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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichi, il est fiimi A partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. by errata ned to ent une pelure, a^on d 1 2 3 32X , .t 2 3 4 5 6 \ INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO. wr J. AV. POWrELL. 7 E.-H 1 9 \,..'^ I CONTENTS. Nomenclature of linguistic families Literature relating to the classification of Indian languages. Linguistic map Indian tribes sedentary Population Tribal land Village sites Agricultural land . . . Hunting claims Summary of deductions Linguistic families ', Adaizan family Algonquian family Algonquian area Principal Algonquian tribes Population. Athaimscan family Boundaries Northern group Pacific group Southern group Principal tribes Population Attaca|}an family Beothukan family , Geographic distribution Caddoan family Northern group Middle group Southerr group Principal tribes Population Chimakuan family Princi]>al tribes Chimarikan family Principal tribes Chimmesyau family Principal tribes or villages Population Chinookan family Principal trilies Population Pane. 13 2S 30 88 40 40 41 4S 44 45 45 47 47 48 48 51 53 53 53 54 55 55 56 57 58 58 60 60 60 61 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 LinguiHtic fnniilittH — C'oiitiniirtl. Chitiniiichun family (JhiiiUHMhan family Population Oonhuiltflcan family Principal tribw Copt^han family U«N)KTaphic liiHtrilmtion . CONTKNTS. Vnge. 6« 07 (W m 00 00 00 Principal tribtw 70 OoHtanoan family 70 (Ifonraphio (listribiition 71 Population 71 Elakimauan family 71 (jtH)Kr»phic diHtribution 72 Princi|>al tril)eB and Tillaged 74 Population 71 EHHi'k'iiinn family 75 Inxpioian family 70 (Iwigrapliic diHtribution 77 Princi|>al triliCH 70 Population 70 Kala|NH)ian family 81 Principal tribes 82 Population 83 Karankawan family 83 Kcrraan family 83 VillagPH 83 Population 8;^ Kiowan family 84 Population 84 Kitunahan family 85 Trilies ai Population 85 KoluHchan family 85 Tribes 87 Population 87 Kulana]tan family (leographic distribution Trilios Kusan family Triliea Population Lutuamian family Tribes Population , Mari|M)t«n family Geographic distribution Tribes Population Moquelumnan family Oeographic distribution Principal tribes Population 87 88 88 80 80 80 80 00 00 00 01 01 01 03 0» 03 CONTENTS. Fag*. Li.iKuixtic. ratiiili)>H— Continued. MuHkhoKvun fuiiiily 94 OuDKruplihs iliHtrilmtion 04 Prim^iiml trilx'H OB I>(>{iulati(>n on Miit(!lu!HAn rainily 9B l'i-in(;i|)ul trilx-H 07 Population 97 Palailuiiimn family 07 (Ittoxraphic iliHtrilmtion 98 Principal trilM)H 08 Pinian family 08 Priniiipal tribeti 00 Po|)ulation 00 Pujuiian family 09 Oeographic diRtribution 100 Principal trilKM lOO Quoratoan family lOO Geographic distribution lOl Trills 101 Population loi Balinan family 101 Population 103 SaliHlian family 103 Oeographic dlHtribution 104 Principal triln's 104 Population 105 Santean family 105 Oeographic distribution iQfl Shahaptian family luo Geographic distribution 107 Princi(>al tribes and population 107 Shoshonean family 108 Geographic distribution 100 Princi|)al tribes und population no Siouan family Ill Geographic distribution 113 Principal tribes 114 Population no Skittagetan family us Geographic distribution 180 Principal tribes 130 Population 131 Takilman family 131 Geographic distribution 181 Tafioan family 181 Oeographic distribution 138 Population 183 Timuquanan family 188 Oeographic distribution 183 Principal tril)cs 184 Tonikan family 185 Geographic distribution 185 O C0NTKNT8. Linguiiitio fniiiilioH — CnntinufHi. Tonkawiin family ISA (UH)Krttplilc dlHtribution Via Uclinnii fnmily 186 GKrn|ihi(; diatriliution 186 Population 187 AVoiilatpiian family 137 G«<(>Krio diatritmtion 137 Principal trilwi 137 Population 138 Wakaahan family 138 ^ (iiHiKraphic diHtribution 18() Principal Aht tribcH 18() Population 130 Princi|>al Ha*>lt7,uk tril)oH 181 Population lai Wnahoan family litl WnitHiwkan family 181 UeoKraphic diatribiition 133 TriliM 183 Wishoskon family 133 OeoKraphio diHtribution 133 Trilies liW Yakonan family 183 Ucographic distribution 184 Tril)e8 134 Population 185 Yanan family 135 OeoKraphic diatrihution 135 Yukian family 185 Geographic diatribution 186 Yuman family 186 Oeograpliic diatribution 187 Principal tribea 138 Population 188 Zuflian family . . . 