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Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 i 2 3 4 5 6 u •»■■ /*/t^4^ /%- i /^toa^^^ ;' / En'TKKKD AOCORDINC TO AcT OF PaULIAMKNT OV CaXAKA, IN THE YEAR 1885, BY FI. I> I Smaij,, in the ofki(,'e''ok the Minister ok Auric iLtlre. INDUSTRIES AND MANUFACTURES. The commercial importance of each of the provinces forming the Dominion of Canada is now generally known throughout Europe, and the efforts that have of late been made to develope their resources and extend their trade, have been at- tended with the most satisfactory results. The system of inland navigation in Can- ada is the most extensive and perfect in the world. The vast territorial extent; mineral wealth, fertility of soil, unparalleled fisheries, and extensive forests of the combined provinces are already understood and valued abroad. No mountain bar- riers interpose to divide the people into hostile clans, or divert the currents of trade in their flow to the markets of the world. With the boundless fields of coal on either shore — in Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic, and in British Columbia, on the Pacific coast — with a climate most favourable to the developement of human energy, it is impossible for the mind to assign a limit to the future growth of the trade, in- 'lustries, and commerce of Canada. The simplest method of obtaining an accurate idea of the trade of the Domin- ion is by reference to the official returns made by Government in its annual report of Trade and Commerce, and from the value of the chief staples of export given therein the reader can draw his own inference. The number of seagoing vessels entered inwards during 18834 was 11,160, with an aggregate of 4,250,665 tons regis- ter. The inland trade upon the rivers and lakes is shewn by 16,768 vessels, with an aggregate of 3,084,924 tons, and the coasting trade is indicated by 15,213 arri\als during the same period, with an aggregate of 3,940,355 tonnage. The remarkable system of inland navigation which Canada possesses, both by means of its great rivers, lakes and canals, is a material factor in promoting its in- dustries. The long stretch of navigable waters from the entrance of the River St. Lawrence to ihe head of Lake Superior, extending 2384 miles, with a difference in level over the whole distance of six hundred feet is made accessible to vessels by a series of canals and locks where requisite, maintained at the public cost, and the great railway system of the country, st'-etching through and all over the provinces, atibrds a means of transport to all, both in the way of freight and passenger traffic. The Marquis of Lome, the late Clovernor General, in a speech at Glasgow last year, said as follows en Canada :— " If you look at the Public Works of the people — small ill number, for even now they are only five millions strong — right up from the sea to the great interior of the country, it is perfectly marvellous what has been accom- plished. Look at what they have done along the whole course ol the water olian- nel of the St. Lawrence up through the great lakes, having wide canals with four- teen feet of water over the sills, taking ships of 14(X) tons burthen up several rapids iuto the long chain of water communication until they can be launched successfully into the waters of the inland sea. Lake Superior." Great facilities are afforded, both in Banking and Insurance, for all commercial operations, and the stability of Canadian monetary institutions is firmly assured by Government supervision and inspection. The status of the Banking institutions is alluded to on a subsequent page. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. The tables that follow are taken or compiled only from official returns. For the year ended 30th June, 1884, the latest date available, the total imports into Canada were $108,180,644 And the total exports of only the actual products ol Canada were !... 