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 SI^MMART OP ENGLISH HiSTORt: 
 
 in the eighty-second year of his age and the sixtieth of 
 hlB reign, which is the longest and^ most remarlcable in 
 the annals of Enjglish history. ^ 
 
 " QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IX. 
 
 I, By whom was Queen Anne 
 succeeded ? How old was Georgg 
 I., and what , character pre- 
 ceded him ? What noblemen 
 experienced his resentment? 
 How were Ormond and Boling- 
 broke punished. , 
 
 II. What proceedings were 
 now taken by the Pretender, 
 and by whom was he supported r 
 What generals quelled the in- 
 surrections? What became of 
 the various insurgents? 
 
 ' III. Describe the nature and 
 origin of that speculation called 
 the South-Sea Bubble. How 
 did the South-Sea Company 
 raise money fr o m p »blie credu- 
 lity ? When the bubble burst, 
 whflt was found to be the value 
 of the directors' estates ? ' 
 
 IV. Belate the manner of the 
 king's death. 
 
 V. By whom was George I. 
 succeeaed ? What was the na- 
 ture of the misunderstanding 
 with Spain ? In what year was 
 Admiral Vernon sent out ? 
 What successes were achieved 
 by him and Commodore Anson ? 
 
 VI. On what occasion did 
 the French interfere with the 
 Austrian succession ? What iu- 
 justice did they commit towards 
 Jtfaria Theresa ? What coun- 
 tries joined with England to 
 assist the cause of justice, and 
 what was the result ? 
 
 ,VII. In what ye» did the 
 French declare wa%? What 
 
 great battle took place on the 
 anks of the Maine? What 
 was Prince Charles Edward 
 about in the meantime? What 
 oitiesdid he seize in Scotland? 
 
 By whom was he pursued? 
 when was the battle of Cul- 
 loden fought? What was the 
 result ? What was the fate of 
 the young iVetender ? 
 
 VIII. In what year was con- 
 cluded the peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle ? In what colonies did 
 the Frenoh^ndtheEnglish con- 
 tinue at war ? What great meu 
 were at this time active against 
 our distant enemies? What 
 were our conquests abroad, and 
 when did General Wolfe fall ? 
 
 IX. What terrible revenge 
 was taken bv Clive in the East 
 Indies? What were his con- 
 quests there? 
 
 X. When did George II. die. 
 and by whom was he succeeded? 
 
 XI. What was the first re- 
 markable event in this reign ? 
 What were the successes of 
 seven years? When was the 
 Stamp Act imposed on our 
 American colonies,and how was 
 it recei^d ? 
 
 XII. When began the war 
 between Englandand America? 
 When was the first battle 
 fought, and with what result ? 
 -What was the next battle? 
 When didthe Americans pro- 
 claim themselves independent ? 
 
 XIII. What countries ac- 
 knowledged their indepen- 
 dence? What great wars did 
 England carry on in conse- 
 quence ? What was the virtual 
 ending of the American war ? 
 
 XIV. Whattr^^ies of peace 
 were made in the year 1784? ° 
 
 XV. What dr«^fUl event 
 occurred in France in 1789? 
 What wore the proceedings of 
 
»■ 
 
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 A 'SirMMARY 
 
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 ENGLISir HISTORY, 
 
 • : ^ 
 
 
 3&oman ConquiMd 
 
 tfie $re$$ent STfme ; 
 
 V 
 
 OBSBBTATIOlfB OH TBB PBOaRBSS OF UtV, BOIBJNOB, 
 ClYILISATION, AKD QUESTIONS IdAPTID TO 
 ■AOH PABAQBAFB. 
 
 FOfflTHE USB OP SCHOOLS, 
 
 
 BY AMELIA B. EDWARDS. 
 
 
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 fHontrf al : 
 
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 Coronto: . 
 
 TTM.a ?. GAVBRHILL,BOOKSEIJiBR AND STATIONISB 
 
 TOjraB BBAB KING BISSBT, 
 
 1869. 
 
 
 
 
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 CONTEIJTS. 
 
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 OBir, /■ ■ "." ."' ■!■ ''» Tin 
 
 I.— BkotAVD BIVOBI THI OOVQVIBT .1 
 
 ** UNDBR THI R0MAN8| FROM B.C. 65 
 
 ' TOA.D. 449,.. B 
 
 ' " TTHDER THB S AXONS, A.D. 449 TO 
 
 A.D. 82t... »^ 9' 
 
 " UNDER THB AnQLO-SaXONS, A.D. 
 
 827 TO 1013 la 
 
 *' UNDER THB DaNES, A.D. 1013 TO 
 
 1041 18 
 
 « UNDER THB SaXONS, A.D. 1041 TO 
 
 1066............ 19 
 
 II. — Thb Norman Monarohs 23 
 
 III. — The Housb op I^lantaoenbt 27 
 
 lY. — Thb Houses of Lancaster and Tore. «.. 36 
 
 v.— Thb House op Tjjdor « 43 
 
 VL—The House op Stuart 65 
 
 VII.— The Housb of Stuart (continued),,.^. .<^. 65 
 
 VIII.--?lJNiTaD. Hopi?- OF Stuart and Nassau..; 72 
 
 IX.<^^Thb ^ousb' OF Brunswick. . ..'........../' 75 
 
 X.— The Housb OF Brunswick (conh'nueci).... 90 
 
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 PREFACE 
 
 
 V 
 
 1 . 
 
 •i 
 
 Not to the young sHolar only, but t0 the student 
 of maturer age, to the tradcsnian, statesman, and 
 soldier, is tjio perusal of our English history a most 
 interesting and important branch of education. 
 The poorest as well as the richest, the lowliest as 
 well as the Miest, may learn fr^m itJj pages such 
 a lesson of patience^ courage, and honesti endeavour, ' 
 as will make their task of life easier l^o support 
 under adversity, and teach them better\to employ 
 the advantages which Providence ma^ have en- 
 trusted to their hands for the benefit of tlieir fellow- 
 creatures. The History of England is t^e history 
 of progressive refinement It records Uuch ad- 
 vances in science, such triumphs in^jieraiure, such 
 an onward tide of gathering wealth, conqiiest, and 
 wisdom, as nowhere enriches tlie annals 9f a Eu- 
 ropean monarchy. The virtues of a king like 
 Alfred— the dauntless patriotism of a Hampden-^ 
 the martyr-fajne of our Protestant reformers undef 
 Queen Mary and Charjes the First, cannot fMl to 
 rouse the pride and the ambition of all wrho are 
 acquainted.with those ennobling passages of our na- 
 tional chronicles— cannot fail, let us hope, to make 
 
 Mu 
 
 \-'/,U < 
 
 « 
 
 .. ■■%" 
 
 >-♦•, 
 
 ^^w^ 
 
■J^ 
 
 B**^' 
 
 ■St 
 
 VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 of them better c 
 pursuance ot thi 
 
 tizens and sincerer Christians. In 
 8 aid,. we cannot too early begin 
 to instil a knowledge of English history into the 
 minds of the young, or too liberally diffuse narra- 
 tives adapted to the various stages of mental deve- 
 lopment ainong tbe schools and classes which now, 
 happily,aboU\id throughout the length and breadth 
 of the land. The present Summary is a volume 
 of little pretension! but of earnest purpose. It pro- 
 poses, when placed before the child, to serve as a 
 brief introduction to more advanced and lengthy 
 works; arid when laid on the table of the class- 
 room,^ or occupying a ipodest place on the 
 ahelves of the toublicand the private library, to 
 act as a concise and truthful handbook of those 
 dates, facts, and biographies, which, taken m the 
 aggregate, constitute our English history. 
 
 Not," then, in antagonism of any previous effort 
 in the same direction — not in depreciation of abler 
 or more extensive productions, whether old or new 
 — ^but in the hearty and willing hope that we are 
 rendering some aid to the great cause of education, 
 sowing some seeds of nobleness and of worthy ambi- 
 tion, these pages are put forth for the use of all to 
 whom they may be of service. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 f 
 
 n 
 
f 
 
 •^ 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 SUMMARY ,*' 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ENGLAND BEFORE THE CONQUEST. 
 
 I. — in the ancient times, ^hen Rome was a republit 
 and Jesus Christ yet unborn^ this beautiful England wag 
 a desolate waste of niftf^Mand a^nd forest, inhabited bj 
 a sayage people, who fought with clubs and tin swords, 
 clothed themselves in skins, and stained their bodies 
 with the juices' of a plant called woad. These barba- 
 rians went bj the name of Britons, and they believed 
 in a horrible idolatry that sanctioned battles, and .r«- 
 yenge, and human sacrifices. 
 
 II.-— Huts rudely constructed of wicker and mud, and 
 erected in little clusters here and there over the coun- 
 try, were called towns. These towns were generally 
 situated upon small clearings in tracts of woody land, 
 and were surrounded by a trench, which served for de* 
 fence in time of war. One such hamlet', built upon the 
 shores of a great river, and protected on the north by 
 an impenetrable forest abounding in every species of 
 game, was called X/yn-Din, or the " town on the lake," 
 " and is now that largest and wealthiest capital in ths 
 world known by the namQ of London, ^ 
 
.;V; 
 
 V P 
 
 
 8 
 
 SUMMARY OF BNGLISH niSTORr. 
 
 t- 
 
 U5DER THE ROMANS, FROM B.C. 65 TO A.D. 449. 
 
 III.— Eager for conquest, and tempted hj the rich 
 pearls and the tin-mines for which the island was femous, 
 but pretending only, to punish the poor savages for 
 having helped the Gauls, with whom he was at war, 
 Julius Offisar came over from Italy with his ships and 
 goldiers, plundered and killed in every direction round 
 about Sandwich, and made the first conquest of Brftain. 
 Thishappenedjustfifty-five years before Christ. Scarce- 
 ly a hundred more had gone by when the Emperor 
 Claudius came with fifty thousand men, and sub- 
 dued it over again (a.d. 43). It was durjhg the reign 
 of this emperor that Oaractacus, a patri(?li';5rlton, made j 
 the first effort to free his country ftom the Romtfnyoke. / 
 After nine years' conflict he was taken prisoner ; but 
 vas afterwards released by the clemency of Claudius. 
 
 IV.— Suetonius Paulinus, in the reign of Nero (a.d. 
 61), landed on the Isle of Anglesea, and destroyed the 
 sacred groves and altars of Druidical superstition,which, 
 in addition to the cruel treatment offered to ^oadicea, 
 Queen of the Iceni, once more roused the Britons to 
 rebellion. They won a splendid victory over their 
 powerful masters, and slew tO,000 of them; but in the 
 course of the same year were again defeated with great 
 
 loss. , J 1 
 
 v.— For Julius Agricola (a very good and clever 
 general) was reserved the establishment of the Roman 
 power in Britain. He took possession of the country 
 for the third time (a.d. 78), founded the arts of peace, 
 and made the people happy and civilized. He also de- 
 livered them from the fierce incursions of the Pictsand 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 acots, and helped them to erect a great WftU of separ a - ^ 
 
UNDBR THE BAXONS, 
 
 - 1 
 
 J 
 
 ( 
 
 tion across the island between the Tyne and Sol way, 
 known in history as the Wall of Severus,because Se veriis, 
 some Ijundreds of ypars afterwards, assisted to repair it. 
 
 This rampart, however, proved ineffectual against the 
 savage inroads of the Northern tribes, and a second was 
 constructed between the Friths of Clyde and Forth 
 (A.D. 138). ' 
 
 VI.— On the death of St. Lucius (a.d. 1*79), the first! 
 Christian king of Britain,— indeed, the first in the worl(J, 
 —he bequelthed this island to the Emperors of Rom/e, 
 whose property it was virtually all the time ; for, unider 
 their rule, the native sovereigns were but governors, 
 or lieutenants. The Romans Remained master^ of 
 England for nearly four centuries ; at the end of ^irhich 
 period, havijig lost much of their own powe/ and 
 dignity, they were compelled to' withdraw their/ forces 
 to defend themselves against the Goths (a.d. 410). No 
 sooner were they gone than the marauding Scots poured 
 in upon the defenceless Britons ; who, not knowing whrat 
 better to do in their distress, applied for Assistance 
 to the Saxons, a people of North Germany. 
 
 U^DER THE SAXONS, a. d. 449 to /a. d. 827. 
 
 VII. — Tl)!ep"Saxbns accordingly came across the chan- 
 nel between six and seven thousand strong, under the 
 command of two brother chieftains named Hengist 
 and Hor^a (a.d. 449). They speedily routed the Scots ; 
 but rewarded themselves for their trouble by taking 
 possession^of the country they came to deliveij. They 
 were followed by other German tribes: tl^e Saxon 
 tongue became the national languaj^e ; and tjie native 
 ^Britons fled to Wales, Cornwall/ and the coast of 
 
 France. 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 ^^^ 
 
t» 
 
 ■s}. 
 
 L 
 
 i*' 
 
 10 
 
 SUMMARY OP ENGLISH rilSTORY, 
 
 .VIIT.— After the death of Hcingist (a.d. 488), the 
 Saxons jioured in upon Jkitain faster than ever ; and it 
 was in opposing these tribes that the famous Arthur, 
 kiug of Britain, won his great renown^ He succeeded 
 in securing' to his people forty years of peace ; but 
 valour aloiie was of no avail. The natives, in time, 
 were-all overpowered or expelled ; and the land was 
 divided into seven small kingdopis, each governed by 
 a Saxon tyrant. This period is knWn as the period of 
 the Saxon Heptarchy. The following waSi-the order of 
 distribution: — 
 
 IX. — T^e kingdom of Cantia, or Kent, comprised the 
 fertile coiiittty of Kent, and was founded by Hengist (a.d, 
 457). . 
 
 Tlie kingdpm of South Saxony comprised the counties 
 of Sussex and Surrey, and was founded by Ella (a.d. 
 490). 
 
 The kingdom of West Saxony-, or Wessex, comprised 
 the counties of Hampshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Dorset- 
 shire, Somersetshire, and Devonshire, and was founded 
 by Oerdic (a.d. 5TO). 
 
 The kingdom of East Saxony comprised the counties 
 or Essex, Middlesex, and a part of Hertfordshire, and 
 was founded by Ercenwin (a.d. 527;. 
 
 The kingdom of Xorthumbria comprised the counties 
 of Northumberland, Gamberlaud, Westmorland, Dur- 
 ham, Yorkshire, Lancaster, and a portion of Scotland. 
 It was founded by Ida (a.d. 547). 
 
 The kingdom of Eagt Anglia comprised the countie s 
 of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge, and was founded 
 by Uffa (A.D. 575). 
 The kingdom of Mi^rcia comprised aU the midland 
 
 »> 
 
 M 
 
 .^-1- 
 
UNDER THE SAXONB. 
 
 11 
 
 »> 
 
 countiea, namely :— Cheshire, Stafford, Derby, W&rwick, 
 Worceater, Shropshire, Hereford, Gloucester, Oxford, 
 Buckingham, Bedford, Hiintingdoh, Northariipton, Rut- 
 land, Leicester, Nottingham, Lincoln, and a psirt of 
 Hertfordshire. It was founded by Crid'da (a.d. 582). 
 
 X.- — As it may readily be supposed, these seven kings 
 of Britain did not at all times reign in perfect friend- 
 ship with eaGh other, but, on the contrary, distracted 
 the country with perpetual quarrelings and warfare. 
 Despite even these drawbacks, the nation, however, be- 
 gan to experience the blessings of industry. Property 
 received the protect'on of the law, and no part of our 
 island was without an acknowledged ruler. The peo- 
 ple were still idolaters and heathens, worshipping the 
 false gods of ancient Rome. In the year 596, a good 
 monk, named Augustine, came over from Italy with forty 
 of his brethern, and converted the two powerful kings 
 of Kent and Northumbarland (a.d. 599). A great 
 church was then built at Canterbury (a.d. 604) '^ Sebert, . 
 king of Essex, bucame a proselyte ; the Temple of 
 Apollo at Westminster was pulled down, and a church, 
 dedicated to St. Peter, was erected where the Abbey is 
 now standing ; the Temple of Diana was destroyed, and 
 t^e original cathedral of St. Paul raised on its site; 
 and the University of Cambridge was founded^ the 
 year 644. Soon after this, the whole of Britian embrac- 
 ed Christianity ; and the seven kingdoms Were united 
 into one by the conquests of Egbert of Wessex, receiv- 
 ing the collective name of England, which it has ever 
 since retained. Winchester was at this time considered 
 to be the capital of the country. 
 
 s 
 
 
12 
 
 S0MMART OF BNaLISH IlISTORt^ 
 
 UNDER THE ANGLO-SAXON^. - A. D. 821 to 1013. 
 
 Egbert./ 
 began to beion a.d. ^00. died 836. 
 XI. — Scarcely had peace and unity been established 
 in the kingdom, when a horde 6f savagre warriors, called ' 
 DaneS) who dwelt upon tho shores of the Baltic Sea, 
 landed on our coasts, but were routed on the coast of 
 Devon, and. forced to fly back to their ships for safety, 
 —only to return again about once in every year. After 
 a prosperous reign, trouljled only by these invaders. 
 Egbert died (yi.D. 836), and was buried at Winchester. 
 
 Ethelwolp. 
 
 BEGAN TO BEI|6n A.D. 836. DIED 867. 
 
 XII.— Egbert was succeeded by Ethelwolp, his eldest 
 t son. This king undertook a pilgrimage to Rome, and 
 married a daughter of king Charles the Bald of France. 
 He first granted tithes to the clergy, and instituted an 
 annual tribute to the pope, called Peter's Pence. The 
 Danes now made themselves the terror of England, 
 and, though frequently repulsed, continued to plunder 
 the country, and occasionally to carry off the inhabi- 
 tants for slaves^ Ifi the year 851 'they sailed up the 
 Thames with 350 ships; burnt the cities of, London 
 and Ganterbupy, arid established themselves permanently 
 upon%e Isleyof Thanet. Ethel wolf died (a.d. 85 Y), 
 and wasf buried at Steyning, in Sussex. 
 
 / Ethelbald. ,^ * 
 
 bbgan to ebign a.d. 857. died 860. 
 Ethelbeet. ^ 
 
 BGAN to BBION A.D. 8 60. — PIBD, 866^ — 
 
 XIII.— Tho r«ign of Ethblbald was brief, unim- 
 
 X 
 
 iiiii'iwii Villi 
 
UNDER THB ANOLO-BAXOITB. 
 
 / 
 
 11 
 
 portant, and vicious. He was succeeded by his brother 
 Ethblbbrt, who reigned only six years ; during which 
 time the Danes exacted tribute from the English, laid 
 waste the whole county of Kent, and pillaged the city 
 of Winchester. Ethelbert died a.d. 866. 
 
 Ethelred. 
 began to eeiosra.1). 866. died 872. 
 XIV.— Ethelbert (was followed by Ethel red, ft brave 
 soldier, whose reign was one long scene of valiant war- 
 fare with the Danes. It is said that in one year he 
 fought no less than nine pitched battles with the 
 enemies of his country. In all these he was assisted by 
 his young brother, Prince Alfred, afterwards illustri- 
 ous as King Alfred the Great. Prince Alfred was the 
 first earl created in England. In this reign the invad- 
 ers penetrated into Mercia and took up their winter 
 quarters at Nottingham, whither the king instantly 
 marched to dislodge them. A great battle ensued, in 
 which Ethelred was killed, leaving to Alfred the inheri- 
 tance of a kingdom wnich had declined into an drlmost 
 hopeless condition of weakness and distress. 
 
 Alfred THE Great. 
 
 TdEGAN TO REIGN A.D. 872. DIED 9^1. 
 
 XV. — Alfred the Great was just twenty-two years 
 of age when he ascei^ded the throne of England, and 
 for the first eight years of his reign was engaged in an 
 uninterrupted and disastrous warfare with the Danes. 
 They, in fact, at one time made themselves entire 
 masters of the kingdom ; so that Alfred was obliged to 
 assum e many humble disguis e s, and hide hims e lf in the 
 
 \^' 
 
 woods, and in the cottages of ^i^easant subjects. In 
 
 I 
 
 ••>'«-^' 
 

 u 
 
 SUMMART OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 
 Somersetshire, however, he found friends and assistance, 
 built a strong fort, assembled an army, and once more 
 took the field against the Danes. Assuming the disguise 
 of a Wandering harper, he then penetrated to the enemy's 
 camp, judged of the most favourable manner of attack, 
 brought his soldiers unexpectedly upon them, and 
 achieved a brilliant victory. Many years of peace ensued, 
 during which this brave and good king applied himself 
 to the improvement of his country and the hapginess of „ 
 his people. 
 
 XVI.— Alfred now framed a code of laws, some of 
 which exist to the present day— divided England into 
 counties' and hundreds— established the first regular 
 militia — encouraged the arts and sciences, and instruct- 
 ed the English in the art of navigation and ship-building. 
 He was the first of our monarchs who made England a 
 naval power ; and to state that he was the most accom- 
 plished man of his day, that he was the hero of fifty- 
 six battles, that he established the system of trial by 
 jury, and founded the University of Oxford, is but to 
 relate a portion of his glory. After twelve years of . 
 peace the Danes again invaded our coasts. They came 
 under the command of Hastings, their sea-king, with a 
 fleet of three hundred and thirty-one ships, and landed 
 on the coast of Kent, making Appledore their head- 
 quarters. A protracted struggle ensued, at th&jConclusion 
 of which they were again defeated. The wife and family 
 of Hastings were taken captives; but Alfred, with his 
 general moderation, restored them to the Danish ctief, 
 on condition that he and all his followers should leave 
 the country. To these terms they readily acceded ; but 
 gome few lingered till the year 897. Alfred died a.d. 
 
 .^. t 
 
 i 
 
 « 
 
# 
 
 UNDER THE ANGLO-SAXONB. 
 
 15 
 
 'Kt 
 
 901, at Farringdon, in Berkshire. lie wns burled at • 
 Wiuchester. and lia.-^ left behind liimthe most honoraljlo 
 rei)utation for learning, courage, wisdom, and gene- 
 rosity, of any English sovereign. . 
 
 Edward THE Elder. 
 
 BEGAN TO' RE rON A. T). 001. D^EP 025. 
 
 XVIT. — Edward the Elder, second son to King Alfred 
 the Great, succeeded to the crown. His reign was 
 troubled by the pretensions of hid cousin Ethelwald, 
 >vho disputed Edward's claim, and fell at last on the 
 field of battle. Towards the end of this king's reign he 
 invaded Wales, and added to the endowments of the 
 Cambridge University. He died (a.d. 925), leaving a 
 
 numerous family. 
 
 '' Athelstan. 
 
 began to buign a.d. 025. died 041. . 
 XVIII. — King ATHiftiSTAN had not been many .years 
 established on his fatlicr's throne when a great league 
 was formed against him by the Danes, Scots, and other 
 nations. They were, however, completely defeated, and 
 six of the kings, his enemies, were slain (a.d. 038). This 
 •monarcJi caused the Bible to be translated into the 
 Saxon tongue, and presented a copy to every church 
 throughout the kingdom. lie also gave encouragement 
 to commerce by decreeing that every merchant who had 
 taken three voyages should be entitled to the rank of a 
 thane, or nobleman. Ajhelstan died at^ Gloucester 
 (A.D. 94M. and was buried at Malmesbury, Wilts. 
 
 ^ Edmund I. 
 
 BEGAN TO BEIGy A.P. 9». jjTEP Ot7. 
 
 ^': 
 
 XIX.— Athelstan was followed by his brother Edmund, 
 
 * <4 
 
-n^ 
 
 ^^=^ 
 
 10 , BUMMART OF ENGLISH IIISTORT. 
 
 a youth of eighteen years of age, whose first act was to 
 subdue the Drones gathered together under the command 
 of Anlass. lie was stabbed by a wicked robber named 
 Leolf (a.d. 947), and was sUcccded by his brother Edrcd, 
 sixth son to Edward the Eldier. 
 
 * Edded. 
 
 y BEOAX TO REIGN A.n. 9t7. DIED 955. 
 
 XX. — This king rebuilt Glastonbury Abbey, and was 
 entirely ruled by the abbot, named Dunstan. Dunstan 
 was, in fact, the virtual king of England. Edward died 
 (a.d. 955), and was bulled at Winchester. 
 
 Edwy, 
 
 BEOAW TO REIGN A.D. 055. DIED 959. 
 
 XXI. — The profligate and careless Edwy received the 
 crown of his uncle, and pffendc^ the prejudices of his 
 clergy by marrying the Princess Elgiva, a lady of great 
 beauty, but of near relationship to himself. Dunstan, 
 who had hitherto been absolute in the kingdom, sacceeded 
 in ifniting the priesthood against this marriage. Edwy 
 was^compelled to divorce his wife, and she was murder- 
 ed with barbarous cruelty by her enemies. Edwy died 
 of grief (A.D. 9^9), being threatened by sedition in all 
 parts of his dominions, and overbortie by tho4nflu- 
 ence and hatred of Dunstan the Abbot. 
 
 Edgar, 
 began to reign a.d. 959. died 976. 
 XXII. — Edgar, surnamed the Peaceable, next ascend- 
 ed the throne. He was. elected, and consequently 
 governed, by the monks; built many monasteries; 
 
 increased the navy to three hundred and sixty ships, 
 and exterminated the wolf from the moantains and 
 
 V 
 
VNDER TRE ANGLO-SAXONS. 
 
 It 
 
 t^ 
 
 I 
 
 forest-lands of Wales. This kinpf was so arroffant of 
 his conquests, that he cans* d his barge to be rowed by 
 eight princes along the river Doe. He died after a reign . 
 of sixteen years, A. D. 975. 
 
 Edward II. 
 
 BEOAN TO BEION A.D. 076. DIED 078. 
 
 XXIII. — This unfortunate yonng monarch, whose 
 reign had promised to be happy and judicious, was 
 stabbed (a.d. 978), by order of his step-mother, while 
 drinking a cup of wine at the gate of Corfe Castle, in 
 Dorsetshire. He was succeeded by his half-brother, 
 Ethelred, after a brief kingship of little more than three 
 years. V 
 
 I Etiiklred II. 
 
 BEGAI^TO REIGN A.D. 078. DIED 1016. 
 
 XXIV. — In this reign the Danes once more flocked to 
 our coasts, and Ethelred was weak enough to buy them 
 off with a moneyAtribute called Zhiiiegelt, which was 
 levied by a tax of, one shilling on every hide of land 
 throughdut the coitntry, and is the first land-tax upon 
 record in our history. Soon this, even, ceased to satisfy 
 them, and the king formed a cowardly plan to massacre 
 all the Danes in the kingdom, instead of meeting them 
 in fair battle. This disgraceful slaughter took place on 
 the 18th of November, a.d. 1002, and was revenged by 
 a great invasion of the enemy. They sailed from Denmark 
 under the command of Sweyn, their king, who, after a 
 protracted struggle of ten years, put Ethelred to flight, 
 and ascended the English throne (a.d. 101^). 
 
 ■•! 
 
 ) w 
 
^c 
 
 \ 
 
 u. 
 
 1030. 
 
 18 BUMMART OF KWOLISH HISTORY. 
 
 UNDKR THE DANES. ^A.D. 101 
 
 SwEYN... Began to reign 101 
 Canutb.. " " fo 
 
 . XXV. — RwRYN reigned in England for tlio fthort space 
 of one yonr, and was succcetled by Canutp, his son, who 
 divided the kingdom with Edmund Ironside, a Saxon 
 monarch, from whom is traced the descent of King 
 George IV. Before Edmund had reigned for one year 
 ove|iji8 portion, he was murdered at Oxford, an4 Canute, 
 wjSlrwas at that time tlie most powerful monarch in 
 Europe, became sole ktng. Having conqilered, not ohly 
 this country, but the countries of Norway and Sweden, he 
 called himself king of England, Denmark, Norway, and 
 Sweden. He banished the children of Ethelred, but 
 married Emma, their mother, and died (a. d. 103G) at 
 Shaftesbury. 
 
 «" 
 
 BEGAN TO 
 
 OLD. 
 
 103G.T*D1ED 1039. 
 
 XXVI.— Harold, surnamcd Ilarefoot, from the swift- 
 ness with which he ran, was the son of Canute by hia 
 first wife. He reigned only three years, and died, At 
 Oxford, A.D. 1039. ^ C 
 
 Hardicanute. 
 
