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HUESTIS 1888. ,.•(,1 ■iPI!l L7% 198(; Kiitorcd, acronlini; to the Act of tlie Parliament of (iTiiada, in the year ono thousand ciy-ht hundred and i'ii;ht.v-('i({ht, hy Rkv. .Iamkh Kittlk, M.A , in the Ollic-e iif thr Minister of Atfrieulture, iit Ottawa. J PREFACE. Mr. Coleridge observes that thera are three points which the writer of a book must settle in his preface, viz., to what sort his book belongs, for what description of readers it is intended, and what is the specific end it is to answer. Accepting this view as satisfactory, my preface shall con- sist mainly of brief replies to these three inquiries. In reference to the first point, I answer that my little book does not treat of Philosophy, Science or Theology, though it is not out of harmony with what is known in these high spheres of thought. Nor does it belong to the more popular, if less elevated, realm of thought — the biographical fiction, or histori- cal romance. The sort to which it does belong, but of which it is merely a fragment, is the historical. It describes, how- ever, an epoch of rare interest in the history of our Anglo- Saxon race and of human progress. As to the description of persons for whom I intend the book, I answer — I offer it to all who love the religious and rational freedom, to all who cherish the traditions and I memory, for all the descendants — natural or political — of the IV PREFACE. heroic fathers who in 1588 struggled against and conquered the despotism and intolerance of the Chief Priest and the Most Catholic King of Christendom, and won the heritage of freedom and independence which has fallen to their children. I intend it especially for the young of this large family, the great Anglo-Saxon household. To them 1588 was not only an era in their history, as a race, but in progress toward freedom of intelligence, of civil rights and of religion. The heirs of such an inheritance must not sink into supineness or indifference in regard to it, but must clearly recognize and firmly stand by and defend it, if possible, extending the blessings it brings to those who yet enjoy them not. Then, as to the end the book seeks to promote, I answer — It is the enlightening, elevation and exaltation of men's aims, principles and character. It is the exaltation of patriotism and piety above material and present interests. To show the people of our time, as the struggle of 1588 so clearly does, that the victory of great principles, of human rights, of freedom in our relations to God and men, are better worthy of a struggle than the conquest of territory or the triumphs of material wealth or advantage. I shall only add that I have carefully consulted the best authorities within my reach, both on the events directly belong- ing to my subject, and those contemporary with it. I have, as I'erd v|lso, Jphur Besid llizal Frc thirty 'he ( raries, in rec !chara( PREFACE. J conquered ist and the ) heritage of eir children. ) family, the as not only ress toward ligion. The ) supineness ly recognize ^tending the 1 not. I answer — men's aims, |f patriotism o show the ilearly does, rights, of |tter worthy e triumphs ;o some extent will be seen in the pages of the book, consulted or Icited : " Hume's History of England," — " Macaulay's Essays P^d Criticisms,"—" Camden's Annals of England,"— "Knight's IHistory of England," — Motley's volumes on " The Rise of the f) utch Republ ic, " and on " The United Netherlands, "— " Froude's history of England," — " Hallam's Constitutional History of Ingland," — " Green's History of the English People," both the ,"■'»■ forger and smaller works — '* McFarlane's Pictorial History of Ifengland," — " Macintosh's History of England," — " Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella," (for character of the Inquisition) — j|lso, '* Dr. McCrie's History of the Reformation in Spain," — Jphurch Histories of both Scotland and England, for the era. Resides collateral helps, such as " Aikens' Court and Times of |Elizabeth,"—«Creighton's Age of Elizabeth," etc. From one source the information is now more copious than thirty or forty years ago, i.e., in regard to the Spanish side. 'he correspondence of Philip the Second and his cotempo- raries, which was long kept concealed, has been made accessible |in recent days, and has furnished much fuller knowledge of his ^character and of his age than was before enjoyed. ;d the best ^ctly belong- I have, as CONTENTS. Annus Mirabilis Magnates on the Spanish Side Leaders on the Knglish Side The Causps and Motives of the Invasion Paoi. 9 14 24 31 Causes, Motives and Designs of the Invasion (continufd) 37 The Armada 42 The Spanish Army . . . . 48 Various Delays in the Sailing of the Armada . . 53 England's Danger 63 England's Danger on the Papal Side . . . 73 England's Danger, from a Military Point of View . . 84 England's Preparations for War— Naval and Military 93 The King of Spain Prescribes the Plan of Movement . . 104 The Struggle up the Channel ..111 The Struggle oflF Calais 128 The Battle of Gravelines 138 The Shattered Armada Escaping by the North Sea . . 153 CONTENTS. Cdap. XVIII. The Political Effects of the Defeat on the King of Spain 17(; XIX. Joyful Thanksgiving in England 17J| XX. The Character of the Victory , . 18( XXI. Ejects of the Victory on the Cause of Freedom . . 19c XXII. Its Effects on F]ngland's National Life 20C XXIII. Evidences of the Ruling of a Divine Hand . . 20[ XXIV. Our Heritage should be Preserved . . 21' XXV. A Lesson from the Fathers of 1588 to their Canadian Children 22T vu: Pao 5 of Spain 17( . . 171 • • 18( m 19: . . 20( 2(K Canadian 2i: 227 i588 OR THE TERCENTP:NARV of ENGLAND'S GREAT VICTORY OVER SPAIN AND THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA. CHAPTER I. ANNUS MIUABILIS. '• Our fathers have told ua wliat works thou didst in their days, in the times of old."— David. Sfim MONO the years memorable in English spicuous i^^l^i *^ ° ^MtE ^^•'^^^O'' ^t^<^t?n hundred and eighty- f ifW eight will long hold, on many accounts, a conspicuous place. In that year England began to illustrate such latent powers, imperial Hand's courage and superior skill in naval warfare, iMre great- then that she soon successfully asserted her right to lowed, be styled mistress of th^ seas, an honour hitherto I 10 THE TERCENTENAKY OF enjoyed by Spain. Also, in the promptness with whicli she organized, from crude and undisci- plined materials, a numerous and patriotic army of defence, she proclaimed her love of queen and country, of home and altar, as well as her purpose to defend them against all invaders. The best of her people gave no less decisive proof of settled purpose to maintain the prin- ciples of political and religious liberty and in- dependence than they had given of sincerity in receiving and openly professing them. We ai« of those heroic sires by whom they were so sires who '' •' won the nobly and successfully achieved, the tribute of mlieritance. a loving remembrance and appreciative mention, li I Ml :!'?l ■>!• . 12 THE TERCENTENARY OF We tell our generation, and they those who follow. Recalling the fathers inspires us. The O reeks celebrated the heroic deeds of their fathers, So did the Hebrews. that their honoured names and deeds may never fade or perish from the memory of their children. We also owe it to the young of our own generation that we make known to them the historical traditions and remains which point out the way by which the great race and national heritage we enjoy was secured and won. Then may they in tin-n tell it to the generation following, and so "the unVjorn may arise and tell the same to their children." Besides, it tends to inspire our own patriotism, fill us with wholesome admiration and love of the powerful agents, human and divine, which secured them, and arouses manly purposes in us | to preserve and defend them for those who shall | come after us. The Greek historian, never J I tired writing, the bard singincr, or the orator l speaking of the heroic deeds of their fathers a' i Salamis, Actium, Marathon or Thermopylae | Nor did the sacred historian, prophet or poet | ever cease or weary relating in the loftiest forms of Hebrew eloquence the grand an^l majestic doings of their fathers and their <^aiiia. fathers' God in Egypt, at the Red Sea, in the wilderness, at the Jordan, and in the conquest^ of the Land of Canaan. st intr ^c tlie '■ *" perse ENGLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 13 I" I' ,y never : their Tof our to them ? which race and I red and it to the )orn may n. Eitriotism, d love of ne, which osesin us who shall in, never | le orator fathers a", rmopylce t or poet e loftiest rand and We should Why shoukl not the memory of the noble theineiiiory strug2[le and glorious victory of our English br'iite the ^^^t over the despot of Spain, and his defiant Sieve- Armada, be kept in perpetual remeinl)rance ? |jiieiits of the YYj^y yj^Quld not We, who enjoy the rich and )ast. enduring fruits of the freedom, enterprise, and independence then achieved, write, speak, or sing, as we can, of the heroic deeds by which they have been won ? Or why should this Tercentenary year pass by uncelebrated in Canada, whose civilization is a shoot of the old Anglo-Saxon stock, which not only concjuered the Spanish invader, but which secured, and has preserved for their posterity, all that gives vitality, beneficence and endurance to our civilization ? For the victory of 1588 was not merely that of England over the power of Spain, but of liberty over despotism, of Protestantism over Popery, of modern life and progress over medijiivalism. 8t intro- Before proceeding to relate the causes, li'G the if person- ttiotives, and designs of the Spanish invasion of nl their #ama. England, we will introduce to our readers the principal personages who acted in, brought on, or directed the drama of that bold enterprise. - 'i Sea, in the e conquest V > 14 THE TERCENTENARY OF lis pi |)pea CHAPTER I[. MAGNATKS ON THE Sl'ANISH SIDE. 3tan It'll t. First, the King of Spain him- self. |i i I ^)^^|N the side of Spain there was, first of all L\ tlio kiuii himself, wlio was son and 1 heir of tlie Emperor Charles the Fiftli | On t'le niorniii!^ of ahiiost any day in the spring J[,)iofi, of l')NS, there miojlit be seen enterinsx a cabinet *^'"'^*-''' in the jialace of the Escorial* a man of shun stature, narrow chest, spindling legs and meagr pln'sii^ue. His hair was gray and close cut, his IS (les * The Escorial, or Escurial, was a magnificent pile oj Imildings erected by I'hili]) the Second on an elevated a^ lonely plateau in the very centre of Spain, some twenty' .seven miles west of Madrid. It was undertaken soon aftdj the battle of St. Quentin (in 1 ")o7), and was nearly tweiin| years in course of erection. It was designed for the tri]v| purpose of a palace, a fortress, and a convent. The pii^j was erected in honor of St. Lawrence, on whose day tlj victorious battle of St. ((►uentin was fought with Franc and to whom I'liilip ascribed his victory. That saint has suffered martyrdom, as it will be remembered, by beiii roasted on a gridiron, and hence the peculiar form of tM Escurial, which is after the pattern of the saint's instri)| ment of torture. Ib.SoIut de.- his g 'nmeii England's victory over the armada IS SIDE. „s, first of all t^as son and les the Fit'tli. in the sprin;; nf a cabinet Vein of shun | s and meagri' close cut, his nificent pile oj an elevated ;iii ; II, some twenty taken soon afti:| ,s nearly t\Vfiu;| 3(1 for the trill'.'! ivent. The pi'/ 1 whose day tl.^ it with Fraiut That saint liaj jered, by beiii| iliar form of tl| e saint's instrtt [ngenial, stant and lent. plodding rorker at is desk. lis personal e^'es a bluc-gray, his forehead wide, his nose ppearance. loneople'8 ives, pro- perty, etc. even his whims, was observed and obeyed. No one dare challenge any of his deeds, or ask a reason for his most arbitrary and intolerant exercise of power. He claimed the power of life an , relatives, and to hriniij the countries over | which these princes exercised power, to suli mit to the papal see. He, therefore, otiercf King Philip stimulatinjj^ arguments in woni-yJI^'l^'ll^' and money to help on the scheme of the inva sion of Eni,dand. Tt is true His Holiness loveii • money, and only after loncf barjjfaininnf witb Philip promised to give one million gold ducat; | to the great enterprise. For by it, above every thino- else, he was confident he would b' ^ enabled to strike down heresy in England ] and restore her to the ancient faith. Hhniite. tt ENfJLAND's VICTORY OVEll THE ARMADA. 23 lorht up in| a^siiinod his lioait orness fori ' ap]irov('(i prise. lit of excom- eids of allij 11 — nf;{iinsi^ ileiit, King Queen ol both hopcMl ity for hi« itries over or, to suli- ore, oliert'ii s in word" if the iuva liness loved lining witl cto\i\ ducat: ,h()ve every would b' 11 England th. ie Maniuiw There was besides, the Marquis of Santa S.uitii ... rux Cap- Crux, to whom tlie kuig tirst assigned the in ^,'ciit'riil in . 1 • • .1 » 1 Itlu'Ar- work ot preparing ano,000li^indred and fifty thousand, which, our readers liopidation. will observe, is little more than the estimated population of our own city of Toronto at the present time. Next after the (pieen we may mention tlie name of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester — a gallant courtier, an enterprising general, and chosen favourite of tlie queen, to whom she entrusted the chief command of her army at the crisis of the invasion. Leicester, though ambitious, and inclined to be vainglorious, yet freely spent his fortune and talents in the queen's service, and on belialf of his country and of liberty. There was also the accomplished and bril- liant young nobleman, Kobt.M-t Devereux, Earl of Essex, whose career closed both unhappily and early. He was younger l)y a whole gene- ration than Leicester, yet, after the hitter's death, he became the queen's special favourite The Earl of Essex. "'1 ' «i .ii 28 THE TERCENTENARY OF Lord Bur- leigh, ere- while Sir William Cecil. Sir Fnancis Walsliing- ham, First Minister of Elizabeth. in her most capricious days — a distinction which proved fatal, though for the time tending to his promotion. He di [\\ char- 5k dis- japable, |e great rer had |us an l mnltitu.lesof . J ^j^^ ^^^^ branded them with the odious Moors ami ' ^ ' name, Ivjidel, then in the spirit, not of the Christ, but of His enemy, she destroyed their lives, refusing to save them. A new and fruitful field opened before thi.s merciless instrument of Spanish despotism when the Reformation began to draw away many of those who before belonged to the opened a new field for established church. In her bigotry and pride the Inquisi- o • i • i i • ^ i i» tion. Ibpain claimed and exercised a monopoly oi papal zeal, and was known and acknowledged as the most devoted nation of Europe in the maintenance of the papacy, and relentless oppo- sition to every form of dissent. Tlie Refer ination " The Inquisition had a fatally perfect organ- ization throughout her territory. It was sus- tained by all the power of tb.e Crown. It had its spies among the familiars, who entered .1 M 34 THE TERCENTENARY OF The famil- every home and presumed to know even the ami' Domini- thouglits of every heart. It had its inc^uisitors cans, work g^^^\ executioners amonfj the Jesuits and Domi- the machine. , " nicans, who laid relentless hands on all sus- pected of heresy, and with iron grasp held theiu till they had expiated the crimes with which they were accused, with torture, exile or their In the Neth- blood. In the Netherlands, which were in- erhuuls 100,- i i i • r)i -i- . i • • ii, t • -l- 000 fell by cluded in rhilips dominions, the Inquisition the Inquisi- jj^d been set up by Charles V. From the bo- tion troni .. Pi-rip I5'2l-1555. ginnini]; of the Reformation to the abdication ot Charles in 1555, we are informed on excellent authority that " there were burned, strangled, beheaded or buried alive for such offences as reading the Scriptures, looking askance at a graven image, or ridiculing the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in a wafer, not less than a hundred thousand persons."* The effects The terror of the Inquisition paralyzed, strument on almost extinguished, the young life of the Re- ^pcun, d y, £(jj,jjjg^^^Qjj jjj Spain, Italy, and parts of Germany, So closely did its minions watch, so quickly swoop down upon, and so relentlessly punish, all who accepted, favoured, or were sus- pected of favouring the reformed religion, that few were left who dare own the odious heresy. To such state of feeling did the devotees of the rights. * Motley. ENCJLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. io Inquisition strive to bring the people, tliat they would regard the reformed religion as a plague or pestilence, which re(|uired for the safety of the well tliat those infected should be cut off from amon1 ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 41 » ,1 Phih'p'9 in- decision. He evades an answer to the inquiry, " F(jr what does he prepare " ? 'S to ■ Wlien the " 1 ged ■ yto ■ ing- ■ Armada is )repared,the dnif ma^ni- fies its power, and hopes to terrify Eng- land, b of ■ use ■ ■ 3wn H prise in the Escorial. He fears to decide upon it, thouf^h he lonirs for the results he imacrines will certainly flow from it. It will recjuire vast resources and preparations — provisions, ships, munitions, monev and men. He writes to his favourite f]jenoral, the Duke of Parma, in the Low Provinces, and asks his views. He waits, and hesitate.^: ^a taking decisive action. Even when preparations begin to bo made, he thinks they may be directed to the Indies or the con- quest of another province. When challenged by foreign ministers as to the design of these large preparations now going on, he dissembles and evades the inquiry. He does not openly acknowledge his designs until his fleet is almost readv for sea. Then he regards it as a power so mighty and irresistible that bespreads abroad its fame and magnifies its power, that he may strike terror into the hearts of the Eng- lish, and break down their courage and humble their spirits before he has struck a blow. It is needless to say it had no such effects on them either first or last, 1 <^ i i , l\. < i ]' ', \ h •i i 42 THE TERCENTENARY OF CHAPTER VI. THE ARMADA. The prepara- tion of the Armada, The means derived from conquests. The place of rendezvous Lisbon on the Tagus. |HE Armada provided for tlie invasion of Eno-land comprised the naval streno-th of Spain, and was provided by the gold which, of late years, had flowed into the nation's cofters from the East and West Indies, and from the conquests and mines of Mexico and Peru. The sliipyards of all the principal ports of Sicily, Naples, Spain and Portugal constantly resounded for over three years with the ring of shipl^uilding and the bustle of preparation for war. The great ren- dezvous toward which all vessels, war-ships, transports, tenders, etc., moved, and in which all stores, munitions, provisions, soldiers, sutlers, etc., gathered, was Lisbon on the Tagus. There, during fifteen eighty-six, seven and eight, were collected great galleons, galeases and galleys, too'ether with squadrons of smaller ships, from ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 43 The number of ships in the Armada. The form and appear- ance of the largest. Rooms of state, chap- els, etc. Biscay, Andalusia, Guiposcoa, as well as Castile, Sicily, Naples and Portu<.,'al. The fleet of the Armada consisted of one hundred and thirty-four ships, of which nearly one hundred were galleons, galeases and gal- leys — ships of the largest size. The galleons, about sixty in number, were huge, wide oval- shaped structures. Their bulwarks were very heavy, being three to four feet in thickness. Each was built up V)oth fore and aft, prow and stern, in the form of a castle, in which were various rooms for the service of the ship. Between those castles the sides curved down to near the water's edge at midships. The galeases were considerably larger than the galleons. Each had one castellated fortress at the stern, and another, a little smaller, at the bows. Between these were the seats of the rowers, who were galley slaves, about three hundred in numoer on each ship. In the fortress, which iti some cases was shot proof, were rooms of state, oratorys and chapels for w^orship, pulpits, gilded saints, madonnas, and bands of music. The galleys resembled in almost every respect those just described, but were somewhat smaller. ThesQ - 'FT! ■ ■ ■ t ■' ■ \ 1 1>I \n ti'H .')