188 OeoKraphic diatribution 189 Population 189 Concluding reniarka 139 ILLUSTRATION. Plate I. Map. Linguistic stocka of North America north of Mexico, pocket at end of volume In INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES. By J. W. Powell. NOMENCLATURE OF LINOUI3TIC FAMILIES. The lan^fuiif^os sjiokoii by tho inc-Coliunbiftn trihoH of North Amer- ica woi'o mimy iiiid (livcirw). Into tlio rej^ioiiH occupied by tlinse tribes triivolorH, traders, and niiHsionarieH have penetrated in a'iii"i»<>'i'^ 'i'»(l dictionaries ; but a far fjreater number of minor vociabularies have been collected and very many have been published. In addition to these, the Bible, in whole or in part, and various religious books and school books, have been translated into Indian tongues to be used for purposes of instruction ; and newspapers have been published in the Indian lan- guages. Altogether the literature of these languages and that re- lating to them are of vast extent. While the materials seem thus to be abundant, the student of Indian languages finds the subject to bo one requiring most thought- ful consideration, difficiiltios arising from the following conditions: (1) A groat number of linguistic stocks or families are discovered. (2) The boundaries between the different stocks of languages are not immediately a])pareut, from the fact that many tribes of diverse stocks have liad more or less ivssociation, and to some extent linguis- tic materials have been borrowed, and thus have passed out of the exclusive jwssession of cognate peoples. (."}) Where many ))eoples, each few in number, are thrown to- gether, an intertribal language is developed. To a large extent this is gesture spoi-ch ; but to a limited extent useful and important words are adoj)ted by various tribes, and out of this material an intertribal " jargon " is established. Travelers and all others who do not thoroughly study a language are far more likely to acquire this jargon spcscch than the real speech of the peojilo ; and the tend- ency to ba.so relationship upon such jargons has led to confusion. 7 8 INDIAN LINOIIIHTU1 KAMIMKH. (4) TliiH tttniloncy tn l\w itHtiv)iliHlim*y iimiiy trilxtH worn i)Uh1io(1 from thoir aiictrntriil lioiiieHiiml tril>oHw»>ro inixtMl with trilwH. Ah ii r«'siilt, now roliitioim and now induHtriiiH, (mpcciiilly of triiiU*. w«ro uKtiililiHhoil, und tlio now iwHoriiitionH of triht) with triho itM be of primary value. The attempts at a classification of these languages and a corre- sponding classification of races have led to the development of a complex, mixed, and inconsistent synonymy, which must first bo unraveled and a selection of standard names made therefrom ac- cording to fixed principles. It is manifest that until proper rules are recognized by scholars the establishment of a determinate nomenclature is impossible. It will therefore bo well to sot forth the rules that havo hero boon ado))ted, together with brief reasons for the same, with the hope that they will commend themselves to the judgment of other per- sons engaged in researches relating to the languages of North America. A fixed nomenclature in biology has been found not only to bo advantageous, but tobea prerequisite to progress in research, as the vast multiplicity of facts, still ever accumulating, would otherwise overwhelm the scholar. In philological classification fixity of nomenclature is of corresponding importance; and while the anal- ogies between linguistic and biotic classification are quite limited, many of the principles of nomenclature which biologists have adopted having no application in philology, still in some important particulars tho requirements of all scientific classifications are alike, romai.i„\ LAW OK IMUOUITV. anil tliniiKh miiiiy of tint noinxnclittural poiiitH mot with in biology will nut (iccur in philology, houio of thoin *• Kovi'riiHil hy tlio Himitt riiUm. I'orhupHun idiuil noinoni^liitiint in biology may Homo timo b*< cHtiib- IIhIuuI, liH attcinptH bavo boon miulc to oHtabliNli Hncb a HyHtom in cboniiHiry; and pimsibly Mucb an idoal HyHtoni may ovontually bo oHtabliHJioil in philology. Ko that aH it may, tho timo liaH not yot como ovon for its HUggoHtion. What Ih now ni>odod in a rulo of Homo kind loading HiOiolai'H toUHo thoHamotorniH for tho samo tliingH, anil it would Hooni to mattor littlo in tho cano of linguiHtic