 BEfcSAN TO^ REIGN A.D. 1309.' DIED 1041. 
 
 XXVII. — Harold was succeeded by his weak and 
 wicked half-brother, Hardicanutb. He died from in- 
 temperance after a short rcip^n of two yearf^^A.D. iU4i;, 
 and wa3 the last representative of the Danish line. 
 
 f 
 
 '*« 
 
 N • 
 
 J^ / 
 
■ «p 
 
 'f 
 
 ^k_ 
 ^ 
 
 UNI>FR THE 8AXO 
 UNDEn THE SAXONSL AD. 
 
 
 ;# 
 
 10 
 
 lO4f|POl066. 
 
 BdWARD Till \CONKKSa0JIW " 
 
 BEGAN TO RKIQN A.D. 
 
 XXVIH.— A Saxon, 
 
 known Us 
 
 / 
 
 CON- 
 
 
 FR880R, was next chosen. Tiiis motiarcli wna famous 
 
 for his piety, ajfa married Rditha^ da 
 Godwin. Ilnving^becn, unfortunateiy, 
 in the court of Normandy, Edward the 
 ed but little affection for the customs, 
 natives of his owa country, lie evinc 
 preferonco throughout his reign far all Fre 
 
 er to Earl 
 
 ttbro^ljr- 
 
 ssch: retam- 
 
 n for the 
 
 marked 
 
 laws and 
 
 habits, and by this line of conduct gave considerable 
 cause for jealousy tO' his people. He repealed the tax 
 called Danegeltj and was the first king who foij^ed for 
 that disease known as the king's evil. DuHng this 
 reign William IMik? «f Normandy came over to visit 
 England, and Edward^ it is said, then promised to him 
 the reversion of the Engttsii crown. - Edward the Cj9n- 
 fessor rebuilt Westmm^er Abbey, and at his death, on 
 January the 5th, 10G6, was canonized is a Saint by .the 
 Homan Catholic Chnrcli. 
 
 IliROLD II. 
 BEGAN TaREiaS AND DIED A.D. 1066. r^ 
 
 XXIX. — Harold, son of Earl Godwin, was then elect- 
 ed king by the Council of the States, but was destined 
 to find a powerful opponent in Duke William of Nor- 
 mandy. This warlike and ambitious prince of France 
 had the boldness to claim the crown for hia own head : 
 and gathering around his standard all the recruits he 
 
 
 y\ 
 
 eould muster, all the beggarly nobles, freebooters, and 
 adventurers of Europe, landed, with sixty thousand men, / 
 
 m 
 
 
l^- 
 
 T 
 
 
 4^^'^Hb^^'ji^-V, 
 

 
 ■*;!> ■ 
 
 20 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGKLISH HlSTOBT, 
 
 wpon the coast of Sussex, and defeated the English in 
 a great battle (Oct. 14, 1066), rendered still more 
 disastrous by the death of Harold, and famous ijo us all 
 as the battle of Hastings, / 
 
 Thus ended the Saxon period, which had subsisted 
 with various fortune in England for upwards of six 
 hundred years. 
 
 QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER I. 
 
 I. Wliat was the ancient con- 
 dition of Britain ? By whom 
 was it inhabited? What was 
 the relijErion of the Britons I 
 
 II. What was the state of the 
 country at this early iM-iod? 
 Relate the orif,nn of LOitUon. 
 
 III. What was Britain fa- 
 mous for ? Who was tlie first 
 
 'Conqueror P When did Julius 
 Ctesar landP Who was the se- 
 cond (.'onqueror, and when did 
 he arrive:' Who was Caracta- 
 cus? 
 
 IV. Wliat injuries roused the 
 Britons to a sucoi^d rebellion ? 
 What was the result of this 
 rebellion ? 
 
 V. Who established the Ro- 
 man power in Britain ? What 
 
 -good service did Aprieolar do 
 the Britaius, and what great 
 work of defence did he build for 
 thein? Where and when was 
 the second wall constructed P 
 
 VI. Who was the first Qhris- 
 tian king in the world? . To 
 whom did he bequtath the 
 kingdom P For how long did 
 the {tomans remain masters of 
 Englairtl ? Why did they with- 
 draw thoir forces? Whatcaused 
 the Britons to apply to the 
 Saxons? 
 
 VII. When did the Saxons' 
 come over, and who w^ere their 
 leaders? How did the Saxons 
 reward themselves for beating 
 the Scots? What became of 
 
 the native Britons? 
 
 VIII. Who was King Arthur, 
 and for what is ho famous ? 
 What term of peace did ho 
 secure for his people ? Into 
 how many kingdoms was Emc- 
 land afterwards divided? Bj 
 what name is this period knowi 
 in history? ' 
 
 IX. Ilelate the order of dis- 
 tribution among the seven Sax- 
 on kings. 
 
 X. Did the kings reign in 
 peace tofzother ? What was t ho 
 state of the country at this 
 tim(!? Who was Augustine, 
 and what did he effect in Eng-^ 
 land? Whsit churches were • 
 built, and what temples pulled 
 down? When was the Cam- 
 bridge University founded P 
 When were the people con- 
 verted to Christianity, and by 
 whom ? AVho united the seven 
 kingdonps into one? Bv what 
 name was it then called ? 
 
 XI. What was the conduct ' 
 of the Danes at this time? 
 Whm did Egbert die? 
 
 XII. By whom was Egbert 
 succeeded? Relate the chief 
 acts of Ethelwolf. Relate the 
 events of 851. When did 
 Ethelwolf die?, 
 
 XIII. Of what character was 
 the reign of Ethelbald, and by 
 whom was he succeed<;d P Re- 
 late the encroachments M the 
 Danes. When did Ethelbert 
 die, and b y w hom was he sue- 
 
 W^ 
 
 ceeded? 
 
 \ 
 
 
x^' 
 
 m^- 
 
 UNDER THE 8AX0ICS. 
 
 21 
 
 XIV. What was the charac- 
 ter of Ethel red? How many 
 battles did he lij^ht in one .y«;ar ? 
 What was tho manner of 
 Ethelred's death ? 
 
 XV. At what age did Alfred 
 the Great begin his reign, and 
 in what year P Ucl:u«^ tlio 
 events of the first eight years of 
 his reign. 
 
 XVI. How did Alfred employ 
 the years of peace that follow- 
 ed P Of how many battles was 
 he the hero P What system of 
 triil did ho introduce, and what 
 great abode of learning did he 
 round P Who was Hastings, 
 and in what way did Alfred 
 treat the captive family? When 
 did he die, and what reputation 
 has ho left? 
 
 XVII. Who was the succes- 
 sor of Alfred? llolate the 
 events of Edward's reign. 
 
 XVIII. What great league 
 was formei^ against Athelstan 
 and, how did it terminate? 
 What great work did h^ cause 
 to be translated ? When did 
 Athelstan die? 
 
 ^JKIX. By whom was Athel- 
 M&n succeeded, and what was 
 triQ first act of the new king ? 
 When did Edmund die, and by 
 Whose' hand? 
 
 XX. By whom was Edmund 
 I. sui'cocded P What abbey was 
 rebuilt bjr Edred, and by whom 
 was the king ruled ? When did 
 he die? \ ' 
 
 XXI. What was the charac- 
 ter of Edwy, and in what way 
 did he offend the clergy P What 
 
 It 
 
 )f^en 
 
 became of El^a, and 
 did the king die ? 
 
 XXII. By what class' of 'men 
 was Edgar tho Peaceable go- 
 verned? Relate his principiil 
 deeds. When did he die ?, 
 
 XXI II. By whom was ^^gar 
 succcede<l, and how was* he 
 murdered ? 
 
 XXIV. Whaf king next as- 
 cended tho throne ? What was 
 the Danegeltf When did the 
 cowardly massacre of the Danes 
 take fdaceP How was it re- 
 veng(ul P 
 
 XXV. For how long did 
 Sweyn reign in England, and 
 by whom was he succeeded? 
 Who was Edmund Ironside, 
 and what was his fate? Name 
 the titles of Canute. Whom 
 did he marry, and when did ho 
 die? 
 
 XXVI. Who was Harold I. P 
 How long did he reign, and 
 when did he die ? 
 
 XXVII. By whom was Harold 
 succeeded P Prom what cause 
 and in what year did Hardica- 
 nute dioP, 
 
 XXVIII. Of what nation was 
 Edward the Confessoy?,* To 
 whom did he promise the (frown 
 of England? When did h^ We, 
 and what honours did he receive 
 after death P 
 
 XXIX. Whose son was Ha- 
 rold? Who disputed Harold's 
 right to the crown? Of whom 
 did William's army consist P 
 When was the battle of Hast- 
 ings fought? For how long had 
 the Saxona ruled in England t 
 
 
 ■''4^ 
 
 •m.- 
 
 :}^»- 
 
22- 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY, 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE NORMAN MONAROHS. 
 
 Bopan to reign. Died. 
 William I. a.d. 1U66...1<IS7 
 William II. " 10S7...110(> 
 HeneyI. *• 1100 ...1135 
 
 Began to reign. Died. 
 Stephen ~) 
 
 (House of Blois) y 1136.. .1154 
 
 William I. 
 
 BEGAN TO REIGN A.D. 106.6 
 
 
 _,_D lOSY. 
 
 I. — William I., son of Duke l^^rt, of Jlformandy, 
 and known as the Conqueror, was as politic as he was 
 ambitious. Being wisely determined not to irritate 
 those whom he had c6nquered, he forbore to seize upon 
 the crown as upon mere booty, but went through the 
 form of asking the sanction of the English themselves; 
 a sanction which was not long withheld by the clergy 
 and nobility, and for which he testified his gratitude by 
 entering into a solemn engagement to protect the rights 
 and liberties of his new subjects. These oaths are still 
 taken by every English monarch on the day of corona- 
 tion. ^ 
 
 II. — At first he governed impartially enough; but, 
 somehow, became greatly changed after the lapse of a 
 few years, and di4 such deeds as left, him the reputation 
 of a ruthless tyrant. He seized and gave away to hia 
 Norman followers the rich estates of Saxon landholders { 
 carried fire and swordVas if through an enemy's country, 
 into the.villages and fieMs of the New I'orest, merely 
 to clear it for his boar ^d deer hunting ; instituted the 
 curfew-bell, by which people were compelled to extin- 
 guish their lights and fires at a certain hour; and even 
 strove to make French the language of the country. 
 Hcnc o arose the mixed character of our vocabula r y, 
 
 r 
 
 ^*»» 
 
THE NORM AN MOJTAUCIIS. 
 
 28 
 
 which, 16 this day, consists as much of Normau as of 
 Saxon words. William the Oonqueror died a.d. 1087. 
 
 \ William II. ' 
 
 BEGAN TO lEIGK A.D. 1087. DIED 1100. 
 
 in.— William Rufus, so named from the red colour 
 of his hair, and second son of the Conqueror, succeeded 
 his father. He invaded Normandy, the dukedom of his 
 elder brother Robert, and behaved well to his English 
 subjects, whose alfections he was anxious to secure. 
 During his reign commenced those, extraordinary wars- -^ 
 carried on by all the chivalry of Europe against the Sa- 
 racen possessors of Jerusalem, and known far and wide 
 as the Crusades. The first crusade went outia the 
 year 1095, and with it, amongst otHer sovereign princes, 
 Robert, Duke of Normandy, who mortgaged his 'rich 
 provinces to William Rufus for the sum of ten thousand 
 marks, in order that he might have sufficieht money for 
 the enterprise. Rufus was on the pWt of starting for 
 France to take possession of these new lands, when he 
 was accidently shot by Sir Walter fyrrel (a.d. 1100) 
 while hunting the deer in the New Forest. This mon- 
 arch erected Westminster Hall for his* banqueting cham- 
 ber. It was then the largest room in Europe ; but was 
 afterwards pulled down and rebuilt by Rk^ard II. 
 In the year 1100, four thousand acres of lana which had 
 been the property of Earl Godwin, father to Harold II., 
 and were by him bequeathed to the monks of Canter- 
 bury, were suddenly overflowed by the sea. The site 
 where they once extended lies opposite the city ofD^al, 
 and is known to sailors as one of the mpst dangerous- 
 upon our coast-liae. They are called tho Goodwia 
 
 
 Sands. 
 
 iMSW 
 
u 
 
 SUMMARY OP ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Heney I. 
 
 ,. BEGAW TO REIGN A.D.I 100. DIED llSS. 
 
 IV.~Hbx\iiv, youngest brother to William Rufus, now 
 hastened up to Winchester ; secured the royal treasure ; 
 married Matilda, a descendant of the ancient Saxon 
 line ; removed the unpopular restrictions of the curfew ; 
 and had succeeded in obtaining the throne and the' fa- 
 vour of the people, before Duke Robert (the rightful 
 heir) could come over to dispute the. succession. Ho 
 then made war upon Robert ; invaded Normandy ; pos- 
 sessed himself of ihat entire duchy ; took the duke pri- 
 soner, and confined him in Cardiff Castle for the remain- 
 der of his life— a period of ei^ht-and-twenty years. 
 
 v.— King Henry I. had one son, who with a hundred 
 and forty young men of the noblest families in England,- 
 was drowned off the coast ofHarfleur (a.d. 1120) dn hig 
 return fxom Normandy, where he had been receiving 
 the homage of the French barons. The death of this 
 prince was a great blow to the king, who is said never 
 to have smiled afterwards. During this reign a body 
 of military monks 'called the Knights Templars esta- 
 blished themselves in England— the first English park^ 
 was laid out at Woodstock — rents were made payable 
 in money, having previously been payable in cattle, 
 corn, &c. — the coinage was corrected — a standard fixed 
 for the regulation of weights and measures; ^n(^ the 
 length of the English yard taken from the measurement 
 of the king's arm. Woollen stuffs were also introduced 
 at this time from the Low Countries, and a colony of 
 Flemings settled down at l?7orsted, near Norwich, for 
 manufacturing purposes. Henry I. died (a.d. 1135) in 
 tha sixty-s e venth year of his age, leaving one daughter, 
 
 \ 
 
 :^'J;v 
 
25 
 
 i 
 
 ■■■■./, 
 
 THE NORMAN MONAROHS. 
 
 named Matilda, wife to the Emperor of Germany, It 
 i3 said that King Henry died from eating too largely of 
 , a dish of lampreys. / 
 
 Stephen (Earl of Blois). , / 
 
 BBGAN'TO RErON A.D. 1135. DIBD'1154. / " 
 
 VI. — Stephen, Earl of Blois, grandson to William the 
 Conqtneror, and nephew to King Henry, hastened over 
 from Normandy, and was received as king by the low- 
 er ord^s of the people, although Matil,da, by right of 3 
 birth, should have reigned in England. He had more 
 diflBculty with the clergy— but gained even their votes 
 at last; seized the royal treasure; and, to obtain favor 
 ,with the populace, restored the laws made by Edward 
 the Confessor. 
 
 Vn.— Matilda did not long delay her claim, and, 
 shortly after these events, landed with a brave little re- 
 tinue of one hundred and forty knights ; took Arundel 
 Castle; gathered together a considerable number of re- 
 cruits ; gained a battle over Stepiien (a.d. 1140), and 
 was crowned queen of England at Winchester Cathe- 
 dral. She was not liked, however, by either the people 
 or the nobility. Stephen was again recognised as king, 
 ' and Matilda deposed. She contrived to escape, and 
 brought up her son, named Henry, as a future rival to 
 the usurper. ^ 
 
 VIII. — When Prince Henry had reached his sixteenth ' 
 year, he showed such courage and talent, that he re- 
 ceived the honour of knighthood (a.d. 1135), and under- 
 took an invasion of England. Stephen was by this 
 time worn out with the struggles of many years, and, 
 to prevent further bloodshed and misery, agreed that 
 the youth should be associated with him in the govern- ^'"^^ 
 
 i> 
 
 '«;.«M»' 
 
liMsBtteMW 
 
 28 
 
 MSUMMARY OF BNOLISn HISTORY. 
 
 h 
 
 ment, and succeed to the crown upon his decease. A 
 great fire devastated London during this reign (a.d. 
 113G), and all the city from Aldgate to St. Paul's was 
 laid in ruins. Sugar was first introduced about this 
 period, and the Tower first constituted a royal residence. 
 Stephen was a just and moderate monarchy and, at his 
 death, in t|ie year 1154, the kingdj^ passed quigtly in- 
 to the hands of the House of Plan tageiiet. 
 
 QUESTIONS TO CHAPTBHII. 
 
 lonK was the DuUe of Normandy 
 iinnrisotKHl ? 
 
 V. Wl\at drearlful accidetit 
 occurred to King Henry's only 
 aoiiP How old was tho^injj 
 wheii he died? What/family 
 did he lo.ave to lament his loss P 
 Whfit is allcfrod »s the cause of 
 I^iag Henrj^^Mh ? VVlio were 
 the, Knights T^rnrilarsP Relate 
 the improvemontsetfect(>d dur- 
 ing tlii s reign. ' When did Hen- 
 ry die P 
 
 VI. Who was Stephen, and 
 in what way did he oj)|)ose the 
 claims of Matilda ? By whoai 
 was he most favourably receiv- 
 ed ? What steps did he take to 
 secure the favour of the popu- 
 lace P 
 
 Vil. With what forces did 
 Matilda land, and what success 
 had she ? In whatye^r was she 
 crowned P Did she long conti- 
 nue to reign P With what ob- 
 ject did she educate her son P 
 
 VIII. What was tlui charac- 
 ter of Prince Heniy? When 
 did he undertake talhvade En- 
 gland? Into what agreempnt 
 did the kine; enter? What groat, 
 calamity befel the city of Lon- 
 ■donauring this reign? What 
 uesful condim<mt was first iu- 
 
 I. What proceedings were ta- 
 ken by William to Opta'n the 
 crown? In what avtiv did he 
 testify his gratitude P ' , In what 
 way is that ceremony perpetu- 
 ated? 
 
 II; W^liat alteration took 
 
 fjlace in the cham/cter of Wil- 
 iam I. ? Whutf wrongs did he 
 inflict upon the EngUsh? 
 Whence arose the mixed cha- 
 racter of our language ? 
 
 III. In what year did William 
 the Conqueror die and by whom 
 was he succeeded ? What inva- 
 sion was undertaken by Wil- 
 liam Ilufus? How did he be- , 
 have to his English subjects? 
 What extraordinary wars were 
 begun during this reign ? When 
 did the first Orunade go out ? 
 In^what manner did the king 
 heconie possessed of Normandy , 
 and at what prieo P What was 
 the manner ofhis death ? When 
 •did he die P What great room 
 was erected by William Rufus, 
 and for what purpose was it 
 built P Relate the circum- 
 stances coftiectcd with the-, 
 overflowihg^f the Goodwin 
 Sands. 
 
 IV.v/ Who succeeded Rufus ? 
 What steps did Henry take to 
 
 secure the c r ^'wn ? \^'^ho was troduc c d/ai^d to M-hat purpose 
 
 scum 
 th^Trightful heir P What was 
 the result of the war between 
 Henry and Robert P For how 
 
 was the Tower at tliis time de- 
 voted ? When did Stephen die, 
 and what ensued? 
 
 i 
 
 ^^ 
 
 * jjfci' ■ 
 
 -«.«iMt' 
 
4 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i. 
 
 THK-^ HOUSE OF PLANTAOENET. 
 
 CHAPTEtflll. 
 THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET. 
 
 27 
 
 Began to reign. Died. 
 HenbtII, a.d. 1154 ..118» 
 RiCHAKD i. •• 11S9...1199 
 John " HW • 1216 
 
 HKNEYlII. •• 1216...1272 
 
 Edwakd 1. 
 Edward II. 
 Edward III. 
 
 RiCHAED II. 
 
 Began to reign. Died. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 <• 
 <i 
 «< 
 
 1272 . 1307 
 1307... 1327 
 1327...1.H77 
 1377.. .1399 
 
 Henry II. 
 
 BBOAW TO REIGN A.D. 1164. DIED 1189. 
 
 I.— Henry II., eldest son of Geoflfry Plantagenet and 
 Matilda, daughter to King Henry I., was the most power- 
 ful monarch of his time. He subdued Ireland and Wales, 
 and ruled over a larger portion of French territory than 
 the king of France himself. During his reigrn, the ar- 
 rogance and ambition of the clergy exceeded all bounds. 
 They raised immense sums by taxes and the sale of par- 
 dons, and England began at last to get impoverished 
 by the demands of Rome. This the king resolved man- 
 fully to oppose. In order to do so^ the mOte effectually, 
 he elevated Thomas a Becket, his chancellor, to the 
 priesthood, and even made him Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, thinking by these means to secure a valuable ri- 
 val to the pope of Rome ; but herein he was greatly 
 mistaken. A Becket was a man of inferior birth and 
 brilliant talents, who loved power and splendour better 
 than anything in the world, and no sooner was he in- 
 vested with these new dignities than he went over to 
 the side of the clergy, supported them in all their mea-rj, 
 sures, and offered a inore determined resistance to King 
 Henry's will than any one had yet done. / 
 
 II. — A great dissention ensued, during which the ^ 
 king and the archbishop mutually defied each other. A 
 Becket excommunicated several of the bisl^ops ; jthiteat- 
 
 -M>«iM>" 
 
iiii 'i i ■ ! t mm mt A ■ ». ■■ ■ ■ 
 
 < 
 
 T 
 
 r 
 
 28 SUMMARY OF KNaLISH HISTORY. 
 
 ened even to excommimicalo the king ; fled over to the 
 continent, and, being at length pardoned, was permit- / 
 ted to return to his diocese, after years of negotiation/ 
 Here ho again behaved with such open insolence, that^^ — 
 Henry, being then in Normandy, wa» one day tempted 
 to utter a rash wish for his death, whereupon four 
 knights crossed over to England for the purpose, and 
 murdered the defenceless old man (a^.d. HVO) before 
 tbe altar oCvCanterbury Cathedral. 
 
 III. King Henry was greatly shocked, and even did , 
 
 public penance at the tomb of A Becket ; but from this 
 time his life became very unhappy. Frequent wars dis^ 
 turbed the kingdom, and, being appealed to by one of 
 the native Irish princes for assistance against t neigh- 
 bouring chieftain, Henry invaded and subdued Ireland 
 (a.d. 11 12; ; annexed a portion of that country to the 
 English crown : /and governed there by means of a de- 
 puty — thus acting over again the part taken by the 
 Saxons when first summoned over to our shores by the 
 native Britons. Henry also conquered in Wales, and 
 obtained the first ascendancy over Scotland. During, 
 this reign London' Bridge was rebuilt in stone Eng- 
 land was divided into six legal circuits (a.d. 1176), 
 charters were granted to- many towns-, and the win- 
 dows of private dwelling-houses were made of glass. 
 Henry's sons were rebellious, and the eldest died ; so 
 that on the decease of the jking, in the year 1189, he 
 was succeeded by his second" son, Richard, known in 
 history and romance as Richard the Lion-hearted. 
 
 Richard I. 
 
 4. 
 
 SEOAK TO EEIGN A.D. 1189. DIED 1199, 
 
 17.- -King Richard I., third son of King Henry II., 
 
 .: 
 
 '" 
 
 ■Wii^tW- 
 
^W'^"?' 
 
 * r 
 
 THE HOUSE OF PLANTAOENKT. 
 
 29 
 
 / 
 
 '" 
 
 ,; 
 
 ■• 
 
 waa a very brave soldier, and spent his whole reign in 
 warfare on the continent and in crusades to the Holy 
 Land. He can scarcely,be called an English king at all, 
 for we find that he could not speak one word of Saxon, 
 and, although he was our sovereign for U2n years, pas- 
 Bed only eight months in England. Returning from the 
 east, he fell into the power of Leopold, Duke of Austria, 
 by whom he was detained in prison till ransomed by 
 his faithful subjects. Richard fell while besieging the ,^ 
 castle of Chains, near Limoges, in France, and was 
 Bucceeded in 1199 by his brother John. 
 
 r ■'■'.,. John. 
 
 \ BEGAN TO HEION A D. 1199. DIED 1216, 
 
 V 
 
 "V^.— John, fourth son of King Henry XL, was one of 
 the Worst and meanest kings that ever reigned in this 
 country. His name has come down to us as a type of 
 baseiiess, cowardice, and treachery. Oi^traged by his 
 oppressions, and emboldened by his weaknes8,the barons 
 compelled this monarch to sign that signal ratifi«^ion 
 of English liberties and rights which is famous in our 
 annals as the " Magna Charta," or Great Charter.— This 
 event took place in 1215, at Runnymede, near Windsor. 
 The Cinque Ports during this reign were endowed With 
 additional privileges, the first standing army was le- 
 vied in England, and the establishment of an annual 
 election- for the Lord Mayor and Sheriflfs of the City of 
 London instituted. King John was deprived of his 
 French provinces, in consequence of Ihe ©ruelty with 
 which he treated the childreif of hi§ elder brother Geof- 
 fry. Prince Arthur, his young nephew and heir to the 
 crown^ was murdered by his command at the Castle of 
 
 % 
 
 ■H^mm^ 
 
■ 
 
 rxH-: 
 
 80 BUMMABT OF ENOLIBII itlSTORT. - ' 
 
 Rouen, l.D. 1202 ; aid Arthur's sister, the Princdss Elc- 
 anor, called the Damsel of Hrittany, was imprisoned in 
 Bristol Castle, wUcre she died, a.d. 1241. King John 
 reigned for seventeen yea^, and died universally de- 
 tested. ■;^^^H„;- 
 
 II^jYlII. 
 BEGA!? TO RKIGIf A*, b. 1.210. DIED 1272. 
 
 VI— King Henry III., eldest son of John, was but 
 eight years of age when he received the crown,, and 
 for many years jijfi kingdom was govetnedby his guar- 
 dians. He w«&"bC a weak and irresolute character, 
 and tried'to abolish M air na Charta. AH Londen, atid 
 the chief land-holders and inhabitant^ ^ the county 
 towns, rose in defen/6$^f their liberties, and the king, 
 with his son, was defeated" ahd imprisoned, and forced 
 once more to confirm the safety of his people. The 
 assembling of the nobles and burgesses of England, at 
 this juncture (a. d. 1258), iB considered to be the first 
 outline of the Commons Parliament. Coal began to 
 be used for firing in this reign ; a license was granted to 
 the people of Newcastle for the working of their mines. 
 Gold coinage, also, was introduced, and the art of dis- 
 tillation derived from the Moors. After a feeble reign 
 offifty-six years, King Henry III. died in the year ^272, 
 and wa&o^ucceeded by Edward, his eldest son. 
 
 Edward I. 
 
 BEGAN TO EBIGN A. D. 1272. DIED 1307. 
 
 VII.— Edward I., eldest son of Henry HI., was a 
 clear-headed, resolute, and military n^onarch, and grasp- 
 
 ed^the sceptre with a hand of iron. He added farther 
 privileges t(> Magna Charta, gri^nted the freedoms of 
 
 ,. 
 
 ,. 
 
 *N*)W»- 
 
1^ 
 
 ,. 
 
 .. 
 
 THIS HOUSE* OP PLANT AGEyBT. 
 
 81 
 
 ^^ 
 
 the Cinque Ports, created his son first Prince of Wales, 
 and, in honour of the useful hiws wl»ich he enacted, • 
 obtained the name of the Eugli.sh Justinian. Grtn- 
 jiowder was invented during- tl»o reign of this king by 
 Ahe celebrated Roger Uacon ; paper was brought from 
 the East by the Crusaders ; wine was sold as a cordial 
 by the apothecaries ; and the mariner's compass was 
 invented by one Gioja of Naples. Westminster Abbey, ^ 
 which had been in the course of erection for sixty years, 
 5vas.at this time completed, and great advances were 
 ,'made in literature, social science, and general civiliza- 
 tion. Edward I. died, A.D, 1307. / 
 
 Edward TI. « 
 
 V ■ 
 
 BEOirlffTOEEIGNA.D. 1307. DIED 1327. 
 
