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 The Rideau Lakes. 
 
 IJv A. T. Urummond. 
 
(livpri ii/i'i/ /'/■(nil t/ir ('(I iiiiiliii II h'rron/ nf Srii nee, ./intiai I'l/, ISH.j. 
 
 The Rideau Lakes, 
 
 By A. T. Drummond. 
 
 The term Ridoau Canal is rather a misnomer. ICwe ex- 
 cept the five miles of actual canal between the Dutt'crin 
 Bridge atOttawa and HogHbacic, and. again, the one mile or 
 nioie each of excavation at Poonainalie and Newboro, the 
 whole one hundred and twenty'' six miles of water route 
 between Ottawa and Kingston now compi-i.se merely two 
 rivei's and a chain of lakes — the liideau liiver, Avhich, flow- 
 ing for sixty five miles on the one side of the watershed, 
 falls at Ottawa into tlie Ottawa River ; the Catarac^ui River, 
 which, ilescending lor eighteen miles on the other side, falls 
 at Kingston into Lake Ontario; and, connecting the head- 
 waters of these two rivers, a continuous group of nine 
 beautiful lakes, each lying close to the next and all more or 
 loss studded with islands. 
 
 Canal journeys are slow and often monotonous. 'Vbo 
 toui'ibt, whose memories ol' the beautiful in (-anadiai; river 
 .scenery are associated with the Thousand Islands, and who 
 when speeding down the rapids of the St. Lawrence has 
 observed, in striking contrast, the tedious progress through 
 the 8t. Lawrence canals of the returning steamers as they 
 wend their way back again to the upper lakes, is hardly 
 pre|)ared for the information that, inland, on what is, 
 officially, but, by a misnomer, known as the Eideau Oanal, 
 there is ibr fifty miles a succession of lake scenery more 
 beautiful and more varied than that of the Thousand 
 Islands. And yet it is so. These Hiduau Lakes were 
 better known fifty years ago than now. With the opening 
 of the St. Lawrence canals and the construction of rail- 
 ways, the Kideau route ceased to be a main thoroughfiire, 
 and is now only locally known. 
 
 The character of the scenery here is largely due lO the 
 geological features of the country. The caiion at Kings, 
 ton Mills which fo 'ms the bed of the Cataraqui Eiver, is 
 walled by low Laurentian hills of 150 to 200 feet in height, 
 and shows in the bevelled edges of the gneiss near the 
 
 ^.^■<v 
 
Ihe Rideau Lakes. 
 
 2?y\ 
 
 water's edge, as well as in the worn crests of these liilLs, 
 that it has been at one time tiie track of an ice flow. The 
 softer sandstone clilVs fkirting the same river on its 
 southern side in Pittsburg, have had their general S 8G° W 
 direction made for them by tile same great force. The 
 islands are generally the lower peaks and crests of the 
 
 ♦Tjaurontian ridges which the waters of the lakes on finding 
 an outlet have loft unsubmorged. And everywhere in the 
 immediate vicinity of the lakes these same Laurcntian 
 ridges, green with trees and shrubs to the water's edge, 
 add attractiveness to the scenery and especially beautify 
 the, narrow passes and gorges which connect the dift'erent 
 lakes. 
 
 The Ilidoau lakes are, in part, artificial. Sand, Opinicon 
 and Indian Lakes and probably also Mud and Clear Lakes, 
 were no doubt somewhat enlarged by the dams at the out- 
 lets of the first three lakes, whilst Cranberry Marsh which 
 was one oi' the sources of the Catara(iui River, became by 
 the construction of the IJrevver's ^[ills dam, the long, nar- 
 row but picturesque Cranberry Lake, with every trace of a 
 marsh effaced, and the AYhitefish River became, by the 
 
 'erection of a dam near Morton, the equally long and nar- 
 row Whitefish liake. 
 
 The eftect of these last named dams being on the same 
 
 ■ level has been to unite Cranberry au'i Whitefish Lakes 
 sufficiently for navigation purposes. How far they were 
 originally connected has been an open question. Lieut, E. 
 C. Frora^e, JI.E., describing in the Royal Engineers' Reports 
 in 1S37, the original lino of communication before the 
 canal was constructed, alludes to the route being through 
 Whitefish Lake and by a channel through a quantity of 
 marshy land which had been flooded by dams erected at 
 Whitefish Falls and at the Round Tail, the source of the 
 Cataraqui River. Mr. Andrew Drummond whose personal 
 experiences here date back to .1832 is of opinion that there 
 was a connection between them, and ho writes as follows 
 in regard to the sources of the Cataraqui and ( Jananoque 
 Rivers and to the route of the Rideau Canal here as origin- 
 
 S-J 
 

 Canadian Record of Srience. 
 
 ally pi-qjeetod : " 1 think, ori<^inully, iiioi-e was u flow from 
 Lougboi'oiigii Lake into tlio Caturaqui lliroii<«;h what was 
 thou known by the name, not of Cranheny Lake, brt of 
 Cranborry Marsh, which became a lake when the waters 
 wore raisetl ly the artiticial dams at Hrewer's u])j)or mill 
 and at Whitefish Lake. The lattci-, as far as my recollec- 
 tion serves, was considei-ed the source of the Gananoquo 
 Kiver." 
 