stookn what tho nomonidaturo in, providod it boi-omoHiionotivo and univornal. In troating of tho langiuigoH of North Amorica it ban boon sug- goHtod that tho namoH adoptod Hhoiild l)o tho namoH by whioh tho poo|)lo roitognizo thomnolvoH, but thin in a nilo of im|ioHHiblo appli- cation, for wlioro tho brandutH of a Htook divorgo vory gnuitly no common nanio for th<» pooplo can bo found. Again, it hiiH boon nug- gontod that nainim which aro to go p VI. No name shall be accc d for a linguistic family unless used U) (losignato a tribe or group of tribes as a linguistic stock yil. No family name sli.all be accepted unless there is given the habitat of tribe or tribes to which it is applied. VIII. The original orthography of a name shall bo.rigidly preserved except as provided for in rule iii. and unless a typographical error is evident. The terms " family " and " stock " are here applied interchangeably to a group of languages that are supposed to be cognate. A single language is called a stock or family when it is not found to be cognate with any other language. Languages are said to be cognate when such relations V)etweon them are found that they are supposed to have descended from a common ancestral speech. The evidence of cognation is derived exclusively from the vocabulary. Grajninatic similarities are not supposed to furnish evidence of cognation, but to bo phenomena, in part relating to stage of culture and in part .adventitious. It must be remembered that extreme peculiarities of gr.ammar, like the vocal mutations of the Hebrew or the monosyllabic separation of the Chinese, have not been dis- cover(!d among Iiidian tongues. It therefore becomes necessary in the classification of Indian languages into families to neglect gram- matio structure, and to consider lexical elements only. But this statement must be clearly understood. It is postulated that in the growth of languages new words are formed by combination, and- that these new words change by attrition to secure economy of iitter- ance, and also by assimilation (analogy) for economy of thought. In the comparison of languages for the purposes of systematic phi- lology it often becomes necessary to dismember comp(ninded words for the purpose of comparing the more primitive forms thus obtained. The paradigmatic words considered in gramraatic trea- tises may often bo the very words which shoidd be dissected to dis- cover in their eleinents primary affinities. But the comparison is still lexic, not grammatic. A lexic comparison is between vocal elements; a grammatic com- parison is between grammatic methods, siich, for example, as gender systems. The classes into which things are relegated by distinction of gender may be animate and inanimate, and the animate may subseipiently be divided into male and female, and these two classes may ultimately absorb, in part at least, inanimate things. The growth of a system of genders may take another course. The ani- m.ato find inanimate may be subdivided into the standing, the sitting, and the lying, or into the moving, the erect and the reclined; or, Dtill further, the superjiosed classification may be based upon the 8up])osed constitutiou of tilings, as the fleshy, the woody, the rocky, the earthy, the watery. Thus the number- of genders may increase, while further on in the history of a language the genders may n INDIAN LINOUI8TIC FAMILIES. i decrease so as almost to disappear. All of these characteristics arein part adventitious, but to a large extent tlie gender is a phenomenon of growth, indicating the stage to which the language has attsiined. A proper case system may not have been established in a language by the fixing of case particles, or, having been established, it may change by the increase or diminution of tlie number of cases. A tense system also has a beginning, a growth, and a decadence. A mode system is variable in the various stages of the history of a language. In like manner a pronominal system undergoes changes. Particles may be prefixed, infixed, or affixed in compounded words, and wJiich one of these methods will finally prevail can be deter- mined only in the later stage of growth. All of these things are lield to belong to the grammar of a language and to be grammatic methods, distinct from lexical elements. With terms tlius defined, languages are supposed to be cognate