(«« 44 THE TERCENTENARY OF 111 con- structed for storms. Fine targets, Too high in their range to strike their ene- mies. Ten squad- rons in all. The Captain General the Duke of Me dina Sitlo- nia. Vice-Admi- raldeLeyva. large vessels were ^rand for spectacular imposingness and for effect, as every writer who has described them has observed. Nothinor could have exceeded the Spanish fleet in this respect. But for war purposes, and for success- fully na"' iwa,. ^ stormy r-eas nothing worse in the line of shipbuildhig was ever constructed. They were too high and lieavy above For their depth and d»'auc!;l'-' below. Little or no canvas dared be spr.au oi^ r/iic. i in OL'dinary weather ; but whei stoiKiS pre^a^led they could not be manag.jci, as th- .• .\'fusei- ■/ obey either rud'o of their own ujenerallv fell far over the hea Is of theif enemies. Siiips of such bulk, build and arrangement had never before bt^en used in European warfare. The whole fleet was divided into ten squa'lrons. There was the squadron of Portugal, of Castile, of Andalusia, of Biscay, of Guiposcoa, of Italy, of Ureas, and four smaller squadrons. The squadron of Portugal was in immediate command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, Captain-General of the Armada. The Vice-Ad- miral was Don Alonzo de Levvt,. The fleet > ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 45 Parts of ar- luamuiit ('aravels, stones and wiliUire. Chivalrous volunteers two thou- sand in number. Priests, friars, Jes- uits, and chief of the Inquisition. was worked by eight thousand seven hundred and forty- six (8,740) sailors, and two thousand and eij^lity-eight (2,088) galley shives. It was armed with three thousand one hundred and sixty-five (S.lOo) pieces of cannon, and carried over twenty thousand soldiers, and had a ton- nage of ahout sixty thousand tons (G0,000). There was, besides, some twenty lighter ships called caravels, each having ten slaves and six oars, attending the fleet. Every ship had " two boat loads of stones to throw in the time of fight, and wildfire to be given out to the most expert." There was also a gallant force of vol- vmteers, some two thousand strong, most of them ambitious members of the most noble families of Spain, Portugal and Italy. There were Don John de Medici, Don Amadeus de Sevoi, and the Dukes of Savionetta and Pas- tronia, all eager for the great enterprise, and confident of its speedy success. There was on board also a large contingent of Jesuits, friars and priests, who were to be spir- itual ct^iides to the soldiers, and to labour as missionaries in the conversion of England when the people were vanquished. Chief and head of all this spiritual force was Don Martin Alac- ' ' ' , I ' 46 THE TERCENTENARY OF Poyjish books. Instruments con, administrator of the Inquisition. He had of torture. .,,... With him, it is said, a plentiful supply of those ^pointed ar^^'uments — neck-stretchers, pincers, thumb-screws, and all such instruments as humble the proud, and dispose hard-hearted persons to sorrow, if not repentance. He also had a large store of mass books, manuals of matins and vespers, a good many relics and bones of dead saints, and plenty of rosaries. He had, besides, a foul and libellous book, en- titled, "An admonition to the nobility and people of England and Ireland, concerning the present war, made for the execution of his holiness' sentence, by the high and mighty King Catholic of Spain." It was signed Allen, Character of Cardinal of England. This book, which was this book against the an insult to the whole nation, charged the queen. foulest slanders on the queen's birth, right to the throne, and on her character as a Christian. Its design was to alienate her Catholic subjects from the queen's person and absolve them from obligation to her, that so they might the more eagerly conspire to set up in England the authority of Philip and the pope. It served an opposite purpose. ENGLAND'S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 47 The number The whole number of souls on board the Ar- 30,000. iiuula exceeded thirty thousand. On the eve of The Armada its departure the Arma-o's hastai'(l of Savoy, the ])astard of Medina, the uuinp. Arcliduke Charles, iie|)lie\v of the emperor, the princes of Ascoli and Melli, and many like them, toufether with such Enijlisli traitors as Pallet, Westmoreland and Stanley, all luirried to the camp of Farnese, as to some famous tournament in wliich it were a disgrace to chiv^alry if their names were not enrolled."'* Kin i. c t?\ neglected by tion tor the Duke or rarmas troops trom i^lan- i»g- j^.j,g ^Q England. He had made no provision of ships or transports for this important part of the service. He forgot that, however brave and powerful Parma's troops might be, they could not conquer England if they remained at Ghent in Flanders. Th" duke, however, The duke made prodigious etibrts to provide the neces- supplics the oversight by sary means of transportation for his cavalry energy and . great effort, and infantry from Dunkirk, Newport, Grave- lines, and the Scheldt to the Thames in Eng- land. He set all carpenters, shipbuilders and shipwrights of every kind which he was able *U. N., p. 579. KNOLANDS VICTORY OVER TFIE ARMADA. 51 Till! trans- ports uii- uriiiud. Parma's sol- diers not provi of these vessels had any armament, nor were capable of resisting violent storms. Tliey would serve, however, if the Armada should shield them all the wav across tliL* Channel, if no English ships and no adverse winds opposed. But how were they to <^et under the protection of the Armada? It could not f^o to them. They could not come to ^; because an English tleet lay between. As matters turned out, they were strong, saf<' and sutficient. For none of them were ever used or found to be necessary. This whole armament for the dethroning of Elizabeth, the conquest and conversion of Eng- land was a marvel to an age in which ships of twelve or thirteen hundred tons were seldom seen, and in which armies of sixty thousand men seldom came together, much less crossed the seas. Here was a whole fleet, numbering from a hundred to a hundred and fifty sail, nearly all great ships. It has eleven thousand 'fH! I in iif i 52 THE TERCENTENARY OF fail ? veterans, nearly as many recruits, on board, some two thousand noble volunteers. It has over eight thousand sailors, and nearly halt' that number of ijuns. It has about three hun- dred barefooted friars and inquisitors, and a An une- total tonnafije of sixty thousand tons. Such a quailed force of invasion, ficet had never before invaded any land. How How, said pa!i it fail, under such favourinijf circumstances, many, can it r, > in such a holy cause, with so many prayers, said superstitious Catholics ? Surely, said they, when to this great, this invincible Armada is conjoined the vetei'an army of Par- ma — some sixty thousand strong — all moving under the command of the greatest general of the age, Eiiglaml must speedily fall, and glory cover Spain and all her invading force ! The King who rules in heaven had otherwise determined. 'm ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 53 CHAPTER VIII. VARIOUS DELAYS IN THE SAILING OF THE ARMADA. The I )lilll o icing 8 f at eseen occurrences cons narations t' pirec ?(1 an a del ^y the Armada's saiiin '4- kiriir reached a settled once iiivad- pui'poso — or as settled as he was cajiable of ing England impossible. reachm . i neither a surnciently strong rleet nor properly equipped army could be put in readiness for Again, in that vcar. There seemed little doubt, however, 1587, that if resources, energy and Nkill could suc- ceed, all would be in readiness in 1587. In the 54 THE TERCENTENARY OF •■I I T' I Ml J: spring of that year squadrons of ships were beginning to float in every considerable har- bour of Spain and Portugal from Biscay to Cadiz. Many were hastening to the common Anunexpect- rendezvous in Lisbon. An unexpected and ed disaster i i i • ■ causes fur- somewhat alarming interruption again occur- e ay. ^^j^ ^^^^1 (.jj^^g^^j .j^ ^^jj[ further delay. Admiral Qn the second of April, Admiral Drake, who Drake makes a descent on had already done much da,mage to Spanish ship- Cadiz and destroys pi^i^ ^'"^'-^ Commerce in the Wfst Indies and on many valu- ^, i • i i £• ^ , able stores the ocean, appeared with a squadron oi twcnty- snps. six English ships off the harbour of Cadiz, on the south of the peninsula. He found much shipping in the harbour, a squadron about to sail for Lisbon, and o^reat naval stores ready for transportation and use. He had come out from Plymouth on this expedition to ascertain what reality there was in the rumours of pre- paration for the invasion of England, and, if opportunity presented itself, to strike an early Drake's let- blow. He wrote to Walsh ingham, in his own teron the i. i 4.1 • 4-' u- 1 1. day he peculiar style, on the morning ot his departure starts on his ,. ,-,, , c- • 1 1 .< r,^^ • 1 expedition, ii'oui Plymouth. Said lie: ihe wind com- mands me away. Our ships are under sail. God grant we may so live in His fear as the ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 55 enemy shall have cause to say that God doth fight for her majesty as well abroad as at home."* Prake enters On the ninth of the same month lie dashed 9th of April, into the harbour of Cadiz in the face of the * Admir;il Drake, the hero o the struggle with the Armada, was the son of a Kentish cler^vnian of the Puri- tan stamp, to which party in tlie Cliurch Drake inclined, if he did not actually behmg. He possessed many high virtues beside capacity, talent, enteri)nse and experience. He was renowned for moral courage, integrity, trust in God, devotion to duty and to his countiy. He reminds us in many respects of the Protector, Oliver CiX)m\vell, who appears in English history more than half a century later ; notably in his religious j)hraseology, his boldness of action, his conviction that (»od was on his side, that he could not fail in his battles because the Divine arm, on which he trusted, never failed. Of all this his words, actions and sentiments, recorded in this little volume, give ample evidence. Here is a specimen : He says : — "Powerful as the Spaniards were, they were still but sons of mortal men, for the most part enemies to the truth, ujiholders of Dagon's image, which had already fallen before the Ark ; so long as their ships would float, and they had food to eat, he and his men were ready to stay on the coast, and he was especially anxious the (jueen should allow him to do so ; the continuing to the end yielded the true glory ; if Hannibal liad followed his victoiies he wo\ild never have been taken by Scipio ; and when men thoroughly believed that what they were doing was in defence of their religion and country, a merciful God for Christ's sake would give them victory, nor would Satan and his ministers prevail against tliem. " '■■W B.^ u THE TERCENTENARY OF great guns frowning from the fortress upon him, in spite of six hirge galeases at the entrance of the harbour, into the very midst of a large squadron ready to sail for the gen- Destroys one eral rendezvous at Lisbon. He made himself hundred ves- sels, ten master of the harbour, destroyed or captured, thousand tons valu- able provi sions. Raids Cape St. Vincent. between galleons and store ships, over one hundred, and over ten thousand tons of lading, — raisins, dried fruits, biscuits, etc., all in less than thirty-six hours. Then on his return, off the coast of Portugal, and at Cape St. Vincent, he destroyed or captured more than three score vessels of all sizes. He also threatened Lisbon, Challenges and challenged the Spanish admiral, Santa the Spanish admiral at Cruz, to come out with his ships and light him Lisbon to , t • i i i-' fight him. in the open sea. Ihe admiral declined the contest, and allowed him without molestation to complete his work of destruction. He was about to engage in the daring enterprise of investing the city of Lisbon, when he received orders from the queen, who was prosecuting peace negotiations with Parma, to return to England. He abandoned his enterprise and set sail the next morning for England. Thus, He "singed in his own quaint words, "he singed the king's beard. "^ beard." And besides getting certain knowledge ENGLAND S VICTORY OVEU THE ARMADA. 57 ■I. He delayed tlu'ir readi- ness for a year. Learned liow to handle the Spanish ships. Admiral Santa Crnx dies as tlie Armada is ready is sail. Tlie Duke of Medina Sid- onia ap- j)()inted (.'a])tain-gen- eral in his stead. of the preparations that were being made, he learned a useful lesson as to the best mode.s of handling the light and active English ships against the large and heavy galleons of Spain. This bold and successful raid so affected the preparations of the Armada that all could not be got in readiness before the opening of the next year. This gave England further time for preparation. To the ]\[ar(|uis of Santa Crux, who had been in charge of all the preparations of the fleet, the king committed its supreme com- mand, with the title and dignity of Captain- General of the Armada. When, however, all was ready for sailing, this brave officer, worn with the cares of the preparation, and chilled by the coldness towards him of his master, fell ill of a violent fever, and suddenly died. In his stead the king appointed the Duke of Medina Sidonia — a man of noble family and plentiful fortur.e, but with very little know- ledge or experience of service upon the sea. It was pertinently remarked at the time that " the king had succeeded the iron marquis with a golden duke." The vice-admiral also died about the same time, and in as unex- s 5 58 THE TERCENTENARY OF pected a manner; his successor has been already named. These changes, unfortunate for Spain, proved advantageous to England. They de- layed the sailing of the fleet for a month, and so gave the English a little longer time to pre- pare. They also offered them less experience with which to contend when the great struggle came. The Armada At length, on the twenty-eighth of May, sails on the 28th of May, 1588, Admiral Medina Sidonia issued the 1588. ^ 1,1,. orders to be observed on this voyage to the Leaves the shores of England. On the next day, a siijnal- Tagus and , ^^^ -^ p _ enters the gun beinof fired, the wholo Armada, consisting; sea with grand roll of of ten squadrons, dropped down the Tagus from under the towers of Belim, led by the squad- ron of the captain-general. As lie left the harbour he sounded his trumpet, every captain instantly did the same, and the whole Armada put to sea with a grand blare of trumpets. Thus, in a most imposing style, the fleet swept out to sea, entered the vast Atlantic, and turned their prows northward toward the shores of England. All hearts were full of confidence and hope, anticipating a prosperous voj^age, a happy meeting with the troops of Parma, and a speedy conquest of England. ENGLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 59 ! 1 Puts into Corunna. The Armada All regarded tlic proud fleet as Invincible, and designated and esteemed SO gave it the designation, which has ever by common . ^^ ' . consent suicc, With an unrelentnig irony, clung to it. A torm Before they had reached Cape Finisterre, the falls on the ^^Qst northerlv point of Spain, a violent storm Armada ott "^ ^ ' the coast of overtook them, which seriously broke and scat- Spain and disables it. tered the fleet. Some ships were lost, many disabled, and all the remainder were in need of repair. They therefore put into Corunna to refit. For a whole month the fleet lay in the harbour Jiaving everything again put in readi- ness for sea, and waitinc: for favourable weather. F^lizabcth, Exagoerated news of this disaster soon hearing of thf disaster, reached England. Queen Elizabeth, thinking advises Ad- miral How- the invasion would not be again attempted ardtolayup • i • j his ships and that season, and eager to economize, advised part of his Admiral Howard to laj^ up his ships in Ply- sai ors. mouth and dismiss a portion of his sailors. Admiral Before acting on this economical advice the Howard re- _ "" ^ connoitres admiral thought it most patriotic first to as- the Armada. . certain how much harm had been wrought by the storm. He also hoped that, perchance, he might co-operate with the elements in further crippling the Armada. Accordingly he sallied out from Plymouth with a portion of his fleet, m THK TERCENTENARY OF Finds it not seriously damagetl. Urges re- newed pre- parations. Parma, in a spirit of dis- simulation, negotiates for peace. The queen also desired it if possible. steering' toward Corunim. But learninf^ the fleet liad not been so badly disabled as re- ported, and seeing the winds favourable for bearing tlieni toward England, he feared they miglit reach it in his absence, and so he speedily retraced his course to Plymouth. He had not yet begun to (Hspose of his ships or diminish his statt' of sailors, but, on the con- trary, urged more earnestly increased prepara- tion for the approach of the invincible Armada, which he knew would soon appear. During the delay caused in the sailing of the Armada, the Duke of Parma, by the directions of Philip, amused and engaged Elizabeth in meaningless peace negotiations. The queen sent plenipotentiaries to treat of the business in Flanders. The Hollanders utterly refused to participate in the negotiations. England and Spain carried them on for some time, espe- cially dealing with preliminaries. Spain dis- sembled and concealed her designs, for she was at the same time increasing her preparations for the invasion. The queen wished peace, but a peace without sacriticing the Netherlands, was impossible. That Elizabeth would have yielded to such treachery toward her Protest- ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. Gl Tlie zeal of the English. Stimulated to tlie high- est pitch by the atroci- ties commit ted against the Protest ants of P'rance and the Nether- lands. ant allies is hardly credible. She, too, may have been gaining time to prepare for a .strug- gle, which she still hoped might be averted. Elizabeth looked with comparative indifference on the religious aspects of the struggle of the Netherlands. But the growing fanaticism of the Catholics, the prevailing importunities of the Jesuits — Allen and Parsons and Co. — with Philip, and the various atrocities which had been committed by the Spanish and French Catholics, aroused the Protestants of England, whose zeal more than compensated for the queen's apathy. The tidings which, from time to time, reached the people through re- . turned soldiers, officers, refugees or travellers . (newspapers were as yet hardly known),* of * It is of interest to notice the entrance into life, in the midst of the excitements and solicitudes of 1588, of that new and powerful agent for speedily spreading among the people intelligence of matters of public interest — thk NEWSi'Ai'EK. Till this time despatches and brief notices from the Government to the people were made in writing. Matters of more detail, on politics, or observance of the laws, were circulated in pamphlets. The convenience of combining in one these two modes of communicating with the people became apparent to the Ministry. Accordingly, in April, 1588, the first nundjer of the Emjlixh Mrrcury was issued for this purpose, and seems thereafter to have appeared daily, or almost every day. There is framed, in the British Museum, a copy of this paper, dated July li; -Miff til 62 THE TERCENTENARY OF The people in advance of the queen, Elizabeth's hope of suc- cess lay in Philip's hesi' tating tem- per. Alva's butcheries in the Low Countries — tlie horrid massacre of St. Bartholomew, the assas- sination of William the Silent of Oransjje, the like attempts on the queen herself, the intoler- ant spirit of Spain and the cruelties of the Spanish Inquisition — these revived in the peo- ple memories of the tragic scenes of Queen Mary's day, and stimulate*! the spirit of Pro- testantism to the highest pitch. The people's , spirit and purpose of resistance to Catholicism was far stronger than the queen's. The Eng- lish people were thoroughly imbued with the love of liberty and independence, and they were determined to contend 4'or the right to enjoy them. Queen Elizabeth's hopes of success with Philip did not spring from a belief she could outrival him in military force and appliances, but from her knowledfje of his character. His temper was slow, hesitating, and over-cautious. He was always waiting and watching for a greater advantage. Elizabeth was active, ver- satile, abrupt but bold in her movements, and acted promptly when she saw an advantage. 