iomont<;, 
 which, from their sha))0, have heen desij^iialeil as Seiiiihmar Slate 
 knives. 'rhroii.t;liout New I'inj^land, and as far south as Maryland, 
 these knives o( < ur witii nmre or less freipiency. as tjie localities ha|)i)eii 
 to lie rii h, or are wantin.L;, in tlie ordinary jiatterns of Indian stone 
 imiilenients. 
 
 A typical knife of this form may he hrielly desc rilied as a thin, 
 broad l)!a<Ie, of ahont six in< hes in length, and two in j^reatc-vt hreadtli, 
 the ciitlinj,' ed^e being cuned, anil extendin;,' from end to end of the 
 blaile. thus niakiu},' it semilunar in outline. .\s a rule there extends, 
 alon^' the baik, a narrow, tliii k rid;;e of nnilbnn width, which aft'ords 
 a (onvenient and see nre liold. when the knife is taken in hand. 
 
 In New Jersey, these knives, now usually mu< h broken, are not 
 uncommon on former Imlian viilaj,'e sites; but in other localities, or 
 singly s( attered about our fields, they are seldom or ne\er found. 
 \\'hate\er mav ha\e been the u>e to wlii( h they were put their shape 
 ctTtainlv indie ates that tliey were a dome^tu im|ileun'iii. a himseholil 
 knil'e, for cutting flesh or <'i|ually yielding substances ; and not such a 
 knife as the men woulil < arry witii them. 
 
 These knives jiossess an additional interest tVom the tact tli.it they are 
 a well-known form of cutting imi>lemeut of the INkiino and .M.isk.in 
 Indians. In the archa'ologi<al c olU'ciions of the nuiseum at Cam- 
 bridge, are two ^|)e( innns (1'. M. NHs. 2053-54) of this form of 
 knife, ea< h with a lil.ide of slate ii\>erted in a wooden handle, llxcciit 
 ih.it the handle i-. of another matrri il, llu-y dirfcr in 110 respei !. 
 
64 
 
 PRIMirlVK IMHTSTRV. 
 
 Knives (>r tliis pattern, inatlc of iron and ivory liy tlie Mskimos of 
 Cinnl)crlaml Sound, have hein ilescril)e(l hy l.iidwin Kunilein, in tlie 
 liuUetin (No. 15) of tlic I'. S. National Mnsemn. This author says: 
 '• 'I'lie fa\'orite and prim i]ial tool of the women is a knil'e, shaped like 
 an onhnary mini in^ knife. Nearly all the Cumberland i'.skimo havt; 
 now procured iron enouj;li from some source or other so that they can 
 luue .i\\ iron knife of this pattern. liefore they ( oiild prot lire enough 
 iron they made the knife of ivory, and merely sank flakes or jiieces of 
 iron into the edge, in the same manner as tlie nati\es of North (ireen- 
 land do at the present time. 'I'his s;une pradii e of >inkitig iron flakes 
 into the edge was als(j used on their large skinning-knives, wiiiih were 
 made from a walrus tusk, ami mm h after the pattern of an ordinaiy 
 steel buteher-knife. S>me of these ivory knives have no iron in them ; 
 but at the present time tiiey are u^ed |)rin( i|).illy. if not entirely, for 
 cutting snow and removing ii e fron\ their kyac ks. 
 
 " 'l"he women seKlom use any other kiml of knife than sik h as just 
 ik'si rilied. With them they remove the bluiiber from the skin, split 
 skins, ( ut u|> meat, and when sewing this instrument is used instead 
 of s( issors. I'hey iiegin .1 garment by sewing together two |)ie( es of 
 skin and sha|)ing them as they gt) along by means of the knife, cutting 
 (or an in< h or two and then sewing. They always //k.sA the knife /mm 
 them wiien working it." 
 
 .\s the>e semihm.ir knives are more .ibund.uu in Ni'W l-'.ngland than 
 in the niiddle st.ites, .md do not ajipear to have been in u>e among 
 the southern < oast tribes, it is jirobable that the pattern was derivetl 
 from the Ivskinio with whom tiie northern .Mgonkins were freciuently 
 in c'onta) t. 
 
 Fig. ,v> represents a fine examjile of these slate knives, such as are 
 found in the lot alities mentioned. It was ploughed up in a fieltl 
 bordering on Crosswii k's creek, Murlington Co., New Jersey, in which 
 lot aliiy not tiiily st ures of ordinary axes, knives ami arrowheads have 
 l)een fountl, but fragments of at liiUt thirty i/ifffimt sf<<,ini<ns 0/ this 
 pmiern of knife. They were about eipially divided between such as 
 
>I.MllXN.\k SI..VIK KMVKS. 
 
 65 
 
 were perfectly i)lain, as in tliis instanco, ami such as were oriiamciUcd 
 
 with imiscd liiu's of various 
 
 lialtcriis on the sides of tlie 
 
 dorsal ridge or back of liie 
 
 knife. 
 
 'I'liis specimen, fi^'. .?(), is 
 made from a slab of < om- 
 pa( t. fmegrained yellowisii 
 slate, or, more properly, 
 day-slate, and has been at 
 une time, hii;hly polisiieil. 
 Portions of this iioli-^hed 
 surface are still to be seen 
 in one or two ])laces. l^'i^;. 
 .V) measures six in( hes in 
 lenutli at the liac k, an<l the 
 blade, \vhi< h is one-fourth 
 of an inch tiii< k, is an im li 
 and a half wide at the 
 widest portion, 'i'iience, 
 towanls e.K h ^•^■\>\. it de- 
 scribes a <iir\e and ile- 
 creascs in width. 
 
 'I'lu^e kni\e>, of wiiiih 
 so manv .ire Ibiinil in N\'w 
 Knjjiand. h.we been so well 
 described in <Ietail by i'rof, 
 F. \V. i'liinam, in the "I!ul- 
 letin of the I\ssex Institute" 
 of Siliin, Mass., that we 
 ipiote his remarks in full. 
 
 " Man\- beautiful i iitting 
 implements have been found 
 
 New Jersey. \ 
 
 in various <oiui(rics, especi.illy in .North .\merica. Schooli laft. in his 
 
66 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 extended work on tlio Indian tril)ts, figures several fine sperimcns, 
 notal)ly tlic one represented on plate 45, figuns i to \ (vol. ii), found 
 at Hartford, U'asliington county, N. ^'., whi( li lie states to he carved 
 from a piece of green Her])entine. This knife is siJinewiiat si( kle- 
 shaped, five and three-(iuartcrs inches limi;, with a cnr%ed trian^jular 
 blade descending from a well formed rountled handle. S( liooh raft 
 also fitjures (vol. ii, jil. .jg, fig. .}) a cutting im|)leinent with a lii.ide 
 fivi' and tliree-(iuarters in< lies long liy an in( h in width. Tiie figure 
 shows a thickened jxirtidH answering fi.r a Ikk k or handle. This 
 specimen W.1S found in Cienesee Co., N. V. The drawing is, however, 
 very poorly executed and th" rlescription is so hrief as to leave us in 
 doubt as to the exact char.actcr of the implement. 'I'he specimen 
 figured on his plate 50, figures 5 and 6 (vol. ii), under the title of 
 'fragment of a bi.ide of a iiittle a\e,' and described as made of si- 
 iicious slate, is far too thin ami fragile an implement for a battle-axe. 
 and is more likely another form of slate knife, perhaps having two 
 symmetrical blades, through the centre of whi< h (the figtire shows a 
 broken groove, wliich may represi-nt a hole drilled through the 
 centre of the blades) a wooden handle was inserted. 
 
 ".S(iuier and l).;vis in their work on the 'Ancient Nfonuments of 
 the Mississijtpi X'alley,' p. siT), give a small woodi ut of a semi- 
 lunar-shape<l knife, which they stale is a form 'occasionally found in 
 the F-'astern states. They are sometimes composed of slate, ami are 
 of various si/.es, often measuring five or six inches in length. They 
 are well adapted for fiiying animals, ami lor other analogous ])urposes.' 
 Their figure represents .1 knife of tiie same shai)e as the one here en- 
 graved (fig. 40). 
 
 '■( )( these semilunar knives, I have seen ipiite a number of specimens 
 in various collections, b U thus far all. as st.Ued by Spiier an<l Davis, 
 h.iM- been from the I'astern states. In the I'ealxxly M\iseum of .\r- 
 ch;eo|ogy, .It Cambridge, there are sever.il of this form, one of which 
 is about eight inches lung and i^ labelled 'Paring Knife, .\nioskeag 
 Kails. i7.,5.' 
 
 "The one represented here as fig. i (l"ig. 40) is beantifiill)' finished 
 
SEMILLNAK SMTK KXlVtS. 
 
 «T 
 
 and i>crfcct. Tt was found in Salem and i)laced in the Miiacum of the 
 Kasl Imlia M.i nc So«;icly. It is not (juito five iiK hes in length and 
 is a little less tiian two im hes in greatest depth of Made and l)ack. 
 The l)a( k is alxnit h;ilf nn iiu \\ in dej)th and a little over a <niarter of 
 an in< h in width at the centre, 
 narrowing at the ends, ]ier- 
 fectly flat above. Tlic Made 
 is one-fifth of an iiuh lliick 
 along the nnder side of the 
 thi( k back ; it is gradually 
 thinned out to the cutting 
 edge all round, whieh is only 
 one-tenth of an inch thick 
 about one- fifth of an inch Irom 
 its outer margin, which is 
 evenly ami nicely brought to 
 a sharp cutting edge. The 
 engraving slio.vs the shajie of 
 the knife better than won Is 
 will describe it. It will be 
 notii ed that the blade is 
 slightly more jiointed at one 
 extreme tli.m at tiie i it her. 
 The material is a gray slate 
 having several fine veins of a 
 harder substance (ciuartz?) ;is 
 shown in the engraving : it is 
 ([uite ornamented with several 
 tlark wavy lims, lij;!it streaks 
 and bands, and a iiuinlier of 
 irregular wavy lines of a red 
 mineral running in all di- 
 rections over the surface, but not indicucd in the engraving. 
 
 Fic. 40. — .MuuchuscKi. \. 
 
68 
 
 IKIMrilVI INhlslKV, 
 
 "Another sporimcn, also umlmmiI Uy ilu' .\< aik'iny Iikmi t'u- ll.ist 
 Inili.i Mariiii' Sm u-ly M'.i~.iuiii, w.is roiiiul mi the I'.inii in I ».iiiM.rs 
 fornurly o'.Mud 1>\ (inxcinor I'.mlii nti. 'I'liis s|)ri inu'ii tunsisis of 
 nlioiit onc-h.iir (if tin- knilr, ami was I'viik-iitly, win n ihtIci t. ai)i)iit 
 six ini lios lon^ and two ami a 'juartiT (Ici'p. It was mailf of a slatf 
 very mm i> like the Saleiu s|)eciineii, hut without the d.irk ami red 
 veins and iiiotl!int,'s." 
 
 Althoujiii these knives are inadi.- of a uiiti-rial readily oltiained and 
 easily worked, tluy wi-re imt ah\ays discardid, wiuii tlu-y < hanced 
 to |;et broken in lialves. Many of thiui had the lirokiii end jjroinid 
 down to a sinootlj hlinU i'd.:,'e, and tlie < uttini; eil,;;i- sh,L;hlly ground 
 away at the same end, and tiuis a new knife was made out of half of 
 an old one, whi< h was almost as jjood as the orif,'inal, for the puriiosfs 
 for wlm h such kni\es wire made. It is evident, howiM-r, that these 
 kni\eN were thrown asiiii', wlu-ii others of imtil were ohtaiiu'd, as 
 tin- a]i|iearanies of tlu' fr.uturril rd.,'t-, of >u( h as wi- now find iiidi 
 cate that they ha\e been Imiken or (^u^hed. as !i\' the Ire. id of a horse, 
 in <'oni|)arati\ely reient times. 
 
 l'"ij,'. 41 represents "a knife of dark taleose sl.ite whiih is unlike 
 any other that I ha\e sren. It wa> found m-.tr llu' 1 hun h in I'utuam- 
 ville (Danvcrs), .Mass. am! i^ thus of markid iiii crest to us a> a relic iVom 
 I-'.ssex county. It is sli;;htly over l'i\c iiu hcs iu Icn-th, ami almut one 
 and one-half inches in depth at its « entre. It is worked to a rounctud 
 point at ea< h end, as shown hy the en:,'ra\ iui^, and the smooth « uttinjj 
 edj;e is from |ioint to I'oini. 'ihe gn-atcst thii kness of the M.ide is 
 one-fifth of an im h. 'llu- h.uk of the knife is ground off to '|uite a 
 thin edge, Imt evidently w.is iicmt sharpened to torm a < utting edge, 
 though the hac k ii so thin .is to nndiT its lieing held in the li lud an 
 tmcomfort.ilile matter while using the kmfe in this way ; and the three 
 holes lli.it h,i\e heen rudely cut. ap|i.irently by scraping backwards and 
 forw'.irds wiiii a |iointed stone, on both siiles, until a hole was made, 
 are evidence th.ii tiu' kiiil'e w.is mounteil ou a handle li\- pas^ing bands 
 through the holes and arouml the h.mtile. whii h w.i^ probaitly grooved 
 
SF.Mll.UNAR SI.MK KSIVFS. 
 
 69 
 
 aloPK it^ mvliT ^i(lt• to til nvir llic >\\.\r\< l>a< k <>( tlu- kiiilV. In < 
 111(111 with the other hl.ilc knives, this spc* iint-n '.v.'.s finished witii 
 and is |ifrfc« tly sninotli and well sliariniitd alimK its rutting i-df,'f 
 
 " I'.vans, in his instnu live work on 
 the • Am icnt Stone lin|ilenuiits ul 
 (ireat liritain,' mentions (p. ^i 1 ) tlial 
 in some l''.si|iiimaii\ knivrs tin- Maiie 
 is liitl to ,1 woodin lia(k l>y a lord 
 
 \vhi< ll llllMHf:i llliollljll K /('(/«' III till' 
 
 hiaili'. 
 
 It would tlius seem ih.il mir New 
 England Indians, for to iliem I tliink 
 we iniwt look :; thi' makers and 
 owners of die knives I li.ise ,siie< iaily 
 iles«ril)ed, were not .satisfied w ith using 
 simple llakes of stone and liroken arrow 
 and spearheads for knives, Imt that 
 with them as wiili iis to-<lay tiiere 
 were many, and ofien elal)unitc, styles 
 of this most Msehil implement, and 
 who 1 .m say that to possess a good 
 knife was not .is nnu li the amliition of 
 the men of tlie dejfarted rai e as it is 
 with ttiose who have sn< reeded them ?" 
 
 As will he iioti« 111, liy referring to 
 the introdurlory remarks on these 
 knives, as a ilass, I do not aLiree with 
 the ( oiu liision in tiie above <|uotation. 
 The New i'.ngiand Indians, as well as 
 tliose in New jersey and elsewiiere, 
 h.ul lieiter knives for ordmars ))ur 
 poses, than these o( slate. 
 
 Another spec inien. fig. 4:!. "is 
 nearly perfei t, one end only being broken off, .is shown in the 
 
 oin- 
 ( arc 
 
 KW.. 41 — Ma^^.lt hllnCtU. \. 
 
 igiire. 
 
70 
 
 PRI Mr rt\- 1 I \ I (I -STR V . 
 
 Allowing f'<r this missini; fraKnu;iU tiic kiiilc was about sewn inrlies 
 long; tliL- l)a<k i-^ tlirt(-|!iaitiTs cf .„. ni< li i\cr\> and the Maili- alioiit 
 OIK ami tinc-half inches. 'liLic thi( km-^s ot' the lilaile in the centre is 
 alHiiit tliree-ti'ntlis of an im ii. 'I'lie pei uliar wurknianfhip of the 
 bai k, as shown in tiic Nectinn, in the lurni of a series of iineven 
 kiKilis. was ]irol)ai>ly intenileii to give fiminess lo the holil wlien 
 gi.i i'ld li)- ihe liand. This s|n.-<:in>en was fnuml in a sand dei>osit 
 near Kingston halls, Kin^^ii'n. W-w liaiii|ishire." 
 
 A finish very similar to thai mi the bai k of ilu-.c slate knises is 
 seen ni some of the fragmentary spei imens frum New Jersey, now in 
 the ariluKoliigical Mnseiim, at ( ambridge, 1\\as>. I'pon one of them is 
 a series «>f lines similar to those ii|m)ii the ilhistiaiion of the New Hainp- 
 »hrfK knife. These I'ti lu-il orijraMil lines are, in some instances. iijx)l) 
 
 til., 4».— ?.« 
 
 lluiitt'ohirc. \. 
 
 i a |.«irtioii of ihi' bai k. la: iiu'\ < ,m sc areely be considered as 
 '.ji . jiud it seems net m rt iii.iMc to consiiler them as marks 
 luuii.iLiAC iif inwnership, 
 
 Fip 4,'; rrrpresents a mi^t reniark.ibii' form ol these slate kni\es, 
 whiith. ;rMiua^ of more than nrdinary rude finish, has ( ertain |>ei iili- 
 a- 1 I v\ !iii-h -JUT of grr-at interest. Tlu'se striking features (oiisist of a 
 stTU's ot etman^s ami dee; i-. im ised lines of inih.ips no iiK.ming. 
 '1 iken in onte:f, it will l>e iiotu ed that at the b.u k ot ihe knife are 
 four short linr- at uniform di.tam is apart, and a fifth, near the end of 
 the implement, llesides these are fifteen shorter par.illel lines, near 
 the bro.ndir end of liu- knife and about the mid lie of the bladi'. A 
 series ol fi\e /ig/ag liiu's ;ire also < iit on liu' o| posite end of the bi.ide. 
 Is It possibii. that siK h simple markings can have been intended as 
 
SK.MIMNAR S1_\TK KNIVKS. 7I 
 
 mere ornamentation? llowev-'i "primitive" tlie miiul of tlu- red 
 
 nun (if North An'cri( ;i may h.ive been, in times prior to the ailventof 
 
amnaxa.'! 
 
 lanHB 
 
 78 
 
 ivi- ivinsTkV. 
 
 Fnropcnns on this rontinfiit, it isilittuuli tn im.miiio that lliiir iili.is 
 of (irii.imiiil .ind ili< nr.ilioii shmilil liax't- !><'i-ii ^>l i rtiilc a^ to In- >.iiis- 
 ficil with .slight aiitl im oii^|)ii ikhis m Tat« lu's. Nnr iloi-s it ai i unl with 
 ihi'ir ivitleiit apprci ialions nl syiimntrv ami ;leiin"iits ol licaiily, 
 wliii li «<■ sec lit various sjicriimMis of ihtir liamliwoik. llamU skilk-ii 
 it) thi- jToiliiition of faultlessly ilfsigncd ii-lts, ami of animal s< iilpitirc, 
 su< li a-i the liinl-vltapfil ohjci ts ri),'iirrtl in anolheri haptrr, < ouM m-Vfr 
 ha\i; inli'lldi-il mi« h siiiijik- (li'\urs as lliosi- ii|ioii t'.is l.iiilc iilaiji- 
 as an atli'in|it at oinanuiiialion. Scliiii); a.siilc, ihfi, this i \|ilaiiaiion 
 of tlicir nuaninji, it may reasonalily he asktil, hau' tiny any otluT 
 nKMninj,'? 'I'liat lliiy have is mon- than |iioliaiilr. 'honj^h what that, 
 niianiii^ is iiinaiiis to la* dftcrmiiuil. More |>romiiuiit th.iii the 
 nmniTous liiii's to whii h rcfurcncL" has licin maiU-, air tin- i Icarly 
 i!i linitl, \miiiistakalilu Mills' lu-a«ls, jilaiud midway liriwn.n the two 
 scries of liiiis. \\ hat lluy iiidic ate is of < oiirsi- a mystery ; Imt it is 
 not a little < iirious that there were, anunij^ the I.enni Lenape or 
 I )elaware Indi.ms, three ;;raiid < lans or prim ipal di\ isions ol the nation. 
 'ITifse were, respei tively, the Wolves, the 'lurkeys and the I'lirtles. 
 In the momitainous region t>f the hiad wateis of the I )elaware river, 
 and Roiitlnvard to the \\ai<r < lap, tin- Wolves or Miii^i were in nil 
 ilistnrlKd jiossession of the land. Southw.inl, and westward to the 
 Suv|neluitna, were the Inrtles, or Ini'iniis ; and alon^? tin- > o.ist, the 
 Turkeys tir I'n.ihn htji;o. If wt (an, hy atiy allowalile tise of the imagi- 
 Mtitm, see in the ( nule attempis at |>ieiotial representation, heads <»f 
 •rkeys, t liird once as almmlant in a wild slate, as it is now mi'l-r 
 domt-Htit ation, the infererw e is le^;itimale that the pieliires in ilu knife 
 may h.i\e some fi feretw e in ilu peojile, whose " lolem " w.;s the lurd 
 in ipie-^lion. 
 
 As hearing directly upon the ijiiestion of the sij;nifiranre of these 
 represeiilatioiis of heads of I inls. atteiilion is lure i ailed to a shell 
 disk from i'ennessee, fig. 4.4, npon wlmh are four lij;nres similar 
 ti) rtie two on the knife from New Jersey. Sm h earved shells are 
 <|ttile < oinmon in Tennessee ami sonlhward. .ind have been nsiially 
 taken from ;,'r.iees. Cm liny he re^'arded as lo'eins? It has 
 
SKMII.INAK >! VII-: KMVIS. 
 
 U 
 
 , 
 
 licn slatci! <>( tlu' Viif^ini.i lii(!iaii>,-" "dl" tlii-> slu-ll [rimk] tluy also 
 make roimii t.iMi-is of alioiil Imir im !hs in (li.niut»r, wIik li llicy polish 
 as smooth as tin- oihtT [>hfll ln-ails, vu .], ;!iiil M)mi-tiiiir> they «. i< h or 
 ),'ravc ihirt'on cinlfs, stars, a lialf iictoii, ur itiiv .'///. /iK'iiri- siiitalilo 
 to ihi-ir l.ii.i V. 'lluM' ihty wear instvail of iiicilals licforc ur laliind 
 thi-ir iK< k. cii ." Ili-rf wc mi- a ritir.Hc a|i|Mrfiitls ti. jiist mi- h 
 shtll (li'^ks a-, fii;. 4.1 • ami (In- illIl•rl•^t in the ri'imMiiK tmn uf ihr ^anu' 
 figiires 'in other ohifi is. foinul in Ntw JirM-y. lus in lla' proli.iMf in- 
 (licalioi. th.il Iht ri- i>. ii\ llie laiicr, a ir.n f, ai Uast, ot ;rihal rclaliun- 
 
 Fui. 44 — Ttiinci «e«. \, 
 
 shiM with thi' sontiirrn In«hin>. Unl »n«' not i.-..ri\ from :lu' \Mitw)),'s 
 of Ili( k«> Mir. tlial the Irn.iiir ii.nl ••|!u tnrkcs loiiin," v\v nnf.'ht 
 sMpi OM' tlial tlii^ "Ir.iwni^; o'' snrh I'lnl In :. ori^^in.itnl \miIi the in 
 Ini^isf :<inlhtri\ Shawnri-. \slio, at one tunc, o< rnpiii! ianil \u tlu; 
 Itilavvan- \alli\, ;ni<l who ar<- sMpposiil l.\ >ouu' \\rili.r> to h.ar lurii 
 < lo>cly rcl.itid to tlu- larlust iiihaliilani>. ol ihi' ^ontlurn ami sonlh 
 western stales, Inasmm i» as we shall fiiul that, r.ot only on this slate 
 
 '"Itevrrly:" Hi-lnty unt l'n:-.oil Sl;ilt. i.f Vir^imi i." M-.l 111, ( 'i.iplcr «", |i. ^?. Ij.mliin. 
 , ji.j. (^lu,,ir.l liy l^ . ' :. JiiiK-*. jr., Ill " .Viiiii'iiinn .if S.Millutii lnili.in»." 
 
74 
 
 nUMITIVE INDUSTRV. 
 
 knife, but upon a bone inipleincnl also, similar beads of birds are en- 
 graved, il is probable tlul the i.leiUity n( tbe .lesign is not a mere 
 coincidence, bnl Uul it must be e^'lained eitlKT in actorilance with 
 ihe statements of Heckwelder, or be .onsi.lered as the work of 
 somhern Shawnees, after their arrival in New Jersey. In the latter 
 event, tne theory that these ilisks were the work of a people dinVrent 
 from and anterior to the Indians foiin.l in the Cmnberlan<l valley, at 
 the lime of the disc overy uf that region by the whiles i», apparently, 
 nut sustained by the facta. 
 
 
niAl'TF.R VI. 
 
 t Iiri'PKIi KI.IM' KNUKS, 
 
 ()\ tlie saiiK- Ileitis, ami alon,.,' tlic s.ime valleys of our <ri.tk>. and 
 rivers, wherever we < banc e ii|ii)ii siiearpoints an<l arrowheails there 
 are fiHiini certain other i hiinieiliniilenienls, equally varia'ule in si^e 
 and perhaps, also, in shaiie. 
 
 \\ III u the (lilting edf^e is the one protniner; feature, these oKjerts 
 are readily reeognizeii and ( onlKlently (hissed as "( liippci! knives ;" 
 hut many others are found so like ordinary spearjioints, that it is tvn 
 always jiracticahle lO determine to whii h eif the two forms they really 
 belonj^. 
 
 So readily can an effe( live kniU; he made, l>y striking from a p' hblc 
 a splinter of r^tone. that we wonder why su( h great pains shoulil iiave 
 heeii taken with many of the jasj.er knives that we hnd, espe( ially 
 sini e iniK h of liie extra labor upon tiiem waN not for the improve- 
 ment of the cutting edge. It has lieen remarked of primitive stone 
 knives, thai "Hint, t hert, obsidian, any stone which will chip easily to 
 a sharp edge, will constitute man's first rutting implenteni, and i-< miu h 
 better adapted to tiiis use ihaii we are wont to sup|K)se. Sime if the 
 modern I'.ilifornia Indian^ make use of the most, primitive form of 
 these imp'.emcnts. Miners of iS^() have dest ribcd to me 'radices 
 occurring umkr their ov.n observation, illinunuing the mode "f man- 
 ufacture and the erticicncy of the crudest < utting t<Htls. The Indian, 
 withuut a knife, would skiu and dress a deer almost as (|iiit kly as hiM 
 while brother hunter armed with hi> Imwting knitc. I'icking uji the 
 fHWt dun stuiie he could 6n«l, that. <imi<rr nharji bli>*s *iih another 
 »•. wiMiki flate to an edue, with a few '.Mims he would Iring it to 
 
76 
 
 iimmhivk indi'strv. 
 
 iIk- clcsirci. I'lirm, .iiid, < nmmniriiu; lii-. work with i ilrawiny inoiioii, 
 wiiiilil niiri) till' ^kil) willi .:;ri'.il nil ily."-' 
 
 lmplriiKi)i> lli.it \vi re iiii(|ui-sti<in;ilily iiscil as ( iiltin^; Imtls an- no- 
 mIhti- as .iliiiiii!ai\t as arrinvliculs, Imt llii-y si'ciii In 'nar siirli a n-laiion 
 sliip, in ]M)ir,t of niiinl)i'rs, to arrowlii-ails, as would lic i-xpci ivd from the 
 iisi- dl" tin. two tonus. Ilic one luil I)cinj4 liaMc to he lost, ami i.istini; 
 licrlia|is .1 lilViiiiu'. is imih ii more sr-ar< i' than the other whiih was < erta-n 
 
 to) 
 
 le <|un 
 
 kl\ lo-,!, and ot" w!iic ii .i \,ist nnmliei wiri' iu'< es-.arv even if 
 
 the\ wi re iinl ii>ed in w.irlare, a.s we \\. 
 
 ^now w.is the < .ise 
 
 On 
 
 the otiii r li.iiid, it we . .-U every objeei, thai seems liadly diNij^ned for 
 a spear or an arrow, a tiiife, we have tlt»ii a vast im rease in this < lass of 
 olijei ts mil alniosl .ts many s|>ei jnieiis ire foiiml of one form .is if the 
 Dtlier. I'nless, however, it is siipposeil that knives were made, use<l 
 
 and thri'un .iside. "ii th 
 
 it, it is ui.iiiifeslly ".Tonj; to i onsiiU-r every 
 
 Miiali 
 
 sill .ir or l.irm- arrow iicni as a 
 
 knili 
 
 In ilo so presiijiposes a vei'y 
 
 ilensi pii|iiil.iiiiiii, or .i loii^ o' < 'ipaiu y. 
 
 If we t .ill .ill tlu 
 
 ijerts 
 
 knixis, we lessen niateri.illv the nnmher of .irrowhe.ids, wlin h l.itter 
 were, nei i-ssarilv, v.istlv more aimnd.iitt, th.in anv other impleinent the 
 
 Indiins po-^essed. 
 
 Whili' .1 lew spearlike lornis h.i\e ! ei-n i l.tssed is kiiues, I'nr reasons 
 iiiciilioiied, i; is li\ no iiie.ins < eri.iiii th.it i1h-\ wer^- not "lUte ,i-. mm h 
 Ln use ,i-< -|aMrs, as tlu'y were as kiiui's. If we eii(','a\or to pn lure 
 
 t)v 
 
 .f 1 1 
 
 orilinary a\(H ations ol |l;i; 'vilnes ol our (n.isi, especially helorc 
 
 the arrival of r'airopi'.n. si-itlers. we shall find, th.it himlinj,' necessarily 
 (X ( tipied mm h of their t'lm-. The skins of .inimals were the depenil- 
 eiii e I'ur i Inihin:;. .nul their \\-~h with ih.il of fishes was an im|iort.'.nt 
 
 eliiiKMl 111 tiieir lood siippl\ . >! \.iricd in si/e, and m haliits, were 
 the m.imiii.iis thev hunted, tli.it I cm sranely lie dmiliti il. ih.il there 
 ion Use .1 greater \.in<ly of iiintiii;,' implements, than of 
 
 was III 1 iiun 
 
 we.ipons of w.ir, if indeed, .iin ilisiinnion was m.ide lictweeii them. 
 I''nr limiting <ert 'in animals, a^ well as for spearin;; i ertain lish, the 
 Indians duiiUtlcssly made use of partit iilar |i.itterns of stone imple- 
 
 ■1 M. I . Kc.i.l. I la. t iif Wi »1< rn Kimhc llisl.iti. .iI S.i. iily. No il.ilc. |i. it. I llii 
 
tiiii'i'i n I i.ivi k.NivK.s. 
 
 7: 
 
 iiKiit- wliii 1» liavc 'u'l-n <.illiil spcarpoiiUs, arrowlii-ad^ ami knivirs. 
 Si U\\\ ii)iii|>arativil\, nt tin l.illiT. ami m) many I'l tin- larj^cr arrow- 
 ht-ads and Mnallf>l s|ii-ars, wcri; rc'<|iiiri'd ai hiKMi-> fur tin- Mii.illcr 
 ntaniinals, thai il i^ sM\: to <t insider, simply a^ knivi-., as ft-w tilijoi ts ol" 
 ( hippL-il flnu as possihlc, and to regard all mu h as roiild In.- so used, 
 as heads ul' spvars and arrows. 
 
 'I'lu.' I iri Minslant cs, loo, iimlir ulncli o( < .isional specimens have 
 lnH n lo :n I. have a direi t lie.irinn 
 upon llii> mailer. (hipiKd im- 
 plements that seen\ ill ad.ipled 
 Inr ii'-e as arrowheads, h.iv ■ heeii 
 Ininiii, III one iiisi.nm', ilciply 
 eniliiddecl in a Inmliar m rtelira 
 of an elk, and a sni.iil lilnnl 
 s|iear toned into the shmiider- 
 Itlade of a lie, It. These in 
 stances sun^est the ii^e of a how 
 ami arrow rather than 1 spea.. 
 I'eitainh liny do not indii He 
 their use .is knives. A lliin' ni- 
 si. mi r Is known of ,111 iidiifer- 
 ently < hipped and m an ely .1 
 pciinli'd ,irrowhead, heinf^ loiiiid 
 in ihe \ir\ 1 1 nire of .1 1 irf.;e white 
 o.ik. Il II id I'videnth' pien rd 
 till' Irei-. whiii a s.iplinn ; ,md, 
 remaining; in the tree, had l>een 
 in time en< losi'd hy its j;rowlh. W hen lell-.d, the tri'e measured lu'.ir'y 
 five feel in di.iinelet. How unlikely is it ilul this implement used .is 
 a knife h.id heen left :,ii( kuij^ in a tree I 
 
 i'if;. -15 repre>eill> ,111 e\i ellclit ev.l'.ilple of what ma\ he 1 oiisii h ii'd 
 a l\|ii< al I liippi'd llinl knile. I h.il il is ,1 1 ulliiiL; tool .done h evident. 
 Whether held in the hand, In j;r.ispiii>; the impleinenl ,is it is, <ir 
 whether il li.id ,1 woodiii i.ii hone h.ii k. into which the more irremi'i, 
 
 Kii,. 4t. — New jcnoy, |. 
 
78 
 
 I'RIMrnVF. INIilN-fRV. 
 
 margin \va<. insfrtiil, is not i\i<ltM)t, from iiny |)iTiiliarity of tlic speci- 
 miti ; liiit that llu- li.iml w.i-i proli'i tnl in some way rroiii the jagged 
 liai k of tlif kniff is mtv prolMlile. 
 
 Kiiivi's of this patitTii aro of • 4iiiimnii (H( iirrfnc r in all ])arts of the 
 roiintry, ami l>ear llio sann.- relationship to tho < uniMioii forms of 
 ( hippi'd olijfi ts that the gnumil r clt tloes to those that ari- polisluii. 
 Sn< li kni. es, however, are not always as coarsely flaked as in this rase. 
 Thone that are of a less wavy siirfaei', and i ronkeil i'dj,'e, h.ne no ad- 
 vantage Is mere < ntiing tools. That 
 they were mm h iiM'd. cm rpt for skin- 
 ning and disMienihering fiimals, is 
 very im|irolia!ile. 
 
 In till- liinil.itmn m.ule in this < hap- 
 lit, l\^. .(5 is < oiisidered ;is a knife 
 pinpi r .'iiiil is of nlioiit the maxiininn 
 si/e. 'I hoie of the si/e of I'lj;, .p) ,ire 
 mm h more < i.inmon. 'I'his sjiei in\en, 
 whii h strongly ^nggests the lilo< ke<l 
 out arrowhead, is a most rommon 
 ()l>je( t on all village sites, and wInreNer 
 ordinary forms of stone implements .ire 
 fuimd. 
 
 Ill some loralities, as in the im- 
 mediate vi( inity of inl.md ponds, and for short distamcs along 
 many small stre.ims, otten ,i hnndrecl or njore of these knives 
 will lie foimil scattered omt the ground. W luii a mmilier are 
 thus found together, lluy are \ cry umforni in < hi|iping, and i)resfnt 
 a gre.it similarity to figures .j6 and .\~. Winn, fnrilicr, it is noticed 
 ihit they were all app.irenlly m.ide from the s.inie lM>wldcr, it he- 
 tomes evident that, for some gi\en purpose, .iiid prolialilj- 1)\ some 
 one person, a i|nantiiy of kni\es Mere made, ami used \>\ the little 
 commiiiiily, \vhi< h often li.is left scirci ly any other tr.ice of its 
 am ieiit sojourn on the spot, 
 
 l'"ig. 4S rej)rescnts a common form of knile, ih.il aKo heai-s a strong 
 
LIllPrKl) H.IST KNIVE.S. 
 
 V) 
 
 rcsciiiManrL' to an imfinislud loaf sliaped arrowhead. Wore w\r\\ 
 
 iiniiliimiits j,'athoro(l from tho rclusc, loft whoro arrowheads iiavc boon 
 
 iiKulo, il would t»o iookod upon as 
 
 siniply a discardod spo< iiiun ; lull whoti 
 
 wo find thoiP sinj^ly, whato\or ni.iy iiavo 
 
 boon ihiir origin, it is prosunialiU- that 
 
 llu'\ wnv Used as knives. Many slmw 
 
 indiiatiiiiis of use liy a siriation .ind 
 
 semi polish of tho siirf.u o ; when liiis ii 
 
 fonnti, it is osidonco that, to soino o\- 
 
 loTil, tiity wore nsod as kiinos. 'I'lio 
 
 wiiilli, ill < niiiparison wiili tho loiij;th, 
 
 and tho olttiise point, prosuniini,' this to 
 
 1)0 a finished iinpleniont, • learly indicate 
 
 that ihoy <i":ld have had no other it.so 
 
 ihaii tli.it of knives. 
 
 Fij,'. 49 represents a (lint knil'o from 
 
 California, to whiih attention is i .illod, 
 
 in ( oniioclioii with tho desi riptions of tho prorodinj; examples of 
 
 ehijiped implements, figs, ^s-.jf, whii h h.ivo lam < i)ii-.idi-rod as 
 
 outtinK tools. 'I'his ('.liifiirnia spe( nnon is 
 a llakc of stripeil j.ispor or honisione, whii li 
 has liei'ii vlot.K hod. liy a sin;^lo Mow. The 
 siirfaoe shows no Irai o nf so( oiid.try < hip- 
 piii^^, exi opt at liio very edno, whioh has 
 Ixoii sli^'htly mudifioil by the romnval of a 
 series (if minute i hips. The ( iillin),' odj;trs 
 are nm sharii, nor tho point a( ulo. Al 
 the iiaso, there slill remains miK li of thi 
 asphalttim tisod in securing .1 handio to the 
 spot imon. Thosi- iiandlfs woio usually of 
 wood. (See \'ol, \ II, of ( 'loo^raphioal 
 
 Ku.. <7 — New JiT'.fy. \, 
 
 T\u. 4a, New ]cf.cy. \. 
 
 Survey ot l'. S., West of looth .Meridian, liom whit li \ohiiue this 
 illusir.itioii is i .kon.) 
 
8o 
 
 IKIMIIIVI IMHSTKV, 
 
 While as]ilultnm was luil known In llio .\tl.\iuic (oa-.i Irilics, they 
 still li.id an alinmlam e (if j^lne of i-xt illiiu i|nalily, ami it is (jiiitc 
 imilialilc that mu h kiiixis as I'l^nns 45 Id .\S, iiu ln>ivi-, 'vire halliil in 
 Muii h till- sinic manner, as the sjiei inien reiireMiiinl in (i;;. .\i). 
 
 In 111;. 511 we lia\e the highest t}|ii' of theie ti\al knisc-., ami an 
 e\< rll( ni e\anii)le ijf the ileMerily atijuueil in tliipping tlnil in any 
 ticsiretl Ibriii. 
 
 /^r''^ 
 
 
 Fir,. 41;. — ('. lifuritM. I . 
 
 Asrompared with sm h as Imm- ju^t hi-en 1 onsicleieil, these knives are 
 not alinmLinl in New Jersey ; ami they are < oniiiaratively ran.- tluuiigh- 
 uut New i .n;;laml, e\< i|ii in the ( 'onin'c Ik iit valley where ihey are iinitu 
 eoniincn. lii ( ihin, ihc-e knives are innre aliuml.int thin alnni^'dnr 
 seal loan I. anil ihire. llu v are usiiallv ni.ule i>( the Min^h ImrnslDne so 
 I hara( leri^lii ul the lic>l evainples nl' llinl c liiiijiinj^ lounil in that stale 
 
fllll'fni HINT KXIVJtS. 
 
 Hi 
 
 The New Jersey t'xanii>lcs <if llii-. |i.iitirn, wlu< li v.iry mtirli in si/c, 
 
 althuu^li iiiit ({cnL-rally lar^^ir lli.in li^. .\<), Ii.im' liein lunml mosily nn 
 
 till- ll.lllk^ iif the |'.l^^.li< .mil I la( keiiMii k rivers, in (In; e.isUrii |i.ut ul" 
 
 tlie Male ; ami, as in inany other Imalilies, (hey have been i (uoulered 
 
 as " \\>h knives," for no oilur reason, .i|iiiar(i>liy, than tiiat they w;re 
 
 foiinil HI tlie iinine(hale mi iiiily of 
 
 the rivers. 'Iliere is sonic JaiiKer of 
 
 lH.'in(; misled, in thus naming an iin 
 
 |)leinent liniii the ( h.ir.H ler of tlie 
 
 joi.ilitN where it was fount!, lieiausc 
 
 villa^i s wrre iin.iri.ilily situated near 
 
 or on ihr \ery hanks of .ill our ri\ers, 
 
 and es|.itially at su< h iioniis .n 
 
 alfordid fa\i>i.i!<lr o|)|)or(uniiit's lor 
 
 fishiMg. In sui h Im .iliiiis, theretore, 
 
 all the stone ini|ilenieiits used hy the 
 
 Tndiaiis are likely to lie foiuid, and 
 
 great < are must he exeri iseil in dr.iw- 
 
 inH infereiKes from the mere |M>-,iiiiiii 
 
 of an iin|ileinent when found, m lioui 
 
 the n.Uure of the loralitv, in wlm ii it 
 
 w.is disi i)\ireil. That siu h knises 
 
 as li^'. 50 are admir.ilily ada|>trd to 
 
 ruttui;; ;>nd scaling; lish is uni|ues- 
 
 tion.ilile ; hut imtil they are found so 
 
 assiH i.iiid with other ohjci ts, jiid in 
 
 kil< hill middens where fish Imiu-s 
 
 < liarai I'li/e ilu' hiM|>, it (animl lie 
 
 shown that they were designed for 
 
 a |i,iiti< utar |iuri>ose. luit r.ilher were aiijilied to all llie ordinarv usi.'s 
 
 ol Mil li arti( les. 
 
 l'"ij.'s. 51 and 52 represent other fonns oftluM' hniad l.l.uUd knives, 
 wlii' h ,ire ( omparatively t oniniiiii throii};houi llu' hn^th .iiid lire.ulth 
 of the land. The f.u I th.il the siiarp and (arel'iuiy worked iiiaryins 
 
 Fio. JO, — New Jcrtey. \- 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photograpliic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 1.3 WEST WAW STREET 
 
 ,VE9STER,N.Y 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
^ 
 
 
83 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 are the prominent feature of such implements leads \cry naturally to 
 the inference that they were used as cutting tools. 
 
 Fig. 51 appears to have had a short drill-like projection at theu[)per 
 end, which has been broken off; but that it was really such a drill is 
 not evident. It bears, however, a close resemblance to certain perfor- 
 ators or combinetl drills and knives. 
 
 Fig. 53 lepresents a beautiful specimen of the maximum size, of a 
 
 Fig. si. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 Fic. 52, — New Jersey. \, 
 
 class of chipped implements which is rarely met with in the New 
 England states, but more frequently in New York and New Jersey, 
 particularly on a much smaller scale, and then it is known as the trian- 
 gular arrowhead. 
 
 Like the long oval knives, these triangular knives, if such they are, are 
 chipped from flint or jasper, that is free from foreign mineral, and hence 
 susceptible of being worked to a very shaq), straight edge. The blade 
 itself is as thin, as in any implement of its size, of any pattern. 
 
CHIPPED FLINT KNIVES. 
 
 83 
 
 Were it not that dagger-like implements are alnost as abundant as 
 specimens of this character, it would seem proper to refer these to that 
 class of weapons, rather than to 
 consider them as knives, or as 
 plain sjieaqwints. The absence 
 of the worked base seems to be 
 a sufficient reason for not con- 
 sidering them as spears. This 
 may be an error, but as un- 
 questionable spearpoints are 
 abundant, and implements like 
 fig- 53 comparatively rare, it is 
 quite as probable, that they were 
 used as knives, possibly for some 
 one purpose alone, as that they 
 had any other significance. 
 
 Knives of the plainer patterns, 
 here mentioned, are equally abun- 
 dant in the valley of the Susque- 
 hanna river. In the very complete 
 collection of stone implements 
 from this region, made by the late 
 Professor Haldeman, are many 
 chijiped knives of the size and 
 shajie of figs. 45 and 46. The 
 majority are made of jasper, and 
 are ver\- evenly chipped; but a 
 few are made of the limestone of 
 the vicinity, and are admirably 
 well finished. .\ few specimens 
 of the highly finished oval, and 
 
 long triangular knives also, were collected by him, and in every case, 
 they are made of the peculiar bluish hornstone found in Ohio. l! 
 is probable, therefore, that these were brought from that state. 
 
 Fig. 53. — New Jersey. |. 
 
84 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Fig. 54. — New 
 Jersey. ] . 
 
 Tliis implement, except in being somewhat siiorter, is of the same 
 chara icr as the large chipped chert implements from the California 
 coast, figured in the seventh volume of the U. S. Geographical Survey, 
 West -of the looth Meridian. While many of these latter are fully 
 double its length, they do not differ in any other 
 particular. When of such great length, however, 
 they could scarcely have been used as knives. 
 Knives of this pattern have occasionally been found 
 in "deposits" of considerable numbers. In the 
 museum at Cambridge is a series constituting a por- 
 tion of "a dei)osit of about two quarts," which was 
 ploughed up near Denmark, Lewis Co., New York. 
 Those of the series sent to the museum are all of a 
 dull bluish color, made of jasi)er and remarkable for 
 their uniformity of si/.e and finish. 
 
 In the American Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 277, a 
 description is given of a series of forty-two speci- 
 mens of knives, which were found associated with other implements, 
 about a buried fireplace. The knives of this series averaged three 
 and one-half inches in length by one inch in breadth. 
 
 Figs. 54 and 55 represent two characteristic examples of a class 
 of chipped implements, which, being evidently finished, may safely 
 be considered as small knives, though their si/.e seems 
 to cast a doubt upon their use as cutting tools. 'I'here 
 does not appear to be any evidence that a knife, or 
 saw-like implement, where many of these were placed 
 in a row in a wooden or bone handle like the Aztec 
 " Macehuatl," or the shark's tooth-sword of tb.e Pacific 
 Islanders, was ever used by the Indians of the Atlantic 
 coast. Such implements are found in other localities, but 
 they are usually armed simply with pointed flakes of flint or obsidian. 
 These small chipped knives are all carefully finisheil, and are not, as 
 now found, sufficiently sharp to have been used, collectively, in the 
 manner described. Like the smallest scrapers, they seem to have had 
 
 Kiiv. 55. — New 
 Jersey. \. 
 
CHIPPED FLINT KNIVES. 
 
 85 
 
 some special nse, but what that was cannot now be determined. They 
 arc nowhere very abundant, or else they have been strangely over- 
 looked by collectors. 'J'Jiey have been foun.l throughout New Jersey, 
 and in the Connecticut \alley, and occasionally specimens have been 
 found in Massachusetts. It is not improbable that many implements 
 of diminutive size are supjrased to be of very rare occurrence, simply 
 because they have thus far escaped notice. 
 
 Figs. 56 and 57 re]iresent specimens of so-called knives, which are 
 of quite common occurrence in some localitie-. Those found in 
 
 Fin. 56. — Xtw Jersey, -j-. 
 
 Fig, 57. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 the valley of the Delaware river have almost invariably been broken 
 at the eiuls, as shown in the illustrations. This fracture is believed to 
 have been intentional and made when the knives were chijipcd. 
 While, as a class, they may be considered as double-edged knives, 
 some are much blunter along one margin, than on the cutting edge 
 proper. AVhether this thicker edge constituted the back of the imple- 
 ment, or was useil for some purpose other than cutting, is uncertain. 
 
86 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Professor Perkins-' has found many knives of tliis pattern in tlie 
 Chaini)lain valley. He remarks, " it is interesting to notice that, on 
 both shores of Lake Champlain, we find the same ([uadrangular forms, 
 broken across one end, as those figured in the Annual Report of the 
 
 Smithsonian Institution for 1875, page 301, 
 fiiis. Ill and 1 12," and adds, "from the 
 ajjpearanee of our specimens I am in- 
 clined to agree with the author in believ- 
 ing that the break was not accitlental, or 
 rather, I should think it more probable 
 that the broken end is simply the original 
 surface of the block of flint or fjuartz from 
 which the knife was flaked, and while all 
 the other sides were .'hipifcd this was left, 
 jierhaps for insertion in some sort of han- 
 dle of wood or bone. 
 
 We now come to consider a class of 
 chipped flint knives 
 which are so worked in 
 every detail, that their 
 import cannot be mis- 
 taken. 
 
 Figs. 58 and 59 rep- 
 resent stemmeil knives 
 of jasper, of about the maximum and minimum 
 sizes. In both these examples, the character of the 
 chipping is such, that it is evident that the imple- 
 ment is now in its original condition, and not a 
 re-chipped spearpoint. The cutting edge proper is y,r,. ;a. — New Jer- 
 supposed to be the one on the left, as shown in ^'■■>- '• 
 
 the illustrations, although there is no difference in the character of 
 the chipping of the two sides. 
 
 Fr-.. 5S. — New Jersey. 
 
 Perkins, /. c. p. 745 
 
CHtPPKU FLINT KNIVKS. 
 
 87 
 
 Fig. 59 differs from the larger specimen in being a flake, chipped 
 only ui)on the one side. \\'hen stemmed knives of the al)ove pattern 
 are as small as fig. 59, tiiey were generally made of flakes ; but as yet, 
 no flakes as large as fig. 58 have been met with that were so used. 
 'J'hat siK'li will l)e found is, however, very proliable. 
 
 Knives, thus fa. ioned, are common in the Champlain valley, and 
 somewhat abundant along the Connecticut; they arc occasionally 
 found in eastern Massachusetts, and are of more or less common 
 occurrence in New Jersey, though 
 they do not anywhere a])pear to 
 be more numerous than the oval 
 or (luadrangular knives already de- 
 scribed. 
 
 Fig. 60 re])resents a stemmed 
 knife tliat strongly suggests the 
 spearpoint, and, indeed, it may 
 l)ossil)]y have been made from an 
 implement of tliis kind wiiich Jiad 
 been broken near the point, and 
 was rendered of value again by 
 the substitution of a cutting edge 
 for the point it originally jjos- 
 sessed. This knife, thus made 
 from a spearpoint, if it really were 
 so made, does not seem so de- 
 sirable a cutting imi)lement as the foregoing ; nor is the cutting edge 
 as well wrougiit. ''^f a series of stemmetl knives from New Jersey, 
 four- fifths are of the i)attern of figs. 5S and 59, and the fiict tiiat so 
 many were made directly from the original mineral, is somewhat in- 
 dicative of the fait, that those resembling spearpoints have also been 
 made directly from the unworked jiebble or bowlder of jasper. 
 
 Fig. 61 represents a fourth example of a stemmed knife which, if 
 found but rarely, would probably be classed as an arrowhead. A suf- 
 ficient number have been collected from one limited locality, to show 
 
 Fig. 60. — New Jersey. 
 
88 
 
 l-RIMIliVK INilL'STRV. 
 
 Fig. 6i. — New Jersey. 
 
 that the form is not a cliance occurrence ; and tlio marked convexity of 
 one side and slight conciavity of the other show clear!)', that t!ie imple- 
 ment was intended as a cutting instrument, and not as an arrowhead. 
 
 All these stemmed kni-es, it is su]i])osed, 
 were mounted in wooilen or hone handles. 
 Figs. 62, G3 and 64, represent chipped 
 implements, which; gathered casuall}' from 
 tlie fields, as they there occur associated with 
 arrowheads of all patterns, might he classed 
 with them. Yet, it is certain that, even 
 when armed with sharp points, many of them 
 were used as kni\es. 
 
 The arclueological explorations in southern 
 ^' California, made under the dire(~tion of Capt. 
 G. j\I. AVJieeler, U. S. A.,'^- and the subscciuent labors of Schumacher, 
 Powers and others in tlie same localities, have thrown much light upon 
 the uses of various forms of stone implements. 
 Especially is this true of those large arrow- 
 head-like im})lements, which seemed too small 
 to be classed as spcarpoints, and were un- 
 desirable as arrowheads by reason of their 
 size and weight. These are now known to 
 ha\'e been used as- kni\'es, and it is fiir to as- 
 sume that they were put to the same use when 
 found along our Atlantic^ seaboard. 
 
 In the i)late referred to, there is repre- 
 sented a series of kni\x's of flint, four of which 
 have still attached to them the short wooden 
 handles in which they were mounted. Of the 
 series of se\en flints, six are acutely ])f)inted; 
 and, if dissociated from their handles, they would be generally con- 
 
 Fic;. 62. — New Jersey. |. 
 
 "^U. S. Geo^. Survey West looth Meriduiii, vul. vii, Arclia;ology, \<\, iv, figs. 1-7. Wash, 
 ington, IJ. C, 1880. 
 
ClllPPr.n KI.INT KNIVES. 
 
 89 
 
 sidered as leaf-shaped arrowheads; but on comparing tliese Pacific 
 coast specimens witli tlie arrowlieads found in the same locality, ir 
 will be noticed that true arrowlieads, wJiiJe of the same shape, are 
 much smaller and invariably thinner. This feature of si/.e, and also 
 the relative thinness of s])eciniens, must be always borne in mind, in 
 classifying these objects ; for, if thick and hea\)-, they would reciuire 
 an exiienditure of force, to enable them to penetrate the body of an 
 animal, that perhai)s, an Indian could not command. 
 
 Fig. 65 represents one o. these large leaf-shaped knives, from New 
 
 Fig. fij. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 I'k;. 64. — New Jersey, -j-. 
 
 Jersey, which was formerly supposed to be an arrowhead. If we com- 
 pare tills implement witii the leaf-shaped arrowheads figured in a sub- 
 secpient chapter, the tlifference will at once be seen ; and in classifying 
 these objects as found on the Atlantic coast, as it is necessary to do, in 
 studying the same forms from California, it is obvious that the dis- 
 tinction should be drawn between leaf-shaped knives and leaf-shapeil 
 arrowheads. Of a somewhat similar character, are the arrowheads 
 mounted upon short wooden shafts, found in Peru. 
 
 Fig. 66 represents one of these, which, although differently secured 
 
90 
 
 I'RIMiriVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 to tlie wood, is otlierwise of tlie same diaracter as those found in Cali- 
 fornia. 'I'lic I'enivian example may indeed have been intended to be 
 attached to a reed and so used as a spear, but the size and sliape of 
 both liead and shaft are so similar to those found in California, that it 
 is i)rol).ilile at least, that they were also used as knives, even if i)rinia- 
 rily intended for use as spearpoints. Jud>,'ing from what we learn of the 
 nati\e races of other countries, it seems safe to conclude, that a pro- 
 l)ortion of the arrowhead-like implements we gather along the Atlantic 
 
 seaboard were used as knives, and were 
 hafted in a iiracliially similar manner to 
 that -^hown in fig. 66. 
 
 Figs. 67 and 68 represent specimens 
 that are in outline (juite similar to ordi- 
 nary arrowheads, but the width in com- 
 parison to the length is such, that even 
 as spearpoints they would be of very little 
 value. Tlaced at the end of an arrow 
 they would be so clumsy and hea\y, that 
 it is (juestionable if an arrow could be dis- 
 charged with anyaccuracy that carried such 
 a load. As a knife this same form, especial- 
 ly when made of jasper, is in every way de- 
 sirable. Fig. 6S is of slate and much weath- 
 ered. .\n example of this kind is of course 
 more open to (luestion as to its use ; as, 
 with a moderately long shaft, it might have 
 been used as a spear. The probabilities are, however, that the few slate 
 examples that arc found of this jiattern were used as knives. 
 
 A class of supposed knives, of very different patterns, are repre- 
 sented by the specimen illustrated in fig. 69. So many have been 
 found of this shape and size that it is evident, as in the instance of 
 sjjccimens like fig. 65, they were designed for some particular pur- 
 pose, and there is little in their shape certainly to suggest the 
 arrowhead, rather than a cutting implement. 
 
 Fig. 65. — New Jersey. \- 
 
CIIIPPKI) Kr.INT KNIVKS. 
 
 9» 
 
 Fig. 70 represents a peculiar spearlike imple- 
 ment of slate, fouinl in W'niiont, wiiii li was first 
 described'-^-' as a sjiear-jjoint ; but, sine e then, 
 others have been found varying somewhat in 
 details, and Professor Perkins is inclined to con- 
 sider them, not as speaqjoints, but as knives. 
 Of the series found, lie remarks,-' "of the dozen 
 s])eciniens .... no two are alike in form or 
 size, but they all resemble each other in being 
 made of slate, usually red roofing slate, ground, 
 not chipped, and with the stem notchetl on each 
 side by a series of semicircular depressions. In 
 some specimens the notches are small, in others 
 large ; one specimen having but two deep and 
 wide notches on each side of the rather short 
 stem, while another has five smaller ones. In 
 some the surfaces are fiat, bevelled only near the 
 edges, which are straight and sharp in all, while 
 in others the wht)le surface is bevelled from a 
 median line. One or two are so long and narrow 
 that they seem wholly unfit for any use as imple- 
 ments ; one especially, made of talcose slate, is 
 nearly nine inches long." 
 
 A\hile it is (piite possible that these objects may 
 have been used as knives, rather than spearpoints, 
 it is evident that as the former, they would com- 
 l)are very unfavoraljly, when used in ]jlac:e of 
 many of the chipped knives fountl so abunilantly 
 associated with them. In whatever way some of 
 the ruder and larger specimens may have been 
 used, it is evident that fig. 70 would make a 
 better harpoon-point than knife. 
 
 ' 
 
 1 1 
 
 ''^ American Naturalist, vol. v, p. 16, fig. 5. 
 ^* Loe. cil., vol. xii, p. 746. 
 
 ' 
 
 Fig. 66.— Peru. \. 
 
9a 
 
 j'UiM'rivi; iN'DrsTKV. 
 
 Ciniiinil (ir polisliud sl.iti' jirrowlicads and knives i>f tliis pattern arc 
 not conriiK'il to \'(.'nn()nt. In western New ^ork, several s|)e(iniens 
 have been found, which so far vary in si/e, as to SMgj,'est tiuit the 
 smaller were used as arrowheads and the larger as rutting iiniileinents. 
 
 A single specimen, identical with fig. 70, was recently found in 
 Morri; Co., New Jersey, on the shore of Lake IIoi)atcong. It w.as 
 made of the roofing slate tiiat occurs at the Delaware Water (lap. and 
 vicinity. The locality where this knife was fouml is one that suggests 
 that an imi)lenient so well adapted for s])earing fish, as is tiiis pattern 
 of so-called knives, should have been used in this manner, and not as 
 
 Fk;. 67. — N< \v Jersey. 
 
 Vic. f.S. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 a cutting ini])lenient of any kind ; especially as an abundance of deli- 
 cately chipped jas])er knives have been gathered in this neighborhood. 
 Another class, if they may be so called, of stemmed knives, is 
 represented by figs. 71 and 72. Knives of this pattern, which are 
 characterized principally by the very acute point in the middle of the 
 blade, arc not fretiuently met with along the Atlantic seaboard, and no 
 interior locality is known where they are a characteristic form. Such 
 as have been examined were all from New Jersey except two — one 
 from Massachusetts, and the other from Texas. Of a series of eleven 
 from New Jersey, seven were facsimiles of fig. 71, and the others 
 
LIIIl'l'l.l) n.l.vr KNIVKS. 
 
 93 
 
 more like C\ 
 
 «• /• 
 
 'I'Ik'Sc knives arc all made of jasper, and show 
 
 unusual amount of care in the chippinj,', not always in die small si/.e of 
 the Hakes detac hed, hut in the care that appears to have been taken to 
 brin^ out and jireserve the characteristic point in the blade. 
 
 For what p,irti( ular purjiose, if any, these curiously shaped knives 
 were desij^ned is a matter of conjecture. That they were used as cut- 
 ting implements is almost a certainty. 
 
 ('in nlarand s<|uare knives also, carefully (hipped from jasper and 
 chert i)ebl)les, are often found. They are usually of small si/.e and 
 have such evenly chipjjcd edges, that there is no evidence that any 
 portion has been inserted in a handle of any kind. Similar S(iuare 
 
 Fig. 69. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 Flii. 70. — Vermont. \. 
 
 Fig. 71. — New JL•^^L■y. 
 
 kni\es, made of chert, have been foimd in the ancient gra\es in the 
 islands off the California coast, that measured less than an inch in 
 length or breatlth. 
 
 Certain irregularly -^hipped, flint objects are of quite common oc- 
 currence, wherever the better known objects are found, and it is a 
 matter of much uncertainty whether their purposes, in all cases, can 
 ever Ije determined. Some indeed, notwithstanding the care with 
 which they have been chipped, are wholly unintelligible ; but others, 
 though seemingly of little value as knives, have sufficient margin in a 
 continuous line to give them a cutting edge ; and so with some feel- 
 ing of doubt, they are classed among the cutting implements. I'ig. 73 
 
94 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 represents one of these ill-defined specimens, which bears some resem- 
 blance to certain of the fossil sharks' teeth found in the New Jersey 
 greensand marls, and which were frequently used as ornaments, and 
 
 occasionally as weapons. These shark- 
 tooth shaped implements have been sup- 
 posed to be knives, rather than arrowheads, 
 in consideration of the great objection the 
 curved point would offer to their use in 
 this latter capacity. 
 
 P'ig. 74 represents another cxam])le of 
 these apparently meaningless implements, 
 yet one certainly not of accidental occur- 
 
 FiG. 72, ^ New Jersey. +. ... i . , , 
 
 rence, as e\ery portion is most admirably 
 chipped. Whether knife or drill, or both, it is difficult to determine ; 
 but it would serve the jiurpose of a knife as well as it would that of 
 any other form of chijiped implement, particularly, if securely fastened 
 to a wooden or bone handle. 
 
 Knives of shell and bone were also in use by the Indians, but none 
 
 Fit;. 73. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 Fig. 74. — New Jersey. ]. 
 
 have been ])reserved, so far as I have been able to ascertain. Kalm 
 remarks of the New Jersey Indians, that besides knives of flint, 
 they " were satisfied witli a sharp shell, or with a piece of a bone 
 which they had sharpened " (Travels in North America, vol. ii, p. 39, 
 London, 1771), and refers to the use of "shar]) shells," in their 
 
mmKmmmsrmlm 
 
 CHIPPED FLINT KNIVES. 
 
 95 
 
 canoe-making. It is probable that the stouter Unio or mussel shells 
 are here referred to, and if so they would necessarily be bejond recog- 
 nition, if indeed, they were not destroyed by use. Fragments of 
 marine shells, with ground cutting edges, as before statetl, have not 
 been found on the Atlantic seaboard, or, if so, but very larel}-. 
 
CHAl'TKR VII, 
 
 DRILLS, AWLS OR I'KRFORATORS. 
 
 M HiLK single objects are constantly being discovered, the purpose 
 of which it is difficult, if not impossible, to determine, it has not 
 happ>Mied that any numerous class of objects has been gathered, the 
 use of which could not be shown with some degree of i)robabilily. 
 Possibly the smaller ])olished celts may come under the head of ob- 
 jects of unknown uses ; for, as yet, it is not demonstrable how many of 
 the \ ery diminutive examples were used, although, as in all such cases, 
 it is easy to conjecture. In another publication ^s they have Ijeen 
 called "skinning knives," not because there was actual evidence that 
 an Indian had ever used cr.- as a "skinner," but simply because it was 
 found possible to skin a small mammal with one, with great ease. It 
 is not desirable, however, to be guided by one's own experience in 
 this matter, and when the use of any jjattern of stone implement is 
 not apparent from its size and shape ; then we must admit our ig- 
 norance and confine ourselves to such com])rehensive terms as ''celt" 
 or " imjilement ; " unless indeed, we find a similar implen.ent in 
 use among existing races. In such a case, we ha\e usually a safe 
 gi.ide. 
 
 'l"he series of objects now under consideration, it is probably safe 
 to classify as drills or perforators, because their princijjal feature 
 suggests no other use whatever ; and our faith in this classification is 
 confirmed by experiment, for it is found that they can be used as 
 such, even when the material jierforated is of an eciually compact or 
 even harder stone than that of which the implement itself is made. 
 Certainly, for drilling thin plates of stone, of which such large nuni- 
 
 '^ Smiihsoii. Ann. Rep., 1875, p. 304-6, fii^s. 115 an.l 120. 
 
 (97) 
 
98 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 bcis are cverywlicre found, tlicy are admirably adapted, thongli per- 
 haps not more so, than are many of tlie chance flakes founil in the 
 refuse hea])S where arrowheads ha\e been made. 
 
 Admitting this use for the more common sizes, which have, a^ the 
 same time, the strength and durability reijuired for this puri)ose ; what 
 are we U) consider the use of the more delicately formed examples 
 of this same implement ? In delicacy of chipping, many of lhe.;e latter 
 ajjproach very closely, if they do not equal, the finest Danish arrow- 
 heads, though none, however, show any polish on the jjoint, as occurs 
 on many of the larger examples. Their appearance suggests that 
 thej' were used to i)ierce, and not to perforate gradually, by a rotary 
 motion ; in a word, that they were awls used in sewing skins. This 
 seems the more probable, inasmuch as the bone awls or needles, 
 conuuon to some localities, occur but very rarely in New Jerse)-, 
 whilst in New luigland, they are common, esi)ecially in the shell heaps ; 
 and stone drills, whether large or small, are less fre(iuent. 'I'his is not 
 conclusive evidence, however, for in Ohio, both the bone awls and 
 stone iierforators of unusually delic:"'' workmanship, are more abun- 
 dant than in any known locality on the northern .Atlantic scabnard. 
 Why the two forms should be foimd associated, when the bone ex- 
 amples are not only belter, but certainly more easily made, is some- 
 thing of a mystery, if it be true that they had identical uses. 
 
 It will be n(-*'(;ed, on examination of the several illustrations of these 
 drills or perforators, that many of the small and delicate examples have 
 very elaborately wrought bases, the majority of which, judging frtnn 
 the character of the design, were not fashioned for any useful purpose. 
 The length of the drill, also, varies indefinitely, many having but a 
 sharj) slender projection of less than one-fourth of an inch, from a 
 large sciuare base, which is often beautifully chipped ; others, again, are 
 three and even four inches in length, exclusive of the base. 
 
 Vi'hile the purpose of the larger drills, as figs. 75 and 76 may have 
 been to drill thin plates of stone, such as the pendants and other orna- 
 mental objects described in Chapter XXVII. and the others may have 
 been used as awls or perforators of leather, there is reason to believe 
 
DRILLS, AWLS OR PERFORATORS. 
 
 99 
 
 that tlie niamifacture of shells and beads explains the occurrence 
 of so very many of the smaller sizes. Ikads, it is well known, 
 have ever been a favorite ornament with savage races, and whether 
 made of shell or l)one, or of clay or stone, they are found in greater 
 or less al)undance, wherever the ordinary forms. of stone inipienicnts 
 are found. (Considering tliat thousands of small shell beads and strings 
 of wampum are not uncommon, it is 
 natural to conclude that the implements, 
 wherewith they were perf(jrated, siiould 
 lie correspondingly abundant, and that 
 the intermediate sizes at least could have 
 been so used. Probably even the more 
 delicate would not l)reak under the rotary 
 motion if used only for perforating shells 
 and bone. The former is the material of 
 whicli wami)uni is made, and is (juite as 
 wearing to flint, as any mineral tliat we 
 fmd, that has been perforated by a stone- 
 drill. Still, this latter use of the small 
 drills is altogether conjectural ; and the 
 su< ^cstioii that they were solelv for pierc- 
 iii; '.'ather, and only used by the women, 
 is c jrtainly the most plausible explanation 
 of their purjjose. 
 
 Fig. 75 represents what may be consid- 
 ered a typical example of a flint or jasper 
 drill, such as is found in abundance in ^"- 73. — N't-'w Jersey. \. 
 
 New Jersey, and in fewer nunfl)ers in New Mngland. This sjiecimen, 
 which is ( '■ ''out the maximum length of tJiese implements, is carefully 
 chijjped fron. chalcedonic i|uartz, and is as symmetrical as are the best 
 finished daggers of flint. 'I'liere is no trace of wear upon tiie pcjint, 
 and for whatever ])nri)ose it may have l)een designed, it is evident that 
 it has been but little used. Of the hundreds of such drills as fig. 75 
 that we now find in our fields, the great majority are broken near the 
 
lOO 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 middle of the shaft, but wht-tlier this fracture occurred while the im- 
 plement was still in use, or after it was discarded, and in very 
 recent times, cannot be easily tietermined. That there are found, 
 however, many more of the bases of drills, than of the pointed ends, 
 is certain ; and from this fixct, it is safe to infer that a considerable 
 portion of tiiose that have been broken, at or near the middle of the 
 shaft, were fractured while in use. 
 
 Fig. 76 represents a second example of this form of drill, of a more 
 common size and character of finish. There is but little evidence of 
 wear at the tip. Unlike slender, tapering spear- 
 l)oints, especially such as have elsewhere been 
 called fish spears, this and the preceding sijecimen 
 are not in section, a flattened oval, but are dis- 
 tinctly (luadrangular. This feature, which is char- 
 acteristic of the great majority of these drills, is to 
 some extent indicative of their use. The four 
 sides, while giving four cutting edges, and thus 
 facilitating the perforating jiower, if rotated, would 
 largely decrease the penetrating jiower if used as 
 an arrow or spearpoint. Such a use, however, 
 would scarcely be suggested for this implement, 
 e\en if unijuestionable arrowheads were not known. 
 The mineral, of which fig. 76 is made, is a dull 
 yelknvish-brown jasper, such as o( curs in Jjebbles 
 of different sizes in the river gravels. The base, as will be seen by 
 reference to the cut, while simple in design and convenient in size, has 
 at the lower end a well ( hii)i)ed cutting edge, such as iharacterizcK the 
 better specimens of jasper knives. 'Whether this edge was ilesigned 
 to be useil as a knife, or whether the imi)lement was inserted in a 
 handle is not determinable ; but on examination of a large series, it 
 seems probable that the broad bases, such as figs. 77 to Si, inclusive, 
 possess, bear some relation to the uses to which the drill proi)er was put. 
 Figs. 77 to 81, inclusive, illustrate very nearly to what extent the shape 
 and size of these broad based drills vary, although the examples here 
 
 Fig. 76. — New 
 Jersey. \ . 
 
DRIM-S, AWLS OR i-ERFORATORS. 
 
 lOI 
 
 figured do not fairly exhibit the great beauty of finish along the edges 
 of the base shown by a few specimens more recently collected. Did 
 there seem to be any limit to the numbers of these stone drills still to 
 be gathered in many localities, it might be supposed that the makers 
 of these implements were economically disposed ; and, foreseeing the 
 early destruction of the points or drilling parts, had ready the imple- 
 ment of such shape that, with little or no additional labor, it could be 
 
 I'lG. 77 — New Jersey. \, 
 
 Fig. 78. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 converted into a knife. That the l)road based examples may Ije con- 
 sidered a combined knife and drill is no tax upon one's credulity, for in 
 no other way can it be explained why such a "drill," if such it only 
 was, should have so elaborate a l)ase, as in fig. 79 for example, ^\■hcn 
 we come to consider the smaller drills, or "awls," we shall find even 
 more notable examples of these knife-like bases. These bases, it 
 should be furtlier stated, do not only occur on such drills as are 
 chipped from jasper pebl)les. Of the five exami)les figured, figs. 77 
 and 78 are of slate and comparatively soft, while 79, So and 81 are ot 
 jasper. The relati\c merits of these minerals for producing the I)est 
 
■I02 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 results in the " flint ciiijiping " art have been f|uite fully referred to, when 
 considering the various patterns of so-called knives; hut it is not oit 
 of place to mention at this time, the fact, that slate drills, when newly 
 chip])ed, were much more unyielding and sharp about the point and 
 edges than they are now after centuries of exposure to the weather. 
 For an inconsiderable depth, a process of decomposition has taken 
 
 Fig. 79. — New Jen;ey. \- 
 
 Fk: . So. — New Jersey, \ • 
 
 l)lace, which gives to many objects, made of slate, a \-ery chalky ap- 
 pearance ; but this is so superficial, that the mere handling will in 
 some cases remove the decayed jjortion. and exhibit beneath, a dense, 
 sharp surface that readily scratches hard mineral substances, and proves 
 the material available for making "flint implements." 
 
 In conclusion, as will be seen by reference to the illustrations, the 
 
DRILLS, AWUS OR rF.RKORATORS. 
 
 103 
 
 points of tlie drills arc in most cases wanting. This, as has already 
 been mentioned, arises from the fact that they were broken when in 
 use, rather than by any subsequent exposure to i)loughs and harrows, 
 or to the hoofs of horses. 
 
 In figs. S2 and 83, we have examples of a common pattern of drill, 
 that differs somewhat from the preceding. Both are of jasper, similarly 
 shaped, and vary but little in size. In these examples of stone drills, 
 we have a peculiarity which brings them nearer to the arrowheads, in 
 
 Fiti. 81-. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 ¥n,. 82. — New Jersey. 
 
 l'"lG. Si. — New Jersey. ■', . 
 
 that, instead of being distinctly quadrangular in section, tliey are of a 
 flattened oval shape in section, and have the thin, chijiped cutting 
 edges of knives or arrowheads. Elsewhere-'' the suggestion has been 
 made that these bases, when distinctly oval, may have been used in 
 drilling the bowls of steatite smoking pipes, but sul)sequent examination 
 of many jjipe bowls now convinces me that this is an error ; as the tool 
 marks or s//itc in the bowls of such i^ipes are so regular, that a hollow 
 
 '"Smilhson. Ann. Rep., 1873, p. 323. See Ran, in Smith .Vnn. Rep., iSCS, p. 302. 
 
104 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 drill was in all probability used, except in the largest pipes, whirli show 
 that the excavation was first j)ecked or gouged out, and then smoothed 
 in some imdetermined manner. The thinner eilges of these flattened 
 drills do not show any indication of wear or jjolish. Probably they 
 were chipped off as the implement was rotated, and these minute 
 flakes acted similarly to the fine grains of sliarp sand, which it is well 
 known was used in connection with hollow drills. 
 
 Fig. 84 represents a roughly chijjiied implement much like an 
 arrowhead, but of such an irregularly shaped 
 base, that it could scarcely be so secured to 
 a shaft, as to have been made available for 
 that purpose. As in the i)receding, it is thin- 
 ner and flatter than the majority of drills, but 
 shows soni-' traces of wearing along the edges 
 and at the tip, and was jirobably used as we 
 have here suggested. It differs from drills of 
 both the (juadrangular and flattened forms, in 
 being (juite flat upon one side, and with a 
 moderately well defined ridge u];on the other. 
 It will be found, however, that in all large 
 collections of stone imi)lements of every class, 
 other than ornaments, many examples will be 
 of such iutlefinite shapes, as to make it ex- 
 ceedingly difficult to classify them, — a labor 
 not without its difficulties even when the objects are seemingly so 
 distinct as are the axes, spearpoints, or polished celts. Until our 
 knowledge of the habits and customs of prehistoric man is largely 
 increased, all classification must to some extent be conjectural, and 
 considered more as a help to archaeological studies, rather than of 
 scientific importance. 
 
 In fig. 85, we have a second example of a chipped implement, 
 which is, judging from our own experience, rather a drill, than either 
 an arrowhead or a knife. It is too long and narrow for the latter, and 
 without such a base as is common to the spearpoints of that size. It 
 
 Fig. 84. 
 
DRILLS, AWI.S OU I'KKroR.VruRS. 
 
 los 
 
 is of slate, somewhat weathered, and exhibits no trace of iiolisli on 
 eitlier tlie tip or sides. 
 
 rig. iSf) is, in most respects, similar to the large based drills already 
 described, but it is as thin and sharp upon the edges as an ordinary 
 arrowhead. The long, narrow point and stem suggest the drill rather 
 than the speari)oint, and the well defined cutting edge of the base is 
 
 KiG. 83. 
 
 Fig. 96. 
 
 too carefully worked not to have been utilized subsequently ; and this 
 co".ld not have been the case, if the specimen had been used as tip 
 to an arrow or jjoint to a spear. 
 
 Fig. 87, on the other hand, appears to have been attached to a 
 handle of some kind ; the double notching at the base — a feature of 
 rare occurrence — indicating that it was desirable to make it very se- 
 cure. Had the specimen a well defined, sharp jjoint, it wcjiild be very 
 doubtful if it were intended for a drill : but while the crooked point is a 
 
io6 
 
 rUlMIIIVK INDl'STRV. 
 
 (lm\vl);i( k to its list' in lliis capiK ity. it is |in)l)al)ly less of an objection 
 
 tlian it would l)i.' if tise'd in any oIIkt \va_\'. 
 
 A fiirliicr peculiarity of this si)c<inu'n is that the under surface is 
 
 almost perfectly flat, while the side 
 shown in the illustration is ridged and 
 slopes from a central line as in the ordi- 
 nary spear and arrowpoints. The flat 
 side is not a single i)lane of < lea\age, 
 hut has heen carefully <hiplied, and 
 ]iresents fully as many distin( t jilanes as 
 the other side. 
 
 l''ig. ScS rejiresents a connecting link, 
 if we niav so call it, between the ordi- 
 nary arrowpoints and those smaller drills, 
 ^\hi(h, as "awls," we shall consider in 
 a subsei|uent section of this chapter. 
 ■While the size, shai)e and material of 
 this specimen are such as are common 
 to man)' arrow- 
 points, the once 
 liighly polislied 
 ])oint shows con- 
 clusively that what- 
 ever may have 
 been the jjurpose 
 
 of the maker, it was undoubtedly vised as a drill, 
 
 and not always upon such yielding material as 
 
 leather. The marked indications of its use, so 
 
 seldom seen on the ordinary drills, make this 
 
 specimen unusually interesting. Occasionally it 
 
 happens, especially when collecting on what was 
 
 once a village site, that several drills with distinctly worn or polished 
 
 points are found, and hence it is sometimes su])posed that a majority 
 
 of drills and awls show similar indication of use. This, however, 
 
 Fig. 87, 
 
 Vn:. 
 
I)Uir,I.S, AWIS OK I'lKIOKAlDkS. 
 
 107 
 
 is umloulncdly an error. Indeed, apparenUy unused specimens really 
 do o( ( iir in such excess, liiat the (lueslion may well be asked, whellier, 
 in perforating stone disks, and drilling cer- 
 emonial stones, implements of wood were 
 not always used. 
 
 Fig. .S9 represents a i)erfect exami)le of 
 a form of imi)lement of which but few 
 specimens have been found. It is, without 
 hesitation, classed as a drill, and is sup- 
 jiosed to be of the maximum size of this 
 pattern. The specimen is of compact 
 slate, well chipped, and measures four and 
 seven-eighths inches in length. ( )ther ex- 
 amples, but of jasper, are eai h nearly aii 
 
 inch shorter. 
 
 It will be noticed that the head or 
 
 pointed end of fig. .Sy is narrower than the 
 
 main portion of the imiilement. This 
 
 feature is comnioi, to all those collected in 
 
 New Jersey. In the following illustration 
 
 of a broken specimen, this is even more 
 
 marKed than in the jjresent instance. As 
 
 in the case of those smaller drills with large 
 
 bases, this specimen, also, has the margins 
 
 of the handle or lower portion brought to a 
 
 well defined cutting edge by chipping. 
 It is, indeed, not altogether improbable, 
 
 that it is a misconce[)tion to consider fig. 89 
 
 a drill. If we reverse the implement, and 
 
 assume that the pointed end is so shaped 
 
 for the better attachment of a nandle, we have then, thus hafled, a 
 
 most admirably designed flint knife, and one that on a smaller scale 
 
 occurs along the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Whether the preceding specimen is a drill, a knife, or whether it was 
 
 Fic. 89. — New Jersey. \i 
 
io8 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 intended for some unknown use, it is quite certain that the fragment, 
 fig. 90, is a portion of a similar implement. In this instance, the material 
 is quartz, and it is worked with more care. There seems to be, also, 
 too much work upon the jiointed head — assuming the sjiecimen to be 
 identical with the i)rece(ling — to liave l)een intended merely for a 
 stem to insert in a wooden or bone handle. Its finished condition 
 suggests that it was the jjrincipal feature of the implement, and that 
 which decided its purj)ose in the mind of the ancient llint worker who 
 fashioned it. 
 
 Fig. 91 represents a very roughly chipped implement of slate which 
 very strongly resembles the preceding speci- 
 mens, although there is sufificient difference 
 to justify the supposition that they may have 
 had different uses. In the specimen here 
 figured, however, we find that the pointed 
 end is quite smoothly polished, and this at 
 once suggests its use as a drill. The nar- 
 rowed portion or waist is nearly in the mid- 
 dle, and this gives the si)ecimen a much 
 larger heail than in fig. 89 ; though, like it, 
 the sides are l)rought to a moderately well 
 defined cutting etlge. Rude as it is, there is 
 Fir,. 90.- New Jersey. \. niuch evidence that it was used as a drill, 
 although among tiie hundreds of perforated objects that have been 
 collected, there are none that suggest the use of a drill of this 
 size, rather than that of a smaller form, such as fig. 76. This, of 
 course, is on the supposition that the ceremonial objects and other 
 similar sjjecimens w-ere perforated with a hollow reed, in connection 
 with sand anil water. This, however, was not always the case, as un- 
 finished oljjects of this character are found which show that a solid, 
 pointed drill had been used, lint of the many examined, none have 
 the perforation eijual in diameter to tlie width of the siiecimen, fig. 
 89. 
 
 In figs. 92 and 93, we have, in the former, a half of a stone gorget, 
 
DRILLS, AWLS OR PERFORATORS. 
 
 109 
 
 in the upper left hand corner of which is a countersunk hole, such as 
 characterizes jiese objects. In order to test the efficiency of even the 
 softer drills, the writer made tiie series of nine holes with the drill, 
 fig. 93. A glance will siiow tliat the one perforation, made by the 
 Indian, was in all probability made 
 with a similar tool. The drill itself 
 became higiily jjolislied l)y so mvich 
 use, but suffered less than a similar 
 drill of jasper, which was used but 
 a sh(jrt time, and which from con- 
 stant splintering was soon too blunt 
 and worn to he efficacious. This 
 was no doubt in part due to very 
 rapid rotation, and tiie fact that tlie 
 first experiment was made without 
 having the stone wet. The otiier 
 eight holes were drilled with the slab 
 under water. 
 
 Is it not probable that the Indians 
 dill not use water in connection with 
 these stone drills? If they diil not, 
 we can readily see why so many of 
 the jasper specimens should be 
 broken at the tips, and free from 
 l)olish. The friction of .'ry, rapid 
 rotation causes a steady si'lintering, 
 and keeps the drill in a newly 
 chipped condition. \\'!K'n the same 
 drilling is done under water, jasper 
 -oon acquires a magnificent polish. This may explain tlie great ex- 
 cess of unpolished jasper drills, over such as are worn and smooth. 
 
 Fig. 94 represents a beautiful jasper specimen of the smaller drills 
 which will be here referred to as awls, under the impression that their 
 purijose was more for perforating leather, and such )iekling sul)stances. 
 
 Vm. ui. — New Jersey, j' 
 
no 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 than for boring through stone or bone. Why such an exaggerated base 
 shoukl be given to an imiilement of this character it is difficult to 
 conjecture, unless the base was used as a knife, which in this instance 
 is not improbable, for it is seldom that chijjped jasper knives, with 
 more accurately (mished cutting edges, occur. The extreme tip of the 
 awl in fig. 94 is slightly worn, and it is reasonable to suppose that. 
 
 Fig. g2. — New Jersey. }. 
 
 when first chipped, this portion of the implement was considerably 
 longer than at present. Kven when used solely as an awl for piercing 
 leather, these points would in time become dulled and wear away, or 
 If re-chipi)ing became necessary, they would be materially shortened. 
 On the other hand, the knife woukl not be noticeably dulled by use, 
 but would receive in time a i)olish sufficient to glass the surface of 
 
DRILLS, AWLS OR PERFORATORS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 even- facet, without obliterating the delicate ridges that define the out- 
 line of the flakes detached in chipping the implement. This slight 
 polish from use is noticeable on this specimen, and, to a less degree, 
 on many similar ones, from the same locality. In tiie New England 
 states, exclusive of the valley of the Connecticut, these drills are 
 scarcely known. In the latter locality, they are sometimes found. 
 Fig. 95 represents a small Hake of jasper, unaltered anywhere, ex- 
 
 ' Fk;. 94. — New Jersey. } . 
 
 cept in its more slender portion, which has lieen careruliy chipped 
 until an awl or drill of great beauty has been produced. There is, at 
 the extreme point, no polisli or other trace of xise. Drills or awls, 
 made h\)ni tlakes of about this si/e, are common in New Jersey and 
 New York, and are found in considerable numbers in tJie valley of the 
 Connecticut river ; but they are rare in Massachusetts and northward. 
 This assertion is based upon collections in various institutions, es- 
 pecially those of the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge, and 
 
112 
 
 PRIMniVE INDUSTRY, 
 
 Fig. 95. — New Jersey. \- 
 
 of the Academy of Science at Salem, Mass. Inasmucli as the col- 
 lections licre mentioned, as well as those in oilier institutions, are so 
 largely made up of contributions from innumerable sources, it is pos- 
 sible that the collectors of such material, as has 
 been preser\-ecl lave overlooked so small and 
 unattractive an object as the flake drill in fig. 95. 
 To some extent certain ol)jects may l)e thought 
 to be rare 01 unknown in given localities, simply 
 l)ecause the ' are not readily found ; wlien, in 
 fact, they are really fairly abundant, but reiiuire 
 careful search to discover them. This is not 
 applicable, however, to tlie region about Salem, 
 Mass., which has been most carefully hunted 
 over by those who, of all otiiers, have hatl that 
 experience and preliminary training requisite '"or this important ele- 
 ment of archaeological research. 
 
 Figs. 96 and 97 represent small stone awls, sucli as the preceding, ex- 
 cept that in this instance (fig. 96) there is a finished base, which is not, 
 as in fig. 94, at all knife-like in character. There does 
 not ajipear to be any special object in giving such a 
 finish to the base, and it can only be looked u]nm as 
 the whim of the maker. This specimen is matle of 
 light blue-gray jasper, and is chijjped with great care, 
 the workman having presened very nearly a uniform 
 width throughout the entire length of the stem. Larger 
 drills of this same jiattern of base are moderately 
 common. Fig. 97 represents what appears to be the 
 stem of a drill that has been broken near the base. 
 Such fragmentary specimens are not very abundant. 
 This specimen has some trace of wear on the extreme 
 point, though it is not usual to find such indications of use as has 
 been elsewhere stated when referring to this same specimen.^^ .Atten- 
 
 / 
 
 Vir,. 96. — New 
 Jersey. \. 
 
 " .Annual Rept. Smithson. Inat. 1S75, p. 323; fig. 134. 
 
.wit >i,Muu.»JmiBJ»w jiuiiiiitiii<iainBnCT«eiB*«pimm*iav 
 
 DRILLS, AWLS OR PERFOR,\TORS. 
 
 "3 
 
 tion may be called to these apparently broken awls, as being possibly 
 intentionally unfinished or broken at one end, for the purpose of 
 inserting this blunt termination into a bone or wooden handle. Many 
 flint knives are in this same manner broken off abruptly, apparently 
 by accident ; though there is reason to believe that they were really 
 left in this condition by the workman. These have already been 
 noticed. 
 
 Fig. 98 represents a third exami)le of these small and slender driHs 
 with its extreme ]ioint lost by use or accident. Like tiie preceding, it 
 is chipjjed from jasper, jjrobably a pebble of about its present size. 
 Such jasper pebbles, partially chipped, have occasionally been found, 
 
 Fio. 97. — New Jersey. \. Fic. 9S. — New Jersey, |, 
 
 F.G. 
 
 -New Jersey, -f. 
 
 and the entire series presents one most interesting jjcculiarity, viz. : 
 that the stem is invarialjly first chipped, not roughly, l)ut delicately, 
 and then the base is worked into such shape as is desired, subject of 
 course to the general shape and size of tiie unworked portion of the 
 pebble. This clearly shows that in all cases the stem and point are 
 the i)rincipal features of the implement, and the shape of the i)ase, 
 whether it be fashioned for use or ornament, is altogether a matter of 
 minor importance. 
 
 Fig. 99 represents a small drill with a square base, sucii as is occa- 
 sionally found in New Jersey, l)ut is not abundant in any one locality. 
 In the Connecticut valley, a few have been found, Init usually the 
 drills from that section have bases more like that in fig. loi, or 
 what is known as the arrowhead base. Fig. 99 is matle of slate 
 
114 
 
 I'KIMIIIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 is neatly chipped, and has the i:)oint more tliar usually well polished. 
 The majority of the awls of this size are made of jasper or fpiartz. 
 
 Fit;, too represents a curiously designed specimen of a jasper awl 
 or drill, such as is found occasionally associated with the regular 
 patterns of this implement. Being irregular forms, there is little to be 
 said a1)out tliem. In the present instance, it was at first supposed to 
 be an arrowliead, with a single exaggerated barb ; but such can hardly 
 have been the case, as the base is not of such shape as to render the 
 attaching of the arrow-shaft jiracticable. Further examination of the 
 specimen shows, also, that the end of the awl, as it 
 is now believed to be, is quite smooth ; and, from 
 this fact, it is safe to infer that the implement is an 
 awl or ]ierforator, notwithstanding the peculiarly 
 sliaped liase. Tiie point of the base is ([uite siiarji, 
 and may also have been used for piercing leather. 
 In sucli a case, tlie im])lenient becomes a double 
 awl, and tliere are others of tiiis cliaracter, of e\-en 
 more i)rjnounced sliape than fig. loo. Tlie double 
 awls from New Jersey, now in tiie Museum at 
 Cambridge, have usually a square or oval base, 
 from wliich, at opposite ends, extend short but 
 narrow and neatly chipi)ed projections. These 
 double awls are rare, in comparison with those 
 iG. loo.— . Ltt jLrscy. j.^^j. ^1^^^ ordinary ]>atterns. Of those examined, 
 
 one-half were made of argillite and slate, the others of jas]ier. 
 
 Fig. loi re])resents a small awl with a base of tlie highest degree 
 of finisli. While the general appearance of this specimen is that of 
 an arrowhead, it is evident from t!ie polish of the point, and the 
 hea\y, exaggerated base, that its pur|)ose was as stated, and not that 
 so undesirable a chipped flint should have been used to tip the shaft 
 of an arrow. 
 
 In Massachusetts, there are found but few of these small awls or 
 drills, and nowhere are they so abundant as in Ohio and Indiana. In 
 New Jersey, they constitute about one per cent, of the whole number. 
 
nRlT.LS, AWI.S OR I'KRKORATORS. 
 
 "S 
 
 In the valley of the Connecticut, they are well represented ; although 
 none that I iiave seen from there liave been quite so short as liie one 
 figured al)ove. The l)ases generally, of the Connecticut specimens 
 are either stemmed or notched, and are in every resj^ect identical with 
 the stemmed and notched bases of the arrowheads from the same lo- 
 cality. 
 
 The same may be said of the larger drills, such as fig. 75, which is here 
 taken as the type of the drills projjcr. Those from the Connecticut 
 valley are of identical ])atterns, and usually of the same material. 
 Indeed, so far as ordinary Indian stone imi)lements are concerned, the 
 specimens from the valleys of the Delaware and Connecticut are so 
 similar, that it would be impossible to determine 
 from which of the two localities any given speci- 
 men had been brouglit. 
 
 In the valley of the Susijuehanna river, drills 
 of all patterns and sizes are ajJiJarently less abun- 
 dant than in the \alle\'s of the two risers men- 
 tionetl. In the collections of the late Professor 
 Haldeman, there are but few specimens of drills, 
 and none are of so elaborate a finish as the finer 
 New Jersey examples here figured. 
 
 In the large series of stone implements gathered from the Chickies 
 Rock retreat, descril)ed by Prof. Haldeman in the Compte Rendu of 
 the Congress of Americanistes. at the Luxembourg session, in 1S78, 
 there are a number of pointed (lakes and fragments of (juartz and jas- 
 per which were considereil by Prof. Haldeman to have been "borers" 
 and are so labelled in the collection, l)ut none of these exliibit any 
 indication of use. 'I'hey m,;y have been reser\'ed for use as drills, 
 but they are simply accidentali} pointed fiakes which possiblv were 
 gathered from the refuse chips of an arrowmaker's workshop, and in- 
 tended for use as drills or borers. 
 
 The large majority of the drilled ceremonial objects, found in this 
 Rock retreat and in the neighborhot)d, show by the character of the 
 P'.'rforation, that a reed or hollow drill of some character was used. 
 
 Fig. ioi. — New 
 Jersey. -| . 
 
 I 
 
 ■■■■■I 
 
Il6 I'RIMITIVF': INDUSIRY, 
 
 Fig. 102 represents a ]K'fiiliar implement which seems more likely 
 to liave been used as a drill, than as a knife or any other kind of stone 
 imjilement. There is in all that have been examined, not only a well 
 defined jjoint, sufficiently acute to jiierce leather readily, but this point 
 has, in the exami)le here figured, a degree of ])olish, frt)m use, which 
 clearly shows that this implement, at least, has been used as a drill or 
 awl. The flattened bottom, and evenly curved back are so fashioned 
 as to make it very easy to hold the specimen, and indeed, a much 
 better grasp can be secured when such an implement is nsed, than 
 with ariy of the long slender tlrills, such as have been desciil)ed. 
 
 All that have been gathered of this jjattern are made of argillite ; 
 and, as will be seen by comparing the illustration below with some 
 
 Fk;. I02. — New Jersey. 
 
 of those palxolithic implements from the gravel beds, there is a 
 marked resemblance between them. This similarity, however, indicates 
 no relationship between the two forms, though it has misled suiierficial 
 observers into numerous errors as to the significance of those found in 
 the gra\'el. Nothing from the latter beds e\idences any such use as 
 that of drilling stone with stone, or of utilizing sharpened flakes of 
 argillite as awls or ))erforators of leather ; yet that palaiolithic man 
 used the skins of animals for clothing can hardly be doubted. 
 
 Fig. 103 represents a very interesting s])ecimen of stone awl, which 
 presents, a feat ire that was wanting in all those i)reviously described. 
 This specimen is polished over its entire surface. It is made of white 
 quartz, and has been ground down until every ineciuaiity has disaj)- 
 peared. The point is ver\' sharp, and it is (luestionable whether for 
 
DRII.US AWI.S OR I'KRfXlRATORS. 
 
 TI7 
 
 piercing skins of animals, or c([iially yielding 
 substances, any implement of metal would be 
 preferable. Implements of this i)attern are very 
 rare. Of five hundred drills and awls of all 
 jiatterns from New Jersey, in the Museum at 
 Cambridge, there is no other example of this 
 pattern ; nor is there anything apiiroaching it 
 from the New I'lngland states. As has been 
 suggested, it is probable that in New laiglaad, 
 bone needles generally replaced the stone awls. 
 Before c(jncluding this subject of the stone 
 implements that are supi>osed or 
 known to have been used for drilling 
 through stone, and perforating 
 leather, in lieu of the modern steel 
 needles, it is i)rt)per to call attention 
 to other forms of polished stone im- 
 l)lements, which, like the i)receding 
 (of the purpose of which, there can 
 be no doubt), may be properly 
 Fig. io3.-New classed as drills of some particular HffiBfffiif'l/' 1 i 
 
 "'"'^' pattern, and as such designed for 
 peculiar purposes. A\'hatever may be the charac- 
 ter of these ''uncertain forms," they are not 
 uniipie, and hence it is evident that they are 
 nof merely the result of a whim on the part of 
 
 the maker. ^[^SSf// ' '/// 
 
 Fig. 104 represents a polished stone imple- 
 ment, of ])cculiar pattern, from Concord, Mass. 
 As the illustration plainly shows, there is a w^ell 
 defineil, piercing point at each end of the im- 
 plement, and these were evidenUy intended to ^K// 
 be used. Of the large series of stone imple- 
 ments from Massachusetts in the Museum at Fig. 104.— Massachusetts, 
 
ii8 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 ('anil)ii(l^'L', tlitTc is no otlior speciincn tliat is similar to this. I'rom 
 tJK' slitiliicaiis. li()\vc\er, liave l)efn jjrocured many large lionc iiiii)lc'- 
 mcnts, pointed at one end, which are i)racticall\' the same as the 
 above. A broken specimen of an imi)Iement of this jiattern has 
 
 been fonnd in New Jersey, and another, 
 not broken, but smaller, near Columbia, 
 Penn., on the liank of the Susi|iiehanna 
 ri\er. Fig. 104 is circular in section at 
 all jjoints. Except in this, the larger 
 cliipped drills, such as fig. 89, would, if 
 ground down until every trace of chipping 
 disappeared, be similar in form. !'ig. 104 
 has evidently not been first chip|)ed and 
 then ground or rubbed down. The surface 
 of the widest ])ortion is apparently the uii- 
 altered surface of the natural ( ylindrical 
 pebble, selected for the puri)ose of making 
 a long, double ])ointed drill, if such the 
 implement really is. 
 
 Fig. 105 represents a supposed drill, 
 which, in its design, bears much the same 
 relation to those of the largest si/e already 
 figured, that the diminutive awls bear to 
 these arrowheads, the bases of which are 
 reproiUiced. A\'ere there only the lower 
 side projections, this imjjlenient would be 
 of peculiar interest, in that it has been worn 
 to a positive polish, although originally 
 chipped into shape. The upper, smaller projections lessen very much 
 the value of the implement, if looked upon as a drill, and do not of 
 themselves offer any suggestion as to the jiurposes for which the imple- 
 ment may ha\e been used. The extremely dull point shows con- 
 clusively that whatever may have been its conilition originally, it now 
 has no penetrative power. 
 
 Fic. 10;. — New Jersey. \. 
 
DRILLS, AWLS OK J'KKl'OKATORS. 
 
 119 
 
 Objects like fig. 105, although few in number, have lieen met with 
 in widely separated localities. Spec imens, differing in no imimrtant 
 feature, not even in si/e, and all with a polish jjruduced apparently 
 by long usage, are known from (Jhio, Wisconsin, western New York, 
 central i'ennsylvania, and New Jersey. 
 
 Notwithstanding some slight reseml)lance thereto, it seems wholly 
 improbable that these i)olished implements should have been weapons 
 of any kind. On comi)aring the two forms, fig. 105 will be found to 
 vary very much from the Hint daggers found in 'I'ennessee and Ar- 
 kansas. 
 
 Untjuestionable stone tlrills of this pattern, but smaller, have been 
 found in Illinois, which have the barb-like projections distinctly 
 curved, and much hunger than those of fig. 105. Others, again, have 
 these lateral jjrojections of greater width than length, thus giving the 
 implements the apiiearanee of birds with outspread wings. No e.\- 
 ami)'.es of these have been found in New Jersey, except a fragmentary 
 si)ecimen of the latter, made of argillite, which is now in the Museum 
 of Archaeology at Cambridge, Mass. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 SCRAI'KKS. 
 
 To an easily recognized class of chipped stone implements, found 
 more or less al)undantly tlirouglioiit luiroi)e and North America, has 
 been aiijjlied the name " scraper," a term that at once gives the reader 
 a full insight into the ohject of the implement. 'I'hese so-called 
 scrapers have been described'-'^ as "oblong stones, one end of which 
 is rounded and brought to a bevel'ed edge by a series of small blows. 
 One side is flat, the other or outer one is more or less convex ; some- 
 times they have a short handle, which gives them very much the 
 appearance of a spoon. They have been found in iMigland, France, 
 Denmark, Ireland, Switzerland, and other coimtries. Tiiey vary from 
 one to four inches in length, and from half an inch to two inches in 
 breadth. » • • * Modern specimens (Kscjuimaux) are in form iden- 
 tical with the old ones." 
 
 Along our northern .Atlantic seaboard, the abunilance of these 
 scrapers varies exceedingly. In New Jersey, they are very common 
 wherever relics of any kind occur ; and the various forms are as well 
 represented as in Ohio, whence come the finest ex;miples of this, 
 as well as other forms of chipped implements. In the Connecticut 
 valky, they are less abundant, though in nowise scarce ; while in 
 eastern Massachusetts they are very seldom found. In the various 
 river valleys of New York, they occur frequently ; but judging from 
 the collections from that section, they are not as abundant as in the 
 Delaware and Connecticut ri\er valleys ; although I learn from Rev. 
 W. M. Beauchamp of Haldwinsville, New York, that in Onondaga 
 
 '» Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, 21I ed., p. 92. 
 
 (121) 
 
122 
 
 PRIMITIVE IXDUSTRY. 
 
 county, scrapers are abundant, unci uf many forms, and often com- 
 bined witli knives. 
 
 It is nut impossilole tiiat one reason for the al)sence of this useful 
 implement in some iocalities is that other material than stone was used 
 in llieir manufacture, and they liave been destroyed. Nature jjrovides 
 in tlie shells of certain bivahx's, excellent scrapers which would effect 
 all that the Indian ever accomplished with those made of flint, ^\'hen 
 resident throughout the year, in the immediate \icinity of the sea, it is 
 well known that many implements of sheU were daily in use ; and 
 hence, to-day, as we wander along the shellheaps and coastwise 
 haunts of the Indians, we find fewer stone implements and a smaller 
 variet)- of them than occur in the fields that bonier on our inland 
 streams. 
 
 ^\■hile the term ''scraper" suggests at once, that something was 
 scrai)ed, it does not imply any particular ol)je( t. although the fact that 
 the skins of manunals needed carefid working, and scra|)ing particu- 
 larly, to be available for clothing, is so well known, that skmscra[)ing is 
 the supposition on the part of every one who meets with the term 
 "scraper," so far as it describes a (lass of stone implements. Many 
 of these scrapcTs, ho\\e\er, are of such small si/e, that it is doubtful 
 if the\- could ha\e been used advaiUageousl)' for any such ])urpose ; 
 yet their abundance and the care with which they are finished show 
 cond,- ucly that they played an important part in the production of 
 some object in constant use. It is more probable that they were used 
 in making bone beads and similar trinkets, than in any other way. 
 
 Fig. 106 re])rescnts a jasper scraper, of the simplest form and of 
 the maxuuuni size. Of a series of o\er fi\e hundri-d evamples of this 
 pattern (jf stone implement, none are larger, and but three are more 
 than half its size. If classified according to size, this would be taken 
 as a typical specimen j but it cannot be so considered among the 
 series of scra])ers as reiiresented in the are: of the northern Atlantic 
 seaboard. C'ertainl)', scrapers of this si/e are o'' \ery exceptional 
 o( ( urrence. 
 
 As is the case in ninety per ceiU. nf the scrapers from New Jersey, 
 
SCRAPERS. 
 
 123 
 
 and in all such as have been examined from New Kngland localities, lie 
 working edge of this implement sliows no indication of wear as might 
 be expected, even if a substance no harder than deerskin was nibbed 
 wit! 't. The grit that would be certain to be upon such skins njuld 
 
 '^=n 
 
 n 
 
 Fig. 106. — New K'rsey. Vwi. \c/>,t, — Side view. 
 
 be sufficient to pnjduce a fewstri;c , :md yet on this, as upon hucireds of 
 others, there is no indication lliat tlie sjiecimen was e\er in u.e. An 
 implement as large as fig. 106 was ])rolial)ly used witlio.,, a handle of 
 an\ kind ; at least it needs none, if used in tiie manner suggested. 
 This paltem, but of smaller size, when usetl by the Kskimo, was 
 mounted in a small wooden or bone handle. 
 
 Fig. J07 represents a flake of green jasper, that has been mili/ed 
 as a scrajier, by giving to it a distinctly bevelled edge. The under side 
 
124 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 pr'jsen;s hut a single plane, and but little alteration was needed to 
 convert the flake into the excellent scraper it now is. Flakes, thus 
 used, constitute about one-fifth of the whole number found. This, at 
 least, is true of these implements as fountl in New jerse)', where of a 
 series of five hundred and five, ninety-seven were flakes similar to the 
 j)receding, and the one here figured. There is such an abundance of 
 available flakes, like fig. 107, among the chij)s made by the ancient 
 arrowmakers, that it remains a wonder why such 
 elaborately wrought scrapers shoukl e\er have 
 l)een made ; and yet, in fact, they outnumber 
 the no less desirable flake-scrapers, five to one. 
 Flakes converted into scTapers, like fig. 107, are 
 not of such irregular antl indefinite shapes as the 
 term " flake " implies. Fully three-fourths of them 
 are symmelricall)' triangular, or var)' therefrom to- 
 ' wards a four-sided implement. Tin. majority are 
 
 not as irregular even as fig. 107 in outline. 
 
 Fir,. 107. — New Jcr^cy. 
 
 Occasionally, flake-scrapers like the above, are 
 found with a distinctly knife-like, or cutting edge on the end opi)osite 
 that which is be^•ellcd, showing that a combination of the two forms of 
 knife and scraper was desired. It may not be mere fancy to suppose 
 that such im!)lements were used in scaling and cleaning fish ; especially 
 as some of the larger forms liave been found in shellhtiaps with a large 
 quantity of fish bones. It may be well here to remark that fish consti- 
 tuted a very important factor in the footl supplies of the Indians of the 
 Atlantic coast, and our principal river valleys ; and it can scarcely be 
 questioned that a large jin-jio'-tion of the stone implements now found 
 along these river valleys, and in tiie shellhea])s of the seacoast, were 
 designed for the capture and subsequent conversiun into food of the 
 hundreds of edil)le fishes foun<l in those waters.-'-' 
 
 ^'* In .T notice of various shcllhraps .-ilniii; the Massachusetts coast, IVofcssor Ihitnatii refers to the 
 great iiuaiitities of llie hones of tlic Monklish.or Wolf (isli (. I ;/ii »■»■///< ,1.1 /»/t«i), now rejjanlesl .is 
 unfit for food. More than two-thirils of tlie tish h<ines of some heaps were tiiost ,'f tliis siwcies. 
 Bulletin, Ksscx Institute, Salem, Mass , Voh iv, |i. 123. 
 
scrai'i;rs. 
 
 ^25 
 
 Vi'^. lo.S represents ;i largo slate scraper of a jjattern (piite <iininion 
 ill luirope. but less rre(iuently met ivitii in eastern North America. 
 The bevelled edge is not as distinctly chipjjed as in jasper specimen.) ; 
 or. if it were originally well wrought, it has by use beccjmo \ery jagged 
 and rough, 'i'he material, slate, however, does not flake readil\-, and 
 the objects made of it are usually ([uite rough, and ct)mpare ver\- un- 
 lavorabiy with tiie jasper specimens of similar i)atterns. \\'here slate 
 
 ' •-, io3— New Jersey. \. Fig. log. — New Jcr-iy. \. 
 
 [, Iii ,, e. ■■ was used to a large extent, even when other and more 
 desiraMe s'.oae could be readily obtained. 
 
 Mg. 109 represents a svmnieirit al siiecimen of a scraper. The 
 materi.d of which it is made is jasper, ami the care shown in the 
 chipping is very marked, 'i'he tront or working edge is beautifully 
 bevelled, and shows (as is so rarely the ca>e) a faint trace (if polish 
 .viid stria', indicative of the jnesence of grit, or of its u^e in some 
 
126 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 Other capacity than scraping skins. The handle, or narro'scr jjortion of 
 the iniplenienl is evenly chipped and brought to a sharp edge, both 
 along the sides and at the end. It is jirobable that this trimming of 
 the handle was for the ready insertion of the implement into a bone 
 socket, rather than that the delicately chipped margins were intended 
 for cutting. ()f the various ]xUterns of scrapers that are found in 
 New Jersey, none are moie suggestive of use in connection with a 
 hantlle than such as this specimen. Fig. 109 is almost identical with 
 the modern I',skinio scraper, figured in Prehistoric Times, p. 93, figs. 
 106-108, and varies I ; ^'ft'e from an ancient specimen from the south 
 of France, figured on \). c 'le same work. It would ajjpear then, 
 
 that these scrapers occur, as 
 do arrowheads, over a large 
 ])ortion of the globe, and are 
 of essential!}' the same shapes 
 and sizes. 
 
 Figs. T 10 and iii represent 
 two smaller scrapers tlvit differ 
 from such as ha\e been de- 
 scribed, in ha\ing an edge not 
 be\-clled from one side only, 
 but from both, thus giving 
 it not an ordinary straight 
 chipped <ntting edge, but an oval one. V.yi^n those that are most like 
 the larger knives, do not seem to have had cutting edges, which have 
 become dulled b\- use. This rounded ratlier than ]ie\elled edge does 
 not make of these impleuKiUs a de^irable I'orm of scraper, as we un- 
 derstand dieir use ; Init it seems more rational to class them as 
 such rather llian to consider tliem as cutting implements, as has been 
 done. 
 
 While imjilemenls with an edge similar to that of the " round-nosed 
 turning chisel" ma\- be ( onsidered as t\pical scrapers, those here 
 described must be classed as a modification of the former, until it is 
 shown that thev were intended tor some ])ur])ose lA' u wholly dilferent 
 
 t'iG. no. — New Jersey. 
 
SCRAPERS. 
 
 127 
 
 character. In fig. in, we liave an example of tliis pattern witli the 
 edge sliglitly bevelled, or rather somewiiat approaching the charac- 
 teristic bevelled edge. 
 
 As a class, these s]jeciniens constitute but a small jiercentage of the 
 whole number of typical scrapers, found in New Jersey. 
 
 In figs. 1 1 2 and 1 1 3 are represented examples of the smallest-sized 
 scrapers, found in any locality along the northern Ati.MUic seaboard. 
 These small scrapers are invariably made of cpiartz or jasper, and have 
 all the symmetry and care in finish that characterize the specimens of 
 larger size. In many of them, 
 the working edge is even more 
 carefully chipped, and when the 
 siJecimen is a flake, or chipped 
 only on one side, the < haracler- 
 istic features of the scra[)er are 
 better shown on these smallest 
 specimens, than on the majority 
 of those of the medium size. In 
 fig. 1 12 we h.ive a s])ecimen that 
 has been chipi)ed upon both 
 sitles, but the under side is al- 
 most as smooth and even as if 
 it were a single ])lane. Fig. 1 13 
 
 " / ' I'K,. n I. — New Jersey. \- 
 
 IS a Hake, and has the under side 
 
 jjcrfectly smooth, but is slightly curved in the directitm of the 
 
 bevelling of the working edge. 
 
 In New Jersey these small scrapers are comi)aratively abundant. 
 Of a series of five hundred, eighty-six are less than an in( h in length. 
 and seventy-five per cent, of these are triangular flakes, (hipped onl)- 
 upon one side. 
 
 So large a number of these diminutive objects have ])vcn found, 
 that it is e\ident they were in common use for some purpose; 
 and the fact that they are almost always found on known \illage 
 
128 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 sites would indicate that they were used in the manufacture of 
 some otlier article, and not, like a knife or .spearpoint, carried 
 about the person. 
 
 l''ig. 114 is supposeil to be a jasper scraper, although the working 
 edge is not bevelled, but has been produced by de- 
 taching a single flake along the entire width of the 
 specimen. This gives the imjilement a cur\ed edge 
 which is exceedingly well adapted to scraping, whether 
 it was ever so used or not. The end sujjposed to be 
 inserted in a wooden or bone handle is ])ointed, and, 
 ■ ^''^™ were it not so short, would seem of better shape for 
 secure hafting, than when broader. Scrapers of this 
 pattern occur in Europe, and in son^.e instances they have tiie 
 pointed end more tapering and drill-like, than in 
 the example here /'guretl. 
 
 J'ig. 115 represents a scraper made of slate, and 
 is a modifK-ation of the triangular jiattern. It is 
 e\en more distinctly stemmed than in the jireceding 
 instance. The working edge is not distinctly bev- 
 elled, but it has been apparently, and is remarkable 
 as being imusually curved. This scraper is greatly weathered, and in 
 l)laces is so smooth that all traces of the originally chipped surfaces 
 
 have disappeared. This material, slate, 
 was used for scrajjcrs much less than 
 argillite, and all the specimens of this 
 mineral that have been gathered have been 
 of the rudest character, both as to sha])e 
 and fmish. Possibly they were made for 
 some emergency and then cast aside. 
 
 I'ig. 1 16 re])resents a handsomely shaped 
 
 and carefully chipped siraper, of brown 
 
 jasper. It has some |)oints in coimnon 
 
 with the preceding, but differs materially in others. The working 
 
 Fl(i. 114. — New Jersey. 
 
SCRAI'KRS. 
 
 129 
 
 edge is tinusually narrow for tlie length, Init the l)evelle(l edges are 
 i:(jntinucd along the sides, nearly to the commencement of the nar- 
 rowed i)ortion or handle of the implement. 
 
 Of the few examples of true scrapers from New l-'.ngland, none ap- 
 pear to be of tnis ixittern, which is quite common in New Jersey. 
 Even such as are found in the Connecticut valley seldom ha\-e a stem 
 or handle, which ])ortion is often of better finish than represented in 
 the figure. 
 
 The ordinary scrapers found in New Jersey and northward do not 
 
 lie;. 115,— \uw Ji-rscy. \. 
 
 ¥«,. 
 
 16. — \c\v Jersey. \. 
 
 ai)iiear to be of common occurrence in the more southern stat?s, 
 althongh in Ohio and Indiana, they are even more abundant. In the 
 series of stone implements descril)ed by Col. C. V. Jones, jr., in 
 " Antic'Mties of the Southern Indians," there are no examples of 
 stemmed, or oval scrapers, nc^r of the other more finished patterns 
 that occur in New Jersey ; except such as are sujiposed to be made 
 from the bases of broken arrow and speari>()ints. On the other hand 
 there have been no examples found here of tlie large polished stone 
 scrapers, with a celt-like edge, anil a sijuare stem-like handle. These 
 9 
 
1 30 
 
 PRIMiriVl'. INDfSlKV. 
 
 so-called scrajKTS, wiiich arc sometimes ])crforate(l at the junction of 
 the blade and handle, are ])eculiarly a southern form. 
 
 l*'ii,'. 1 1 7 represents a large stemmed scraper, of about the largest 
 size. This specimen is made of slate, rudely chipped ujjon both sides, 
 
 !l /' 
 
 I i;'j/;' ; «f 11,1,1,,, , \.mk 
 
 
 ,)r 
 
 
 %' 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 V. T 
 
 ^/ "-^//^ /I 
 
 \-w.. 
 
 \ 
 
 - N\w Jersey. | . 
 
 and nas not a distinctly l)e\elled edge. The surface is now much 
 weathered and of a yellowish hue; but the slate of which the speci- 
 men is made is of a deep bluishdilack color. There are some sliglit 
 traces of wear ui)on the working edL',e, and there may have been many 
 more, before the surface became so decomposed from long exposure. 
 
SCRAPERS. 
 
 131 
 
 1 of 
 
 jest 
 les, 
 
 When referring, in a preceding ixaragrapli to tlie al)senrc of any cx- 
 ami^lcs cf iK.Ii.shed stone scrapers, snch as tliose described from Ceorgia, 
 it was more with reference to tlieir being a polished instead of a chipped 
 im])lement; for in size and outline, 
 fig. 1 1 7 is ])ractically the same imple- 
 ment, and, if polished, would be indis- 
 tinguishable from those found in 
 Georgia. Not all of the sou hern 
 polished scrapers, how(n-er, are of as 
 hard a stone as diorite. There is a 
 specimen from Arkansas, in the 
 Museum at Cambridge, made of 
 canncl coal, and another from 'J"en- 
 nessee, made of a comparatively soft, slaty ro<k. Scra],ers of this 
 pattern of fig. 1 1 7 are very rarely met with in New Jerse>-, and are all 
 the more interesting, since in shape and size they bear so great a re- 
 semblance to the polished specimens from the south. In the three 
 following illustrations, figs. iiS, 1,9, and 120, we have excellent 
 
 Fk;. nS. — New Jersey, -j . 
 
 !inich 
 qieci- 
 slight 
 many 
 osure. 
 
 Fig. iig. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 Fig. 120. — New Jersey. 
 
 average examples of the ordinary jasper stemme.l scrai)ers, such as 
 occur in wonderful abundance, throughout much of the area of New 
 Jersey, and less abundantly in New York and New England, 'i'hese 
 scrapers are quite uniform in size and vary but little in design. The 
 
ija 
 
 I'RI.MinVt: INDUSTKV. 
 
 great majority have a dislini'tly hevelled c(l,i,'e, whicli in some cases 
 is of remarkal>le finisli, from the small si/e and uniform direction of 
 the f.icets. In some, the chippini,' of the edge has been from both 
 sides. \Vl-,ether siu h are really S( rapers, or stemmed knives, is a 
 matter of doubt. As we find, however, a well-marked form of stemmed 
 knives whi( h are always much thinner, and dilTer materially from these 
 in other resjiects. it is probable that although not bevelled, the edges 
 of smh as are chii)i)ed upon bull; sides were used as scrapers, and not 
 as cutting implements. 
 
 From an undoubted likeness to the ba;:''s of sjjearheads, it has been 
 verv generallv supposed that scrapers of this pattern were usually, if 
 not always, made by utilizing the bases of such spearjioints as hai)i)ened 
 to yet broken. To some extent tliis may have been true, but that it 
 was generally so is evidently a mistake. A carefiil examination of a 
 large series of these stemmed scrapers show>, in very many, a gentle 
 curve of the whole implement in the bevelling of the edge, which, if 
 continued throughout the entire length of a si)eariioint of a si/e (iro- 
 iiortiunate to the su]ii>osed base, would make the im]ilement too 
 crooked to be of any value as a weapon. Again, we see in every 
 lar;'e series, a gradation from the triangular or ([uadrangular Hake to 
 such as are distinctly slemmeil ; and more imi)ortant than all, numer- 
 ous specimens have been found in refuse heaps of Hint chii)s, which 
 ha\e had the bevelled edge complete, but in consei|uence of some 
 uiiseen flaw in the mineral, the stem had not l)een made, and the 
 specimen in this unfini-hed condition had been rejected. It should 
 I)e remembered too. that s])earpoints would most likel\- be broken in 
 hunting or in warfare, and in either case, the diances of finding the 
 broken weapons would be ([uite small, as they did not then fall ui)on 
 cultivated fields or stretches of grassy meadows, but in dense forest 
 growths or tangled thi( kets, where they would remain unnoticed even 
 by the keen-eyed natives. 
 
 That stenuiied scrajjcrs were as much an independently designed 
 implement, as spears or arrowheads, is proved by the occurrence of 
 such flakes as fig. 121 which is carefully chipped along the sides for 
 
SCRAPERS. 
 
 ^n 
 
 1''k;. 121. — New 
 Jersey. 1. 
 
 the express purpose of iirodiicing a well-marked, stem-like projection. 
 Flakes, thus worked, are not cIkuk e ocrurrences, i)ut are (juite fre- 
 quently found, and so liave a direct hearing ujion 
 the (]uestion. 
 
 Figs. 122 and 123 represent U\o e.xaniples of 
 another fcjrni of slenmied scrapers which are much 
 less common in New jersey, and are verv rarely 
 seen in New ICngland. 'I'iie .same oigections to 
 cla.ssing them as rechiiijjcd arrowpoints, th;it have 
 been urged with reference to the ])receding speci- 
 mens, hold good in these cases. In fig. 122, we 
 have, it is true, a s])ecimen equally cliijiped upon 
 both sides, and jjossessing no feature whic h may not have been e(iually 
 common to an arrowhead, but in fig. 123 we have an instance of the 
 
 same jiattern of scrajjcr chipped directly 
 from a Hake of cjuartzite, whicii siiows that 
 such scra])ers were not always made from 
 the broken fragments of other kinds of 
 implements. It is very seldom that we 
 meet with scra]>ers of this ])attern as small 
 as this, and with the bases so very deeplv 
 notched. The object of this is difficult to 
 determine. Indeed, were these scrapers, 
 in all cases, the utilized bases of spear and 
 arrowpoints, they would be much nu)re in- 
 telligible ; for certainly as a simple instnunent for .scraping either skin 
 or bone, those of jjlain triangular outline or with 
 short straight stems have every advantage pos- 
 sessed by figs. 122 and 123. 
 