77,132,079 The exports of the actual produett are best adapted to afford information as to the actual state of trade. These shipped from Canadian ports are thus classified I Produce of the Mines..., $3,247,092 " " Fiaheries 8,591,654 " " Forest 25,811,157 Animals and their products 22,946,108 Agricultural products 12,397,843 Manufactures products 3,577,535 Miscellaneous proaucts 560,690 In all. $77,132,079 In the above figures only the produce of Canada itself is enumerated, and no notice is taken of articles in transit not the produce of Canada, the principal of which come from the Western United States. Material. Coal, PRODUCTS OF THE MINE. Produce of Canada. Tons, Gold bearing quartz, ) 451,631 dust and nuggets. Gypsum, ~ Antimony, ore. Copper, • Iron, Lead, Manganese, Silver, Phosphate of Lime, " Slate, Sand and Gravel, Stone and Marblp, Salt, bushels, Oil, Mineral, crude, gall, 325,461 ReHned, do. 2,102 Other Articles, ins. 155,851 « 132 <( 1,677 li 25,308 ti 885 ti 37 u 21,417 « 864 « 61,575 it 12,954 ti 181,742 Value. $1,201,172. 952,131. 160,607. 4,855. 214,044. 66,549. 5, 15,851. 12,920. 453,322. 11,445. 14,152. 52,478. 17,408. 7,043. 503. 62,607. $3,247,092. PRODUCE OF THE FISHERIES. Tlie t^al value of the Fisheries of Canada, for the year 1884, may be approxi- luHloly stated as follows : — .Nova Scotia $c, '5,264 New Brunswick 3,730,453 Quebec (estimated) 1,800,000 British Columbia (estimated) 1,500,000 Ontario do 1,000,000 Piliice Edward Island 1,086,004 Total, $17,852,721 During I he pa it ten years the value of the catch of Fish is shown by the fol- lowing statement : — . 1874 $11,681,886 1875 10,447,886 1H76 11,116,999 1877 12,005,934 1878 13,215,678 Value. 1879 $13,529,254. 1880 - 14,499,979. 1881 15,817,161. 1882 16,824,092. 1883 16,958,192. ToUl $58,468,383 Total $77,628,679. 1884 $17,852,721 ly be approxi- m by the fol- And the value of the exports as follows :■ Fish and Products ot Fish Exported. 1874... 1875... 1876... 1877... Produce of Canada. 15,292,368 5,380,527 5,500,989 5,874,360 6,853,975 Not Pro- duce of Canada. $104,359 5,232 232 1878... 75,391 Fish and Products of Fish Exported Produce Not Pro- of duce of Canada. Canada. 1879... $6,928,871 $143,332 1880... 6,579,656 73,691 1881... 6,867,715 31,169 1882... 7,682,079 15,529 1883... 8,809,118 47,808 1884... 8,591,654 17,687 Total. $45,459,093 $329,216 .$28,902,219 $185,214 Number of Vessels, Boats, Men, and Nets employed in the Fisheries of the Dominion, the catch of the various kinds of Fish, the yield of Fish Oils, &c., a» given in the census of 1881. Vewels Kmployed No. Men Boat8 Elmployed Men ShoreniMi Nets Fathoms. Paacinea No. Cod .. ... '8 tIaddoolc,hal(«>t|>oUoci& " Herrings Bris Oaspareaux . " Maol(«rel " Sardines .... " Halibut " Saliron " S«had '" Eels " Whiteflsh " Trout " Other Fish " Canned Lobstt-rs .....Lbs. Ovsters BrIs, FixhOil Oals 5b*' B Totals for PnnceE'w'd Island. h Totals for New Brunswick. it |1 II u Totals for British Columbia. Totals for the Ter- ritories. 1,147 26 765 805 146 5 1 10 8,440 127 6.654 743 677 n 4 21 .... 30.427 2,704 13,214 4,28 «.761 1,7. 1,000 i,m aoo 48,aei 5,220 17,782 6.954 9,974 2.101 1,82^^^ 1U24 2Sft 7 0i^. 489 2.291 616 4,093 76 477 .... 3yi.jC|A*>,«' 59,798 1,171.394 a8B,08<> 435,807 988.008 ^^,li^ 37.606 41,»-0I S,666 18 70S 333 1,639 681 *o 40fl • • . • 1,180,771 18,736 587,203 62,444 46AS88 • a * . .... • > ■ > 192,530 7,666 128,578 49,716 6,589 .... • • • • • ■ • . • • • > 674,508 21,501 140,831 268,882 180,864 16,006 • • ■ 2.S30 ■ • • 28,856 966 11,348 16,176 42 .... • • • * 335 248,031 91,792 120,242 26,272 10,725 .... • • *• • • • ■ 25,384 4 86 20,936 4,800 .... • • • • • • > 2,790 11 2,0^8 43 667 • .. • • • > • . . - 78,HB7 23 1,683 19,276 2,910 . . • ■ • ■ ■ • 60.106 • . • • 10,386 4 6,776 1,700 1,864 41 • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 012 197 1.520 684 6,601 110 .... 