 VIII.— -Edward II., son of Edward I., ascended the 
 throne in 1307. Of a^sharaetcr and disposition the 
 very reverse of his father's, the young king lost the con- 
 fidence and respect of his people, suffered his nobles to 
 gain undue power, and was wholly governed by foreign 
 favourites In the year 1314, war was declared with 
 Scotland ; and on June 25th, the famous, battle of Ban- 
 nockburn took place, in which Robert Bruce, with cm ly^ 
 80,000 Scots, signally defeated the Royal afrmy, c6n- 
 Bisting of 100,000 men. King Edward narrowly escape 
 ed with life ; 50,000 English were kjilled or taken pri- 
 soners, and the name Of the northern* hero was^crowned 
 ^ith undying glory. In 1322, a rebellion, lieaded by 
 ■ the Earl of Lancaster, was crushed at Broughbridge in 
 Yorkshire, and that riobleman was punished with death. 
 Not long-Sfter this event, the powerful harbns coa 
 
 lesced against the favourites, and the -weak monarch' 
 
 
 t 
 
 "'Ife^i^N* '" 
 
82 
 
 SUMMARY OF BNOLI?" inSTORY. 
 
 whom thoy governed. They exeeutcd first Piers Qa- 
 Vtiston tlie Oiiscon, uiid tlion Ilugli do Spenser and hii 
 Bon, all of whom liad ricldy deserved llie aceumulated 
 hatred and scorn of both nobles and people. Edward 
 then withdrew into Wales, pursued by the Earl of Loi-^ 
 cester. Even hia wife, a princess of Franco, took up 
 arras against him, and conducted the rebellion of tho 
 barons. This pusillanimous king was compelled at 
 length to abdicate tho throne and yield himself prisoner, 
 when he was confined in Berkeley Castle, Gloucester-' 
 shire, and horribly put to death, a. b. 1327. During 
 I ill ttfe reign of Edward IL, the House of Commons fust 
 
 began to annex petitions to their bills—the society. oC 
 Knights Templars was suppressed— earthenware was 
 brought into use for household purposes— tho Univer- 
 sity of Dublin wag founded— and the interest of money - 
 rose to the usurious rate of 45 per cent. 
 
 Edward III. 
 
 ■ BEGAN TO EEIGN A. D. 1327. DIED. 1377. 
 
 IX.— King Edwaud III., eldest son ot King Edward 
 ll., succeeded his unhappy father in the year 132t. A,- 
 l| more powerful monarch England never acknowledged. 
 
 He subdued Scotland, invaded France, and, wtlhouti 
 any reason save ambition and the love of fighting, claimW 
 ed the crown of that country for himself. It was uponp! 
 this occasion the famous battle of Cressy was fought: 
 (a. d. 134C), when Edward's son, known in history as the 
 Black Prince, won immortal fame by his intrepidity 
 and coolness— a fame which he more than doubled 
 
 ■ ;■: 
 
 ,nd coolness^— a fame which he more than doubiea 
 ome few years after at the great battle of Poictiers, 
 ,. D. 1356. During this reign London contained. at 
 
 1 
 
 , \ 
 
 'I .■, 
 
 t*v' ' 
 
/' 
 
 '.ij^ 
 
 tni I10U8R OP PLANTAGWIT. 
 
 as 
 
 1 
 
 one time two captive kinpjs, John of France and David 
 of Scotland. The latter remained prisoner In England 
 for eleven years : and the former, falling in his endea- 
 vour to raise the sura stipulated for his ramson, surren- 
 dered himself to a lift of honourable captivity at the 
 court of his conqueror, and died at the old palace of x 
 the Savoy, in the Strand, which at that time was stud- 
 ded with parka and country-seats, and formed no part 
 of the city of London.^ 
 
 During this reigr^ a fearful pestilence, known as the 
 Black Death, raged throughout Europe, and Is estimat- 
 ed to have cost more life than all the wars of King 
 Edward III. Windsor Castle now fell into disuse as a 
 fortress,and was reserved exclusively for the residence of 
 Toyalty— the art of painting in oils was invented by Van 
 Kyck— cloth-weaving was introduced from Flanders 
 —and the Lords and Commons for the first time-occu- » 
 pled separate chambers at Westminster. In 131G the 
 Black Prince died, leaving one child to the care of the 
 old king, who followed his valiant son tp the grave be- 
 fore a year was over. 
 
 "' ' Richard II. ' ' *^ 
 
 , began to heign 1377. died 1399. -^ 
 
 . X— Richard II., son of the BUck Prince aid last " 
 representative of the house of Plantagenet, was only 
 I eleven years of age when the kr^gdom of England de- 
 
 volved to him by right of birth (A. d. 13t7). The con- 
 ' ' quests and expeditions of his father and grandfather 
 
 had added to the glory but diminished the weallh of 
 
 tt-rk the nation ; and during the long minority which unavoid- 
 
 ^ ably foyowed his accession, theiiobles, as usual, were 
 
 . \ 
 
 '•V--- 
 
4* i»<| -^ 
 
 « I 
 
 4 
 
 
 MM 
 
' i Mi mn |i^i— 
 
 \'\ 
 
 84 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORf. 
 
 I 
 
 rebellioug, and the people discontended. A heavy tax 
 being unjustly levied all over the kingdom (a. d. 1381), 
 the lower prders ros&»in open rebellion, headed by Wat 
 
 . Tyler, a blacksrait^ '^' This rebellion was suppressed 
 by the young kingj at that time" only sixteen years of 
 age, who immediately granted to them the concessions 
 which they demanded. These, however, h^ afterwards 
 revoked, and proved himself to be a more fickle and 
 feeble sovereign than even Edward II. " \ 
 
 In the year 1398, the Duke of Gloucester, upon suspi- 
 cion of treason, was imprisoned at Calais, and there 
 murdered ; which act of ofJ^Jression gave great oflfenco 
 to the parliament and people. This being the case, lj6 
 found none to defend or pity him when his banished 
 cousin, Henry of Lancaster, returned suddenly from 
 exile, assembled an army of sixty thousand men, Seized 
 iipon the supreme authority, and, after compelling 
 Richard to sign his abdication, confined that unfortu- 
 nate sovereign in , Pontefract Castle, Yorkshire, and 
 there had him basely murdered ; thus terminating the 
 
 / lordly and brilliant line of Plantagenet kings. 
 
 Richard II. built the present Westminster Hall, and 
 lived more royally than any of his predecessors. His 
 household consisted of no less than ten thousand persons, 
 and in matters of fashion he set the most luxurious and 
 costly example. Our great old English poet, Geoffry 
 Chaucer, flourished during this reign— William of Wyke- 
 ham, distinguished for his learning an^ piety> and fa- 
 mous as the founder of Winchester School, and New* 
 College, Oxford, lived and died— and John Wycliflfe, 
 
 1 t^e herald of our great Reformation, expired, a.d. 1385, 
 , in his rectory at Lutterworth^ Leicester. 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 *» 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 - ■• '.-'f 
 
 • . ' ■ J ■ 
 
 
 • . ^ 
 
 
 — _ __„, 
 
 — ^^-- 
 
 __^ — ^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
Si-l ^- 
 
 THE HOUSE OP PLANTAGENET. 
 
 35 
 
 QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER III. 
 
 *(. 
 
 I. Name tho poss(»ssions of 
 Henry II. Of what errors were 
 the eicrpy Ruilty during this 
 reign? Who was Thomas a, 
 Becket, and to what rank was 
 he elevated ? * 
 
 II. Relate the circumstances 
 of the quarrel between the king 
 and the archbishop. Wha t was 
 the manner of liis death? In 
 what year was he murdered? 
 
 III. Whatjtestimony of grief 
 did H(inry show for A Becket's 
 death? In what year, and un- 
 der what eircurnstanees.did the 
 king subdue Ireland? Name 
 the other conquests of Henry 
 II. Relate the remarkable im- 
 provements effi'Cted during this 
 reign. What were his domestic 
 sorrows ? When did he die, and 
 by whom was he succeeded ? 
 
 IV. What was the character 
 of Richard I. ? Was he a 
 thorough Englishman ? What 
 disaster befol him in Austria? 
 By whom was he smceoded, and 
 
 ,in what year? 
 
 V. Describe the? character and 
 disposition of .I(;hn. What was 
 the great eyent of this reiga ? 
 In what year was >Iagna Charta 
 signed? How did John lose 
 his French provinces ? For how 
 long did John r<ngn ? 
 
 vl. By whom was King John 
 succeeded, and in what year? 
 What was the age of Henry III. 
 when he received the crown? 
 In what way did he infringe the 
 liberties of the people? How 
 did I hey show their resentment? 
 In what year did the noliles and 
 burgesses meet ? What great 
 body politic was outlined at 
 
 this time ? How long did H(m- j 
 ry reign, and by whom was he l 
 succeeded? , 
 
 V I I. What privileges did Ed- 
 ward I. grant to his people ? 
 Wno was the ttrst Prince of 
 Wales ? What name djd King 
 Edward obtain ? What remark- 
 able inventions took place 
 during his reign? ' -^ 
 
 VIII. When did Edward II. 
 ascend the throne ? What was 
 the charact(;r of this king? In 
 what way was he opposed by 
 his wife? What was his end? 
 
 IX. Who succeeded Edward 
 II., and in what year ? What 
 were the warlike enterprises of 
 Edward III? What famous 
 battles were fought in this 
 reign, when did they take plac/) 
 and who was the hero of both ? 
 What two kings were at one 
 time captives in London ? 
 AVhere did John of France di«? 
 Relate the chief events of this 
 reiun. When did the Black 
 Prince die, and how soon after 
 did the king his father follow 
 him to the gi-ave ? 
 
 X. How old wsiis' Richard II. 
 when he ascended the throne ? 
 What was the state of the king- 
 dom, and why did the people 
 rel>el? Who suppressed the 
 rebellion ? What sort of amon- 
 archwas Richard II.? What 
 was the fate of the Duke of 
 Gloucester ? Who deposed the 
 king? Where was he imprison- 
 ed, and in what way did he die ? 
 In what year did these events 
 happen? What great men 
 flourished during this reijsn ? 
 
 1 
 
36 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 
 
 Be^aTi to reign. 
 Henry IV. a.d. 1399. 
 Hrnry V. " 1413 
 Henry VI. •* 1422 
 
 Died. 
 .,141.1 
 ..1422 
 
 .. ? 
 
 Began to reign. 
 Edward IV. a.d. 146 i 
 Edward V. " 1485 
 RicnARD III. " 1483 
 
 Died. 
 ..1488 
 .:1483 
 ..1485 
 
 Henry IV. 
 
 BEGAN TO REIGN 1399. DIED 1413. 
 
 I.— Henry IV. was the grandson of Edward III. and 
 cousin of Richard II. He had no legal right to the English 
 crown. He was a usurper, and the career of a usurper 
 is not frequently happy. f^That of Henry IV. was pecu- 
 liarly wretched — embittered by the desertion of his 
 friends — troubled by the animosities of his barons — 
 disturbed by Conspiracies, and endangered by open ^" 
 "rebellions of the Scots and the Welsh. 'He was also - 
 grieved by the excesses of the Prince of Wales, who, 
 though brave and generous hearted enough, gave him- 
 self up to every kind of dissipation and self-indulgence, ^ 
 and was even sent, on ondAccasion, to prison by Judge 
 Gascoigne, for contempt of court. (Henry IV. attached 
 himself zealously to the established religion, and, having 
 constituted himself the champion of the church, became 
 also the persecutor of Wycliffe's adherents^) The Rev. 
 Sir WiUiam Sautte, Rector of St. Oswyth, London, fell 
 a victim to the king's mistaken bigotry (a.d. 1401), 
 and was the first person burnt in England for his reli- 
 gious opinions. -The oijder of the Bath was instituted 
 during this reign, and cannon were ^ first used here at 
 the siege^ of Berwick (a.d. 1405). In the year 1407 
 thirty thousand persbns died of the plague, and in the 
 com a e of t h e sa me ye a r, James, son of Robert III., — 
 
 1 
 
 
THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND. YORK. 37 
 
 
 .J 
 
 King of Scotland, was seized off Flamborough Head, 
 whilst on his way to France, and, notwithstanding that 
 there was peace between the Scots and English at that 
 timey was detained prisoner in this country, and not 
 released till the sum of i)iO,opO was paid over for his 
 ransom, in the year 1423. Jgenry IV. died at Westmin- 
 ster in 1413, after a reign of fourteen years, and a 
 
 turbulent life of forty-sjvM 
 
 BEGAN TQ REtGN A.D. 1413. DIED 1422. 
 
 II.— feiNG Henry V., eldest son of King Henry IV., 
 had no sooner succeeded to the thronc,^ than, much to 
 the surprise pf all the nation, he reformed his life, and 
 showed himself a temperate, just, and wise sovereign^ 
 (The great event of his reign was the conquest of France, 
 when he won the celebrated battles of Harfleur and 
 Agincourt^.^A.D. 1415), and was recognised heir to 
 Charles VI.JL^e then mari?ied the Princess Catherine 
 of Franc'S^ihe nobles swore obedience to him^ — and it 
 was concluded by treaty that iipon the death of Charles 
 the two kingdoms were to be united in the English 
 crown. In the month of May, 1422, Henry, with his 
 queen and his infant son, visited France, entered Paris 
 in all the pomp of a royal progress, arid dazzled the 
 splendour-loving Parisians with the wealth, power, and 
 triumph of their future sovereigns. Henry V. carried 
 on that persecution of the Wyclifiites which his father 
 began, and treated them with inexcusable ^severitj-. 
 Lord Cobham was burned in St. Giles's Fields for his 
 leaning towards the Protestant faith, and was the first 
 among our English noblMt^A who suffered the extreme 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 v':;:^^^ 
 
 
38 . BUMMARt OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 r^ 
 
 penalty of the law for his religious opinions. Linen 
 shirts and underclothing were at this time esteemed 
 great luxuries, and a flock bed, with a chaflf bolster, was ^ 
 a refinement of coiiafort known only to the wealthiest. 
 Trom the reign of/ Henry V. may also, be dated the 
 custom of lightingf our London streets at night, since it 
 was at his conamiB^^tKar every citizen was compelled 
 han^a,^Tantern on his door during the winter months. 
 From the same period may also be dated the first esta- 
 blishment of a permanent naval force ; and one ship, 
 built at Bayonne expressly for the king, was esteemed 
 quite a marvel of sizeandstnength, because it measured 
 one, hundred and eighjty-six feet in length. Just at the 
 most brilliant epoch in his career, died Henry V., in 
 1422, at the early age of thirty-four, j 
 
 -*:,^-; ...Henry VII , ,>'•"'"■ ''-. ';' 
 
 BEGAN TO BBIGN A.D. 1422, PERIOD OH' DEATH UNCERTAIN. 
 
 in.— Henry VI., son. to th,e late king, was scarcely 
 one year old at the death of his father, whereupon the 
 Duke of Bedford, one of the most accomplished men of 
 that age, was made protector during the regal minority. 
 In this reign the splendid territory of France was lost 
 to. us through the inability of the English generals and 
 the want of an English king. A village-gitl from a 
 remote part of Champagne fan-cied herself divinely in- 
 tfpired, placed herself at tUe head of the French frmy, 
 and, by dint of undaunted cbu|;age and patriotism, won 
 victory after victory, and crowned the French ^ng at 
 the qity of Bheims, A.D. 1429. Being taken prisoner 
 afterythis by the English, they were cowardly enoiigh 
 
 * — T 1 :> r — ^-^ ^i »= s» — *— . — i z^ 
 
 to burn her at the stake. This girl is known in history 
 as Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. ' ^ ; 
 
 
 
 
• ; 
 
 • -: 
 
 t'.. 
 
 THE HOUSES -OF LANCASTElCAl«rYORK. 39 
 
 l1^. — Thus by^egre€sthe French wfested back their 
 acres^OJa-tfieEnglish, and in a few years Calais alone 
 
 jmained a dependency of the State. In the naidst of 
 these losses, the-troubles of a 4isputed succession again 
 „ threatenea the safety of the young and feeble sovereign 
 (a.d. 1450), and the house of York, represented by Duke 
 Richard, fomented insurrections among the people. At 
 length, after many vicissitudes, during which Henry was 
 sometimes a king and sometimes a prisoner, the Duke 
 of York was slain at the battle of -Wake field Green, A.D. 
 14jgO^ and all once more bore the promise of peace^J , 
 /v. — -In the midst of this delusive liill, the great Earl 
 of Warwick (called .the "King-maker") took iip the cause 
 of young Edward, son to the late Duke of York ; impri- 
 soned Henry in the Tower of London ; and fixed Edward 
 upon the throne, under. the title of King Edward 17. 
 
 Still, the civil wars continued ui^aibated. The Yorkists 
 bore a white tose for their emblem, and the Lancastrians 
 fought under the ensign of aped one. Hcince these con-' 
 tests are generally styled the "^ Wars of the Roses." The 
 date of Henry's death is uncer]tain, but it is said that the 
 king's brother, Richard of Gloucester, murdered him in 
 his chamber at the Tower. * >— 
 
 In this reign the right of voting at elections for 
 Knights of the Shire was limited to freeholders possess- 
 . ed of estate to the annual value of forty shiMngs. Seats 
 in the Commons were not, however, much sought by the 
 middle classes of the fifteenth century. The functions 
 of the Commons consisted chiefly in the imposition of 
 taxes; and even the Lords of that period evinced little 
 interest or assWuity in the discharge of their parliamen- 
 
 .V 
 
 
 
 ■."* ■ 
 
 -.■~^' 
 
 \, ■■■ 
 
 
 
 r, ' 
 
 ;V :• 
 
 
 ■ -a:.! 
 
 :. W 
 
 :U- 
 
 tary jduiies. Jioth' Houses enjoyed entire liberty of 
 
 'V ~ 
 
 V 
 
 
. _.»_*^^,.-- 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 J„ 
 
 40 .summahy op i^NGUSH histort. , 
 
 Bpeecl,. I Eton doUege, Ind King's College, Csmbrldge. ^. 
 Jero fouSded aboat A.pi, 1440. . Coffee was .mppHed 
 from Arabia, and the art of wood-engrav.ng borrowed 
 from the Germans. In UBO the first Lord Mayors, 
 Show took place ; and the same year "f f'g"";^'^;^^ , 
 the famous insnrrectionVin Kent, headed >y on.f Jack . 
 
 Cad , who, under the assJLd ---^^^[^"''^^"'Z'Z 
 ed- a fictitious right to the EngUsh throne, but wa^ de- 
 feated and kUled.at Sevenoaks by Alexander Iden, 
 sheriff of KentJ v 
 V '*^. ." EdwabdIT." 
 
 BEOAK TO EEIONA.r. 1461. WED 1433. 
 
 VI-KiKO Edwabd IV., eldest son to the late Duke 
 of York, was a very handsome, but a very '^'^VTiCio^ 
 and tyr^nnical.sovereign, During this re.gn, *he first .. 
 printing-press was setu/by William Caxton, A.n. 1411. 
 . Edward married Lady Elizabeth Grey, daughter to Sir 
 Richard Woodville, and tidow of Sir John Grey. This 
 
 f stetot instance since the Conquest of an En^Ush 
 king being married to a subject. The circumstance 
 gave greaf offence to the^arl of ^-wick who rebell^ 
 L consequence, and was slain (A.n. Ull) at he batt^ 
 of Barnet. Yew-trees ykvo at this time cultivated in 
 churchyards, for the purpose of making bows ; and » 
 terrible plague spread throughout the ^or^ffj'-"^ 
 'which more persons perished than during all the pre- 
 vious fifteen years of the Wars of the Roses. ^Edward 
 died (A.I.. 1483), just ak he was preparing for a. war 
 
 I with France„and left ^ -f^"* =-=• ^f '"'J'V^- '^ 
 Richard Duke of York, to the gu a rd i anship of his wUy 
 and ambitious brother Bichard Duke of Gloucester. 
 
 '-4 
 
 r 
 
THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 41 
 
 / 
 
 This prince, seeing but these children between himself 
 and the sceptre, liad them .corivoy.ed to the Tower and 
 there murdered. He was acknowledged kitig in 1483, 
 six months after the death of his brother Edward IV. I 
 
 RiCHAKD m. 
 
 '-J 
 
 BEGAN TO ttEION'A.Dl 1483. DIED 1485.^^ 
 
 TIL — Richard IH., brother to Edward IV., during a 
 shortreignof two years, committed such atrocious deeds 
 as have left him the blackest reputation of any sove- 
 ireign upon the records of oi\r history. Not only did he 
 murder his young nephews, but he put to death big 
 brother the Duke of Clarencj)', the generous Lord Has- 
 tings, the unfortunate Jane Shore, and his own friend 
 and ally, the Duke df Buckingham. The Earl of Rich- 
 mond, a wise and brave nobleman, related to the house 
 of Lancaster by the i^arriage of his father, Edmund Tu- 
 dor, to Margaret the great grand-daughter of John of 
 Gaunt, asserted his claim to the crown of England (a.d.^ 
 1485), assembled a smafl array of about two thousand 
 persons, which became speedily augmented to three 
 times 4;hat pumber — came over from Normandy, landed 
 on the Welsbi. coast, and drew up his forces near Bos- 
 worth Field.f On the 22nd of August, 1485, he was met 
 by King Ricfcard, who fell in the thickest of the fight, 
 and Ricbmond received the crown upon the battle-field, 
 in th^ presence of his army, which saluted him as King 
 Henry JII. Thus ended the civil wars which had con- 
 vulsed England fpr more than forty years, and the roy- 
 alty of the Houses of Laixcaster and York. ■ During the 
 reign of these two families (a period oT nearly one hun- 
 dred years), art, Civilization, and science had made very 
 
■ 
 
 r 
 
 r. 
 
 U:^ 
 
 ■ 
 
 42 
 
 fiUMMAUY OF RXaMSIT HISTOllY. 
 
 .-\ 
 
 considerable progrosa. Music was mucli ciilttrfttpd, es- 
 pecially by tlic clovf^y; painting met witli the most 
 .earnest encouragement, and wa^ employed in tlie uni- 
 \ Tersal decoration of our chnrcl.es ; books, though still 
 \very expensive, became purchit^able by others than tho 
 , Wost wealthy, in consequence of tlie invention of print- 
 ing • many of our most esteemed colleges and public 
 Bchdols date their foundation from this period ; the Ian- ^ 
 gaage became more refined and received something like 
 a standard in the works of Gower, Ci.uucer, and others ; 
 and the style of our architectnre, raised on tlie crum- - 
 bling rain'Tof the feudal castlps, rose into a stately and 
 beautiful order of ornamentarbuildii^g known as the 
 Perpendicular Gothic. The civil wars of this period, 
 Siowever, operated fatally upon the efforts of agricifltu- 
 • " ral science. Many prosperous and jtleasant dwellings 
 throughout England were laid waste, and^ within twelve 
 . miles' range of Warwick alone sixty Villages are stated 
 to have been entirely destroyed. 
 
 QUESTIGXS TO CIIAPTER^yffv 
 
 I What caused tho so)'fo\vs What loss di^l .^^"'-'land sustain 
 ofKinKHenrvIV.? Whatwas auriUHllns roii.Mir' Ulutu tho 
 the condu.-t'or the IMnee-or history of Joan ot Arc. _ 
 W^s? What sect did Honry IV. What i.artortl.o French 
 IV Dersecutii and w ho was tlio territory alone rcmaincdattach- 
 ft^tSocratfc victim? What ed to tlu^Knghsh crown \^ 
 ' cSomswore introduced hi this new troubles threatened the 
 * ?S? When did the king die, safclyolthcyouuKJ^mKV What 
 imf at what aace? was the fate of the JJuke of 
 
 • IL What wS the king's eon. York 'MVhou was the battle of 
 
 ductonsucceeduigtathethrone? Wakehcld Green fought? 
 ' Whatwasthlgica^ V. Who was the I'^arlofWar- 
 
 reign? When were, the battles wi^.^k,andwhatmeasiiresdi^lhe 
 of Harfleur and Agineourt take against lienry VI.? _Wl^t, 
 t' fouKht? To whom was Henry were tiie emblems of the two 
 V married? When did he die, parUes? AVhatwasthemauner 
 
 ftnd-atwhataKe? orKiug Henry's death? Jielate 
 
 III. HowX was Henry VI. the conditi.m of the HoiAPes of 
 atthetimeofhislather'sdeath? Lords and Commons at this ^ 
 
 
 } 
 
 I 
 
 r^f 
 
THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 48 
 
 [,cs- 
 
 nost 
 
 uni- 
 
 still 
 
 I tho 
 
 rint- 
 
 iblic 
 
 jlan- 
 
 jUke 
 
 tiers ; 
 
 :rum- 
 
 ( and 
 
 s the 
 
 2riod, 
 
 jiAtu- 
 
 lliTigs 
 
 \yelve 
 
 stated 
 
 mistain 
 itq tlio 
 
 French 
 attach- 
 f What 
 ed the 
 f Wliat 
 uke of 
 attle of 
 :•? 
 
 of War- 
 s did he 
 What 
 the two 
 manner 
 
 Helate 
 
 )u^es of 
 
 ^'thia 
 
 tjime. Wh^jit school 8 worn fonn- 
 dtJtl, and vvhatiinprovmcnts in- 
 troflucodP Who was Ja(!k. 
 Cade? 
 
 VI. What was tho character 
 of King l^iward IX. i Wljatsi;^- 
 nal ewjit hanpciuMl in tliis 
 reignV^homdi I lie inarry.and 
 what b<5cinno of the lOari of War- 
 wick f \!l''h«^i did he die V What 
 became of bis two infant soiih V 
 When was the DuUeof Glouces- 
 ter acknowledged kinK? 
 
 VIE. Forhow lonp did Rich- 
 ard Ill.'reign.and whafc-reinita- 
 tion has ho Icit behind him? 
 Who Were the victims of his cru- 
 
 elty and ambition ? What was 
 th(^ lin<'nKe of tho Mar) of Ulc^h- 
 nioinlr WIiatWHs thusi/xWif his 
 army, and from what country 
 (bd he come over to (jlaim the 
 crown V lu what year did ho 
 land, and whore draw up his 
 forces? What was the result 
 of the battle of Boswortli? 
 When was it fought ? How 
 loiitf had the civil wars raged in 
 England ? ttelato tlie improve- 
 ments which had now taken 
 place in the arts, sciences, ar- 
 cliitecture and civilization of 
 England. What was tiie ellccfc 
 of the civil wars oix Agriculture? 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 ; THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 Be^an to rtij^n. Died. 
 Henky V 11. A.D. 1 1.S5 ... tr>09 
 HenkvVIII. " i5oy...ir^t7 
 EdwaedYI. •• 1547,...15.j3 
 
 Began to reign. Died. 
 Mary a.d. 1553 ...loss 
 
 Ej^iZABETfl " 1658 ...160a 
 
 * • Henry VII. 
 
 BEGAN TO EEiaN A.D. 1485. DIED 1509. 
 
 I. — Henry VII. was first representative of the noble 
 y house of Tudor. He was g^randsoa to Owen Tudor, 
 
 grandfather of King Henry VII , and connected by mar- 
 _^riage with the family of Kin^ Bdwjvrd IV. His reign 
 was signalized by tW appearance of two remarkable 
 impostors, nameTyj-^rabert SimneV and Perkin War- 
 beck. Lambert Simnel was the son of a baker, and 
 - (being trained purposely for the character) was placed 
 
 1 Jl^t the head of an insurrection at Nottingham, and pro- 
 claimed ^0 be the son of the late Duke of Clarence, 
 
 and h^ir to the th r one. — A sanguinary battle took place 
 ^(A.D. 1487) between the rebels and the king's army, in 
 
 ,■:/■ 
 
 / 
 
■^m 
 
 mm 
 
 mmmm 
 
 A 
 
 V r 
 
 (' 
 
 , 
 
 :. 
 
 44 8UMMABV OF ENOXISIl lUSTOrtT. 
 