when fundamental similarities are discovered in their lexical elements. Wlien the members of a family of languages are to be classed in subdivisions and the history of such languages investigated, gram- matic characteristics become of primary im^iortance. The words of a language change by the methods described, but the fundamental elements or roots are more enduring. Grammatic methods also change, perhaps even more rapidly than worsts, and the changes may go on to such an extent that primitive methods are entirely ^lost, there being no radical grammatic elements to be preserved. Grammatic structure is but a phage or accident of growth, and not a primordial element of language. The roots of a language are its most permanent characteristics, and wh'ile the words which are formed from them may change so as to obscure their elements or in S01B3 cases even to lose them, it seems that they are never lost from all, but can be recovered in large part. The grammatic structure or plan of a language is forever changing, and in this respect the language may become entirely transformed. LITERATURE RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN LANGUAGES. While the literature relating to the languages of North America is very extensive, tliat which relates to their classification is mucli less extensive. For the benefit of future students in this line it is thought best to present a concise account of sucli literature, or at least so much as has been consulted in the preparation of this paper. 1836. (}allatin (Albert). A synoiwi.s of tli(> Iti hauptHAch- lichsteii erscheinv xgen der anorganischen v \ organischen Natur nacli ihrer geographischen Verbreitung und Vercheiluug bildlich dargestellt sind. Zweiter Band, Gotha, 1848. This, the first edition of this well known atlas, contains, among other maps, an ethnographic map of North America, made in 1845, It is based, as is stitod, upon material derived from Gallatin, Hum- boldt, Clavigero, Hervas, Vater, and others. So far as the eastern part of the United States is concerned it is largely a duplication of Gallatin's map of 1836, while in the western region a certain amount of new material is incorporated. 1853. In the edition of 1852 the ethnographic map boars date of 1851. Its eastern portion is substantially a copy of the earlier edition, but its western half is materially changed, chiefly in accordance with the knowledge supplied by Hall in 1848. Map number 72 of the last edition of Berghaus by no moans marks an advance upon the edition of 1853. Apparently the number of families is much reduced, but it is very difficult to interpret the meaning of the author, who has attempted on the same map to indi- cate linguistic divisions and tribal habitats with the result that con- fusion is made worse confounded. iSTtS. Gallatin (Allx-rt). Classification of the Indian Languages; a letter inclosing a t^ihlu of generic Indian Families of languages. In Information resixKiting the History, Condition, and Prosjiects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, by Henry R. .Schoolcmft. Philadelphia, 18.53, vol.3. This short paper l)y Gallatin consists of a letter addressed to W. Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affair.s, requesting his cooperation in an endeavor to obtain vocabularies to assist in a more complete study of tho grammar and structure of the languages of the Indians of North America. It .' accomj)anied by a "Synopsis of Indian Tribes," giving tho fjvmilies and tribes .so far as known. In tho main the classification is a repetition of that of 1848, but it differs from that in a number of particulars. Two of the families of 1848 do not POWELL. I LINGUISTIC MTERATI'KK 17 ai)peur in this paper, viz, Arapaho and Kiiiai. Queon Charlotte Island, ora})loyod as a family name in 1848, is placed under the Wakash family, while the Skittageto language, upon which the nann* Queon Charlotte Island was based in 1848, is hero given as a family designation for tlio language spoken at "Sitka, bet. 52 and 5!) lat." The following families appear which are nf)t contained in the list of 1848: 1. Cuiiianches. 8. Oro8 Vt'iitros. 3. KaHkaiuH. 4. Kiaways. 5. NatcliitiH'lics. «. Pani, Tiiwiac-ks. 7. Uguljac'liiiiutzi. 