 Figs. 124 and 125 represent two examples of 
 a form of supi)osed scraper, of which a number 
 of specimens ha\e been found in one limited 
 locality. The l)ases are chipped so as to give them distinctly bev- 
 elled edges, and the pointed ends are so shaped as strongly to sug- 
 
 Fic;. 122. — InJi: 
 
 Ki<;. 123..— New Jer>cy. 
 
'34 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDI^'STRY. 
 
 gest tliu iilca i.Ii;it tlicsL- iiniilciuriits are combinations of the scraper 
 and tlic drill. If su, they were proliahiy used in the nuuiufacture of 
 small arti( les from steatite and other soft minerals, and not as scrapers 
 of the common patterns were used. 'I'he pointed end of fig. 125 
 clearly sIkjws evidences of wear, such as would be jiroduced by con- 
 stantly boring or drilling other stones ; and there seems no reason why 
 scrapers like these should not have been used to rub down, to a uni- 
 form surface, such slabs of slate and sandstone as were used for pen- 
 dants, gorgets and ornamental objects of that ( hara( ter. I'ntil we 
 find the workshop-site and refuse of the wcrker in stoni', who made 
 ornaments instead of arrowheads, it will be impossible to say just what 
 
 Fig, I'J4. — New Jersey. 
 
 Klii. 125. — New Jersey. 
 
 methods were ])ursued in making some of the commonest objects of 
 this character; l)ut that the combined drills and scrapers here figured 
 were i)ut to some such use seems far more i)robable, than that they 
 were simply skin-dressers. 
 
 Fig. 126 represents a chipped implement that as much the ap- 
 pearance of a knife, and also closely resembles the chi])ped flint '"sling- 
 stones" that occu'- in Europe. In this instance, it is believed to be 
 a scraper. Scrapers with battered edges, and of a ([uadrangular outline, 
 very similar in general appearance to the modern "strike-a-lights" are 
 rare. Fig. 126 represents such a "scraper." It is of yellow jasper, 
 an inch and a half long, an inch wide, and half an iiK h thick near the 
 middle of the specimen. The front edge is much battered and has 
 
SCUAI'KkS. 
 
 '35 
 
 every appeiininee of liaviny l)eeii struck against a mineral as liaril as 
 pyrites. 
 
 I'yrites, in masses of various sizes, is very al)un(iant about Trenton, 
 N. J., wliere tiiese sliort, tlii( k s( rapers are found. It occurs in tiie 
 beds of Jurasso-cretaceous clay \viii( h crop out of the iiillsides along 
 the NvW Jersey shore of tiie l)ela\vare, near 'Irenton, .Neiv Jersey, 
 being there attacjied in large masses to the fosMJi trees enibeckled in 
 these strata. 
 
 The conclusive evidence brought lorward by Mr. I'Aans,'"' tiiat many 
 of these short, thick "scrajjers" were used in connection with pyrites 
 for producing fire, has rendered it pro])able that in this country also, 
 sitch may have been tiie use of tJiese tiiick, 
 quadrangular masses of jasper, whicii, wiiile 
 resembling scrapers, have battered edges, and 
 in all respects are just such forms as might be 
 sujjposed to have been used for this jjurpose ; 
 nor do we lack historical evidence that tiie 
 Indians of the Atlantic coasi. to some extent at 
 least, were accust<3med to |jn)cure fire in this 
 manner. lohn lirereton, in his lirief and True 
 Relation of the Discovery of ihe Norllt I'art 
 of Virginia (London, 1602) says of the Mas- 
 sachusetts Indians, "they strike fire in this manner; every one car- 
 rieth about him in a ])urse of tewed leather, a mineral stone (which I 
 take to be their co])per), and with a fiat emery stone (wherewith 
 glaciers cut glass, and cuttlers glaze blades), tied fast to tlie end 
 of a little stick, gently he striketh upon the mineral stone, and within 
 a stroke or two, a spark falleth upon a i)iece of touch wood (much 
 like our sjjonge in ICnglanil), and with the least s[)ark he maketh a fire 
 presently." 
 
 While it is possible that knowledge of this method of producing 
 fire was derived from the luiropeans, who, for more than a century 
 
 I'll'.. 126.— New Jersey. \, 
 
 8** Ancient Slone Implements uf Great IJritain, p. 2S0. 
 
 tm 
 
136 
 
 I'lUMIIIVK INDUSIKY. 
 
 lirevioi'.s to tlic vi^it of l'>reri'loii, had occasionally visited &r New 
 I'jiglaiitl coast, it is not < Icar how the Indians learned to use pyritt-",, 
 which lircrcton evidently mistook for their (opper, as a snhstitnte for 
 iron or steel. It is highly imiirohalile that the knowledge of the fact, 
 that iron ])vrites wonld answer the same jjiirpose as steel in ))rodiicing 
 fae. wis likewise derir ed from I',uro|)ean \i^ilors t(j our (oast ; and, if 
 )iot, the statement of iSrerettin gives ns e\ iden< e of a custom, which 
 sul)sei|iienil\ tell into disuse, as it is not known that any trilies of 
 Indi.uih, either south or west of M.issachusetts, ever procured fire in 
 
 this manner, unless we accept tl;e 
 alitmdance of these short, thick 
 s( rapers as evidence of ;' custom, 
 wiii( h is so ( learly de^cril)^■d as, at 
 one time, (ommon among the New 
 Kngland tribes. 
 
 Fig, 127 represents a form of what 
 may jiroperly be called a "scraper," 
 although e-sentiall)- different from 
 the ordinary form of stone imple- 
 ment so (ailed. The material is 
 slate, but of so (omjiact a nature, 
 that it is sus( eptible of a considerable 
 polish, whiih is shown in the mar- 
 gin o( the concave .surface of tiiis 
 scrai)er, which constitutes the pe( uli.ir feature (>f the spei imen. 
 
 'riic i>iir]>ose of this implement is indicated by the evident traces 
 of wear in the com ave i)ortion of tlie front or st raping margin ; this 
 is, that of .scraping the shafts of arrows, ( ylin<lri( ,d bones, and objects 
 of that shape, 
 
 Mr. lohn I'.v.ms has given the designation of "hollow scraper" to 
 an implement of this character (Ancient Stone Imjilements of Creat 
 Britain, p. .'S7. fig. 220),and remarks of them •' have two specimens 
 with the hollow as regular in its sweep as any of the sc rapers of the 
 ordinarv form. Tools of this kind seem well adapted for scraping 
 
 flG. 127. — New Jcrvcy. 
 
 
S(.;uai'i:ks. 
 
 137 
 
 
 into regular shape the stems of arrows, or tlie sliafts of spears, or for 
 fashioning hoiie pins." 
 
 As yet, hut a single specimen from New Jersey of these concave 
 scrapers has been lirought U) the writer's notice, although, next to arrow- 
 points and knives, (jrdinary scrapers are tiie most abundant of all the 
 forms of cjiippcd implements. from dus. it is safe to conckide that 
 thi-. fDrm was one not in general use. 
 
 Ill the Siis(|uchanna >alle\' scra])ers are 
 ajiparently less abm.dant than in the valley 
 of the Delaware, liut some interesting ex- 
 anii)les luce been obtaini il. In the (ullec- 
 tion of the lale Prnfessor Ilajdeman are, 
 auKing many forms, two jasper scrapers 
 possessing tiie peculiar fea' re of fig. 127. 
 One of them is a llake one inch in width 
 and two and onedialf inche-i in lengtli. ( )ne 
 side is neady straight ; trie otiier, with a 
 deep, accurately I nr\ed < iicavit). The 
 be\elled edges are well worked, and the 
 specimen dearly sliows \h.a it was intendetl 
 for scrajiing convex suriac es. 
 
 Fig. 12S represents a simple form (<f 
 scrajier that is of excer<Iing interest. .\s 
 the iliiistnMon siioi-.s, tin- iin]ilement is not 
 chipped, but a simple li ikedike fragment of 
 an o\al ixbble. 
 
 .\ttention was first talletl to these imple- 
 ments, as found in Mew Jersey, by the publication by Prof. |os. I.eiily, 
 of a notiie of various rude flint im])lements, found near Fort liii Iger, 
 southern Wyoming. Of these. Dr. I.ei'', remarks,^" "In thi. :c!ation 
 r may t.ike the oppurtnn.ly of speaking of a stone ii..pienunt of the 
 .Shoshone Indians, one of so simple a (haraiii'r that had 1 not observed 
 
 Fig. 128. — New Jersey. 
 
 " Ceol. Survey: Montana, etc. Il.iyilens Aniui.il Reinirt, 1872, p. 65J, pi. 13, tig. 13, 
 
138 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 it iiKutiial use and noti('f(' '.'. anum^ llu' materials (if the l)Uttfs, I slioiiM 
 ha\c viewed it as an aeci lental >])a\vl. It con-'istsor a tliin setjinent of 
 a ijnart/ite Ixiwider. made \)y striliini; the slone wiiii a smart hlow. The 
 imidement is circular or o\al. witli a siiarp ed^e, convex on one side 
 and llat on tiie tither. It is i ailed a 'teslu)a' and is employed as a 
 scraper in dressing Ijuffalo skins. liy ai rideni, I learneil that the im- 
 j/iement i^ luit only nindern. as I olitained one of the same ( haracter, 
 together uiih some piTlorated tu>ks of tlie elk, Irom an old Indian 
 grave, which had been made on the u|)]ier side of a hutte, and had 
 l)econie exposed by the gradual wearing away of the latter." It is 
 not imiJroiialile that these ])rimitive scrapers have a wide <Iistril)Ution 
 along the nnril.em Atlantic seaboard, but that thus far they liave been 
 generally overlooketl. .\ttention laing (ailed to these western s]ie( i- 
 inens, sean h was made for the same form in central New Jersey, and 
 on sc\er.d village sites nrmbers were fnund. sonu' of them showing 
 more traces of wear, from long < ontinned use, than is shown on any of the 
 flint scrapers |)reviously figured and described. These " teshoas " from 
 New Jersey differ from the same implement as described i)y Dr. I.eidy 
 in tliat the detached surface is not generally flat, but is as convex as 
 tlie corn >pon(ling, or natural surl.K (.• of the pebble. I'mm the smooth- 
 ness and general appearan( e of this ( omparativily newer surface, it is 
 evident that tin; imi)lement has been detaclu'vl by a single blow from 
 the pebble, and that this coincx surfa( e was then produced and was 
 not the result of subse(nient setondary (hipping. ,\s yet no examjjles 
 of pebbles, from whi( h these implements have been taken, have been 
 collected. One su( h would, by its (oncasity. at om e determine 
 whether these bi-convex " te>ho,is " wcrt' made b\ a single dexterous 
 blow, or whether subseiiuent work was necessary U) give them the out- 
 line they now liave. 
 
 . 
 
1 
 
 «■ 
 
 CHAi>ri;R IX. 
 
 SMCKSTONES AM) SINKW DRESSERS. 
 
 When we renieni])or how imi)ortant to tlic Indians wore tlie well 
 dressed skins of the elk, bear, deer, l)eaver, otter and nuwkrat, all ot' 
 which mammals were onee ahimdaiit throughout the nortiiern ami 
 middle stales, i. . nut strange that among the many curious Ibrnis of 
 stone im].lenients, that we now gather from the long deserted iiannts 
 of the (ountry's ]iriniitive ociupants, tliere ^i^()u]d l)e numbers of such 
 as were used in dressing and |)reser\ing tJu' skins of these animals. 
 As we lia\e already seen, one kind of lliut implement, carefully chijjped, 
 was used at one stage of tlie process of curing leather. The i)oli>hed 
 stone implements described in the ])resent chapter are sup|)osed to 
 have been used siibse<|uently to the scrapers, and also, after the cured 
 skins, or leather, had been "male up" into clothing, while others, 
 curiously groove<l, were doubtlessly of use in reducing si ; to a 
 more compai t condition in whi<h tl.v-y ser\ed as thread. 
 
 We are informed by Holm, that tlie Delaware Indians could "tan 
 and iirep.ue the skins of animals, wliii h they afterwards i)aint in their 
 own way." This knowledge of ( uring leather was, of course, common 
 to all our coast tribes, as it is to-day to the Indians of the far west, 
 and heme it is no mere fane iful s|)eculati()n to treat certain highly 
 polished but otherwise unworked jiebbles as the "slickstones" used by 
 the savages in rubbing their leather to make it soft and pliable. 
 
 I5unii>hers or sli( k>tones, as they are generally ( alleil, are of common 
 occurrenie in Kngland, and their purpose has been carefully explained. 
 and their history in later times given by .Mr. llvaus.^-' Me remarks 
 
 "Evanj. Ancient Sumc Iin|ilciMci>i> of (Jri'.u l!rit.iin, p. m, I.iiiulon, 1873. 
 
 ■ 
 
140 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 that one '' piirjioso to wiiidi stom.- implements seem to have l)een ap- 
 plied, ill J'oiinectioii witii * * * thi.' prei):'.ratioii of ieatlier, is tiiat of 
 liuniishiii},' or siiiootiiiiig. somewiiat in tlie same manner as is now 
 effe( ted liy tlie flat-iron ;" and also re(('"-ds tlie interesting fact, that 
 "Mr. (ireenwell has a (v//" from ^'orkshire, \vlii( h was used by a shoe- 
 maker for smootliing down tlie seams he made in leather," ami adds 
 "tlie old laiglish name for the smooth stones nsed for smh )inrposes 
 is siickstone." l'"oll(jwini,' tlie examjiie of so safe a i,'iiide, tliese 
 same stones, which are of ail sizes and a great variety of ii.itlerns, but 
 of comparatively imiform m-'crial, are treated as slickstoiies. 
 
 'I'he form of this stune with the series of deep, narrow, parallel 
 grooves, which is in many case>, an app; rent combination of the 
 siickstone and sinew-dresser, does not a])pear to <)c< ur in luirope, but 
 it is of \ery general distribution on the North American ((intinent. 
 
 Practically the same implement as those here found in great ai)nii- 
 daiice, I'rofessor Niisson^'' has t'igured and des( ribeil as a "stretch- 
 ing implement." He savs of the illustration wiiich he gives, "The 
 widened jiart, representing the edge, has been rounded off by <('//i7,/;// 
 TOftir, probably from being rubbed against leather or something of that 
 kitid. A person, who has lived many vears as a nu( h.inic in ( Ireenlanil, 
 thinks he has discovered a great resembl.mcc between this stone im- 
 l)lement and the bone iiupleuK'tit, |irov ided with a handle. whi( h is 
 there nsed for stretc hing skins in order to give them the reijnisite soft- 
 ness. A somewhat similar siret(hing implement of iron is still used in 
 those parts of Scania where the winter dress of the pea.sanlry consists 
 of sheep-skin (oats." 
 
 l*'ig. 129 represents an example <>f jiolishcd pebble, that has been 
 altered little, if .my, in sliajie. A noticeable feature is in its being 
 perforated by five small holc^, which are n.iiural, however, bci.ig 
 thread-like veins of sotter miner.il which have been drilled out. ( )iie 
 of these perforations oi < iirring ne.ir the margin of the stone, the stone 
 itself has been worn off .it th.it jioint until mu< h thinner th.m elsewhere, 
 
 *• Nil»!K}n. Sioiif A, •■ in Si..im]ini»viii, p. 77, ami pi. i\, fi^;. Ci5. Londnn, iS68, 
 
SLICKSTONKS ANIJ SINKW IiRl'SSKKS. 
 
 141 
 
 and the hole then enlarged. A < ..rl was proljul)!)' passed throii^Oi tiiis 
 hole to sus] end the ini|)lenient. 
 
 I'ij,'. I ?,o represents a second exani]ile of a ])el)l)le, uhi< h is not only 
 higiiiy jjolisheil, Ijut the curved margin has been worn away, until it 
 
 ViCt 129. — New Jersey, j. 
 
 closely approaches an ordinary small celt, '['his cuived margin has 
 Ijeen worn more upon one side than the other, and were it not for the 
 
 faint stri;e that dull the surface 
 slightly, it would possess an extra- 
 ordin.ny polish. Knowing the pnr- 
 jjose of these polished ]iel)liles, one 
 can readily inuigine that the ex- 
 ceeding smoothness is still due to 
 their gri'asy condition when in con- 
 stant Use. 
 
 W hile the great majority of slick- 
 stones are natural pehhles, su( h as 
 the jireieding sjiec imens, others 
 ari' wholly artifici.il in ^h.qn-, and 
 ])()ssess in most cases, a ]ioh\h only ei|ualled l)\' llu' fmer « elts. i-'ig. 
 i^i represents a ])olislK'd iiorphyry i>el)lile, piTfei tly s\inmetrical, 
 ami ver^• tastefully des'gned. This spe<imen m.iy lie considered as an 
 example v\ the highest ype of these implements. 
 
 1. ~ New Jersey. 
 
142 
 
 I'KI.MinVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 Rlirkstones of this pattern arc t)f frL'(itient ornirrcnrc, although, 
 gr. ttly oiilniniil)L'rc(l by tlic natural ])c1>1)Il's that ha\e hccn used for 
 the same i)urposc. Of a series of eleven, all hut one arc of this material, 
 
 and all hut two. well jjoI- 
 isluMl. ( )ncspe( imenwas 
 (hilled in one ( inner, as 
 are many <il" the similarly 
 sha])ed "sinew-dressers." 
 None of them appeared 
 to have lieen worn u]ioii 
 an\' one surface more 
 than another, and all 
 showed traces of siral< li- 
 es, as fine as hair lines, 
 \vhi( h were jio^sihlv due 
 to the grit that had doubt- 
 lessly adhered to the 
 leather while in jiroeess 
 of maiuiUic tm-e. 
 
 Slickstones of this 
 elaborate pattern are 
 found o\er mui h (if the 
 area of the middle states. 
 .'\s the\- are of m) uniform 
 a si/e. wlien of this pat- 
 tern, it has b''en ([ues- 
 tioned whethiT thi'y jiad 
 not some otiier use than 
 that of rubbing stones for 
 <lrcssing leather. The 
 labnr of grinding to their 
 jircsent shape, and subsequently i)o!ishing tlie objei ts, w.is veryconsid- 
 erable. and yet, wiien finished, tliey possessed no advantage o\er tlu' 
 .sm.iller, irregular pebbles used fur the same imri>ose. I'his objection, 
 
 ■ N, W .Ic 
 
 b 
 
SI.ICKSTONr.S AND SIM-AV DKKSSr.KS. 
 
 U3 
 
 liowcvor, ajii-jlics to many otlicr forms of stone implements. \vhi( h also 
 exliibit, what to ns seems evidence of a vast deal of unnecessary labor. 
 ■J'he remarkahle unifonnily in si/e and in material of these implements, 
 on the other hand, deserves atten- 
 tion as a feature of i,Teat iiiteri'st. 
 All the examples that I have seen 
 from New Jersey and New York, 
 and those in the cabinet of the late 
 Professor Haldeman, fnjni Pennsyl- 
 vania, were remarkably alike in size, 
 and all made either of jiorphyry 
 or hornstone. 1 )oes this uniformity 
 of ^i/e, fnnsh and material indicate 
 some miknown use, not < onnected 
 with skin-dressing? 
 
 l''ii,'. }\2 represents a pestle- 
 shaped pattern of the^e slickstones, 
 made of a bla< k hornstone pebble. 
 The eiuire surfice is \ery liighly 
 polished, and the lower end, as 
 shown in the illustration, haN been 
 worn away until i)erfe( tly leve' (Jf 
 the \arious forms of natural pel)- 
 bles chosen for slii kstones, tew have 
 been fomid that are cylindrical, 
 allhonj;h, when of this si/e, they 
 seem most admirabl)' adajited for 
 rnbbini; seams, ;md otherwise \\ork- 
 in^,' leather in the course of its 
 manuf.K tiire iui ' ( lothini;. ( >t a 
 series of sixtv-eiuh sli( kstones found on an e\ti'nsi\e \ illau'e site 
 in Mer( er Co., Ni'w ierse\, there are but three that are strictly 
 cylindri( .\1. .and but eleven th.it are material!)- loiiuer tiian broad. 
 A few arc less than two inches in lengt'.ij but the majority arc 
 
144 
 
 I'KIMIllVr. IVDUSIKV. 
 
 al)oul five inches in length. li\ three to four in widlli, with one 
 side more \V(irn and poiisiied tli.iu tiie otiier. Diack stones are 
 ahn(i>t ahvays tlidsen. In the entire series, liut two are of wliite 
 ijuart/. thoiinh tliis mineral is snscejitihle of heinn worn \ery smooth, 
 and o( ( urs as water-worn pebbles of i)roi)er size and slia])e. 
 
 I'ii,'. 1,^,5 rejjresents a white marble siii kstone or smoolhini,' inij'le- 
 nient of altogether different j>attern from any ])revioiisly described, 
 but one that, while rare in New Jersey and New Iilngland, is of com- 
 mon occurrence in the south and west. 
 
 'I"his specimen is made of a j)ure white marble foimd near Attleboro, 
 lUukst'o., I'ennsyKania. 'i'he entire snrf.u e is worked, and is <|uite 
 smooth, though only the llal, under surface has any degree of ])olish. 
 
 Ki>.. I ^3- ~- ^''^v Icrsty. |. 
 
 .\s will be noticed in the illustration, this imjilenient has a groow ex- 
 tending across the back and sides. ( )ther esanijiKs ha\e the gro()\e 
 extending lengthwise, 'i'he i»iu|iose of these giooves, considering the 
 implement to be a slit kstone. is not clear. 
 
 C't)l. ('. (". Jones, jr.,'" in his I'laborate volume on the stone imi)]e- 
 mcnts and other relics of the southern Indians, figures a specimen of 
 this jiattern of slit kstone, but without the groove. lie remarks, that 
 till' sjiet imen he lias figured "tyi)it'ies a large cl.iss. examples of which 
 abound in the relic-beds on the S.u.uuiah ri\er. Their use is not well 
 ascertained, but their tlat s\irfaces are \ery smooth as though they had 
 been ( onstantly employed in nibbing." 
 
 »* Jones. Antiiiviitio of ilic .Smiihcrn iinJianr., p. 293, pi. xvi, I'n;. 9. New York, iSjj. 
 
 . 
 
SLICKSTONKS AM) SINKW UKESbiKRS. 
 
 M5 
 
 Associated as relics, that mark the former sites of Indian towns, and 
 similar as they are in many iiartictilars, it seems projjer to phK e in the 
 same ( ha])ter, althoiiirh separately cunsidered, those interesting; stone im- 
 jilements that are identi- 
 cal with the ]irecedinj,' 
 in e\er\ respect, save 
 that of hasini; a series of 
 short and narrow, but 
 deep marginal grooves, 
 extern ling ol)li<|tR'ly from 
 a short distance within 
 the margin to the edge 
 of the implement. 'I'hese 
 grooves are always on 
 both sides of the imple- 
 ment, and usually slant 
 from right to left. 
 
 Fig. i,V4 rei)resents a 
 very well marked exam- 
 ple (jf this form of im- 
 plement, and one, too, 
 that ])ossesses an ad- 
 ditional feature of inter- 
 est, in the hole drilled 
 in the upper left hand 
 corner. 'I'he number of 
 the fleep, obi ill lie 
 gnK)ve?, < haracteristic of 
 these implements, is un- 
 usually large on this sjiecimen, generally the series at the side being 
 wanting. W liile the perloratiou of one (orner of these implements 
 is <|uite common, it is seldom tiiat the hole drilled is as large as in 
 fig. 134, or as far from the margin of the stone. In many si>ecimens 
 the perforation is but one thirty-sei ond of an inch in diameter, and so 
 10 
 
 Kid. 1^4. — New Jersey. 
 
 ■ 
 
^ 
 
 146 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY, 
 
 near the edge of the stone, that the rim of stone, that makes the 
 perforation ( oniiiletc, is Imt little hroailiT tliaii the fliamcter of the 
 o])eiiini,'. 
 
 \\'lKn tJK- ini|)lcMneiU was drilled, of course this narrow rim of stone 
 niu>t have been somewhat thicker, and it has siihsciiuently lieen W(jrn 
 away liy the friction of the cord passing through it ; Init, at the time, 
 the perforation must have heen so near the margin, that the sue ( cssful 
 accomplishment of the drilling is a source of wonder, CJf the series of 
 drills of all i)atterns that have heen gathered from the Atlantic coast 
 states, not one has yet heen found that could have heen useil for the 
 jierforation of these implements in the manner described. 
 
 i'"ig. 1^5 represents a ])lainer examjile of these objects, but one 
 that is of more (onnnon occurrence. 'I'his and the preceding one 
 are of about the maximum si/e of this imjilemenl as fouml in the New 
 ICngland or middle states. 
 
 'J'hese imiilements have been long supposed to have been used in 
 dressing sinews, by ]iulling them to and fro along these grooves. 
 Whether this be true or not camiot be shown perhaps, but it seems 
 far more probable than that they were used in anyway as sharj)ening 
 tools, for either the edges of celts or the i)oints of bone needles. 
 
 In a recent monograph by Maj. ^V, M. Dall,''-' that author describes 
 a 'Tough figure of some four footed animal, with a forked tail, perhaps 
 used for smoothing down the as])erities of their sinew thread by draw- 
 ing it through the sharp furrow in tiie tail. 'I"he natives on the main- 
 land use a similar instrument for this purpose." 
 
 It is known that sinews were used as bowstrings, and these might 
 have been drawn over su( h deep furrows, as suggested by Mr. Dall ; 
 and ])ossibly these same stones were utilized by the Delaware In- 
 dians in dressing thread ma<le of other material. Holm records of 
 them, tiiat '"the women spin thread and yarn out of nettles, hemp 
 and s(jme ])lants unknown to us." 
 
 *^' I Kill. < hi tlic Rtinniiis of I.ntur Prc-Histiiric Man in Alaska. Sinithuin. Conlributions to 
 Knowledge, No. ji8. Washington, I). C, 1878. 
 
SLICKSTONES ANl> SINI.W UKEaSF.RS. 
 
 147 
 
 Kalm (Travels in North America, vol. ii, \i. 151) mentions tlie use 
 of a common plant for tllrea<l-lnal^inJ,^ as follows : "Ai'dcwi m C'aiiini- 
 /'ilium was by the Swedes called Jit nip of t/ir Iih/itini; and grew 
 plentifully in old corn- 
 gn^unds, in woods, on 
 hills, and in li igh 
 glades, 'i'he Swedes 
 have given it the name 
 of Iiu/ian lump, be- 
 cause the Indians for- 
 merly, and even nt)W, 
 (1749) apply il to 
 the same purposes as 
 the l')uropeans do 
 hemp ; for the stalls 
 may be di\ided intcj 
 filaments, and is easil)- 
 pre])ared. When the 
 Indians were settled 
 among the Swedes, in 
 PennsyKania an<l 
 New Jersey, they 
 made rojies of this 
 Apocxiniiii, which the 
 Swetles bought, and 
 employed them as 
 bridles, and for nets. 
 These roj)es were 
 stronger, and kept 
 longer in water, than 
 such as were made of common hemp. * • • ']'he Indians likewise 
 make several other stuffs of their lirnip. On mv journc)- through 
 the country of the InK/iicsf, I saw the women employed in manufac- 
 turing this hemp. They made use neither of spinning-wheels or dis- 
 
 Fic. 135. — New Jersey. 
 
148 
 
 I>RIMIlIVr, INIUJSTRV. 
 
 talTs, but v'AW-A tlic filaiiUMits uiioii tlicir b.irc thi;,'hs, ami made tlircad 
 and strin_L;s of tlu'iii, wlii( h lliry dyi'd rud. ycllnw, lil.nk, vU\, and 
 afterwards worked tlicni inti) stuffs with a groat doal of iugt-nuity. • • » 
 Souictinns tlic fishing ta< klc of the Iniliaiis consists entirely of tliis 
 hi'mp." 
 
 If sui h filnous yarn was "dressed" witii grea>e or, indeed, witii wax, 
 and then drawn o\er a groose in one of these stones, it would cer- 
 tainly l)e uukIi strengtiiened. 
 
 Considering then, the facts : that sinews were ntili/ed as liowstring;?, 
 that fishing with a line was a (onstant ui < upation, and tliat nets were 
 woven, and we have evidence that "thread and yarn" were constantly 
 in use, and there is much to lead to the inference th.it tliese grooved 
 inipieinents, if not simiije "^ilu■w■ dressers," were largely useil for pur- 
 poses s(j similar as to render the name not wiiolly inappropriate. 
 
 «^> 
 
 ^S2^> 
 
ciiAri'i: R X. 
 
 MiiKTAK^ \M> ri>ri.i:s. 
 
 O^F of the fi-'W objcrts that, !)>■ its more presence, perhaps more 
 vividly than all else, re( alls the fad that these goodly lands wore once 
 tenanted liy another and far different jieople. is the stone mortar, fig. 
 I 56, \\hi( h, ill its history, is so cIomIv linked to that of the invaluable 
 arti< le of fond, the mai/e or Indi.m < orii. Whellivr the mortar is 
 simply a slab of sandstnuL-, with scarcely a depression npon il, a gra- 
 nitic, liowlder witli a deep cavity, or even a natural hollow in a ^tation- 
 arv rock, its jjurjiose, to the Imlian, was the s.une. Within these 
 hollow ' 'he <'orn was pounded into meal. 
 
 11,-1^1, '' sjieaking of the I )elaware Indians, says that " that they make 
 bread out of the maize or Imli.m c urn, whi( h they jireiure in ,1 manner 
 pel uliar to themselves; they 1 ru^h the grain between two >tones, or 
 on a large jiiei e of wood." I,o^kieP■ states that they grind the mai/e 
 "as hue as Hour by means of a -uhHuini pestle and mortar;" but it is 
 not probable that many mortars of wood were used, considering the 
 great number of tho-^e of stone that we fmd, esjieeially in New Jersey. 
 
 Of the Delaware Inilians the same author says : "'{"hey are fond of 
 muscles and oy>ters, and lho>e who live near an oyster-bed uill subsist 
 for weeks together ujion them. They also eat the land-tortoi>e, which 
 is about a s]ian bn.ad. and rather more in length , and even locusts 
 are used for food. These come fre.iuently in large swarms, c(nering 
 and destroying even the bark of the trees." 
 
 .■\s the oysters ami mussels were also dried in large (luantilies for 
 
 '"Hulm. Hi>t.iry of New Sw.-dc-n, p. i.!i. riiil:iik-l|ihi;i, i3j4. 
 •■ Mi^^ilp|l M Niirtli Acnuntan Imliaiis, ji (7. Lundun, 1794. 
 
 (Ut)) 
 
»So 
 
 I'KIMIIIVI INDISIKST. 
 
 winter use, ii is vi'iv ]inilKilili' tliat morun-s were also iist'd as a 
 rccfjitac Ic in whii li Ut rciliuc llic dried shell-fish to a sort ot' jxnvder 
 Oi;|ml|). This, mixed witli ilie rorn-mcal, luade a dotii^h, or hatter, 
 not ui.like llie inodern ■"IriittTs." It was a < (jinnicin praciice witli tl\e 
 Indians tn mix other artii les i<\ food witli tlie meal made from mai/e. 
 I.oskiel nunlioiis tlieir nii.xinj; dried lallierries wiili (ornineal, and 
 also sMUiked eels clioiiped hue. 
 
 •• Hunter informs ns that, in some ot" the Iniiian villa^'es visited l)y 
 him, there were one or two lariii' st )ne mortars for ponndinij rom, 
 whieh were |)ul)li(: jjroperty. riu--e were |)la<ed in a < eiitral part of 
 liie villat,e, and were useil in rotation hv tlie different families. "''' 
 
 ^l()rtar^ are of \arioii> forms. 
 In the lirii )ila('e the Indians not 
 nnl'rei nieiiily utili/e( 1 U >r this purpose 
 the natural hollows or ilepressions 
 that are found in stationary rorks. 
 Others tif smaller si/.e were made 
 
 .y p. 
 
 kini: 
 
 .1 di'ep ( .ixity inaglohii- 
 
 lar 
 
 or <iii)M .n 
 
 k of stont: as in 
 
 Flci, 
 
 - M.UH.irhlwctl'*. 
 
 I'i;4. i.V- while in still other in- 
 staiK es ilicy sim|ily made use of a 
 
 llal slal) of stone into whi« ii .1 sh.illow depression w.i> worn, the result 
 
 of long usage rather than of design. 
 
 'i'he woollen mortars, having nearly all decayed .md therefore known 
 
 generally Iiy the historic al rel'i-rem e■^ to them, need onl\ to In referred 
 
 ;t extent, in 1 omparison wi 
 
 th 
 
 to .!■> having 0111 e heeii used ; hut to 
 those of stone, is not known. 
 
 I'ig. i_^7 npresenls an enormous glatial 
 still remain in view in Centre street. Irenion. N.J. I he hollow or 
 
 der. portions of which 
 
 hasin in this roc 
 
 k i-. of natural origin, lieing a "pothole." as such de- 
 
 pressions are ( ailed hy geolcjgisls. I'he pi-silc that is represented 
 
 in 
 
 "Slcvciii. Klintt;)ii|>». |i. sV'i •lO'Xinil f'"'" ll>»>w^ Maiiiici'. ami Lu>iiiiii« <if liitluii Tnb«>, 
 |i. 4(>^. LuikIuii, 1S70. 
 
MOKIAKS AN.) I'lsn.lS. 
 
 »=;i 
 
 tlif illustration was foninl so m ar tlio supposeil mortar, tliat it is iniiic 
 prolialile !• vis used in i oiiiu' lion witli it ; lint the cvidcmc that 
 tliis ••po.-liulc" WIS iisi-(l as a Miortar re'sts iiiioii the fact, tiiat the rixk 
 occiipii's a position, once ilie very ( entre of a populous Indian \illa!,'e, 
 and that in excavatin,; cellars in the imnieiliate vicinity of this rock. 
 l)e>idr-> nunihers of other n.li( s, many broken aixl some short, iin- 
 hrokiii pestles were lound. It is jirohalilc, too, that the natural <a\ilv 
 ha^. luen soiiiewhat tleepened hy ii>e, hnt the ro( k heiii:; unusually 
 iiard and unyieldinj:. it is diftirult to determine to what extent, if an\. 
 this may ha\e heen done. 
 
 liowlders with these natural hasins, although too heavy to lie mo\eil 
 
 
 Kic;. IJ7. — Nl» 
 
 liy any one person, wee occasionally transported to ipiite distant 
 points, and the/ used in coirimon hy the people of the village, to 
 whom they lielonged. One such, to whi( h refereiK e is made in local 
 history, fomierly occupieil a prominent position in what is supposed to 
 have lieen tlie public ><|iiare of a silLiije, situaletl near Yardville, Mercer 
 ( "o.. New I ■r>ev. Till-- mortar, now in the .\ri hieolof^u ,il .Museum at 
 < 'anibriil|L'r Mass., is a lari,'e mass of I'otMl.im s.indstoue, \\eif^liinj; 
 about OIK' hundrr(| pounds. witi» a deep, i ircular basin in it. ll is 
 known to have been u vil by the Indians, as recently as i7.?o. 
 
iSa 
 
 I'kiMinvi iNnrsiRv. 
 
 I'i.L;. i.v*^ rL'iirosonts .m avcra^'c L-xamjilc of tlic small mortars. Il is 
 a flat, triaiijitilar [licc c of saiidstoiie, SDiiicwhal less than nine iiidics 
 aUiiig each side. The upper surface has i)eeii worn away iiiitii an oval 
 (lei)ression lias heen formed aliout one ineh deej) at the < entre. As 
 very many of tliese mortars arc even of less capacity than the speci- 
 
 I 
 
 nii'ii KTi fi^^'ired. it i> e\iditi( lli.it Imt little j,'rain (onld lie ground 
 
 a linu , iirolt.ihiv nut more I'l.n. «,is ni'edeil lor immediate um 
 
 diati 
 
 \\l 
 
 as .1 ri il' 
 
 Ih. 
 
 mortars should he so mill 11 smaller th.m the .Me\i<an 
 
 melalis, whiih they closely resemhle, is sometliing o( a inysler\. The 
 
MOKTAKS ANI> I'IWH.KS. 
 
 '5,5 
 
 advanremcnt of tlic Indians of llic Atlantic CDast. in tlic < nlinarv arts, 
 was as great as tliat of tlicir more .-.oiitlicrn ncigiiliors. 
 
 I'Voni the cliarac tir of tin; wearing and scraic lies in tiic ^a^in of 
 fig. 13.S, it is evi<lcnl that the "ujiper Miilist(;nes" used with these 
 shallow mortar-., were the ilat, oval iiehhles, with one snrfai e arlitu i.illy 
 worn, v\hii h are e\en more ahnndant tiian the nmrtirs tluniseUes. 
 l'"ig. 1.^9 rejiresents one of these '•n])jier miilstone>." It is .in ordi- 
 n.ir\ w.iter worn pehhle, with tlie under siile worn \ery smooth liy long 
 continued fri< tion ag.iinst the sides and liottom of the basin of tile 
 ini)rtar. I'ig. i,;<; w.is found as- 
 soei.itedwith tile mort.ir, fl^. 1,5s. 
 and as it fits the li.i^in iinite ar- 
 
 ( uraleiy. they .ire siipiiosei 
 
 1 to h 
 
 been used together. Thi^ use 
 neeessarilv < on>i^ted in a very 
 liniite<l ruhhiiiL; motion, in tiie di- 
 
 f the Ic 
 
 re< tion o 
 diameter of tiie 
 
 b.isin. 
 
 >f th 
 
 itli thi' 
 
 sujuiosed uplKT stone, fig. 1 \i), there 
 could not ha\e been pl.iy enough 
 
 tl 
 
 to ;;ive the coniliinei 
 
 d St 
 
 ones liUU h 
 
 iiding or cru->hing power. 
 
 ]• 
 
 140 represents .1 se< ond e\- 
 
 ^^«Wt.'y^yg^| |^«<a,\ 
 
 nm| 
 
 ill' of th 
 
 shall 
 
 ow mori.irs. 
 
 wliit h 
 tere-t. 
 
 jMissesses ni.uu' pouUs nl m- 
 
 ■ll 
 
 US specimen measures lourteen mr lus m length bv tii\ m 
 
 ■ Niw KT»fy. \- 
 
 width, and 
 
 'f 
 
 .'l ui 
 
 lirorm thiikni 
 
 >f 
 
 lioiit tiuee ill! hes 
 
 under surf i< e is un< hinued in an\ \\.i\ iVoni its n.itunil 
 
 diiion. 
 
 ant 
 
 1 tl 
 
 m.irgins are 
 tl 
 
 put si 
 
 jhtlv 
 
 siiiniiiiied or worn. 
 
 n 
 
 le nppet 
 
 surl.K e, on the cmitrary, is worn or uilrnlion.ilK ground ijnuii in 
 a ]ierlei I level, and in the middle there is a sh.illow depre.sinn. 
 perfectly circiil.ir, .u)d marked by a series nl wrll ilefiued 1 in ular 
 stria-. Mort.irs of this <liara< tir an- liuite rare, and whether useil in 
 a difierent manner from the more common ones, sik h as fig. 13.S, is 
 
154 
 
 J'KlMinVK INlU-SlkV. 
 
 not known ; Imt it is c\i(lcnl tliat tlic nu'lhod of f^rinflinj,' on this 
 si)c(i 1111.11 was very dilTcrfnt froni that i-mploycd in the precechnj,' ex- 
 aniiiie. 'l"here it was evidently a nihliini; motion, here a revolvinj,' one. 
 and even the stcadv revolution of" t!\e end of a ( \lindri< al justle would 
 not, unless guided with great aceiiracy, make sik h a regularlv < ir( ular 
 <leI)re•.^ion. The artifu lally snunjthed surface alionl the l)a^in in this 
 s|)e( imen is a feature of niu<h interest. Sm h mortars are not UMially 
 altereil in any may. .\mung nearly a ihousirid of these (il)je( ts f mud 
 in the sotidiern i (lunties uf New Jersey, Iml three were at all i h.uiged 
 from their natural coinlition of suhangular Iiowlders. excejit in the 
 wearing away that had resulted in a lusin like depre^^itJU. 
 
 I Hi. I4'i. — New jer>cy. \. 
 
 Shallow stone morl.ir^. like the alio\e. are < onunon in the Miuthern 
 st.ite^. ( 'ol. ('.('. jnius. jr..'" mentions, that "fmm a --inLile reli( litd 
 on the ri^ht liank ol' the S.i\.uui.di ri\er. a I'lw miles al.<.\e .\u.l;iis|,i, 
 I olit.iiiud. at one time, thirl' n -.tone morlar> ni.ide of llat Ijowlders 
 taken from the lied of the stream .md hollowed out on liotli -.ide-. to 
 the ilepth of two or three ini he-.. 'The ;t\irage diameter of these 
 sh.illow liasiiidike eM.i\.itions w.is rather more th.iii nine inehes. No 
 I.ilior liad lieeii expended in shaj ling the-e stdues. The natives look 
 tliem as they found them, .md simpi) lorimd the ra\ilies. i'lu ed 
 niion the ground or held in the l.ip, with tlu- .i-.sisi.ini i' ol' the ordin.iiy 
 
 ••Junck. Anti<|Uitics uf tlit; Sumln:rii inuia:iH. |k, jij. New \"'irk, 1873. 
 
MORTARS AND I'F.STI.F.S. 
 
 155 
 
 (lish-shaiifd cnisliing stdncs — larj^o nuinl)cis of whirli wxrc s<.-oii in 
 the vicinity — the ^rwn corn < ould have liten huisIrcI, tlie pan lieil 
 com piHinded, or tlie hiiiks lieateii from tlie ripe j,'raiiis." 
 
 Stone mortars, witli a l)asin of such depth as reipiired a long, cylin- 
 drii al pestle, are of rare occiirreiK e ahmg tlie nortliern Atlantic sea- 
 board. A sinf^k example has ( ■casionally been fomid and referred to 
 in ln( al journals, but few apj tear to have been secured by the larj;er 
 museums. C ertainly, none of the < harat ter of the lar..;er mortars, 
 found in southern (.'alifornia, are ever met with east of the Mississippi 
 river. In the southern states stone mortars of excellent workmanship 
 have occasionally lieen found. Col. (!.('. Jones, jr.,'"' descril)es one 
 from Liberty Co., (leori;!.!, as "made of \ellnw. ferruginous quartz 
 with a ll.u iiottom and ( in ular walls gnuhially expanding as ihev rose ; 
 its general shape was that of an iiiverte<l. trum ated i one. T-.uirely 
 artific ia! tlie exterior was well ])oiisiied. .About ten inclies high, eight 
 iix lies in di.uneter at the to|) and seven inches at the boitoui, the 
 interior liad been excivaled to tlie depth of nearly eight inches. 
 At tile top the walls were about three-iniarlers of .ui im h thick and 
 iiit reaped in tiiickiiess as they descended." Mortars of this si/e are 
 Hot known to occur along tiu. nortliern At!. intic co.ist, though there 
 have been louiid smaller examiiles of solter materi.il. moderately accu- 
 rate in outline and of caretul fMii.-.h, thus showing that the a!)sence of 
 the larger kinds was not (hie to any lac k uf lapability on the part of 
 the nortliern Indian-.. 
 
 I'fstles, or the long c ylindric al stone implements u>ed in connection 
 with the deejier mortals, p.uticul.ul) with the large wooden ones, are 
 of \erv c Dinnion occurrence throughout the entire are.i of tlie New 
 I'.ngliiid and middle slates. Kalm ('i'ra.ils in Xorih .America) speak- 
 ing of the Delaware Indians, says that "they had .?/.>//«• /(■.»//<•.>■, about 
 a foot long, and as thic k as a man's arm. They consist chiefly of a 
 black sort of a stone, and were formerly emploveil. l>y the Indians, 
 for pounding mai/e, which has, since time immemorial, been their 
 
 •"luiiC!., /.<■., p. ji;:. 
 
'5^' 
 
 I'KI.MniVr. INDUSIRV. 
 
 diirl" and almost tlu-ir only corn. • ♦ » • 'I'hoy fomirrly iinuiidcd 
 all tluir ( oin or niai/c In hollow tiixs, with iIk- ahovo incntioncil pcs- 
 tK>. made of sloiif. Many Indians had only woodiii ])i'sllcs." As a 
 (lass of im])lcments. while \^:y ilislinct from all oiIhts, tlu-y vary nuK h 
 within themselves. Some are as carefully fmished and as hii^hly jioi- 
 ished as the cells, while others are merely water woni ]>elilile-. and i .ui 
 (inl\ ln' rei Di^ni/ed as reli( s of the Indi.in-. hy the liatlered emls, or 
 other siar( ely di^ ernilile marks of n>e. The inajoriiy of pesik-, were 
 not ni.'.de, lint were i ho^en iVom the pehliles of the :i\i-r. Sii< h a>i 
 were naln.'ally cvlindrit al in >h ijie were t.ikeii. ami o( ca>ioiially some 
 bli.nht modi "ications were made in the shape. 'The loni.'est were, of 
 comse, m.ide from loni,' >lili> of stone, and ha\e their entire surl.ues 
 worlud liv jieckini;. Thii proc i'» is ln'^t exhihited in the ^'roo\ed 
 stone a\es. \\hal m.i\ he c on-,idrred .!■> the maximum leiiulh of pes- 
 tle> i> dillii nit to di lermine. hut tho-,e of a i;re.iter leii-th than fifteen 
 iiK he> are not » ommon. 
 
 Of a series of nimtv two pe-tles loimd in New Jersey, tuent\- einht 
 are jil.iin cylinders, wholly -.hajied hy peekin.L;. !''ifleen ha\e a portion 
 of their surface pec keil, to hriiii; them to a perfectly ( ylimhii al -lupi-. 
 The others are natural pelihles with dilfereiil amounts of .illeralion of 
 the paluri! surfu es. The ( harai ter of the ends ol tlie^e iKstles \,nies 
 considel ihlv. About one thild .ire poliNJu-d, as if hy ii>e. while the 
 otlurs are rou^'h and in some inst.mi es slii;htly hattered. \\ hen we 
 come to the smallest of these ( ylimlrii .il pelihles, and espei ially such 
 a'^ \\.\\i' distin< il\' h ittereil cikU, ii is neciss.iry to e\en ise rare that 
 we do not conl'oimd pcMJes and pos^iMc h immers. Still, il used .is 
 lii'stles. these sm.illi r i-\,nnples \\<iuld he iisid with sh.illow stone, ami 
 not deep wiioden niort.irs, and so would lie more or les-, li.ilile to l>e- 
 (diiie broken or spliitered al the iiids. 
 
 i'iys. i.p and I }j represent e\i client a\er.i,ue ex.imples III tli'- loiig, 
 jilain. ( ylindrii ,il pestles, lomnKHi everywhere. I'Il;. i(i measures 
 seventeen and onr li.ilf iiu lies in lenj.Mh .md nearly ei..;lil im lies ii^ 
 circumfereiii e. It is snmewh.it |ioh>he(l .md hexelled .It either end. 
 whu.h \\uuld indie. ite th.U it was used in the deeii nioit.irs for iioiinding, 
 
MORTARS AM) PKSH.IS. 
 
 '57 
 
 
 and not as a rolling pin upon a flat slal) of slono ; although this latter 
 use apiK-ars to have liccn true of sdmr', jud^^ing simply by the imlisij. 
 The marks of the stone-hamnier, in pi'( king the iniplement to its 
 present sliape, are jilainly \isiMe even tu tlie \ery ends of the siicti- 
 men. lliis pestle weighs sesen 
 pounds. I'ig. I. (J measures seven- 
 teii) inc his in length, am!, in sec- 
 tion, is tlattened and i|u.i<lr,ingul.ir. 
 Altliiiiigh sinodtlu'r th.ui the pre- 
 ( eding, it shows the marks of the 
 h,nnnur stime '.rr\- plainly e\( ept 
 
 at the eu'ls, whiih are smonthed, I I K ^ • •' 
 
 hut not pniisiuil, and nearh' llat 
 and si|uare. I'r^iiesof this |Mllirn 
 are nut (omninn. .Si hiHih r.ili" 
 figures one ih.ii is similar. 
 
 I'ii,'. i.p; reiiresciits a tliird ex- 
 ample of the ordinary plain jiesdes. 
 It is niade of s.UKNlone, nilie .1 : ! 
 one half iiu his in len-th, and 
 pi'cked o\er tlie intire surf.ii e 
 cx<epl the eMremo ends whirh 
 are smouiheil, hut not polished. 
 This pestle, whii h is ,1 ^ood repre- 
 sentative example ot' the < onunon 
 short s|ie( im. i'.s, w.is found on .1 
 well known Indi.in village site near 
 'I'renlon, New Jersi)-, where hun- 
 dreds h.ive been (ollectnl. .!"-.>. I i,,,.y I 
 
 The gre.it abund.riK e of pestles, ii\ m.my lot .ilitiis where mortars an.- 
 seldom found, h.is bein l'iei|uiiuly not d, .uid mui h surprise h.is been 
 expressed that sui h should e\er be tlu' ( ase. It is re.idily explained. 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
 *> .St.hmiki.ir(. Hiitury ami Comlitiun nf IiuImii I'lilict, |i(. 1, ji, fliS, pi. ii, fig. 1. 
 
'58 
 
 I'RIMITrvE INUUSIRV. 
 
 1 tliiiik, liy supposing that there was a stationary mortar in some lart,a- 
 rotk niar liv. to whii h tin- women of the trilie resorted, and also, l)y 
 the fart, tiiat wooden niurlars were more largely in use than has been 
 
 M 
 
 ^4 
 
 Fu;. i4(. — New Jersey. ]■ 
 
 I'll.. 144. — New Jtrwy. 
 
 supposed. These, of ( our^^e, li ive generally lonj,' since decayed, but 
 
 some two or tliree are known lo have been foimil and are still pre>ersed. 
 
 Fig. i.}4 represents a form of pestle, common in New Jersey. It is 
 
MORTARS AND I'KSlLtS. 
 
 159 
 
 a rylindriral pebble that has aijparcntly boon sjilit intciUionally Air 
 llirfc-lburlhs of its Ifii^'tli. 'I'lu' iiiil)r<)k<.'n end allows some traces of 
 ( ontact willi stone, and is sliglitly battered. 'l"lie sjilit end is worn 
 (|uite smootli. The evidence of intentional splitting of these i)estlc- 
 pelil)ics is seen in the f.u I lluit so many ha\e liccn ibund of thi> funn. 
 liillier the\ are intention- 
 ally s)»lil. or naturally 
 fractured jiebbles were 
 habitually i hosen for 
 pestles. 
 
 {•"igs. 145 and i.j() irji 
 resent cylindrical jieb- 
 bles of small si/e from 
 California, wlii< h have 
 been used as pestles. 
 l'"ig. 145 has been slightly 
 modified liy ]i (king on 
 both ends, au'i is some- 
 what smoother at the 
 extremities than en er the 
 body of the implement. 
 l''ig. 146 shows but slight 
 alteration of its surface 
 by use, but the fait of 
 its having been found in 
 a grave, assot iated witii a 
 mortar f)f the smallest 
 size, indicates that it has been used as a pestle. Small ( ylindrical peb- 
 bles like these are of common occurreni e on (lie .\tlanti<: seaboard. 
 
 I''ig. 147 represents a magnifu ent example of a l.irge pe>tle, remark- 
 able, not only for its length, whii h is twenty-eigiit im lies, but lor the 
 artistically carved serpent's (?) he.id at one end. This jiestle is not 
 cylindrical. 
 
 Its .surface is formed by a series of Sl.U plains of uniform width. 
 
 t'lLi. M3 ;""1 146 — Cilifornu. ) 
 
l60 
 
 i'klMllIVi: INOLNIkV. 
 
 extending; tlu' iiitirL' kiigili of 
 tliu iiiiplciiuiit. SuiiK' of ilu'in 
 arc iiMiU' highly iiolislii'd. wliilc 
 otlicrsarc iirtcIv smooth. I'Iil- 
 < in iiiiit'trcrii (■ of the plain, or 
 |)oim(linj^ 111(1. i> iii'arl)' I'lM'aiid 
 a lialf iiK hcs, \\hi(li is iiion; 
 than an im h l.irmr tliaii the 
 * in timli-iiiK i-of till' ]nstli' iin- 
 iiu'ili.iti!} !>ilo\\ the (ar\eil 
 lic.iil. In the .\r(li;eoloj,'i(al 
 Miiseiini.al ( '.iiiihri(l_L;e, Mass., 
 are two othcr> of tluse oriKl- 
 iiuntiil pestles, one of whii h 
 is i|iiile sni.ili, uhiKl the other 
 is not so loiii,', hut of greater 
 diameter than lig. \.\-j. llotli 
 have more m.nnni.ii-like he.ids 
 (arviil at one end, and are 
 nolieealili- iVoin the f u t th.it, 
 in lioth. the e.irs of the he, id 
 are prominentl\ carsfd. while 
 there is no trai e of an e\e. 
 
 I'rofes^or l'erkins''-deM rihes 
 an ornamented |Kstle o\. itwo 
 feet in lenj,'th, now in the nui- 
 M-um ol' till' I "ni\t.r->it\ <>( Wt- 
 luont, as ••< \lindri( .il, as iwii.il, 
 ami is rouiuleil at one end, 
 while the other i> (.irved to 
 resemliie the he.id of sdine 
 animal — il mav he a woll." 
 
 Flii. u;. — Ma>»acliUM:lts. 
 
 •' .\int'ii<..iii Niituf.ili-i, v.d. \ , p i i. 1S71, 
 
MOIM'VRS AM) I'lSII.r.S. 
 
 Tfil 
 
 Mr. I'utn.im,':' in a fool-nnic rcfcrriii; to 'In- al.ovi', ail<ls: "In ilu- 
 colic, lion of Ilu- Ni-w \. k Slate inusriiiM. at AJluny, llun- is a lonj; 
 'pestle' i>{ idfiitiia! iiatkrn i\w\ ji ivin^' the same nm-li <ai\int; as 
 the one descrihed from tlie Durlin^'lon miisenin. Tlie^e are tlie 
 
 only ones that have e muler my oli-,ervalion !ia\iii:,' tlie handle 
 
 <ar\.d 1,, irpiiseiit .in anim.il, tlion-h most nf ihc lon-i-r implements 
 of this < hara. i,r hase a kuoi) at the handle, .; , if for the [.nri-use of 
 snsjKiisioii." 
 
 A pestle with a (arvhi,^' of a serpent's liead, foimd in Ononda{,'a 
 Co.. New ^■ork, is of mii< ii interest, as the implement is not strai.i;ht. 
 The <ar\ed lu.nl is luiit to a {greater an.-le than in Ci.i,'. 147. and the 
 l-i.iin or poim.iin^' enil is imewhat nl^^•.■d in the opposite diredion. 
 
 This < rooked spr, iimn would not .mswer for liie ordinary uses of a 
 I'tsilr, andsiij^-esis the idea that it may have l.een a ( lul) or iMtnn. 
 'ihal stone thij.swere e\er in use am.mt; tlie Iro.jiiois or .\l,-onkin 
 tribes is, Iiowever. merely nieniioned as jiossilile. 
 
 'I'he |)esile, here des( rilied, is fi-nred in a MS. on tlie .\ntiiiuilies of 
 Onomla.i,';! Co., N^w N'ork, i,y Rev. W. .\I. jJeaM.hamp of Haldwins- 
 nllc. New \nvk, m the Jil.mry of die .\r( h.eol.-ical museum, .il Cam- 
 bridge. .Mass. 
 
 A pestli-. (loseiy resemlijiuj; that represenled in tvj,mr 147, is de- 
 scrilM . \,y the s.mie writer, as "twenty-seven indies lun^. ,jnite sltaider 
 and im formly (yiindrir.il, its average diameter l.eini,' al.oiit two imhes. 
 Tile diameter is nearlye.iti.il throui;hoiu ; one em! is somewhat con- 
 tra, te.i. .uid ihe opjiosiio more so. to form a ne. k for ih. .arvi'd head 
 whi< h termin.ites it. jiiis ( .irvin-. tluni-h not elal)or.it,-. yet .hsiin. ily 
 and strongly in.Ii< ales a he.id, somewh.it dog like and somewliat fish- 
 like, in some fe.ilures resembling one air.m.il. in others the other." 
 Judging from tin- illustr.ilion that a< (■omi>anii s tiiis dest ripiion, it would 
 seem mon- probable that a serpents hea.l was intended to ]«■ repre- 
 sented, as the Iiead upon that lure figured is ( eriainly inicnded for 
 Ih.il, and the two bc.ir ,1 marked nsiinblanee. Professor iVrkins also 
 
 "A. >•., Mil. Mil, |l. 71,, fig. ,, ,,f |,1, 
 
 11 
 
 ,ap). 
 
lC)2 
 
 I'KIMIIIVl. IMUSIKY. 
 
 R'l'irs to two slniK' |ll■^tl^■s iVi Mil Wriiiont, wliic 1\ li.ivc rude carvings 
 on oni' end. ( H' one of tlu'^e lie remarks, "the ( ar\i(l end represents, 
 ratlier rudely, hut yet jilainly, the heail of ;i si|iiurel or some similar 
 animal." Of the < ommon forms of this im|ilenifnt, as found in \'er- 
 monl (and the remarks ajiply eipially well to all New l.n^laiul). I'rofi^sor 
 Perkins says they are of "all \arieiii-i. Some are fusirorm, u>iil e\i- 
 deiitly as rollers, >,ini'e both iiids are in soiiie i .i-<es iiolished liy the 
 l'ri( tion with the hands, oiIuts as ol«\ioii-.ly nsi'd for pounding, ai the 
 more or less rectanjiular form iireeludes the posMiliiliiy of rolliii;^ them ; 
 one of these is ihrie in< hes square ami nearly a foot ami a half lonj;, 
 flat on all >ides ; other spec imen-. are flat on two sides ami rounded 
 on the ipiher two : otheis are <'luli-^hapicl, and ^.o on." 
 
 I.oiil; pe>tles, \Miii kiioli-. on one i iid. judj^'inj,' I'rom the series of 
 the>e implements pre>er\ed ill the sewr.il l.irj^i- miliums, are of r\en 
 rarir o( < urniu e than tho-^e with animal heaiU ; hut wry fi'w are found 
 e\in with a narrow groove near one end. This form, wiiic h is so 
 (•har.uteri>tif of llu- Ion:; jie^lles I'ound in California, is not aliundant 
 anywhere ^.l^e on the I'ai ilu ( o.i'^t. ( >f the hundreils of ))e>tles from 
 the All inlii >hori->. muih' .iii' so di^tmc ll\ :;ioii\td and i oll.ired. a> those 
 from ( 'aliform,!. I'i,:;s. i (S and i .p^ rej^resent spei imeiis of these 
 (oll.ired pcsilc-.. t.ikrn jiom ^r i\es .it 1 )os I'ui'hlos, .southern ( '.ilifornia. 
 It is somewhai str.in;;<' when we (ousiiKr the I.ilior of < arx inj; an ani- 
 mal's head on one of iiu>e pestles, th.it so \er\ lew of tiieiu ha\e even 
 a ^roo\'e aliiiiit one end, that they nii^ht the inori' e.isily he su>|iended ; 
 lhou:4h lhe\ apjie.ir \iry ^'elleially to |i.i\e lieeli so sUsjJinded. " The 
 I'eini.iennks," ai 1 ordiiiL; to .St houli mil, •• weri' ae( ustoniecl to suspeufi 
 a stone pestle tVoiii tile limhof a tree, wliiih a< ted .1-. a sprini; and 
 sa\ed the sipiaw l.iliour in liliin>; the pestle. 'Iliese pestles were 
 usually (irnamenleil with .i hum, in he.nl, or tln' he. id of a deer, or 
 some other animal, s( uljitured .it one end." \\liile tlu; i oni hision, 
 that tliev «ere //i7/f///r snilptured, w.is an iinw.irr.mted inlenm !■ on the 
 ji.irt 111' Mr. St hooler.ilt, the few(ar\ed pestles tli.ii are fdimd show 
 that siK h was sometimes the t ,ise. 'I'lie .iliseme tif these (.irxin^'s or 
 of a };roo\e or toll.ir on i ert.iiu spe( imeiis t amiot, howe\er, lu < dii- 
 
 , 
 
MOKIAKS AM) l'I.STI.K.S. 
 
 '^•3 
 
 sidercd as evidence tliat they were ix.t al.o suspended. The distinc 
 
 lion drawn between Irne peMles. so . allid, an<l the hli^luy pohshed. 
 
 finely finished init plain spe( i- 
 
 rnens, whii h liave lieen called 
 
 ware liii)s, as has hrcn already 
 
 stated, is, in all proliaMlily, not 
 
 warranted. 
 
 I''ij,'. 150 represents a small 
 
 pestle, pounder or niulkr, sue h 
 
 as is < onunon in western antl 
 
 southern loialilies, hut of rare 
 
 o( <urriiii !• in .\\w JcrMV or 
 
 New Mnnland. This s|)trini(n 
 
 has liiin ( arefully shap d hy 
 
 pe< kinj^. and on the ends, one 
 
 of whii h is jicrfedly (lat, are 
 
 shallow (lip like depressions. 
 
 'I lu'se (lipre>>ions are not uii- 
 
 (oninioii in the short niullers Kll 
 
 found in ( tjiio, which are ini- K! H HI^v'\-''J 
 
 pleinenl^ of known use, ancl 
 
 therefore their jiresence, in this 
 
 instance, is not an intli( ation that 
 
 fig. 150 is not .1 peMJe, or niiiller. 
 
 'I he purpo^e of iju- j;roo\e aliout 
 
 the middle of thi- iiii|ilemeiit is 
 
 difficult to determine. When 
 
 such n.irnn.- j,'rooves are near 
 
 one end, a-, in the (V.liforiii.i 
 
 sjiec iiueiis, it is evident that the 
 
 pestles so niaike<l, when in n>e, 
 
 were siisiiended from the limh 
 
 of a tree ; l.ut f,g. ,50 is too small to l.e used in this manner, .md the 
 
 V.V 
 
 t-.V 
 
 
 I I.. 
 
 i<9 :ina 1 1 ,, — e.ilil.. 
 
iO., 
 
 I'KIMI|IIVK INI>1 -niV. 
 
 j;r«Mi\i' \tv\\}ii ill ill'" iniii'llf •'< tin- implfiiUMit xvinilil jircM'tii ii finm 
 lakiiii.'. il •^ll^In•Mlll•>l, iitlur tli.iii .1 linn/iint.il |«isitiiii). 
 
 I'l:;. i;i n|jii'>viil-. ;tii .ivor.i^t -.|K-iiinen ui '■»• slmrl ll.iriii)' iitiillers, 
 
 :ir ( nislu-rs < niDinuti in ( )l)i(>, 
 iiMt I iitii|Kir.iii\('ly rare in Ni-w 
 i ii^l.iiiil anil till- mil Idle >iati-s. 
 In a M-rii's ol aluiiil niiirt\ 
 l«->lli-.. tlu-ri' ari- Iml ilirrc dI 
 tlirsf iiuillcr>. W'liiif lint |K's- 
 ilis sinrtly Niwakin^. \'t tluMf 
 iiM' i^ Ml similar as i>i i\arraiit 
 till ir In 111^' I la-.si-i| t(iL;illicr. 
 
 I- 1:,'. 151 IS iiiailf i«l A MTV 
 
 ('(im|>a<t graiiilir rmk, .mil is 
 
 carrtnJlN wnrkfil hmt its riitiro 
 
 ■.iirtii I . 'Ihi' I rnsjiin^^ i-iiil. ui 
 
 liam-. 1- ncarls IcmI aii'l mi>n' 
 
 \Miim fu.tii ImiIiiiiI. as ihniiflli 
 
 thi- imi4i-iiU'i)t liail Ini i» n.fd 
 
 ) ' ( 1 w ' ; a riililimi^, rallu r liiaii a 
 
 *ii |«i>iitiiiiii^ iiiDliiin. rill- two 
 
 '|| iiPhfi ivnin|ilts III txjiii.il mill- 
 
 1] Uts. 1.1 Mini I) rrlrniH r has 
 
 II 
 
 Iwrii iiiailf, arr nf m"i li niiiiT 
 t§m linish. antl tin- llaimi; Imsc i-, 
 less I iri till II III) I'll than in this 
 ianiiuttt:. 
 
 Aiming' till' inanv shalliiw 
 niiirtars lliat have Uiii «a- 
 ainiiiL'il, nunc |iiissi-ssfii any 
 |ii I nliaritv Nvliii h wmuIiJ maki* 
 
 an ii|i|iir sinuc, like I'lf;, 151, nmrr lUsiralilc ihaii tin- (lal iisai jhIiMcs 
 
 thai lia\»- Uin 'IcM rilml, fij.;. 1 jiy. 
 
MUHIAK- \Mi I'IMI.K.S. 
 
 '65 
 
 lU-»uU-i l!if l.ir^i' stinii- moll, 11". .mhI j'i'-'llc-., tn wliii li Mttcntlnn Ii.h 
 lii'i'ii I .ill«-i!, ilirn- .iri- 1" I .i^inii.illv ruiiiiil small slnno < iiiii nr miiii.i- 
 liirr iiinrl.iis, iii\,iri.ilpl\, I l«-lu'\r, iii.iilr li\ utili/iii;; |ii-li|ili> Ii.i\lii4 
 ii.ilur.il liulliiwi (III (iiu- Milt, v\l\iili li.iM' liicn i|iv|ii. Mill \>y more 
 
 I 
 
 * 
 
 w 
 
 *?•■ 
 
 Km. im. — New J<tM.y. |, 
 or Kss |irtkili;;, III'.lil .1 NiTMc I'.llilr, lll<inj;ll Mil. ill slolU" \i..il w.l.* 
 
 jiiuilm 1 (I. I lirM- \\(ic 11-.C1I fur j;riiMliMji lla- ri<l ji.iml, wlin li, in 
 till' sh.i|ii' t<\ iii.iis(ly |mi\mI«i<iI (PMilf 111 iiiiii, i>i fiiiiiut in ;;rc'.tt 
 .i1>iinil.ih> (' Ml llii- j;i<hUs til.!' In: M.illiiiil n\iT mill li nf jiir iiiriuirv 
 
ir)("i 
 
 IKlMIIIVi; INhlvlKS'. 
 
 Ill New Ji-rscy. In iIum- IiuK iiinii.ir^, this jtaint i-. readily rodvicihio 
 
 III .in ini|i.il|).ilil(.- |it)VMlt'i. 
 
 I .()>,kicl*^ ri'inarks of ilu' Imliaiis, "Thiv lu'stow mm 1» time an«< 
 
 lahur in ilcKiraliHg tiicir lares; living '>n Iti >li i .unl ivery day, es- 
 
 |Ki uilly il' iIka' ^;() 
 Dill to dam e I'lu) 
 snpiHiie tl).it it is 
 \ir\ iiri>i)eiloi liravo 
 nun to |i.iint, aixl 
 al w a ) s study a 
 < l)ai\)4e of t.iNhiiin. 
 \'tiniilion i^ tlkir 
 la\<iiite I olni. w ill\ 
 w liii h t 111 \ 1 1 e- 
 c|niiiil\ li.nnl llicir 
 _2 wiiole iiiad. Mere 
 ■. and there lda< k 
 
 V. 
 
 i siie.iki ari' insro- 
 
 - dm eil, iir tin y panit 
 
 ■» line liall III llieir lai e 
 
 ami lu ad i>Iai k and 
 
 l!le other red." 
 
 Mcnts a medi inn- 
 sized p.i inl-eu|i. 
 made of a «.iUt- 
 \Mi.M> jiehlile. 'Ihi'e 
 and iluee-fonrths 
 ii)< luH lonn liy two 
 
 and otK-niarti-rinrhcs wi.le. ti<issi.e. imei. has si.les and ends of a uni- 
 form uidth of k.If an in. h. v;ivmfi Iherel.y a /./'V' «M-hai.e.i degression 
 
 for the total ilimcuMon^ of itu- si,erimen. U nu) he ohjeMed th.il 
 
 «• M1.M..11 1.. N-"li ^i".iii-.M. Iii.li.iio, I'. 4 1 l'Hia.m, 17 M- 
 
MoklAkS AMI l'l>ll,ls. 
 
 '•'7 
 
 \hv M/v of fig. 152 is too siiiiill for the supposfd use. riulouliU'dly 
 many i>,iinl-iium.>rs were l.iifiii. ! ml tliis >|.l( iimn i-. not ai Mnall as 
 voinc wf lia\c- foiim! ; ami, ii. l.ivnr of llic tlu-or> lluit it was so ii-,l'(I, 
 is tin- fa< t that it was found in a j;ravc, witli a serifs of arrowj mints, 
 a nil, a knilr, a'ul sonio fr.i,;.:Mu nu of |ii>ficry. 'riii- Km .iliiv and ihc 
 f\ id( in'.v .irtifit'ial > hata< Itrof the « nji :iii.i|Kd drpn s^inn |/io\c licyniid 
 a doiilit tiiat it ii an Indian rclii ; ami iliai iis um-w.is im [pimt inuinj; 
 SL'i'ins iiioa- iirolialiii' liian any otluT tiial t an !»■ MiL;j,'rsird. A-.soi i- 
 atfd with this dilicaic paint-i n|) was the liiljr 1 liili-shaiii-d jjctif, 
 drawn as resting in tire nil). It is a pretty pchblc, three iiuhcs iti 
 
 t'Ui. i>j. — ^.itiHifiila. j. 
 
 Icngrh, slcmhr and oval at niic end, and flat, ii\al, and ijoiiulc \\\c 
 width at till' opiMciie enil. 'ihi. jiotle has pr>ilj.ii)iy lieen w<irn away 
 (•unsid<Tal)ly in its um; with tin- a< < ()n»|ianyin),' 1 m| . Tlu' wiiiih of the 
 dull liki nid, am! that of the sUiider stiiii, sicm to a(,rii' pirlii tly with 
 the wiilth and ilrplh of the < np's hollow, ami tin- ^l.-niUr portion with 
 the i«iinls of (onlad of the rim of the 1 np and the handle of the 
 piini I rusher. 
 
 These small mortars, or p.nni 1 ujis, fi^. t^;, are not 1 onfuiid lo the 
 Atlantii <oast, Iml .ire of even nmre fn'|nent 01 1 urn m e o>i the l'.i« ificr 
 coast. I''if,'. 15^ represents one tif these small sloiu' r ups made of 
 serptiUinc, and ililfers from the e.Lslern spe< imeiis only in lieiiij^ inadu 
 
i()S 
 
 IKiMUlVI. INUl .^lUV. 
 
 Irom a mass of lliis slono, and i-. llu ri t'nii' Tvlmlls arlil'ii iai ; «liilc \ii\ 
 Sflilom, m" rvtr. an- lln-y louml ol tlii. ( liarac lii in New laiglaii-l ni 
 the iiiiddlc stakN. 
 
 1'')^;, 15 J rf|iri'SL'iil.s a vvr\ Mnall iiaiiit< iiii uiailr fnmi a uatcT-wdin 
 |iil>l)'>.', \\liit li has ret riM-'il it-. |)ri->i'rit liollort, on up -.liaiK-d dciirc-isinii, 
 whullv li\ 1" ' IvHi^', aticr ihi' niaiiiu-r (if wnrkiiiL; tin- diip pimiM's ni> 
 tin- t MiiMimn ;<lnnc a\i-. I'iii-. |paint ( ii|> i-. aliiKia > in tilar in shapi', 
 bciii^a litllr llatkiud oil niii' side. It i-1 I'ln' and livi-i'inl'll's iiu lus in 
 
 dianu'lir, and has Inn a <!i'|>th ni 
 thrii' i-ij;!itlis (if an im li al tlic 
 < I'ntic, nr di-(|iist 1' nt ni the dc 
 liMssiiin. 'ITiiii- ail' siill marks 
 I'l' the stuni' liamnicr in llws Iml 
 l(i«, whitli, lii'Wrvir, fills I'ti- 
 fti tl\ sniiMitli to tlic to'ii li, ami 
 lias llii' saiiK' ( olor and amoniit 
 111 [iiilisltas ilu" I'Mfriiir smfari-s 
 of till- s|K'( iimn. '! liis s|H'Mnu 11, IiIm- tlu' ]inr( dini^, was Imind in 
 tl\f );ra\r of 1 < hiid, \\i:li a nniiilnr of (^naily di < avvd Imnc 1 ads, 
 and .1 hirjlilv [lolishid Mm k stoin', \sith a nnnilpcr of hmall holes 
 of n ilural i)ii){in, (liron^li it. 
 
 As m th<' irri'i i-tlint; cxamiili- of |iami< nps, m> in tlii-f instan; o, a 
 long, sliltdir jnlililr, of 1 itnsidcr.llile polith, moll- Woili at one illd 
 tlian at the olhiT, w.is foimd \mi1i ilie iu|i. Tlu' two 1 crt.iinh sucm 
 filtiil ft)r u?*i; willj eai l\ otlui. 
 
 Vii.. I'l 
 
 j. im:)'. 
 
( II \ I' ii; k \ I 
 
 IfllTI KV, 
 
 ()i all ihc traces of inan'>. han.liwork noiu; art- so nnini.taka'ile. ami 
 so iiii|ifrislialili'. as fia^jiiunlsor |Miitrr\ . Niiiun- inixiiu c, noihiii;; with 
 wliic h it I ail 111' I oiiroimdiii. iinvMX cr iiiliiutf l\\v si alli ltd slicnls, 
 tlu'V < aiiii'ii iM a|n- rci o^^iiitiun, am! win nvi r liiiiinl \y\- < an i unrKiciulv 
 iMiini to ihtin as cMiUiwrs nl' man\ tninur piiMiK o. 
 
 Whik- piimitivc pulUry. in a iVa^iiK-iitaiyi oiiditinii. ran \iv o!itain-<i 
 l>y(ari-riil sran h in almost iviry lo( aliiy, tiu- froiiH-m y of ii'-ot rnr- 
 iiiK I- lift iN>aril\ \arii-s. i )n i\ir\' turnitr villa.m' silr, it iialiiiallv 
 oil iir-> in ^Tcati-st aiiuiulain i- : bui ii i> only wlun vm' i liaii' c ii|)..ii .1 
 Ijiiiial plai r, that lias fs(a|H(l i!i-.t\irl)anrf, tli.n ,1 pfrfiTt vv.»il i .m ho 
 ohtainfil. 
 
 In till' ii|i|i(r valK-y of tln" Dtlawarc. in ilv virjniiv of tlv- liiaiilifiil 
 Water < iaii, "traj;infiiti of <aitlicniiia(k- artuks arc loiiml in alniost 
 cviry (id.! near the rivir."'-' Here "the material wa^ |>re|)aiei| by 
 IKiiindiii;; rerl.iiii kinds (if slu lis and mixiiij,' with Miilahlt- moistened 
 
 (lay; having ilried iliis<..iii| mi in tne siiade, w was ihm luirned in 
 
 the o\er. or kilii, in.idf U>r the |iiir|ioM . and l>e( aim lianl. and would 
 stand e\|io>iire to tin- hre. 
 
 "Ihe earlluMi j>o!, are made of xarious sijtes, h(»klin},' from a |>inf 
 to several gallons. The larger ones were iised. ainon^; other |iiir]«)sfs, 
 for U»ilinj< the saji for inajiie siij^ar, ( >f the s;iiiie material were laatle 
 pili'llirrH, vj»es, howls, plati's. etc. 
 
 "I fthroki II arlii les of earthenware are now lareU nu-t »nh, hut 
 
 **'B«i«tli*4«t. Tt«'irti»*Tr \V.itt<r f'*m^: lU V-«itvry MiMttHt«b>r>', 4.. it^, j4*«d 
 
 J%tU<l«ttihm, li 
 
170 
 
 I'KIMIIIVK IMilMkY, 
 
 fra,'nu'nls, sornctiiTiL'S in large jiii'ii's, are fouiiil iiKiuantities, some of 
 thi-se showing a (U-gree of taste ami ^kill in uriiaiiientatioii." 
 
 Till- ahuvc is true tif all parts (if the state, ami a i (iiii|iaris>>ii of the 
 pottery tminil alioiit tlie Water (lap, whii h was a plate of ^reat im- 
 port.'.me to ihe Indians, with that of otlier Um alities, shows unly -.m h 
 ilifllrcnris as ari-.e tinm the i|iialit\ ot' thr < Li\ iiMwi, nr tlie j'rojMir- 
 
 tioii-> (il I lav aiiil 
 
 adoiilril liv ti 
 
 tlill 
 
 inm ]>iillei'.. 
 
 About 
 
 Il iiti'ii, 
 
 J 
 
 (W ttMN, Willi 
 
 h 
 
 the sitf ot ,in <-\tiiisive ani 
 
 iiiiportaiit Iniiian town, the potterv ii ol (lilfcrent colors, ami of lioth 
 iiii\eil ami nnhii\e<l (lay, Iii.rt. ilie raw ni.iteri.ils are louixl in great 
 almnilam e, ami the i hara( ter ol »he w.in seeinr> largely to have heen 
 ilrlirn iiu ij liy iIk- i liarai ter «e ;he Ihi!-*, Ironi wlii< h the pDtiir took 
 his < lay. A larL;i' inirtiuii ui rhe potirry nunle hy the Indians, how- 
 
 ever, was not ni.idf Itoiu piir^ i 
 
 lav. just as it < aine Ironi the lied, hut 
 
 the elayearths th,il overlie the otlx-r^ were ntili/.ed and made ,i\.iilal>lo 
 hy mixing w.th tluiii <|niri/. granule^, ami pounded shell. Mui h of 
 
 tl 
 
 le pure < l.iy. w 
 
 hi. h 
 
 in in. my |ilat i-s w.is a<iessitiK-, w 
 
 kiiuld net d far 
 
 more manipul.ition th in the Indian potter> would < .ire to givt.- it, .md 
 us the mixture of i Ln .ind si 
 
 ii-ll «,is siinpirr ainl wm 
 ll\ 
 
 lid iiu'i I all their 
 
 rei|uirtrnienis. it was, mtv nutur.illy, musi lit(|iuiitl> usn 
 
 d. 
 
 Ihey 
 
 nevertheless possessrcl the knowledge of sm i cssl'ully working in pure 
 cl.i), as sherds are found so m.ule, ,md their well lorimd 1 1. iv smoking 
 pipes .ire .1 fiirlher proof of the fill. 
 
 In till' iiinnediate vii iinly of the sc.ieoasl, pottery is found .is frc- 
 quentlv ,is .iluiij; thr ri\<r v.illeys. 
 
 In his rcpiirt on ihi- Aitilii i.il Shell |)t|osits in New Jirsi'v, Dr. 
 
 ("has. Kan "' nirnlious .is iMilcin i- nt th 
 
 uii.uii V of Mil h of ihfse 
 
 shellheips, as were ex.imuied hy him nr.ir Ki yport. New Jersix, the 
 on urren< e of "numerous frigmeiils of pottery," whidi he sulise- 
 
 quently 
 
 desi ribes as (onsisting 
 
 if a d.irk (1; 
 
 y. 
 
 itl 
 
 ler 111 
 
 i\id with 
 
 coarse s.md, or jmrr, for tin- ninsi |iirt r.itlur slightly Imimd , some 
 
 of ihf sherds still luar llie oni.iint iit.il 
 
 .iiid iioii Ill's I III in the 
 
 •• K.iii. Siiiilliiuiii. Aiiiiii.it Ki'|«iit, iSi>4. |>. 171. 
 
I'lirrikv. 
 
 171 
 
 siirfai I- of \\\v vessels. The mixing nf the day with iMiumlnl sliclls 
 tlocs n«)l sccin tn havi; l)ccii \'\.u tiMil by tlu' liiiliaiis of lliis rc.^iuii." 
 
 Throiifihoiu ilii; N<.'w Kiij^laml staiis, the |niiitry |irrMiils no i-^mii- 
 ti.tl ilillircm f troin thai luiind in Ni.>* jirsc). I.ikc thai Immil in llic 
 miiltilt^talcM, ihi- material uf whit h ii i-< mailc, am! ilu' arr in^^iimiit 
 1)1 ilu- liiu-<, '1'||^ .mil t oril marks \ary imlcrinitcly, Imt, as \it, no \issi I 
 has lu'i II olilaiiuil ih.il is m any way |ir< iiliar ciilur in I'lnii i>r orna- 
 nii'Mtalinn. I'mtcss..! IVrkins '• t>< unls ut' Ntrmniil, tliat "sir-c linens 
 111 earllunware (u i ur all o'er the Mate, ( liiefly in tlie rnnn nl" Ira^nieiUs. 
 * • • All of the earthenware was ornanuiitedsuinewlial, some Imt little, 
 some inori-, the ilei oraiion 1 onsisim^; <>( iinpresseil lij^iires nf ,1 ^reat \a- 
 riety III' tnr;n. • • • No ilei oration l>y ilu- aiijiln atinn nT |i,ui!t ..r , my 
 colorinf; material (niurs. • • • '111,- niaierial u\ whuli liie jars was 
 made is essentially liki ili.it li'imil elst wlure." ni jMiitiry, as loiiiid 
 in the New I'a^laml s!-- Il-hea|is, I'rol'essor \\ unan lia.s remarkeil, ilial 
 "it is poorly ri|iresi-ntei!, only small lraj;ment.s li.ivin); oeen loimd, 
 lake til e from other parts of the I nileil Slates, the ;iots were made 
 of <lay, with or without the admixture of poiindeil sin IN, and were 
 im|iertei iK liiirned so tiial ihr w.ill- are lioih (rialile .Wci\ poroiis. I he 
 oiiianii nlali'iii, w lien il e\is|s, is ol ihe rudest kiiul, 1 onsisliiii; of in- 
 dentations or trai in^s with a single [poini, or, as m some eases, with .t 
 series of points on one and the s.mie instrument ;" and in some 
 « ases, "the lines in the siirla< e h.id lieen fonnet' |i\ impressiii),' an 
 evenlv twisted 1 ord in>o the still 1 lay, the eord liein^ laid on m \arious 
 posi; lolls."'" 
 
 ■|v\ii I A iuipli> of medium sized vi'ssels, eaih showin).; ir.'.ees of 
 handle like proj.i lions, whii h, t hi iii^h broken, ajipiMr to h.ive been 
 Ihe aniin.illike fij;iires that 1 harai teri/e so jitr.it an amount of the 
 well known Missouri poitery, were foimd lu.ir Trenion, New Jersey, 
 under sm h 1 in nmstam es as indii ated ih.u thi \ h.id lut a in use. and 
 were buried there b\ the Indians oi ili.ii rej;ion. Tin- i la\ is .ijip.ir- 
 
 • ' l'i:iliii« .'... , vij. mi, |>. ) I7> 
 
 ** \\')iit.iti. .\iii< rt. .4it N.diii.ilisi, \til* i, \t. sHi, 
 
17a 
 
 I'KIMITIVr. INIHSTRV, 
 
 iiilly llu' s.iini', .mil (In- >;iiui.il ^t\lf ol' wdrkmanship is so iilontiral 
 Willi llu |Mitiri\ totmil in llic inciimils nj' Minllu-.islirn Mi^Mniri, .iml in 
 till- >\nnr ^r.iMs III' ilic ( iiihIkiI, 111(1 \,ill<v, tli.it tlurc r.iii ho |»ut liitlt' 
 iliiiitil tii.il tluM- \(.-smK ui-ro liKii.^lit tViim siiiiu- l.ir U(>.tiTU lorality. 
 Sn^l^r-livc as is lliis {".ul, it lir« unu-, inini- ■■><, wluti it is ri'tuiMiiliiTi-il 
 ill. It llii-. s.iiiif riMT \allcy w.is .il <iiic time m i iiiiinl liy iiol only llu.' 
 ri'siiliiit I.iii.i|m"--., lull aUi) \i\ Ij.iihU nl ilic itsilrss ShawiU'fs, 'I'hc 
 'Mit (I\m1i in l.iif^i- iiiimlpi's iicir wlurc l'liil.i(UI|'liM imw sianils ; 
 till) liatl also a i uiiiiilcr.ililr \illaf;i' at tlir I'clawarr W.iiii i'i.i\<, and 
 arc kiiu^Mi til have m < ii|iii-<| at um' liinc tlu' \alli'\ nl tlic ( iiiiilicrland. 
 In fait, tliat siiiain \.as nrif^inaily kiinwn a-, llu- ri'.trnt" tlu- Cliauiia- 
 Hulls. InasiiiiK I) as, nin^liil with llic nrilin.iry tilijri Is uf slum', 
 maili- liy llif n-suli nl I )(1 iwafs, .irr Ciiiiiiil inaii\ thai .i|i|m ar tu Ik- (nit 
 of |ilai I-, anil i liaiai t( lisiir of llu- snnllurn ami wcsiiiii Imli alls, it 
 tliu's iiui scciii straiiLic to (iiul spci niuiis nl' cirlliiiiw.irr .lUo, .ind 
 yil llu- I .iM-s .lit \»iy ililTiTint. 'llic s|n .ir|)iiints and (irninunls an- 
 rtfi-r.ililc III smiiliiih Iiidi.ms, .iiid siit li as art- tif sniitluMi |iitiiriis iir 
 lypts may Imm- Ihiii lirniiL^lil liy llu- sniitlu-rn Sliawiuts ; Imi llu- Iwu 
 Iil.uk |Mils, in i|iii-.|i.in. .ire iint like llu- siirf.ii r rniiiul \»-ssils uf the 
 l.ilir Indi. Ills, lull .ir -diiiiu al with llmsi- Irum ilu- nuiiuids. ( '.iii it 
 In that the Shawiitts ii- llu- ,ini itiil |i.ilt( is that f.islnniu d ih ii \m)1i- 
 di rliil w.iri ? Iiiil. it' sn, why did tin y iml i nniiiint- iis m.inui.it liirt' 
 in \t w |iT-i \ ' lltrtari- fo iiid im aiiiinalsh.i|pid stsst Is ; .md ihe 
 I l.iy iiii,i;.;i s ul llu- I itl.iw.iri-s .ii;!! llu- lri»|iiiiis aif nf a \tr\ dilTtTcnt 
 I liar.ii ttr nf w'i>rkiii,mslii|i, .iiul, litsidis, iluy wtn; imi iltsi^iu-il as 
 
 nni.lintllU jnl' \i ssils. 
 
 I'i};. 15:; it-|irtsfuis llu- '•.irj^isi f\.iiii|ilf iif .1 I l.iy jmi, in tlu- inin- 
 Imud t ullt-i liiiiis 111 llu- Musfiini-i nf I'.iiiiliridj^'' and S.ilciu, Ma.ss. 
 ( >iK-, l.ir^t-r, liiiiii \ t-riiuiiil, will In- snlisttnu-iiily rrfi-rn-tl in. This sym- 
 iiii-trii .il and will iii.uk- n-ism I is nf tlu- sh.i|if and si/t- that a|i|ifars to 
 havf lii-i-ii ninst j,'i-iuTally in iisr, jntljjing frnm tlu- iiiimln-rk-ss ('r.i(;nH'nts 
 that an- fnimd. 
 
 1m fi^;, 155 lilt- nriiaiiii-nt.itiiiii is nf mndisi < liarat Itr and, m 
 is .iliiMsi ,ihva\s llu- 1 .IS1-, il is alnuist tntirt-1) 1 oiil'iiit-il It) the 
 
IH ilTKkV, 
 
 •'V,i 
 
 link ami rim. In all vcssois of tliin jiattiTii, the htwvr imrtion i> 
 lurt'n ily jilaiii. 
 
 '^ili^ s|«-cimni, wliirli is i)r()l'alilyii|" IroquDis ur I turoii m.iiinl'u inn*, 
 was Inunil luMr Wiailmi, ("oiinty "I llnici-, ( )iitaiii), "unihr a i lil'f ol 
 limr>i'iiu' rtiniaiiiiii, iip^anls nf niii' liiiiiilriii \\\{. Iiii^ii, aiiil v iiiiiii ,i 
 ffW I'lil (it ( 'c)l|iay'^ lia\ ." 
 
 l'\'j, is'i rti>ir>L-iils a liraiiliful, IiMl fiMj;mfiilary liillf \(^-<I rounil 
 ]t\ tin- I. Ill' I'ruC. |riViir> \\'\m.in, at lliii};)iain. Ma^-.. It i-. \i i\- liiin, 
 
 Kn.. ust — ' 'm.iii.i, \, 
 
 ami t \c flay of »lii< !> it is inadi' is marly ]mri'. Thi- ornaiiunlallnii 
 IS inai i> iiion- rlaliorati' tiiaii tliat u|inii tlir pnriilinK s|m( iimn. A 
 iioticcahlc iVaturi' (if this ]>iii is tlic almost ]niinti'(l iDiiom. i.arj^'cr 
 vcssfis of till' same pattirn, ii-^cd lnr lonkiiii^ ami linliJmL; Inncl, wvw 
 siis|Mnil( il l-r a ( I'l i |.as-.i'(| ar'ninij tlir iiannwcil iM.iti'in ni \\,i k ol 
 tlir \rssil. j-'i),'. 15(1 is thin ami small, and rc'iuinil \ii\ ( iii I'ul 
 haiidliiii: wlitii in uso. 'Ihiri.- is ,1 maikrd dilkii-nn- luiwitn tlu- 
 
«74 
 
 I'KI.MIIIVi: INDIMKV. 
 
 orn.iimMi.ition of tliis t.isti'fnlly (U-sij^iu'il s|if(imrn ain! tli:'' of tlic 
 fiillowiii^; small si-NSfl fninul in \iw Jcrsiy, tli(in:;li in, my fr.i^moiils 
 (jf oriianu-iitid lintli-iy an- romnl. 
 
 l''ig. 157 ri'|tri.-scius a laail) jnilc«l s|«t iimii nl a < lay M^oi-l of 
 
 Ki... lii.. M.ioi. luisiii,. |. 
 
 small si/r, fniiinl near Tiriii'iii. Ni« JitM). \'r>^(i-, nj llii> kiiiil ap- 
 |ii',ir til ha\r liii-ii li.iliiliialiy |.la<iil in llu- ^;|•a\^■^ nl' iIh' 1 kiawarc 
 Iii'liaii-^. hut s(i iiuiitit\< tly wiic mn-a of tluiii niadi . that, nnlr-.-, ii.m- 
 (iiid uith the utmost I arc, llicy < niniMc mi Ikimj,' iiinnNnl Imm tlu- 
 earth. 
 
I'OI I 1 RV. 
 
 '75 
 
 This litlli- vi'ssrl incisnrfs ihri-i- ;in<l tlircf-fiMirths inclu-s in luij^lit, 
 ;iii(l is (tfllu' saiiR' wiiltli at llu- iiunitli, uu Imliii;; llie flarinj,' (il'tlK' rim. 
 I 111- t lay 'isiil lias a \it\ sliL;lit ailiiiisliiri' ol' slull, anil is iiknti(.il 
 with mm li nt the |iiittiiv linmcl in Iraf^miiils iiimmi tlic mmI.k o of 
 ihf j;iiiun(l. I he <irnamiiilaiinn i-i ol liu' must i riiilc ami uuaning- 
 li-.i I liarai It r. 
 
 WIu'H tuimil, this ]Mit tirvascwas filk'il with a Mai k piiwiK r, ami 
 ( (iscnil with a siinaii' \>\.\W nf mii a, marl) hall an ini h in tiiii kni'ss. 
 Mil a i-i 111 I iimiiiiin 
 1)1 1 iirrmi v in Imiian 
 ^\'.\\ v•^ in Nrvv jir>i'y, 
 anij has iirt a^mnallv 
 lii'iii iiiiinit in inilian 
 j;ra\is in New 1 i^- 
 lanil. Mr. V.W. I'ul- 
 nam " hj-> iIcm nlnil, 
 as aniline; tin- i i in- 
 t^•nl^ I it Imiian ,:;ra\cs 
 dill uMicil in l;i\ - 
 crl \ . .Ma>>., MMial 
 larj^f plati's of nin a, 
 \vhi( h he statf- an' *^' 
 nut u^nall\ mrt with 
 in thi^ I muui linii. 
 
 I'V. I5>> niirt-scnts a \i'rv haniKumc vossi'l nl' inmlirati' ^i/r, '■rnnml 
 in ihr iinvn iif ( nil lustir. Xirniunt, in iSj;, ami is now |iris(t\i'i| 
 in till' mnstinn nf ihr liiiMT^it) ul Xirmi.nt. It was funnil smnc 
 flistam i- !n'li)\v till- curtail- ami ii)\cnil h; ast,.iu'. » * " • r||c 
 jar is iiiaiK' I'l a kiml nt' i l,i\ inaiU' \rr\' inaisi' liy >inall hit-^ ul 
 mil a, i|nail/ aial lii^fiar, ami ulitainiil, it may ]«■. \>\ puis rri/iiiL; 
 f^ranili." ■'" I lu' ammmt dl' nrnamintalinn. siliiili whiU' simi'ly imn- 
 
 ..^„. ., 
 
 Vu,. M7. — Nt-'W Jersey. |. 
 
 •"Pmii.im. Itulli-iin nf il»c ^\^cx lusliliitr. v.tl. iii, ]i, i jj. S.ilcni, M.ik!*., 1871. 
 "" I'crkini. /•. <., v»l, v, |i. ij, fig>, 1 niiil j. 
 
^^J 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 A 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 11111.25 
 
 If IM IM 
 
 iIT 1^ 1112.2 
 
 It li£ IIIIIM 
 
 1.4 11.6 
 
 ^' 
 
 & 
 
 /a 
 
 m. 
 
 
 7 
 
 Photpgraphic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WEST MAi.i STREET 
 
 WEBSrER.N.y. 145SC 
 
 (716, 'J/.'-4503 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
<?.. 
 
 €1, 
 
 ^y Cj 
 
 
 ^ #. 
 
 V ^ 
 
 f/j 
 
176 
 
 PRlMmVE IXDUSTRY. 
 
 Liiiations of linos ami dots is really of tasteful design, is quite un- 
 usual ; Imt the square top occurs <iuite frequently in the pottery of 
 the entire Atlantic coast. 
 
 Fi-. 159 rejiresents a larger vessel f-ind at P.olton, Vermont, many 
 years ago. 'Vhk specimen closely resembles the specimen figured on 
 
 Fig. 13S. — Vermont. 
 
 page 173, and is o( about the same size. This specimen "is not orna- 
 mented excej)! by a ring about the neck," about which are various 
 obliiiue and notch-like incised lines. The depth and greatest diameter 
 of this suecimen are alike, nine and a half inches, and at the mouth, 
 is seven and one-half inches in width. The 
 capacit}' of this vessel is three gallons. 
 
 It is probable to vessels of this size, more 
 particularly, that Kalm refers (Tra\els in 
 North America), when he says "the old 
 boilers or kettles of the Indians were either 
 made of (lay, or of different kinds of potstone 
 yLapis o/Airis). The former consisted of a 
 dark (lay, mixed with grains of white sand or 
 quartz, and burnt in the fire. Many of these 
 kettles have Uvo holes in the upper margin, on ea( h side one, 
 through which the Indians put a stick, and held the kettle over the 
 fire, as long as it was to boil. Most of the kettles have no feet. It is 
 remarkable that no pots of this kind have been found glazed, either 
 
 Fig. 159. — Vermont. 
 
ron'F.uv. 
 
 ^7 
 
 on the outside or the inside. A (cw of llie oldest Sn'ri/i-s roiild yet 
 rememl)er sceini^ tiie Indians i)oil tiicir meat in tiiese pots. Tliey are 
 very thin, and of different sizes." 
 
 \\'hile many fragments of pottery liave been found, which had one 
 or more jieribrations, they were not generally of a character to suggest 
 that the object of the perforation was for suspending the vessel; but 
 that fragments of i)ots had been utilizetl as trinkets, and drilled for 
 suspension as rude ornaments, associated witli other objects, or to be 
 attached sim])ly to the dress. This is further indicated by the fact, 
 that many of these perforated pottery fragments have had the edges 
 smoothed, and the more jjrominent angles worn or ground off. 
 
 Kalm further suggests indirectly, that some of the clay vessels, used 
 by the \e\v Jersey Indians, had feet. No specimens, I believe, have 
 ever been found along the northern Atlantic coast, which had any foot- 
 like ])rojections, or were indeed sutificiendy flat upon the bottom, to 
 retain, unaided, an ujiright position. May not this careful obser\er 
 have seen examples of the western j lottery- — possibly of Shawnee 
 origin — such as have been found in New Jersey, among the then but 
 recently discarded objects of Indian origin? Much of the so-called 
 Missouri or black pottery, as we know, is jjrovided with "feet," or 
 foot-like knobs. 
 
 As further showing the character of the ornamentation common to 
 the ])ottery of our Atlantic coast Indians, a scries of fragments exhibit- 
 ing various designs and combinations are also given. These speci- 
 mens, however, must not be Uxiked upon as in any way tvpical, for 
 the combinations, possible, of the lines, dots and corn-cob marks are 
 nearly countless, and it is probal)le that no two vessels were made ex- 
 actly alike. (Jf the thousands of sherds often found in a few acres of 
 newly ploughed ground no two can, by their t)rnamentation, be shown 
 to have belonged to the same vessel. 
 
 While this rude pottery has been, by some, carefully classified as 
 
 cord-marked, incised, stamped, thtunb-nailed, and otherwise, it is here 
 
 considered collectively, as these various methods of ornamentations 
 
 are so frecjuently combined, that it is difficult to determine which 
 
 12 
 
i;.S 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 method lias tlie best claim to the specimen. Even if these processes 
 were singly used, there does not seem to be sufficient difference in their 
 results, to render careful classification necessary. Surely the differ- 
 ence resulting from the fact that the sipiaw, when moulding a pot, 
 scratched it with her thumb-nail, rather tlian with a stick, is of little 
 
 Fig. 160. — Pennsylvania. |. 
 
 scientific interest, especially when the two methods were equally used 
 by the same potter. 
 
 Fig. 160 represents a large fragment of a vessel, found on Shawnee 
 island above the 1 )elaware Water Gap, Penn. The lines are (jf very 
 regular width, equidistant, and give a very pleasing effect, as they 
 are here combined. The common practice of terminating the orna- 
 mentation by a few short perpendicular lines is not without merit, as 
 it is desirable to prevent the abrupt junction of the j)lain and orna- 
 
POTTERY. 
 
 179 
 
 mented portions ; hv* whether this was the intention of the ancient 
 potter is questionable. 
 
 Figs. 1 6 1 to 1 64, inclusive, represent combinations of straight lines 
 that are of common 
 occurrence. These 
 lines are in many 
 cases carefully in- 
 cised, and are of imi- 
 form width and tlepth, 
 but the accuracy of 
 all such incised lines 
 depends largely ujjon 
 the composition used 
 in lieu of pure clay. 
 When very much 
 mixed with sand and 
 shell, the lines, dots 
 and other devices, are 
 not clearly defined, neither are they of regular or uniform measure- 
 ment. 
 
 Fig. 164 represents an angular fragment of a thick and very small 
 
 Fig. 161. — New Jersey, -f. 
 
 Fig. 162. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 Fig. 163. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 vessel. The oblique lines in this example are pointed, as though made 
 by the point of a sharp bone needle. The parallel lines suggest a b.ighly 
 conventionalized human face. This is the more probable, as the frag- 
 
i8o 
 
 I'KIMiriVE INIJUSTKV. 
 
 ment may be from one of their large clay smokini; pijies, which were 
 often ornamented with various devices. 
 
 Figs. 165 antl 166 represent the outer and inner sides of a fragment 
 
 Fig. 164. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 Fl(i. 165. — New Jersey. 
 
 of clay pot. The line-- here are made of a series of sijuare impres- 
 sions which, being separated by a narrow septum, give a pleasing 
 impression to the eye. 'I'his series of lines may have been made by 
 
 a bone implement such as 
 described by Professor 
 W'yman, in his nf)tice of 
 New I'lngland Shellheaps, 
 in \'ol. I, of the American 
 Naturalist, as having "a 
 series of points on one 
 and the same instrument." 
 There does not seem to be 
 any greater abundance of 
 this r ittern of linear dec- 
 
 Fir.. 166 — New Jersey. -} , 
 
 oration, than of the prec;eding. 
 
 Fig. 167 represents a fragment with a still simpler combination of 
 lires. In this instance it is made up of very irregular and somewhat 
 indistinct scratches. This is the rudest attempt at ornamentati(jn that 
 we find, and is in broad contrast to the fragment, fig. 168, where the 
 
I'orrERv. 
 
 i8i 
 
 ■^ 
 
 '^. 
 
 
 ♦ ^^^ w^ 
 
 lines consist of delicate impressions made hy the hollow stem of the 
 bulrush. 'I'he liottom of each ini])ress has a nipple-like protuberance, 
 which is \ory distinctly seen. I'Vag- 
 ments thus marked are not of common 
 occurrence, either in combination w'th 
 other markings or alone. 
 
 Figs. 169 and 170 represent tw.. ex- 
 amjjles of linear decoration, where the 
 lines consist of scjuares impressed in 
 the soft clay by a wooden or bone im- 
 plement. The clay has not been actu- 
 ally removed from these little jjits, but ]jushed aside and subsequently 
 smoothed off when the clay was soft. Sucii at least is the a])pearance 
 01 the fragments I have examined. The little fragment, fig. 171, 
 
 r--r\J 
 
 r^-f" 
 
 Fig. 167. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 FiCi. 168. — New Jersey, -j. 
 
 Fig. 169. — New Jersey, 
 
 which is the angular corner of an ornamented vessel, probably similar 
 to the Vermont specimen, fig, 15S, has these same S(|uare ])its or 
 
 dei)ressions u. 1 ws, and is interesting as showing 
 
 m how delicate a manner this style was occasionally 
 
 executed. 
 
 The character of ornamentation, so well shown in 
 
 figs. 169 and 170, is by no means confined to the 
 Fig. 170— New jer- .\ti^^ntic coast of .America. Figs. 172 and 173 rep- 
 
 resent sherds similarly marked from Wisconsin, and 
 fig, 1 74 a third example from a shellheaj) in Massachusetts ; which. 
 
l82 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 however, is more nearly allied to fig. 167 than to the regularly marked 
 example, fig. 169. 
 
 Fig. 1 75 represents a ft-agment of pottery, which is of interest as 
 showing a style of decoration that is rarely seen in 
 New Jersey, and is never found on any of the New 
 
 Fig. 171.— New Jersey. -|. 
 
 Fic.s. 173 and 173. — Wisconsin. 
 
 England pottery. This is the row of large conical prominences 
 near the rim of the vessel, three of which are seen on fig. 175. These 
 prominences are made 
 by punching from the 
 inside, while the clay is 
 yet soft ; and the de- 
 pressions there made 
 correspond in depth to 
 the knob-like elevations 
 on the exterior surface. 
 Were these prominences 
 regularly placed and of 
 more uniform size, they 
 
 Fig. 174. — Massachusetts. 
 
 Fig. 175. — New Jersey. 
 
 would be really ornamental. Figs. 176 and 177 represent frag- 
 ments from Illinois with the same character of marking. One of 
 
POTIKRY. 
 
 183 
 
 the prominences has been worn ofT, thus perforating the side of the 
 vessel. 
 
 Fig. 1 78 represents a style of ornamentation of rare occurrence. 
 
 FiGfi. 176 and 177. — Illinois. 
 
 In this case a hollow tube has been pushed deeply into the soft clay, 
 and a mass removed equal to the calil)re of the tube, and the depth 
 to which it penetrated. This is nearly to one-half the thickness of 
 
 Fig. 173. — New Jersey. 
 
 Fig. 179. — New Jersey, -j . 
 
 the vessel, so that the sides were necessarily much weakened. The 
 inside of the vessel has not been bulged or at all atTected by this 
 method of marking the exterior surface ; but the spaces are too thin 
 
 I 
 
184 
 
 J'KIMIIIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 where tlie depressions nre opposite to l)c durable, and possiblv for this 
 reason, vessels were so rarely ornamented in this manner. 
 
 Fig. 179 represents a very jilain and jirosaic manner of decorating 
 pottery. Tlie semilunar lines are merely tiie impress of the tliumb- 
 nail u])on the clay while it was yet soft. It would, indeed, be ])ossil)le 
 to make such lines by other methods, but the general impression tliis 
 style of ornamentation gives us, is doubtless the true one ; that in lieu 
 
 Fig. jSo. — New Jersey. 
 
 of a cord or pointed stick, the potter utilized her thumb-nail, and gave a 
 multiplicity of "new moons" to the dish or jiot that she had fashioned. 
 Another 'id very common method of relieving the ])lain surfaces 
 of brown earthenware, was by wrapping a cord about the \essel before 
 it was burnt, which gave linear impressions of a nule pattern, as is 
 shown in the two right hand specimens of the group forming fig. 180 ; 
 or by covering the vessel with coarse (loth, whic-h i)roduced the more 
 elaborate marking, seen in the other si)ecimens of the grouj). These 
 styles of ornamentation, known as "cord-marked" and "cloth- 
 marked," are found wherever pottery occurs on the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
CHAPTER XII, 
 
 STEATITK l-OOIl-VKSSEr.S. 
 
 Throughout the eastern and middle states, wiicrever otlier traces of 
 the former occui)anls of tliis country are foimd, there will 'isnally be 
 amcjng ll-.em fragments of steatite or soapstone tiiat ha\e l)een shaped 
 and smootlied artificially. These fragments, wiiich are as readily rec- 
 ognized as the sherds that often cover the ground on tJie foniKr sites 
 of Indian villages, are jjortions of steatite vessels that were in common 
 use among the Indians, from Maine to Maryland. "They are, gener- 
 ally, more oi less oblong in shai)e, rather sliallow, and pro\ideil with 
 two knobs, or handles. In fact, the term di.di would probably convey 
 a better idea of their shape than the term/c/', though the latter is ap- 
 jjlicable, as they often bear evidence of having been in contai t witii 
 fire and were undoubtedly used for the preparation and couking of 
 food. The .accompanying illustr.ation, fig. i8i, rejjresenting a i)or- 
 tion of one of these vessels from Massachusetts, illustrates the common 
 form of these pots, though there are numerous variations in size and 
 shape." (F. W. Putnam in the P'.Ieventh /Vnnual Report of the Mu- 
 seum of ,\rch;v:ology, at Cambridge, Mass.) Peter Kalm, the Swede, 
 who visited New Jersey in i 748, refers to the dishes in use by the 
 Indians as "made sometimes of a greenish, and sometimes of a grey 
 pot-stone, and some are made of another species of apyrous stone ; 
 the bottom and the margin are frecjuently above an inch thick. The 
 Indians, notwithstanding their being unacquainted with iron, steel, and 
 other metals, have learnt to hollow out very ingeniously these pots or 
 kettles of jrat-stone." The niunber of i)erfect vessels that have been 
 found, and the immense (juantities of fragments, bear evidence that 
 almost as many vessels of steatite, as of clay, were in use. 
 
 (185) 
 
1 86 
 
 PRIMinVK INDCSTKV. 
 
 'I'lu' nutliod of working steatite, both in procuring suitable masses 
 of the mineral from the <iuarry. and in subseciucntly shaping it into 
 vessels of the general ( haracier found along the Atlantic (oast, has 
 been so fully described by Messrs. S( humacher and Putnam, tliat the 
 sum of tlieir observations will be liere given, as tlie best explanation 
 of this early industry of our nati\ e races. 
 
 Mr. Schumai'her-''' disco\ered on Santa Catalina island, off tiie coast 
 of California, "jiits and ([uarries" wjiere so;ipst()ne vessels had been 
 made, ami also the tools used in the several processes, 'i'lie vessels 
 ((///us), which in California are globular or somewhat pear-shaped, 
 
 Fig. i8i. — Massncluistlls. \, 
 
 are roughly blocked out in the living rock by the use of rude slate 
 chisels, some of which bear a marked resemlilance to the Muropean 
 palaeolithic implements. " .\fter the pot-form had been worked out, 
 it was broken from the living rock by working under it and by gradual 
 pressure of the ciiisel around the base. The detaclied i)ot-bowlder 
 was next rounded into proper form ; it was then hollowed out until a 
 certain thickness of the pot was reached ; and finally, carefully finished 
 with the scraper. As the thickness of the i>//<i increases towards the 
 bottom — it usually thickens from about iialf an inch at the rim to one 
 
 5* Schiiiii.ichur. Klevcnth Annual RcjHjrt of the I'uabotly Museum of .Archatology, p. 358, 
 Cambridge, Mass, 
 
Slf-ATI IK t< >()I)-VKSSF.L.S. 
 
 187 
 
 and a half at the l)Ottom — it ruiiuircs skill to attain this evenly. No 
 nieihanical apijaratiis was used for this purpose (as shown by certain 
 irregularities in the form of the ]iot) but simply the toiurh of both 
 hands in anteposition, one gliding,' outside the already finished surface 
 while the other worked inside towards tiie guiding hand. In this wise, 
 with some pra( tiial experience, a greater accuracy is attainable than at 
 first might be supposed, especially if the work proceeds from a known 
 thickness to which reference can be taken, which is here the case as 
 it progressed from the rim. 
 
 ".\ new pot is without jjolish, and has only the smooth surface im- 
 parted by the scraper; while those which had been in use attained 
 frequently a i)olished surface by wear, which the scjft antl greasy nature 
 of the potstone is inclined to adopt." 
 
 As the forms of pots or fo(Kl-vessels found on the Atlantic coast are 
 flatter and more dish-like, the li • ,kill was not re(|uired in their pro- 
 duction ; but the finish and occasionally the ornamentation make the 
 ware, that was prodm:ed by the Indians of the .\tlantic coast, no less 
 artistic and desirable for all culinary purposes. The same method o£ 
 working the rock, while in jjlace, was practised by the Atlantic coast 
 tribes, as was adopted by the f<jrmer occupants of Santa Catalina island. 
 .\ ledge of steatite has been examined and is thus described by Mr. 
 Putnam ;''2 ".\t the time of my visit, many » • * • rude chisels 
 (roughly i)ointed stones that were lying about and bearing evidence of 
 having been used) had been carted a few hundred yards distant to fill 
 up a low piece of ground and otiiers had been thrown in a pile on the 
 ledge. .\ careful estimate of the number convinced me that at least 
 two thousand of these rude stone chisels had been found on the ledge, 
 or in the immediate vicinity. They were all nearly the same size, 
 rudely (hipped to a blunt i)oint at one end, and roughly rounded to 
 fit the hand at the other. Those brought to the museum vary in length 
 from five to eight and one-half inches, and in weight from one to four 
 pounds ; the majority being about seven inches in length and from 
 
 "Putmim, I. c, p. 273. 
 
iS8 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 two to tliree pounds in weiglit. 'Phese chisels were made from the hard 
 stone of adjoinin.:,' ledges, and their manufacture must have required 
 consiilerable labor. A short trial of the chisels upon the soapstone 
 showeil the facility with wliich the steatite could be pecked by tliese 
 rough iiuplements, and what patience combined with muscle would 
 accomjilish. 
 
 "Associated witii the stone picks, or chisels, were between seventy- 
 five and a iiundretl large rounded stones, weighing from twenty-five to 
 a hundred or more ])ounds each, wliic h might have been used as ham- 
 mers for tlie purpose of breaking off large masses of the soajistone. 
 
 "'I'lie lied of steatite had been excavated its full width, and nearly 
 all its length and depth as far as at ])resent exposed. Tlie remains ol 
 the circular and o\al masses, that had been broken off from the sides 
 of tlie ledge, showed that the seam of steatite was fonnedy from six to 
 twelve feet deep ; the wliole of this mass of rock having been worked 
 out and jirobably made into utensils. 
 
 "Several fragments of jiots were found in the di'l)ris of the ledge, 
 evidently broken during manufiuture, and also several unfinished ])ot- 
 forms just as detpched from the matrix ; while on the ledge itself the 
 pot-forms could be followed out through their various stages of devel- 
 opment. 
 
 "Tlic fact that soajistone vessels, of the peculiar shape and char- 
 acter of tliose made at this ancient New England manufactory, are 
 widely distributed east of the Mississippi river, though more common 
 in the New l^ngland states than elsewhere, may be one of the many 
 indications of aboriginal trade." 
 
 Fl>^ 182 represents a second and more nearly jierfect example of 
 the average soapstone vessels that are common to the Atlantic sea- 
 board. Judging from the character of the innumerable fragments that 
 have been gathered, the great majority of these vessels were less than 
 one foot in length and comparatively few were circular or globular in 
 shape. Of a large series in the (lilbert museum at Amherst College, 
 the majority have a capacity of several quarts, and one, of unusual 
 size, a capacity of about sixteen (juarts ; but these are exceptional. 
 
STEATITK FOOI )-VKSSF.LS. 
 
 189 
 
 ■\\hile tiie New l-'ngland examples of steatite vessels as a rule, have 
 perfectly plain exterior surfoces, those found in New Jersey were fre- 
 quently quite elaborately ornamented with deeply incised lines, similar 
 to much of the aboriginal pottery found in that state, and this resem- 
 blance was increased by exposing them to the fire. 
 
 Unfinished steatite vessels have fretjuently been found in New 
 Jerse)-. at considerable distances from any known ledge of soajislone, 
 worked by the Indians, and it is sujiposed that they were carried' to 
 tribes not having access to the mineral, and bartered in this unfinished 
 condition, in order that the imrchaser might finish them to suit himself, 
 or rather herself, as it is probable that this kind of work fell to the lot 
 of the women. However this may be, it is difficult otherwise to 
 
 Fig. 182. — New Jersey. {, 
 
 explain the occurrence of these scarcely more than blocked-out sjieci- 
 mens of steatite pots and dishes. 
 
 It has been fre(iuently noticed by collec-tors and others that, in 
 limited localities, many fragments of steatite vessels are found, and 
 while ordinary forms of stone implements may be abundant, there is 
 no trace of potter)'. This absence of pottery, where steatite was 
 abundant, has been commented upon, and some very questionable 
 assertions made concerning the use of the two materials. The absence 
 of fragments of pottery is, of itself, but negative evidence that the 
 peoi)le who used stone vessels did not use pottery also. 'When we 
 consider that pottery occurs in tlie middle shellheap jjcriod, and no 
 steatite is found referable to so early a period, it is more than i)robabIc 
 
I go 
 
 PRIMITIVE IN'DUSTRV. 
 
 that the use of soapstone is of a comparatively recent date, and in no 
 locaHty east of the Mississippi river had it wholly replaced the more 
 convenient and more fragile vessels of clay. 
 
 It can scarcelv be held, on the other hand, that where there occurs 
 an abundance of potter)-, no steatite vessels were ever used, because 
 no traces of them are found. Stone vessels of the character of tlie 
 average soapstone pots of the Atlantic coast Indians were not readily 
 broken, and scores of them might have been in use for weeks or months, 
 and yet all escaped destruction, and be carried away by the peojile 
 occupying the site whereon the pottery fragments were found. In 
 New Jersev, no village site that has been carefully examined has 
 failed to jiroduce a few fragiuents of soapstone, and many of pottery ; 
 but often, so worn, 'liscolored anil i)ebble-like were the fragments of 
 steatite, that it is ven,- jjossible that pieces of vessels made of this 
 material have been overlooked, and there is abundant evidence to 
 show that fragments of these soapstone vessels were frequendy used 
 by the Indians as available crude material for small pendants and 
 other objects. In some cases, the fragments have been perforated in 
 one corner, and the broken edges simply worn smooth. 
 
 Eariy unpublished records of the customs of the Indians that 
 lingered in New Jersey, after the English settlers had firmly established 
 the city of Philadeljjhia. refer to the cooking vessels of stone made 
 by the savages, and mention the great abundance of them found by 
 the farmers when ploughing, for the first few times, their newly occupied 
 fields. These steatite pots, that the Indians had discarded, were gen- 
 erally preserved and were found " exceedingly useful in the kitchen." 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 PITTED STONKS. 
 
 Among the many stone objects lliat are to be classed strictly as 
 domestic utensils, left by the former occupants of the Atlantic sea- 
 board of North America, are certain slabs of hard stone, that have 
 been deeply pitted in one or more places. While no one shape or 
 size can be considered as typical, the majority are slabs measuring 
 about one foot stjuare, with from three to ten pits, usually upon one 
 side only, though occasionally they are found ui)on both. Like the 
 slabs themselves, these hollows or pits vary considerably in size, the 
 largest measuring nearly two inches in diameter, the smallest about 
 half an inch. 
 
 As is usually the case with domestic utensils, these implements are 
 of common occurrence on village sites, but are rarely found singly 
 in out-of-the-way places. .So far as the series gathered in New Jersey 
 bears upon this matter, it may be stated that nearly one hundred were 
 found where the ground was literally covered with fragments of pottery 
 and steatite pots, mixed with charcoal and other eviilences of fires. 
 Whatever ma)- have been the purpose of these pitted stones, it is evi- 
 dent that they were closely connected with household, and probably, 
 culinary occupations. 
 
 Fig. 183 represents an excellent example of these stones, although 
 it exhibits more traces of artificial shaping in the slab itself, than is 
 usual. This specimen is nearly square in section. On one side is a 
 series of the i)its which characterize these implements. They have 
 been carefully pecked out, and are (juite rough. In no specimen 
 found in New Jersey is there any trace of rubbing, or of polish. This 
 characteristic roughness in the pits seems to show that they were not 
 
 (191) 
 
 H ^\ 
 
192 
 
 I'UIMiriVE INUUSTRV. 
 
 used in any way connected witli a revolving object, as lias been sug- 
 geste(' with reference to similar stones found in ( )!ii(), and wiiich have 
 
 been considered as spin dlc-sockct 
 sfoiirs.-''^ 'I'liese pitted slal)s are ecinaliy 
 al)un<lant in tiie soutliern states, and 
 Col. ('.('. Jones, jr.,"'' has given many 
 reasons for helie\ing that tiiey were 
 \ised as nut-cracking stones. He re- 
 marks, '"tiieir cavities are so located 
 tliat one, two, tiiree, four, five, and 
 sometimes more nuts could l)e cracked 
 at a single blow ; " and as it is well 
 known tiiat our walnuts, chestnuts, shell- 
 barks and even acorns were largely used 
 as food, it is more than jirobable tiiat 
 this suggestion correctly explains the 
 use of these implements. 
 
 Unless tile}- 1; \e been overlooked by 
 collectors generally, tliroughout New 
 I'jigland. these implements are not <-om- 
 mon, or it may be that they are entirely 
 wanting. None ap[)ear to have been 
 recei\ed at the museum at ('aml)ridge 
 from any New luigland locality. 
 
 If used as slabs upon which to crack 
 nuts, ma_\- it not be that in some localities, 
 le\el surfaces of rocks in place were used, 
 instead of i)ortal)le slabs, and thus the ab- 
 sen( e of the latter may be accounted for? 
 The depressions in these slabs of stone vary greatly in outline, some 
 being oval ; and also in the degree of smoothness of the surface both of 
 
 Kio. 183. — New Jersey. J. 
 
 "Whiilltsey, Ancient Earth Forts of the Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio, pp. 33-33, pi. viii. Cleve- 
 land, 1871. 
 
 "* Jones, I. £-., p. 319, 
 
riTTED STONES. 
 