 Which the former wore dispersed, and the pretender 
 taken prisoner. He was pardoned by Henry, and after- 
 wards mied the situation of scullion m the royal 
 kitchen Perkin Wiirl.eek's appearance and education 
 were more favourable to deception. Ho was reported 
 to be the littlfe Duke of Vork who was ""do"-"/ '^'^h "-s 
 brother in the Tower. King James IV. -^^f Scotland 
 became one of his supporters ; his standard was joined 
 tyTany of the highest nobleman in the kin'i-dom ; he 
 aLmed the title of Richard III. of England ; and even 
 Xatoed the hand of the Lady Gordon in marrmge. . 
 He was! however, taken prisoner (x.o. U99). thrown 
 into the Tower, and executed publicly. ^ ^ 
 
 IP-Notwlthstmiding these rebellions, Henry VII. 
 was' a prudent, wise,, and m-rciful sovereign. Ho 
 abridged the secular power of the pope; extended the 
 privileges of the people; promoted commerce; and 
 rendered Englishmen powerful and happy. Dunng h^ 
 reien Columbus made the discovery of America a.d. 
 1498, after having previously discovered the Bahama 
 slands in the West Indies (a.d. 1492). Sebastian 
 iot also discovered Newfoundland in 149T, and after- 
 wards a considerable portion of North America. He 
 Ukewise published the first map of the world which 
 Sed both hemispheres, yasco di Gama first dou- 
 Hed the Cape of Good Hope, and made the passage to 
 India by Sea in U97. Maps and sea-charts were now 
 /brought to England, shillings were coined, the yeomen 
 'The guard appointed for the safety and honour of he 
 t.4erson, the arbiti^ry ..urt^ Uw luiov^^ 
 
 i 
 
 Zr Oh mb;; first established, and Henry YII . 'n 
 
 bSlt at Westminster Abbey; a work considered to be . 
 
^kpeL 
 
 i 
 
 ti 
 
 i 
 
 ■ i 
 
 \ 
 
 THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 ^ 
 
 45 
 
 ^" 
 
 the most perfect spocimon of Tudor architecture now 
 _^xtant. Henry VII. died in ir>00, having lived fifty-two 
 . years and reigned twcnty-tlirco. r 
 
 iiknry vm. >. 
 
 BEGAN TO BEION A.D. ISO'O. DIED 1547. 
 
 — III. — ^IIbniiy VI 1 1., second son to Kin ^ Henry VII., 
 ^ tvas handsome, affable, and popular, and ascended the 
 English throne at eighteen years of age. During the 
 first year of :his reign he married with Catherine of 
 ArragOn, and thre^ifened an invasion of France, which, 
 however, came to nothing. Soon after this he became 
 the firm friend of Thomas Wblsey, then Dean of Lincoln 
 -7a man "of great ambition and talent, who bad risen 
 from the middle rank of life, and who was afterwards 
 promoted tp thje high dignity of a cardinalship. The 
 king had been married just eighteen years, when he 
 fell in love with Anna Boleyn, one of the maids of honour 
 attending upoii^he qu^en. In order toellect a marriage 
 with her, he divorced Queen Catherine in 1532, who 
 died of grief shortly ^aft6r; and he evei^ defied Pope 
 Clement VII. for refusing to sanction his proceedings. 
 This step led to the great and glorious Reformation. 
 
 IV.' — Having declared open opposition to the Church 
 of Rome, Heury proceeded to, make the most cruel 
 enactments against papists ; t^emolish the monasteries 
 ,jftnd c^vents scattered by Tiundreds throughout his 
 dominions ; to turn the religious communities abroad 
 into the world ; and to pour into his own treasuries the 
 we a lth which had been 
 
 / 
 
 accumulating in the clerical 
 coflfers for a thousand years. Dreadful persecutions 
 V ensued— men' were hanged, burned., and beheaded, for 
 
 4'% 
 
 i 
 
•**5Hi 
 
 "W iLiU 
 
 40 
 
 ^ 
 
 JE 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENOLISH UISTORT. 
 
 not believing as ho desired, nnd brave old Sir Tbomaa ' 
 More and Biahop Finher wcvro executed (a.d. 1535) for 
 denying liia royal supremiicy. Even Cardinal ^oUey 
 was degraded, and arrested for higli treason { but died 
 before any farther steps could bo taken against him. 
 
 v.— Henry's next step was to behead Anna Holeyn, 
 and marry the Lady Jane Seymour (a.d. 1536), who 
 died in giving birth to a sou. Ho then entered into an 
 alliance with the princess Ann of Cloves, to whom, 
 however, he took an intense aversion ; and having put 
 her aside, married Catherine Howard, niece to the Utike 
 of Norfolk. This lady he beheaded in 1542, and then gave ' 
 his hand, for the last time, to Lady Catherine Parr, 
 widow of the late Lord Latimbr. This wife alone 
 contrived to retain the tyrant's affection, and, not being 
 either divorced or beheaded, had the happiness to surviv(? 
 
 him. , 
 
 VL— The last victims to the caprices of this cruel 
 monarch were the Duke of Norfolk, and his son the Earl . 
 of Surrey, a young man who excelled in all the accom* 
 plishments of a scholar, a soldier, and a courtier,and w}io 
 has taken his standing among the early English poetS;^- 
 Both were accused of high treason. Surrey's head fell, 
 ■pon Tower Hill (a.d. 1547) ; but the life of his father; 
 was providentially saved by the death of the King, : 
 which happened on Ihe, evening of the day before that^ 
 appointed for his execution. 
 
 No king ever violated the rights of Englishmen or 
 the fundamental liberties speciiied in Magna Charta 
 
 •►. 
 
 f 
 
 w?lR^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 more flagrantly than King Henry VIII. Upon life he 
 placed no value, and for law he entertained no reverence. 
 He even exacted a biU from his slavish Parliament by 
 
 r sdE 
 
int IIOt'SB OK TITDOU. 
 
 47 
 
 cruel t 
 Earl . 
 com- 
 [wjio 
 )oets. — 
 d fell 
 ather 
 King, : 
 that I 
 
 "h^ 
 
 If 
 
 'M 
 
 wliicli the written edict ttt tho sovereign Was elevated 
 to thu level ofn legal statute — u nu'iisure which rendered 
 the crown absolutely dospolic, and vested in the hands 
 of the king the honour, {<iifety, and wealth of the entire 
 nation. During this reign nmny important discoverioi,, 
 were made, literature much advanced, and conaiderabl«i/ 
 progress elfocted in general knowledge. St. Paul'l- 
 school was founded in 1510; the College of Physicians 
 established in 1518; WiiiteluiU and St. James's Palace 
 were bihilt; Mexico was conquered by Cortez, and Peru 
 ^^y Pizarro ; "Wolsey cowmenceU building ITaniptou- 
 ' court Palace and Christ-church, Oxford; shiid)uUding 
 was improved, and the navy extended ; the Corporation 
 of the Trinity-house was instituted; tho oflice of Secre- 
 tary of State was created by govcrmeut;- the Society of 
 Jesuits was founded by Ignatius Loyola (a.d. 1535); 
 Wales was for the lirsl time represented iii parliament j 
 classical literattire was extensively cultivated among 
 the higher classes of both sexes, and Erasmus, a learned 
 native of Holland, was plected Professor of Greek at 
 the University of Oxford, and contributed much by his 
 presence and attainments towards tbc advancement of 
 education in England. In this reign the first Lord 
 High Admiral was appointed, in the person of Sir James 
 Howard ; the whole ojf the IJible was translated into 
 English in 1539; the Church Prayer-Book and the 
 Articles of Religion were arranged by Bishop Cranmer, 
 in 1540; cliorrics, hops, apricots, pippins, and various 
 other kinds of fruit and vegetables were first cnltivated 
 in this country ; cotton thread was invented ; leaden 
 
 
 
 '."^^. 
 
 conduits for the conveyance of water were substituted 
 for tho wooden ones which had previously been in use; 
 
 " v., ---, — .--.. ;. r-'' - K;-^- ■; .:-- ^-- -.- ^ ...-7- V-'-.. 
 
/'■' 
 
4S 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 ; 
 
 r 
 
 pins were introduced from France by Queen Catherine 
 Howard, and were then a very expensive luxury. Before 
 this time, ribbons, looplioles, laces with tags, hooks and 
 eyes, and skewers of brass, silver, and gold, had been 
 used alike by men and women. The term " pin-money,'» 
 as applied to the income allowed by husband to wife, 
 is dated back to this period, and refers to the heavy 
 expenses incurred by the purchase of this extravagant 
 article of attire. A pound sterling was first called a 
 sovereign during the reign of Henry VIII. ; and provisions 
 were so cheap, that beef and mutton were purchased at 
 the rate of one halfpenny per pound. The value of pre- 
 cious metals, however, was very low, and a pound, at 
 the time of the Conquest, would buy twelve times as 
 much as at the present day. . 
 
 Edward VI. / 
 
 BEGAN TO REIGN A. D. 154:1. DIED 1553. 
 
 YII._KiNG Edward VI., only son of Henry VIIl., 
 ascended the throne in 1547, being 'then nine years of 
 age. The Duke of Somerset was appointed protector till 
 tiie king should attain his majority^ He was, however,^, 
 supplanted and exebuted by the bold and ambitious Duke 
 of Northumberland, who persuaded Edward to transfer 
 the succession to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, instead of 
 suffering it to devolve, as it should, upon his eldest sis- 
 ter, Mary. Lady Jane Grey was the wife of Northum- 
 berland's son, Lord Guildford Dudley. Shortly after 
 this decision the king's health declined; and when he 
 died of consumption in 1553, in the sixteenth year of his 
 age, there were not wanting tongues^mong the people 
 to attribute his loss to the machinations of the Prptec^ 
 
 ■n--r' 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
ine 
 )re 
 nd 
 sen 
 
 ife, 
 Lvy . 
 tint 
 1 a 
 ons 
 [at 
 )re- 
 at 
 ; as 
 
 [It., 
 
 s of 
 till 
 
 uke 
 sfer 
 dof 
 sis- 
 um- 
 ifter 
 ti he 
 fhis 
 ople 
 
 i 
 
 'I 
 
 V 
 
 
 y 
 
 THE HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 49 
 
 tor. He was amiable, highly accompliseed, and dearly 
 loved byjhis subjects. 
 
 No religious persecution was suffered during his 
 reign, and a law was passed by which Protestant cler- 
 gymen were permitted to marry'. The book of Psalms 
 was also translated into verse, by Sternhold and Hop- 
 kins; the book of Homilies compiled by Cranmer and 
 Ridley, and a new code of Articles was drawn up, to 
 the number of forty-two, from which the thirty-nine 
 Articles of the Established Church now in use were 
 afterwards compiled. Christ's Hospital and St. Tho- 
 mas's Hospital were founded, as well as m^ny other 
 charitable institutix)n3, grammar-schools, almshouses, 
 &c., throughout all parts of the kingdom. Grapes were 
 brought over from France, and cultivated in England 
 'for the first time; crowns, half-crowns, and six-pences 
 ^w-ere %trbduced into our currency; and a dreadful 
 plague, called the sweating sickness, which had hither- 
 to been prevalent from time to time, became totally 
 extinct. Our trade with Russia was foi& the first time 
 opened during the reign of King Edward VI. 
 
 Mary I. ' , ■..:. -;.^, ' 
 
 BEGXn TO REIGN A. D. 1553. DIED 1558. 
 
 VIII.— MfkY f., eldest daughter of King Henry VIII. 
 by Catherine of Arragon, next received the crown, after 
 a brief contest of only ten days with Lady Jane Grey and 
 her supporters. She inaugurated,her cruel reign with the 
 death of the unfortunate young pair, Dudley and Lady- 
 Jane Grey. Her next step was to marry Philip II. of 
 Spain, A. D. 1554, wHo cared little for hfer affection, and 
 
 left her, as soon as possible, for his native country. 
 
 )tec- 
 
 f» 
 
 
m 
 
 50 
 
 ^RY OF ENGLISH HI8T0UT. 
 
 . 
 
 
 IX.— T*he mo3t* tremendous and fearful persecutions 
 were now directed against the Reformers. Tiie Bishops 
 of London, AVorcester, and Gloucester, and even Arbh- 
 bishop Ora,nmer,, were condemned to the flames; andl, 
 it is computed tliat during this Reign of Terror, which 
 lasted between four and five years, no less than 211 hti- 
 mao. beings were frightfully sacrificed. Mary died in 
 1558, ulliversally abhorred. 
 - £l6ache3 were introduced in this reign, before which^ 
 time ladies used to be carried in litters, or rode on pil ^ 
 lions behind their mounted squires. Flax and hemp ; 
 were first cultivated, the use of starch was discovered, 
 and the manufacture of drinking-glasses began -to be 
 encouraged in England. 
 
 7 Elizabeth. 
 
 ,"".'■■ ■*» ■» 
 
 BEGAN TO REIGN' A.D. 1558. DIEP 1603. 
 
 ■ X.— Elizabeth, a protestant princess, and daughi|r 
 of King Henry YIU. and Queen Anna Boleyu, succdn- 
 ed to the throne. Had she relieved the whole nation, 
 from captivity and chains, the delirium" of joy with 
 which all elates hailed the accession of Queen Eliza- 
 beth .could scarcely have been greater. The first act 
 sanctioned by her authority was the formal restoration 
 
 , of the reformed religion; and in a single session of 
 Parliament the articles of our faith were established ; 
 freedom of thought secured ; the acts of her sister abo- 
 lished ; and Protestantism for ever constituted the 
 religion of England. . ^ 
 
 XI.-T-In the year 1587, Elizabeth tarnished the glory 
 of her reign bj' signing the death-warrant of Mary Queen 
 
 of Scots, wlib had fallen into her power and was impri- 
 
 1&- 
 
 5^ 
 
 * _ 
 
THB HOUSE OF TUDORr 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Boned for many years in Fotheringay Castle. We , 
 obloquy of this deed was effaced shortly afEer from the . 
 minds of the people by the glorious^ de%t of the great /, 
 Armada sent'out against our coasts by ]0^hilip of Spam, 
 under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia.' 
 Against this floating army,.consistin^ of twenty thou- . 
 sand soldiers in a hundred and thirty [galleons, QueftH 
 Elizabeth sent forth .thirty small sailing vessels, ccan- 
 manded by Admirals Effingham, Drake, Hawkins, and 
 Probisher (A.D. 1588). Just fts the Channel was cover- 
 ed by the 'hostile sail, a tremendous storm came pn.* 
 The Spanish fleet go tln^^rder. The English navy 
 rushed upon .them, " andTlfuTed in^their batteries from 
 every «ide. Two great ^hree-deckers were taken, and 
 twelve smaller ones-flight, destruction, or submission 
 alone was left to the rest, and of alU that mighty ar-, 
 mament commissioned t(^ subdue Old England, only a 
 miserable remnant escaped to carry back the tidings of 
 
 defeat. ' . 
 
 XII.— The career of this famous queen presents other 
 glories, very different but equally splendid. During 
 her reign the poets Spenser and Ralejgh wrote and 
 flourished— Lord Bacon, the philosopher and historian, 
 lived— and Shakespeare, the immortat poet and dra- 
 matist, whose works ak the ^loryof our literature, 
 
 , wrote^ome of his finest plays, surviving the queen by 
 thirteen years. 
 XIII.— The Act of Supremacy, passed at the commence- 
 ment of Elizabeth's rei^n, was the greatest mistake 
 of this sovereign's career. Devised for the purpose of 
 crushing the Roman Catholic influence, this Act cora- 
 
 — pelled all clergymen and persons holding oflicc under 
 
 \ 
 
mth^, 
 
 '> 
 
 
 52. 
 
 StMMAUr OF ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 the Crown to tak'^ an oath {ibjudng not only the tem- 
 poral, but even the spiritual authority of every«fbreigji 
 , prince or prelate, an^ acknowledging the sovereign as 
 the head of the Church, with rights derived from God, 
 This Act was -followed by th6 Act. of Conformity, which 
 ; prohibited all persons from attending the ministrations 
 of any clergyman not belonging to the Established 
 ' Church. The lamentable consequences may be readily 
 imagined: hundreds suffered death, imprisonment, and 
 '^ persecutioqi, in Ibis and following reigns, through the 
 . t operation of these arbitrary statutes, • The naval' power ' 
 ' V ofEnglp,n^j;which*had b,een gradually extending eve'fc 
 since .the time of Henrjfe V., continued still to be the , 
 
 > 
 
 ' 
 
 : 
 
 cliief care and ambition of ou^ Government. Noble 
 a.nd scientific men pressed eagerly forward to ^oin 'm- 
 expeditibns ^i the discovery of unknown countries. 
 Sif Francis ]t)rake made a three.years' voyage round 
 the world, and was the first Englishman who accomt-^" 
 .plished the circumnavigation of the glole. He brought - 
 potatoes from Santa F^, in North America, and planted 
 them in-Lancashn*e. Tobacco was first brought to Ihid 
 country by Sir John Hawkins, a.d. 1565. Tea was in- , 
 troduced bj the Dutch. Pocket-Swatches were brougl|,t 
 from Nuremberg, in Germany. Silk-stookings were 
 worn for the first time by the qu«en, cloth, hose having 
 previously been in use. The art of paper-making from ' 
 linen rags was begun at Dartford, by Sir JohnHSpeil- 
 man, a German, a.d. 1590. Telescopes were invented 
 by one Jansen, a spectacle-maker at Middleborpugh in 
 Holland. Decimal arithmetic was discovered by Si- 
 muu S lev ill, a scholar uf Bruges. — The Italian method 
 of book-keeping was taughtiiere by Jsjn^ Pfe^le, whose 
 
 '?*'. 
 
 i 
 
 ^^'■ 
 
 -g^ 
 
/\' 
 
 titE HOliSB OF TUpOa* 
 
 63 
 
 ■J ■■ 
 
 • 
 
 lyoolc on the subiect is yet extant.' Kniv-es were first 
 : made a.d. l563* and were tlie earliest branch of do-^ 
 
 - me^tic cutlery, being mantifactured by one Matthews, 
 of Fleetbridge, London. In tfi«' month' of July, 1588,. 
 
 ' when the invasion dt \tQ Arralida was impe^iding, the 
 
 ^ first English newspilper was "publis^qd,, under the title. 
 
 * of The English JtfercMrie.- °A xopy of thij? journal is. 
 preserved in the library pf the Bdtish ' Museum. ' In 
 1556,.the Royal; Exch*ftge was- built by Sir Thomas 
 
 ■ Gresham.>'J^nr590,> Westminister School was founded 
 by thd queeri>' and tlugby School ; was founded by L. 
 ' Sh^Viflfe. .Our iper6anitife transactions werC; now car- 
 ried on . ttpbn a more lib^al and extensive scale ; pur 
 
 whale and tad fisheries weri established ; Birmingham 
 
 . ^ and' ^heffieid,^ becattie the .oeiltr^;^ of our hardware 
 
 : • * manufactures, "and ^ Manchester of our potton and 
 
 ^ Itocklng. weaving ; .theatrieaV representations befc^me 
 
 ; tie'popular amiis^meiits of the people; art was en- 
 
 "\^«^pur*ged by the nobility, and Hans Hoftein, the por- 
 
 ' . tr^it-paintep, ' was patronized fey thQ- quee n. In the 
 
 :- ; /'fifth year of Elizabeth's rieign,. the poor-laws were en- 
 
 ^ ■ acted. And the population of^ondonaVerag|ed 160,000 
 
 ; souls. • The Bodlei^n'LiUra'py Vas formed atXthis time, 
 
 .the East India Company organized, and New England 
 
 pc^onized^ ' > ? • 
 
 ' krV.^Ind^OS dieft Queen Elizabeth, rnnch feeloved 
 by the Englis%people, and to this day revered as th^e 
 testorer of "peace, tjie patroness of learning, the protec- 
 tor of religious libertyj and thq upholder of the great 
 « Pn^islr name through aU 4he king^ms of Europe^ 
 With.her tejajinated th^ house qfTudot. ; ■ 
 
 f . ' 
 
 ■^if-: 
 
 ;'-i,^ 
 
 >■ 
 / ■ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 : :.xr' '. . ' 
 
 ; . /. :. , 
 
 u 
 
"■'■r-i. 
 
 54 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH mSTORT. 
 
 QUESTIONS TO CHATTER V. > 
 
 
 f 
 
 > 
 
 I. Wliat remarkable impos- 
 tures siKiiHli'/ctl this rci^n V lle- 
 la,t« Ifhe story of Lambert Siui- 
 nei. R(,'latc the story of Perkiii 
 WArbeck. , 
 
 II. What was the character of 
 Henry VH? In what way did 
 he contribute to the happiness 
 of his people? What great 
 diHcovery was made during his 
 reign? Name the other disco- 
 veries of great navigators. What 
 signal improvements and in- 
 ventions took place at this 
 time? What Vmilding is con- 
 sidered the most perfect speci- 
 men of its order now extant ? 
 When did he die, and at What 
 age ? By whom was he suc- 
 ceeded? 
 
 III. What was the character 
 of Henry VIII. at eighteen 
 years of age? What events 
 took place in the first year oH 
 his reign? Who was Tiiomas 
 Wolsey ? What led to the roy- 
 al divorC0? What great religi- 
 ous movement did this cireum- 
 stance lead to ? 
 
 IV.Wluitwere the enactments 
 of Henry VIII. regarding Pa- 
 pists? What was the nature 
 of the church persecutions? 
 What great men were degraded 
 and punished in consequence? 
 
 V. What was Henry's next 
 matrimonial step? Name his 
 third; fourth, tilth, and sixth 
 wives. ' Why was the last the 
 most fortunate? 
 „ VI. Who were the last victims 
 of King Henry's caprices? 
 What %as the fate of Surrey, 
 and what was his reputation ? 
 How was the life of tlie Duke 
 of Norfolk spared? In what 
 way did Henry VIII. render 
 his power despotic? What great 
 buildings were erect e d at this 
 
 •general knowledge? Wliat fruits 
 were introduced, and what im- 
 provements effected in the me- 
 tropolis ? Relate the history of 
 pins. 
 
 VII. In what year did Ed- 
 waKl VI. succeed to the crown, 
 and what was his age? Who 
 was appointed Protector, and 
 wliat was his fate? To what 
 act was the king influenced by 
 the Duke of Northumberland P 
 Who was Lady Jane Grey? 
 When did the king's health first 
 begin to decline, and what was 
 the popular Opinion respecting 
 tlfe manner of his death? When 
 d*d Edward VI. die, and what 
 was his age und dispositioiiT 
 Whatimportant law was passed 
 respec.ting Protestant clergy- 
 men? What reliidous works 
 were^^compilcd ? What benevo- 
 lent institutionswtju^ounded P 
 What branch ^W^^atle was 
 ,0p'>ned t6 us abroad ? 
 
 VIII. FoV how long did Lady 
 J>ane (jrrey contest the crown, 
 and what was her fate ftnd that 
 of her husband? ' Who was 
 Mary I ? With whom did sho 
 marry? ; ^ 
 
 IX. Relate the persecutions 
 levelled at the Protestants in 
 this reigh. How many -souls- 
 perished by fire ? When did 
 Mary die, and how was^she 
 likctt by the people ? Eclats 
 the social improvements effects* 
 ed during this reign. 
 
 X. What reception did Eliza- 
 beth meet with? What was 
 the fii-st act of her reign ? 
 
 XI. What was the end of 
 Mary Queen of Scots, and when 
 wa^ she executed ? What great 
 victory effaced the memory of 
 this deed ? What was the com- 
 
 
 parativ e s ea - str e ngth of Spain 
 and England? What was the 
 result of the expedition ? 
 
 time, and what important ad- 
 vanoes made in literature and 
 
 "*'•"'* — "-uimummimmmr^mMUiu m ■ ■ mi ■ jit 
 
THE HOUSE QlF STUART 
 
 XII. Wliat groat men flnii- 
 rtshcd in the rciKn of Qiu-on 
 Elizabeth ? What vahiablo iii- 
 strliinent was inveutcciV W hat 
 influential cojnpany receives its 
 charter? How many years dil 
 Shakespeare survive Queen Eli- 
 zahethf 
 
 XIII. Tor what purpose was 
 the Act of Suproniacy devisod, 
 
 fd of what. nature was it ? lle- 
 ie the results of its operation, 
 hat progress was niadt; V)y 
 England as ^ naval power, and 
 in wttftt way did men of eduea- 
 tiou evince tlieir eagerness to 
 advance knowledge P Whowlas 
 the flr|t Englishman thafeir- 
 curtinaiigated the ■ globe ,? 
 "What"^ vegetables wore intro- 
 ■* dueed in this reign, and by 
 whom ? Who ^brought tobacco 
 to this country? Relate the 
 inventions which took place at 
 this time with regard to dress, 
 
 65 
 
 paper, tclescopefl. arid watches? 
 vVlio invented detrimal arith- 
 m«>tit:V WluMi Vv^rekhiV^H^ttrsfe 
 niadeinE^igland?- What was 
 the name of the flrst English 
 . newspapoi ? W hYit great public 
 iustitutiois wert) found<!d in 
 thisrfngn ^ What great lishe- 
 ries were .?stal)lished ? What 
 particular branches of com- 
 merce were connected with 
 Kirminghfim, JShetUeld, ftnd 
 IVlancht'Ster V When were the 
 first poor-laws enacted ? What 
 gieat library was formed at this 
 time, and, vhat powerful trad- 
 ing com pa ly organized V What 
 colony was I llrst iuhabited dur- 
 ing this re gn? 
 
 XIV. In what year did this 
 great Quern die? In what way 
 did she (!0 iitributo to the pros- 
 perity of li er kingdom ? W ha4i 
 great royaj. house terminated at 
 her death 
 
 . pCnAPTEk VI. 
 THE HOUSB OF STUART. 
 
 Charles I.... 
 
 • ••••••^** 
 
 'gan to Reign. 
 A.I). 1603. ...... 
 
 " 1625 
 
 Died. 
 
 ••••••••• ••■••■! 
 
 ....1625 
 
 ■■''-' ■ -'-"''A James. I.'\ -w 
 
 • BEGAN TO REIGN A,I)i 1603. piED 1625, 
 
 f.— King Jamb3 I. was tbe son of the unfortunate Mary 
 Queen of Scots, and great-grandson of James IV. of 
 Scotland, who married a daughter of Henry Vll! When 
 the sceptre of Elizabeth descended to Ms hands, he was 
 reigning at Holyro6d under tl\e title, of King James VI.' 
 of Scotland. At .the very commencement of his reign, 
 a conspiracy, which has never been sufficiently cleared 
 
(56 
 
 SUMMARt OF ENOLISII HISTORY. 
 
 Up, wag set on foot by the Lordi Grey and OoHiam 
 a,nd Sir W. Raleigh. The two former were pardoned ; 
 but Raleigh, the travelled and chivalrous poet, was 
 executed in^618, after many yeats of confinemeut. 
 
 II.— Two year3 after the accession of James I. (a.d. 
 1606), discovery was made of tlio famous Guiipowder 
 Plot; a conspiracy which terrified the whole nation, 
 vWas designed to re-establish the Roman Catholic re!i% 
 gion, and would, if successful, haveproyed the destruc-i 
 lion of the King, Lords, and Commons of this realm. 
 Many of the traitors associated in the enterprise were 
 publicly executed ; some died<sword in hand ; and somcT 
 received the royal pardon. 
 
 Lord Cecil, the minister of Queen Elizabeth, filled 
 the same office under James up to the period of hl^ 
 (Cecil's) death, in 1012 ; but from that time thfe kiri^and 
 his parliament were constantly at variance. He would 
 fain ha.ve extended his royal prerogative to a point little 
 short of despotism, and they were equally resolute to 
 uphold their privileges and power. In IGl^they with- 
 held the supplies, because James delayed to redress, the. 
 grievances' of which they complained ; and thus, in the 
 parliamentary difficulties of his father, was anticipated 
 somewhat of the fatal obstinacy afterwards -evinced by 
 •Charles I. In this reign (for the purpose of raising 
 money) the king created the title of Baronet, aid sold 
 it for the sum of XlOOO. Horse races were established 
 ■ at NewnAarket. The circulation of the ""^lood was dis- 
 covered by Dr. Harvey, a.d. 1619. The broad silk 
 manufacture was introduced. Copper half-pence and 
 farthings were coined Car th e first time. Logarithms 
 were introduced by Napier, a.d. 1614. Buildings were 
 
THE HOUSE OF STUART, 
 
 67 
 
 V 
 
 built of brick; tho authorized translation of the Bible 
 as at present in use was produced under the care of 
 forjiy-seven dirinea ; tho London 'New River Companj 
 was projected bjr Sir Hiigli,. Middieton; Homer was 
 translated V Chapman; and the, charterhouse School 
 was founded By Mr. T. Sutton, who purchased the vast 
 premiacs from the Duke of Norfolk, a.o. ICll.' ' ' 
 ^ III. — King James- married the Princess Ann of Dfen- 
 markj.by whom, he bed four children. Two alone 8wr- 
 viVed him— namely, 'Chjrils Prince of Wales, and 
 Blizabcth, married to Frederick V., elector palatine of 
 BavaTia, alji unfortunate prince, whose dominions were 
 confisQated by the Eiiiperor Ferdinand tl., and whostt 
 posterity afterward>succcedod totlw; Knglish sovereign- ^ 
 ty. James I. died in IG25, at the ago of fifty-nine: 
 
 *'V\: . : •.- .ChARX'ES I. ;■ ■ ' \y " 
 
 ^ , ■ 1 .■■"■■■ " 
 
 BEflA-lT TO EEiax A. D. 1G25. -DIED 16401 
 
 lVtf—CiiARi»i^., second spn of James I., coinmencedf 
 his reign with great apparent advantages,- bo'th of per- 
 son, education, and position. ., He found the treasury of 
 the coutttryi however, in am^impoverished condition ,•- 
 ' and,'being refused sufficient supplies b^ the parliament, 
 lai4 a heavy attd;inpopular tax upon the people, -with 
 the proceeds of which he fitted out a fleet for the in- 
 vasion of Spain. This measure created great discontent; 
 but instead' of being warned by the miirmers Qf the 
 nation, Charles was unjust and impolitic eaough to 
 persevere, and from. 1G29 to IGSGf never caUed any 
 parlianient, but raised money by m^ans of an absolute 
 statutu called the levy of Ship-money. It may be as 
 well here to explain the nature of that tax. 
 --"-." ■ ■ ' » ^- '■ ■^■ 
 
 . ;' 
 
Si^tf ' 
 
 68 
 
 SUMMARY OK EN GUSH HISTORY. 
 