23rd, which is marked Number Fifty, pointing back to the date of its first publication. Tlic I ENGLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 63 CHAPTER IX. III!':?" ENGLANDS DANGER. Was Eiig- liinil pre- pared ? .m^- lAVING briefly describod the causes I and design, pointed out the plans, pre- ''Wi^' parations and movements of the force of invasion, let us now inquire what was the state of tilings in England, and what pre- parations were there being made to resist the attack of so formidable a power. Tlie peril of There is no use in trying to conceal the LToat. She greatness or manifoldness of the peril in which • "If reliant and England at that moment stood. From a purely human point of vievv, it seems to us she had far more ground for fear than hope, for dismay than confidence ; yet brave, self-reliant and patriotic, she did not for a moment quail or waver. But she resolutely set herself to the work laid on her, determined to do her whole duty and confide the results to the Supreme Disposer of all things. m 14 Tin-: TKllCENTENAHY OF Dan^'cr from fn tlie first place, sin; was in (laiiijfL'r from the the Catholic ^ ' " (jlcnioiit ill devotees of tli(( papacy who were in En^dand. the country. i i i • i lliat system liad tlien many adlierents in the country. Fully one-lialf the population still adheretl to tlie Catholic Church. Every con- sideration calculated to arouse their relif^ious zeal and sectarian bitternes.s was spread in Pope Sixtus fdarini; colours before them. Pope Sixtus the I' nth 'jxcites Romisli Fifth, noted no less for liis capacity than for bitterness i . • , i against her. ins nitoleranc(\ heartily espoused the enter- Plotsagainst prise. He had been the animating spirit of the abortive ])lot for the murder of Queen Elizabeth, and the advancement of Mary Queen of Scots to the En n i t -i. i o • • i. i aireut in the J^»^'l^^*h a Jesuit and beminary priest, who P " ■ considered himself called to give effect to that part of the pope's bull, which authorizes the removal of the excommunicate from anion;,' the livinij. The Pope's Ballard had obtained the pope's sanction to sanction i i • given. the plot, and secretly pressed forward his Spain to CO- scheme to accomplishment. Disguised in dress opera e. ^^^j name, Ballard travelled over Ennjland as Captain Fortescue, conferring with youni,' Catholics, and incitini; them to engage in his enterprise. This included a Catholic insur- rection in F jo'land as well as the assassin- Seize the ation of the queen. The plan was for the Queen of Scots, liber- CathoHcs to risc in mass as soon as the queen proekamiier had been dispatched, liberate the Queen of Uneeu of o i /■ i • • j. i • i Enirhuul. ►^cots trom her imprisonment, proclaim Jicr Thus would Queen of England, and thus through her, draw England be /,. n i i ^ • i again Oil England and reunite her to Kome. Many united under ,. ,1 i- i i 1 ,1 1 1 her to the Catholic noblemen espoused the cause : lords ._ '•»'»'f ? ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 67 Church of Ki)ine. Babington, of Derby- shire, the cliief actor in carryin;,' out tlic plot of ivssassiua tioii. Six vonu" iiiCMi of the (Hieeii'.s houscliohl enter the j)lot. Percy Arundel, Henry Howard, Stanley, and others, had bound theiJi.selves by an oath to stand by one another and the Church of Rome. Others were ready to co-operate with the Scotch Catholic lords — Maxwell, Huntley, and Claude Hamilton — in eti'ectinor a revolt, and so uniting Scotland and England in Mary's crown. The man most active in executinor the details of the plot of assassination in England was An- thony Babington, of Derbyshire, a susceptible , young gentleman of some fortune and culture, who had come under the spell of Mary's fascin- ations and had devoted hiniself to her cause. Babington had access to Queen Elizabeth's household, to which many Catholics freely re- sorted, and taking dishonourable advantage of his privilege, he enticed six young men, who belonged to the queen's household and had con- stant access to her person, to promise to kill her, stabbing her, or in some safe way dispatch- ins: her; the condition of their so doing being the co-operation of the insurgent Catholics, and of the King of Spain, to liberate the Queen of Scots and Dlace her on the Enorli.sh throne. 1 68 THE TERCENTENARY OF Ballard in- forms Pliilip of the ripe- ness of his scheme and seeks as- surance of his help. Walsliing- ham discov'- ers the plot and brings the guilty to the gallows. Dangers ap- prehended from Scot- land. James VI. approached by Phili]), but secured in the Eng- Ballard went back to the continent, assured Philip all was arranged ; that the English Catholic nobles were ready to move, had even bound themselves by an oath to rise as one man when the King of Spain assured them of his readiness to co-operate with his forces in placing the new queen upon the throne. Walshingham had discovered the plot, secured copies of the correspondence of Babington, Bal- lard and others in the plot. In fact, he knew more about it, in a short time, than any one of the conspirators. When the proper moment came and the scheme was ripe, the conspirators were arrested : they were put on trial. The proof was full and undeniable. The guilty re- ceived the legal rewards of their treasonable con- duct. Terror, exasperation and dread of com- ing evils agitated the hearts of all Catholics. But besides her danger frcra her Catholic people, she was also in danger from her neigh- bour on the north. James VI. of Scotland was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, who had, a few months before, been executed in England for treason. Through his agents, well supplied with Spanish gold, it was known Philip was making every effort to induce James to join ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 69 lish inter- the Spanish cause. Thus it was su<-»-nrested to ests. him he could, as in filial duty he was bound, execute rifjjhteous venrjeance for the execution of his mother. James knew, however, how that mother had murdered his own father and had plotted to deprive him of his royal birth- right in Scotland. Besides, it was known that lords Huntley, Maxwell and other Catholics had formed plans for organizing and putting in motion a revolutionary force as the basis of a Spanish movement in Scotland, or at least for a diversion of the English army so as to weaken its strength against the army of inva- sion which it would have to meet in Enfjfland. (,>u(;en Eliza- To meet and overcome these dangers. Queen Ijetli sends commission- Elizabeth sent commissioners to Scotland to ers to James; she also treat with James and secure him in the inter- ests of England and of Protestantism, which he professed to believe. She also wrote to him in her own hand, presenting, as it is said, " stout arguments," liberal promises and lai'ge pay- The Chureh ments. The Church of Scotland, which was of vScotland . i • > 1 1 • iilsoad- much mterested in their 3'oung kmgs adhesion dresses him. , ti , , , ^ ±^ • • u -n i • to Ennfland, exerted their influence with him both on the ground of his own prospective in- terests as heir of the English crown, and on 70 THE TERCENTENARY OF the fjround of his profession of the reformed religion.* James was secured, and with him Scotland. The three We may observe th]'ee powerful feelinnrs or powerful feelings or impulses in Philip, by one or the other of impulses n i • ^ ^• ' • which ruled which all his public actions were influenced. These were ambition, religion and revenge. The Protestants had successfully resisted his Philip's persecuting measures in the Netherlands. He schemes of ambition had been thwarted in all his schemes for bring- England. ing them to submit to the authority of the papal church, and respect the persecuting edicts of the king and "the Holy Office" of the Inquisi- tion. This, he believed, was mainly due to the intervention of English power and influence. He also had titular claims on the sovereignty of England. He had, as husband of his cousin, the late Queen Mary, eldest daughter of Henry VIII., been styled King of England. After Mary's death the insolent islanders had indeed Will enforce refused to longer recognize the title. He had, his title in England as howcver, never ceased to regard it, and longed he had done - •. i? -i. i tt- in Portugal lor an opportunity or mai iig it good. His ambition would, perhaps, have been already gratified, had not the Princess Elizabeth stood Hetherington, Hist, of Ch. of Scotland, in loco. ENGLAND'S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 71 bition. in the way. Then England W(jul(l have been an appanage of Spain. But liad ho not suc- cessfully nsserted a like claim in right of his deceased wife, Maria of Portugal, only a few years before ? Had he not conquered that country and made it part of his dominions ? The reach of Whv not now do the same in England? He Philii)"s am- "^ _ '^ determines, therefore, to secure it by the force of arms and th.o arbitcament of war. When that is done his Netherland subjects, he thinks, will yield to his will, and even France, which he now divides into two camps — Catholic and Huguenot — will soon fall exhausted under the strain of the conflict. So far does Ins ambition reach. He had also, he thought, great wrongs to avenge. In this lay the deepest motive of his great undertaking. He had, as .sovereiirn of the greatest nation of Europe, been insulted by England. In the first place, she had refused to acknowledixe him as her kintx. Besides, her present queen had rejected his earnest suit, after encouraging it. She had, moreover, in disreiTfard of his intervention, i^iven the head of the Catholic Queen of Scots to the block. The flag of Spain had been insulted on the Seeks re- venge for^ many insults. «* M 72 THE TERCENTENARY OF high seas: many of his ships, with much treas- ure, had been made prizes by Drike, Hawkins, and other English sailors. England's (lueeii had looked on approvingly, instead of punish- ing the leaders in these foul deeds. England must now drink to the dregs the cup of retri- bution which he had poured out for her. The invi-ncible Armada will begin, Parma's army and the Incjuisition will complete her subju- ixation and conversion. ENGLAND S VICTORV OVKll THE ARMADA. 73 CHAPTER X. ENGLAND S DANGER ON THE PAPAL SIDK riiilil)"s fan- ^^vy atical zeal ®ja^ foi' tlie papal '^p^ religion |.|HILIP claiiiKM], liowover, that his sup- reme motive in tliis ijreat " enter- r($i pi^i^e," as lie calleil it, was the love of God and the honour of reliu^ion. By which he meant the coercion into submission to the Church of Rome of all dissentients. In this work he claimed to be the leader and champion, " The point," says Hume, " on which Philip rested his highest glory, the perpetual object of his policy, was to support orthodox^', and ex- terminate heresy." He zealously employed that bloody machine, the Spanish Inquisition, which, with its swarms of monks and familiars, as spies, and Dominicans and Jesuits, as execu- tioners, had already immolated thousands of unoffending Moslems, Jews, and Protestants, in the Spanish kingdom. In the name of religion, and for the glory of (^od, he proposed intro- 6 I' 74 THE TERCENTENARY OF ducinrr it into England, so soon as tlie Armada had effected the safe landing of his soldiers, and the con((uest of the Island was made sure. Englan ^^^ most virtuous, wise and patrio- tic citizen of Holland. At leni'th, on the lOth CD ' of July, 1584, he was cut off by one of them — Balthaser Gerard. Philip, on receiving cer- tain information that the deed was done, 80 THE TERCENTENARY OF The cold- coldly remarked : " If it had only been two blooded re- ,, . , , • i x ■• t, ark of years earlier, mueli trouble might nave been m bein''^^in" spared me ; but it is better late than never." iormfc( o j^ recognillon of these disreputable services the assassin- ^ t ationofthe ^j^^ blood-L-uilty kino- ennobled the family of rnnce oi o ^ o j Orange. Gerard, and endowed it with an estate taken from the children of the man he had niurdered. He wished to He also wished, as did his holiness the pope, SPG the Stiniu end brought^ ^'^^"^^ '^^^^1 ft)r the Protestant princ(!s — Henry t'"3"^ of ^'av.rre and Elizabeth of England. The Xl il) Veil ' u *— ' and (Jueen pj^Q^f ^f tliese matters is now abundant. We Llizabeth. ^ shall wait to cite only a single case in evi- dence — that of the English envoy at the court of France in 1584, at the very time William of Orange had been assassinated. The envoy wrote home immediately after the occurrence of that tragic event. Said he : " I rom i'lfor- mation gathered at the Spanish minister's house, there w'ere more than two or three about to execute the same practice upon her majesty, and that within two months. There- fore exercise the greatest vigilance, and eschew the damper." Philip and Both Philip and the pope confidently looked pecte^Uhe^ ^^ their English co-religionists for co-operation co-operation .^^^j j^^j^ .^orfijjijst the qucen. The Jesuits and ENGLAND S VICTORV OVER THE ARMADA. SI of the Eng- Seminary priests had already tried their skill li'^,y_ in many dark and treasonable plots for dis- patchinix her, and raisino- to the EnLjlish throne her faithless rival the Queen of Scots. Many of these emissaries had been banished, but some still skulked amonix their Romish con- federates. There were many undoubtedly The Catho- amonf^ the English Catholics, who in lieart wish to lose favoured the Spanish project, and who desired j,)yj'\'|j. ''^ reunion with the Church of Rome. But they tnci', mt recrarded orii-anization or open expressions of the Romish sympathy alike impolitic and danijerous. In general, they were unwilling to exchange their English independence for Spanish .subjection and submission ; though they would willingly have exchanged the Established Church of England at any moment for the Church of Strict meas- Rome. It is true the (pieen and government ures re- i- i j. ■ (luired to louT!',! stringent measures necessary to prevent repress out- • • i ,1 i • .i • 1 lireiiks cons})iracies and repress outbreaks m tins ele- Strin-'tnt Hie^^t of the population ; but it is iilsu true ena!lte!rbut^'^^^^ while such measures were enacted, it was enforced j^^^^ often found neces.sarv to ]n\t them in prac- only when •• ' ' treason or tioc. They Were enforced only against such as crime ren- ./ >-> (lercd it ne- allied themselves with traitors or enemies. En- dividuallv, Roman Catholics were treated with oessarv. 82 THE TERCENTENARY OF Catholicsnot the saiiio tolerance as Prote>tants. They were excluded i i i .. i i- from any not excluded iroiu tiic army or navy, nor iroin part of the , c j i > • t l- l- queen's any part or the ([ueens service. In proot or service. ^j^j^ impartiality, the (jueen appointed Lord Lord How- Howard of EtHn^ham, a Roman Catholic peer, Roman Lord Admiral of En,L,^land and commander of peer, ap- ^'^ J'*-^* tleet. There were also Roman Catholic Jomimilid" ''^'^'^1^*1 proprietors, who, prompted by interest, the English ^j^. their convictions of duty, or perhaps by loy- alty to their rii^ditful sovereii^n, organized their tenants into military companies, and tendered their services to the (|Ueen. These gentlemen The slanders knew the baseness of the libels, and falseness of priests <• i i and Jesuits ot the slanders which the priests and Jesuits — ■ themselves, "^uch men as Allen, Campion and Ballard— had so assiduously spread about the (jueen Instead of giving credence to, or feeling sym[)athy with them, they aroused indignation and dis- gust. We introduce the following note at the close of this chapter to show our readers the objects and designs of those English Catholics who had recently founded seminaries and col- leges to train priests for England, in Spain, Flanders and Home. " In order to uphold their violent ultramon- tane poVmy setiilnarieii were founded, in which ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 83 I ad jead dis- tlie tlu" )lics col- aiii, lion- hicli youiif,^ men were trained for missionary work in Enii'land, and led to believe that the conver- sion of their countrymen and the deposition of the heretical (|ueen were objects worth any risk to accomplish. The principal intriguer, who was also the founder of the first English semi- nary at Douai, in Flanders (l.')GS), was Wm Allen, once a fellow of ( )riel College, Oxford, afterwards a cardinal. Tliis man procured the establishment of English colleges both at Rome and in Spain, besides that at J)ouai. In 15 , ENr.LANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 87 riiilip to liim : — "Keep seciet the plot of the invasion, protract your peace neijjotiations, sliit't the Piuiiia. poi n ts in discussion to save tinio, conchide people nioi'i r,ii,'er tliiui the (jue(Mi. nothin^r, find so l)lind tlie eves of tlie Enj^lish as to tlie desiL,ni of onr preparations." [Ur. Kiiglish 'fl,(. Ix^ldcst of MnL;'land*s sea-captains, such as Drake, Hawkins, and Frohi^lici', felt chai^n'iruMl and disa[)[)ointed that they were neither allowed to strike disahlini,^ hlows at the preparations of Spain, nor to picss forward their own. They had seen service, fncountered niany danL^ers, and captured nutiicrous ])i-ix('s on distant s(.'as. All these gallant men longed for actio!i. Saive of Home aii con- ,(1 the Bear" lusand )t* the fient at ^en one in the e it' not tit now ever to ir to he k that at this jep any other jnour of 111, they I way to If Spain ds kini,'- Thc courage dom OH EuLjland fur its con((uest and over- ami forti- , i.1 T 1 . -1 i 111, tilde of the throvv, they did not ([uail or tremble, but '.Irnpleof ^''''ith brave and couriiL,'eou.s liearts, even with a wlii'irt'lu- '"^ense of relief, set themselves with renewed reality of purpose and enerjjfy to oi-i>'!Uii'/;e means of de- tlie iiiva«lou ^ ^ oj r) l.eeomes feUCe. eert;iiii. Mr. JMotley elo((uently describes the feeling of queen and peojDle at that moment, as follows : — . " When the great queen, arousing herself from the delusion into which the falsehoods of France and of Philip had lulled her, should once more represent — as no man or woman better than Elizabeth Tudor could represent — the defiance of EnMand to foreign insolence ; the resolve of a whole people to die rather than yield, there was a thrill of joy through the national heart. When the enforced re- straint was at length taken off' there was one bound toward tlie enemy. Few more magnificent spectacles have been seen in his- tory than the enthusiasm which pervaded the country as the great danger so long deferred was felt at last to be closely approaching. The little nation of four millions, the merry England of the sixteenth century, went for- ward to the death-grapple with its gigantic an- tagonist as cheerfully as to a long expected .^, 18^, *'^ >. %■>. '^►^ .vs&rv. o. *>'9>:v^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ltt|28 112.5 2.2 2.0 U ill 1.6 V. <^ /^ ^a / /^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation .\ iV ^v ■^ o v^ ,1^ <>l 6^ 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (7;6) 872-4503 % J » 92 THE TERCENTENARY OF holiday. Spain was a vast empire, over- shadowing the world ; Enrjland, in comparison, but a province ; yet nothing could surpass the steadiness with which the conflict was awaited."* Motley's U. N., p. .'574. ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 93 CHAPTER XII. England's preparations for war — naval and military. Kiiglantl's iiKiin liope in her navy. NGLAND'S liope of defence lay largely in the brave and bold, if numerically %0f ip-,de([uate, body of sailors she was able to muster ; her regular soldiers, still fewer in number, and lacking in discipline, were loyal and patriotic. The queen's standing army in 158(S was, perhaps, little more than half the fourteen thousand which constitute, in 1888, the metropolitan police force of the great city of London. But her people were resolute and almost a unit in purpose to resist the invader Determines to the last extremity. Walshingham, Raleigh to increase , • i • i i its strength. »ind other patriotic leaders, seeing the weakness of the coast defences, and knowing the hope- lessness of soon strengthening them, concluded that as England's greatest power was on sea, it was best to increase the power of the navy by ' ( ^^ mi I i.j H THE TERCENTENARY OF Ships pro- vidinl l>y 8CilJH»rt towns, and niercluinta tind gcntlc- niun. Incident of the city of London's liljcrality. Liheral con- tributions. addint,^ new ships and of r^reater tonnajT^o ; Thout^h the ([iieen, wlio then, as always, both preached and practised economy, queen pIL'SUllt troops. Clit'crs imd aimnates tlic jjj-jjI j^^-j^j ,^j.' jj^j| ^^\^q prei)arations and traininir of the camp at Till airy. Slie passed freely amonuc and reviewed the troops and inspected the new battalions. She encouraijed discipline, which was sorely needed, .smiled '• " My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed mul- titudes, for feai' of treachery ; but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful, loving people. Let tyrants fear ! " 1 have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest .strength and .safeguard in the loyal hearts and good- will of my subjects ; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you .see, at this time, not for my recreation and di.sport, but being resolved, in ENOLANDS VICTOUY OVER THE ARMAPA. 