1853. Gibbs (George). ObHervations on some ( f tlie Indian dialects of northern Oalitornia. In In- formation reHpecti ig the HiHtory, C'ondition, and Prospects of the Indian tribes of the Ur-^ed States, by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia, IS.IS, vol. 3. The "Observations" are introductory to a series of vocabularies collected in northern Ciilifornia, ixnd treat of the method employed in collecting them and of the dilficulties enccmnttu'ed. They also contain notes on the tribes speaking the several languages as well as on the area covered. There is comparatively little of a classificatory nature, ti !)Ugh in one instance the namt> Quoratem is proposed as a proper one for the. family "should it be held one." 18r)4. Iiiitham (Rolwrt Gordon). On the languages of New California. In Proceedings of the Philological Society of London for 18.")L' and 18.");t. London, 1854, vol. 0. Read lieforetho Philological Society, May 13, 1853. A number of languagtss are examined in this paper for the purpose of determining the stocks to which they belong and the mutual affinities of the latter. Among the languiiges nieiition(Hl are tlu^ Saintskla, Umkwa, Lutuami, Paduca, Athabascan, Dieguno, and a number of the Mis- sion languages. 18,').'). I>ane (William Carr). Letter on affinities of dialects in New Mexico. In Information rea|)ecting the History, Conditiiin, and Prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States, by Henry R. Schoolcraft. Philadelphia. IH,'),'), vol. .5. The letter forms h.alf a page of printed matter. The gist of the comnuiiucation is in effect that tlie author has heard it said that the Indians of certain puel)los speak three dilferent languages, which he has heard called, respectively, (1) Chu-cha-cas and Kes-whaw-liay; (i) E-nagh-magh; (3) Tay-waugh. This can hardly be called a classification, tliough the arrangement of the pueblos indicated i)y Lane is (pioted at length by Keane in the Appendix to Stanford's Compendium. 7 ETH 2 ii 18 INDIAN l.mOITlSTK! KAMILIKS. laid. Ijitlmin (UolH'rt (tonlon). Oil tliu lariKiiHK*'H <>f Nortliern, Wetttcrn, anil rcntriil Atiinrlca. In Trana- aotioiiH of tli(> I'liiloloKical StHicty nf l.ii, for IHAO. Ixiiulon [isri7?|. This paper was read l)oft>ro tlio PliiloloKii'al Socioty May !t, \Mi>, anil is Htated to 1)0 " a Hupplonu'iit to two wull known (•ontril)utionH to Amurican jiliiloloKy l)y tin' lato A. CHallatin." So far as clawsitication of North AnuM'ican laiij?ua><0H t^iX'H, this in perhaps tliu most important paper of Latham's, as in it a numher of new names are pro[)os('il for lingnistic groups, such as Copeli for tlio Sacramento River tribes, Eiiiiik for tlio Karok tribes, Mariposa Group anil Memlocino Group for the Yokut and Poino tribes respect- ively, Moquelumne for the Mutsun, Pnjuni for the Meidoo, Weit- spek for the Eurocs. ItWO. TurniT (William Wadilon). Rt>IK)rt ii|xm the Iiidiuii triln's, liy Ijiinit. A. W. Wliipplf, ThniniiH Rwliank, eHij.. and Prof. William W. Tumor, Wa.shin);t4)ii, D. C, 1855. In l{<-|H)rtH of GxplorationR and SiirvnyH to lun-i'rtaiii tlu" nioHt practiiuihli' and economical route for a railroad from the MisHisnippi to tho Pacific Ocean, WiVHliiiinton, lHr>(l, vol. :t. part ;). Chapter v of the above report is headed " Vocabularies of North American Languages," and is hy Turner, as is stated in a foot-note. Though the title page of Part ill is dated 1855, the chapter by Turner wivs not issued till 1850, the date of tho full volume, as is stated by Turner on page 84. The following are the vocabularies given, with their arrangement in families: III. C'hiHtaw. IV. Kiihai. V. Iluik")." [ '"' awnee? VI. ove. \K>H. liuschmann (.Johaim I'arl .^duard). Die V'lilker und Sprachen Neu- riexiko's und der V/eHtBcito doH britist^hen Nordamerika'H. dar)j;eHt<>llt >'on Hrn. Buschnmnn. In AI)lmndlunK<'n (aus dem Jahre lS."i7) der liiMiiKliclien Akademie der Wi.sHensclmften zu Herlin. Berlin, 1H,-(H. This work contains a historic review of early discovorios in New Mexico and of the tribes living therein, with sucli vocabularies as were available at the time. On jiages ;5I5— tl4 the tribes of British America, from about latit ide 54" to (iO", are similarly treated, tho various discoveries bein;' ri'viewed; also those on the Noi'th Pacific coast. Much of the iiaterial should have been inserted in tho roWKI.!,.] LtNiUriSTIO I,ITKItATI'HK. 10 voluiiu) (if \HM (whicli WHS proimrcd iii [H!ti), to wliicli crosn rofor- (iiKMi