 It 
 
 . v.— Three years after the king's accession (a.d. 
 . 1G28), the Ooniinons, in return for five subsiidiys, had 
 .inducted him to sign tli'fit second great charter of Eng- 
 lish liberties known as the Petition of Right ; by which 
 be«boun(l himself to raise no taxes withoul the consent 
 of parliament. It was therefore in direct violation of 
 his own treaty, that in 1G29 i*oyal writs were issued to 
 the City of London and to the 4,own3 "iQiPff the coast, 
 exacting a tribute of money for the i)uri)ose of equip- 
 ping ships of war for the defonce of the country. At first 
 this step, though productive of much ill-feeling between 
 the king and the i)coplc, >vas yet tolerated, and had some 
 excuse of precedent; but Charles shortly ventured on 
 a stretch of perogative that no other sovereign, howoycr 
 arbitrary, had ever dared to- contemplate. He sent 
 writs of ship-money to the inland coui^ies, where no 
 ship had ever been seen, and continued to raise money 
 for the defence of his kingdom at a time when he was 
 at peace with all the world. 
 / VI. — The first resistance was ofTercd by John Hamp- 
 
 / den, a gentleman of Buckingluiirishire. lie refused to 
 /-— |)ay the rate levied upon his estate, and brought the 
 matter to trial (a.d. 1G3G), with the ^)atriOtic resolution 
 of supporting the liberties of the paoplc. The result,, 
 which it was hoped would affix some limit to the power 
 of the sovereign, was anxiously awaited by the nation ; 
 
 - but Hampden lost his cause, and Charles grew more 
 exacting than ever. Many 'c^rcmQnics of Roman Catho- 
 ■ lie worship were now injtroduced into th£ church — 
 episcopacy was forced upon th e ^ cots, w ho re belled in 
 consequence — more rates and levies were wrung from 
 the public purse, and the king raised an army and- 
 
 f 
 
 ©^ 
 
 # 
 
 % 
 
♦ -- 
 
 m: 
 
 THE HOUflK OF STUART. 
 
 69 
 
 marched to the north (a.d. i040), whore, instead of de- 
 feating the Presbyterians, he ended a feeble campaign 
 bj A treaty of peace. 
 
 yil. — During the month of April in this year (IG40) 
 Oharles found himself compelled once more to assemble 
 a parliament, and this time Hampden took his seat in the 
 House of Commons as member for Buckinghamshire, andL 
 loaif^r of the opposition party. This parliament the 
 kin'g angrily dissolved, because it was bent upon redress- 
 iii^g the public grievances. lie threw some of the Com- 
 mons members into prison, exacted ship-money more 
 rigorously than ever, and even prosecuted the Corpo- 
 ration of London for their uttwllUngnesd to enforce ih% 
 levies. ■^- 
 
 VIII. — Again a parliament was called (Nov. 1G4#), 
 and again the opposition, more powerful than ever, with 
 Hampdea, Pym, Holland, and others, at the head of the 
 party, stood up to force the king to something like jus- 
 tice and reparation. By this famous tribunal great and 
 salutary reforms were vigorously carried out. Strafford, 
 who had been created Earl, Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
 and President of the Council of the North,- was impeach- 
 ed, with Archbishop Laud, imprisoned, and executed. 
 The servile judges and officers of the crown were jmnish- 
 
 ^u ed, and the king deprived of arbitrary and feudal powers. 
 In fact, it was open war between Charles and his people. 
 IX. — As if blindly led on to his ruin, Charles now 
 committed an act for which history can furnish no 
 parallel, and posterity no excuse. Enraged against the 
 opposition, and misled by the lenity with which some of 
 
 . the members were disposed to treat his measures, he 
 went in person to the House of Commons (Jan. 1642), 
 
 Ml 
 
 ^>i 
 
• 
 
 •: 
 
 'a.. 
 
 ea f SUMMARY OF KNOLISH HlSTOttf:' 
 
 attended aa far as the door% two hundred halberdierfl 
 and armed courtiers, there to arrest and seize Lord 
 Kimbolton, Hampden, HoU'is, Pyin, and two other mem- 
 1t)er8, whom hft ha^ previously impeached through his / 
 attorney-general. Anything so unprecedented as the 
 nrrest of members engaged in the exercise of their par- 
 liamentary duties had aever been known ; and though j y 
 the attempt failed, and the members were absent, this 
 act of tyranny led to extremes w hich, few Uien could ; 
 
 have anticipated. ' , ' , 'j^ 
 
 X.— Hampden and his friends secreted themselves in 
 the city. The Parliament recalled them, and they return- 
 ed to their seats in triumph, accompanied by immense 
 crowds of spectators and military, and saluted with sal- 
 vos of artillery. The result was civil war. Charles fled 
 to the North, after having sent the Queen and Prince of 
 Wales to a place of safety. The nation became divided 
 into two factions distinguished as Cavaliers and Round- 
 heads, and both parties prepared for the great struggle. 
 The clergy, the Universities, tliC landed gentry, and a\ 
 majority of the nobles sided with the king. The Round- 
 heads comprised the middle classes of England, the 
 merchants, shopkeepers, yeomanry, dissenters, parlia- 
 mentarians, and a formidable minority of the peerage. 
 
 XI.— Not to dwell too long upon this period of' our 
 summary,' we will briefly detail the chief events of that, 
 deplorable conflict, which lasted for the space of three 
 years, and caused the eff-usionofso much English blood. 
 The royal standard was first erected at Nottingham, 
 
 # 
 
 < , 
 
 
 August 25th, 1642, and the first engag e ment, known 
 the battle of Edgehill, was fought on the 23rd of the 
 October following, when both sides claimed the victory.. 
 
 I 
 
 ■f 
 
 -i- 
 
;^ 
 
 '# 
 
 
 ' •^^By^^ 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH, , 01 
 
 "i ' ^ ■ .-■-'' h '.' ^ 
 
 From- this tlmo no great event (unless an unimportaiir 
 a^dfanttige gained by Charles at Stralton) took place, 
 ilcath of nampden, at Chalgravc-ficM, June 24th, 
 
 1G44, the Roundheads, under Sir Thomas 
 iignally dofcated the ^^'^'^^^^ ""^^"^ Prince 
 ^A||«rfcf at the famous battle of ^ff«ton Moor— and on 
 June 14th, l645,wa8foughtthcdccisiveba|{|cofNa8eby, 
 An Northamptonshire, when the king's army sustained* 
 total defeat. Fifty thousand of his soldiers were taken 
 " prisoners, baggage and cannon were left upon the field, 
 * and Charles fled to Scotland. By his northern subjects, 
 ' upon whose protection he had thrown himself, he was 
 basely sold over to the English for the sum of £400,000. 
 Xn.— From this moment the king's doom was sealed. 
 He was first imprisoned at Hampton Court— then in 
 Carisbrook Oa^flj^thcn in Uur^t Castle, Hampshire-i- 
 finally in Windfw Castle, whence he was brought to 
 London, to go through the mockery of a trial at St. 
 James's. By the high court of justice he was sentenced 
 ' to death, and publicly beheaded in front of Whitehall 
 Palace on the 30th Jan. 1G40. *' A great shudder raa^^ 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 through the crowd that saw the deed, then a shrieK^^"* 
 and then all immediately dispersed." Charles was at 
 that time forty-eight years of age, and had reigned near- 
 ly four-and-twcnty years. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH. ^ - 
 
 Xtll.— That extraordinary epoch In our history, ; 
 known as the period of the Commonwealth, ensued.— 
 Oliver CromwelIm who had di s tinguistied himself aa 
 
 
 a general in the late wars, received the commaad of 
 the Puritan army in Ireland (A., d. 1653), and thert^ 
 

 '62 SUMMARY or ENOLisn riiSTORT. ; 
 
 defeated the Royalists with great slaughter. Having 
 reduced that country to submission, he was next de- 
 spatched to Scotland, where they had espoused the 
 cause of the Stuarts and placed Prince Charles upon 
 the throne. Her.i thfi stern Roundhead was everywhere 
 invincible; the Scotch deserted the .royal standard ; a 
 great battle wa^ fought at Worcest^er, on the 3rd of 
 September, 1651 ; and the king was forced to make his 
 escape to the coast of France. 
 
 XIV.— In this manner the authority of the parlia- 
 nient became established throughout the British do- 
 minions. The American settlements, which had de- 
 clared for the king, were subdued; Ireland and Sett- 
 land silenced ; Jersey, Guernsey, Scilly, and the Isle of 
 . Man, brought easily under subjection ; and an immenie 
 empire rich in fleets and armies, in crown-land'^ and ec- 
 clesiastical 'treasure, was governed by an a3ser.1blage.of 
 some sixty or seventy men of obscure birth and inferior 
 education, wbo\ad taken upon themselves to alter ttie 
 legisimure of the state and to behead a great kingv and 
 Who, in their present portion, found themselves hold- 
 ding the foremost place among the sovereign powers 
 
 of Europe. 
 
 XV.— Oliver Cromwell, hafiilg entire possession of 
 the affection and confidence of the army, and being re- 
 garded with suspicion and anxiety .bythe Long Parlia- 
 ment, resolved upon what was, perhaps, the boldest step 
 of his life. He went with^OO soldiers to the House of 
 Commons (A. D. 1653), turned out the members, dis- 
 solved the assembly, ordered the doors to be locked, 
 and put the key in his pocket. The next parliament 
 wag called, and consisted o ntircly - of ig n orant fanatics. 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 t 
 
THEJ COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 63 
 
 These men resigned office (Dec. l^i^M^), a|nd rested 
 the entire lulniinisirative power in Cromwell, with the 
 title of Lord ProtecU)r of the Commoivweiilth of Eng-, 
 .4and. Thus the opifiessions of royalty were exchang- 
 ed for a despotic military government. 
 
 
 . OLIVER CROMWELL.' 
 
 PROTECTOR OF ENGLAND FROM A. D. 1053 TO 1658, 
 
 XVL The Puotectorate Was inavigHrated by a snc- ^ 
 
 cession of brilliant victories, and the recognition of the . 
 English power in aU the courts of Europe. The Dutch 
 were brought to sue forpeacc (a. d. lG54),^and made to 
 pay an indemnification of Jt;85,000. Favourable terms 
 subsisted betweeh Cromwell and Mazarin, and Dunkirk / 
 became a dependency of the State. The years 1G55 and ^ 
 1658 saw the great victories of the English fleets, under 
 Admiral Blake, at Algiers, Cadi/., ttfid the Canary 
 Islands; and in 1655A(Jj[^als Penn and Venablea 
 ' made the conqnest of^Janiaicaj. 
 
 XVil.—Despite all this pnbsperity, the Protector's 
 was far from b^ a s^feVhappy position. He was 
 feared and. distrusted on all sides ; threa,tened by num- 
 berless conspiracies ; and a prey to pefpetual anxiety. 
 A tertian ague carried him olf at last (Sept. 3, 1658), 
 in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and the ninth of his 
 usurpation. He appointed his son Richard hi^^cces- 
 ■ sor;'but the army,. discontented with so young and 
 irresolute a leader, compelled him to sign his abdica- 
 tion, and the oflicers restored th6 Long Parliameat 
 wjiich Cromwell had forcibly dissolved. 
 .XVHL— This parliament, however^ having offended 
 , the army, was again dismiss/ed, and General Monk, 
 
 /.• 
 
^■'(»,f'* ^^,Wt 
 
 64 
 
 SUMMARY OP ENGLISH III8TORT. 
 
 marching from Scotland with '^OOO yeteratis (Jan. 
 JQ60)j compelled the Loudon forces to disperse. A 
 BOW Parliament was then assemhle*!, and the restoration 
 of royalty, in the person of the exii'B Charles, was pro- 
 posed and received with universal delight both by the 
 ^^Comiiions and the people. So ended the period of the 
 Commonwealtb. 
 , QUESTIONS TO CHAPTEUVI. / 
 
 tcnc(;? To\vliatT)iiwarrantablo 
 
 f' jirree did he extend this ex- 
 
 Vi. Who offered the first 
 ri^si staiTK'c P What was the re- 
 
 I. To whom did the cro\rn 
 descend ou tlie death of Eliza- 
 beth ? What conspiracy threa- 
 tened the ebmnicnceraent of 
 James's reign, and who wer<> tlie 
 
 parties concerned in it ? What|:^lt of I£ampden's efforts ^ By 
 £- xu- i>_i~ _* tsj- Air T>„i^;«.i4ry\'kii*fo*. o/vf.« rtf nivr>res8ion aid 
 
 was the fate of Sir W. RaleiKlr? 
 II. What was the nature of 
 the Gtmpowdw Plot, a*id in, 
 what year was it discovered? ' 
 What occasioned the disafiree- 
 ments between JamesaiKl his 
 parHament? When were the 
 supplies withheld? FOr what 
 purpose was the title of Baronet 
 ' created ? Wlmt great disoovcry 
 r inus made by Dr. 11 arvey ? Ee- . 
 iRe the inventions and impro- 
 Temenfai of this reiirn,? By 
 whom was the ISew Uiver 
 Company projected ? Wlio yvna 
 Mr. T.Sutton, and what charity 
 did he found? 
 
 Il4 Whom did the king 
 Hiarry, aiid what family had 
 he? In ^vhat year did he die, 
 Mid at whm a^re? 
 
 IV. How did Charles I. cora- 
 meticehMi reign? AVhatim?ans 
 did he tJJke to fit out a fleet for 
 the Invasion of Spain ? How 
 did he raise money wTl^hout the 
 aid of parlMinent, and for how 
 
 kill?? 
 
 V. When diff Charles sign 
 the Petition of Right, and what 
 terms did he therein agree to ? 
 
 — Wh e n did ho issue the writs 1 
 
 iJS^at acts of oiipresslon did 
 Charles follow up his success? e» 
 "V'll. When did Charles again 
 
 • call a i>avl lament ? How did 
 he treat that body? In what 
 way did lie insult the Corpora^; 
 tioli of Jjondon ? , . .^ " 
 
 VIII. In what month of tne 
 same year did he again call a 
 parliament, and who were tho 
 
 , leading raemhers of the opposi-. 
 tiou ? Whfiigr'eat r'efornis did 
 the parliament eflect ? 
 
 IX. Wliafc extraiordhiarypiew 
 of illegal tyranny did Charles 
 
 . next rosoit to, and when did^li© 
 carry it into effect ? 
 
 X. Where did Hampden and 
 his friends take refu^? In 
 what manner did tliesy retunj 
 to parliament ? Wbat l>eca mo 
 of the kiiii? and tho^oyal family? 
 Inta what wel l-kn own factions 
 was the nation divided? Of 
 whom did tlieX'avrtliors consist? 
 What clashes constituted th© 
 lloundL. — . 
 
 Xl^Where and when was 
 
 th(>royal standard first erected? 
 
 len Avas the battle of Edge- 
 
 1 fought? Where did Hamp- 
 
 flon fall ? Relate the event a^^ 
 
 oj 
 
 ti 
 
 I 
 
 Bhipimoney,aiduponwh^^ date of the battle of Marstou 
 
 
 ^•v,»^' 
 
 ■A 
 
 ^. 
 
 .dr«*«- 
 
•m, 
 
 ? 
 
 THE HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 65 
 
 ico^t. wliPn wftSL tho^^Mtle the next parliampnt consist ? 
 
 • what 're^i\lt ? Wliat was >the 
 
 %nduct of the Stotch upon 
 
 this occasion ? / . - 
 
 ^ XII. At whal/pla<?cs was the 
 king successively imprisoned t* 
 By what ^nvt was he sen- 
 
 tence^? Re^»*% *^.®. ^i''^"'^- 
 8tance9at{adatcl)f his cxecu. 
 tion. What was hw age? How 
 long had he reigned? 
 *'^ XMI. What period ensued? 
 Who was Oliver Cromwell, and 
 ten was be sent to Ireland^ 
 
 the supremo po>ver in tho 
 
 State? , , ^ .^- 
 
 XVI. Under what auspices 
 did thePr6t<;ctorate commence? 
 In what year were the Dutch 
 sulMlvicd? What terhis sub- 
 sisted between France and 
 Eufiland ? What were the great 
 victories of Admiral Blake, an<l 
 when did they take place? 
 What were thti conquests oi 
 Penn and Venables? ^ ^■ 
 
 XVII. Was the .Protector 
 happy ? When did he die, and 
 
 S^o^ the battle of ^or- ]^^.P^^^ H^^-i^^^^Zl 
 
 everywhere established ? \\1?at parliament ? ;)* ^^t jag^'^| 
 
 W \Xt bold step did of the Commonwealth? 
 CromweU take? Of whom did- 
 
 CHAPTEIl VII. 
 
 ^THE HOUSE QF STUART— (Continued). 
 
 € . ■ . -.-,■,.■■■ 
 
 '*^ Began to Reign. . . * ^ 
 JAMESII m -- " 1685........ Dethrt)ned 16S8. 
 
 • i • • ■ • • • • 
 
 '1 
 
 * \ Charles II.* , . 
 
 , BEGAN TO REIGN A.D. 1660. DIED 1685. 
 
 I.— King Charles II., eldest son of King Charles T.,^ 
 came to the throne amid the universal rejoicings of a^ 
 nation released from Puritanic tyranny, and aftxious to 
 welcome the restoration of royally. Commencing his 
 reign with clemency wid moderation, he passed ^n act 
 of universal pardo^ (exceivtingpnly thfe yegicide judges 
 gad more furious republicans), chose his fir3| council 
 
 / 
 
 .*;•, 
 
 ..m^ 
 
fw 
 
 -> 
 
 -• •'* 
 
 n 
 
 66 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENQLISII mSXORT. 
 
 . \ 
 
 indifi^rently from both loyalists and presbytetians ; and 
 proclaimed entire liberty of opinion amongiua people. 
 The body of' Cromwell, however, AV*as dug up, hung in , 
 chains at Tyburti, and buried under the gallows ; but 
 was. afterwards removed secretly, and reinterfed,^i: 
 some assert,'in the centre of Red Lion Square. ^ * 
 II,— li was supposed, fromthis promising beginmnlr, 
 that Charles would be found an easy monarch, and that , 
 nothing affecting the religion or liberty of the na,tion 
 need be feared at his hands.*' In this the public ,waa. 
 disappointed. Having first .of all disbanded the fine 
 army of the Commonwealth, the king began to follow 
 his father's evil example by forcing episcopacy npon the 
 nonconformists. This step raised an outcry of discontent 
 throughout the kingdom ; in one day about two thou- 
 sand presbyterian miitisters gave up their benefices, 
 because they would not embrace a "new faith— and now- 
 the Church of England b'bgan to persequte its formed 
 
 persecutors. 
 
 in.— Ho next declared war with Holland (A:D. 16G5), 
 and sent out an English fleet under the pomipand of his 
 brother, James, duke of York. .The ship of Admiral 
 Opdam, the Dutch commander, was .blown up, and the^ 
 victory of the English com'plet^. 
 
 IV.— In the years 1665 and 1666, London became the 
 scene of two fearful calamities, exceeding in horror any 
 that were ever known to bcfiiU one city within so short 
 a period. A mortal plague spread- among all classes 
 and carried off* in six months paore than 100^000 human 
 beings. They were buried in gi-eat pits dug about the 
 neighbourhood of Moorfields and Tothill fields, and etery 
 
 
 night the dead-carts traversed the melanclioly streets, 
 
 ^ 
 
 H««:-^ 
 
V 
 
 r: 
 
 V. 
 
 ?*■ 
 
 c 
 
 *> 
 
 feHBT HOX^SK OF STUART.^ 
 
 ■ 'I- 
 
 67 
 
 iD- which tlic iihLustomed grass grew rankly, tind no 
 other traffld noy y«^s known. Scar^ly had this sick- 
 ness begun to dccliV, wlMn a fire, unexampled in Europe • 
 SHice the destructioSof Rome under Nerc^" laid m rums . 
 the whole city, from\he Tower to the Temple, and from 
 the river tothepurlielsof S-mithfield." Thi. conflagra- 
 tion desti^yed 400 struts and 13,200 dwelling-houses 
 besides 85 churches, St\Patirs Cathedral, the Royal 
 Exchange, 4he austom II V^^ GuildUall, and many other 
 
 -important public buildingk , It lasted without mtermis- 
 sion for four days, and was^nly stopped at la|bj,^he. 
 
 blowing-up of houses. \ / ^ * . 
 
 V.-Takingadvantage-of this period of out national 
 
 weakness and distress, the Dutch fleet, under^ommand 
 of Admiral de Buyter, sailed up t,he Thames (a.d. 1667), 
 and burned theHnps of war which lay, at Chatham. 
 This tras the first, and happily the last time that the 
 roar -of foreign guns w^eard to echo ithrougli the 
 itteets of London.: A d^racefujl peace was shortly 
 afterwards concluded. ; - \ , , . _^^ 
 
 \ YlljCKe great imposition knowp^as the Popish Plot- 
 took p^e in 16 78^^ discreditable character, one 
 Titus Oat^s, iconst Wted a hi^ou^lion which he 
 found the nation only too ready to Wiev^ ^ fave 
 out that the papists were preparing f^r tl^struction.^ 
 of London by fire.thi^ a^sassina^tdon of the^Fg, and the 
 b^rayiil of our country into the hands of tlie French, 
 'just at this, juncture, the mysterUs murder of bir 
 Bdmondsbury Godfrey, a Protestant magistrate, lent 
 all the colouring of truth t^ii^. assertions. Many mno- 
 ' cent persons were in consequence arre.stedand eitcuted, 
 aud; among others, the aged and "illustrious Earl of 
 
 iA: . 
 
 
 ,iJ^ 
 
 ^f^^Wii 
 
*>.v 
 
 SUM 
 
 
 to c»auti(»3^.|janC|giiy^lia(i«d on 
 
 i 
 
 .[■■ffi|- r 
 
 Staffor(|^i3P;*V vi-^_ „ 
 T(ywei#fcl)ecm 
 
 I.Ma1heyear^l6m«|TS#S'Wi^ Corpus 
 Tb^spt, n6fyM%^f^-to MgnkCharta,i3 
 J; 1)ulwarks of in^vldujftl^afe So long as 
 illlt^m^ins in florq^no subject of Hiigland can 
 inedjin prison, excoit where such detention is 
 to be justified ,by la' 
 ^;!VII|.-r.ybe Lords|h^ftSury and Russell, in con- 
 ; jji^pction with the Dukeof M^O^outh, the Earl of Essex, 
 ^' 'oil Sidney, and O^tlie^ .were discovered (a.d. 
 \^80|;|olbe-4he cnithor^' of :|^treasonable conspiracy 
 |iavi|^.jfiir itS:object ^he^deaipjf the king. This was 
 t1\e famous Rye-house Plot; so called from the iconspi- 
 l:^to^^^'|yi^ce* of meeting, Ipengthcned trials ensued. 
 Mohmouthtjscaped; Riussell: (the most popular man o^ 
 hisday) wjfis executed in, iji^oi^i's-inn Fields, July 
 21st, 1083 ;:,theiEarl of Esso3c]^as found witli his throat ' 
 ' cutijin his cell at the Tower; Shaftesbury aT)sconded to 
 • Holland; an4 Sidney suffered the extreme* penalty of 
 the law, December ^th, 1683, 
 
 IX.— 'li^e king was at thi 
 lute a sovereign as.any in 
 
 W- 
 
 Lned not to be of 1< 
 Ing of February, 
 seemed to be* a fit of ap 
 without a struggle, Befori 
 craments of the Romkh ol 
 
 (a.d, 168 5) as iribso- f •* 
 e; but his power was* 
 fion.. Towards the be- ■ 
 was a^ttackeS h^what , 
 ahd soon after expired ^ 
 g, he received the ,sa- " , 
 f^n act which proved, 
 
 that, although he had always, passed for -a prdtestant 
 king, he cherished another religon in his heart. Charles 
 
 was fifty - nine years old^ 
 had reigned twent^five 
 
 tkne of his death, and 
 .^ Jlis'eharaGteinias beetft.- 
 
 . ?' 
 
 ♦■■ 
 
 
 \' '■' 
 
<'■/ 
 
 THE ilOUSK OF STUAIIT. 
 
 00 
 
 ^., 
 
 M 
 
 M' 
 
 thus briefly summed up by a modern historian : — 
 " Charles was the falsest, meanest, merriest of man- 
 kind." 
 
 James II. V 
 
 BEGAN TO RBION A.D. IG85.. DETHRONED 1689. 
 
 X. — 'Jambs II., brother to the late king, had distin«* 
 guished himself as a naval commander, but was unpo-^ 
 pular with the general public ofa account of his gloomy 
 temper and the ill favour in which his religion was held. 
 He had been brought up to the Roman Cathdlic persua* 
 sion, and his first acts were to go openly to mass, to 
 sanction the erection of Jesuit colleges, and to establish 
 Roman Catholic bishops. These things much displeased 
 the nation, and so, when the Duke of Monmouth (an 
 illegitimate son of the late king) came over to England, 
 set up his standard in Dorsetshire and claimed the 
 crown, thousands flocked to his aid, and he found him- 
 self, in u very few days, ai the head of a considerable 
 army. He was defeated at Sedgcmore, a village near 
 Wmag^'SLticir, and, being hotly pursued, was found con- 
 #^alf(lMn a field, hidden among branches of fern, apd 
 utterly W(3(rn-^ut wi|l\, hunger and fatigue. Despite his 
 supplicati^s for m^£.oj#Jj.mes was inexorable, and the 
 uhhappyyouiigmfl,n was executed, July 15th, 1685. . 
 XI.ijfrThe mqi^ savage petseQutjons foilowed. Tvs^enty 
 prisoners wypiye .huiiff wpon the field of battle ; but to the- 
 infamous i]Mjmorv6tvji^ge^eflfries(thep|)st^ 
 of legal murderOTg^^^^ig ih1?4^fef horrors of what has 
 been called thft^nglish Reign of Terror. Hundreds of 
 victtms, old and young , were saCriffed for h a v i ng been 
 implicq.ted in the rebellion ; and in Scotland people were 
 
 g:--,; 
 
70 
 
 eUMMAUr dF ENGLISH IHSTORY. 
 
 U 
 
 I t. 
 
 y 
 
 hunp: and drowned for refusing to repeat the Creed. 
 The English fleet mutitlied because James had ordered 
 mass to be rcad.pn board the vessels, and the Bishop of 
 London was suspended from office. ' 
 
 XII.— The king next issued a proclamation of entire 
 liberty of conscience to his subjects ; a proceeding which, 
 although it ^rore a fair appearance, was known to be 
 solely put forward for the favouring^of Roman Gatholi- 
 cisra. Seven bishops of the Church of England under- 
 took to deliver a remonstrance to the king, especially 
 concerning that clause of his proclamation in which h« " 
 ' desired that it should be read in all the chij^rche? upon 
 the conclusion of diVine service. For this courageous 
 resistance the bisho^)s were ari^ted and thrown into 
 , the Tower (June 29, 1G88), but, being acquitted upon ^ 
 their trial, v^ere regarded as tha saviours of the Protest- 
 ant religion, and met ever^;where by rejoicing thou- 
 sands. 
 