101 the midst and heat of tlio hattlo, to live any Lord Lnnsden. It was m'3ant for tlie douhle purpose — first, of defend- ini; the ([Ueen's person in case th(; invaders slu)ul(l pass Tilltury : and second, as a reserve force to move whenever and wherever most needed. The army of It is but trutli to sav that, when the Armada the interior i -i • • . i i never fully 'ipp^arou, this army existed only on ])aper. organize . -^^^^ jjj j^ attain to any fulness or efficiency at any time. When the danj^er passed, so, in large degree, did the enthusiasm, which for a sliort time inspired it. Happily, no invader made demand upon it for service. It is well, however, to observe that the Thecoinpo- more perfectly organized army at Till)ury sition and , „ n ^^ i i v spirit of the was composed or men or all ranks antl condi- vounteera. ^^^^^ ^^ ^j^^ country. The ploughman and farmer followed the landed proprietor to the KN'flLANDS VKToKV OVKK I'HK AUMADA. 108 Self sai-ri- pitriotic field— tlu' a|i|)r('iitic'(' and t'K'ik the Jildennan of his w.'ird — tilt' tradesiniui a?id m».'cl»iinic the cmiiiovt'r. Ail willinudy otlrn'd tluMnsolv»>s and weiv Ljiatrl'uily ac'ccjttiMl Tor wliatrvi-r ser- vice tliey could liest perform. No haiii,ditine.ss or disrespect was shown hy any one towards another, hnt feelin<'sot' aiiiitv and unity of ain» and interest pervaded all. They were all Kn;^- lish, wen; all heset with a connnon thinner, and were all aniinatetl with the love of country, freedom, home and reliL,'ion. This heritauje they Were determined to defend and transmit to those who should come after them. f i; II 104 TIIK TERCENTENARY OF CHAPTER XIII. THE KING OF STAIN PRESCRIBES THE PLAN OF MOVEMENT. The course of thf Ar- mada till ^ joiniiin,' with ^W\ the arinv. 2) \ ^)|HE order of movement to be observ^ed by tiie Spanisb Heet and army was laid down by Kini,^ Pliillip before the Finfsteric ^^^'"^da set sail. He directed that, stecrini; and through dear of the coasts of Spain, tiie fleet pass near the IJay of i ' i IJiscay. as consistent with safety to Cape Finisterre, keep riii-lit on by a north and north-east course through the Bay of Biscay till enterini^ the Steer near as English Channel. safety allows After that to bear as near to the coast of to the coast of France. France as the pilots judged safe until they reached the narrow sea ofi Calais, Dunkirk, ,, , . Newport, or Gravel ines. At some of these iMakeajunc- ^ tion with places to communicate with and await the I'arina at Calais. movements of the Duke of Parma, whose army, mustered in Flanders, would now join them. Then, under protection of the Armada, they EN(iLANDS VKTOTIV OVER THE ARMADA. lo; AN <)1' y was re the ecrini; IS near isterrc, ourse (f the ist of they ikirk, these It the Lrmy, Ithem. they I'.ir'iiu's tl-.h fisher- Captures an iiifin, whom he there captured. The prisoner English fish- . 1 1 • -1 - ,, ,^ r 1 i • l- ernian, wlio intomied luiii that tlie hni^lish, (;n liearni^^ oi that the the violent and disastrous storms which the was laill up ''^p'^'ii^'h fleet had encountered off their own '"^"'^ ^'^^f^'*'' coast, concluded that the attempt on Kun^land men sent '^ " away. could not be renewed that year, and hence had laid up their ships at Plymouth and dismissed a larf;e number of their sailors. This aijree- The admiral able news disposed the Spanish admiral to warii the strike out into the Eni^lish Channel and bear posh?g'it"'' directly for Plymouth, in hope of capturini; or Plymouth, destroying the English Heet. He, liowever, mistook the Lizard for the Plymouth light, an- and promptly put all in readiness for sea. The Armada's mistake i^ave the English time to make these orderly movements, and rendered the designed capture or destruction of their The Spiuiisli fleet impo" ^ihle. The invad(!rs haut many small stpiad- rons will j)our out from every port alon<^ the Chamiel, and swell his foi'ce. How rapidly the tidinLjs of the Armada's arrival in the Channel spread over all Kng- land is vividly de.scrilied hy Macaulay in the followin*; ver.ses : — ".Sucli iiiglit ill Kuglaiiil iio'cr liatli Ikhmi, Nor e'er again shall lie. Froiii I'Mdystoiie to Uerwick liniiinls, From Lynn to Milfonl Hay, That time of .slumber was as luight And liusy as the tlay ; Foi- swift to east and swift to west The ghastly wartlaiiie spread, High on .St. Miciiacl's Mount it shone; It shone on lieeehy Head. Far on tlie deep the Spaniard saw, Along each southern shire, Cape beyond eape in endless range, Those twinkling points of fire. The Hsher left his skill' to rock On Tamar'.s glittering waves ; 'fM fl "■ — 110 THE TERCENTENARY OF Tho rugged minora poured to war From Mendip's sunlesa caves ; O'er Lougleat's towers, o'er Cranbourne'a oaks Tho fiery herald flew ; He roused the sliepherds of Stonelienge, The rangers of Beau lieu. Right quick and sharp the Ixdls all night Rang out from Bristol town, And ere the day three hundred horse Had met at Clifton down ; The sentinel on Whitehall gate Looked forth into the night, And saw o'erhaniiing Richmond Hall The streak of blood -red light. Then bugle's note and cannon's roar The death-like silence broke. And with one start, and with one cry, The royal city woke. At once, on all her stately gates. Arose the answering fires : At once the wild alaium clashed From all her ruling spires ; From all the batteries of t'le tower Pealed loud the voice of fear ; And all the tliousand masts of Thames Sent back a louder cheer." England's victory over the armada 111 CHAPTER XIV. THE STRUGGLE UP THE CHANNEL. The fleets {l^'MW^ ^^^^ ^^^^ °^ Jill}', about nine in the ii|i|)i()aeli ami survey cacli other. niorninLj, the Heets approached each f ''•y* other. The Captain-General, Medina Sidonia, stands in his shot-proof fortress on the deck of his flagship the " Saint Martin," with a full staff' of Spanish grandees and mili- tary officers — generals, colonels and captains — most of whom know as little of naval warfare as the admiral himself. The English haedily pass out of The .strength the reach of danger. Tbe Spanish were com- of the latter , ' i t i •• -i i • superior. pelled to admit, and did not lail to admire, their superior mano'uvring. The Armada For t WO hours this trial of skill and strength course after lasted, and gave to both sides a foretaste of briish.'' what each might expect from the other in tbe days of struggle soon to come. Tbe Armada kept ii 114 THE TERCENTENARY OF on her course, inclininL,' a littlo more to tlio soutliw.'ird. Tlie luiL,disli, tlioiiL;)! their .ships were still few in miinher, were eiKJour.'iLfcd by tlie ease witli which they cmild work them, tlie (|uickiiess wit1» wliieli tliey could advance, tack, They s»iiU;r- fiiv and re<'ain tlieir position. Tlie luiii-e wl- ed imuh , iiioiv (lain- Icons niacki splendiil marks for tlieir tire, l)ut age than did the English, wcfc too heavy and Lar^'e for active movements, bi'si(U'S tlieir weiLiht was such that the EnNDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 115 () the sliips cd bv 111, the , tack, •e, l)Ut ineiits, e Kn«;- ' i^uns, heads, de and it their istand- a let- incan ;n.i^li-sh The id her spars Itit'teen lander [try in Inched, They failed to inflict any serious injury on the Kiiriinand that niornini; adiiiin- isteretl to him by his captain, and determinecl to avenije his wi-oni^. Takinj,' a fuse-match, he seci'ctly set it to the maf,^'^zine of the ship, and, unobserved, kimlled it. Immediately after he leaped into the sea. In an instant a terrible explosion is heard. The whole upper decks of 'JOO lives lost the ship were torn up, some two hundred men fn liur. killed, and the ship set on fire. The paymaster of the s({uadron was amon^" those who perished. By great efibrt the Hames were quenched, and those survivinj,^ were transferred to other ships. The English, who saw the burning ship, hast- ened to capture her. She was found to con- Military tain considerable powder and military stores, stores gained ■, ,- ^ • i • i • l)v the En"- whicli proved or value in replenishmnj the too scanty stores at the disposal of the English. On Monday, the 22nd of July, the Spanish admiral made important changes in the rela- tive positions of certain squadrons of his fleet. He himself led the van. He placed Vice-Ad- * ih; TIIK 'IKUCKNTF.NAin' OK llll; l)c Lcyva inii'ial Don Antonio dc Lcyva in tlio roar witli rli;ii(s liigli, tin; heart of bjiu'land in the faei' of sul)juL;ation iiiiil for tlu tiiiic iiitfi' nal liicUiT iii''s ci'iisu. to tl le intoleran It K \]\'J o f S pani ll.'l ILMOUS bickerinLTs and sectarian strife were for the time laid aside, except hy the Jesuits and their younj;' converts, with the extreme lloman- ists, as Allen ami Parsons, and that ilk. i'^ven the vouuL' Percie-<, Clitlonls, jind De Vei'es joined Howard's fleet and united with their Protestant countrymen in swellinn- his naval force so that it now reached its fullest dimen- .sions. It was now ecjual to the Spanish, at ^^^m^m 118 THE TERCENTENAIIY OF The seamen Ijecoine heroes. The Knglitsh rear stjuad- rons o|»[)o- site tlie Spanish rear. The former avoid, the hitter cneourage, coming to close (juarters least in number, and Admiral Medina was sur- prised at the i^rowiuL,' force with which he had to contend. The unanimity and presence of all classes and ]iarties in the tle.'t u^ave new power and courai^^e to the seamen, so that each became a hei'o, resolved to show himself worthy of the respect of his country. The Armada was not far from the English Heet ott Portland. Drake a!id Frohisher, vvho were ever watching" for an opportunity to strike a blow, were in the same (the rear) division of the EnL;li.-)h fleet, over a^^ainst the hindermost s([uadrons of tre Ai'inada. A heavy cainionade was 0})ened on these s(piadrons, which the Spanish eucourai^ed, desiriuL,^ i,n'eatly to draw the En«dish into an en^'au'ement aloniisides and at close (juarters. This the latter wisely avoided, because tlie advantaL,^e in sucli cases was always with tlie heavier over the lii^hter ships. Bat the English kept tackinijf about from side to side, suddetdy niakino- sallies in upon the large ships, pouriri^' in a broadside and (juickly sheeriui^ ()ti'ai;ain. Thus by their nimble movements tliey galled the Spanish, who in their sluL;"gish ships could seldom strike them, or even tind their ransfe, till thev were *o^> ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 119 LS sur- le ban, belongs i-atlu'r to a madman than a manof- war. 'ilie Lord Admii-al Howard had lost in LlSS iiad he not been better advised than to folhnv such niad course. The Spaniards had an army aboard them and he had none ; they had more ships than he had, and of higiier building and charging, so thaf, liad he entangled himself with those great and powerful vessels, he had greaily endangereut our admiral knew his advantage, and held it, which iiad he not done, he had not been worthy to have fielil his head.'' 120 THE TERCENTEXAllY OF Don IVdro (If Viildc'Z mill his tsltip tiikoii l)y Drake and Froljishor. TIk' slii]) and 4r)0 ollicers and men go U) Turbay. The nianey disti'ihutcd anionu; the wailors. r)nike gets the I'anson of N'ahlez. F'robi.shcr engages Recahle. squadron. The mainmast of the ship " Cata- lonia ' havini; been broken two days before, liad in falling toi-n down and broken much of the gear and tackle of his ship, so that she fell behind, unable to make much speed. The admiral ordered two large shi]»s to take her in tow, but so heavy was the sea that the cables broke, and she was left for the night. The part of the Knglish tieet nearest to hei", in command of Drake and Frobisher, observing lu'r condition in tlie morning, encountered her. After a brief resistance she struck to Drake, lie took her with him into Torbay, cariied Valde/. and the ollieers with him, but left the ship and men at Torbay in charge of the people. This valuable prize had four hundred and Hfty men and otlicers, with the commander of a S(|uadron, and considerable treasure. The money taken was distributed among the sailors of tlu! ships making the ca})ture. The ransom of the admiral went to the otHcer who ordered the capture. Frobisher and his noble shii) the The uralla 'P "Triumph," followed by five liierchantmen, were drawn into close (juarters with part of llecalde's S(|uadron. A desperate tight, which lasted ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 121 Cata- )ofore, Licli of lie fell The her in cables . The \\vv, in servinL;' ■ed her. Drake, cari'ieil eft the people, id tifty :v of a The sailors hinsoin |)r n and danger, of that husy day to a close. Many of the Spanish ships were crippled ; not one of the English were noticeably injunMl. The day following was more (|ulct, and proved a prelude to another day of stirring The 2r)th of scenes and bloody strife. The twenty-fifth of James' Day, 'Tuly is St. Janies' Day, the patron saint of the patron u • j. t, i xi i • i. ^ saint of Spain, to whosB honour the day is consecrated Spam. jj^ ^j^^ Roman calendar. Will the saint smile auspiciously on his devotees ? On this , I 7^' 128 TFIE TKUCENTENAllY OF CHAPTER XV. THE STRUfUJLE OFF CALAIS. Arrive at Calais on July 27th. No signs of the Duke of Parma. No letters for the admiral of the Armada. He writes to Parma. N tlio evening of Saturilay, the 27th of July, the Armada reached Calais Roads and speedily cast anchor. It had come as near to the camp of Parma as was possible for it. Parma still lay in Flanders with his ujreat army of invasion, willing, but still unable, to move. Admiral Medina seemed to expect to meet the duke with his troops all waiting to join him and ready at once to cross the Channel into England. In this he was disappointed, and more reasonably that he did not find even a line in answ^er to his several letters and re- quests. He wrote again on the evening of his arrival (i.e., the 27th July) at Calais. He requested thirty or forty fly-boats or gun- boats which could move quickly and keep the English at bay, which his slow and heavy en(;lani)s victouv ovku the aiimada. 129 vessels could not (h li. also exnressei I unxietv, if he should he lon<' delayed, to secure a more safe place of anchorai^e than that of Calais lloads. Th Tlie Duke of I'anna had Ids own dilliculti es. ilHctiltic'H f)f the Duko of "*' lacked hoth money and stores of food. His amid. troops had not l)een paid ; neither had they been adeiiuatelv victualled; and were on the point of mutiny and famine. He had kept liis troops toi^ether by promises and assurances that supplies were comini^f with the fleet. He cannot Thcy wero ready to embark with tlieir Medina transports, but could not get out into the sea, tcction ^"" because all the passa<]fes were guarded with armed ships, and his vessels were nearly all flat-bottomed transports without armament. He expected the admiral to open the way and protect him in the passage across the Channel. He could not send gun-boats, because he had none. He would provide, " as far as his poverty would allow," ammunition ; but must trust to the admiral of the Armada for pro- tection. Thus the grand fleet of invasion and con- quest has arrived at the scene of action so condition, helpless that she begins by begging assistance. The fleet in a hel])less and dis- 130 THE TF-HCENTEXAUV OF A critical moment is that in England. Tlio ^rand army of co-operation is unable to join till' navy, as tlH3 navy is to extend its protectinL( arms to the army. The Knglish 'I'ho l^]ns of the amon'ir the shoal.s off the coast cast of the Ann. :, also how panis . niucli tlie Spanisli dreaded tire-ships, and believ- infif o-ood would come of throwinfr the whole fleet into a panic in the coming night, determined Fire-ships to take eight of the smaller ships, of which employed to create'paiii^'- there was no need, and, smearing them with pitch, and filling them with tar, resin, dried wood and all sorts of combustible materials, towing them out in the darkness, turn them into the lines of the Spanish lleet. Then when near enough, set them all at once on fire, leav- ing them to float in among the Spanish ships. The ships About two o'clock of Monday morning, the let loose about 2 a.m. 29th of July, the night being dark and cloudy, and the tide flowing strongly from the Eng- lish to the French coast, when the Armada was closely gathered in the shelter of the coast, and Are borne the winds also favouring, the eight ships were aiid winds towed down ; when near the Spanish lines Spaimh ^^ ^^^*^J were suddenl}^ lighted, and lefi to float ships. among the ships of the Armada. The great Immediately sheets of fire burst out from surprise and i. , i i c ^ \ sin'ndarlv ^^^'^ry One 01 them ; volumes ot sulphurous flaiing light, j^j^j^i^g ^^j^,, i^jj.-,| ^j.^,,^^ ^11^,^ ^^^^ ^^^, rpj^^ ^j^_ gular brightness revealed the towers, forts, and ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 135 ,f the 3 how )eliev- whole mined which 1 with dried terials, 1 them 1 when e, leav- i ships. io', the loudy, Eng- Lla was Ut, and ^s were 11 lines i) float from liurous lie sin- ts. and churcli spires of CaUiis. The inhahitant: Dover and the coast of Kent ixazed in won( of (ler at the glare of liglit. The Spanish soldiers and seamen were all wra pp( d ea m s lunil )er, save a few on de watch, who saw through tiie dark- ness shadowv objects moving toward them, but were uncertain whether any substantial thing were approaching them, till a pyramid of flame and lurid light flashed from sail to sail and over forecastles, masts, and vartls. The alarm The efTect of xvas raised. All were panic-struck. They the wihl-tire on the thought that some diabolical engine of destruc- Arnuula. • i i tion had come among them. Many or the Spaniards remembered the destructioi wrought at Antwerp in lo85 by the wild-fire which made such havoc of Parma's men, as well as of Tlie cry of ]^i.s great bridge. They raised the cry, " Fire " Fire of ' _ Antwerp." of Antwerp I" " Fire of Antwerp ! !" The panic spread through the entire fleet ! The galleons lying at anchor had each cast two, and few had provided a third. The signal came from the "St. Martin'' to make for sea. Many cut their cables and let their ships drive ! Others slipped their hawsers ! All broke with greatest haste, trying to escape the terrible calamity, and fled, they knew not whither. The alarm aiiil panic spreads. i 136 THE TERCENTENTARY OF Injury to the ships. Most of the ships off (Jravclines when morn- ing came. The aflmii'al meant they should re- turn to tlieir former sta- tions. The English wished to strike, while the confu- sion lasts, such as had not run ashore. The "Capi- tana " on the bar of Calais. Some of the largest ships struck against and damafjed others near them ; others airain were driven into shallows, or on the sands of the Flemish coast. Many drifted up the Channel before the wind, and when the mornins: liirht shone on tliem they were otF the harbour of Gravelines — two leagues from Calais. Most of the ships were but slightly injured, and in- tended to return to their former positions, pick up their anchors, and wait till hearing fur- ther from the Duke of Parma. But the confusion and disorder were ENGLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 139 The Spanish noon from all the ships. The Spanish wore driven in upon their own centre in a con- driven into close quar- ters, and j)ressed in their confu- sion. fused and entanirled mass, 'j'lie JMii-lish ;par( k; 1 no strokes they couM ))osto\v, Init kept up a perpetual thunder of deadly ainl disabling fire The English from their guns at every point. It is said Sir William Winter deliveriMl live hundred shot strike heavi ly and inces- santly. wiiile he was all the time within range of their aKjuebuses, and sometimes within speak- ing distance of them. The Spanish The Spanish gun service was slow, clumsily gun- service i i l • a- ^- r^^ • very slow periomied, and remarkably nieriective. Iheir and poor. , ■■ i,. . , , guns, worked on rolling carnages, or plat- forms, sent the shot sometimes into the air, sometimes into the water, according to the roll of the sea, and seldom struck their adver- Theirammu- saries. Their ammunition was also, it was nition also .. i c i n • i scarce. aiterwards round, well-nigh spent, and partly accounted for the slowness of the service. The The English Engli.sh, wdio had been pouring in shot upon pause at ' n " • i t • evening, them at some ponit or other irom eight in when almost ,7 . ,.,, ,. • ,i • ^ the last cart- ^'^^ morning till live in the evening, paused goiuf andthe'^^^^^^ ^^' ^^'^'^^ exhausted with labour, and enemy almost the last cartridge .spent. They had beaten. n i j not waited on this day to take prizes, but I '11: 140 THE TERCENTENARY OF aimed at disabling or destroying every ship they could. Drake in the Admiral Drake, whosc judgment and daring hot of the fight all day. Were alike conspicuous, boldly encountered the foremost commanders of the Armada. With his brave ship the " Victory," he bore against Admiral ^ledina on the " St. Martin," the Rear-Admiral De Leyva on the " Rata," Ho encoun- Oouendo, and others, who fouglit gallantly, ters Medina, Oqiiendo, and strove to preserve some degree of good and other i • j.i i • i ii • i mm Spaniards, ordcr in the ships under tlieir command. iJie winds beating on their high ships often ex- posed their windward sides below the water- line to the tire of the enemy, so that the great timbers, which were meant to be a protection, The English only increased the danger. For they were with great torn to pieces by the shot and the splinters effect on the i • 'i.