is lioquontly iiiiidi', uiiil to wliit'li it stuiuls in tlio iiiituru mi Jalirc tHri4 (Icr kiiniKllchfn Akadumio iler WiHHcnm'haftun zu Berlin. Berlin, imo. Tho above, forniiiiK c "coml suiiidenicntul volimio of tlio Traiis- aotioiiH for 1854. isaiu'Xi,jUnivt)coiiipil(i(i(>nof much jimviouH litora- turo trcatiiif^ of tlio Indiap trihos from tlio Arctic Octsaii soutliward to Gua iiliiloloxy. Loiiil'iii, IHAS. Tlu) objtsct of Hiis vi>liim« is, liH tlio imtlior wtiitcH in Iuh |»nifiv('«, "to lay lioforo tlio roiidiM' tlio ciiitif factH and tlic cliic'l" trains oi' ri^a- soninj^ in Coniparativo Phiiolojfy." Anions tin* nn'id inuHH of nnittatod. IWW. l[iiy(l()ii(Konlinan(l ViindovotT). ContriltutidiiH to tlif (MlinoKrapliy and pliiIolo|ry nf tlin Iixliaii trilM>Hi)f tlu.' MiHHouri ValU'y. Pliiladcipiiia, mvi. * This in a valuable contribution to our knowledijo of tho Missouri River tribes, nnide at a time when the information eonoerniiiK them was none too preciso. The tribes treated of aro classilied as follows: I. KniHtt>iu-aux, or C.'rtt'H. 1 II. HIiukftH't. - AJL'oiikiii (}n in. Shyj'iincM. IV. AraiKtlioH. V. AtsiiiiiH. VI. I'awni't'M. VII. Arikai'DN. DakotuH. AsHiiiilMiiiiH. ClOWH. Miniiitarct's. ManilaiiH. OinahiU'i. loWUM. Ara|H>lii> (iroiip, H. roup, A, VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV, r PawiKi' Oroiip, C. ' Dakota Oruii|>, D 1804. Orozco y Ik-rra (Maiiui'l). Owigrafia dc liw LciiKuas y Carta EtiioKrattca do Mexico Prprediii){iiiu* y do apuntcH para la« inmigracioiu'H do iau tribiiH. Mexico, 18U4. The work is divided into three parts. (1) Tentative classification of the languages of Mexico; (v*) notes on tho imnugration of the tribes of Mexico; (3) geography of tho languages of Mexico. The author states that he has no knowledge whatever of the lan- guages he treats of. All ho attempts to do is to summarize the opinions of others. His autlioiities were ( 1 ) writers on native gram- mars; (2) missionaries; (.'}) persons who are reputed to }w versed in such matters. He jjrofesses to have used his own judgment only wlien these authorities loft him free to do so. His stated metliod in compiling the ethnograpliic ma|) was to place before him tlic map of a certain department, examine all his autliori- ties bociring on that department, and to mark with a distinctive color all localities .said to belong to a particular language. When this was done he drew a boundary line urouiKl tho area of that language. Examination of the map shows that he has partly expressed on it the classitication of languages as given in the first part of his text, and partly limited himself to indicating the geograpliic boundaries rowu.1..) MNJMIISTH! I.IIKKATnUK. ft of latiKiia^oH, witlioiit, li<>w(riKiiii'* IiiiliK*'i>UN do Mi'-xii'o. Ml''xic-il, IHtL-i. Acicorijingto Mic iiitrniliiction IIiIh wnrk isdividud intothreupartH: (1) (It'Hciiptivt'; {2) (ioinpunitivt!; (.*>) criti(;iil. Tho luitlidr (lividcH tlio troiitnuMit of t«uch lanf^uaK" into (1) itH nuMliaiiisni; (V) its dictionary; (;t) itsKianmiar. Hy " nioohaniHUi " hoMioiuiM pronuiKMation and composition; liy " dicjtionary" h« means tlu) comnioncst or most notablt^ words. In tilt! cast" of caili lan^^iiag"' lie ntatus tli« ly). TrilHW of thi- i>xtr<>iukIoii|. WiiHliiiiKton. IN77, vol. I. TIiIh \h hii aiii|iliti<'Hti(H (if tint AiiK'riciiii AsNociiition. iw itliovi' citml. The iiiillioi' HtatoH tliiit " iiiiiiiDrouH iiilditioiiH and curroctionH, iih wtdl its porHdniilohHttr- vatiiiiiH of iniicli licfoi-f tiikcn iii Hocond liiind, have plact>d it in my powdi' to cnlitrgo and iniprovu my ori;{inal ai'mn>{)>mt'nt." In tins papor tho OriiriiuiH aro divided into "two well inarknl f^)'oii|iH," tlic Innuit, I'oinpriNinK ail tli(>Ho-('aII(>{ vocabularies from the northwest, including dialoctH uf tho Tlinkit and llaiila nations, T'sim-si-ans, and others. IS77. ()ililiH«lc>orK<>). TrilM*H of Wt'Hti-rn WiiMltiiiKton niid Northwi'Ht(>rii OroKon. In ContrilmtiotiR to Nortli AiiiitIciu) KtliiioloKy. WiiHliiiiKtoii, ISNT, vol, I, This is a valuable aiticlu, and gives many interesting particulars of the tribes of whicdi it treats. Rtjferences are horo and there made to the languages of the several tribes, with, however, no attempt at their classification. A table follows the report, in which is given by Dall, 'ifterCJibbs, a classification of the