 Xlll. — It was while afHiirs were in this position that 
 the eyes of all men were turned for deliverance to 
 William, Prince of Orange, ^\(bo had married iVIary, the 
 eldest daughter of James. This wise and politic prince, 
 being invited over by the clergyi|and the people, left 
 Holland With a fleet of 500 vessels^^tifl an army of 14,000 
 men, landing at Torbay on the 5M\f Novembei'^688. 
 Here he was joined by the nobility ,^lergy, and military j * 
 even by Ldrd Churchill, who owed everything to the 
 bounty of the king ; and by Pi-ince George of Denmark 
 and his wife the Princess Anne, second daughter to 
 James. \ 
 
 dnBr ' 
 
 XIV. — lu this manner the crown changed ^xiOTs 
 without the striking of a blow. James was confined at 
 
 ti 
 
THE HOUSE OF STUART,. 
 
 71 
 
 Rochester, but was permitted to jcscape to France, where 
 he afterwards died ; and the Prince -and Princess! of 
 Orange were proclaimed joint king- and qiiecn of Ulhg- 
 land on the 13th February, 1G89. 
 
 .*• 
 
 / 
 
 QUES-TIONS TO CHAPTER yil. 
 
 >yas his age? How lonfc had he 
 roi^nrd? What was his cha- 
 racter? - . - 
 , X.' J^y whom was Charles 
 su<!C('OMttl ? With u hat hcts 
 liflcs conmiouce his roign? 
 nsurrection of 
 vvxl by the 
 id his roijcllion 
 
 (lid Jail 
 
 I. "With what measures did 
 Charlos coinnient'e his reipu? 
 "What iudiKuiticB were ollored 
 to the hody of Orftniwtill? 
 
 II. By what luipopular mea- 
 sure did Charles hp; the >r»H)d 
 opinion of the people? Hn^v How was 
 were his coiiiinaluls received by ^ Monmouth 
 tlie Presbyteri^iui niiuistOirs ? >i'»*peQptc V Hi , ^ 
 
 III. In what vear was war ttiVniinate, and what was his 
 declared with Uoiland.aDcthoMT' 
 ended the first eufcsitrenieut? 
 
 IV. What calamity » befel 
 London in 1665? 1 "Wh ti did 
 the great fire take blacu ? How , 
 long-did it la^t, an^ what was 
 the extent of the d(\stTuotion ? 
 
 V. In what AVay did the ftiitch 
 take advautafie of o^r distress, 
 an(l in what year? " \ 
 
 VI. When was l^ic Pojnsb 
 plot set on t'()()t, an(Pby whom ? 
 Ivolatc the i)urport of Oates'.^ 
 statenKjnts. \\ hen was the Earl 
 of Stafford behead^Ml? 
 
 VU. In what jlear Av,as the „ 
 
 Habeas Corpiis Act jmss<'d ? \ '■ Xlll. To whom did the people 
 What is the purpoilt of the Act? ^look for assistance ? With 
 
 VIII. Wliat iiluAtriouu gen- J^wliat army and how uiAuy ships 
 tleinen were concerned ill thi} did Prineo WSlliain leave Hol- 
 Itye-house Plot? Wliat were land? AVhcnand vvhtTcdidhe 
 tl I e irrespective fates? -. lantl ? 'By whom was hiss stan- 
 
 IX. What.^^vas the pow/r of drird joined ? 
 the king at this^luie ? When -^ XlV. Did the crowili cha 
 did he die?^.^tTl^at was the hands easily ?•' What beca' 
 cai^e of his ^elttit? , ^Vhat^sa- of James V , When were *he n 
 
 . craments did ndfPbc'ive giftyjiat siDvereiisns prockiime, 
 
 end? 
 
 XI. How did the king's army 
 treat the prisou(»rs ? What in- 
 famous judge was appointed to 
 try the rel)i<ls ? W hat Svere the 
 cruel results? W liat took place 
 in the English fleet, ahd what 
 iiisiiop was suspended from 
 oftice^^j,^^^ 
 
 XJlK^MP'twas the real ton- 
 del icy^r the king's order re- 
 specting liberty of conscience? 
 Who* protested against it? 
 How Mas tViis remonstrance 
 received ? What Was the event 
 of the trial? 
 
 
 «* . 
 
 .SM '^-' .'.wC^W* 
 
•■; * 
 
 SUMMARY OP ENGLISH IIISTORV.^ 
 
 ^' '.H- 
 
 eiLAPIEA' VIII. 
 
 UNITED HOUSE OF STUAUTsAND NASSAU. 
 
 # BoKnn to rdgn. Died. 
 
 Krtfa William III a.d. 1089., 1702. 
 
 Queen Mary II " iflsa .1^69*. 
 
 Queen Anne " 1702 .^714 
 
 ;». 
 
 ■'i„ •. 
 
 i; . 
 
 &■: 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 # 
 
 1089., 
 
 " 1680 
 
 " ^ 1702.. 
 
 William III.> 
 
 *' 
 
 
 Beoan to REiaN A.f». lQS'Ji^IBp^7(iZf 
 
 J«I 
 
 rip 
 
 ' ; I'.— William III., throiigliout his reign" in Jilhilfcnd 
 
 %(forQueeu Mary, who was the -daughter of Jamea^^^ 
 
 had ^ttle to do witii affairs of Sta^O, and died h^k 
 
 her lyis^ii^, was troubled witli treachery at home and 
 
 ■"""' -abroad. A gfeat war with France continued 
 
 lie whUe time, and not only his crown, but hia 
 
 ;^^-U^e was several times attepriptod by the emissaries of 
 
 tl^j^^lcd JamM. The-^jjitter^went over to Ireland in 
 
 ^.the%iing of-lS^rvjUsed an iiimyff 40,000 men^ and 
 
 besieged hmdo!0ftl:^. I'aiiing iafetiis attempt to reduce 
 
 that city, >«iraj|rtbrced to retreat with a loss of 9000 
 
 m^j^and IJRgTpet on 'he-banks of the river Boyne 
 
 June 30,16fo) by King William and his army, was 
 
 Bignally, defeated. f' 
 
 P II. — The late king was not yet discouraged by these 
 
 failnres, but fought a lasi battle at Aughrim, and was 
 
 forced to retreat to Limerick. Ilerc, finding all chance 
 
 of victory^ gone, his adherents capitulated, and above 
 
 14,000 of them 'followed him to France. ^- i ^«- 
 
 IIL— William df Orange was a great ggneral,"and the 
 bravest of soldiers. * War .was hi^^element, and in rais- 
 ing sums for the proseciltion. of his military plans, he 
 plunged the Government into that gicat Nujional Debt_ 
 
 % 
 
 ■*-s*«iB» 
 
 u_ 
 
 j^ v- i»4fa# 
 
UNITED nOUBKS OF STUART AND HA88AV. ^3 
 
 which it has never since been able to discharge. Peace 
 was, however, concluded at Ryswlck, after eight y«ar« 
 of bloodshed (Sept. 20, 1697) ; and on the 8th of March, 
 1702, |ki gland lost this remarkable and celebrated 
 ■overei^. He was just fifty-two years of age, and w^aS 
 gucceeded by his wife's sister. 
 
 '^• 
 
 Amnb. 
 
 BEGAN TO MION A.D. 1*702. DIBD 1714. 
 
 lY. Anns, second daughter of King James IT., now 
 
 reigned in England, and her reigu is the history of 
 constant but brilliant warfare. The court of Versailles 
 had acknowledged the son of James 11. as Prince of 
 Wales. Queen Anne felt this to be both a political and 
 a personal insult, and declared for war. Lord Churchill, 
 now Duke of Marlborough, received the command of 
 the English army, as well ^^^ ^^ *^® Dutch, who . 
 sided with us. The Germ||^Dined the alliance ; the 
 Netherlands were speedily** cleared of the invader j 
 several towns were taken by siege ; and the first of a 
 series of splendid victories was fought at Blenheim, 
 August 2nd, 1704. , In this year also the fortress of 
 Gibraltar was taken by Sir G. Rooke, and has renfained 
 ours ever since. . ^ 
 
 v.— The next great victory #hich brought glory to 
 Marlborough was the famous battle of Ramilies (May 
 21 1706) ; and in .the autumn of- the same year were 
 ~ finally united the kingdoms of England and Scotland. 
 Though these two countries had, since the accession of 
 James I., acknowledged but one sovereign, they had 
 
 . n 
 
 enjoyed separate laws and separate parliaments ; now 
 
 F 
 
 '0(^0 
 

 -+■•' 
 
 i 
 
 A 
 
 1^'' 
 
 Wt'f: 
 
 u 
 
 
 •UMMART OF ENOLIfill UISTORr, 
 
 / /.-■ " " . .-. / 
 
 both were repreaontcd at WestmlnBtor, and tho Union 
 was ratified as it still exists. 
 
 VI. — TIio year 1708 was signalized by tho rictory of 
 Oudenarde, gained by tho Duko of Marlborough ; which 
 was followed, inltOO, by the equally brilliant battle of 
 Malplaquet. Shortly after this^ by a system of court 
 Intrigues, the particulars of which would detain us too 
 long in this place, tho Duko of Marlborough and hia 
 wife (to whom tho queen had been greatly attached) 
 fell into disgrace. The great general was dismissed 
 from his command, and a treaty of peace was entered 
 upon at the celebrated Conference of Utrecht. By this 
 instrument, signed in April, 1713, England's glory and 
 interest were secured. To her jurisdiction Franco 
 resigned Hudson's Bay, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland 
 — «Spain relinquished Gibraltar and Minorca-^and the 
 fortifications of Dunkirk, which might have proved 
 dangerous to our trade in time of war, were demolished. 
 Tho rest of Europe was dealt by with equal fairness. 
 
 VII. — Soon after this event the health of Queen Anno 
 declined, and on the 31st of July, 1714, she died, at the 
 age of forty-nine. She bad reigned for twelve years; 
 was inuch beloved by the people; and- went by the' 
 glorious and enviable title gf " the good Queen Anne." 
 During her reign, Addison, Steele, Pope, Bolingbroke, 
 Gay, Swift, Prior, and other famous wits and poets, 
 whose works at6 considered to be our national classic 
 lived and wrote. This epoch is' styled tho Augustan 
 Age of English literature. ^ ^ 
 
 ■J-:^ 
 
 ' ! ■■ f. 
 
 X K: 
 
 t 
 
 ^ 
 
 •iiSt*'--^" 
 
 .s:^»«^ 
 
-^: 
 
 
 d- 'sV/f' 
 
 THE IIOUBB OF DRUNSWIClC. 
 QUESTIONS TO OHAPTEn: VIII. 
 
 
 '■■ ':^'' 
 
 I. Was tho Yf\m of WW- 
 lium 'peaceful and proHporouM P 
 Whltlur UUl Juiiios nipalrV 
 What army did ho aMMfinblOj 
 and what town bcshKo ? When 
 was tho l>atll<» of tho Koyjio 
 fought, and with whatsucwsH? 
 
 II. Whon did .lanioa llK^t his 
 laHtbattlo^ What took plftco 
 at Limerick ? 
 
 III. What was the eaiiso of 
 tho National Debt?. When and 
 where was peace concluded V 
 When did WUbam die ? What 
 was his age, and by wliom was 
 h©8WCCcedcUf 
 
 IV. Why did Queen Anno 
 declare war wltli France ? Wiio 
 hccanie allies with the English, 
 and who was a])poiuted cpra- 
 mander-ln-chlcl V What success 
 had Marlborough In the Netlier- 
 iandSi and when did ho win his 
 first great victory P What other 
 
 imj)ortant a«*riul*»llion wasmado 
 in Ihis year ? 
 
 . V. What was the next victory 
 gained by MailboroughV W hat 
 great legal event took nlaco In 
 thoautunm of 170« ? What had 
 boon the jiolnts of separation 
 between Ki|glandan<l Scotland? 
 In what way wurethey removed? 
 
 Vl. What were tho two great 
 victories! of 1708 and 17<W ? 
 IlowdiUit happen that Marl- 
 borough- lost his conmmnd ? 
 Whercwas th(» peace conference 
 held? What glorious conces- 
 sions were made by Franco and 
 Spain to the arms of Kngland? 
 
 \ II. When did Queen Anne 
 die? What was her ago? Hy 
 what popular name wa** she 
 known ? Whati'elebrated lite- 
 rary characters lived during her 
 reign V liy what namo in tho 
 ago^Uistuiguished ? 
 
 * CHAPTER IX, ; 
 
 THE ilOUSB OP liRtJNSWICK. 
 
 ^. /^\. Began tp Reign. "' • Died, 
 
 GF$fl<TC ij, A.1>,.1714... ...s 1727 
 
 QEMM€r„ ....■ " 1727......;... irco 
 
 GBoaoB Ili; - 1700.....,........; 1920 
 
 '.. BsaAJr TO REiaN A.D 1714. DIED 1777. 
 
 I. — Georor I. of Brunswick., Elector of nanover^ and 
 great-grandsdn of James I., succeeded to tho " good 
 Queen Anno." He Was fifty-four years of age whfen he 
 received the cto wn^ and was preceded by a cjjaracter 
 for sagacity, cxperiencej and industry, which %d tho 
 nation to expect a ha^ipy and peaceubltj reign. — How- 
 ever, he soon showed that he could be vindictire toward! 
 
 i^vf^ 
 
1^ I 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 «^^ 
 
 
 I ' 
 
 7# r^tjUUkKY OF BKGU8H HISTORY, 
 
 tbogoofthe ttObllUy ^ho had been unfavorable to his 
 aucccssioii. The Dake of Omdnd, Lord Bolingbroke, 
 and the Barla of Oxford and Mortiigaer^ were impeached 
 ofhight^ason,and MattKew Prior, the poet, wa^ taken ~ 
 into custody:. The Puke of Ormond and Lord BpUpgbroke, 
 ^ving fled to the continent, were degraded from their , 
 ^ank \ their names and their arms were razed from the 
 iidt of peers, and their estates confiscated. Lord Oxford 
 was set>Hibert"5^. . ^ . 
 
 II. R^lfclellion now brolje out iglScotland C&.d. 1715), 
 attd the son .of James, II., kpown as the Pretender, 
 was thfer? supported b^ the interest oFthe Earl of Mar, 
 and by arms, ammunition, and soldiers from Franco. 
 Insurrections ^ere also started in ^lirious parts pf Uio 
 western counticsi'but were promptly quellesJ by Generals 
 Carpenter, Wills; and Peppei^' Many npb%en and 
 gentlemen of rank and substance took parl^n the^o 
 disastrous risings— the prlsoiis of l-ondon were crowded 
 with unhappy captives— tti« Lords Derwent^ater, 
 Carnwath, Wintoun, Kenmuir, Widdrington, and Nair 
 were executed— five persons of inferior, rank Were 
 hanged at Tyburn, two-and-twenty' at Preston, and 
 Manchester, and about a thQusand were transported.'^:; 
 The king would hear of ho mercy. " • . ^» ^ ^ 
 
 III. Perhaps the mo^t -extraordinary event in the 
 reign of this sovereign^as the great <8outh-Sea Bubble. 
 
 We wiU^ndeavour to ex^^ ^^he nature of the specu- 
 
 r paring the' MJgn\)fWil- 
 J obligid to lip^^isfibney ^ 
 JdiflFerents companies ^f nfer- 
 " ^om;the4piitU^Se0*raders. 
 
 '4> 
 
 '•\ 
 
 T "I 
 
 lation as briefly as px;)^^ 
 liam III. the gQvernm| 
 '(for war » purposes) fro 
 chants, and, among the r 
 
 *' m 
 
 For this t^rticular debt the goverfameut was pajsing an-^ 
 
 'ijypgj^'.'iUjP!' 
 
 1# 'v^,^^yrf# 
 
TUB H0U6B Ol*; B»tJS;8inOKS 
 
 vr 
 
 .0 to hig 
 Lgbrokc, 
 peached 
 ail taken ~ 
 jigbpoke, 
 pm tfaeir 
 from the 
 d Oxford 
 
 5.1715), 
 retender, 
 1 of Mar, 
 Franco. 
 ts of tlio 
 Generals 
 taen and 
 in the^O 
 ctowded 
 mt^fater, 
 and Nair 
 ak were 
 }ton, dbd 
 nsported.' : 
 
 it in the 
 a Babble, 
 le specu- 
 n\)fWil- 
 l^isfibney 
 
 jiiraders. 
 [)aji,ing an- >^ 
 
 '4> 
 , -J 
 
 '4 
 
 ♦;» 
 
 ^ 
 
 annual interest of £500,000. /o^.in fl'^^ oiie,31unt, 
 a scrivener, came to the miniatr| in tte name of this' 
 company, tod -proposed to them thatif-(the South-Sep. 
 Oompany) should,become sole creditor to the SUte by 
 the purchase of the debts of all the other cpxn^anies. 
 Having hought up the8e,„they offered Ho .accei)t an in- 
 terest of live per ccni for the first six, y0Ars,^and a re- 
 ■duced interest of four per cent. eVer afteJr, tiU the far-^ ^^ 
 liament found itself in a position to pa/ it ollf altogether. ^ 
 But the company was not rich enougj* to jbake this 
 gigantic purchase from its existent fimds ; arid they pro- 
 ceeded, to raise moniey by opening a subscription for 
 tradihg in Ihe South Seas, by which tral^e they per-, 
 suaded the pui>lic that great fortunes were to be made. . 
 Thii* deaiided, the purchasers of South-Sea ^tock poured - 
 in by tliousands, and ^the government ctJhitors sold 
 their government stock for' that of the South-Sea Oom- * 
 pany. It was even advanced tha^; th^ 'government was 
 about to exchange Gibraltar for a portion of Peru; 
 than which ai^y thing more chinateKcal can hardly be 
 conceived. TheBubbleexplod^; the directors' estates, 
 ,t0tho, value of £2,014,000, were seized in iT^l ; and 
 manyithousand families were overwhelmed with ruin. 
 ' IV.-r-The king, who had not been over to inspect his 
 Hanoterian dominions for some, tin^'e, resolved to pay 
 them a visit, in the month of June, 1127. He embarked 
 for Holland accordingly ;^ but;,while ti^avelling in his 
 carriage from Delden, where he had passed the night, he 
 was taken Suddenly ill, and expired at Osiiaburgh the . 
 next moriHng, iti the sixty-eight year of his age and the 
 thirteenth of his -reign. / 
 
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 IS 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH niBTORT. 
 
 George II. 
 
 B^GAN TO EEIGN A,D. 1727. DIED 1760. 
 
 • ^V.— George 11. succeeded to his father -v^ien forty- 
 four years of age, and his^^Bon, being summoned over 
 from Hanover, took his rank c«!3 Prince of Wales. A 
 misunderstanding with Spain occurred ciarly in this 
 |feign. In consequence of tlie discovery of some illicit 
 
 -trading^vesspls commau^c^^&y E nglish men, the Spa,ii--L 
 
 ish g«ard&hips seized indiscriminately upon innocent arj4 
 guilty, and subjected our merchant-captains to consi- 
 derable anuoj^ance. Admiral Vernon was accordingly 
 sent out with a fleet of six ships to attack the Spanish 
 l^tlements in America (a.d. 1T39).v "Here he.was uni- 
 
 foi-mly victorious. Having taken Porto Bell o, he bom- 
 
 barded Ca'rtha;gcna and took Fort Chagre, Whilp Gom- 
 modore Ansoii attacked 4ihc city of Paita^n the coast 
 of Peru, captured a valuable Spanish ga™)n, and re- 
 turned home laden with booty. . jjr i 
 
 YI._.The death of the Emperor of Attstria in 1^40 
 afforded the French an opportunity to interfere with the 
 succession of that empire. '^ Setting aside the hereditary 
 
 1 claims. of the Emperor's daughter|. Maria Theresa, Queen- 
 of Hungary, they caused the Eleptor- of Bavaria .tb be 
 raised to the ipap^rial throne, whilst the king of Prussia 
 grasped the provinces of Silesia. At this jinctuye, Etfg- 
 land came forward to assist the cause of justice; and 
 
 "'her example being followed by Holland, Sardinia, and 
 JlusSia, the Electafix^ obliged to fly, an^i Maria "i^e^ 
 
 ~^resa reigned i;i her father's kingdom."""""": ^r-^^^ 
 
 VII.— The French dectarcd for war (a.d. l74iX;' £iai 
 beiug met on the banks of the Maij^^ by the Etigli^^h 
 
 ' ; ; '•'.■4 
 
 m^ 
 
 # ■<: 
 
 -#- 
 
 -:-^^ . «" 
 
 fc 
 
 _^£- 
 
 TT- 
 
 \tt^ 
 
THE . HOUSB OF BRUNSWICkI> T tB 
 
 sentaijjd 
 ) consf- 
 rdingly 
 Spanish 
 ras uiii* 
 he bom- 
 [p Gom- 
 le coast 
 and tl^ 
 
 ID ^40 
 with the 
 reditary 
 I, Queen 
 ia »fp ho 
 ' Prussia 
 
 ice; and 
 nia, and 
 da "l^- 
 
 
 army, tftider command of the king In person, w6re sig- 
 nally defeated by a/orce numbering 2^,000 less than their; 
 ow,n. This was the famous battle of bettingen. Mean- 
 while, Prince Charles Edward, son to the Pretender and 
 grandson to James 11., made aboW strokefor th6 English 
 
 .crown; landed inScotl^nd with a few desperate ad ven- 
 turers, seven officers and arms for only 2000 men, gained, 
 an unimportant victory over Sir John Cope at Pres* 
 ton Pans ; and took possession of Dunkeld, Perth, Dun-1 
 
 "dee, and Edinburgh. He then reduced Carlisle, and 
 advanced into England ; but not finding himself support- 
 ed here, retreated northwar4, followed by the English 
 
 .army and the Duke of Cumberland. Upon thcplain of 
 
 -^fculloden the cause of the Stuarts was for ever lost. A 
 great battle was f(|j^ht op. the 16th April, 1746. Th© 
 loss of the English scarcely ^exceeded 200 men, while 
 2500 Scoks were li^tgH the field. Charles Edward 
 Bought safett ia Afht ; escaped through countless dan- 
 gers; aiid^^leji at Rome lT88.- 
 ' yiiy j2§'ayfare aj^road and reb^ion at home induced 
 
 * England to -regard with favour a negotiation pro- 
 posed between the belligerent powers in the year lUS. 
 At Aix-la-Chapelle air«*a<^y was thereupon conclifded, 
 
 .M y which all a#tioi^ were pacified^and peace prev«|led 
 in Europe, Not so, ho||eyer, in Norl^ America andi^ 
 #he East sad We»t Irtiifes. In thosecolonies the French 
 0fid English hi(4 mver eeemd from hostilitieg; and whije 
 
 ."nil WM on/p more quiet in tbj« quarter of the globe, thl^ 
 of Wolfe aad €Uve w^^- sprea^'.ng terror among 
 
 T<mr distant enemies-. 
 
 0- m^ 
 
 Breton and St. John's were 'tftk^.a-; the French gettle* 
 meptj i on the coast of Africa were reduced ; the isle (A 
 
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 80 SVW&A^t OP EirOLlSH BISTORT. - ' 
 
 Gftudaloupe was captured ; and Wolf^ feU at the surren- ^ 
 clerof Quebec, A. D. 1^60. 
 
 IX.— But the glory of the greatBritish name wasstiU 
 farther increased by the splendid successes of Clive in 
 the East Indies. Terribly revenging the death of 123 
 English subjects in the Black Hole, this gallant;soldier 
 attacked and took Calcutta, June 20, 1*757, afterwards 
 ^winning a second splendid victory at Plassey, by which ^ 
 was acquired the province of Bengal, a district exceed- 
 ing in size the whole extent of Great Britain, and, m 
 wealth, fertility, and natural advantages, all the pro- 
 
 ■ vinces of the East, ^...i,; .^..? ■,- • ■■■fc; - ) V' , • ; ;::. . ■ :.- / 
 - X.— King George It, in the mmkt of his glories and 
 
 successes, died quite suddenly, from a rupture of the 
 right veiitricle of the heart (Oct. 25, 1760); being then- 
 in the seventy-seventh year of his age and the thirty- 
 third of his reign. In consequence of the death of Fre- 
 derick Prince of Wales some nine years ipreviouSly, the 
 king was succeeded by his grandson, under the. title of 
 George III. \ 
 
 Geobgb n]\ 
 
 \ 
 
 BE&AW TO BBIGN A^d) 1760.. DIED 1820. 
 
 XI.— Gboegb III., grandson of George II., ascended 
 ^he English throne at a period when our arms ^broad 
 and the progress of our wealth and civilization at home 
 had rendered ^e pbsition of the monarch oh^ of the 
 most enviable and iUustriofts in th6 whole fo^^^ The 
 first ^markabieeveiitin this reign was thedeclayatio^ 
 ©f war between- En^ahd and Spain, in 1762, follo^d 
 hy a fluc cessftil expedition against Manilla and the Ha^ 
 
 fannahr Altogether tl^d was oi^e pf the most ghttmn 
 
 \i 
 
> -.•-«.■• 
 
 ■J^:- 
 
 TS* B0XJ8B OP BJIUNSWICK, 
 
 n 
 
 
 :V 
 
 wars ever carried on in any age by any people. In the 
 course ofseven years were won twelve great battles by 
 land and sea. Twenty-five islands, nine fortified cities, 
 4ind forty forts and castles were taken-, a hundred ships 
 of war were captured ; and more than twelve millions 
 were acquired as plunder,' In the beginning of 1765 
 the impositiofi of the St^iiip Act upon our American 
 colonies raised the first hostile feelings between the two 
 -countries, and in lIU the tea sent from England laden 
 with a certain duty, was thrown by an enraged popu- 
 lace intb the water^e of Bojiton Harbour. _ 
 
 XII.— dpen war ensued, and an engagement at Lex- 
 
 ington took pla^ie, near Boston, April 19th, 1775. In 
 
 this affair the English lost 273 soldiers, and the Ame- 
 
 ' xicans about forty or fifty. The batUe |»f Bunker 
 
 Hill followed, upon June 7th, in which the Americans 
 
 A -^ere vanquished after a valiant resistance. On the 
 
 \' 4th July, 177,6, they proclaimed their independence. - , 
 
 \ XIIL— Iti the yeat 177&, France ,deqlared in favonr 
 of the Americans, and in 1779: Spain acknowledged... 
 their independence. Thus was war provoked -mtU* 
 these two powers, ahd in l78riithitd enemy wasf(f^ 
 • i^ the Dutch., Di^iMng this latter year; England 
 carrying on at one time, by sea and, land, four gi> 
 contests— namely, with America, France,. Spain, and 
 Holland. Tn the month pf October, however, the sur- ' 
 render of Yprktown by Lord Cornwallis to General 
 Washington was the virtual ending of the American 
 
 war. ' ' " TT >i J 
 
 XIV .—^n the year 1 784 peace was made with Holland, .> 
 
 ' ^n4 ;WiW America, now H^k^wu as the United States. 
 
 ' iU iu - Ai w/ili also concluded bcffween the East India Com- 
 
 ffrfi^r ftit4 i^ M*l3t of Mysore. 
 
 "■^^: 
 
 ;'hf 
 
I'-. -11. 
 