 " l''rom a more commercial point of view, the fii-st en- 
 gineerings report recommended the construction of the 
 Rideau navigation route by the way of the Whitetish or 
 (iananoque K'ivor, but the British (jrovernraent decided that 
 it must be built b}' the Cataraqui River to Lake Ontario 
 direct, and not by an outlet on the St. Lawrence River, 
 where vessels would be more or less subject to annoj'ance 
 from the United States in time of wai-." 
 
 The great importance of maintaining as far as possible 
 the level of Upper Rideau Lake, by conserving the waters 
 of its tributary lalcos, has been forcibly illustrated during 
 the past summer. The long continued drought during 
 August led to the waters falling so low that steamboats 
 and barges drawing five feet constantly grounded in the 
 long, nai-row cut at Newboro, and it became a question 
 whether navigation for the larger vessels would not have 
 in consequence to cease over the entire system. This is a 
 difficulty likely to occur more frequently in the future in 
 the Rideau Lakes on account of the gradual removal of 
 large sections of the surrounding forests by fire, and the 
 unconiroUod cutting down of even the smaller sizes of tim- 
 ber there by lumbermen. 
 
 A Rideau Lakes Reserve. 
 What is needed here is a forest reserve around the sys- 
 tems of lakes which form the feeders of the Rideau Lakes. 
 By protecting the reserve from bush fires and absolutely 
 withdrawing it from settlement, the trees will be allowed 
 to grow again, and the accumulations from the melted 
 snows and from the summer rains which presently are 
 quickly drained off', will be held back within the forests and 
 
The Rideau La/ces. 233 
 
 only gnuldally find their way to the hikes. As in othor 
 sections of both Ontario and Quebec, the country here is 
 now reaping the I'csults of a past unwise Government 
 policy under which no practical effort was made to protect 
 the forests from tires or to punish those who carelessly or 
 wantonly were the causes of these fires, and under which 
 the rl<^ht of cutting timber on the Crown lands has been 
 freely sold with the object of securing for the Government 
 a present cash return, and without the slightest effort at 
 conserving the forests in ordei- to make them a continuous 
 source of revenue in coming years. Tliough somewhat 
 lute and only after so many of its townships had been 
 largely burned over, an effort has been made during recent 
 ycai's by the Ontario Government in conjunction with the 
 lumbermen, to limit forest fires, but more or less apathy 
 still prevails in Quebec, and the general criminal law of the 
 Dominion still fails to grapple practically with the subject. 
 Nearly all forest fires are the result of criminal careless- 
 ness or of wanton destructiveness, and are therefore pre- 
 ventable. When will our Governments learn that by year 
 after year showing apathy over the burning of the coun- 
 try's forests, they are wasting not only the country's pre- 
 sent revenues but the revenues which would continue to be 
 derivetl fi'om timber for scores of years to come. 
 
 Heights OF the Lake Levet-s. 
 Assuming the watei's of Lake Ontario to bo 237 feet 
 above the sea — some authoi-ities mention 232 feet — the 
 heights above tide water of the different Jiideau lakes and 
 of some of the upper lakes which supply them are, as de- 
 termined by the Government surveys, as follows: 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Upper Rideau 402 
 
 Lower Rideau 3!)8 
 
 Mud, Clear and Indian 398 
 
 Opinicon 386 
 
 Sand 37*7 
 
 Whitefish and Cranberry 317 
 
 Bobbs 621 
 
 Knowlton 454 
 
 Loughborough 403 
 
 Canoe , 466 
 
 y J 
 
234 
 
 Canadian Record of Science. 
 
 DisTiuuiiTioN OF Potsdam Sandstone. 
 