48,781 14 40 886 38.801 4,360 77 6,11» tt4,324 42 307 365 6,916 66.497 M l,t'57 114 170.052 4/6 16.962 23,682 82.085 18,666 17,796 8,018 6l» ll.»83,«48 3,275.316 3.841,476 4,340.122 517.734 .... • * . ■ • • > 189,127 175,408 2,407 11.116 156 ... - 40 • • . 870,823 8,130 275,352 78 470 263,374 1.629 1.444 237,492 4,432 EXPORT OF FOREST PRODUCTS OF CANADA FOR 1883-4. < »NT.\.RIC — Rough products 7,618,492 Agricultural implements 13,017 Carriages 10,3.S7 Furniture 114,151 Doors, Sashes, Blinds 56,.304 Woodenware • 104,298 QUBRBC — Rough products 11,392,854 Agricultural implements 4,143 Carriages 5,880 Hemlock BarkExtract 77,462 Ships 125,495 B'umiture 11,935 Doors, Sashes and Blinds 2,700 Woodenware 292,270 7,916,59<» 11,912,739 f""l"iip m *mHiu: m a »ii.n Nova Scotia — Rough pi-oducts 1,522,6 Agricultural implements Carriages Hemlock Bark Extract.. Ships Furi.ifiure Wo«»(|enware 20 3,415 142,980 81,707 1,618 21,871 Nkw BKirx.swicK — Rough products 4,795,956 Carriages 811 Hemlock Bark Extract 140,714 Ships 86,954 Furniture 62 Doors, Sashes and Blinds 641 Woodenware 11,201 Britlsh Cou'MniA — Rough products... Pkincb Edwaed Islaxi). Rough products... Carnages Ships Woodenware 22,613 118 122,600 301> Maxitoba — Rough products Agricultural im))lements. Carriages Furniture Woodenware 72 1,195 3,939 396 Rough Products 125,811,157 Manui'actures of Wood 1,43S,015 1,774,288 5,036,339 458,5('..-) 145,040 5,6* >2 *27,1M9,772 27,249,772 N. B The above inchides pro«luce of Canada, and produce passing througli i>ut .-ihippt't' from Canada. The value of the produce of Caniula was f25,811,l.'>7 And of not produce of Canada 1,438,6I."» ArtieUi. ANIMALS AND THEIR PHODUCTS. Produce of ^. Canada: ^'»'««- Horses 11.595 *1,617,S2'.I Horned CattU 89,263 5,681,082 Swine 3,883 14,24.] Sheep 304,403 1,644',60.'. Poultry andothnr animals 192,9 23J.7lfi Is 80;464 fcw, tons ;->,574 ]5,41S ^bacoo Loai (fts.) 118 25 Bgetables ". 92,280 kher articles 109,641) $12,397.84;! To give an idea of Canadian agricultural i)roducts. as far as manufacture of thoui Fconcemetl, tho following comparative tables will ^iio"- tlip increase in ton years of iilese industries, tak(Mi from oHioial returns : ^- 1H8I. 1871. imemad.' Hiitler ; tfcs. lo2.."t45.i()'.t 74.190,5S4 jmeniLde Ciu'eso M. 3,184,91M1 4,984,s4;i ixsised bush. I08.»".«t4 118,(M4 IX and Hemp fts. 2,o:.«),353 2,584,7r.:. le-madc Cloth... yds. 7,04O,25Vi 7,641,917 nemadc Linen..: yds. 1,293,H02 1,771,140 |>ples busli. I.'J,377,r>*).") fi,365,3 1 .') Ipet. Iks. ;].890,.".tiv l.I20,4<»2 nor IVuits bush. 84l,2l'.t ;i:)8,96;{ iplo Sugar Iks. 20,5.")C..o4'.i J 7,27fi,0.")4 Jbaoco Iks. 2,527,9«'.L> 1,.V.)5,9.S2 jops IkH. '.K)r),207 1,711,789 irs value #987,56.') *73M,038 The amount manufactured in the butter and cheese fa(-torios is not stated, tho klue only being giv(>n. In butter factories in 1881, the<roductH, 9341,478 ; in cheese factorios tlie capital was 91,021,43'), d tho value of tho pmduots, 1^5,464,4.54. In the manufacture of the latter article ■»re is A very wide hold for investment, and the roturns well repay any outlay. 8 OUBKSE AND BUTTER EXPORTED FROM CANADA, FROM THE YEAR 1874 TO 1884. I Year, Cheese. I'ounds. Value. 1874 24,050,982 1875 32,342,030 1876 35,024,090 1877 1 35,930,624 1878 ' 38,054,294 1879 1 46,414,035 1880 40,368,578 1881 ! 49,255,523 1882 50,807,049 1883 58,041,387 1884 75,835,567 $ ots. 3,523,201 00 3,886,226 00 3,761,268 00 3,748,575 00 3,997,521 GO 3,790,300 00 3^93,366 00 5,510,443 00 5,500,868 00 6,451,870 00 7,823,620 00 Butter. Pounds. I Value. 