 
 \ -ir^M'; 
 
 '» 
 
 f'l"' i-v., ■,•■ 'v..,,-, A,"'--" 
 
 • '«'"■'>■ 
 
 
 v^lltTAfMARy OF ENGLISH HfsTORT. 
 
 p " v: ;, /; ^; f XVr-TT^^^tifc^ revolution took place in Franco tn thd" 
 If -fm^^^ although it did not directly 
 
 M'*, ..i;^i-.. ■ •'-a%^.tli'e:^tef^8|^|^tbe British , throne, was . destined 
 
 '^^imm<!^:^jmiM^i^m<^<^i influence over tho- 
 « , ■:^:>'3?i^;.^'W?^#;E"'>P#^ rose, destroyed the 
 
 fc i-vS'^'SSi!^ V^?^f ^-i*^^''^^^^ King Louis XVI., and 
 
 f cralon was taken and lost 
 
 F^-^-.-MDc.' ■■ ■ -" •'■- "•■■'^■v v. ■>.:.— -?Bi^»ts- in the West Indies 
 
 ^S';. '^■;^^&.|#--^®^P^*^'^-»^;\J-^^ of Corsica wag 
 
 ^m- ■^^: !?^?P? i^ ^^ 1)>^^:CiCpfe WGQod Hope, and Trineomalee 
 
 ^ .; -;V- -"- ^^-^*^1'Vto,vW0|| ^4e^ of Great Bri- 
 
 Jii^^l^Svv;^;"'''^::?^ ^#©^i-estraordinJy man of tno-- 
 
 |l] ^-1?S|£^?^^^*?^^^^^^^ conqueror of any age since 
 
 II m^M^^'^^^^^^^^'^^r mmmcMUir that er^r won French 
 
 I r : M^ the way for themagniH- 
 
 -1 ; J:j*--^,> vr'r '^as '^^ et5aciii,^€?^s*3iea;: Th&y^^r 1 797 saw 
 
 ::.^^.lR^J\|<^;^a^^:'J}^^ splendid vie- 
 
 '''^'^^^W^P'^^B- ^*^<;:* ^Ji<l^ CJ^iperdowTi, won by 
 
 '/■ 
 
 rals Si^ iis-un ^Jei^is ai^^, D\incan. Thes.e-'brav©.' 
 
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 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 
 
 83 
 
 »> 
 
 XVII.— Tho higlily-mcritod famQ^of these two great 
 victories was nevertheless ecli^psed by. that of the battle 
 of the Nile (a.d. lY98),in: which Nelson asserted his 
 place as the first nayal coraraandcr of that day, cut 
 through the centre of the French fleet ; dispersed, cap- 
 tured, and destroyed thirteen of the enemy's ships ; and 
 was recompensed with the title of Baron Nelson of the 
 
 - NiliB, and a pension of i)300Q per annum. In the mean- 
 time. Napoleon Buonapaf^te was rapidly taking the lead 
 in all the'' most important affairs of the French Republic. 
 To him was entrusted the ctSRimand Of a powerful ariny 
 in Egypt; but finding the English so victorious upon 
 the Nile, he hastened back to Paris, and was created Pii:st 
 Consul, in lldd. In the.beginning of 48OO, he crossed 
 ^e Alps at the head of his army, and, by the brilliant 
 victory of Marengo (14th June), annihilated, for the 
 time, the Austrian power in« Italy. X ^ 
 
 XVilL— The Union of Great Britain with Iret^»4 was 
 
 I fixed by anactof Parliament passed on the 2 1st of April, 
 18(M), to, commence from the first day of theNiew century 
 (January 1st, 1801). The Imperial Parliament of the 
 United Kingdom was summoned to meet on the 22nd of ^ 
 the same month. This measure met with ^Waciiop^aife 
 
 ' tion from the Irish, ' ^ - -/ ^^-^flP 
 
 XIX.— -In this year (ad. 1801), INapoleon ^cc^eded 
 
 in fomenting a war between Kugland and Denmark, and 
 
 a pQwerful fleet, under Lord J^elaon and Sir H. Parker, 
 
 .was accor.dingly,4e8patched to the bombardment of Co- 
 
 :J&„&n^«lfen. The Danes had iiiade formidable prepara-f 
 
 \tions, and foU^l],t valiantly during a strife 0^ four hours, 
 
 •^Qij j ^ h%ihg ioKt all thei r s hips of the line a nd t h ei r 
 
 ?* 
 
 ■■ -i^^ 
 
 \ iw 
 
 floating batteries, they %ere CiPXij^i^d to jcapitulate*: I 
 
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 tu 
 
 V:-n.--r 
 
 iiftfe 
 
 "T:-arr 
 
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 .-JH^mN' 
 
84 
 
 i^ 
 
 I 
 
 SUMMARY OP ENGLISH mSTORY. 
 
 Shortly after this, the French were routed in Egypt. by 
 Sir Ralph Abercrombie and Major-Gcneral Hutchinson, 
 where the battles of Aboukir and Alexandria were won, 
 in the former of which the brave Abercrombie met his 
 death-wound. ^ 
 
 XX. — While Great Britain was thus extending lier 
 
 triumphs abroad (a.d. 1802), she was threatened by 
 
 Napoleon with an invasion at home. For this purpose 
 
 he had prepared a flotilla of flat-bottomed boats, and 
 
 other vessels, for the conveyance of his troops. Alarmed 
 
 by these movements "on the part of the enemy, th^ 
 
 government assembled a squadron, under Lord Nelson, 
 
 for the defence of the coast. The invasion was never 
 
 _^ attempted : a treaty w^s entered upon by the English, 
 
 French, Spanish, and Dutch powers, and on the 29th 
 
 April, 1802, peace was proclaimed in London. This 
 
 interval was destined not to be of long duration, and 
 
 war was again proclaimed, April 29th, 1803. 
 
 XXI.—Not content with the title of First Consul,Napo- 
 leon constituted himself emperor of France in the year 
 1804, an^ was crowned king of Italy in 1805. In con- 
 sequence of these proceedings, an alliance was now 
 formed between England, Russia, Austria, mid Sweden. 
 But Napoleon was victorious at Austerlitz, where he 
 signally defeated the Austrian forces, and Russia was 
 compelled to retreat. Fortunately, the share bo^-ne by 
 England was sufficiently victorious to counterbalance 
 these disasters. October 21st, 1805, was fought the 
 famous battle of Trafalgar, in" which Lord Nelson 
 defeated the united fleets of France and Spain, and 
 expired just as the conquest was assured. , The foilowiog > 
 
 «^^«x,v* j«oi, u,o iiic uuuquesi was assurea. , Tne lollowiDi 
 year (1806) records the death of thetwo moal faiJl! 
 
 r 
 
 f^ 
 
 .>*•••? 
 
TUB HOUSE OF DRUK8WICK. 
 
 8a 
 
 r 
 
 statesmen of that epoch, — namely, William Pitt ^nd 
 Charles James Fox. 
 
 XXII. — Napoleon was now the greatest in on&rch of 
 Europe. Emperor of France, king of Italy, protector 
 of Bavaria and of Wirtemberg, he dominated over every 
 other government excepting those of England and 
 Spain. Two of his brothers filled the^ thrones of Holland 
 and Naples ; Denmark was in his service ; Prussia at 
 his mercy; Russia had just concliided a peace which 
 . was entirely> to'his advantage ; and Ailstria enjoyed but 
 the shadow of a power which was really vested in his 
 hands. Had he then been prudent, all might have been. 
 "'^^^^'^Ji^^ cesolved to seize upon Spain likewise, and 
 from thTJfcttempt may the beginning of his ruin be 
 dated. ^/^ 
 
 XXIII.— Having taken Ferdinand of Spain prisoner 
 Dy an ingenious stratagem (a.d. 1808), he carried that 
 monai^c^ and his son into France, and proclaimed hia 
 brother |oseph king of Spain, A general insurrection 
 immediately broko out in all parts of Spain ; aid was 
 implored from England ; the peasantry formed them- 
 8e|rves^ ini^uerilla parties, annoying and surprising the 
 French at' e^very opportunity, cutting off their supplies, 
 shooting their stragglers, and skirmishing with their 
 outposts. Except where the army was actually present, 
 *^U#r of Napoleon was set at naught. And, to crown 
 ^^^jiRjF^y of 10,000 men was sent out, commanded 
 ^^ ^^^h^,^^ "^ellesley, better known at the present 
 •J^i°ie% l^^noured title of Duke of Wellington. Thus 
 ''comi®jn<jtffl»re famous Peninsular war, and the first 
 engagemei^s known as the decisi^^e battle of Vimiera 
 August 21st, 1808. '' ^ ^: -7^ ^ 
 
 "fi.. 
 
w l^'*,7Wf' 
 
 
 '•^•, '■ ■'' 
 
 ri 
 
 
 ai 
 
 aUMMART OP KKGLISM HISTORr. 
 
 %.! 
 
 XXIV.-^Tho next ovont of Importnnco was fho victorr 
 of Talavcra (Julj^ 2m, I8OQ), in acknowledgment of ■ 
 which Sir Arthur Wellesley received the title of Viscount 
 Wellington. Not so fortunate was the memorable and 
 Ill-fated ^jxpedition to Walcheren, in wliich nearly 50 000 
 fine soldiers felUnglorious victims to the unhealthy'cli-' 
 toate of Zealand and the disgraceful inefficiency of those 
 placed in command. In the following , year (1810) 
 Lord Wellington completely drove the French troops 
 from Portugal. At this periotl, a succession of splendid 
 victories, too numerous to admit of^ notice in so brief a 
 recapitulation as the present, everywhere attended the '' 
 career of Wellington. '^ ^ 
 
 ' XXV.— England and Russia now eoalisced against 
 France (A.D. 1812), and the emperor resolved upon an 
 invasion of Russia; collected an army of 600,0.90 men • 
 ■ forced his way to Borodino, where, after a sanguinary 
 battle of three successive days, the Russians were de- 
 feated ;||id pushed on, immediately, for Moscow. The 
 Russians, knowing no, other means by which to deprive 
 'the French of winter-qdarters and provisions, actually 
 set fire to their ancient and beautiful capital, so that on " 
 their arrival the conquerors fount} nothinghut desolation 
 and flames. Thus disappointed of resources, ^hey 
 began a hasty retreat to France, having to traverse an 
 ienemy's country amid all the horrors of a northern 
 Winter, and being utterly destitute of all provisions 
 except such as they could find amid the des'erted villages 
 #long their route. During this fiughtful journey, they 
 .were perpetually harassed by flying bodies of Cossackg •■ 
 were starved, frozen^ and left to die l^the wayside! 
 No less than 300,000 splendid s6ldier#fhna pei'i^hdd 
 
 1 1 
 
 
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 JR OF DRUN8WI0K. 
 
 miBeraMj^^llPho emperor's present weaki 
 the ^^l^^^^^^crs now combined to crush their 
 common cfll^^Dnc by one, his concihcsts were wrested 
 from him, and on May 3lst, 1814, the allied armies 
 entered Paris. On the 6th of April following, Napo- 
 leon signed his abdication at Fpntaincbleau, and Louia 
 XVIII,|Wa3 recalled to the throne of bis ancestors. 
 
 XXVI.- In the year 1815, while the ambassadors 
 ■were assembled at Vienna to adjust tlie claims of Europe, " 
 the world was struck with surprise, terror, and admi- 
 ration, by the report that Napoleon had escaped from 
 his exile at Elba, and, having landed in France, was 
 ;Once again at the head of his beloved ariiiy. Again ho 
 ascended the imperial throije— again the allied sove- 
 reigns assembled their fo^cs, and again they met, for 
 - the last time, u^on the field of Waterloo, near Brussels. 
 Hero, on the 18th of June, was fought the glorious and 
 ever-memorable battle of Waterloo, in which the French 
 army was irrevocably routed, and fled from the field in 
 the utmost confusion. AH was now oter with the 
 ^ brilliant hero of tho.great empire : he surrendered him- 
 ' Belt to th^ English mercy, and was sent a prisoner to 
 . ib© far: and lonely island of St.' Helena^ where, after 
 lingering through a few melancholy years, he died on 
 the 5th of May, 1821. The expenses of England during 
 the prosecution "of this war are said to have exceeded 
 seventy millions* 
 
 XXVIIi^Tho year 1820 proved fatal to the Duke of 
 Kent, father to her present Majesty ; and in less than a 
 
 week after the death of this prince, England lost, in 
 Geor|9 III., one of her most respected sovereigns. Thii 
 ronefabld monarch eipiTcd on th^ 29th January, 1820, — ■ 
 
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 ART OF ENGLISH HISTORT. 
 
 i 
 
 in the eighty-second year of his age and the sixtieth of 
 his reign, which is the longest and most remarkable in 
 the annals of English iiistory. ^ 
 
 r QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IX. 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I. By whom was Queen Anne 
 succeeded ? Ho w old was Geojgd 
 
 i I., and what character pre- 
 ceded him P What noblemen 
 experienced his resentment ? 
 Hqw were Ormond and Boliug- 
 broke punished. , 
 
 II. What proceedings were 
 now taken by the Pretender, 
 and by whom was he supported V 
 What generals quelled the in- 
 surrections? Wliat became of 
 the vairious insurgents? 
 
 III. Describe the nature and 
 origin of that speculation called 
 the South-Sea Bubble. How 
 did the ?Sputh-Sea Company 
 
 r aise mui i ey frem-p »blic er-edu- 
 
 lityP When the bubble burst, 
 what was found to be the value 
 of the directors' estates ? 
 
 IV. B>elate the manner of the 
 king's death. 
 
 V. By whom was Gteoi^e I- 
 succeeded? What was the nar 
 ture of the misunderstanding 
 with Spain ? In what year was 
 Admiral Vernon sent out ? 
 What successes were achieved 
 by him and Commodore Anson ? 
 
 VI. On what occasion did 
 the French interfere with the 
 Austrian succession? What in- 
 justice did they commit towards 
 Jlfaria Theresa ? What coun- 
 tries joined with England to 
 assist the cause of justice, and 
 what was the result ? 
 
 VII. In what year did the 
 French declare wa^? What 
 
 Ereat battle took place on the 
 anks of the Maine ? What 
 was Prince Charles Edward 
 about in the meantime? What 
 cities did he seize in Scotland? 
 
 'W. 
 
 By whom was he pursued? 
 When was the-lbattle of Cul- 
 iQden fought? What was the 
 result? What was the fate of 
 the young Pretender ? 
 
 VIII. In What year was con- ' 
 eluded the peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle ? In what colonies did 
 the French andtheSnglish con-' 
 tinue at war ? What great met* 
 wei^-irirthis time ^ti ve against 
 our distant enemies? What 
 were our conquests abroad, and 
 when did General Wolfe fall ? 
 
 IX. What terrible revenge 
 was taken by Clive in the East 
 Indies? What were his con- 
 
 .quests there? 
 
 X. When did George II. die. 
 and by whom was he succeeded? 
 
 XI. What was the first re- 
 markable event in this reign ? 
 What were the successes of 
 seven years? When was the 
 Stamp Act imposed on our 
 American colonies,aDd how was 
 it received ? ^ 
 
 XII. When began the war 
 between England and America? 
 When was the first battle 
 fought, and with what result ? 
 What was the next battle ? 
 When did the Americans pno- 
 claim themselves independents 
 
 XIII. What countries ac- 
 knowledged their indepen- 
 dence? What great wars did 
 England carry on in conse- 
 quence? What was the virtual 
 ending of the American war ? 
 
 XIV. What treaties of peace 
 were made in the year 1784? 
 
 XV. What dreadful event 
 occurred in Prance in 1789? 
 What wore the proceedings of 
 

 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 
 
 89 
 
 tbo French Revolutionists, and 
 into what confodcracy did the 
 Jiuropoan powers enter in 1793? 
 
 XVI. What extraordinary 
 man now bcgnn to make \m 
 name known in Europe ? What 
 M'ere his succcss'es ? What fa- 
 mous mutinies occurred in 1797, 
 and what splendid victoriesi at 
 sea? * 
 
 XVII. In what} year did 
 Nelson win the battle of the 
 
 .Nile? Relate the circumstances 
 of the engat;ement. , How was 
 •the gallant admiral rewarded ? 
 What were tho ^jroceedings of 
 Napoleon at this j uneture f In 
 what year was he created First 
 Consul? When did he cross 
 the Alps, and what great vic- 
 tory followed ? 
 
 XVIII. Relate the particulars 
 of the Union.' ; 
 
 XIX. In what year was Co- 
 penhagen bombardedj. and with^ 
 what success? Bywhomwei*e 
 the French defeated in Egypt, 
 and what general there ihetliis 
 jlcath? 
 
 ^ XX. lA what year did Napo- 
 leon project an- invasion of 
 England? What steps were 
 taken to prevent it ? When 
 was peace concluded, and how 
 long did it last ? 
 
 XXI. What royal titles were 
 next assumed by Napoleon; and 
 in what great battle did he de- 
 feat the Austrians ? When was 
 the battle of Trafalgar fought ? 
 
 What was the fate of Nelson ? 
 What statesmen died in tho 
 yearlSOe? 
 
 XXII. What was tho position 
 of Napoleon at this time ? From 
 what point may his ruin bo 
 dated? 
 
 ) XXIII. What steps did ho 
 t^ke to'puthis brother on tho 
 throne of Spain ? With what 
 resistance did he meet ? Namo 
 the first battle of the great 
 Peninsular War? 
 
 X:^IV. For what victory was 
 Wellesley prbmotcd ? What 
 were the losses at WalcherenP 
 In what year did \Vellington 
 drive the French ft'om Portu- 
 gal? \ 
 
 XXV. Relate the particulars 
 of Napoleon's expedition to 
 Russia in 1812. How many men 
 did he take out, and how many 
 perished in the retreat P What 
 power s now combin ed to^ru8h_ 
 theeinperor, and wl^t' success 
 had they? 
 
 XXV L In what year did 
 Napoleon escape frcma. Elba? 
 When was fought tip|(attle of 
 Waterloo, and witlrfwJbit re- 
 sult ? What was.liie.eud of 
 Napoleon? 
 
 XXVII. When did the Duke 
 of Kent die? What relation 
 was he to Queen Victoria ? 
 When did George III. die, and 
 at what nge? liow loxi^^haid 
 hcrdgneiP -»•-, 
 
 -> 
 
 '*: :.! 
 
..^T' 
 
 00 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH IIISTORT. 
 
 V • >• 
 
 ,* f-' 
 
 GeoegeIV... 
 "William IV. 
 
 ViCIQBIA 1^. 
 
 •••■■••••• ••••••■•• 
 
 CHAPTER X. *^ 
 
 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK (Continued). 
 
 Began to ReigiT. , Died. 
 ..A.D.1820 1830 
 
 • 1830...*...... 1837 
 
 * 1837.... 1 reigning. 
 
 George IV. 
 
 BEGAN TO EEIGN A.D. 1820. DIED 1830. 
 
 I. — George IV., eldest son of George HI., and fourth 
 sovereign of the House ofB^nswick, succeeded to the 
 throne. As^ Prince Regent during the last ten years of 
 his father's life, when mental and bodily infirmity had' 
 rendered that aged monarch incapable of governing, 
 George IV. had virtually been king of England long 
 before he wore .the crown. He was a man ofiMjUshed 
 and fascinating manners, but heartless a£f'vRII|Re3 I. 
 -aad^infofl ig at c as Cha rles II. The first act <h his reign 
 was to exclude his wife's name from, the l|turgy of the 
 church, and to seek a divorce by mfiplins of accusations 
 against her, which, even though theTy might be only 
 too true, should never have met the public ear. She 
 came over to England, where her cause was espoused 
 •by the populace, and took up her residence at Hammer- 
 smith. Although the ministers declined to proceed for 
 a bill of divorce, it was decided by law that she could 
 not claim thp honours of coronation, to which, as Queen 
 Consort, she enjoyed a prescriptive, but not a judicial 
 right. Being, however, i ill-advised by her supporterf, 
 she presented herself at the doors of Westminster Abbey, 
 July 19th, i821, just as the ceremony was about to 
 commence. Her demands for admission was refused, 
 and, after a lengthened and undignified altercation, she 
 
 ^^_^ 
 
 JU 
 
 ■^n ^ •^-^ 
 
THE HOUSE OF DRUNSWICK. 
 
 01 
 
 retired,— only to die within a few days, of shame, mor- 
 tification, and a broken heayt. \ 
 
 11. In tlie year 1822 disease, famine, and secret 
 
 agrarian societies spread through Ireland. O'Connell 
 made himself the constitutional leader of his country- 
 men ; the cry for Catliplic emancipation rose alike . 
 from all quarters, from Cape Clear in Cork to Fair 
 Head in Antrim ; 'and a grant of £300,000 was voted 
 by Parliament toward the relief of thq distressed 
 peasantry. '\ 
 
 III. — The prevailing liberality of opinion having ex- 
 tended to the slfores of Greece, that oppressed nation 
 now made a despercAe cflFort to tlirow off the yoke of 
 Turkey. In the year 182,^4 Lofd Byron, accompanied 
 by several Englishmen of talent an(J position, went over 
 to their assistance ; but th^ noble poet was not destined 
 to witness the success of the great enterprise which he 
 had embraced. ' He dietl at Missolonghi on the 19th 
 April, 1824. The following year was remarkable for a 
 great panic in the money-market, and for the failure of 
 many banking-houses, joint-stock companies, &c. By 
 engaging in sucli ill-judged speculations, many thou- 
 sands were ruined, and the national misery that ensued 
 was without a parallel since the bursting of the South- 
 Sea Bubble. ' 
 
 IV. — The struggle between Greece and Turkey had^, 
 now, by ita long continuance, attracted the attention' • 
 of Europe, and determihecl the leading powers to inter- 
 fere for the protection and liberation of the form^er. 
 The combined fleets of England, France, and Russia 
 jajleflj-^tecordingly, into the port of Navarino, October 
 20th, 1827 ; blew up, captured, and almost annihilated 
 
 \ 
 
 ..,«r-^? 
 
-^- 
 
 92 
 
 .•ft' 
 
 SUMMATIT OF ENOLlfcll UISTOI^Y. 
 
 the Turkish navy under Ibrahim Paclia, and confirmed 
 the indcpeudoncc of the nation which they camo to 
 deliver. , 
 
 V. — It became daily more and more evident that 
 Ireland would never be otherwise than disaffected and 
 unsettled, so long as the law excluded Roman Catholics 
 from the just privileges of the king's subjects. At this 
 period to- believe in transubstahtiation and the infalli- - 
 bility of the Pope, was tj) be excluded from Parliament, 
 to be denied the possession of arras, to be ineligible for 
 all corporate offices, such as that of mayor, sheriff, &c. ; 
 and, in short, to be subject to such a host of indignitics^ 
 e as even, at this brief distance of time, we feel almost 
 difficult of belief. In the month of February, 18^0, this 
 important question Atas brought before the House of 
 Comm'c^ns, and in the month of April was carried by a 
 large majority in the House of Lords, when it became a 
 law, khotvn as the Roman Catholic Emancipation Act. 
 AH subjects of Great Britain were henceforth equals 
 tjaroughoiit these realms. 
 
 : YL— In Ithe early part of 1830, tlie king's health began 
 to decline, ^nd, after a lingcrin"^ illness of some mouths, 
 he expired sat Windsor on, the 2^0th of June. 
 
 WiLUAMlV. 
 
 BtEGAISr TO REIGN A. P. 1S30. DIED 1837. 
 
 VII. — King William IV., late Duke of Clarence, and 
 brother to George IV., now succeeded to the crown. 
 The year 1832 is famous for the great Reform of Parlia- 
 ment, carried^^by the King and the Commons against the 
 strenuous opposition of the Lords. Thereby Pitrliament 
 was put upon a Biasis of security, in Accordance wHh 
 
 i 
 
THE HOUSE 6v BRUNSTyiCK. 
 
 03 
 
 '\ 
 
 the public wish ; many evils wcrO swept away, and a 
 vaUiablo power of further reform was vested in the 
 nation. T4ie francliisc was removed from' barely-popu- 
 lated to thickly-inhabited towns, bribery at elections 
 made punishable, and the benefits which wc now enjoy 
 were secured to us for ever* 
 
 VIII.— The year 1834 was signalized by a measure 
 Which, if it do not affect us so intimately as that of 
 Parliamentary Reform, is of vital interest to a largo 
 proportion of British subjects : we allude to the act by 
 "which Slavery was abolished throughout our colonics. 
 The sum of £20,0^)0,000 sterling" was granted by I?arlia- 
 incnt for compensation to the masters of liberated slaves ; 
 and on August 1st, 1834, no less than 770,280 became 
 .free men— a number equal to one third of the population 
 
 of London. « 
 
 IX.— In 1837 the healtli of William IV. was observed 
 t^ fail rapidly, and on the 2lst of June he died, much 
 rLretted, after a brief and prosperous reign, during 
 which he had aided to advance the liberties of his peo- 
 pll and succeeded in attaching to his memory the 
 respect of posterity, 
 
 Victoria I. 
 
 BEGAN TO REIGN A.D. 1837. 
 
 X.— In th(J nineteenth year of her age, when thisjjjreat 
 empire was at peace with the world, when the legisla- 
 ti^ measures of tjie preceding reigns had ceased to pro- 
 Vo^e hostilities and had already begun to nianifest their 
 beneficial ksults, Queen Victoria I., daughter to the late 
 Duke of K^t, and grand-daugiter to King George III., 
 ascended th^ throne, and her uncle, the Duke of Cumber- 
 
 t-: 
 
 1 '■' 
 
 vJ.. 
 
 ;V1 
 
 . .■•:H»':'"'' 
 
 -■■-r-n^:-yv 
 
04 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENOLISII HISTORY. 
 
 land immediately departed to take possession of the 
 kingdom of Hanover, now severed from the British 
 Empire by tlio operation of the Salic law, which ex- 
 cludes females from tlio crown. Lower Canada was at 
 this time in a state of actual' revolt; but the rebels, 
 being defeated, fled to the United States (Jan. 1838), 
 and the British Parliament united the two provinces of 
 Upper and Lower Canada, thereby restoring tranquillity 
 and abolishing party spirit. In this yfear the Queen's 
 coronation took place ; the great Affghanistan war 
 commenced in oui^ East Indian territories ; and waj; 
 with China was declared. „ * 
 
 XI. — A sooiety called Chartism was formed in the year 
 1839, chiefly among the working-classes, for tho 
 furtherance of a scheme of universal suffrage, which 
 they imagined was to redress all their grievances, and 
 which they proceeded to enforce by assembling, ^ 
 different parts of the country, yith guns, pikes, and 
 other weapons. On the 4th of T^bvember this year, they 
 met, to the number of 10,000, and, headed by one Frost, 
 made an attack upon Newport; but they were defeated 
 and put to flight by a detachment of the 45th Regiment, 
 stationed in that .town. Three of the leaders were 
 seized and condemned to death ; but the sentence was 
 subsequently commuted to transportation for life. In 
 the early part of the following year (1840) her Majesty 
 was married to Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha. 
 An exjtedition. gent out to China reduced that country 
 to submission. Canton'was occupied by our forces, and 
 ihe emperor was compelled to pay six millions of dollars 
 for the expenses of the war, before the city was re* 
 stored to him. ^ 
 
 
 --"-^-^-n'Tir- 
 
-^ 
 
 THE HOUSE OF DRUNflWlOK. 
 
 05 
 
 if ■■ 
 
 Xll.— In the moantimo tho Anglo-Indian army 
 achieved some success at Candahar and Cabul, but, ia 
 the year 1842, met with serious reverses. An insurrec- 
 tion broke out at Oabul, the British envoy was assassi- 
 nated, our army almost cut to pieces, and the remnant 
 obliged to retreat before the enemy. Lord EUenborougU 
 was then sent out as Governor-General ; two armiea 
 "were despatched against the AfFghan forces ; the for- 
 tifications of Cabul were destroyed, tho Affghans con- 
 quered, and tho national honour retrieved. China 
 having broken faith with us, a small fleet, commanded ^ 
 by Admiral parker, w6n a series of brilliant'^tctories, ' 
 took seven of their great commercial cities, exacted a 
 compensatory tribute of 21,000,000 of dollars, and took 
 permanent possession of the valuable island of Hong 
 
 Kong. ' ,^t- , 
 
 XIII.— In the year 1844 began a brief but sangfinary 
 warfare between the Government and the Sikh tribes 
 of India. Five great battles were fought, many thou-jif 
 Bands of lives were sacrificed, and our victories were 
 purchased by sad losses. Peace was concluded with 
 thftg^ikhs in February, 1846. Just on^year previously 
 (1845$ the corn-laws were repealed, and the people re- 
 ceived the blessing of cheap bread. 
 