 Tho rec'ont survoys made by the railway ongiiieoi-s be- 
 tween J^idcau and Elgin emphaHizo the suggestion I have 
 elsewhere made that the Potsdam sandstone has probably 
 had a wider distribution throughout this Laurentian 
 isthmus than was at first supposed. After leaving llideau 
 Station on the Grand Trunk IJailwav, tho sandstone is 
 met with on lot 9 in the 4th concession of Pittsburg 
 whence it continues to lot 11 in the 5th concession. The 
 bods furnish an excellent laiilding stone. It appears again 
 in tho miildle of lot 12 in tho 5th concession and continues 
 to lot 15 in tho same concession when tho gneiss again 
 takes its place. Further on, at jirewer's Mills, a few feet 
 of sandstone cap the low Laurentiu.i ridge to the north of 
 the locks, and at the outlet of and at places around, Lough- 
 borough Lake a few miles farther north, and also around 
 Knowlton Lake, it is also found. Immediately beyond 
 Morton, on lots 4 and 5 in the 5th concession of South 
 Crosby, and at .Tones Falls it reappears, at the latter place 
 forming clitfs of about 70 feet in height. The splendid 
 locks and dam at .lones Falls are built of sandstone. F^ast 
 of Morion it probably underlies the broad stretch of flat 
 country lying between that village and Lyndhurst and 
 thence towards Seeley's Bay. Beyoiid Lyndhurst about 
 Bass Lake and on the north side of (yhaileston Lake, it is 
 also met with. On the north westei-n side of Lower 
 Eideau Lake and continuing to Peith and thence north lo 
 about the .Mississippi liiver within a short distance of 
 Lanai'k, there is a broad dis])liiy of the Potsdam sandstone. 
 It appears also in South i'.lmsley, and at Poilland in 
 Bastard has been used as a building material, though the 
 upper rocks in this vicinity may be of calciferous sand rock. 
 Among and in the neighborhood of tho Thousand Islands, 
 the Potsdam sandstone occui-s at one or two points on the 
 St. Lawrence side of the Township of Pittsbui-g. Mt ami 
 around (Janano(jue, on the lower end of IIowo Island, and 
 on Hay, Tidds, and parts of K'ound and Wellesley Islands, 
 whilst farthei- down the river, it appears near Alexandria 
 
The Rideau Lakes. 
 
 235 
 
 Uiiy and contiimos at intorviilw to Brockvillo. Tlioio is 
 thus :i wido-ipi'oud disti-ibiition of it in patchess or siuiill 
 ai'ous nearly across the Laurontian islliinus which connects 
 the Adirondacks with the L;uirentian country to the nortli- 
 ward. And in this h)caiity where glacial action has been 
 so niarked, we can imagine that these sol'.er i-ocks may at 
 one time have had a greater development than now ap- 
 pears. 
 
 Laurentian Rocks. 
 
 Writing generally of the Laurentian rocks in the Coun- 
 ties of Ltmai'k, Leeds and Fi-ontenac, the late Mr. II. G. 
 Vennor in the (leolo^ical Survey Report for 1870, charac- 
 terizes them as made up of granitoid gneisses, composed of 
 flesh colored feldspai', with grey (juart/., greenish horn- 
 blende, and some mica, and much cut up by granitic veins. 
 They have, in places, great ciystalline limestone bands 
 which can be traced continuously through two or three 
 townships, and sometimes tliey include broad ai'eas of 
 granitic rocks containing red ortlioclase and w'.'te quartz. 
 
 The economic minerals met w'.'h in the neighborhood of 
 (ho Kideau lakes are iron ore in large quantity at several 
 points, lead and yellow sulphuret of copj)er but not, thus 
 fai', in paying (quantities, phosphate of \iino at numerous 
 ])0int8, mica, marble, granite for ])aving blocks, and thick 
 beildcd sandstone for building mr.Lerial. The iron ore 
 generally, has assayed from 52 per cent, to (JO per cent, of 
 metallic iron, but is occasionally associated with 6 per 
 cent, to 12 per cent, of titanic acid and some sulphur. 
 
 The leading physical features of the counti-y — the lakes, 
 the islands, the low overlooking hills — are all due to the 
 Laurentian rocks, and to the line of direction which these 
 hills or great ridges have taken. At Brewer's Mills on the 
 Cataraqui River the direction is about N. 20° E. From 
 this point to Seeley's Bay their course is about N. ;{4° E., 
 whilst southeast of Seeley's Bay there are ridges lying N. 
 ;{0° Va. a long, conspicuous gully here which has afforded 
 a ])robable opening to the engineers for location, takes, 
 however, a course, for a considerable distance, of N. 82° i^. 
 
23(1 
 
 Canadian Record of Science. 
 
 The ^oiicihI dip in towards the 3t. Ljiwronco Rivoi' and the 
 small streams south, of Soolcy'H Buy ai-c; ti'ihutary to tiio 
 ( Jaiiaiioi|uo Jlivor and not to (Jrunbcrry and WliitoHsh 
 LaUoH. 
 
 I'YoilA. 
 