12,233,046 9,268,044 12,250,066 14,691,789 13,006,626 14,307,977 18,535,362 17,649,491 15,161,839 8,106,447 8,473,976 $ ctis. 2,620,305 m 2,837,324 0«) 2,540,894 m 3,073,409 ()(> 2,382,237 0(i 2,101,897 m 3,058,069 ()(> 3,57.3,034 0(» 2,936,156 0(1 1,705,817 00 1,674,763 OO 486,126,149 51,876,258 00 143,684,663 [28,003,905 00) It is very satisfactory to notice the increasing foreign demand for Canadian J cheese, which is classed abroad among '^American." Indeed, so popular has it be- <| come that the Manager of the largest Dairy Association in Scotland has made in quiries into the Canadian methods of production, and in reply the Ontario Dairy A a ,, sociation sent over to Glasgow one of their best manufacturers to impart all the in :^, formation in his power. This industry here, is rapidly assuming very great impoi M tance. MANUFACTURES EXPORTED, 1883-4. . ,. ,^ Produce of ^'^''^'' Canada: Agriculturallmplcments Rooks, Maps andPamphletH Biscuits (cwt.) 3,927 Candles, (Iks.) 6,403 Carriages, Carts, &c., (No.) 318 .' 4,2ti!«i 257,3;t; 32,571" 518,74J 10,4(i'J ' 16,4S. 82,4V I j 98,08^1 • fl,94:f 7,84- 12,7V" 9.'),3'" 1874 TO 1884. Butter. ids. Value. 3,046 8,044 0,066 1,789 6,626 7,977 5,362 9,491 1,839 «,447 3,976 $ cts. 2,620,305 a> 2,337,324 0(> 2,540,894 0(> 3,073,409 ()(> 2,382,237 0(i 2,101,897 00 3,058,069 m 3,573,034 (X» 2,936,156 00 1,705,817 00 1,674,763 OO 14,663 128,003,905 00 ] imand for Canadian | I popular has it be- iotland has made in- he Ontario Dairy As- to impart all the in ng very great impor ceo/ ida. Ka/iiel fl7,25J 105,4Siil ,927 l8,o;ii i ,4ti3 1,10V 318 21,766 15,521 14,698 10,9.HI ,946 361,1.% 6,30'^ 1,825 40^492 12,821 66r> 4,20> 257,;i;iVi ,029 32,571 518,74:: 10,402 * 16,4b:. 82,4«.n 98,l>^'.' 310 • 6,9 1; LHW 7,H4> 12,7'.".' ,093 9r>,3i'" Ships (sold) Soap (lbs.) 150,828 ; Starch (lbs) 2.675,160 [Steel and-Steeiware Stoneand marble, wrought [Sugar Tobacco Vinegar, (gala.) ^^2 Wood, manufactures WooUeng Other articles 416,756 6,855 69,097 30,781 18,469 57 30,924 26 621,695 41,060 573,073 13,577,535 FOREIGN TRADE, the trade with the The following table sliowh 1883-4: Cbuntrjf. Imports from Great Britain iMiMlb.Ol.'i France 1,76'.>,84«» Germany 1,975,771 Holland 318,477 Belgium 459,150 Spain 504,477 Portugal 07,983 Switzerland 242,380 AuBtria 82,596 Italy 76,348 'IHirkey. 128,662 varioiiM countries of Eruope in Greece. Denmark Norway and Ciweden. KuBsia 100,802 7,878 28,100 4,31b Exports to. 137,410,870 390,955 195,675 15,500 287,318 144,092 172,252 412 247,151 7(K) 19850 117,229 59 As the induHtricB ot u ccmntry iire tlie best t'videnoo of itH prosperity and pro- gress or otherwise, so the best idea can bo formed of the uctuul state of trade, and what branches of industry are most adapted for the investment of capital, by exam- ining their record. The exfterience of those engaged in industrial manufocturcti, will he suggestive as to which of them attention cun be most prt.Htably given, and which are the ntost likely to attract the notice of the foreign capitalist and niunu faoturer. The following extracts from the Budget Speech of the Finance Minister in Pur- liament during the spring of the present year (LSNr)), bearing on manufacturing in- terests, are of great importance, and coming from Huoh high otheial authority, their eorr(>ctness is unquestionable : " I nuiy state that there was a large increase in the trade of the Dominion in the liuit five years. The increased prc>duction of our munulaetm-es, as shown by the re- turns Buitmitted to the Government and hiid on the table of tiie House, must have diminished the value of the imports of manufactined goods for the five years to t Id extentof f IOO,(.H)0,0eai to tlie men and women employed in the manufactures of the country was 915,000,(KK) alone, you may fairly infer that for interest, on the outlay on huildingM and the pro fits to the manufacturers, it would reach un average of f20,t)()0,(RX>, or fur the five years f IOO,(KKV'olicy, and the balance of trade would havt) been that much larger against us hatl not these factories been built, and these industries establi.