 XIV.— It need scarcely be said that the year 1851 
 is famous for the peace of ^ all nations, and for the 
 opening of the Industrial Exhibition at the Crystal 
 Palace in Hyde Park. This superb building consisted 
 entirely of glass and irqn ; covered nineteen acres of 
 ground ; contained 1,000,000 square feet of flooring, 
 and was erected at a:cost of i;t9,800. The roof alone 
 comprised seventeen acres of glass ; and more than 
 
 
 ,4*rs^ 
 
I 
 
 96 
 
 summXrt of enoltsii histort. 
 
 woo t6nB of Iron wcro used In tho'Btructuro. ITer« 
 irore assembled tno wefilth, ingemiity, nnd industry of 
 tho*world, from the rudo implements of warfare wielded 
 by the native of the Pacific Islands, to the thricc-refmed 
 •luxuries of European civilization. Here might bo' seen 
 ono time travellers from the most opposite hemi> 
 pherea, who, with the richest and the poorest of our 
 own land, were alike employed in the study of the use- 
 ful and .the beautiful. Towards the close of the year, 
 the materials of this building were sold for XTO,000 to 
 tho new Crystal Palace Company, by whom the present 
 gigantic Exhibition was erected at Sydenham, in Surrey. ' 
 Jt is designed as a place of permanent recreation for 
 the citizen^ of London; and it not only far.cxceods tho 
 fotmer Palace in size and beauty, but it is surrounded 
 by gardens and promenades, and contains the finest 
 fountains in England. In this year, also, the communi- 
 eatton by means of electric telegraph was perfected be- ' 
 tween England and France. ; ' 
 
 XV. — On the 14th September, 1852,'died suddenly, 
 hi Walmer Castle, Arthur Duke of Wellington, tho 
 great general who never was defeated in a battle, and 
 whose memory is for ever famous as the cpnqueror of 
 Napoleon. He was buried with great pomp in St. PauPa - 
 Cathedral, November 18th, 1852. 
 
 XVI. — The year 1854 is among the most memorable 
 which we have had to record^ since the conquest- of 
 England by, the Romans. For nearly forty years 
 England had been at peace with Europe. The heroes 
 of the Peninsula belonged to the fast-ebbing genera- / 
 tion ; and sach as yet survived were old men. decoratecj . 
 by honourable medals. Cprn had Been reaped' upon 
 
 ^t-^ 
 
TiTK HOUSE or nituwswicK. 
 
 97 
 
 the field of Waterloo ; Napoleon and Wellington were 
 both pone, and their nshoiroslcd in Pari, and in t.ondony^ - 
 All was long past; and " on earth peace, and good will 
 towards men " seemed to have become an abid^Jng bless- 
 ing But in tlio midst of tran(iuillity camo injustice 
 and strife Tiio Emperor Nicliolas of Russia, whoso 
 territories are equal ih sizft to all tlie rest of Europe 
 put togetlier, claimed power over two thirds of t lo 
 population X)f,Turkey, under tlio pretext that all Greeks 
 were of tliC same religion as himself, and tha^ tliereforo 
 all Greeks born in Alio Sultan's dominions should ac 
 knowledge him as their protector and as the head of 
 their churcli. In the meantime lie seized on Moldavia and 
 Wailachia as hostages for the Sultan's consent-two 
 provinces which, together, comprise a larger extent of 
 country than England and" AValcs, and which contain 
 about one million fou^ndr^d and fifty thousand sonl^. 
 . Tcklhis demand the ^||n'sent. a spirited defiance ; and 
 ^^^r three or four brilliant actions, Omar Pacha, the 
 Turkish general, succeeded in driving the - Russians 
 back from Wailachia And Moldavia. England and 
 ■ Franco now thought it time to interfere, and, bemg 
 roused to just indignation by the amtir of Sinope, in 
 wiiich 5000 Turks were massacred by. a Russian fleet, 
 resolved to dispute the aggressions of, Nicholas. War 
 ^3 declared towards the end of March, 1854. England 
 and France allied their fleets and armies in the good 
 cause, and from England' to Malta, from Malta to 
 Gallipoli, ,w6 sent &hips and soldiers t9 the relief of the 
 Ottoman empire. 
 
 XVIL—The first blow of the late war was struck in 
 the Black Sea, March 22nd, 1854. Adrairala Dundas 
 
 . ^ 
 
08 
 
 8UMMART OF ENOLISn IMBTORV. 
 
 / 
 
 and ITamelln approached Odessa, a pfreat cominorclal 
 :.|)ortof the Euxiric, and, upon the rcfiiaal of the governor 
 to giro up all ships lyinjj in the harbour, a vigorous 
 bombardment from botli fiocts ensued. After a time, 
 two powder-mngazines exploded—the fortifications 
 wore destroyed— thirteen ships laden with munitions of 
 war were captured, and the allies drew off in triumph, 
 with a loss of only live men. 
 
 XVIII. — The armies now encamped at Varna and 
 in the unhealthy valleys adjacent, where the cholera 
 broHo out, and committed fearful ravages among our 
 brave men. The English army alone lost between 700 
 and 800. In the meantime the Russian forces had laid 
 siege to Sllistria, a garrison manned by 8000 Turks, and 
 situated on the soutltbank of the Danube. ' For more 
 than two months the si^ldiers of the Emperor Nicholas 
 lay behind their earthworks, in front of this fortress, 
 mining, cannonading, and assaulting the defenders, 
 and still were constantly repulsed. At length, on tho 
 28th June, a last and grand assault was led up by Princo 
 Paskiewitch, Count Orloff, and General Gortschakoff. 
 Tho Turks triumphantly repulsed them. Orloflf was 
 killed ; the other leaders seriously wounded ; the troops 
 fled in confusion across tho river, and the siege was 
 rajsed. More thai^ 30,000 Russians perished in this 
 enterprise. • • 
 
 XIX. — The Allies next determined on an invasion of 
 the Crimea, a peninsula which was tho very stronghold 
 of the Russian power in the Black Sea, and defended 
 by tlie strongest and most richly-stored arsenal in tho 
 world. On the Tth September, 1854, the great fleet, 
 nearly 400 vessels, set sail fr6m Varna, and on the1l4th 
 
 •I 
 
 \ 
 
en; 
 
 -\ 
 
 
 TliB^nOtJBl OF DRU^lSWltOK. 
 
 00 
 
 IniUnt the army waa laniUul about clgUt miles from 
 Kupaiorla. On the 20th we attacked tlio enemy, thea 
 drawn up In great strength among their batteries and 
 cntrenchmcntB along the steep banks of the little rivet 
 Alma. The Iluasians numbered 54,000 men, the allies 
 about 50,000. Jho French commenced the attack, and, 
 •being followed up by. our men, drove tlie Hussiansfrom ^ 
 their admimble position, pursued them dowrt the hill, 
 and, aft(fr a contest of only three hours, achieved one of 
 the noblest victories in the annals of our wars. Tho 
 allies lost GOO men, and 2699- were wounded. Tho 
 Russian loss was stated to bo 1702 killed an^ 2720 
 wounded ; b^it it is likely that their disasters wete more 
 serious still.v Oil the 23rd, tl^o allied marched south- 
 wins, o^nd on Monday, tho 25th, arrived before tho 
 fishing-port of Balaklava, wllich, after a faint show of 
 resistance, surrendered uncotiditionally. Tho bravo 
 little garrison werosontasprlsoners to Constantinople, 
 and the army took up its quiirters in the deserted lanea 
 
 and hovels of the town. 
 
 XX.— From this time our engineers and soldiers wero 
 actively employed in making entrenchments and earth- 
 works before Sebastopol. ^Here wo mounted ^uns, and ' 
 every day crept nearer and nearer the forts of tho 
 enemy, ^ontinual.efforts to harass the working-parties 
 in tho trenches— to surprise them in their lines at night 
 —to liour out suddenly by day, and to tlombard ua 
 fiercely from their innumerable forts, were made by tho 
 Russians— and still we kept building our batteries,- till • 
 we got near enough to fire upon them in our turn. "On 
 the I7th October our guns opened on Sebastopol, and 
 the siege began. V 
 
 v 
 
 frV 
 
 •V- 
 
 •.»*n«> 
 
100 
 
 SUMMARY OF ENGLISH IIISTORT. 
 
 XXT. — Tho Russifinsi, who had several times made 
 their appearance as- if to offer battle and as frequently 
 retrelited, at length camp out in great force (October 
 
 , 25th, 1854), and drove the Turks, like sheep, from their 
 batteries round tho valley of Balaklava. The English 
 were immediately apprised^of' this imminent danger— 
 tho Highlanders repulsed tho mounted Russians with 
 astonishing coolness and skill—our dragoons nj^et theirs 
 at full gallop, and after a desperate hand-to-hand con- 
 flict, put them utterly to flight— our light brigade, by a 
 fatal mistaki? of tho order given, was qut to pieces while 
 performing incredible feats of valour; andj amid glory 
 and carnage and defeat, which could scarcely be called 
 
 ' , defeat when so bravely contestedj thi«r battle of Bala- 
 klava ended. The Russian^ had g:ained the advantage. 
 
 ^ They had dismantled our fofts, tiearly destroyed our 
 light cavalry, and gamed the main road from Balaklava 
 
 ., to Sebastopol. We. had lost tea officers, and 14Y itaen. 
 Still the name of Balaklava is as glorious as that of 
 many victories. | 
 
 > « XXII. — It wgis about this, time that Mtss Nightingale, 
 the heroine of the war, sot sail from England, accom- 
 paniec by a body of nurses, for the humane object of 
 attending to our suffering soldiers. Ihimense assistance 
 of clothes, wine, and other necessaries was sopit out by 
 ,th5 Tmes' fund, and a considerable iiuprovement irv 
 the* hospital, laundry, and medical departments fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 XXIII. — The morning of the 5th of November was 
 grey and drizzly, when the Russians attacked our posi-.. 
 tion near the^ bridge of the Tchernaya at Inkermann. 
 Crossing the bridge unseen, tliey advanqed inenormoioa 
 
 r 
 
TIIK BOUSE O* BnUKSWlCK. 
 
 101 
 
 bodices upott o..r advanced pickets, winch wore forced 
 slowly to retreat. Tl.o lirh.g arou.ed the o Uor d.v.- 
 Bols of our army from sleep; but before they could 
 
 ■ arrive, the Russiaus had once seized, once been Mpelled, 
 Td o'nce more forced our works, pursuing the bravo 
 soldiers towards thV^r camp. Ity this time the generals 
 had reached 'the scone: the Guards, th,,nrantry reg. 
 ™„nt=. and the CQ,fl*IO Russians were soon fighting 
 
 Ts It^; I'n'i nnuU«c ^P'- - '^ '-^^ ':^Z 
 •we e going oniat once. For long hours the fr.ghl ul 
 contest lasted and the -English heroes were graduaUy 
 «Wng ground to -the foe, whel, the French, who had 
 / been drawn off to the def)^nc6 of Balaklava came up at 
 I fall speed. English and trench together charged upon 
 the enemy, and, at the point of the bayonet drove them, 
 down the hill. The French batteries opened an. n^esist.- 
 ble fire on. the retreating masses; and the battle of 
 
 Inkermann, after a struggle of ^'^'^"^Y^J^'^l 
 
 ■ -8000 English and 0090 French had defeated 50,000 
 Russians, -with aU of 4G2 killed 1952 ^^-""J.o*- . 
 
 XXIV— On tlo 2nd March, 1853, died Nicholas, 
 Em'peror of all till Kussias. This great event made no 
 change, however, in the affairs of the war, which his sou 
 and successor pleiged himself to continue. About thi. 
 time, an electric telegraph was established at the 
 Crimea, as well as a railway for the conveyance of 
 stores, &c. from Balaklava to the camp. Reinforce- 
 ■inents, too, were forwarded to the seat of war; and 
 before May had arrived, the sickness had disappeared, 
 and the mv-a were well provided with necessaries, and 
 not less than 150,090 of the b=st soldiers in the world 
 were again bombarding Ssbastopol. 
 
 
103 
 
 SUMMARY OP ENOUSII mSTORT. 
 
 XXV. — On the 18th of June, after many varyinj? 
 Bortics and assaults, the French and English generals 
 determined on an attack of the Malakhoff and Redan 
 towors-^an enterprise which disastrously failed, and 
 ended with I. loss of more than 500 killed and 2000 ' 
 wounded. On the 28th inst.. Lord Raglan, after some 
 days of illness, died, universally regretted throughout 
 the army, and was succeeded in his command by Gen. 
 Simpson. 
 
 XXVI. — And now our works approached nearer 
 every day to the walls of Sebastopol. Fifteen thou- 
 sand well-disciplined soldiers from the little kingdom 
 of Sardinia arrived to our assistance, under the com- 
 mand of General de la Marmora, and were encamped, 
 with the English cavalry, in the valley of the Tchernaya* / 
 Here, on the 16th of August, they were attacked by the 
 enemy in great force ; large bodies of men crossed tho 
 river, and, fancying they were to have an easy ponquesfei 
 advanced up the hill to the French centre. Down came 
 the French, literally hurling them back by the force of 
 their charge. Hundreds of the enemy were crushed, 
 rolled into the water, and put to flight: and, as they 
 ashed confusedly back across the river, the Sardinian 
 itteries mowed them down like^rass. In this decisive 
 ' tttle the Russians left 3000 dead on the field, atid we 
 ook 400 prisoners. 
 
 XXVII. — On Wednesday, September 5th, the final 
 ombardment of Sebastopol began. The first day's 
 fTork was tremendous, and many fires were observed ^ 
 within the walls both on Thursday and Friday. To- 
 wards the afternoon of the latter, a Russian powder- 
 magazine blew up, which must have done us appalling 
 
 ^ 
 
r 
 
 TUB nouste or drunbwiok. 
 
 103 
 
 service. Thus it went on, and 1000 a day were killed 
 or disabled by our balls and shells. No garrison could 
 withstand so deadly an attack. On Saturday, the 8th, 
 the allied armies combined in a gigantic assault, which, 
 at the yery commencement was signalized by the gal- 
 lantry with which the French troops took the Malakhoflf 
 bastion, apd planted the tricolor in view of Sebastopol. 
 The English how attacked the Redan, but were repul- 
 sed; and the Little Redan withstood the attack of the 
 French. Our allies likewise attacked the central bas- 
 tion, but were defeated and forced to retreat. Gene- 
 yal Pelissier was now established in the Malakhoff ; 
 , ftnd, prince Gortschakhoff, %ware that this success cn- 
 ' surfe the capture of the town, resolved to leave it. 
 That nighl^,' favoured by the darkness, he withdrew his 
 troops across the river in fine order, by m^ans of a 
 bridge of rafts ; the inhabitants of the tow^ were remo- 
 ed in boats ^nd steamers; the retreat was guarded 
 by General Schepeleflf, who prevented the French from 
 advancing« into the town ; and then, as the last of the 
 Russians withdrew, the bridge was destroyed, and the 
 buildings of Sebastopol set on' fire, in order that no- 
 thing might be left to the' conquerors -^ave such ruins,' 
 and flame, and desolation as met Napoleon and Wsaj-my 
 in the streets of Moscow. One by one, forts, batte- 
 ries, and sailing-vessels in harbour blew up with loud 
 explosions, or sent forth vivid flames. Next morning 
 thevictorsenteredthptown. Churches and palaces, all 
 blackened and ruined, slood atound, and wele visited 
 with eager curiosity. A few days later, and the allied 
 armies occupied Sebastopol, after a siege of nearly 12 
 months ; after four bombardments and three great bat- 
 
 m 
 
104 
 
 SUMMARY OF KNOUSU UlSrORY. 
 
 / 
 
 ties ; after a Iqss of nearly 2700 in the last attack, and 
 a total loss, on all sides, English, French, and Russian, 
 both within and without the walls of Sebastopol, of 
 Bomething like 100,000 men. 
 
 XX VIII,— In the mean time the city of Kara in Anatolia 
 was sustaining a weary blockade. The garrison con- 
 sisted of about 15,000 Turks under the command of 
 General Williams, and was thinned daily by the casu- 
 alties of war, fever, and famine. Opposed to this gal- 
 lant little band wafl an overwhelming Russian force 
 ^umbering on the average 40,000 men, under General 
 Mouravieff. Tlie blx)ckade commenced July 15th, 1856, 
 and lasted more than four months ; till want Of the ne^ 
 cessary reinforcements, constan't de83rtions, and utter 
 starvation, compelled the bravo garrison to capitulate. 
 The terms of surrender were agreed upon November 25th, 
 and on the 28th inst. the Russians took formal posses- 
 sion of the place. * 
 
 XXIX.— The spring of the following year was signal- 
 ised by the termination of this war. Paris became the 
 centre of negotiation; and on the 30th of March, 185G, 
 the treaty of i)eace was signed by the Plenipotentiaries 
 of each nation. On the 29thofA^ril this event was 
 proclaimed by the heralds through the streets of London; 
 and on the 2ath of-xMay a public holiday was appointed, 
 and a display of fireworks and illuminations provided 
 by the government in qommemoration of the peace of 
 Europe. 
 
 Thus.ended the greatest jsiege of modern history. ^ 
 ^^^•— before the close of 4he Russian war, England 
 found Herself also at war with China, in consequence of 
 
 a small river-craft under British colors haviofi been fired 
 
 • . ft . . . ,' 
 
,^^. 
 
 TUE BOUfiS OF BRUN8WI0K. 
 
 105 
 
 Into by the Chinese in Canton Rirer. France, taking 
 advadtage of this Incident, joined with England in ne- 
 gotiating new commercial treaties with the exclusive 
 Chinese. The United States also dispatched a fleet and 
 an ambassador to the scene of action. After the bom- 
 bardment and capture of Canton, and after hostile de- 
 monstrations, by the allied powers, the Treaty of Pekla 
 was signed between the Emperor of China and the 
 Governments of ^Prance, England, and the United States, 
 estab^ishingdlplomatlc relations, and throwingopen the 
 China trade to their merchants. This war was followed 
 by a still more favorable treaty with Japan, negotia- 
 ted (as was also the Chinese treaty) by Lord Elgin, in 
 the month of July, 1868. 
 
 XXXI.— One of the most dreadful events in the his- 
 tory of Her Majesty's reign was the Sepoy insurrection, 
 
 which first broke out on the 10th of May, 1857, and sup- 
 prised and concentrated itself in Delhi, the old Mogul 
 capital. Lord Canning was then Governor-General, 
 having succeeded Lord Dalhousie in the spring of 1856. 
 So little was any disturbance in India apprehended, that 
 an expedition had been fitted out, solely by tlje India 
 authorities, against Persia, which landed at Bushire, 
 and, after a couple of sharp actions, compelled the Shah 
 to make peace, But the Sepoy mutiny spread as rapid- 
 ly as unexpectedly. The Presidency of Bengal wai 
 soon in their hands; Oude, lately annexed and still 
 smarting under its wrongs, joined the insurrection; 
 partial insurrections took place in the other presiden- 
 cies, but were in several places suppressed by the vigor 
 of the commandants. The rebels invariably endea- 
 Toured to seize the fortified towns, and In several 
 
 i^t^ 
 
\ 
 
 106 
 
 eUMMART OF ENOUfiQ HISTORT.. 
 
 ^^' 
 
 -'^ - 
 
 I 
 
 \. 
 
 A 
 
 instances succeeded. Hence the suppression of the in- 
 larrection has been a succession of sieges, or of actioni 
 brought on by pursuing the fugitives, flying from ont 
 rallytag-point to another. 
 
 XXXII. — ^^The first memorable events of the great 
 Indian insurrection were — the insurrection at Luoknow - 
 and the death of Sir Henry Laurence; the murder of Sir 
 Hugh Wheeleri and his Spartan band/ at Cawnpore, 
 by order of the ferocious Nana Sahib; and the massacre 
 of the European residents of Delhi. The first tiding! 
 of the insurrection reached England by the end of June, 
 And occasioned the greatest excitement. An Indii^n 
 V fitndfprthe relief of the sufferers was at onceraised,which 
 by the middle of October reached the sum of £160,000. 
 Bj the same date, 30,000 fresh troops were on their way 
 to the East, and Sir Oolin GampbiBll, since created 
 Lord Clyde, was appointed Oommander-in-chief. The 
 linropean forces in India, with the faithful Sikhs and 
 other natives, fought bravely in the meantime^ In 
 August, General Havelock recovered Oawnpore, and, 
 *^in a march of 126 miles, performed in eight days, fought 
 four several actions, always with success. This dis* 
 tinguished soldier died the ensuing November,^f dy« 
 gentery, brought on by excessive exposure. Geaerali 
 Anson and Barnard also died before Delhi of cho- 
 lera. > The place was finally carried by asslault, under 
 General Wilson, on the 20th of September. Lucknoijr 
 Was captured on the l^th of March, 1858, j under Sir 
 Colin Campbell', since which time the insutrection hai 
 assumed the character of a guerrilla war. i 
 
 ■ ' • . / 
 
TUB HOU^E OF BRUNBWIQK. 
 
 107 
 
 of Canada, and what measurct 
 wen? taken by Parliament to 
 tranquilizQ that colony? What 
 corumoiiv took place inthoyoar 
 1838, ana what great wars wcro 
 entered upon ? t 
 
 XI. Vfh&t was Chartism, and 
 what excefiHOH did the ChartiHta 
 commit? In what'7«ar did the 
 
 ■ ■ \ 
 
 QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER X. 
 
 I. For how long r^ad OcoTgo 
 JV. held the rpinj« of power 
 before be ascended tUo throne P 
 What wati the first hct of hiti 
 reii;n? By whom* Was tho 
 qnecn's cause favoured P - On 
 what occasion did she. go to 
 Westminster Abbey, and what 
 followed P ^ _ 
 
 II. What disaster happened Queen marry V' What wa^ th« 
 in Ireland in 1822 ? What well- result of the war in China P 
 
 XII. Uow did the Indian was 
 progress iir the mean timef 
 How did Lord EUenborougb 
 retrieve the national honour f 
 Reflate tlio events in China. 
 
 XIII. In what year did thit 
 Sikh war begin P How manyi 
 battles were fought with theMf 
 tribes, and with what sucrccss? 
 When was .peace concluded t 
 When were the Corn-laws re- 
 
 known, character made himself 
 conspicuous? What sum was 
 
 E anted for the relief of the 
 ishP , 
 
 III. In what year didOreeoe 
 endeavour to throw off the 
 Turkish yoke ? What great poet 
 went to their assistance, and 
 what wa^ his fate? What panic 
 took place in tho following year? 
 
 IV. At what determination 
 
 4id the European powers arrive, pealed ? 
 
 i^nd who were tho allies ? When XtV. For what event is 186L 
 
 wa^ the. battle, of Navarino celebrated? Repeat the statia* 
 
 fbiu;ht,and with what result ? tics of the Crystal Palace? Whofe" 
 
 Yt What were the penalties became of the materials? WhaA 
 
 toM^ich Roman Catholics were^ great vehicle of communicattei 
 
 ■ubject at this time? When was 
 the Roman CaitholioEmaucipa> 
 iion Act -.passed? 
 
 VI. Wnen did George IV, 
 die? Who succeeded hintt, 
 
 ,V3I, For what great measure 
 is. the year 1832 famous? What 
 wios the nature of the reform ? 
 
 yill. In what year was 
 Stavery abolished? What sum, 
 wab paid to tiie slave-owners,: 
 and now many men were set 
 fjree? _, , ^ 
 
 IX. When did William IV. 
 die? , , 
 
 JL.'What was the age of 
 Queen Victoria when .she buc- 
 ceeded to the throne, and in 
 what condition was the British 
 eiftpire? Whvdid the Duke of 
 Cumberland become .King of 
 Hanover P What was the state 
 
 was this year established 
 tween England and Franoe ? 
 
 XV. When did the Duke of. 
 Wellington die ? When ana 
 
 here was he burled P 
 
 Xyi. For how long had Env- 
 I^nd xioyr been at peace witk 
 
 iropc? What claim of th»- 
 Emperor Nicholas provoked thSr 
 I ^Y.ar I What provinces did ■ 
 seize? What was the con* 
 of tl^e Sultan? By wha* 
 massacre xwere England and' 
 France roln^d to tndignationFt r 
 When was yar deciar^, and 
 wliatfolloweaP 
 
 XVU. When was the fimt 
 blow struck P Describe theafliatr 
 ofOde5»? , 
 
 XVIM. Where did the armiea 
 encamp\P How many died of 
 cholera ifx the Engli^i army f 
 
 •»M 
 
 :\ 
 
 A 
 
108 
 
 BUMHARV or KNOLISn HISTORT. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Wlicraia RilistrU? ITowIonff 
 clid the RuMi»ni bcsit^o it P 
 How did the liogo toniiinato, 
 md what were the tiumbchi on 
 ca(;hNid«? 
 
 XIX.WhatplacodidthoalHoi 
 invad<\and when did they arrive 
 there ? When did tlie battle of 
 tlie Atma taitu place? What 
 were the numberM on eacli side ? 
 Belate the order of the battle ? 
 What were the loHsca of the 
 ftllieM and the RusHianHP To 
 Mrhat i)lace did the army next 
 proceed ? 
 
 XX. Wliat preparations were 
 now made before SebaHtopol? 
 When did the aiege befdnP 
 
 XXI. Wlien was the battle of 
 Balaldava fouglit P Wliat was 
 the result P Wliat were our 
 loHHesP 
 
 XXI r. What noble lady now 
 left England, and by whom was 
 ■he accompanied? What as- 
 ■istance was sent out through 
 the Times' subscription ? 
 
 XXIII. On what day was the 
 battle of Inkormann fought ? 
 How did the Russians advance? 
 What was the appearance of 
 the battle ? How were our 
 men relieved? What was the 
 end of the contest ? How long 
 had it lasted, and wliat wore 
 the numbers on each side? 
 
 XXIV.Whendidthe Emperor 
 Nicholas die ? What effect had 
 bis death upon the war P What 
 usefid works were established 
 at the Crimea? What was the 
 strength and state of the armies 
 at this time P 
 
 XXV. Belate the events of 
 the 18th of June, When did 
 Lord Rac^lan die? Who suc- 
 ceeded him in the command ? 
 
 XXVI. How many men were 
 sejit from Sardinia? When did 
 the battle of the Tchernaya 
 take place? How did it end? 
 How many Eusaians werekilled 
 and taken? 
 
 . XXVII. When did the final 
 bombardment l)eKin P IIow 
 many were killed daily in 8e- 
 bastopol by our inishilcsP When 
 wan the great nttnek made? 
 What army took the Mnlakhod? 
 What success had the KngliNh? 
 What French General was ei- 
 tabJinhed in the Blalakhoff? 
 What was the course pursued 
 by the Russian commander? 
 By whom was the retreat guard- 
 ed, and in what state did the 
 Russians leave Seba^topol ? 
 How long had the siege ov.cxi* 
 pied? How many bombard- 
 ments and battles had there 
 been? How many were lost in 
 the last attack P IIow many 
 had fallen nltogether both with- 
 in and without the walls, dur- 
 ing this siege P 
 
 XXVIII. Where is the city 
 of Kara situated? What was 
 the number of men on each 
 side, and bv whom were they 
 commandea? When did the 
 bloi^kade commence ? What 
 compelled General Williams to 
 surrender? When were the 
 terms of capitulation agreed 
 upon, and wticn did the Rus- 
 sianstake possession of the city? 
 
 XXIX. What great event 
 took place in the following 
 spring? Whore and when did 
 the peacc-treatv receive the 
 signatures of the PIcnipoteu* 
 tiaries? When was the event 
 proclaimed in London ? On 
 what day did the public rejoio* 
 ings take place? 
 
 XXX. What was the origin of 
 the Chinese war? What powers 
 were engaged in that war? 
 Whkt treaty followed? What 
 other commercial advantage 
 was gained by England in con- 
 sequence ? 
 
 XXXI. When and where did 
 the Indian mutiny first break 
 out ? W ho was Governor-Gene- 
 ral at rthe time? ^hat event 
 
TUB HOUSE 07 DRUK8WI0K. 
 
 109 
 
 hftd Imniodlntcly prcc«d«;d tho 
 mutiny? What nart of India 
 flrnt foil Into tho lianils of tho 
 Hc|Hvyg p VV hat wore tho tactlci 
 of thoniutlnoom? . ^ ^ 
 
 XXXll. Whtttwcro thonrsfc 
 momorahle cvontH of the hullan 
 InHurrootloii ? Who foil at 
 Lucknow? By whom was tho 
 masHfutro ordered at Cawnporo } 
 
 Whim did thn nowi reach Eng- 
 land? What BtoiiH woro taken 
 hy Knffland? What wa.H doiio 
 In India in the mean while? 
 What woro tho ohlof oxnloltM of 
 (Jouoral Havolook? When waa 
 DoUil taken? When waM Luck- 
 now taken? What Im tho pro- 
 tout chaUiMitcr of the war? 
 
 'i.\r 
 
 TIIE END. 
 
 
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