 193 
 
 the depressions and the surrounding li;\el portion of the slalj. Dr. 
 Chas. Ran (Smithson. Contributions to Knowledge, No. 287) considers 
 it improbable that those of fme finish, with almost polished cup-like 
 depressions should have been used merely for nut-cracking, and 
 suggests that they were used as receptacles for paint. A flict that has 
 some bearing upon this i)oint is that of the occurrence occasionally of 
 small specimens of these pitted stones in graves. It is (luite in accord- 
 ance with what we know of the burial customs of the Indians, to 
 find among the various articles inhumed with the dead, such objects 
 as related to their toilet, which during life, were almost as valuable as 
 their weapons. On the other hand, it is extremely improbable that a 
 mere household article, used, it may be, only by the women, should be 
 placed in a grave. The division, therefore, of these i)itted slabs into 
 nut-stones and paint cups is warranted ; Init it must be borne in mind, 
 that unquestionable stone cujjs were in common use, anil the use of 
 these for toilet purposes was the rule, that of the small pitted slabs, 
 the exception. 
 
 . 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 CHIPPED FLINT IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Although the term "flint implement" has acquired a meaning too 
 comprehensive to justify its employment as a descriptive term, yet it 
 still seems necessary, with our present limited knowledge of the various 
 uses of certain objects of Indian make, to apply it to some forms of 
 stone objects. We can feel well assured, on examining the specimens 
 referred to, that they are finished implements, and that they have been 
 made by chipping. Beyond this, all is conjecture. 
 
 Guided by the study of other forms, there is but little doubt that 
 these roughly cliipped, and indefinitely shaped flint implements, of 
 the several different patterns and sizes, were intended for widely differ- 
 ent purposes. As the use or uses of any one of them is not known, 
 and as they have many points in common, it is better to treat them 
 collectively, rather than to consider them solely with reference to such 
 differences as are suggestive of vari'xl, but undetermined uses. 
 
 Of the larger objects treated in the present chajjter, there has 
 bcv-n much written ; and some evidence has been adduced to show 
 that they were agricultural implements, or "spades;" but of those 
 found in New Jersey, but very few bear trace of use, such as digging 
 in sandy soil would inevitably produce, and spades of a different 
 pattern, that do bear the marks of such use, are quite co union. Of 
 the smaller sizes, little can be said, as their form is essentially indei- 
 nite. There are jKissibly a score of uses to which tiiey are adapted, 
 but there is no evidence that any one of tiiem was really that of the 
 implement. 
 
 Fig. 184 represents a good typical specimen of one of the 
 indefinite implements of chipped flint, to which reference has 
 
 (ins) 
 
iq6 rRiMinvK industry. 
 
 been made. The character of tlie cliipping shows that the speci- 
 
 FiG. 184. — New Jersey. \. 
 
up II II lUUii.ffVi 
 
 CHIPPED FLINT I.MI'LE.MEVl^, 
 
 197 
 
 men was unquestionably finished, and not a "l.locked-out" example 
 of some other form. 
 
 The implement most nearly allied to this s])ecimen is the "shovel" 
 described by Dr. Chas. Ran,-" as an '-oval j.late of flint, flat on 
 one side and slij;htly convex on the other, the outline beins,' chipped 
 to a sharp edge." Fig. 184, on the contrar>-, is identically chipped 
 upon both sides, and this is true of nearly two hundred tliat ha\e been 
 found. As the evidence that the Illinois specimens were spades or 
 shovels, found in "the peculiar traces of wear which they exhiljit." or 
 the "glaze" and striai extending "in the direction in which the imjile- 
 ment jjcnetrated the ground," is almost wholly absent in all cases that 
 have come under my ol)seiTation, there is of course no reason for 
 pronouncing these New Jersey specimens to be spades. 
 
 Fig. 185 represents a second example of these large, broad imple- 
 ments of undetermined use. Tiiis specimen varies but little from the 
 preceding. l?oth belong to a series of one hundred and fifty .vhich 
 were discovered in ploughing. They were carefully packed together 
 in the smallest jiossible compass, about two-thirds of the number being 
 placed on one end, and walled about with the remaining third, lying 
 on their sides, and overlapping each other. Had these specimens been 
 alike, or had they even resembled each other as much as do figs. 184 
 and 185, it might have been maintained that they were a deposit of 
 unused shovels ; but many of the series were considerably shorter, some 
 being scarcely more than half the size, and quite acutely pointed. As 
 there was a gradation in size, there was evidently a mixture of differ- 
 ent implements, and how are we to detemiine the limits of shovel 
 measurements and the maximum size of the nearest allied implement ? 
 Setting aside tlie fact, that unquestionable shovels and hoes of very 
 different patterns are of common occurrence, there is nothing to war- 
 rant the conclusion that these implements, so essentially unlike the 
 undoubted western shovels described by Dr. Rau, belong to that class 
 of agricultural implements. 
 
 ""Rail. Smithsonian Annual Report for i86S, p. 401, fig. i, Waihington, D. C. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 M 
 
igS PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 While it is undoubtedly tnie that the majority of "deposits" of flint 
 implements have consisted of these large forms of uncertain uses, there 
 
 Fig. 185. — New Jersey, \. 
 
 seems to be nothing in this fact, that throws any light upon the nature 
 
CHIPPED FLINT JMPM-.MKNTS. 
 
 199 
 
 of the implements themselves. Dr. J. F. Snyder, of Virginia, Illinois, 
 has given us a very interesting account of a number of these deposits, 
 discovered in the west, but as he refers to the <leposits of other forms 
 also, it is evident that the fact of their concealment in the ground has 
 nothing to do with their character. Already reference has been made 
 to extensive deposits of spearpoints and arrowheads in New Jersey. 
 Two otlier instances, one of grooved axes, and the other of polished 
 celts, were mentioned when these implements were described. Dr. 
 Snyder,''" in liis article on " I )eposits of Flint Imiilements," already 
 mentioned, (piotes from Strachey, as follows, and it appears to exjjlain 
 the whole subject of buried implements — "Their come, and (indeed) 
 their copper, hatchetts, howses, beades, perle, and most things with 
 them of value, according to their estymacion, they hide, one from the 
 knowledge of another, in the grownd within the woods, and so keepe 
 them all the yeare, or until! tiiey have fitt use for them." 
 
 Fig. 186 represents a chijjped implement similar to the ])receding, 
 but much smaller. While the larger examples of this pattern are but 
 very rarely found singly upon the surface, tliose of tliis reduced size 
 are by no means uncommon. Tiiis would seem to afford some reason 
 for supposing that they had been used in an essentially different man- 
 ner, or why should we not find the larger si/e also? F'ig. 1S6 bears a 
 very marked resemblance to one of a large series figured by Dr. Chas. 
 Rau, and described as " roughly edged fragments, which were destined 
 to be made into arrow and spearheads at some future time." As such 
 objects have not been found in the chips on the sites of arrowmakers' 
 workshops, but are scattered singly about, as is the case with other 
 forms, and as some of this size were associated with the larger speci- 
 mens here figured, the assumption that they are raw material, from 
 which other forms of implements were chipped, is hardly warranted 
 by the facts. 
 
 Assuming that they are finished implements, it has been suggested 
 
 s»Snyilcr. Annual Report, Smithsonian Inst, for 1876, p. 433. Washington, D. C. The 
 History of Travaile in Virginia; by William Strachey, printed for the Hakluyt Society. 
 
200 
 
 I'UI.MinVK INUUSTRV. 
 
 thai they were used to sonic cNteiit as l)la(lcs or jxiints to war-clubs. 
 In (k'scribing the several forms of war-(liit)s formerly used by tlie 
 Iro(i\ii<is, nu'ntion is made of (me armed witli deer's horn."''^ It was 
 made of hard wood, elaborately carved, jiainted and ornamented witii 
 feathers at tiie ends. In the lower edge, a sharp i)ointed deer's horn, 
 about four inches in length, was inserted. It was tluis rendered a 
 
 dangerous weapon in 
 close combat, and would 
 inflict a deeper wound 
 than the former (one 
 with a ball) . 'J'hey wore 
 it in the girdle. At a 
 later jieriod, they used 
 the same sjiccies of club, 
 substituting a steel or 
 iron blade resembling a 
 spearhead." May it not 
 be, tiiat many of these 
 short, lliick, pointed jas- 
 ^yfV' WM A per objects, such as fig. 
 
 1 86, were used, in the 
 manner described by Mr. 
 Morgan? Stone, as a 
 ball, was used to weight 
 a club, anil Schoolcraft''''^ 
 has figured a series of 
 war-clubs of various fin- 
 ish, some of which are 
 mounted with distinctly pointed hatchets of stone. Strongly made as 
 all such si)ecimens as fig. i86 are, they are now frequently found with 
 their points broken off; showing they had been exposed to violent 
 
 Fig. i86. — New Jersey. \- 
 
 *' Morg.in. League of tlie Iroquois, p. 363. New York, 1850. 
 " Schoolcraft. Hist, and Condit. Ind. Tribes, pt, II, plates 73-74. 
 
fllll'I'M) FLINT I.Ml'I.KMKNTS, 
 
 201 
 
 usage. While the i)iir])ose of these "dints" may he very dilTerent 
 from that suggested, lliure is cvidenre tliat, occasionally, snch use was 
 made of them. In the aiUumn of 1875,'''!' three chii)]iL'(l jasper speci- 
 mens of short flints were found in three graves, ea( h of which had 
 been inserted in one end of the fenuirof an elk (?). The bones had 
 so far decayed, that they were destroyed utterly, in attempting to re- 
 move them. Two of these flints were similar to fig. 1S6, but the other 
 was apparently the i)ointed half of such an implement as fig. 185. 
 
 Fig. 187. — New Jersey, j. 
 
 Figs. 1S7 and iSS represent specimens of very indefinite patterns, 
 having no feature that is suggestive of use. They are almost too blunt 
 to be considered as possible points to a war-club. Certainly this is 
 the case with the foriuer. The edges a])i)ear to be in their original 
 chi|)pecl condition, and if so, they are not sufficiently shar]) to warrant 
 us in classing the imiilement as a cutting t(">i. Neither do they bear 
 any resemblance to the larger scrapers. 
 
 " Abbott. American Naturalist, vol. x, p. ii6. Boston, Mass., 1S76. 
 
202 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The association of these forms, with all the others, especially on village 
 sites, gives us evidence that tliey are finished implements, and beyond 
 this, it seems difficult to proceed. Thev bear considerable resem- 
 blance to many of the pakeolithic implements found in Europe, but as 
 the puri)ose of these latter is unknown, the similarity throws no light 
 upon the use of those found in New Jersey. 
 
 Fig. 1 89 represents a beautiful specimen of a chipped jasper imple- 
 ment, from Massachusetts, so marked in every feature, tliat its associa- 
 tion with the preceding forms is apparently an error. It is, however, 
 
 Fic. iS3. — New Jersey. ]. 
 
 simjily the maximum size of the narrow and jjointed kind of imple- 
 ments, and from it a series witliout a break can be made down to 
 those witlv such an indefinite outline, that no use can be imagined for 
 them. ]'"ig. 189 may or may not be a spcarpoint, lancehead, or dagger. 
 Undoubted objects of this character, of a very different i)attern, are of 
 frequent occurrence, but it is very seldom tliat a specimen of chiijped 
 jasper implement of this form is met witji. 
 
 This sjjecimcn measures eight imches in length, by two and five- 
 eighths inches in width ; is very thin and acutely pointed. That it 
 
CHIPPED FLINT IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 203 
 
 was not an implement o*" every-day use is sho\vn by their great scarcity, 
 and also by the fact that it is so delicate that the slightest rough usage 
 would break it. In this, it closely resembles the long, thin, dagger-like 
 implements found in southern 
 California and Tennessee. 
 
 Fig. 190 is an example of 
 flint implement which, in size 
 
 Fig. 189. — Massachusetts. J. 
 
 Flo. J90. — New Jersey, ]• 
 
 and character of chipping, might readily be used as a knife, spear or 
 dagger ; although, as it has neither a notched nor a stemmed base, the 
 
204 
 
 PRlMirrVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 difficulty of attaching it to a handle, renders it somewhat doubtful, 
 whether it has been used as such an imiilenient or as a weapon. 
 
 Other fonns of these chipped jasper implements are found occa- 
 sionally, but none that differ in any important manner from those that 
 have been here figured; unless we except such as are distinctly 
 pointed at both ends. These are not so common as those that have a 
 blunt base. 
 
 Mr. S. L. Frey*"' has figured a specimen of this kind, found in New 
 York ; one of three taken from a grave. \\'hen of sufficient length to 
 be used as the "head" of a war-club, might not these doubly pointed 
 imiilements have been passed through the club handle, and so make a 
 doubly armed weapon? The edges of all these implements are too 
 sharp or jagged to have boon held in the unprotected hand, even if 
 only used as knives. This fact suggests the probability of a handle of 
 some kind. 
 
 In a IMS. notice of the antiquities of Onondaga County, New York, 
 to which reference has alrea.ly been made, there are drawings of 
 several flint "hnce-heads" of large sizes. Fig. 8 of the MS. measures 
 nine and one-half inches in length, by two and one-half inches in 
 width for nearly two-thirds of the length, when the blade rapidly 
 narrows to an acute point. This specimen, 'hile of unusual length, 
 is not finelv worked nor svmmetrical in its oi t\ ue. 
 
 •» Frcy. American Naturalist, vol. xiii, p. 641. 
 
 G^ Tf^ 
 
 '^<:m^' 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 liONK IMPI.KMKNTS. 
 
 To a certain extent, bone, instead of stone was habitually used for 
 marking many forms of domestic utensils and weapons ; but exactly 
 how far it replaced stone is questionable. Still, it must be remembered 
 that bone, being far more jjerishable than stone, may have been used 
 in the manufacture of many kinds of implements that have long since 
 crumbled into dust. Hence, the absence of implements of this ma- 
 terial cannot always be taken as evidence that they were not used. 
 After making due allowance for all possible conditions, it is probable 
 that implements of bone are exceptional. In no known inland local- 
 ity do they outnumber those of stone, and only in the New England 
 shellheaps can they be considered as more common. 
 
 In New Jersey the occurrence of single objects made of bone, with 
 here and there an occasional bead, is quite unusual. Less than half 
 a dozen specimens of handiwork in this material are among a series 
 of nearly twenty thousand stone imijlemcnts from this state. 
 
 In the Mohawk valley, New York, I\Ir. Prey'" found bone imple- 
 ments to be "nnich more rare than those of stone," and also remarks 
 that "the sites of villages that are uncleared and micultivated, and 
 where these bone tools alone are found, are very few." 
 
 I'rof. ^Vyman,'''- on the other hand, speaks of bone implements in 
 the Massachusetts shellheaps as "(luile abundant." 
 
 Fig. 191 represents a bone spoon, of a ])eculiar pattern. It is care- 
 
 •* Frey. Ainer. Nat., vol. xii, p. 752, fiRs. 15 am! 16. Pliilad., 1879. 
 "Wymaii. Amcr. Nal., vol. i, p. 581, plalcs 14 ami 13. Salem, Mass., 1868. 
 
 (i.'05) 
 
2o6 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 fully shaped from a portion of the bone of the jaw of a porpoise. 
 The handle has been quite elaborately ornamented with incised lines, 
 placed at regular distances, which produce a pleasing effect. 
 
 This specimen is one of four, now preserved in the museum of the 
 
 Academy of Science, at Salem, Mass. 
 The other specimens vary somewhat from 
 this in shape, being all of them shorter, 
 and in two instances much broader. The 
 four specimens were found in an Indian 
 grave in Lagrange street, Salem, Mass. 
 
 In the same museum is a fifth example, 
 varying in no imjiortant ])articular, which 
 was found also in an Indian grave at 
 Eagle Hill, Ipswich, Essex Co., Mass. 
 
 It is not probable that many lione 
 spoons of this pattern were ever in use, 
 as they certainly were in nowise as 
 serviceable as many natural productions ; 
 especially portions of many of the larger 
 marine shells, and of some of the fresh 
 water bivalves, which, without any alter- 
 ation, could readily be used for the same 
 purpose. Indeed, Holnv'^ speaks of such 
 shells as being in use among the Delaware 
 Indians; remarking that "their spoons 
 were muscle shells," which shells they 
 also used in boat building. (See Chapter 
 XVIII.) 
 
 Fig. 192 represents a spoon or paddle- 
 shaped bone implement, made from a 
 portion of a rib of some large mammal, probably an elk. To what 
 extent the specimen is fragmentary cannot be determined, but while 
 
 Fig. 191. — Massachusetts 
 
 w Holm, /. c. p. 124. 
 
BONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 207 
 
 apparently a portion of some implement, it is not evident what was 
 its character. It certainly bears no resemblance to the bone spoons 
 made of the jaw of the porpoise, as represented in fig. 191. The 
 narrower jjortion has been cut or 
 ground away to some extent, and the 
 edges are quite smoothly polished. 
 Near the end of this handle-like 
 portion, there is a countersunk per- 
 foration, and upon the concave side 
 of the wider part there are rudely 
 outlined the heads of two birds. 
 
 In the collections of domestic im- 
 plements and weapons of the Alaskan 
 and northwest coast Indians, in the 
 museum at Cambridge, are large 
 series if wooden implements, many 
 of which are known to be wooden 
 spoons, while others are considered 
 as "models of paddles." Many of 
 the fonner have no greater resem- 
 blance to a spoon than the exami)le 
 of supposed bone spoon, here figured, 
 but all are highly decorated, either 
 by painting or elaborate carving. A 
 series of seventeen, in a cylindrical 
 basket, of Haidah Indian manu- 
 facture (P.M. No. 17,021), are all 
 ornamented in either one or both 
 ways, as mentioned. If used as 
 domestic implements, as is probable, 
 they are no doubt represented, in 
 the implements of the Atlantic coast tribes, by objects of the general 
 character of fig. 192. 
 
 It is of interest to note the resemblance between these birds' heads, 
 
 Flo. igj. — New Jersey. \, 
 
ui ■■■ I iMm^^Hifiin 
 
 ao8 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 and those that occur on the semilunar slate knife (f;-. 43, chap, v) 
 and uijon the shell disks found in the stone graves of Tennessee. 
 
 Fig. 193 represents an interesting specimen of a bone fish-hook, 
 from Long Island. 'Die illustration so clearly shows the character 
 of the implement, that a detailed description of it is unnecessary. 
 Objects of this character are exceedingly rare, either as found on the 
 surface, or in shellheai)s. AVhile of so simple a 
 form, bone fish-hooks of this i)attern do not ap- 
 pear to be common in any locality in eastern 
 North America, although Peter Kalm, in his 
 "Travels in North America," writes of the 
 Delaware Indians, that they "employ hooks 
 made of bone, or birds' claws, instead o{ fish- 
 ing hooks. .Some of the oldest Sicu'dcs here 
 told me, that when they were yoimg, a great 
 number of Iiuiians had been in this part of 
 the country, whicli was then called Nan S7i.iC(icm 
 and had caught fishes in the river Dc/azoarc, 
 with these hooks." 
 
 Col. C. C. Jones, jr., remarks of the southern 
 Indians, that with them " fishing with hook and 
 line seems to have obtained to a very limited 
 extent, if we may judge from the remarkable 
 absence of anything like bone, flint and shell 
 hooks in the mountls and refuse piles. Very 
 few hooks have been found, so far as our in- 
 formation extends, and they were of bone." 
 On the Pacific coast, bone hooks of a more complicated pattern 
 are not uncommon. They are made of bone and shell, and differ 
 from the plain hooks, like fig. 193, in having the stem short and 
 curved towards the point of the hook, and also, in having a well 
 defined barb, on the outer side of the hook, some distance from the 
 point. Generally they are notched on the outer edge of the stem, for 
 the more secure attachment of the line, which, after being wrapped 
 
 Flc. 193, — New York, \, 
 
BONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 209 
 
 about the hook, was covered with asphalt. (See pi. xi, of vol. vii, 
 Archeology, U. S. Geog. Survey West of looth Meridian.) 
 
 In northern pAirope, this pattern of bone fish-hook is more common. 
 Nilss(jn, in his admirable Stone Age in Scandinavia, figures a specimen 
 differing only in having a very slight barb-like projection, very near 
 the point. 
 
 Fig. 193 was found in a shellheap, near .Sag Harbor, Long Island, 
 New York, by Mr. W. W. 'looker of that i)lace, to whom I am in- 
 debted for an oi)portunity of describing it. The shellheap from which 
 this specimen was taken has yielded "many objects of Indian work- 
 manship," but no other specimen, I believe, of similar fish-hooks. 
 
 P^ig. 194 rei)resents an interesting bone implement, which, it has 
 been suggested by the late Professor Haldeman, was used for orna- 
 menting pottery. This implement is made from one of the long bones 
 of a deer, and its entire surface has been worked over. 
 
 The broad sides of this specimen are not uniform, level surfaces, 
 but are cut or ground off, so that they slope irregularly towards the 
 edges. As seen in the illustration, fig. 194/;, the implement is slightly 
 cur\ed, and on the convex face of the lower and narrower end, fig. 
 194^, are the two grooves, which have been used, it is believed, to 
 make the parallel lines so commonly found on the pottery of the 
 Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 The upper, broader end, fig. 194, it will be noticed, has five similar 
 grooves ; these being on the opposite side of the implement, and thus 
 on the convex face of this end. 
 
 This decorating stick or "ebauchoir" measures seven and three- 
 fourths inches in length, three-fourths of an inch in widtii and one- 
 fourth in thickness. 
 
 An examination of thousands of fragments of pottery, on which 
 were series of lines, such as this implement woukl produce, clearly 
 showed that some such object as this was generally usetl to make these 
 linear impressions, as there was such a imiformity in the width of these 
 lines, and in their distances apart, that it can scarcely be conceived 
 14 
 
 
2IO 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 that each line was separately produced. Experiment with soft or raw 
 clay sliowed further that an implement of this kind produced the 
 identical lines in earthen vessels, that are found to be characteristic of 
 the majority of the fragments that bestrew the ground in so many 
 localities, along the northern Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 This interesting bone instrument, which is supposed to be a unique 
 specimen, was discovered by Mr. F. G. Galbraith, in the valley of the 
 Susquehanna, in Lancaster Co., Penn., and by him presented to the 
 
 late Prof. S. S. Haldeman, to whom the author is indebted for the 
 excellent wood-cuts representing it. 
 
 Professor Haldeman, believing this specimen to have been used in 
 decorating pottery, has suggested the name of ehatichoir for it, which 
 is a proper one to adopt, if it is necessary to go beyond our own lan- 
 guage for terms that shall correctly convey a lucid idea of the purposes 
 of such objects as were in ordinary use among the Indians. 
 
 Fig. 195 represents r.n implement which "is ten inches long, two 
 and a half broad at the top, and one at the point. It is made of a 
 branch of the antler of a moose or elk. The breadth of the upper 
 portion is not seen in the figure, as the piece is represented edgewise. 
 
HONK I.MPI.KMK.VTS. 
 
 9IZ 
 
 
 It is ol)li(]uely truncated at the lower end, so as to give it a cliisel- 
 ohaped edge, and sliows the effect of liaving been hacked by some 
 dull t(jol. Attached to a handle it might he used 
 to dig with, or might ser\'e as a head-breaker, or 
 'casse-tete,' as described by Father Rasles."'' 
 From Frenchman's Bay." 
 
 Fig. 196 represents "a flat pointed instniment, 
 three and three-fiuarters inches long, and one 
 and one-(iuarter wide. It is made of the dense 
 
 exterior portion of 
 an antler and the 
 lower end has been 
 ground down to a 
 thin shaqi edge as 
 in fig. igCa."''^ 
 
 J 
 
 ?'•:' ' 
 
 v 
 
 Fig. 195. — Mass. \. Fig. 196. — Mass.ichusetts. \. tg6it> 
 
 F'ig. 197 represents "a piece of one of the branches of the antler 
 
 "* I^ettres Kdifiantes et Curieusc. Paris, 1838. Vol. i. p. 670. 
 
 ""Wyman. Amer. Nat., vol. i, p. 580. The cuts here given, figs. 195 to 203 inclusive, with 
 the descriptions, are from this article, 
 
212 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 of a (k'cr, from which tlie ti]) lias l)een cut off. The skies near the 
 pointed end have been worked down so as to present four foces, two 
 of the angles uniting them being (juite acute. The detached ])iece 
 having a deep notch would be provided with two points 
 or barbs and would be adajjted to serve as the jjoint of 
 an arrow. Suih ])oints were used by the aborigines, 
 and we are informed by Winslow,*"" 
 that when the Pilgrims were making 
 their first explorations on the shore 
 at Cape Cod, previously to landing 
 at riymouth, some of the arrt)ws 
 shot at them had the kind of point 
 just described. From Cotuit Port." 
 Fig. 19S represents "an arti- 
 ficially pointed fragment. From 
 Crouch's Cove." 
 Fig. 199 represents "an artificially pointed frag- 
 ment of bone, suitable for use as an awl. From 
 Crouch's Cove." 
 
 While bone awls, of the same general pattern 
 as fig. 199, are only of occasional occurrence in 
 some inland localities, of New Jersey and New 
 York, they are comparatively common in Ohio and 
 other western anil southern stales. Inasmuch as 
 prehistoric jiumnn bones are freciuently found in a 
 good state of jireservation, it is not improbable, to 
 say the least, that bone awls also might have es- 
 caped destruction in many instances, and hence 
 that they would be far more common than they 
 now are, had they ever been in general use among 
 the Indians of the Delaware valley. 
 
 Fi". 200 represents "one of the lower incisors of a l)eaver, ground 
 
 Fir.. jyB. — Mass. \- 
 
 oo Young':, Chronicles of the Pilgrims, p. 158. Boston, 1841. 
 
BONE IMPl.FMr.N'IS. 213 
 
 to a thin, sharp edge. From Crouc:h's Cove." Mr. Frcy"^ has 
 
 Fig. 199. — Mass. \, Fu,. 300. — Mass. \. Fig. aoi. — Mass. \, 
 
 figured a somewhat similar imiJJement made from a beaver's tooth, 
 
 fountl in a grave in the Mohawk valley, 
 New York. 
 
 Fig. 201 represents " a fragment of a bone 
 of a bird, obli(Hiely truncated and artificially 
 sharpened. From Crouch's Cove." 
 
 Fig. 202 represents "a well wrought and 
 polished spindle-shajied instrument, the 
 lower end of which is flattened, and has a 
 sharp edge : the upper portion is rounded 
 with the end broken off, but ajjpears to 
 have been worketl to a sharp point. F>om 
 Frenchman's Bay." 
 
 Fig. 203 represents "a slender piece of 
 bone, smoothly wrought and pointed. 
 From Frenchman's Bay." 
 
 Figs. 204 and 205 represent other 
 forms of bone implements, both of which 
 are "made of flattened pieces, each be- 
 ing cut from the walls of one of the long 
 
 FiGR. 202 and 203. — Mass. -|-. 
 
 «' Frcy, / <r., p. 782, fig. 13. 
 
214 
 
 rRIMIIIVI-, INDUSTRY. 
 
 bones, 
 From 1 
 rigs. 
 
 and 
 
 'rem 
 
 206 
 
 showing the cancellated structure on one of tlie sides. 
 
 hnuin's Hay." 
 
 and 207 represent two other examples of l)one implements 
 made in the same manner as the preceding. 
 From Crouch's Cove. 
 
 Those bone implements here described, 
 with lateral notches, and barb-like i)rojec- 
 tions, bear a marked resemblance to the 
 bone "dartheads" figured and described 
 by Major W. H. l)all,«8 {„ 
 his admirable work on the 
 hhellheaps of tlie Aleutian 
 Islands ; and also to har- 
 poons figured by Nilsson,*"''-* 
 
 Figs. 
 
 I ami 
 
 . — Mass. \. 
 
 in his volume on Scandinavia. It 
 is evident that these bone imple- 
 ments, from the Massachusetts 
 shellheaps, were put to the same 
 use as those from the Pacific coast 
 of this c(^ntinent and from other 
 parts of the globe. 
 
 Fig. 208 represents a split frag- 
 ment of a long bone, pointed at 
 one end. There is notliing in the 
 specimen in its present condition, 
 to give any intimation of its use. 
 
 Figs. 206 and 207. — Mass. -j-. 
 
 Exact locality not recorded. 
 
 •"Dall. Tribes of the Extreme Northwest, p. 76 and plate opiHjsite (no number). Washing- 
 ton, D.C., 1877. 
 
 "Nilsson. Stone Age in Scandinavi.i, pi. iv, London, 1868. 
 
HONK IMl'I.K.MF.NIS, 
 
 am 
 
 Fig. 209 rc[)resents a somewhat similarly shaped object, Itut it has 
 no jjoint, and there is no indication tiiat it ever had one. One edge 
 is serrated, and "is ([iiite sharp, l)iit from this [serration] tlic bone 
 rapidly increases to one-thinl of an inch in thickness, so as to render 
 it wholly nnsuitabie to be used as a saw. From Kagle Hill." 
 
 Figs. 210 and 21 1 represent implements that are ([iiite like the bone 
 "sewing-awls" figured by Mr. Dalk'^in the volume already (juoted. 
 
 !'!'»1 
 
 Figs. 208 and 209. — Mass. \. 
 
 Kic;s. 210, 2ioa, and 211. — Mass, \, 
 
 These specimens "are flat, scraped very thin, as seen in fig. 210a. 
 One of these is made from the bone of a bird. From Eagle Hill." 
 
 The implements here described will ])robably cover the range of 
 patterns in common use among the Indians, who formed the shell- 
 heaps along the entire Atlantic coast, as even the forms of bone imple- 
 ments from the fresh water shellheaps of Florida"' do not vary in any 
 important particular. 
 
 '"Dall, /. (T., plalc opposite p. 79. 
 
 "Wyman. Frcsh-Watcr Shell Mounds uf Florida, p. 51 ; plates 3 and 4. Salem, M.ass., 1875. 
 
 . 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Although the method of cultivating maize, the plant most inti- 
 mately associated with the native races of America, was practically the 
 same, there yet appears to be a considerable difference in the patterns 
 of the implements, used in preparing the soil for the seed, and in 
 its subsequent care and culture. 
 
 Over a limited extent of western territory, chipped flint hoes of a 
 peculiar pattern are fretiuently met with, 'I'hey are broad bh'des, with 
 deep, lateral notches, near one end, by which they can oe readily 
 fastened to a wooden handle. Of these, it has been remarked by 
 Dr. Rau,''2 who first described them, that " if the shape of the described 
 implements (shovels antl hoes) did not indicate their original use, the 
 peculiar traces of wear whii h they exhibit would furnish almost con- 
 clusive eviden e of t le manner in which they have been employed ; 
 f jr that part with wlvich tiie digging was done appears, notwithstanding 
 the hardness of the aiaterial, perfectly smooth, as if glazed, and slighdy 
 striated in the direction in which the implement penetrated the 
 ground." 
 
 This form is not found in New Jersey, but its place is taken by a 
 "pecked" and grooved implement, in man}- respects similar to the 
 gouges, already described. That liiey were ever very numerous is 
 doubtful, as comparatively few have been foiuKi ; but llieir widespr<"id 
 use is indicated by their occurrence thri)ughout the middle and 
 southern states."'' They have been four.d in Connecticut, and are 
 ' scribed aniong the implements met with in (leorgia. 
 
 " Raw. SmilVisdn. Aniual Kcpurt fur -.RfiS, p. 379, fn;. i. Washinntcm, D. C. 
 "Jones. Anliiiuities of .Soulhem Indians, p. 301, pi. xvii, lig. 1. Nuw Vurk, 1873. 
 
2l8 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Implements known as "hoes," both of stone and elk-horn, not 
 altogether unlike these in the more important features, have been 
 figured and desciibed by Professor Nilsson."^ They differ principally 
 from the New Jersey specimens in being perforated for the insertion 
 of a handle. Of the use of such "hoes," Professor Nilsson says, "It 
 must be acknowledged that if agriculture, as seems most prol)able, 
 consisted originally in burning tracts of forest, and then sowing among 
 the ashes, these nide hoes must have been very suitable for such 
 operations." 
 
 Hoe-like imijlements. however, even those used by the Atlantic 
 coast Indians, were not always of this pattern. In numerous references 
 to the cultivation of maize, in the early histories, mention is made of 
 bone implements, antl of certain bones, which were thus used without 
 alteration. 
 
 Of the Delaware and Iroijuois Indians Loskiel"^ mentions that 
 "they used formerly the shoulderblade of a deer, or a tortoise-shell 
 sharpened upon a stone, and flister.ed to a thick stick, instead of a 
 hoe;" anil we readily see, on comparing such "hoes" with those of 
 stone, here figured, that the latter are fully capable of doing the same 
 work, and of doing it well. 
 
 A second cl.i.si of ag.icultural implements, common in the 
 west and south, but of rare oi rurrence in New Jersey and almost 
 unknown in New Kngland, are known as "spades." They are 
 "oval plates of flint, tlat on one side and slightly convex on the 
 c*'- ••, the outline being chipped into a sharp eilge." These im- 
 j.!'- 't ts are of such a marked character that they never can 
 be ■ iistaken for any other form. Tlic convex "backs" (jf these 
 .imt spades, and their large size and thickness, make them a very 
 ilistinit and well-designed implement. .As they are generally 
 marked by fine stri;c. and often iiolished as if by digging in loose 
 soil, their use as spades seems to be beyond doubt. \'erv often 
 
 "Nilsson. Sione .Arc in Si.in.linavia, p. 74, pi. viii, (1^,. 180 .mil i3i. I.,mdun, 1868, 
 '"Loskicl. Mission u N. A. Indi.tn9, p. ii6. London, lyj-i. 
 
AGRICULTURAL LMPLF.MF.XTS. 
 
 219 
 
 objects are found associated with tliese true spades, which bear 
 a general resemblance to them, and hence have been improp- 
 erly classed with them. That all the large, disk-shaped and 
 oval chipped jasper implements were spades or even hoe-l)lades, 
 is not probable. What they really were will, in ail probability, 
 never be l-;'')wn. 
 
 The agricultural implements found on the .Atlantic seaboard, about 
 which there can be no reasonable doubt, are hues and spades, of 
 cer' 'in well-defined shapes. Of greater abundance than these, is a 
 series of slate implements, that may or 
 nir.) "nijf be hoe-blades. There are many 
 K:;'Sf, '^r considering these latter as 
 a.'iicui.iiial implements of the character 
 named, and yet if they are so, t'..ere is no 
 reason why the jasper specimens of the 
 same size and sha])e should not be in- 
 cluiled in the same class. To call one an 
 agricultural implement and the other some- 
 thing else is certainly unwarranted. 
 
 Fig. 2 1 2 rejiresents an average specimen 
 of these long, slender, fine-edged slates, 
 which we have designated lance-heads. 
 They vary little f )ia five to seven antl 
 one-half inches '■' Viig'.!i by from two to 
 three and r:j li If '::.l-cs in widtli ; the 
 longer spec nc. "r usually the more 
 slender ones, su.k >iing die iiossibilit}- of 
 the bioader and shon ■. -.pecimens having had a different use from the 
 others. Of course, the same degree of probability < btains in this case, 
 as in all others, that a difference in size, and slight \ariation in otuline, 
 may be indicative of diffL-renl purposes. From the vmy nature of the 
 case, it is obviously impossil)le to do more than conjecture, and wikl 
 guesses are neither scientific nor commenilable. 
 
 Vm. 213. — New Jersey. \. 
 
220 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Of a series of fifty-eight of tlicse possible hoe-blades,"« al.out 
 twenty-five are made of argillite, and in their weathered surfaces, iiave 
 all tiie appearance of age that characterizes the true palaiolitiiic im- 
 plements. The others are of sla'e and slate-like material, anil the 
 surface appears as if comparatively freshly chipped. In size, they 
 vary from four and one-half to seven inches in length, by two and 
 one-half to three inches in greatest width. One half of them have 
 distinctly straight bases, and are obtusely pointed at tiie opposite end. 
 In but one instance is there a .'Iv sliarp jioint. While in some 
 specimens there has been a weaui vr of the pointed end, the 
 
 general appearance of a large series ; s the imjjression that the 
 points were never sufficiently sliarp, to have been used as a lance or 
 speari)oint. A few specimens are the same at each end, and look a.- 
 if they had been originally chipped in this shape. An iuteresting 
 feature is seen in the well-defined notch that is found only on one 
 side. This occurs in fully twenty per cent, of all found. In some speci- 
 mens, this single notch on one side is very broad and deep, measuring 
 in one example half an incii in depth, and an inch in width. This is, 
 of course, exceptional, but from one of this size there is a gradation 
 down to the slight, but readily discernible notcli, an eighth of an inch 
 deep. That these were in some way utilized in fastening the imple- 
 ment t(j a handle is probable. 
 
 Chipped slate implements of this i)attern are found scattered along 
 the whole Atlantic seaboard, liut in v.irying numbers, in the several 
 states. As they are found singly more frequently than tiie jasper 
 implements of the same general pattern, it would appear as if they 
 outnumbered the latter ; but if we take into consideration the great 
 
 T*In the imisciim of the Academy of SciclKc, at Salciii, Mass., is a larj^c series of these 
 ohjects, all gathered from a few adjoining fiehls. So lunneroiis were they, and beini; found asso- 
 ciated witli an even greater nunilier of fragments, it was supjiosed lliat they were weapons, possibly 
 used and broken, here, in some great battle. 'I'he snpiM)sili(jn tliat they are lance-heads, and in- 
 dicative, fliroagh their numbers, of a battle field, is njw believed to be an error. (Sec Smithso- 
 nian Annual Report, 1875, p. 21 '9). 
 
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 221 
 
 numbers of the jasper specimens found in "deposits," tliey really are 
 less abtmilant. 
 
 A few fa( ts that seem to have some bearing upon the question of 
 the use of tlicse slate implements will now be briefly mentioned. 
 There are still to be seen, in various parts of New Jersey, c:ertain 
 barren, weed-grown tracts, or " .tarings," as they are called, if still 
 surrounded by a forest ^'.owth, known as old Indian fields. At the 
 time of the settlement of tlic country by the Europeans, these tracts 
 were under native cultivation. In many, the cropping seems to have 
 been so persistent, year after year, that the fertility of the soil was 
 finally exhausted ; and to this day, it shows the ill effects of improper 
 treatment. On such sjjots, there are found a larger number of these 
 rude "hoe-blades" than elsewhere ; and associated with them, are the 
 true hoes, which will be subsequently described. It must not, of 
 course, be understood that these implements are really rare in localities 
 where maize could not have been cultivated. Such is not the case. 
 All agricultural tools of native make are found in essentially iin- 
 agricultural localities. Their aliundance on these old Indian fields is 
 certainly suggestive, aichough why they should have been mostly left 
 in the corn-fields does not appear. 
 
 If it were true that these slate imi)!ements are "hoe-blades," ought 
 we not to find u])on them the ])eculiar scratches that are supi)osed to 
 mark all agricultural implements that have been used? The un(|ues- 
 tioned hoes, and the "spade's" that are found in New Jersey do 
 present these traces of use ; though llie Jasprr imi)lenieiUs, such as 
 figs. 1 84 and 185, never do. The few flint spades we possess of the 
 w'estern form show them, and so, too, does a small proportion of the 
 slate hoes. On the others it is believed that they have been oiditerated 
 by the weathering of two centuries. Occasionally, also, there occurs 
 a specimen which is chipped flat upon the under side, con\ex upon 
 the uiiper, and with a slight cur\e extending the whole length of the 
 implement. These invariably have a single notch upon one side. In 
 such specimens, we have a "link" between the western flint spades 
 
222 
 
 PRIMITIVE INBUSTRY. 
 
 as dcscril)ccl by Dr. Ran," aii<l tlic "hoc-Madcs" fomid in such great 
 almndaiu'c in New Jersey. No similar inii)lcnicnt of jasper has as 
 yet been found. 
 
 I'lg. 213 represents"'^ an excellent average specimen of a hoe, such 
 as is found in New Jersey. It has been "pecked" into shape, and 
 subse(]uently ground until nearly all trace of the original i)ecking has 
 been oljlilerated. The outer or uppe*- su.face (tiiat siiown in the 
 illustration) is ridged, the height decreasing as it ajjproaches the edge 
 
 of tlie implement, thus making the greatest 
 thickness at tiie heatl, wiiere it measures 
 an inch and a lialf. This liead, oval in 
 shaj)e, is sejiarated from the blade of the 
 implement liy two deep grooves or notciies, 
 wl.ich do not extend over any jiortion of 
 tlie under surl^ice, and scarcely meet upon 
 the upper. Tiiis specimen now measures 
 five and one-fourth inches in length, by a 
 little over two and one-half inches in width. 
 It evidently was originally much longer, and 
 has been worn away by long continued use. 
 The fa( t iliat these hoes generally show 
 such evident marks of use, and tiiat the 
 sujiposed " iioe-l)]ades" do not, may be 
 explained on the supposition that the latter 
 do not ])ossess the strength and durability 
 of the former, and readily break wlien smardy struck upon a stone. 
 They would probably be broken long before they would become 
 striated, and worn by use. Probably the enormous number of halves 
 of tliese blades, found scattere<l over small areas, is due to this cause. 
 
 Fu;. 213. — New Jersey. J. 
 
 " Rnii. Sinitlisoni.in Annual Report for i368, ji. 379. 
 
 •"The illustration is defective in the representation of these short lateral, and partially dorsal 
 giooves. « 
 
AGRICULTURAL IMPI.KMENTS. 
 
 223 
 
 From experiments made witli these blades as they nmv are, it is 
 l)rol)al)le that a new lot would have to be made at every seedtime. 
 
 Fig. 214 rei)resents a second example of these heavy stone hoes, 
 This sjjecimen, like the preceding one, was originally much longer, 
 but seems to have been 
 worn down so much, that 
 it was probably dis- 
 carded. In one jjarticu- 
 lar, it varies from tlie 
 preceding: the under 
 side is concave, while 
 in fig. 213 it is flat. 
 This cur\ature of the 
 blade might be supposed 
 to indicate that imple- 
 ments of this character 
 were really gouges, and 
 as such referal)le to tlie 
 class of objects described 
 in Cha])ter III ; Init the 
 l)resence (jf the strina and 
 the general appearance 
 of the surface, show 
 clearly that, like the pre- 
 ceding, this specimen 
 also is a hoe. 
 
 Fig. 215 represents a 
 stone spade, such as is 
 
 ^ , . -Ill Fig. 314. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 found in considerable 
 
 numbers in Mercer Co., New Jersey, but which is not known in other 
 localities. These spades are all of the general shape and character of 
 chipping shown in fig. 215, which sufficiently explains itself .\\\ of 
 those collected show distinctly the stria;, and jjolish amounting, in 
 bome, to a glaze, which characterize the western spades, of an elongated 
 
224 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSinV. 
 
 oval, or quae 
 
 Irangular outline. The material of which these New 
 
 Fig. sis.— New Jersey. {> 
 
ACKKLI-lTkAL IM1'I.EXIKN-I"S. 
 
 225 
 
 Jersey spades are made varies. l)iit none are of jasper. Slate, argillite, 
 and otlier material of tiiis chanuter, have been used. While the 
 narrowed "handle," and broad blade are well- marked features in all 
 these specimens, they merge into each otlier, and are not ilistinctly 
 separate, as in the spade-like implement figured by Col. C. C. Jones.*'' 
 In some, however, tiie jum tion of the two portions is more abrupt than 
 in tile specimen figured. 
 
 Ail of these chipped spades were found on a limited area of some 
 three or four hundred acres ; and were associated with the supposed 
 "hoe-blades" and tlie grooved hoes, jjreviously describeil. It is 
 possible that they may be a loc al form, but the pattern is so sim])le in 
 design, and so well adapted for digging in loose, san<Iy soils, thai 
 similar objects ma\' be confidently looked fir in otheT localities. 
 
 A\'heii the extent to wlii( h mai/e was rai^ed is considered, it is 
 evident, that e\en willi the supposed "hoe-blades," the number of 
 stone agricultural implements is too small to have met the re(iuirements 
 of that cultivation, and hence it is more than probable, that the hoes 
 made of the shoulderblades t)f deer, and of tortoise shell, mentioned 
 by sever,:. 1 early writers, greatl}' outnumbered those of stone. 
 
 "• Jimcs, Anti'iiiiliKs of tlic Stmtlicrn IntlLms, p. yj2, plale xvii, f)^. 2. New Vurli, 1873. 
 
 15 
 
Ill 
 h; 
 
 & 
 
 n 
 
 * 
 
 t( 
 11 
 c 
 1^ 
 r 
 r 
 ( 
 \ 
 
CHAl'TKR XV IT. 
 
 I'l.l'MMKTS, 
 
 As has been done in ])rovic)us chapters, a series of objects, uniform 
 in the more clianu'teristic features, but inluiitely varietl in minor details, 
 have been grouped to^ellier under one title. While the general name 
 given to the group is convenient, and in a measure descriptive of their 
 api)earance, it has but little reference to their uses. It has been re- 
 marked,'"" that "their principal use * * * * as 'plummets' maybe 
 * * * * ([ueslioned, as there are far too many of them found, and of 
 too great a variation in si/.e, to lead us to infer that they were used 
 mainly for that i)urpose. Though if it were necessary, in ancient ar- 
 chitecture, to establish a jjcrpendicular line, the implements were at 
 hand, as 'weights' with lines attached." The same author has also 
 remarked of these phunmets, that they "are of (juite common occur- 
 rence in the vicinity of Salem, Mass.," and there are "in the collection 
 of the I'ealxjdy Academy of Science, a large number of si)ecimens 
 varying in size from an ounce or two to several i)ounds in weight, but 
 all made on the general pear-shapeil ])attern, though they exhibit 
 about as many modit'icatious within that shajje as are shown by the 
 hundreds of varieties of the pear itself. Local archivologists in New 
 lav'land generally consider them as 'sinkers,' from their shape and 
 from the fact that they are mori' t)ften found along the seashore than 
 in the interior." 
 
 "The very large si/e of some specimens would jierhaps indicate 
 some different use from any proposed" for the western specimens, 
 which, as a whole, are smaller. '•' In fact, some of them run so decid- 
 
 *"rnln;im. .\mcrii.an Natur.ilist, vi>l. vi, p. 649, fool-noles. Salcin, Mass , 1S72. 
 
2 28 
 
 rUIMMIVK INItUSTUV, 
 
 cilly into llio (lass i>f • ])cstk's,' tluit it is almost inipossiljle to draw the 
 liiu' lirtuctii till.' two, tlioiiyli tlic (.xtriMiR's are well marked. Tlie 
 pel iiliar shape of these implements has also caused them to l.e re- 
 garded as weights, used to stretch the threail in spinning. This sup- 
 position is rendered very probahle l)y the fact that stone weights have 
 
 been used in s[>inning, and from the 
 statement (made to me in conver- 
 sation iiy Dr. I'Mward I'almcr), thr.t 
 stones are still in use among the 
 Indians of the northwest for a simi- 
 lar puriiose. As it is generally ad- 
 milted that the motmdhiiilders tm- 
 derstood spinning <lifferent kinds of 
 fihre, and /Vi '/.*//// j,' certain materials 
 into threads whit h they, hv some 
 process akin to weaving, siihse- 
 ()!iently manufactured into a kind 
 of cloth, the use of these imple- 
 ments as weights seems \cvy ])rol)a- 
 ble, and as household implements 
 they would often he more or less 
 elaborately finished (jr car\ed. l'"or 
 my own ]iart, I have for some time 
 considered them as rejiresenting, ac- 
 coriling to si/e, material, sha])e 
 and finish, either ist, jiestles, 2nd, 
 sinkers, 3rd. spinning • -'ights, or 4th, 
 ornaments." 
 
 rig. 216 represents a characteristic specimen of the New F.ngland 
 plmnmets of about the maximtmi size. Whether it should be cl.issed 
 as a "pestle" or not, cannot be readily detennined ; but the fact that 
 uiniuestionable pestles are by no means infre(|uent in the same 
 localities, would seem to throw doubt upon their use as ])estles. although 
 '"inany of them • » • • would serve well for use as such, provided 
 
 Fig. 316. — Massachiisctu. \. 
 
I'LfMMI IS, 
 
 3 29 
 
 grit was no ol)jc'c'!uii as a comijuiiunt of 'Indian cake;' though the 
 grit would he avoided if sue ii ])cstks were used in wooden mortars 
 similar to those in use by the early white settlers iu this country, 'i'hc 
 extreme softness of the stone of which tliese largo jjear-shaped 
 implements were nuule, combined with the fact that they seldom ex- 
 hibit signs of use at their rounded end, was * * * * (one) argument 
 against their use as pestles," but not the t>>i/y one, as that author con- 
 sitlered.*'' There does not seem to be any 
 objection to the use of these larger speci- 
 mens as sinkers, from the mere fact of 
 their size and weight. In Kimparntively 
 deep waters, or in strong ( urrents, speci- 
 mens as heavy as this wtiuld often be 
 re(iuired. I'earing on the sulije( t of their 
 use as pestles, however, it should be stated 
 tha^ re is a specimen in the Salem 
 co1 that is said to ha\e been fouiil 
 
 iu a stone mortar, and another in the 
 cabinet of the Ameslniry Nat. History 
 Society. Fig. 216 was found near Ames- 
 bury, Mass. 
 
 I'Mg. 2 1 7 represents a much smaller 
 sj)ecimeu of a plummet, which was ])rob- 
 ably used as a sinker for a fishing line ; 
 at least, it is well ada])ted for this purpose. 
 The original was long ago described and 
 figured by Schoolcraft, as "a fisherman's sinker, of the Penacook 
 tribe, accurately wrought in stone." Objects of this size are not 
 confined to fishing stations, however, and it is quite as possible, that 
 similar specimens had different uses in different localities. Of a very 
 large series of these j)lummets in the collections of the Museum at 
 Cambridge, Mass., bt\t few are highly polished and possessed of that 
 
 Fig. aiy. — Maine. \- 
 
 '*' Putnam. UuUctia of Ksscx ln.>lilutc, vol. v, June, 187J. Salcm, Mass. 
 
aao 
 
 PRIMri'IVr, INDL'SIRV. 
 
 accurafy of outline so cliaracterislii: of many fouiici in Ohio anil otiier 
 western states. Of the larger cxain])les found so frequently in the 
 neij,'lilii)riioo(l of S.ilfni, Mass.. a lari,'e majority are merely pecked 
 into sluipe and have no otlier fmish. Tiiese ha\e an added interest, 
 from the fact that in llie sanv neii.;liI)orlio()d, are found in like iiro- 
 fnsion, the stone gou!,'es that are supposed to have been principally 
 used in making the '•dug-out" canoes. If such was the onlinary use 
 of these impleinents, their occurrence ir. unusual numbers, associated 
 with a like abundance of plununets, wcmIiI ( ertainiy seem t(< indicate 
 
 that the latter were used as "sinkers," 
 as we know the canoes were made 
 . .ore tor ii>lung purjioses, tnan for the 
 mere (unvenience of travelling by 
 water. 
 
 1-^ig. 2t.S rejjresents a still smaller 
 s])ecimeii cf the>e plumniets, which 
 certaini}' is nuiNt .idmirably designed as 
 a sinker, for fisjiing in ( omparatively 
 (piiet water-;. It does not weigh so 
 nuK h, ami is imt little longer than lead 
 sinkers tlial are nuw used in trolling 
 for ro( k lisli ; and it is a matter of as- 
 t'lnishmcnt that su( h an admirable im- 
 )ilement slmuld h.ive been foimd so 
 very seldom in New Jersey. As in the southern states, an occasional 
 sj)ecimen, liki: fig. 21S, may be fouml ; but all such as h.ive been 
 examined, puqiorting to be from the valley of the I'jiaware river, 
 are ingenious frauds, copies in steatite of New iutgland spi-cimcns, 
 r.ianuf.ii tured fur "th.e trade" by imsirupulous dealers. The simpler 
 form (if the grooved globular peltble may, in New Jersey, replace the 
 l)lummel. as it is believed by Col. ('. ('. Jones,*"-' to d >, in (Jeorgia. 
 That author ;^'roups notched and perforated pebbles, and grooved 
 
 Fir.. 2t3. — M'lrisachiisctts. 
 
 > Junes. Amii|uitiL-, ..f Soiitlierii Indians, p. ^yj, |»1- xix, lii;. i j. New York, 1873. 
 
PLUMME'l'S. 
 
 231 
 
 globular peljljles as alike, siiikLts, an<l figures a rudely fashioned 
 plummet, wliit Ii is of rare ore urrcnce, and suggests that it was 
 "employed to \vei,L;lU the hand-line 
 in fishing with a hook,'' 
 
 Fig. 2i<) represents a pluminet- 
 shaped implement, four and one- 
 half indies in length, and one inch 
 and threeijuarteis in its greatest 
 breadth. 'I'he material is a very 
 fine-grained sandstone, and the 
 whole surface has been worked 
 down, until its smoothness almost 
 amounts to a polish. 
 
 While the resembkuK e of thi> 
 spei imen to the conunon fornix of 
 plummets is mark^'d, it varies from 
 all the New luiglaud specimens 
 that have been examined, in not 
 ha\ing a groove near the upper or 
 ^inalle'" end, tor its su.-^i)L'nsion. 
 I'iiis, howe.er. doi's not indi(';Ut' 
 that the pnrjiosc of tiie implemeiit 
 may not have been one of the 
 several suggested by I'lolessor 
 Putnam, on page 22^'. I'lunimets 
 of botii stone and hematite are 
 frei|uentl\' found in ( )liio. \\ heilur 
 used as |iluinuu'ls, sinkers, or or- 
 naments, this want of a groo\e or 
 
 other means of fastening it to a cird, renders the ol)je<t of the )liio 
 si)ecimens. as well as of fig. J19. a diffi( ult matter to determine. Mr. 
 1 (endersi-n,"'' from \\h(»e interoting ai (ounl of ]iluunnets. much 
 
 Fi., 
 
 31'). — New Jersey. |, 
 
 ''•■' UciuIltshii. Am*;rit:;iii N.itiiriilist, \nl. \i, p. t.44, t1^^,. i ja-ijS. Sitlcni, M.tss., 187,!. 
 
232 
 
 I'RIMirrV'F. IXPUSTRY. 
 
 information has been derived, conM(lers the grooves \i])on such speci- 
 mens even as figs. 220 ami 221,100 small to ha\e insiiieii a secure 
 atta( hment to a fishing line. 
 
 We are therefore <iiiite in tlie dark as to the ])re(ise belongings of 
 this N'tw Jersey s])eeline!i. as it. like so many ohjei'ts that are found of 
 I'^.diaii ;','..'.k-.. is so unlike an\thing in nse at liie ])reseiit time, that it 
 is (|uite impossible to identify it. 
 
 .\s an interesting instance u( the identity of form of certain )iatterns 
 
 ----c 
 
 Km.s, 32'i ar.il 221 . ■ 
 
 . nth 
 
 (if Stone implements that are found in ,\11 jiarts of tlie c onntiy, and 
 nse<i bv people as dissimilar in their modes nf life as the native races 
 of the Pacific and of the .\llantic ( oasts, and also the moundlHiilders, 
 of whiiin it may be saitl that tlieir sep.irate origin and distimt racial 
 ( har.u teristii s h.ive not yet been proven, notwithstanding the laborious 
 investigations of many laborers in Aincritan archieology, and the 
 
ri.l'MMKTS. 
 
 233 
 
 ingenious liieorizing that swells the pages of so many volumes ; illus- 
 trations of a series of the western forms are here introduced which, 
 while made of many different materials, are practically the same as 
 the sjjecimens from Maine and Massachusetts, figs. 217 and 2i8.*^'' 
 
 Kig. 220 '•rei)rcscnts wiiat may 1)e styled the typical form of these im- 
 plements. It is made of iron ore, gnjund down and jxjlished, until it is 
 almost as smooth as glass." It is (Mie of eight found near Quincy, Illinois, 
 embedded in solid clay. 
 
 Fig. 221 rejjresents a 
 second examjjle, and 
 varies from the preced- 
 ing, in being much 
 broader at its widest 
 l)art. Tiiis speciinen is 
 also from Illinois ; and 
 is "mad.' of a whiiisii 
 limestone (ontaining 
 numerous small j(.>ints 
 of ( rinoids." 
 
 I'ii,'. 222 re])resents 
 a mm li smaller speci- 
 men, of the same class 
 of implements, and is of '•■'-"•-Ohio. \. f,g. .._,.- im„oi,. -j. 
 
 unusu.d interest from the fa( t tluit it w.i-, found at a ileptii of "sixteen 
 feet below the surlace of the earth." " It is made of green stone. 
 AN'ilii it were found a small stone ^( raper and a sione dl>,k." 
 
 Fig. 223 re])rest.'nts still anoliur, maile of < opper. "It is ( om- 
 posed of small pic es of native (opjier pounded together; and in the 
 cracks between the i)ieces, are stuck several jjieces of silver, one 
 nearly the si/e of a half dime."''-' 'I'his sjiccimen is from a mound 
 near Marietta, Ohio. 
 
 "Henderson, /. f., pp. (^i-ftt:). 
 
 ""SijiiiiT, Ahiiriyiii;il Mittitiinrnts of New \'urk, p. 
 s/^nian Cfinlribtiliuns li> Kituwleiigt;, vol. ii'. 
 
 W.ishinjioii, l>. C. 1S56 (Siniih- 
 
234 
 
 I'UIMITIVK INr)USTKV. 
 
 CoiisidcrinL; tlio small size of some of these specimens, particularly 
 fig. 222, it may be thought that the small trinkets, or cyiinilrical j)elil)les 
 with an en( ircling groove, desc rihed in Chapter XXVIi, belong to the 
 same class. 'I'iiey certain))- ajijiroac h \ery near to lliem, though they 
 are so small that they would be nearly worthless as sinkers. This, 
 however, is not true of fig. 222, \vlii( h is ]irobably a sinker of the 
 minimum si/e. 
 
 While pkanmets, as a class, seem t<j lia\e been polisheiA and sym- 
 
 Fui**. ^J4 :nnl 2.'5. 
 
 nliiv.i 
 
 iiHtrically shaped, they were imt generally ornamented in any other 
 m.nmer. I'ig-,. 224 and 225. howe\er, represent one of a small series, 
 that is a marked e\<eptiou in this re->iiect. This spec imen has already 
 been described and figured by Mr. Henderson, .ind the illn trations, 
 as well as several of the prei eiliiig, are those given m his valiiaule 
 
PLUMMETS. 
 
 235 
 
 paper, already referreil to. I'ig. 224 is made of dark limestone, and 
 the top of the implement has been car\ed to represent an Indian's 
 head. 'I'lie ( arving is successful certainly, so far as "presenting the 
 characteristic features of the Red Indian." "I'he streaks of black 
 paint al)o\e and below the eyes, the black eye-balls and scalp-lock, 
 give it a hideous appearance which, pcrhai)s, caused it to be looked 
 upon with reverential awe by its superstitious aboriginal owner." "A 
 glance at fig. 225, which is a ba( k view of fig. 224, shows that the 
 l>rimitive artist preserved, as fu- as his design would a.lmit, the general 
 plummet form shown in the other implements figured, while the slight 
 groove around the small end shows plainly that it was to be suspended 
 by a string, and I think fully warrants the conclusioi\ tliat this imple- 
 ment is but a modification of the plummet." 
 
 There is in this carved sp.'( imen an instance of that taste for 
 realistic carvings, whidi is more artistically exhibited on some of the 
 New I'.ngland pestles, than on this plummet ; and considering also that 
 "the characteristic features of tiie Red Indian" arc shown on this 
 plummet, it is evident that the In.li.ms nsed and made a large number 
 of tiiese implements in the west, as well as along the .\tlantic. seaboard. 
 If it ( (.uld be shown that this carving on fig. 224 was the handiwork 
 of the moundbuilders, then why h.ive we not an indication that they 
 and the Indians were closely related? CYrtaialy there is little that is 
 peculiar in the representations of the human face, as exhibited on 
 stone carvings taken from mounds; and in that little, there is a 
 resemblance to the later (?) Red Indian. I'ntil tiie origin of the 
 known races of North .America is umiuestionably determined, it will 
 clearly be unsafe to designate this nr tiiat implement as the production 
 of another people, of a supposed dirferenl ongm. 
 
CHAl'l' i: R XVIII. 
 
 NKT-SINKKKS. 
 
 Amonc tlic many familiar f(irms of primitive stone implements 
 rommon to tlie \aiieys of tlie I )elaware and Sus(iuehanna rivers, are 
 those small, flat, notched ])el)l)les, usually nearly square, hut not unfre- 
 (juently of the most irrei^ular shapes, which are universally known as 
 net-sinkers. The fact that the tise imjilied by this name is suggested 
 at once bv the very apjiearance of this implement is not perhaps a 
 safe guide in determining such ([uestions, although, in this rase, it is 
 almost certainlv true. If used as net-sinkers, then, it is evident, that 
 occasionally a series of these ohji'cts should he found together, as 
 numbers of them, placed al short distan(-es along the lower margin of 
 the net would be re(iuired to keep it in place wlien in the water. Tf 
 they could be found so situated, that their position was evidence 
 that they had bien attached to a siu' le net, all doubt as to this 
 form of fi>hing tackle having been used by the Indians would be 
 dispelled, even though they alone remained to testify to the fact. 
 While no direct refe-encc to nets is made by Ilolm,^" in his history of 
 the Delaware luilians. he does alhule to other productions of a char- 
 acter that, at least, renders the weaving of a net a jjrobability. Tn 
 detailing the several duties of the women, he remarks; "they make 
 much use of ])aiuted feathers, with whii h they ai'orn skins and bed- 
 covers, binding them with •' kiiui <>/ net 70ork which is very handsome, 
 and fastens the feathers very s ell." .Attention has also been called to 
 the fact that they made " thread and yarn, from nettles and hemp." 
 Peter Kalm also refers to fishing tackle made of hempen conl. (See 
 
 •"• Holm. /. ('.p. 1 29. 
 
 (ujr) 
 
238 
 
 I'KlMinVi', INIHSIKV. 
 
 J). 147.) 'Ihc'se facts are suffu ii'iit to identify the notched i)cl)l)Ies as 
 net-\veij,'hls or sii kcrs, but otiier esidcnce is not wanting. 
 
 In tiie summer of 1X78, a series of these notciied i)el)l)les was found 
 in tiie wasting northern shore of (rosswick's creek, al)OMt two miles 
 from its mouth, at IJordentown, New Jersey. 'I'iiey were in an irreg 
 ularlieaj), in some instances one just al)o\e the otlier, l.ut in contact. 
 'J'hey were twenty-two indies below the surface of the meadow, which 
 is com])osed of a fine sandy mud, that has been slowly ac( umulating, 
 at this i)oint, for centuries. There were seventy-three in the series, 
 and supposing them to have been placed at a distance of a foot 
 apart, tliey would have supplied a net just long enough to stretch 
 across the creek at this point. It is not improbable, however, thai 
 these noli hed jtebbles were left long anterior to the formation of the 
 present channel of the creek, and hence are of a remote anti(|uity ; 
 for recent as are the alltu ial deposits in our river valleys, some of them 
 are not to be counted by scores of years more or less.*" 
 
 "Kishing-nets may be counted among the utensils invented at very 
 early ])eriods, on the spur of necessity, by men in various ])arts of the 
 world. That they were already in use in Mumpe at a remote anticiuity 
 is ])roved by their remnants jireser\ed in an almost marvellous manner 
 in the .Swiss pile-constructions of the stone age, as, for instance, those 
 of Rol)enhausen and Wangen. In the earliest wcjrks on North 
 America the fishing-nets of tiie Indians are mentioned but not de- 
 scribed. Cabeca de \'aca,'"* the first J'-urojiean v.ho gave an account 
 of the interior of North .\merica, refers in varii^us jilaces, though in a 
 transient manner, to the nets of the natives whom he met during his 
 long w.mderings. (iarcilasso de la ^'ega'"•* and the anonymous I'ortu- 
 guese gentleman, called tiie Knight of I'.lvas, the two ])rin< ipal authors 
 who lia\e left accounts of 1 )e Soto's exijcdition ( 1539-43) are likewise 
 
 ^'AhhoH. Ainrricali N;iluriilisl, \til. x, p. 71. 
 
 '" KcLitioii ft N.Mifra^i:?; iI'Alv.ir Nunc/ Ctlict/a <Ic \'ai a (Ttrnaiix ('iMnp.uis), Paris, iSj7, 
 pp. 34, 142, 177. i7y. Original prmlcfl at Willad.iliil in i^^S' 
 
 ^'* Narralix cs of tlic Cart-cr 4jf llLTliandi) dc Suto, etc., translated liy lluLkiti^li.uil Smith, New 
 York, i860, p. 112. 
 
NET-SINK FRS. 
 
 839 
 
 deficient in all such details as might sen'c to illustrate the original 
 character of Indian nets. 'J"he latter relates, ho\vc\er, that the Sjjan- 
 iards, while at a jilai e ni'ar the Mississipiii. (■alli.-<l l'a< aha ((lanilasso 
 has it '('ai)aha'), taught fish in a lake with nets furnished by the 
 Indians. This establishes at least the fact that the tril)cs of the Mis- 
 sissijipi valley enijiloyed fishing-nets, when first seen by Europeans. 
 The Indians of tiie ])resent New I-amland states made strong nets of 
 henij). l''or this we have the authority of Roger Williams,'"' wiu) gives 
 also the word ashi>]i, whi( h signifies a net in the language of the 
 Narragansetts. \'et it apja-ars that the Indians of the Atlantic coast 
 (and others) were ratlier in the habit of 'si>earing' fish than taking 
 them in nets. .Some were also killed by arrow-shots. .\( cording to 
 Van der Donck, tlie Indians in tiie neighborh(Jod of New .Amsterdam 
 (now New York) employed, during the middle of the seventeenth 
 century, various kinds of nets ; but this author does not state whether 
 these nets were original Indian inventions, or adojUed from the Dutch 
 colonists. The Nat<hez, on the lower Mississi])pi, made their nets 
 from the liark of the linden tree, and knitteil them i|uite in the 
 European fashion." (('has. Kau, in .Vmerican Naturalist, vol. vii, 
 ]>]). 145 and 146.) 
 
 Fig. 226 represents an ordinary s]ie< imen. such as occurs liy the 
 luinilreds in the valley of every creek, and along the river shores, in 
 New Jersey, and other eastern states. 
 
 IJeyond determining their use, there is nothing in their variety, 
 shape, or method of manufacture, but is so simjile and evident, that 
 there is little inteiest attached to them ; unless it be to wonder why it 
 was, if these jjriinitive sinkers were used in the manner described, as 
 their numbers and circumstxinces under which many are found cer- 
 
 •" Roger Williams. A Kry inlt» thr I.anj:ua(;c nf Amrrica, I.oiHlon, 1643; Providence, K. I., 
 1827, p. I >2, 'i'he prat luc likewise prevailed of ereitinn in ihc water larpe laliyrinlh-iike eiirlo- 
 Stires of lattice-work, flankeil hy lonj; weirs, the whole forming .1 <«rt "f gi>;antic trap, into which 
 the fish were ilriven, Stu li a contnvaiu e of the \'iri;inia Indians is figliretl and described in the 
 first voliintc of Pe liry's " Pere^;rinationes "' i Frankfort tm the Main. 1590). 
 
 Hcschryvin^;e Van Nieiiw-Nederhuidt. Anistenlam, if'S't, p. 70. 
 
 Du I'ratjc, Mistoire de la Loiiisiane. J'aris, 1758, vol. ii, p. 179. 
 
340 
 
 rKiMinvi-. iNnusikv. 
 
 Ku.. 31»6. — New K-rsi-y. 
 
 taiiily indicate was the <"isc, tliat so carefully wrought an imi)k'inent as 
 
 tile '•iiluinniet" of New Mnjjland, should have been used for tlie same 
 
 inupose. If lliey 
 wi re used only as 
 siniscrs for fislnng 
 line>, it i-^ not a 
 matter of surprise ; 
 liiit certainly if 
 these small tlal 
 peiililes were all 
 tliat were ri'i|uire(l 
 to ueiyht tile nets 
 usi-d in the risers, 
 tlu'n lari^er i)el)l)les 
 of the same siiai)0 
 
 would ha\e answtied the nnds of the fishennen of the New linglaiKl 
 
 coast just as well, and it is 
 
 stran.ue tiial so sini]ile a form 
 
 uf wei.L;ht siiouid not ha\e 
 
 lieeii u->eil. if indeed, it was 
 
 not. 
 
 Fi^s. 227 and 22S represent 
 
 examples (if tliese sinkers from 
 
 the shores of the Susiiuehann.i 
 
 ri\er. 'I'hey are of the same 
 
 jiattern as those found in all 
 
 other ri\er valleys ol' that re- 
 gion ; as a (lass, however, 
 
 those found in the Susijue- 
 
 h.mna valle\' are .-.omewhat 
 
 larijcr than tluise of the Dela- 
 ware. Ir. Ran''' writes of the specimens, .iliove figure(l, "'the material 
 
 Fir,. 22;. — Pennsylvania. \. 
 
 "' Rail. American N:iturnlisl, vol. vil, p. 140, figs, yi ami 31. 
 
NET-SINK K.RS. 
 
 241 
 
 is almnsl i'\( liisi\ (.■!>• a flat -breaking, silic o-argillarfous stoiK- of gray 
 or brownish rolor, soini-tiiucs containing (liniinutivc partic lis of mica, 
 and consiMincntly bearing the distinct < harai tcr of graywar kc." 
 
 'riic nctsinkcrs foumi in the Delaware valley are made of every 
 sort of st(jne, ancl even tliin pieces of coral rock have been ntiliztd. 
 Some are even halves of "hoe-blades." No one fonn of implement 
 l)resents a imii h greater range of minerals, than tiiese sinkers, althougii 
 the majoritN' are made of llat ri\er pebbles of sandstone. 
 
 Fig. 229 represents an a\erage spe< imen of net->inker fri/in the 
 shores of the Delaware river. Itiit few are of this pointeii shape, 
 however, and a great many do not have the notches so deeply cut. 
 
 Not all of these notched pebbles 
 need necessarily be (lasted as net- 
 sinkers, in the ordin.iry acceptation 
 of that term. Some are found that 
 are too ( umbersome to have been 
 used in th it way, but were probably 
 anchors or set-weights for fishing 
 ajiparatus of a different kind. In 
 June, t^~'), \vhile relic Inmiing in 
 the Delaware valley, with I'rof. F. 
 W. Putnam, of the Museum at 
 Cambridge, Mass., the author found 
 
 a very large notched pebble on the shore of the river, a shoit dis- 
 tanre above the Water (;a|i. in Monroe Co., Pennsylvania, \.hich, 
 judging from the size, and the f u t of iis h.uing lour notches, was 
 used as an anchor or set-weight. 'I'liis exam])le measures eight 
 inihes si|uare, and weigiis nearl\- fi\e pnuuds. To sec ure a net, 
 which was placed in the stream, as gilling lu ts and fykes are now set, 
 su( h a weight would have been frei|uently a nece^^sitv, especially 
 where there was a swift current, as there is in the ri\er, at the point 
 where this specimen was found; but it is e. idently im|io>sible that 
 such a stone could have been used, as one of a hundrt.d or more, in 
 draggiPi^ a sweep net through the water, .\side from their weight, 
 IG 
 
 Fig. S28. — Pennsylvania. \- 
 
2.J2 
 
 I'KIMl ri\ i: INIH'SIRV. 
 
 stoiusdf such si/c would i()iistaiitl\ lie ( ;iiij;lil li\ ol)>lriii lions iullic hcil 
 
 of tlic sticau), ;mil llms rcniK-r tlic Irii' movciiu'iit of.i iKl iiiiiir.u ti( able. 
 
 Oil tlic uiIrt liaml, tin- I'ai I of finiliiij,' ai> implement <jf practically 
 
 the same ( luiracltT, Imt of 
 niticli f,'rcatcr si/e, in a 
 lisliinj; lo( ality, asso( iatcd 
 Willi liiimlrcds of Miiallcr 
 OIK'S, siigm'sls that it, too, 
 was Used hy ihc Jiiilians, 
 in fishing, and is ( orroho- 
 rali\c of the belief, that 
 the smaller siieciniens 
 Were used in the same 
 manner. 
 
 These lar^^e notched 
 stones may lia\e been 
 used also as an< hors. 
 
 I,arj,'e an},nilar pebbles 
 i)T bowlders, with deep 
 encin ling groo\es, have 
 also been iVeiiuently found 
 in the Delaware river as 
 well as in many of the 
 larj:er < reeks ilowing 
 into it. These grooved 
 bowlders, I believe, were 
 used also as anchoring 
 stones. 
 
 One of these so-called 
 anchors, found in the bed of Crosswicks Creek, near llordentown, 
 New lersey, is a conij)act sandstone bowlder, nearly a ( ube in shape, 
 and weighs forty ]>ounds. The groo\e divides the stone into ecinal 
 parts, is evenlv worked, and measures uniformly one imh in width and 
 three-fourths of an inch in depth. 
 
 Fig. 221). — New Jcr^ty. 
 
NCT-SINKKRS. 
 
 343 
 
 This s|)eciincn was fouiiil iinl)i.(l.li(l in imul, at a dupili of nearly 
 three feet from tin; preMiit surfate. Near it were foinul a do/.en 
 notcheil i)cl)l)les, siu h as fig. 22S, a grooveil stone axe, and several 
 fragments of jjottery. 
 
 The cin umstances under wliicli tliis grooveil l>owlder was foimd 
 dearly indicate that it was used as an anchor ; and its l)eing associated 
 with a small siTies of the notrlied peljliles, desc riiied in liie iiresenl 
 chapter, is as interesting as it is suggestive. Unlike the large noK hed 
 pebbles, referreil '■• from tlie Water (;aii, this s|)ecimen could not have 
 been used as an attaciiuienl to a net ; but at on( e suggests the use of a 
 boat, and as we know that tliese l)oats were in almost daily use, it i-. not 
 probable that they were always drawn from the water, when not in use. 
 Holm''-' rem.'fks of the Delaware Indians, that "their boats are made 
 of the bark of ( edar, ami l)iri Ii irees, bouml together and lasheo very 
 strongly; they carry tlu'm along wherever tliey go; and when they 
 come to some 1 reek thai they want to get over, they laimch them and 
 go whither they pleas.-, 'i'hey also used to make boats out of (edar 
 trees whi( h they N rnt inside, and scraped uff the coals with sharp 
 stones, bones, or mus( le shells." 
 
 Su( h a stone ''aiK hor," as the one mentioned, would readilv hold, 
 even in a swift < urrent, the < uioes and dug-outs. Holm describes. 
 
 I-'ig. 2,50 represents a large, oval, Hat p( bble, with a perforation, that 
 has been drilled with great accuracy. ( )bje< ts of this kind, so far as 
 met with in New Jersey, are comparatively rare, and their purpose is 
 not positively known. 'I'lu y mv here classed as sinkers, because the 
 localities where most of tlu lu are found suggest th..U thev were useil as 
 net-weights or, in some mamur. were (()nne( ted with the >)c( upalion of 
 fishing. Kig. 330, which is the largest of a series of fourteen speci- 
 mens ( olle( ted, is nearly one am! one-half inches in thickness, and 
 was found in a field, within a short ilistance of a navigable <reek, ami 
 one mu( h freiiueiited by Imlians, e\en so l.itely as historic times. 
 The other thirteen were found in the immediate \i(inil)- of Jiig 
 
 •'Holm, /. I., p. ijo. 
 
344 
 
 I'Ki.Mrnvi; indl'siks-. 
 
 'I'imhir Creek, ( ilouctster Co., New Jersey, and are but a small portion 
 
 Fig. 3^0. — New Jcncy. j. 
 
 if ;i l.ir^'c ninnl)i-r that wire giilluTcd ;U i)ne time. \11 that have been 
 
NKI-SINKKKS. 
 
 »4S 
 
 exciiiincd arc made of i mnpai I sa.uUtont.', ami vru vtry licavv. Mn^i 
 of tlu'in lia\c liocii drillcil t'ncn (.ai h >iiK', aiii'i tlic opciiinj,', near liie 
 
 middle of the sloi 
 
 If, IS ll)l|( II MlM 
 
 llcr tliap. the (iril'icc at the surface. 
 
 th 
 
 e sides 
 
 I'ij,'. 230 has |)r()l)al)ly been ]icrfi)i:Ufd with a luillow dr 
 
 of the perforation l)iin:j as <.wn. smooth, ami re^nilarly striated, as tiie 
 
 finest e: 
 
 ,k 
 
 drilled ( rrniionial ohjec ts. 
 
 A nuiiiher I'f thesf perforatLi! ll.'t |iel)lili-s ha\e lieeii riM cnllv toiind 
 on the shores and la the hed. of l,.ike Ilopati ung, Morris Co., New 
 Jersey. 'I'hosc tl.at I have seen varied in no essential features fn 
 
 o, except m 
 
 the in 
 
 )ft 
 
 le ilnllin 
 
 llir 
 
 om 
 
 This was similar to that 
 
 of the spec iinens from ( Hoik ester Co., New Ier>e' 
 
 Col. C. C. Joiu'^ 
 net-sinkers, of wliic 
 
 IKl.-v li;;illed aiK 
 
 II, lie reman 
 
 1 (I 
 
 escril >(.■(! a series ot | 
 
 lerforateil 
 
 •all of the jierlnr.iti-d sort that I 
 have seen, with one exreptini), were fnrined either of soapslime or of 
 clay. ConMistinL; !;enerally of fl.it or rounded piei es of snapstone, 
 irregular in shape, they var\' in weight from sian ely more th.ui an 
 ounce to a i)ound and ujiw.ird. 'I'he perfoiations are from a ipiarter 
 ■)f an imh to an im h ir. dianu ter. .iml .ne mdiffereiUly loc ,Ued, either 
 
 the ( eiitre or near the edj^e of tin- stone." 
 
 None of ^o,i])-.tone ha\e Ikcu noticed, among the New Jersey 
 
 M 
 
 ipl 
 
 examples, jior anv so smal 
 
 tho^e of hut 
 
 an oMiK e in «ei 
 
 lit. 
 
 While in all prolialiility used a^ net siiikiTs, the .New JerM'y spe. iiiieiis 
 were iloubtiessly limited to particular kinds of nets or traps. 
 
 ** Jttlif*.. .'..., p. ti7, pi. MX.Iiu-.. 1 t'Mt in. h'*i\t:. 
 
 
 
CIIAl'TI-.R \IX. 
 
 I'l.AKI'OlN l> AND AkRdWUKAIiS. 
 
 WiiiN uv ((iiiio to ixainiiH' any loii^idcraljlc hc-rics oli lii|i])C(l stone 
 implcmcnls. and iiotii c Iiow variid an- ti • pattcnis of what is practi- 
 cally tlif same ol)ji-i t. \vc arc Inn cd tu 'lie lontlusinn tliai tlicso 
 several pattirus were desii^Mkd not I'^r one, imt for nunn- iiuiposes. 
 
 In tin- study of these \arii<l I'onns, we rannnt rcNt ( onteiit with tlio 
 knowledge that they are s|iearpoints. When, where, ho' were they 
 used? Have we no (lew to their ineaiiin);? 'I'lie niea^'re reiords of 
 those early \<>yaf,'ers, who fir^t eiiaiiced upon our shores, tell us hut 
 little more than the diNt aided implements themselves. 
 
 I'erhaps the elTorts to diterniine the ohjec I of various stone imple- 
 ments liv the 1 harai ter of tlie loc alilies where they are iisuallv found 
 have not been altoj,'ether vain. With referem e to some of the 
 simpler forms, tiiis is not an import. mt matter, as their \erv sini- 
 pli< ity and tmiformity hespeak the use, as in the iioti hed jiehbles 
 iisefl as iK't-vveij,'iits ; and yet even here, the I'.k t that thev are found 
 in aliundani e aloni; our rivers and larL;er < reeks, an<l th.it olten si ores 
 are <lis< overed assoi iated toj^rtiur, in the very hetls of the stri..\ms, is 
 tertainlv an additional assurance that their purjuisc is known. 
 
 \\'hile the objects tre.ited of in the present ch.ipter are jierhaps 
 \vitho\il warrant ( l.issific<l as sjiearpoints and arrowheads, it is not 
 intended to <<invey the impression, that all the lafi,'er sjiei imens 
 belonj^eil to the lormer cl.iss, and that the entire series of smaller tlints 
 were Used to tip the siialts of arrow>. 'This ( annot be proven, though 
 the shape, si/e ami the rd.itive abun<!ance of the tv\o series render it 
 cvidint th.it siK h w.is usually the case. 
 
 ^\ilether the one type or jiattern llutt is here tonsidtred as having 
 
 (247) 
 
!4.S 
 
 I'KI.MinVK INDIMKV. 
 
 hi'i-ti r.-nl iTinciiially for caiituriiiL,' fisli was L'lMUTally sn usid, future 
 iincitij^alioii mav iiossilil) <!'.IiTmin(.'. At jircM'tit, tluTi' is < mi^idcralilc 
 cvidciuc ill favor of tin- \ icw here e.\])ressetl. 
 
 Sclu)i)l( rafi'" lias referred to ilie larger of tlu>e sipear|Joiiits as 
 ".\iiti(|tie ja\elins, or Iiulian Sliei lai^oii or spear." "Ilii-. aiuiijiie 
 iini)leiiR lit w.is one of tlie iiio^t etfn a( ions in < lose eneoiinter^, before 
 the introilui tion of iron weaimns. .\ fine s;ie( inien is seven inriies 
 long and one ami a half wide at the lower eiwl, \vhi( h is ( hijiped thin 
 to admit the splints hy whii h it \va^ tastiMud to the lower t. nd. The 
 length of the pole or staff loiild only he ( ( iije< t'lreij, and was ]irol)al)ly 
 fixe teet. The ( hief said, on presenting it, dial it was one of the old 
 inipliiiunti of his aiu i-.lors.'' 
 
 W hen we ronsider how proinini'iU and <(iniparati\ely aliiindaiit are 
 these large sjiearpoiiils among the rein s of tlie Indians, it is not a 
 little strange that the early writers <.;.: ;••'•• to the Indiaii^ liefore 
 they h.id wholly tlisearded stone imiileineni--, or very soon al'ierwards, 
 .should so gener.illy have i)\erlooked this form, while tlu'y lVei|iiently 
 mention th.'ir axes aiul air.iwhr.ids. Ni-illur Holm nor Kilm refer to 
 the large -pe.irpoinls a> a we.ipon of the l>el.iware Indi.iiis, or let'er 
 to the use of the >pear or l.met-. in desc riliing theinnethods of w.irfarc ; 
 yet the niimlier of the>e oljetts found is, of itself, siiftieient to indicate 
 that, at one time, they were in very i ommon nse. Is it jiroo.iMe that 
 they h. id lieen di>('ariled in gre.it ine,i-,iire. at some remote jieriod. ,ind 
 weie verit.ilile relii s <•! a dhtaiil \i.\>\. wlini tin' I'.iirope.in sittler-^ ("irst 
 reai hed our shores? 'I'he ah-'eiii e of direi t referenre to lhe>e ( h.ir- 
 aeteristic implements seein^ indi<.iti\e o' th s. 
 
 I''ig. 2.?i represents a pirfei t spe( imen of wh.it may lie considered 
 a typit .il spearpoint. The < hipjiing is six i essful, so far as |)reser\ing 
 a imitorin thii kness of the M.tde, and the eilges are straight, and taper 
 gr.iilu.ilK to the niodt-r.itely .i> ule point. The stem is a jierfeetly 
 straight jirojei lion from tlu- ii.i->e of the lil.ide. of .i little more than 
 ont' it.ilf its width. The material is a Miiish gr.iy j.i>i)er, \ery i om- 
 
 MS. h^K.I. i.ifi. llisl. .iixt C.iii.l. iif tmliiii T'IIh:*, |i|. i, (.. 87, y). jfi. 
 
SPKAkl'DlNls AM) AUKCI\M11.A1).>. 
 
 849 
 
 nionly n^cii liy the 1 )cl;i\vari' 
 Indians lur niakin),' inipli.'- 
 mcnts (if this c liarar lor 
 Wliili' (» rasinna! s|)i'< iinitis 
 of this anil allidl iiatliins 
 of s|)(.-ir|" lints arr I on nil 
 that arc ( unsi<l(.Tal)ly lonj^cr 
 it may be said of tluni as 
 a class, that t!u-y vary in 
 si/e, from those that are as 
 large as fi,:,'. 2,^1 down to 
 those til It are on tiie honn- 
 ilary line iHtueiii sju-ar- 
 jioinls and arrowiieads. So 
 far as sin-arpoinls oicur \u 
 New Ursey. less than one 
 ))er ( ent. e\i eed six inches 
 in lenj,'th, ami of these, hut 
 ver)' feu ex( eed that meas- 
 nrcment by more t'.ian an 
 ini h. 
 
 In tlie arc ha'ological col- 
 lertions of tiie Anterii an 
 Mnseumof Natural 1 Iistory, 
 at Central I'aik, New Nork, 
 there is an t Aample of larj;e 
 si)ear))oint, somewhat rndel)' 
 (hipiied, \vhi< h greatly ex 
 eeetls in length any known 
 s])e( iiuins froni Niw br- 
 sey, or tiie N'rw j-.n,i;ian<l 
 states. 'I"his s|nMr|.oint 
 measures eleven int lies in 
 length, ami three int lies 
 
 Fl'i- Jii. — N<:* JerMV, •}■ 
 
I'KlMiriVI, IMASIKV. 
 
 lii 
 
 in greatest widtli. It luis a notched base and sliort stem, of ahotit 
 
 one-half tlie width 
 of tlie Made. 'I'he 
 material of which it 
 is made is j^rein jas- 
 per. It was found 
 near l.r.a- l.ii/erne, 
 in New \'(irk. A 
 somewhat larger 
 specimen, fmirteen 
 in( lies in length, is 
 mentioned 1>\- i\>\. 
 IJ. ('. Jones, jr., as 
 taken from a grave 
 nionnd in (leorgia. 
 Me remarks of tliis 
 ,^^\ unnsualh large ^pee- 
 7 \ imen. '"no ^iie.irhead 
 W( , -,J of su< h m.ignitude, 
 so far as n;y knowl- 
 edge extend-,, has 
 been found within 
 the limits of the 
 .soulhcrn states." 
 
 While it is thus 
 shown that >pear- 
 points of a foot in 
 length or longer do 
 occasionally occur, 
 they (an scan ely 
 t»c ( (in'-idercd as ex- 
 am pies of such 
 spe.nrs as were in common nse, anil therefore the statemrnl of the 
 maximum si/e being about six inches is substantially * orrect. 
 
 Fir.. 212. — New Jersey. \ . 
 
SriARI'OINTS AVn ARROWriF.ADS. 
 
 »5» 
 
 This pattern of spcarpoint is foiiiKl in ( onsidcrahle niimhcrs in the 
 valley of tile SuMiiielianna, I'.i. Tliose in the (■ai)inet of the late 
 Professor Haldeman .'.re made ))rin(ipall\- of limestone, and are of 
 neat workmanship. In the western states, east of tiie Mississippi 
 river, these implements are found freiiuently, and, as a rule, exhibit a 
 higher degree of fini.sh than .similar objects found along the .Atlantic 
 seaboard. 
 
 In many hx ajilies in .New Jersey, there are found great numbers of 
 halves of these imjiiements. ( )f these fragments, the great majority 
 are bases. \\ hy so many were overlooked, if the custom ever pre- 
 vailed of gatiiering any of them for conversion into steumied scrapers, 
 does not appear. Indeed, it seems more probable that the ])oints of 
 tliese s])i-ars were g.itjiered. and not tiu- bases. In all cases within 
 my own (olleiting eviKriem e. 1 have noticed a marked ab.sence of 
 j)oints of spears and arrowhe.ids. 
 
 Fig. 2,^2 represents .i second example of these large speari)oints, 
 differing only in having a more ronve.x outline, and in being a trifle 
 shorter. This spe( imen is made of ( hert, and, considering the material, 
 is handviuiely worked. !t lias so f.ir been the case in .New Jersey, 
 that these largi' >i>earpoints. usually broken, h.ive occurred in mnubers, 
 in very limited areas, and no others have been found within si'vera! 
 miles. This fa<t has been so frei[uently n<ili( eil as to give rise to the 
 impression, that where these were foimd. a battle had been fought, and 
 these broken weapons were lost and destroyed during the contest. 
 How lar this m.iy be true i' i matter of ojjinion. That it possesses .m 
 elemenl of probabilit)' is un<leniable. 
 
 A large number of these implements of this jialtern and ni.iterial 
 have been found in the valley of the Delaware, from Maston, I'a., 
 as far south as .>^alem ( o.. New Jersey. 'I'hey are less common in the 
 Susquehanna valley. I judge, than the narrower examples, like fig. 251. 
 In the ( omie< li<ut \alley many ha\e been found, some of them even 
 longer .mcl more deli(ately (hi|)peil. In eastern Massarhusetts there 
 are but few found. T!ie loi al collections made in New York, of whii h 
 I have knowledge, contain comparali\ely few examples of flint spear- 
 
25^ 
 
 I'KiMrnvi: imu'sikv. 
 
 points. ;is l;iri,^c as tliis. 1 am iiK lined to think, liowcvcr, tliat tlic 
 rarity of liu'sc iniplenK-nts is niori' aiip.uiiit than real, and has arisen 
 from the ui\rorlMnatc liahit of not preserving tlic halves, or even smaller 
 fragments of them, when fonnd. Spear|)oints conld nowhere he con- 
 sidered as « oniinon, if their nimihers were judged only hy tile perfect 
 
 spe( imens whii ii have bien preserveil. 
 l'"ig. 2^5 repnseiits a good example 
 of a \tr\ c omnion spearpoint, sue ii as is 
 fonnd in e\er\ lieM, and wherever the 
 ordinar) arrowheads and oilier objects 
 of Indian manufacture o( c ur. 
 
 I Ills spei inun is chijiped from yel- 
 low. i|uart/-\eined ja-'iier. .i mineral that 
 is shown to i)a\e been in gre.it demand 
 with tile arrowmaliers, b\ the l.irge mass- 
 es i>( it found on their workshop sites. 
 Fig. 23,5 is a well-wrought implement, 
 and has been finished more with lefereiK e 
 to strengdi ami durability, than appear- 
 am e. The p(iint and sides are slil! (|uite 
 sharji. and the we.ipon is a gooil one 
 whether u>ed as a spearpoint or a knife. 
 1 lejiosits of from twenty to one hun- 
 dred sjiears identical with this have oc- 
 ca^ionallv been found. i;spc< i.illv' vv.is 
 thi^ the < i^e in soullurn New jersey. 
 Willi ihe oiijei t I ould have lueii of thus 
 (iinie.iling impleiiK'nts supposed lo be 
 in consiant use is, and probably nlu^t remain, a mystery. 
 
 Spear|i(iiiits of this si/e are comparatively common throughout the 
 New l'.ni,'lind stales. Professor Ilaldeman received many spe( imens. 
 from sever.il careful collec tors in the Susciuelianna valley, and a 
 few weiT found in the rock-relreal discovereil by him, in the Chickies 
 Rcjck, nea.r t'oliimbia, I'a. 
 
 FlCi. 2j) — New Jersey. 
 
SPEARPOim^ AND ARROWfEADS. 
 
 Fig. 234 represents wli.it is jirohably tlic minimum size of spear- 
 points. Certainly olijicts so large as this < oiild not have heen arrow- 
 heads, and tiu-ir use as knives is very j>rol)leinati( al. The interesting 
 feature of sn< li sijecimens as t"ig. 234 is that they are made of argil- 
 lite, and in the ainoiuit of weathering and nide uorkmanshij) they 
 exhibit all the evideiK e of aj;e that < liara< teri/es the palx'olitliie im- 
 plements of the river-drift gravel. A\ hat relationship they ni.iy hear, 
 if any, to those implements, has been 
 discussed elsewhere. Jt is only ne< es- 
 sary to remark, in this < onnei linn, 
 that the e\iden<e, whii h is \ civ 
 varied, of the gener.il u>e of ar^illile 
 prior t(. tli.il (if i,i-,]]fr and iiu.wl/, is 
 almost un<iiieslional)le. 
 
 This spear])oint measures three 
 ini lies ill lell^tll. and one and a half 
 inciies in wi<lih. h in,i\- lie t.iken as 
 a fiir represi'ntaii\e of a 1 lass of 
 objei Is that are found in extraordin- 
 ary aliundaiK e in ( ential and southern 
 New Jersey. .\s many as one thou- 
 sand have been found in an area of 
 fifty acres. In the northern, hilly 
 portion of the state. 1 ha\e no know- 
 ledge of their abund.mi e, and h.ue 
 seen but few s]ie<imens in local ( ol- 
 
 leetions made in that set lion of the sf.ito. In Pennsylvania, they 
 arc not tnu ommoii, and in the Chit kies rock-retreat, discovered by 
 Professor Haldeman. numerous specimens have l.een found. A 
 peculiarity in their distribution is their fre(|uent o< curreni e in the 
 most unexi)e( ted localities, and ot'ten at a depth that suggests that 
 they were lost when the tace of the country was ditferent from what it 
 now is; and ]>ossibly that they were weapons used at the same time, 
 
254 
 
 ruiMinvi: indisikv. 
 
 aiiil liv iIr- s.unc ]nn|ili' wlii> r,i>lii<m ,! ;I<,- nidc aryilliti.- fishspcars 
 thai (»( ur ill the alliuial ik'im^iis ol' the riwr valley. 
 
 Ari,'illitt.' ^iH'ar|ioints, like fig. 2\4, miisi luU lie ii<"''.ti!nleil with a 
 tla>s ol" similarly shaped inipleinenls made o( slaty nx k, \vlii( h has 
 underline considerable weathering, and so lias the same appearan( e 
 as the argillite. These slate spearpoints and airowiuads are rudely 
 
 mad'' -Mid iisiiall- of lar>;e si/.e. 
 In many localities they are ([iiite 
 abundant. I'.specially is this the 
 ( ase in the ni'i,i;i)l)orluio<l of the 
 Delaware Water (laii. wi\ere 
 thousands of slate spearjioints 
 and arrowheads have been 
 found. At thi-> 1()( alily, the slate 
 of \v!ii( h they are nwule is the 
 ( hara< ti'risti< roi k. 
 
 I'ij;. -',^5 represi'nts a broad 
 ;\nd radur short spec imeii of a 
 spearpoint. differiuj,' liut little 
 Irom fii,'. 2!,.\. It is, however, 
 made of jasper, is thicker and 
 more < arefullx' chipiied, so thai 
 lite edges are consider. ibly 
 slraighter .uul siiarptr. This 
 spec imen issup|iosed to iia\f h.id 
 ;i straiglit stem, .is other sjiec i- 
 mens identic al in si/e and shape 
 have been gatliered, whic li were furnished with sue h a stein as in- 
 die ated liy tin- dotted lines, in the illnsir.ition. 
 
 Ias]ier and t\uM\/. -pe.irpoinls of this si/e and e\en larger, when 
 found otiurwise than singly, are assoc ialed widi entire or fragmentary 
 spec inien> of the v.irious other iiatterns, thus showing that, however 
 Used, these sever.il forms, and p.irtii ularly those th.il v.iry so imma- 
 
 Flci. 1135. — New JiTM-y, 
 
JlPfO^S— ^P» 
 
 SIM .\l<l'(i|M-< .\M> AkkKWIII AliS, 
 
 '55 
 
 terially ;i-. il" tin'-' .iixl fi^;. ^ Vv "I" ""' <"<'tir iii Irr i irtiimslaiux's 
 tlial wnulil Mit;^i-Nt that tlicy hail 1)i'cm , i to <htr(.Tiiil iisi--.. 
 
 In tliis iiinnti liuii it may l>i' will In say liiat s|ifar|)()iiils, like the 
 alioM'. arc imt i DiiiiMunly 1011111! 011 \illaj,'c' sites, or ioi alities where the 
 Iniliaiis were kiiDUii tn have 1 on^ri-j^ati'd ; liut, e\ii|jt umler the 1 ir- 
 I imisiaiK I ^ alreaily iiieiilioiuil. aic funnel siiij;ly in what i^ ^iill forest- 
 ^niwii land, nr .nc pKingheil up in liejiis wim h, wlu'H the hnlians |ins- 
 sesseij the land, were losereil with a dense forest j^rowth. If we (an 
 jiidj;e from ]ire>ent appearances, it is proh.ihic that tin .r implements 
 were used primipally in w.irtare, and, to a less extent, in hutitiiii;. 
 
 I'ij,'. 2 5'> represents a si(oiiil exampli- of the !)la< k. 1 In rl spear- 
 lioint>, similar to fi^. j ;.', Imt differing ni the haM', whii h i^ noli hed, 
 iiiste.id of ]ilain. Tiie aiii>arently trivial variation in the linish of tlie 
 Iiase \ery naturally Mii;^ests the possibility that the-e dilfereiK es may 
 indicate various methods of attaihin^' handles or shafts, wliii h, if lont;. 
 would convert tlu' weajion into a spear or lam e ; if sht irt, into a dat;j;er. 
 as the case mi,L;ht lie. 'I'heri' does not appear to be an\ e\ ideiit e that 
 t!u' natives of the Allantii siabo.ucl u-.ed daL:;.;iiN of this < hara< ter ; 
 \et it may be lli ii, in the several patterns with varvint; bases, \m' have 
 similar obje< ts tint were iisetl for dissimilar purposes. 
 
 I''i^. jjf) was found near Silem, Salem Co., New jiisev, in a neigh- 
 borhood remark. lb! • for the number and be.mty of the impleiiu nts 
 that h.ive been left Jure bv the am ieiil mhaliitaiits. 
 
 Speariiniiils of the above .md .illied ii.ittirils, with bro.id bl.ides and 
 short stems, do not .ipjiear to o< 1 nr in I airo|ie. No sjn i imens of thu 
 ( har.K ter are f;i\en by Nilsson, as found in S( andinavi.i ; anil nothinj,' 
 similar to fit;. 236 is descriln'il by Mvans, .is an I'.nj^lish pattern of these 
 im|>lemenls. The j.iveliii heads mentioned by him are Usually sm.iller, 
 and manv are more ne.uly .illied to the loii^ ov.il and tri.myular flints, 
 that have alre.idy been desi ribeil as knives. The longest stemmed 
 spear rij,'nre<l bv Mr. l-.v.ms is one with lon^, < urveil b.irbs, ,iiid in this 
 respect verv different iVom the siieciinens t'ouml in .\meri( .1. 
 
 l''ij,'. 2_^7 represents a i .iretiilly < hippid spearpoint of admirahiL 
 jiroportions, with a notched base. Implements of this p.iltern, and 
 
jsft 
 
 I'KlMllIVl; IMifSTRV. 
 
 si/i', .\rc c|uitc coinmon, liiii ilu\ Ii.im- lucn so {{cniTally hmkcn either 
 liy ii-ii' ur Mil(sc(|iifnt i'.\|uisiirc, tli.it it is viry scltloin lliat a )irrfc<t 
 sin'iinu'i) (an l)t; foiiiul. 
 
 Mvcry \arit'ly of lliiil lias ln'cii iilili/Lil in making,' lliisu spear- 
 
 P"^--*, ■■.''■,\X..« , 
 
 m.. . Ill II 
 
 lP!|^;^i'i 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 Kic. 236. — New Jcrwy. \* Kiii. J17. — liuli.tn;!. |. 
 
 points; (iiiart/. ijcrhaps liavinj,' l>ocn least freipiently ii^ol. From 
 Maine to Mar)laml, ini|>lenici)ts like fig. 237 lia\e lieiii galliered, 
 
M'tAKI-oiMS AND Akk« iWHI AI'S. 
 
 »57 
 
 and it is ;i form wliii li is roiiii<l .iliiindaiiily iii ImiiIi the soiillnrii ami 
 wi'sicrii sl.itfs. 
 
 Ill soMU' li» alilifs, ijiiitu a niimlicr of ar;;illiti- s|a-ar|ii)ints df this 
 ])atti.Tn arr fininii, wliii i» vary iiMitnriiily Irmii lig. 2\-;. Ilicy arc thi( ker 
 in the niiiMlf of tlu- iiladf, and art- nuirc rmlily niitlini-d, in ronsc- 
 (|iicii(c (il'tliL' dftai iiid ilaki-. luiiin ol' larger .si/c. I'Ir'so pt'i iiliaritics 
 do not arise solely from tiie < liarac tcr 
 of the material, for in tiie hands nf 
 a skilful workman ar;;il!ite (an lie 
 very evenly < hiii|H'i! : luit they have 
 every apjiearam e of hein^ the result 
 of that want of skill wimh is now 
 known to he one < harat teristic of 
 the ]ieo|ili' who antedate the neo- 
 lithic, or polished stone perio(|. 
 
 l\. J,?S represents a si)ear|)oint 
 whi< ii is well desij;ned ami care- 
 fnlly worked. The material i> a 
 totijjh, !ni( ai eons, i|uarl/ose nxk, 
 whi( h, as houMers, is fri'ipient 
 in the glacial drill of ilie < iiiiral 
 jKjrtion of the state. \\ hetlier from 
 the peculiarity of tiie miner.il, or 
 •U'sign, is MiK erlain. Iml all similar 
 weapons h.ue the hoimdar) lines of 
 the flakes, detached in tiie in.ikiiif,', 
 nearly ohiiterated. and thes|)e(imen tu;. jis.-nvw Jersey. |. 
 
 thus apjiears much like a foolish,,! spearpoint, an implement as yet 
 .scarcely known in the .\tlantic states, for Iml few examples of slate 
 spearpoints have heen tonnd whic 1\ have heen ,(,'/<'////</ into shajie, or 
 smoothed snl)se(|nently to ( hippin;;. The slight •• twist" in tliis speci- 
 men is due to tlu' natural ilirei tion of the i leavage and not to liesign ; 
 and the same is in .ill prohahility true of the very distinctly twisted 
 spearjioints .ind .iriow iuads that are made of Hint and j.isper. 
 17 
 
^5« 
 
 IKIMIIIVI. INIHSIKV. 
 
 S|ioar|)i)iiits (if tliis pMttiTn an.- imt of fr«M]iu;nt o«-ctirrcncu in any 
 locality. 1 Iuim- ^ccp. none from tin- N'l'w l'.tij:laiiil stau--. .mil liiit few 
 
 from i'i-iiii>yi'. .una. la Miti i-r Co., 
 New ItT^fV. 11! wliii h IcM aliiy this 
 ;>|n.'<imcii was loiind, a \\-\\ spfar- 
 
 liil.lltS C)t tllil [UttlTIl, liut iii.iiic of 
 
 a (lifl'crcrtt iniru-ral, win- rr< cntly 
 (1S79) fotnid lyiii;,' toj;<-tlKT at tlu' 
 foot of .1 l.iriif i-jni trri', in a 
 sw.iuiii, of Mumv a< res in i\lcnl. 
 'Ihiy wiTi' liih .1 iVw inr iu's In-low 
 till' sinf.ii 1-. 
 
 It i-i not iniprol>,ilile tli.it spi-ar- 
 points of thiH paltt-rn, and <»f tlu' 
 MMr.ii form-. .|fsrnlK.-<i, wi-rr larj^cly 
 iiM-d lor liimtinj; iUtt and other 
 l.u_;r 'ii.imni.il:^. |i'"M-!^n ( \( 1 oiint 
 iif tv\o \.)\.i^i^ to \i-n l.iiLjI.ini!; 
 l.iiii. !(iii, 1(1741 Li.-. j;mMi a lon^; 
 ^ dt'M ription of the rnethod of inmt- 
 in^^ the n)i)o>f |iiraiii>i-d liy the 
 M.i.-<^a( IniMetts lu»i:Ii.ins, anil says, 
 '.ii.it aliiT a lonji ]»UT-.nil oM-r ^iiovv- 
 I oMTcil j^rijunil. "at List thi-y;;et np 
 b> hnn on cai n Male and transpierce 
 him wnli tlu-ir I.wites which for- 
 merly were ihi otJKr Imt a st.iff of 
 a y.nd and j ii.ilf pointed with a 
 ti»i)e"s lionc ni.ido s'lirp .it t iu' 
 >iid." ll.iMiii,' .suthorilv for the 
 st.iteiiu'iil. Muit. tli.it l.ini i-s \\c re ii>id lor huminj; 1 y the .\i 'v l'n;;l.ind 
 trilies, it is warrantaUle to a-Mime tlie hidi.ms o| liie middle slates, 
 as Iiavin^; a like • nst nn. varied only in that spearpoints 1 f sl.iiie were 
 prim ipally used, instead dI Iwrne. 
 
 Fiii. i-.-i. — N 
 
SI'LAKl'lilNlS ANIi AKKi >\MirAllS. 
 
 aS9 
 
 rig. J.;9 ri|iri->cnis a \cry Ixaiititul ]i.itt(rii of siiii|>osim1 siicarpoint 
 wliiih is < (iiniiaralivfK l'rci|in.'iit in tin- < )l>ii) \alii y, Imi is <|iiitc rare in 
 New Jcrsi-y ur ihf New l''.nglan<l siatis. A fiw s|>c(iim'ns, howovi-r, 
 arc kiUAvn fn>m I'Vi-ry slate frmn Maine tn Marylanil, 'i'hey appear to 
 have l)een inaile in some one !>)( aliiy, ami siil)se(|nently (listril)Ute<l Iiy 
 liarter or utiu i«ise oser liio seaboard states; as they arc ail nia 'e, :o 
 far as exainineii. ol' 
 the same dull, 
 l)luisli-gray jasper 
 (.■rhornstnne. I'liey 
 are all alike, ami 
 (anneit he distin- 
 gnishecl Ironi tho^e 
 
 tiiiind in 
 1 ndian, 
 
 ol 
 
 HO aiii 
 lln 
 
 shaiK- of the base 
 
 anr 
 
 I ste 
 
 ni, of itself, 
 
 :i\es no Hlea how 
 
 th 
 
 esc smipIio-xc 
 
 spearpoinl-- were 
 hatleil. it 1^ not iin- 
 
 irohal 
 
 1 
 that 
 
 lie, ho«e\ er. 
 
 X short h.nulle 
 
 Fi'. 
 
 and not ,i shaft was 
 
 ,itta< lied, .mil the 
 
 spei imen, tluTe- 
 
 fori', is not .1 spear- 
 
 ]>()int hut a d.igger. This, however, is wholly conjeetnr.il. tlioiigh its 
 
 prohaliility is imriMsed hy the f.u t th.it there are o<'( asionally found 
 
 . — New Jcrney. \, 
 
 flint implements 
 
 h.l 
 
 esiyn, a- 
 
 I ) jiroM- tli.it sontetinu'S ilaggers. 
 
 as wi' now umlersl.md lint term, were m.ide ,uid u,ed hy the Indiatts 
 of the All.mlic se.ilio.ird. 
 
 I''it;. ^40 represents ,m unusually large exaniiiK' of a form of spcar- 
 point whi( h is not very < omnion, p.irtii ul.ul) nf so Urge a si/e. Those 
 
36o 
 
 I'KiMriiVf; isnr^iKV. 
 
 ^t^.•ll)1lu•l! tri.m^iil.ir >iK.-ar]M illt^ N.iry xmu-wh.il in sli.tpc. Nmntinus 
 the shIcs arc >li};htly t i>ii\i\, .init ;ii;:iin, tin sliuri sttiiis no iii'l<lu'»|, 
 ;unl ii'it i>iain, as in U\i. :.\o. i lu-y an- alw i\s nia.ir ->l ja>|iir and 
 (piart/ ; an<! thv Mnalli-r >i/»n an-, as a < lass, mmc il> In aliK rhijuicfl, 
 tlwii ino^t tif the oihcr i>atU'riis df iIk-si' ini|ili'iiKiit-.. 
 
 'I'hiN t'orni of spcarptiint Is so diHVri-nl limn, aii\ nf ilx' ]«n< (•ilinjr, 
 aivl is sii lar a wnli-ly <iisiri!>iit( d p.illi'-ii, that ii sii-ins |iri>l»alik' that it 
 was iiM'il IK snmi.- [lartic ular nianiiiT, wIv.-iIkt I'nr Imntiiin nr hi warlarc. 
 Tlii' lali- i'ri>l<sM)r I lalMi'iiian t.niml tlu-m c|iiili- < ommoii in the \alU-y of 
 ihr Sus<|iuliamia.aiul caiUil i!u-m "hsh j;ip." in thi MS. . alalouuc of 
 his roll»( lion froin lliat Im ahlv. Tluil tluv may luvi- Ikh-ii usnl for 
 sprarinj: fi^h is i>i)t iinpro'iahlr ; ami. intli-nl, lor < .i|ituiiiij; ri->h so l.irm' 
 as thi- stnrm-oii. they .ire in't poorK .iil.ipiril. I1i.it they wiri' also used 
 in spi'ariuf; liirtk-s is aUo [irohalili-, tnim t!ic In i that a -xiiii^ nl rlt vrn 
 ul' tln^c -i>fari«iinls uiTi' ni tntly jound m ( iloix isitr <><.. N<'W 
 JiTM'y, a.ss<H iali-il with an inormons i|n.iiilils nl the Iidh^ ^ nl tlu' 
 sivi-ral sinxics «>f waiir tnrtli'-', i-spo iaily the sii,i|.|itr ((/n/u/ni 
 $i'rf<ti;tinit), 
 
 Wliili s|ii-ari>uints of tlii-, I'astiiii .in- so will kiMun In (nMiflors in 
 Niw liisty and lVnn-\K '.i.i.i, tiny do ii.'t apjK.u to In- < ominon 
 tliror.f^n lit New I'.Hjii.i'id. 
 
 V'\^. 241 represents a rude arjiillite ini|ileimnt .vhi( h i^ so similar 
 to the si>e;'r|»)ints. that it is .ilso d.issed as sm< h, allhoiii^h it i-^ not 
 (■enai!>. '.iiat it was so used, t >f a m r\ lar>;e series of (liis |iaturii, not 
 one sei'iiis to iiave l>eep ai ntely iiointed, allhoiij^li it is jio^-ilile lli.it 
 the point inav have hem wmii ;.«.iv, or broke n. and ili.i! the iinple- 
 nieiit w.is sMlisec|iiently II vil as a knife. 1 he < hipping is of the rudest 
 char.u ter. even more < arelessly done, th.in 111 iiiaiiv of the juLio- 
 lithn implements of tic river drift. 
 
 Kude as these >pei imens are, it mn.i Ke reiremheied tli.it the 
 material of whi< h they are nude is very hn.I and sum epiiMr of 
 hciiif- l.rouKhl to a very -h.irp e.l^e, and tluielore, although ( are- 
 l< s^ly sh.ii.ed. Were not the less avail.ihle either as spearpoiiit, or 
 knives. i i>e entire -eries of these arKiHiti' inipleineiits .\\y now inu. h 
 
SPf^.RI'OINIS AMI ARKl)WIlKv\lJS. 
 
 :()i 
 
 (IccoiuiM.scd \ii)(in iho surlim.-, througli wtailKiiMg, livil when made 
 wcri' i|niit' >h;iri>. 
 
 A^ 111 ill'- < .i>i- I'f till- sni.ilkr ^jiiMriM.i:!!, Ti.^. -'.vj, it i-^ ninrrljin ,is 
 In tin- jini i-.o rilalinnslii|i iIum; laryc iiii|ilcii)i.-m.s 1" ar to iIk- jiaLuo- 
 litl'it iiiiiilt-nuMil-- ..1' tlie r-.tT drill, and thf later fi^h->|irarM <>f the 
 alluvial (1i.-|mimK. i'ln; lifgrtv of weathering u( the .stirta* e u|' itself 
 
 indu ali-> i .iiiMderalilo anti'iuily, Iml a■^tlli^ weailurin); miN I"' < ompar- 
 iitively rapid nr \i rv uratliial, iiiidi r i rrlaiii i in iini^laiK e>, it diu> not 
 afford, alone, miIVk lent ^a.■<i^ l^r niikiiij; .i\\ esiunaie of ihc aj^e o( 
 
 these ini|ilinu'iit> ; sutlu icn 
 
 It at l(a--t, III I art V them Imi k to >u remote a 
 
 l.lv 
 
 time as the dale of tlie rude ini|ilnnints of the ri\er gravels, or pos^i 
 even that of the fl^h s|iears, 'I'Ium- -|h" muiis h i\e. lim- l.ir. I'l > n loiind 
 Visually 111 the uplands on an<l m ar llie Mirfat e, lunsily suij^ly, .\<\i\ not 
 
262 
 
 r'Ri.Minvi ivi»rsinv. 
 
 always iissix i.itcil with J.l^jKI aiid i|ii,irt/, imiiK iiu-n!^. \\ liiU- litit liltlu 
 m thi' I li, 11.11 iir iif till' liK .llllK•■^ wliin' tumiil iiinl-. to srjMr.itc lln'iii, 
 Irnin till' l.ilir iiiiiilnMirk (if llu IihIi.iiin ; it iiin^t he iciiu'dilnii'i! tli.il, 
 liki: till' Mii.iIltT s|iL-<iiiuii--, !iu\ ii(<iir tn''|tniillv in jui.ilitifs wiurr 
 nrdinary j.l^ll^r iniiiU-tmiu^ ,iu' iu-mt ruiiiul, an. I .iiv lM(iu,:;!\t to liuiil, 
 tlinni-h laii<Uli(lt's atnl llu- i;|iri>»iiiii).; ul' tn f^, irnin lll■llth^ ^;ri-.iti r 
 than it is Usual In (iiiil i:s],rr iiui>k'nicnts, i in unistaiK i-s whuli 
 stiiiiiLiK su;^,i;tst. il' tlu-y tin iml jiium', tlu'ir j^rcitir auiii|uity. 
 
 While llir iiii|)Kiiici)ts <i! ai>;ilhii' anil iIujm' u( tin- saiiii' pattiTii 
 of ja-.|iii and ntlRr sili< um-. nuMvials arc Ikti- i chiskK rcil ( (illi< ti\rl\, 
 lici auM' lhi\ an- now mi tri'i|ucntly loiiiKi a»(H laiiii wluirMr rilii s 
 (if tltc i-irlv rails m c ur. it is ii;il iiili-txlt'i! lo ihumv the iin|tics- 
 sinii that tlu'V art' all lU'i issaiiK ul thf same a^r, nv uiilmu imii. As will 
 liL' inculiiiiu-i| ill su'isi'i|\icnt |ia;;is, whili- llu' iilaiur j^t- •<{- \'t\- (luliaii 
 origin 111 aiis sin|ilf s|n i iiufii >i| atj;illiii' im|>lriiiint lauiaii In- jmhI 
 ti\t!\ tlrtirniiiKMl, i\ir|ii in the < asi- ul tlu- |iaU'i»lithii .iii|iiiiiu ills uf 
 the glaiial liiii't, there is all aiiU'UDl ul' e\ uleiu e in the i in uiustaiii es 
 miller wiiii h main, il not innsi. ul ihe ari^illite s]iiar|Hiiiits ami armw- 
 hcads u< I ur to warrant us in rrU rnn:; taein tu .u\ earlier iienjilr than 
 
 iIk- jasjH-r I hipiHu;; Ini'iaiis, W hen we i uiiie t iisnier ihe i lass nf 
 
 fisli spears, Ml ' alli il, iiia<!e ul art;illite, the rai lal In luiij^iiij^s uC thii 
 Mipiiuseil pre Inilian peuple will !.e i uiisnleivil. 
 
 I''i,4. 242 represeiii -i a wellknuuu luriu ul shuri. luiiacl s|H',irpuiiit, 
 Hut .ihuiulant in any Im .ilit\ . hut luuiiil ui ' asiuualK umt a Kre.il eMeiU 
 ol" terri!ur\ . In\i-slij;atiuns thus l.ir sliu» iheni lu he inure i unimnti in 
 Kenttli kv titan elsewhere. I. ike liu:. ;]i), the\' seem lu he. ill ni.iile ut' 
 the pei iiliar hlui- }4r.l\ huilisluiie. su iii'ii h iiseii hy ihe Iiidl.ill . u( th.it 
 lui.ihlv. Im suiiie in t.ini I >, the pei nli.ir, deep, ii.uruw iiuti hi's .ire 
 Iwiie the II n^th ul' tin -e ul' 11^. ^.jj, althuiiuli the spei mien i-, iiu 
 l.irgei. Ihe < liipjiiiiu; 111 th.se ^pe.lrpuints is .ilw.iys ()(' the iinist 
 linished I li.ir.n ter, and the clfei t is .is .irtistii , .is ii is pussihle In pro- 
 diii e with this iii.ileii.il. .\- 'he i dj;- s ,ire wurkrd wuh .ill die skill 
 and prei isiuii ih.i! in. irk liie he^l ex.uilples u( I pii.il knives, it is tint 
 iinprulMhle th,.t lliese uhjeits were 1 utliiiL; r.ithei ili.iii pien m^; im|ili;- 
 
Sri'AKI'OIVTs AM) AKKuWIII Ali>i. 
 
 ^^? 
 
 iiH'iils ; liiit.a:. was ( li'aiiy >li<nMi, wluii llif luniicr iiniplciiuiits wt-rc 
 Uialiil 111, tlirtc \\a^ Mil |i()-.^iliilil\ 111 ilin nmiiialiii^, in iiiaiiy • ascs, 
 l)C'tvvfiii kiiiM's .111(1 s|iiars. 
 
 No s|K( iiiii'iis «if lliis iiaticrii liavf hci'ii UmuA ii. Ncv, I'.nglaiul, 
 ofwliii h I ant aware, rxtcpt a Uwixaii»|ili-> tnim tluM niinji tinit valley. 
 In Ni'w \nik, ilii'v a|i|iiar in he (if rare m c urrciu c li I'liiiisyisania, 
 liny arc more i oimiinii, aliiuiUj^li iioiu; were roiiiul hy the late l'rul'cs:ior 
 
 
 ■'«.v' 
 
 a^l.jtA-- 
 
 Kli.. nt — \iv» Icticy. j, 
 
 Haideiiiaii, diirin;,; the stscnil \e,ii> li>' inlloteil, with mu Ii •^ureess, lit 
 (he vailev nl I'le Siisi|uehaiina. 
 
 In lig. .vj.i we have a >c( niitl e\ani|ile nl' a i areliilly ( l!ii|u|ie(l im|»lc- 
 njcnt, \\!ii( Ii vancN Imt iillle IVilu the pro eiliiii;. I he ii(>t( lies .n the 
 sido are not -) det j. nor .ire the li.irlis so well delined, lui? it ' .ui 
 siarielv he dim'ttfd, th.it the i.'^i's nl'the two were the ^.iiiie. {''ij^. »4 < 
 is chipfifd from M.u k honi-itnne. « im h is I'lnincin iii iil*e sliape of 
 Ixiwlders .md jK.'l)l)lf!* M» the nver 4in»vds ; hit n n not j% drliriUrly 
 worked a-- 'He forw^tr. It a mot prohalile ihiit tins ■.|ie( iuw-tj. was 
 (Opicd from !i' III' - iliK Inilshed s|hm liueli. ("ij;. ;.^2. .tiid ttw« 
 
a64 
 
 rUIMIllM IMH^IKV, 
 
 it was lirouj^lit from soim- \vf-.t('rn or soiitlu-m lixality. This would 
 Sinn to l>o Inii' not only of a v.ri.\a many s|H■al|M)int^, Imt alxi of oilier 
 ol)ji'i Is. \vlii( li \\\w \\\ni\- artistit ally di'siyiifil and rniishcd in the 
 sontliwi.-'li III than in lli< --ralMiard ^lati's, 
 
 V'Vfi. 2.\ \ Kprisrui^ a plainir cxaniiili' ot'tlit'>i' liroad irianj;nlar |ioints, 
 and one that in >>i/i- < onui \i'!\ luar the larj^i st si/c of arrowlu-ads. 
 'I'Ih-sc sprariKiints art- not vi-ry ahnnilani, l.nt are uMially rc'iin-^i nli-d 
 !>)■ one or more sjn-i iniens, in every local eolleriion. In Ma^^a^■hu- 
 
 Ki.. 
 