-thod in the coimtry : Hud the consetiuences would have been, I think, unfortunate if such ,had been tlie cull liiion of things. Ho much for the question o.' the o.vlanoe of trade., I «lo not denire to see the consumption of the people diminished ; but what the (lovoniutent prefer is that while they desire to see the consumption of the peopl" increiMcl they "I^^'^^TWIM 1 i il! 10 prefer rather to aee them consuming articles produced and mannfactured in tlie country, by the labor of the country, than that they should be imported from outside and involve the necessity of sending the money out of the country to pay for them. Now f uasire to give some further evidence with reference to the suo' cess of this polic,' in increasing the industries of this country. There is nothing perhaps that can .nnrk more clearly the increase of these industries than the in- creased demand ^or machinery. It is known perfectly well by every man who is en- gaged in the m>inufacture of michinery, that the orders he has ret^eived atid exf- cuted since 187'.» have been largely in excess of his order.H from 1874 to 187'.<." " In addition to the increased demand at home, we tind that the machinery im- ported from 1874 to 1879 was |3,lUi),OI8 in value, while the value of that imported from 1 879 to 1 884 was $8,597,300. I think this is an ind'cation that some new life or vitality has been given to industries requiring this increased amount of machinery. Then take the article of raw-hides in order to show the development of leathei' manufacture. We find that the raw hides uuported from 1874 to 1879 were valued at 10,419,29}, and from 1879 to 1884, $9,.51 7,744. This is some evidence of the in creased dt-mand for hides for the manufacture of leather, and the manufacture of b(X)ts and shoes and other articles made from leather."' " In 1 878 only per cent, of .the sugar consumed in the Dominion of Canada came direct from the coimtry of its i)roduction ; last year 89 per cent, came from t lie eoxmtry of its j>roduction, and only 1 ) per cent, from Great Britain and the United States. That is my answer to the statement of the hon. gentleman who said that the duty on sugar meant a great loss of revenue, anfl an increased cost to the con- sinner. The revenue receive per cent , and our policy with regard to sugar has been t'lnincntly beneticial to the whole i>ominion of Canada." "To show what nn impetus has been given to the cotton trade since 1879, I will .|iiote iron) the Tratle Keturns. ;j:iving the im)iorts of raw cotton for the five year* from 1874 to ls79. and comi)are them with the imports during the five yeare from |s7'.» to 1884. From 1874 to 1879, the imports of raw cotton amounted to';{I,847,8,sn tf.-. : from |s79 to 1 ss4, they anioiiiited to '.t4.();>S,2l9 lf>8., and their value increased from |';J,'»'"8.|S.'» to !j'|(),5;^l..").'<'J. This, I think, will show that an imjietus has been iii\en to this iiidusli-y, that there has i)oen a large amount of cotton manufactured ill the l)omniion. tliat it has been )»urch'-sed hy the Canadian consumer at a very low Mite, and that, considering the numiicr of spindles that are now in Canada, and the demand that must exist for these goods, the (lay is not far distant when all these inaiiMfaetories will l)e profitably eni|>loye(l." "Then there is the i|Uestion of the effect of the general policy upon the devel- opmont of the industries of the country. I have given some evidence, 1 think, of ot tlie progn'ss of these industries, Im the increased demand for machinery in the countiy, by the greatly increased import of cotton, by the import of hides, by the I'onsuinjition of coal to drive the machinery of the country, and by various other tact.s which have been incsonted here; but there has been laid on the tabh' of the IIou.