^ v i. ^ n' l i.i i galleons even ^^^'^'^^'^ With latal etiects among the men be- below the Iq^^, — mid-decks thus became a very slaui^hter- water-line. •' *= house, where blood flowed in streams. Their guns, also, were dismantled, and the carpen- ters could hardly cover the holes and stop the leaks fast enough to keep the ships from sinking. A galleon -A- large galleon of Biscay was sunk by the *^" * heavy fire poured into her in the morning. A ■y ship darin.1; red the With aofainst n," the " Rata," illantly, of good id. The ften ex- e water- le great tection, ey were pUnters men be- anghter- Their carpen- top the ms from ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 141 : by th( few of her crow, who escape, tell a sad tale of desperate deeds done on her before she sank : Horrors on Her chief officer, seeing the ship's condition, pro- boai cl iiB ahe sank. posed to surrender her, and was instantly shot by a fellow-officer for daring to make such pro- posal. That officer's brother, in another instant, takes I'evenge on the murderer by plunging his poniard into his heart. The spirit of in- ternecine desperation spreads, and other crimes as black are being committed, when the ship goes to the bottom, and all perish save these few who tell the tale. On that Monday the " St. Mary," also with all on board, went down about the setting of the sun, not one escaping to tell the sad tale. The " Saint Matthew," a great Neapolitan ship, attempting to cover one of her comrades, which was in danger, is swept by the "Rainbow" and the " Vanguard." A brave Dutch ship fol- lows with a heavy broadside. She is compelled "°" * to surrender. Another Spanish ship, a gal- A Portugal Icon of Portugal, is dismantled, and so, becom- galleou dis- . 1 1 j. 1 • j. i mantled and i^g Unable to escape her pursuers, is captured. cap ure . rpj^^ wind and tides favour the Enolish, whose fire tells upon the Spanish at many points. The "St. Matthew." Surrender- fki M Ling. 142 THE TERCENTENAllY OF men. The adinir.'il finds liis ships uninana<:joable, and many of Ids men dazed and bewildered. The " St. Anotlier ifroat f^alleon, tlie " St. Philip," com- Philip-'siiik- , , , ? . . . , , ing. mandiid by J)un Fj'ancisco, beini,' badly crippled seemed to be ahout to sink. An Eni^lish officer, seeinLT her condition, called from his Called to forecastle to her commander, to surrender and suiremlur and save tlie so save life. A Spaniard instantly replied with a musket ball, which laid the officer life- less on Ids own (h'ck. The Eni^lish ship bore away leaving them to their fate, while the scornful cry followed them from the sinkini; ship — " Cowardly heretics ! " " Lutheran hens !!" " We dare you to enixaire us ! 1 " The men and This bravado was soon stopped by the sink- the roHcumg . . i- .• . " - . t,- ship all in<^ ship signalling tor reliei to a sister ship. The relieving ship in leaving the " St. Philip," received such a rakiim fire as disabled her, and before slie had borne the men of the Many trans- sinking ship out of danger, she herself went ports and smaller down. The " St. Philip " was left to drift and at aided or length floated into Newport roads, giving no others niore trouble to the English. Many vessels of pierced by yi^^.^ii^^i. yj^e perished under the rain of shot shots are '■ unsafe ; yet which fell UTDOu them. Others were riddled others perish. through and through, and several sunk. Spanish bravado. )le, and ," coin- rippled Eii<;li.sb om his ler and replied cer life- lip bore lile the sinking I hens ! ! " be sink- er ship. Philip," ed her, of the If went t and at Iving no jssels of lof shot riddled EXGLAiNDS VlCT()liV OVER TIIK ARMADA. 143 More than four thousand Spaniards were slain in the battle of Graveline-!, and not more than one hundred English, most of whom had perished in tliu struggle for the 'Capitana " on the bar of Calais. It is averred that not an English ship was hjst ; a few were, however, considerably disaldeil. All the great Spanisli ships which survived this furious storm of cannon balls were literally riddled, their masts and yards shat- tered, their sails and rigging torn to shreds. Thus as the decisive day advanced, the great The men be- Armada was rapidly becoming disabled. Ad- C(Jine (lis- • i nr t i ■ ^ i 11 1 • 1 hcarteiietl. it^ral Medina tried to rally Ins men, keep his shi[)s in line, and cheer on the soldier.s. Bnt they became disheartened. Everything seemed to conspire to bring about their defeat. The winds blew so stifi'a breeze from the S. and S. W., in the afternoon, that the ships could not keep their place, but were driven out of line, up the Channel, on to the sands, or against their enemies. The anchors and cables of many of them had been lost the night before, and the sails of others had been terribly rent and torn. Unfortunately for the English when all was going on so favourably for them, they found Even the winds ai,'ain3t them. Spanish ships cannot hohl their places in line. 144 THE TERCENTENAUY OF ^ ^!, Enj^lish suc- cessful, but tluiii- animunition fuila. Howard's stalwarts. Two results reachetl of great value. The junc- tion of Parma's army made impossible. tli(nr stores of ainniunitioM bcLriniiinnf to fail. Thoy were, therefore, compelled to use what remained sparinirly at the very time when an abundant supply would have enabled them to liave closed the most glorious day in Eni,dand'.s naval history, with the complete destruction or certain surrender of the whole Spanish fleet. They, however, did the best they possibly could. On the next day Admiral Howard, sendino; a despatch to Minister Walshini^liam, wrote, " Their force is wonderful, jjjreat and strong, arid yet we pluck their feathers by little and little." He wrote a little later, " Notwith- standing that our powder and sliot was well nearly all spent, we set on a brave countenance, and rfdve them chase, as though we wanted nothing, until we had cleared our own coasts and part of Scotland." Two important results were now achieved by the furious and prolonged contest of the 29th of July. First, the Armada was thoroughly crippled and no longer inspired terror as an " invincible " power ; and second, the Duke of Parma could no longer hope to form a junction with the Armada and pass under its protection into England. The plan and purpose of the ENGLAND S VICTORY OVEU TFIE ARMADA. 145 armaiiu'iit was, tliorct'oro, completely defeated. These were : till niirht, in that violent kind of conflict, untill such time as powder and bullets failed them. In regard of which want they thought it convenient not to pursue the Spaniards any longer, because they had many great vantages of the English, namely, for the extraordinary bigness of their ships, and also for that they were so neerly conjoined, and kept together in so good array, that they could by no means be fought withall one to one. The En'dish thought, therefore, that they had right well ac(|uited themselv^es in chasing the Spaniards lirst from Calais and then from Dunkirk, and by that means to 148 THE TERCENTENARY OF have hindered them from joining with the Duke of Pfirina, his forces, and getting the wind of thetn, to have driven them from their own coasts."* On Tuesday, the thirtietli of July, as the hglit of the sun began to shine, the scattered Armada saw the Ennflish followinuf in the dis- St. Lau- tance. It is StR Laurance's Day, Philip's patron ranee's Day, Philip's saint. The king has, as he thinks, enriched patron saint. , ,. , , . , . , • i i Has one of the rehipiary ot the JtLiSCorial with a veritable bone of the saint. Will he be protected, as he Will he help ? Their dangers. believes, from all ills on that day by his favourite saint ? Alas ! the dead saint seems not to concern himself about the danufers of living sinners. Before them were the shallow seas of the Dutch coast, over which angry waves were breakinof at mountain heiofht. Behind were their enemies, faint, like Gideon's braves, yet pursuing. The Spanish ships are in great peril. They cannot anchor, because these are left behind at Calais. They cannot turn on their enemies and risk another battle, for they have no ammunition. If thev go forward, the sea, which is becoming shallower every mile. *Hakluyt, Vol. I, p. 602. ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 149 lare in these irn on |r they rd, the mile, They ilt'liberate. will surely soon swallow them. Shall they surrender ? for that alone gives hope of relief The courses or safety. to them. Ha})pily for the Spanish, the peril of their situation is partly removed by a shifting of the wind to the south, which bears them oti' the breakers into the open sea. Now they must consider " what is to be done." Will they rally the Armada and make again for Calais, or will Tlu' Spanish thcv pursue their course up the North seas ? hiiltl a "^ ^ '■ louiicil of A council of war is called. Recalde, De war. Leyva, Diego Flores, Caso Calderon, and the admiral, Medina, meet and deliberate. They see they cannot return to Calais as they wished, because both of the adverse winds and the English ships. The great enterprise for the present has to be given up. Parma must Decide to remain in Flanders. They decide to continue return to , . i xt i < iSpain by the their course nito the North Sea; they can then the Orkneys I'^'turn to Spain by the Orkneys, the west of Irekn^"^ Ireland, and through the Atlantic. This, not- withstanding the roughness of the seas, the dangers of the islands, and hardships to be anticipated, is decided to be the safest and best, if not the only way open to them. The EnLjlish admirals also held a council on ■i 150 THE TERCENTENARY OF The Enrriishthe same day. They did not yet know how also hold a ' ' council. greatly the Spanish had suffered, or how com- pletely exhausted were their ammunition and supplies, and so expected a renewal of the fioht as soon as the Spanish had a little time to rally. It was therefore decided that Lord Seymour, with thirty ships, should return to Determine the Flemisli coast to watch the Duke of Parma, to watch Parma and and that the remainder of the fleet of some as well. ninety sail should follow and deal with the Armada. At niijht, that he miijht not he seen by the Spanish, Seymour, thoui^h his men were almost famished, and he longed to continue the pursuit of the Armada, made his way round the Brill and returned to his watch. On the 31st of July all the English fleet, saving Lord Seymour's .squadron, which had the Armada, ^j^p^^^^^ J in the night, kept in sight of the Spanish. As yet there is no disposition to give up the pursuit, nor belief that the stnicro-le with the Armada is over. Drake wrote on this very day, the 3 1st July, to Walshingham in his own peculiar style : — " We have the army of Spain before us, and mind, with the grace of God, to wrestle a fall with them. There was never anything The 31st of July still followins: fleet, had )f the >sition t the )rake ly, to te us, >tle a ^thing ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 151 pleased me better, than seeincj the enemy flvinix with a south wind toward the north- ward. God i^rant they liav^e a j^ood eye to the Duke of Parma ; for with the grace of God, if we live, I doubt it not but ere it be lonof, so to handle the matter witli the Duke of Sidonia, as he shall wish himself at St. Marie's amonir his orange trees." Mr. Green gives the following comprehen- sive view of the stru^ojle of that memorable day :— "At dawn the English ships closed fairly in, and almost their last cartridge was spent ere the sun went down. Three rjreat f;alleons had sunk, three had drifted helplessly on the Flem- ish coast; but the bulk of the Spanish vessels remained, and even to Drake the fleet seemed ' wonderful, ofreat and stroni;.' Witliin the Armada iioclf, however, all hope was gone. Huddled too-ether by the wind and the deadlv O 4^ ft/ Enoflish fire, their sails torn, their masts shot away, the crowded galleons had become mere slaughter-houses. Four thousand men had fallen, and bravely as the seamen fought, they were cowed by the terrible butchery. Medina himself was in despair. ' We are lost, Senor 152 THE TERCENTENARY OF Oquendo,' he cried to hi.s bravest captain. ' What are we to do ? ' ' Lot others talk of being lost,' replied Oquendo. ' Your excellency has only to order up fresh cartridn^es.' But Oquendo stood alone, and a council of war resolved to retreat to Spain by the one course open to them, that of a circuit round the Ork- neys. '* *(ircen's S. Hi.story of the English People, p. 421. ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 153 CHAPTER XVI r. THE SHATTERED ARMADA ESCAPING RY THE NORTH SEA. Why did the j^Sl English not ^j^ follow up -p^r-, their cadvan- v^ V', tages ? T has been asked, " Whv did not the Eno-lish use their ureat advantaixes to O 1* *5 'ilp completely destroy the Arinada ? " The answer is easily gathered from what we have already related. The few sentences followini^, written by Sir William jMonson about that time, gives a true and sufficient explanation. Says he : " The opportunity was lost, not through the negligence or backwardness of the lord ad- miral, but merely through the want of provi- vence in those who had charge of furnishincr and providing for the fleet : for, at that time of so great advantiige, when they came to Because examine their provisions, thev found a general their powder •. ,. i i i t i? u c \- \ and shot scarcity 01 powder and shot, tor want or which as spen . ^j-^^y were forced to return." 11 'IT'-'VBPBIIIJ 154 THE TERCENTENARY OF The English It mnst be ndmittcfl that tlic Enjilish fleet fleet (Iocs . li 1 1 1 • i. 1 grand and f'l'' .£,'rfin(J service. It had, during two weeks vice.'^ ^^ almost continuous tioliting, crippled and driven from the English shores the mightiest armament wliicli liad ever approached them — -a fleet more than twice tlie tonnage of their own, having of all classes twice as many men, and Thodefeatcnl provided at a cost a hundred times greater than more costly their own. It had also left the great Duke ol ai<,'ci Parma helpless on his transports in the canals than the English fleet. of Ghent and Bruges, and the harbours of New- port and Dunkirk. In that short time it had brought to ruin the plans and preparations of several years, had turned the vaunted honours and glory of con- fidently expected conquest into the gall and wormwood of disappointment. At the same time, we must remember and admit, that it was not all achieved by the gallant fleet of Enrrlish The arm of braves. There was an unseen, a Divine arm bu*t aT^"^ stretched out directing and overruling all — the mighty jjj,jj^ q£ |.]-,q Supreme Ruler of the world. He Kuler of the ^ world commanded, and this huge and diabolical "■^"'itched Ish wrono; comi Sp ipletely failed. This fact and the mode of its accom- plishment are aptly expressed in the following ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 155 ,h fleet weeks ed and iMhtiest hem — -a jir own, len, and ter than Duke oi le canals of T^ew- ruin the ars, had of con- i(faU and .he same at it was t English ine arm all—the lid. He iabolical implctely accom- loll owing inscription on a inodal soon after cast : Flavit Jehovah et clfssiiHtti su-nf. Tlie Lord blew The mode upon thoui and thoy wore scattert.'d. Tliis man ami fact of the Lord's of War, as He is called in Scripture, did by the presented in breath of His mouth what the great sea-captains -Drake and Seymour, Hawkins and Winter, the inscrip- tion of a mi'dal of the ip time. Frobish( d H( d. d all the I'cst — could jisner and Howard, and ad tne I'cst — could not liave done. By Idis winine smaller the ' t'luada had been dreadfully tossed and ships driven on (ialway, brok aiuoug the islands and on the coasts of Kerry and ,, ,1 n r\ 1 • i-i ,1 • , -Mayo. thi )rth Sea. One ship alter another, with '! # 160 THE TERCENTENARY OF hundreds of those on board, had perished. ■ The worst fell on it on the 10th of September; W' and later, along the line of rocky coast stretch- ing westward, fronri Sligo to Eris Head, Span- ish ships were seen all along the coast — two galleons put in at Dingle, seven at Garriga- fojde, several at Clew, seven in the mouth of the Shannon. The natives were terrified, and greatly exaggerate these numbers. The ship- wrecked men were emaciated and spent. In every case they begged for water, from the scarcity of which they had suffered terribly. But even this was reluctantly given to the un- fortunates whether they fell into the hands of the government officials, or the needy inhabi- tants, who were looking for the spoils, rather than to relieve the fugitives. The great mpjority of the shipwrecks occurred along the bold rocky coast running in a westerly direction for full seventy miles from Sligo. In the same tempest in which " Our Lady of Six galleons the Rosary" went down in Blasket Sound on wrecked on i ^ the cliffs of the lOtli September, six galleons were dashed with terrible violence and broken to pieces on the cliffs of Clare. Only one hundred and fifty ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 161 Severa clashed on the coast of Connemara. No quarter given the Spanish, who were regarded as enemies in arms. persons succeeded in struggling through the surf to the shore All the others perished in the sea. These escaped the fury of the sea to meet a more cruel fate at Gal way, a few days later. Several large ships were thrown on the Connemara coast at the same time. Most of the men escaped from the wreck to the shore. These and many others, who like them consid- ered themselves safe on reaching land, were by order of Sir Richard Bingham, Governor of Connaught, brought to Gal way, and though exliausted and powerless, were all shortly after di.spatclied, as enemies in arms. It was thought that though food, rest and care would have restored them, yet it was deemed danger- ous so to keep them, even as the nourish- ing of a viper may preserve it to again bite the bosom that nourished it. There were, besides, no facilities — hospitals or pro- visions for sustaining such large numbers for any length of time. The religious element amonGf the officials believed that God had given these enemies of their country and of lier religion into their hands that they might destroy them. * Hence their severity. That tlr** course, foreign as it is to orr ideas of vi "^ iM 162 THE TERCENTENARY OF humanity, was not more severe than the Span- ish were ready to exact on the English should they fall into their hands, is made clear from The Span- letters written about that time, when false iards pre- pared to in- rumours reached Paris and Madrid, assuring flictcruelties ^^^ p ^ . ,-,1 i r» i on the Eng- rhilip or a grand victory. Edmund Palmer, an English merchant at San Sebastian, in The native Irish terri- fied. Spain, wrote when this news came : — " The town made great feasts all that day, running through the streets on horseback, with rich apparel and vizards on their faces, crying with loud voices, ' That great dog, Francis Drake, is prisoner, with chains and fetters.' They also kept up dances in the night revil- ing her Majesty with villainous words, and when they could not do any more, with stones they broke down the windows of my house." The native Irish were full of terror. They had favoured and sympathized with the Span- ish cause when it seemed sure of success ; but now that it had failed, they refuse to incur further danger by helping the fugitives. It was then in accord with the popular feeling, as well as by authority of the English officers, that no quarter should be given to the Span- iards. Mr. George Bingham, son of Sir llichard, Span- should • from L false isuring 'aimer, ian, in -" The unning bh rich crying Francis fetters.' t revil- ds, and 1 stones ouse." They Span- jss ; but lo incur Iv^es. It iling, as officers, >e Span- llichard. ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 163 Through carried out a similar course toward the fugl- ing with the tives in Mayo as his father had done in Gal- lictions way. In the following lines, written to his conv: Pjj^ l^'^^^P'''"" father at that time, we have ar explanation of that they are }-^j^ course. Says he : " HavinfT despatched all vaii([iusliea, "^ o i they do not [^ both town and country, we rested Sunday wisli to incur peril. all day, giving praise and thanks to Almighty God for her majesty's most happy success and deliverance from her dangerous enemies." The disasters of the chivalrous Alonzo de The sad end Leyva Were many and fatal. He survived of Alonzo de Leyva and two, and perished in the third shipwreck on and sixty- these fatal coasts. He was destined to share hidai'os"^ in the doom which had fallen on the whole Armada. His brave ship the " Rata " was stranded at Bally-croy. He embarked on an- other galleon, which was broken on the rocks of Killibeg. In both shipwrecks he not only saved his own life, but the lives of the larnje company of young Spanish cavaliers, who, re- garding him as the soul of Castilian chivalry, craved to be his followers. Early in October he sailed again with this gallant company on the " Gerona " from Killibeg. They crept safely along the coast, passing Tory Island and Lough Swilly, and had reached, as they thought, the 164 THE TERCENTENARY OF This the closing catastiDphc of the ill- fated Ar- mada. Estimate of the losses by a contempo- rary. The more a ecu rate estimate is one hundred ships and twenty thou- sand men. open sea, when doom arrested them, and sealed their fate in a watery crrave. Tlie ship struck an unseen rock off Dunluce, and was wrecked. Do Leyva and two hundred and sixty-five youn<^ Spanish hidali^os perished in this clos- ing catastrophe of the Invincible Armada. The Spanish losses have been summed by a contemporary of the events as follows : Without takino- into account the twenty cara- vels of the Heet, he says : " Of one hundred and four-and-thirty sail, which catne out of Lisbon, only three-and-fifty returned to Spain. Of the four galeases of Naples, but one ; the like of the larrrest galleons of Portuiral. Of the one-and-ninety galleons and great hulks from divers provinces, only three-and-thirty returned. In a word they lost eighty-one ships in this expedition, and upwards of thir- teen thousand five hundred soldiers," There are other and more correct estimates given by other writers, who place the losses of the Spanish at a much higher figure than these. They almost all agree that the whole number of ships of all classes which returned to Spain did not exceed fifty-three, i.e., about one-third of the whole number which sailed 'A it. England's victory over the armada. 165 whole turned about sailed from Lisbon. The proportion of men who returned, there is no doubt, was about the same as the proportion of the ships, i.e., one- third of the wdiole number which started on the expedition. Hence, as there were about thirty thousand on departinor, there were al)Out ten tliousand wlio returned to Spain. This, we believe, is a correct estimate of the number. The following statement contains a recent and comprehensive view of the whole matter : — " Not a single Spaniard set foot on EnL;lish ground l»ut as a prisoner ; one English vessel only, and that of small size, became the ptize of the invaders. The Duke of Parma did not venture to embark a man. The King of Scots, standinijf firm to his alliance with his illustri- ous kinsW'Oman, afforded not the slightest suc- cour to the Spanish ships, which the storms and the English drove in shattered plight upon his rugged coasts; while the Lord-Deputy of Ireland caused to bo massacred without re- morse the crews of all the vessels wrecked ujion that island in their disastrous circum- navigation of Great Britain, so that not more than one-third of the vaunted Invincible Armada returned in safety to the ports of 11 i ;!i 166 THE TERCENTENARY OF Spain. Never in the records of history was the event of war on one side more entirely satisfactory and glorious, on the other more deeply humiliating and utterly disgraceful. Philip supported indeed the credit of his per- sonal character by the dignified composure with which he listened to the tidings of this great disaster, but it was out of his power to throw the slightest veil over the dishonour of the Spanish arms, or repair the total and final failure of the Catholic cause he had so ener- getically espoused." — Court and Thnes of Eliza- hefh,p. 385. Drake's brief Admiral Drake wrote, after the fleet had dis- statunicnt of the loss to appeared : " It must be confessed the Spaniards England by Spain. presented a sorry sight. Their invincible and dreadful navey, with all its great and terrible ostentation, did not, in all their sailing about England, so much as sink or take one ship, bark or pinnace or cok-boat of ours, or even burn so much as one sheep-cote on this land." For weeks after the defeat of the Armada, and the failure of the whole scheme of the in- pletoness of ^ the defeat of vasiou, England and Spain were alike without " certain knowledge of the real state of the case. To the former the fate of the fleet was so little The real knowledge and com- ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 167 ry was ntirely r more racet'ul. lis per- nposure of this 3wer to nour of [id final so ener- )f Eliza- Victory of known tliat most people thought it would soon slowly ascer- I'f appear and renew the attack. Prooi ot this is afforded by the fact that the complete or- ganization of the army did not take place till after the defeat. The queen's activity at Til- bury, and the filling up of the ranks of both her armies to their fullest, did not occur till August and September of 1588 — weeks after the defeat. The sad tid- In Spain the tidings first received were in^'s of his . i i • m loss received most fiatteriug to the king. They assured with impas- ^ ■ n ,. , , n 1 . , , , sivencss by hnn 01 tame and glory irom ins navy — that Spain "^ ° ^^^^ English fleet had been vanquished and most of its ships captured or destroyed, and that Spain was in possession of the Channel, and commanded the entrance into England. These tidings were followed by others less pleasing, intimating that only a partial success had been achieved, while some unwelcome ru- mours affirmed the worst. Philip remained in suspense till October, wdien Admiral Medina Sidonia himself arrived at Santander in Spain, and landed from his broken ships, the few survivino; fmorments of his j^rand Armada. He himself soon related to his master the sad tale of his disastrous expedition. The king listened 168 THE TERCENTENARY OF His words on being so informed. in silence, and with great composure, to the pitiable story, and after a moment or two, with an impassive voice, and in resignation of spirit, he said : — " God's holy will be done. I sent out my ships thinking I was a match for the power of England, but I did not pretend to fight against the elements. I thank God that it is no worse, and that I am able to place another fleet upon the sea if I so desire." Sorrow was carried into very many of the most distinguished families of Spain by the loss of loved ones in this inglorious expedition. These families were putting on the usual out- ward badges of bereavement and signs of sorrow. The king, on hearing of it, peremptorily forbade forbids tlie bereaved to any such exhibition of grief, under pain of his displeasure. Then again, there were in some of the Spanish cities, persons who had all along looked on the whole enterprise with disfavour, and were now disposed to make merry at what they considered a ridiculous failure. These persons made some public demonstration of their feelings in Valladolid and Madrid. The king, on becoming aware of it was greatly displeased, and most peremp- riie kins re, to the two, with 1 of spirit, t out my he power I to fight that it is "I another ENOLAXD-S VIno„v OVKH T„, .„,,,„,. 169 H ..... on.v onleroc. ai, such t.. eoa.so: and W.u.U a to U„«„. few wl,o wore fWe,„.,,st i„ tl,c follv to aec; .t anaor,We.thc.„,t„U.,.,„e,.A,;s^J: : of 1.0.S0 .s„,.el,M.,„oa peop,., .. o,„. ,d„. wi, neUher allow u.. to weep nor lau.l, " " ny of the 1 by the ^pedition. isual out- of sorrow, y forbade r pain of were in who had »rise with to make 'idiculous 3 public ''alladolid aware of peremp- 12 i lllkll 170 THE TEllCENTENAllY OF CHAPTER XVIII. THE POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE DEFEAT ON THE KINO OF SPAIN. Philip's de- feat (li.sablos liim from suc- cesHfuUy attempting the fiu'ther coiujuest of England. An expedi- tion goes out from Eng- land to sever Portugal from Spain and set up a king. ■^iITH the destruction of the Armada, III (| and failure of his great scheme of 1^1 l^^'f invasion, Philip's ho])es of success- fully accomplishinuf the conquest of England also perished. Not that his intolerance of spirit Was broken or liis desire to concjuer his heretical foe had died ; but that his courage and his resources were not ecjual to its achievement. Among the English, however, a bold spirit of military adventure sprung up. In the year succeeding the defeat, a lleet of nearly two hundred ships, with twenty thousand vol- unteers, got up at private expense, sailed from England. Its ostensible object was to place Don Antonio, an illegitimate branch of the royal house of Portugal, on the throne of that kingdom. The expedition was under the com- ON THE heme of success- r^njiland [nee of [uer his aijre and vement. pirit of le year ly two d vol- d from o place of the of that le com- ENCLANDS VICTORY OVER THE AHMADA. 171 mand of Sir Francis l)rako and Sir John Norris — tlie former to command tlie fleet, the hitter the army, .\hiny J<)in('(l the expedition purely for adviiiitnre, and L;-ave tliemselves up to plunder ratlier thiin cai'ryin^' on w.ir. 'J'hey desolated Corunna and several other seaports Tlic Eiigliwlj of Spain. The ohjcct of the rnter])rise, liow- rx|)e(liti(m , ' , yifoved a ever, was lost si'jfht ot, even seemed tori^^otten. Jvt'i-y way. The land and sea forces failed to make the pro- sul'ted"' "^ posed junction for the takinL^M)f Lishon. Vari- Sp.imsh sea- ^^^^ disasters and wasting' diseases conspired to ports (lean- '^ i latcd. bring the whole enterprise to complete failure. Still later another expedition set out from Enii'land under Admiral Drake, which scoured the West Indies, cajitured many Sj)anish galleons, and levied heavy tolls on the rich cities of the Spanish American colonies. Philip was natur- ally very indignant and determined hy a second Philip's sec- Armada to chastise the marauding parties. f)iul Armada, r, , , . ,. , , i i.i But his preparations were broken up hy the bold descent of an English squadron (in l.^Ol!) upon Cadiz, where his stores were being collected and his preparations made. They plundered the city, destroyed all his military stores and some fifteen war-ships which he had provided. In the year following {I.e., 1597) he actually 172 THE teu(;knti:nary of Parma's army melts away in autumn of 1588. fitted out liis socoiid Armadu, wliicli put to sea (letLTiiiiiic'd on a new cffoi-t of invadin-truck it on the Armada n n- , 11 i 1 -i totally riay 01 liiscay, and coniplctidy wivckcd it, so the storms, ^^liat tlio last disaster was worse tlian the tirst. This was Philip's hist attempt on Enj^land. His ordy liope henc(.'fortli of chastisinL? her lay in reachin'' her throUL^h Ids alliances with France. Parma's o^reat army of invasion, lying in Flanders, was attacked and decimated by dis- easi', so tliat in a frw months it was reduced to a few thousand men. Its renniants found enoufjh work in hinderini; the Low Countries from entirely casting off the yoke of Philip's authority. His schemes His designs on France were also at length piessimfof Completely frustrated. The Catholic League, Protestant- t^hrouii'h whicli he now operated with renewed ism in ' ^ France fail, vigour against the Huguenots, held out Philip's only hope of accomplishing his designs on behalf of the Church of Rome, and of secur- ing a hold for himself on the kingdom of France. That hope was also doomed to disap- pointment. For after many vicissitudes of the struggle between the Catholics and Protes- ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 173 , to sea on the 1 it, so lie first. ,iin;lans with ying in hy dis- luced to s found ountries ;^hilip's lenjjjth it'a;4-iic, ^cnewcd Id out design.s f sccur- ilom of disap- udes of Prote.s- .Vlso tilt; 110- (|iii.sition of the country for his own crown. H'j beconiea l>ankrupt. Died .*^e|)t. i;}th, liVJS. Philip',s resignation. tants of Franeu, the Piotestant I'linco Honry of Navarre ascendL'd tlie Frencli tlirone, and so dispt'llod Piiilip's liopcs oithei" of tlic ascend- enev of Jloniani.sm, or Ills own faniilv in France. Tliu.s, ono by one, all his sclienies of aiji^n'L'ssion and con(|uest in Europe failc'd. Even his own resources anehind Entjland and Holland as a hundred years before it exceeded them. Then in thrift, national prosperity, law and order, the nation had sunk beneath consideration. These y '^ in their \r li n ' ENGLAND'S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 179 The people, rj on rc'iilizing (3YI their deliv- -T^fr eranee and the great- ness of the victory, arc; full of joy and grati- tude. CHAPTER XIX. JOYFUL THANKSGIVINGS IN ENGLAND. HEN the people of Eno-larid and Hol- land became assured of and realized f % i!;?7 how great and how complete was their victory and deliverance, and saw the utter destruction of the Spanish plot of inva- sion, the demonstrations of iov and 2fratitu«ie were unbounded and genuine. The people of all ranks and conditions, of every shade of reli- gious belief — the rich and poor, the nobles and common people, Churchmen and Puritans — all heartily united in rendering |)raise to God from whom all their blessings flowed. Early in September eleven Spanish flags, Si)anish flags i i ii t 1 l t. exliibited on t'*^!"^^^ by the Londoners, were hung out on London bridge as trophies of the van({uished Armada and the defeated Spaniards. The ex- hibition was more credital)le to the people's humanity than if, like Alva, they had brought Eleven Jjondon bridge. 180 THE TERCENTENARY OF out as many heads of prisoner's and exposed them to public view on tliat great thoroughfare. All racog- There is abundant evidence that a deep sense nizo till! '■ hiuid of (JoJ of ixratitude, wliich souLflit many ways of ex- and will- ingly re- pressinj^- itself, pervaded the people. All felt spond to the • i • i i i calls to that a menacing calannty had been averted, thanksgiv- ^ i c i i i • ^ -i ^ ^ in.r and a wonderiul deliverance had been vouch- safed tliem. The hand of the Almighty had been made Ijare on their behalf. Several occasions of thanksgiving \vere ob- served in the capital of the kingdom. The an- The queen's inversarv of the queen's birthday, which fell on birthday a J 1 J ' thanksL'iv- the Dth of Septeudjer, was proclaimed as a gen- eral holiday and thanksi:ivin. nation united that day in The Tc sinL^ing a loud 7V' Detun, from Cornwall to J)(')nn snng ^y-r i i i al! over the iS orthund)erland, from Kent to the shor(?s (jf ^'"'^^' Wales. As on Sabbath, July the 2St]i, all the churches and people had humbly supplicated the Almi^htv for deliverance from the insolent and powerful adversary who was concentrating his forces against them at Calais and on the Flemish coast, so they now as earnestly i-ender praise for the answer given to their prayers. The thard^sgiving in tht3 cathedral of St. Paul's, London, surpassed in joyfulness, enthus- iasm and splendour any in the memory of '""■ tliose then living. Everything looked festive A grand and at her majesty's palace of Whi,ohall tliat pompous progress morning. Tlie queen pat on lier most elegant from \yhite- ha)! to 8t. royal attire. She entered her sumptuous I'a' 's chariot, whose seat was in the form of a The queen thr«ne, and which had four pillars supporting ill a chario';. . , , , i p i • of state, a ncli canopy, and was drawn by tour white 1^ iMiobW''* hordes. Sjie was attended by her noble.s and of 'state ^'^ great ollicers, all moving in imposing grandeur t(; the catheflral. The (pieen, who ever loved splendiSS uls(i teaches lessons which w<,> should learn and remend...r, and by which our attitu.le and con- duct should he influenced. Wo should, as the natural and political Xa^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O < €P. 1.0 I.I *' IIIM IM IM ii° 1 M 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V] ^ n /. c% /A '^W 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 4- «• \\ •