 Km. 344. — New lirwy. \ 
 
 •4Ctts, they are oei asionally found. In ('i)iniei lii nt. tiny appear to 
 lit" more .iliMiidanl. in N( w |irM\ . th.v .ire fonnd in Mime limited 
 Idealities in ( onMilir.iMe numliers, lint ne\er, .iiijiarently, in nii.er 
 (listiic-ls of vvide an-.i. Tin' l.ne lYofessor ll.ildeman foimd Imi few 
 sperimen-" in the SiiN.|neli.nm i \alle\', am! 1 on^lc|l•Iell tin ni .i^ the 
 same imijlenunl a-- the l.n^^i -^tennnid lii.iniiiiLn •-pi'i iim n>, \vhi( li 
 lie ( .ilird " fisll-f4ij,'s." 
 
 Ill I oni hilling tile sulijeet of spenqtoints, it is well to eall attetitinn 
 to a class of spet nni-ns, wliieh, ihoiij/li considered separately in eoiise- 
 (|ucnct> of a pcLuliariiy in their fniisli, sliouM not in reality l)C so treated, 
 
sri.AKl'illNl^ AN1> AkkiiWlll AliS. 
 
 265 
 
 
 .!-< tlu'tv i^ 11(1 rciiMiii Id IkIkm- ih.ii iIk ]ii( uli.iiitN li.i~. ;iiiytliiii,U «lial- 
 
 i\cr 111 ili> with llic iiiii|.i)>i.- <ii')lijfi I >>l the ini|il<.-inciii. Iliii iV.itiirf is 
 
 titi- twist or IkhiI in the M.idi'. whu li lias liccii s4|>|mps(.-<1 to linr liccii 
 
 intention. ill\ ihihIik e<l lor the |iur|iose olj^iviiif^ to tlie arrow oi- spear 
 
 a rotary inoiKMi, ihiriii^ its ih^ht tiirouj;h the air; thi^ motion lieing 
 
 incre.i^eil liv liie in, inner m wIik li llie 
 
 shall of the weapon \\as le.ilhereil. In 
 
 t ases like lin. ^45, wiiere thi' entire 
 
 hlaiie i> alCec ted, lin^ I .^l^l ;- wliollv 
 
 (hie to till' nature ol' llie nuner.il, and 
 
 is a (h'l ided oliji' lion to tlie iiiiiiletnellt 
 
 ll inlcnded .11 .Ml aridwhe.id. ll. Iiow- 
 
 eM I, ll w.is (leM^iuil lor use a^ .1 d.igj^er, 
 
 it i-i r.ither an .iiK.intage, .is the "■mnd 
 
 made liysiuii an impleinen' would ''c 
 
 more jaj;.:;ed .md sevi'ic, than ihit 
 
 (aiised liy a siiiiil.ir impleiiKiil witli 
 
 Miiooiii, slrai^iit edj,'es.. 
 
 h'ij;. 24(1 represents a ■-iiialler and 
 mm !i incne nidel) nnislud example of 
 the-.e ••iwisted" >pe.irp.iillls from In- 
 di.iiia. llie serratid ed^es, in liiis 
 ilistaiK e, add to ihe ertica( y of tin-, im- 
 plement, .1-. a de.idU- llini>tin^; we.ipoii, 
 and ils si/.e, although somewh.n sm.illei 
 ih.iii the jifei edini;, siinj'esls ils 'isc as 
 a spe.ir or da^'L;ir rather ih.in .111 arrow 
 head. 
 
 'i'li.il the ju'i iili.ir "twist" of ihi- smiiller e\ami)les of these imple- 
 ments e.in li.ne no liearin^,' upon the supposed roi.iri- motion of the 
 arrows armed with them, is slmun ni the l.n 1 tli.n 1 hipjieil km\es are 
 frei|neiiily foiinil, iii.it h.i\i' the s.inie nei uli.irii) ; ,md certainK these 
 1 ntUn;; tools li.nl no neeij ol atwisi'.o aid them in a mosenuni not 
 leijuired of ihem. In the few New Jersey spei imeils that 1 have 
 
 l-'li.. 24s. -" New Jersey. \, 
 
;66 I'RIMlllVr, INDIMRV. 
 
 ciillccti'il, it is isidi'iit ill many ( asrs, lli.u tin- (iri,:;iii.il ll.ikc had 
 assiniK'il tliis lii'iit sIkijh' wlicu di'tai lu'il, and that it liail Ihi'Ii sul)Sf- 
 i|iicntlv made inl) a s|n'ar nr knilc, notwithstaniiin,;^ tlif disad\antaK(_' 
 of hiiiij, < rooki'd. In otlur ( a>cs, the ilii|i|imj,' aloni; tlic i-clj^c had 
 liccn iiiti'iUional, and the if^iili was an airowla'ail nr s|ii'ariii)int witli 
 I)i'\i'l!i'd i<lj^es : tlu- slope nt'tlie two sides heiiii,' in n|i|i<)site dire( timis. 
 The olijei * (it' this is, nt' i nuise. unkiinwn. 
 Tile |i.O[.,)rtion dl' lienl ti' sirai;;ht sia'aijioints and aii'ipwhea<ls, as 
 _ tipiind in New Jersi'V, and thi(iiiL;iii)iit 
 
 ■'■'•'" New jjif^land is \eiv small, and tar less 
 
 tli.i'i obtains in ( >hiu and the sonlhwest. 
 Ihis is |irolial>ly larL;el_\' dui' to the al)- 
 sj'iK e ol' jasper whiili flakes in the 
 |iei iiliai' manner that has hi'eii (le- 
 st rilied. The •-n|iiily lA' ja-|ier and 
 (|nart/ nsed |i\ the Indians was deri\ed 
 Irom the riser drill, to a j^ieal (Atent, 
 and iiroliahU mu-^l (jI the arrow heads 
 
 irom tne riser iirili. to a j^ieal (Atent, 
 and |irohahl\ inu-^t (jI the arrowheads 
 were made Irom pelilile^, wliiih onl)- 
 
 \M I I MI.IUV IIOIM |Knillt^ WIIM II Olll\ 
 
 \ led siillii icnt malelial to make two 
 
 or three imiilrment--. l.ar.L;e howMers 
 
 wire aKo hrou.nht Iron) the rixtr and 
 
 iiM'd, a> \m1I lie mentioned in a siihse- 
 
 / c|iieni 1 ha|iler. I hese liowllers arc 
 
 j^eiKralU ol' a < omiiarati\el\' slr.iighl 
 
 U.\' tnre, and lew llake-- are loiiiid wlm h, 
 
 lo ine maivci oi unii iiiipii meilts, Wiiiiid miul;i ^t the twisted s|jearpv>inl 
 
 or arrowhead. 
 
 We Ikim' now to consider a series ( ( implement-, cif imirorm pattern, 
 whi( h. Irom their similarity .nid a]iparem iiiadei|ii.i( y to nu it other 
 plirpo'-< ■-. ma\ he supposed to he Ispiial spears. I''ij;. j.(7 represents 
 one, and is ,in ( \( elleni .ivcrai^e ( \ample ol the i l.iss. These slender 
 spe.iriMiiiils, very loii^,' in proportion lo their width, .nc IomimI in j;reat 
 aliimdani (• in m.in\ loi.ililies, whie in olhers they ,ire wholly w.mting. 
 
 Kli., .*4i. Ilult.ill.i. 
 
 to the m.iker of ihnt impK 
 or arrowhe.id. 
 
.Sl'IAkl'i|\l> AM. VKki.WIII \1K. 
 
 267 
 
 V 
 
 '9**' 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 Althoii^li imt imknn.Mi iliniii^liDiu ihc New I'in^^l.iiul states, tlicy ;irt', 
 
 fxii'|ii ill till- ( 'niiiiii lie ii villi') , rcl.ilivfK s( .in c as ((im|),ihiI with 
 
 llif iiiiinhii^ 1111111(1 ill till- v.iljry t>r till- I iil.iw.irc rivi-r. -.niilli i<( I iciitDii. 
 
 Ill th.it iMiiiinn of this \.illi\, till) .111- i\< fi-iliiinlv aliiiiiilaiil. Ollcii 
 
 a il'i/iii III- nmrr li.ni.- Inni Iniiiiil in a \x-ry limili-il 
 
 s|M(c ;il.in- ilu- shores 111' ll.it striMin. I'Voiii the 
 
 I.H t th.it ihiy are \ery iiiiiiieniiis aloiij,' tlic liaiiks 
 
 ol the ii\er ami the l.ii_;er 1 nek-., .mil ,ire t'oiiml 
 
 jpiit selilniii ,il .1 i!i-.i,ini e lioiM Mil h stre.uii>, it lias 
 
 been Mijiiio^eil, not without iimmhi, tli.it thcv were 
 
 largely, it" iMt esi |ii-,i\(ly iimiI 1,1 >,|iiMrin;,' or sluioi- 
 
 iiii; (Kh. I iioM this iioiiit, llolin saiil ol' the ! >eU- 
 
 w.ire liiili.iiis,'' •■they t.ike li-h 111 llie same in. inner 
 
 (li\ shooiiii-) : when the w.iicr-. .ire hi ;li. the iKh 
 
 run ii|i the 1 reeks ami rel'irii at elili tide ; ^o th.it 
 
 ihe liiih.ms (.111 e.i-iily ^.!ioot iluin .it liw water, .iml 
 
 lir.ig then) .i->hore." 
 
 Thi. lonii of sjiear i^ ,il,o .iluiinl.intly met with 
 .iloiij,' the shore o|' uml in ilu' manv i^l.lll(l^ in the 
 Siisi|iu'li.iiiii.i ri\er, in the lui^hlionvi.i.l oi' ( 'olinn- 
 lii.i, l'eim>\K.ini.i. Ill Se]iteiii!ier, I 77, 1:1 1 oiiiiiany 
 Willi the l.iie I'loi'. S. S. ll.iMeiii.ia. the author 
 visiitil M\ei.il |ioiiits ill the riser 111 .ir (hiikies, 
 l,am.i>ter (oiinty, anil roniiil a t\ |iir.il sjn-i inieii of 
 tllise slemler s|ie,ir|ioin|s. .Siilisf.|iicntl\', seser.il 
 s|iei inieli- .veie I ollei leil li\ llo\^ in the Iiei^hlior- 
 hooil. ami the |iro|jortioii foiiml .iIoiil; the ri\er 
 short', ill roiii]i,irisoii to those foMinl on the I'leliU, in.. 347 - s.-w irr- 
 showeil 1 ihiiik, if we may jiiil;;e of the usesi>f --lone 
 ini|ilenii 111-, hoin the eh irai ter of the loc .iliiy where the m.ijority of 
 them .ire loll 111 I, that they IkIoii;; to .1 < ki-^sof s|ie,ir| points thai were n>eil 
 lirim i|:,ill\ for • .ipliirih^ lisli. '1 he l.u t tli.it a few spei iineiis of Imno 
 
 
 \ 
 
 •■' I lev . iif I'liiviil. c .if .\i-w S«t.|i:ii, l.y r. C.iiiiii.iiii.i', II .1.11. |.. iji, l'liil.i.U'l|.lii.i, iS^, 
 
26S 
 
 rKiMiini: iMiisiuv. 
 
 ^lr^h-slll•.lr^, siK l\ as ail' imw umiI liy tlir INkiiiKi, liavf lutii fnnivl in 
 till' Sus'iiii'liaiiii.i \alli.'\, ilm-, iini iinaliilati' the theory, if sn w\; must 
 tiiiisiiliT it, tliat tlifsc sltiiic s|KatiMiiiit.s wcio uIm- tiscil in Cishinn. 
 Till- i;>kiiiit) <il' lali; tiato iiiaik- Mniio s|n-ars that arc riuUr titan t'l^. 
 .•);. ('(iin|>ari' I.iililioik's lllu^llatllln nt' an I'.skinin s|ii'ar ( l'rLhi'.tiiri< 
 I inn-., p. \<)i, I'lj;. -MiS) with I'l^ .v|7 'i\ lhi^ Miliinu'. 
 
 l.ii-ikiil,'"' ilfs( rilling iho i ii-.iiinis nl \\h- lUlawarc Indian-., says 
 '• I am nmv tu iiis( riln- iiui- nf ihi- niu^t lavwritf tli\cTsi(ins nt liu- In- 
 dians nest til iiuntinn, nanuly, lh.it \\\ fiJiin.;. i.iltic tmys .itv r\rn 
 l'rti|ninlly .sci'it wadin;^ \\\ sh.didw i)nH)k.s, shoutiny lishi's with their 
 luiw^ and arrows, 
 
 '•'Hie Indians .il«,i\s i .iir\ honk-, and miii// /i,iiy<iii>iii with llu-ni, 
 wIk lUAi r tlii-y an- m' a liinilinn |i.irl\ ; hut .it i i-riain siMsons nl' tlir U'.ir 
 ihi* ^<> nut imriiosiK- tn ri^ii. iiiiur .ilonc or in partii -.. I'lu'y ni.ikf 
 n>i- 111' tin- nc.il .nid lij^hl (.niin-s nia<i< nl liinh liark, • • • ,uid 
 Miiiuu- uiti) ihiin nitu sp.K ions riMTs." 
 
 While It \-y iMilint frnni the altiMid.uiie nl |iliin.ui< is nr \ven;lits I'nr 
 fishing line>, luund in I'.ssex (H., Massac h';si'ils that shdntiiij^ ii>li wa^ 
 111)1 -.11 ^;ener.ill\ |ira( lised as liihiiiL; I \ lines .md n;-ls, theii- m i a-.inn- 
 ally 111 1 nr in thai s ii inity --lie ii|iiiinl-. ul the same geneial [laltefn .i.s 
 the iireiediliji ; .md it is at least |iriilialile, tiial lhe\ were u.eil lnr the 
 s;ane |)nr|iose. 
 
 l-'i};. J.^.S represents .m implement nf ihi- kind liuin S.ilem, Mass. 
 It is a sery Inn^;, narrnw and ihm llinl Made, whu h slriin,Jy lesein- 
 liles ilici-.e liiimd III I eiili.il New jersiN , e\( ipt th.it ii is thinner, fi ir 
 its width, th, in the ina|iiril\ nl tlinsc rmmd in the helawaie \,illey. 
 As it is wilhiiill a slemiiKd li.ise, it is pussiUle tli.il it w.is ililended 
 for use .Is an awl or kniU'. or Imth, ratli.T than a tishmg spear, 
 
 in .1 letter from the Lite I'ml. lialdeman, liearinj.; d.ite of Inli. i _>, 
 1S7S, I .1111 inlorined oi .111 iniere-.iin|^ " find," .is follows: " Almiii oiie- 
 fiiinih of .1 mile north of llie im kn tii ,ii, disi nM-rei, li\ me in i.Syd, 
 the ( hii kis\valiin^;o I nek enters the .Sii-,i|iuhanii,i. I'arl of ilu- li.mk 
 
 ** Luklitcl, /. f'., ji. ty5. 
 
sri AKhiiM^ ASH Ai!Ki(\Mir\iK. 
 
 !6<) 
 
 (if llu' I ri-ik li.is lii'cri >n,i-.1i((| .i\\.i\ mi .is t<i niuliriuiiu' .t Imltimsvuoil 
 trir ( /'/./A/////1 ), iiiiif Ini ivMi im 111- in < in uiiiUtiih c :il I'mir fii't 
 fruiii llif ^'riinml, iiiulir llu- kmi',- uf whii li, iiiid fuiir Ccct l'm;n Uic 
 ^llr'.lll•, 111)' ( <illi'< tih^ liiyi slinw'd nu- :i ilijinsii oldfr lluui llie tree, 
 in III. II k iiiiild withiint gravii, hut |>r<ili.ii>U 
 
 ill |mM iImi' til nil ;isi(i|)al IliimU i>l till' 
 
 Sii^i|iu li.iiiii.i. AiMiiiij; llu- (ilijiiii an- 
 tr.if^iiuMit-. dl' |iiittfry, ji.irtN nC niu- \i-mI 
 with ,1 inw (if siiiii|K'rt'iir.ili(l ImK-s lulnw 
 tlic iii,ir;:iii (iiit^idf ; Imiiics of lund .iiiiiii.ils, 
 
 till- liiimd dlU'S S|illt, ,1> U^U.ll ; nlU' ;;iMpd 
 
 t n. 111)^11 1.1 r airnwlicii! ; ,i i lii|>|Mil kiiilV 
 (liiiu-tniif 111 the \u mil\ ) ; I'/ii- liki- \<>»r 
 
 /l\/l \/'i,l/ ', /•!// Hi'/ ;.'//// <; li'i'lkii/ /'./!(• ,• 
 
 mail) < liips, iti ." I hi-. >|ic( iiiuM, wliiiji 
 
 I li.id altcrwariU tin- pIcaMirc nf c\amin- 
 
 ii\j,', saiiis ill 111) iiii|iurtaiit |iartii iiiar from 
 
 till' sjH( iiiiiM tVciiii S.iliiii. ^l.l^^. like it, 
 
 it 1^ III llinl nr j.l^|l(•|•. .iiid iniiii' ilclii .iltl) '' ^\,.^k 
 
 wnikid til. Ill iiiii-.t (it the liiiicstnru' ^iicars f, ■- )^ 
 
 I'liiiiid III that i)('i;;lili(irli(Kid. 'I'lii' aiiti<|iiil)' 
 
 iif llii' whnlc "1111(1" is (pf iiini h intrriMt, 
 
 liiim llir fa( t that |Miitiiy w.i-> I'mmd with 
 
 till' iiii|ikiiu'iits ; as it i-, cxidinif nf i|,i' 
 
 anlii|uii\ III' the liidiin, .iiid nut iiidir.i- 
 
 ti\i- if .iii\ |iri-(Mliiif; r.uc, 
 
 Thnii^h tlu-rc ni.is Ik- dmiiit as in tin- 
 idcntitv (if |iiir|iusc 111 ilii' in)|il('nK'nt jiisi 
 disi rilicd, with th.it nf li^. ^.(7. tlicTi- (an 
 III' nunc at ,ill in thf 1 ,im' nf li^-. .vjij. It is, imlrcd, lar nmif ^.Taio- 
 liilh sh.i|icd and dilli .iti.ly i lii|i|iid ih.in the iniiiiiinii " li-h -|i(ars " 
 111 till- Itil.iw.in- \.ill(-\. and \it il is mi \mI! diM-ii. i| Inr s|i(-.uini; li^h, 
 and sn htllc iik(-l\ tn Ii.im- lin-n iiscd as a v\i-.i|inii, iImi it 1, i |,isM-d 
 aiiiunj; tiu-m. I. ike tin- im-i i-diii^, this sjn-i iiikm i, mtv ilun, .md ju 
 
 111.. J4'). — M.l\>.i. |ui,i :11s. \, 
 
i&rvj 
 
 *> 
 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 2l 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 ■-IM 
 
 2.5 
 
 1^ 
 
 1.8 
 
 11-25 11.4 ii.6 
 
 VI 
 
 <? 
 
 /2 
 
 m 
 
 A 
 
 
 /A 
 
 "w%^^ 
 
 '/ 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 r'.i; MAIN STREH 
 
 •^(EBif!?H,N.y. M580 
 
 (716) 872-4 S03 
 
^<.f 
 
 <& 
 
 V C<'x 
 
 
 % \#-,^ 
 ^^, W 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 
 iV 
 
 ▲ 
 
270 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 this respect it shows an important variation from those made of argillite, 
 or even tiie later forms of siiicious materials, in New Jersey. Large 
 numiiers of this j)attern occur in the Connecticut valley, hut the ma- 
 jority (jf them have the width more imiform along the greater i)ortion of 
 the lengtli of the blade, which tapers more suddenly to the ])oint. As 
 a rule, spearpoints of equal lengih do not taper to the jioint directly 
 
 from the base, as in this instance, 
 but preserve a uniform width for a 
 third or half their length. 
 
 In some localities west of the 
 Alleghany Moimtains, spearpoints 
 of this ])attern and size are (juite 
 abundant. Many are made of 
 chalcedt)ny and are very beautiful 
 examples of the skill acijuired in 
 chipping flint by the Indians of that 
 portion of the country forjiierly oc- 
 cupied by the Delaware or Lenni 
 ■ / LenaiK! nation. 
 
 Along the northern seaboard of 
 New Jersey, where the mainland is 
 washetl by the sea, occasional speci- 
 mens of these spearpoints, made 
 of white and rose-colored (juartz, 
 have been found, which are equally 
 as well made as any specimens 
 from western Pennsylvania, or even 
 from the mound regions of Ohio. Their shape is such as to suggest 
 their use in fishing rather than inland hunting, or as weapons ; but 
 strangely enough no specimens have as yet been found in the shell- 
 heaps of the neighborhood, some of which have a large percentage 
 of fish-bones. 
 
 Fig. 250 represents a shorter and broader specimen of s\ipposed 
 fish-spear, neatly chipped from a bluish rock, of flint-like appearance. 
 
 Fig. 249. — Massachusetts. \. 
 
SPEARI'OINTS AN'D ARROWHEADS. 
 
 271 
 
 Though found elsewhere to some extent, the majority occur .long the 
 river hanks and in the neighborhood of the larger inland lakes and 
 creeks. Many have recently been found on the Pennsylvania shore of 
 the Delaware river, opposite 15ordentown, N. J. Here they are mingled 
 with the ever-siiifting sands and are brought to light and then buried, 
 by the ciianges of every tide. 
 
 Fish-spears of this pattern are not as common as those with a 
 notched base, though in other respects there is 
 such a general resemblance between them, that it 
 cannot be doubted that they are two forms of one 
 and the same implement. 
 
 This same pattern of spear is (juite common 
 along the coast, and scores have been gathered 
 near Tuckerton, and Barnegat, in Burlington 
 county, and about Becsle^'s I'oint, Cape ^[ay 
 cotmty, New Jersey, and I am informed that spear- 
 points of tliis and allied patterns have occasionally 
 been found in the extensive shell-heaps on Long 
 Island. 
 
 One of those curious and interesting "dejiosits" 
 of ch'.pped stone implements, which are occasion- 
 ally discovered in various localities throughout the 
 United States, was lately brought to light, in Bur- 
 lington county. New Jersey ; which consisted en- 
 tirely of spearpoints of this pattern. Unfortunate- 
 ly, they were not counted when first seen, so the 
 exact number is not known, but over four hundred were traced, and 
 the specimens compared, one with anotiier. There was no difference 
 of importance, either in size, shape or finish. They were evidently all 
 made of the same material, a dark, blue-gray flint, and none showed 
 any evidence of having been used, or, indeed, of having been exposed 
 at all to the air. They were remarkably " fresh " in ajipearance and 
 had evidently been buried very soon after they were made. The 
 locality, where this deposit was found, is on the south bank of Cross- 
 
 FiG. 230. — New Jer- 
 
272 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Avicks Creek, about three miles from its mouth. The proximity of good 
 fishing grounds, tlie size and shape of the imi^lements themselves, and 
 the fact that sucii specimens are found, as a rule, near the water, war- 
 rant us in considering the spears of this pattern as fishing implements 
 primarily ; although their frequent use in other ways is highly probable. 
 
 In fig. 251 we ha\e a more elaborately fashioned example of such 
 fish-spears, if indeed, it can be so classed. In general appearance it 
 suggests the idea of drills or perforators ; but being very thin, as com- 
 pared with its width, it is evident that as a drill, it would be of but 
 little value. .As it is broken at the base, it is impossible to determine 
 how it was there finished, but it is not jirobable that there was a dupli- 
 cation of the broad, barb-like projections. Si)earpoints of this pattern 
 arc very unusual, judged by their scarcity in the various large collec- 
 lions from New Jersey and New England. 
 
 In the very large collection of the late Professor Haldeman, of 
 chip-ped implements from the Suscpiehanna valley, are several speci- 
 mens of jasper and limestone si)ears of this pattern, except that there 
 is but one barl)-like i)rojection. These non-symmetrical forms are not 
 uncommon in the class of arrowheads, and many of the so-called 
 stemmed knives have also this peculiarity. If we are justifieil in consid- 
 ering these implements as spearpoints, it is not evident what advantage 
 there was, in having the one barb. The charac'ter of the chipping 
 shows, I think, that it was intentional, and not necessarily that one 
 of the barbs being broken, the fractured margin was smoothed down by 
 re-chipping. 
 
 Fig. 252 represents a form of spearpoint which, by its size, ap- 
 proaches closely the bounilary between sjiearpoints and arrowheads. 
 This form is not as characteristic of fishing grounds, as are some of 
 the others, especially figs. 247 and 253, but there is so close a resem- 
 blance as to make it proliable, that it should be considered as. a 
 fish-spear. 
 
 While the chipping of these slender jasper points is, in many cases, 
 very carefully done, yet as a rule such imjilements cannot compare in 
 finish with other forms that were evidently intended for hunting, or as 
 
SPKAKI'OIXIS AND AKKOWUKAIiS. 
 
 273 
 
 weapons. Tlicsc latter are much larger ami show a higher grade of 
 workiiiansliip than any of tiie slender fish-si)ears. A\'as it because tlie 
 fish-sjjears were far more liai)le to be lost? 
 
 Speariwints of this i)attern made of cpiartz and jasper are much 
 more fre(iuently found in New York and Connecticut, than either in 
 the northern New ilngland states, or in I'ennsyh-ania and New Jersey. 
 In the Susciuehanna valley (I'ennsylvania) they appear to be very rare. 
 
 The preceding examples of these slender spearpoints wer^ all from 
 
 Fi<; 
 
 - New Jersey. |, 
 
 Fig. 252. — New Jersey. ]. 
 
 the surface, and are found not only in the inuncdiatc vicinity of the 
 rivers and smaller streams but to some e.\tent in upland fields, associ- 
 ated with the conmion forms of stone imi)lements. Tiiere is, of course, 
 nothing to indicate that they are of other dian Indian manufacture. 
 Associated with them, when found upon the surface, and occurring in 
 scanty numbers in fields, far from any water course, are other examples 
 of these slender spearpoints which do appear to tell another tale. 
 While sometimes found with jasper si)ears they are more freijuently met 
 18 
 
2 74 
 
 PKiMirivi'; ixnrsTRv. 
 
 witli alone, and hence, tli()Ui;h ilieyniayUe said lobe witli tlieni. tlieyare 
 not of them. 'I'hese spearpoints are all of ai\^'illito, of nearly uniform 
 size, antl vary hut little in the finish of tlie base. 
 
 p'ig. 253 re])resents a good average specimen of liundreds that have 
 been collected from the alluvial deposits, through which various creeks 
 have now worn their channels. In this alluvial mud whii li has been 
 for centuries, and is still accumulating, many 
 specimens of these argillite spearpoints liave 
 been found at various (le|)ths, even to five fe('t, 
 and nowhere do they occur in such abundance 
 as /// this deposit, which forms the tide-water 
 meadows that skirt the banks of the Delaware 
 riser from 'i'renlon to the sea. 
 
 Mg. 254 rejiresents the only variation of im- 
 portance from the typical form as given in tiie 
 preceding illustration. This specimen, which 
 strongly resembles an ordinary flmt-drill, re])re- 
 sents about one ]ier ( ent. of the fish-spears found 
 in the mud dejiosits referred to. Occasionally 
 one of this i)attern will be found with one or 
 more shallow notches on the edge, near the base, 
 il'i'l and onlv on om.' side. These lateral notches 
 are an indication of the means emjiloyed in 
 secm-ing the implement to a staff A\hy not 
 notched upon both sides is difficult to imagine ; 
 but it is not only in these supposed fish-spears 
 that this i)eculiarity is found. In (luite a large 
 percentage of the jasper and slate hoe-blades — if such they are — this 
 same feature of a notch or notches on one side (occurs. 
 
 It may be considered that we are without a warrant in assuming 
 that the use of any implement can be determined by the character of 
 the localitv where the implement was found. To a certain extent, 
 this is nmiuestionably true. A bead is none the less an ornament, 
 whether dredge.l from the river bottom or found in an upland fielil, 
 
KI'EAUPOlXrS ANIi AKRCnVIIEADS. 
 
 !75 
 
 and }ct liow very schhjin (Iocs any iiiiiilcmcnl or oilier relic (jf tlie 
 Indians ocfiir, excejit wiiere we slioiild expect t(j find liieni. In liasiny 
 any conclusions iii)on the characteristic; features of the locality, where 
 the inii)lenients under consideration are found, it is obviously necessary 
 to determine if there has been any recent general disturbance of the 
 surface. Alteraticins of the surface caused by the renio\al of hea\-y 
 forest },To\vths must be always liorne in min<l ; the i)ossibilit}' of ini- 
 ])lements being brought from some tlistanco by lloods, or even the 
 tenijjorary currents of hea\y rainfalls. Occur- 
 rences like these can, in nearly eve.y mstance, 
 be readily determined, and all objects that 
 have evidently been brought to the surface or 
 the sjjot where found, through such occur- 
 rences, should not enter into account when we 
 come to study a representative series from un- 
 disturbed localities. It is clearly evident that, 
 in the vast majority of instances, stone imple- 
 ments are in jiractically the same ])osition that 
 they were when buried, lost or discarded. .\ sin- 
 gle sjjecimen, or e\en a hundred might readilv 
 mislead one, and give rise to \ery erroneous 
 impressions as to the character of the Icjcality 
 where such objects were sometimes found, as 
 in the instance given in the second volume 
 of the Reports of the Archivological Museum 
 at Cambriilge, Mass., p. 24^,, „here paheolithic 
 implements were found ass(jciated with a grooved axe and fragments 
 of pottery. It is only when hunilreds ha\e been carefully gathered in 
 person, that it becomes safe to base any conclusions U])on locality ; 
 but when we have the material in such abundance, as in the case of 
 these argillite spearpoints, and fmd that over eiglily ])er cent, are from 
 an alluvia', deposit skirting the river, it does become highlv ])robable, 
 at least, that they were used in and aliout the river, or in other words, 
 as a means of capturing fish. 
 
276 
 
 PRfMlllVK INDrSTRV. 
 
 It (Idls ni>t ncccssaril}' follow, that hucausc these iinplcnients wore 
 used mostly as llsh-spears, that they were not used in ciiituriiig such 
 animals as frequent the lianks of our rivers and inland streams. The 
 number of these was really ver)' larj^e, and it can scarcely he doubted 
 but that many were speared or shot with arrows, tipped by these long, 
 slender argillite points. 
 
 The beaver {Castor Ji/'cr), musk-rat {/•Y/>rrz/V'<-//in-//s), otter (Liitra 
 t,!/iai/i'//s/.\), mink {Pu/iin'//s rv'jw/), among our mammals, and vari- 
 ous turtles and water-fowl ; all fre(|uented, in vast numbers, the very 
 streams where such large numbers of these argillite s])ears are found ; 
 and while it is true tliat ordinary arrowheads are fre(iuently found on 
 the shores of these streams, it cannot be maintained, with reason, that 
 the tapering argillite points were used solely for capturing fish, and the 
 few arrowheads that we find were those lost in unsuccessful efforts to 
 capture other animals. On the other hand, nets, lines and trajis ot 
 various jialterns, for securing fish, were so generally used by the 
 Indians, that it may well be doubted, if these argillite spearpoints are 
 really the handiwork of the later Indians. Sjiears made of other 
 material like the ordinary jasi)er arrowheads, with which they are 
 associated, are unciuestionably of Indian make; but these strongly 
 suggest another and an earlier origin. 
 
 The origin of the mud deposit containing these rutle fish-spears is a 
 subject re(iuiring fuller treatment than can be here given to it, but its 
 bearing on the subject of the age of the contained implements reipiires 
 more than a passing notice. This deposit of mud is of a deep blue- 
 black color, stiff iu consistency, and almost wholly free from pebbles. 
 It is c(Mnposed )f decomposed vegetable matter and a large ])ercentage 
 of very fine sand. It \aries in depth from f^)ur to twenty feet, and rests 
 on an old gravel, of an origin antedating the river gravels that contain 
 pakvolithic implements. This mud is the geological formation next 
 succeeding the paleolithic implement-bearing gravels. In the imple- 
 ments it contains we have api)arently a link between the oldest traces 
 of man, and the recent handiwork of the Indians of historic times. 
 A careful survey of this mud deposit, made at several distant points, 
 
SPF.ARl*OINIS AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 '77 
 
 leads lo tlie conrlusion tliat its formation dates from tlie exposure of 
 liie older 1,'ravel upon which it rests, through the graihial lessening 
 of the bulk of tiie river until it oc(U)>ied only its jjresent rhannel. 
 Mow gradually the river retired from the gravel bluffs that formerly 
 marked its boundary, and how rapidly this mud accumulated at the 
 outset, and whether at a more ra|)id rate then than now, are all jioints 
 almost bf'vond solution. 'i'he indications are, jiowever, that the 
 present volume and channel of the river have been essentially as they 
 now are, for a very long jjeriod ; and the character of the deposit is 
 such that its accumulation, if principally from (lecomj)osition of 
 vegetable matter, must ne( essarily be very gradual. Since its accu- 
 nuilation to a dejjth suffu lent to sustain tree growth, forests ha\e 
 grown, decayed and been rejilaced Ijy a growth of other timber. 
 AVhile so recent in origin that it seems scarcely to warrant the atten- 
 tion of the geologist, its years of growth are nevertheless to be mmi- 
 bered by centuries, and the traces of man found at all depths through 
 it, hint of a distant, shadowy past, that is difficult to realize. 
 
 The same objection, it may l)e, will be urged in this instance, as in 
 all others where the comparative anti(|uity of man is based upon 
 the depth at which stone implements are found — that all these traces 
 have been left upon the present surface of the ground, and subse- 
 ([uently have gotten, by unexplained means, to the various dej^ths, at 
 which they now occur. It is, indeed, difticult to realize, how some of 
 these argillite spearpoints have finally stmk through a compact jieaty 
 mass, until they have reached the very base of the deposit, l-'or those 
 who urge that this sinking process explains the occurrence of imple- 
 ments at great depths, it remains to demonstrate that the jjcople who 
 made these argillite fish-sjtears either made only these, or were careful 
 to take no other evidences of their handicraft with them when they 
 wandered about these meadows ; for certainly nothing else a])|)ears to 
 have shared the same fate, of sinking deeply into the mud. In foot, 
 the objection mentioned is met. in this case, as in that of the paUxo- 
 lithic implements, that if these fish-spears are of the same age and 
 origin as the ordinary Indian relic;-: of the surface, then all alike should 
 
278 
 
 I'UIMIIIVK IMiUS'lRV. 
 
 1)0 fiumd at great, depths. 'I'liU. we know, is not the case. Further- 
 more, tlie character of the (kpo^it is imt tliat of a loose rmul or 
 (|nicksan(l, hut more like that ol'iieat. It has a close texture, is tough 
 and imyielding to a degree, and oilers decided resistance to the sink- 
 ing of comi.arativelv light objects deeply into it. 'i'his is, ol" course, 
 lessened when the deposit is subject to tidal overtlows, and in the 
 immediate vicinity of" springs, wliich. huhhling through it, have caused 
 a deposit of ([uicksand. While here, an object sinks instantly out of 
 sight, it is not here that we must judge t)f the character of the forma- 
 tion as a whole ; and over the greater portion of its area, we fnul no 
 evidence of objects disappearing beneath the surface at a more rapid 
 rate than the accumulation of decompiling vegetable matter would 
 explain. KiTorts have been made to determine the rale of progress of 
 this growth of mould, but they are not wholly satisfactory ; neverthe- 
 less the indications are sufticient to warrant our belief that the rate is 
 so gradual as to invest, with great archx-ological interest, the i haracter- 
 istic traces of man found in these alluvial dei)osits. 
 
 The relationship of these supposed older si)earpoints to those made 
 of jasper and ([uart/.ite, is a subject that demands most careful consid- 
 eration, ai.d an abundance of data, that we scarc:ely yet possess. The 
 subject will be more fully treate<l in a subseii\ient chapter. Here it 
 is only necessary to add that as the origin of the oldest traces of man 
 vet discovered on the northern Atlantic seaboanl — whether Eskimo 
 or Indian — is yet, i)erhaps, an open question; therefore these older 
 and newer spearpoints are considered together, as implements of 
 the same character, though not necessarily the handiwork of the same 
 pe(jple. 
 
 That class of small chijjped implements, known as arrowheads, is of 
 such common occurrence throughout the country, that it seems scarcely 
 necessary to more than draw attention to the several patterns that are 
 found, and make brief mention of their relative abundance. 
 
 Obvious as is the purpose of an arrowhead, it is not always easy to 
 tletermine whether all that appear suitable for heading the shafts of 
 arrows were really so used. Doubtlessly, in the present series of arrow- 
 
SI'KAKr'DlMS AM> AKKOWIII Al iS. 
 
 279 
 
 heads (if tlic usual patterns IuuikI almiL,' unr Atlantic <(iast, there are 
 several that were used as knivc.-; ; and, prr ciinlra, in the 
 series ot" knives there are arrowheads. It is also ver\' proba- 
 ble the same tbnu was fre(Hiently used both as a knife and 
 an arrowhead. 
 
 Holm"" writes of the Delaware's, "Although the Indians, 
 when the Swedes first came into the country, hail no in- 
 striuiient or tools made of iron or any other metal ; never- 
 theless, they could perform every kind of work with their 
 hands with such dexterity and neatness, that the Christians 
 were stru(k with astonishment. They make their bows with 
 the limb of a tree, of above a man's length, and their bow- 
 strings out of the sinews of animals ; tlie\' make their arrows 
 out of a reed, a yard and a half long and at one end they 
 fix in a piece of hard wood of about a ([uarter's length ; at 
 the end of which they make a hole to fix in the head of the 
 arrow, which is made of a black flint stone, or of hard bone 
 or horn, or the teeth of large fishes or animals, which they 
 fasten in with fish glue in such a manner, that the water 
 cannot penetrate ; at the other end of the arrow, they put 
 feathers." 
 
 In the illustration of an arrow with a stone head, fig. 2;;. 
 found in reru'"", we have an exemiilification of the manner in 
 which arrowshafis were made ; the smaller, upper jjortion, in 
 the Peruvian example, being of hard wood, securely fastened 
 to a reed. In this instance, however, there are no feathers 
 at the base. 
 
 Peter Kalm, the Swede, who visitetl Xew Jersey in the 
 middle of the last century, has left us an excellent account 
 of the resident tribes, and of their customs, which were at 
 that time slowly changing in conseciuence of the intnjduction 
 of iron implements by the Swedish settlers. ( )f their arrows, 
 
 " Holm. /. c, p. 12(1. 
 
 "' For thu iisc of this cut, the .lulhor is iiulcbtcd to I'rof. K. \V. Putli.ir 
 
 Fig. 255- — 
 IVru. J. 
 
j8o 
 
 PRIMmVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 he says (Trawls in North America, vul. ii, p. 39, Lomloii, 1771): 
 " At tiic LMid (jf tiicir arrows tlicy fastLMi narrow anguiattd pieces 
 of stone ; tliey made use of tiieni, liaving no iron to nKii<e tlieni 
 siiarj) again, or a wood of suffu ient hardness : lluse ])oi-its were 
 commonly flints or (Hiartzes, Imt soMietiuies likewise another kind of a 
 stone. Some employed the hones of animals, or the (laws of birds 
 and beasts. Some of these ancient harpoons are very blunt, and it 
 seems that the Indians might kill birds and small (piadrupeds with 
 them; but whether they could enter deep into the body of a great 
 beast or of a man, b)- the velocity whi< h they get from the bow 1 cai.- 
 not asivifain ; yet some have been found very sharp and well made." 
 
 Throughout tin: entire area of the ( ountry treated of in the present 
 work, there does iK)t ajipear to be any material ilifference u' the char- 
 acter or distribution of the arrowheads found, save that a ')rei)on- 
 derance of the more delicately chipped forms are found in some 
 localities. A thousand arrowheads from the valley of the Delaware 
 river woulil not dilfer materially from a thousand gathered i;i the 
 Susciuehanna valley, and but little, if any, from as many gathered in 
 the Connecticut valley; but as compared with an ecjual number from 
 Massachusetts, they would show a somewhat larger jiercentage of the 
 more carefully finished sjiecimens of jasper and chalcedony. In Ver- 
 mont"", as elsewhere, arrowheads are " more abundant than any other 
 class of specimens, and all the varieties figured by Col. Foster ( Pre- 
 historic Races ) are found with others diflering from these. Some 
 very singular ine(juilateral forms occur, like those figured by Professor 
 Haldcman""' in a recent numljer of the naturalist, and many others. 
 Indeed, a close examination of any large collection of flint jjoints will 
 show that entirely symmetrical forms were rarely attained ; by far the 
 larger part are more or less uneiiual, both as regards curvature or 
 straightness of the edge an I convexitv of the surface. One edge is 
 u.sually more strongly curved than the other, and one surface more 
 
 ^* Perkins. Amer. Nat., vol. xiii, p. •]:j. 
 ^t*" H.ildcm.in. Amor. Nat., vol. .\iii, 292. 
 
bl'KAKI'UlNl.S AMI AKKOWllKADS. 
 
 381 
 
 convex than the other. Often tlie Made is not in the saine plane 
 with the stem, lint seems twisteil upon it ; (hie, as I tiiink, less to the 
 intention of the maker than to the Iractiire of the stone. I'rom tiiese 
 slightly, often almost iniiereejaibly une(iual points, we have every gra- 
 dation to those whi( h are nearly as unsynnnetric al as jiossihlc, and of 
 these latter, some are so well chipped that I cannot regard them as 
 'failures,' l)ut for some unknown reason intentionally of the form we 
 find them. In comparing the specimens from the Champlaiu valley 
 with those from (ieorgia, figured l.y Col. C. C. Jones, jr., I have be.Mi 
 striuk with the dose reseinhlance between thein ; there are < ompara- 
 tively few of the objects described in antiijuities of the Southern 
 Indians, that cannot lie dujilicated. often exactly, in Winuait 
 s])ecimens. This resemblancr is more noticeable because, among 
 Dr. Abbott's New Jersey .spec, .„ens, 1 find many unlike tlose which 
 we have with us." 
 
 I'rofessor I'erkins, in the above <iuotation, refers to such objects 
 from New Jersey, as were described in 1.S73, and prior to any syste- 
 matic search for the discarded handiwork of our resident tribes. Jn 
 the vast amount of material since gathered, there are objects \ er\- 
 similar to, or identical with, the collections made by Col. [ones, in 
 Georgia and other southern states ; and the differences are now ascer- 
 tained not to be so marked as they seemed to be, when the brief 
 article on New Jersey archaeology was written in 1873. 
 
 Whatever may have been the object in making arnjwheads of different 
 shapes, it is certain that the>- vary more than any other form of imple- 
 ment, and in no instance has any particular pattern l)ei-n found exclu- 
 sively in one Icjcality. The proi)ortion, however, of the various patterns 
 is (luite different in different localities ; as, for instance, the leaf-shaped 
 specimens constitute fully six ].er cent.i"! of all found in New Jersey, 
 although in New England, they are far less common. 
 
 While in the immediate vicinity of the seacoast, arrowheads do not 
 
 "> Abl«... N.-,.ure, vol. vi, p. 5,5. The ..uthnr here M.n.ed ,l,c pro,>or.i.,„ .„ be al, ., (,u, 
 and one-half per een.. ; but subse.p.cnt collecii,,;; shuws them to be even more abnndant. 
 
282 
 
 PRlMrnVK IXDUSTRY. 
 
 appear to l)c as abundant as along our river valleys, they are not 
 altogether wanting even there, but are sometimes found in considerable 
 numbers. It is not inii)robable that fishing, rather than shooting, largely 
 occupied the time of the coast Indians, and therefore the bow was 
 comparatively little used. Still, it is evident, from the character of the 
 country, that arrowiieads once lost in these ever-shifting sands, or in 
 the water, would seldom be brought to light ; and thousands may now 
 lie buried in the sand, which, if it ever becomes si)lid rock, will contain 
 these ( ertain e\idences of man's former presence. 
 
 Although in no instance has any one pattern of arrowhead been 
 found so chanicteristic of a given locality, as are the argillite fish- 
 spears of the alluvial deposits along the riser, it has frefiuently been 
 observed bv collectors Uiat some i>articular form occurred in consider- 
 able numbers in a locality of very limited area, as a field or other 
 small jilat cf ground. In my own collecting tours I have frequently 
 noticed this, and can recall now certain fields that appeared to have 
 onlv leaf-shaped arrowheads, and others where the triangular pattern 
 was alone met with. Even tliis is noticeable with other forms of 
 chiiijied implements, and local collectors report fields, or otner spots 
 of a few acres, where only scrapers are found. This localizing of 
 certain forms has been so frequently noticed that it cannot be consid- 
 ered as a mere chance ot:currence, }et it is scarcely suscei)tible of any 
 rational explanation. 
 
 Unsymmetrical arrowheads, like those described by the late Professor 
 Haldeman, and referred to by Professor Perkins, are of (juite common 
 occurrence in New Jersey, but I am not disposed to consider them as 
 really used as points for arrows. Their numbers, the character of the 
 chipping, and the size of the greater proportion of them, render it 
 highly probable that they were knives, and, as such, a small number 
 have been already described. The \ery want of symmetry that char- 
 acterizes these specimens renders them absolutely valueless if used 
 as arrowheads ; for, unless the tip or point of the head, is in a direct 
 line with the shaft, the arrow loses, in a great degree, its i)enetrati\e 
 power. 
 
Sl'F.ARPOINIS AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 283 
 
 For whatever other ])ur])o.sei arrowlieads may have occasionally 
 been used, their main jnnjxjse, as tlieir name imi>hes, was fur making 
 tlieir arrows more effe(ti\e as weajions. fonsiderahle < ontroversy has 
 arisen concerning how large a jiroportion of these implements were 
 
 nsed in the manner described, 
 many writers insisting that only the 
 smallot specimen! were used as 
 |)oints for arrows, and the great 
 m;ijoritv were simply knives. It is 
 obviously impossible to determine 
 now the ])reci>e character of many 
 intermediate size> of tiicse (objects, 
 but, in some instances, examples 
 have been found under circum- 
 stances which at once set aside all 
 doulit, so far, at least, as these 
 sjiecimens are concerned. 
 
 I'ig. 256 represents an instance 
 of this kind. We have here a water- 
 worn fragment of a human frontal 
 bone that has been pieri ed by a 
 (]\iartz arrowhead. The specimen 
 tells its own story. In this fragment 
 of bone, with the arrowhead still 
 sticking in it, we have the use of 
 the bow, the tipping of tiie arrow's 
 shaft with stone, the custom of 
 war, — all told us in a clear, un- 
 mistakable way. Could we but find 
 more e\am]>les of the various pat- 
 terns of stone imi)lements in such telling positions, we should then 
 more clearly realize the character of the dailv lives of the native races 
 of Americ a in prehistoric times. 
 
 Although it is not practicable to trace any development of the more 
 
 Fio. 236. — New Jersey. 
 
284 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Fig. 257 —New Jersey. \ ■ 
 
 elaborate patterns of arrowheads from pointed flakes, yet it will be 
 found advantageous to consider first the simpler forms, with the uniler- 
 standing that there is no evidence that any one 
 form of highly finished arrowhead antedates an- 
 otlier. It is probable, however, tliat simple 
 jioiuted flakes were first usod, and that the 
 various modifications and elaboration of de- 
 tails were subseijuent to tlie first arming of an 
 arrow with a sharp fragment of stone. 
 
 In figs. 257, 258 and 
 259 are rejiresented flakes 
 of tiie simplest patterns, 
 whicli are su])posed to have been arrowheads. 
 These, and others altogether similar, have been 
 so fre<[uently found singly, antl yet are so evi- 
 dently artificially chipped, that there need be no 
 hesitation in considering them as being of iuiman 
 origin. The fact of their being found singly is 
 evidence also, that they were implements anci 
 not merely refiise cliips flaked off in the man- 
 ufocture of otiier objects. 
 Some such forms were 
 doubtlessly used to jioint 
 the first arrows made l)y 
 man ; but these si)ecimens bear no evidence of 
 a greater antiquity than the modern Indian. 
 
 In tlie rock-retreat discoveretl at Ciiickies, 
 Lancaster Co., I'a., by the late Professor Halde- 
 man, in 1876, there was found an unusually 
 large number of rude flakes of the patterns 
 here figured, whi( h had apparently been selected 
 from tlie mass of (hips which had accumulated 
 during the i)rocess of u.aking better finished specimens. 'I'hese 
 "arrowhead-like flakes" were apparently set aside as available for 
 
 I'lo. 258. — New 
 .Icrsey. ]. 
 
 Fig. 259. — New .Icr.^ey. 
 
SPEARPOINTS AN'n ARROWHEADS. 
 
 285 
 
 of 
 
 anows, or wore intended to be siil)se(Hiently chipiied into other and 
 better forms. 'i"o a certain extent tliey might have been used as knives, 
 and tliey recall the remark of the early traveller Kalni, who said of the 
 Delaware Indians, " instead of kiiiTcs they were satisfied with little shaq) 
 pieces of flint or (juartz, or else some other hard kind of stone, or 
 with a sharp shell, or with a [jiece of a bone which they had sharp- 
 ened." 
 
 In ^IL,^ 260 we have a more specialized form, and one that is exceed- 
 ingly commop. That it should be classed as an arrowhead is reason- 
 able, e\ en though it is by no means as desirable a i)attern as many 
 others. When made of jasper or ([uartz, arrowheads 
 of this form are generally much more carefully 
 worked, and jiresent smoother surfaces and more 
 evenly c hipped etlges. 
 
 .Arrowheads of this shape, made of slate anil other 
 comparati\ely soft stone, and a fi-.v of argillite, are 
 also found in New Jersey. In some localities they 
 are very abundant, and even outnumber the jasper 
 specimens. In conse(|uence of the characteristic 
 rude finish of them all, and the degree of weathering 
 of their surfaces, which is to some extent an indica- 
 tion of anti(iuity, these ruder specimens of stemmed 
 arrowheads, like fig. 260, give rise to the impression 
 that they are, as a class, really older than the same 
 forms made of silicious mineral. This, however, may nf)t be the 
 case, and it is as yet uncertain, whether the Indian made a stej) in 
 advani e by adopting a material for the manufacture of his weapons 
 more ditilicult to work than slate or argillite, but affording far better 
 results to the skilled workman. 
 
 I believe the evidence to be comjilete, that the race preceding the 
 Indians usei'. argillite invariably for all their im])lements, but the few- 
 facts that seem to indicate progress on the part of the Indian, during 
 his o( ( u] ancy of the Atlantic coast, are, of themselves, insuhkient to 
 warrant owx basing any conclusions upon them. 
 
 l-'n;. 260. — New 
 Ji-Tsuy. \. 
 
286 
 
 I'RIMiriVF, IXHUSTRV. 
 
 Fit,'. 261 rci>resents a second form of stemmed arrowhead, wliich is 
 of l)etter workmanship, and foreshadows the elaborate patterns that 
 were in common use, after the art of working in Hint had been carried 
 to perfection. If tlie one object, in making arrowiieads, was to secure 
 tliat shai)e of i)oint wliich would convert tlie completed arrow into the 
 most effective weajjon, then the simple, triangular specimens, with 
 m<Klerately concave bases, would meet the jjurpose ; and in fact, we do 
 find this simple anil effective form more aljundant than any other, 
 but so many intricate forms are also found that it will always be a 
 source of wonder, and a subject of endless controversy, why such 
 simple objects should have been foshioned in so many curious sha])es. 
 
 Fig. 262 represents a neady chipi)ed arrowhead, usually of jasper, 
 
 Fig, 262. — New 
 Jersey ', . 
 
 which may be taken as a typical examjile f)f diat form, known as the 
 arrowhead with a 'MKJtched base." .Marge jmjportion of the arrow- 
 heads found along the northcn .\tlantic seaboard are of this form, 
 though it is not in such abundance as to be considered peculiar to this 
 portion of the continent, .\rrowheads of this pattern vary greatly in 
 size, and when mvich longer than fig. 262 are not distinguishable from 
 knives, and, jiossibly, spearpoints. 
 
 Fig. 263 represents a longer, but narrower example of this form 
 which is of eciually common o( currence. Throughout New laigland, 
 arrowheads identical with this are very common, and it may be cf)n- 
 sidered as one of the characteristic forms north of the Clonnecticut 
 vallev. 
 
SI'K.\KI>OI\T.S AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 287 
 
 Fig. 264. — New 
 Jersey. 1 . 
 
 Figs. 264 and 265 represent l)umilitul s])c(inicns of the smallest size 
 of arrowheads, l)oth i>{ this jiattern witli the n;)tched hase. It is an 
 unusual circnnistance to find arrowheads of tliis si/.e aloni; the Atlantic 
 seaboard, or indeed anywhere east of the Allei^hany Mts. In Ohio 
 and Iniiiana, they seem to be more abundant. As a rule, the smallest 
 arrowheads found along the coa^t are triangular in shape. Of several 
 thousand si)ecimens of all shajjes, there are less than 
 a dozen of this jiattern, that are as small as fiu. 264, 
 and no other specimen has been ccjllected by the 
 author, as small as fig. 265. As with the very small 
 scrapers, these diminutive arrowheads are chipped 
 with great nicety, and are among the finest examples 
 of this kind of work that have been found on the 
 Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 Their size is aiijjarently an objection to their ordi- 
 nary use as arrowheads, and so few have been found, that it is not 
 likely they were made for ortlinary hunting or warlike puri)oses. .Still, 
 we find on comparing them with modern stone and glass arrowiieads, 
 and esi)ecially with the beautifiil obsidian specimens found in the 
 southwestc 1 territories and the agate exam]iles found in Oregon, 
 that they are about of the same si/e. .Arrowheads of 
 this size constitute but a very small ])roporti(jn of the 
 whole number found ; probably not more than vnc in a 
 thousand. That they arc really more abundant may be 
 true, and their ajiparent rarity due to the fa< t that their 
 diminutive size renders them more liable to be lost in 
 sandy soil, and to be broken, if lying in loose gravel. 
 I'r;' of some bright color, such small arrowheads as 
 fig. 265 are very incoiispicuous objects. 
 
 l"ig. 266 rei)resents a remarkably true and carefiilly worked example 
 of an arrowhead with a notch at the base. .Spec imens as carefiilly 
 chipped as this are now seldom found, excejjt in a fragmenlarv condi- 
 tion. From the extreme care with which the edges ha\e been uorked. 
 it is possible that this imiilement was used as a knife. It is made of 
 
 Fig. 265. — New 
 Jersey. J . 
 
I."UPJ I \\^^ WJ^A.t 
 
 288 
 
 PRIMITIVF, INDl'STRV, 
 
 light brown or yellowisli-hrown jasper, wliich occurs in great abundance 
 as bowlders and ])el)l>les, in tlie Delaware river. Of this material, all 
 the finest examples of Hint work, fcjund in Now Jersey and in New 
 iMigland, are made. 
 
 Fig. 2^fj represents a somewhat similar specimen, except that it is 
 much narrower. Unlike the generality of these worked flint im- 
 l)lements, this s])ecimen is a thin flake of chalcedony, without 
 surface chippings and only altered along the edges, so as to give 
 it a symmetrical outline. This handsome specimen, also, may have 
 
 Fig. 266. — New 
 
 Jersey. | . 
 
 Fig. 267. — New 
 Jersey. ^, 
 
 F[G, a68. — New 
 Jersey. \. 
 
 been used as a knife, but it is as probable that it is properly classed 
 as an arrowhead. 
 
 Fig. 268 represents a modified form of this same pattern, in which 
 the sides are parallel for one-half their length, and then slope evenly, 
 by straight margins to an acute point. Like fig. 266, this specimen is 
 chipped from a jasi)er pebble, and is of eciually artistic workmanship. 
 
 Arrowheads of this pattern are not abimdant in New Jersey, and are 
 very rarely found in New l^igland. In western New York, they are 
 occasionally found, and are of more conmion occurrence in Ohio and 
 Indiana. 'I'he late Professor Haldeman found but three specimens 
 during several years careful collecting in the valley of the Susquehanna. 
 
 All the arrowh.eads of this pattern, that I have seen, appear to be 
 of the same grade of workmanship, and of the one material. That 
 
SPEARPOINTS AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 289 
 
 Fig. 269. — New 
 Jersey. -J. 
 
 they possess any advantage from the peculiar finish of the edges seems 
 very questionable, but that they were arrowheads cannot be doubted. 
 
 In figs. 269 to 273, inclusive, is represented a 
 second form of arrowh ads, that is almost as com- 
 mon as the preceding. Instead of the notched 
 base, they have a straight stem, and vary among 
 themselves indefinitely, as to the relative length and 
 breadth of both the stem and the blade. Fig. 269 
 may be taken as a type of this pattern, as the great 
 majority of these arrowheads have the edges slightly 
 convex. While perhaps a ma- 
 jority of them are carefully 
 chipjjed, there is a very large proportion that are 
 rudely made. Apparently, the workman ceased 
 to bestow any care in finishing the implement 
 when he had once obtained a sharp point. 
 
 In e\ery large series of stemmed arrowheads, 
 there will be a small percentage as pronounced 
 in pattern as figs. 271 and 272, but generally 
 they more nearly approach figs. 270 and 273. 
 
 Fig. 27. is a rare form of stemmed arrowhead, 
 that is of common oc- 
 currence in Europe. 
 In the Clement collection of Swiss Lake 
 stone implements in the Archaeological 
 Museum at Cambridge, Mass., there are 
 many specimens that are of this size and 
 shape. Others are contained in the Rose 
 collection of Danish antiquities, belonging 
 to the same museum. 
 
 Fig. 273 represents about the minimum 
 size of these stemmed arrowheads. Imple- 
 ments of this size appear to be in larger proportion in some localities 
 19 
 
 Fig. 270. — New 
 Jersey, -1^. 
 
 Fig. S71. — New Jersey. {, 
 
290 
 
 I'RIMIiniC INDUSTRY. 
 
 Fir.. 272. — • New 
 Jersey, j. 
 
 tlian in others, but they arc nol in such numbers as to justify the 
 belief that tliey were ever in very general use. 
 
 In the very large series of arrowheails from tlie valley of the Sus- 
 quehanna, contained in the collection of the late Professor Halileman, 
 are hundreds of specimens of this i)altern, varying in outline to about 
 the extent illustrate<l in the series of sjiecimens here 
 figured. .\s shown by the material gathered in the 
 neighborhood of Columbia, Pa., it would appear that 
 these stenuned specimens were more abundant than 
 ■i//,y^ any other form, not excepting those with a notched 
 
 ^*' * 'J'he \arious ])atterns of \arieties of stenuned arrow- 
 
 heads, that are here figured, all occur in abundance in 
 New iMigland and New 'Wjrk ; yet in but few limited 
 localities are they found in such great abundance as in 
 the valleys of the Delaware anil Suscjuehanna ri\ers. 
 Fig. 274 represents a splendidly chipped implement which may be 
 out of ]ilace in association with arrowheads, though it cannot certainly 
 be classed either with the sjiearpoints or knives. 
 
 While an unusual pattern in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and of 
 even greater rarity throughout New England, s])ecimens of this shape are 
 recorded from most of the nt)rlhcrn Atlantic coast 
 states. In New York they have been found in the 
 valleys of the Mohawk and the Hudson, and on the 
 shore of several of the inland lakes. In Ohio, they 
 are much more common. Of all that have been ex- 
 amined the workmanship is excellent, and only the 
 choicest materials have been chosen in making them. 
 The very deep lateral notches seem to indicate that a 
 very secure hold to the shaft or handle was re(|uired, and that the 
 implement, thus fostened, was intended for serioiis work, such as would 
 put a great strain upon it. So seldom are these large arrowheads, or 
 kni\es, met with along the sealioaril, as compared with Ohio and the 
 southwestern states, that it is probaljle that all that have been found in 
 
SrEARPOlNTS AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 291 
 
 New England and New Jersey were l)roiight from tlie interior states, 
 as was ]>rol)aI)ly the case witii many of tlie large spearpoints of finer 
 finish. Some doubt, liowever, is tiirown iijjon tliis suggestion by the fact 
 that there have been found a small number of delicately chipped arrow- 
 heads of small size, of jirecisely this jjattern. 'J'hese arrowheads were 
 made of )ellow jasper, and found in a field near Princeton, New Jersey, 
 associated with dozens of other jjatterns. 
 
 I have also had an ojiportunity of seeing in a very complete local 
 collection of stone imi)lements, made in the neighborhood of Lake 
 Hojjatcong, Morris Co., New Jersey, three specimens of these imple- 
 ments of the same size as fig. 274, and 
 all made of a beautifiil green jasper. 
 The workmanship was excellent. 'I'hey 
 were found together near the shore of 
 the lake, and in the immediate vicinity 
 were found seven copi)er beads and a 
 fine chalcedony spearpoint. It is not 
 imjirobable that all these objects had 
 been washed from a gnive. 
 
 This form of arrowhead or knife does 
 not oc:cur in luirope, so far as I can 
 learn. ICvans, in his elaborate volume 
 on the "Stone Implements of Great 
 Britain," figures nothing that bears any 
 
 resemblance to this form. All the larger spearpoints and arrowheads 
 of England ajjpear to be of the stemmed, or stemmed and barbed 
 patterns. 
 
 Figs. 275 and 276 re])resent two excellent examjiles of a pattern of 
 arrowhead or small spearpoint, which is very fre<iuently found in New 
 Jersey. They vary indefinitely in size, from the larger of the two fig- 
 ured to others that are considerably smaller than fig. 275. This form 
 is one of a few that ai)pears to be every way desirable, and yet it is not 
 as abundant as some others, ^\■hen made of jasper, thin, and with a 
 good edge, it would be difficult to design a better weapon than fig. 
 
392 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 276. The Stem is of such shape and size as to render a secure attach- 
 ment to the shaft easily practicable, and with a moderate exercise of 
 force, a most ugly wound could be inflicted with this implement. 
 
 In fig. 276 we have an implement that bears consi(lerat)le resem- 
 blance to the specimen described in the preceding paragraph (fig. 274). 
 By merely widening the base of the stem of fig. 276, we convert it 
 into the pattern of fig. 274. Thus, while possibly both are too large to 
 be used as arrowheads, they were probably used in the same manner, 
 either as spears or knives. 
 
 Imiilements of this pattern, as large as fig. 276, are not frequently 
 found in New England, even in the 
 Connecticut valley where so large 
 
 Fig. 275. — New Jersey. -}. 
 
 Fig. 276. — New Jersey. -|-. 
 
 a variety of forms have been obtained. In western New York 
 they are more abundant than in the Hudson river valley ; while in 
 Pennsylvania, altliough recorded in few numbers in some localities, 
 they were poorly represented in the collection from the Susfjuehanna 
 valley, made by the late Professor Haldeman. From a field of a 
 few acres, near Trenton, New Jersey, I gathered twenty specimens 
 of this form in the summer of 1878, and six more in the ensuing 
 year. Other specimens were also found which I have failed to se- 
 cure. In every case these implements were made of jasper, either 
 red or yellow, and are among the best specimens of flint chipping 
 
SPE.\RPOINTS AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 «93 
 
 in my collections from New Jersey, now in the Archaeological Museum 
 at Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 I5arl)ed arrowheads, like figs. 277 and 
 278, are not uncommon wherever arrow- 
 heads of any pattern are found. IJarbs 
 can be added to almost all the types, and 
 seem to be the result of fancy on the part 
 of the maker. The examination of broken 
 specimens, among the refuse of chips of 
 an arrowmaker's "sho])," does not indi- 
 cate that tliey were ever very abundant; 
 and nowhere do we find a preponderance 
 of this pattern. Wlien the barbs were Fig. =77. -New Jersey. |. 
 related to the stem, as in fig. 277, it is diiificult to see of what practical 
 use they were, as they could not add to the effectiveness of the 
 weapon. On the other hand, when they were associated with straight, 
 stem-like bases, as in fig. 278, it is evident that when once they had 
 been shot or thrust into a body, they could 
 not readily be removed,and hence in war, 
 they would be more deadly than such as could 
 be promi)tly withdrawn from the wound. 
 
 Arrowheads, that are distinctly barbed, do 
 not appear to be of more common occur- 
 rence in the western and southern states, than 
 along the Atlantic seaboard. On the Pacific 
 coast, while not unknown, they are rare. Of 
 the series collected in the small islands off 
 the coast of California, by the oiificers of the 
 U. S. Geog. Survey, West of the looth 
 Meridian, there is but a single specimen, 
 (Vol. vii. Archaeology, pi. iii, fig. i.) 
 Of a series of nearly thirty-three hundred 
 arrowheads, collected in a single county in New Jersey, but fifty-six 
 are distinctly barbed, and probably this is as large a proportion as 
 
 Fig. 278. — New Jersey. -J-. 
 
294 
 
 I'KiMrnvr, industky. 
 
 occurs anywhere along tlie seaboard. Of thousands of specimens 
 from the Connecticut valley, the j)ercentage of those that .a^ distinctly 
 barbed is not as lar{,'e as in the New Jersey series. 
 
 In luirope, the barbed arrtmhead is a prevailing type, almost num- 
 bering onedialf the sitecimens found in many localities. Of a series 
 of se\enty-two arrowheads from (.eat I'.ritain, figured by Mr. Mvans, 
 twenty-eiglit are distinctly barbed. Some of tliem have the bad)s of 
 remarkable length, and terminating in blunt ends. This latter feature 
 is almost unknown among American flint arrowheads, and never, I 
 believe, occurs in the various forms conuuon to the .Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 That form of arrowhead which is a modification of the barbed, and 
 known generally as the triple-notched arrowhead, is one of <iuite com- 
 
 Fic. 270. — \cw 
 Jersey, j. 
 
 T'ln. 2811. — New 
 Jersey. \- 
 
 Fh;. 281. — New 
 Jersey. \, 
 
 mon occurrence in Xcw Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, and also 
 in Connecticut, but is unusual in Massachusetts and more northern 
 localities. .\s seen in the accompanying illustrations, the specimens 
 of this pattern vary considerably in form and size. 
 
 Figs. 279 and 2S0 represent the more common sizes; fig. 279 the 
 minimum, whilst the curiously designed sjiecimen, fig. 2S1, seems too 
 blunt to be classed as an arrowhead, and t)\ight rather to be classed as 
 a knife ; though in this case it is very difficult to imagine any object 
 in the ])rominent side barbs. 
 
 The great majority of these triple-notched arrowheads are of quartz 
 and jasper, and, as a rule, are well made. Two of the five illustrations, 
 
SI'iaRPOINTS AND ARKUWUDAUS. 
 
 395 
 
 Fui. aSa. — New 
 Jersey, \- 
 
 here given, are distinctly serrated, Imt it must not lie supposed that such 
 a liirgu proportion is usual ; ncvcrlhciuss the majority of the arrow- 
 heads witii (hslinctiy serrated cd^es are of this 
 pattern, 
 
 J a a large scries of arrowheads collected in 
 the state of Delaware, and kindly forwarded to 
 me for examination liy the owner, Mr. '1', J. 
 liennett of Dover, Delaware, there was a large 
 number of specimens of this [lattern, all of 
 which were made of jasper. Many had the 
 edges distinctly serrated. 
 
 'I'he late Professor Maldeman found this i)at- 
 tern to he (juite well re|)resented in tlie ex- 
 tensive series of arrowheads collected near 
 Chickies, Lancaster Co., I'a., and noticed the large proportion of 
 serrated specimens among them. The majority of these specimens, 
 
 however, were similar in size and finish, 
 to fig. 282. 
 
 Fig, 283, of the series here given, is 
 apparently to(j large to be classed as an 
 arrowhead, Tiie serrated edges, how- 
 ever, seem to suggest this use, rather 
 than that of a knife ; and it is scarcely 
 large enougli to be classed as a spear- 
 ])oint. 
 
 Triangular arrowheads are of every 
 imaginable shade of width and length, 
 and in workmanship they vary from the 
 nidest to tlie most ex<iuisitely ciiip])ed 
 specimens. As is the case with so many 
 other kinds of implements, there will 
 often arise a doubt as to whether all tliese specimens, v.irying as they 
 do in form and size, were used for the same pur])ose. It seems un- 
 questionable that figs. 284 and 285 were arrowheads. I'heir size, 
 
 Fig. 283. — New Jersey, \. 
 
296 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 shape and, it may be added, their abundance, all indicate it ; but this 
 may be doubted when we come to consider such an example as fig. 
 288. This, however, is not too large for an arrowhead ; and, until it 
 can be shown that specimens of this size were otherwise utilized, it 
 seems safe to class it as such, though one of the largest size. 
 
 When long and slender, like figs. 284 and 287, these implements are 
 certainly admirably adapted for tips to the shafts of arrows, and being 
 so largely made of black flint or chert, they recall forcibly the words 
 of Holm that "the head of the arrow * * * is made of a black flint 
 stone." 
 
 Of the triangular arrowheads found in New Jersey, but ^•ery few 
 ha\e been found which have serrated edges, and 
 all of these were of the 
 smallest size of this pat- 
 
 FiG. 2S4. — New Jersey. \. FiG. 285. — New Jersey, -j-. Fig. 286. — New Jersey. \- 
 
 tern, several being even smaller than fig. 286. 
 
 There is a prevalent oi)inion concerning arrowheads of this ])attem, 
 that they were used almost exclusively for "war arrows," and were 
 usually poisoned. Upon what grounds this opinion is based I have not 
 been able to learn, except that it has been suggested that these points 
 or heads were jilaced loosely in a slit on the end of the shaft, and so 
 would be retained in the l)ody of the person shot, however carefully 
 the shaft might be withdrawn. How far this may be true is difficult 
 to determine, but it is highly improbable di.it any one form of these 
 imijlements should have been designed or set aside for any particular 
 l)urpose. In New Jersey there is no known locality where these are 
 found unassociated with other forms, and if "war" points, they should 
 
SPEAR.OINTS ANU ARROWHE.\DS. 
 
 297 
 
 in some localities . a markeil feitiire of ancient battle-fields, several 
 of wiiich are supposed to ]je known to the local his- 
 torians, and even to the collectors of Indian relics. 
 
 In figs. 289 to 293 inclusive, we have examples of 
 short, broad triangular arrowheads, such as o-cur in 
 even greater numbers than the i)receding. When of 
 this size and shape, they are often carelessly chipped, /(* 
 the absence of a sharp point being very noticeable. 
 Their bluntness is not caused by the loss of these 
 points, but was evidently pro- 
 duced intentionally. Occa- 
 sionally these triangular arrow- 
 heads have two notches near 
 the ends of the base, thus making tiie imple- 
 ment one of the barbed pattern (see fig. 
 309). Whenever these notches occur, they 
 are invariably associated with a style of 
 chipping much superior to that upon the 
 specimens here figured. The peculiar needle- 
 like point on fig. 292 is not an accident, but 
 was deliberately chipped out. Of a large 
 series of these broad triangular specimens 
 from New Jersey, there were many with this peculiarity; and the 
 
 Fig. 287. — New 
 Jtrsey. f. 
 
 Fig. s88. — New Jersey. |. 
 
 Fig. 289.-New Jersey. |. F„i. =9o.-New Jersey. \. FiG. .9.. -New Jersey. {. 
 
 same was noted as occurring on a series of the same pattern from the 
 Connecticut valley. 
 
 Of a series of thirty-three hundred arrowheads from Mercer county, 
 
298 
 
 PKIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 Flo. 292.- 
 Jersey. 
 
 -Nl.v 
 
 New Jersey, to wliich reforcnco lias Ijocn made, fourteen Inindred and 
 twenty-eiyht belong to the triangular pattern. This shows how very 
 common it was, and pnjves clearly that, among all the 
 various jiatterns of arrowheads, this was emphatically 
 the favorite fcrm. 
 
 The proi)ortion of triangular to other shapes of 
 arrowheads is less in New luigland, tiian in the 
 middle states, judging from the collections preserved 
 in the public museums ; anil in Pennsylvania they are 
 also less common than in New Jersey, so far as the 
 collections of the late Professor Haldenian, of the Sus(iuehanna valley 
 forms, and of my own, of the Delaware valley patterns, enable one to 
 make a comparison. 
 
 Considered as a class, these triangular 
 arrowheads will not compare favorably with 
 those of the same pattern found in Ohio and 
 Indiana. From various localities in these 
 states, are derived most marvellous specimens 
 of skilful chipping of flint, which in some 
 cases is only equalled by the finest specimens 
 of Danish arrowheads of the same pattern. 
 
 Figs. 294 and 295 represent two ir- 
 regularly shaped triangular arrowheads 
 which differ iVom the preceding, in having 
 concave bases. Th's feature is much 
 more marked in some specimens than in 
 those figured ; in some -ases, being not 
 a curved indentation, but rather like an 
 inverted \'. 
 
 In fig. 295 we have a modified form of 
 the triangular patte.11, which is so nide, 
 that at first it might be considered an 
 unfinished imi)lement ; but so many are found of exactly this shape 
 that it is jirobably an intentional and not a chance form. 
 
 Fig, 293. — New Jersey. \, 
 
SPF.ARPOINTS AND ARROWHFADS. 
 
 299 
 
 l-'lLi. 2i>; — New 
 
 J<;rM;y. -1 . 
 
 Of the ordinary form of triangular arrowheads, with a concave Ijase, 
 such as I'v^. 294, tiiere appears to he a varying numlier as compared 
 with tliose that have a straight l)ase, as they occur in chfferent locah- 
 ties. in central New Jersey, they constitute l)ut a small proportion, 
 in PennsyKania they outnumber the others, while 
 in New l!ng!and they are al)out eiiualiy divided. 
 While tJie whole subject is merely a matter of 
 conjecture, L am led to believe, from the circum- 
 stances under which many of these relics are 
 found, and also their numbers in many localities, 
 which bear evidence of great anti(|uity, that the 
 triangular jjattern is the t)riginal form of arrow- 
 head, if there e\er was such a thing. Attention 
 has already been called to various forms of flakes 
 that were jtrobably used fur tipping the shafts of arrows. Flakes of 
 themselves would soon be found to be inconvenient from the fact of 
 their irregularity of outline, and an attempt to reduce them to a 
 symmetrical shape woukl soon be made, and the llrst elTorts in this 
 direction were apparently to make a shapely tri- 
 angular point for the arrowshaft. The oldest jasper 
 arrowheads I have found in New Jersey were sim])ly 
 flakes, with, such secondary chijjping as was retiuired 
 to make them triangular ; and the oldest speci- 
 mens, ajiparently, of the series collected by the late 
 Professor HaUleman, in the valley of the Sus(iue- 
 hanna, I'a., gave that archiiiologist the same im- 
 l)ression, as stated to the writer. 
 
 A well-marked and very handsome ])attern of 
 arrowhead is the long triangular with convex base. In this form tiiey 
 are wcW known as the leaf-shaped arrowheails, and constitute a con- 
 sideral)le proportion of the whole number foimd. 
 
 rig. 2()6 represents a poorly finished specimen, which is here intro- 
 duced as a "connecting link" between the triangular specimens, and 
 such as are distinctly curved at the base. 
 
 Kii;. jKt). — Ni 
 Jersey, -f. 
 
300 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Fig. 297 more nearly approaches the typical examples of this form 
 of arrowhead, given in the succeeding figures. 
 
 Figs. 298 to 300, inclusive, represent good average specimens of 
 this implement. A small proportion of the whole number found are 
 somewhat larger than the specimens here figured, and occasionally we 
 meet with one which is considerably smaller than fig. 299, but these 
 larger and smaller specimens are so few in number, as scarcely to affect 
 the statement that in size, as well as finish, those figured fairly repre- 
 sent the whole series. 
 
 Whether made of cjuartz or jasper, arrowheads of this pattern are, 
 
 Fr;. 297. — New 
 Jersey. \. 
 
 Fig. 298. — New 
 Jersey. \. 
 
 Fit;. 299, — New 
 Jersey. \- 
 
 Fig. 300. — New 
 Jersey. -J-. 
 
 as a rule, very carefully chipped, and many are still very sharply pointed. 
 Few sj)ecimens of flint chipping are more delicate than the white (juartz 
 example, fig. 300 ; which still retains its original point, and sharp cut- 
 ting edges. 
 
 Though this form of arrowhead differs very materially in numbers, in 
 the various river valleys, throughout the New England and middle 
 states, yet it cannot be considered a rare form. In some limited local- 
 ities it reaches fully to seven jjcr cent, of all found. 
 
 The leaf-shaped arrowhead occurs througliout the southern and 
 western states, and was a favorite pattern with tiie natives of the islands 
 off the coast of CaUfornia (U. S. Geol. Survey, west of looth Meridian, 
 
SPEARPOINTS AND ARROWHEADS. 
 
 301 
 
 vol. vii, Archeology, pi. iii), and is found also along the Pacific coast, 
 northward to British America. 
 
 In Europe it is a well known form. Afr. Evans figures a large series 
 of English specimens, none of which differ materially from the Ameri- 
 can forms. He includes, however, with them, those that are pointed 
 at each end. It is doubtful if these were really used as arrowheads. 
 The same pattern is found in the Atlantic coast states, and abundantly 
 in Ohio and the southwest. I am disposed to consider them as knives. 
 
 Lozenge-shaped arrowheads, as they are generally called, are simply 
 
 Fig. 301. — New 
 Jersey. |. 
 
 Fig. 302. — New 
 Jersey. |. 
 
 Fig. 303. — New 
 Jersey. \. 
 
 Fk;. 304. — New 
 Jersey, -j . 
 
 modifications of the leaf-shaped pattern, in which the bases are angular 
 instead of being convex in outline. Fig. 301 represents an example 
 that approaches more nearly to the stemmed arrowheads ; and fig. 302 
 varies but little from a typical leaf-shaped specimeui In figs. 303 to 
 305 inclusive we have typical examples of the true lozenge-shaped 
 specimens. Between these forms there are intermediate patterns, and 
 a closely connected series can readily be made, which extends from 
 specimens as pronounced as fig. 304 to the leaf-shaped arrowheads of 
 the foregoing page. 
 
302 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRV. 
 
 Arrowheads of tliis pattern are largely ccMifined to certain localities, 
 and seem to be wholly winling o\er very extended districts. In the 
 Susquehanna valley, but very few specimens were found by the late 
 ]V)fessor Haldeman, and thcjse that were collected were generally of 
 such large size as to suggest the knife rather than the arrowiiead. In 
 the Connecticut vallev', this form is nowhere common, and less than a 
 score of si)ecimens, from northern New l^nglaiul, are in the collections 
 of the Museum of Archaeology, at Cambridge, Mass. Of a series of 
 abcjut fifty specimens from New Jersey, all are from 
 one limited localit)', in Cdoticester county, except 
 half a dozen of die more indefinite j)attern, like 
 fig. 302. 
 
 It is not improbable that the great majority of 
 these lozenge-shapeil implements were really used 
 as kni\es, and not as arrowheads. In many re- 
 spects they resemble what are known to be chipped 
 knives, foun<l in distant localities, as in California, 
 and the shape of the base is such as to suggest 
 that they were inserted into a broad wooden 
 handle, instead of a slender reed. In this case, 
 as in all others, there must ever be a doubt as to 
 the purpose for which these chipi)ed flints were 
 made ; and the fact borne in mind, that they were 
 not confined to any one use. So far as they 
 proved available as knives, iloubtlessly they were used as such, and the 
 same may be said of their use as arrowheads. 
 
 Arrowheads with, distinctly serrated edges are not abundant either in 
 New England or the middle slates. Slight serrations, such as occur 
 on some roughly chii)ped si)ecimens, are rather freijiient, but with this 
 exception, they are comparatively rare. 
 
 .Attention has already been called to another pattern of arrowhead, 
 which is frequently serrated along the sides, and which constitutes the ma- 
 jority of the serrated examples of these implements. Other forms are 
 also met with, as the notched-based, stemmed and barbed arrowheads. 
 
 Fic. 305. — New 
 Jersey. ]. 
 
SPEARPOIXIS AND AKR(J\VHKAI)S, 
 
 303 
 
 Fig. 306 represents an cxamfjle of an arrowhead, with finely serrated 
 edges, of the so-called nolched-liased pattern. Although now rather 
 indistinct, the serrations can readily be traced and sliow that they were 
 intentionally i>roduced, and have no connection with the chipping of 
 die surfaces. 
 
 I'^'o- 3"7 represents an ordinary stemmed arrowhead with serrated 
 sides. ICxamples with this featine so marked are \ery rarel)- met with 
 along the Atlantic coast. I ha\e seen none from New Ijigland that 
 were as distinctly serrated, and hut three sjjecimens from the Susciue- 
 hanna \alley. 
 
 I'^iy- 308, with barbs as well as serrated edges, is a pattern that occurs 
 
 
 Fig. 306. — New Jersey. ] . Fic. 30; . ~ Ne\ • J 
 
 erscy. \. 
 
 Fig. 308. — Indiana. \> 
 
 but rarely anywhere. In New Jerse\, l)ut few examples have been 
 foimd, and these are generally broken. In New ICngland, even in tlie 
 Connecticut valley, they are rare. 'i"he s])ecinien here figured is from 
 Indiana. 
 
 f)f .\merican arrowheads, with serrated edges, it may lie said that 
 they do not form a class of themselves, or that they were made for any 
 particular purpose. 'J"he art of chipping (lint, so as to produce these 
 tooth-like projections, was not sufficiently well understood to enable 
 
304 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 the Indian to make much use of this feature, and no examples of 
 implements with such evenly wrought serrations and ripple-marked 
 surfaces, as are seen on arrowheads, saws and daggers of flint, found 
 in Denmark, have been found in this country, or at least, on the 
 Atlantic coast of the continent. 
 
 Fig. 309 represents a form of arrowhead, that combines the charac- 
 teristic features of several other patterns. It is, in fact, a triangular 
 arrowhead, with barb-like angles at the l)ase. This form, also, occurs 
 frequently with serrated edges. 
 
 AVhile it might properly have been de- 
 scribed under one or more of the several 
 divisions of arrowheads mentioned in the 
 preceding pages, it is here placed by itself 
 that its peculiarities, which are very marked, 
 might the more readily be recognized. 
 
 Arrowheads of this pattern are quite 
 abundant in many limited localities in New 
 Jersey and Pennsylvania, and are remark- 
 able for the delicacy of the chipping, the uniformity of size, and the 
 fact that all are made either of cjuartz or jasper, the former mineral 
 being that which was generally used. 
 
CHAPTER XX, 
 
 I'l.IN r DACIU'.RS. 
 
 The typical chipped flint dagger, wiiich is sikIi a characteristic form 
 of implement in Denmark antl throughout northern Kuro])e, is of com- 
 paratively rare occurrence in the United States, and particularly so, 
 along the nortiiern Atlantic seaboard. Of the various jjatterns of 
 weapons described by the early writers, not one is mentioned as being 
 in common use among the American native tribes that even suggest 
 the dagger. Long, slender spearjjoints are supposed to liave been used 
 in this manner, but there is no reascjn why the term " dagger," as now 
 understood, should be applied to them. 
 
 The class of objects more particularly referred to in the i)resent 
 chapter may be described collectisely as carefully chi])ped flint imple- 
 ments of great length in comparison to their breadth, acutely pointed, 
 occasionally with tho base defined by hill-like i)rojections, and the 
 blade (juadrangular or oval in section. 
 
 Daggers, like the typical European examples figured by Sir John 
 Lubbock,'""- have been found in the (Jhio valley. In the museum of 
 the Academy of Science, at Salem, Mass., there is a beautiful specimen 
 found in the bed of Crosswicks Creek, Turlington Co., New Jersey, 
 and fragments of others have been found, near Easton, Pa. 
 
 Col. C. C. Jones, jr., '"3 has given a figure and description of a beau- 
 tiful specimen, seven and one-half inches in length. Li this specimen 
 the blade is separated from the handle by barb-like projections, and 
 the end of the handle terminates in similar barb-like projections. 
 
 Fig. 310 represents a dull brown jasper implement that is in every 
 
 >"■•' Liililmck. Pro-Historic Times, and cil., p. y/, figs. 115, 116 :iiul 117. London, iS6g. 
 ""Jones, /. c, p. 267, pi. vii, fig. 3. 
 
 20 
 
 (305) 
 
xoC 
 
 PRIMITIVE IXnUSTRV. 
 
 ■uJ 
 
 'M 
 
 ])anicular the facsimile of do/ens in tiie magnificent Rose collection 
 of 1 )anish implements, belonging to the mu- 
 seum of Archaeology at Cambridge, Mass. 
 This si)ecimen measures nearly seven inches 
 in length, and nowhere exceeds an inch in 
 width. The base or handle is as acutely 
 chi|)i)eil on the sides as the blade proper, and 
 is too shari) to have been held in the naked 
 hand. A handle of some kind was necessary, 
 though its shape or the material of which it 
 was made is not knjwn. 
 
 The magnificent chert implements of a 
 dagger-like character, found on the Pacific 
 coast, were attached to handles by means of 
 asphaltum, or had handles made of this ma- 
 terial. Most of these implements, however, 
 are quite thin and flat, and eviilently were 
 not put to any severe use. Associated with 
 them, however, are others that are thick, and 
 distinctly o\al in section, which also were 
 hafled with, or by means of asphaltum ; and 
 it is by no means im[)robable that some gum 
 or resin was used by the Atlantic coast 
 tribes, in a similar manner. Attention has 
 already been called to the fl\ct that the 
 Delaware Indians used fish glue, to secure 
 the stone points to the shafts of the arrows. 
 
 Fig, 310 is but little shorter than the larger 
 examples of the chert implemer.is found in 
 California, figured in the \olume on Archa;- 
 ology, of the Government Survey of Capt. 
 Wheeler,'"' and possibly may have been used 
 
 . '.V i ., 
 
 'Mi 
 
 mm 
 
 i 
 
 ^y./., 
 
 'fi'- 
 
 m 
 
 'I 
 
 Fig, 310. ■ 
 
 10' I,'. S. GcDgiMpliital Survey wcsl of looili Meridian, vol. 
 -New Jersey. {. vii, pi. i, figs. 5, 6.iiid 7. 
 
FLINT DAOOERS. 
 
 307 
 
 in ceremonial ol^scrvances only, as Mr. Powers'"' has stated, was 
 the case with the Pacific coast implements. According to tiiis 
 author, among the various ohjects worn an.l paraded in various 
 ceremonial dances, are the flakes or knives of ol)sidian or jasper. 
 "I have seen several whi.h were fifteen indies or more in length 
 and about two and one-half inches wiile in the widest part. Pieces 
 as large as these are carried aloft in tiie han.l in the dance, 
 wrapped witli skin or cl„th to prevent llie rough edges from lacer- 
 ating the hand, but ///.• smaller ones are mounte,/ on nu>o,/.;i handles 
 and j^lt/rd fast." 
 
 Considering the rarity of such jasper im])iements as fig. 310 ami 
 others, that more nearly correspond with tliose of the largest size 
 mentioned by Mr. Powers, may it not be tliat, on the Atlantic coast 
 also, the)- were pro.luced only upon ceremonial occasions, and did not 
 serve any of the purposes that have been ascribed to them ? 
 
 In the museum of the Academy of Science at Salem, ^fass., 
 is a beautiful example of a chipped jasper implement, similar to those' 
 described by Mr. J'owers. It is made of jasper, an<l measures eleven 
 and one-fourth inches in length by two and seven-eighths inches in 
 width. 
 
 '1-his specimen was presented by Jos. Story, cs.p, in 1.S24, and is 
 labelled as coming from New Jersey ; associated with it is a specimen 
 of another class, i.lentical with the western spades or sho\els. It is 
 of the same mineral, also from New Jersey, and presented b)- Mr. Story 
 in 1S24. 
 
 As specimens of such large size are very mre in the eastern or 
 middle states it is more than jirobable that they were the peculiar 
 property of "chiefs" and possibly were used on state occasions as\i 
 badge of office, rather than on the field of battle. There is too much 
 work on such an implement to risk its being broken in a fight. 
 
 Messrs. Squier and Davis""' figure a '-fiint" similar In size and 
 
 •""Powers. TrihesofCalifornin:Con.ributo«t,.Nortl,Americn„ Kthnology, vol iii n ,„ 
 W.nshingtnn, 1S77. ' '^' '»' 
 
 ■»» Squier and n.ivis. Anc. ^ron. Miss. Valley, p. 2,1, f,g. 9,; (Xo. 3). 
 
3o8 
 
 I'RIMniVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 miuL-ral, but varying from it in being pointed at cadi end. After 
 mentioning tlie use to wliicii tlie stemmed examitles were put, tliey add, 
 "There are others, however, tlie manner of using wiiicii is not so obvi- 
 ous. No. 3 is an example. It measures eleven imhes in length by 
 two and a half in greatest l)readth. It has been suggested that it was 
 fastened at right angles to a handle and used as a sort of battle-axe." 
 
C H A V T !■: R X X r . 
 
 fiRUUVlil) STONK i;t.Ul!.FrEADS. 
 
 A grooved glol)iilar or oval pcl)l)le is an object so readily utilized in 
 many (lillerent ways tliat it is well nigh impossible to determine to 
 what use any i)arti( iilar specimen was put. Furthermore, these stone 
 implements are (ommon to a large portion of the globe, and the use 
 to which the natives of one country put them is not necessarily the 
 same as that of a different peo])le. 
 
 Orooved pebbles found in Denmark are referred to by Nilsson'o^ as 
 "])hunmets" and considered as of such use only. 'Jlie sugges- 
 tion that they were "sling-shots" he regards as a mere supi)ositIon. 
 Evans'"8 suggests that, in ICngland, at least, they were used as "sinkers" 
 for nets and lines, inasmuch as they generally are not battered at the 
 ends, and so show no indication of use as hammers. Col. C. C. 
 Jones, jr.,'"9 does not refer to this form, when occurring in the southern 
 states, as being distinct from the more abundant notched pebbles, but 
 considers them alike as sinkers for nets and lines. 
 
 While it is very probable that the above suggested use of grooved 
 globular pebbles is correct, so far, at least, as itapi)lies to the localities, 
 to which these authors refer, there are some reasons for considering 
 that possibly they were also occasionally, if not habitually, put to a far 
 different use. 
 
 I'rom the fact that many of the grooved globular pebbles are care- 
 fully worked to a very symmetrical form, and the groove finished 
 with as much care as it is on many of the common axes ; and for the 
 
 "" Nilsson. Sione Age in Scnndinavin, p. 25. I.nmlon, 1S68. 
 
 "" Kvans. Ancient Stone Implements ..f fireat Britain, p. 2,,, London, 1873. 
 
 ""Jones. Antiquities »f the Southern Indians, p 338. New York, 1873. 
 
 (ao9) 
 
3IO 
 
 rRl.MITlVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 additional reason, that tliey arc found in fewer numl)cr.s and associated 
 willi ordinary forms of \veai)ons and doniestie iniplenients, rallier tlian 
 in tiie vicinity of rivers or tlie larger creeks, it is believed that many, 
 at least, of the larger examjjles, were used, not as sinkers, or i)lnmniets, 
 but as club-heads, and therefcjre should be classed as weapons. 'I'here 
 is no historical e\iden(e to confirm this opinion, so far as relates to the 
 Delaware Indians, but it is known that clubs of various i)atterns were, 
 and indeed still are, a favorite weaptin of the native races of America. 
 
 The Iroquois, according to Morgan,"" had war-clubs of two 
 patterns; one, the Gii-Ji'-icii, with a globular head ; the other, Ga-iic- 
 u'-i;a-o-iiiis-/uj, armed with a jioint of deer's horn. Of these, he re- 
 marks : "before the tomahawk car.ie into use among the Iro(]uois, their 
 jirincipal weaj)ons were the bow, the stcjiv" tomahawk and war-club. 
 'J'he G(i-ji'-7i'ii was a heavv wea]ion tisually made of ironwood, wi'.ii a 
 large ball of knot at the head. It was usually about two feet in length, 
 and the ball five or six inches in diameter." 
 
 IJesides these, Mr. Morgan adds, what is of more importance in this 
 instance, "oval stones, with groo\es around their greatest circumference, 
 were also secured in tlie heails of war-clubs, and thus made dangerous 
 weajions." It is recorded, also, of the .Massachusetts Indians,'" that 
 " they made use in tlieir wars, of the ' balista' (a war-chib with a stone 
 head co>i.red with hide) which instnunent is represented several times, 
 agreeably to (.'hingwauk's inter])retation, on Dighton Rock." U'est of 
 the Mississijiiii river, a form of wea])on was long ago descri!)ed by the 
 explorers, Lewis and Clarke,"- as a poggamoggon, whirji, although not 
 necessarily a grooved stone, is further evidence that globular stones 
 were used as club-heads. 
 
 I''ig. 311 represents an excellent examjile of these larger grooved 
 |ifbl)les, which are sup])osed to have had (jthcr uses than as net-sinkers. 
 In this exam])le, tlie groove is aicurately fmihl ed, and (|uite smooth, 
 and the ends of tlie pebi)le are free from every iiu' . ation of haril 
 
 *'" I,c:ij;ue (if ihe Iroi|uois, p. 362. New Vork, 1850. 
 
 ^" Schooluriift. /. c., pi. I, p. J84, J)!. 15, fliis. I anil 2. 
 
 "'■' t.sp. up ihg Misauuri, vul. i, page 415. I'lulaJel., 1814. 
 
GROOVED STONE CLUB-HE.ADS. 
 
 3" 
 
 usage of any kind. Tlie stone itself is ver)- hard and heavy, and 
 might be u.sf<l indefinitely for cracking sku!'< vithout exhibiting 
 any wear. (Occasionally, eciually well-wrought implements of this 
 pattern are found, that have two grooves crossing each other at , ight 
 angles. The object of this is not clear. No traces of a handle, such 
 as that in which it is supposetl these grooved stones were mounted, 
 have been found in any uf the Indian graves in New Jersey ; but it is 
 of interest to note that these stones freijuently occur in these gra\es, 
 and there is no instance of an ordinary net-weight having been founil 
 among the contents of any ancient burial. As the large mauls were 
 necessarily used with a 
 handle, and these smaller 
 grooved i)elbles are sim- 
 l)ly mauls in ininiature, it 
 is (juite reasonable to suj)- 
 pose, that when they are 
 highly finished, and ha\e 
 a certain smoothness in- 
 di<:ati\e of a leather cover- 
 ing, they were used as 
 weapons. 
 
 P'ig 312 represents a 
 second examjjle of ti.ese 
 larger grooved ])ebl)les, 
 
 which though not actually polished, is exceedingly smooth and 
 free from all inequalities of surface. The groo\e, in this specimen, is 
 unusually narrow and deep, and very smooth ; and, if originally jiecked. 
 has since been intentional!)- ground or woni away by the friction of 
 a leather cord. This specimen, whatevjr it may prove to have been, 
 would be more intelligible were it not for the deep cuplike depressions 
 on the sid"s, so situateil as to break the continuity of the groove. 
 'J'hese cups, or hollows, are larger than the finger pits of common 
 hammer stones, .^nd. like the groove, are carefully ground : and, exceijt 
 that they are oval, would appear to have been drilled. Putting aside 
 
 Fig. 311. — New Jersey. \, 
 
3ia 
 
 PRIMITIVI-: INDISTKY. 
 
 the presence of these lateral depressions, it is i)rol)al)le, that this speci- 
 men, like the foregoing, was mounted in a flexible handle, and used as 
 1 nul). 
 
 ( )ther uses, ho\ve\ er, may have been found for these glol)ular stones ; 
 for instance, we find in Schoolcraft's work an illustration of a war-club 
 with su( h a small round stone inserted in a notch in the end of the 
 club, giving the comi)leted implement tiie appearance of an ordinary 
 wrench with a small oljject held in its jaws. Such a specimen, as fig. 
 ■J 1 1 miuhl have been used in tliis manner, also. 
 
 Mr. George C. Musters"'' has given us a most interesting account of 
 
 Fki. 3l?. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 the weapons and hunting, implements of the Tehuclche Indians, and in 
 his description of tiie " bolas " now in use !))• these savages, refers to 
 ancient bolas, wiiich seem to be identic al with the grt)o\ed pei)bles, or 
 "net-weights," that we have described. Mr. Musters writes; "Ancient 
 bolas (globular stones) are noi mifre(|uently met with. These are highly 
 valued b)' the Indians, and differ from tliose in present use /<)' /uit'tng 
 grooj'rs lilt a 10 II ml til I- III, and by their larger si/e and greater weight." 
 There is no reason for believing tiiat the Patagonian bolas were ever 
 in use among the North American Indians, but it is not at all imi)roba- 
 
 "•■*Athonie with llie r.it.i^oiiians, p. i66. Lundon, 1872. 
 
GROOVED STONE CI.UB-HEADS. 
 
 313 
 
 ble that a weapon shoulil have been in t:ommon use among the native 
 populations of tlie Atlantic seaboard, of whirh these same globular 
 pebbles formed a part. The long tords of the bolas might have given 
 plate in this country to a flexible liandle, and a more terrible Ijlow might 
 have '1 -en inflicted with this imijiement thus mounted, than could have 
 been given with wooden war-clubs of greater size and weight. 
 
 As in the case of many other kinds of stone implements we find 
 these grooved i)el)bles grading into other and totally different objects. 
 \Vhen materially larger than the specimens figured, these objects be- 
 re ve mauls ; and in every series of a few hundreds of these, it will be 
 ' th.it in many the groove is not continuous, and so they approach 
 t,ie notched pebbles. This is specully marked, when the pebbles are 
 somewhat flattened. These .acts, however, do not bear upon the (jues- 
 tions cf probable uses of typical lorms ; for 1.. i'.,> i;;stance yet, has it 
 b-'cn po.-;sil)le to draw a dividing line between one class of objects, and 
 that which most nearly resembles it. Perhaps, of th.e many puzzling 
 forms of stone implements yet found, these small grooved pebbles are 
 the most difticult U) decipher. Occasionally, one has been found, less 
 than an inch in diameter. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 I'lI'KS. 
 
 Nothing of all the handiwork, in stone or clay, possesses so great an 
 interest, and recalls so vividly the early history of America, as the 
 tobacco-pi])e. \\'hether as the merest fragment of a jiipe of clay, or 
 as a carved and polished stone specimen, they bring hack to us the 
 image of the dusky warrior, gorgeous in feathers and vermilion, bearing 
 with the dignity of a king his ever-present pipe. 
 
 The sorrowful history of the long series of broken treaties between 
 the American Indian and the European settler is matle up of jjromises 
 and ceremonial smoking ; but the clouds of the fragrant smoke and 
 the white man'.i recollection of his promises were ecpially evanescent. 
 
 When, hap'pily, we fmd an occasional pii)e in our rambles, or, disturb- 
 ing the ashes of some forgotten hero, we rifle the grave of this, the 
 chiefest of his jiossessions, we are apt to think of it only as a mere 
 "medium through w^hich the narcotic influences of tobacco were 
 imparted." 
 
 Smoking pipes, however, have other and more interesting signifi- 
 cances, and are inseparably connected with the whole social system of 
 the American native races. 'J"o know the whole history of tobacco, 
 of the custom of smoking, and of the origin of the pipe, would be to 
 solve many of the most interestiug problems o( .\meri( an ethnology. 
 
 To bring together the little that has been reconled by the eadiest 
 European travellers concerning pipes and the custom of tobacco 
 smoking is not within the scoi)e of the present volume. It must 
 suffice here, simply to record the fact that the later, if not the earlier 
 nati\es of the Atlantic coast were habitual smokers, as the vast 
 numbers of fragmentary pipes attest ; and that they who usetl them 
 
 (31,-.) 
 
3i6 
 
 I'KIMI nVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 also made tlieni is tlic testimony of tliosc who first came in contact 
 witli the Imhan. 
 
 Hoiiii"' says (if the Delaware Indians, "they make tobacco pijies 
 out of reeds ahoat a man's length ; the l)uwl is made of horn, and to 
 contain a great <juantity i^f tohacco ; they ijeneraljy jiresent these i)ii)es 
 to their friends. 'I'liey made them, otherwise, of red, yellow and blue 
 clay, of which there is a i;reat i|nantity in the country ; also of white, 
 grey, green, lirown, Mack and lihie stones, which are so soft that they 
 can be cut with a knife ; of these tliev make their jiipes a yard and a 
 half long or longer." 
 
 ^\'llile, in the abose (juotation, there is a somewhat vague description 
 of the stiine pipes, it is evident that the stem has been included 
 with the bowl, as thn 'gh but one object, instead of two. In the 
 valley of the Delaware, to-da\-, ])i])es of steatite of various colors, 
 and of silurian slate, the "black and blue stone ;" and yet others of 
 clay, "red, )ellow and blue," are to be gathered if we carefully search 
 for them. 
 
 I'eter Kalm, the Swede, who made many careful notes of the antiq- 
 uities of the 1 )elaware Indians, so long ago as 1749, refers, as follows 
 ('i'ra\els in Xcjrth .\meri< a, noI. ii, ]). 42), to their smoking-pip';s. 
 He says "the old toluicco-pipcs of the IiiJidiis are * * * * niade of 
 clay, or pot-stone, or serjientine stone. The first sort are shaped like 
 our tobacco-pipes, though much coarser and not so well made. The 
 tube is thick and short, hardly an inch long, but sometimes as long as 
 a finger; their color conies nearest to that of our tobacco-pi])es which 
 ha\e been long used. Their tobacco-pipes of pot-stone are made of 
 the same stone as their kettles. Some of them are jiretty well made, 
 though they had neither iron nor steel. Hut besides these kinds of 
 tobacco-pi|ies, we find another sort of jiipes, which are made with 
 great ingenuity, of a very fine, reil j)ot-stone, or a kind of serpentine 
 marble. They are very scarce, and seldom made use of by any other 
 than the Iihlian saclhiiis, or elders. The fine red '^tone, of which 
 
 "* IIt)lin. History of Nuw Sweden, p. ijo. rhi!:idflpIu.-\, lSj4, 
 
 i 
 
riPKs. 
 
 317 
 
 these pipes are made, is likewise very srarrc, and is found only 
 in tlie country of those Iiuiiiins who * * » * li\c on the otlier 
 (western) side of the river Mississijipi. 'I'iie IikIhjiis thenisehes com- 
 monly value a pij)e of this kind as much as a iii'ce of silver of the 
 same size, and sometimes they make it still dearer. ( )f the same kind 
 of stone commonly consists their pipe of prarr, which the J^'iriicli call 
 (iiltniht (h' />(v'x, and M'hich they make use of in their treaties ot' peace, 
 and alliances." The same writer, when in tiie neighborhood u{ (Quebec, 
 has also recorded that "in some jilaces, hereabouts, they find among 
 the states, a stratinn about four inches thick of a gray, compact, but 
 pretty soft limestone, of which the Iiii/itiiis for many centuries have 
 made, and the French at present still make, tobacco-pipes." 
 
 Smoking-pipes, as foimd in New luigland and in New Jersey, do not 
 show any marked peculiarities from which to infer the occurrence of 
 certain ])atterns in one locality and not in the other. So far as can be 
 ascertained, there is a larger proportion of certain forms found in New 
 England than in New Jersey, and vice versa, but nothing further. 
 
 Pipes made of Catlinite, to which Kalm refers, as ''red pot-stone," 
 are of very rare occurrence in New ICngland, and even more so in New 
 Jersey or Pennsylvania. In western New York, occasional specimens 
 have been found. 
 
 Of the whole number of pipes found along our .\tlantic seaboard, 
 and preserved in the museums, there is no one specimen or series of 
 one iiattern that can be considered as a t\pical form. The simplest 
 patterns have freciuently as nutch ])olir,h and synmietry, as the most 
 elaborately carved and otherwise embellished specimens. Taken as a 
 whole, pipes suggest very strongly that they were made by those who 
 projwsed to use them, and the differences exhibited are those which 
 always occur in the respective handiwork of painstaking antl careless 
 peojjle. 
 
 While, for convenience of description, the various exam[)les of pipes 
 have been rudely classified, it is to be imderstood that the order of the 
 descriptions is not based tipon relative abundance, neither has it any 
 
Ml "Jf!' -Iin-ui 
 
 318 
 
 PRIMiriVF, INDUSTKV. 
 
 ethnological significance. If, indeed, every Indian was his own pipe 
 maker, tiiis must necessaril)- be tlie case. It is certainly tnie of some 
 of the southern and western patterns of pipes, that tiiey are character- 
 istic of the localities where they occur; but the same objects when 
 found on the Atlantic seaboard are, collectively, a heterogeneous mass ; 
 the outcome of transient fancy, and not of settled custom. 
 
 If we are to grade the culture-development of tlie eastern seacoast 
 Indians, by the excellence and artistic finisli of tlieir smoking-pipes 
 alone, they will rank lower than the soutliern and some of the western 
 tribes ; but if their handiwork in stone, as a whole, is considered, they 
 will compare favorably with any and all others. 
 
 Fig. 313 represents a beautiful example of a common Atlantic coast 
 pattern of smoking-pipe. As the illustration plainly shows, these jiipes 
 are simjjly cylindrical bowls placed at right angles upon flat stems, or 
 bases. Inasmuch as these pi[]es are < ut from one piece of stone of a 
 kind tliat does not occur as variously shaped jjebbles, so that those 
 that were somewiiat pipe-shaped might be diosen, it is apparent how 
 great must have been the amount of labor, to work to its jiresent shape, 
 a jiipe like 313. 'I'aking into ((jusideration tlie fact that the mineral 
 of which they are made is usually steatite, they nevertheless show a 
 gTeat amount of i)atience, and a certain tlegree of artistic skill. 
 
 Fig. 313 was found in an Indian grave at Revere lieach, I'^ssex Co., 
 ^lass. Many of the fuiest examples of tliis pattern of jjipe have been 
 recovered from graves in this vicinity. In the museum of tlie .Vcad- 
 eniv of Science at Salem, Mass., are tliree handsome specimens of this 
 pattern. They were found by Prolessor Putnam,"'' in graves, near 
 IJeverly, Mass. One of these pijtes has several holes bored along the 
 margin of the base, probably for tlie attachment of ornaments. As- 
 sociated with these pipes, whic h were taken from three graves, were 
 various objects, as arrowheads, celts, and three large j)en{lants. There 
 was also, in one of the graves, a tliin slab of sinootli sandstone with a 
 
 "'' rmniun. IJullctinuf the- I\s.st;x Institute, vol. iii, p. 123. Salcin, Mas: 
 
PIPES. 
 
 3'9 
 
 few scratches so arranged as to represent a ladder such as a child 
 might draw. Finally, such an amount of ochre had been jjlaced in 
 
 these graves that the entire contents were more or less colored. 
 
 Uf this i)ati(.rn is a pipe figured by Morgan,"" of which he speaks 
 
 '"■ Morgan. League of tlic Irociuoi.-, p. 356. 
 
320 
 
 PRIMITIVE INUUSTRV. 
 
 as "doubtless a relic of the niouiidlniilders" which, having found its 
 way into tlie hands of a Senec:a, \v;is finally buried by his siile, in the 
 valley of the (ienessee. 'I'he author further remarks, "in material and 
 finish, it is unlike, and sui)erior to the pipes of the Iro(iuois." The 
 flxct of being made of black marble would seem to indicate that such 
 a i)ipe was not of Algonkin origin, thougli in shape and finisli, there is 
 nothing to distinguish it from the jjipes of the Alyonkin neighbors of 
 the Iro(]uois. 
 
 Fig. 314 represents a very liandsome specimen of pipe, made of 
 compact steatite, of a green-black color, wiiich differs from the pre- 
 ceding in several ])articulars, although aljout the same size. This 
 
 Fk;. 314. — Virginia. ). 
 
 specimen is of a jiattern seldom found in the New I'.ngland and mid- 
 die states, except of a much smaller size and made of clay. (.See 
 fig. 31S). In fig. 314, as in the i)rece<ling, there is no attemjit at 
 ornamentation by incised lines or other methods, the surface being 
 simjily jiolished. The walls of tlie bowl are of uniform thickness, and 
 there are still visil)le on the interior, the marks of the tool used in 
 excavating it. The stem, whicli is a flattened o\ai in section, taper- 
 ing gradually from the bowl to its termination, has been carefully drilled, 
 and the ])erforation is perfecUy straight. 
 
 This specimen was found in Isle of \\"ight Co., Virginia. 
 
 Fig. 315 represents an interesting examitle of a steatite i)ii)e, found 
 many years ago, in the village of Princeton, New Jersey. It is remark- 
 
ni'ES. 
 
 3az 
 
 able for the si/e of the stem as compared with tliat of tlie bowl. 
 
 WlietluT tlic broad and dec-pi) incised lines on the side of tiie stem 
 
 are of Indian origin is \v)t known, 
 
 but they do not look as if they 
 
 had been \er\' recently cut. If 
 
 intended merely as ornamental 
 
 lines, the result can hardly be 
 
 considered satisfactory. The 
 
 raised figure, with a deep dorsal 
 
 notch, is common to all of tJiese 
 
 l)i])es. \\'liether pla<cd there 
 
 sim[)]_\ as an ornament, or as an 
 
 aid in securing tiie long reetl 
 
 stems, whicli Holm says were of 
 
 a man's lengtii, is certainly an 
 
 open iinesti(jn. 
 
 Pipes of til is ]iattern are not as 
 frequently foun<l in New Jersey 
 as are those with tlie thin flat stem, 
 like fig. 313, while in New I'.ng- 
 land they are scarcely known. 
 
 Fig. 316 rejjresents a second 
 example of tiiis pattern of pii)e, 
 but wiili a more generous bowl, 
 and a far less inconvenient stem. 
 Tile fmish and design in this speci- 
 men are alike creditaljle to the 
 maker, and we ha\e in it all the 
 requirements for a comfortable 
 smoke. 
 
 Like the i)reccding. fig. 316 is 
 made of a dark greenish, comiact 
 
 ^ 
 
 ith a stone drill of 
 
 serjjcntine. The bowl has been made by boring 
 about two-thirds its width. This cavity is of uniform width and corre- 
 21 
 
339 
 
 rklMlriVK IMU'SIKY, 
 
 K|)()n(ls ir, diii'ctior. willi tlu' imicr pcrpi'iidiciilar margin of the howl, 
 and so is at iii,'lit ani;lts with tho i)eiloiati()n of llu' sicin. In tiiis 
 instance the stem innanient. thounii nDtclied, is not sntlii ientiy so, to 
 afford any aid in fistenin,!; a cord frcjin the long reed stem to this 
 ])ortion of the pip''. Indeed, tlie wliole ajipearance of lliis ridge-like 
 ornament is such, lliat it cannot lie considered as having any other 
 than an ornamental purjwse. 
 
 Fig. 317 re])reseiits a beautifully sculptured pipe made of a very 
 dense, unyielding stone, of a jet black color. 'I'his jiipe was found 
 near Lewes, Delaware, ^\'hile this specimen exceeds, in fmish and 
 
 Fifi. 316. — rcnnsylvnnin. ], 
 
 design, any other examined either from New Jersey or New I'.ngland, 
 there is not a particle of e\ ideiK e to show thai it was not the |irt)duc- 
 tion of some one of our residi'ut Indians. 
 
 Pil)es of this jiittern are of common occ\irrence in llie I'xlreme 
 southwest, but are found less fre<iuenlly as we (ome north of the 
 Caroliiias. That thissiiecinien ma}' have been bniuglu from a di,>t,ince 
 is possible, but tlii- charai ler of the work \ipon it does ncjt necessarily 
 imjily that such was the case. 
 
 If we assimie that in many, if not in most instances, every Indian 
 made his own pijie^ there is nothing strange in the fact that an elabo- 
 
riPFs. 
 
 393 
 
 rntu siic'cimcn sliould ocrur occasionally ainoni,' those of a nuuh i)Iaincr 
 l)atk'ni. A well mailc sI<jik' jiipu would la.^t an Indian a lilVlinic, and 
 \vc <an well iniaj;inc that sjiaic hours durinji the greater [lart of that 
 lifetime might be spent in its ornamentation, even long after it was so 
 far fniished as to he read)- for use. 
 
 J.ilelike and artistic as is the turtle carved upon the slean of fig. 31 7, 
 it niu>l he reiuenihered tliat withnut ihi-^ ornameiil, the jiipe is of the 
 same jiattern as the jireeeding, and this fu t, with that of the (ommon 
 occurrence of representations of the turtle, in other wa_\s, renders the 
 
 I'lO. 317. — Delaware, j-. 
 
 combination as \\e here fmd it, of the jiipe and the turtle, a very 
 natural one, among the jtroductions of the Helauare Indians. 
 
 The pipe, represented by fig. 31S, is in the .\rch;tological Museum 
 at Cambridge. .\t the lioslon meeting of the .\mericau .\ssocialioii 
 for the Advancement of Science, Mr. ]•". ^\'. Putnam made it the 
 subject of a communication, of which he has kindly furnishetl me 
 with the following abstract : 
 
 "The ]iipe is made of the dark slate from which so many [lipes 
 and objects are carved li\' the tribes of the mirthwestern coast of 
 America, and it un(iuestionably originall)- came from that region. The 
 style of car\ ing, representing the jiec uliar human figure combined with 
 the head and wings of a bird, is so characteristic of the northwestern 
 
324 
 
 I'uiMnivr. iMU'sTRV, 
 
 cnn'ini^s ,!'< to leave no doiiht as to its (irii;in. 'I'ho (]u>.'stii)ii that will 
 he asked is. Iiiju' (lid it liappeti to lie tmmd dii the (■()a>!i>f Massa- 
 chnsetts? Of ( imrse the iialiir.il re|il\- to tliis (Hiestion will l>e that it 
 was brought liy some sailor t'lom the Paiilu', and long ago lost. This 
 ma\' have been the case, bin to me it seems as probable that it may 
 have been brought acniss the continent long belbre onr ships sailed to 
 and tVom the Pacific coasts. Did \\l' know onis of a few instances of 
 the discovery of objects far awav i'mni their projier natural positions 
 
 FiCi. 31S. — Mn>.saclm^ctls. |-, 
 
 we nii;,'lu rest contented with the 'sailor theorv,' but too man\' similar 
 facts are now knoun to K'a\e ns satisfied with tie theor\- that such 
 c-arved i)iiies, stones, shells, ancl other objects were biought front 
 distant parts in uioderii times, to be thrown away, or lost, and ai'<i- 
 ilentall) buried. The contents of the buri.il monnils .ind of old Indian 
 graves, all oxit the country, furnish us with uni|ues'ionabK' data of the 
 early e\ch;mge of obji'i s from distant ]ilaces, 'i'he f k t that beads 
 and disks made from the l.irgo marine shells of the southern coasts 
 have lieen found in mounds far in the interior of the coimlrv, and that 
 
PIPKS. 
 
 325 
 
 the shells of tlie marine Jii/-;ycoii of f)'.ir southern coasts have heeii 
 fuiinil in niunlicrs in the ui()iinil> ni the \ i< inity of th-.- great lakes, as 
 well as pretty gijiierally in old jmriaj iijaies over the wliole region from 
 Mirliigan to I'loriila, not to mention many other instances of a similar 
 character, is siiffn ient to sliow that trade, or intertribal exciiange of 
 some kinii. took ])]ace long before the wliite man jjiished the reil from 
 the Ati.uitic ( iiast. Prom the large ninnher oi fa< tn that we now have, 
 I llierelore l.iil to >ee why it is not dei idedly ]irolial<le that thi^ pipe 
 was obtained front the norlhwc-steni < oast by intertribal conununica- 
 tion. 
 
 The tollouing (|iiotations aie of intcre>t in this <()nnection as they 
 show thai ]ii|ies were a i ommon article of exchange among certain 
 recent trilies : 
 
 'C'ornnon sort of jiipe^ are madi.- of a kind of riiii,lli\ ^U1g by the 
 Inihaii^ living to the west nf the Mi>nissip|)i, on the Marbhr river, who 
 sometimes bring them to tiiese (ouatries for sale. I'ipes made of red 
 marble used only by chiels and captains, tliis sort of marble iieing rare 
 and found only on the .Mi-.sissip])i.' (Lt)>kiel, p. 51.) 
 
 'Sometimes they make sik I) -V '.t pi)ies both of wood and stone, 
 tli.it thev are toi. foot long, with niLn or bea~t.; 'arxed . . . imt these 
 con)monl\- (unie from tlie M.ingaw\voop, or the man eater>. three or 
 four hundred miles from iis.' ( Roger \\ illiam^, AVi to thr lihiiiiii 
 Lani^iidi,,-. i>. 55.) 
 
 The Indians ' barier jiipes, // <<•/., fur raw >kin.->.' (I.aws(jii, Car- 
 olin.i. p. J07.) 
 
 ' iJl.u k m.niile ])i|ies are made with great ]>alie!H e and labor, by 
 one ])erM)ii onl\, throughuut tlie whole n.itioii. — He lives in N.iii he/, 
 and being the only man that knows where the stone can be fmmd, 
 nioiio]ioli/es the business entirely, and sell his cfMnmon ])ii)es at hah' 
 the ])ri( e of a blanket.' (School'-raft, vol. v. p. tn)2.) 
 
 That Indians made at least occasion. il Ni>its to otlivr nations in lar 
 distant portions of the (ontment is evident from the statement b\ 
 Dul'rat/. who mentions that ' Moiudilit-ap'v among the Wr.oiis, a 
 nation about fortv le.iuues north from the Xahlui' in his extendeil 
 

 3^6 
 
 PRIMinVi: INTH.'STRV, 
 
 wMiidLTings. tva( lu'd tlic I'a' illc coast, as is evident korn the fullowing 
 i|lii>tatioii from iiis narralise, as given to Miirrat/.. ' At'ter this espe- 
 diliiin.' he sa)s, ■ [ thnnulit of notliinL,' lii;t proceeding on niv journey, 
 ;uid with that design I let tlie red men rv-turn iioine. and joined 
 niNself to those wlio inhabited more westward on tlie coast, willi 
 wlioni I travelled along the sjiore of the (In-iit \]\Uii\ which liends 
 direc tly lietwixt the norlh ,ni<l the snn-selti'ig.' yfoin-ailit-d/^'r con- 
 cluiies by saving • it was lue years l)er(>re I returned to niv relations 
 among the )'dzi'i(s.' (l)urr.il/. History of I,ouisiana. \'ol. ii, p. 12.S. 
 I.und(.)n, I ;(>},.) 
 
 The jiipe was found by Mr. W.ilter IS. Cobb, in i'">5,V between two and 
 thrte feet nndergroimd, on his tatlier's place in North ( 'arver, a small 
 town about tour miles from riyuiouth. and was securi'd for the Museum 
 at Cauibndge througii Mr. A. M. Harrison of I'lyniouth, who has no 
 duubt about the pi|)e ha\ing been ilng iiji as stated. In < unhriuation 
 of the theor\' that this pipi' was lirought ac foss the continent bv some 
 kind of Indian interchange, I call your atleiilion to the photograph of 
 a similar iiorthwestern-co.ist J'ipe, now in the Nalur.il ilistory So( iety 
 of AmesbiU'v, Massac huseits. which was found in digging a town road 
 lhrouu;h a grawl hill in New Ilampshin-. se\eial }ears a;;o ; and ,iNo 
 to the diawing ol" another jiipe, in general ch, trailer tlie s.une as the 
 one from I'Kinouth, whi< h was f.mnd in ('anter'>Mr\', New llam|i'-iiire. 
 and. now owiieil by 1 )r. I'.. 1'.. (l.m^ of llo^( .luiMi. New H.impshire. It 
 seems liardiv prob.ibli' that lhe--e ihri'e pipe>. of unii'ie>tionable north- 
 we^lern origin, -liidiiid h,i\e been brought fri iin the l'.i< ifi<- co.ist by 
 sailors and lost in the ^Iates of Ma-^vai husetis and Ni'vv H.iinpshire." 
 
 l-'ig. 311) repri'sents ,1 \ery l.u-^i' and rudely fnii>hed pipe bowl, m.ide 
 of sand-^lone. Wiiile coin|.,ir.iti\ ely smooth, tin • is no ajipeanmce 
 that it has ever lu'eii iioli-^iied <ir in a iiiore fini-'hed condition, than at 
 |)reseiit. It w,is found ne.tr 'Ifenton, N. J.. an<l is a f k ^-imi'e of large 
 numbers both of stone and ili\. found in the souihv.i">tern st.iles. 
 