tribes mentionoil by Gibbs. Five families art* mentioned, viz : Nulka, Hahaptin, Tinnt'h, Htdish, and T'sinuk. The comparative vocabularies follow Part II. IS77. I'owiTB (Stephen). Ti'ilM'Nof Ciilifiirnia. In ContributionH to North American RthnuloKy. Wash- ington, 1S77, vol. 8. The extended paper on the Californian tribes which nmkes uji the bulk of this volume is the most important contribution to the sub- ject ttver matle. The author's unusual opportunities for jtersonal t)i)aervation among the.se tribes wore improved to the utmost ami tho result is a comjiaratively full and compndienrfive account of their habits and (character. Here and then* are allusions to the languages spoken, with refer- once to the families to which the tribes belong. No formal classifi- cation is presented. 1877. Powell (John WeHley). Appendix. LinguiHtit^s eiliteil by J. W. Powell. In C'ontributionH to North Anierioan Ethnology. WiiHliington, 1877, vol. 3. This appendix consists of a series of comparative vocabularies collected by Powers, Gibbs and others, classified into linguistic families, fis follows: l,iN«iitisTir MTKKATrHK. raiiilly. raiiilly 1. KA-n>k, N, Mot Hrin. a. Yd-n.k, I>. Sitiilu IliirUim. !l. <'liliii-a-rl-kii. |(». Y..-klltH. 4. WiNlKIHk. II. Mult ( AllxTt NaiiiiiH). Iiiiliiin liui)(iiiiK*'H of (III' I'lit'illi' Htati'M mill Ti'rrltorioH. In MuKiuiiii* i>f AiiK-riciili niMtiiry. New York, IH'i, vol. I, Aftur Hoiiut I'l'inurkH cuiiciTiiiiiK tlix iiiitiinuif 1iiii>(uiiki' hihI of thi> H|i<'ciiil chiiruc't«i'iHtics of Imliaii Iuiikuiiki'h, thi> tiiithor givcH ii HynopHiH of the Iiuikuuki'h of tlic I'licitio rt'gioii. Tlio fiiiiiilUtH niun- tiouud uro: 1. SIiohIiomI. 11. Poiiio. ai. Ylkknil. •X Yuiim. I'J. VViHlionk. '■!-i. ('ll.V>"«'. It. I'lllUI. lit. Kiirok. 2it. Kala|iii.vu. 4. Hiintii Hiirldirii. 14. V\Vlt«-iH.k. •J4. CliliiiHik. ft. MlltMIIII. 1ft. Citlirok. 2ft. .Saliaptiii. (1. Yotnit. 1(1. Tiili-w'u. 2iiili.\. KtlinoKra|>liy ami phiioloRj- of Aiin'rica. In Stanfonl's Coin- IM'niliuiii of ( ii'o);raiiliy and Travel, eiliti>(lanil extended by 11. W. ItateH. 1/ondon, 1H7S. In the ajipendi.x are given, first, some of the more general charac- teristics and peculiarities of Indian languages, followed by a classi- fication of all the tribes of North America, after which is given an ;;1 II i 1*' 1 1; 1 24 INDIAN LmoriSTIC FAMIIJES. alpliabetiral list of Anu'ricaii tril)(>s iuul langiiagos, with their habi- tats and the stock to wliicli they l)elong. Tlie chissificatiuii is oumpiled from many sources, and althongli it contains many errors and inconsistencies, it affords on the wliole a good geneial u\oti of prevalent views on the subject. 1880. Powell (John Wesley). Pueblo Indians. In the American NatuniliHt. Phihidelphia, 1880, vol. 14. This is a two- page article in which is set forth a classification of the Pueblo Indians from linguistic considerations. The Pueblos are divided into four families or stocks, viz: Shinunio. Zuni.-in. !t. Keran. 4. Ti'wan. Under the several stocks is given a list of those who have collected vocabxxlaries of these languages and a reference to their publication. 18H0. Kells (Myron). The Twana laiiKiniKe of Washington Territory. In the American Antiqua- rian. ChieaK". 18S0-'H1. vol. :{. This is a brief article — two and a half pages— on the Twana, Clallam, and Chemakum Indians. The author finds, upon a com- parison of vocabulari"s. tliat the Chemakum language has little in common with its neighbors. 1SH,5. Dall (William Healey). The native triU^H of Ala-ska. In PrfK-eedinRs of the American Association for the Advancement of Seienee. thirty-fourth meeting, held at Ann ArUir, Mich.. August, 188."). Salem, IHSii. This paper is a timely contribution to the subject of the Alaska tribes, and carries it from tiie point at which the author left it in 18t)9 to date, lirieHy summarizing the several recent additions to kntjwledge. It ends with a geogra]ihical cl.assilication of the Innnit and Indian tribes of Alaska, with estinnites of their numbers. 188,-). Bancroft (Hubert Howe). The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. ;i; the native races, vol. iJ. myths and languages. San Francisco, 1883. In the chapte'' on that subject tlnOanguages iire classified by divi- sions win<'h appear to correspond to groups, families, tribes, and dialects. The clas.sification does not, however, follow any consistent plan, and is in parts unintelligible. 