 ^rho flora of tlie country surrounding the hikes is essen- 
 tially that t'onunon to ('entral anil I'^astern Ontario and to 
 the vicinity of Montreal. Kven the Western Ontai'io 
 peninsula would dirt'er from it rather by the prevalence 
 there of western and southern forms than by tiie absence 
 of species found around the liideau lakes. I*]astern 
 Ontario is, however, the meeting gi-ound of some outliers 
 from floras whoso centres of development are elsewhere. 
 Among trees, Pinus Bnnksiana, the Noi-thern Scrub I'ine, 
 has made its way from higher latitudes to the southern 
 townships of the County of Renfrew, Pinus ri</idn, the 
 Pitch Pine, a denizen of the Atlantic Middle States, has 
 found a congenial home near Mallorytown and '^ananoque 
 and in the township ot Torbolton, Jwjlans nigra, the Wal- 
 nut, has wandered fi-om its native wilds in the west to 
 Ottawa and Montreal, and Quercus Castanea, the chestnut 
 oak, has ventured from the Middle and Western States, as 
 far east as Kingston. Among shrubs, Ehtis copaUina, al- 
 though somewhat comtuon in the United States, is thus far 
 known in Canada only among the Thousand Islarids, near 
 (Janauoque, where its congener li. typhina attains a won- 
 derful development in nunibers, whilst Pyrus sambuclfolia 
 found along the more northerl}' portions of the United 
 States, occurs at Ottawa and Montreal and ranges thence 
 northwestward to the Iiocky Mountains and northeastward 
 to Labrador. Among herbaceous plants there are also a 
 few outliers from other floras, and one or two species like 
 Podostemon ceratophyllum found at Ottawa, which have pro- 
 bably been overlooked elsewhere in Ontario. 
 
 Are these outliers the advanced guard of their resi)ec- 
 tive species paving the way for a more extended range by 
 becoming acclimatized, or do they constitute a stationary 
 force which physical and climatic influences have pre- 
 
The Rif/edu Lakes. 
 
 237 
 
 
 cliidod from goin,!,' further, or aro tlioy u roar /jjiiui'd ropro- 
 Hontitiii; what remains of a rotroatin<jj foi'co whose maximum 
 stage of activity has hoon passed, whoso ai-o:i of ilistrilm- 
 tion has boon diminishing, and the indivi<hials of whoso 
 species aro boin<^ <^ra(hially redueed in numbers. 'i'he 
 «|uesti()ns involved are interest in<jj. The suijjgestion is 
 intelligible that each species has its pla^e and pur- 
 ])oso to fultij in life, Just as tho lower animals and 
 man have, and has its development and ultimate de- 
 cline in strength and activity in each individual as 
 well as in tho numbers of its species, until, in long 
 course of time, thiit place is eithei' left void or is taken by 
 some other form or variety more suited to the changes of 
 circumstances which time is gradually but continuously 
 bringing about. Many plants, at the ])rescnt time, are 
 thus at their maximum stages of activit}- in individual 
 growth and reproduction, and have now their maximum 
 breadth of distribution ; some are merely in tho earl}- oi' 
 initial stages of this activity and at the initial points of 
 their ultimate area of range ; whilst others must bo on the 
 decline when activity in reproducing tho species is lesson- 
 ing, and tho area of disti-ibulion is being circumscribed. 
 When the stage of decline has been reached, ciimatal and 
 other causes which would in tho ordinar}'- course limit the 
 range, would have greater ottects on the species than upon 
 others which were in the progressive stage of activity or 
 had reached the maximum. 
 
 Lake Salmon. 
 One of the linest of our fresh water fishes— tho lake 
 salmon — occurs in the Lower Eideau Lake, and is tho at- 
 traction every summer to many American as well as (Cana- 
 dian sportsmen. It is a deep water fish confined here to 
 this lake more probably because it is tho lai-gcst lake of 
 tho Ilideau system and the only one which has a general 
 depth exceeding 100 foot, than because its watei-s are 
 clearer ihan those of others of tho system. Tho lake 
 salmon is caught by trolling with tho live minnow at 
 depths of 100 to 150 feet, and, like its nobler friend from 
 
 .. J-J^.. 
 
238 
 
 Canadian Becord of Sdenre. 
 
 tlie salt water, it affords to the sportsman exciting play for 
 considerable time before it permits itself to be taken. 
 
 Care will have to bo observed that this valuable Hsh is 
 not exterminateil in this '-ake. As railways render the 
 locality more accessible, the beautiful scenery must attract 
 tourists and s|)()rtsmen in increasini,^ numbers and lead to 
 extinction of the fish unless the lake continues to be 
 periodically restocked with the fiy, and fishing is permit- 
 ted under' stringent regulations which are not only made 
 but are also properly enforced. 
 
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