i lWl!t '**»»» 186 THE TERCENTENARY OF CHAPTER XX. THE CHARACTER OF THE VICTORY mi Wherein lies SVwjt' N cyc-witncss, judging of a victory as tiiegreatness --^gJtjLf of a victory ? fcTTE Complete or indecisive, grand or unini- j fW portant, would form his estimate from the qualities appearing in the parties enijnged in the conflict. If the victor, thouirh inferior in numbers and strength, hy his cour- age, skill, impetuosity, or strategy, has over- come and driven his adversary from the field, iud^zinff from these hi«di (lualities he would In the cause, principles jironounce it complete or grand. Neverthe- less, the greatness of the victory may lie less in the character of the actiii*^ i- 1 1 * 1 i- i i\r itt , ,1 days? f^t the Athmtic f We answer, We liave all that ancestral bounty can bestow, or lawful heirship claim. Wc have all that rich and free heritage which they won. Let us not, then, in our earnest pursuit of material interests and personal advantage, forget this, that a legacy of moral, social and religious freedom and privilege has been be([ueathed us. i I: 1 *Aikens' Times of Elizabeth. 'f 190 THE TERCENTENARY OF \ :ii Most of our coiKiucsta are on tlie lines of material prosperity. The dis- parity of the two forces in numbers and resources. We may j^lory in conquests over the rough wastes of primeval forest, which we have re- claimed to productiveness. We may boast of those triumphs of energy and skill which have constructed great highways and waterways of travel and traffic over great stretches of land, and over lakes and rivers. We may, also, in our progress in commercial enterprise and the arts of life. But most of our conquests are on the lines and in the interests of material pro- sperity and civilization. Even the wars waged by the descendants of the heroes of loSS, on this side the ocean, have for the most part looked to achieving material prosperity, rather than the triumph of great economic or religious prin- ciples, or to widening the sphere of human happiness, the reign of righteousness and Dfood-will anions: men. The struixixl^^ under review is noble and instructive in these aspects of it. Those fathers struggled against despotism and for liberty, against intolerance and for freedom, against the supreme authority of man over the conscience, and for the absolute authority of God alone ; against dogma, and for the rights of reason against the reign of ignorance, and for ENGLAND S VICTORY OVKR THE AUMADA. 191 > rough ave re- loast of jh have Arays of of land, also, in and the s are on rial pro- rs waged i, on this looked to than the us prin- human ess and )ble and Those and for freedom, over the ,y of God ights of . and for the spread of knowled^re. The forces which assailed them were the luasseil p )Wt!rs of the Most Catiiolic Kinijf of Spain, His Holiness the * Pope of Rome, the C'atholic LeaiLjue of France, and the sympathy of tlie whole pa})al world. This shows This immensely superior force, with all its greatly in " « i • favour of vast resources, appealini,' to tiie arbitrament ot "g'l" . war, moved for the con(|uest of EnLjIand and the establishment of absolute power. En of Ku'rland then Protestants, while the other halt were Protestant.^ Roman Catholics, and, therefore, in sympathy with Spain. Hence, the victory won under such circumstances has rare grandeur and a seldom equalled glory. m 192 THE TEIUENTENAUY OF <■', The victory noble and glorioua. Had Spain triutnplied, how changed the life of England. The far- reaching fruits and results of the victoiy of 1588. The inspiration under wliich the people anil tlieir leaders acted was not the hope of material advantage, gain or glory ; but to secure freedom, independence and the exercise of their civil and reliujious rijxhts. Had Spain been victorious in the Channel, had she triumphed at Gravelines, not only would freedom and national independence have Hed from Enijland, but the rii^hts of conscience and the liberties of the ago been driven into exile for many a year. The gloomiest despot, the most intolerant bigot, the most despicable man whose lot has been to rule, would have swayed the sceptre and worn the crown of the land of the free. The chief priest of Rome, and his legions of Jesuits, with the help of the Inquisition, would have turned merry England into a land of sorrow and groans, of crowded prisons and hideous scatiblds, of bloody blocks and smoking stakes. But the greatness of the victory reaches for- ward and outward beyond that land and time. It nmst be followed in the ever-increasinjr number of free and enlightened colonics, states and nations springing from that fruitful source. England was then beginning her remarkable en(;l.\ni)s victory c^vkii thk aumada. 19.S career as a mothci- of culonies. She had oven tlieii made her first experiin(!nts. She had explored the Roanoki', and attempted ])lantinjjf that t'ruitrul colonial vin(\ wliieh >he named Vliyin'ut, in honour of her maiden (pieen, A little later, a company of her consci* nce-respect- in«T children colonized the roLjioiis now known Settlint; in as Massacliusetts and( ■oiniecticut. By-and-by the c'liloiiii s now forming lier colonies multiplied in nmnher and power, the United statts of rtiid at len;rth formed a ufreat nationalitv of America. ,, • , . i • ,. , their own, worknii; out a destuiy tor them- selves — a destinv which will he L,n'and and en- durinc^ while she adheres to and preserves the great principles which triumphed in l'nS!S. The Canv (^cinada, a younger r. 1 . most of whom cherish the traditions, love the history, and wish to carry out the principles of government, of ri.digion, of progress, of justice and civilization, which she inherits with the goodiv dower of more than a zone of this broad continent of North America. Others The Mother Country lias still other colonies north and . i ' i i i <• south of u?. and possessions on the north and south oi us — in Newfound lantl and the West Indies. At home the four and a quarter millions ha\e grown to thirty-six. Her United Kingdom now 104 THP: TEIICENTKNTAUY f)K I '. Her posacs- sions. Hor great- nt'HH litis bf'en from 1588. It is brighter and fairer than ever befoi-e. All has been the outcome of these 300 yeara. includes Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Her colonies are found on the liiLjIi i)laces of the earth in all parts of the Eastern lleinis[)here — at Gibraltar, the Cape of (Jood Mope, on both the east and west coasts of Africa. Her hand is on the helm of afi'airs in Ki^'ypt, and her power upholds the " sick man ' at C-onstanti- nople. She sways her sceptre over more than two hundred and tifty millions of the followers of Buddha and Mohammed in India, and is as potent in the islands of Sumatra and Java in the East Indies, as in those of New Provid- ence or Jamaica in the West. She has become the teacher of civilization to the nations of the world as well as the alma mater of many nations. The throne, constitution, and vast majority of the people of EnL,dand in 1S88 stand fast by all the benign principles of free- dom anJ independence, whose triumphant de- fence was achieved in 1588 How much far- ther and for how much Ioniser, Britain's career of benelicent expansion, of civilization, liberty and power will extend, we cannot tell. Her principles of rij^ht are immortal. She cannot perish wdiile they vitalize her. England's victouy over the aiimada. 195 i. Her of the pliere — )pe, on ;a. Hor and lier Histanti- ore than ollowers and is as [ Java in Provid- H become s of the many nd vast in 1888 of froe- ant de- uch far- s career , liberty ;11. Her » cannot CHAPTER XXI. p:fi'E(Ts of the vktowv on the caise of FliEEDOM. t; .1 ...ri r'rT^TT)iHE existence of a new political and tk-al an. I /\\M> p' ' moral force (s^v|l;;iX nioral force Was established. Protcs- appearsand (<^,<,t g^ takes Its ^^ii^ljf^ tants no lon-^-r consiiiered it doubtful jtlace in Eu- rope, whether they could sustain themselves ai^ainst the organized hostility of Spain, Rome and the Holy LeajTue. The spirit of freedom, conscious- I'rotcstant ness of power and conviction of their riLjhts principli'S , , , . (• i • • i i and convio- ha.d SO taken possession ot tlieii' minds, and Ito reiVrcssc'tl ^'^^^•'^^ forces SO animated them, that the old J^,i? been banished, and engaged in treason- for tiieir ,^|j|^^ practices, were executed, not for belie vini; faith. ^ '^ in transubstantiation or the seven sacraments, but for treason, and for teaching the ]ieople it was right to di.sown and murder their (pieen. i m II!!.'' ^'" 'f 200 THE TERCEXTENARV OK CHAPTER XXII. ITS EFFECTS OX ENGLAND S NATIONAL LIFE. The pi'ogress of inotleni life iiiconi- ])iitil>lu with the Itcliefs and usa;,'os of mcdia'val times. The ascend- ency of Pro- testantism secured. ^.^JIE .supremacy of the p(jpe, the ab- solute power of kin<.,rs, obedience to iiieJi.'eval dogmas and forms of religion, were proved by tlie victory of 158(S. to be inconsistent with national growth, inde- pendence of thought, love of liberty, and the full development of Protestantism. The results of the struggle were marvellous and manifold. Many hitherto open questions were thereby permanently settled. In the first place, the Protestant ascendency was secured, not only in England, but also in the Netherlands. In the latter country the struggle with Spain was above everything else, we may say \\ s solely, for religious freedom — for liberty of con- science, of thought, of belief and of worship. The destruction of the Armada paralyzed the power of the Inquisition in those provinces, ENGLAND S VIOTOKV OVKK TIIK AltMADA. 201 AL UFE. the ab- obcdience i'orins of y of loHS. AVth, iiKle- ■f, and the 'he results manifold, e thereby place, the , not only lands. In ith Spain say ^^ ^^ rty of con- f worship, alyzcd the provinces, It leads to the breaking up of the C.itliolic League. It leads also to the eleva- tion of tiie I'rotestant I'rince Henry of Navarre to the throne of France. It confirmed James VI. in his at- tachment to the reform- ed religion. and settled forever their severance from the crown and kinL^^dnm of Spain. It also jjrepared tlic way for and led to the break ini; up of the Catholic Lvalue, wliose vital principle was death to Protestanti.sni, to freedom of thought, belief or worship, all of wdiich was brantjed as heresy. It settled the fate of the Duke of (Uiise, the leader of the armies of the Leasfue. It determined the sta- bility of the Reformation in those states of Germany which had previously receiver! it. To it also, and to the power it exercised on the French nation, may largeh' be ascribed the ele- vation of the Protestant Prince Henry of Navarre to the throne of France. It also con- firmed James VI. of Scotland in his profession of attachment to the reformed relio'ion estab- lished in his land, and held out the stronwst motives to induce him, as heir-presumptive to the throne of England, and successor to Queen Elizabeth, to firmly adhere to antl defend the Protestant religion. The victor}^ of 15cSM led the great majority of the Roman Catholic population of England to conform to the Protestant religion, and gathered them and those hitherto indifferent 14 ii r 202 THE TERCENTENARY OF i i Drew in the Catholics into the Established Church. This the wisest and the safest course. Elizabeth not inclined to persecu- tion before 1588. about religion, into the Church of England. Many who ImJ hitherto hoped for a re.stora- tion of tlic ancient religion now .saw their dream dissipated, and a wider gulf than ever separating England and Rome. A ninjoiity, perhap.s, of the English jieople had up to that time hoped that with the advent of a new sovereign, particularly while tlic Queen of Scots lived, who was heir, after Elizabeth, to the crown, that the papal religion would be arain established. The events of the year extinijuished all such hopes. For even James VI. of Scotland, Mar3''s son, who was sure to succeed Elizabeth, having espoused the re- formed religion, and having shown no signs of sympathy with Philip or the Catholic League, gave no ground for them to expect anything in that direction. There was no cheering prospect, therefore, before them. It was either conformity, or privation, hardship, suffering or persecution. For the queen, though opposed neither to Romish doctrines nor persons, rejected entirely the supremacy of the pope and asserted her own. She enter- tained up to this period of her life an affirmed ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 203 England, a rcstora- saw their than ever mnjoiity, up to that of a new Queen of li/abetb, to I would be xtinguisbed nes VI. of s sure to ed the re- n no signs e Catholic |i to expect re was no theui. It .1, hardship, the queen, 1 doctrines supremacy She enter- n aftirmed aversion to persecution for matters of con- science, and to tlie IiKiuisition in all its forms. The queen But she iusisteil on linil'ormit}' of outward becoiii s a . persejutor rites and worship. In her latter years she ear- in enforcing . , , . . , . ... conformity'! ^^icd out lier notions with a seventy winch no refinement of reasoning or stretch of charity can justify. In enforcing this anti-Protestant enactment she punished CathoHcs and Protest- ants, Anabaptists and Calvinists with cfpuil severity. Indeed the evidence goes to show More in- that she inclined more to favour Catholic non- favour conformists than Protestant. For in her doc- thauVix)- trinal beliefs .she was more Catholic than tcstant non- p^.Qtestant. Her court, durini:r niost of her conformists. '^ life, was more tlian half iilled by young Catholics. The Puritans had been her safety and defence, had stood by her in all emergen- cies, ani that age was so strongly in iavour oi that ])res.siou of J'it,'dia'val mode of settling weighty and subtle ull-?.!!"^ (luestions, that a strong revulsion of feeling sot against [j^ afterward amono' the Catholics. The winds hpaui, and " for England, of heaven, the seas and tempests, were regarded as God's ministers, and the favour of Heaven had been invoked by the vicegerent of Christ, and his blessing bestowed with fullest assur- ance of succe.ss ; yet total and terrible failure had followed. All the circumstances and occurrences of the struggle signified the disapprobation of the God of battles to the side in whose favour tlieir prejudices lay. There was a general acquiescence in the belief that the de- cision of Heaven was for Englaml, and against Spain. No event of modern history, not even the landing of William of Orange, or the bat- tle of Waterloo, furnishes sucli manifold and palpable evidence of the will of the Supreme Ruler than is sliown in the failure of the Spanish invasion of Englanil and the grand catastrophe with whicli it closed. The battle of Gravelines was as truly the triumph of This view prevailed generally with the Catholics. 206 THE TERCENTENARY OF ii' The battle Protestantism and liberty over Romanism and of (Jiave- , . > 1 1 , 1 (. , 1 T-> 1 lines as truly despotism, as the battle or the Boyne under a tiiumpli of Atr.,,. . , 111 1 i. ii liberty as V\ liliaiii, just one hundred ycars later, was the the battle of ^,.j^^,,^lj of freedom of conscience over sub- tlie lioyiie i of the lights jjj.fjj^^JQ,, (jj' j^j^ rifflits to either pope or kinfj. of con- ** ^ * ^ ^ If Queen Elizabeth's prestige was high before tlie invasion, it was much hiijjher after. The science. splendid abilities, courage and patriotism of Admiral Drake, the greatest of England's sea- caj)tains, outshone the foremost admirals of English supremacy upon tile ocean fol- lowed the Admiral Drake the foremost mai'ider of tlie Armada. He was not only the grandest 13 ( ay. ^j. i^j^o'land's many noble naval commanders and lighters, but he was s6cond to none in the world. The star of the British navy then rose above the national horizon. It soon displaced Spain from her supremacy upon the ocean, and downfall of ^,^came itself mistress of the seas. Through opaiii. '^ all the vicissitudes of revolution and change of dynasty, from that time till now, she has not surrendered her rule upon the wave. A sense of yet untried power, the true index of undeveloped greatness, possessed the hearts of the younger generation of both nobles and people at that time. We venture to believe that a sense of mature and unspent power, fr II ENCLAXDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 207 in ism and (•nc under r, was the over sub- 3 or king. \\crh before ifter. The .riotism of land's sea- All niralH of le grandest ommanders none in the then rose n displaced ocean, and Through ,nd change w, she has wave. A e index of e hearts of nobles and to believe ent power, Knglaiid's greater tliaii ever before, lies in that glory- power on the , , . ,„, so;i still covered arm oi lier power, in l.SScS. llie ques- tion of reliirion soon became identitied in the frosh unci unspent. minds of tlic victors witli that of country. Unhappily, as we think, the fpieen clung with uncoiiiproinisiiig tenacity to lier notions of iiniforinity. She failed to discover or learn Eliz:il)otirs the possibilities that hu' within her power, in notions ultout uni- grantini; a i^eneral toleration of reliirious wor- i:)nnity Mind her ship. It was reserved for a later time, and h"lessin'^s of furthor outwoiklng of the principles of Pro- testantism to establish it in all parts of the British realm. Mr. Froude, with equal justness and truth, says, concerning the iniluencc of the great awakeiiiui; of the sixteenth centurv : " The countries which rejected the Reformation never an'ain had freedom ottered to them in the dress of a purer religion. 'J'he rejection returned upon them as a revolution, as the negation of all religion. In Austria, in Spain, in France, in Italy, the Church has been stripped, step by step, of its wealth, of its power, even of its control over the education of the people. Prac- tical life has become secularized, and culture and intelligence have ceased to interest them- 208 THE TERf'KNTENARY OF selves in a creed wliicli they no longer believe. ])octrine may be piled upon doctrine. The laity are conteniptuoiisly iiiilitforent, and leave the priests in possession of the field in which reasonable men have ceased to expect any good thing to grow. This is the only fruit of the Catholic reaction of the sixteenth century, of all the ettbrts of the Jesuits and the Inquisition, of the Council of Trent, the massacre of St. Bartholomew^ and the religious wars of Philip 11. ... While the Church of Rome is losing the countries it persuaded to refu.se the Reformation, it exults in the converts which it is recovering from the nations which become Protestant. It fails to see that its success is its greatest condemnation. Protestantism alone has kept alive the sentiment of piety which, when allied with weakness of intellect, is the natural prey of superstition." ENGLAND'S VICTOUY OVER THE AUMADA. 209 :• believe, nc. The md leave in which any good it of the ■ntury, of quisition, !re of St. of Philip Rome is refuse the 5 which it h become [success is ism alone ty which, ct, is the CJIAlTEll XXllI. EVIDENCES OF THE UL'LINc; OK A DIVINE IIANJ). Hontivog. ♦/'^fT4 '^K approve tlie followinii- ju^t an-l woll- of tlu- rule Tc^flltm''^ expressed iii'lifment, by the enliiiht- of Divine Y mW^ . . . . . Providence, f 'y^yt ened foreigner, Mr. Uentivoglio, in reference to the catastrophe of the Armada of Spain, which threatenccl tlic overtlirow of the power of England. Says he : " Few enterprises were ever more deeply weighed, few preceded by more im- mense preparations, and none, pcrliaps, ever attended with a more unfortunate issue. How vain and fallacious are the best concerted schemes of men ! Thus often Divine Provi- dence, in the wisdom of His impenetmble desinfns, has determined the fate of our enter- prises t|uite contrary to the presumptuous expectations of human foresight." * *Tytler, Vol. V., p. 89. 'fr' 210 TnK TEIlf'EXTKN'AUY OF A most W(3 (A' t'i;^'litc'en cii^^lity-iMLjlifc ouL^lit to learn obvious IcH- ,. • 1 i ii • 1 1- 1 1 son, i.^., tliiii "*f>'" "'toon t'iL,'nty-('iL,Mit this Jastini,' ami ol)- (liiTitcil iiml ^'"'11'^ lesson, VIZ., that the overruiiii'^ hand oi dctfnuin.Ml Di^.i,,^. IVovidcMcc (liroctcd an invadinn; hosts of Spain. As tlie fate of Waterloo in LSlo was not entirely due, on the one hand, to the dcclimj of Napo- leon's mental powers, the weakness of his army, or the slipperiness of the battle-ground from recent rains ; so neither was it, on the other, to a special exaltation of \V(>llinj,'ton's genius, the greater bravery of the allied armies, or their more advantageous position or move- Thc control nients ; but because the will of the Supreme and direu- t-» i t i n i i • !• t tion of I'ro- Kuler directed and controlled the issues oi the vidence , rni • j. • • i • i^ manifest in <-liiy- Ihiswas most impressively so in t,n(f- stni.r^>- hiind of linctl the is iinloed ices aiitl leral his- as lie is ,11 tjVl'llts. i the ly felt in the history of the AiiLjlo-Sa.Koii i-a(!e, as His presidiiiL,^ pr(v scnce was impressively stamped upon Mie his- tory of the children of Israid at the lied Sea and l)y the Jordan. The facts of th(» case should 1)0 remembered, and their ohvious s\<^- nillcaJici! adnntted, otherwise we will not learn the lessons th(.>y teach. Ohsei'vi; this, then, In thfi (loath from the first, that when the C'aptain-General of tlioCiipt.- '■ (Jenenvl of of the Armada, that ahle and ex[)erienced sea- tlio Annula, captain, the Ma/fjuis of Santa Crux, had his fleet ready to sail from Lishon, he was taken seriou.sly ill and suddenly died. The vice- admiral also, who was little levs ho'.^oured for his naval skill, unexpecteles of Mull and of lioliuul . rp, ILL- • il L and west- Arran. ilie destruction m these ports was Ks eb. terrible and fatally complete, for not less than two score galleons and ten thousand men per- ished on those wild coasts among their Irish co-reliirionists. This all but total destruction of the Invin- cible Armada, and with it the failure of the whole scheme of invasion, bears the mark of the Divine Hand. When it became fully The imprcs- known in England the impression produced on English OR the minds of all Catholics, quite as much tlie v)ruvi- '^"^ 1 rotcstauts, was deep and enduring; lor dential do- ^^n ^^^^^^^, ^i^^^^ ^j^^ j- ^^f ^ j,^ ^^^^j |.]^g cision of tlic •^ '■ strife deep Holy Father at Rome had ai)pealed in the and eudur i»g- defence of their cause to the ordeal of war, and looked for the arbitrament of Heaven, through it to settle the strife. The winds and seas were regarded as especially God's minis- ters. The result was open and decisive. Eng- land was, by the test, declared in the right; Spain and the Church of Rome in the wrong. 216 THE TERCENTENARY OF It was for freedom ngainsfc intolerance, for Protestantism ai^ainst Romanism. Tlie results profoundly impressed the English Catholics, and did much to decide tliem to conformity to the established religion. Considerations of utility and the hopelessness of any early or easy change of the national religion also had their influence. EXGLAXD'S VICTORY OVER THE ARMAPA. 217 anco, for lie results Catholics, trinity to itions of early or also had CHAPTER XXIV. OUR HEKITAGE SHOULD m: PRESERV ^f4i^ ""' '' ""' ^"- ^'"''"^ '"'"'"'-ed and SS^^^S^mMi "^^'y-"^^ ^^'^^- tl,« cost and .su.. ':;"hM. , 'f ^"^'^ "'« ™l»« "f tl'o liorita^e of Irecloni- social, intellectual and relin-iouv which has fallen to us. It also calls us I the exerci,se of perpet„al vigilance and earnest endeavour to preserve and transmit the same to those who follow. fo™,™rou„. '^^'°'' nations-.Spain, France. Italy, and the Sl""'.'avo'r'-"'''''='' '" "«= «i>'-''^onth century excluded hi' p"o«r«r' " ^''f'""^«°". "-itl. its beneficent and ,|uick. cun? influences, have fallen behind in the march of progress. .Statistics show the con- t.nued reis-n of illiteracy an.on.