 J'ipes of this ]i.itlern .ne si 
 rare occ lurence in Niw Ierse\'. 
 
 Idoia t'otind in Ntw I'.nulanil. and are ( 
 
 >f 
 
 \\\ allied torm made ol ste.itlli', but 
 
 litli both the bowl .md --tein siiuaii' inste.id of < ylindri 
 
 I .tl, IS common 
 
VHP*! 
 
 i^mmtim^mn 
 
 rii>F.s. 
 
 327 
 
 in Georgia, and occasionally is found in New Knj^land. Tipcs made 
 of baked (lay, of tliu shape and si/.e of fii;. 51 7 on the otlier liand, are 
 very free [uently found in the mounds of Teiniessee and Arkansas,"^ 
 while no specinieiis of pipes of this ]iattern made of < lay are known, 
 to lia\e lieen fnninl in New Jerse\' or northward. 
 
 I'vj,. ,520 is a plain. l)Ut nt^ally fun>hed pipe howl. ni;icle of the 
 Silinini stri|ied slate, that was so hii^hly regarded li\' the Indian-^ and 
 nioundbuiltlers, for all ornamental stone ivork. Pipes of this pattern, 
 
 Fig. 310. --New Jersey. 
 
 and |i:n-ti<ularlv of this materi,\l are of somewhat rare orcnrrence in 
 New |ersi\- or New l'".n};land. 
 
 .\ sm ill I'ipe howl of tiiis shape, hut inade of compact. fme-i,Taine(l 
 sandstone, and if about oiu'diaif the si/e of fig. _5Jo, is ( ontained in 
 the series of pipes in the cullectious of 'the An h;uologi< a! mnsemn 
 at Camliridge, Ma-.s. (I'. M. No. i56yS). Like ;lie specimen figtued, 
 it iias 111) urnamenlation upmi it. 
 
 I)r. ('has, Ran gi\es.i figure of .1 somewhat simiLir siierinien. hut 
 
 '" Piitiuim. KIcvciuh .'\nnii.il Kcport, Pc.ihixly Mu»cinn, p. j^^.lij;. 33. 
 
328 
 
 I'KIMiriVK INDISIKV. 
 
 wliicli lias a si|uarc(l l)asc. (Smitlisoiiian Contrildlions to Kiiowlediic. 
 Ni). 2X7.) llu refers to jiipL-s of tiiis pattern, as '■ rcmindiii!,' one ot" tlic 
 corn-col) pipes in use among the fanners of tins ( ountr\-." 
 
 Of the series of pipes preserved in the ninseum at C'anibriilge, Mass., 
 all made of this material are from the mounds of ( )hio and other 
 western states. 'I'lie fmdin-- of this spec imen in .New Jersey i. the less 
 sur[)ri.sini.;, however, I'roni the fart that the majorilv of ornamental 
 carvings are of this same mineral, thus showing that the supply was 
 sufficient for making pijies, had the Indians t licjsen to do so. 
 
 A few of the most remarkahle s|)eciniens of pipe s( ulptnre from 
 Ohio were iiiailo of this material ; and as 
 some of these have lieen derived from 
 mounds, it is of interest to know, tluit the 
 same miner.il slicjuld have i)een so gener.illy 
 used for such piuposes, by both iieoj.les ; a 
 fact that does not, of itself, indii ale any 
 racial relationship, and care should be exer- 
 cised not to ( la>s, inferentially, objei ts of 
 striped slate found on the surfaie, with simi- 
 lar specinu'us taken from the inonnds. 
 Identity of form, and of material, does not 
 jirove an identity of origin. The teuden( y 
 to ascribe to the superior ( ?) skill of the 
 moundbuildcrs all the credit, ilile stone im- 
 
 Fio. 320. — New Jersey. 
 
 plemeiits found on the surl.u e, in moundbuilder regions, has led to 
 mm h unfortunate confusion. 
 
 A pipe somewhat similar to fig. 320, found in Vermont, lia> a ruile 
 attempt at ornamentation, in a projection at the rim, of wh.it i-. suji- 
 )>osed to represent the beak of a bird. This pijje is over two and a 
 liMf iiKlies long ami rather more than one in( liin its longest diameter, 
 the (loss sec lion being ov.d. I'ipes of other jiitierns made of stone 
 " are rari'ly found," in \'ermont ; but those that have been iMeservcd 
 "are well made and polislud. and while as compared with the elibo- 
 rately carved specimens from the mounds, our \'ermont spei iimns 
 
I'll'l.S. 
 
 329 
 
 ai)])ear \t.-ry pliin, yi't tlicy ;iic iu/l i)f imlrior WDrkiiiMiishii) thoiigli 
 ill siinpli-r t'i)nn.""* 
 
 I'ii;. ,^Ji ivpifSL-nts an exampk- of a iii|ic, iliiTcriii;^ from llic iireced- 
 in^'. in llic posilion of tiic iiolc for liic in>citi(in of the stem. In tlie 
 foriiKT till' stem was at ri;,'iit angles with the howl ; in this pipe, it was 
 so inserted, at the end of liie liowi, as to hring tlie two iiearl}', or i|uite 
 in a line. 
 
 'I'his perfect s])e(:imen. like thi' majorit)- of pi])es of this shape, is 
 made of si)ai)stone, and liears no tra< e 
 of (irnainenlation. It is an elon,uale<l 
 o\al liovd lui) and a half inches in 
 length, and a little more th.m one inch 
 in diameter at the mouth and Ine- 
 eighths of an inch in di.imeter at the 
 base. The front ol' tiie howl is some- 
 what convex in outline ; the o[)posite 
 t)utline is more nearly str.iight. A little 
 aho\e the middle of the front of the 
 howl commences a projection a ([uarter 
 of an ini h in width and a little k>s than 
 an inch in length. 
 
 'I he i)ipe Used by the .Shoshones ,it a 
 ceremonial smoking and speech-making, 
 in honor of (apts. Lewis and t'l.irke. i> 
 deh( rihed a> "made of a den>e. hut 
 almost ti'.m^p.irent, green stoiu'. \ery highly polisiieil, ahout two and 
 a half im lies in length, and of an o\,il form, 'the hiiwl heing in the 
 same line' with the stem." A small ]iiece of hurnt < la\' w.is placed 
 at the bottom of the howl, to sep. irate the toh.i((ii from the en<l of 
 the stem. '• Thisw.is an irregul.ir round figure, not filling the tube 
 
 I'l'.. T.'i. — New Jersey. -}, 
 
 perfeilly (lose, in order that the smoke might pass with f.icilitv. 
 
 ■•Ill) 
 
 "" I't-rkiiTi, /. . .. (1. 7^o. 
 
 ""Stevens. Mini C hips P- 5"'; 'lunlillg l.cwl> nruK'l irke. 
 
/;: 
 
 I 
 
 (1 
 
 330 ruiMirivi'. iNursiKY. 
 
 The above (IcscriiJlion wvy ( loscly ;i]i].lics to 11,^'. 321, whicli, iVoni 
 
 the ]j()siti()n of tlie ^tcin-holc iiui^t have 
 l)een used in ;i simihir nuiniHT. It c losely 
 reseinldes the loiiL,' tiil)ular pipes so < harac- 
 teristi<' ot" the islands off tlie <'oast ol'Cali- 
 
 ij\ \/'}\t foniia. W'liile niaii\' (if the latter are three 
 
 mill . . ' 
 
 and tour times as Ion;,' as this siie( inu-n, 
 
 otliers are of ahont the same length, and 
 so almost, if not (.'ntirel)-, lose their tubular 
 I haracter, and are simjiiy eloni^ated pipe- 
 bowls. Tubular pipes of the character of 
 the lar,L;est examples t'ound on the l'a( ifu; 
 coast are, however, not wantim,' on the 
 Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 l''ig. 7,22 rejiresents a \ery characteristic 
 sjiecimen of these ]iil>es, found near Law- 
 rence, Mass. in no )iarticular dois it differ 
 from the remarkable series of smoking 
 pipi's that h.i\e been found in ( 'alilornia. 
 j-'ortunately. these ha\e the bone mouth- 
 pieces still in tliem. and hem e there can 
 be no doubt as to their u>e. W hile there 
 have been many stone tnbis discovered in 
 ^arious lo( alities, uhic h from tlu'ir si/.e, the 
 large and unitorm diameter of the bore, 
 and other l'eatin'r>. sbould probablv not 
 be (lasted as smoking ]iii)es,'-" it iseipially 
 evident, that those of this shape were so 
 \i^<^i\, if «e may be guided bv what is 
 /^ I Im known of similar >|iecinu'ns found in other 
 
 loc.iiities. 
 
 If -11 
 
 1 
 
 Flii. 31 — M.i>>at iuisctN. \. 
 
 < r I.ini.-' Anti>]iiilit's «.f llic Suiitliciii ln<ii.iii<., Tn ;i tlv-tailL-tl 
 jliiOllllt (»f SliiMC TuIh-'s, 
 
piin:.s. 
 
 331 
 
 
 It is cfrtMinly most iin)l)alik', that tho rcmarkaldc scries of (lay-slate 
 tubes, Ibimii at Swanton, W'rmont. and (k'scriijcd in ilctail liv i'rolV'ssor 
 IVrkins, were ii>e(l as smoking iii|ies, lor the reason that in all of them 
 the bore is not of uniform si/e. 'riH-.e tubes are ile^eribeil as "all 
 of similar form, bemjj; cNlimlrii al ; the perforation, at one end about 
 half an inch in diameter, r///</ri;,\f /,> iirtviy ,1/1 iii,/i in ,/i,iiiir/,-r <rf //ir 
 olliir cihl. The}' are ol smooth, hard sione, of a ilrab (ojor in some 
 sperimens. broun in others. 'I'lu-y are \er\- ni< els lornu-d and finished, 
 the surfaie beinj,' smooth .uid almost ivjli>hed. The sinall end of the 
 bore was stoi)|)ed somewhat imi)erfetll\- b\' a stone jiIul; L;niun(l into 
 shape." (See desi ription of Siioshone ]ii]ie L;i\en liv Lewis and 
 Clarke, ipinteil on pa,i,'e ^jjy.) ■■'Ihe leni^lh of the tubes \aries from 
 se\en to thirteen inches. .Similar tubes ha\i- been found 011 one of 
 the isl.uid-' in Lake Champlain, and near l!urlin.L;ton, \'ermont."''-' 
 
 These tubes h,i\e abo been found in New \drk, in aM( ient xr.ives, 
 and a>>oi i.Ued with them were inii)lemenls of the same i^eneral < har- 
 a( ter, as those found with similar specimens in Wrmont. .\Ir. S. L. 
 {•'rev''-'- h.is ,i;i\en us an e\( client dex ription of the results of relic- 
 hiuuiuL; in the Moli.iwk \alle\' : and in the e\amin,ilion of certain 
 gra\es, he found a stone tube, "four uid .1 (|uu'ter im lies Ioiil; ; the 
 perforation has at one end a diameter of one-i|uarter of an im h, 
 graduall\ei]l,ir:,'iM,i,' until it reac lies at the other end. a diameter of three- 
 <|uarters of an it i h." With this tube, whii h w.is imi|uesti mably used 
 as a smokini: i'i|"-'- were a "sea shell, somewnat modified tor a drinking 
 vessel, its loni,'est diameter beinu; lour inches, a bcu'cr's tooth. se\er.il 
 bone awls, three arrowheads, a number of llint ll.ikes, ]iii.(es of ;i 
 tortoise shell, some fraL,uiients of deer horn iniplenienis, a bc)ne .nouge 
 anil a lar^e wing bone 1 '" a bird." .\ subse(|ueiit exaininaiion of the 
 gr.ives resulted in lindiiig a second tube, apparently of the same 
 material, but different in sliajie and leiiglh. This second specimen 
 "is eii^lit .md one li.ilf im iu's long, and one iiK h in di.imeter, luuini' 
 
 "I Purkins, /. c , p. 714. 
 
 "'■' Frey. .-Vniurii ;iii N.iiurnli«t, Mil. xiii, p. (137, 
 
33* 
 
 PRIMITIVE l\I)rSTRV. 
 
 a bore of fivc-cii^liths of an incli at one end and two-eii^lulis of an inch 
 at the other. It is sniootiily made Imt lias no jiolisii at j)resent, l)eing 
 eovered uitii an eartiiv coal, and in iiatciies witii a tlii( k concrete of 
 lime and sand. \\'itii liii> tube were found, lyinj,' side by side, three 
 hornstoiie inijilements, of j'rj,'e si/e, and jKiinled at each end." A 
 stone tube, of striped slate, is recorded as liavini; been found at Tren- 
 ton, N. J..'-'-' six inches in len.;th by one and onediaif inches in greatest 
 diameter, near one end, thus making the implement slope abruptly. 
 This specimen, '.\c ept in m.iterial, is identical with the smoking pipes 
 found in southern California ; and does not differ 
 materially fn^n the New \'ork or X'ermont speci- 
 mens. 
 
 .\ series of clay-slate tubes were recently found 
 in a gra\e near llridge])orl, ( ilou< ester Co., New 
 Jersey, which are in s;/e, color and 'haracter of 
 I)erforation nnu h like those found in N'ermont. 
 Others, of steatite, said to have been fomid in 
 other Indian graves in the same neighborhood, 
 are. one and all, uncjuestionable frauds. Several 
 of the latter have found their w.iv into various 
 pri\ale < abincls. The genuine < lay->late exam- 
 ples are at present in the cnllection of Win S. 
 \'au\, esc|., of l'hiladel|)hia, I'a. 
 I'ig. 325 rejiresenti an admirable examjile of steatite pipe, which is 
 of unusual interest in th.it it is a ( oimecting link, as it were, between the 
 tubul.u" jiipes, su( h as the preceding an(l the plain bo\\l>. with a side 
 stemdiole, as fig. 1,20. This >pe( inien, whi( h is made of light, mottled, 
 gray steatite, is \ery highly ]>olished, ar.d symmetrical in outline. 
 The cavity is (juite large (the sides being very thin), and terminates 
 in a narrow stem-hole extending to the lower end of the specimen. 
 There is also a lateral stem hole -f gre.iter diameter, ojiening into tiie 
 bowl just above the conunenceinenl of the other. 
 
 Fig. 32J. — Pcnii>yl- 
 vaiiia. i . 
 
 '"AUiott. Naturi:, vol. \iv, p. 154, fij;. i, lAiiulun, 1S76. 
 
PIPES. 
 
 333 
 
 Smolcing pipes of this i)attcTn are seldom inet with, only two 
 examples having been found, to the author's knowledge, in the loeali- 
 ties treated of in the present volume. 
 
 'i'his sperimen was found near liainhridge. Lancaster Co., T'enna., 
 by ^fr. !•'. (',. (laliraith, and is now in the collection of the late I'ro- 
 fessor I ialdeman. 
 
 The occurrence of ])ii)es made of metal is of great interest, from the 
 fad that while cnpper ])ii.es are recorded ,is having been in use by the 
 Manhattan Indians, no specimens are now known to be in colleciions. 
 In a loot-note to page 45 of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 
 No. 2.S.|. Dr. Rau remarks that "the navigators who first visited the 
 Atlantic coast of Ndrdi .\merica notii ed co]i|)er pipes among the 
 natives: as fur instance. Robert Jiiel. who serve<l under Ilmbon as 
 mate in tiie Half .Moon. .Sui h pipes nuist be verv rare. There are 
 none in the Smithsonian i-olledion." 
 
 In the nmseiun at Cambridge, in a large series of wooden pipes 
 from .\la>ka. are sevenil which have the bowls formed of sheet copjier 
 ( I'. M. No. i.S5,S), but whether any of these are of an anti<|uity ante- 
 dating i'.uropean contact is very doubtful. ()< < asionally, jil.iin day 
 Jiipes ha\e been found in graves, which were parti.dly en( ased in broad 
 copper bands ; and it is very probable that pipes thus ornamented 
 were seen by the early voyagers from Kurope. who mistook them for 
 pijies m.ide wholly of metal. 
 
 .At Cambridge, there is prcser\ed a rare and most interesting 
 si)e( inun -;.f a j.ipe (P. M. No. 14172). which bears a great resem- 
 blan( e to the jJain clay pipe, fig. 324. This specimen is made of 
 sheet lead carefully rolled, so that the symmetry of the bowl and stem 
 is preserved, 'ihe Kjiecimen was found at Re\ere, .Massa( husetts. 
 The appearance of this siie<iinen is such as to suggest that it is of 
 fn.lian manufacture, although made of course after association with the 
 iMiropeans. 
 
 The occurrence of what have been termed '•<omi(ound calumets," 
 or '•coumil-pipes," has been reported in the .\meri( .m .\ntic|u,irian, 
 vol. i, |). 1 13. One such is described as maile "of a hard, light gray, 
 
334 
 
 I'KIMIIIVi: IMilSlRY. 
 
 almost white steatite. It is < yliii(lii< al or tai.erini; in form, and nearly 
 six inciies in heiL^iil. Alu.ut Iwu in. lies fnini the luso * * » extends 
 a horizontal groosc in whii li iiave l.een jiierced lour e<iui(hstanl stem- 
 lioles. wiiich extend oltliipieiy downwards to tiie liase of tiie liowl. 
 * * * * Tiie si/e of tlie spei mien, and the e\i>ten( e of four orifices 
 for tlie insertion of stems, prove coiu lusively tlial it was not an 
 ordinary jiipe, hut was in ail prohal.ility smoked in some formal 
 ceremony." 
 
 If tiiere were any historical evident e that such jiipes ever had heen 
 used, there nii,:;ht then be no reason for looking with suspicion upon 
 the above (lescril)ed si)eciinen, and even if it be genuine, il is scarcely 
 necessary to concluile tiial the four stem-holes were siuiMJlaneously 
 used. 'I'liree of them mav have been jihigged with some ornamental 
 
 rarving. just as certain of the uioimdbuilder jiijies were decorated witli 
 pearls and polished jielibles ; and the California i)iiies were inkiid with 
 inother-of])earl. I latl tliis one spec imen only been olit.nneil. it might 
 be (kissed with tlie rcm.irkalile pipe sculjitures that oc( ur so sp.iringly 
 altmg the Atlantic seabo.u'd ; but llie fact that from tlie same general 
 1(.< ality otliers of various jiatlerns li.ive abo inys/criinis/y turned up, as 
 the result of exjtlorations of i ertain jiarties, il is very evident, that as 
 a class, these "comiiound (alumets" are frauds; and were jiossibly 
 (•o|)ied I'rom the spei imen here mentioneil, which w.is the fust dis- 
 covered, antl which, if genuine, in sjjile of the existence of four •'stem- 
 holes," need not net essaril)' be a so-( aileil "council pipe." 
 
 l"ig. 3^4 represents a pattern of small clay pipe, of whit h fragments 
 are found in great abundance but whii h, as a perfet t or nearly jiertect 
 example, is but seldom seen. 'I'hc excellence of workmanship exhibited 
 
I'll'KS. 
 
 335 
 
 in these clay pijjes is very uniform, and liads to the l)clicf that they were 
 moulded by oilier than the native |M)tlcr^. I'here is miK h difference 
 of opinion on this i)uint. When, however, a lar^'e series is brought 
 togetlier, and the ( haracter of the ornamentation ( arefully examined, 
 it is found that there e\i^t many j^rades of e\rcllen( e in thi. re>[)e( t, 
 th(ju,uh neither is la-yoml the capaijilities of the redman. f'urtlier- 
 niore, both lioim an<l Kaiui di>tiu( lly refer to pijies of i lav, made by 
 the Indians. j'ig. 3J4 is an example of these pipes whi( h iia> no 
 ornamentation. 'I'luy are ipiite rar.-, in (()nii>arison with tiiose whieii 
 have the bowl covered with (arefully stanijjed lines, dots and other 
 depressions. , 
 
 The clay, of whi( li these small pipes are made, is of a mm h fmer 
 (juality than tiiat used in the ordinary eartiiemvare, already des( ribed. 
 i;x(e])t (Kcasioual trac es of \ery fine white sand, sue li as occurs 
 naturally in many of the veins of clay, there appears to be no foreign 
 substaiK e. When burnt, theie pipes are of a yellow-gray, or a brick 
 red color, generally the former; but there appears to be no differenrc 
 in the iiuality of the pipes, wiiatever the < olor when biinu-d. The 
 great variety of tints in the clay, blue, blai k, and red, all bmii to a 
 yellow, when now used for draiu-pijie and terra-cotta ware. 
 
 J''y^- 3-5 '^ 3-9. in< lusive, represent fragments of clay smoking 
 l)ilies and stems, and show the various patterns of decorations used in 
 ornamenting them. In all ca^es, this wmk, whether met' lines, or 
 combinations of lines ami dots, is wry sujierior to that on aav of the 
 pottery found in the same locality, so nnu h so, in fact, th.u wi re it not 
 that there are different gr.ules of merit in the work, it might be a~,i ribed 
 to Jairopean origin. 
 
 .■\ttention has already been called to stone ]iii)e-bowb. as oc- 
 casionally oc( urring, though i|uite rare in (omparison with those that 
 have a stem complete in itself, or one that i an be used bv the .lidof a 
 supplementary stem of wood or reed. 
 
 I'Aen more rare, it is believed, are day pipe-bowis, without stems 
 or mouth-pieces of the same material, sm h as figure 330. 
 
 This beaiitifiil specimen, which is really artistically ilesigneil, \aries 
 
r/' 
 
 I'KIMUIVr. IMlISIRV. 
 
 not only in tlic sh\\>u of tin- liowl, jiiul ispecially in the l)asL', hut is of 
 liardi r rl.iy than iho-M' that iiavo l)iin ll;;uri'(l. An inti'rtstinjj feature 
 of tliis >]ii'(iiiu'n is the sin.'li hole p.issing tlirougii tlie liasc. lielow the 
 lar^'e hole ii.ien.leil for the stem or month-piece. ( )riiate as this pipe- 
 howl sti',1 i>, liy reason < f ii^ j,'ra( efnl sliajic, it was jirobaliiy not stif- 
 ficientiy >o in the eyes v( its jtrimitiNc owner. Ily means of a cord 
 
 FlCi. 32^.— \i\v Icrsty 
 
 Fu;. = 
 
 FlO. 328. — N<'\v Jersey. !. T'lr;. '','-"). — \«'\v Jersey, -[. 
 
 passeil tlirouL,'h tliis small opening;, feathers, heads and brilliant trinkets 
 of any kind, were readily suspended ; and this, it is l)elieve<l, istheol)- 
 je< t of this small ])ertoration. 
 
 'I"hes(.' hok's are not nnustiid. when the stems of s/i'/ir pipes are 
 tliin. lilt and |iroje(tinL;. a> in fiu'. ,5 1 ,V 'I'hey are of fre(|ueiu <j(riir- 
 rence, al.-,o, in the more n\i.Mlern C'atlinite jiipes. 
 
 
PIPF.S. 
 
 337 
 
 Fio. 331. — Punna 
 
 In the collection of North American smoking pipes in the nmseum 
 at Canihridgc, are examples of tiiis ])atlLTn, made of slcalit.' and 
 slate. One specimen (No. 15697) from Lafayette, Indiana, is strik- 
 ingly similar to fig, 3,^0. The jiattern is one nut 
 characteristic of any locality, hut does not occur 
 abimdantly anywhere. 
 
 I)r. Chas. Ran, in .Smithsonian Contributions 
 to Knowhilge, No. 2S7, figures a ]n\>i; of this 
 shape, made of argilhu eous stone and found in 
 Ohio, lie believes that pipes of this < liaracter may not be very 
 old ; adding that " the type occurs among the pipes carved by modern 
 Indians." 
 
 l''K- .5.5" was found in Lancaster Co., I'a., and is now in the cal)inet 
 of the late Prof. S. S. Ilaldeman, to whom I am indebted for tlie oi)- 
 portunity of describing and figuring this specimen. 
 
 Througliout New Jersey and New I'.ngland 
 generally, there is not fountl that variety of forms 
 in smoking ])ipes, whi( h is comparatively (om- 
 mon in many portions of New \ork. Mr. I'rey'-' 
 found among the many relics of the Indians, 
 once living in the Mohawk valley, many fine ex- 
 amjjles of clay j)i|)es of intricate and ornate de- 
 signs. He refers to the Moiiawk Indians as 
 "showing great ingenuity in making pipes, the 
 bowls of wliii h are fre(|uently in the form of a 
 bird or mammal, and thesi; alwa\s being very 
 true to nature." 
 
 Fig. 331 represents an interesting earthen frag- 
 ment. iirobai)ly broken from a pipe such as re- 
 ferred to l)y Mr. Frey. Its color, consistency and si/e all suggest 
 that it was a jiortion of the bowl of a small clay pipe, sucii as is 
 represented on i)age 334, although no perfect pi|)es, having a like 
 
 Fin. 3JO. — Pennn. \, 
 
 "* Frcy, /. c, Amer, Naturalist, vol. xii, p. 781, figs. 8 to 11 inclusive, 
 ^2 
 
338 I'KIMIMVI. l\Iir<IRV. 
 
 onianicnl have been fuiind. (ir are kiuiwii to the author, from New 
 Jersev (ir tlie New liii^land slates, ii<)t\vithstaii(hiig they are so 
 ahimdaiu m New N'ork. 
 
 Ill the Magazine of American ) '.isiorx, tor Sept., 1.S7.S, tliere is given 
 a figure of an Iroipiois ]n\n: witli a raci uoii's iiead i)roje(ting from one 
 side of the l)owl, in sik h a ]i(>>iii(in as ti) face the smoker, wlien the iiijie 
 was used. Mr. Stone refers to this si)ecimen as ,1 'Tougli ami uncouth 
 Iroiiuoi^ pijie in tlie shape of a raccoon's head wliicii was found .it I,.ike 
 (icorgc ;" and draws some \inwarranted coiu hisions troin it, wlien 
 compared widi a somewhat l)etter thiished s]iecimen of an Iroquois 
 l)ipe of essentially the same t\pe. 
 
 Mr. S( iioolcral't, in his History of tiie Indian Trihes. I't. II. p. 00, 
 and plate 47, hrielly des( ribes ami figures s|n( uiiens of Iroipiois pipes, 
 one of whi< h has a bear's head, of the same chanicter of fnii.-.h as ihe 
 s|)e( imen of animal head represented in figure _^_^:i. Rel'erring to the 
 olijecls on plate .47 of his work. Schoolcraft remarks, "the artit les 
 groiiiied in [ilate .>7, from I'lllisburgh, Jefferson county, New Nork, 
 exhibit the sa!:ic read\- t.u I in moulding im.ige^ oi the human I'ai e and 
 the distincti\e heads of .iniinals on the plastic l)asi> of clay pi] cs. whu h 
 is found extensively in that area." In \'i-niiont. also. " .i few tr.. 1 
 
 of pipes ha\e been found made of terracotta." One is a periec t 
 specimen resembling a trumpet, and similar to some figured by 
 Sc hoolcraft.'-'' 
 
 \\ hether the fust pipe-, were merely shapeless lum]is of c i.iv, 
 hardened by muc ii use. ami thus suggested the workable stones .is .1 
 more desir.ible material for lluir m.inutac lure . is )irriiaps uncertain ; but 
 there is esideiic e tl'.at the two lorms of stone and c lay were iisccl at 
 one and the s.ime time, and that those of vl.v. contmiied in use. after the 
 others h.id ceasi'd to be maniil.ic tured in Lir^ie nuinliers, Wli'le it is 
 ver\ r.in-, th.it we come ac ross a rucle and apparc-niK' \erv cjld clav 
 ])ipe — one that might possibly antecl.ite the e.irliest stone pipes — ihc-re 
 is ]irobably nothing s<» modern or iiion c citnincm. in tlie whole range 
 
 <*' Si.licx>lt;rurt. Mill , etc., uf >liuliiui Tribea. i'nrtTi, |il>, 8 and lo. 
 
riPF.s. 
 
 sm 
 
 of Inflian Imndiwork, ns i' is ^u\] f.juiii in the Atlantic roast states. 
 Many wi-iv pre l)aMy \,\u\c alter liie in'.rotluttion of clay jiipe-s, of some- 
 what similar jjatterns, liy ilu- Ijirojioans. 
 
 Clay pipes of the plaine-- patterns are not as abundant in Massa- 
 (hnsetts and Connecticut, as in New Vurk an<l New fersev ; Imt thev 
 
 are siitii( imtiy well re]iresented in ti 
 
 e > ontents of ancient j;rave- 
 
 in '• siirlai e fmiis." u> lie accnnnted as not uncommon. 
 
 ('lav tubes are o<i asionallv met with, which 
 
 m many rases were 
 
 undonbtedl 
 
 y used as ]ii|>es, but others are of such a small < alibre, tl 
 
 Kit 
 
 xh 
 
 eir jmrpose is pmblematii al. 
 
 Among the many (>bje( t^ of interest i,'athereil t'rom mounds in soi 
 
 ith- 
 
 eastern ( )hio, li 
 
 >r. i;. !'.. AiMJreN 
 
 IS a c 
 
 lav t 
 
 lilie. w 
 
 hich 
 
 Oni 
 
 ■ibcd 
 end is ( 
 
 as a ( vumU 
 
 r of \cllo\, clav. but slii,'htlv baked, if at all. 
 
 losed, 
 
 ■pt a snial 
 
 (in ular openinj,'. 
 
 Mr. I'. W, 
 
 Putnam I'-'" has remarked in a U 
 
 H)tnote to I'rofesMir .\nilrews' rejiort 
 
 that "the^e tulus of stone, ,/,r.; and (ojiper divovered by Professor 
 near to the 1. m,' tube-like pipes made of stone. 
 
 An.l 
 
 rews aiii)ru,i( li >o 
 
 and 
 wit! 
 
 still 
 
 ) I II pes. 
 
 d by the I tes, that I cm h.irdly retr 
 iffi 
 
 from 
 
 < l.issMi'' them 
 
 e piU)ci]Ml dillerenii' « (insists in these tubes li.ivinL' 
 
 what would be the mouth-piece made by the tomiination of tlu' jiipe 
 itself: while in the stone tubes, that are umiuestionablv pipes, the mouth- 
 
 jiiete is probably made bv inserting .i 
 
 lolluvv bone or reed 
 
 Tl 
 
 lese 
 
 tube like pipes ha\ e been found in numbers in the old burial-places of 
 
 ■( eiuly beet) one received at the museum. 
 
 Californi,!, and tlure li 
 
 whi( h was ( ollec ted in .\l.issachusett>. 
 
 In S 
 
 |ui'.r aiKi 
 
 l».i 
 
 .\n( ient .Mont 
 
 .eiits of tlie Mississippi valley' several of these s/mir 
 
 tubes are descrilied. (»ne of them identical with licure 5 ( ///<• ,/,iv ////;•) 
 
 fifs' 
 
 ured III this anii 
 
 <1 tl 
 
 le auiliurs of that w<jrk also sut;^'esl th.i 
 
 these t 
 
 lilies mav lie 1 lilies. 
 
 Two iiecimeiis of elaborairlv oniamcnted clav tubes."-" timnd 
 
 m 
 
 the same urave 11 
 
 1 New I 
 
 eiscy. were about s<\eii ni< lies in leii-ih, and 
 
 '"" Anilrrw». Trmh Ki|«itl of IV;it»»ly Mli<.ciiin, |i. li, fig. 5. r.imtir»l|Ii-, M.lv 
 '•' I'miiiiMi. I .mil Ui|iiiri of l''al«xly Mii«niiii, p. m. Sg. 5. CaiiilinU«(<:, M.i%-. 
 ""AUhiIi. N.uiiri;, Mil. ,\h . |i. 154. I.untiun, 1976. 
 
34° 
 
 PKIMIllVK. INI US IKY. 
 
 oriiniisii.i! interest, as tltcy 1ki\c no I'.ir prowd tini([tic. In c';x<'Ii case, 
 there na> .i iirojectiiij.; ornament whiili, prior to liieir inhumation, appar- 
 entK, had heen partially liroken otV. so tiiat its jirecise ( liaraiter lonld 
 not he as( ertained. I'niike most tiil)es, llie (Uameter of tiie l)one was 
 iinilbrm and very small, and their use tlierefore, as smoking pilH-s, way 
 im|ir.\i III alile. 
 
 A smaller and plainer i>altern of i lay tube found fretinently upon 
 the siirfac !• is represented in fi:;. ,,,1^. This spei inien has nun ii the 
 appi'aranc e of i\\c stems of siu 1\ pl.iin cl.iv pipes as have heen de- 
 scribed ; hut it IS not imprt>l)al)le that many sue h s|)e(imens as fig. j^j^2 
 
 Kni. JJ3. — N'cw Jt:i\try. \. 
 
 were made .is they now are. and were used in x.uious ways. Many 
 proh.ii.iy are simply eloi\;;ateil heads, and, if orii,'in.ill\ |iipe--.tems. have 
 had the iVai tured end ' arefnlly smuuthcd, until now no trarr uf a broken 
 siirtaic < ,m be detected. These tubes have heen «onsidereil also as 
 "whistUN" (.\mer. Naturalist, vol. i\. tig. ty)) and ( ertainiy ( an lie 
 very readily u-.ed .is su( h. 
 
 The Npei inieii here figured w.i-. found m an Indi.m grave, assiK i.iieil 
 witli the unu.iI t\pis of iiiipknuiils oi i urring in am ient burials. jhis 
 would Ml III to indicate that wlutlu r a utihiccd ]iipe-stem or an imi»le- 
 me!il ./(■ //('<■■(', it h.id soiiii- spec i.il use. 
 
 
 • -i4JUO" 
 
CilAl'lilR XXllI. 
 
 nisioihAI. SIONES. 
 
 Tiir, name " rininykt- Stones," gi\(.'n to the peculiar l)ironrave stone 
 <lisks found in tlic sdutlirrn ami western states, and also apjijieil to the 
 more alnmilant jilaiu stone disks \vhi(li <)(( iir in srantv nt^nl>^■r^. in tlie 
 mi<ldle states, is (trtainly (aliulated to uiisioad unless it lie admitted 
 that tlie plain disks, and those that are biconcave and occasionally 
 ])orlorated, are one ami the sanie implement. 
 
 Col. (". ( '. Jones, jr.,'-"' in his mo^l admiralile account of these stones, 
 (hisses them lotjelher ; and wilii tiiose of most elaliorate lini>h, and 
 l)ic()in avi', he associates sui ii pl.iin stone disks as have heen found in 
 New Jersey and northward of that slate. 
 
 jiiit two exami)les of tliese jil.iin tlis<nidal stones have been examined, 
 that were found in New Jirsey. Others, however, are known to have 
 been found, and p.tsseil into jiriv.ite <()!le< lions. These are ,ili per- 
 fectly jilain circ ul.ir stones, with strai,i;ht sides and level margins. ( )f 
 two e\ain]ile> Irom ( iloiuester ( "o., New Jersey, one is i|uite smoothly 
 jnilished and act unite in outline ; the other has the m.irj;in somewhat 
 sloping;, and so will not remain in .m ujiri^ht ])osition. when pla< ed 
 upon a le\el surfac e. lloth these spet iiucns are made of compact 
 sandstone, and .ire <|uite he.ivy. 
 
 'if!- ,?.>.? represents a spci nneii of diese diseoidal stones found in 
 New Jersey, whii h is not distinguishable from hundreds of sunii.ir 
 implements from the southern stales, ft is the s.ime '•hard, black, 
 {•lose-;;rained stone, capable of receiving .i ("me polish" whi( h "former! 
 the fa\orite material, espe< ially alo;ig the co.ist." ,is clesiribeil by Cul. 
 (". C. Jones, jr., iu his work on the southern Indians. 
 
 "• Joiin, Aiiliiiuiii" of the Smilhcm Intlun^, p. 148, pi. ««. New Ynrl(, i"!;]. 
 
 t!Ml) 
 
342 
 
 rKIMinVK IN'IHVIRV. 
 
 A rciiKirkalily fiiii" specimen, df the same < haractcr as fig. 3^_5, is a 
 polislicd cxainple, niaile of trap rm k. in the (ullection of tlie late 
 Professor Haldenian. In ;; letter from I'rofessor I laldeman. luarinp; 
 (late of May 2y, iS.So, lie th to states, "I have, throii^ii tlie kindiu'ss 
 of the l.iniiiy, lati'ly got 'the \\'ittmer disk' of Mack stone ; two sur- 
 f II e> llal and polished, edge cjinex — hetter l"ini>iud lli in ain tiling,' 
 allied Iniin this loealitv." This spec iinen, whirh niea^iMcs alioiit tinir 
 in( Ik'^ in iliameter, li\ nearly two inc lies in thickness, was loiiiul " about 
 four miles Itelow ('oluml)ia, Lin< i.->ter Co., I'a." It was presented 
 to Professor Ilaldeman liy Mr. J.n oh !1. \\ ittmer, the inheritor of the 
 farm " upon which il was found by his grainl^nother when a little ^iii, 
 
 FlO. 5^1. — New frrNcy, |. 
 
 about the year 17^15. The loi alny is well known lor armwhcids, 
 I'.uropian be, id-., eti ." 
 
 Thi^ di>k or chmifiki'' stone will « oiiip.ire fuor.ibly, in e\i r\- re^|ii-( t, 
 with the bi>t sjiei imens of thi-i p.uiern of tli.se objiit>, iVom the 
 southern states. 
 
 .\re we to consider these discoid.U stones, found in .Ww Jersey, as 
 < hnn^k."- stono ? I'roui the several ac( t)inits j;i\en of the j;anie in whii li 
 these sioius wen- u-ed, there does not appe.ir to be any re, won win- a 
 |il,iiu di-k Would not lia\e ser\ed the purpose ,is readilv .is .1 bii one .ive 
 one ; and as theti is aUo ,» renular jir.idaticn tVoin Mime tli,it ar>' vxeii 
 roiuev to those that are deeply conca\e and e\en perf iritecl, it is not 
 impro!i,ible that .ill were iiied in pl.iyiiiK '''L* one g.iine, or possibly. 
 
DISCOIDAI. STONES. 
 
 343 
 
 some modifirations of it. If sik li be tlic rase, ami the presence of 
 sucli s|K'cinK'iis as ff^. 355 indicates liiat llie Indians nf llie Delaware 
 valley v.ere ( liungke players, then \vc ouj^lit alsn to liixl the nMxave 
 stones, that are ( on^idered as the typical form of this iniplenienl ; 
 e\ea il'they are not ft .nil, then tiiis fa( t can s( an el)' he ( ()n^i<kred as 
 a proof thai tiie plain di^ks were iiol j^aininj,' stones. I >'d tiuy not 
 (ic( nr ill the southern st.ites.asscx iated with llie iiiconcave s,)eciniens, it 
 might more reasonalily he supposed that they liad scjine other puri)ose. 
 In this connei tion also, it i^ well ts) recall the f.u t that the Del.iware 
 valK'v w.\s (i( cupied at one time hy hands of .Siiawme Indians, «ho 
 ver\- proh.ilih' pi,i\ed thi^ ,^,une diu-in.i,' their northern sojourn, and may 
 h.i\e introdu(fd it amon;,' their I.en.ipe nei^hhorN. As tlu. c'arly 
 travellers and missionaries amonj; the ri'sident Delawares or l.enni 
 LenaiH- make no reference to the game, it is no' likely that it w.is ever 
 so prominent a pastime among tliem, as it was among the su'ithern 
 tribes. 
 
 ■J^'i^''^^% 
 
CHAl'TKR XXIV. 
 
 INSCKIHl'.I) STONES. 
 
 When the class of ceremonial objects conie to lie (Km riiicd, one 
 specimen \vill ho found the most intcnstinj,', pcriiaps. ot" all, vi/. : a 
 caned stone commemorating a treaty between two tribes {< iiap. XXV, 
 J). 365). Attention will also be frequently calle<l to the series of 
 marginal noti lies on gorgets and other furms of ornamental stones, 
 which are helievecl to have a "meaning;," and are not simjiiy one of 
 the few methoiis adoi)ted by tlic Indian, to orn.iment sui h clones as 
 they wore about their persons, or jMr-ided on < ereinoni.d oi ( a^ion^. 
 Stones, however, other than tiiose of a ( eremonial, or ornamental 
 character, with marks, dots, lines, figures eitiier singly or in ( onibina- 
 tions, are of very rare occurrence. I'ic tured rocks >uc i> a^ are found 
 in various rivers, and along their l).u)ks. .ue not iuc luded in this c ate- 
 gory. I!ut one engra\ecl ^-tone li.is been found in c entr.d New jersey, 
 so far as known, among tiie tliousands of ordin.iry slone impkunuts 
 that have been gathered. '1 his specimen bears some slight re>em- 
 Mance to the picture writings, as desiribecl l]y S< lioolc raft, (allin :md 
 otiiers. 
 
 .\s the result of his in\e^tigalion^, Catlin'"' remarks : " I ii.ive been 
 unable to fmd anything like a sxsti in of iiieroglyphic writing amoug>l 
 them; \et, their /'iiti/ir Ti'nVi/ii;<. on the rocks and on their roius, 
 ai)proa< h somewhat towards it." The eugrasicl stone figured on 
 ])age 347, is supposed to be nuit h the same as a " b.irk letter," of 
 one of which .Sir John i.ubboc k'-" gives an iliustr.ited ace ciunl. cpiotii'ig 
 in jiart from S<h(K>lcralt. liii^ letter h.is a l.uge munber of figures of 
 men and certain animals on it, and thus his the .ippcirauc e of being 
 
 >»Cnllin, Nurth .Xmerican ItiviUnt, vol. a, |i. 14(1, 41I1 lhIiiiuii, 8\ii. (.mikIom, 1844. 
 
i46 
 
 I'KIMIIIVK IMHSIKY. 
 
 a more advunccil jirodiu tioii in tliis inctliod nf (onimnnicatini; ideas. 
 This, pcrlwps, is more apparent tiiaii rral, I'nr it is not improhalile that 
 the straight lines in the cngrased talilet here fi.^ured represent rivers 
 or creeks, and tlie arrow tiie (hrettion taken iiv some Imhans, wiio 
 desired to inform a party, toiiowini,' in tluir trac k. of the rouio tiiey ha<l 
 taken. This is in ai(c>rdan< e witii tran^'nions of l)arkdetters as L;i\en 
 1)V S< liooli raft, and \vhi< li art' douiitii'ssly <orrf(t. 
 
 'I'liat a few siigiit scr.itt lies upon stone or wood, as made liy an 
 Indian might have to him, or to another, <i)nsideral)le meaning, and its 
 si:;nifii ance l)e readily constnied hy one of these pi.-o|)le, imder certain 
 ( ircnmstances, is rea<lily seen liy tiie ai < ounl gi\en \<y K.iini. in iiis 
 N'oitii Ami rii an Travels, 'iliis writer says of the Delaware Indians, 
 " their good natin-.il p.uts are pro\ ed hy the following ai < ount. whi< h 
 m.mv pecijile liavc given me as a triK' one. Wiien they send their 
 amlia^^ailors to the /•'/.\'//v7/ colonies, in orcUr to settle things of con- 
 se(|nen( e with the governor, they sit down on the ground as soon as 
 they come to his audience, and lu-ar witii great attention the governor's 
 demands which they are to m.ike an answer to. His demands are 
 sometimes m.mv. Net they have only a sti( k in their h and an<l m.ike 
 their marks on it with a knife without writing anything eKe down, 
 lint when they return the next <lay to give in their resolutions, they 
 answer all the governor's articles in the same oriler, in whii h he 
 delivered them, without leaving one out, or changing the order, and 
 give siK h a( I ur.ite .m^.wer>. .1-. if tluy had an acdnmt of them at lull 
 length in writing." 
 
 While in lhi-> < a>e, these tiotc lies in a stick were mere aids to memory, 
 it shows that the fundamental idea of expressing thoughts or recording 
 facts, liv means of signs, was not novel to them, and renders the siig- 
 geste<l explanation of the marks upon the m.sirilied stone, here de- 
 srrilieil, .IS pl.uisilile. 
 
 I'ii.;. \\.\ represents this inscribed stone. It is a ne.wlyoval sl.ih of 
 mi<:aceons slale, aliont an in( li thick, seven im lies in length and four 
 
 '" I.ulilxi. k. Orlciii iif Civili/alion, 5n.l ril,, p 41, fii;. tj. frmitrai. iH, 
 
iNscKim;!! sroNKs. 
 
 347 
 
 and thrce-fotirthii imhes in ),'reatL'st width. The cdj,'is Iiave Ux-n 
 rudely l)(.'velli'd, and the spec imen liroii^^lit to its present shajie heforc 
 tlu- fiiiuris and lines were ins(ri!)ed upon it. They lonsist of a series 
 of well-defined lines, one extendini,' tiie entire len^tli of the slal), and 
 dividing' it into two nearly eijual parts. Tiiere arc also three others 
 
 Fii;. u4. — New Ji-TM-y. {. 
 
 is one at ri,i,'ht an^iies. and .i loiirth short one. with "split' 
 
 tone IS the 
 
 that (TOSS tliis 
 
 ends, on the leli-hand side, below the ( entrc of th 
 
 'I'iie n)(i->t notiii'alile leatiire of the inN<ril)ed side of the sti 
 well-defined arrow, i-xlendiii}; <)hlii|uely amiss the stone from ri.nht to 
 let"t. Withiiu 
 1)111 the arrow 
 basis for < onjecinre. 
 
 It this the stone would (\'rt.iin!y be wlfilly unintelligible, 
 •ems to explain the spei iinen, or r.ither fiirnishes a 
 
348 
 
 PRIMITIVF. INDrsTRV. 
 
 As the spcriiTK-n cxliil)its m> attempt at ornamentation wlialevcr, 
 an.l (..nsi. luring tluit it was foun.l in a swamp but lately reclaimed, 
 an.l on tlie margin of a wcll-km)wn Indian trail, it <an s.anely be 
 doul)ted that tlvj marking's ni'"'> '• ^^•^■''^' i'''*'''"'^ ^'"■'■'' '" •'•'"^'•'>' '"''"■" 
 mation to those for wiu.m it w.h inlen.led.- in a word, that it is a " bireh- 
 bark Irtter" written upon stone, and a very primitive attempt at picture 
 writing. 
 
CHAITKR XXV. 
 
 CERKMDNIAI. OIIJECI-S. 
 
 \'si>\ V. this vague title has hcin < lasseil a yronit of perfDratcd stone 
 olijti t^, \i ly artislically (lesigiic<l whiili vary greatly in si/eand ]Mtlrrii, 
 ami \tt h.iM' >o iiiiK li in < ninnion, tliat \vc ainiear to lie jusiilieil in 
 eon^iilerin^' tlieni as intrmled lor prai titally tin- one iiiirimsc. 
 
 lIovveMT in\( ertain we may he as to tliai imrpoM', there is siit'tic ient 
 e\ idem I' in the ol)j( its themselves to show tiiat tin y were not weapons, 
 and it is I'liuali)' imprnlialjle tiiat tlu'y were i-\ir used in my sin h 
 nianniT. a> would warrant o\ir railing,' them ■implements," ami luiii e 
 the Use ol" sui h nanus in <onne<tinn with tlusc oliji'ds, as ••toma- 
 hawk," '■ aiiia/onian axe," and '•halelut," i. tn lie avoiiled as 
 altogether misleading. 
 
 It must not he tmderstuod that, in gising the alio\e name to the 
 olijei t-i ' . 'e descrihed, they wi-ii" llie only < rrcmnnial nliji i ts in Use 
 among the n.ilive trihes of our Allantii' ii)i>l. Many nl'iiio pnidants, 
 gorgets a'ld pert'orateil plates of miia, were \iT\ proliahlv worn or 
 carried only on particular oi e.isions, and win- not all ordinir\ personal 
 ornaments. 
 
 I'lrh.ips one (il tin- most interesting ("e.Uures of these olijeets is 
 their \ei\ gener.il distrihiition. thidugiionl the rmmtry, east of the 
 Mississippi ri\er. i'hey ma\'. in leed. he found fir westw.ird of that 
 ri\er. l)Ut the known loe.ilities, in whii h they are of eompar.iti\ely 
 coimuoii o( cnrrenee, are all on the eastern half of the eontinent. Tn 
 the moumls of the ( )hio valU^y, it is said, some of these olijet ts oi - 
 cur oei .ision.illy. M.i ly of then\ are e\<eeilingly beautiful in design 
 and fmish. 'I'hev are therefore one of those pei nliar forms, neither 
 wca|)on nor implemeiU, \vhi< h .ire common to iioth tlu' moundhuilders 
 
 (IMt.) 
 
35" 
 
 ikiMiin i: i\i>i'siKV. 
 
 and tlu' Inilian>. In the « aso (if siiniili' wcaixms, or primitive agri<'til- 
 tur.il iir ilunu^tic inllli(.•nR'nt^, llie same form mii^lit riMiliiy (i<<ur 
 iii(U|irn(liiilly. liiit liiat a imrtly nri'iiiDnial olijiu t t.rtJK' samo iiattirii 
 hhoiilil lie (ksiyiu-il is nut so |irolial-lf ; aii'l tlio (mK of tlio prL'sciui' of 
 these jiertiirati'd >tone ohjei ts in inoimd-. is i itlier i-\idi'M<L' of a < lose 
 relationship lictwicii tlio t\M) pcupl •, cr el-.e il mii>l \>v ailmiiivil that 
 these uljei 1^, wlu'ii fouiid aloii;^ our Atlanti;' icast, were ( itjier lirou^ht 
 lluTe liy the later Iiulians, i;r were copied by them from ori_L;inals seen 
 in the interior. If it were necessary to admit thai iiie Indians, who 
 were in possession of this coimtry, at the date (if its diMovery, were 
 of more recent oriL;in than the nioimdlmiMers, then the supposition 
 that they had adopted a ninMudliuiider's iiiiplemcait mi^lit hold j^ood ; 
 lint as yet, thire is not one jot or tittle of i'\ iden< e that jirwNes that the 
 nati\i' ra( es of the noitluin Atlantic sealioaid \sere not as old as 
 the mountllitiilders. The latter seem to lie the older, simply hei aiise 
 the trai es of antii|uily on the seaboard have Ueen overlooked, or 
 stranj,'elv ('.isrej^arded. lieiauM- ^o nniin ilin_:,', when rompari'd, wiili the 
 rii h har\ est of strange ohjecN that reward . the explorers of the \M'>lern 
 mo'nid>. 
 
 'rhrnn,i,'hout all the river valleys, east of ilu' Alleghany mountains, 
 thv'e perforated ceremonial oljerts are found in about equal abun- 
 dance. In every localits. where there ii a navig.ible stream, there was 
 an Indian village. ( )t'ten there xwre several, as at the mouth of eacli 
 of the smaller ( reek>. and wlu-ri'\cr these villages stood, wi- may i on- 
 fldentlv e\pe< t to Ibid tiigmenl^. at least, of llnse ])rettv objects. 
 
 In New I'.nglan«l, they are probably not so free piently found, though 
 thev are bv no means >mcommon. In Maine, be. ides those of (om- 
 nion form, one h.is been foimd of rem.nkable ( har.u ter.'-''- I'rofessor 
 l'erkin>''''' has described them tVom the (hamplain valK-\ ; and the 
 ,\rc ha'ologii al murium at ( ambridge, Mass., contains several fronj 
 Massachusetts ,md ( 'onnei til ut. 'Ihioughoul New \'ork. they are of 
 
 <^' !*Miti:ini. niitli-ciii *t( ihc I'lftHcv Institute, vtil. iii, p. ()ji. s.tlciit, Mahft. 
 "^ IV-rkini.. Amo. N.itiir;tli»t, \ol, v, y. tj^ fiys. j .iiiil 4. 
 
ci:ki;M()Mai, uiiji-n-s. 
 
 35 > 
 
 rommon ocoirrctK e. 'I'lic t olknioii of sionc iinplciiRiits froi'.i Ww 
 Jersey, in tlic Miisimiih at I'ainlnid^^e, (onlaiiis forty-scvcn s|)c'< iincns ; 
 iiiany, <>f < tiiirsc, in a iVaj^mtiit.iry i ondition. ( )( tiu-sf, sonic arc so far 
 unfniislu'd that tiic inMlnratitin has not lacn licgnn, or is only |.ariially 
 roni|ililc ; tiiiis (li-nionstraliM^ thi' iiitiTcMing fart, that tlusc ohjcits 
 wiTc otherwise linished, jpefore the iieilor.ition was iie^nii. 
 
 1 »r. ('lias. 11. Sliilihs of Wakelieid, laiiiastiT Co., iVnn.. has Keen 
 fortunate enoiij^h to fnid a \ery fine series of these iin|iienients, mostly 
 made from the I'otsdam slates. They arc in l!ie v.irions staples of 
 maniifai tiire, and show lh.it the sl.ite was first coarsely c lii|i|ied, then 
 |ie( kfi 1 or more delw aU iy < liipiied until the outline was se< t'.re(l ; after 
 whi( h tluy were < arefiilly iM>li>iud, ami finally jierfor.iled. 'Ihis was 
 done not only with a hollow reed, liut sometimes with a solid stone drill. 
 It would seem from their unusual al)iiiidan( e in some portions of the 
 .Sus()uehanna ri\er \ alley, th.it many were made there for h.irter with 
 (Jther trihes or communities, as was the case with some forms of 
 chijiiied iiuiil(iiK''ils, as the arrow lu. ids. 
 
 ( If the series of siie( iiiKiis from .New Jersey, the greater iiuiiiliiT 
 are made of steatite, .iiid of the striped Siluri.m slate, so nan h iiseil 
 for all orn.iiuenial oKjei ts. Not all, howe\er, are of sii< h e.isily 
 worked materi.il. M.uMe, diorite, vompact s<-r|>entine, i|uarl/. and 
 jas|)er arc all rejiresented in the series ret'ern-d to. One small spc i- 
 nien is lie.iutil'ully workeil from a yellow j.is],ir pehlili', and has been 
 drilled with . I reed or other hollow ilrill, with s.ukI and w.iti r, Meing 
 broken in the line of the jierfoiMtion. the slrix- are verv pLiinlv seen. 
 While many of these olijects arc of lieautifully ( olored stone, others, 
 of ei|u.illy line workmanship, are m.ide from the dullest tinted san<l- 
 stone pi Miles. \\ hen color was so greatly prized in every arti( Ic of 
 |)ersonal .idornment, it sei'ins stiaiiye that so l.ir^e a numlier of these 
 olijei ts should h,i\e lieen iii.ide of iil.iinly tinted stones, when other 
 minerals, eipially <lesiral)lc in other respc ts. and of hrii^ht (olor>. were 
 always to he had in any i|iiantity. 
 
 '■"'K- ^^5 represents a symmetric. illy ilesii;ned example of these 
 ceremoni.il oljects, made of steatite of .i yelluw-brown color. It may 
 
352 
 
 PKiMiiivr ;mi! -irv. 
 
 l)f taki'n as a fairly ri'|irfsi-ritativf sptM-iraen. s«i tar as tho shape is 
 riinccTHi-il. I ho prrfDralion in this, a^. in tin- inajorily nl stu-alilc 
 s|ic-< iiiu'MS, h.i-. iiii'ii inacK- with .i luillow driii, workcil in hut oik' 
 ilirii ticiii. W iii-ii, huwi'Ncr, mali-nal >ci hunl as jaspiT was prrlDralcil, 
 tin- (hill was hill iVdin lai h --kIc. in iiuinr exsch, tlic hurin}^ Iriim tho 
 two diii'i lii)i)> was iini (diriit, ami did rint iiioct, mi tiiat the hulo 
 ihnm^^h tlio i(1mo<1 was iimro or los> i ninktd. 
 
 'I'ho dosi^i) III" stii li an iilijci t as lix. vo i' \'ory i Km.. 'I lu' ]n-rt"iira- 
 tiiiM riiiild unlv hi\o lioon iiitoiidod tur tin- iiisortion ul' a handli . and 
 tlic ftiono thii-. Mimnitoii Miiisl lia\o lioiii i arriod as a tniiii liinn, as die 
 
 material in M» M«r arnl ibr Mado is tun thin to liavt- liot-n nl' aiu' 
 fmu til il WW as.iiu .jao. 'iSRIu-ii \vc > (in»i<ifr liow mtx lund nl dani os, 
 parailr* ami dJH^la) - tb« Indians won-, it i-. xrry natiir.l that thoy 
 sliniild h.ivo Ijadiniam cjUioi is inioinlud i*n uav mi mu !• on asimis, .md 
 tiir 1111 «nlM-r ]>iiqiosL'. 
 
 Fiji. .VV' ro] )ri:soirts a i.iMiitihil o\aii,|.ii . ni a soniowlial dilli ront 
 shape trill. I tlio fnoiodi'i;. It i-. iiiadei'r.i iinil'nrm, i nnipai I ■•ind 
 sidiu', and h.is lu-on i aretully pnlished until e\ery trai i nl nnexoniiess 
 has liren nliliti'rati'd. The 'ipptr .md luwcr i'd;;es .ire lliite:>ei|; and 
 the ends, wliii h \ar\ in DUlline. are sn ii.irrir.Md that it .ilni«>st aiiiounts 
 to a entiiiiji •■■'Ifi'^"' 11" pirl'tiratinii is \er\ ,ii i nr.ile. 
 
CKRFMONIAI. (iIIJF.CrS. 
 
 353 
 
 4 
 
 While occasionally one of those lonj; ami narrow si)c< imens is 
 e\cii of j;ivatir iiii^'tli lli.iii li;;. ; ?f», the ^TvAl liulk of ila-iu arc sliurtcr ; 
 aixi iii'iii I' it iii.iy t<c I Mn^iilircil as of 
 alxtiil ihc iiiaMiiuini sj/c, iiir.i --m r<'il 
 I'nnn Ii|> to ti|>. ( )i iii.ri\ th.it I have 
 inra,-.liri'i|, i)llt loMf Wilr ln||j;iT tiiail 
 
 thii -in'c imeii. 
 
 Itj.-: ,5,^7 .Mill , ;,;;./ niinsciit aiiotlier 
 examiile ol' ihi-. lunn of iierforated 
 stonf. It I-. shorlcr ami hroaiKT ilian 
 llir pn-i iilin^, liiit it i-, Will iiiade, and 
 drilled with that Mnoothness and Ix-'atity 
 whii h are marked lealures of ll),'. _;36. 
 The iiiitlini- drawing; of .i sim tional slew 
 of tilt- N|>ei mu I) ;<li(n\ , liial the pertor- 
 alion i-. soniewlial o\al, iii^liad nf jn-r- 
 le< tl\ I !ii iilar. .md the dianielcr nf the 
 drilling )■< .i liitle li's-^ .ii the a|ie\ than 
 at the liasc. 'I lie dnllinj^' of thi-. hole 
 Mui-'i, tluri'loii-, ii.iM' ln-i-ii il.iiie with 
 something dilfiTenl tioin a sei Imn i^r a 
 inniiinr of sci immw of ni-il uf idi-;r i al 
 di.iiiuler. I lii> >|ii ( imen h ii prMliably 
 JK'en d'llied jiy the a|i|il • atioii of sand 
 and wati'i', ill I oMiu'i iioti will) a >olid 
 drill, as a iioiiited wooden stH k, Imt the 
 jierfor.ition heKini helow has Keen < <in- 
 tiniied liiii half the i!i>taii< <■ .uul re 
 ( oiniiuiu ed nil ilii' oilur side as is 
 tisiial Ml Mil h I aies. 
 
 I'K- .?.?■■' ie|ireseiits a vi ry gracefully 
 <le-ii;;ned e\ani|ile, made "of a ^reeiUMh 
 sandstone, .iml a-> smooth .is the materi.d allows."'^' It is eight and 
 
 Ki«i. }jft. — Nrw JcrM'y, |. 
 
 '■• I't-rl^in". Aiiicr N.mu.iliM, vi>l. v., p. ■}. 
 
 U3 
 
35J 
 
 lUIMlim l\l>l-IKV. 
 
 onc-loiirih in« lies hm^. 'Ilu' |».ints of this siwinu'ri arc smooihci 
 tli;iii tlu- i^ciicral snrl.K r, .iiul .nc siiii|K)-.ol iIhivuhv to >h>i\v ll>.U it 
 
 h.iil !ki a |.iit lo SI line 
 
 llsi-. I hi>i i», < 011^itl■ 
 tcmj; till' M / c ;iiul 
 
 sl'Ulpl' <ll till' ItlljOf t, 
 
 iiiiliroS.ililr, it' not im 
 
 < M I'.ic siK'i inu-iis 
 III ihiMii. 11.11 ii I Iniinil 
 ill ( >hii>, MIA iii.i II \ 
 ;iiv o! till', ii.iturn ; 
 
 l''li. (17- — ^1^* jnx'V \, 
 
 iithi-rs luvi' ll)i' wiiif; liki" luojiTtiuns rvliixirii .il iiiMi-.k! uI' ll.itU'iu-tl. 
 A (liiiilii.iii'l I'.ittiTii of tiuM- iihi)li.'iMi.iit-» I uiihihlri in two hii< l\ 
 
 I 1... , ;.i. 
 
 s'.c<iin.iis as I1-. ,V!'^ i>!.m..I |..^.cilirr, 1. lluir miui'v f.i- is ; so 
 
 lh.it tUi- iiriloiMtiou-, I.I' th.- two -.IliII !"■ i inlmnoux l',\.iiiii>Us o| 
 
 lliis ii.itlrrn an li.;nri-.l 111 \l ic 
 
 Irm"-.''"' work oil ilv An h.i'- .^ff^'lii^ „^ "*■*>". 
 
 (ilo- V of ( »hlo. No >iiiiii.ir 
 
 sjii'i iiufiis h.u'i" \>vvn foimil, I 
 
 lirlivM-, ill \i-.v Jcrsfv, or in .my 
 
 1)1' thr Niw I ii;.;! mil Mates. 
 
 |.JM, J.,, n|inHciits a si.niinrn of roiiimon sh.ijii', ut nolin'ilily 
 ilifi'irciil in not l-cint,' )Krt'oral.<l tor .1 l..in.ll< . but siinply ^n.ovcl upon 
 
 K|i.. ii8. — Vtrim.iil i. 
 
 "* .M.i. LiMii. 1 111. .Mt.mulUiiUUin, [i. irs f'ti"'« *i- *-'"»-""'."i. * ''" ■• ' '• '■ 
 
( I kl MoMAI. ii|;||(-IS. 
 
 355 
 
 one silk' ; llic Kroovo, tijo, lioing narrow ami very >l(all()\v. The 
 ^|K•< i'liu'n i> of horri>tnni', am! was Tir^l |ici ki'il jnio its |iri-M'nt sliapi', 
 ami Milisri;ui Jiiiv iioiisiiiij wvcr ilic wlmli- s'lrl.K (• of one !>iiit' ami oiu'- 
 h.iil nf tlif '-ini.K I- 111' till- iitlu r >iili'. 'I'iie u'I'om is |Mili-,iu'c| omt its 
 fiitir"' MiM.u • . 1 ill- r.ir^ins arc all liliinl, ami. altiinu-li t|iiitc rv.n'iiar 
 in oulliiic, iiavi- not ln'iii i ari-iiili\' lini^luil. 
 
 W lull' tlie aiipi'aram e III liK- .i,)9 ""Kr!'^""''^ '''•" 't ini;.;Iit lia\e Im-n 
 ^jilit, and that tin.- groove was the ri-sult of an .iriiilinl, it is lAiiUnt 
 thai Mil h i- not tlu* i aso, as a nuinlni of tlii->i' arlii l^•^. :.'roo\ii| in the 
 hanie niannur, haxc \n<.\\ luinul, and in tlRin uc liavi. a simple funn of 
 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 
 Kii>i jj^. — Ntw Jti.v). \. 
 
 what, in its hij^lust fniish. is an elaltoraltlv' ile»i^neil olijt-ct. .'vaine 
 imleiil. i>f the j-roosed sjiei iincns, are so very ]irimiii\r, tn.it it is not 
 iin|iro)i.'lilf Ihi'v are tin- |irodm tioiis of i hildri'ti. and wen- miii|i!\- lnv-.. 
 Thox-, fur in^ian. e. tiial .m in shapf .iml si/e like l"i^. 5 jij, luil iii.ide 
 of .1 Mill I h.ilky slaie, ininht n-.idiiy he l.i^hiomd I^\ .my 1 hild. 
 (•^ an r\ani|ilr of wliat is lioin'Md tn In' 
 
 ''(^' .\\" ri|>resi'nl'^ an r\ani|i 
 
 the v.iine 
 
 olijei I as those di-Mrihed on liu' |irer( dliij^ |i'it;e>. It i-. of \i'r\' dif- 
 fi-rrnt shape, hi. tte>ir. and ni.i) h.ive had a diHi-n nl '■imanin^," if 
 
 there 
 
 IS any siieci.il Mjjmluam e in .my ol Ihiin. tins spi'i nneii is 
 
 four iiKhe.-» in leiiglli, .iml nearly a^ luo.nl .it thi; loii, as shown in the 
 
J5^' 
 
 I'K1MII1\): IMM-SIKV. 
 
 illiiNiratlnii. S|ii'< inuMs nt" tliis [i.iiuiM ;iri- rrci|iiint!\ fduiul ilir(iuj,'li- 
 otit Ni'w iji;;l.uitl, :iii<l arc i>t' I nimiuHi •» i iirri'iii i- in Ntw Jitm')'. 
 U lull' ;;<'iur.illy in, nil" iil' Siluri.m siii|nil sl.iU', or stcaiitf, <m i aNionally 
 nidfi' < (ini|iat l niiiu-ral was ii>i,(l. 'IIil- lalmr uf I'liiishin^' mk h an oh- 
 ji'i I. \\luii inai'.c i>r (limilf I'r jl^lll■|•. niMst Ii.im' In- ai (amrniiiMs. ( )f 
 tlii-. |i iiiiin, the ivMi l,ui;i -I slid inirhN nuasurtil n >|ii< livflv . sfVi'ii 
 anil si\ ami laic hall' ini lus in Irn^th, I 'V si\ ami t'lvc im Ins in laiailth. 
 I'lii' larj^rr s|iit iinrn was fniisliiil to tin- iioli.>liMij,', liiil (lu- [ifrtoralioii 
 lias Mill lutii i(ii;Mn. In tlii' snialkr tin- iicrloration was ( oniiiU'if. 
 'I'lii' u in,:,,'liki' portions iil' ilu--r Kroail » cninonial ohjots \ar\ i (ln•^i^ll■r• 
 alily Ml width, anil iit sonii' i^.t'iiplit, tiny art- so nnniw. lli.it iIr' 
 
 olijii t looks likf .1 tulii- will'. I'arallil 
 !iil.L,<"< on 1 II h siilr. cv tcniliU:; its 
 
 \\l.olr li'llLjth. 
 
 \ Ml nu:\ ( \aiii]i|i' of ihr-M.' I,irj;i' 
 ,iiiil I'Io.hI 1 1 ri'iiioni.il -.tom-s roiiiiil at 
 Miiiikloii, Wrnioiil, 1-. rr|iri'^(nUil ol' 
 a< tii.il si/c. in li^. ,^ ( I . 
 
 Its Kii^iii i-, In'ir .mil oiu' foiirth 
 im lu-s ; tlu- wulih at tin- l.nj;<r iii'l 
 tliri'i" anil one liall iiu lu's, .it tin- 
 sni.illcr, two ami onr ii^hili an his. 
 TIk" p;ri'ati'^t ihii kni>^ i- at tla- l.ir^ir iml ami iiKasiiris inu' im h, .mil 
 
 is olii I i^iuh ir>> ,lt tilt' o|i]iositc cllil. 
 
 1 111- |ii lioi.iiinn. whiili i-, I iiiii|ilcti , is fiM- cij^litlis oi an im 1» in 
 (li.iiiiiiir .11 oiir 1 ml, .Mill soimwhii sni.illi r .it ilu" oiIht, as shown 
 in llir siipiili-imnt.uy Ii;;n. _;., i .;-/. h i. iiraiiy ( in iilar. ami nt.iiiis 
 tin- iii.irks 111" thf ilrill. ( )iii' siili- orilu' 'pn iiiicii is m-.irl) pl.iin, with 
 a slight loiimliiij; .it tlu- t <l^is nnlv. Tin- o|i])o>,iif siiU- slopo to tlic 
 L'(I^;l' Iroina liiif ( orris|ii mliii^ to th.it ol' thr ]n-it'or,iiion. Iln^ |i-,iUiiv 
 of one il It .mil one i iirM-d or liulnin;: siirl.n r is i oiiinion to ihi- ;,'ri-.it 
 in.ijority of tlu' spirimi'iis of this p.i'tcrii. 
 
 I'i;,'. l.^\ is smoothly polishi'il, though sonii' of tin- tool marks 
 made in shaping the ohjiHl sti'.l rini.iin. Thf inalcn.il I'nnn whi« h 
 
 ^u.. J40.— \ 
 
 Vlll..'ltt> |. 
 
(I kl Mii\|\l. iiMJIi IS. 
 
 357 
 
 it i> iiiMilc i-. ;i Mift, ;^ri'cii, ;irj^i!l.ii riiii-< -.lili'. < >Hc' )MPrli(iii <>( \\h- --tdin.' 
 is nl' ,1 liL;iil, llic Diht"' dl' ,1 ij.iik, f;rci-ii -.liailt'. 
 
 li>r till' Mm' i<( llif tills n |iris(i,liiij< this r'ljiTt, I ;im iiidihlrtl 
 U) tl\L- kiiuliRhs ol' Mr. J. M. C urriLr, ot' ( aMtlct-in, Winiuiit. 
 
 V\ti. ,\4: n-jirrsmts ;, (1.itii-ti«ii ox.il |iii-»t' "f stni'in! vKit.', whji li, on 
 .■tii'iMiMt <»♦ lli>- j«T(««r,ilii>M. i-< lii<»Hf(! with rttf s|KTinitii ]>uf At-witftl, 
 Of ilsrit. a i- »-* ^ |-.*rtii Tjiirly attmi tivi >>iin«t, and it ■.ft-^M rt;»t'.n- 
 alilf t<» ^it|i.|«iNr : -• -ix ii ilt'i uratumi wvrv ..u.h'IriI in ii, ur to (l^f 
 
v,^ 
 
 I'KIMIIIVI, IMil'^IRV. 
 
 Ii.iiullc tli.it i^ ^MpjioM-il U> h.iM' p-i'-Mil tlir(iii|;!i llif |ifir<)r.iiiiiii ; as 
 llir iii.iki !'•> r.iiK y iitiglit sti;,'j^i>l. It i^ a lilllf < urniu- tli.it no iiu'iitiuii 
 
 i^ 111, I'll- !•! tllr^l- lllljci t> ''\ .111) I't' llu- WlltilS wild MMtl'il tills i < .tiilr), 
 
 ill the Mvciiticntli < i-iiliu y. Sill 1\ inniiniuiit ami (o'linioii <(l>ict is, .is 
 they uiit c wiv, jiitlycd l.j the iiiiiulHrs iiuw rutiiul, < unlit m .irtcly 
 
 ! IKI- 
 
 h.i\i.' lifi-ii i>mt1ii"!;'i1 li.iil tlu\ Mm thru in iwi . \\ liy iluy shoulil 
 li.i\f 111 I n iliM .irK-iil. |iniir ti' l.uiii|ir.in i iinl.k* t ami thr iiitrDiItu iinii 
 ut' f;aii(ly iiirlallic haiililo, h a iii\--tir\. Ki-h rrin?< ti> tin- iminliiTs ul" 
 tliisi' ••iiriuiiuMital a.M.'s." Cnl. ( . ('. juiu-s, jr.."" n'lnark-., "it iiia> he 
 that tlu- .Vjanriian \var-«hiLlMi-^<iiuUil trmu his htll uui' ul' these 
 
 (•It.. HIP. 
 
 ililii .itf iiiiiikim nt-.. all'! iiLi.niltil it will) iinuimns iii'.ir .ikiii lu ihu-e 
 w hii li |M i>MSM'i| till- III! .ivt of the Sc iiii|in.i\ i.m w.iiii'ir as hf i h' ii^iu'il 
 aiiii ili^]il,i\i'i| his jh^iin-i/iini." This |iussiliU' < \|ilain>, in a Irw 
 VMiiils, tin- (Utile imrjiuit i>( ilu-f iiiirn-^linj^ nlijeris. 
 
 I''K- .vJ,> ii|'ii ■'inl-> a sinrlar ^iin iiiifii, I'niinl near l..ivvreii«'e, Mass. 
 'Ihe |ir( iiliarilv I'lthi-. sjin imen is in the hulluvv un uni- si<le,as shown 
 
 i'*J.nii-N. AnliU'iitirs «if ih.* soiiilterit lii.li.itt*. |.. I'ti . Nt'w V.irk , litf |. 
 
c^K^^i«lSUl. (Hiiit is. 
 
 359 
 
 in till' ilhistration. <>n the oinxi-iic side, liurf is ,i (i 
 riilgi', lull iu>i I'liu.il ill liii,<lu 
 U» the ili'iith t)l" till ilcinTsMiiii. 
 .\> is scldmii tlu: i .im-, wIkii 
 the s|)i< iiiiiii^ iiif Mil. ill, the 
 
 rri'spoinlmg 
 
 luTloiMtiiin, wlinh li.ii liiiii 
 
 lll.ull' I'idlll f.ll h Mill', is Il'it 
 
 str.iij;lil, till' iw'i iihI-. not join 
 ing ;m iir.itrl). 
 
 l-'ig. \.\.\ niiri'si-nts ,i \ii\ 
 iiitiii siiii^ I'liiii, III Int. ill) lilt- 
 tVniii sIliih- liDiii am ui tin' 
 
 l.ri- 
 
 I I'll I 11;/ f\.lllllill-». 
 
 ■II 
 
 ■Nv. Jv 
 
 -.jiii iiiu-n !-> ;m ia.u iir i-". .>ui , 
 
 i I Hi. 
 
 jiiill^luil iiRi I- 111' the >tll|ii>l 
 
 (ir Siliiii.iii sl.ilr, sii I iiiiiiiiniily usid Ini in.ikin;,' mn.iiiH'ii'.iI ulijci Is. 
 
 'I'lu tvvu IuKl>, il we tli\iili- It ilir>tii^;l\ tin- iniiii' <>( tlir |nrt'>ii.itiiiM 
 
 Willi li t All ihU Imin llu' li>ji 111 the 
 IhiIImiii, will III' liiiiiiil iik'iiiii ,i| ill 
 i'M'i\ ii.irlii iil.ir (if sli,i|ii.- ,ini| ili- 
 iiK ii-mii. 'llu- li.i-.i'iif llti' i|if( i- 
 
 111(11 il Mlllli'M ll.lt inntc tl.lttilHil 
 
 til. in iIk tii|i, .iml .i|i|i(',irs tu li.ivc 
 
 llli II 111 I nlllli t wit II .1 P.lit IllT 
 stnllr, .l-> it l-> \Miril nil" sill' " illlh, 
 
 Imt \iilli a v.iri.ilik- wiiitli. 1 his 
 \Mirii Mirl.ii I' n nl' .i l.^^htir titU 
 til III till' (itliir |iiirtiiins ut' i ho 
 
 spi 1 illli II. 'llu- |ii!liir.ilinli I-, .1 lit- 
 tle K >, ill ili.iiiiiii I til. in tli.it nf l"i^, 
 3 {(I, lint it i-. nl 1 in.ii bcuiiy of 
 \\nrkiiiaii''lnii. 'I lie tlianu'ti-r is 
 the ■^lliU' tllliilli;lln'it, tlw |it'rt'i)- 
 raliuii lii'iiig a< i iiratily rin iil.'a, ami slmwni^ tin' mi^'. wlm li imliiatc 
 
 (lij* ^4j. — Ma--»4i.huM.'ll». 
 
360 
 
 I'kiMiTivi: iMii-ikv. 
 
 drilling witli ;i l>iilluw tnln'. I'm .i ^Imrt ilisliiiu »• fnim ihr li.ise, 
 (.AltiiiliiiL; ii|i\\.iiil ;il(Pii^ ihi' ^ill^•^ of ilii- |ni li )r,iiii Ml, ilic " mii;^" .irc 
 not iliitiiij;uiili.il»lf, ixi i-]>t li\ llu- < liiM -.i >i iiiliii). ,111(1 .i|>iKMr l«i have 
 bci'ii worn away t>y tin- riiMiin^ of wIi.iUmt jmiii'iI iliriiii;;h llu- Imlc 
 as a liamllr. I''ri>iii pdiiii tn |iiiiiil, tiii>< ^]K■l mu-ii iiua^iirt-< two ami 
 I'lM' eighths in<!u->, anil .11 Ki-^s llir iiiiilillc inu- m< li .iiu! a li.ill. Ihc- 
 liiaii I ol' llii' ]iiiri)i,iiiiiii i^ JU--1 mif lialt an ini ii, nr nnc llutil ■>( 
 tho total VMillii ol llu- --I'll iimn itsi'll'. 
 
 I'ig. 345 rL'|iiVM'nis one ol llic nio'-t tlalioiaiily laiMil an<l oiIkt- 
 
 ui-.i' inltri'Nlinj^ ^lui inun-. ol |u rioialcd 
 . TLiiionial olijic i>. thai Imm- )it lui'n 
 ili>ioMinl. It wa-. fonnti'''" "al llu- 
 |ioiiil «hirr l.ikc W'ankiwan (■ Ml i-iy 
 I'ond') «inj;nially I'niiiiu-d inio lake 
 W Miniiiisco};!'!', Ntw I lain|iN!uir, al a 
 diptli of iluiui h\o Icit, in till' sandy 
 diilt at iIk' luad of the lakr. wl iii- the 
 ground a|i|Mitnll\ had not Imn dis- 
 tiulud lot 1 1 ntuiio." 
 
 " The stmu- is of an o\ al l.n ni, 
 smoothly linislKtl ii|ion tin- siirlai c, and 
 ol as piil'ii t « ontour, a> il inrimi in a 
 latht'. lis dinunsions an- timr and 
 si'Vi-n cijihths in< l\is m Unnih. and hvo 
 and tlnvi- iij^hths im ix s in lim kni'ss. 
 'I'hc niati'ial is a silic ioiis sandslom- of a j;iiiinsli ( lay dial) < olor 
 and of rnii' j;rain. 'I'lii' si nliilun-s ,\rv niostl\ in lias tvliif. ti|ioM a 
 (jroniul sunk IkIow tin- snrfai c ol the stone, and of a hiiihiT uradc 
 of art than iisnal in Indian woiknianshiii. ll is dilVi« nit to < om livo 
 thai sui h work ronld I'l- done without tin- aid of nulal t'lols. A 
 holt- was drilli-d throiij^h tiu' lon;^rst diuiuii r wliuii tainTnl nni- 
 fuinilv lhri'i--fi«litlis of an iiu h al llic laiK' ' < I'd, to oiif iilIiiIi al 
 
 Kltt. )44. Nt'W JcrM'v. |. 
 
 '" Taplry. Aimrii .111 S'.uiir.ili^l, \iO. \i, p. i./>, fi|!>. ivi— 141 iiiil"»ivc. 
 
CrKTMONIAI. onllCIN. 
 
 $6t 
 
 till.' MiKilliT, llic Use (if \vlii( li was |irii|i.ilil\ tlic s.imr .w in tlu- ( I. ins of 
 stones kiiiiwii as ')^or>4(ls,' tn «l'ii !i we slmulil re fir it. Aroimd tin- 
 ajtcrlure at i-a< li iiul was a IkimUi ni |niiiiis likr a star, as \iill lie seen 
 
 Kn.i l4^. — Ni" ILHhpOiiii. |, 
 
 liy ttTiTiiK (• In till' fiivl (if ilic fdiii illusiraiiiins rc|ir('sctiliiit; tlio 
 
 !i|)l-( illUll. 
 
 " I'ij;. 5.(5 i-. iiitciulcil ti) ^i\c an iilca nf the Inrni f the sIoik.', llic 
 fiHtiri's at tlic sides \n-'\\\^ the |ir(>filis of fij^s. \.\(t and jjS'. 'I"hc 
 Indian 'nii^k' lia- llic ( iiaia( iciiNlii (niilinc and |iriiic( linL; ninulh seen 
 in (iliur sjKM iniciii nl Indian art, 'llic \\a\ v lines on die torciiead arc 
 sii|i|)ose(! til induatc the hair. 1 lie finish ol tiiu whole is (|uilc 
 elaborate. 
 
.1^'^ 
 
 I'RIVUIVr. IMU-IKV. 
 
 "In fiflH. \.\(>, 5 17 ami ?.|.S. llu' ilmtiil line i-. iiiltivlccl In imlicalc 
 till- |iii>ili(in (if the pii lull's nil llic stiiiir. I 111' Imi's III tlu' •wi^u.iin' 
 arc regularly "Ir.iwM .mil tin- Mirl.u r i-> ■|iriil>iil up' ur rnML;lKiuil. 'Ilic 
 
 Ik., u"^'' ~ •"^«* """'I""""' t' 
 
 rirclf liflow is pirtfi tlv rnuiiilril .uid siiitposeil to ri'prosonl the full 
 iiiuun.aiiluMiKli i'\ir> (uu- lias llu inivilc^c of lnruiinj,' lii-^ nwn theories 
 ill rif^anl to tlie sij^nilit am e of ilu' syiiilxils. 
 
 " I'iK'- .VJ7 '>■''' •' <leliiu'ation of four '.irnnv-,' iiuiiti-il. rmlrriieatli 
 • his is a 'luvv iuimhi,' .ui'l ll.i' t\sn rmiml ilui', ih.ii ni.iv ii'pnscnt stars. 
 Iltliiw this an- two '.iirows,' crosseil, iiiil .i i oiunluti' or < ml wliii li 
 may In; a 'sirpiiU.' 
 
 -rij'. .i.j.S -luhvs.m -i-.u of rorn.' uii ely ( ul, ami in .i ilejiresseil 
 
CIKIMiiMAI, fillJF.crS. 
 
 ^f^^ 
 
 {•in If .ur ilinc ('i-iiri''', tlic < ciitr.il niu' n pn-sj-ntin;; ;i *<1».'it's li j,',' ;m<l 
 llir (iilu 1^ 111' (luiiliiliil iiitrrprctatiiMi. 
 
 "Ai III illii>ir.iiiiin oi the Miriiiisis ni' ilmsc who arc inlinsicd in 
 
 Fk.. j^;.— New ll.iiii|>»liiTc. \, 
 
 (lo< iphi-ritii; siirh inscriptions wf ),'ivi' tlic (nllnwiiij,', w'liih is ( iiiainly 
 inj,'i-iiii>iis and cxcn platisi))lr. 
 
 " It i> Mi^^fslirl that thi- stinu- < (nanu'mnr.iti s ,i immu l^-iwct m two 
 trihi's. 'Ilu' ii'SiTsctl arrows in li^nrc ^.i; s\iiilioli/f \>\m v ; i!»- iiinnii 
 and star-^ ihc dale; llu' irosscd arrows a union ol the t«o |i>ri I's for 
 iijjgrfssiM' ol dffi n^i\l• purpoxs. fir, 'Ihc \vij,'wain nii.ulii indii iic the 
 |ila< I' uliori.' thf treaty wis t onsnininaifd, and the cum and ot'.ur 
 ciublcins tlif least by whiih it was i Dinincniuralcd." 
 
#. -'V^ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 g 
 ^ 
 
 // 
 
 // 
 
 
 fc 
 
 
 i/.x 
 
 %! 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 |15 
 
 1.1 
 
 u. 
 
 1^ 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 11.25 ■ 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 V] 
 
 <^ 
 
 /^ 
 
 
 >>. 
 
 
 7 
 
 w 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sdences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 Vtft5 < MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

 ;V 
 
 A 
 
364 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Trof. F. W. Putnam,i38 in calling attention to this peculiar relic of 
 the New England Indians, lias reniarketl tliat it appears " to be far 
 more elaborate than anything he had known as the work of the earlier 
 
 Vu'i, 34S. — New II:nni)sliii'e. -j . 
 
 inhabitants of New iMiglaml. On this stone we have tlie character- 
 istic Lulian face, similar to the few others that have been found in New 
 England, with an attempt at an artistic result in the finish of the stone 
 and the other figures carved upon it, tiiat would certainly lead us to 
 infer that its maker, if an Indian, was of a for higher caste as an artist, 
 than the distorted and childlike outlines of animals and men, ordinarily 
 
 ^3* I'utiuun. riiilktiii of I'.sscx Institute, vol. iv, j), y2. Salem, Mass., 1S72. 
 
CEREMONIAt, OBJECTS. 
 
 365 
 
 cut or painted l>y them, have heretofore impressed us as possil)le ; and 
 were it not for the fact, that tlie flice is so similar to undouljted Indian 
 representations of the human fiice whkh we have from New England, 
 he would be inclined to think that it might have been the work of 
 some other race. The position in which the stone was found marked 
 it (]uite an ancient piece of workmanship ; and, from its shape, and the 
 fact of its having a hole through the centre, lie belie\ed it would be 
 classed with the singular perforated stones called gorgets, found 
 throughout the ccnmlry, always more or less elaborately finished, and 
 were sujiposed to have been worn on the breast as an ornament or 
 badge of office." 
 
 The artistic merit of the various carvings on stone, executed by the 
 Indians, is so variable, that it is unsafe, from this cause, to infer that 
 any production may have some other than an Indian origin. That 
 they hatl the ability to invent tasteful designs and to execute thein 
 creditably, is fully shown by some specimens of pipe sculpture that 
 have been preserved. If we compare the pipe with a turtle carved 
 upon the stem, fig. 317, with the caricatures of human foces, rudely 
 cut upon flat oval pebbles, described in this chapter, it is almost 
 impossible to imagine that the three si)ecimens have the same origin. 
 As an artistic production, the carved face, from New York, de- 
 scribed on a succeeding page, ecjuals that of the "gorget" from Lake 
 Winnipiseogee ; and the curious carved " bird stones," common to 
 our Atlantic coast states, are, as a class, even of greater merit. 
 
 Fig. 349 represents another example of this form of carved orna- 
 mental stone, made of green steatite, which is of nuich simpler (h.-sign, 
 but more nearly approaches the New Hamjjshire specimen, th:in either 
 of the three car\-ed faces from New Jersey, illustrations of which are 
 given. .\s will be seen by reference to the illustration, the perforation 
 extends through the long diameter of the stone, and is of large size, 
 thus suggesting its close relationship with the ceremonial objects of 
 various patterns described in this chapter. Like the jveceiling very 
 elaborate specimen from Lake ^\■innipiseogee, it has decorative mark- 
 ings upon it other than the face 'figured in the accompanying illustra- 
 
366 
 
 I'RIMiriVK IMIUSIRY. 
 
 tion. TIicsc consist of shallow (k'i)rL'ssions which may jjossibly be 
 jiarts of an unfinished attcni[)t to rcpix'sciit liie human face. 
 
 The fact that one surface on!)' of the thin slabs, that are per- 
 forated for suspension, is ornamented in any manner, apparently in- 
 dicates that they were used solely as personal ornaments, and rested 
 upon the clothing of the wearer. This would, of course, ])revent the 
 under siile of any i>endant from being exposed, and render useless any 
 marks put upon it ; but in tliis and the preceding examines, as in all 
 the objects which are here considered of ceremonial im[)ort, and not 
 personal ornaments, the i)erforation is of greater diameter, and ex- 
 tends lengthwise through the specimens, so that a handle or staff could 
 
 be used as a means of carrying them 
 about in a conspicucjus manner; and 
 thus exhibit all sides ecjually well. 
 
 If it be objected that we have, in 
 fig. 349, too small an object to be used 
 in the manner suggested, then in this 
 specimen, we have an interesting ex- 
 amj)le of a particular form of carved 
 stones, which UKiy be differently classed, 
 in accordance with their si/e. In this 
 case, fig. 349 should be considered as 
 an ornament. 
 Fig. 349 was found by Rev. li. F. DeCosta, at Wellfleet, Cape 
 Cod, Mass., and by him kindly presented to the museum of Archae- 
 ology at C-'ambridge, Mass. 
 
 Common as are these perforated ceremonial stones, they neverthe- 
 less were not so readily made as arrowheads, or the thin sandstone 
 disks which so often did duty as ornaments. A\'hen broken, they were 
 not always discarded, but were often utilized as ornaments. 
 
 Fig. 350 represents an ornament, as it is now supposed to be, which 
 was originally a ceremonial object, of an unusual i)attern, made of 
 Silurian striped slate. The specimen has been broken in the line of 
 the perforation, and the fractured edges have subsequently been 
 
 Fic;. 349. — Massachusetts. \t 
 
CKKKMONIAI, ODJIOCIS. 
 
 367 
 
 Fig. 350. — New Jersey 
 
 ground down, until tliey are as smooth and well finished as any 
 other part. Having no perfo- 
 ration, whereby it could be sus- 
 pended, it is not clear, how it 
 was worn or used. 
 
 Fig. 35 1 represents another 
 dlk these fragments, which has 
 been subseciuently utilized. 
 
 The broken edges of this 
 specimen, whicli has been fract- 
 ured along the perforation, 
 have been carefully smoothed down, and through the middle of 
 one of them a small hole has been drilled. This has been drilled 
 
 from both sides, showing 
 that the specimen was 
 broken after the larger per- 
 foranon had been com- 
 pleted. 
 
 Such an oliject as fig. 351 
 might have been used, as 
 were fossil sharks' teeth, 
 shells and pebbles, as a pendant, or one of several, on the same 
 necklace ; and therefore might properly be referred to under the head 
 of ornaments. 
 
 Fig. 351. — New Jersey. \- 
 
 ^'^.:, 
 
 ^C^-^ 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 BIRD-SHAl'K.D STONES. 
 
 Under this title, which is not accurately descriptive, though of 
 common acceptance, it is proposed to consider a class of can'ed stone 
 objects, which are of comparatively frequent occurrence over the en- 
 tire area of the United States, east of the Mississippi river. Their 
 significance has been discussed more than that of any other form of 
 stone miplement or ornament made by the American Indians. 
 
 Schoolcraft '™ has designated this form of relic as a handle for a 
 knife, the blade of which was obsidian or jasper. One of these 
 " knife-handles " is figured, found on Cunningham's island, lake Erie, 
 New York, which is considered to be " apparently a sacrificial or a 
 flaying knife." The relic is so described, although there is no indi- 
 cation of a blade. 
 
 By many, they have been called " idols," and strangely enough, 
 have been seriously described and commented upon as " corn busk- 
 ers," although their use as a husking peg would tend rather to retard 
 than facilitate that work, as none have yet been found with a really 
 sharp point, or one in any way available for piercing the husks, as the 
 common hicko-y peg, now used, is expected to do. 
 
 Probably Messrs. Stiuier & Davis ''"' correctly cover the whole 
 ground concerning them, in stating that " it may reasonably be con- 
 cluded from the uniform shape of these articles, and from their appar- 
 ent unfitness as implements, as also from the wide range of their 
 occurrence, that they were invested with a conventional significance 
 as insignia, or badges of distinction, or as amulets. We know that the 
 
 '3** Hist. Gondii., etc., N. A. 1., vn!. iv, p. 17s, pi. xxiii, fig. 2. 
 **** Squier & Davis, Anc. Mon. Miss. Valley, p. 239. 
 
 24 
 
 (369) 
 
37° 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 custom of wearing certain stones as preventives of disease, or as safe- 
 guards against accidents or the malice of evil spirits, has not been 
 confined to one continent, or to a single age. it is not entirely ob- 
 literated among certain classes of our own peo])le. Regal authority 
 is still indicated by rich baubles of gold and gems. It matters little 
 whether the index of royalty be a sceptre or a simiile carved and 
 polished stone, so that it is sanctioned with general recognition." 
 
 In a description of arclia:ological sj)ecimcns found in Michigan, 
 Mr. Henry Clillman ' " has described one of these bird-shaped stones, 
 " formed from a beautiful jiiece of variegated slate, of a grayish-green, 
 interstralified with veins of a darker shade, and is neatly made and 
 finely polished;" and further remarks, that "similar ornaments have 
 been found throughout the United States ; and, as there has been 
 considerable discussion as to their use, I will here state that I have 
 learned through an aged Indian, that in olden time these ornaments 
 were worn on the heads of Indian women, but only after marriage. 
 I have thought that these jieculiar objects, which are always made of 
 some choice material, resemble the figure of a brooding biril ; a fa- 
 miliar sight to the 'children of the forest ; ' that thus they are emblem- 
 atic of maternity, and as such were designed and worn." 
 
 This view of their significance has been met with considerable 
 ridicule on the i)art of some, who, however, offered no better expla- 
 nation of these objects, as a substitute. Their occurrence in graves, 
 that were known to be those of females, by the fact that they were 
 not asso( iated with weajjons of any kind, is certainly in favor of 
 the \iew expressed by Mr. (lillman. In a local jjublication, the au- 
 thor'''- asked for information with reference to these bird-shajjed 
 stones : and, soon after, had the pleasure of receiving from Col. Chas. 
 Whittlesey of Cleveland, Ohio, the following : 
 
 "Dr. ]'",. Stirling, of this city, says, such biril effigies, made of wood, 
 have been noticed among the Ottawas of (Irand Traverse liay, Michi- 
 
 "I ()illni:iii. Siiiilh',c)ni;in Annual Ucporl for 1873, p. 371. W.ishir.slon, 1). C. 
 '"Abbott. Curiosity Hunter. January, 1878, Kockford, Illiuois. 
 
mRD-SHAPKD STOS'KS. 
 
 571 
 
 gan, fastened on tlie top of the lieads of women, as an indication 
 tiiat they are jireijnant. 
 
 "All of tlie stone Mrd etifigies I liave seen are ])erforated for attaeh- 
 ment to some other object. 
 
 "No doubt all the ornamented stones of jiolished slate with holes 
 for attachment had a meaning, and were significant of something per- 
 sonal to the wearer." 
 
 As further evidence that ol)jects having this significance were not 
 imknown to many of the Indian tribes, it may be mentioned that 
 AVilliam I'enn refers to a custom among the .Shawnees and Delawares, 
 with whom he formed liis celebrated treat)-, in 16S2, that bears indi- 
 rectly upon this snbjec',. He says, 'when the young women arc fit 
 for marriage, they wear something on their heads for an advertisement, 
 but so as their faces are hardly to be seen, but when they i)lease." 
 (Harvey's History of the Shawnees, j). 14, Cincinnati, 1S55.) \\'hile 
 there is nothing to imply that the "something" that these Indians wore 
 was bird-shaped, or was made of stone, wood or cloth ; it does .add to 
 the probability, that the objects now under consideration, whether bird 
 or mammal-shaped, or of so conventionalized a form that all trace of 
 realism is lost, do ha\e some such significance as mentioned l)y .Mr. 
 Gillman. 
 
 As an indication that these bird-shaped stones were not knife- 
 handles, or corn-huskers, attention has been called'''' to the fact, that 
 halves of these objects have been carefiilly ground smooth and pol- 
 ished on the fractured end, and a hole subse(iuently drilled for 
 suspending them, which could be done more conveniently through the 
 new hole, than through the two basal j)erforations common to all of 
 these bird effigies. ICasily i)leased, as the Indian doubtlessly was, in 
 the matter of decoration, it is hardly probable that a broken "hu.sking 
 peg" would ever have been used as a charm or pendant; but if the 
 unbroken object had a significance, such as has been mentioned by 
 Mr. Gillman and by Col. Whittlesey, then nothing is more natural than 
 
 "'Abbolt. Nature, vol. xii, p. 436, fig. 2. London, 1875. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 ! 
 
372 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 that a jiicco of one shoulil have been vitili/ed in the manner de- 
 scribeil. 
 
 Fig. 352 represents the comn.on form of these so-called bird-shaped 
 stones, much reduced in size. It is a fraction over four and a half 
 inches long. The body, or main portion, is very accurately sloped 
 to the back, which is a narrow flat ridge, of a uniform width of one 
 thirty-second of an inch. The " iiead " of the specimen is nearly 
 square, and not unlike the iiead of a blunt muzzled mammal in 
 shape. The knob-like protuberances stand out from the head one- 
 third of an inch, antl have a narrow neck, about one-half the width of 
 the "knob" itself. The bottom of tiie implement, as the illustration 
 shows, is flat. There is at each end of the specimen a small hole, 
 drilled obliciuely upward and outward from the flat base. 
 
 Fig, 352, — New Jersey, -f. 
 
 This specimen was found near Trenton, N. J. On the bluffs form- 
 ing the eastern bank of the Delaware river, south of Trenton, N. J., 
 on the site of one or more extensive Indian towns, fractions of these 
 bird-shaped stoni;s in great numbers have been found, and a few that 
 are only "blocked-out." All are of brightly colored or handsomely 
 marbled or striped stones, and none are without some degree of polish. 
 The size varies exceedingly, the largest being aljout seven inches in 
 length, the smallest scarcely three. In a series of eighty-four frag- 
 ments, there were about equal numbers of each of the sizes mentioned, 
 with i)erhaj)s a slight excess in the numbers of those of medium length, 
 say of about five inches. None of those of the largest size were too 
 heavy to have been worn upon the top of the head, an objection which 
 has been urged as to their use in the manner suggested. 
 
 r"'{3- 353 represents an interesting specimen of one of these bird- 
 
BIRD-SHAI'KI) STONES. 
 
 373 
 
 effigies, made of striped Silurian slate. It was found in Cumberland 
 Co., New Jersey, and is now in tiie archaeological museum at Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. Unlike most of the other examples of this class, tiiis 
 specimen has not the eye-like projections from the side of the 
 head. Being found in the immediate vicinity of D^'nvare bay, and 
 not far from the ocean, it has bcon suggested that it was in- 
 tended to represent a "diver" or duck, and that the elongated "neck" 
 was quite characteristic of these birds when rapidly swimming. On the 
 other hanil, it has been stoutly maintained that it was a "husking peg," 
 and it must be admitted, that it is better adapted to this use, than 
 either the preceding specimen, with the knobbed proiuberances on its 
 head, or the succeeding one with its broad circular base. 
 The fact that there is a marked individual difference in all these bird- 
 
 FiG. 353. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 sha])ed stones is one of much interest, even if it has no bearing upon 
 their significance. Of a very large number of specimens examined, no 
 two can be considered as strictly alike, although most forms of stone 
 implements can be very readily duplicated. 
 
 Fig. 354 represents one of these bird-shaped stones found in Ver- 
 mont."'' "It is made of a pretty breccia composed of light and dark 
 material. It is finely wrought and very smooth, though not polished. 
 The iii)per side is worked to a sharp edge, from which the sides round 
 outwards towards the rectangular base, in which there is a hole at each 
 end running obliquely through it. The length of the relic is four and 
 one-half inches, and the height nearly two inches." 
 
 ***Perkins. Amer, Nat., vol. v, p. 16, fig. 6. Salem, M.iss.. 1871, 
 
374 
 
 PRIMITIVE INOUSTRY. 
 
 Fij;. 355 represents another example of tliis class of olijects, but is 
 morr like a iiiainiiial tiiaii any binl. Siieciiuens with a broad circular 
 base, like figure 355, are t)f more common occurrence in the west, than 
 along the Atlantic seaboanl. A iierfect facsimile of this specimen, 
 
 Fiii. j;4. — VLTmunt. J, 
 
 except in having a pointed rather thi'n blunt n<(.-.e •)rbeak (if it maybe 
 so considered), is among the inle'-esting series of grave contents found 
 near Swanlon, Vermont. Another from Indiana diff.'red onl}' in being 
 of a \ery tlense granitic rock, of a dull gray color. 
 
 Fio. 353. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 A varietv of this form of ornamental stone, of which but few speci- 
 mens appear to have been found east of the Ohio valley, consists in 
 the supposed tail of the bird being repeated, as though the posterior 
 halves of two of such specimens as fig. 352 had been placed end to 
 
BlRIJ-SllAI'lJt SIOXKS. 
 
 375 
 
 end. 'I'his is rertainly a highly conventional manner of rejircsenting 
 a bird, l)Ul tiiat sue li Uvu-tailed, headless exainiiles are the same object 
 really, as the typical 
 form, is, without 
 (U)ubt, a fair infer- 
 ence. (See Smith- 
 sonian Contributions 
 to Knowledge, \(j. 
 287, fig. 211). To 
 this latter type of 
 these so-( ailed bird- 
 shaped objects nmst 
 be referretl the i'Uer- 
 esting s[)e<iuicii, figs. 
 
 35' 'I'l 35 7- 
 
 This oriiamiMital 
 
 stone bears liut little 
 reseml)laii(e e\en to 
 those modified biril- 
 shaped objects, which 
 have only the "tails" 
 of the su])posed birds 
 represented ; but the 
 characteristic obli(iue 
 perforations al the 
 ends, the flattened 
 base and slightly 
 curved upper surface, 
 are well defined. 
 
 This specimen is 
 made of a fine grained 
 sandstone of an olive- 
 green color, and is carefully worked over its several surfaces. An 
 interesting feature of this specimen consists in the series of narrow 
 
 Fir.s. 356 and 357. — New Jersey, 4» 
 
376 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 and now indistinct marginal notches extending along the edge of that 
 side of the specimen shown in fig. 356. Other than these is a series 
 of similar cuts or grooves of different lengths, extending down the 
 middle of the back or upper surface of the specimen. That these 
 are probably decorative only is questionable. 
 
 This rare form of ornament was found near Freehold, Monmouth 
 Co., N. J., by Rev. S. Lockwood, to whom I am indebted for an oppor- 
 tunity to figure and describe it. 
 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 GORGETS, TOTEMS, PENDANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 Inasmuch as the name "gorget" given to a class of supposed dec- 
 orative stones, or insignia of office or rank, has been so generally 
 adopted by American archa;ologists, it is here retained as the specific 
 designation of those large, thin slabs of stone, which, having two or 
 more holes through them, are supposed to ha\e been firmly attached 
 to the clothing, and not, like the various trinkets, simply suspended. 
 
 Probably nothing in the whole range of the stone implements anil 
 ornaments of the lr.',''an has been more discussed and written of than 
 these simple slabs of slate and sandstone. That they were really insig- 
 nia, as the designation "gorget" implies, is i)erhaps not known, but 
 it is quite possible that such was the case. Certainly, if not 
 badges, they were merely personal ornaments. Beyond tiiis we are 
 not warranted to theorize concerning them. 
 
 The following suggestion of Schoolcraft ''•^ is here offered as cover- 
 ing the whole ground ; and, adojiting it, they are classed as one fonn 
 of several decorative ol)jects described in tiiis chapter. They are 
 "one of the forms of those ancient badges of authority, to which, as 
 a generic term, the modern .Mgomiuins apply the n.ime A'u-/>e-hm'-a- 
 gitn. The native tribes, from our first actiuaintance with them, evinced 
 their fondness for insignia of this kind. The modern medal is the 
 result of a compliance on our part with this i)assion." 
 
 F'g- 35^ represents a common form of gorget. This specimen is 
 four and five-sixieenths inches long and one inch and five-eighths 
 wide at the midok' ; it has been very rudely drilled in two places from 
 each side until the depressions met, the distance between the holes 
 
 "°Tr ins. Amer. Ellinol. Society, vol. i., p. 401, pi. i., fig. 2. 
 
 (377) 
 
 1 
 
3/8 
 
 rRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 on one side being exactly four-fiftlis of an inch, a distance noticed 
 particularly by Sciuicr and Davis,'"' in several of the specimens they 
 figured. They remark, " It is a singular fact that the holes in the three 
 specimens first noticed, as also in some of those which follow, are 
 
 placed exacdy four-fifths of an inch 
 apart. This coukl hardh' have been 
 the result of accident. 'I'hese relics 
 were found at dilTerent localities, 
 several miles distant from each 
 other." If this similarity of distance 
 between the perforations was inten- 
 tional, it would seem that the stone 
 had some use other than that of a 
 breast-ornament merely. Certainly, 
 in such case, the mere distance sep- 
 arating the jioles could have had no 
 special use. In fig. 358 this distance 
 is variable, inasmuch as one hole is 
 obliiiuely drilled, and so jiroduces a 
 greater s]iace between the two per- 
 forations on one side than on the 
 other. 
 
 I'ig. 35S is made of reddish sand- 
 stone of a fme grain, and is suscep- 
 tible (if high p(jlish. Other speci- 
 mens, the same in all respects, except 
 material, from the same neighbor- 
 hood, are made of variegated slate; 
 and in one case the striped Silurian 
 slate, of which so many of those found in Ohio are made, is used. 
 The drilling in such of these gorgets, as are made of soft slate, is 
 usually verv irregular, when tompared with that of specimens made of 
 
 z. 333. — New juiacy. 
 
 "" Anc. Moil, Miss. Valley, p. 237. 
 
GORGETS, JOTEMS, PENDANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 379 
 
 a harder material. Why one scries should be bored with great accu- 
 racy, and the other so indifferently, is indeed puzzling; all tlie more so, 
 as the material that is easier to perforate is the more clumsily worked. 
 
 Kigs. 359 and 360 represent 
 the two sides of an exceed- 
 ingly interesting specimen. 
 As the illustr..tions so dis- 
 tinctly show, the entire sur- 
 faces are covered with incised 
 lines, so closely arranged that 
 their purpose is ])rol)al)ly only 
 decorative. As is conunon to 
 a majority of gorgets and of 
 allied trinkets, the margins of 
 this sjjec inien are cut into 
 deep, closely set not 'dies. 
 The theory that specimens of 
 this chara( ter were firndy at- 
 tached to the dress of the 
 wearer, and thus exposed to 
 the gaze of others, only upon 
 one side, is somewhat contra- 
 dicted liy the fact that an e(iual 
 amount of decoration is found 
 on the two sides. Were the HiJ5^i^''5J*^^^ 
 con,lnna.inns of straight, ob- M^^^ii§^§!0. 
 lupie and zigzag lines less '^iftgR^JS 
 closely placed, and fewer in ^TkMES 
 number, i)ortions, at least of 
 them, might be considered as 
 a reconl, rather than an orna- 
 ment, especially as the lines are by no means as distinct as in the 
 illustratiiins, whi< h are reproduced from a photograph, after it had 
 been careful!)- chalked, to bring out clearly thv; narrow, hairiike lines. 
 
38o 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The surface of fig. 360 has a smaller amount of supposed oma- 
 mciilation, is also a little smoother, and is nearly a perfect level, 
 between the perforations. From these considerations, it would ap- 
 pear that fig. 359 represented 
 the upper and fig. 360 the 
 lower side. 
 
 Of a series of over one 
 hundred of these gorgets from 
 New Jersey, this alone exhib- 
 its any trace of incised lines, 
 or other ornamentation, other 
 than the little notches about 
 the margins, whicli appear to 
 be the rule, rather than the ex- 
 ception. This specimen was 
 found near Freehold, Mon- 
 mouth Co., N. J., and is now 
 in the cabinet of Prof. Samuel 
 Lockwood of that j)lac;e. 
 
 Thin plates of native cop- 
 per have been occasionally 
 met with in New Jersey, 
 which, although considerably 
 smaller than the gorget here 
 figured, were umiucstionably 
 ornaments, and used in es- 
 sentially the same manner. 
 They are mentioned here 
 from verl)al descriptions only, 
 Fiu. 360.— New Jersey. \. jj,. ,^y specimens havc been 
 
 preserved in our museums. In Ohio, copjier gorgets of the usual 
 size are frequent. A handsome sjiecimen is figured among the illus- 
 trations (if mouiidbuilder relics from Ohio, in MacLean's volume ;'^' 
 
 "^ MacLean. The Moundbuilders, p. 164, fig, 35. Cincinnati, 1879. 
 
GORGEl-S, TOTEMS, PENDANIS AND 'JRINKETS. 
 
 381 
 
 and another in the account of mound explorations in Ohio, by the 
 late Prof. E. B. Andrews. ■'« 
 
 P'ig. 361 represents an interesting example of a gorget, which, 
 although broken, was evidently not discarded. The lower, cun-ed 
 antl unbroken end is two and three-fourths of an inch in width, and 
 notched as usual. The narrower end, where the fracture occurred, 
 has been carefully ground down, and now has as good a polish as the 
 uninjured sides. The perforations, four in number, are very rudely 
 executed. They have apj^ar- 
 ently been bored in pairs, 
 those near the middle of the 
 plate at one time, and the 
 others at another. The latter 
 are more evenly bored, and 
 the holes are straight. In the 
 central pair the perforations are 
 slightly olilique. The marginal 
 notches, in this specimen, are 
 nine in number. The same 
 number of nt)tches are upon 
 the under side, but they are 
 not merely continuations of 
 those, seen in the illustration. 
 
 While far from being disposed 
 to credit the native American 
 tribes with any advance in culture beyond what the traces of their handi- 
 work unquestionably warrant ; there is offered, in the frequent occur- 
 rence of these marginal not -hcs, an opportunity to inquire whether 
 the early race of the Atlantic seaboard did habitually record jiromi- 
 nent events, in the way indicated, by such carcfuUy-cut notches as 
 characterize the great majority of these gorgets. Have these notches 
 a significance, or are they merely ornamental? We know, indeed, 
 
 Fig. 361. — New Jersey. 
 
 "" Aiulrews. Tenth Annual Report, Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., 1877. 
 
 Mi 
 
382 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRV. 
 
 that tlie savage, like the child, is "pleased with a rattle, tickled with 
 a straw;" ])Ut were ideas of ornamentation so jjriniitive, tiiat he could 
 see any lieaiity in these marginal notches? Is the theory, that they 
 were merely decorative in character, consistent with the fact that the 
 same ])eople, who cut these little notches, also sha])ed the truly beau- 
 tiful ceremonial and bird-shaped stones, and carved lifelike portraits 
 of both men and animals? 
 
 Gorgets are found in great abundance along the whole Atlantic coast. 
 In New England they are as abundant as in the midiUe stales, and 
 perhaps the rich regions of the Ohio valley have not yieldeil a greater 
 number. In the Champlain valley of Vermont "gorgets, with one 
 hole or two, are found" everywhere.''''' ".As is the case elsewhere, 
 these are usually made of some comiiact, fine-grained stone that is 
 capable of taking a smooth jjolish. Slate is the most common mate- 
 rial in tiiose that I have seen, sometimes a red roofing slate, often a 
 dark-greenish talcose slate ^eined with black. The gorgets with one 
 hole are less common and less eleganUy made than those with two, 
 and the materi \1 seems less carefiiliy selected. Of the 'two-hole 
 stones,' tliose of rectangular outline are most abundant ; not that all 
 these are rectangular, but with some modification of this form, as 
 with corners cut off making an octagonal figure, or roundeil more or 
 less." 
 
 One variety of these gorgets, fre<iuently met wiUi in the west and 
 south, is shaped like a boat, which, while very rarely found in New 
 Jersev, is occasionally gathered with other relics from certain village 
 sites and burial jilaces of the Indians in New England. Erom ancient 
 graves near Swanton, Vermont, a nvmiber of these boat-shaped gorgets 
 have been obtained, associated, however, with others of plainer pat- 
 terns, but of efjually workmanlike finish. All are made of ornamental 
 stone, and jjcrforated. 
 
 Fig. 362 represents an example of this form of gorget found at 
 Bradford, New Hampshire. This specimen, which is four inches in 
 
 "•Perkins, /. e., p. 742. 
 
GORGETS, TOTEMS, I'ENUANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 383 
 
 length and but little more than one in width, is nut so kngL-, nor so 
 deep as iiu.se found in Vermont, but may be taken as a <:unnecting 
 link between the ilat or plain gorgets an<l tiiose that are even more 
 distinctly 1 Joat-shajK-d. 
 
 Some of tlie latter are not oval upon the convex side, but angular, 
 giving them a triangular outline. An example 
 of this kind, figured by Foster,'--^" was found 
 near Danville, Illinois; and others are in the 
 Museum at Camljridge, from Tennessee. The 
 perforations, in all of tliis triangular pattern, 
 arc near tlie ends, and are drilled in an obliciue 
 direction. In others, that are not so deeply 
 excavated, the jjerforations are variously placed. 
 A class of objects, closely allied to the pre- 
 ceding, but from their more elaborate char- 
 acter, sui)posed to have been invested with 
 greater significance, are those jierforated stones, 
 
 which are either shaped to represent animals, 
 
 or have representations of animals carved upon 
 
 them. These carved and ornamented stones 
 
 are here classed as " totems." Schoolcraft '•^' 
 
 has explained their origin and object, as being 
 
 connected with " the system of names imposed 
 
 on the men composing the Algonquin, Irofiuois, 
 
 Cherokee and other nations." With these, 
 
 "a fox, a bear, a turtle, etc., is fixed upon as 
 
 a badge or stem, from which the desccnilants 
 
 may trace their i)arentage. To do this, the 
 
 fi'nire of an animal is employed as a heraldic 
 
 sign or surname. This sign is called, in the Algoncpin, town-mark or 
 
 totem." 
 
 In this connection it may be well also to refer briefly to the tradi- 
 
 Fir.. 362. — New Hamp- 
 shire. 1. 
 
 iw Foster. Prcl.istoric Races of the U. S., p. 2^2, fig. 28. Chicaso, 1873. 
 '■■' History of InJiaii Tribes, vol. i, p. 52. 
 
384 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 tional history of the Delaware Indians, as recorded by Heckewelder.i^s 
 He mentions that, in accordance with their tradition, after they dis- 
 covered the Delaware river, they explored " tlie Scheyichbi country, 
 now named New Jersey." These migrating Indians finally settled on 
 four rivers, "making the Delaware, to which they gave the name of 
 Lenapc Wihittuck, the centre of their possessions." They here di- 
 vided themselves into three tribes, two of them distinguished by the 
 names of the turtle and the turkey ; the latter settling nearest the sea. 
 
 Fig. 363. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 The third tribe, the Minsi or wolves, setded in the mountainous region 
 north and westward of Musconetcong creek. 
 
 Fig. 363 represents a highly polished, black hornstone pebble, oval 
 in shape, flat upon the under side, and slightly convex upon the other, 
 perforated at each end ; and upon the upper side, as seen in the illus- 
 tiation, there is clearly and quite artistically engraved a turde. This 
 most interesting object was found near Titusville, Mercer Co., New 
 Jersey, in the very neighborhood where the turde tribe of the Dela- 
 ware nation were settled. The inference is that this stone is not 
 simply an ornament, as a liead, a bear's tooth or a perforated pebble, 
 
 '5' Heckewclder. Hist. Account of Indians: Vol. ist, Transactions Atner. Phil. Soc, p. 33. 
 Philadelphia. 
 
COKGKIS, lOTKMS, I'I'.XDANTS AND TUINKKl'S. 
 
 3«5 
 
 hut has that tribal or totemic significance which is mentioned l)y 
 .Sclioolcraft as <()nHn(jn to the Algoncj'.iin Indians. 
 
 Tills is not the only specimen of its kind that has been discovered 
 in the valley of the Delaware. The turtle on the pipe (fig. 317), fi'om 
 Lewes, Delaware, may ha\e had a totemic significance ; and the heads 
 of birds etched upon a stone-knife (fig. 43) and a bone implement 
 (fig. 192), clearly show that animal representations were not uncom- 
 mon, although ]>robably none were of totemic significance, excejit 
 fig. 363 and possibly the turtle j)ipe. 
 
 Objects made by carving the stone to rei)resenl an animal have 
 frequently been met wiih in New Mngland. I'"ig. 364 rei>resents an 
 interesting example found near I])s\virh, Mass., and described by 
 Mr. F. W. Putnam, as follows : — • 
 
 "This stone was evidently carved with care for the purpose of lieing 
 worn as an ornament, and was probably suspended from the neck. It 
 is of a soft slate, easily cut with a sharp, hard stone. The markings 
 left in various places by the carver, showing v.here his tool had slipped, 
 indicate that no very delicate instrument had been used, while the 
 several grooves, made to carry out the idea of the sculptor, indicate 
 as plainly that the instrument by which they were made, had, what we 
 should call, a rounded edge, like that of a dull hatchet, as the grooves 
 were wider at the top than at the bottom, and the strirc show that they 
 were made by a sort of sawing motion, or a rubbing of the instrument 
 backwards and forwards. In flvct, the car\er's tool might have been 
 almost any stone implement, from an arrowhead to a skin scraper, or 
 any hard piece of roughly chipped stone. 
 
 Fig. 364 represents the stone of natural size, its total length being 
 two and a half inches. It is of general vmiform thickness, about one- 
 fifth of an inch, except where the angles are slightly rounded off on 
 the front of the heail and on the abdominal outline, and the i)ortion 
 representing the forked tail, or caudal fin, which is rapidly and sym- 
 metrically thinned to its edges, as is the notched portion rejjresenting 
 the dorsal fin. 
 
 The car\-ing was evidently intendeil to rei)resent a fish, with some 
 
386 
 
 I'RIMIIIVK 1X1)1 ^STRV. 
 
 pcailiar ideas of the artist added and several important characters left 
 out. The three longitudinal grooves in front represent tiie mouth and 
 jaws, wliile the transverse grcjove at their termination gives a limit to 
 the length of tlie jaw, and a very decided groove on the under side 
 divides tlic under jaw into its right and left i)ortions. The eyes are 
 represented as slight depressions at the top of tiie head. The head 
 is separated from tlie abdominal jiortion by a decided groove, and the 
 t audal fin is well represented by the forked portion, from the centre of 
 whicii the rounded termination of the whole projects. In this jjart 
 there is an irregularly made hole of a size large enough to allow a 
 strong cord to jiass through for the purpose of suspension. The por- 
 tion of the sculpture rising in the jjlace of a dorsal fin is in several 
 
 Fiu. 364. — ^Massachusetts. \, 
 
 ways a singular conception of the ancient carver. ^Vi^i!e holding the 
 position of a ilorsal fin, it points the wrong wa)-, if we regard the por- 
 tion, looking so mu( h like a shark's tooth, as intended to represent the 
 fin as a whole. It is very likely that the designer wished to show that 
 the fin was not connected with tlie head and, as he was confined by 
 the length of tlie ])iece of stone, after making tlie head so much out 
 of proportion, he was forced to cut under the interior jjortion of the 
 fin in order to express the fact. If we regard it in this light, the notches 
 on the upper edge may be considered as indicating the fin rays ; but 
 the figure best shows the character of the sculpture, and j)ersons inter- 
 ested can draw their own conclusions. 
 
 "The symmetry of the whole carving is well carried out, both sides 
 being alike, with the exception that the raised i)ortion at the i)osterior 
 
nilKCKlS, Tl n'RMS, I'l-.N'DANTS .\\l> IKINKI IS. 
 
 387 
 
 part of wliat I liave called the dorsal fin is a little more marked 
 on the left side than on the right, and the edge on the same side 
 is surrounded by a faint, irregularly drawn line. 
 