^.' the result of the enijuiries of two gentlemen who were appointi'd by the tioveinment to examine the leading factories of the l)nminion of ('anada, in order to show their deve|oj)meiit since |S7s. | will simply give the results , of their en- -iniries for six months in the prominent towns anlii\t>,o;n #2'.»,47:i,44J if " If we add aO per cent, to that, supposing their calculation is correct, and the ro- i|ults should be found to be the same, it will appear that the adoption of this policy 187*J has increased the number of factories in Canada by 892, the number ol ^nds by 51,828, the yeai'ly wages paid to the people employed by 115,843,648; the ^•oducts by $79,360, 12r), and the capital invested by $44,210,163." ii Coming to people's deposits in Banks, we find as follows : From 1874 to 1879. deposits in chartered banks. .$8,499,942 veposits in savings banks 1,997,422 Bailway and loan companies... 5,787,576 ^■., From 1879 to 1884. Deposits in chartered banks. $25,^J3,3)4 Deposits in savings banks.... 20,0v')9,8.V{ Kadway and loan companies . 9,512.7."! I $16,284,940 $55,425.9. !s " It may be .said that the increased amount of deposit* in savings banks is no evi- Buce of the prosperity of the country. But I consider it an evidence of the prosperity " the country and the financial condition of the people that they have increased leir deposits in the banks from $16,000,000 to $55,01X^,000. The'capital expendeil f^ictories since 1878-79, as shown by the return presented, is something like $44,- 10,000. So that, from 1879 down to the end of June last, by the deposits in tdiar ired banks, savings banks and loan companies, by the purchase of loan companies" jbentures, and by expenditure in factories, the people of this country have invest- " about $1(R),000,0(X) in the manner stated. I might go farther and point to the ad- itional mileage of railways which has been built, and which has involved the e.\- jnditure of a large sunx of money. I might point to the different cities in Canada, |here millions have been expended in the construction of houses that have found »nants since 1879, when those alongside of the recent erections were previously to H, but now occupied. We might go further and speak of the other investments Ince 1879 to show that the people of Canada, and especially the masses of the pen- We must have had a very handsome surplus during those periods from their earnings rhich they kave thus laid by for a wet (lay." '• We now come to the mileage of railways, to show what has been done durini: Ihe last ten years. The following sttitement shows the railway mileage from 1875 td |884, constructed and open. Statement of railway mileage, 1875 to 1884 : Constructed. Opened. 1875., 1.S76. 1877. 1S7S. 187','. I,S8(t. 188] . 1S82. 18h;{ . 1884 . Miles. Miles. 4,8(K> 5,157 5.574 6.865 6,14;; 7.077 6,484 7,229 6,891 7,.)9C. 7,2<'>(» .s,06t» 7,530 9,0(i("> .S,H()5 9,'.t4«» 9.575 "Tliis gives some evidence 1 think, i»t the duvelo[>inent of the country. Then ritu refereneo to the number of fadures in Canaf failures for that year would be w(iual to one failure for every .53 traooch made recently by the leader of the < )ppOBition : , " ' I have no hesitation in saying to you that there is one test whi(di 1 have al- ways sought to supply when 1 have desired to consider what the material condition 12 of the country was, ar4 that test was, what is the material condition of the lowest class of honest labor n the country ?' " " < If I find the 1 jwesc class so fairly paid that there is enough for the support of a man and those dependent upon him, and something to lay up for a rainy day, I know that I need enquire no furUier." " The statement of the Bureau of Statistics of Ontario shows that the blacksmiths and their helpers, the boiler makers and their helpers, the bricklayer-*, the carriage builders, the carpenters, the cigar makers, the cotton n. A men and their laborers, the machinists, the moulders, the painters^ the plasterers and their laborers, the printers, the sewing-machine men, the tm and coppersmiths and the tool-mak ers, have a surplus averaging $48 at the end of the year, comparing the receipts with their expenses during the year. It is stated