1882. natschet (Albert .Samuel). IndiairhuigUiiges of the Pacific .States and Territories and of the Pueblos of New Mexico. In the Magazine of American History. New York, 1882, vol. 8. This pa])er is in Die naiur(> of a sui)i)leni('iit to a ])r('vions one in the same magazine above referred to. It enlarges further on .several POWKt.I..] MNOITISTIC MAP. 25 of tlio stocks tlicro considered, and, as tlie title indicates, treats also of the Piioblo langiiaj?es. The fauiillos mentioned are: 1. Chiiuariko. 2. Waslio. 3. Yi'ikoim. 4. Sayuskla. 5. Kusa. «. Takilma. 7. Kii) Grande Pueblo. 8. Kera. ',). Ziifii. 1883. Hale (Horatio). Indian migrations. asevidcncod by lanprtiaKe. In The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal. Chicago. Ihh;!. vol. 5. In connection witli the object of tliis paper — the study of Indian inif^ration.s — several linguistic stocks are mentioned, and the lin- guistic allinities of a number of tribes are given. Tlie stocks men- tioned are: Huron-l'lierokee. Algonkin. Dakota. Chahta-MuMkoki. 188.1. Tolniie (W. Frascr) and Daw.son (George M.) Comparative viK'almlaries of the Indian tribes of British Columbia, with a map illustrating distribution (Geological and Natural History Survey of CJanada). Montreal, 1884. The vocabularies presented constitute an important contribution to linguistic science. They represent "one or more dialects of every Indian language spoken on the Pacific slope from the Columbia River north to thcTshilkat River, and beyond, in Alaska; and from the outermost sea-board to the nniin continental divide in the Rocky Mountains." A colored map shows the area occupied by each lin- guistic family. LINGUISTIC MAP. In 1830 Gallatin conferred a great boon upon linguistic students by classifying all the existing material relating to this subject. Even in the light of the knowK'dge of the present day his work is found to rest upon a sound basis. The material of Gallatin's time, liow- ever, was too scanty to permit of more than an outline of tho subject. Later writers have contributed to the work, and the names of Latham, Turner, Prichard, Buschmann, Hale, Gatschet, and others are connected with important classificatory results. ' The writer's interest in linguistic work and the incei)tion of a plan for a linguistic classification of Indian languages date back about •^0 years, to a time when he was engaged in exfdorations in the West. Being brought into contact with nifiny tribes, it was possible to col- lect a large amount of original material. Subseciuently, when the Bureau of Ethnology was organized, this store was largely increased through the lal)ors of others. Since then a very large body of literature published in Indian languages has been accumulated, and a great number of vocabularies have been gathered by the Bureau '. i>\ 1 1 26 INDIAN MNOUISTK! FAM1MK8. assistants and by collaborators in various i)arts of tlie country. The results of a study of all this niatorial, and of niucli historical (hita, which necessarily enters largely into work of this cliaractor, appear in the accompanying map. The contributions to the subject duriiig the last fifty years have been so important, and the additions to the material accH'ssible to the .student of Gallatin's time have been so large, that much of the reproach which deservedly attached to American scholars because of the neglect of American linguistics has been removed. The field is a vast one, however, and tiie workers are comparatively few. Moreover, opportunities for collecting linguistic material are grow- ing fewer day by day, as tribes are (!onsolidated upon reservations, as they become civilized, and as the older Indians, who alone are skilled in their language, die, leaving, it may be, only a few imperfect vocabularies as a basis for future study. History has bequeathed to us the names of many tribes, which became extinct in early colonial times, of whose language not a hint is left and whose linguistic relations must ever remain unknown. It is vain to grieve over neglected opj)ortunities unless their con- templation stimulates us to utilize those at hand. There are yet many gaps to be filled, even in so elementary a part of the study as the classification of the tribes by language. As to the detailed study of the