 "The carving was, I think, umiuestionably made by an Indian of the 
 tribe once numerous in this vicinity ; and, as it was almost beyond a 
 doubt cut by a stone tool of some kind, it must be considered as (juite 
 an ancient work of art, i)robably worn as a 'medicine' and ])ossil)ly 
 indicated eidier the name of the wearer or that he was a noted fisher- 
 
 man. 
 
 I'ig. 365 represents a carved stone, found at Seal)rook, New Hamp- 
 shire, which is supposed to "rudely represent a porpoise or, still better, 
 a white whale or Beluga, as it had no protuberam e r.'presenting the 
 dorsal fm of the porpoise, and the Beluga is without the fin. The flip- 
 pers or pectoral fins were represented by the protuberances on the 
 sides, and the mouth was cut in and well indicated. The broad hori- 
 zontal tail was decidedly cetacean in character, and the whole car\-ing, 
 though rudely done by picking the sienitic rock, from which it was 
 made, with stone implements, was yet so characteristic as to indicate 
 at once that a porpoise or Beluga was intended. A hole through the 
 portion representing the tail shows that the object was suspended, but 
 the stone is so large and heavy that it can hardly be classed as a per- 
 sonal ornament, though it is probably to be regardetl as a totem. It 
 measures ten inches in length by about two in depth at the pectoral 
 fins, and is about two and a quarter inches wide across the pectorals 
 as measured on die under side. This interesting specimen was found 
 at Seabrook. N. H., and it is said that two other similarly worked 
 stones have been found at the same place. 
 
 "The figures here given represent the 'object' in profile and from 
 the under side." 
 
 Fig. 366 represents a typical specimen of a well-known class of 
 perforated stones, generally called jjcndants, or gorgets. A\'hcther 
 any distinction really exists cannot now be determined; but the foct 
 
 '" Puliuiiii. IJullttiil Kssex Inst., vol. v. Sak-m, Mass. 
 
.^sx 
 
 IMJIMIIIVI.' INIilSiKV. 
 
 tluit soiiiu of tlicso stoiU'S havi.' oiii' lHTt\ii;Ui(iM, wliilsl otluMS liavc 
 Uvo ov more, induatL's a ililTctviu i; in i!k- nictluid of atUchiiig 
 
 a I 
 Ir 
 
 ni 
 ol 
 
 TV 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^■f^ 
 
 'M-. 
 
 Ife. 
 
 Kit;. 365. — N'cw II:unpshirc. J. 
 
 them to tlie rlothing. This (Hfforcnce may also bo an indication 
 tlial the two forms had (hffcrunt uses, the so-called gorget having been 
 ai)plied to some special purpose while the pendant proper was simply 
 
COKCJKIS, lOlKMS, fKNIlANI'S AN'l) TKINKI'/IS. 
 
 389 
 
 an ornament. Fij,'. 366 is m:u\c of sri|)i.'iitiiu', and is lii,L;liIy ))olislic(l. 
 In outline and fini>h, it is tiie ( ()iinU'r])arl of sions <jf similar articles 
 yatliered from every i)art of the Atlantic coast. Many, liowever, arc 
 much !ar;^cr. ]ii the Museum at ("aml)ri(l;;e, Mxss., are two cxami)le.s 
 of these large jiendants, one of which (!'. M. No. 602) measures 
 nearly seven inches in length, by two and three-eigliths inihes in 
 greatest \vi(hh, with the iierfjration very near one end. 'J'he other 
 
 is shorter and broader and has the jier- 
 foration an incli from the end. 
 
 Fk;, 366. — New Jersey. 
 
 Fk;, y<7- — New Jersey, •} • 
 
 Among the contents of a series of ancient Indian graves, examined 
 by Mr. Putnam,'"'' were th.ve of these pendants of large size. One is 
 without a jjerforation, and another has a series of well defined notches 
 on one end. 
 
 !■"'{?• 3''7 represents a second example of a stone pen<lant, and 
 
 '•'•* I'liiiKtiii. Ihitleiin Ksscx Inst., vul. iii, ji. i~m 
 
390 
 
 l-KIMITIVl!-. INUUSTRV. 
 
 differs fruivi the preceding in liaving u rude attenipl at ornamentation, 
 'iiie pebble, from wliich tliis specimen is made, remains otherwise 
 unaltered. Tiie fracture on one side was jjrobably caused by the 
 plouLili. The lines are only upon one side, and are so far apart and so 
 few in number, that they cannot no7i' be considered as adding to its 
 beauty. Indeed, so rude in many respects is tliis example, that it 
 may have been intended for some other puqiosc, — possibly as a 
 sinker for a fishing-line, to which use it had been applied before 
 coming into the eager possession of a relicdiunter. 
 
 Several pendants of the character 
 and size of figs. 366 and 367, made 
 of hemati'.e and similarly perfor- 
 ated, have been found in Hunter- 
 don Co., N. J. Tiiese jircscnted 
 no j)eculiarity whatever, other than 
 in the character rf the material, 
 which was very seldom used by the 
 New Jersey Indians, although it 
 exists in the greatest abundance in 
 the inmiediate vicinity of the place 
 where these s[iecimens were ftiund. 
 Ornaments and small celts of hema- 
 tite seem to be principally found in 
 Ohio, judging from the large 
 j)roportion of objects from that 
 state, made of this material, that are contained in our i)rincii)al 
 museums. 
 
 Fig. 36S represents an interesting specimen (if the usual f,.rm, but 
 matle of a pebi>le and thicker than the usual pendants of slate, 'ilie 
 remarkable feature of this example is the extremely rude represen- 
 tation of a human face cut upon one side. The stone is an accurate 
 oval in outline, and near the smaller end a hole, for suspension, h.is 
 been drilled. Unlike all other representations (jf the human face, 
 this one is produced by a curious combination of straight lines. The 
 
 Flc. 368. — New Jersey. \. 
 
fJOUfilVlS, luri-.MS, I'l-.NUANIS AND JKINKKl'S. 
 
 39' 
 
 eyes ■ '■ shallow co'.intersiink holes, enclosed in diamond-shaped 
 figures, the ii(«e is represented by straight lines, the surface of the 
 stone on each side having been slightly gnjund down, so as to bring 
 that feature more prominently into relief. 
 
 This specimen was taken from an Indian ^rave near Vincentown, 
 Burlington Co., N. J., and, associated with it, were fjund two celts, 
 a dozen arrowpoints, and a fe'v glass beads. l"he presence of the 
 last-mentioned articles shows that the burial was after the general 
 introduction of articles of lairopean nianu- 
 ficture among the native tribes ; though it 
 does not nec-essarily imply that the relic it- 
 self was of modern date. It is well known 
 that many objects, the handiwork of their 
 own ancestors, generations before, were held 
 in veneration and preser\eil as relics by the 
 recent Indians. 
 
 ]'"ig. 369 re])resents a second examiile of 
 a pendant, in this instaiMC of inu( h smaller 
 size, with a stil! ruder representation of tiie 
 human face. In this specimen, the features 
 are delineated by a few lines, within an oval 
 that marks the boundaries of the face. This 
 face car\lng bears considerable resemblance 
 to one found in i' ihio, and figured in the 
 Po]>ular Science Monthly.'-'' The work- 
 manship in that case, however, is reall)' artistic, and the stone on 
 which it is carved is carefully and symmetrically shaped and polishe<l. 
 In fig. 369 we have simpl)' a fiat, elongated oval pebble, without any 
 alteration of the surfaces other than the perforation and the rudely 
 incised free. 
 
 In this, aii<l the pre<-eding spe<imens, we have examples of carving 
 upon a vcrv hard, lunit'ldiug Imrnslone, wiii< h may account for the 
 
 I'l.;. ,^<: 
 
 ' New Terse 
 
 L'y. 
 
 "'Abljolt. I'lijiuLir Scitnci; Muiitlily, vul.vii, 1876. New York. 
 
392 
 
 I'KIMiriVK IN'DUSTRV. 
 
 nidf finish ; as steatite objects, of a similar cliaracter, are inucli more 
 artistically executetl. 
 
 Pendants of this ])attern are very rare, and none, as yet, ha\e been 
 found in New England. In the southern states tlieir place seems to 
 have been supi)lied in jjart by the shell-disks or totems, upon which 
 are inscribed birds' heads, sjjiders, rattlesnakes, and in some instances, 
 the human face. Examples of the latter, quite as rudely executed as 
 the one figured above, have been taken from mounds in Virginia,'-'''' 
 Tennessee and Arkansas. 
 
 Fig. 370 represents a small human foce, carved in steatite, found 
 many years ago, on the shores of Cayuga Lake, New York. This 
 sijccinien is very interesting, as it is the only one of the series of 
 illustrations given, wh.erein the Indian face is truth- 
 fully expressed or jiortrayed. While this sjjecimen 
 can scarcel)-, from its small size, be called a pen- 
 dant, yet it IS most api)ropriately considered here, 
 in connection with the attemiits at jiortraiture 
 shown in the ]>receding examples. A specimen of 
 a stone fue, of somewhat smaller size, but of the 
 same character of workmanship, and j)eculiar In- 
 dian cast of countenance, was lately found in a 
 shell-heap, opposite Red I'.ank, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. The 
 mateiial is steatite of a dark greenish color. Associated with it, were 
 fragments of pottery, and half of a "ceremonial object," which was 
 profusely marked with the short, deep notches, scj common to gor- 
 gets. This account is taken from a letter addressed to the Museimi 
 of Archa;oiogy, at Cambridge, Mass., by Chas. F. Woolley, l]s(i. 
 (the gentleman who found the specimen), of Eatontown, Monmouth 
 Co., New Jersey. 
 
 Representations of the human face njion stones a;e of c onmion 
 occurrence, not only among the relics if the modern Indians, but also 
 of the western moundbuildcrs. In many cases, these carvings were 
 
 Fig. 370. — New 
 York. ■{. 
 
 *'"'C\nr. 'IVmll Aniiu.il Ucport (if I'tj.iljudy Museum, p. 87, ti;^. ^ CauibrKli;!:, 1077. 
 
COKULTS, TOITMS, I'l.NDAN IS ANM) 'IKIN'KllTS. 
 
 3<J3 
 
 merely (jrnamcnts, thoii;^'a some of them a]ipcnr to have been held 
 ill great reverence. In tliis conneetiiMi, tlie ful'/jwing statement, tran- 
 scribed from a Kansas jjaper, is of interest. 
 
 ".Vaout the lotli of July (i86S), the Kiowas had a battle with the 
 Utes, in which the chief, Heap-of-Hears, and seven other Kiowa braves 
 were killed. Heap-of-Bears had on his iierson the medicine of the 
 Kiowas, which was captured by the I'les, who still retain it. This 
 medicine consists of an image about eighteen inches in length, 
 car\-cd to represent a human face and covered with the down and 
 feathers of the eagle an.l other bir^ls, and swathed in wrajipers 
 of different materials of value. Although I have been conversant 
 with Indian habits and customs for a long time, 1 was surprised to 
 find the value these people attach U> this medicine. They begged 
 and implored Col. Murphy to recover it for them, and promised to 
 pay tlie Utes as many horses as they wanted, and also to make a per- 
 manent and lasting peace not only with the Utes, but also to refrain 
 from further depredations on the Texas border, if this should be re- 
 stored. Col. Murphy promised to endeavor to recover it, but I think 
 his success in the matter will be doubtful, as the I'les als(j attach 
 great importance to their capture, belie, Ing that while they retain it, 
 the Kiowas will be ]iowerless to do them harm." 
 
 The hu! ,an face was not only represented in the several ways that 
 have been described ; but the Atlantic coast Indians appear to have 
 occasionally attempted works of a more pretentions character, although 
 their success in human portraiture cannot be commendc<l. 
 
 Fig. 37, represents a stone mask found at Trenton, X. J.'-" Stone 
 masks like this have l)een somewhat frequently found in the mound 
 region of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, but arc not common east- 
 ward of these l<3calities. The specimen here figured is probably the 
 only one yet discovered in New Jersey, and thus far but few, if any 
 specimens, have been found in New laiglaud. I'ig. 37 > '"^ '•• l^'"''! 
 sandstone i)ebble. and measures six iiK'hes in length by a tVa.tion 
 
 'o^ Al,lj„ii, Nature, vol. xii, 1.. .(I, I"':-;'!"-': ""' i"ii»tj<-''';'l- I.oiiJ""> >875. 
 
594 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 ovLT four inches in greatest breadth. It is conravo-convex, llio con- 
 cavity being shallow and artificial. The carving of the front or convex 
 side is very rude, and certainly shows no evidence of the work of 
 metallic tools. The eyes are simply conical, countersunk holes ; just 
 such dei)ressions as the larger stone drills, so common among the 
 surface relics of this neigliborhood, would produce. The eyebrows or 
 superciliary ridges are well defined, but are angular rather than curved, 
 
 and in this respect the 
 specimen resembles fig. 
 360. Tlie nose is very 
 flat and an^'.ilar ; tlie 
 nioutli i'.iere!y a shallow 
 groove. The ears are 
 broken, but api)ear to 
 have been formed with 
 more care than any 
 other of tlie features. 
 The chin is slightly pro- 
 jecting. I'ntil other 
 specimens of like ( liar- 
 
 acter shall iiave been 
 
 t 
 
 found along the Atlantic 
 seaboard, it is scarcely 
 safe to conjecture even 
 as to the significance of 
 this specimen. Its re- 
 scmblaiue to tliose found in the region occupied by the mound- 
 builders, and also to the Mexican masks, will at once be remarked; 
 but, that it has any bearing on the relationship of the "Red Indian 
 to the moundbuilders, or the latter to ancient Mexicans, is very 
 doubtful. 
 
 In the l''ast collection of Alaskan antiquities, in tlie r.ui .rum at 
 Cambriilge, Mass., there are two specimens of car\ed stone orna- 
 ments, one of wliich bear.i a marked resemblance to fig, 368, although 
 
 Fi<;, 
 
 Sew icrsL'V. 
 
GORGETS, TOTEMS, I'ENDAN-I-S AND TRINKETS. 
 
 395 
 
 finished much more artistically. The other, while of a different char- 
 acter, being a flat ring with eight human faces carved upon it, is also of 
 interest, as the faces are <iuite similar to those upon the New Jersey 
 specimens. 
 
 The Alaskan example, with a single face carved upon it, is a flat, 
 oval pebble, two and one-half inches in width and three inches long. 
 This ornament or charm has a hole through it, at the upper c:h1, simi- 
 lar to the perforations in figs. 368 and 369. Tiie surface ui)on which 
 the flice is cut is convex, but with a wide flattened margin ornamented 
 with closely set parallel lines. The back of the stone is flat and with- 
 out markings of any kind. 
 
 The similarity of these Alaskan si)ecimens of stone carvings to those 
 of the eastern coast Indians is not the only instance of tiiis kind, of 
 whicji there is evidence. Already, reference has been made to the 
 identity of the semilunar slate knives of Alaska and those fountl so 
 abundantly in the New luigland and middle states. 
 
 The sameness of the productions of distant and distinct people 
 must be very cautiously taken as an indication of their former contact, 
 or remote relationship, especially when there have always existed geo- 
 graphical barriers which were practically impassable. In the present 
 instance, however, it is not strange that a marked similarity should be 
 traced between the implements and ornaments of the Indians and the 
 handiwork of the Arctic races. These two people have certainly been 
 frequently in contact, and the belief that the Indian displaced the 
 Eskimo over a considerable territory, far south of the present range of 
 the latter, is founded on much strong evidence. 
 
 Fig. 372 represents a most interesting carving in stone that differs 
 materially from all the others mentioned in this chajiter. 'i'iie others, 
 with perhaps one exception, are representations of familiar objects, 
 or are merely smoothed j)ebbles with decorative lines ; but in this 
 instance, by the use of effective lines, there is apparently a departure 
 from the representation of natural forms towards conventionalism. 
 
 If tills be the correct understanding of this carving, it is probable 
 that it may be regarded as a conventionalized human foce ; and as 
 
396 
 
 I'KlMUlVli INDUS. -«Y. 
 
 iMi;. 
 
 - Nt^w Jersey. 
 
 siK li is of iinirh interest from the rarity of sucli work in the relirs o. 
 tlie tril)es of the eastern seaboard. 
 
 'I'lie material is steatite, now black from age and exposure. The 
 upper suriaee and back of this object are perfectly i)lain and pol- 
 ished. The deep upper groove on the front surface is suggestive 
 of a means whereby tlie stone could have been suspended or at- 
 tached, but it is as likely tliat such objects 
 were carried in jjouches as attached to their 
 ])ersons. As will be seen by reference to 
 the illustration, the upper portion is ([uite 
 suggestive of the eyes and nose of a human 
 face; but the lower portion c ui only be 
 construed as representing cheeks, a mouth 
 and chin, by closely regarding these lines in 
 connection with those of the upper part of 
 the carving. 
 I'\>r this inlerestuig specimen, the author is indebted to the kindness 
 of Master Herbert C'oleman, cf Recklesstown, liurlington Co., New 
 Jersey, wjio found it on the bank of a small creek near that village. 
 
 ]''ig. 373 represents a very interesting example of a carving in 
 stone, representing the head of a fox. In no one particular is the 
 car\ ing correct, yet the general resemblance is unmistakable, and no 
 (lotibt can exist, but that tlie ancient sculptor 
 intended to ]iortray a fox's head. 'Hie small, 
 knob-like protuberance at the necK, in con- 
 nection with the deei) groove that separates it 
 from the head, shows that this little carving was 
 suspended ; and, either as a single ornament 
 attadied to the dress, or as the pendant and jjrominent feature of a 
 string of beads, was used for personal adornment. 
 
 Animal carvings, like fig. 373, have been very rarely met with in 
 the valley of the Delaware river, or anywhere in New England. In 
 central New York, and along the valley of the Susquehanna, they 
 are more frequently found. 
 
 '''><•• J73-— Peniiii. ^. 
 
(;i)K(;Krs, roiKMs, i'KNDANTs and iuinkkts. 
 
 .V)7 
 
 This specimen of a carving in stone was found near Columbia, 
 Lancaster Co., I'a., l)y C. \V. Ca!c)-, l';s(|., and !))■ iiini presented 
 to tlie late Prof. S. S. llaldenian, from whom the autiior received it 
 for pur[)Oses of description and figuring in tliis worlc. 
 
 A second example of these charms, jiendants or trinkets, as the case 
 may be, fig. 374, which was also received from my lamented friLiid, is 
 a carved arrowpoint of steatite, which is (juite elaborati-ly ornamented. 
 On one side of the specimen there is drawn, by incised lines, a spirited 
 representation (jf our well-known "snapper" iyChchJra server, tina'), 
 and on the other si<le, there are closely arranged series of i)arallel, 
 straight and oblicjue lines, which give a net-like ap[)earance to this :-ide. 
 'I'his is the only instance known to the author of well-known forms of 
 weapons being reproduced, in miniature, as orna- 
 ments. The representation of the turtle, however, 
 is of common occurrence. 
 
 In chapter V, attention has been called to the 
 occurrence of birds' heads engraved upon a :;late 
 knife, and to the proljabilit)- that they were in- 
 tended to represent the heads of turkeys. In this 
 instance we have the other "totemic" animal 
 represented, of the three which were chosen l)y 
 the Lenni Lenape as the clan-marks of their nation : the wolf, the 
 turkey and the turtle. Interesting as the specimen is, irrespective 
 of the totemic significance of the animal engraved upon it, this liis- 
 torical knowledge of the political divisions of the Delaware Indians 
 certainly adds to tliat interest very materially. Unlike many of the 
 objects described in the present chapter, this specimen may not be 
 simply an ornament ; but what significance it had can now only be 
 conjectured. 
 
 This unic[ue specimen, fig. 374, was found by Mr. (1. W. Caley, at 
 Washington Boro', Lancaster C^o., Pa., and presented to the late Prof. 
 S. S. Hakleman. 
 
 Under the name "trinket" is included a miscellaneous series of 
 small objects, which from their size, general appearance and material 
 
 Fic. 374. — Pcnna. \, 
 
39« 
 
 rKIMiriVF, INDHSTRV. 
 
 of whicli many are made, are believed to have been simply small orna- 
 UKMits \v(jrn eitlier singly, or in numbers, as a string of bcails ; or car- 
 ried al)out tl.e person, as "<;harms." Almost ail such objects are either 
 ])erforate(l or grooved, and so were evidently attached to the dress or 
 l)er.;on by a cord. Many of these small ornaments were i)rol)ably also 
 attached to scalps ; and, thus bedecked with small perforated stones, 
 human fmger bones and shells, these scal|)s were borne aloft in many 
 of the well-known Indian dances. No object seems to have been too 
 crude for the foncy of an Indian, and it is not strange that so many 
 fragments of commonplace objects even are found, which show that 
 they had been used in some such manner as described. These objects 
 represent, in great part, the jewelry of the present 
 day, and while not possessing the same intrinsic 
 value, or any of the beauty of modern bijouterie, 
 they certainly are no less meaningless. 
 
 No classification of such objects can, of course, 
 be made, and but little can be said with reference 
 to the geographical distribution of the various forms. 
 In some localities, perforated teeth and shell orna- 
 ments are more freciuenUy found than in others, 
 where stone trinkets are abundant ; but in no locality 
 does there appear to be any common form of trin- 
 ket strictly peculiar to that neighborhood. 
 Fig. 375 represents a small, but symmetrical trinket, which has a 
 marked peculiarity in the ornamentation upon one side. The speci- 
 men itself is short, being but one inch and three-quarters in length. 
 The upper or perforated end is but three-eighths of an inch in width, 
 and from this upper margin the specimen increases uniformly in width 
 until near the bottom, when it rounds off in an almost regular curve. 
 The hole appears to have been drilled wholly from the plain, or under 
 side, being wider there at the surface than upon the opposite side, 
 which has a slightly worn edge occasioned by the rubbing of the cord 
 that suspended it. 
 
 The ornamentation of fig. 375 differs from any other specimen col- 
 
 Fic. 375. — New 
 Jersey. 
 
HORGKTS, -lOrKMS, I'KNDANIS ANU TRINKETS. 
 
 399 
 
 Iccted by the author. The surfixcc of the stone has l)een smootlily 
 
 worn off, leaving, a sliort distance below the perforation, a qiiatlran- 
 
 gular figure tliat may be called a hollow s(iuare, there 
 
 being a cleanly cut depression in the centre of the 
 
 projecting "square," the width of which is just 
 
 double the depth. Lelow this figure commences a 
 
 second, which can be compared to an inverted pic k- 
 
 axe, with the iron arms slraighter than usual. It is 
 
 simply a "raised" ridge, the surrounding surfue 
 
 being cut away to leave it in bold relief. It is \v)t 
 
 exactly in the centre of the specimen, but near it, 
 
 the upper ridge or handle of the pick being slightly 
 
 inclined to one side. I!elow this, the specimen is i'"^ 37<^--srassa. 
 
 cluisclls. \. 
 
 smoothly polished and somew hat sloped to the end. 
 
 P'ig. 376 represents an ornament made of a metacarpal bone of a 
 deer. One end is very much worked by Ijeing giound down and 
 perforated, but the sides of the bone and the lower end (/. r., lower 
 end as seen in the illustration) are not altered 
 in any way. Small bone trinkets or ornaments 
 of this character are not uncommon, wherever 
 the soil has been of such a character as to pre- 
 vent the decomposition of the bone. The 
 marked absence of bone implements generally, 
 in some districts, is doubtless due to this cause. 
 Fig. 376 was found in an Indian grave in 
 Lagrange street, Salem, Mass. With it were 
 several bone spoons, made from the jaw of a 
 porjjoise. 
 
 Fig. 377 represents an interesting specimen 
 of this class of relics. It is a piece of black, 
 well-worn stone, but with no polish ; it is thin, 
 but irregulariy so, and has a greasy feeling which 
 is most deceptive. One can almost smell the grease, now stale, with 
 which the object seems to be saturated. The specimen is leaf-shaped, 
 
 Fin. 377. — New Jer- 
 sey. |. 
 
4«o 
 
 I'RIMHIVk iNi)i;srkv. 
 
 more pointed at one end than llie other, and, when viewed hori- 
 /Dntaliv, bears sunie resemblance to a I'lsli. 
 
 So generally are these stone trinkets, such as fig. 377, found singly 
 liolh ni)on the surface and in graves, that it seems probable that they 
 were worn singl)', to a great extent, as lias been suggested, and not 
 as one of many similar objects, as a string of beads, unless the beads 
 have decomposed. Their occurrence in New Jersey, in ancient 
 graves, is very unusual ; and they are not mentioned as among the 
 contents of ancient graves found in New I'Jigland. 'J'hese jierforated 
 stones certainly can be nothing else than ornaments, ami as they are 
 so abundant on many of our fields, it seems the mure suri)rising that 
 none shoul<l be founil with skeletons, especially as glass beads and or- 
 naments of European origin so generally occur in the more recent 
 burials. It is jjossible, however, that all such (jrnaments and trinkets 
 of every description are really from graves which have been obliterated 
 by the destruction of the forest once covering these fields, and their 
 long subsecjiient cultivati(jn. If the Indians placed their tlead in very 
 shallow graves, it is jiossible that all the relics of this ])eople, now 
 found upon the surface in some localities, are really grave contents ; 
 but it is not certain that they practised this method of disposing of 
 the bodies of their dead. 'I'hey certainly had otiier mortuary customs 
 also, as burying in tumuli, and in placing the body in a sitting ])osture 
 in holes dug sufficiently deep to be beyond the reach of the plough- 
 share. 'I'he general levelling of our fields, however, through the action 
 of winds and rain may have brought these, since the cultivation of the 
 soil has been in progress, (juite near the surface. It requires but a very 
 short time, geologically considered, for a tract of coimtry, which, 
 while coveretl with trees, was quite rolling, to become comparatively 
 level, when once denuded of its forest growth and put under culti- 
 vation. 
 
 Fig. 378 represents a more marked example of these thin, black 
 hornstone pebbles, which has been utilized as an ornament. Whether 
 the natural cordate outline of this j)ebble t;aused it to be chosen, or nt)t, 
 is doubtful.' The fact that it is a smooth, jet-black, and thin pebble, 
 
GORGETS, TOTEMS, PENDANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 401 
 
 was probably the sole cause of its being perforated, and made thereijy 
 an ornament. Wiiile tiiis stone to us is a conventional heart in shape,, 
 it certainly had no meaning of this kind to the Indian who made 
 it. "The two-lobed form is Ijut a conventional device of civilized 
 man to represent the human heart, and it is not at all probable 
 that the North American Indian employed such a figure before he: 
 came into contact with the Europeans, especially as he does not use 
 it in his paintings and etchings at the present time, but copies directly 
 from nature." '^'* 
 
 Occasionally this form has been found, of wholly artificial outline,, 
 which shows that it is a 
 "tyj)e " of ornamental 
 stones, the origin of which 
 may have been the natural 
 pebbles of this shape, which 
 were chosen simply for their 
 attractive appearance. 
 
 Of a later date are heart- 
 shaped pieces of sheet-brass 
 which have been found in 
 considerable numbers in In- 
 dian graves, in the northern 
 parts of New Jersey and in 
 the New England states. 
 As the material was derived from the Europeans, it is probable 
 that these brass "hearts," like brass arrowheads, were made l)y the 
 whites and sold to the Indians, and not generally designed by the 
 Indians themselves. 
 
 Fig- 379 represents a split, water-worn jasper pebble, of somewhat 
 irregular shape, with an extensive perforation through it. Tlie hole 
 upon the under or split side is about one-half the diameter that it is 
 upon the upper. The under side, however, has an equally weather- 
 
 FiG. 378. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 '•' Enrber. American Naturalist, vol. xi, p. 45. Boston, Mass., 1S77. 
 26 
 
4o: 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INUUSTRY. 
 
 worn polish with the upper, indicating that the perforation was made 
 subsetiuently to tlie splitting of the pebble, or that many years have 
 elapsed since the "split" pe1)ble was ilrilled, the peculiar gloss of the 
 fractured surfoce indicating great age. The somewhat irregular out- 
 line of the perforation upon the "split" side of the pebble favors the 
 belief that the fracture occurred after the drilling. This specimen is 
 interesting from its resemblance to an African example figured by Sir 
 John Lubbock.'M This African drilled stone is s(iuare instead of 
 pentagonal, and the drilling is of much less diameter at the iunction 
 of the two depressions which, together, make the perforation. 
 
 It may, perhaps, be tjuestioned if perforated pebbles, as large as 
 
 Fig. 37g. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 fig- 379> ^^^""^ habitually used as ornaments or charms. May not 
 such a stone as this have been used simply as a sinker for a fishing 
 line? For this purpose it is certainly well .dapted ; and, on the other 
 hand, jwssesscs no one attractive leatnte to suggest its use as an orna- 
 ment. 'I'his is judging such a ptribni.ed pebble, however, from our 
 own standpoint; and every one will surely be misled in such mat- 
 ters, if he base his opinion of the use of any object, or its value 
 iu the mind of a savage, upon his own experience. The similar 
 specimen from Africa, to which reference has been made, was used 
 as an ear-ornament, and the weight and size of fig. 379 are not ob- 
 
 '" Jour. Anthrop. Inst, of Great Britain, vol. i, pi. i. 
 
ipv 
 
 GORGFrrS, TOTKMS, PENDANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 403 
 
 jections to tlie supposition that this specimen may have been worn in 
 lilcc manner. Kaniiigs, so called, of greater weight and l)ull<, are 
 still worn by many of the western tribes. 
 
 Numerous specimens, of larger, naturally jjcrforated pebl)les, have 
 been found in New Jersey, esi)ecially on village sites, and it is higiily 
 probable that all these had been carefully gathered and mostly worn 
 as ornaments. When much larger than fig. 379, their use as weights 
 for nets and lines is probable ; as large, artificially perforated pebbles 
 were so used, as described in chapter XVIII. 
 
 Fig. 380 represents a small perforated disk of steatite, which varies 
 much from the preceding, and notably in being wholly of an artificial 
 shape. Steatite rings, or 'i.,ks of 
 this size and smaller, are quite 
 abundantly met with in many 
 parts of Chester Co., Pa., from 
 which locality this specimen was 
 derived. That such specimens 
 were proljably used only as orna- 
 ments is indicated by the si/e 
 and the lightness of the material 
 of which it is made. It is pos- 
 sible, also, that these small, per- 
 forated disks were used as gaming-stones. Whether the larger 
 specimens were used as spindle-whorls, mace-heads or weights for 
 digging-sticks, uses ascribed to them as found in other countries. 
 cannot be determined ; but the relative scarcity of these objects is, of 
 itself, an indication that their use, except as ornaments, was with the 
 Atlantic coast tribes wholly exceptional. Steatite rings, of a (luite 
 different character, being more like modem napkin rings, are not un- 
 common in the region of the mounds, not only in Ohio, but south- 
 ward and westward of that state. A single fragment of such a ring 
 has been found in New Jersey ; a second whole specimen was found 
 in a grave in Lancaster Co., Pa. From the position in which it 
 was lying when found, it appeared to have been attached to the hair 
 
 Fig. 380. — Pennsylvania. \, 
 
404 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 of the person buried ; a third specimen, nearly entire, was ploughed 
 up in a field near Bushkill, Pike Co., Pa., in the spring of 1S79. 
 
 Fig. 381 represents a very handsomely designed steatite bead, of 
 
 which ver)' many have been found in New Jersey and Pennsyhania, and 
 
 in fewer numbers in New England. The illustration so clearly con\e> s 
 
 the character of this pattern of bead, that a detailed description is 
 
 not required. This specimen was found with a small string of shell 
 
 beads in an Indian grave in Mercer Co., New Jersey. From this it 
 
 might be inferred that objects of tliis pattern were only used singly in 
 
 association with small beads of other kinds ; but such was not always 
 
 the case ; as several strings of beads, all of the size, pattern and 
 
 materiel! of fig. 381, are reported to have been 
 
 taken from ancient Indian graves in New Jersey. 
 
 With the native tribes of the .Adantic seaboard, 
 
 as with tlie Indian everywhere, beads were the 
 
 commonest form of all personal ornaments. 
 
 They were made of stone, bone, shell and baked 
 
 clay, and jtresent a greater range of patterns than 
 
 do even the arrowheads. Those of stone and 
 
 baked clay were probably never as al)undant as the shell and tone 
 
 jeadr^, ani as the date of earliest luiropean contact is that of the 
 
 abandonment of their manufacture, they are not now ver\' frequently 
 
 met with. 
 
 A simple form of a bead is a small pebble that has a natural per- 
 foration. Many such occur in our tertiary gravels. Occasionally, a 
 series of these have been found in a grave. May not such jtebbles 
 ha\e been the starting-point, fiom which were developed the manu- 
 facture and general use of elaborate beads of all patterns? 
 
 Figs. 382 to 386, inclusive, represent a pretty series of small disks 
 of sandstone and other more compact minerals, which, by a single 
 perforation and, in some, a notching ot the edges, have been converted 
 into veritable trinkets. These, it can readily be seen, are by fact of 
 being thin disks not available as l)eads ; but as additions to a string 
 of beads they might be used, and also as small pendants with which 
 
 Fig. j8i. — New Jersey. \' 
 
GORGETS, TOTEMS, PENDANTS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 405 
 
 their pipe-stems were decorated. Indeed, there is scarcely a limit to 
 the methods of utilizing these objects for decorative purposes. 
 
 In many localities these small perforated stone disks are very abun- 
 dant, and tiiey have been found by the score where beads were rarely, 
 if ever, met with. That they really took the place of beads is, how- 
 ever, exceedingly improbable. As a series these sm.^U perforated 
 stones, both with worked and unworked edges, bear a STong resem- 
 blance to the beautiful shell ornaments from southern California."^'' 
 
 FlGft. 382 tr) 3?,'.. — New Jjrsey, \, 
 
 Fig. 387 represents a conimon object in all scries of Indian orna- 
 ments found in New Jersey. 'l"he fossil siiarks' teeth, tliat orcur so 
 abundantly in the cretac-jous formations of New jersey, did not es- 
 cape the ([uick eye of the Indian, ami tl.cy were used, when perforated, 
 as in fig. 387, as ornaments, anil very jirobably to some extent as 
 arrowheads. 'l"heso are probably the "fishes' teeth, fastened in with 
 
 "■" r. S. CJcng. Survey West of njoili Mciiillaii, vol. vii, Arcliieology, \i\. >ii. 
 
4o6 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 glue," to which Hohn refers.'"' They do not appear to liave been in 
 
 common use, in any manner, much Ijcyond the valley of the Delaware 
 
 river. 
 
 Fig. 388 represents a canine tooth of a bear, with a perforation 
 
 near the base. This is one of tlie most common objects of all the 
 Indian trinkets, and is to-day as nuich in use as 
 even in ancient times. Frequently a dozen have 
 been found in a single grave. 
 
 A\'hile canine teeth of other ani.iials were also 
 usetl as ornaments, as of the wolf and wild-cat, 
 those of the bear were generally chosen, or, at 
 least, largely outnumber the teeth of other an- 
 imals that have been thus utilized. 
 
 !•' i g . 389 represents a 
 curiously-shaped clay ori.^ 
 ment, such as are of com- 
 mon occurrence in some 
 
 localities, but are rarely met with in others. This 
 
 spec inien is made of nearly i)ure clay, and has 
 
 been bu'-nt to nearly a black ccilor. There are 
 
 two holes or ])erforations in eac h end of the 
 
 globular i)ortion of the object, but these do not 
 
 extend through. A cord therefore was not 
 
 passed tlirough it. 
 
 Objects of this character, and otliers that are 
 
 rude representatio'is of animals' and birds' heads, 
 
 are (juite rarely met with ii; southern New Jerse}', 
 
 but are common in the neighborhoiid of the 
 
 Delaware Water (lap and througiiout the eastern 
 
 portions of New York state. In New Fngland they are less froiuently 
 
 found. Mr. Frey"'- figures two examples of these <'lay ornaments. 
 
 Fig. 387. — Nt-w Jcr- 
 -y. 1. 
 
 Fig. 3?8. — New Jer- 
 
 '"'Holm, A ■•., J.. iL..,. 
 
 Kia l-'rcy, Amcr. Nat., vnl. ij, p. 783, figs. la .".'ul ii. 
 
 . 
 
GORGETS, TOTEMS, I ENDAN'IS AND TRINKETS. 
 
 407 
 
 Fig. 389. — New Jersey. V' 
 
 one representing an owl's head, the other that of a fox. These, as 
 he remarks, "are rude in style * * * but by no means iriferior to 
 similar terra-cottas fn^m Mycenre anil Cyprus." 
 
 Some of the Atlantic coast pottery had the margins of the vessels 
 ornamented with objects, either mean- 
 ingless like fig. 389, or rej)resenting 
 animals' head.s, as is so commonly the 
 case with the mound-builders' pottery 
 of the southwestern 
 states. Objects of this 
 kind, therefore, when 
 fountl in a fragmentary 
 condition, and showing 
 
 by th': iracture that they had been detached from a 
 vessel, can be readily oNtinuiiished from those that 
 were made as separate ornaments. 
 
 Figs. 390 and 391, whk h conclude the scries of 
 objects described in this chapter, may be thought to 
 be misplaced, when considered as ornaments. That 
 these small, cylindrical i)el)bles, with the groove near 
 one end, are possible sinkers for fishing-lines, is a very 
 natural view to take of them prol)ably, but it is one 
 I, J I that cannot be shown conclusively to have been the 
 case. While they are in shape, the mini- 
 mum size of tiie well-known "phnnmet" 
 of New England, they are so small and 
 ■ lu. . .).-Ncw j^^_^j^> „f j.y ]i^^i,t a stone, that they would 
 be of little use as ^^inkers ; and the fa(-t that 
 one, identical with the larger of these two, was found in a 
 grave with a series of shell beads, and three brass biittous, 
 made it evident that it had finally been used as an orna- fig. 39>. 
 ment, if it had had other uses in the lifetime of him in >"^^^ J'-'^^V' +• 
 whose grave it was found. 
 
4o8 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The custom of wearing and carrying aboat tlie person small 
 trinkets, such as have been described in this chapter, is by no means 
 confined to the Indians of this continent. Mr. Ludwig Kumlein, in 
 his valuable notes on the Eskimo of Cumberland Sound (liulletin 
 of the National Museum, No. 15, p. 45, Washington, I). C, 1879), 
 remarks of this people : " Among their many superstitious notions, 
 the wearing of charms about the person is one of the most curi- 
 ous. These a"-* '••ailed amgoouk, or ainusit, and may be notliing 
 but pieces of i w wood, birds' bills or claws, or an animal's 
 
 teeth or skin. To charms they attribute supernatural powers, 
 
 and believe them to (je able to keep the wearer from sickness or 
 misfortune. It is a common custom for the wife to throw a piece 
 of seals' blubber on her husband's kyack when he is about to go 
 hunting ; this will give him success. Little strips of deer-skin are 
 hung about the person in different places to insure success in 
 some undertaking or to ward off some misfortune, rc^.l or imagi- 
 nary. We discovered one of these charms, whici: seemed to 
 possess unusual interest. It was worn by a little girl about eight 
 years old. She had a small envelope of seal-skin that was worn 
 on the back of her inside jacket. We succeeded in bribing her 
 grandmother to show us the contents of the envelope, wliich proved 
 to be two small stones, the one a bluish flint, the other apparently 
 meteoric iron. The tradition connected with these stones, the grand- 
 mother said, is that a very long time ago an Eskimo, from wiiom she 
 was a lineal descendant, had discovered the iron, and had picked up 
 a stone to break a piece off and take home with him ; but when he 
 struck the iron fire flew from it, and he soon learned how to make use 
 of this accidental discovery, and became a great man among the 
 people. At this jioint we lost the thread of the old woman's narra- 
 tive, and all we could further learn was that these two small pieces had 
 been preserved in the flimily for successive generations, and were 
 inheiited by her from her mother, and that .she had now given them 
 to hei grandchild, the child's mother being dead. The child will in 
 
flORGETS, TOTEMS, PENDANTS ANU 'JKINKETS. 
 
 409 
 
 turn give it to her children. She thought this chann of inestimable 
 value, and could not be induced to part with it, for, she said, 'no one 
 has yet died while wearing this charm.' 
 
 ".\nother charm of great value to the mother who has a young 
 babe is the canine tooth of the j)olar bear. This is useil as a kind of 
 clasp to a seal-skin string, which passes around the body and keeps 
 the breasts up. Her milk-supply cannot fail while she wears this." 
 
CHATTER XXVIII. 
 
 COPfKR IMPI.KMKN'IS. 
 
 If wc arc to judge of the extent to which cojjper was used by the 
 native populations of the northern AUantic sealxxird of tliis country, 
 by the number of objects made of it, wiiich liave been discovered, it 
 is evident that we must look upon tJie use of tiiis mineral as an ex- 
 ceptional occurrence, interesting in itself but of no ethnological sig- 
 nificance. Indeed, the character of the fe\vcoj)per implements found, 
 judging from their size and shai)e, although ai)parent]y indicating 
 that the value of this material for certain useful purposes had been 
 recognized, does not really establish the fact, inasmuch as they cer- 
 tainly are not as seniceable as their counterparts of polished stone. 
 Native copper, worked merely by hammering, as was done by these 
 people, is not sufficiently hard to retain a cutting edge. To this 
 end, it must be converted into bronze. .As jiure copper, it is not so 
 valuable for cutting purposes, as newly chipi)ed or even polished 
 stone. 
 
 It is quite probable that the copper "celts," made by the Indians 
 of the .'Vtlantic coast, were never designed for use as weapons or 
 implements, but were intended for display upon special occasions ; as 
 for instance in their various dances, when much ceremony was ob- 
 served, and various objects were displayed, that at other times remained 
 hidden in the custody of their fortunate owners, or of the ap[)ointed 
 keepers, if tribal property. 
 
 In the description of the white-deer dance of the Hupa Indians 
 of California, to which reference has already been made on page 307, 
 Mr. Powers remarks that there are many articles paraded and worn in 
 their various ceremonial dances, that are held in great esteem, as 
 
 ^411) 
 
412 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 "rendering their possessors illustrious in the eyes of all men." Among 
 them " is the flake or knife of obsidian or jasper." In this manner 
 the copper celts, found along our Atlantic coast, which when new 
 were bright, lustrous and attractive looking, were jiossibly used ; and 
 hence they might be classed with the ceremonial objects described in 
 a preceding chapter. 
 
 The several forms of small copper implements, such as the awls, 
 needles and spoon-shaped objects, met with in some western localities, 
 and particularly in A\'isconsin, have not been found on the Atlantic 
 coast ; and, indeed, unless the imi)lements of this material have been 
 so far destroyed l>y chemical action (through exposure to the atmos- 
 phere and soils unfitted for their preservation), it is strange that there 
 should be so very few examples within the limits of New Jersey, con- 
 sidering the amount of material accessible to the native tribes. 
 
 The late Prof. Lewis C. Beck,"'^ in an able account of the occur- 
 rence of copper in New Jersey, remarks that "small pieces of this 
 metal have been found on the surface of the ground in various parts 
 of New Jersey. In the vicinity of Somerville, specimens weighing 
 from five to ten pounds, have been obtained. The largest mass 
 which has, to my knowledge, been found in New Jersey, is now in 
 possession of James C. Vandyke, Esfi-, of New Brunswick. Its weight 
 is seventy-eight pounds ; but a large piece has been detached, and 
 it is said to have weighed when first obtained, one hundred and 
 twenty-eight pounds. It was ploughed up by a farmer near Somer- 
 ville. On examining this specimen, pure metallic copper is visible in 
 various parts ; but with it is mixed the lead-gray oxide, and it is gen- 
 erally incrusted with the green carbonate of copper." Prof. G. H. 
 Cook '•" also reports copper as occurring in the city of New Bruns- 
 wick. He remarks that " flakes of metallic copper, from one-sixteenth 
 to one-eighth of an inch in thickness, and one or two feet across, have 
 been found in cutting the street east of the college, and also in digging 
 a cellar in Somerset street." 
 
 ""Tieik. Amer. Jmir. of Science; vol. .\xxvi, p. 107. New Haven, Conn. 
 '"* Cook. Gcoloiiy of New Jersey, p. 678. Newark, 1868. 
 
COPPKR IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 413 
 
 Kalni mentions (Travels in N. A., vol. i, p. 300, 2n(l ed., 1772) 
 that '• tlie Indians, before the arrival of the Europeans, had no notion 
 of the use of iron, though that metal was abundant in their country. 
 However, they knew in some measure how to make use of cojjper. 
 Some Dutchmen who lived here (Philadelphia) still presei-ved the old 
 account among them, that their ancestors at their first settling in 
 Neiv York had met with many Indians, who had tobacco pijjcs of 
 copper, and who made them understand by signs, that they got them 
 in the neighborhood ; after\vards the fine copper mine was discovered 
 upon the second river between Klizabethtown and New York (/. c, in 
 New Jersey). On digging in this mine, the people met with holes 
 worked in the mountain, out of which some copper had been taken, 
 and they found even some tools which the Indians probably made 
 use of when they endeavored to get the metal for their pipes. Such 
 holes in the mountains have likewise been found in some parts of 
 Pennsylvania, viz. : below Nc^o Castle towards the seaside, and always 
 some marks of copi)er are along with them. Some people have con- 
 jectured that the Spaniards * * * » made these holes in the moun- 
 tains : but ***»itis«**» almost imdoubted that the Indians 
 dug these holes." 
 
 It would seem from the above that the Indians had access to a 
 great deal more copper than they ajipear ever to have made use of, 
 limited, as it was, in comparison to the supply obtainable in the Lake 
 Superior region. Indeed, it is not improbable that all the copper 
 articles, found along the Atlantic coast, were brought from western 
 localities ; and that the metal that was at hand in New Jersey was not 
 recognized, or, at least, not utilized. Covered in part by earth, dis- 
 colored by oxidation, and lying among rock of many descriptions 
 in a densely wooded country, it might well have escaped even the 
 notice of the keen-eyed redskin. 
 
 Whether the cojjper of New Jersey, or that from other localities, was 
 utilized, it is certain that there was enough in use, when the Euro- 
 peans first visited these shores, to attract their attention. Robert 
 
414 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Juet,'"''' who served under Hendrick Hudson as mate in the Half- 
 Moon, relates in his journal that the Indians "had red copper tobacco- 
 pijjes, and other things of copper they did wear about their necks." 
 
 ']"he use of this mineral, it would ajjjiear from the account given by 
 Brereton, was much more connnon among the Indians of Massachu- 
 setts, than among these tribes occupying the territory between the 
 Hudson and the Susciuehanna rivers. Brereton's statement is, as 
 given in his Brief and True Relation of the Discovery of the Northern 
 Part of Virginia ; London, 1602, that "they have great store of copper, 
 some very red and some of a pale color: none of them but have 
 chains, car-rings or collars of tJiis metal : they head some of their 
 arrows here with * * * * » • broad arrowheads, very workmanly 
 made. Their chains are many hollow jiieces cemented together, each 
 piece of the bigness of one of our reeds, a fmger in length, ten or 
 twelve of them together on a string, which they wear about their 
 necks : their collars they wear about their bodies like bandeliers a 
 handful broad, all hollow pieces, like the others very fine and evenly 
 set together. Besides these, they have large drinking cups made like 
 skulls, and over them thin plates of copper, made like our boar spear 
 blades, all which they so little esteem, as they offered their fairest 
 collars or chains for a knife or such like trifle ; but we seemed litde to 
 regard it, yet I was desirous to understand where they had such stove 
 of this metal, and made signs to one of them (with whom I was very 
 familiar) who, taking a piece of cojiper in his hand, made a hole with 
 his finger in the ground, and withal pointed to the main from whence 
 they came." 
 
 Celts made of copper have been occasionally found in Maine, 
 Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Many un- 
 recorded specimens, of course, have been gathered, and are lost to 
 science, but their number is probably not sufficient to affect the 
 statement, as to their comparative rarity in the territory mentioned. 
 
 ie» Sec Rau in Smithson. Annual Report for 187a for an able essay on Copper, from which the 
 above reference is derived. 
 
COPPER IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 415 
 
 Mr. A. F. Berlin "'" has described a specimen found near Milibath, 
 Lebanon Co., Pa., which is much smaller than usual, measuring but 
 two and a quarter inches in length. 
 
 Mr. L. W. IJrodheail "'' has recorded the finding of "a copper axe, 
 made however from the raw material (/'. c, hammered into shape) 
 and ground down to the reciuircd size and form." 
 
 Mr. Elias Lewis, jr.,"** of the Long Island Historical Society, has 
 kindly sent me the following information respecting copper implements, 
 in the cabinets of that institution. He writes that among various 
 other implements "are two cojiper axes, one very rude, the other well 
 formed ; both obtained from one spot, with a i)olished axe of hard 
 jasper ; surrounded by twenty large flint arrowheads setting upright. 
 They were two feet below the surface." 
 
 Mr. F. W. Putnam "''-' has recorded copper celts as found at Wake- 
 field, Mass. 
 
 Fig. 392 represents the more common form of the copper celts found 
 along the northern Atlantic seaboard. This specimen measures three 
 and one-fourth inches in length, and has a cutting edge of two inches 
 in extent. The upper and lower margins are almost twice as thick as 
 the blade. The marks of the hammer, by wiiich this celt has been 
 shaped, are plainly seen over most of the surface except at the edge 
 and on th ^ adjoining portion of the blade from which all hammer- 
 marks have been removed by subse(|Ment grinding. It was found 
 near Damariscotta, Maine, and is jireserved in the museum of Ar- 
 chaeology, at Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Mr. Squier mentions, in his Aboriginal Monuments of New York 
 (Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, vol. ii, p. 78), the dis- 
 covery of a copper celt, similar to figure 392, "ploughed up some- 
 where in the vicinity of Auburn, Cayuga county." He further says, 
 
 "•Berlin. American Antiquarian, vol. ii, p. 154. Chicago, 1879. 
 >0' nroJhcad. Delaware Water Cap, p. 89. Printed for author. Philadelphia, 1870. 
 "" Elias Lewis, jr. Omcial Correspondence of Long Island Historical Society. Brooklyn, 
 1877. 
 
 "•Putnam. Bulletin of Essex Institute, vol. i, p. 90. Salem, Mass., 1869. 
 
4i6 
 
 PRIMITIVE l^rDUSTRV. 
 
 "it appears to he pure copper," and does not express the belief that 
 it was "cast" but that it simply had that appearance, due to "the 
 granulations of the surface ;" unless, indeed, it was made from molten 
 copi)er, either by the Europeans, or by the Indians after they had 
 ac(iuired the art of moulding coi)per, from the white settlers. It is 
 now well ascertained, however, that the granular surfaces of many of 
 the coi)per objects found are due to the oxidation of these surfaces. 
 Still, it should be here mentioned that Roger Williams (Key to the 
 Indian Language, p. 55) says, of the Indians of Rhode Island, that 
 
 Fig. 393, — Mains. \, 
 
 "they have an Excellent Art to cast our Pewter and Brasse into ver^ 
 neate and artificiall Pipes." 
 
 Through the kindness of Rev. W. I. Beauchamp of Baldwinsville, 
 New York, I have been able to gather some important facts v/ith refer- 
 ence to the occurrence of native copper implements, to all appearanc e 
 the handiwork of the Indians, and am indebted to him for the follow - 
 ing illustrations of characteristic forms. 
 
 Fig. 393 represents a "copper gouge belonging to Albert Hopkins 
 of the town of Phoenix, on the Oswego river. New York. It wis 
 found in Oswego Co. of that state." This specimen is "convex on 
 the lower side, nearly flat upon the upper, with long ridges. The cut- 
 
COPPER IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 4«7 
 
 ting edge is liammered into a hollow on the upper side, and is round 
 (convex) on the lower." This specimen has recently been somewhat 
 mutilated. 
 
 Mr. licauchamp has kindly informed me of other specimens of celts, 
 and gouges found in the same neighi)or- 
 hood, one of which is remarkable for its 
 size. This specimen, of which I have a 
 beautifully executed drawing, made 1,'y 
 Mr. Deauchairi]), is described by him as 
 a "large copper im])lement found by Mr. 
 J. Schultz, in May, iS.So. One side is 
 nearly flat, very sligiitly hollowing; the 
 other ridged, as in like implements, and 
 a little hollowing on each side of the 
 ridge. There are the usual flattened 
 rough lines, which I now see are probably 
 part of the original surdice, the rest being 
 corroded and granulated. It has a dull, 
 chisel edge. Its weight i>; two pounds, 
 fourteen ounces." Tiiis si)ecimen meas- 
 ures one and three-eighths inches in 
 width, at the upper end ; one and three- 
 fourths inches wide at the cutting edge, 
 antl eleven and one-half inches in length. 
 
 In reply to enfpiiries concerning the 
 evidence still existing of the use of cop- 
 per by the Indians formerly occupying 
 western New York, Mr. Ik'auchamp fur- 
 ther says "shreds of sheet copper are 
 common at Indian Hill, in Pompey, 
 having apparently been used to make ornaments on the si)ot. Pen- 
 dants of thin copper may yet be picked up there, and arrows of the 
 same are found." 
 
 Fig. 394 represents a spearpoint of native copper " found near a 
 27 
 
 KlG. 393. — New Vurk. 
 
4x8 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 Stockade site on Seneca river. The site is preiiistoric, an ! I found 
 
 a rolled copjjer bead there. This 
 spear is in tiie collection of Mr. Otis 
 M. IJigelow, of ISaldwinsvilie. N. V." 
 
 Fit:. 395 represents a "cop])er ar- 
 row cr sjiear found near the river, 
 six miles west of here (Haldwinsville) 
 liut not on a village site, .\nuiher of 
 the same pattern, certainly pure cop- 
 per, hammered, was discovered under 
 the roots of a larje tree which had 
 been felled. This specimen, also, is 
 in the possession of Mr IJigelow." 
 
 Mr. lieauchamp further informs 
 me that "the other copper finds in 
 that neighborhood, so fir as he can 
 leirn, are "one large arrow, two 
 gouges, two large and uniijue celts, 
 and a copper bead or sinker." 
 
 .Arrowheads and other objects, 
 both of cojjper and brass, are also 
 found in this same locality, which are 
 (jf European manufacture, but Mr. 
 lieai'diamj) considers them readily 
 distinguishable from bimilar articles, 
 made of hammered, nati j copper. 
 It ii not at all improlxible thai 
 copper weapons were in (juite gen- 
 eral use, at the time of Kuropean 
 contact, and the early voyagers see- 
 ing iiese objects of cojiiier, simply 
 introduced a better fmisheil article, 
 just as they did glass beads, and 
 
 Fio. 394. — New York. J. 
 
 so 
 
 led to a discontinuance of the manufacture of native copper arti- 
 
' t 
 
 COPPER IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 419 
 
 ^i 
 
 \v 
 
 K, 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 cles, by the Indians. That the two patterns (as well as a third form, 
 which is tiiat of Indian-made objects of European sheet co])per) 
 slioiild now Ije found associated is ([uite natural, 
 for tlie intrcxUiction of European cojiper would 
 not have led tcj the <hsc;arding of home-made 
 objects, of tile same material. Judging from tiie 
 number of ol)jecls of brass foimd in many 
 localities near tlie seacoast, it is ])robble th.-i.t this 
 material, rather than pure cofijier, was mostly 
 used in manufacturing such objects as were used 
 in barter witli the coast tribes. On tlie other 
 hand, objects like figs. 393 and 394 may ha\e 
 li.cn made in Wisconsin, where so many similar 
 sjjecimens have been found, and brought as far 
 east as western New York, by that system of 
 trade, which, it is well known, existed between 
 the many tribes or nations, occu[)ying the whole 
 , ' i\ i\' ni» North /Vmeriiaii contineiil. 
 
 n \ ,') ^ I The ornaments of cojjper, as yet discovered 
 
 *Hi i \ VI ;l f along till- Atlantic coast, do not differ in pattern 
 from those of .;tone. So far as ascertained, there 
 have been a few examples of plain gorgets, 
 disks with one or more perforations, and a few 
 globular and long cylindrical beads, found in 
 graves ; and less fre(iucntly single specimens 
 have been ])K)ughed up ; but all the material 
 now j)reserved in our museimis would not suggest 
 to any one, that any of the New Vj-. :!and tribe> 
 or those occupying the .:oast sf lar south as 
 New Jersey, ever had "great .stoti of copper." 
 The tobacco pi])es made of copper, to which 
 Juet refers, may possibly not have been copper, but merely wraiiped 
 with a thin sheet of that metal. This suggestion is based upon the 
 
 \ 
 
 
 \\[ 
 
 \lA 
 
 ^^■ 
 
 Ml 
 
 F^o. 395. — New York. \ 
 
""' ■'"'""Tll^piP»^T'»li^»^W^^WW 
 
 420 
 
 PRiMinvr. iNDLsruv. 
 
 fact tliat clay pi'.os covcri'd in tliis iiianiKr ha\c been taken from 
 Indian graves ni Massacluisctis. 
 
 In tiiis connection, I desire to <all attention to an miusualiy long, 
 cylindrical head or tube niaile of sheet brass, recently found by Mr. 
 Win. Wallace 'i'ooker of Sag Harbor, New N'ork, at 
 "Sabonic Neck, Shinnecock Hills. Long l>kind;" and 
 whicii has been kindly loaned for illustration, fig. 396. It 
 measures four and one-(iuarter inches in length and one- 
 fourth of an inch in diameter. It is neatly rolled and 
 the diameter is nearly uniform throughout its entire length. 
 Judgmg from the smallness of the jjcrforation, and the 
 character of the material of \vlii( h this spec inien is made, 
 it may be safely said that it was used as a head or iiendant, 
 and not as a pipe. 
 
 In the collection of the same gentleman, there is also 
 an interesting sin'cimen of a brass arrowhead, fig. 397. 
 from Long Island. It is of the ordinary triangular pat- 
 tern, with the sides and base slightly convex in outline. 
 .At a distance from the base, of about one-lliird the length, 
 1 9 there is a small, circular perforation. The surfaces have 
 apparently been hammered, and not rolled, although they 
 are (|uite smooth, and the specimen has a uniform thi( k- 
 ness of one-fortieth of .>n in( h. It is identical in si/e and 
 pattern with a series of brar-s r.pei imens, now in llie archa;- 
 ological museiun at Cambridge, NLi>s. It was found in 
 an ancient grave, at Revere, Mass., and does not differ 
 materially from metal arrowheads found by the Lite Prof. 
 Haldeman, in i'ennsylvania. in his poslhumuus publica- 
 tion, "On the Contents of a Rock Retreat in southeastern 
 
 Fi<i. »(>• — 
 
 NcwVr.rk. |. 
 
 Pennsylvania" ('I'ransac tions of the .\meriran Philosoph- 
 ical Society, vol. xv, p, ^51). th.it .tuthdr figures a small brass .irrow- 
 liead, of which he remarks, "fig. .:;5 represents a thin regular metallic 
 arrowhead of a copi)ery appearaiu e. but yellow on a new surface, 
 
COPPER IMPLEMP.NTS. 
 
 421 
 
 lic 
 
 and presumed to he European l)rass, therefore within the historic 
 jieriod, with hrass dishes occurring in graves. It was found outside 
 of the retreat." The specimen described in the above quotation is 
 about one-third smaller than fig. 397 and is without the perforation. 
 
 Irregulariy shaped fragments of sheet brass, also, and in some cases 
 of silver mixed with cojjper, have been found in New Jersey, associated 
 with the ordinary surface-foimd stone implements. In the course of a 
 few years' collecting, tiie late I'rof. Haldeman found similar fragments 
 (juite frecjuently. In one of the small islands in the Suscjuehanna riv- 
 er, near Columbia, Pennsylvania, he found many "torn bits of sheet 
 brass," ... jciated with stone im])lements. 
 
 These specimens, as well as all others of the same material, are of 
 com]»arativcly recent origin, as all tlie evidence goes to show that the 
 Indians of the .Vtlantic < oast at the time of the 
 arrival of the whites, were ignorant of the man- 
 ufacture of brass, anil only knew copper as a 
 mineral that could be rolled and iiammered, but 
 not smelted. 
 
 The Jesuit missionary, (laude .Mloucz, says of 
 the Indians at lake Superior, that they "respect 
 tills lake as a divinity, and offer sacrifices to it / 
 because of its size, for it is two hundred leagues 
 long and eighty broad. • • • • Jt hai)pens 
 fre(|uently that pieces of copjier are found weighing from ten to twenty 
 ]K)unds. I have seen several su( h jiiec es in the hands of savages ; 
 anil sine e they are very superstitious, they esteem them as divinities, 
 or as presents given to them to promote tJieir happiness, by the gods 
 who dwell beneath the water. Vur this re.ison they pre>er\i.' these 
 pieces of cojiper wrai)i)ed uj) with their most prec ious artii les. In 
 some families they have been kept for more than fifty years ; in 
 others, tiw.'y ha\e des(en<led from time out of mind — being clier- 
 ished as domesti<' gods." ((,)uoted in "Report on the ('oppcr-l.mds 
 of Lake Superior, by I'oster and A\ liitney. W .i.shington, I). C, 1850, 
 !•• 7-") 
 
 I'll.. 3.^7. — New \i 
 
 I. 
 
422 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The preceding quotation renders it the inore probable, I think, that 
 the plain, so-called copper celts found on the Atlantic coast were more 
 likely to have been regarded in this light, than used as cutting instru- 
 ments ; but the variety of forms of metallic implements and weapons 
 found in western New York, on the other hand, are to be looked upon 
 more as objects in daily use. To a certain extent also, they may be 
 of comparatively recent origin, as there is sufficient evidence to show 
 that in the historic period they made their own arrowheads from metal 
 derived from the European traders. Thus, we find in Underhill's his- 
 tory of the Pequot War, that a Dutch trader was prevented bartering 
 with the Pequots, on the ground that ihey were to be supplied in part 
 with "kettles or the like, which make tiiem arrowheads." (Mass. 
 Hist. Collections, 3rd series, vol. vi, p. 17, Boston, 1837.) 
 
 "^^.^ 
 
lat 
 )re 
 u- 
 ins 
 on 
 be 
 
 D\V 
 
 tal 
 lis- 
 ing 
 art 
 
 iss. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 HAND-HAMMKKS AND RCUniNC STONKS. 
 
 In picking up a pebble and striking a blow with it, we do but repeat 
 an act of primitive man wiicn he chose a rounded pebble, and used it 
 as a hannner. Had the pebbles, that recpiired no preparatory altera- 
 tions in order to be made available, been used only to strike upon 
 substances more yielding than themselves, they could not now be 
 recognized as relics of a vanished race. Indeed, those tliat were used 
 only for cracking nuts, or as weapons, are now nothing but pebl)les to 
 us, altiiough many of them have had a iiistory, as a weapon or ham- 
 mer, which, if known, would dispel every doubt that envelops the 
 dawn of civilizaticMi, 
 
 In tile i)resent chapter, these small pebble-hammers, here called 
 hand-luunmers to distinguish tiiem from the hafled hammers or mauls 
 already described, are asso( iated with a very dissimilar class of stones, 
 which were used largely in connection with them. It is supposed that 
 the " pe( king." or process l)y which stone implements, such as groo\ ed 
 axes, were brouglit to tiie desired shape, was done with them, 'liiis 
 pecking process would appear, from experiment, to be as destructive 
 to the hammer, as it was effective in removin;; the surface of the stone 
 operated upon, and hence it is probable that more than one su( h hand- 
 hammer rt-as re(iuired to remove the inequalities, and reduce the stone 
 chosen for an axe, jjcslle or other implement, to the required form. 
 By reference to fig. 6, p. i.S, it will be seen how mu( h of tlie original 
 stone it was necessary 'o remove in order to i)roduce the sleniler, con- 
 ical head of the specimen represented. To acc()mi)li>h it by i>ecking 
 away the surface several of these small hammers were ])robably re- 
 
424 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 quired, as their value for such purpose apparently decreases in jjropor- 
 tion as their surfaces become battered. 
 
 The associated objects referred to, called "rubbing-stones," are sup 
 posed to have been used in rubbing or smoothing the slightly rough 
 surfaces which remained after pecking, and also in grinding and polish- 
 ing the edge and adjacent sides of the blade of the imi)lement. 
 
 Fig. 398 represents a ])retty little hand-hammer, made from a small 
 cylindrical (juartzite jicbble. The sides retain their natural surface, 
 but the ends are much battered. 
 
 Specimens of this simple pattern are not as widely distributed as 
 
 might be supposed. In many localities, 
 where other implements are in great 
 abundance, these simple objects are 
 often entirely absent ; while, on the other 
 hand, the writer has frequently gathered 
 a hundred or more specimens on a 
 single village site. 
 
 These implements vary much in size, 
 many being fully five and six times as 
 large as the one here figured. The 
 weight also varies, but not always in 
 proportion to the size ; as many of the 
 smaller ones are of such compact min- 
 eral, that they equal in weight others of more than double the size. 
 None are found, however, which cannot readily be used with one 
 hand. 'i"he battered condition of the entire surface of some of them 
 cannot readily be explained, as it is difficult to see how the sides of 
 small (:vlindrii:al jjebbles <:ould have been used for pecking the sur- 
 faces of other stones ; but our knowledge of the processes by which 
 the Indian fashioned his stone implements does not always justify us 
 in forming or rejecting conclusions, on the subject. Hand-hammers 
 with the entire surface battered from usage are, however, but seldom 
 met with, in i:omparison with those in which only the ends show the 
 effect of use. 
 
 Ficj. 398. — New Jersey. \. 
 
HANU-HAMMERS ANU RUBBING SrUN'F.S. 
 
 425 
 
 Fig. 399 represents another form of hammer-stone whicli is of com- 
 mon occurrence not only along the Atlantic seaboard, but in luirope. 
 These hand-iiammers, as they are calleil, are usually flat pebbles, cir- 
 cular or oval in shape, with a well-marked depression in the middle of 
 each siile, generally known as " thumb and fmger pits." Many of these 
 have no trace of battering about the edges, iKjr other marks of iiard 
 usage, while others distinctly show traces of use as hanmiers. Fig. 
 399 represents a specimen of these frnger-jjitted hand-iiamniers fn m 
 the valley of the .Sustiuehanna. The material is " a tolerably iiard stone. 
 
 KiG. 399. — Pennsylvania, j. 
 
 us 
 
 consisting of rounded rpiartz grains, apparently a metamorphic quartz 
 or cpiartzite." In a large series of these implements, the si/e varieil 
 from five to less than three inches in diameter ; and the weight, from 
 one pound ad ten ounces to half a pound. It is worthy of note that 
 of the hundreds of these objects collected in various localities, partic- 
 ularly along the Delaware river, but very few reach the maximum 
 weight of those found in the valley of tiie Susquehanna. In New 
 Jersey, the heaviest specimens are all of irregular shapt.', and are but 
 seldom even comparatively flat r.id thin. It would not, however, be 
 
 J 
 
420 
 
 rRIMTTn'K INDUSTRY. 
 
 safe to infer from this fact alone, tliat the larger examples were used 
 for some other purpose than the one mentioned, as the battered con- 
 dition of the edges shows that they had been subjected to violence 
 that could scarcely have proceeded from any other cause, than violent 
 contact with souie material eciually hard or harder. 
 
 Fig. 400 rejjresents a second specimen differing only from the pre- 
 ceding in being of much smaller size. This specimen was found on 
 the banks of the Delaware river, and, like that from the Susiiuchanna 
 
 Fk;. 400. — New Jersey. |. 
 
 valley, may safely be considered as the handiwork of the Lenni Lenape 
 or Delaware Indians. 
 
 For whatever jjurpose this specimen may have been intended, it is 
 evident that it has been but little used, and was never subjected to any 
 vucii violence as is iuijjlied in the word "hammer." As will be seen 
 by reference to the iliustntion. this hammer is nearly circular in out- 
 line, and though not polished, its entire surface is very smooth. The 
 lateral depressions or finger pits have been drilled inrtead of pecked, 
 and are now very smooth. As this specimen is so nearly accurate in 
 
HAND-HAMMF.RS AND RUBBING STONES. 
 
 427 
 
 outline, and free from blemish of every kind, it led the writer' •" to 
 believe that it had been probably used as a " chungkc stone," as they 
 are usually called. The absence uf a flattened margin, however, and 
 the fact that specimens of typical discoidal stones have been found in 
 New Jersey and Pennsylvania, render it quite doubtful, whether it 
 should be classed with this ciuractcristic implement of the southern 
 and western Indians. 
 
 It appears from the verbal accounts of several collectors, that occa- 
 sionally stone hanuners of this pattern have been found in Indian 
 graves. If it coulil be ascer- 
 tained that in all tliat are so 
 fouml there are no traces of 
 use as hammers, it would in- 
 dicate tiut they were intended 
 for some other purjjose. This 
 is not imjjrobable. 
 
 Fig. 401 represents a pitted 
 hand-hammer wl\i<h is so 
 battered along one j)ortion of 
 the margin, that it is (juite 
 evident that it has been used 
 for h.immering stone or some 
 other eipially hard material. 
 The battered and badly 
 broken condition of so many 
 of these objects is generally considered as an indication tliat one of 
 their < hief uses was to break off the flakes of ja;;)er, that were sub- 
 se(iucntly worked into spears and arrowpoiius. Not only is this ap- 
 parent from their battered surfaces, but hammers of tiiis pattern are 
 found in numbers mingled with tiie chips, cores and discarded speci- 
 mens tliat are found in such profusion in many localities, and mark 
 the sites of "open-air workshops." In a subsequent chapter, refer- 
 
 Fiii. 401. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 V 
 
 l'»AUiiilt. Smit'iMmian Annviai Rep. fur 1S75, ji. jM, fig. 209. 
 
428 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 encc will be made to a series of these hammers found associated 
 with the refuse of a long occupied workshop. 'Die late I'rof. Hal- 
 deman'"' refers to tlieni in his description of the contents of a 
 rock-shelter discovered li\- liimself, at Chickies Rock, l.ancaster Co., 
 Pennsylvania. He says, "y comjjris les ])ierres rondes jjrovenant du 
 gravier dc la rivirre, et non seulement les marteanx on jjercnteurs 
 portant d'lin cote ou de deux une depression artificielle destint'e a 
 loger le i)ouce et les doights, marteaux dont les liords out I'ti! l)rises 
 par I'usage, niais encore les specimens exempts de toiite maniue 
 artificrelle et paraissant avoir etu colliges en vue d'un emploi ulterieur." 
 The other contents of this shelter were of such a character, that it 
 fully justifies the conclusion of the audior (|uoted, that "I'ahri semble 
 avoir ete occupo par une succession de fahricants de fleches." 
 
 The jasi)er cores, to which reference has been made, are bowlders 
 of this mineral, from which have been detaclied ])ieces suitable for 
 making arrowpoints. These detached pieces or flakes are sometimes 
 six or eight inches in length ; and a large number of these were fre- 
 quently ol)tained from one bowlder. A hammer of some kind must 
 necessarily have been used for detaching these flakes, and tlie fact of 
 the cores and these fmger-pitted hammers being found together, as 
 described by the late Prof. Haldeman, renders it quite evident that the 
 small hammers, such as fig. 401, were largely used for this ])urpose. 
 
 Occasionally there are found specimens of these hammers made of 
 a soft sandstone, which would of course be valueless for flaking jasper. 
 The objec t of these is difficult to determine, as they are too small and 
 friable for use, even as nut-crackers ; and indeed, their shape is not 
 fitted for this or any ordinary purpose. It is i)ossible that they may 
 have undergone material decomposition since used as hammers ; but 
 if so, then these softsi)ecimens must be of very ancient date, and thus 
 Airnish evidence of the anti(iuity of the Indian on the .Atlantic <oast. 
 
 It is of course probable that, to a considerable extent, all these 
 
 '■'Conj'rcs (Ics AnK'ricanislcs: T.n\eiii1)iiurg Sessinn, 1877, Toine Second, I'n Abri en Pen- 
 sylvanic: S. S. Hnldcman, p. 324. 
 
HAND-HAMMERS AND RUnniNO STONES. 
 
 439 
 
 hamnuTs witli ijitted sides were used fur jjecking stone implements, as 
 was siiggi-,ted of fi-. j(jS. ]!ut to determine the ])articular purpose of 
 any or all hammer-stones is a task as vain as it is unnecessary. 
 
 Fig. 402 represents an implement in which the etlges, or a portion of 
 them, have been worn away by rubbing, instead of having been < hipped 
 or splintered by hammering. Implements like this are as evidently 
 rubbing or grinding stones, as those that are battered are hammers, and 
 
 Fifi. 402. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 they have been used in polishing the beautifully finished celt'^. which 
 are almost as abundant as these supjjosed tools, wherewith in i)art 
 they were made. These rubbing stones are of all shapes, and are 
 about eipially divided between those that have tiie fmger-[)it depres- 
 sions, and those in which the natural surface of the pebble, on the 
 sides, is still retained. They are usually of a finely grained santlstone, 
 but not always. .\ few specimens of jasper and other c<iuallyhard 
 stone are also found. In New Jersey, these rubbing stones are found 
 
43° 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 in abundance on the former sites of Indian villages, but they are not 
 so freiiuently met with singly. 
 
 An exhaustive examination of a limited locality near Trenton, N. J., 
 known to have been fornu-rly a village site of the Delaware Indians, 
 resulted in the discovery of a number of these implements, having both 
 a worn and a battered edge, as tliough used for hammering as well as 
 rubbing. If these specimens were really used in both ways, the ham- 
 mer portion was «loubtlessly used in jjecking implements like celts, 
 axes, pestles and many of the carved ceremonial and ornamental stones, 
 
 wl-.ich were shaped by 
 this process, before be- 
 ing polished. It is not 
 improbable, however, 
 that a hammer, like fig. 
 401, may have been 
 subsetiuently used as a 
 j)olishiug or rubbing 
 stone, an<l rue versa. 
 
 l''ig. 403 differs from 
 the i)rere(ling in tiiat its 
 entire margin has been 
 worn away by rul)bing 
 against other stones. 
 The f.nger pits in it are 
 deep and smootii. Specimens with so little of the natural surface of 
 the pebble remaining are not as abundant as those irregularly shaped 
 pebbles in which limited portions of the periphery only are worn. It 
 would appear from this, that in most cases, these rubbing stones were 
 used for a short time and then discarded, as very many are found with 
 but a single worn surface, and that of very limited extent. Those that 
 have been least worn by use are, as a rule, of cjuartz, jasper or chert, 
 materials that arc not so well adapted for polishing i)urposes, as is a 
 sandstone of fine grain. 
 
 Fig. 404 represents a second specimen of these rubbing stones. 
 
 Fig. 403. — New Jersey. \, 
 
HAND-MAMMF.R3 AND RUHBING STONES. 
 
 431 
 
 which is even more worn than the preceding. It is a ([iiartzite i)el)l)Ie 
 tliat has been altered in sliape, I))' riil)l)ing, until rvery vestige of the 
 natural surface has been removed. In it the finger pits have been 
 pecked out, and subsequently worn smooth. 'I'JK-yare of imusualsizc 
 and deptli. In outline, this nibjjing stone is more irregular than fig. 
 403, and has one obtuse i)oint on the margin. This l)lunt point is 
 (juite a common feature, not only in those siiecimens whi( h are worn 
 entirely around the edge, but in those which are large, angular, and 
 worn only over a limited extent. The jjoint is simply tiie result of the 
 continual wearing off of 
 adjoining ])ortions of 
 the margin of the stone, 
 and lias not itself been 
 used as a rubbing sur- 
 face. 
 
 These rubbing stones 
 vary indefinitely in 
 thickness, and many are 
 almost glol)ular in 
 shape. Indeed, it is 
 difficult to draw a line of 
 demarcation between 
 them and those small ar- 
 tificial globes of jasper 
 and quartz which are occasionally met with. These latter are seldom 
 so smooth as to warrant the belief that they were rubbing stones ; they 
 rather appear to have been jjccked to a truly globular form and sub- 
 sequently worn smooth by constant handling. 
 
 Fig. 405 represents a pattern of rubbing stone that differs in one 
 imjjortant particular from those already described. Instead of being 
 worn along the edge, this portion is only smoothed so far as this may 
 be effected by constant handling, while the sides are worn down until 
 they are perfectly level, and highly polished. In this respect, this speci- 
 men closely resembles the upper millstones already described. 
 
 Fig. 404. — New Jersey, -j. 
 
■132 
 
 I-RIMiriVI-, INTirSTRV. 
 
 Rul>l»inj( stoiu's of tliis ]i;>tttTn are tin- less common thar. the preced- 
 ing, ami wt-re jirohalily usc<l fur Miiiif one i)i;ri»ise tiot now cletermi- 
 nablc. I-'i>r jiolisliing the iur\i-(l surt'accs of tells an>l cylindrical 
 imiilfnients gciKTally, llit-y are nut as well a<la])te<l as arc those like figs. 
 402 and 40.? ; nor is it jirolialiie that so large a [lelililc was used as a 
 jxjttery iM)li^her. 
 
 Fig. 406 represents a serond example of tiiis torm of nil )ljing stone, 
 which, like the ]iri(ei!ing, has had the sides worn down until they are 
 very suioolh ami even ]<olished. L'nlike fii;. 405, liowe\er, this >peci- 
 
 Fi(i. 405. 
 
 Janey. 
 
 men has the margin li.ully liattered. and thus gives evidence of having 
 lieen used as a hand-hanuner. A small jxirtion of the margin is 
 somewhat smooth and shows llwt it h.is heen |)e<:ked. It is therefore 
 jjrohalile that, when first in use. this nii>l)ing stone had a pecked mar- 
 gin, as in fig. 405. which was aftervvanis destn)yed l)y the use of the 
 implement as a hammer. 
 
 It is perhaps iiuesiionahle whether these implements were the only 
 tools in Use among the Indians, tor polishing stone, from the luct that 
 
lIAMi-HAMMKKS ANU KIIUIINO STDNKS. 
 
 4.53 
 
 in many loca'itics, wlurc objcc ts of stone of various jjattcrns are al)un- 
 dr.iit, llivTC is often a tot;'i want of tlase riil)liin.i; stones; ami this is 
 true not oiily of New Jersey, hut of the otlier Atlantic coast states. 
 To a ( eriain 'xtent they may, of course, have heen overlooked, hut 
 tl)is will SI ,in cly e\|ilaiu their al)sence, as proved h\- caret'ul search 
 instituted particularly for 'luin. < )n the other hand, it is difficult to 
 c'Xi)lain the reniarkahle alnnidance of these olije( ts in su( h a liniiteil 
 locality as .i single townsiii]) in .\Fercer Co., New Jerse\. 
 
 The iore^'oinj; examples show how indefinitely these small hand- 
 
 Fi(i. 406. —New Jir»iy. |. 
 
 hammers .md ruhhing stones van.-. In fi;;. 407, we have represented 
 another form of ruhhing stone, whi(Ii shows m.mv tr.u es of h.uinjj; 
 heen lon^' in use. hut preciselyinwh.it m.nnier. or for wh.it purjio-ie, 
 is not iiltoncther I li'ar. Ju<i),'in^' fmni the iiioh' marked fe.Uuresof the 
 spec unens ^jathered, of whiih tii,'. 407 is an ,i\-erai;e lAauiple. this pat- 
 tern of these implements should he called a "^h.irpeninj.;" rather than 
 a "nihhiiif;" stone, as the < haracter of the worn surl.ic ^'s appears to 
 be sut h as wouid he produced in the ]in)cess of ni.iking and suhsc- 
 
434 
 
 I'KIMIllVi: INUI-SIKV. 
 
 (liioiitly sharpening the tutting ctlgcs o( cchs and axes. This would not 
 explain some of tiie deep and wiile grooves, worn ol)li(|uely across the 
 niarL;ins of many of these si>e(iniens, nor would it a( count fur < ertain 
 otluT teatures found in many examples, otherwise identical with fig. 
 407 ; but the examination of a very large series leads me to infer that 
 
 the prim ipal use of these 
 irregularly worn ruiihing 
 stones was to give a cut- 
 ting edge to the ( elts 
 an<l axes — a sort of fui- 
 ishing tool, n>ed only 
 after tiie liody {•( the ini- 
 l)leinent had lieen sha|)e(l 
 and smoothed. This, 
 however, it must l>e home 
 in mind, is wholly con- 
 jectural. 
 
 ( )riginaliy an oval, (l.it 
 ])el)l)K', this specimen, 
 fig. 407, has heen used 
 as a ruhhing or sh.irpen- 
 ing stone, tnuil the out- 
 lines are wholly altered, 
 The straighter portions of 
 the twi) sidi'> have been 
 ground off until l liey 
 meet in a jioint. The 
 slope of these worn edges 
 slmw^ th.it the motion of ruhhing was always in one and the same 
 dirci lion, — m this c.i>e, lri>m Kli to right. In this, as in nearly .ill the 
 spei linens collet ted, the li.isv- is r(>imde(l in outline, and h.is a number 
 of small, worn surfaces of tllfferenl shapes and c har.n ters. Some are 
 lilt aim I i'cular, while others run into bro.id and sh.illow notches. 
 There are also a few n.nrow and deej) notches of the same t haracter 
 
 Fl'i. 407 —NVw ji-nry. }. 
 
mpm 
 
 iianii-iia?'Mi:rs anu uliiiunc; stokf.s. 
 
 435 
 
 as tliosc on the sn-rallf<l siiiew-drcssers, «lfS(:ril)t(l in a i)rt'(eiling 
 diaplir. 'lliisc may intlitatc liuU spcciiiicns like Tig. 407 were iiNed 
 for st\eral imrjioses; as it is very doiilitlul wlietiier the edges ot 
 jxilisiied ( elts <()ni(i he snioiJtlie(l or shaipeneti l)y l)ein_i; drawn ihroiij^ii 
 deep grooves, siu ii as are seen on tliis specimen. This, li(jwe\er, is 
 the prevalent impression, llionyh it is i)ruhahly erroneous. 
 
 'I'his form of rtihhini; or sharpening stone, like tiie jireeeiling, is 
 commcjn in the iieigh.liorhood of Trenton, N. J., hnt it does not seem 
 to he very well known elsewhere. In the rolleetions of New I'ny- 
 land forms of stone impK-ments, in the Museum of .\rtl);eol<)gy at 
 Camhridf^e, .Mass., there is not a spe( imen that « an he tiassed with 
 them, nor are they menlionei! liy < olleel<jrs of stone implements in 
 tile western and southern states, 'i'o a < ert.iin e.xtent they may h.ive 
 lieen overlooked, hut it is inijirohahlc that so marked an ohjei t as fig. 
 407 should not lia\'c lu'en noticed and presereetl. That they are 
 )jrohahly ( omparatively s< an e in most Ux.ilities is inferre<l from tlie 
 la< t tliat in several la'"je collections of I'ennsylvanian and northern New 
 Jersey stone implements, not a single specimen of these greatly worn 
 sli.iriiening stones is to he found. I'ossihly of this same <haracter, are 
 the "sniall j)ietes of gritstone, almost the si/c of a hen's egg, with 
 deep grooves on all si<les," whii h Dr. Potter h.is mentioned as among 
 the relics of the moundhiiilders of Missouri. Tli.il author helieves 
 these ohjects lo have been used for shari)ening knives of lione and 
 deer's horn. (( onlrihutions to the .\r< hxology of Missouri: pt. 1, 
 Pottery. ]>. K), S;ilem, Mass., i.SSo). 
 
 Ilesides the several forms of hammers for flaking stone, for " pecking" 
 it into shape, for ruhhing down implements until titeir surf.nes were 
 polished, and for grinding to a sharp cutting edge, the celts, c hiseis 
 and axes, there are often found long, t \lindrii .d pehhles, which h.ive 
 been used as whetstones, for sharjiening the < utting tools of the 
 Inchans. 
 
 Stones of this char.K tcr appear to lie abundant wherever polished 
 stone imi>lcments are found. In m.my, there are seser.il worn surfices, 
 as in fig. 4oS ; while in others, there is but one. When but a single 
 
43'' 
 
 PRIMITIVr. INDISTRV. 
 
 worn surface is upon one of these whetstones, it is usiiallyof such large 
 are;;, that it may have l)een used for other jiuriioses than for sharp- 
 ening stone cutting-tools. Kig. 409 represents an exani|)le of this 
 form. 'I'his specimen is of convenient lorm for grinding bone im- 
 
 Fii-.. 41KS.— New Jcttcy. \. 
 
 Ijc. 4>.; — New Jcivcy. 1. 
 
 pKimiUs, fur rounding fragments of steatite for iicads, and for many 
 sinular purposes. A\ir\luie gniined nIUl' was generally < iioscn lor 
 this 1 1 is-> of impl^■melU^, and usually ihey were so well sele< led, tiial 
 whiii thev are iiow iound, they are c.irefully presened for sharpening 
 metallic tools. 
 
CHAl'Ti: R XXX. 
 
 PHF.I.I.-IIKAPS. 
 
 SA(t) BAV. 
 
 S<) extensive has hcconu' the literature treating,' of those ariiri( ial 
 a< ( imiiil.uions of shells, an<l hones of animals useil fur fnml, tli.it Imt 
 little ran be said that will not a|>|iiMr to be a rejietition of the ]itiii- 
 li^iieil ai <-oiints of varif.iis an hx-olo^isis. 
 
 The ternj " shell lua|>" has j,'enerally Iteen a|)iilie(l to these trai es 
 of the earliest occM]iai)ts of our roast, not lieeau^e they are e\< liisively 
 what this n.iiiie ini|)lies, Imt from the la< t tiial the siiell-. of liilkrent 
 iilitik- molliisks are the i)rinrii)al or < haru ii-ristie feature of the an n- 
 iniilalions. The term "kit< hen-niiililens, or "kiiekkeninieililings," 
 lias .iKo l)een iisi-d, esperially in iMirope, atui is aiimir.ilily ile>i ri|iti\e 
 of those that ornir in northern lairojie, ami in tlie New laii;laiii| 
 states. This term implit-s the aitiimulations not only of slulK, hut 
 alsoof tiie hones of fishes, hirils, anci mannnalsnsed as food, riimugh- 
 out this m.iss are srattered the impli-nu-hls of stone, hone and day, 
 whii h were made and i.sed h\ die peojile who dvvclt u|Min this ever- 
 
4.?« 
 
 rUIMniVK IM)fSTRV. 
 
 iiicrcasinj; i)ile of rcfiisi- fnnn tlicir daily rcjxLsts. In New Jersey, 
 however, tliere are Id lie foiiivl imt only such kite hen-middens, wliith 
 are in fact, villaf^e sites, Imt there are also sIkH-Iumiis pniper, or tiie 
 accuimilalions of shells made at various points where, perio<li( ally, 
 during (enturies, different niolliisks weie j;alhered in vast (|u;uilitijs, 
 and jireserved by dryinj^ o\er a fire. 
 
 Kiini (Travels in North America, vol. i, p. 240, tyji) refers to 
 heajis of shells near New \ork, made hy resident Indians, who fi.-.lied 
 for ^lV^tcrs and other mollusks. not only as a food supply, Imt for sale. 
 lie Siiys, "'nie Indi.nis, who inhabited the coast before the arrival of 
 the i'',uroi»eans, ha\e m.ide oysters and other shell-lish their chief food ; 
 and at present, whenever they come to a s.ilt water where oysters are 
 to be not, they are very active in catchinj( them, aiiJ sill thfin in f^irat 
 ifitunfitiis to othif /ih/iaitt r.'/zc /l;r /ii.;/i<r itf> tin- ci<i(iitr\: for this 
 re.b.on voii see iimnense nunjbers of oyster and muscle shells piled u|) 
 near su( h i)la< es, where you are certain that the Indians formerly 
 built their huts." Sui h heaps (ont.iin neither imi>lemeiits nor pottery, 
 nor bones of any maumial->, fishes or birds ; and, except for their si/.e 
 .md present position with referen( e to the se.i level, offer 1ml little 
 atlr.iciion V the arciix-ologist. 
 
 \\\ none of the shell heaps of the northern Atl.uilic r i>,ist h i\e we 
 aiv, evidence of ihat succession of deposits of different remains, sui h 
 as has been so };ra| hically des( ribed by Major W. II. Dall,'"'- as 
 o«:ciirrinn on the Aleutian Ul.uids. 'I'his arcli.i'ulo_:;iMt h.is determined 
 that in these isl.md-., "the straiifii .Uion of the shell-lieaps shows a 
 toler.ililv uniibrm divi-^inn into three stages, i h.ir.K leri/ed by the food 
 wliicii formed their staple of ^ubsi•^ten( e and liy the vvea|H)';- forobt.iin- 
 ing. and utensils for preparinj^ this food. ,i> lound in the separate strata ; 
 these st.ij;es beinj- — 
 
 I. The Littoral Period, represented b\' the lahiuus Liver. 
 
 II. The Fishing IVriml, rei>rcsented by the i-ish bone l.iyir. 
 
 '"I'.ill. 'I'ril>c>. of i\tn:m>: N.irlliwu.l, p. 4j. t : iiilrilHilMiii', M N. A. Kllilioliiijy, v.il i, VV.i->li. 
 Iligton, 1871). 
 
SIIKI.I.-IIKAI'S. 
 
 439 
 
 III. TliL' Hunting Period, rci)rfsfntc(l 1)\ tlic Mammalian Layer." 
 Somewhat aiialoj^ous to this is the evidence of tiie succession of liie 
 shell hcai)s in Florida, as determined by the late I'rof. Wyman,'"'' who 
 mentions as one of the ten "conclusicjus" that dose his imaluable 
 monograj)!!, that "fragments of ])ottery exist in tiie later but not in the 
 o/iff.it nioinii/s. The pottery was in all cases of a rude kind." 
 
 Marine shell-heajts are still abundant along tlie entire .\tlaiuii <();ist 
 from the 15ay of Ktuidy to the (lulf of Mexi((). Some of the l.irgeit 
 are at Cape Henlopen, Delaware;'"' along the greater part of the 
 New Jersey coast, from ('ape May'"'' to Keyjjort ;'•" on Long Is- 
 land,'"" and along the coasts of NLiine and Massac husetts.'"* 
 
 The shell-heaps on Long Lland are jirobahly more extensive and 
 more numerous than elsewhere along the coast, southward ui M.i-.>a- 
 chusetts. These heaps are all true kitchen-middens, and contain bones 
 of birds and mammals, implements and pottery mixeil with the shells. 
 Mr. W. \V. looker of Sag Hadior, Long I>laiid, h.is kindly furnislied 
 nie with the following descriptive note of one of these lieaps, whicii 
 may be < on^idered as fairly rej)resentative of tiie whole series. 
 
 "West of the Otter i'ond is a shell-heap of considerable extent, that 
 covers neady three acres. ( )n its surf.ice have been found hundreds 
 of arrow-points. Part of this deposit is still hidden under tiie leaves 
 and soil of tiie woods and has never been disturbed, .\long the cove 
 beyond, for a distance of about one mile and a h.ilf is o'le almost 
 continuous shell-heap. It is thi( ker at some pl.ici.'S than .it others. 
 Hack on ;he southern slopes of the hills, near swamps and springs, are 
 others, some being an a( re in area. .\t I'ayne's Creek, there is found 
 one of the largest and most compact shell-mounds cm this part of 
 I^ng Islan<l. .\t the time the .shells were ileposiled, the creek evi- 
 
 '"Wyni.in. Frc^liw.ilor OirllniniiinU ,,f ll.in.l.i, p. SI. S.ilcm, \\:\^s., iS;^. 
 •"l.i-iily. rriMf.liiiKi "if the A. ailiMiy ..f N.ii. S. iciu c» for i3f.(, IMiilaJcliihi.i, I'-i. 
 '"'Ci«>k. (itMJMny iif Niw |ir>cy, p. iij. Niwatk, Niw Jirsiy, 1818. 
 ""R;iii. Sunlhvmi.ici Aiinii,ll Kc|«irl fir iR".4. P- .)?'>• Wishinut m, i3' -. 
 «"Kli.H I.cwi., Jr. I'lipiilat Scicntc Mimlhly, vnl. x, p 4j6. Siw Yi.rk, ift?;. 
 ""WymJii. Amerkaii .Nj|iir.ili»l, vol. i, p. 5O1. Salem, Ma»»., 1868. 
 
440 
 
 I'KIMHIVK INDfSTKY. 
 
 (Iciitly flowi.'<l in front of tlic (Icjinsit, Imt now il is filled np ami a 
 sandy country road extends along its front. This deposit (overs ahout 
 three a( res, and is fully four feet in depth. In some spots on tills 
 shell-heap, are remains only of the oyster ; in another, of the clam ; 
 and a thinl of the s<allops, ami then the various shells will be found 
 to he ahout equally abundant, and mingled tog 'thcr. In this deposit 
 ha\e been found l)ones of the r.ucoon, be.ir, otter, fox, deer, and 
 ralibit. Almost all the stone im|ileuunts used l>y the natives iia\e been 
 found in this shell-heap. .Also awls or pointed instruments of bone, 
 and one large bone fish-hook (chap. XV, fig. U)ji). Kraguients of 
 their potter), made of pomided shells, clay and sand, are seen strewn 
 in every direction." 
 
 Frosh-water shell-heaps are also of ( ommon occurrence in the val- 
 leys of those rivers in whici; the larger ruios or uuissels li\e. These 
 inland kitchen-middens do not diflTer m.iteri. illy from those found upon 
 the seacoast, exiept that, generally, they are miu h more limited in 
 extent, esjiei ially in the .New Kngland and Middle States. In the 
 l.ilier Ini ality, indeed, they arc (|uite insignific.int in comparison with 
 the de|)osits of oyster and quahaug shells at lieesley's Point, Cape May 
 Co., and at Tiu kerton, ISurlington Co., New Jersey. Prof. Wyman'''-' 
 ha.s described an extensive shell-mouml on the shore of the Concord 
 river, in Massachusetts, made uj) of valves of the l'iiii> comfilanatiis, 
 a species still existing in that ri\er. Ch.irc oal and stone and bone imple- 
 ments were found in this (lepi)\it. .\ sm.ill Cnio shell-heap formerly 
 existed on the shore of the 1 >cl.iware river, at tiie mouth of Cross- 
 wit k's Creek, in I'urlmgton Co., New Jersey, whii li was toinposed of 
 valves of several species of Cnionuke ; Aiioifontit f>iirpnri\i,„\\M\ i'nio 
 viriihs being most numerously represented. .\ few ( hi|)ped stone 
 implements were found in it. The l)uilding of the Delaware and 
 Rarilan Canal obliterated this deposit. 
 
 A sfcond and much smaller mussel shell-heap, (ui the banks of 
 Crosswick's Creek, four miles from its mouth, approached most nearly 
 
 '"Wyiiuu. I'tutccilingj, Itmiuii Soiicty of Sal. Itiiiory, viil. i», |i. »4i, IVirimi, M.i»». 
 
SIIII.I.IIIM'S. 
 
 441 
 
 the I);l^i^l\ kjiukkfiinuutltliiins. Wiiliin a fiw s(|iiarc vanls, there 
 \va>. a laM-r of ruin slulls ami < lian i)al. with a t'l-w ri^haml liird lioncs, 
 ncaih- two iVct in tiiii kiii'ss. In tiiis mass witc several strata of fine 
 sand and niml. wiiii li siij;^ested that it li.id lieen several tinus aban- 
 doned and siil)se<|iiently re-o< i ui>ii(!. In it were found a small port- 
 alile mortar and an oval '•(rusher" or iijijier millstone, a s( ore of 
 leaf-hhaped arrow|)oints of lar^e si/e — possibly knives — two rude 
 axes, antl two remarkable "name-shaiied " or /.igza},' < :hii)|ie<l imple- 
 ments, which svere supposed to be spearpoinls. These spe( imeiis, 
 unfortunately, were lo>t or stolen, but dr,iwini;s were ])ublislied in 
 Nature, London, vol. xi, p. 190. The lar;,'er one, measurin;.: five in< hes 
 in length, was too delirale to have been used as a weajion, and doubtless 
 was used only upon ( eremonial 01 rasions. Whatever its purpose, its 
 ])ressiire in a shell-heap was remarkable. No dupli( ates. nor indeed 
 any crottked arrowheads, approaihin^; these imi< pie fornix, h.ue siiK e 
 been found. 
 
 I'eter Kalm, the Sweile, to whom I ha\e so fre<|ueiuly nk'rred. 
 mentions that in southern New Jersey " .!/i/////i- (;//i///////i { ( /ii)'), n 
 kind of nnissel-shell, was found abundantly in little furrows, wh.ii h 
 crossed the meadows. The shells were frei|uently (overed on the 
 outside with a thin crust of ]iarticles of iron, when the w.iter in the 
 furrows came from an iron mine. The Jai^lislmien and Swedes settled 
 here seldom made any use of these shells ; but the liiiiUim U'/ii>/or- 
 iiii'ii'v livi'il hfit' hroikii Ihini aiul ak tlw /A'.v//." 
 
 In a recent letter from Mr. i'.niesi Inyersoll, who i^ known to arch?c- 
 ologists in < oimec lion with the early discoveries of the now famous 
 (•liff-ruins of the far southwest, 1 am furnished with an ai count of some 
 inland shell-heaps in < entral New Ndrk. .Mr. Inj^ersoll writes: 
 
 "I heanl of se\er.il shell-heaps aloni; this p.irt of the Susi|uehaima, 
 but during; my lirief stay h.id only opportunity to examine one per^in- 
 ally. 'Ihis w.is on the hi-h northern b.mk of the river, jn>i in the 
 outskirts of tlie village of ( )we};i\ Ti i,L;a county, N. \'.. and had 
 jireviously been much disturbed. Trad lion says it was once .i hun- 
 dred yards or more in length, along t'le edge of the bluff. These 
 
442 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 (liineiisions had htcn vastly reducftl, Imt unougli rfmainc<l to ^Wc me 
 a (la\ 's lal)i)r. 'I'lic slalls were from a few inclies to about two fct-t in 
 (U'|itli and without inlcrmixturc of dirt, which only slightly covered tlie 
 whole. They were all of the two or three species of L'nio ixwA A nodun 
 wliich inliai)it the river there, and the exterior coal of every shell had 
 disai>i)eared. Many of the shells could be taken out entire, but re- 
 (juired handling with extreme <are to be i)reserved. A few land shells 
 {//i/i.\) were also seen, but they may have crawled there and tlieil ; 
 that is, 1 would not care to assume they were eaten by the Indians. 
 Associated with the shells was very little of value. I'ividences of fire 
 occurretl in the shape of blackened strata, cinders and cah ined shells. 
 Pebbles occasionally were foiuid ; l)Ut the only stone implements ilis- 
 close<l was one hammer-stone, three netsinkeis and a jiossible awl or 
 drill of ar^illite. I'raj^ments of bones of fishes, birds and chiefly 
 deer, wire abundant, however, scattered thr(juj,'h tlie mass. .\ll of 
 these fr.i^^Mienls, except the joint-ends (whi< h were broken short off), 
 were split. — I sui)pose for the marrow, — and were of small si/e. I'pon 
 one of these i)ieies of bone, which was about two inches long and 
 half an in< h wide, with smooth edges, a series of tran.sverse notches 
 had been ( ut, as though to tally some score or series of events. 
 
 " Tius lo( ality, where the Owego — or A/i-7i'ti-);it — creek empties 
 into tiie Susiiuehanna. was a warm and fertile valley nuich in favor 
 with tlie Indians who had a permanent siliage here. .Many local tra- 
 ditions and memories remain of their occupancy. They are asserted 
 to ii.i\e been a band of Massachusetts Indians who retreated to this 
 region ami iirocured. fmin tlie Iroquois tribes who held it, permission 
 to settle. 1 have not investigated the truth of this statement. In the 
 centre of tlie present town was the Indian graveyard, tradition asserts, 
 and the whole region abounds in stone relics, which in large number 
 and variety have been saved by half a do/en persons interested in the 
 matter, throughout the county. I )uriiig a visit of some weeks, I i ol- 
 lecteil as many stone implements as possible. 
 
 "I lint and slate '(hii)s' are extremely abunilant .all along the river- 
 bank an<l throughout the valley ; a good deal of jasper also occurs, 
 
SHFII.-HF.APS. 
 
 443 
 
 and I Iniind one lar^e 'core' of this substance, whi«h is all imported. 
 'Ihe arrowlieads tniinil are of various shapes ; rude, luisynimetrieal 
 funns pri'doniinatini;. I found no lar^^e spearheads, liut heard of a 
 cache of tliirty or more i)lanted dose together ami upri;,'lit, which were 
 l)louglK(l up some years a^o ; what Iki ame of them, 1 failed to lean 
 Hammer-stones, some of them elaborate, I foimd verv common, and 
 as for netsinkers, of all sizes, shapes and degrees of value, they were 
 almost innumerable. I'.vidently tluM' Indians (who no doubt antedate 
 the o( I upancy of the i\Iassa< husetis strangers) were great I'lsh eaters. 
 
 "Some skin-scrapers, long i)estles, ( elts, grooved a\es of syenite 
 (?), corn-mortars (one biioncave) and lluits of various forms, either 
 found by mc or by others in this locality, are not worth special re- 
 mark." 
 
 Dr. Daniel (',. Hrinton,'"" in a brief notice of v.irious inland shell- 
 heaps, more espe< ially those of Morida, and along the Tennessee riv er 
 and its tribtitaries, has called attention to the fact, tli.it "the ex< lusively 
 artificial chara< ter of many ol these deposits, even of very < onsider- 
 able size, was first prominently brought before the scientili< public by 
 .Mr. Lardner Wuiuxi in. in the proceedings of the .\meri( an .Association 
 of (leologists iiid Naturalists for 1.S40 -42 (pp. 21-2;,). The exist- 
 ence of enormous accumulations of the shells of t!ie Ostna j-//xin't'<t, 
 and IVniis tiiiircniniti, on tlie shores of the Chesapeake and its afflu- 
 ent streams, on the Jersey shore and Long hland. was disjussed, and 
 various jiroofs of their formation by the aboriginal tribes pointed out ;" 
 and lie t'urtJHT states, that "these prinifs may lie briedy sunnned up .is 
 follow^ : I'irst. \alves of the same .iiiiiii.il are rarely found together. 
 Se<()nil. .\rrowheads, fragments of pottery and charcoal are mixed 
 with the shells /// .lifii luitunili. 'I'hinl. The slulN are broken aiul 
 fre(|uent!y( barred. I'ourth. The substratum of the deposit is the same 
 as the surrounding soil. Fifth. The deposits are at the mouth and 
 shores of water <t>urses, where the shell lish alMiuml. Sixth. There is 
 abseni I' of stratification .iiid oliler fossils," 
 
 l*'*Brinton. SniithMini.Ki Anniiiit Kcpnrt Tor i8(W'>, p. 356, Wuliinglon 1). C. 
 
444 
 
 I'RIMrnVK IVni'STRY. 
 
 I>r. lirinton suhsoiiucntly remarks: "It seems hardly necessary to 
 addiuc evidenic from the old voyagers to sliow that in the rommissa- 
 riat of tlie native coast tril)es, esnilent sliell-fish constituted an impor- 
 tant item, ('al)eza de \'aea describes tlie accolents of the (ailf of 
 Mexico as dwellinj; in liouses of mats, 'Ixiiit on heaps of oyster 
 shells' (Raintisio Viaj,j,'i, torn, iii, fol. 317), and the first settlers of 
 Marylaml record with jjleasurahle recolkrtions, 'oisters, hroil'd and 
 stewed,' that the savaijes offered tiiem in jmjfusion. — (Relation of 
 Marylmd, 1634, \k iH, in Shea's Southern 'IVacts), 
 
 The late Prof. Wyman,"'' in the American Naturalist, hasf,'iven some- 
 what detailed descriptions of various marine shell-heaps in Maine and 
 Massachusetts, and these may be taken as ty])i( al of such deposits 
 wherever found \ipon the New lini^land coast. These dejiosits are in 
 Frenchman's I!ay, and at Crouch's Cove, on an island in Casco Bay, 
 Maine : and at I".; gle Hill, in Ipswich ; in the town of Salisbury ; and 
 at Cotuit Port, in d"' town of ISarnstable, Massachusetts, 'i'he shell- 
 heap at I'Venc hman's I5ay was "examined only near its l)order, where 
 a pit was sunk, slumini,' a deposit of c lam shells al)out two feet in 
 thickness. .Amoiif,' these were found the bones of several animals, 
 including those of the deer, elk and beaver, but no imjilements of any 
 kind." .Another dejjosit on an unnamed island was more carefully 
 examined. " .\ section through the heap at its thickest i)art showed 
 that it belonged to two different periods, indicated by two distinct 
 layers of shells. The lowest, a foot in thi< kness, consisted of the 
 shells of the dam, whelk and mussel, all much decomposed, and mixed 
 with earth. .\l)ove this was a laycT of dark vegi-table mould, mixed 
 with earth and gravel, and from six to eight inches in thickness, .\bovc 
 this was a sec ond layer of shells, of the same sj)ecies as those just 
 mentioned, but in a much better state of j)reservation, and with less 
 intermixture of e.irth ; this deposit was in turn covered by another layer 
 of earth and mould, .uid these now sustain a growth of forest tr.-es, but 
 none of them of large si/e." 
 
 '"'Wynun. Amcri.aii NattiraliM, v<il. i, p. 560, <7 J.7. Salem, Mas* , 1 868, 
 
SlIK.l.l.-HKAI'S. 
 
 448 
 
 The slicll-heaps at Crouch's C'o\c also |)rovcd, >}n examination, to 
 have In-'cn "(IcposiiiMl in two difH-rent layers, very nnn li as on the 
 island in I'rcnthnian's i'.ay." 
 
 In all these heaps, the increased si/.e and soliility of many of the 
 shells, as compared with the same sjiecies now living in the adja- 
 cent waters, were noticed ; and to some extent, certain spec ies, notahly 
 the ([uahaug {I'lniis mercenarin) which is now very scane and Imal, 
 north of Cape Cod, were abundant. 
 
 Dr. ("has. Rau""^ has given a detailed description of shell-heaps 
 near Keyport, Monmouth Co., New Jersey, whii h may he considered 
 as typical of the larger deposits found along the New Jersey coast. 
 These hea|)s of refu-^c were made up of the c:ommon oystc ( (htira 
 borea/is), i\m\ the hard shell < l.un (/'< ////.»• w^v<v;;(;/7(;), «iih a small 
 percentage of periwinkles {/\ri//.i canaliiiiliita and /'. <(f//.<M. Iai- 
 dence of the occupancy of these jilaces l)y the Indians is to lie seen 
 in the presence "of numerous fragments of pottery and stone imple- 
 ments of the usual kind, otherwise very scarce in this part of New 
 Jersey." 
 
 On the extensive meadows immediately hack or west of Atlantic 
 City, .Atlantic Co., New Jersey, are many small shell-heaiis, some only 
 a few )ards scjuare. These heajis are made up of shells of the oyster, 
 hard-shell clam or cpiahaug, periwinkles and soft-slu I clams, all of 
 which show the effects of exi)osure to fire. Careful examination of 
 many failed to yield a single stone or hone implement. TIhsc heaps, 
 which are "in tiie m.irsh, and extend down to the hard grouml," were 
 made when gathering the shi ll-fish for winter use, and were probably 
 occujiied only temporarily. Dr. (1. 1 1. Cook. ""^ mentions the existence 
 of these heajts in many localities along the New Jersey coast, and 
 states that "there is every indication that the marsh has grown several 
 feet about them sine e they were deiiosited." 
 
 During the summer of \'^y), in company with Mr. F. W. I'utnam, 
 
 •"■'Ran. SiiiichMmi.m Annual Kepiirt for 1864, p, 370. Washingmn, P. C. 
 "'Cook. CJcology of New Jersey, p. 362. Kcw.irli, Nc» Jersey, i368. 
 
446 
 
 JHumvr. isnu-frRv. 
 
 the author visited ami ca* fully L-xamiiKtl an extensive shtll-hcap on 
 tlu- west hanii of !)ow(iv's Creeii. near Aliseioni Iiilei. Atlanlit: < D., New 
 Jcr>ey. 'Ihii liepusit lucahureil one hundreil yar(i> in length, and 
 va.ntd I'roni three to ten yanl> in uidtli. At present it is aUxit lour 
 feet alwjve hij;li water, ami m-arlv as niany Im-Idw low water. '"^ 'I'ljcse 
 incasiirenieiils, witlt tliai ol ilie rite and lall nt' the tide make the 
 deposit, at present, fully twelve feet in lhi«:kne>s. Tiii-re have. 1rm»'- 
 ever, been many shiplnads taiien from the surfa< e, ami wlieii finally 
 abandoned by the Indiann, it was di)riblles:4y half as deep ayain as at 
 jiresent. It Is t oiiiposeil in p^at part iif hanl shell < lanis, with aUnit 
 ten Iter tent, nf cixsIits .iini periwinklis, .\ i\\v fragments of chanoal 
 wf'Tv foimd, and all llu" shells and frap;iiii-iits showed trai et of fire. 
 N»«!»lt>ne or bone iin|ilenienis were fucnd. 
 
 ■TTiiis extensive shell heap, like the ntany smaller ones in the innne- 
 dial'- Mriniiy, was e\itleniK siinjiiy a favorite s|ni; for nath< "iiif; the 
 
 r iwli, and in no respe< t .i xillase sjte or e\en a < .unpini; j;roimd. 
 -SMHSMd- m a marsh meadow on a luii^'able < reek, and but .t short 
 :>aiJMHW hif^h ^rouml. tin liidi.ins ,n I'tir to h.ne p.issed to .md fro, 
 trtan ?1M- iieft]) to the hi;;h land, where tlu-re are .ibunilant tra< es of 
 'lue sites. K.niin^ to lind anv implements or iiandiwork of .my 
 r. • -'«'-ll-iieap, we h'l'"-- ' ■> '-r various ploughed fields on t!)e 
 
 ii ami j^atliereil s liajjinents of pottery, and a lew 
 
 II 
 
 il deposits .mi! \ill.i,i siti-s, in tlii> loi.ilitx, should be 
 Is not readiiv MrolersHKid. espe< ially when it is seen 
 UfiH.)siis. now '. . ' ' .1 b^ marsh, extend to the hard 
 
 ! rh«. as now. tin ...• .i deep, navij;able stream iK-lween 
 tlir gtresent main shoie, but this of itself would set ni to 
 
 ***'rlll^ inrNtttmMMit w.i» iii.iilc from (I r |irrM-iil ImnI nf I III-. M'«*k, wliK h li.th , til ., I Ii.4|uk:I ufHin 
 nar iT*lw'*- of ibtK d«yu»il, anit nhiiwi a fiitc sr, iion uf ilir )'.-.i|) Ii is ,i tiiitnotirnroiu ni^kn: ita 
 l<»%brfm<>«l |"irli*m« ticliii; mori' ilci"nm|>,»sr«l tti.in ihiist- iiiMrcr ihe MirfjLc Vbclhcf ihe " IjlM 
 Itniiiml." itpon «huh llu: <.hc()-hr.t|i i« Iniill ii|i. i% iiiiirli l<iwrr ll';ln t. r l» ' nf ilie crrrk w4ft not 
 ■ ltru-niiini:<l t***«ltiv«ly. l>tlt it prtih.ility i\ iwo ur llirt-v ft-it Ul.m il, ailtl ihtl^ ^iwt lh« Hi-|HKit ihal 
 Mkllllun,ll ihlcklMMa 
 
SHI U.-IIIAl-S. 
 
 447 
 
 offer no ohjcclioii to llic li>< ality as a village siic. W'c < an on'y a( - 
 cuiiiu i'i>r it liy till' iirolial)ility tliat, wlicii lln' (lc|Misil was ■ (iniiiu'iiccd, 
 this liani urnimd was tlu-ii so near the lesel of the «» can, that occa- 
 •siunal ti(k--> and tiie M-a, (liirin;; florins, swi[)t omt ii. If ihi-. were an 
 cx< ejitiiinal <» ( iiiriin e, it wnuld oiler in) uiiiiai le In ilie teMiporary 
 ot'(H|iation dI' the |>la('e as a station for i oikt '."■' < lams and oysters, 
 but it would lie an insuperable ohjei tiiin to the Uk ality as a pernianent 
 al)ode. 'l'hi^, too, would explain the ahseU' e of the honi's of edible 
 ntannniils, birds and fishes, aixl aUo of implements, all of whith arc 
 found in the New lln^^laml shell-heap>>, and in those of Niw |ersey, 
 whi< h are built up \ipon the main shore, or upon j^rouml thai < ould be 
 l»erinanently oc t u|)ied, 
 
 Mr. (has. I'. Woolley, in a (oininunii aiion to the Ameriran .\ntiinia- 
 rian (vol. i, p. 2^5), refers to the existenee ol " in.niy shelliie.ips of 
 aborij^inal orijjin alou),'" the New Jersey coast, and adds ; "but few of 
 these lew.ird the seeker with anytiiing e\( epl a few < lu])ping'>, and in 
 lijan\', even these are w.mting, • • • • the inaj.irity iiaving beiii made 
 by the indians in 1 astin^ .uvay the \aKf; of the shell-fi^h, .ilur string- 
 ing or otherwise preparing them, to 1 .irry back to their more iiermaiienl 
 lialitations in the interitir ; for our stale was traversed by well-deluied 
 trails leailiiig from the 1 >elaware to oyster prodming inleis of the 
 Shrewsbury, Spian ai.d oil-er streams. ( )ne of tlu-se he.ips near 'fuck- 
 erion. kiioun .!■> the " I'ununoik," has its base upon ihe S.iit Mead- 
 ows, a h.ilf mile fioin the firm lai d, .md i> \er\ 1 oiispK uous .is it 1 un 
 Im.' seen from out at sea ; it is a solid mass of < ' un shells ( / (////»■ f/ifr- 
 iYiiit/iti), eleven feet high, twi-nty-five feel long, and an a\er.ige width 
 of SIX fei.'l ; upon llu' top .ire growing Mveral red redars, six in< lies in 
 diameter; no whole slulls eonld be found .md but few entire \alvcs, 
 they a!l showing the in. irks of having bet-n opened with a rude instrn- 
 nunt. This has bi'i'ii opened several times, .iml imis of shells rartecl 
 away, but not .1 < hippi'.g or fragment of pottery has been seen, though 
 it is of undoubted .diorigin.il origin, and upon the m.nnlaiid opposite 
 and a half mile away, ground axes, cells and other iinpleinenls have 
 been foiiml." 
 
44^ 
 
 VKiMIIIVK IVIMslkV. 
 
 'I Ik' Nt\v l'.ni;l.viul nIuII Ikmiis, .it'ur huinI <ritii;ii oxaininatiun l^y 
 IVdI' \\ Mii.m,'"' r\liiliit 11(1 iiiilii .ilioiis III an antt<|iiiiy aN iii^h >is those 
 (it' thi- nid woiKI. lUromarks ; "Jin- mitmal . of tluiu iiri-.cnt viiin' 
 varii'i> in ilu- iKvm- ol (li( i>,i!|kimIiim), wlmli h,\■^ ri-inlicil iiniu tniu' 
 ami 4\jiiisurf, tin- lower last is In ni); niiu h nmri' i!isinl».'f;rali-il and (li 
 aliU-, tin- !»hc'ls in I.k i, til!;!;; to |m-«iv. while thosi,- ot' thv ui>|itr t>ncs 
 gfiHrallv |trcMi\c ihiir on^iiul lirnmcss.' 1 >r, ,<au'"'' oliMinnl llus 
 Name |i(i Mharits in ihr heaps hi: f\aininc.-(l at K<.-\|iorl, NJoiinumlh Co., 
 New |i!-,iy. lie >..i\^ "that < on>ul>-ial>lo time was ie<niireil to heap 
 lip tlu-sc shells is f\ ideiit, anil, murcn^er, iniliialed hv the ihalkx, po- 
 rmis a|ppeaiaiu <• ami liaj^ilitv nl inaiiv ol' the \aKis, while ihose tliat 
 were I a-i awav at laiiT peiimK e\liiliil these sijins of ile< a) in a far 
 less decree." I'lul. W yinaii .iNo imlis the fa< t of "a disinti\e,ratinn of 
 the shores, the seas iinderininin^ and deslrojiiijj the deposits," aitd 
 adds, "ilure I an he no doulit Ih.il these (deposits) wi'ie on< e mm h 
 iiioie I AieiisiM- til, III iiow, and that the w.iltr has woiked r. . w.iy ina? 
 titeir plai is. I.a'dv, thesi- di-poMi-, i nniain llie r<ni,iins of .ininials, as 
 of the 1 Ik. not known .ii prrseiU to evist, ti> the f.i^Ux.ird ol the .\llr- 
 j;hany mount.iiii-. : of ihe wild turkey, now virln.illy exliiH I m Niw 
 laij^laii'! . .uld ol llu- >.;ri i! ank, wilirh • ♦ • • has rei ed<d .ilinost, 
 if not i|iiiti-, to the An In re .'ions,"''' and < oni hides tli.it there is lis 
 yet "no proof of ),'reat .i^i', or hij^it antiqinly." 
 
 The same is applii .ilili' to l u- Ni\v Jirsey sin II hf.ips, the .i;;e of 
 wlinh I .111 only lie is!im. lied h\' the iiidii .ilions of ihe snlisiileiK t; of 
 the , nliri- roastline, now i;> pro^re;s. 
 
 I'rof ('.. II. Cook''" stiles that "there is an aliiind.ime of eviili/me 
 to sl'..iw ill. II .1 slow siibsideiK e of all tiie land aloiij^ the liile waters 
 net onK .>f New Jersey, hul of ilie whole eastern ro.ist of the I nited 
 Si.iUs, li.is lieen /^oin^' on for sever.il hundred yens |).isl, and tluTC is 
 evidence th.ii it is still in full progress. This moveiiu nt is one of a 
 
 •'Wyman. /. i . y- S7ii 
 
 '•'K.1M. 
 
 . !•• 
 
 <* riir .ink is iKiw Ulicvi tl lit Ik OIIIkU 
 ••"Couli, /. !•., p. jln. 
 
.SHKI.1.-1II.AI'.S. 
 
 449 
 
 scries wh»<"h has tMrvirrcd (Ui our < (>a-.t, liy wliit h tiu.- lim- of walcrlcvcl 
 h.-w l>ecu alternately elevalrd ami tie|)ris-.iMi. 1 Ik- exlciii of tlic iiiove- 
 nu'Hts is ipiite Imiiled, the wimle raiij^e luiiij; < oin|iii-.i-il wiiliin twenty 
 feet." I'tuf. Cook was ;!l)le to n;.'l,e some measurenients, from wliii li 
 lie « Diicli'iied the rate of Mihsident e lo lie ■•.liiont two I'ei t ill a i en- 
 tiirv, or one i|iiaiiir of a;i ini ii m a \ear. 'I'lie »\hole amount of this 
 snSsiiletu e w Mot known ; it must, at least, icjual thi-wliole lU'iiih from 
 hijih water-mark to the lowest |Mjmts at wimli siinn|>s ami roots of 
 trees liave Iveen fonnd in tluir jilai es of j,'rowth. This Irom tlf evi- 
 • Ivnec, • • • • is seventeen feel, ami it may l>e more." 
 
 This, m liriet', v.onlil in<li<ate th.il if the »hcllhea|is now resting, as 
 tiny .ill ilo, n|ion "last (;ronn't," l>ul siirroumKd hy mar-.!) nu-.uiow, 
 were heijim .it the i Dininem emeiit of the sulisiileiu e, then at the r.ile 
 of two feet |n r < enttiry, the ilejiression l»einf{ about twenty feet, they 
 wonlil date h.K k otie thons.ui«l ye.irs. If, liowever, we i onsuler that 
 there h.ise l>een a series of thise movepient-, and that the elevation 
 niav not lie |ierfei tly rej;ul.ir in its movement, tlure rs no re.ison why 
 they should not he mm h oldrr. I'o^silily, as the uiovtnieiit'. them- 
 selves ha\e lieen usi illalury there ni.iy h im- \h-\\ e.irlier shell-heaps 
 that were destroyed by a preeedinj; perDd of sulimer^em e ; as many 
 «>f lire present heaps are now liemn w.ishe<l away ]>y the eix ro.u h- 
 imuts of the sea. 
 