that the laborer works 265 days in the year, that he averages $1.13 per day, that his yearly wages are $304, and his expenditure $255, which leaves $49 for him as a surplus at the end of the year, ani lor a rainy day." MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. With the enormous water power possessed by most sections of the Dominion^ and the facilities aiibrded for steam mills, in the coal producing districts of Canada, there is no reason why, by a Judicious outlay of capital, every article of commerce could not be manutackured here as well and as cheaply as those now imported, and even, from the facility with which many articles of home produce for manufacturing purposes can be obtained, even cheaper. Up to 1879, Canadian markets had been very largely supplied from foreign sources, and it ws therefore, to some extent, a groping in the dark with home manu- facturers as to how much of any particular article could find a market in the Bo- minion. The difficulty consisted in the fact that they could not possibly know enough of the consuming powers of the Dominion to produce just as much apd no- more than the people required. That knowledge had to be gained by experi- ence. Producers have now learned, in most branches of manufactures, just what is called for by tho consuming public, and just how much of any particular class ot >toods can profitably be disposed of. In consequence of this better perception of the true stat<^ of ati'airs, changes have been and are continually being made in tlie «-lass of goods produced, and it is now a question of but a very short time when^ having a thorough knowledge of the requirements of our people, manufacturers in (.'anada will be prepared to supply, through the labor of our own mechanics and operatives, all the demands of the market, at a profit alike to themselves and the districts in which they are located. There is only one means by which an official report can be obtained of the Sta- tistics co|)nccte(l with manufactures, and that is the tables given in the census. This, however, bfing taken only isvery tenth year, leaves a long interval m which many changes may occuir, and when past tiie tilth year after its inception, the tables are not evidence of the actual state of affairs. The last Canadian census was taketr in JiSHI, and in it we find the following comparative simimary relating to the In • lustries of the Dominion: 1881. 1871. Amount of Capital invested $165,302,023.00 $77,964,02000 Value of Raw Material used 179,918,593.00 124,907,84().(Mt Au!«regate Value of Troductions 309,076,068.00 221,617,773.()(t N umber of Persons employed 254.935 1 87,942 Aggregate Wages paid ' 59,429,(X)2.(H> 40,85 MKMt.Ott Avcra^je Wages for each person 233.11 217. 30 It need hardly be stated that men, women and children are included amr>ng the "persons employed." To more clearly illustrate the various orano^es of manufacturing and industrial enterpriscM carried on in ('anadian Inctories and manufacturin^i estanlishmentn, the following details of each enterprise as given in the last census, will prove of inter- e<4t: of the lowest the support of 16 blacksmiths •», the carriage their laborers. • laborers, the the tool-mak g the receipts >vorks 265 days $304, and hi» F the year, am 13 INDUSTRIES. d from foreign ith home manii- ket ill the Do- b possibly know } much and no ined by experi- •es, just what i& rticular class ot r perception of ng made in tlie lort time when, anufacturers in mechanics and selves and the ned of the »Stft in the consul, iterval m which ption, thetal»h>s F>nsus was tuk«Mt ,ting to the In \fi. luid industrial iihlishments, the I prove of inter ^•nted Water mak'g: rio'lt'ral linpleni'tii Iteriesof allaortH king Powder Mak'K rnkn'te en^rav'g est rk extract worku aket Making ill foundries lit and hose fact'ri«i8 ftrd tuble making ck'g matrfactories BkRmithing , '; building , iler making De crushing