- the n,„.s.so.s, There- and corresDondinrr ].ir»i- .vl- formoj i,ave , '"'1^°"'"".^ '<^ck of enterprise and in.le- advaaced. pendence ; while England. Geimanv the Ui'.ted States, and all those peoples ' who heartdy received it. or have sprung from 218 THE TERCENTENARY OF The masses enlightened. The same spirit aa of old seeks to gain the mastery under new forms, names and modes. Not now force, but persuasives. those who did, have steadily advanced in prosperity and enlightenment, and now lead the van of civilization. It is not easy to measure, nor possible to exaggerate the eleva- tion, the power and true manliness of charac- ter which it imparted to those communities, peoples and nations which received it ; nor is it to estimate the sources of happiness and pro-s- perity which it opened to them. Let us be well aware that the same spirit of despotism under different forms and names, still lives in that system, which makes its proud boast that it is sciyipc/v eadem — always the same. It wishes now, as of old, to subvert the fair fabric of our Protestantism, and snatch from mankind the liberties which have been secured at such great cost. The means now employed for this are less grim and repellant than of old. It* does not now propose to convert us by the power of the sword, or the pains of the Inqui- sition ; but by the subtilties of the Jesuit, and the persuasives of a persistent propagandism, Rome puts on the garb and speaks in the lan- cruafre of an anjxel of freedom and human rights, that so she may restore in the nineteenth century the sway of that media3valism which ENGLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 219 ,nced in low lead easy to he eleva- ■ charac- inunities, )) nor is and pros- 3 spirit of id names, its proud ways the |ibvert the atch from n secured employed tan of old. us by the ,he Inqui- esuit, and aorandism, n the lan- d human ineteenth sm which The present pope's con- demnation «f the Re- formation. Criticisms of the pope's encyclical for 1888. she lost in the sixteenth. If she continues to denounce tlie Reformation, it is an admission that its principles are still a power which slie dread.s. In his encyclical of 188.5, Leo XIII. expressed himself in such phrases as these in rejjard to the Reformation. He denounced it as " the origin of all the now active principles of unbridled liberty." He repudiated the notion, "that every man should be allowed freely to think on wliatsoever subject he pleases." He condemned those "governments which allow every one to follow the form of religion he prefers." In his encyclical of the present year he ex- pounds and defines the sphere of religion and of liberty. It is curious to observe the plausi- ble, almost Protestant, language in which he sets forth his notions of human rights and liberties, and conceals his jndying yearning for universal and absolute power. We must discriminate between his theories and practice in regard to men's religious and civil riixhts. For they are widelj- different. He conditions and limits them on all sides by his own will. As the waters surround and limit, and so define our notion of an island, so does his will surround ma^gmmmm mm M 220 THE TERCENTENARY OF Wliat it is, and wh(;re tolerated. Extract from his ecyciical for 18SS. and limit all his theories of liberty. Whatever he may describe as the proper sphere of either religion or liberty in thought, speech or action, may be modified and must be administered according- to that will. He regards the Church of Rome, of which he is the liead, as the custodian of those blessiuLrs, and men and nations to enjoy just so much of them as he deems proper to dispense. Read the following extract from his encycli- cal of this year, and judge what it means. He says : " It is necessary that there should be some profession of religion in the connnunity, and that the religion thus professed should be the true one. It is not difficult, at least in Catholic countries, to recognize by unmistakable signs which is the true religion. This religion the heads of the State are bound to protect and to maintain, in the true interests of the community. For the powers that be are es- tablished for the benefit of those governed ; and thouu'h the immediate end of the State is to secure tlie welfare of the citizens in the present life, it is also in dut}^ bound not to diminish, but to foster in man that faculty of attaining to the supreme good, in which lies his everlasting blessedness, and this attainment is impossible without religion." ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 221 Hiatcver )f either r action, inistered 3 Church :\, as tlie lien and lui as he s encycli- 3ans. He \ ha some mity, and lid be the Catholic ible sif^ns ion the protect ts of the are es- Toverned ; e State is IS in the d not to acuity of ;h lies his inment is ates How it refuses toleration. These are not wild or extravaj:fant, but plausi- ble anil measured words. Still it is clear enough what the pope means by " the true His notions reli"t^ ; ,np of Salford, l'jiL;land, spcakint,' of the pro<,'ress of popory in i^nnland, recently said : The state- " A few years i\(t;o the AnL,diean hisliops, with mctit of one - ' i i i i ii of tliuin. one or two exceptions, were sliockeM l»y the departure of the Mitualists, and the Le|L,dsliiture was -ij^^ain and a^^ain invoked to put down the Komanisinu^ tendencies. Still the practices have (Tone on ; churches in whicli lvituali>m is adopted are arising' all over the hind, under the jurisdiction of Anj^dican hishops, until Cdtliolics can Hcurcdy dlstlixjuis/t hrturen .such iilaccs and the cldtrchcs bclovyinfj to their own eomi- muiilov. " Even the ' • ' r^ i ixi Europe, the V^^^^ ^^^^ Great Britain, Canada and the Romewi^hes^"^^^^ States her Jesuit militia, her moek- to regain faced nuns and grim-faced monks, with a full- England, ^ ' Canada, and rrrown hierarchy, parasite-like, to live upon, the United ^ States. and, if possible, exhaust its free, young life. She has large and profitable investments in various corporations which yield her liberal revenues, but from all taxation she claims ex- emption on the ground of the spiritual benefits she aftects to bestow upon the state. She legally holds in Quebec a position of strength not only superior to Protestantism, but above The Church what she holds in any o.her province of the established Dominion of Canada, or in any one of the ported ^by United States of America, For the church in Quebec.^ ^" ^^^^^ province is established and supported by They of the lust of lis new ing ex- if Italy, ies from led Pro- jry, she :1s. She ind the V moek- h a full- ire upon, in 2" lil'e. lents in liberal iims ex- benefits She trength it above } of the of the urch in Irted by ENGLAND S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 229 e. Repudiate-! equality and practises her theory of suprem- acy. Exercises a hurtful in- fluence in politics, educatif^.i, etc. law. She repudiates the doctrine of equal rights with other bodies of Christians, and there realizes her own theory of supremacy not only over other churches, but over the state as well. In her eagerness to grasp power she aims at controlling education, politics, all public institutions such as schools, coUeijes, convents, hospitals and asylums. She wishes to exercise a power as great in every province of the Dominion. In the meantime she does not diffuse among the people healthful principles of independence, of inquiry, of equal rights and of liberty, but of submission and implicit obedience to ecclesiastical authority. The church's property and revenues in Quebec are quite beyond what almost any citizen in this province imagines, because he hears the cry so constantly of provincial importunity, begging for more money from the national treasury. Her revenues derived from tithes, fees for spe- cial masses, sacraments and services, rents of properties, lotteries and such like, amount annu- ally to from eight to ten million dollars, which would give for the expense of its nine hundred 230 THE TERCENTENARY OF parishes, on an average, a revenue of more than eight thousand dollars a year. The following statement, prepared with much care bj'- the Rev. A. B. Cruchet, of Montreal, may be regarded as by no means an over-statement of the property and revenues of the Romish Church in Quebec : "In 1759 she received 2,117,000 acres of land, which valuable possession has since been greatly added to by property gained by diplo- macy and continual begging, an I by the natu- ral increase in the values of certain kinds of real estate. She owns nine hundred churches, valued at $37,000,000 ; nine hundred parson- ages, along with the palaces of the cardinal, the archbishops and bishops, valued at S9,000-, 000 ; twelve seminaries, worth $600,000 ; seven- teen classical colleges, $850,000 ; two hundred and fifty-nine boarding-schools and academies, $6,000,000; eiglit hundred convents, $4,000,000; sixty-eight hospitals and asylums, $4,000,000 — a total of $61,210,000. As to lands, shops, houses and invested capital, it is impossible to reach absolute certainty. We know that some ecclesiastical orders are enormously rich. Catholics themselves declare that the Sul- picians, for example, are richer than the Bank of Montreal, the most powerful institution of the kind in America." England's victory over the armada. 231 >f more d with cbet, of leans an revenues acres of ice been Qy diplo- he natu- kinds of churches, parson- cardinal, S9,000-, seven- lundred ademies, 000,000; )0,000— shops, ipossible )W that sly rich, e Sul- B Bank ition of The endow- ment of the Jesuits should not t>e allowed. Has the government of the Dominion indepen- dence to disallow the Provincial Act. Reasons why it should be disallowed. The pro- vince not able to pay the endow- ment granted. Last year, the Jesuits, who had been suppressed in 1774, more than one hundred years ago, and have been without legal domicile in the land ever since, were incorporated with the papal appro- bation by the Romish province of Quebec. In the current year the Catholic premier of the province, has passed a bill to indemnify the order for its previously escheated property as a future outfit and endowment to the extent of four hundred thousand dollars. This act for the endowment of these pernicious intruders is now before the Dominion Government for approval or disallowance. If allowed, it be- comes law. It remains to be seen whether the government will have the courage to dis- allow the measure, seeing it is entangled in the meshes of a network of political influence and intrigue from which it requires boldness to escape. There are strong and varied reasons why the measure should not be allowed to be- come law in Canada. In the first place, the province is unable to pay the money out of its own funds. It is already overwhelmed with a debt of twenty-two millions ; and is constantly begging aid from the Dominion Government to meet its current expenses. Again, neither the 232 THE TF ICENTENARY OF incorporation nor endowment of the order should be allowed because no other country- has nfiven a state endowment to it. In fact, The order ^^Qst Catholic Countries have either refused the regarded pf;-r.io- •' Jesuits lcn[al domicile or forcibly expelled them, from Catho- They are now prohibited from taking any part lie as well as _ Protestant in pul)lic education in France, Belgium and countries in t-. • t i i i Europe. ' ormany. Even in Italy they have no loot- L( ;d, p-ave in the city of Rome. In Austria thoy are under surveillance, and they are wholly <;xclu(i ^'-om Mexico. These are Catholic countn;,;, ■ il observed. They were excluded many years ago from England, though they there conduct schools and colleges, not, how- ever, at the state's, but at their own expense. In the third place, it is invidious to endow this brotherhood and pass over other Catholic societies, which, if there is any truth in history, are far more deservinij than this one. It not only grants them equal rights with old and reputable societies, but it puts a premium on an order whose casuistry and influence has been prejudicial to morality and the stability of the state. A distinguished theological professor, who ENGLAND'S VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 233 le order country In fact, used the ed them, any part ium and s no foot- i Austria re wholly Catholic excluded ugh they not, how- xpense. to endow Catholic history, It not old and miuni on has been ty of the Isor, who has been for many years a citizen of Quebec, thus writes on this whole matter : — "No student of history or observer of the signs of the times, can doubt that the plans of the hierarchy at this moment are most ambitious and comprehensive. The programme of the Vatican and the Jesuits is the capture of Britain and America and through them the subjugation of the whole world. Nor is it spiritual subju- gation that is aimed at, but temporal as well. This has always been the doctrine of the church, and it is being propagated of late with unusual boldness in Quebec. La Verite, the strongest of our Ultramontane journals, asserts it with authority. In its issue of the Slsfc December last, it says, ' the church is not only absolutely independent of the state, but, what is more, superior to it.' Is this claim to be acknowledged throughout our country ? Cer- tainly not. Romanism as a religious and politi- cal system — we cannot separate the two fac- tors, they are thoroughly interwoven — is to be resisted to the utmost. If we are asked why ? We answer, in brief, because it perverts and suppresses the truth of God — is now in the main Jesuitism — corrupts and poisoi^s the foun- 16 rr^ 234 THE TERCENTENARY OP tains of education, elementary and advanced — makes national education and national unity in Canada on a true basis impossible — cripples human freedom and undeniably impoverishes the people. The Bible is interdicted and has been burned at the instance of Rome in this province. Her schools are hotbeds of super- stition, in which pupils waste their time over vapid legends of the saints, and are obliged to degrade and sacrifice their manhood in the confessional. The vast majority of the people are made poor and non-progressive by the un- limited exactions of the church. They are not free in any true sense ; but the spirit of liberty is rising in their breasts, and all true patriots should help them to cast off the yoke. It is not too much to look for the downfall of Romanism. That which it hates and fears most — the Word of the living God — is the appointed instrument of its overthrow. Let us, therefore, speedily give it to all ; and in this terrible battle with error, which is daily increasing in magnitude, let us, with the faith of the heroic Carey, 'expect great things /rom God, and attempt great things for God.' " * * Rev. Principal Mac Vicar. ill England's victory over the armada. 235 anced — unity in -cripples )verishes and has ) in this oi super- ime over bilged to d in the he people y the un- ly are not of liberty e patriots Ike. It is nfall o£ ,nd fears — is the ow. Let ; and in is daily the faith [ngs from > " * The iricalign effects of educating priests iu foreign and Romish countries. Its results in Enghind. Must be hurtful to Canada. In the .sixteentli century seminaries and col- leges were founded in Spain, France and Italy by English Catholics for educating young Catholics for the functions of the priesthood in England. From these institutions came those swarms of Jesuits and seminary priests which, in the middle of Queen Elizabeth's reign, filled England with conspiracies and treason, aiminfj at nothinor less than the life of the queen and the overthrow of the country. Canadians should observe that in this year of grace a Canadian college has been opened in Rome " to educate young Canadian Catholics according to the Catholic theology, for the administration of priestly functions." From Canadians so educated this country has nothing better to expect, under similar cir- cumstances, than sprang from the same source to the Mother Country three hundred years ao-o. The foreiixn traininor in medioBval doc- trines, in the Jesuitical and priestly arts, in dislike of English liberty and history, and antacfonism to Protestant freedom and intelli- gence, renders them anything but an acquisi- tion to Canada. They will return full of devotion to a foreign church, an ancient hier- 236 THE TERCENTENARY OF archy, absolute ecclesiastical power, the chair of St. Peter, and the thunderer of the Vatican. Romanism Romanism is still inspired by the same prin- cherishes foreign, ciples and spirit of intolerance, cherishes the ancient and obsolete same schemes, and pursues the same ends as of notions. o^^- Her dominance in Canada will be blight, and debasement to Canada worse than was that of Philip the Second and Sextus the Fifth over Spain. Her aim is to tamper with, and, if possible, control education. If it cannot be She has no altogether according to her model, to approxi- sympathy , •■ i i -i i m ■ . with gen- mate it as closely as possible. She aims to liberal ideas mould the young — young Protestants as well and pro- ^^ Catholics. To this end she has her camps of instruction — cheap schools and colleges — under the suasive instruction of monks and nuns, novitiates and priests. These drill mas- She educates ters teach their recruits to respect the triple the young, i r^^ i not in the tiara more than the royal crown, the Church ideals of the „ _, .1 -i o • j? -l present, but 01 Rome more than the baviour 01 men, rites le pas . ^^^ ceremonies more than the oracles of God. The need of Would that we all might be aroused from aroused from our apathy on these matters and that each of our apa \y. ^^ feeling himself responsible for liege service to Christ and the best interests of our fellow- men, would promptly come forth " to the help ENGLANDS VICTORY OVER THE ARMADA. 237 e chair /"atican. le prin- hes the ds as of ! blight, an was be Fifth ith, and, mnot be approxi- aims to ', as well T camps leges — nks and rill mas- le triple Church len, rites of God. ed from each of 3 service • f ellow- ,he help of the Lord, to the help of the Lord against the mighty." Four years or so ago the news spread over the eastern parts of this Dominion that insurrection and rebellion had broken out in the North-West, and were doing and threatening to do a work of destruc- tion on the property and lives of the settlers How speed- in those parts. Immediately a spirit of resist- ily oiu' volunteers ance and repression was aroused. Companies, to the emer- battalions and regiments of brave volunteers supp^ei"'a offered themselves to go and quell the tumult and'rebd"" ^"^^ restore order. An adequate army was organized, which in a few months returned clothed with honour, having successfully ac- complished in that short time the patriotic task they volunteered to perform. The spirit of Would that such a regard for the integrity loyalty and . p ^, . . . . devotion to and stability of our free Christian insti- and to the tutioiis, our cherished traditional rights, the and rights cause of Christ and the good of our fellow- ne^eded^"^ citizens, animated all classes and divisions of our Reformed and Protestant countrymen ! Would that they were one in sentiment and spirit, to boldly meet and heroically oppose every invasion of their dear-bought and price- less inheritance ! We want them to be men lion in the North- west ! 238 England's victory over the armada. of courage and of faith, men of purpose and of power, " men of skill who can keep rank, and are not of double heart ! " •' When Spain and Rome their force united To crush out freedom's cau^e, Our fathers rallied for the right And honour of our laws ; Both round the throne and altar, And home's sweet sheltering tree, These gallant sons of old contended ; And so, true hearts, will we. " We want not triumphs sprung from force, They stain the noblest cause ; For not in might or blood does truth Inscribe her perfect laws. Our spears and swords are printed words, The mind our battle-plain ; We've won such victories before. And so we can again. " This makes us stand the foremost Among the brave and free ; Our gallant sires of old contended, And so, true hearts, will we." )o.se and ep rank, ited orce,