 A thousand year> is not tune enon^l: to t.s|ilain numy l.i< ts < ini- 
 nei ted wnh the an hicolony of tin- ml i ul diMru is. If it <ould he 
 showti thai there were no shell heaps ot greater ajje, then it would 
 Jk! nciessary to i lass them amim;; the lat';r i.-.u es of the lormer oieii- 
 paiil* of this lontinent, whit h no one would willin„'ly admit. Heme 
 it is evident th.il a roiisider.ilile an.ii|mty must he assigned to iheiii — 
 an aye jjreaier by far than ten < (-nttiries. 
 
 IHA ook""' mentions that "ihe enorin' u^ i>iie-« of i l.nn .iml o\ster 
 shell-, will- h were .u . innulatrd by the Imh.inN are all in the marsh, 
 
 '•h:u.iIi, /, I . i>. /•«. 
 
I. sijii>iii.i^p«K>fpipvaii 
 
 450 
 
 I'KIMIIIVK INDfSTKV. 
 
 .lilt! cxtciiil (liiwn 1(1 llic li;irii groiiiul." It i^ nl>\iinis from tlii-., Jhat 
 this "lianl j;r<uiiu!" wa^ in tlu' iiuincdiati- vie iiiily nl" tin- tn^nr anil 
 I lan> l>f(l>, wlun tin- lu'li.uu I'liNt t.niin! lure. 'IhiTf is aiisoliitcl)' no 
 riMson for sMiiim^ing thai it was altiT iIk- nulisiilfix v hail < (innm'iu imI, 
 lliat thf sIrIIs wert' first thrown ilown in a luMp. it is i-\rn |H)s>ililc 
 that at that tinu', the lantl might havi- hci'ii slowly rising to a hii^luT 
 k'M-l, ami it is I k'arly as prolialilo tiiat tiu' Indian was wamlcring alonj; 
 the coast at the \it\' I'arhest |<ia( ti( aMe date, as that lie first trod these 
 sandy heat lus at some m ry ret ent period. 
 
 F'lrthernuire, some of the freshwater shell heaps have now an act u- 
 nnilaiion of peat and nllinial deposit over them, that is itself indica- 
 tive of a tonsiderahlc antii|ml). ( )ne of these has heen foiiiul at a 
 depth of six feet l)el(tw the present Mirfa<e, restinj; upon the tertiary 
 y avels exposed hy the shrinkin;^ of the old ghuiai river to its present 
 narrow ( liannel- This refuse lieap is of an identical aj^je with the 
 argilhte fishspears already desi rihed. 
 
 Siieli heaps Imilt iipoii "fast urninjd," and now (»< eanward of our 
 coastline, have kmj; since lieen destroyed by the steady en< roat hmeiil 
 of the sea, and so our study of the antiijiiily of those that remain in- 
 la( I, 'an give us no 1 luc to the e.iilii'st ti( lhe>e accnmutalions. Man 
 therefori- is older tl .'n tin oldest of the shell heaps that remain. 
 
 iMirthermore, in hasing any estimate of antiipnty ujion shell heaps, 
 it must he liotne in miiul, that the sa\';!>ie nice or r.n es, when they first 
 appeared on this ( oast sst:re certainly few in mimliers and widely scat 
 tered ; and it must nei essarily have heen lonj,' su!)se<|nenl to the time 
 of their arrival, ".ii. It tlx'ir iuiml>crs so im rea-.t-ii .ind tluir hahitations 
 were so t.ir iierm.tnenl .is to result in the for'nation of these enoniioiis 
 heaps of shells. 
 
 When we 1 oiisiiler the millions upon millions of shell fish that were 
 gathered, and from them pass to our river valleys, and see there too, 
 thonsamls of the reli( s of the Indians dotting every field, and further, 
 trai e the growth of the Hint < hipping .irt from the relit s of the deeper 
 to those of the s iperfit lal soils, is it unreasonable to ast.rihe a " liigli 
 
. FJ *|^ 'ip-i ■ 
 
 Sill I t lUAI-S. 
 
 45 » 
 
 antiipiily" to llio dusky savai^e whom ilic palc-farcd intnulcr iounil iit 
 iHjsscssiun ol llasc Kinds ? 
 
( IIAPTIK XXXl. 
 
 FLINT-CHirS. 
 
 I'niuk this }{fnfr;il ti-rm may l>c lonsidereil the various flakes, spliiv 
 tcrs, ilii|is, ( (iri's, and tliv reluct: nl" those rniiuTals liiat liavc hi'cn 
 nscil in llic niamifa* tiirc of sue 1» i liiiipi'il imitkincnts, as kiiivfx, 
 s( rai^Ts. s|>tMrlK'ails, anrowiioiiits, aixl tlrills or perforators. Wlun*'. r 
 aiiy<f tJK'sc or allii'<l tonus of fiiiishi-<l iiii])ifi»cnts n( i iir, it is usual 
 to fiiul I hanc V spei inii-ns of this refuse material, ami, when tlitis nut 
 with, tlu'V have miK h nicfrc an hrcolo^ical sijjnifu ante than is f^eiurally 
 siippohed. ^\'hen, liowever, vast •juantities of sni li < lii|ipini;s o(iiir. 
 in a very hiiiitcil area, they in<ii< ate, withont donlit, that the various 
 lornis of weapons mill inipleinents were tliere made in "piantities ; and, 
 donl)tlessiy hy a systeni of trade"*" among .idjoininj; tril)es, they were 
 in time ilisperscil over A lar^e extent of « oiintry. 
 
 Sni l> arcimmlations of this refuse material are met with under two 
 (|iiite different ( innmstam es ; as where a suitable exposure of livrn^; 
 ro< k o< curs tit. it is adaptc-il to the maiuifac tnre of the various forms of 
 inn)lemen»- , ,»iii( h are, in sue h ( as«'s, nc< essarily of the same mineral, 
 ami ]iresent, curiously enou^^h, a very uniiorm appe ranee it> the pat- 
 tern adopted, althou);h the mineral is readily < hippe<l into other and 
 more delicate forms, as shown hy l-roken sperimens in tiie retuse 
 heaps where a howlder nf this s;ime r.iek has heen Mlili/e<l ; ami again. 
 we have sui h a< i nmulations. where seleeted minerals, in small mass* >, 
 have hecn hroii^ht tof^ethcr, ,ind from this little storehouse of i rmie 
 materials the various fonus of nnplements and wcipons li.ive Seen 
 formed. 
 
 ■**ll>u. Smiih. Ann. Hapi., fnr 1II7), |>. j^t, ami il;;, p, aft, 
 
 (Mtt) 
 
454 
 
 PklMIIIVK INlilNTRV. 
 
 In till- ii|t|nT s.illiv lit tin- I )flaw.irf rixor, wlurc tin- rorks frc- 
 (|tK-n(ly nHonl sii< h slu-lur nl wlui h tlic Itxli.in was fjlail (o avail liiiii- 
 si'lf ami \vl)i( l> arc, at \hv same tiim-, MiilaliU- for inakiii}{ many of 
 the tonus of itn|)lcini-iits whit It his in^iniiit) li.itl at that tiiiiL- ilcvisid, 
 thisc tr.K i-s of an i-arly o< < iipaiK y of ihi* i oiinlry liy savage man, 
 sliowii liy tl»f a( t inniilations of (lakes ai'd sphntcrs, — thfw "o|H'n-air 
 workshops," as ihry ha\i' liiiii i alKil. aif fn-cnicntly n.cl with. I ho 
 aliimd.im I' of small tiakcs or < hi|>s, ami of hrokcn ami nnfmisiu-il 
 spcrimciiH, at oiu c iii<lii ates the < harai ti-r of the loialily. In six h .'s 
 have luTU < arc'fiilly fvamincd, tlu're has Iktii a markiil alisein e of 
 the small pi-lil>k-s and mdi-nti-<l oval stone:* that are supposed to ha\e 
 lieeii used in flaking the i hert, jasper, and ipiart/, whiih wire so 
 largi'ly selertfd for llii- mamitai ture of stone implements. Whether 
 they h:>'l lieen removed .md tlie pl.i< cs ahaiidoneil uiiile the Indians 
 wen* Ktill in possession of the < ountry or itol, eaimat now he deter- 
 mined ; liul in all the workshop sites th.it were visited where the liv- 
 ing roi k was utili<red, there was in e\ery iiist.iiK e an absence of seve- 
 ral features that rharat terizc the sjune sites when found in more south- 
 ern i'li.ihlies, -re there is no living; roik.and all the material and the 
 tool> tlu'iusel\( ., when of stone, were tLin-jiorieil iVoni more or less 
 (list, lilt p<imts. I he former have always seemed to in)|>ly that the 
 lot ,ilitv, liein^ aiiessilile to ail, the liuli.ms < ame ,iiid went as their 
 ueiih sii;.;j;esieil, and fashioneil for lhemseheswh.it implements they 
 iK All! d, ,ind in this rase they naturally took away with them the tools 
 they Hied. This woulil aeior.nl l<ii a m. irked aiiMiu e nt e\en the 
 simple li.unmer stones, (in the other h.nid, wheie .ill the m.iterial is 
 foreign to the s|M»t, it was prolulily the property of one or a few indi- 
 vidii.il. ; atid if left at any time, .ill i iinne< ti'd with it would lie left 
 heinnd, unless it were the fiiushed implements. 
 
 .•\l lirsl sij{hl it mij-ht he ihouKht th.it where a roek /// u/ii eould he 
 utilized, portions of it i onld he selei tid, sm h as would he av.iilahle 
 for the de>.ireil forms of implements, ,ind heni e th.it < ompar.ilixely 
 few failures would oi i ur. In other wonN. th.il llie delaehed mass 
 would lie in Mi< h shape .iiid so t.ir free iVoni wcitlnred surf.u es, that 
 
M.iMi mi's. 
 
 4SS 
 
 any <U'ff< l in its i onsiiiiitiim, ;h the prescme of a fttrcinn iiiiiur.il, 
 c'oiilil 1)0 iIlIim ti-(l, Hill no trial < lii|i|iiiit{ nriil lie niade, to tlcter- 
 niine its availability. No siuli ilisi riiiiin.ilinn, Imwrver, was evert iseil 
 liy the inilians ; ami in a ro< k >lulier, near lUhiilere, Niw Jersey, 
 where arrowpoints wire un< e made in vast nuinhers, there was an ini- 
 ntense a<( tiimilatiun nt' iW\\i-, iliai liad ivery appearam e "l Iteing 
 Hiniply failnrcH, liemn. lor the nio'.t part, 1>Iim kid (nii spearheads, whieli 
 hail licen liroken into halves, or otherwise so Irai tund. as to reiiiler 
 them useless. In all s'n h eases there were to lie tiai ed sm h v.iriations 
 from the i h.irai leriilir i oniiitntiim ol the iniiier.il .is e\pl. lined the 
 cause iif the Liiliire to prodm e a finished iinplenient on the part of 
 the nneienl worker. 
 
 While, therefore, one < .innot 1ml ailmirc the beauty of workmanship, 
 and marked display of taste, as shown in the finish and desif;ii of the 
 thoiis.inds of arrowpoints that have heen (i.illiereil frnui mir f'elds, it 
 nuist lie admilted tli.it, noiwithsi.indmj; a!! their sl;ill, the .n.ikers v\- 
 |HTifiiecd mill h unneeess,iry trouble lioin their inability tr jud(,'e of the 
 «|iialilics of .1 j;i\en m.iss of miner. li, pru.r to Apeiuliiij; ( 'iMsiderabic 
 lalKtr upon it. It w.in to this, rathei ih.m in want ol <kiil, wiun f^ood 
 tnateri.il was used, th.it we must .iltribute tlie i|ii.uit:iies of "failures," 
 as they hive been well railed, whit h i liar.u leri/r many .i former site 
 (if an .irrowm.iker's l.ibors. 
 
 It is desir.il'le now, to refer in ileiail to an ai < umul.itii/u of i hips, 
 cores, h.iuuners, ami oihir in.itcii.tl, luuiid ui .i hiiiilid sp.n e, .iml 
 whii h indicated very clearly th.il .ii tit. it sjMit s,<u\v one or more red- 
 men had, for a loni,' time, been ai ciistonuil to mam.la< lure .ill liie 
 forms of weapons and domesiic implements collectively kiiov ,i ii.s 
 chif'f'iil iiiiplements ; lor it is a ciirions fu t, that, so f.ir as it w.is prai - 
 licable to ilfiermine, ii'-t .i tr.ii e of .i poiisiu-d iinplement or polishing 
 tool li.iN iiii'ii iiiii with ill ihiM' opi'i .lir \\orkship|is. 
 
 In ll.iiniiioii towiisliip, Mriicr ( o., New jtrMV. tiie .iiithor iliscov- 
 tred, during the summer of iSy.S, ,i Lir^e series of splinters and irreg- 
 ular chips of jasper, min|;leil with the soil of a newly. drained swamp. 
 Immediately over these fragments l.irge trees had grown, lloiirished to 
 
45^' 
 
 rKIMITIVK INDL'.STKV. 
 
 maturity, and ilicd of old a^'c. jod^in^ from the diptli at \v1)i( li some 
 of till' jispfr rliips were buriid, ii was evident that tlie>e trees liud 
 eilhtr luiii mere sapliiij^s, or had not yrt sjirontrd, when the arrow- 
 maker lure pursued his < alhu^. Attention having l>een ( ailed to the 
 split ly the siirfai e indiiations, the |;round over an area uf several 
 Hijuare yards was examined and a lar){e <|uantity of interesting material 
 gathered wliich has sin< c lii(i\ pKw ed in the (amliridge Museinn. it 
 « onsists, first, of nusses of jasper an<l alli»-d niineralN, j;aihered from 
 the >.'ra\el lieds tliat form the eastern hank of the I >elaware river, at a 
 point some twi^ miles distant, as the (row llies. Semiidly, of i ores, 
 or tlu' renmanis of the sele( ted masses above mentioned, whii h were 
 ton small or tno irre^^ular in shape to lie fiirlhtT available. Thirdly, of 
 larj;e (lake^, wlmli lunin similar to tllu^e that often o< < iir associated 
 with relii s in our fields, may or may not have heen « onsidered and 
 iiM'd as llnislicd implements. 'rinNe flakes, however, show little sin - 
 oral.iry < hippinj^, and were inleruunnled with i hips, spliiUers, and other 
 refiise materiiil. .\ iiotieeahle featuri' of tluse (lint like masses and 
 rhips is the wonderful ran).;e of i olor they e.xhihil ; not only are there 
 different sIi.hKs of nd, ]iurpU-, lilue, (^rein, lirowii, ami yrllow, hut 
 many are mo>t lieautifiilly varieyated. While there seems mut h evi- 
 deni e to show that atlrac tive i oloration was prized hy the ahorij^ines, 
 it is found that the implements m.ide from su< h materi.il were either 
 retained by them on reliiuiuishin^j this territory to the white settlers, or 
 the niiiuTal thus brij^htly i oloird is more easily fra< lurtd, when used 
 as \M'a|ion'». Of the thuusauds of .irrowpoints alreaily gathered, th )se 
 still pirfei t, of p.ile green, bnu'lii yellow, blue, and the lij^hter shade.s 
 of n:i\, are <|uite rare ; ytt Hakes and broken implements of these 
 <(ilnrs .ire represented, not oiil)' in the fields, but in the workslioi) 
 a< ( umulations, as already mentioned. Tourthly, of bloi ked-out and 
 subic(|uently flisc ardi-d sfM.'ciinens, — the f.ulure to (inish them being 
 evidently caused by a Haw in the n ineral not ilelei ted at the outset. 
 I'"ifthly, of spet imiiis that were nearly finishid but irrejtarably injured 
 by some unliii ky Unishing toudt. These are o'.'ten arrnwhi-ads, with 
 the ])oints broken off, or suth as have a barb or a basal < orner de- 
 
M.IVr-CHIW, 
 
 4S7 
 
 tarhcd. A very ronsidfraljli- niiinlicr (»f ihcHC are rcrtainly (|iiitc 
 as useful as weapons, as pirlci t spt rinu-ns, and why disc irdcd, as 
 they were, (or some very trilling itcUc t. is ditVu nil to uiidiTsland. 
 Arc wc to <omliidc, that llie nadiness with whij h adepts niantiruc- 
 tnrcd iIk-sc «hipp«?d implements was far greater than has lieen sup- 
 jMiseil. and, llierefon-. tli.il lluse olijerts were really sold .it a very 
 cheap rate, and that the Imlian pun haser (duIiI afford to l«e very 
 ]iarli<nlar? Sixthly, of < hips an<l splinters of every si/e and shape, 
 being the ordinary refuse that would ruces^arily amimulaie in the 
 tuurse of (hipping jasper into arrow and spearpoints. Seventhly, of a 
 scries of oval, of nearly scpiare, and of sonic irregularly shaped pehMcs 
 of sandstone, j;Ls|)er, hornsKjne. ami porjihyry, mostly with shallow 
 dc|)rcssions, one on each side, and with the cn<ls, if oval, and the 
 angles, if scpiare or of irregular outline, so battered as to show that 
 they had been used in striking niiiural as dense or more resisting than 
 that of which they consist. Considering the c ircumstam es under 
 which they were found, their shape, and the evidence of li.inl usage 
 whith they exhibit, it is very evident that they are rude im|>k'ments 
 used, at least in i>art, in the m.inufai:ture of arrowpoints and other 
 fcjrms of chipi»ed impliineiits. 'I'he use of sue h hammerstones was 
 doubtlessly i|uite limited, and other less uncertain means were taken 
 to imxluce the delii ate fimsh of the smaller implements and weapons. 
 Although the si/.e of these hammerstcmes varies greatly, it is dilticiilt 
 to sec how minute It.ikes could be det ic lud by their aid. I'roiiably 
 bone implements, that h.ive since decayed, were used as Imishing 
 
 tools. 
 
 This simple fonn of hammer, it is well here to observe, is very eom- 
 mon wherever the ordinary jiatterns of relies are met widi, and in every 
 series gathered by c ollec tors in various jiarls of the state { Nc'w Jersey) 
 there are s-veral eNamjiles, varying considerably in si/e and shape. 
 It ( an seareely be held that they had any use as a weajion, while as 
 hammers they would be useful in many ways. 
 
 I'.ighthly, of a few llai sl.ibs c)f stone of small si/e, with an occasicmal 
 trace of hammering on either side. These were possibly used as lap- 
 
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 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Stones in part, and may have been used, also, in connection with bone 
 implements, or flakers, as a breastplate, whereon rested the base of 
 the bone flaking tool, when, by pressure, series of small flakes were 
 detached. This, however, is altogether conjectural. 
 
 In all this large mass of material consisting of about one thousand 
 pieces, there were no traces of charcoal, nor any indication whatever 
 of fire ; no pottery, nor any whole or fragmentary weapon, nor do- 
 mestic implement of any description other than those mentioned. 
 
 The apparent absence of fire from this unquestionable workshop 
 site deserves a few words of comment, as many suggestions naturally 
 arise. It may, indeed, be thought that the absence of charcoal is 
 mere negative evidence, and does not show that fire was not used at 
 this spot ; but when we consider that fire here would always be at or 
 very near the same place, whenever kindled, and would be kept con- 
 tinually burning during winter, it is evident that some trace of it 
 would remain in or on soil not subsequently disturbed, as was the 
 case in this instance. Very frequently in examinations of different 
 known localities where stone implements abound, there have been 
 found traces of fire that were clearly evidences of the occupation of 
 the locality before the first visit of the white settlers. Assuming, 
 then, that the absence of all indication of fire is evidence that one had 
 never been kindled there by the Indians, the Hict seems to imply that 
 the spot was not occupied in winter, a season when we should naturally 
 suppose the Indians would be far busier in this industry than at any 
 other time. The supposed absence of fire also indicates that the 
 flint, prior to use, was not heated, as has been stated was often done. 
 What the effects of moderate exposure to heat are, so far as facili- 
 tating the fracture of jasper and allied mineral, is questionable ; but 
 the author's experience in arrow-making leads him to conclude that 
 the varieties of jasper and quartz represented in these several series 
 are quite readily fractured, by either percussion, or pressure ; and the 
 art of arrowpoint making consists wholly in the acquired skill in gov- 
 erning the size and direction of the flakes detached, after the imple- 
 ment has acquired, in general outline, the desired shape and size. 
 
FLINT-CHIPS. 
 
 459 
 
 On the other hand, while a site, sucli as this, was apparently only 
 occupied in pleasant weather, it is noticeable that all such sites, so 
 far as discovered, lie in close proximity to a spring or rivulet of good 
 water. 
 
 The entire amount of refuse material, and number of tools found 
 on this workshop site, do not throw any light upon the length of time 
 this spot was occupied; but, as it is not demonstrable how many 
 chips were necessarily stricken off in making an arrowhead, and as the 
 earth was here thickly strewn with thousands of very small flakes, looking 
 very much like coarsely crumbled shells and as much of this refuse, as 
 well as some of the larger pieces, was quite deep in the soil, it seems 
 evident that the spot was occupied lor a long time. The coarse 
 refuse may indeed at times have been gathered up and removed, 
 but even supposing that this was never done, the thickly and deeply 
 bestrewn condition of the soil with very minute chips indicates a 
 prolonged occupation of this particular site. We find just such frag- 
 ments about the known sites of Indian settlements, and flint chips 
 are recorded among the contents of graves. '3' 
 
 Considering all the circumstances, the story that this accumulation 
 tells is this : here, shaded by dense woods, on a slightly elevated knoll, 
 in the midst of a meadow-like expanse of low-lying ground, through 
 which trickled a sparkling spring brook, had tarried, at times, for years, 
 an arrowmaker, shaping with marvellous skill those varied patterns 
 of spearpoints and delicate drills, which are still gathered from the 
 adjoining fields. Unlike localities of many acres in extent, where the 
 traces of former occupation are scattered throughout the whole area, 
 and indicate that manufacturing had once been in prc.gress simply by 
 the abundance of chips, we have in this workshop site the evidences 
 of tlie toil of, probably, a single skilled workman, who, in the quiet ot 
 his forest retreat, spent the greater portion of a long and useful life. 
 
 There is one feature of this interesting find to which it is de- 
 sirable to call particular attention, inasmuch as it probably has an 
 
 »> Eleventh Annual Report of Pcabody Museum of American Arch, and Eth., p. 3'3. 
 
46o 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 important bearing on the age of the supposed pre-Indian arrow and 
 spearpoints, to which allusion has been made elsewhere.'^* This is the 
 entire absence of argillite, or that material of which nearly the entire 
 series of palaeolithic implements Irom the gravel-beds are made. There 
 have been several descriptions already published of the character of 
 workmanship and position of a determining majority of the rude 
 argillite arrowheads met with near the surface, and if they are, as a 
 class, to be considered as having the same origin as that of the more 
 elaborately formed specimens of jasper, chalcedony and quartz, then 
 it would be natural to expect to find in the refuse of an open-air 
 workshop, such as this, an abundance of flakes, splinters and cores 
 of that mineral. Such traces, however, do not occur; nor, as yet, 
 have otherwise similar sites been discovered where that mineral only 
 was used. It can scarcely be held that, as argillite occurs in the 
 valley of the Delaware as a living rock, there only should we ex- 
 pect to find traces of the localities where the mineral was worked 
 up into arrowheads. It occurs also in the drift in the lower portions 
 of the same valley, and is as readily obtained as the pebbles of quartz 
 and jasper, with which it is associated. Flakes of argillite do occur 
 quite frequently in the fields, just where we find the finished relics of 
 the same material, and also some rude examples of what may be 
 blocked-out or unfinished implements ; but why may not these have 
 been lying on the surface and in the soil before the advent of the 
 Indians ? 
 
 While the two classer,, or those stone implements made of argillite 
 and those of quartz, occur on the surface intimately associated, and 
 it is obviously impracticable to dissociate them with anything like 
 scientific accuracy, yet there is evidence that these argillite implements 
 were frequently worked over by the Indians. However this may be, 
 there is no reason why the rudely fashioned and weathered argillite 
 implements may not be far older than those made of other material ; 
 
 "• Elevenlh Annual Report of Peabody Museum, p. 954, 1878. See also Chapter XIX, p. i-n, 
 of this work. 
 
FLINT-CHIPS. 
 
 461 
 
 and, when a considerable extent of the territory is carefully examined, 
 it becomes evident, as elsewhere shown, •'•'^ that such implements, 
 whether of pre-Indian or Indian origin, antedate the jasper and 
 quartz specimens with which they are now associated. Unques- 
 tionably, the occasional occurrence of argillite implements of ex- 
 ceeding delicacy of form, accuracy of outline, and comparative 
 freshness of surface, has an important bearing upon the question of 
 the date of the general use of this rineral, — for such specimens 
 of savage handiwork are probably the productions of the Indians; 
 but wiien we remember that there have been no arrowpoints made in 
 New Jersey for at leapt two centuries, and that argillite chippetl some 
 time prior to that has undergone no appreciable alteration, we surely 
 have something of a guide as to the rate of weathering of those other 
 forms that are so deeply altered over their entire surfaces.'"* No jas- 
 per specimens have been found showing great alteration of the surface. 
 They are as fresh as though chipped but yesterday, and is it not prob- 
 able, that, although argillite will be affected by exposure sooner than 
 jasper, if the two minerals were in common use from the date of the 
 arrival of the Indians, there would be some difference detected in the 
 surfaces of jasper arrowheads when thousands are examined and 
 compared ? 
 
 Until we meet with the chips and other refuse of argillite associated 
 with those of jasper and (luartz, or discover a workshop site where it 
 was solely used, is it not safe to conclude that, from tlie great degree 
 of weathering which the vast majority of the implements made from 
 it have undergone, sucii specimens are of an earlier origin than those 
 of jasper and (juartz ; the exceptions being referable, first, to the fact 
 that outcroppings of this rock, where found in place, were sometimes 
 
 *•* Nature, vol. xi, p. 215, Jan. r4, 1875, London; and American Naturalist, vol. x, June. 1876, 
 
 p. 3»9- 
 
 *•* Arrowheads of slate and shale are quite commonly met with, throughout the entire area of 
 the state. These, very generally, have "weathered" to a greater extent than those of argillite, 
 and having much the same appearance of the surface, are readily mistaken, for such .as are made 
 of the latter material. Arrowheads of argillite are not abundant — in many localities are very 
 Kldom found. 
 
462 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 Utilized, though not to a great extent, and also to re-chipping by the 
 Indians, of weapons, that to them, when they were gathered, were 
 veritable relics of a by-gone time. Finally, as the palaeolithic imple- 
 ments proper, as found deeply embedded in the drift deposits are, as 
 a class, argillite, it is rational to ascribe the origin of ihese rude 
 weapons of the same mat rial to the descendants of the same people 
 who fashioned them ; and their absence from the open-air workshops 
 seems confirmator\ of this supposed earlier origin of these ruder, and 
 much weathered implements, in which we have a trace of an industry, 
 once world-wide, on the part of a people ruder even than the Indians, 
 whose productions as a class are as primitive and uniform as those of 
 the later race are, in comparison, elaborate and varied. 
 
 The relationship which the argillite implements bear to those made 
 of jasper and quartz is probably still further demonstrated by their 
 abundance in those places where the two are found commingled ; for 
 it is in the places which are believed to have been occupied, first by 
 the users of argillite, and subsequently by the Indians, that we can 
 gather those facts which give us some insight into the relative antiquity 
 of these different peoples. There are no known localities where 
 argillite has been made use of exclusively, and, if there were, it would 
 be difficult to determine whether the implements occurring under such 
 circumstances were of Indian origin or earlier. On the other hand, 
 as these implements are scattered promiscuously over the country, 
 never occurring in such workshop sites as have been described, and 
 are found in virgin soil at an average depth, greater than that at which 
 jasper and quartz generally occur, there is in these facts alone, a strong 
 indication of their greater antiquity. Where thoroughly commingled, 
 as has been the case with the great majority of surface "finds" of 
 relics of pre-European races in North America, the question of the 
 abundance of the implements of the one mineral, as compared with 
 those of the other kinds, becomes all-important. 
 
 As an indication of what is supposed to be true of the Atlantic 
 coast of North America, it may be mentioned that of a series of 
 twenty thousand objects gathered by the author in Mercer Co., New 
 
FLINT-CHIPS. 
 
 463 
 
 Jersey, forty-four hundred were of argillite, and of such rude forms 
 and in such limited varieties, as would be expected of the productions 
 of a less cultured people than the Indian of the Stone Age. Of this 
 series of forty-four hundred, two hundred and thirty-tiiree are well 
 designed drills or perforators and scrapers ; the others being spear- 
 points, fi!;;iing-spears, arrowheads and knife-like implements — not so 
 great a variety of patterns as are now made by the Eskimo, nor 
 of such excellent workmanship. Although it is true of these imple- 
 ments that they are of more primitive forms and therefore i^robably older 
 than the objects made of quartz and jasper, the argument does not rest 
 so nmch upon this greater simplicity, as upon their decomposed con- 
 dition, their occurrence at greater depths in the undisturbed soil, the 
 greater adaptability of the spears for fishing purposes, and the absence 
 of all indications in the deeper soils, of the utilization of the minerals 
 habitually used by the later Indians. 
 
 For these reasons, it is claimed that we find sufficient evidence, in 
 them, of a pre-Indian people — believed to be the Eskimo — who, 
 it is further claimed, are the direct descendants of that still older 
 race, the fabricators of the palaeolithic implements of the river drift. 
 
 A second find of this character also deserves a detailed notice, al- 
 though it has already been referred to by Professor Wyman. At the 
 time of its discovery, the importance of carefully noting everything 
 connected with it was not recognized. Professor Wyman '"'• was fur- 
 nished with a few brief notes with reference to the specimens gathered 
 and forwarded to him. This "open-air workshop" was discovered 
 near Trv.» jn, N. J., in 1872, and is less than a mile distant from the 
 one previously described. It is situated on the brow of a hill, or 
 rather of a plateau margin, where it is broken by a ravine through 
 which flows a considerable brook. Originally surrounded on two sides 
 by a dense forest, here always has been an open spot, with an exten- 
 sive southern outlook over a broad expanse of meadow extending 
 from the foot of the uplands to the river. When discovered, there 
 
 ""Fifth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 27. 
 
464 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 was simply a shallow depression to be seen, nearly circular in outline 
 and about ten feet in diameter. On removing a thin layer of vege- 
 table mould, through which projected a few irregular masses of yellow 
 jasper, there were found a large quantity of thin flakes, chips, and a 
 number of broken arrowpoints, especially of the triangular pattern. 
 Of the latter the proportion was much larger than in the preceding 
 instance, and this fact may indicate that the workman who had oper- 
 ated here was either less skilful, or that this pattern is more liable to 
 breakage, which seems improbable. The accumulation of refuse, in 
 this instance, was on a level floor of compact clay-earth, about which 
 1 could not discover a trace of fire. Separated from this refuse, by a 
 layer of earth nearly a foot in depth, there occurred a somewhat 
 similar deposit, except that cores and large chips only were found, 
 with no trace of either hammer-stones, or broken or unfinished imple- 
 ments. There was also but little variety of mineral, the deposit con- 
 sisting exclusively of dark, yellow-brown jasper. My impression is 
 that there was no connection between the two finds, but that the 
 deeper one was just so much older as it requires years for some eleven 
 inches of soil to accumulate in a forest, where the growth of vegetable 
 mould, from the decay of the annual fall of foliage, is steadily in 
 progress. 
 
 A third deposit of flint chips consists of a series of some fifty spec- 
 imens of brown jasper of quite a uniform size (P. M. 14,706), but 
 which in the character of the fracture differs materially from both 
 cores and flakes. They are too irregular and small for the former, 
 and exhibit no regularity in the flaking. Still, when we consider that 
 they were found closely packed together, and buried nearly a foot 
 deep in a meadow, which was originally swampy ground, it is evident 
 that they were designedly buried, but for what purpose it is difficult 
 even to conjecture. 
 
 It may be well here to state that the three deposits just described 
 are all in the immediate vicinity of the extensive deposit of finished 
 implements to which reference has been made in other publications.'i'S 
 
 >»• Annual Report of Smithsonian Institution for 1875, p. 272. 
 
FLINT-CHIPS. 
 
 465 
 
 These were all of the same material, and identical with the jasper 
 fragments here mentioned. If the former were made at the spot or 
 near where they were found buried, this later find of fragments may 
 indeed be a portion of tlie refuse accumulated in their manufacture ; 
 having been selected for converting into small arrowpoints, and after- 
 wards forgotten. 
 
 An interesting feature connected with these accumulations of refuse 
 is, that while th' minerals there found are the same as tiiat of wiiich 
 the great bulk of arrowheads and other implemertts are made, there 
 will occasionally be met with a specimen of an arrowpoint, or fragment 
 of a spear, of different pattern and material, such, for instance, as the 
 extreme point or barb of an arrowpoint of obsidian ; or, it may l)e, a 
 fragment of jasper, of a color not occurring here, yet common in dis- 
 tant southern or western localities. These instances are numerous and 
 show cleariy the contact of different and distant tribes ; for what 
 better evidence can be produced to show that an implement has been 
 brought, either through the vicissitudes of warfare, or through barter, 
 from some far-off point, than to find that all trace of the material, of 
 which it is made, is wanting in the heaps of refuse ? The range of 
 patterns of all our chipped im[)lements is infinitely varied, and it needs 
 but a glance at the material I have gathered from this one spot to show 
 how little can be inferred from the shape of any specimen. Scarcely 
 a European pattern except, perhaps, the most delicate arrowpoints 
 from Denmark, that does not find its counterpart here, at least in a frag- 
 mentary state. In some instances the shapes seem to have been deter- 
 mined by the particular use for wliich the implement was intended; but 
 in vast numbers the outline was determined by the shape of the chips, 
 and thus originated the non-symmetrical specimens that we frequently 
 find. Some of these are so crooked that their availability as arrowpoints 
 is questionable, and they may have been used as knives. In the territory 
 of every petty tribe (and every creek appears to have had one such 
 tribal community dwelling in its valley), there is seen a family likeness, 
 so to speak, extending through the whole range of chipped imple- 
 ments, and especially among the arrow and spearheads so that it is not 
 80 
 
466 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 difficult to pick out an occasional specimen, and set it aside as some- 
 thing foreign. 
 
 Having already incide itally referred to the chance occurrence of 
 flakes and chips upon the surface of the ground, it is well, in conclu- 
 sion, to refer to them more particularly, as it is possible that, collec- 
 tively, they may have more significance than might at first be supposed. 
 Jasper flakes, such as fig. 41 1, occur not only in "open-air workshop" 
 sites, but on the surface of our fields ; while flakes of other minerals, 
 more especially of argillite, also occur whenever we find arrowpoints 
 and spearheads of the same mineral. On the other hand, no deposits 
 
 Fig. 41 1, — New Jersey. \, 
 
 of argillite chips and cores have been discovered. From these facts 
 the inference may be drawn, I think, that as argillite flakes, mostly exhib- 
 iting a great degree of weathering of their surfaces, are associated with 
 finished implements of the same material, but never in such numbei-s 
 as to indicate the spots whereon the former were fabricated, it is to be 
 supposed that as flakes they were put to some use, such as knives, or 
 if very small and not too irregular in outline, as arrowpoints. Figs. 
 412 and 413 are examples of flakes of argillite (P. M. 9,008, 16,315) 
 such as are found singly on our fields. In general outline, fig. 412 
 does not materially differ from flint flakes, as found in Europe ; and 
 
FLINT-CHIPS. 
 
 4«7 
 
 with the sharp edge that this mineral presents, when freshly fractured, 
 it certainly is well adapted to cutting such yielding substances as the 
 skin and flesh of small mammals, and to scaling and cleaning fish. 
 Whether fig. 413 could be used as an arrowpoint, or is to be looked 
 upon as a small knife, is altogether conjectural ; ar/l yet there are many 
 ways in which just such a fragment of stone, provided the edges be 
 sharp, might be utilized. The same character of flakes (fig. 41 1 P. M. 
 14,629) with small chips of jasper, and finished implements of the 
 same mineral being Ukewise scattered singly over the entire area of 
 the state, must therefore, if the argillite examples are not misinter- 
 preted, have a like insignificance. Considering 'he absence, as yet, of 
 
 Fig. 4H. — New Jersey. \, 
 
 sites of arrowmakers' workshops, where argillite was exclusively used, 
 and that chipped implements of this mineral are, when compared with 
 jasper, characteristic of the deeper soils wherever the virgin earth has 
 been exanuned ; and bearing in mind also that argillite is a living rock 
 in the vicinity, while jasper and the allied minerals, of which the bulk. 
 of the chipped implements are fashioned, occur only as bowlders in 
 the drift, and require more labor to gather than it would take to visit a 
 ledge of living rock, — it is safe to conclude that the argillite spears, 
 arrowpoints and flakes, as a class, are of an earlier time than the same 
 implements of the other minerals, and doubtlessly bear a closer rela- 
 tionship to the still ruder — the //-//«//iw implements found in the river 
 
468 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 drift gravels of the valley — than they do to those made of jasper. 
 Certainly, if fabricated hy a former people, or even by their own 
 ancestors, these discarded or lost implements would not escape the 
 keen vision of the Indians, few of whom lacked sufficient skill to 
 repoint, and render available these ruder specimens of the same wea- 
 pons to which they were accustomed. 
 
 The conclusion might readily be drawn from the foregoing that 
 weapons and implements of all kinds, chipi)ed from stone, were made 
 by comparatively few persons, who supplied the people of their respec- 
 tive tribes with such implements as tiiey reiiuinnl. While the manu- 
 facture of the finest specimens wqs very likely confined to adepts, who 
 
 Fig. 413. — New Jersey. \. 
 
 made it the business of their lives, it is probable that those of inferior 
 finish, which are found scattered over the state and mingled with 
 others of artistic workmanship were made by hunters or warriors, as 
 the case might be, who subsequently lost them. However occupied, 
 whether on the war-path or in the chase, it would scarcely be possible 
 for a warrior or a hunter to supply himself with as great a number of 
 arrowheads as he would need, even for a few weeks. Vast numbers 
 unquestionably were lost or broken when first discharged from the 
 bow ; and when we consider the various conditions under which these 
 same arrowpoints now occur, it is evident, that to a certain extent, 
 every Indian was his own armorer. Ornaments and stone implements, 
 whether weapons or for domestic purposes, were of careful or careless 
 
FLINT-CHIPS. 
 
 469 
 
 finish — and we find both patterns — as their owner hai)i)ene(l to be 
 proud or indifferent, or possibly neat or slovenly. A ground edge to 
 an oval pebble being reiiuired, the subseciuent shaping of the other 
 portion of the implement might be gradually accomplished, if the 
 imjjlement itself were used without a handle or could be readily sepa- 
 rated from it. Such shaping, by grinding away ail irregularities, was 
 at best a slow process, and one very unlikely to be followed as a means 
 of livelihood. When therefore, we find a beautifully jjolished and 
 symmetrically fashioned celt we probably have a proof of the |>atience 
 and skill of its original owner; and any one, with the exerci (j 'A the 
 same patience and skill, could soon learn to chip from flint liis own 
 arrowpoints, knives and spears. 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 PALiEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 We have now to consider a class of objects, which, though bearing 
 marked resemblance to the ruder forms of Indian or neolithic imple- 
 ments, from their uniformity of manufacture, their identity of mate- 
 rial, their slight variation in design, and their occurrence in an older 
 geological formation than the present surface soils, are believed to be 
 veritable traces of a people, who inhabited the northern Atlantic sea- 
 board of Amv,;ica, prior to the advent of the Indian ; if we accept 
 the current opinion that the latter was a comparatively recent comer to 
 our shores. 
 
 Before passing to a detailed description of a series of these earliest 
 traces of man, it will be necessary to refer briefly to the physical char- 
 acter of the river valley in which these implements have been found. 
 This is the more necessary because having been seriously misled'" by 
 the V ifious geological reports that purport to give, in proper sequence, 
 the respective ages of the several strata of clay, gravel, bowlders 
 and sand, through which the river has finally worn its channel to the 
 ocean level, I have probably, in previous publications, ascribed too 
 great an antiquity to these implements, although what is now known 
 to be a substantially correct history of the various deposits in the river 
 valley does not dissociate these traces of man from a time when essen- 
 tially glacial conditions existed in the upper valley of the Delaware 
 
 '•' Ameriraii Naturalist, vol. vii, p. 304, figs. 37 ami 38, Salem, Mass. 1873; ami vol. x, p. 319 
 fig. 31, Boston, Mass., 1876. 
 
 Also: Tenth Annual Report of Pcibody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., p. 30, figs, i, 2 and 3', and 
 Eleventh Animal Report, same institution, p. 333, figs, i to 4, inclusive. Cambridge, Mass., i878< 
 
 (471) 
 
472 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 river, though they occurred subsequently to the existence of the great 
 continental glacier, when at its greatest magnitude. 
 
 It was not until the surface geology of the Delaware river valley was 
 carefully studied by Mr. Henry Carvill Lewis, of the 2nd Geological 
 Survey of Pennsylvania, that we were in possession of all the facts 
 necessary to enable us to recognize the full significance of those early 
 traces of man, discovered in one of the latest geological formations of 
 this valley. 
 
 The results of Mr. Lewis' studies are embodied in two communi- 
 cations''® to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ; but 
 to these, but brief reference will be made, as their author has kindly 
 prepared for this volume, an able abstract of his earlier papers, and 
 added thereto, the results of his later investigations. 
 
 It is sufficient here to state that, according to Mr. Lewis, "the last 
 and newest of all the gravels" — in the valley of the Delaware river — 
 "is one which, at Philadelphia, seemed to be of little importance. It 
 lies close along the river ; and, rising a few feet above it, extends but 
 a short distance back from the river bank. It covers the flat ground 
 of Camden and the lower part of Philadelphia, and forms islands in 
 the river. It was called //le River gravel and sand. It is this alluvial 
 gravel, the latest, except the recent mud-flats, of all the surface forma- 
 tions, » * » * which, from its great development farther up the river, 
 is now named the Trenton Gravel. It is in this » • * * gravel 
 only, tiiat traces of man have been found. " 
 
 This deposit of gravel has also been described in full, by Prof. Geo. 
 H. Cook,"" who says : "The beds of stratified drift, at various places 
 in the valley of the Delaware, south of the line of glacial drift, bear 
 marks of having originated from the action of water. The bowlders 
 and cobble stones are all water-worn, and round, and are not scratched 
 
 ^i** The Surface Geology of Pliiladelphia and vicinity: Proceedings of the Mineralogical and 
 Geological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov., 1878. 
 
 A'so thv Trenton Gravel and its Relations to the Antiquity of Man. Philadelphia, Pa , Nov., 
 1879. 
 
 "'Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1877, p. ai ; Trenton, N. J., 1877, 
 
PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 473 
 
 or streaked. They liave all come from places farther north in the 
 valley and have been moved and deposited by powerful currents. 
 There are to be seen in the railroad cuts near Trenton, where the ex- 
 posure of this kind of drift is very fine, bowlders of gneiss, from the 
 rock near ; of red sandstone from the countr}' just north ; of trap from 
 Lambertville ; of altered shales from the near trap ; of conglomerate 
 from New Milford ; of magnesian limestone from the valleys of Warren 
 county ; of conglomerates from the Blue Mountain, and of cherty 
 and fossiliferous limestones from the Delaware valley north of the 
 Water Gap. The gravel consists largely of quartz, but it contains 
 numerous fragments of red shale, and black slate. " 
 
 This is a correct description of this drift material, excei)t in one 
 most important particular. It is an error to state that all the bowlders 
 and smaller pebbles are water-worn, and that none are angiilar. There 
 is, it is true, but a small proportion of scratched pebbles or bowlders, 
 but there are a large number of sharp, angular stones. No such uni- 
 formity of size, shape and smoothness of surface as characterizes the 
 pebbles of our ocean beaches, is found to exist. 
 
 Prof Geikie has described, as characteristic of all the river valleys 
 in England, that the upper levels consist of coarser material than the 
 lower, "and frequently contain large blocks of stone which could only 
 have been transported by river-ice ;" while the Icier level gravels are 
 usually of finer grained character, and that these " seemed to point to 
 a milder condition of things — to a time when the rivers were less 
 liable to flood, and the ice-rafts were uncommon" ("Great Ice Age," 
 American ed., p. 435). An examination of the bed, as now exposed 
 on the bank of the Delaware river, shows that no such distinction can 
 here be drawn. By actual count, in a section measured off, there did 
 not occur more large bowlders above the line equally dividing the bluff, 
 than below it ; but, on the contrary, there were three more beneath, not 
 counting those that had rolled from the bed down to the water's edge. 
 This of itself would be by no means conclusive ; but upon frecjuent 
 inquiry of men who had sunk wells and excavated cellars, it became 
 evident that these bowlders were met with in greater abundance, at 
 
474 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 considerable depth, rather than near the surface. This irregularity of 
 their occurrence and position is of itself indicative of the agency of 
 ice in the origin of the deposit. Mr. Lewis, however, has informed 
 me, that he thinks, if the entire area of the Trenton grave's be con- 
 sidered, that this gravel " is certainly characterized by bowlders on top, 
 resting upon finer material, as an examination of the railroad cut at 
 Trenton will show." My own impressions were that this was not 
 the case, and I therefore give the reader the benefit of the conclusions, 
 on this point, of a competent geologist, allowing my own statements, 
 as originally published (Peabody Museum Reports, vol. ii, p. 226), 
 to remain unaltered. 
 
 These large bowlders are also met with upon the surface. Many of 
 them have been very carefully examined /;/ sitiiy and it was evident 
 that tliey were not deposited with the gravel beneath them, and the 
 latter subsequently removed by rapidly running water, for in nearly 
 every instance, there was a foot or more of sand between the lower 
 surface of the stone and the gravel, and this layer of sand extended so 
 far bejond the limits of the bowlder, that unquestionably it must have 
 been slnwly accumulated prior to the deposition of the bowlder ; as 
 evidence of this, a well chipped, spear-shaped implement was found 
 in such a stratum, immediately beneath a stone that would weigh at 
 Last half a ton. These surface bowlders undoubtedly have been 
 dropped from ice-rafts, together with sand and gravel, the ice then 
 floating over a broad expanse of country, in comparatively ijuiet waters. 
 
 In the Annual Report for 1877, of Professor Cook, State Geol- 
 ogist of New Jersey, we find an excellent map, and a detailed account 
 of the glacial drift that covers the northern portion of the state and 
 consists of unstratified bowlder clay and ice-scratched, angular pebbles. 
 Where the dobris of the ancient glacier ceases to be of this character, 
 Professor Cook considers the glacier terminated, and all the material 
 lying to tiie southward as a mollified deposit due exclusively to water 
 action. 
 
 Of the great glacier itself, Dr. Cook remarks, in the report alluded 
 to, "even in New Jersey, it covered the tops of the highest mountains. 
 
PAIJEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 475 
 
 "This immense mass of ice had a slow movement from the north 
 towards the south, in which it scraped or tore off the earth and rocks 
 from the rocky mass under it, grinding, grooving and smoothing down 
 the rocky surface, and pushing forward, tumbhng and rounding the 
 fragments of stone and rock, and finally leaving them at the southern 
 edge of the glacier, or wherever breaks in it may have allowed the 
 loose materials to rest. 
 
 "The terminal or southern edge of the drift is well and very plainly 
 marked by a line of hillocks of mixed clay, sand, gravel, rounded 
 stones and bowlders of large size." 
 
 Of its extent, geographically considered, he further remarks of it, 
 as " beginning on the eastern side of the State on the north side of the 
 Raritan, at Perth Amboy, the line of Short Hills extending from that 
 place to the First Mountain, and passing just north of Metuchen, 
 Plainfield and Scotch Plains, marks the southern edge of the drift. 
 
 "From there, it extends to the Delaware below Belvidere. The 
 portion near the Delaware shows the gravel and bowlders very plainly, 
 but it appears to have been washed and otherwise modified by floods 
 or great bodies of water descending in that valley. The whole line 
 of this moraine is remarkably plain and well defined. 
 
 "Across New Jersey the line is not exactly east and west, but appears 
 to deviate towards the north, the deviation being greater somewhat in 
 )>i')portion as the ground is more elevated. 
 
 'The hillocks of stones, gravel and earth, which together made iius 
 long chain, have every appearance of piles of debris which have been 
 thrown down without order, and without the presence of water to sort 
 or arrange the various materials. " 
 
 Nowhere, as here described, does the terminal moraine of the great 
 glacier approach the bluff at Trenton nearer than sixty miles, or fol- 
 lowing the valley of the river, fully seventy miles ; but these distances 
 are really of little moment, in connection with the subject of man's 
 presence here during the maximum severity of glacial conditions in 
 North America. With the existence of a glacier filhng the entire 
 valley of tlie Delaware, sixty miles northward, and extending across 
 
476 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 the State to the Atlantic coast, there must necessarily have been a 
 widely different ])hysical condition of the entire territory extending 
 southward. A large part of this area, now constituting the southern, 
 low-lying ix)rtion of the state, was submerged ; and Mr. I'elt 2"" has 
 pointed out, that over such low-lying and submerged areas, ther^ 
 would be spread out a vast amount of material, by the agency of sub- 
 glacial torrents, consisting of the true glacial debris, borne still farther 
 southward by the currents caused by the melting of the glacier at and 
 near its base. Such swift-flowing currents might readily, through long 
 periods of time, being charged with sand and small pebbles, wear 
 away much of the ice-scratching that is so characteristic of the jjebbles 
 in the more northern drift ; but to such sub-glacial rivers we cannot 
 well refer the enormous bowlders scattered promiscuously through the 
 gravel deposits, as seen at Trenton, that must be ascribed to the more 
 powerful agency of floating masses of ice detached from the glacier 
 existing farther to the north. 
 
 What has been here ascribed, by the late Mr. Belt, to the action of 
 sub-glacial streams, doubtless took place at a much earlier date than 
 the deposition of the gravel, through which flows the shrunken river 
 of to-day. These accumulations of gravel are, it is much more prob- 
 able, as Mr. Lewis hr" shown, of a character that requires the aid of 
 floating ice to transport the larger bowlders. 
 
 These masses of floating ice, as Mr. Lewis believes, having displaced 
 11 le older clay and bowlder deposit, in great part, from the valley at 
 Trenton, and southward, and worn a deep basin through 't, t^.e present 
 river, then a glacial stream, brought by the aid of floating ice enor- 
 mous quantities of material from the terminal moraine of the conti- 
 nental ice-sheet and re-filled the valley created by the removal of the 
 older clay and gravel. During the accumulation of this later gravel, 
 man must have occupied the adjacent land, and there existed no 
 physical reasons why he should not have done so. Hov/ever recent, 
 the careful studies of the geologist may ultimately detennine these 
 
 '•• Quarterly Jour, of Sci., Jan., 1878: London. 
 
PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 477 
 
 gravels to be, there need be no relinquishment of the belief in the 
 archzeologically great antiquity of the traces of man found in it. 
 
 Admitting, without doubt, that the sequence of conditions resulting 
 in -he various superficial deposits from the later tertiary to past-glaciat 
 times, as determined by Mr. Lewis, there is to be considered the im- 
 portant fact that the minimum time required for the deposition of the 
 Trenton gravels was not necessarily the actual length of time during 
 which these accumulations were completed. In all such case;;, it must 
 be borne in mind, that rai)idity and regularity of action are not con- 
 stant factors of the conditions that result in geological formations. 
 Further, the supposed second glaciation of the Delaware valley, limited 
 as it may have been, and comparatively of short duration, was yet nn 
 event of remote antiquity, as man measures the events of time. Not 
 simply a few centuries ago, was the river the mighty stream tliat Mr. 
 Lewis describes, when the vast beds of this "recent" gravel were 
 deposited. Long vanished, indeed, may have been every vestige of 
 the earlier, continental glacier — but what of the interim, between the 
 disappearance of the former and the appearance of the supposed 
 latter? Can we assume that the events of the accumulation of gravel 
 on gravel, clay on clay, removal of earlier and deposition of later 
 strata, occrred without a break? We read of them as following each 
 other in a given order, but seldom jiause to think liow long a time 
 might have elapsed between these several occurrences. 
 
 Finally, as bearing on the one important question of man's antiquity, 
 it is here strenuously maintained that the forces that caught up these 
 later gravels also gathered, in part, the rude implements tliat now give 
 such interest to the deposit. It is evident from the condition of some, 
 and the depth at which many are found, that they were made prior to 
 the formation of the containing bed, and were lost or discarded when 
 the floods swept down the valley. Surely, we are without warrant in 
 assuming that only after the last pebble was in place, tiiat man ap- 
 peared, and dropping these implements in the water, they sank into 
 the gravelly bed of the river, even to a depth of forty feet. 
 
 Admitting that man was not interglacial, and is more recent than 
 
478 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 the epoch of the brick clays described by Mr. Lewis, he surely may 
 have been an occupant of the Atlantic seaboard before the total dis- 
 appearance of the glacier farther north. Whether this glacier is a first 
 or second occurrence of this phenomenon cannot yet be positively 
 determined. 
 
 Whatever the changes that may have taken place during the glacial 
 epoch, there is no evidence that the land now constituting the southern 
 portion of New Jersey was uninhabitable, long prior to the deposition 
 of the implement-bearing gravels. There is abundant evidence, on 
 the contrary, to show that it was inhabited in preglacial times by a 
 number of the larger mammals, including the mastodon, which, it 
 should be remarked, lived long after the disappearance of every vestige 
 of glacial conditions. There seenis no reason, therefore, for excluding 
 man. 
 
 No floods arising from the melting of the great glacier or con- 
 tinental ice-sheet, submerged the portion of the state, which extended 
 seaward miles beyond the jjresent boundary ,20' as Mr. Lewis lias shown 
 beyond question, and the absence of traces of man in the older glacial 
 
 "" It is well known that there is now in progress a gradual subsidence of all the lands along the 
 tide-waters of New Jersey, How long ago this commenced is not readily determined. This 
 depression and elevation is believed to be within a range of twenty feet; but even this amount of 
 elevation would materially increase the area of the state. Not unfrequently fragments of cedar 
 trees which are derived from forests now covered by the ocean, are thrown upon the beach, during 
 violent storms, and remains of the mastodon have likewise been found, that are, with reason, be- 
 lieved to have been washed from these same sunken forests. In an interesting lecture by my 
 friend, Dr. Maurice Beesley of Cape May Co., I find the following statements, which have a 
 direct bearing upon this subject, and clearly show how vast an area has been lost in the last few 
 centuries by the encroachments of the sea, ail of which, in palxolithic times, was habitable land. 
 
 '* We find, likewise, that E^s Island, twelve miles from our shores, was surveyed by Budd and 
 Worlidge in 1691, and taken up, as per their draft for Thomas Budd, a Quaker gentleman uf Bur- 
 lington, N. J., for 300 acres full measure. My father, Thomas Beesley, has related to me that 
 when he followed the water from 1790 to 1800 it contained about Co acres. Here we have a loss of 
 340 acres in a century. In 1830 gunners went from our place to Egg Island to kill geese, which 
 frequent those meadows in great abundance, and were very successful. This Island made a final 
 ilisappearance about twenty years ago, and vessels now sail over the entire area it formerly occu- 
 pied. To throw its former area of 300 acres into a circular form we find the wash has been a rod 
 a year since 169Z up to the lime of its final disappearance. Therefore, the loss on the east side 
 of Maurice river cove having been one and a half rods a year, and on the west side one rod, we 
 
PAUEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 479 
 
 drift indicates, it may be, that he never dwelt in preglacial times upon 
 that portion of the country over which this drift was carried, and 
 northward of the terminal moraines, but, of itself, offers no reason why 
 he should not have lived, so long ago, in the territory beyond the 
 reach of glacial conditions. 
 
 Whether the view taken by Professor Cook, that the Trenton gravels 
 are of glacial origin and derived from floods caused by the melting of 
 this great continental ice-sheet, or are an indication of a post-glacial 
 condition, subsequent to the great glacier, as considered probable 
 by Mr. Lewis, the fact remains, that these implements are indica- 
 tive of man's presence, and have been placed in their present posi- 
 
 have a loss per annum of two and a half rods between those shores, and is the distance between 
 Kgg Island light and the month of Dennis creek is now estimated at twelve miles, we find it must 
 have been solid land or meadow that whole distance, with the exception of creeks and rivers, 1536 
 years ago, or A, D. 343. That the whole extent of Maurice river cove was originally meadow 
 seems plausible, from th= fact that a muddy bottom exists throughout its widespread limits. 
 
 " From the present mouth of East creek, when the tides fall out low, a range of oyster beds can 
 be traced for more than a mile into the bay, being the original bed of the creek. In fact Christo- 
 pher Ludlam, father of Charles Ludlam, Esq., located 40 acres of meadows in 1801 on the western 
 side of said creek, which from the minutes of the deed ran up it a straight course 100 perches to 
 a ditch passing westward from the creek at right angles. In 1869 I visited the spot and found 
 the whole tract of 40 acres had been swallowed up by the capacious maw of the bay, and exists 
 only in the shape of atoms. Therefore, if 100 rods has been washed away in sixty-eight years, we 
 find the average loss one and a half rods a year, as before stated. 
 
 "Dennis creek, according to a survey made in 1767 by Aaron Leaming, the ad, and re-surveyed 
 by Leaming M. Rice and the writer in 1867, has lost 150 rods during the century. As the " reach " 
 that disappeared in that time ran a southwest cousre, running diagonally with the direct course of 
 the 150 rods loss, the mouth of Dennis creek must have been about three-fourths of a mile nearer 
 to the mouth of Goshen creek than at present. As this loss of soil still continues, where no gravel 
 exists, it is evident the farmers of East creek neighborhood will have the waters of Delaware bay 
 dashing against their homesteads in the course of three or four centuries more. 
 
 " This wash is not confined exclusively to the bay shore. At Cape May City by ancient deeds 
 made in 1689, the distance across the Island, from the beach to the creek, was 265 rods. Is it 
 half that distance at the present time? For many years past, barriers have been erected to prevent 
 further encroachments. Those of you who are familiar with the seaboard, vill have seen alonj 
 our beaches after heavy storms and tides the meadow-land jutting out oceanward with the salt grass 
 still adhering to it, as it was two or three centuries before, when first enveloped by the westward 
 movement of the beach. I well remember, likewise, large creeks upon our beaches that have been 
 submerged and lost to view, probably forever, through this gradual change of soil, and through the 
 intervention of the winds, and the waters of old ocean constantly encroilching upon and frittering 
 away our territorial bounds." 
 
Ki>>ii'ii 1 1.1 Hill I 
 
 480 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 tions, varying from three to forty feet in deptli, by tlie same agency 
 tliat laiil down the gravels ; and in either case we are carried back to 
 a time wiien a bed of bowlders, sand and gravel, of many feet in 
 thickness, was laid down, and subsetiuently a channel worn through 
 it, until the waters of tlie river reached the level of the sea, and all 
 accumulation of other material than sand and silt practically ceased. 
 From that time until the i)resent, how many centuries may have 
 elapsed ! Although brought to the near present — to but yesterday, 
 geologically speaking, we have yet to consider, that since the last 
 bowlder found its present resting place, there have accumulated in the 
 present flood i)lain of the river, vast beds of sand and mud, charged 
 and recharged with vegetable growths, tliat overlie much of tiiis later 
 gravel, and .his also contains more highly wrought evidences of man's 
 presence, themselves suggestive of a considerable antiquity. 
 
 Professor Cook'^"- very accurately describes the appearance of the 
 river drift. In a late annual report he remarks, "there are a numljer 
 of terraces, on ground open towards the sea, which have liieir upper 
 surfaces almost at eijual heights above tide level. The terrace on 
 both sides of the Pennsylvania railroad, near Trenton depot, is one 
 of them. It is between fifty and sixty feet high. The gravel bed at 
 the railway depot at New Brunswick and also that on Bayard street 
 are nearly the same level. The terraces at the Narrows in New York 
 harbor are also on ihe same level, and others along the west bank of 
 the Passaic, in Newark, are of nearly the same height. It can also be 
 recognized along Bergen Hill, both on the North river and the Newark 
 bay sides. Up the North river, near Peekskill, similar terraces are 
 very conspicuous, but their heiglit above tide is about ninety feet. In 
 New Jersey, in the more southern part, terraces are seen, but they are 
 at a somewhat lower level. The whole of them taken together indi- 
 cate tliat at some former time, perhaps at the close of the glacial 
 period, the ocean level was somewhat higher than it is now, enough 
 higher to bring it just over the tops of these terraces, and water 
 
 »»»Cook. Annual Report of State Geologist for 1878, p. 22. Trenton, N. J., 1878. 
 
l'AI,/t;(M.nHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 481 
 
 bringing stones and earth from the higher ground would deposit them, 
 when it reachetl sea level, in these steep flat-toi)ped terraces. The 
 terrace at Trenton is just where the valley of the Delaware comes 
 down to this level, and where it widens out to allow room for such a 
 deposit to accumulate. These are good examples of terraces of the 
 Chamjilain Period." 
 
 In this brief extract from the report on the surface geology of New 
 Jersey, its author, it will be seen, refers all the evidences of combined 
 ice and water action to the glacial epoch, or not later than a period 
 constituting its close ; and further shows that his view is that the 
 Trenton gravel is an ocean terrace, made by water which covered all 
 southern New Jersey. This is, unquestionably, wholly an erroneous 
 view.-™ Reference to the map accompanying Mr. Lewis' paper shows, 
 that the gravels that surround the Trenton gravels had emerged from 
 the ocean level long previous to the deposition of the latest or Trenton 
 gravels. 
 
 Personally, I can but express an opinion on the archaeological sig- 
 nificance of the traces of man found associated with these gravel de- 
 posits, and this is in nowise affected by the age and origin of the 
 containing beds. Whatever age the geologists may assign to them, be 
 it inter- or post-glacial, these traces of man must possess a very great 
 antiquity. 
 
 It is evident that, at just such a locality as Trenton, where the river 
 "widens out," traces of man, had he existed during the accumu- 
 lation of the gravel, would be most likely to occur. This is true not 
 only because there is here the greatest mass of the gravel, and the 
 best opportunities for examining it in section ; but the locality would 
 be one most favorable for the existence of man, at the time. The 
 higher ground in the immediate vicinity was sufficiently elevated to be 
 free from the encroachments of both ice and water, and the climate, 
 
 ^•^^ Since the above was in type, a late report by Professor Cook has been issued, in which he 
 expresses views somewhat at variance with liis earlier reports, and to a great extent in accordance 
 with the views expressed in an article on these gravels, by Prof. H. C. Lewis, in the Proceedings 
 of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. 
 
482 
 
 I'KIMIIIVI'. INDUSIRV. 
 
 soil and fauna, all sue h as to make it iiossililo (oi man to exist, at 
 this time, in this locality. As I'rofessor Cook, in thi; same report on 
 page 14 has saiil : " It is (lirticiilt to get a clear conci tion of the con- 
 diti(T; of things which would have allowed the whole surface to become 
 covered with thick ice, when that surface was nearly as it is now, and 
 some points are not satisfactorily explained. It can be understood, 
 however, that extreme cold was not necessary, for we see forests, pas- 
 tures and grain fields about the lower ends of the present glaciers. 
 There has lieen found in the terrace of modifieil drift at Trenton the 
 tusk of a mastodon, which was eviilently washed there when that mass 
 of matter came down the valley of the Delaware with the torrents of 
 water from the melting ice. It was about fourteen feet under the sur- 
 face, and the gravel and stones were partially stratified over it. From 
 thesf; the inference seems plain that the climate at that time m' itetl 
 of the growth of animals like the elephant in size and iuibits. iiat- 
 evcr theories or hypotheses may be adopted in regard to glaciers, the 
 piles and other deposits of loose bowlders, gravel, sand and clay and 
 the scratched rocks under them, which are found everywhere in north- 
 ern New Jersey, are wonderfully like the dejiosits which are made by 
 modern glaciers, and there is scarcely a feature in one but what can 
 be paralleled in the other." 
 
 AVhen we consider that not only the remains of the mastodon, but 
 those of the bison have been found in this gravel, and that within a 
 few yards of the spot where the tusk of the mastodon mentioned by 
 Professor Cook, was found, jjalaiolithic implements have been gathered, 
 one at the same, and three at greater depths, it is aj^parcnt that we 
 here have evidence of man's contemporaneity on the Atlantic coast, 
 with the large mammals mentioned. 
 
 Certainly, it cannot be assumed that these mammalian bones were 
 derived from the terminal moraine, where they were, at the time of 
 their displacement, veritable fossils, and therefore their present asso- 
 ciation with human implements is merely acc'dental — that the pebbles 
 and bowlders, being older than the relics of man, found with them, so 
 also are the bones of those mammals which no longer belong to the 
 
PAl^OLIIIII'J IMIM.K.MKN'I'S. 
 
 4«3 
 
 fauna of this region. If the lioiu's found in tliis gravel were petrifac- 
 tions, and Iiad ail tlie ( iiaraclerislic marks of water-worn i)ei)i)!es 
 clearly traceable upon tliem, it niiglit, then, he admitted that their 
 present association diil not show any evidence of equal anti(iuity. 
 This, however, is not the case. The condition of these remains ren- 
 ders it clearly evident that the mighty currents, and floating icebergs 
 of that ancient day, gathered at one and the same time, not only the 
 bones of the manmials that roamed the neighboring forests, but like- 
 wise the weai)ons of the primitive people who preyed upon them. 
 
 It is desirable, at this point, to call attention to mammalian remains 
 which have occured in sujjerficial gravel deposits in New Jersey ; pos- 
 sibly not of an earlier date tlian the age of the Trenton gravels, but 
 not tlirec.tly connected with tliem. 
 
 In referring to the discovery of walrus bones, in New Jersey, Mr. 
 J. A. Allen, in his Monograph of North American Pinnipeds, p. 59 
 (Miscellaneous Publications, No. 12, U. S. (ieol. and Cleog. Survey 
 of 'I rritories), says : "In view of tiie now well-known former exten- 
 sion of the habitat of the Moose, Caribou, Reindeer, Musk Ox, and 
 other northern mammals, southward to Kentucky, the * » * * hyiioth- 
 esis (referring to Leidy's statement that the New Jersey walrus bones 
 may be the remains of the same species — as the living — which j)rob- 
 ably during the glacial period extended its habitation very far soutii of 
 the latitude in which it has been found in the historic period) seems 
 * * * * probable, and that the species in glacial times inhabited the 
 eastern coast of the United States southward to Virginia, if not even 
 beyond this point." Meagre, therefore, as are the traces of mammals 
 in the Trenton gravels, it is evident that patient search will ultimately 
 satisfiictorily increase the list beyond that of the mastodon and bison. 
 In the Geology of ^'ew Jersey, edition of 1868, page 740, Prof. K. D. 
 Cope has mentioned the reindeer as among the most extinct nwm- 
 malia of New Jersey. He says, "the Greenland Reindeer was a 
 resident of New Jersey, when the walrus was on its shores, and when 
 the climate resembled that of its present home. Antlers have been 
 found in the gravel that covers the older formations everywhere." In 
 
484 
 
 PRIMITrVE INDUSiRY. 
 
 the gravel tliat forms the eastern bank of the Delaware river, below 
 Trenton, N. J., the kue I'rof. T. A. Conrad found a tomli, wliich h.^ 
 informed me, soon after, had been identified as that of the Caribou. 
 
 In this connection, also, it may be mentioned that remains of the 
 woodland reindeer {Rani^i/cr caribou') and of tlie bison have been 
 found in an ordinary rock-shelter near Stroudsburg, Penn. The latter 
 is believed to have been a remnant from a human feast, judging from 
 marks of fire thereon. 
 
 In another cave, in Bucks Co., Pennsylvania, bones of the bison 
 and moose are also reported. 
 
 In the first instance, sione and bone implements were associated 
 witli the remains of the animals mentioned, as well as those of the 
 present fauna. These superficial " finds " have an important bearing 
 upon the question of the discovery of bones of extra-limital and 
 extinct mammals in the Trenton gravels. (Proceedings of the Phila- 
 delphia Academy of Sciences, p. 346, 1880.) 
 
 The commingling of relics of man and the bones of extinct animals 
 is by no means confined to the Atlantic seaboard of this continent. 
 The researches of Professor Whitney -"^ demonstrate that this is 
 true of the Pacific coast ; while in the interior, evidence of the 
 same association of man and the mastodon has been discovered by 
 Professor Aughey,-"^ in the Missou-i valley. From the loess deposits 
 in Nebraska, Professor Aughey has taken rude arrow or sjjearpoints, 
 one at a depth of fifteen, and the other of twenty, feet below the sur- 
 face ; the latter beneath a vertebra of an elephant. In reference to 
 these finds, Professor Aughey remarks, " It appears, then, that some old 
 races lived around the shores of this ancient lake and paddled their 
 canoes over its waters, and accidentally dropped their arrows in its 
 waters or let them fly at a jjassing water-fowl. * * * • Thirteen 
 inches above the point where the last-named arrow was found, and 
 
 2"^< Whitney. The Auriferous gravels of California. Cainbri{|;Tc, Mass., 1879. 
 '"^ Aughey. U.S. Gcul. Siirvcy of ColoraJu, etc. Iluyduii, An. Rep. 1874, p. 355, Wash- 
 ington, D. C, 1876. 
 
PALAEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 48s 
 
 within three inches of being on a line with it, in undisturbed loess, 
 there was a lumbar vertebra of an elephant {Elcphas Aincricanus). 
 ♦ ♦ « * * jt appears clear from this conjunction of a human relic 
 and proboscidian remains thnt man here, as well as in Europe, was 
 the contemporary of the elephant in at least a portion of the Missouri 
 
 valley." 
 
 V/hen such indefinite objects, as many of the pateolithic imple- 
 ments are, are offered as an indication of man's former pr.sence, the 
 question naturally arises : how are we to know that these rudely chipped 
 pebbles are of artificial origin? This subject will now be considered. 
 The chance occurrence of single specimens of the ordinary forms 
 of Indian relics, at depths somewhat greater than they have usually 
 reached, even, in constantly cultivated scjls, i.^-luced the author several 
 years since, to examine carefully the underlying gravels, to determine 
 if the common surface-found stone implements of Indian origin were 
 ever found therein ; except, in such manner as might easily be ex- 
 plained, as in the case of deep burials, by the uprooting of large trees, 
 whereby an implement lying on the surface or immediately below it, 
 miglit fall into the gravel beneath and subsequently become buried 
 several feet in depth ; and lastly, by the action of water, as where a 
 stream, swollen by spring freshets, cuts for itself a new channel, and 
 carying away a large body of earth, leaves its larger pebbles and 
 possibly stone implements of late origin upon the gravel of the new 
 bed of the st.cam. 
 
 It was found that by all such means the most elaborately v.-rough. 
 Indian relics have occasionally been buried at considerable depths. 
 It was also found, however, tha: there did occur in tliese underlying 
 gravels, certain rudely shaped specimens of chipped stone, which 
 have all the appearances of the stone implements of i)al?eolithic times. 
 
 We find, also, on comparing a specimen of these chipped stones 
 with an accidentally fractured pebble, that the chipped surfaces of the 
 former all tend towards the production of a cutting edge, and there 
 is no portion of the stone detached which does not add to the availa- 
 bility of the supposed implement as such ; while in the case of a 
 
486 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 pe1)ble that has l)ecn accidentally broken, there is necessarily all ab- 
 sence of desi ;n in the fracturing. Although tlie ])ortions detached 
 froni these supposed stone inii)lenients are chipi)ed with reference to 
 tlie natural cleavage of the mineral, these larger surfaces, the result 
 of single cleavages, are always supplemented l)y minor chippings along 
 the edges, thus giving every indication of the original zigzag edge 
 having been made comparatively straight by more careful \vf)rk subse- 
 quendy put upon it. This, of course, does not appear on a naturally 
 fractured pel)ble. 
 
 These characteristic chipi)ings obtained in the large jasper hoes and 
 hatchets of tlie indians, and a com|)arison of these with the ruder 
 forms found in the gravel, siiow that identical means have jjroduced 
 the two forms : the difference being due to the want of skill in flint 
 chij)ping, and in some measure to the greater difhculty in sha])ing this 
 material, which differs ess'.'ntially in its constitution from true flint, or 
 the jasper, chert and chalcedony found in eastern North America ; 
 although it possesses a conchoidal fracture. It may be mentioned, 
 also, that altliough these implements are but little above tiie ordinary 
 refuse of a modern (piarry, and are often closely reproduced l)y die 
 hammer, when fracturing rock for road-bed, yet tliey are none the 
 less (jf artificial origin ; and further, it must be borne in mind tiiat 
 diis absence of careful workmanship is not wanting in the more recent 
 ])roductions of tlic Indians. From ancient graves in Massachusetts, 
 from the stone graves in Tennessee, as well as from surface "finds" 
 in Missouri, are several specimens — now in the Museum at Cam- 
 bridge — which are in all respects, except in tlie mineral used, itlentical 
 with the more specialized e\ani]i]es from the Delaware ri\-er gravels. 
 
 There is, in all the specimens coHected, a c()nsitleral)le amoimt of 
 weathering of the surfaces, the degree of whi( h varies somewhat in 
 the whole series, excei)t where mineral other than argillite occurs. 
 In such specimens, the alteration of tiie surface is much less. 
 
 The degree of weatliering is of much importance, in its bearing upon 
 both the age and origin of tiiese objects. Not until a large series had 
 been obtained Irum various tleptiis, was it practicable to determine 
 
' 'AL/EOLITH IC I MPLEMEN'TS. 
 
 4S7 
 
 what variation occurred, in this respect ; but lately, it lias been found, 
 on comparing a large series from depths varying from three feet to 
 forty, that those from the greater depths were less weathered than 
 the specimens found near the surface, except in a very few instances, 
 when a few examples, showing a great amount of weathering, were 
 found at depths exceeding twenty feet. Those specimens of paleo- 
 lithic implements found upon the surface, on the other hand, intimately 
 associated, as many of them are, with ordinary Indian relics, are inva- 
 riably more weathered tlian those found in situ, in the deep, under- 
 lying gravels. In the uniformity of the degn-ec of weathering of all 
 the surfaces, we have evidence that the several chips removed, to 
 produce the implement, were flaked off at the same time, and this, 
 at once, places these objects in the category of artificial ])roductions. 
 We derive from these focts, several important inferences bearing 
 directly upon the age of these implements. 'J'hose that are but slightly 
 weathered, and occur in deep, undisturbed gravel, were doubtlessly 
 dropped in the river, and foiling upon the gravelly bottom of the 
 stream, were quickly covered by the constantly increasing mass of mate- 
 rial which the swift currents were beiring downward from the ice-bound 
 valley. These unweathered imi)lements were compar.-^ lively new when 
 lost. The more eroded examples from the same deep gravels ma)' be 
 considered as lost or discarded specimens that, after long exposure, 
 were brouglit by the floods from some distant point. Those found 
 upon the surfiice are such as were in use at the time of tlie gradual 
 accumulation of the gravel, and from that distant time until now, have 
 been exposed to the corroding influences of alternate winter's frost 
 and summer's heat. 
 
 If the few specimens with deeply eroded surfaces, that have been 
 taken from depths exceeding twenty feet, were weathered by long 
 exposure jirior to their burial in the gravel, then they must have been 
 lost long prior to tlie occurrence of the transporting floods, and so 
 made and used during the accession of glacial conditions, the second 
 time ( ?) in the river valley. I low long prior to that event, who shall 
 say ? 
 
488 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 It has been suggested that these chipped surflxces might have been 
 produced by frost action, and that tliese supposed implements there- 
 fore, were natural productions. Given a single fractured surface, 
 which might be produced by the ordinary action of frost, and no 
 other productive agency is required ; bui .\ hen wc consider that 
 instead of one, there are twenty or forty planes of cleavage, all 
 equally weathered, and that an implement has been produced similar 
 in form and finish to those neolithic specimens about whose origin 
 there is no question, and we fail to see how nature, by any known or 
 imaginable force, could so fashion either an oval pebble or an angular 
 fragment of rock. 
 
 In this connection, attention may properly be called to many speci- 
 mens of "chipped pebbles" which cannot be considered as imple- 
 ments, inasmuch as there is no tiace of design in their present shapes. 
 They are, indeed, artificially chipped over the greater portion of their 
 surface, but they liave no well defined point nor cutting edges. These 
 irregular masses, usually smaller than the finished implements, bear 
 no evidence of being crushed, although glacial action probably ex- 
 poses fragments of lock or ice-encased pebbles more to such crushing 
 force, than to any otlier, except perhaps that process of rubbing 
 against denser mineral, which results in deeply incised strios, — the 
 so-called glacial scratches. The lithological character of argillite is 
 such, that a given mass of tiiis mineral, if exposed to a crushing force, 
 will not fracture in such a way, as to resemble in any degree, the 
 chii)ped pebbles, here referred to. W'iien associated with the finished 
 fonns, and the same general character of weathering and of chipping 
 is noticed on both, we cannot but consider them as identical in origin, 
 and need have no hesitation in classing such designless forms, as 
 broken sjjecimens, as "fiiilures," or, in some instances, as refuse chips, 
 as they are founil to have, in all respects, the same forms that are char- 
 acteristic of the localities where neolithic implements of chert and 
 jasper have been made. 
 
 One feature of them all, and especially of those from the deeper 
 gravels, needs to be briefly referred to ; this is the worn condition of 
 
PAUEOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 489 
 
 the edges of the several surfaces produced by the detachment of tlic 
 flakes. There are, especially in fig. 413, no well defined outlines of a 
 single facet, although each separate flake can be traced on the surface 
 of the implement. This partial wearing away, of these lines of sepa- 
 ration of the several chips that have been removed, does not occur, 
 to any marked degree, in jasper specimens that approach fig. 413 in 
 shape, size and chipping. Whether this is the result of use previous 
 to being lost or discarded, or of wear by long exposure to the shifting 
 movements of sand and gravel, cannot now be determined ; but of 
 itself, it seems to connect closely these partly worn, yet clearly arti- 
 ficial forms, with rolled pebbles, which in outline only suggest the 
 possibility of having once been chipped implements. While, naturally, 
 broken pebbles may often approach in shape any of these forms of 
 stone implements, it may at once be seen that it is, in every case, but 
 an accidental resemblance.^"" The outline is obtained, but not that 
 subsequent chipping that gives the finisli that makes the implement 
 desirable for use. The gravel bed, in which these "turtle back" celts 
 and their modification have been found, contains a small percentage 
 of angular pebbles, that have not lost all traces of recent fracture, and 
 therefore are not as smooth and uniformly polished as an ordinary 
 pebble. These specimens, when bearing marked resemblance to tliose 
 clearly of artificial origin, may in fact have been fashioned by man, 
 and have only partially lost, by the polishing action of water and sand, 
 those indications of artificially produced fractures, which characterize 
 the specimens here figured ; but, as a rule, the angular pebbles are of 
 natural formation, and their imi)erfectly ground and polished surf;u:es 
 give evidence of the possibility, that, under favorable circumstances, a 
 
 '""The relative alniiuUincc of these implements is perhaps a matter of some imiKirtamx, in iis 
 bearing on the (piestioii of their origin. Were they natural forms, the peculiar force that operated 
 to pr.Aliicc them, so marvellously like ordinary Inilian relics as many of them are, wonM scarcely 
 have been limitea to so few pebbles as in this case: unless future exploration shall discover at 
 some distant jwint a locality where only chipiwd pebbles occur. An effort has been made to esti- 
 mate the cimparative .abundance of these paU-eolithic implements in the gravel deposit forming 
 the blulT on the eastern bank of the Delaware river, ami as near as can be determined, it is about 
 one ten-thousandth of one per cent., or one in every million of pebbles. A suincient number of 
 these implements have certainly not as yet been gathered, to affect materially this calculation. 
 
490 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 chipped implement might be associateil with this gravel, even from 
 the time of its deposition, and yet escape the wearing action by which 
 its artificial features are obliterated. The deposit may be described 
 as largely made up of ordinary smooth, water-worn pebbles varying 
 in size from half an inch in diameter, to bowlders estimated to weigh 
 from one to twenty tons. 
 
 rcnvirced that the so-called "turtle back" celts, which are the 
 most primitive form of the chipped implements of the gravels, really 
 are of artificial origii , many of them being identical in shape witli the 
 ordinar)' forms of European drift implements, and furthermore, since 
 among the spcciniervv fiiund, are several spearlicad-lil;o inipleiv.ents, 
 there can 1^ but little doubt that, umssociated as they are with the 
 common fonns of surface-found relics, they are remains of an earlier 
 and a nider people, who occu])ied the eastern shores of tiiis continent 
 l)rior to the advent of the Indians, or are tlieir immediate ancestors, 
 as the case may \ye. 
 
 Mon. Mortillef™" has, in a late communication to the Society of An- 
 tliro]xiloj,n,- of Paris, given an interesting account of the reseml)lance be- 
 tween the implements found in the valley of the Delaware, and those 
 occurring in various localities in France. He says of a series of these 
 implements collected by the author of this volume, and forwarded to 
 hiin ; "'ITiese stones do not chip so well as those of the Somme, 
 because the latter are of s/Aw, and silex is easily chipjied. On the 
 Delavarde [Delaware] River, there is no silex ; men were there 
 obliged to use a different stone — the trap, a sort of volcanic rock, 
 slightly argillaceous, and very hard and difficult to chip. For this 
 reason the axes that you see here are not as perfectly made as tliose 
 from St. Acheul. 
 
 "In many parts of France rocks other than silex are employed 
 anil they are no l)etter than those brought us. * « * * M.deSemallo 
 has presented us with axes in (juartzite which came from I'retagne, 
 
 '"' Mortillet. Hullctin tic la Sociote irAiuliropulugiu i!c Paris, Tunie Dcuxitinc (III S(5rie), 
 p. 43^^. Paris, 1879. 
 
PAL/EOLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 491 
 
 and althongli our roUcagiie assured us tliat lie had carefullv chosen 
 them from among many that were not so marked, it is certain that 
 they are chipped rudely enough, because in fact <iuartzite is exceed- 
 ingly difficult to break as you wish it. Here now, I present you with 
 axes in quartzite from the valley of tlie Garonne, and you can see 
 that they are rudely chipped. 
 
 "It is interesting to see that the same epocli has produced similar 
 industries in such different coimtries. This makes it more jjrobable, 
 that there was formerly a great bridge between America and Europe. 
 The similarity of a great number of animals and of plants common 
 to the two countries shows the existence of this conmiunication. Still 
 it may be supposed that certain kinds of birds could have crossed the 
 ocean ; seeds of plants may have been transported by the wind ; but 
 this explanation is insufficient for insects and is altogether inadmissible 
 for terrestrial shells. How can it be imagined that snails and slugs, 
 unable to live in water, could have passed from one continent to the 
 other if there had been no [means of] communication between the 
 worlds? Perhaps this communication may have taken place in the 
 r.orthern part of the ocean, in the latitude of Newfoundland." 
 
 Fig. 414 represents a carefully wrought stone implement, which 
 may be considered as a typical example of this class of objects. 
 
 In its shape and size, as well as the circumstances under which it 
 was found, it is a repetition, in .Vmerica, of the hundreds of such 
 finds, that are so common in many of the river valleys, both of France 
 and England. Almond-shaped celts of this size and finish are not 
 abundant when compared with the whole number of specimens foimd. 
 They fiirnish evidence of the highest skill m chipping stone, and were 
 probably among the most formidable weapons jiossessed by man at 
 that time. 
 
 I'lg. 414 was found by the writer, while watching the progress of 
 an extensive excavation in Centre street. Trenton, X.J. It was neady 
 seven feet from the surface, surrounded l)y a mass of very large cobble- 
 stones and bowlders, one of the latter overl)ing it. It is moderately 
 weathered ; but the boundary ridges, of the various fiakes that have 
 
492 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 been detached, are nearly obliterated, apparently by long exposure to 
 shifting sands and nmning water. 
 
 Fig. 415 represents an average specimen of the flat-bottomed, peak- 
 
 FiG. 414. — New Jersey. |. 
 
 backed stones, known in some localities as "turtle-backs," a name 
 that admirably describes their general appearance. These implements 
 (for their artificial origin can scarcely be questioned) are very uni- 
 
to 
 
 I'AI-^EDI.ITHIC IMPLKM KNn-S. 
 
 493 
 
 form in the character of the chipping, in the material, argillite, of 
 which they are made, and tlie erosion of tiieir surfaces, though in this 
 latter respect they vary more than in any other. 
 The specimen here figured measures four inches in length and 
 
 Fig. 415. — New Jersey. |. 
 
 two and one-half inches in width. The bottom is nearly a perfect 
 plane, and shows, by the slight indentations and scratch-like markings, 
 that it has been chipped into its present shape, and not accidentally 
 broken. Its greatest thickness is one and one-eighth inches ; the 
 "peak," or highest point of tiie back, being in the middle of the 
 specimen, measured lengthwise, but rather nearer one side than the 
 
494 
 
 rUIMniVK INUUHTRY. 
 
 Other. The broader side of tlie l)a(k does not appear to be any l)eltei- 
 adapted for cutting, tiian is tlie narrower or n^ore abruptly descending 
 side. 
 
 Although this stone, from long cx])osure, has become jjorous upon 
 the surface, two edges still remain sharp and regular, and exhibit an 
 amount of skill in "flint-chipping" about equal to that of the ordinary 
 siate hoes, shovels, si)ears and arrow-points. Close examination shows 
 that the back has been worked into its present shape by a series of 
 
 l)o\verfuI blows, or by pressure. 
 Usually large surfaces are left, 
 in severa,! instances planes 
 being formed by the detach- 
 ment of a single fragment of 
 the rock, which extends from 
 the peak to tlie edge of the 
 implement. 
 
 This specimen was found on 
 the face of the gravel bluff that 
 forms the eastern bank of the 
 Delaware river, below Tren- 
 ton, N. J. The original po- 
 sition, as to depth, was not 
 noted at the time, as these 
 objects were not then dis- 
 tinguished from the ordinary 
 FK;.4.6.-NcwjcTscy. ]. ^^jj^^ ^j. ^^^^ Indians. As 
 
 many sjjecimens, however, of the same pattern have been collected 
 at this ])lacc, most of which were from undisturbed gravel, and at 
 determined depths, it is quite evident that ail these implements are 
 from the same general locality, and while differing much in age, 
 are not in any case to be referred to the Indians of a comparatively 
 recent time. 
 
 Fig. 416 represents a somewhat smaller example of these "turtle 
 backs," taken from the same locality. As in the preceding instance, 
 
i'.\L^;oLiTHi(; imi'Ij:mi:nts. 
 
 495 
 
 lliis specimen is made of argillile, and lias liecn considerably eroded 
 by long exposure. This is Ijelieved to have occurred i)rior to its 
 being ileeply buried in the gravel bed, from which it was taken. The 
 chipping, as in fig. 415, is coarse, but well designed, and has produced 
 a moderately sharp cutting edge around the entire margin. As is 
 nearly always the case with these "ttirtle backs," the under side is 
 perfectly flat, and hence it is that these specimens, when resting upon 
 their flat under surfaces, 
 resemble the shells of 
 our common box tor» 
 toise (Cis/ui/o). To 
 this fact they owe their 
 pojjular name. 
 
 Fig. 4 1 7 represents a 
 third example of the so- 
 called "turde backs," 
 but varies in being 
 pointed, or spear-shaped 
 in its outline. Like the 
 preceding oval speci- 
 mens, this implement is 
 flat upon its under side, 
 but this side is not the 
 natural surface of the 
 pebble, worn smooth by 
 water action, but the 
 plane left by detaching a single large flake. The specimen has there- 
 fore the appearance of being the half of an ordinary paleolithic 
 implement, which has been evenly split in two. This specimen, now 
 preserved in the museum of the Academy of Science, at Salem, ]Ma.ss., 
 was one of the first found on the gravelly bluff facing the river at Tren- 
 ton, N. J., although its age and origin were not recognized at the time. 
 The preceding specimens, excepting fig. 414, bear such a resem- 
 blance to a class of jasper implements, which are supposed to have 
 
 Fig. 417. — New Jersey. \. 
 
496 
 
 PRlMiriVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 been cutting tools, that we are warranted in assuming, that they were 
 used for niucli the same purposes. The flat under surflue iloes not 
 give to tiiese "turtle-backs" as good cutting edges as are found on 
 those specimens that are chipped upon both sides ; but, notwithstand- 
 ing this objectionable feature, the edges are sufficiently sharp to be 
 available for cutting flesh and similar yielding substances. For some 
 such purpose, they were probably used. 
 
 Fig. 418 is an example of more elaborately wrought form, and is 
 of interest from its resemblance to the European patterns of palaeo- 
 lithic implements, and from the fact that it is an excellent connecting 
 link between the ruder forms, that have been figured, and those that 
 are of higher design and better finish. This spear-shaped, or pointed 
 implement is carefully shaped from an argillite pebble, and has well 
 defined sharp, if not cutting, edges. The base is rounded, and pre- 
 serves the natural surface of the pebble. The point is quite acute, 
 and the sides have been produced by chipping, so that a compara- 
 tively uniform surface has resulted. The degree of weathering is 
 uniform, and so far as this can be trusted as a guide, the specimen 
 has had eadi flake removed at practically the same time. 
 
 This implement measures six inches in length, by from three to 
 three and one-fourth inches in width, until near the point where it 
 suddenly narrows. 
 
 It was found at the bluff at Trenton, in a narrow gorge, caused by 
 running water which, however, had not displaced the material forming 
 the sides of the little chasm. It vcas nine feet from the surface, and 
 overtopped by a large bowlder. It l>ears considerable resemblance 
 to certain chipped implements <jf jasper, porphyry and sandstone, 
 which have been occasionally found on the surface associated with 
 ordinary Indian relics ; and which the writer supposes were largely 
 used as "heads" for war-clubs. However this may be, an implement, 
 like the one here described, might readily be mounted in a handle, or, 
 having a blunt base, be held in the hand and wielded with terrible 
 effect. Other examples of this form, mostly of argillite, have been 
 collected from the same locality. 
 
i'.\i..v.oi,riiiic i.MiM.iMi:vis. 437 
 
 Fig. 419, a l>, rcjircsonts two views of a (niiie carefully wrought 
 
 Fig. 418. — New Jersey, ■}■, 
 
 specimen of these rude implements, measuring nearly five inches in 
 
498 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 length, by two and one-half inches in average breadth, ant! less than 
 two inches in greatest thickness. It is an excellent cxami)le of that 
 form previously referred to, as a "turtle-back" celt. Of this specimen 
 
 Fig. 41911. — New Jersey. |. 
 
 Dr. M. E. Wadsworth says, "as far as can be told from cxamininr; its 
 extern.'il surface, without any fresh fracture, I should consider it to be 
 made of very compact argillite. It shows weathering, and also a 
 more recent fracture, which has weathored to some extent. I should 
 
I'Ai.F.ni.niiK; imim.i.mi.ni's. 
 
 499 
 
 consider it very dnuhtful if this could l)e formed naturally." Tliis 
 specimen, like the preceding, came from tiie bluff facing the river. 
 It was taken from a depth of tinee feet in from tin face of the bluff, 
 
 which was itself evidently the un- 
 disturbed gravel. 
 
 It is desirable to state, i.i this 
 connection, that the ui)per surface 
 of this bluff was removed many 
 years ago, when grading the street 
 that now passes along the slcnvly 
 crumbling escar[)ment formed by 
 the wearing action of the river 
 flowing at its foot. All the super- 
 '"cial soil and several feet of 
 gravel were removed, and all 
 specimens now found in the talus 
 are necessarily from the gravel 
 itself, and could not have been 
 derived from the original surface. 
 A series of the earlier found 
 of these argiiiite imi)lements, 
 derived from the gravel beds, 
 were sul)mitVed to Dr. M. E. 
 Wadsworth, of Cambridge, the 
 eminent lithologist, to determine 
 their niinera'.'^gical character, 
 with especial reference to the 
 ]iossibi!''*y of the fractures that 
 might arise from natural causes. 
 Of the specimen, fig. 420, Dr. 
 F.C. 4T9«. -New jcrsoy. ] . Wadsworth says, " It is an argillite. 
 
 It is highly indurati'd, with a conchoidal fracture, without cleavage, 
 and fuses to a yellowisli green or white glass which is feebly magnetic. 
 The weathering which it sliows < ould hardly have taken ])lace except 
 
50O 
 
 I'RIMITIVK INIIi;srKV, 
 
 before it was cowrcd with soil ; it niiglit ijossihly, hut I tliink not 
 probably, in a loose, open i,'ra\el. It is not at all likely to be of 
 natural formation. " 'I'he sjiecinien is figured of natural size, and 
 requires no further description, other than to remark that it was found 
 in the ///u/ii/ur/xi/ y^nivv] of the bluff facing the Delaware, at a depth 
 of six feet from the surface. 
 
 The word "undisturbed" is purposely emphasized, inasmuch as it 
 
 ^;i«. 
 
 Fi(,. 420. — New Jcrsc-y. If 
 
 is necessary, as Professor Pumjielly has pointed out, to determine 
 whether the undisturbed specimens occur in the graxel as it exists 
 when lu-st exposed, nr in a talus that may hue ])ein formed at the 
 base of the bluff, and \\lii(h. in some cases, ma\- extend U|)\\ar(ls, 
 nearly to the to|) ; as in the laficr event it is possible that an imple- 
 
i'.\i,.T:oi.rrm(; implements. 
 
 501 
 
 ment miglit lia\e vcr}- recently rolled down from the surface, and he, 
 now, hnried several feet from the face of the hluff. This ])ossil)le 
 occurrence has been dul)' considered in every instance, and no snch 
 disi)laccment e\identl}' had taken ])lace, in the instance of the speci- 
 men lierc figured, or 
 in that of others found 
 both before and since. 
 
 l'"ig. 421 rejiresents 
 a specimen formed of 
 an argillite pebble, with 
 a ])ortion of the water- 
 worn or weathered sur- 
 face co...stitnting the 
 greater pa*-!, of the 
 base, on one side of 
 the implement. The 
 corresponding side is 
 a uniform surface, but 
 is less smooth, and ex- 
 hibits every indication 
 of be ing much less 
 weathered, although it 
 is greatly altered from 
 a freshly fractured sur- 
 face. 
 
 Thissjiecimen meas- 
 ures four and one- 
 fourth inches scant in 
 length. 'I'he base is, 
 in width, a little i-'ss th;ni one half the length. The (hipped [lortion 
 
 Kk;. 4 'i. — Nuv. jersey. \. 
 
 de( reases uniformK in widtli from tii 
 
 ise, the llakes haviuLT been 
 
 del, 11 bed from both shIcs, and the I'dges. The s])eciinen terminates 
 in <|uite a blunt ]ioint, and does not appear to h.ue been more 
 acutely finished, than it now is. In general outline, fig. 421 clo.sely 
 
S02 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY . 
 
 resembles many of the European flint implements from tiie river 
 valleys, and bears fiir more resemblance to many neolithic forms 
 than do the majority of the chipped flints from tertiary deposits lately 
 described in detail by M. Robiero.^"* 
 
 This specimen was taken from the gravel, at tlie bluff forming the 
 eastern bank of the Delaware river at Trenton, at a depth of seven 
 feet from the surface. 
 
 P'ig. 42 -L presents a carefully shaped and creditably designed ar- 
 gillite impk.i at is mucii like many of those found in Europe. 
 
 Fic. 422, — New Jersey. |. 
 
 From the base, which is tlie uncliipped nalnral smface of tiic argiilitc 
 l)ebble, this implement is flaked ecjually on bolli sides, and brought 
 to an edge along each margin, and at the same time it tapers to an 
 obtuse point, sufficiently marked, however, to indicate that it was 
 intended to pierce as well as to cut. Tiie liroad base, which is suffi- 
 ciently wide to allow the specimen to stand upriglit without support, 
 
 '"''* Dcscrip. dc Alguiis. Silcx I". Qiuirt. Lascados en cuiilrados nos caiiiadus dus tcrrctios: 
 Terliar. e (Jualeniatio. M. Carlos Kobiero, Lisljoa, 1B77. 
 
 ^^ 
 
l'.\I./K()l.nilIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 503 
 
 could never have been attached to a long shaft, and so it could never 
 have been used as a spearhead. 
 
 Held in the hand, it woukl seem to be an awkward instrument for 
 most purposes, but tiie broad base would serve to protect the hand, 
 were it held in this way, and used for striking sudden blows. Hafted 
 in some manner, an excellent weapon is obtained and one that would 
 prove not only valuable, in close combats, but as a hunting imple- 
 ment, whenever an opportunity was given to strike a sudden blow. 
 
 Neolithic implements of this pattern, but usually longer, were prob- 
 ably used for grabbing roots, but implements of this pattern, when 
 found in the river gravels, are more likely to ha\e been ice-picks. 
 If we are warranted in supposing that the people who made and used 
 these paliBolithic implements lived here during the prevalence of an 
 arctic climate, then they must have had some means for cutting holes 
 in the ice, and for such a purpose, the broad-based implements, like 
 fig. 422, were admirably adajjted. If used in this manner, they would 
 be peculiarly liable to be lost through the holes cut in the ice. 
 
 This specimen was found, several years ago, in the bluff or gravel 
 bed that formerly faced upon the east side of Cooper street, Trenton, 
 and was in the loose gravel, which was then being removed. It was 
 near the centre of a mass of small i)ebbles and sand, which was 
 detached bodily, and from the foot of the bluff, and which, when 
 it crumbled, exposed this sjjecimen. Above the mass, in which this 
 specimen was embedded, extended a stratum of sand of considerable 
 thickness, overlying which was the surface so'l. The specimen was at 
 least at a deiith of eight feet. 
 
 It was at this locality, that some time before, the writer found, in 
 situ, three chipped masses of stone. sui)posed to have had an artificial 
 origin. That two of them were ijakeolitliic im[)lements, subsequent 
 discoveries have shown to be true. ( )f these, as early as 1873, the 
 opinion was expressed,-"'-* that as tiiey occurred so <leeply in the earth, 
 and in gravel and sand that showed no evidence of recent disturi)ance. 
 
 "" Abbolt. American N.iliiralisl, vol. vii, |i. 207, i\i>. jC-jS. S.iltin, M.^^^., 1S73. 
 3.! 
 
504 
 
 I'KlMniVK IN'DUSTRV. 
 
 "they were fashioned and used hy a jicople far antedating the race 
 that suhseiincntly occupied tliis same territon ." 
 
 Ki^;. 423. a, l>, represents the si)earhead-lit<e implement ])reviousIy 
 referred t(j. The illustration shows, at a glance, the artificial origin of 
 tlic si>ccinien. It is made of flint, and is the only instance of the 
 occurrence of a drift implement of this mineral. This specimen was 
 taken from the gravel, at a depth of si\ feet from the surfice, on the 
 site of the Lutheran (.'luirch, JJroad street, Trenton, N. J. It was 
 
 Kic;. 423, — New Jersey. 4' 
 
 found lying /// .»■////. in a shallmv stratum of coarse pebbles, and clearly 
 showetl hy its surroundings that it had not become buried at this dei)th, 
 subseipiently to the deposition of the containing layer of jjebbles. 
 
 The Hk t that this s[iecimen was found at a dej)th, at which under 
 exceptional circumstance ordinary Indian rilics might be buried, and 
 being of a different mineral from the ( haracleristic forms of the gravel, 
 might lead to the belief tiuit this more artistically (hipped flint spear- 
 shapeii implement, was an 'MiUrusive" relic of Indian origin. The 
 
 . 
 
I'AI,/K(.)l.riHIC IMl'LK.MKNl'S. 
 
 505 
 
 general character of this gravcl-bcd, even at this shallow deptii — six 
 feet from the surface — where this flint specimen occurred, was such 
 as to convince any one, had they examined the locality at tlie time, 
 that the specimen had not reached there subso((uently to the deposition 
 of the gravel itself. Fortunately, at the time, an exceptionally gooil 
 op[)ortunity of examining the locality was offered, and it was evident 
 that the imi)lement-bearing gravel;., that can be readily distinguished 
 from the later beds, here came to the surface. ]'.owlders of large 
 size were upon the surface, and the sides of the excavation, from 
 wiiich was taken this specimen (fig. 423), showed by the close pack- 
 ing of the material constituting the mass, tliat it had not been recently 
 disturbed, and that it had been deposited by the same forces that 
 formed the gravel-bluff, now constituting the eastern bank of the river, 
 neady two miles distant. Immediately above it, /. c, on the same 
 horizon, but not directly over it, and continuousl}- to the surface were 
 numbers of large stones, several of them containing from six to ten 
 cubic feet. In such a mass, and at such a depth, it is scarcely i)ossible 
 a spearpoint of the later Indians could have reached. The fact that 
 the specimen is flint, and not argillite, has no bearing on the question 
 of its being other Uian a paleolithic implement, inasmuch as in all 
 well known localities in Europe, where jialKolithic flints occur, there 
 have Ijeen found occasional specimens made of other minerals. 
 
 Fig. 424 represents a very carefully chipped argillite implement that 
 bears a marked resemblance to many of the European specimens of 
 paleolithic implements. The specimen measures four and one-half 
 inches in length, and a little less than two and one-half inches in its 
 greatest width. In the chipping, this specimen varies somewhat horn 
 a typical turtle-back, in that the under, or flatter, side is somewhat 
 cliippcd, especially along the edges, which tlirougho.it their entire 
 len"tli, exhiliit traces of secondary chipping, whereby the edges were 
 made more neady slraiglit. The general outline is that of a spear or 
 lance-head, rather than an indefuiitely siiai.ed "chipped implement," 
 as many of them are. There is in this instance a well defmed point, 
 and a broad, straight base, giving a general contour (luite similar to 
 
5o6 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 certain jasper and slate "hoe blades," as tliis i);Utcrn of neolithic im- 
 plements is sometimes called. 
 
 This specimen, fig. 424, was taken from the bluff facing the river, 
 but two miles farther south than the exposure near Trenton, from which 
 
 most of the si)ecimens 
 have been gathered. 
 It was discovered in a 
 perpendicular exposure 
 of the bluff, immedi- 
 ately after the detach- 
 ment of a large mass of 
 material, and in a sur- 
 face thai IkuI ])ut tiie 
 day before l)cen ex- 
 posed and had not yet 
 begun to crumble. 
 The sjjecimen was 
 t\vcnt)-()ne feet from 
 the surface of the 
 ground, and within a 
 foot of the triassic clays 
 that are here exposed. 
 Directly over it, and in 
 contact, was a bowlder 
 of large size, probably 
 weighing one hundred 
 pounds ; while at a dis- 
 tance of nve feet above 
 was a second much 
 larger bowlder. The 
 character of the mass, which was that of the bluff on tlie bank of the 
 river near Trenton, was such as to render it impossible that this 
 specimen could have reached this position subsequently to the deposi- 
 tion of the containing bed. 
 
 Fig. 434, — New Jersey, \t 
 
v\\jv.o\.miu: imi'i.kments. 
 
 507 
 
 Fig. 425 represents a very artificial looking, and yet quite imiciue, 
 form of cliippcd stone implement. It certainly bears no rcHcmblance 
 to any common form of neolithic weapon or domestic implement. In 
 
 Fig. 425. — New Jersey, j. 
 
 general, its appearance is that of a nidi.' spear, such as not unfre([uently 
 occurs ui)on the surface, made of jasper and (piartz ; but the handle- 
 like projection, which may or may not have been pointed originally, 
 
;o,S 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSlkY. 
 
 renders it difficult to determine tlie proljuhle use of the implement ; 
 but that the specimen is artificial, and designed for some definite pur- 
 pose, there can be no doubt. 
 
 This specimen measures four and five-eighths inches in length, and 
 two inches in maximum widtii, exclusive of the projecting point or 
 "handle" at one side. This projection is one and one-fourth inches 
 in length. The chipping on this "mplement is quite well defined along 
 the edges ; and this, of itself, gives evidence of its artificial origin ; 
 for we do not find traces of secondary chipping, whereby zigzag lines 
 arc straightened, occurring among crushed or frost-fractured ])el)bles. 
 
 This uni([ue form was found on the same gra\elly liluff from 
 which the preceding was taken, but at a point two miles distant, 
 down tlie ri\cr. The specimen was exposed after a land-slide which 
 occurred on Aug. 24th, immediately after a violent storm. A large 
 mass of gravel was detached bodily, leaving a fresh surface of the 
 bluff, from which this specimen projected. Tiie depth from the sur- 
 face was considerable, though it could not be accurately determined 
 at the time. 
 
 Fig. 426 represents a specimen more like a weapon than any of 
 the rude implements that have as yet been collected. Its shape seems 
 to suggest its use, and, considering the rough workmanship that has 
 been expended ujjon it, it is admiral)ly adapted to the supi^osed use 
 to which it was put. It foreshadows the tomahawk of more modern 
 times. There appear to have been no fractures since the imjtlement 
 was made. The whole surface jiresents the same weather-worn ap- 
 I)earancc, and it is doubtful if even the rude edges were more regular 
 in design or shari)er than at present. Very nearly eight inches in 
 length, the specimen may, for puri)oses of description, be divided into 
 two sections — the front or blade of the weapon, and the hanmier- 
 head or back. The blade or front portion is four inches in lengtli, 
 forming nearly a continuous line with the top of the back ; the eleva- 
 tion of the ouUine or margin being less than half an inch at tlie 
 angle of the back and edge. IJelow, the line of the back and that of 
 the blade form an obtuse angle ; the blade being beneath, an inch and 
 
 mSBamm 
 
PAM'^OLirmc IMl'LEMEmS. 
 
 5 "9 
 
 three-eighths wider than the narrower portion or hammer-head. The 
 entire margin of this siK'cinien has been chipped into its present shape 
 and condition, giving it a rudely-rounded ajipearance at tlic top, edge, 
 bottom, and extremity of the bacii. This chipping has not been done 
 by an ordinary hammer-stone, pecking off the small fragments and 
 producing the peculiar dotted appearance common to the ordinary 
 grooved cobble-stone axes; but the stone has been /«-('tv/ off in larger 
 l)ieces, although the ap[)earance varies somewhat from the shelly 
 fracture of jasper. 7\s a large portion of the side of this specimen 
 is smooth, it is probable that the mass, as originally detached from 
 
 Fig. 436. — New Jersey. J. 
 
 the rock, bore some resemblance to the weapon or implement as it 
 now appears. This implement is of special interest as being the 
 most primitive sj)ecimen of a rude hatchet yet met with, that appears 
 to have had a handle fastened to it. A split or forked sapling could 
 have been as readily attached to an axe of this shape as to any of the 
 grooved forms. The shallow notch beneath, at the junction of the 
 back and blade, was apparenUy so chipped to make the handle more 
 secure. 
 
 This axe-like specimen was found upon the surface of a gravelly 
 field, under circumstances that have no bearing upon the question of 
 
 ftMl 
 
510 
 
 I'RIMIIIVK INDl/STKY. 
 
 ils age. The fact that it is of arj;illito, togcllier with its weathered 
 condition and the similarity of the c!)i])i)ing to those implements foimd 
 in the gruel, renders it prohalile that it is not the hamliwork of the 
 Indian. It is described, in tiiis ( onneelicjn, hetause ils condition is 
 such as to snggest that it had as early an origin as the term " i)ala:o- 
 lithic" implies. 
 
 Its pala;olithic age is further rendered jirobahle from the fact, that 
 very recently, during an examination of the gravel bank fa( ing the 
 river, near Trenton, N. J., by I'rof. W. lloyd Dawkins, I'rof. Henry 
 ^V. Haynes and others, a very characteristic specimen of a pointed 
 l)ala3olilhic implement was found, that had a rude, but ([uite distinct 
 encircling gpoove, and was therefore evidently intended to be hafted. 
 Still another specimen, found in deep undisturbed gravel by the writer, 
 was of such shape that it could scarcely have been usetl, unless at- 
 tached to a handle. 
 
 Finally, it is desirable to add, in this connection, that these rude im- 
 plements have been frefpiently found /// situ by others, as well as 
 myself, and thus evidence is not wanting to show that my own im- 
 l)ressions as to their antifjuity, based upon the circumstances of their 
 l)osition, when found, were not unwarranted. 
 
 In the Annual Report of the Museum at Cambridge, Mass., for 
 1880, the Curator has recently referred to this subject, in connection 
 with the series of specimens found by me, and presented to that 
 institution. Professor Putnam remarks that "others, including myself, 
 have found implements in place in the gravel, and at a meeting of the 
 Poston Society of Natural Histor;, held Jan. 19, 1880, the subje-t was 
 carefully discussed ; and the evidence, supposed to be wanting by some 
 as to the actual finding of specimens in situ in the gravel, was given 
 in detail." 
 
 Having spoken at length of the deposits of gravel from whicn the 
 characteristic implements here described have been taken, an 1 the 
 ])()sition of these gravels in the geological series having been ,liown, 
 that we may appropriately determine the anti(]uity of these rel'cs. it 
 is njcessary now to pcjint out the relationship of the relics of an 
 ancient people found in them, to the c(jntaining beds. 
 
PAL/i:(lI,miK' IMIM.KMKNIS. 
 
 5" 
 
 What seems to be a most conclusive argument in favor of the view 
 that these relics of men arc as old as, and in some cases it may be older 
 than, the gravels tiiat now surround tliem, is the fact that while the 
 paleolithic implements are characteristic of the gravel, and neolitliic 
 implements of the surface, it is quite natural to find the former, as we 
 find its containing bed, frequently cropping out upon tlie surface ; 
 while we never find this same soil at great depliis, nor d(j the relics of 
 the Indian, that now dfit its surface, ever occur in sucli inexplicable 
 positions. We can easily imagine an earthiiuake creating a deep 
 chasm or crack in the surface, and inhuming a c"mi)arativcly modern 
 implement ; but there are no traces of sucli cataclysmic action here, 
 and if such an event had occurred, there would be otiier e\idences 
 than the commingling of objects from the surface wiili the underlying 
 deposits ; but such are wanting. Besides, if these rmlc forms were of 
 identical origin with common Indian relics, then rude and elalxjrate 
 alike, jasjjcr, q;'artz, porphyry and slate together, axes, spears, ])ottery 
 and ornaments, all of which are found upon the surface, should occur 
 at these depths. .\ny disturbance that would bury one, would bury 
 the others. Such, however, is not the case ; and this one fact is, I 
 think, of itself sufficient to show that there is a distinction to be drawn 
 between these roughly chii)ped implements and the skilfully wrought 
 productions of the Indians. 
 
 Furthermore, in considering the relationship of these rudely fash- 
 ioned stone implements to the beds containing them, and the place of 
 the latter in the geological history of the globe, it must fust be borne 
 in mind, that the many changes which have occurred in the past were 
 periods of long duration, and that the changes of climate and the 
 modifications of the dry land were all gradual occurrences. None 
 were of such violence as to render the globe uninhabitable by man. 
 The severity of the glacial climate itself, it is known, but partially de- 
 stroyed, though it largely displaced, animal and vegetable life ; and if 
 the displacement of mammals is a clearly ascertained fact, it is quite 
 safe to include man, if he aiso existed here, as I have endeavored to 
 show was the case. 
 
5': 
 
 I'KiMiiivi-; i\i)i;siKV. 
 
 In tlie foregoing sketcli ot' tlu' indications of a piiniiti- c people that 
 occupied the nortiicin .Vtlantic seaboard of America, prior to t!ie gen- 
 erally supposed recent advent of the North American Indian, nothing 
 has been adduced to indicate the racial belongings of thi.T [ireoccupy- 
 ing peo])le. In the traces tiiemselves of this supi)osed race that have 
 been preserved, there is notliing that iieljjs to solve the ipicslion of 
 tiieir pre-Indian or Indian origin ; and we must consider them simply 
 as rude jjroductions of the Indians, who, as a people in the paUvo- 
 lithic stage of cullure, readied our coast possibly as far baik in time 
 as the glacial epoch, unless otlier evidence can be brought to show 
 that an earlier and ruder race once possessed this country. Have we 
 any e\idei.ce of this? 
 
 A careful study of the relationship of the implements characteristic 
 of the gravel, to the better known traces of the Indian — ordinary ar- 
 r'wheads, celts and axes — of itself, suggests the jirobability of the In- 
 dians being comijaratively recent occuj)ants of Mastern Amerii:a ; 
 althougii, if measured by years, the duration of their occupancy ex- 
 tends far indeed, into the distant past. 
 
 The conclusion tiiat tlie Indians were preceded by another j)eople 
 is based upon the fa( t tiiat it is not practicable to trace any connec- 
 tion between the characteristic (hipped ])ala.'olithit; imjilements and 
 the ])nlished, pecked and fmely wrought (ji)je<:ts of Indian origin ; the 
 one form certainly not having any necessary connection with the other. 
 'l"he wide gap that exists between a full series of each of the two forms 
 is readily recognized, when the two are brought ..)gether, and no 
 one will hesitate to a< knowledge it ; but mere verbal d .scriptions of 
 distin( tive characteristics, ])romint it as they are to the eye, convey 
 but little meaning. 
 
 The gap that exists between one o( the more highly specialized pal 
 otolithic implements and a rude agricultural tool of Indian manufac- 
 ture, is slight indeed, and the m ker of the one might readily luive 
 made tlu other; but when we consider that a difference of material 
 also, to a great extent, is characteristic of the two forms, and the rude 
 argillite objects on the one hand are as marked a feature of the gravel 
 
I'AL/KOrJTHIC IMPLEI. ENIS. 
 
 beds, as the rude flint and slate hoes and shovels are romnion to the 
 surface, it becomes evident to those who carefully examine the several 
 forms from the two })ositions, that they are as widely sei)arateti as the 
 fossils of different geological formations. Indeerl, were the gravel 
 beds, that contain these i.nplements of palaiolithic age and origin, by 
 any means converted into solid rocks, these artificially siiaped stones 
 would become veritable fossils, and as clearly inilicative of a well de- 
 fined species of man, as the casts of CiicuLca, so abundant in our 
 green sand marls, mark a well-known form of moUuscau life once com- 
 mon in the Cretaceous seas. 
 
 As to the ordinary stone implements, it may be mentioned that 
 those found upon the surface are all in accordance with what we know 
 of the Indians, wiio, while occupants of the Atlantic coast of North 
 America, were dwellers in a densely wooded country, with the distribu- 
 tion of land an<l water as it now is ; Init are not these palaioiithic 
 implements wholly out of place in like jjositions? One tan scarcely 
 conceive of an\ use for a " turtle-back celt," or for some of its mod- 
 ifications such as are seen in the limited range of patterns of the older 
 forms, unless, perhaps as a rude weapon. If the environment of a 
 race to any important extent determines the patterns of its weajions of 
 war, and of the char.e, as well as its domestic implements, then it is 
 clearly evident th:it the well known forms of Indian stone implements 
 most readily met their recjuirements : and with this peojjle, depending 
 so largely ujion their skill with the bow for their subsistence, and armed 
 with hatchets of another ))attern, these palaeolithic implements are 
 umiuestionably out of place. They are so flir dilTerent, and more 
 j)rimitivt; in ( onstn.ution, as to suggest their use at a time long prior 
 to the discovery of the bow, when another, an.i les'> vary fauna must 
 neetls be liunted, and they also indicate a 1< wer dejrree of culture than 
 that of the Indian at the time of the discovery ■^f the continent by 
 Columbus. 
 
 It has been shown tliMt a variation in the physiial condition of this 
 countrv both as to distribution of land and water, and dimate. with 
 concomitant differences of fauna ami flora, obtained during the gla-ial 
 
mmamtm 
 
 5'4 
 
 PRIMITIVK INDUSTRY. 
 
 cpocli ; and '>) this period, or to ;i Hul)so(|ii'.;it one of siiortcr durationl 
 wlien a second glaciation of tliese valleys ocicurred, it would be more 
 reasonable to ascribe these rudely fashioneil implements, even if found 
 only on the surface, but which, by their presence in the drift gravels, 
 give us a faint glimpse of the ])rimal race that occupied our shores. 
 
 When also, we consider thnt the several conditions of glacial times 
 were largely those of Greenland and arctic America, and that there is 
 unbroken land communication between the desolate regions of the 
 latter and our own more favored lanil, and more important than 
 all, that there now dwells in this ice-clad country a race which, not 
 only in the distant jjast, but until recently, used stone implements of 
 rude patterns; it is natural to infer that the traces of a people found 
 here, under circumstances that demonstrate a like < ondition of the 
 country during their occupancy, are really traces of the same people. 
 
 This o])inion, however, has been frequently ([uestioned, and grave 
 doubts expressed as to the relationship of American i)ala;olithic man 
 and the modern Eskimo. 'I'Ik' publication of the recent volume of 
 Prof. \Vm. Boyd I )awkins. entitled "Ivuly M,m in liritain,"-'" renders it 
 desirable, to pursue this subject somewiiat further, although the marked 
 similarity of the Kuroiiean and Ameri( an paleolithic implements, and 
 of the circumstances under which they occur, have been dwelt upi'i. 
 and the recent remarks of M. Mortillel, on this subject, (pioted in full. 
 The conclusions of I'rof. Dawkius are of unusiial interest, inasmuch 
 as his impression is that the older palaeolithic man bee anie totally ex- 
 tinct and the latei pala;olithic or "('a\e-inan" was of a different 
 origin. This opinion is certainly at variance with the traces of post- 
 glacial pakeolitliic man, as found on the .Xtlautic coxX of America. 
 'J'he conclusions of Mr. Dawkins may be briefl\' stated, as follows: 
 
 Tal;u<jlithic man is separately consi(lere<l as the River-drift man and 
 the Cave-man ; the former believed to be mu( h the okler ]>eoi)le and 
 known by the series of simplest patterns of stone im]ilements, " found 
 
 ""I'';uly NT. HI in nril;un, I'y N\'. I'-iytt l>.i\\ kins, t-ltiips. \i and vii, p. i-J4ct sc-q, LofiOt)l1, 
 MacMillaii and Cu,, iSiiui 
 
mmmt^^'vm 
 
 w \^wmmmmmmmmKKff 
 
 PA UEOUTU IC IM I'LKM ENTS. 
 
 515 
 
 in the late Tleistocene river ]je(ls." 'I'liis River-drift man \vanderc(l 
 over the greater jjart of Kiirope, and Asia, leading " a wandering feral 
 life under feral conditions * • * * a hunter of a very low order, but 
 not lower than the modern Australian." 'J'he Cave-man, on the con- 
 trary, was greatly restricted in his range, whicli of itself is held to be in- 
 dicative of different age and race, and was far in advance of the River- 
 drift man, in the variety and wtjrkmanship of his inii)lements and 
 weapons. If not two distinct jieoples, these River-drift and Cave- 
 men are certainly sections of the same race, wiiich foimd tlieir way 
 into luirope at widely (HiTerent times, the River-drift man being of far 
 h''dicr aiiticiuity, ami lived countless ages before tiie arrival of the 
 ( ave-man. "We are without a due,' writes our autlujr "to the 
 ethnology of tiie River-drift man, who most probaiily is as completely 
 extinct at the present time as the woolly rhinoceros or the cave-bear ; 
 but the (!i;coveries of the last twenty years havetendeil to confirm the 
 identification of the Cave-man with tlie lOskimo." 
 
 In the earlier chap'ters of this volume, refereiK e has been frenuently 
 made to the occurrence of rude arrowpoints, scra])ers, and other forms 
 of stone implements made of argillite whi( h suggest an origin anterior 
 to the ordinary jasper and (juartz implements i tlie Indians ; and in 
 the description of the ojjcn air workshop sites m 'i-- Indians, where 
 arrowheads were chipped in great numbers, the absence of argillite 
 flakes in the accumulated dilois was noted. 
 
 For the>e reasons ami others more particularly referred to, in pre- 
 ceding chajiters, it is believed that these more specialized argillite im- 
 jilements, although found, to a large extent, ujjon the surfa.e, and 
 associated with objects of Indian origin, really bear a closer relation- 
 siiip to the rude implements made by the .American River-drift man, 
 than to the Indian handiwork of more recent times.-" if we are war- 
 
 "" One m.irkcd result oftlic ilcforcslini; of the cnmitry, .nml its const.int cultiv.itinn tias lH;t.'n to 
 remove, in ^reat part, tin: many iiie<|iialitics of the siirfaie, and to ilry up many of the smaller 
 hrooks. 1 he hilloi ks have been worn down, the valleys filleil np, ami this, of cmirse, ha^ resulleil 
 in liriiiKinkt to the surface, r»n tht; ]ii|;hcr yit)unil, the aruillite implements whit h were at eonsiiler- 
 alile depths, ami in liurying, in the valleys, the more recent jasper aiul ipiaiti implements of Indian 
 
5^6 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 ranted, as suggested by M. de Morlillet, in considering the Achculcen 
 hatciiets of France, the flint inplements of the River-drift man of 
 England, and the argillite implements found in the valley of the Del- 
 aware, as the handiwork of the same peojjlc ; then, trading the parallel- 
 ism furtlier, it may be asked whether we have, in America, any evi- 
 dence that this earliest or River-drift folk became extinct here, as Mr. 
 Dawkins believed was the case in Europe. If we have no evidence, 
 but on the contrary we are able to point out a united and continuous 
 series of indications of palaiolithic man's presence from so remote a 
 period as the deposition of the Trenton gravel, until the comparatively 
 recent date when man had become as advanced in culture, as the 
 Cave-man of Europe, then the parallelism of the two continents is 
 so far broken, that the culture in the one country is confined to one 
 race, and in the other it is indicative of two. 
 
 Along the Atlantic coast of this continent there do not occur geo- 
 logical formations of a character favorable for the development of that 
 particular phase of human culture known as Cave-life, as represented 
 in Europe's prehistoric annals ; but the same improvement in the pat- 
 terns and finish of stone implements, and the use of bone, as well as 
 stone, and all the distinguishing features of Cave-life, except that of 
 the artistic representation of men and animals, are all readily traced as 
 the gradually acquired improvements of the descendants of the ancient 
 palaiolithic man, who in nowise differed from the River-drift hunter of 
 Europe. 
 
 This absence of geological formations calculated to preserve the 
 earliest traces of man in unmistakable condition, and the scarcity of 
 fossil remains in the gravel deposits rondel's the problem of determining 
 when and by whom this continent was originally populateil far more 
 difficult to solve, than the like problem concerning Europe ; but not- 
 
 origin, th:U were left tijton ihe soil, when lost nr tliscnrdcil by the re<l<man. In the remnants of 
 fore^ts still retn.-iinin^, where no such disturbance of the soil has occurred, the relative depths at 
 which argillite anil jas^jer resiK-ctively occur, indicate the greater a^e of the former. This is also 
 shown liy the p<»ilion, in "mcaJnw mud" of the so-called fish'spcars, to which attention hai altcady 
 been calletl. 
 
r4IJF.OLITHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 517 
 
 witlistanding these disadvantages, there is suflRcient evidence remain- 
 ing, to warrant the assertion that Jie palitolithic man on the one hand, 
 and the makers of the argillite spearpoints on tlie otiier, stadn in the 
 relationship of ancestor and descendant, and if the latter, as is 
 probable, is in turn the ancestor of the modern Eskimo, then does it 
 not follow that the River-drift and Cave-man of Elurope, supposing the 
 relationship of the latter to the flskimo to be correct, bear the same 
 close relationship to each other, as do the American representatives of 
 these earliest of people ? 
 
 If this view be correct, it shows that the sequence of events, and 
 advance of culture, have been practically synchronous in the two con- 
 tinents ; and the parallelism in the archaeology of America and F^urope 
 becomes something more than a " mere fancy." Nor is it improbable 
 that future discoveries in Europe will bring to light the missing links, 
 which, by their absence, seem to separate the River-drift hunter from 
 the later Cave-man. 
 
 The subjoined table shows the essentially similar characteristic 
 features of the prehistoric archa;ology of the two continents. 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 Palawlithic implements in Trenton 
 gravel. 
 
 Argillite implements uf nM)rc spec- 
 ialized patterns in alluvial dcpusits and 
 surface. 
 
 Jasper and Quartz implements of 
 North American Indian. Pulished 
 stone. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Flint implements in I'leistocene 
 River-drift. 
 
 More specialized flint in\plcments of 
 the caves. 
 
 Neolithic stone implements of highest 
 grade. Polished stone. 
 
 Bronze. 
 
 The evidence of the presence of the Eskimo far southward of his 
 present range rests on many and varied facts, some of which, it must 
 be admitted, are of doubtful value. 
 
 It has been urgently claimed that no traces of man have been found 
 along our seaboard that cannot, without violence to known facts, be 
 referred to the Indians of the i)ast few centuries, and therefore we n»e 
 without war -ant, in introducing a hypothetical race to explain away so 
 
5i8 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 simple a matter as the commingling of rude argillite and clahorate 
 jasper arrowheads. 
 
 The manifold indications of prehistoric man on the Atlantic ci.vist of 
 North .America cannot, however, be reduced to such a meagre array 
 that a mere reference to the Indian is all that is necessary. The com- 
 monplace occurrence of gathering rude arrowpoints in the bottom 
 lands, and of finding others of more artistic finish in an upland field, 
 may, to a superficial observer, have no further meaning than that these 
 objects are relics of the Indians who once roamed over tliis country ; 
 but to him who gathers tens of thousands of these relics, and notes, 
 with conscientious care, the position in the earth of each ; who ram- 
 bles, not simply over ploughed fields, but scrutinizes every exposure 
 of the upturned soil ; digs deeply in the peaty accumulations of the 
 meadow lands and scans every foot of the steep muddy banks of tide- 
 water creeks ; to him, tiiese abundant relics of the vanished races tell 
 a far different story, and hint, in no uncertain way, of diverse origins. 
 If then, all are not Indian, to whom shall we refer the others except to 
 the Eskimo? 
 
 It is not within tlie scope of this volume to refer, except briefly, to 
 the historical evidences of the presence of the Eskimo, south of the 
 St. Lawrence. Dr. Brinton-'^ says, " there is reason to believe that at 
 one time they possessed the .Vtlantic coast considerably to the south. 
 The Northmen, in the year looo, found the natives of Vinland, 
 l)robably near Rhode Island, of the same race as they were familiar 
 with in Labrador. They contemptuously call them Skraliiigar, chips, 
 and describe them as numerous and short of stature (Eric Rothens 
 Siiga, in yiueWcT, Sa!^(rnM>/i<>//itl; p. 214). It is curious that the 
 traditions of the Tuscaroras, who placed their arrival on the Virginian 
 coast about 1300, spoke of the race they found there (called Tacci 
 or Dogi) as eaters of raw flesh ^'^ and ignorant of maize (Lederer, 
 Account of North America, in Harris, Voyages)." 
 
 If we could with full confidence refer the older shell heaps and all 
 the more ancient traces of prehistoric man, down to so late a date as 
 
 '"Rrinton. Myths of the New World, ad cd. p. 34. New York, 1876. 
 
 2'»"'rhc ii.imc Kskimois friim the Alsunkin word A,r*/wi<j«/;i*, caters of nw llesh." Uriiitoii, 
 
PAL/EOUTHIC IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 S'9 
 
 A. D. 1300, to the Eskimo, the archncology of the Atlantic coast 
 would be shorn of all ol)sciirity, and every relic would possess a readily 
 deciphered history. It may be added, that in view of the results of 
 recent archicological and historical research, it is within the range of 
 possibility, that this will be the crowning result of future investigation. 
 
 In his excellent article on the Tribes of the Extreme Northwest, 
 Mr. Dall^i* remarks, "my own impression agrees with that of J)r. 
 Rink, that the Innuit were once inhabitants of the interior of America ; 
 that they were forced to the west and north by the jjressure of tribes 
 of Indians from the south," anil again, " there are many facts in 
 American ethnology which tend to show that originally, the Innuit of 
 the east coast had much the same distribution as the walrus, namely, 
 as far south as New Jersey." The conclusion reached by Dr. Rink,-'^ 
 to which Mr. Dall refers, is, that the " I'^skimo apjiear to have been 
 the last wave of an aboriginal .American race, which has spread over 
 the continent from more genial regions, following principally the rivers 
 and water-courses, and continually yiekling to the pressure of tiie 
 tribes behind them, until they have, at last, peopled the seacoast." 
 
 In a subsequent publication '*'•' Dr. Rink has repeated these concli- 
 sions. He remarks, " Quant i\ IVivi-nement ([ui les a fiiit emigrer ui 
 leur pays i)rimitif et se diriger vers le Nord, je suis dispose a croire 
 (jue cela a etc tine i^iicrrc, mais je pense (jue cette guerre n'a fait que 
 les nicttrc en tnonvcmenf, (pie la marche vers I'embouchure a etc tres- 
 lente, et ipie la duree du sejour en ce lieu s'tst prolongi'e. 
 
 " D'autre part, j'ai chercht; a dcmontrer ([ue c'est dans la partie nord- 
 ouest de I'Ami'rique du Nord, dans la region du Mackenzie et de 
 r.\thna, ([u'il faut clierciier le fleuve ou les fleuves a i'embouchure dcs- 
 quels k • Es(iuimaux ont di'veloppe leur civilisation, et (jue leurs 
 ancetres so U issus des regions attenant aux cours suporieurs de ces 
 fleuves. 
 
 " En elTet, la grande majoritc des Esijuimaux se trouve en .\mcri(iue, 
 
 •" Coiilribuliom to N. A. Eilmology (U. H. Survey of Rocky Mt. Region), vol. i, i>. 102. 
 "'''r.ilc's of ilio Eskimo, l.onclon, 1875. 
 
 ^"iConiptc-Kciulii dc la Con>;ri's intern:. oonul -les Amuricanistcs: L'habital primitif dus Esi|iu. 
 Inatix; M. 11. Kink, p. tu. I.nxemtiouri;, 1S78. 
 
520 
 
 PRIMITIVK INUUSTRV. 
 
 et un petit nombre seiilement habite I'Asie. Cela para'it indiqtier que 
 ce peuple est originaire tin continent amcricain. Cependant, tout en 
 soutenant cette these, je ne me dissimule point cpie cette seule con- 
 sideration ne suffit pas pour que la question soit vidoe. 
 
 " Mais, Jans mes etudes comparatives sur les moeurs, la languc, la re- 
 ligion et les traditions des difierentes tribus cscjuimaudes, j'ai dcjii 
 trouvc bien des choses (lui confirment la these de rori,t;inc ainlricaine 
 des Esquimaux, tandis ([u'au contraire je n'ai trouve (jue tres-i)eu de 
 faits favorables a la these de leur origine asiatique." 
 
 If we accept the conclusions of Dr. Rink, that the Eskimo is of 
 American origin, and necessarily occupied, originally, a more southern 
 portion of the continent, than that to which he is now confined, every 
 difficulty in the solution of the [jroblem of the antitjuity of man on the 
 Atlantic seaboard of America seems to vanish. 
 
 It has been shown that we have traces of early man that are appar- 
 ently not of Indian origin. The important differences that ilistinguish 
 them from Indian handiwork have been carefully pointed out, and fur- 
 ther, it has been shown tiiat they are a characteristic feature of a geo- 
 logical formation, that indicates that they are of greater anticjuity than 
 any known traces of the Indian. 
 
 The meagre evidence, on the other hand, that we have of the ad- 
 vent of the Indian on the North American continent, is strongly sug- 
 gestive of his Asiatic origin, and possibly, of his derivation, in part, 
 from a submerged continent, of which we have a trace, in certain 
 islands in the Pacific ocean. Their arrival in America probably does not 
 date from a period sufficiently remote, to afford geological evidences 
 of anticpiity, other than that offered by certain of the shellheaps. 
 
 If we admit the Asiatic origin of the Indian, and the American 
 origin of the P^skimo, the greater antiquity of the latter is evident, and 
 in the palceolithic implements of the river drift, and in the neolithic im- 
 plements of the surface, v/e have the remaining traces of the handi- 
 work of these two early peoples, who, throughout the unnumbered 
 centuries of prehistoric times, and until less th-'ii: three centuries ago, 
 were the sole possessors of this continent. 
 
of 
 ern 
 
 THE 
 
 cry 
 the 
 
 ANTIQUITY AND ORIGIN 
 
 ar- 
 lish 
 
 OF THE 
 
 fur- 
 feo- 
 
 TRENTON GRAVEL 
 
 han 
 
 
 ail- 
 
 
 iUg- 
 
 )art, 
 
 BY 
 
 '* / Prof. Henry Carvill Lewis, 
 
 •tain 
 
 Of the Second Geouxjicai. Survey of Pennsylvania. 
 
 not 
 
 
 ices 
 
 
 ican 
 
 J - ) ■: '1 
 
 and 
 
 
 ini- 
 
 
 mdi- 
 
 
 ercd 
 
 
 aRo. 
 
 
 
 "■.'..■■ . ■ ' '^' 
 
 
 

 fr-yi; ■ ■ - ' ' 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 THE AGE OF THE TPENTON GRAVEL. 
 
 The discovery of palaeolithic implements in a gravel at Trenton, 
 and the important relation which this holds toward the (piestion of the 
 antiiiuity of man in eastern America, make a careful determination of 
 its age a matter of much interest. 
 
 While in the present state of our knowledge, we can fix no exact 
 date for this gravel, it is possible nevertheless to ascertain apjiroximately 
 the relative geological time in which it was dei)osited. To solve this 
 problem we must determine in the first place what relation this gravel 
 holds toward all the other surfiice deposits of the Delaware valley, and 
 in the second place what connection each or any of these deposits has 
 with the great glacier which once covered a large portion of northern 
 America. The writer, having been for several years engaged in a 
 special study of the more recent geological deposits of southeastern 
 Pennsylvania, has divided them into a series of distinct formations ; 
 of which the oldest is a clay of weaUlen or sub-cretaceous age, and 
 the newest, a modem mud which is now forming on the banks of the 
 Delaware and other streams. Of the five clays and four gravels 
 which he has distinguished for convenience of study, but of which 
 several may hereafter prove to be of closely related age, it will be 
 necessary here to refer only to those which bear directly upon tlie 
 subject under consideration. 
 
 THE VE'XOW GRAVEL. 
 
 : 
 
 Nearly the whole of southern New Jersey and a small adjoining 
 portion of Pennsylvania are covered by a deposit of yellow gravel 
 
 (523) 
 
524 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSIHY. 
 
 whirli has been variously known as (luatemnry, sotithern drift, etc. It 
 extends sou'hward ail along the Atlantic coast in the region of tide 
 water, rising some two hundred feet above the level of the ocean. As 
 it caps the watershed between the Atlantic and the Delaware (eleva- 
 tion 190 feet), the writer has, in a former paper, "^ named it, for con- 
 venience, after a town in this watershed, where, in a railroad cut, it is 
 well exposed, — calling it the " Glassboro gravel ; " but in the present 
 discussion, it will be sufficient to call it the vi;i,i.f)w gRvVVKI,. 
 
 It is characterized by small watenvorn pel>bles, somewhat eggshaped 
 in form, seldom above an inch in length, usually less, and composed of 
 cpiartz or cjuartzite rocks. There are also occasional pebbles of flint, and 
 of fossiliferous hornstone and chert. It contains no large boulders 
 and has no pebbles of soft or readily decomposable rocks, and its 
 pebbles have nearly all a weatherwoni eaten appearance. Still other 
 circumstances, such as the great amount of erosion it has suffered, and 
 the decomposed state of the beds upon which it lies, point to the 
 conclusion that it is an ancient deposit of aqueous origin, made during 
 a sulnnergence in i)reglacial times. Professor Cook, of New Jersey, 
 states'^'** that the glacial drift overlies and is more recent than the yel- 
 low gravel. This gravel, of newer tertiary age, is bounded on the 
 northeast by a liu': of rocky hills which extends all along the southern 
 Atlantic coast parallel to the ocean, and which we have called the 
 Ui'i.ANU 'I'f.rralf..*"" This Uplantl terrace crosses the Delaware a few 
 miles above Trenton, trending towards Princeton, and th>; yellow gravel 
 is not found above this point. 
 
 THK piulai)k;.i>hia red oravel. 
 
 A more recent gravel, the Phu-adklphia red rjRAVEL, is confined to 
 the immediate valley of the Delaware. This gravel is a mixture of the 
 
 '■'The Trenton gravel .-ind its relation to the Antiquity of Man. Prjc.Ac. Nat. Sciences, k hila. 
 1880, p. »96. 
 
 ^''■Rcpdrt on Clays, p. 17, 
 
 '-'I" The Surface (ieulDgy uf Pli'ladclphia and vicinity. I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., i88u, 
 p. J58. 
 
THE AGE OF THE TRENTON GRAVEL. 
 
 525 
 
 yellow gravel with more recent jjebhles l)ro\i','ht down the river valley. 
 It contains numerous pebbles and boulders of soft triassic shale and of 
 other rocks of the upjjcr Delaware, it holds waterworn boulders of 
 sometimes two feet or more in length, and it is distinctly stratified in 
 horizontal or untlulating layers. This red gravel, colored by peroxide 
 of iron, is more clayey than the yellow grivel and lies at a lower level 
 within a channel cut through the other gravel. The writer has recog- 
 nized the representatives of both of these gravels in the same relative 
 positions, on the Potomac near Washington. 
 
 The red gravel has been apparently dejjosited by an ancient flood of 
 the river of great volume, at a time when it rose one hundred or more 
 feet higher than at present. The presence of flow and plunge motion 
 and of alternate sandy layers indicates a rapidly flowing current. 
 While its stratified character, its smooth watenvorn pebbles, and the 
 soft decomjKjsed rock upon which it rests, all show that it was not 
 transported by ice, yet the presence of boulders which can be traced 
 to the northern valley of the river, the absence of all traces of former 
 life in the gravel, and the altitude above the present river which it at- 
 tains, point to the melting of a great glacier as the origin of the flood 
 which formed it. It is more than probable that this gravel belongs to 
 the Champiain ewkh, the epoch of the melting of the great glacier 
 whose southern terminus in the Delaware valley was near Belvidere, 
 sixty-five miles above Trenton. 
 
 THE PHIi'JVDELPHIA BRICK CLAY. 
 
 Resting unconformably upon the Philadelphia red gravel is the next 
 deposit in order of time — the Phimdelphia brick ciay. This clay, 
 of a yellow color, and of varying depth and purity, is here confined to 
 the valley of the I )elaware and its tributaries, and is characterized by 
 the presence of numerous boulders which become more frequent as the 
 river is ascended. The writer has traced the boundaries of this boulder 
 bearing clay up to the glaciated region and finds that it uniformly 
 rises to a fixed limit of one hundred and fifty to one hundred and 
 
526 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 eighty feet alxive the river. AViiere the valley is wide, as at Philadel- 
 phia and Trenton, the clay is pure and fit for i)nck-making, but in 
 narrpw or steep portions of the valley the current has been too swift 
 for the deposition u{ ciay and it is represented by occasional, stranded, 
 watenvom boulders. This (lay rests aj-ainst the ui)land terrace from 
 Trenton to Philadelphia, at an elevation of one hL.ndred and fifty feet. 
 On the Ivehigh river, a tributarj' of the upjier 1 )elaware, where*"* the 
 bed of the river is more than two hundred feet higjier than at Phila- 
 delphia, the clay rises one hundred and eighty feet above the river. 
 Whenever both clay and gravel are present, the day lies uncon- 
 fonnably upon the latter, (ienerally it lies in a series of crests and 
 hollows upon the gravel, the clay occupying the hollows between the 
 crests of gravel. The following section, observed in Plxiladclphiu, 
 shows six well marked waves of gravel and clay. 
 
 Fill. 41A. 
 
 I''re(|iiently tiure occur, in or upon this clay, boulders of large size. 
 Thus in I'hil.ulelphia there an- smooth h»)ulilers ot Silurian rocks be- 
 tween four and five feet long, ai an altitude of one hundred feet above 
 the river ; and on the Lehigh alniwe the ( iaj), we liave found a bould- 
 er six feet long, elevat'.'d one hundred and fifty feet alxjve the river 
 at that place. In the vie iuitv of Itethlehem, thirty miles below the ter- 
 minal moraine, the boulder^ ui the (lay sometimes show glacial striae. 
 It hardly admits of doubt that these boulders were borne by large 
 cakes of floating iie tlerived friuii the Iwse of the tnelung glacier. 
 
 •** Wc (lc>ii{ttatc as " mnicr I »clawarr, ' thr ^lecp narrow |Kirti4)ii nt ihc rivf -'—..c tide water, 
 and ai " lowvr Dalnwiirc, the litlul pammn ul the nvcr, or frum TKntun, luulhwaid to l>clilw«l< 
 liay. 
 
THE AGE OK THE TRENTON GR,\VEL. 
 
 527 
 
 That this was an ejjocli of Gubmergence is indicated by the elevation 
 of the tleposit. While the underlying gravel was deposited by a rush- 
 ing flood, it was not until f]uieter (onditions had prevailc<l that « lay 
 could be formed. It is probable that this clay may Ije assigned to a 
 period when the land stood one hundre<l and fifty feet or more 1k;1ow 
 its present level, and when the cold waters from the melting glacier 
 bore ice rafts which dropped their boulders. No shells or other signs 
 of life have as yet lieen found in the brick clay, and it is inferretl lx)th 
 that the water was fresh and that it had a temperature too low to 
 sujjport life. 
 
 In the consitleration of the age of this clay, the amount of erosion it 
 has suffered is an important feature. Unlike the modern alluvial clays 
 of dark color, it does not ajipear on the immediate banks of streams, 
 and has disappeare«l, wherever eroding agencies have been most 
 active. 
 
 Finally, it is cf interest to find that the clay whi<h come: ts the un- 
 stratified " ni.i, ' the " ground moraine " which covers the glaciated 
 region to ihe rorth, is ofacharacter so similar to the Philadelphia brick 
 clay, that there is a strong probability that the latter was derived, 
 in great part, directly from the grinding base of the glacier. The 
 Philadelphia brickclay l)ccomes more and more stony as we proceed 
 northward, until in valleys at the base of the terminal moraine of the 
 glacier its stones arc almost as numerous as those of the true glacial till. 
 Deposits of this iKnilder !)tMriiig bri< ki lay have more than once been 
 confounde 1 with glacial moraines. The latter, however, as is well 
 ki.jwn, may be distinguishetl by the abundance of angular and ice- 
 scratcheil iKHilders and by the absence of stratification. 
 
 The relation of the Philadelphia brickclay to the till will be further 
 discussed after the moraine and the other jiroducts of ice action hive 
 been described. 
 
 THE TRENTON GRAVEL. 
 
 The \^t and newest of all the gravels — a formation which when first 
 studied at PhUackl])hia seemed of slight importance, and was called by 
 
528 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 the writer the "river gravel and sand," but which from its great 
 (leveIo])nient at Trenton is now a|)])ropriately known as the " trf.nton 
 (;kavki," — forms the sul)jci:t of tiic present paper. At rhiladeljjiiia 
 it lies dose along the river, within all the older gravels, and rises but a 
 few feet above the water. It is in this alluvial gravel, the latest, except 
 the recent mud flats, of all the surface formations, and in tiiis gravel 
 only, that traces of man have been found. 
 
 The Trenton gravel at Philadelphia is composed principally of a 
 sharp, micaceous sand, which below rt-ater-level is a (juicksand, over- 
 lying a clean, dark gray gravel, whose pc'obles are made exclusively of 
 the rocks forming the upper valley of the river. The pebbles of this 
 gravel, unlike those of the older gravels, are generally flat — a shape 
 characteristic of true river gravels. Quartz pebbles are much less 
 numerous than in tiie other gravels. Irregular strata of "bar-sand" 
 Irefiuently alternate with the gravel. The islands in the river and its 
 banks are made ol this gravel, and from data obtained from artesian 
 wells, it appears that in the middle of the riser it is about one hundred 
 feet deep, lying upon rock. It therefore fills up an ancient ciiannel of 
 the once larger river, and the river now flows upon it. Occasioiul 
 large boulders lie upon the sand. 
 
 It is to be «spe<ially noted that the Trenton gravel is bounded by a 
 continuous hill of older red or yellow gravel, and th;it it therefore lies 
 in a <haimel i)reviously excavated through tiiose gravels, down to the 
 under'ying rock. On tracing the Trenton gravel up the river, it is 
 found gradually to extend farther from its banks and to rise to a greater 
 elevation alnjve it, until in the vie inity of Trenton, thirty miles above 
 Philadelphia and at the head of tide-water, this formation extends 
 several miles back from the river and rises between ihitly and forty 
 feel above it. 
 
 A few miles above Trenton the valley of the river narrows, and from 
 here u|), the river ilows upon a rocky bottom, and the Trenton gravel 
 is si.allow and < onfined to the immediate vicinity of the river. It fomis 
 a low teirac e, seldom over ten feet high, and extends as a " flat " on 
 either sitle of the river. It continues up into glaciated regions, where it 
 
THE ACE OF THE TRENTON GRAVEI,. 
 
 529 
 
 apjjcars to form the lowest and most recL-nt terrace. The writer lias 
 observed similar gravels on the Siis(niehanna and Allegheny rivers, and 
 it is probable that they occur on all rivers rising in the glaciated 
 region. 
 
 iiii: (;r.()i.(K;v or tkenton'. 
 
 'I'lie great development uf this formation at the city of Trenton, 
 and the archaeological interest attached to it at this place, call for a 
 yet more detailed des( rijjtion. 
 
 Trenton lies at the junction of three great formations, the Azoic or 
 (;neissi<-, the Triassic, and the Cretaceous. A narrow belt of steei)ly- 
 indined gneissic ro( ks, wiiich in Pennsylvania are extensively developed, 
 passes through the centre of liie city, and is laid Inire in several places. 
 Resting unconformably ujjon the northern edge of the gneiss is a 
 series of red sandstones and shales which have a gentle dip to the 
 north. 'I'hese belong to the Triassic formation, which extends for 
 forty miles up the Delaware, and which is intersected by freipient trap 
 dykes. Inui\e<liately south of 'I'renton is a plastic clay of lower cre- 
 taceous or Wealden age, which rests upon the southern edge of the 
 gneiss, and dips very gently toward the sea. 'i'he more recent 
 deposits of sand and gravel lie in horizontal strata upon these three 
 formations, and often cover them so completely as to hide them from 
 sight.*-' 
 
 The I'renton gravel, which is here ct)arser than at l'hiladeli)hia, ex- 
 tends in the shape of a horse-shoe eastward and southward of the ( ity 
 of Trenton. It forms a bay, which extends filly four miles l«ack from 
 the river, and wliich has one extremity in 'I'rentcjn. at " Five Points," 
 and the other at a tlistance of two miles below the city. It is a level 
 plain, which is bounded throughout by a hill, on which appear the 
 older yellow or red gravels and the brick* lays. Since it was depos- 
 
 "' For full ilencriiiliniK i)f itivs* riirnmlionK, nee iJwilouy of New Jeraey. 8vo. Ntwark, N. J. 
 1868. (ifo. II. Cook, Stale Ocologitl. 
 
53° 
 
 PRIMITIVE INUUSTRY. 
 
 ited, the river has rut down through it to the gneiss below, forming a 
 hlujr. Suutli of tiie city tiic river is bordered by marshy meadows 
 formed of recent alluvial mud, beyond which rises the bluff. 
 
 The writer has prepared a map (page 531) showing the extent of the 
 Trenton grave, in this vicinity. 'I'hat portion of the map whicli is 
 unruled repres.-nts territory covered by red or yellow gravel and 
 tiie brickdays. The upland terrace bounding these older deposits is 
 outside of the linvts of the map. The recent alluvial mud is shown 
 bordering the river ii^ places below the limit of tide-water, bwt i •, absent 
 above that point. An iiit-resting ancient islan<l of re;5 gravel is shown 
 in Pennsylvania. It will be noti»-jd that t!-.c I'renton gravel, c^onfined 
 to the immediate vicinity of the river above Trenton, sudilenly sjjreads 
 out like a bay at that city. Localities where palx'olithic imi)k'ments 
 have been found below the surface are marked by a small cross. 
 
 The Trenton gravel, as exposed on the river bluff and in the 
 numerous and long railroad cuts in tlie city, is seen to consist of 
 a dirk gray stratified gravel, overlaid by a gray sand. The gravel 
 contains no day, but has fre(iuent sandy layers in which "How 
 and plunge " struct\ire may be observed. Its pebbles are smooth, 
 and generally of a flat oval shape. They are composed entirely of 
 tiie nxks of the upper Delaware valley. This gravel has been well 
 described by Professors Cook--"^ and Shaler.-"-'^ The sand over- 
 lying the gravel varies in depth from three to eight feet, and has all 
 the c:haracters of a irue river sand. \\'ateiworn boulders freijuently 
 lie in or upon th.s sand, and are rarely eight feet in length. It is dif- 
 ficult to accoimt for the presence of such large boulders, except by 
 assuming that they have been dropped fnun ice-rafts which floated 
 down the once greatly enlargeil riser. They were dropiied at a time 
 immediately subseipient to that in whi( h tlie gravel was deposited and 
 when the violence of the flood liad diminishe<l. The depth of the 
 
 "• AiiiiumI Ri|M)it. 1877, p. ii. 
 
 •"■' Atimi... "<c|K);i of I'ciiliotly Miimiiiii, r877, p. 44. 
 
^lU^willii 
 
 PRIMITIVF, INDUSTRY. 
 
 531 
 
 ri Trenton U'nivfl.' 
 /tci ,ti( AUurium 
 

 ( 
 
 
THE AOE OF THE TRENTON GRAVEL. 
 
 m 
 
 Trenton gravel varies from i)erhai)s forty feet in the centre of the 
 "horse-shoe," near the river, to six or eight feet near its edges. Near 
 the house of Dr. Al)l)ott, not far from the extremity of the " horse-shoe," 
 the Trenton gravel and sand is about fourteen feet thick and overlies 
 the series of older str.ita which here compose the greater part of the 
 bluff. The following section is seen about two miles south of Trenton. 
 
 /. io 
 
 Fig. 4»7. — Stilimi of liliilT l»o milis sonih nf rrcntnn, New Jersey. <?, />, Tkkntos C'.kavki.; 
 Implcnicnls — <i, line Kf'<y *"">1 ('""i''''-'''^' ^- ""^rse s.imly sr^ivcl; c, red gravel; J, 
 yclliiw uravel (prenl.iti.il); c, plaslii; lay (WeaUlcii) ; y, tine yellow Mnd (Hastings?) ; 
 ^, gnciits: ^, alluvial mini: /, Delaware river. 
 
 lin-, TRKNTON (JRAVKI, A IRUK RIVER r.RAVEL. 
 
 The i)resence of large boulders in die bluff at Ti; nton, and the ex- 
 tent and depth of the gravel at this place, have led to the supposition 
 that there was here the extremity of a glacial moraine. Vet the absence 
 of " till " and of scratched boulders, the absence of glacial stria; upon 
 the rocks of the valley, and the stratified ( haracter of the gravel, all 
 point to water action alone as the agent of deposition. The depth 
 of the gravel and the jiresence of the blu(T at this point, are ex- 
 plained by the jjeculiar position that Trenton occupies relatively to the 
 river. 
 
 Trenton is in a position where naturally the largest amount of a river 
 gravel would be deposited, and wlure its best exposures would be 
 
534 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDUSTRY. 
 
 exhibited. It is at the point where a long, narrow valley, with 
 precipitous banks and continuous downward slope, opens out into a 
 wide, alluvial plain at a lower level. It is here that the rocky floor 
 of the river suddenly descends to ocean level, and even sinks below 
 it, forming the limit of tide-water. Thus any drift material which the 
 flooded river swept down its channel would here, upon meeting open 
 ground, be in great part deposited. liouiders which had been rolled 
 down the inclined floor of the upper valley would here stop in 
 their course and all be heaped up with the coarser gravel in the 
 more slowly flowing water, except such as cakes of floating ice could 
 carry oceaj:ward. On the other haml, the finer gravel and sand 
 would be dt posited farther down the river. Thus it is that the 
 material, wl.ich at Philadelphia is generally fine, grows coarser as 
 the river is ascended. 
 
 We have seen that the gravel which at Philadelphia forms the 
 bed of the river and rises only slightly above it, at 'lYenton forms 
 a cliff nearly fifty feet high. The river has cut through the gravel 
 at Trenton, but still flows upon it at Philadelphia. The fact follows 
 as a natural conseciuence of the jMasition of Trenton. Having heajjed 
 up a mass of detritus in the old river channel as an obstruction 
 at the mouth of the gorge, the river, so soon as its volume di- 
 minished, would immediately begin wearing away a new channel 
 for itself down to ocean level. This woulil be readily accomplished 
 through the loose material, and would be stopjied only when rock 
 was reached. On the other hand, that gravel which had i)een de- 
 posited at places farther down the river where its bottom was below 
 ocean level, would remain unero<led, or nearly so. When the river 
 had attained the level of the ocean there would be no ix:casion to 
 cut a deep channel, and it woultl therefore flow on top of the gravel 
 which it had deposited. 
 
 It is necessary that this point should be understoo<l, since it has 
 been thought that to account for the high bank at Trenton, an ele- 
 vation uf the kind must have occurred. It will bencen that the 
 
THE AGE OF THE TRENTON GRAVEL. 
 
 535 
 
 .^: ^ .^ 
 
 Trenton. 
 
 BrUtol. 
 
 ^<.^ 
 
 I'lillndelphla. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 •3 
 
 C -- -■ u ' 
 
 .2j 
 
 present explanation rc(Hiircs no change of level from that at present 
 existing. An increase in the volume of the river will explain all the 
 facts. The accompanying diagram 
 will render this more clear. 
 
 The fact of the river having cut 
 through the gravel at Trenton, while 
 at Philadelphia it flows upon it, is 
 due to the configuration of the rock 
 floor of the river, which at Trenton 
 rises above ocean level, and at Phil- 
 adelphia lies neariy loo feet below it. 
 
 A few miles north of 'i'renton, all 
 the older oceanic gravels disappear 
 and two formations alone remain. 
 These are the Philadelphia boulder- 
 bearing brii:kclay and the Trenton 
 gravel. Both are confined to the 
 valley, an<l until we reach the region 
 once covered by the glacier, no drift 
 of any kind occurs above the limit of 
 the brick-clay. . 
 
 The Trenton gravel, now confined 
 to the sandy, flat bortlers of the river, 
 corresponding probably to the " inter- 
 vale" of New England rivers, lies 
 within a channel cut through the brick 
 clays. That it is much more recent 
 than the brit.kclay is shown l)oth by 
 the fresh appearance of its pebbles, 
 and by the less amount of erosion it 
 has sufleretl. Unlike the land covered 
 by older surface formations, that cov- 
 ered by the Trenton gravel is remarkably lc\el and free from hillo<:ks or 
 ravines. The change in toi)ography may be well seen in the ncighl)or- 
 
 V. 
 
 Id 
 •si 
 
 12 
 
 o S, 
 
 X i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 it. 
 
536 
 
 I'KIMiriVE INKUSTRV. 
 
 hood of Trenton, and <an l)e noticfd almost anywhere along the 
 valley. I'his (lilfereiue is niii< ii more marked when comparison is 
 made with the oceanie gravels, 'i'he Trenton gravel exhiliils a t(i|)og- 
 ra|)hy ])eculiar to a true river gravel. Kre(|nentiy, instead of firming 
 a llat plain, it forms higher groimd close to the present river channel 
 than it does near its ancient hank. Moreover, not only does the 
 ground thus slope downward on retreating from the river, hut the 
 boulders l)e(on»e smaller and less ahundant. lioth of these facts are 
 in accordance with the laws of river deposits. In a time of Hood 
 the rapidly flowing water in the main channel, hearing detritus, is 
 checked hy the more ipiiet waters at the side of the river, and is 
 force<l to deposit its gravel and boulders as a kind of bank. 
 
 The section a< ross the Delaware river above Trenton shows this 
 tojHigraphy and the relation of the Trenton gravel to the brickclay. 
 
 Fl<;. 439.— Seclion ncm«» llic river ni North Trrnlnn. a, Philailclphia lirickrlny wiili boiililcn; i, 
 'I'rcnirin ^;r;ivci; f, l>cl.i\%.iri: ri\cr; '/. KIH'i^H. 
 
 Having now shown that the 'Trenton gravel is a true river gravel of 
 comjjaratively recent age, it remains to point out the relation it bears 
 to the glacial epoch. 
 
 nil'. riKMINAI. .\roK.\INK. 
 
 At or near the southern limit of the great ice-sheet is an accumulation 
 of drift hills of characteristi*; roundeil shape, forming a true terminal 
 moraine. These hills, generally « overetl by large trans|)orted boulders, 
 are connected together Literally, in an irregular manner to form a 
 ridge at right angles to the ice motion. 'They are composed entirely 
 of drift and form a remarkable accumulation whi( h, rising sometimes 
 over two hundreil feet in height, can be traced continuously across 
 the country. 
 
THK 
 
 ;K or THE TRKNTf)N CRAVKI., 
 
 537 
 
 !>, 
 
 
 '■ 
 
 Across northern New Jersey, I'rof. Cook*** has carefully traced it from 
 Stnten Island, on the east, to lie]vi<lere, on the west ; and has shown 
 that it winds over hills and across valleys in such u manner, that by no 
 other known aj^ency than a {{real },'lacier, could it have been produced. 
 Mr. Warren Uphani*^'' has traceil it from Staten Island, eastward, 
 through Long Island to Itiixk Inland and Cape Cod. Its course 
 throughout Pennsylvania will shortly be made known. Similar moraine 
 accumulations have been followed through a number (jf the western 
 stales by I'rol's. Whilllosey, Winrhell, Chaniberlin, and others. In 
 Wisconsin I'rof. l!hambLr!in,"^'-" and in .Vlinnesotii, ,\Ir. Upham,-"^' 
 have made investigations whirii indicate that these an mnulations 
 mark the halting placr, ol the i^^lacier iluring the period of its grand 
 retreat 
 
 This great moraine, which can be traced across the continent, marks 
 the termination of the i< e-sheet throughout the princi|)al portiin of the 
 Ixst glacial epoch. There is some evidence that in an earlici period a 
 glacier adsanceil M)utii of tliat limit. The moraine, throughout its whole 
 course, is composed in great jiarl of an unstratilied deposit (jf angular 
 and rounded boulders and ])ebbles embedded at .all angles in a stiff 
 clay, and very frecpiently scratched and jmlished. Occasional strati- 
 fied samly beds also occur. Curious te-itures of gl.iciated regions 
 which may be .seen from Maine to Minnesota are the " kettleholes " or 
 bowl-shajjed «le|)ressions with no outlet, each of which perha|)s marks 
 the i)lace where a m;iss of i( e was bnned in the sand, afterwards to 
 melt antl form a hollow. North of the moraine, the glacier has left 
 undoubted traces in the universal covering of unstratified boulder clay 
 or ////, in the smoothed anti grooved rocks, the transported Iwulders, 
 the fre(|ucncy of lakes au<l swamps caused by unequal distribution of 
 the drift, the long gravel ridges known as kames, and the terraces along 
 the rivers. These phenomena are wanting south of glacial action. 
 
 «" Annii.il Keparti iif Ciuulogicil Survey of New Jer«y, iS;; and 1878. 
 "'* I'nu:. Ainer. Aswn;. Ailv. Soi., vol. xwiii, 1871). 
 "^(ivDtuKy of Wi.scuii.sin, ii, p. au5, ct m:(|., 18771 
 *" Geologicil Kcporl of MiiiiiemU, p. 73, 1879. 
 
538 
 
 I'RIMinVF. INDUSTRY. 
 
 'I'hc materials forming the moraine in eastern Pennsylvania are 
 in great part lieriveii, not from far distant localities, but from the 
 immediate vi( inity to the north. 'I'he same may be said of the till 
 and especially of its lower |)ortions. 'I'here is no evidence of icel)erg 
 at tiun in either of Miese deposits. As already stated, the l'hiLi<lel|)hia 
 brickc lay, on the other hami, hoUls Ixjulders generally brought from 
 longer distan(!es. 
 
 'I'he moraine on the I )elaware, sixty miles alxjve Trenton, is dis- 
 tin< tly marked on Ijoth sides of the river. In the valley, its materials 
 have been modified by water action and spread ovit near Helvidere as 
 a plain of stratified gravel. The pebl>les on the higher ground show 
 glacial scratches, while those in the valley have been subsequently 
 watenvorn. In Pennsylvania the moraine trends from Helvidere in 
 a northwest direction, crossing the Kittatinny Mountain, east of the 
 Wind (lap, and Ix'ing well shown in each valley that it crosses. 
 
 During the melting of the glacier, either the ice or the morainic 
 material so blocked up the Water (lap, as to form temi)orary lakes 
 north of that ])oint, by damming back the water. Thus we find, ii; 
 the vicinity of Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, a series of beautiful, level- 
 topped terraces, the highest rising seventy-five feet al)ove Brodhead's 
 creek. Here, too, is what appears to In; a "kame," — a long, steep 
 ridge of stratified gravel fonneil probably by sub-glacial streams, and 
 afterwards partially covered by the terrace material. These curious 
 features of glaciated regions have been well ilescribed by Rev. 
 (leo. K. Wright*** in Ma.ssachusetts, by Mr. Warren Upham*'^ in 
 New Hami)shire and Vermont, and by IVof. (1. H. Stone '-"S" in 
 Maine, and it is shown that while more recent than the " till," they 
 are older than the stratified valley drift. 
 
 The whole drainage area of the Delaware, north of the Water (lap, 
 shows undoubt .d evidences of glaciation. 'ITiere are many facts 
 
 "" J'nM'. H<)»lim S<K. Nul. II!*!., vol. xi«, p. 47; vol. xx, p. jio. 
 
 "* Amcr. Jniirn. Science, Dec. 1877, p. 460: New Hainpthire Geolngical Survey, vol. iii. 
 
 *"' Pnic. Amer. Auoc. Adv. Science, vol. xxix, 1880. 
 
THE AOE or THE TRENTON ORAVEI.. 
 
 539 
 
 which indicate that the ice even close to its lower terminus had a 
 thickness (»f over one thousand feet, which increased northward. 
 Penol)scot Knob, 3,100 al)ove the sea and only alxjut twelve miles 
 north of the limit of 'the ({l'i(°><-'>' shows transported boulders and 
 glacial scratches on its very summit ; while in tlie Wyoming valley, 
 immediately north, the presencx* of a ({lacier is shown by terraces and 
 kames. 
 
 THE ACiE OF TIIK IMIII.AI)KI.I>HIA llRItK CMY. 
 
 In discussing the origin of the Trenton gravel, it will !« most im- 
 portant that the age of the Philadelphia l)ri( kday — a formation di- 
 rectly connected with the melting of the glacier — should be considered. 
 We have already seen th.it while l>oth the brickclay and the Trenton 
 gravel are confined to the same valley, the former is of much greater 
 extent than the latter, and was deposited at an earlier age. North of 
 the moraine it is not uncommon to find stratified sands .-iltcrnately with 
 beds of clay, but in no case has the Trenton gravel been observed 
 either to contain l)eds of clay or to alternate with them, and the con- 
 clusion already arrived at, that the Trenton gravel lies within a channel 
 which had l)een excavated through the br'-kclay, is confirmed by 
 all the facts observed. If, therefore, it can be shown that the Phila- 
 delphia brickcK-iy is of Champlain age, and siibse(|uent to the forma- 
 tion of the "till," it will necessarily follow that the Trenton gravel be- 
 longs to the extreme end of glacial times, or is post-glacial. 
 
 At Itethlehem, Pennsylvania, some fifteen miles below the moraine, 
 a most instructive section is exposed. Here, u|>on the summit of a 
 hill rising one hundred and eighty feet above the Ix-high river, the 
 brickclay, holding large smooth Ixiulders, lies unc onformably u|)on a 
 deep deposit of a stratified gravel, intennediate in its characters be- 
 tween the "modified drift" of glaciated regions and the Philadelphia 
 red gravel. The gravel, of which thirty feet in depth is exjxjsed, is 
 distinctly stratified, and is composed of waterwom pebbles with 
 occasional coarse sandy layers, and with no boulders. Identical 
 
540 
 
 I-KIMTTIVK irJllUSTRY. 
 
 sections may lie iil)ser\'c(l in the kaiiit-s and terraces north of tlic 
 Delaware Water (lap. It is a wel' e.stal)lislie<l tact that these forma- 
 tions overlie and arc more iinnt tiian tin- unnuidified till, which was 
 d«:|)ositc(l both as the terminal moraine, or i)eneat!> the ice-sheet as a 
 p"ound moraine, and that tlirv represent later stages in the intkin^ of 
 tlie glat ier. 'i'he I'hiladelphi.i ltri< kclay, now shown to !« still more 
 recent, lielon(,'s. therelure, i" .1 Lite jHirtion of the ('liam|)lain jieriod. 
 It appears to have lieeii (on«ed at a period of siiliinergence during 
 tije retreat of the ghu ier. 
 
 A study of the valley nl tiie l.ehij^h river throws nun h lij^ht ii|M)n 
 the age of the hrickclay. In the narrow valley extendin;; from gia- 
 u^Md regions down to the l.ehigh Water (lap, the clay is repres».*nted 
 liiwiraterworn houlders, often of large si/e, str;inded on the hanks, 
 are most luinierons near the river, and are very scarv e at their 
 ae outer limit, one hundnftl ind eighty feet ahoM the water. 
 !the lA.*high(iap to the hnaware the valley is lm)ad and the 
 developed. Its houUJcrs jre so very much more numerous 
 are .nt Philadelphia, tiut .1 section through it nearly rcsemhles 
 through a moraine, and the two phenonu-na h.ave heeu (on- 
 Bil. The a< lion of an n i- iitariug flood of immense magnitude 
 ■ ifawMrn all along the vwvr. Same of the clays which border 
 >, rising one hm r^ m two hundred feet above them, 
 -pecfaoiM- of similar age. In .1 paper on the age of the 'IVenti>n 
 Re\ (1. I'". Wright."^" who h.l^ cxammed a mnnbcr of loc.di- 
 1th tter writer, estimates the gliu latcd region ilraimd by the 
 ufifier Delaaore to be aim t six thousand s<|uare miles, and shows that 
 even sttppwig the ice to have iK-cn fifteen hiindre*! feet d'. ep over 
 this area, r would !*• imp(»sible t<) |)rovide for a llooil of suffici«:.t 
 m;ii;nitude s. account for the whole deposit of Philadelphia brii k< lay, 
 ttitiiout assuming an extensive depression of the valley. Professor 
 Dana, in an c.haiistive study of the floods pioduced in Kouthern 
 New Kiigluail during the melting of the giuciur, shows that the 
 
 Ml \'nK. iloii, .Sue. Nat. Hint., Jan. 14, 1881, 
 
mr. ac;k op the trf.nton cravki.. 
 
 541 
 
 Connecticut river rose ow t.'iiulrcd and fifty t<» one- Inindrcd and 
 eiglity feet above its present level. Many authorities might 1 j ( ited 
 to show the universality of this flood. 
 
 Whetiier the stratified drift \vhi( h forms the New Haven plain'-'-'^ 
 belongs to the ejnx li of this same 'jv.ni flood, or whether, wiih the 
 'I'renton gravel, it was formed in ni»;t.' recent times, is a iiuestion, 
 tlie discussion of which brings us back to the problem presented .it the 
 beginning of this ciiapter, namely, the geological position of the 
 Trenton gravel. 
 
 nil'. A(ii'. or TiiK rKi'vroN (;k,vvi;i,. 
 
 i'Vom the facts already cited, it will be seen that two h\ potheses 
 only < an apply to tiie Trenton gravel. It is eitiier /M/-gla( ial (A) 
 (»r it-lielongs to the very last jiortion of the glacial period (H). 
 
 The view held by the lateThos. Helf-''^ can no longer be maintained. 
 In his numerous papers in the (Juarljrly Journal of the Geological 
 Society of London, and in th'.' (,)Karterly Journal of S< ience. he en- 
 deavored to prove the i)re glacial age of the implement-bearing beds 
 of Kngland and elsewhere. In a paper "On tin- Discovery of Stone 
 Implements in lilac iai Drift in North .\mericii," he fails to recognize 
 any distinction between the gravels, and holds that the f'lvnton gravel 
 is oldei than .'le brickclay or " pn-diluvial," — /. <•., pre-champlain. 
 As we have seen, the Trenton gravel is truly post-glac ial. It only 
 remains to define more strictly the meaning ( ;f tii.it term, i here is 
 t'videiioe to support eac h of these by|K)theses now set forth, and it 
 may be tint, in considering them in order, liuth may lie found to be 
 tnte. 
 
 (A) That the 'Trenton gra\el is a />(>.</ \'/ticiii/ rhvr deposit, made 
 at a time when the river was l.irger than at |)resent, is a com lusion 
 warranted by many facts. We have seen that it re)>resents the very 
 
 ••' C )n liiiiillicrii New Knglaiul iliiimn ihc imltiin; of llic ('.lacier. Amt-r. Jour, .Science, vtil. «, 
 Sepl. in ]kx., 1875. 
 
 •» D.iiu, liu . ill., p. 414. 
 
 ••* Qunrlcrly Juiirniil of Skiencc, lAimlon, jMiuutry, 1878, \t. 55, 
 
S4» 
 
 PRIMrnVE INlUrSTRY. 
 
 last of the gravel deposits ot the upper Delaware valley. It lannot 
 he assigned to the gla* iai iwrkxl. e\<ept l>y assuming that there have 
 lieeii no river gravels deiMisitfcl since that time — an assumption diffi- 
 ( iih to nuiintain. River gravels whieh are tnily jjost-glaiial (Xiur in 
 glaciated regions along the l)<)ltoin of valleys, 'i'lscse lie only a few- 
 yards above the water, and are Ixirdered liy terravcs of stratiticd drift. 
 I'hey form a sam'y plam, on top of which boulders fropiently lie. 
 
 Where terraces occur, they fonu the lowest of these and a)i|)ear to 
 have been made up from the materials ol the alder deiK)sits. This 
 same sand and gravil r-m be tra«ed down the Delaware, jKi.st the ter- 
 minal moraine, mto the non-ghu ialed regions. At Helvi<lere, we can 
 observe, ist, the iinstr.itifitd moraine, some dist.nice back from the river ; 
 2ml, the stratifieil drill formeil Iroin die moraine ami spread out as a 
 plain at a lower level, and whi< h is of the same age as the terrac;es 
 above the Water (lap; ^rd, a sanrly riv<r gravel newer than either 
 of these, which forms the low. sandy plain along the river and is of 
 limited extent. Farther south, we rtml this last gravel all along the 
 stream. It !u< onus deeper .is we go down the valley. I''rei|uenlly 
 It may bv observed to form a bank close to the stream and to slope 
 gently downwanls toward?; the side of the valley — a feature already 
 descril)e<l as Iwlonging to this gravel. 
 
 Finally, on reaching Trenton, we find this same gravel, with the 
 same < haracteristics, but of greater depth and extent, spread out to 
 fnnn the plain upon whii h part of that city sl.inds. There has been 
 no break in the sei|iunce of fa( ts observed, and the ( om lusion is 
 fofccii upon us that the deposit at Trenton is the same .as that wiiich 
 borders the upper parts of the river, and that both are post-glacial. 
 If tlie Trenton gravel were the same, as the iipper terraces of the gb- 
 < iated regiims, there should be some traces of such terra<es between 
 the nviraine and 'Trenti ii. V'el none such have been obserxed, and 
 the only < onlinuous terr.u e !•■ the lowest one, whi( h fmaily merges 
 into the Trenton plain. 
 
 The 'i'renton gravel differs in several respeits from the str iiificd 
 drift of the New Haven plain — a depo.sit typical of New Knglaml 
 
I'lIK ACi; OF niE l-RKNION KRAVKl.. 
 
 543 
 
 rivers. During a recciU examination of that locality, mdcr the gui- 
 dance uf i'rof. Dana, it was ohstned tiiat it resembled the gravel of 
 the terraces more than that of tiie Trenton plain. I'nlike a true river 
 gravel, the boulders did not lie on lop of the deposit, hut below it, as 
 though the gla( ier, in its retreat, h.id first dropped the boulders ami 
 then covered iliem ivith sand and gravel carried along by the tlood 
 issuing froiv, its b.ise. The New Haven plain, unlike that of 1 renton, 
 is characterized by numerous kettle-holes, — the result probably of ice 
 action, — and all of its features suggest that it wxs formed while the 
 melting glacier was close at hand. The Trenton gravel, on the otner 
 hauil, shows no evidences of i< e ac tion. 'That the boulders upon its 
 surface were dropped from i«;e-cakes is howe\er probable. The ma- 
 terials of the gravel are composed of a mixture of pebbles brought 
 from the stratified moraine drift of Helvidere and northward witli i)eb- 
 bles fonned in the river bed farther ..outh, lx)th of which the tlo(jd has 
 brought down and restratified, 
 
 A Hood of sutlu lent t;xtent to produce the deposit at Trenton nce<l 
 not necessarily be of very grea! magnitude. From the up|)er border 
 of Pennsylvania to Trenton, the Delaw.ire descends over nine hun- 
 dred feet — an average fall of five feet per mile. I!\eii from tlic Dela- 
 ware U'.'Uer (i.ip to Trenton the descei.t is about four feet to the mile. 
 Since in a grea'. p.in, of its course the valley is a narrow one, it will be 
 seen that a moderate in< rcase if the volume of the river at its head- 
 waters could produce all the effects observed at the point where the 
 valley su<ldenly opens out. A similar post-glacial tlood has been 
 recognized in I'.ngland and upon ■•■■ continent. Mr. i'ylor'"-'' calls 
 the age of the tlood the " I'liivial period." ivmarkin;;,*"' that "the 
 existence of a glacial jieriod almost necessitates that of a i)luvial 
 period, commeiu itig prior to the glacial and continuing after it, occu- 
 pying a re,i,'ion south of that occupied by the ice and snow." 
 
 Although the Trenton gravel was subsei|uent to the great melting 
 
 "' (Ju.'irt. Jiiiini (Jciil. Sill ,, vi>l. sxii, p. 4fij; vol. !i»iv, p. loj, 
 
 •*• /,!>■ I/'/ , vol. X»iv, p. ISO. 
 
544 
 
 PRIMITIVE INDL'STRV. 
 
 which ])ro(liu:e(l the brick( lay, it is possible that it was immediately 
 subseqiit-iu to the final disappearance of the last traces of the ice 
 at the headwaters \i( the Delaware, and that it is post-glacial only in 
 a Io<'al sense. It is more recent than the glacier at the time of its 
 retreat from i!el\ ideri.-, but there is no i)roof that the glacier did not 
 linger consider.ibly later in more iiortiiern regions. 
 
 (M) Thus the second hypothesis may be true, as well as the first. 
 In considering the Trenton gra\el as entirely post-glacial, there arises 
 the difficulty of assigning a suOu ieiit origin for the llood whii h formeil 
 it. No llood within the historical epoch has been known to at all 
 a|)proacli in magnitude those which in time deposited the 'I'ronton 
 gravel. No boulders of the size found in and upon that gravel are 
 now carried down the river by floating ic e. .\t the time of the Trenton 
 gravel Hoods, the lower part of the site of I'hiladelphia, the whole of 
 til It of Hrislol and Tullytown, and nearly all of that of Trenton, were 
 submergeil. No rain-storms within the recollection of man, or men- 
 tioned in tradition, could have sujiplied such an amount of water, 
 and no origin for sucii extraordinary rains is suggested, ext ept under 
 a very 'lilTerent ilimate or by evaporation from a melting glacier. 
 
 'That ilie < liniate was then <:old is further imiicated not only by the 
 suggestion th.it then' \»as liieii probalily very large masses of bouKler- 
 Iiearing ii e floating in tiie enlarged river, l)ut also from the fad that 
 fossil remains of an tic animals, as the reiiuUer and walrus, have been 
 found ill ];ost gl.u ial deposits in Ni'w Jersey and I'cnnsyhania, wliicli 
 indicate a continuaiu e of .a colder climate than now, alter the disap- 
 pearance of true glacial condition^. 'The freiiueiit occurrence t.>f 
 boulders resting uivui the sand overlying the gravel suggests the 
 grouniling of large ice-cakes derived from some mass of ice large 
 enough to be itilled a glacier. 
 
 Since the present channel of the river at 'Trenton has been exca- 
 vated after the dei)o>ilioii of the 'Trenton gravel at thai jilacc. and 
 since such ex( avation would necessarily begin so soon as tiie river 
 ceaseii to deposit any gravel, it follows that llie ri\cr (ouhl iiave 
 floweil on top of ilie deposit at Trenton only when, as .i flood ol great 
 
MIK Ai;K {)!• rilK IKKNTON CRAVKI.. 
 
 545 
 
 volume and rajiidity, it l)()rc along large masses of gravel. Although 
 possiiile, it is (litlfinilt to separate lompletely sueh a Hood from the 
 melting of a ghu ier. \''-l, if a ghu ier, it must have l)eeii very differ- 
 ent, Ir.ith in age and extent, from that who^e nielting eaused the 
 rhiladelpiiia lirii kelay. Judging from ( omparalive erosion alone, 
 one miglu be indiK ed to think that perhaps as much time elapsed 
 between the deposition of the lirickflay ami tJK't of the 'Ireaton 
 gravel as has elapsed from the latter period to the present day. 
 
 From the limited extent of the frenton gravel, it is inferred that if 
 caused by a ghu iai flood, such gl.u ier must have been either a lo( al 
 one or at least have had its soutiiern extreiivity ( onliiied to the l>ela- 
 ware vidley. Tlie melting of a local glacier in the Catskill Moun- 
 tains wouhl probably result at tiie headwaters of the Delaware in a 
 continued flood of sufticient volume, if su];plemented by tbe jj lion 
 of floating iie, to form the Trenton gravel. \\ hether »u< h a gla- ier 
 was a lingering remnant of the great gla< ii-r wiuch hail retired tT<jm 
 Pennsylvania and New Jersey, ami utill existed f.uilier nort:^, or 
 whether there was a separate anil more recent ghu ier bckniyiut; to a 
 second glacial epoch, is as yet an open <|ue>iion. 
 
 There are not wanting evidences of a second gla« iai epoch in .\mer- 
 ica. Intercalated beds, which, according to their geogTajihical jio^i- 
 tion r ontain land plaiifi or manne shells, have fropiently been foimd 
 with true "till" both a!>ove and lielow tl em. 'I'lKse otVer "undeniable 
 evidence that animals and plants occui)ied the land during temperate 
 interglacial epochs, preceded and followed l>y an art tic climate and 
 ice-sheets ''kc those now covirring the iiiteri<«r ^4 ^»nenlanil and the 
 .Antarctic continent "*•" Prof, (hamberlia. of Wiw dusui, m a rc( ent 
 letter to the writer, suggests tha* tlie I'hiladelphia red gra\cl and bri( k- 
 clay were formed .it the time of the tirsi and most extemled glacialion, 
 and a channel excavated ihrouuii it dminx the interval of dcglacia- 
 tion ; while tluw^cind advajji- i of the glacier tijr«ie«l the New Jer- 
 sraiiie. and //.v tinal t0tte0U1ttc Trenton iruel. 
 
 '*' CmI. of Mimmola, Repait fur t»ri, t>- .!?' Kcpon for 1I-/9, p. aiis. 
 
S4« 
 
 PRiMrnvK iNnusTRv. 
 
 A second glacial iK'riod in Kuropc, known as the " Reindeer Pe- 
 riod," has long Iwcn recogni/cd. It apiJcars to have followed that in 
 which the clays were tleposiled and the tcrratcs fomied, and may 
 therefore correspond with the period of the 'I'renton gravel. If there 
 have been two glac ial epochs in this country, the 'I'renton gravel can- 
 not l)e earlier than the close of the later one. If th'TC has iKvn liut 
 one, tra<es of the glacier must have continued into tompanilivdy 
 recent times, or long afttT the j)erio«l of sul)mergence. The Trentun 
 gravel, whrtl^er made by long continue<l .'loods which followed a first 
 or second ^cial eiwch, — whether se|»;iratetl from all true glacial 
 action or the result of the hKk ier's final mcltin^;, — is tnily a post- 
 glacial <k;jK)sit. but still a i>lu;nomenon of essentially glac i;il times — 
 times mure nastirly related to the Cireat Ice Ajje than to '.ho present. 
 
 THE ANTlgUHY OK MAN. 
 
 Interesting a.s is the >ohition of any geological problem, it is doubly 
 «n when it involves the i|iu'stion of the antiijuity of the human race. 
 Archaiok^y now joins "ith geology to make history. When we find 
 that the Trenton gravel contains implements of human workmanship 
 so placed with reference to it that it is evident that at or soon afler the 
 time of its deposition man hatl apjK'ared on its Injrders, anil when 
 the ijuestion of the antiijuity of man in America is thus before us, we 
 are tempted to incjuire still fiirther into the age of the deposit under 
 discussion. 
 
 It has been clearly shown by several competent archicologists that 
 the implements that have been found are a constituent part of the 
 gravel, and not intnisive objects. It w.is of \)ecu'iar interest to find 
 that it has Ix-en only within the limits of the Trcnlon gravel, previ- 
 ously traced out by the writer, that Dr. Al>bott, Prof. l*'. W. Putnam, 
 Mr. Lucien C"arr, anil others, iiave discovered these imj)lcments, in 
 situ. The map accompanying this chapter, on which each place 
 is marked where implements have been founil beneath the surface, 
 illustrates this iwint. At the localities on the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 
' 
 
 THE AGE OF THE TRENTON ORAVn,. 
 
 S47 
 
 road, when; extensive exiiosiires of these gravels have been made, 
 the deposit is umJoiilHcdIy undisturbed. No iin|>lenient <;()iild have 
 come into this gravel cxce])t at a time when the river flowed upon it 
 and when they might have sunk through the loose and shifting ma- 
 terial. .Ml the ivideme ])oints to the <'on< iusion tiiat at tiie time of 
 the TrenttJU gravel flood, Man in a rude state, with hahits similar to 
 those of the River-drift Htmter of Kurope, and probably imder a 
 climate similar to that of more northern regions, lived upon the banks 
 of the ancient Delaware, and lost his stone implements in the shifting 
 Kinds anil gravel of the lied of that stream. The term "Kskimo 
 period" has boon suggested '■'•"' for that of the Trenton gravel, in 
 . accordance with the view that present boreal races are the tlestendants 
 of the ancient palaeolithic man. 
 
 The a« tual age of the Trenton gravel, and the consequent date to 
 which the anti(iuity of man on the Delaware should be assigned, are 
 (jnestions whi<h geologic al data alone are insnfticicnt to solve. 'The 
 only clew, and that a most unsatisfactory one, is afforded by cah uix- 
 tions based upon the amount of erosion. This, like all geological 
 considerations, is relative rather than absolute, yet several calculations 
 have been made, which, based either upon the rate of erosion of river 
 channels, or the rate of accumulation of sediment, have attemjited to 
 fix the date of the close of the glacial epoi h. My assmning that the 
 'Trenton gravel was deposited immediately after the close of this 
 epovh, an account of sue h cali ulations nu>y be of interest. If the 
 'Trenton urn'"*l is /oj /-glacial in the widc.it acceptation of the term, a 
 yet later date must be assigned to it. 
 
 When a student of surface geology, who has live<l south of glacial 
 action, examines for the first time the true glacial drift an<l sees the 
 kanie-like ridges and bowl-shaped ilepressions maintaining regular 
 outlines and steeji slopes, he cannot but i)e struck with the compara- 
 tively recent look of these deposits. He caimot but believe that if 
 the great periods of time have il.ips* d siin c tluir dcpositiuii, which 
 
 "• IjwIk. I'nir. \,:m\. Nat. Sci. riiilailrl., i«8<i, |>. |o8. 
 
548 
 
 PRlMrnVK INiniSTRV, 
 
 some j,'C()I()(,'ists innintaiii, the gravil rid^'cs wdiild In- roniKlcd down 
 and the kettle-holes filled dp by the erosive action of frost, rain and 
 wind. Recent investifialions in j^laeial neolojjy are bringinf,' fonvard 
 many eviden( es that the fnial disappearance of the glacier in eastern 
 .\ini'ri(a was not far ninole. 
 
 Prof. Cliainherlin ■^•''■' remarks that "no sensible denudation !ias 
 taken phu e in Wisconsin smce the glacial times in either drift bearing 
 or driftless areas. .\!r. I'pham.''^" speakinj,' of the lakes whi< h dot the 
 surfat e of Minnesota, says, "the l.ipse of time since the ice age has 
 been insiitVu ient for rains and streams to fill these basins with sediment 
 or to ( nt oiitUlM low enou);h to drain them ; though in many instan< es 
 we can see su< h i hanges mIow1\ going forward." 
 
 Rev. Ci. F. Wright,'-'^' in a |)aper entitled ",/« <//A;///*/ to nt/iu/itfr 
 apfiiiKxhmxtfly tfir ifatr of t/ie Ciliuiol Km in /utstiin North Amrrifa, 
 from till' ili'f^lh o/ si'dinwitl in one of the lnm>l-shiif>rii i/ffirrs^ions 
 ahonniiing in tfif A/orninrs am/ A'litnrt />/ A'ni> fini;/)itii/," linils that 
 the aciumnlation of peaty matter in a typical kettle hole in Massachu- 
 setts, whether caused b) growth of xegelalion or b)' winds and rains, 
 
 •ciual to a lev 1 deposit of eight feet in thic kness. .\t the rate of 
 cue inc h in a c inlur , wliic ii is probably less than the true rale, this 
 would plac e the close ol the glacial epoc h at less than ten thousand 
 years ago. 
 
 A still more recent estimate has been made by Dr. .\Mdrews,'J"'who, 
 from c ale ulat ions based ujionllie erosive action of the great lakes, con- 
 cludes that the total lake ck|>osits made since the glac ial epoch, were 
 formed within seventy-five' iiuiulied years. 
 
 Another soun e of c ale ulaiioii is liie rec ession c»f the tails of a river 
 since glacial times. The most notable c alculalion of this kind is that 
 made upon the r'^cossion of the falls of Niagara. A gorge s>.v*,n 
 mile.s in length has been cut from Ixwistun to the present falU. Mr. 
 
 •■• Cio>lttuy of WiM'oithin, \nl. ii, \i. fi^j, 1877. 
 •*"Cici)l(iny of Miiiiit-<.oi.i, Ki'iMirt fur 1871;, p. 7a. * 
 '** Aincr. jtMirihil Siit'iitc, vnl. xxi, V'vU. iB8i, p. i*j. 
 "*" ■I'raiifiaitiiiiiH C'ltii.agit Ai'aik'iny nf SijfntfH, vol. ii. 
 
TIIF. AOE OF THR TRKNTON ORAVFt,. 
 
 549 
 
 llakcwcll estimated the annual ciittin}; backward of the falls to he 
 about one yard a year, Init lYof. James Hall"'''' ami Sir Charles 
 Lyell*** thought that one foot a year was a more prohalile amount. 
 They showed that beds ( ontaininj,' recent shells ami mastodon teeth 
 occurred in the banks above the ^''^K'N -'t l''"-' whirlpool, three miles 
 bdow the falls, and also on (loat Islaml above the falls, indicating,' 
 that in the C'hamplain epoi h the waters of Lake Kric extended up 
 over the K^rKi^ '>"'' l>resent falls, and that sin( e that perifxl a large 
 I)()rti!>n of the K^rK*-' 1>'"1 '"^'i'" excavate<l. They found also at the 
 whirl|)ool an ;m( lent iire-uKu iai channel, which, having been filled 
 with drift in glacial times, had forced the river to <iit a new channel 
 through the roc k since tiuM period. 
 
 There are here, therefore, daw for calcul.iting the dose of the gla- 
 cial epoch. If the whole gorge has been ( ut out since that cpoi h, at 
 the rate of one foot per year, thirty-five thousand years would be re- 
 <|uired. It has been, however, more than once suggested that a jjor- 
 tion of the gorge is pre-glac ial. I'rof. nana""-' supposed .diout one 
 mile of it to be pre-gl.u ial, but Mr. licit ■■"•' after a ]ier>Mnal investiga- 
 tion concludes that the gorge above the whirlpool was excavated 
 nearly up to the present position of the falls in jire-glac ial limes. 
 After giving the evidences upon which he founds his opinion, he 
 says :'■'<' " If the ccmclusion at which I have arrived is correct, tlwt 
 the gorge from the whirlpool to the falls is pre-glacial, and that the 
 jiresent river has only cut through the softer beds between (Jiueens- 
 town and the whirlpool, and above the latter point laerely cleared out 
 the ]>re-glac ial gorge in the hardc-r roc ks, twenty ihous.ind vears or 
 even less is amply sutlic ient for the work dcuie, i'lid the occurrence of 
 the glacial e|)och, as so measured, will be brought within the shorter 
 
 ••'Clfitlo^'y (if Nrw \t^r\i, vf»!. iv, p. \B^, c\ }ict\, 
 
 '*< Trtivi-K ill Niiiih Aimrrii:i, 1841 -'j, vol. i, p. jj, ct sc). Svc, .-iIm), I'nn;. CIccil. Siticiy ,if 
 l,iiiKlnn, vol. ii. p. 77, vol. jii, p. si>S) vol. iv, p. nj. 
 ••' Mmiii.il of clcolouy, p. K^i. 
 
 '•* C^ilarterly Joiuiial 'if Sticiiic, .\pril, 187s, p. us. 
 »"/..... I>. 154. 
 
S50 
 
 rRIMITIVE INniJSTRV. 
 
 pcrioit that, from otiicr consideratiunM I have argued, has elapsed sinct; 
 it was at its licinht." 
 
 A ('ai< Illation of a similar kind has been made by Prof, N. H. Win- 
 t hell "" ii|Kin the recession of the falls of St. Anthony, since the last 
 j<la< iai e|Mn h. These falls, in the Mississippi river, were disrovered 
 in i6So, and a ((intinnous record of their recession may be found 
 siii( e then. A narrow ^orj^e, formed by their recession, extends from 
 the falls to I'"ort Snellin},', eij^ht miles south. Helovv this point the val- 
 ley widens, an<l shows iiidisptitalile evidence of having l)een exca- 
 vated in pre-glac iai times. l"'rom the falls to Kort Snelliiif,', however, 
 the drift, whi« h lies above the rocky walls of the ({orj^e, has been cut 
 throuj;li so as to form a blufl' on either side ; this fact, when taken 
 in connet tion with others pointing to the same conclusion, clearly 
 shows the post-glacial .nge of this gf)rge. .\n an« ienl channel of the 
 river, now filled with glacial drift, is described and the evidence seems 
 decisive that, since the ghu iai ep(M:h, the river, having been forced out 
 of its old channel, has cut out a new one eight miles long, through the 
 rock. I'lilike tiie nx ks at Niag.irn. those at the Kails of St. .Anihony 
 are horizontal and of unvarying coin|H)sition, and any com lusions 
 mjiile here will be of much greater accuracy. Prof. Winchell gives 
 three separate me.asurements, whic h result in the following terms of 
 years re(|uired for the total recession, viz. : — 1 2,103 years ; 6,276 years ; 
 and X,202 years. He holds that an average of these rates — 8,860 
 years — represents the time whii h li;is elapsed since the maximum cold 
 of the last glacial eput h. 
 
 Thus we find, that if any reliance is to be jiKaced ujion such calcu- 
 latioi»s, even if we assume that the Trenton gravel is of glacial age. it 
 is not ne<'ess.-;ry to make it more than ten thousand years old. 'I'he 
 time necessary for the Delaware to i ut through the gravel down to the 
 rock is by no nn . ns great. \\'\\vn it is noted that the gravel diff at 
 Trenton was made by a siilc wearing away as at a bank, and when it 
 
 '•" l»:iil ii( Miiim-Hil.<, AiiiiimI Kcp, f<>r lijn, t>, 13(1 cl wi], S<n: hIm,, (jiittrl. Joiirnnl ('cot. 
 SiKicty of I..IIHI.HI, Nov. 1H78, p. HIM. 
 
THE AGE OF THE TRENIXIN CRAVEf,. 
 
 SSI 
 
 is remembered that the erosive power of the Delaware was formerly 
 greater than at present, it will l)e concedeil that the Dreseni e of the 
 clifTat Trenton will not necessarily infer its hi^'h anti(iiiily ; nor in the 
 character of the gravel is there any evi<lence that the time of its ilej)- 
 osition need have been long. It maybe that as investigations are car- 
 ried further, it will result not so much in i)roviiig man of very great 
 anticpiity, as in showing how much more rec enl than usually supposed 
 was the final disappearance of the glacier. 
 
 In all these subjects we are but at the threshold of understanding. 
 We are entering a field where many sciences meet and where each 
 must help the other. No single investigation is sufficient. In the 
 present discussion, the aim has been to define the age of the Trenton 
 gravel, and the conseepient antiquity of Man in the Delaware valley 
 solely with reference to geological events. 
 
 .At the present suige of the tli.scussion, theories are necessarily some- 
 what provisional ; but as facts multi|)ly an<l others enter this wide field 
 of investigation, we may hope at no distant date to arrive at more 
 definite and trustworthy conclusions. 
 
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INDEX. 
 
 Abbott, C. C. 11,201. 238, 281. 3,t2, 339, 370, 
 .371, 3!ll. 3!W. 
 
 Abseconi Inlet, Atlimtio Co., New Jersey, 
 sliell-lienps neitr, 447. 
 
 Academy of Scienne. Salem, Mass.. 11.20, 
 .54, 67, 68, 112, 172, 206, 220. 227, 305, 307, 
 318. 
 
 Adze, New Zealand, 51. 
 
 Afi'ica, cults, 40. 45. 
 
 '• pei-roi'ated pebbles. 402. 
 
 Agriciilliiral implcnieiits, 1!).5, 217. 
 
 " •• bones and tor- 
 
 toise-shells. 
 iise<l as. 218. 
 " " grooved, or 
 
 lioes, 223. 
 " " spade-like. 223. 
 
 Alaska, stone carvings from. 305. 
 
 Albany. New York, State Museum at, 101. 
 
 Aleutian Islands. Kholl-heaps on, 214, 438. 
 
 AU jnkins, Territory occnpleil by, 4. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, 15, 270, 287. 
 
 Allen, J. A., remarks on walrus remains, 
 from New .Jersey, 483. 
 
 American Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, 37, 
 249. 
 
 Amesbury Nat. History Society, 229. 
 " Mass.. plummet from, 229. 
 
 Anchor, stone, 243. 
 
 Andrews, l»rof. E. «., 3.39, ;181. 
 
 Animal carvings. 323. 
 
 " mouldings in clay, 3.37. 
 
 " " occurrence of, in New 
 
 York, :«8. 
 " " occurrenco of, in Mas- 
 
 sachusetts, 323. 
 
 Apocynum cnnnabinum used for cord- 
 making, 147. 
 
 Archajology of America and Europe, par- 
 allelism of, 517. 
 
 Argillite llsh-spears, 274. 
 
 ■' rude implements of, 7. 
 
 " spcarpoints. 254. 
 
 " use ol*, earlier than flint, 285. 
 
 Arkansas, scrapcr-likc implement from, 
 
 " steatite pipes fl-om, 327. 
 
 Arrowhead, found in tree, 77. 
 
 '• human bone, piercerl by, 283. 
 
 " in vertebra ol elk, 77. 
 
 " steatite, as oiiiament, 307. 
 
 Arrowheads, abundance of, 280. 
 
 " barbed, 29;J. 
 
 " " triangular, 304. 
 
 " birds' claws used as, 280. 
 
 « bone, 280. 
 
 •• brass, occurrence of on Long 
 
 Island. 421. 
 
 " Chickles Uock, Pennn., 284, 
 
 2»5. 
 
 " flakes used as, 284. 
 
 " how attached to shafts, 279. 
 
 " leaf-sliapcd,.300. 
 
 " lozcngc-shaped, 301. 
 
 " noti^hed-based, 294. 
 
 " on soacoast, 281. 
 
 35* 
 
 Arrowheads, serrated. .303. 
 
 ■' stemmed, 289. / 
 
 " trianguliir. 2!K>. ' 
 
 " triple-notclicd-based, 294. 
 
 " unsymmetrical, 282. 
 
 " used as knives. 279. 
 
 Attleboro, Penna.,uuirblefrom, 144. 
 Awls, bone, 212. 
 •' " occurrence of in New Jersey, 
 
 212. 
 " stone, 109. 
 " •' abundance of in Middle 
 
 States. 111. 
 " " double pointed, 114. 
 
 " " imlisheil. 116. 
 
 " " rude, of argillite, llfi. 
 
 Axe, inscribed, from New Jersey. 32. 
 " in Museum of Uutgcr's College, New 
 Jersey. 17. 
 Axe-like implement, pointed, .30. 
 Axe, pointed, from California, 31. 
 Axes, stone, antiquity of. 34. 
 '■ " Champlain valley, 10. 
 
 " " deposits of, ;53. 
 
 " " double-edged, 25. 
 
 " " double-grooved, 20. 
 
 " " Georgia, 11. 
 
 '• Gloucester Co., N.. I., 18. 
 " " grooves of, oblique, Sasque- 
 
 hanna valley, 8, 2fi. 
 " " grooves, position of, 7. 
 
 " " " variation in. 7. 
 
 " " Lambertville. N. .J., 13. 
 
 " " moiindbuilders', l(i. 
 
 " " New .Jersey, 9. 
 
 " " notclied,28. 
 
 " " " of South America, 
 
 29. 
 " " occurrence of. in graves, 11. 
 
 " " polished, 20. 
 
 " " shortened by resharpening, 
 
 15. 
 " " scarcity of, in New England, 
 
 10. 
 
 Barnegat, Biirlinctton Co., New Jersey, 
 
 flsli-spears IVo ii. 271. 
 neaucliaini), Hcv. V. M.. 121. 161. 
 Hears' teeth, as otiuiments, 40B. 
 IJeaver. 270. 
 
 Beck. Prof. Lewis (;., 412. 
 Becsleys Pt.. Cat e May Co., N. J., flsh- 
 
 spears fi'om, 2 '1. 
 Belt, Thomas, 476. 
 
 Belvidere, New .lersey, site of arrow- 
 maker's works top, 4.'W. 
 Berlin, A. F., 415. 
 Bird-sliapcd stones, 309. 
 
 " " " Michigan. 370. 
 
 " •' " modillcation of, 375. 
 
 " " '• New .Jersey, 372. 
 
 " " " supposed lise of, 369. 
 
 " " " Vermont, 373. 
 
 Boat-shaped stones, 383. 
 
 •• •• New England, .3.83. 
 
 " " Tennessee, 383. 
 
 (653) 
 
554 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 nnlns, Pntnjrnninn, ?12. 
 Hone nwls, i!l'2. 
 
 '• flshliook, 208. 
 
 " iiiipluiiieiitr^, 20,'). 
 
 " '• California, 20S. 
 
 •• " New Kn;iliind,2OT. 
 
 •• " Miildlo slates, 205. 
 
 " gpooni', Mass., 2Wi. 
 noston Society of Natural History, 510. 
 lirereton. Jolin, l:)5, 414. 
 Jlrinton, Dr. Daniel U., 4, 443, 618. 
 liroilhoad, Luke, lU!), 415. 
 liushkill, Pike Co., I'unna,, stone ring 
 iVom, 404. 
 
 Cnbe^a tie Vacn, note of, concerning nets 
 
 ol Indians. 238. 
 California, axe-like in)plpni"nt from. 31. 
 •' barbed arrowlieads from, 293. 
 " ca'.'vcd pestles from, 102. 
 " chert iliij-'gers. 300. 
 
 " dH'-'ifer-liko flint implements 
 
 from, 203. 
 " flint knives, "0. 
 
 " Indians. 75. 411. 
 " leaf-shaped arrowheails from, 
 
 303. 
 " ornamertcd smoking pipes 
 
 fiom, 304. 
 " small inortnr or paint cup 
 
 Irom. 107. 
 " Boapsione quarries in. 180. 
 " stone implements of, how 
 
 used, 88. 
 " stone tubes from, 339. 
 
 " tubular smoking pipes from, 
 i«0, 3.12. 
 Cape Henlopeu, shell-heaps on, 439, 
 " May, marine erosion at, 478. 
 " " shell-heaps on, 43H. 
 Carr, L., 3!e. 
 Curved plummet, 234. 
 " shells, 72. 
 
 " stone, representing flsh. 380. 
 " " " cetacean, 387. 
 
 Casse-tete, 211. 
 Cayuga Lake, New York, stone ornament 
 
 from, 3!i2. 
 Celts, classiflcation of, 35. 
 
 " halted, IVoui Lake Luzerne, N. Y., 
 
 37. 
 •• hematite, 40. 
 
 " liow differing from chisels, 38. 
 " Iroquois, 38. 
 " maxiuium. sizeof, 30. 
 " New England, 42. 
 " occurrence in graves, 38. 
 " shapes of. 47. 
 
 " shortened by resharpening, 43. 
 •' small. 40. 
 " square, 41. 
 
 •' universal occurrence of, 30. 
 '• uses of. 47. 
 Ceremonial objects, fragments, how used, 
 
 307. 
 Ceremonial objects, grooved, 355. 
 
 " •• New Kngland. 350, 
 
 •» " " Jersey, 351. 
 
 H " Ohio. Xti. 
 
 « " ornaniented, from 
 
 Cape Cod, Alass.. 
 :iOft. 
 " •' oval, ,),'>7. 
 
 ,M " perforations of, S.W, 
 
 •• " renutrkalile form of, 
 
 from New Hump- 
 shire, 3C0. 
 
 Ceremonial objects, supposed meaning of, 
 3411. 
 " " Vermont. 3,50. 
 
 Chesapeake bay. shell-heaps on, 443. 
 Chickies Hock, I'euna., 01, 232, 207, 284, 
 
 205, 420. 428. 
 Chisels, not celts, 48. 
 
 " Oliio, .50. 
 
 " small, cylindrical, ,50. 
 
 " " quadrangular. 50. 
 
 " " snpposeil uses of. 49. 
 
 " " with cimical heads, 49. 
 
 Chnngki stones, 341, 427, 
 Clay pipes. 334. 
 " tubes, 339. 
 Clement collection, in Museum at Cum- 
 
 bridge. 42, 289. 
 Clubheads, stone. ,109. 
 Concord, Mass., 117. 
 
 Cook. Prof. Geo. II., 445. 448, 449, 472, 474. 
 Cope, Prof. K. D. remarks on reindeer 
 
 remains found in dritt gravels, in New 
 
 Jersey. 48;i. 
 Copper celts, occurrence of in nany lo- 
 calities. 415. 
 Copiier gouge, " " " western 
 
 New York, 417. 
 Copper imi>lements, 411. 
 
 '• " in common use 
 
 among New England trd)cs, 414. 
 Copper spearpoints in conmion use, among 
 
 New England tribes, 419. 
 " native, occurrence of in N. J., 412. 
 '* plnunnet, 233. 
 Connecticut river. Valley of, ancient 
 
 wooden maul from, 01. 
 Conneclicnt river, valley of, arrowheads 
 
 from. 280, 280, 2!I2, 207, 303. 
 Connecticut river, valley of, chipped stone 
 
 knives from, 80. 87. 
 Connecticut river, valley of, stone awls 
 
 from, 115. 
 Connecticut river, valley of, stone drills 
 
 from. 111. 
 Connecticut rivcr,valley of, stone scrapers 
 
 from, 121. 129. 
 Connecticut river, valley of, spearpoints 
 
 from, 2ii4, 207, 270, 27.1. 
 Crosswicks Crock, New Jersey, 04, 231, 
 
 238. 242, ■AOa. 410. 
 Crouch's Cove, Maine, bone implements 
 
 from, 211.211. 
 Cumberland Sound, Eskimos of, 04. 
 
 Valley, Tenn.. 74. 
 Cimningham's Island, Lake Erie, bird- 
 shaped stone fro-n, 309. 
 Cyprus, te.'vn cuttus from, 407. 
 
 Daggers, flint, 305. 
 
 knives used as, 83. 
 Dall, W. IL, 140, 214, 215, 438. 
 Danvers, Mass., slate knife from, 08. 
 Davis, Dr. E. II. .31. 
 Dawkins, Prof. W. IJ., 514. 
 De Costa, Rev. U. F., 30«. 
 Delaware Indians, 12. l.'iO, 149, 155, 177, 
 
 185, 208, 243, 248, 270, 285, 310, 310, 323, 
 
 384. 430. 
 Delaware river, 15. 10. :184, 472. 
 
 tri-notched arrowheads from, 
 
 294. 
 Delaware Water (Jap. 50, 72, 02, 109, 172, 
 
 178,241,251.400,473. 
 Delaware, scidptnred pipe from. 385. 
 Demerara, noU^hed axes IVom, 29. 
 Denmni k, Lewis Co., New York, deposit 
 
 of flint knives from, 84. 
 
 ii 
 
INDEX. 
 
 555 
 
 Denmark, flint scrapers from, 121. 
 DiKlitun Kock. 81U. 
 
 DUc.uiilal Ktunce, 8niitliern States. 341. 
 " " nniiHiial in Nortliern 
 
 States, :i41. 
 •' " used l)y Delaware In- 
 
 dians, :il,>. 
 " " iiKed 1)}' Siiawnce Indi- 
 
 ans, :u.'). 
 Dos Pueblos, Culilbrnia, stone pestles 
 
 from. I(i2. 
 Drills, btonu, bird-slinped, 110. 
 
 '• '• Conni'i!ti<uit Valiev, 111, 113. 
 
 " " knlle-like based, Ibl. 
 " '• niaxinmni size of, 107. 
 " " New York, III. 
 " " notclied based, 105. 
 " " polished, 11(1. 
 " . " " Concord, Mass., 
 
 117. 
 " " barbed, 118. 
 
 " " " New Jersey. 119. 
 
 " York, 119. 
 " " •' Ohio, 119. 
 
 " " " Pennsylvania, 119. 
 
 " " • Wisconsin, 119. 
 
 .lu I'ratz, M. Lc Page, 320. 
 
 Kaston, Penna., spearpoints from, 2.11. 
 
 Khauchoir. 209 
 
 Ellsworth, E. W.. 01. 
 
 England, flint scrapers from, 121. 
 
 Engraved gorget, 384. 
 
 Eskimo, Cumberhind Sound, 04. 
 
 " ornaments, 408. 
 
 " stone scrapers. 120. 
 
 " •' spearpoints, 208. • 
 
 Eskimos, traces of, in New England, 2. 
 E8se.\ Co., Mass., ))lummet.s from. 208. 
 Europe, flint slingstones from, 1.34. 
 
 perforated stone hammers in, 00. 
 European origin, oljjects of, 1. 401, 418, 420. 
 Evans, .John, 09, 130, l.i», 255,291, 294, 301. 
 Evans, Dr. John C, 31. 
 
 Fish-spears, argillite, 273. 
 
 " " how different fi'om 
 
 flint, 278. 
 " " in alluvial deposits, 
 
 274. 
 " flint, Connecticut valiev, 273. 
 
 " " Massachusetts. 2li9. 
 
 " " Susquehanna rivr, 272. 
 
 Flintchips. occurrence of, on "workshop" 
 sites, 453. 
 " daggers, 305. 
 " " Arkansas. 119. 
 
 " " Denmark, 305. 
 
 " " Tennessee, 119. 
 
 " implements, chipped, 19.5. 
 " " " deposits of, 
 
 1!K). 
 " " " Mass.. 202. 
 
 " " " Onondaga Co., 
 
 N. Y.. 204. 
 ' " " supposed uses 
 
 of, 105, 200. 
 Florida, fresh- water sheUhcaps of, 215, 439. 
 Fort Hridger. Wyoming Terr., 137. 
 Fossil shark teeth. 40.5. 
 Foster, .1. W., 280, 383. 
 France, flint ecrapers from, 121. 
 Froy, 8. L., 204, 2a5, 213, 407. 
 
 Garcilasso de la Vega, reference of, to 
 H»U nets of Indians, 239. . 
 
 Georgia, arrowheads, 281. 
 " grooved axes, II. 
 " steatite pipes, 328. 
 Gillman, Henry. .370. 
 
 Gloucester Co., New Jersey, arrowheads, 
 302. 
 " " " " a.xcs, IS. 
 
 " " " " axe-like im- 
 
 plement, 29. 
 " " " •' discoidal 
 
 stones, 341. 
 " " " " grooved 
 
 hammers, 57. 
 " " " " perforated 
 
 sinkers, 245. 
 " " " " spearpoints, 
 
 200. 
 Gorgets, 377. 
 
 " copper, .380. 
 " fragments of. utilized, .381. 
 " New England, 383. 
 " " Jersey, 378. 
 
 " Ohio, 378. 
 " ornamented, 379. 
 Gouges, 50. 
 
 •' Cliamplain valley, .52. 
 " New .lersev, .55. 
 " " York,' .54. 
 
 " Museum iit Cambridge, Mass., 54. 
 Greenwell. Kev. William, 140. 
 Grooved hammers, 57. 
 
 " " Kansas, .58. 
 
 " " peculiar forms of, 59. 
 
 " ■' used as weapons, 59. 
 
 " hoes, 222. 
 
 New .Jersey, flint 
 
 Hackensack river, 
 
 knives from. 81. 
 Haldah Indians, bone implements of, 207. 
 Ualdeman. S. S., 29, 00, 83. 115. 137, 14.3, 
 
 209, 251, 2.52, 253, 200, 20). 201. 207, 208, 
 
 280, 284, 288, 2!I0. 292, 29.5, 298, 299, 302, 
 
 337. 342, 397. 428. 
 Ilartfonl, Washington Co., N. Y., slate 
 
 knife from, GO. 
 Ilaynes, Prof, llcurv W., 510. 
 Heckewelder, l{ev. John, 74, 384. 
 Henderson, J. G., 230, 234. 
 Ilingham, Mass.. clay pot from, 173. 
 Hoes made of elk-horn. 218. 
 Hoe-blades, objects supposed to bo, 220. 
 Holm, T. Campanius. J39, 149, 200, 243, 
 
 207, 279. 310. 335, 406. 
 Hudson, Itemlrick, 407. 
 Hudson river. Valley of, arrowheads 
 
 from, 292. 
 Human face, carved in atone, from Alaska, 
 
 3it4. 
 Human face, carved in stone, from New 
 
 ,ler.sey, .392. 
 Human face, carved in stone, from New 
 
 York. 392. 
 Huntpnlon Co., New Jersey, hematite 
 
 celts from, 46. 
 Hunterdon Co., New Jersey, hematite 
 
 implements. 3!K). 
 Hnpil Indians, white deer dance of. 307. 
 
 411. 
 
 Illiuois, boat-shaped stone from. 383. 
 
 '• deposits of flint implements in, 
 199. ' 
 
 " flint spades and shovels from, 197, 
 
 " fragments of pottery from, 182. 
 
 '• pinmmel from, 233. 
 Indian piutograplis, 345, 
 
 El 
 
556 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Indinnn, nrrowlienda from, 288, 2C8, 303. 
 
 " celts fioni. 4ft. 
 
 " iiiincw ci'ltH !)!• chisels ft'om, 60. 
 
 " scrnpers from, VJl). 
 
 " stoiiii iiwIh or iierfurator8 from, 
 lit. 
 
 " t»'i.<tvi1 spenrpoiiit from. 2(J6. 
 Ingcrsoll. KriiuAt. 441. 
 Iiincribcil stoncH, 346. 
 Irelaiiil, flint HcniperH from, 121. 
 lro(|iioig, bone lioes of, 218. 
 
 " celts, how used by. 38. 
 
 " clnv orniiments in.alo by, 172. 
 
 " pipes of. 320, 338. 
 
 " pottery. 173. 
 
 " stono clubs among, 161. 
 
 " totems of, 383. 
 
 " wnr-cliibs of, 200. 310. 
 
 Isle of WiKht Co., Virginia, steatite pipe 
 
 fi'om, 320. 
 
 Jones. Col. C. C , jr . 2.',. 73, 12i), 144, VA. 
 
 ViS, \>M, 208,2^5, 230, 245, 250, 281, 305, 
 
 300. 
 Josseiyn, John, 258. 
 
 Knini. Peter. »4, 147, LM. 1"«, 183, 208, ?37, 
 27!l, 316, 3;!."). .340, 413. 4.38, 441. 
 
 Kansas, grooved stone hammers fi'om, 68. 
 
 Kentucky, spearpoints fi oni, 2li2. 
 
 Kingston, New Hampsliire, elute knife 
 from. 70. 
 
 Kiowa Indians. ,3113. 
 
 Kumlein, Lndwig, 04, 408. 
 
 Lake Chumplain. Valley of, arrowheads 
 
 from. 281. 
 Lake Champlain, Vnlley nf, axes in, 10. 
 " " " " ceremonial 
 
 olijects, aw. 
 :" " " " cliipi)ed flint 
 
 knives, 8(1. 
 ■•» ♦• " " gorgets fiom, 
 
 382. 
 " " " '• stone gouges 
 
 found in, 62. 
 Lake Ilopatcong, \cw Jersey, ground 
 
 arrowhead from, 1)2. 
 Lake Ilopatcong, Now .lersey, large ar- 
 rowhead from, 2lil. 
 Lake Ilopatcong. New Jersey, perforated 
 
 sinker Iron), 245. 
 Lake Lu/crne, New York, halted celt 
 
 from, 37. 
 Lake .Superior, Indians of, 421. 
 •' Winnipi.seogee, N. H.. 3()0. 
 Lamliertville. New Jersey, laige grooved 
 
 axe IVom, 13. 
 Lancaster Co., Penna,, clay pipe nom, 
 ;«7. 
 
 Leidy, Prof..Ios., 137. 439. 
 Lenni-Lcnapi, 12, 72. 270, 343. 
 Lewis and Clarke, 310. 
 " Elias.jr, 415, 430. 
 " Henry Carvill, 472. 
 Lewes, Delaware, sculptured pipe from, 
 
 322. 
 Liberty Co., Georgia, quartz mortar flom, 
 
 155. 
 Lockwood, Rev. 8., 376. 380. 
 Loskiol, 12, 14S. 166, 218, 268, 323. 
 Lubbock, Sir John, 40, 45, 305, 402. 
 Luxembourg, Congres des Americanistes, 
 
 113, 428. 
 
 MacehuatI of Pacific IsIandsrSi 84, 
 UncLean, J. P., 355. 
 
 Maine, copper celts trom, 414. 
 " plummets from, 2:{:i. 
 " shell-heaps of, 4311. 
 " spearpoints from. 263. 2.'i!). 
 " steatite food-vessels from, 185. 
 Maize. 140. 
 
 Maryland, shell. heaps of. 444. 
 " slate knives from, 63. 
 
 " spearpoints tVoni, 2.Vt. 251). 
 
 " steatite food vessels from, 185. 
 
 Massachusetts, abnmlaiicc of copper a- 
 Fiong Indians ol. 414. 
 " abundance of stone 
 
 gouges in, 60. 
 " bune implements ft-om, 
 
 ril. 
 " bone spoon t\-om ancient 
 
 Indian graves in. 20*1. 
 " carved stone pestle from, 
 
 ItiO. 
 '■ carved stono represent- 
 
 ing flsli, from, ,"85. 
 " ceremonial carved stones 
 
 IVom, 3.V2, 350, 366. 
 " chipped flint knives ftrom, 
 
 85. 
 " clay pot fi'oni, 173. 
 
 " copper celts from, 416. 
 
 " flint drills and awls from, 
 
 111.114. 
 '< fresh-water shell-heaps, 
 
 in, 440. 
 '■ grooved axes from, 11. 
 
 " " " not found 
 
 in Indian graves, in, 11. 
 " Indians, method of pro- 
 
 curing Ure of. 135. 
 " largo chipped imple- 
 
 ments from, 202. 
 " nortliwest coast pipe 
 
 from. 32:1. 
 " oci'urrence of plummets 
 
 in, 227. 
 " ornament of deer's bone 
 
 from, 3li». 
 " polished drill fi'om, 117. 
 
 " pottery from shell-heap 
 
 in, 181. 
 " shell-heaps on coast of, 
 
 124, 440, 448. 
 " slate knives from. 68. 
 
 " steatite pipe from. 318. 
 
 " " vessel from. 185. 
 
 " stono ])endant8 tVom In- 
 
 dian graves in, 380. 
 " supposed flsh-sitears 
 
 from, 268. 
 " tubular smoking pi^e 
 
 from. 3:10. 
 Maul, wooden, from Connecticut valley, 
 
 61. 
 Mercer Co., New Jert,ey, ancient Indian 
 
 village site in. 143. 
 Merc:er Co., New Jersey, arrowheads, 207. 
 Mica, occurrence uf in Indian giaves, 175. 
 Michigan, bird-shaped stones. :I70. 
 
 " occurrence of JIutucon shells 
 in, 325. 
 Mink (Ptitorius viiioti), 276. 
 Mississiiipi river, 13, 100, .S49. 
 Missouri, pottery from mounds of, 172, 
 177. 
 " sharpening stones fi'om, 4:15. 
 Mohawk valley. New York, bone imple- 
 ments from, 206. 
 MohHwk valley. New York, contents of 
 ancient Indian gmvos in, 887. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 557 
 
 Mnlmwk valley. Now York, small nrrow- 
 
 lienils trnin/itK). 
 Mohawk valley. New York, worked bcn- 
 
 ver'H tooth f*-oni, 213. 
 Mniik-HHJi, bones of, in shell-heaps, 124. 
 Moiiniouth Co., New Jersey, gorget IVom, 
 380. 
 " " " " Btono oriia- 
 
 meni from, H'li, 302. 
 MorKan, Lewis H., 38, 200, 300. 
 Mortars, ;ee|i, iiseil with pestles, 155. 
 portable. 152. 
 " shallow, to be used with crush- 
 ers, 1.53. 
 Mortars, stationary. 151. 
 
 " wooden, lIMi. 
 Mortillet, remarks by, on Delaware river 
 
 pala-olithie implements. 4)10. 
 Moiind-bidlders, relationship of, to Indi- 
 ans, 2. 
 Monnd-biiilders, gi-ooved stone axes of, 
 
 IB. 
 Mnllera. KM. 
 Mnskrat, 270. 
 Musters, Geo. C., .312. 
 Net-sinkers, Delaware river valley. 2.S.'<. 
 " lar»ie. used as anclioi-s, US. 
 
 " notched pebbles used as, 237. 
 
 " perlorated. 243. 
 
 " Suxqiiehanna river valley, 
 
 240. 
 
 New England, agriuiiUural tools in. 318. 
 
 " " arrowheads in. 281, 298, 302. 
 
 " " lione awls in, 98. 
 
 " " ceremonial objects ft-om, 
 
 :«0, 356. 
 
 " " chipped flint knives. 80. 
 
 " " copper olijects anions In- 
 
 dians of, 419. 
 
 " " flint drills in, 99. 
 
 " " '• scrapers in, 123, 129, 
 
 131, l:tt 
 
 " " grooved hammers in, 57. 
 
 " " '• stone axes in, 11, 
 
 19, 27, 30. 
 
 " " Indians, »i4. 
 
 " " nets of Indians of, 239. 
 
 •• " northwest coast pipes 
 
 from, 323. 
 
 " " ornamented clay pipes 
 
 from, ai8. 
 
 " " paint cnps In, l(i8. 
 
 " " pendants IVoni, 393, 39.5. 
 
 •• '' pestles in, 155, 103. 235. 
 
 " pitted stones in, 192. 
 
 " ' )>liinimets in,227, 240, 
 
 " " polished celts in, 41, 44. 
 
 " " " stone drill from, 
 
 117. 
 
 «' " pottery of. 171, 182. 
 
 " " scrapers used as " strike- 
 
 a-light"in, 13.5. 
 
 " " semiliiiiiir slate knives, 63. 
 
 '• '• sinew dressers in. 146. 
 
 " " shell heaps in, 180, 440. 448. 
 
 " " Blender spearpoints or fish- 
 
 spears from, 27i. 
 
 " " slickstoncs in, 144. 
 
 '' " smoking pipes in. 317. 
 
 " " spearpoints in, 252, 260, 
 
 2(!4I. 
 
 " " Steatite food-vessels from, 
 
 188. 
 " " stone gouges in. 51. 
 
 * " " ornaments of Indi- 
 
 ans of, 400, 400. 
 
 New Hampshire, animal carvingfrom, 387. 
 " " boat-shaped stone from. 
 
 382. 
 " " carveil ceremonial stone 
 
 from, 360, 365. 
 ■' " northwest coast pipe 
 
 from. 320, 
 " " slate knife from, 70. 
 
 " Jersey, agricnitui-al im|)lenients. 217. 
 " '• arrowheads, 278. 
 " " awls, 112. 
 " " bird-shiiped stones, .369. 
 
 " " bone fishhooks. 208. 
 " " '• implements, 205. 
 
 " " celts. ;m. 
 " •• ceremonial objects, ,350. 
 IJ II chipped flintimplements. 19.5. 
 " " sup- 
 
 posed uses of smaller, 201 . 
 " " chipped flint knives, 75, 
 
 " how haft- 
 
 
 
 ed. 79. 
 
 
 " , ^, " " •* sui.poseU 
 
 11868 of. 81. 
 
 New Jerfloy 
 
 " " " spear- 
 
 
 shaped. 
 
 80. "^ 
 
 Ne\ 
 
 V Jersej 
 
 " " " with 
 
 
 Btommed baseR* 86. 
 
 ti 
 
 Jersey 
 
 , chisels, 48. 
 
 (i 
 
 " 
 
 clay nipes, :i34. 
 " tubes, 340. 
 
 it 
 
 I* 
 
 ** 
 
 .1 
 
 copper implementf, 311, 
 
 '* 
 
 It 
 
 deposits of a.xes, 33. 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 discoidal stones, 341. 
 
 n 
 
 tf 
 
 drills, 97. 
 
 •( 
 
 ti 
 
 " uses of, 109. 
 
 «( 
 
 It 
 
 flsh-spears, 266. 
 
 (( 
 
 glint;, 27,5. " »»"•»""? of «■•- 
 
 it 
 
 tt 
 
 Jersey 
 it 
 
 , flint chips, 453. 
 " daggers, 305. 
 gorgets, 377. 
 
 (1 
 
 It 
 
 gouges. 50. 
 
 n 
 
 It 
 
 grooved hammers. 5T. 
 
 ti 
 
 11 
 
 " stonenxes, 11, 19,24. 
 
 n 
 
 ti 
 
 " *' club-heaas, 
 309. 
 
 It 
 
 It 
 
 hand-hnmmers, 423. 
 
 It 
 
 ti 
 
 hematite celts 46. 
 
 *i 
 
 It 
 
 Indians of. 73. 
 
 (( 
 
 It 
 
 " trails in. 16. 
 
 *• 
 
 II 
 
 inscribed axes. 32. 
 
 ti 
 
 tk 
 
 II 
 It 
 
 " stones, 345. 
 mortars, 149. 
 
 t( 
 
 It 
 
 '• in glacial bowlders, 
 150. ' 
 
 li 
 
 It 
 
 mullers, 165. 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 
 native copper, 312. 
 
 'i 
 
 ti 
 
 net-sinkers, 237. 
 
 it 
 
 ti 
 
 obliquely grooved axes, 28. 
 
 *t 
 
 ti 
 
 occurrence o.'Catlinite pipes 
 In, 317. ' 
 
 li 
 
 ti 
 
 ti 
 It 
 
 paint cups. 166. 
 pendants. 388. 
 perforated sinkers, 243. 
 
 U 
 
 ti 
 
 pestles. 156. 
 
 14 
 
 tf 
 
 pipes, 315. 
 
 ti 
 
 II 
 If 
 it 
 
 pitted stones, 192. 
 
 plnniinets, 231. 
 
 pointed axe like implement, 
 
 30. 
 polished drills. 116. 
 
 tf 
 
 ti 
 
 ti 
 
 If 
 
 " fclate knives, spear- 
 shaped, 92. 
 
 tt 
 
 ti 
 
 pottery, 170. 
 
 ti 
 
 tt 
 
 rubbiiig stones, 429. 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 scrapers, 121. 
 
558 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 New Jersey scrapers, uses of. 1 J3. 
 
 " " " " '• iiH strike-n- 
 
 liKht. iXi. 
 
 " " 8liai'|iuiihig Htnnes. 43.1. 
 
 " *' sliull-liciipu, inliind, 440. 
 
 " " ■■ miiriiiu, 4:17, 44.'), 
 
 4llii. 
 
 " " pinew-drossors. US. 
 
 " " slate knivus, 118. 
 
 " " " •' with ornnmen- 
 
 tiitioM, TO. 
 
 " " BliukstoiieB, i:iU. 
 
 " " spnde-Hliuned slickntoncs, 
 
 223. 
 
 " " spoai'poinla, 'UK 
 
 " " •' slntc. 2110. 
 
 " " " twisted or rifled, 
 
 2«.5. 
 
 " " Steatite food vessels, 18(i. 
 
 " " stone mask, 303. 
 
 " " teslioaa. I.W. 
 
 '• " totems. ;184. 
 
 " " trinkets, 3!«. 
 
 " " tnl)nlar smoking pipes, .132. 
 
 " Mexico, pulislicd grooved axes, 20. 
 
 " York, arrowlieads, 288, 200. 
 
 " " axes. II. 
 
 " " l)ir(l-sliaped stones, 300. 
 
 " •' bone tisli-liook, 200. 
 
 " " '• impienu-nts, 20.'). 
 
 " *' carved pestle from, 101. 
 
 " " celts. 42. 
 
 " " ceremonial objects. S.'iO. 
 
 " " chipped flint imi>lcment8, 204. 
 
 " " " " knives, »i. 
 
 " " " '• " deposit 
 
 of. 84. 
 
 " " clay pipes, 330. 
 
 " " copper im|>lenicnts, 4U. 
 
 " " flsfi spears. 273. 
 
 " " flint drills. 111. 
 
 " " Ronges, .')0. 
 
 " " grooveil stone clHb-heads,SIO. 
 
 " " haltcdceltlVom Lake Luzerne, 
 
 37. 
 
 " " pipes, .317, 331.3.37. 
 
 " " p()li^'hed barl)ed drills, 121. 
 
 " " scrapers. 131. 
 
 " " shell-heaps, inland, 441. 
 
 " •' •' marine, 4;il). 
 
 " " slate knives. B6. 
 
 " '• " •• spear-shaped, 92. 
 
 " " slickstones. 143. 
 
 •' " spearpoinfs. 240, 203. 
 
 " " stone trinkets, 3!Ki. 400. 
 
 " " worked l)eavcr'8 tooth, 213. 
 Nilsson, Sveo, 40, 140, 209, 214, 218, 309. 
 
 Ohio, arrowheads. 288. 290. 
 
 " hird-shaiied stones, 374. 
 
 " bone awls, 98. 
 
 " celts. 4.1. 
 
 *■ ceremonial objects, 349,354- 
 
 " chisels, 60. 
 
 " clay tnbes, .3.39. 
 
 " copper gorgets, 380. 
 
 " •' plummet ftom, 233. 
 
 " flint drills. 98, 114. 
 
 " " knives, 83. 
 
 " gorgets, .378. 
 
 " hematite plummets, 2.31. 
 
 " liumiin lai'e carved in stone, 301. 
 
 " mnllers, 1U4. 
 
 " pipes, 32S. 
 
 " pitted stones. 102. 
 
 " plummets, 230. 
 
 " jiolislied drill-like implements, 119. 
 
 Oliio, scrapers, 129. 
 " spears, 2.'i9. 270. 
 " stone masks. 3'.)3. 
 " twisted spears, 2fl'l. 
 " triangular arrowheads, 208. 
 Onondaga Co., New York, implcmentfl 
 
 from. 1111,204. 
 Otter (I.utra cmKitleimt) . 270. 
 Owego. New York, inland shell-heaps at, 
 
 441. 
 Oysters, shells of, iu marine slioU-heaiiB, 
 438, 443. 
 
 rnciflc coast, bone flsh-hooks from, 208. 
 
 " " pestles from, 102. 
 
 Paint cups, 105. 
 I'alieolilhic implements, 2H.5. 471. 
 
 " " abundance of, 
 
 489. 
 " " character of. 48.1. 
 
 " " how diflViring 
 
 from "Indian " implements, .Ml. 
 Paleolithic implements, position of, in 
 
 silu. 4ld. 490, .500. ao-i. .'W4, AOO. 
 Palieolitliic man of America, supposed 
 
 relationship of, to Kskimo, &14, 517. 
 Palmer. Dr. Edward, 228. 
 Paring knife from Ainoskcag falls, N. II., 
 IKI. 
 
 Passaic river, N. J., oval flint knives 
 
 from, 81. 
 Peabody Museum of American Archas- 
 ology, at Cambridge. Mass.. 11. 20, 20, 
 32, 42. 54, !>», 03, (id. 70, 111, 117. 110, 131, 
 151. 1«0, 101, 172. liVi. mi, 207, 229, 241, 
 275, 2»:i, MH. 30(i. 32;!. 327, .328, .339, 350, 
 ;«1, ;«iO, 373, 381, 383, 389, 392, 394, 471. 
 474, 510. 
 Pembei'ton, New Jersey, iuscribed axe 
 
 from, 32. 
 Pendants, 389. 
 
 " ornamented, 3(0. 
 Pennsylvania, arrowiieads. 290. 
 
 " axes, witli narrow edge, 30. 
 
 " brass arrowheads. 420. 
 
 " carved arrowhead from, 
 
 397. 
 " copper celts, 414. 
 
 " (liscoidal stime from, 342. 
 
 " el)auchoir. 210. 
 
 " fl-ih gigs, 200. 
 
 " " spears, 267. 
 
 " gouges. 54. 
 
 " nancl hammers, 428. 
 
 " Indians. 10. 
 
 " net sinkers, 241. 
 
 " oblitiuely grooved axes. 20. 
 
 '• perforated stone hammer 
 
 from. 01. 
 " polished stone drilU, 118, 
 
 119. 
 
 " slickstones, 143. 
 
 " 8pearpoints,2.''>l. 
 
 " stone ring. 49:1. 
 
 Perforated net-sinkers, 143. 
 
 Perkins. Prof. Geo. H.. 10, 80, 91, IfiO, 101, 
 
 l<!2, 171, 281. 282. 331, :450, 351, 382. 
 Peruvian stone knife, 1)0. 
 Pestles, 165. 
 
 " carved, 159. 
 " collared, 102. 
 Pipes, 315. 
 " calumet, 317. 
 " clay, 334. 
 
 " materials of which made, 310. 
 " Northwest const, from Atlantic 
 States, 324. 
 
■ 
 
 IP 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 559 
 
 of, 
 
 ripog, Bculptnred, 323. 
 '' so-calleil •■ compound cnlumet," 
 
 .S:i3. 
 " tubulin-, 330. 
 " " Ciillfoinin, 330. 
 
 " vnvioHs forms ol', 317. 
 Fitted etonoM, l!)l. 
 
 " " occurrence of, In Soutliorn 
 
 Staten, 102. 
 rinmmets, nbuntlance of in New Eng- 
 llind. 227. 
 " Bupposed uses of, 228. 
 
 PogKnmopgon,;iiO. 
 i'ot-lioies in rocl{9, as mortnrs, 1.51. 
 rotBciiim Hands' lo, mortar of bowlder, 
 
 of, l.'il. 
 Potter. Dr. W. B., 4,V>. 
 Pottery, 1«0. 
 
 " cord mariced, 184. 
 " how ornamented, 177. 
 " incised, 1"». 
 " in sliell-iieapR, 170. 
 " Missouri or blacili pottery, occur- 
 rence of, on Atlantic seaboard, 
 177. 
 " pniu^nrcd. 180. 
 " tiiuml)-nail markings on, 181. 
 Pueblo axes, 20. 
 
 Pntnani, Prof. K. W., 21. 0.5, 121, 17.5, 185, 
 18H, 227, 231, 241, 323, 3,W, 350, 304, 3S5, 
 415, 510. 
 
 Qnahang, see shell-heaps. 
 
 IlaslcH. Father, 211. 
 
 Kau, Dr. Chiis., 01. 170, 11)3, 107, 217, 222. 
 
 240. ;127, 414, 4311, 445, 448, 153. 
 Head, Prof. »i.C,(il. 
 Keincleer, bones of, in Trenton gravels, 
 
 483. 
 Uose collection of Danish implements, in 
 
 Museum at Cambridge, Mass., 3Uti. 
 
 Sabonic Neck, Long Island, N. Y., shell- 
 heaps at, 420. 
 Salem Co., New Jersey, spearpoints ft-om, 
 2,51, 2,5,5. 
 " Mass., stone implements from, 121. 
 Scandinavia, axe-like implement frimi, 40. 
 Schoolcraft, H. R., <i5, 157. 1«2, 248, 310, 
 
 325, ;«8, 345, ,34«, .3()!t, 377. 
 Schumacher, Paul, 30, 88, 180. 
 Scrapers, 121. 
 
 " flakes used as, 124. 
 " notcheil, 13(>. 
 " polished, 131. 
 " stemmed, 130. 
 " used as " strike-o-lights," 13fi. 
 Shawnee Indians, 74, 371. 
 .Shells, as knives. M. 
 Shell-heaps, 124, 170, IVl, 180, 4.17. 
 " Aleutian Islands. 438. 
 
 " Anoiionta purpurea, shells of, 
 
 forming inland. 440. 
 " antiquity of New England, 
 
 448. 
 " antiquity of New .Terscv, 449, 
 
 " Atlantic coast, 438, 440, 444, 
 
 449. 
 " inlanit or ft-osh-water, 441. 
 
 " Oitrea horeiiHs, shells of, 
 
 forming, 445. 
 " Ottrea virijinica, shells of, 
 
 forming, 443, 414. 
 " J'l/ruUi canalicnlata, shells of, 
 
 funning, 415. 
 
 Shell-heaps, Unio complaiuitun, shells of, 
 fm-nilng inland, 440. 
 " Vnio vlriilin, ?hell» of, form- 
 
 ing inland, 440. 
 " IV/ms mercenarin, shells of, 
 
 forming, 44.5. 
 .Sinew-dressers. 145. 
 SlickstoMCs. 139. 
 
 .Sna |)per ( Chelyilrn serpentina), 200. 
 .Snyder, Dr. J. K., 11»U. 
 Spearpoints, 247. 
 
 " argilllte. 200. 
 
 " •• antiquity of, 260, 
 
 " as " nsh-glg«."2(IO. 
 
 miiximum size of, 2.50. 
 
 pvolnible use of. 2.58 
 twisted or "rifled 
 
 26S. 
 
 Splndle-sockct stones, 102. 
 
 Sqnier, E. (i., 2.33. 415. 
 
 Squler an<l Davis, Messrs., 17, ttG, 307, 330, 
 
 3(i9,378. 
 St. Catttlina Island, Cal., steatite quarry 
 
 on, 18<i. 
 Steatite food vessels, 185. 
 
 " " " how manufactured, 
 lS(i, 188. 
 
 " quarry in New England, lv8. 
 Stevens, K. T., ISO, 329. 
 Stirling, l»r. K., 370. 
 Stnbbs, Dr. Chas. H., 351. 
 Susqnelnninn river. Pa., valley of, arrow- 
 
 lieails from, 288, 292. 
 Susquehanna river. Pa., 
 
 2(i, 27. 
 
 axes, 
 copper 
 
 drills, 
 
 flsh- 
 
 flint 
 
 hand 
 
 net- 
 
 pol- 
 
 Susquehanna " " " 
 
 implements, 414. 
 Susqnelianna river, " " 
 
 11,5. 
 Susqueliiinna " " " 
 
 I- pears. 273. 
 Susquehanna river, " " 
 
 knives. Si. 
 Susquehanna " " '< 
 
 hanmiers, 420. 
 Susquehanna river, " " 
 
 sinkers, 240. 
 Susquehanna river, '• " 
 
 ished stone drills, 118. 
 Swanton, Vermont, implements fl'ora an- 
 cient graves near, 374. 
 Swiss lakes, celts from. 42. 
 Stvitzerland. flint scrapers from. 121. 
 Syria, stone implements from, 45. 
 
 Tapley, D. .T., 360. 
 Tazous Indians, 325. 
 Tennessee, <day pipes, 327. 
 " flint daggers, 203. 
 
 " polished scraper from, 131. 
 
 " sliell disk from, 73. 
 
 Teshoas, 138. 
 
 Wyoming Territory, 138. 
 " New Jersey, l;f8. 
 TitusvlUe, New Jersey, carved stone ft"om, 
 
 384 
 Tooker, W. VV., 209, 439. 
 Totems, 72. .383. 
 1'rentou gravels, antiquity of, 472. 
 
 " " mammalian remains 
 
 found in, 483. 
 " " origin of, 522. 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey, an Indian village 
 site, 372. 
 " " " clay pot from, 174. 
 
 " " " deposit of axes 
 
 tound at, 33. 
 
j(W"gpi'> 
 
 560 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Trenton, New Jersey, mortnrin bowlder, 
 nt. ISI. 
 " " " pipe fi-oin, 326. 
 
 Trinkets, 40». 
 Tiiukerton, Now Jersey, slioll-heapH nenr, 
 
 " " " spearpoints, 271. 
 
 Uh'-Bfao-KwathS. !W. 
 Vnaliic-htKo, see Delaware Indians, 
 UnanilK, Hee Delaware Indians. 
 17. !i. NntlonnI MuRonm, (14. 
 U. 8. Survey, West inotli Merid., 20, 70, 81, 
 88, 2IKi, aoiO, 30(1, 40.5. 
 
 Vannxem. Gardner, U'^. 
 
 VenuH mercenaria. see shell-heaps, 
 
 Vermont, ariiiwheads, 2H0. 
 
 " bird-shaped stone from, .TO. 
 
 " clay pots fiom, 17S, 170, 181, ' 
 
 " pestles nrom, 102, 
 
 Walrus, bones of, in drift Rravels, 483. 
 
 WarroniCo., New Jersey, hematite imple- 
 ments, 4(1. 
 
 Welllleet, Cape Cod, Mass., carved stone 
 representing hnman tuce, from, 300. 
 
 Whitney. Prof. J. D., ». 421, 
 
 Whittlesey, Col. Chas.. 370, 
 
 Williams. RoKcr. 2:t». 325. 
 
 Wilaon. Dr. Tianlel, 31. 
 
 Wisconsin, c ipper implements, 410. 
 
 " palished drill-like Implements, 
 
 111), 
 " pottery. 181. 
 
 WIttmerdlsk. see DiHuoldnl stones, 
 
 Woollev. Cliiis. K.. 447. 
 
 Wyman. Prof. .lolfrios, 171, 173, 205,211, 
 2in, 431), 440, 444, 448, 403, 
 
 Yardville, New Jersey, an Indian village 
 site, 151. 
 
 
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