mills Bk Binding ' I and Siloes. . . ilweries ok and tile making om & brush m k'g liter Factories. . . Itton factories.. . . inet and furniture > A locom'tive w'ks ling & (uH'g mills Ab'rd m'n'fact'ries enters a Joiners. Bt making, ■iage makiiig. . . iringand gilding nent mills ki'coal burning. , . pse factories... . emig'l eHtblishm'ts iicory kiln slate factory arch decorations . |er making ee and ^pico mills icrages )lal & syrup m'k'i rk (tutting let factories on factories Jery . . . ntistrv lillerius sm'k'g&millln'ry ring and Scouring letool making, . . :lne building. ... ■'v';{ It lith'g'ph'g i-pruof safuntak'g liing ta(;klL' mak'g, ings & foundry ^Ivorkiiig in braas. on, lead, &o J making aroi. cloth making Nir and grist mills, lindries and ma- liinu working ..... icrs and liatters. works I works ire and mitt mak'g I making.. ..... & sllversintthing I leal facto. °-. .... dlitone works... . Dithing [>wd«r mills am mills Harjr Man'fact'rtes ' I rubber taotorles manufauturos Capital Invested. 1881. No. of Total An hands em- nual Value ployed, of Fr'd'ct: <318.785 3,995 782 2509,621 63,100 200,000 162.000 88,612 15,600 49,825 22,.'H)0 32,«m)0 3,066,663 104,011 132,700 2,800 636,624 6,491,042 4,502,990 946,720 853,326 97,01?7 117800 3,943,419 1,630,508 580,417 44,000 1,212,631 3,902 3,798,861 219,907 57,400 55,84;i 1,021,435 522,800 : 31 320 3,627 07 10 285 7,8;« IM MH l,(Kil 474 124 6 2,m 3 20 0,472 7.780 2,350 612 642 532 8!1 153 17 204 oe 87 8B 1,666 006 S44 !J435,ia') 4,405 ;»7 9,476,975 129,100 100,000 286,250 55,651 18,000 126,9 il 44.827 26,000 7,172.469 173.837 324.253 5,500 1,445,708 17,895,903 4,768,447 1,541,892 762,884 341,478 173,63»» \'nU factories Iron smelting hirn. and steel making.. Ifcwellprs and watch- makers Li'inp an Opium factory 10,09(ll Pail and tub factories 6,570,082'raiiit& varnish works 51(i,<{7.'> Painters atid glaziers. 01,058; Pajier manufactories. 70,0!W|,Pap.'r bag and ijox 5,464,4.5411 iimkinK 5;i4,000i I'ajier collar factory . . 35o{, Patent medicine mun- 27,000' ufaotoriiH 16i»,:{itU'Ph(itographicgairric.s| l:U,45t> I'ickic making ] 728.fHI0| I'icture frame iiittkiii>{| l,HllK.)>29 riuiiiiig and Moulding! 112,070 millH I 73, 100! Plaster and stuccc 221t,000i works | !> 7.'>1>,412| Pot and |)earl oslies. I otteries 'reparcd peat fuel fac- l,790,8l)0|: tory 4,9211,871; 1 resorvetl articles of 118,510 I food 057,;W4i Printing ofHcos ;i:t8,000l I'lilp mills 400,7181 il'unip factories. . . . 126,0001 jOuurtz crushing mills 1881. 7.'>»,*i^ I'or, a l(K),00(j|iP()tte 0,75t( Prepn ,790,8IK>: tor: 1 7,060|lHlvet factories.. Kolling mills I l< noting felt factories. 2,684,131 I ncaiid twiiionrk't OiKi'.^addle and liarncs i 106,0001 1 makinit 41,T72,372ijSalt works { Hash, door and lili id 8,H«,%957I factories 3,:t.')2,0«ll Saw and llle cutting 1,17.%1H1: Saw mills 669,000; .Scale factories 4}14,864I - crew Ka<-U)r v 104,097: Scutching .nills 235,8221 Sewing ma«'hino fac- 25.00))! tories 60,737 Sh'ngle making 65,566i'ship material making 254,200! 67.376 1,885,780 771,0001 M,871i Capital Invested. No. of hands em- ployed. Total An- nual Value of Pr'd'ct* »900 2 12,160 2,172,100 974 1,197,614 490,030 778 914,760 61,000 52,700 309.354 26,000 57,600 564,»I7 78 118 2,537 20 176 1,062 64.000 77,900 707.132 55,000 138,800 511.260 27,600 29,850 1,449,677 059,781 400 22 59 862 1,839 2 21.000 67,074 4,084,133 1,600.148 1,000 669,.^0 1,246,500 86,800 166,497 941 961 ii6 153 1,220,105 1,689,460 6O620 225 800 3,30^ 1,812,700 51,500 236,025 712,415 108.,-)«2 2,2:{7,l«0 47 490 3 150 281 759 1,520 9,490 4,040,685 79.000 120,986 1,311,300 728,067 2,446,693 122,.V)7 2r.,oo() 258 42 198,471 25,000 Ship yards Shirt, collar and tic making Shot>k*il«hboxm'k'g Mikmlltai 492 460 11.S20 .1 rm 447,0;iO .18.005 l.'W,604 ;i.'.L328 1201 1.222 568 4.291 im\ 92,000 iirr 517' 223 000 «9,(M)0 im,rm 115.000 722 300 1 323,845 298,10(1 1,99(1 858 470.150 25.487,2:1:1 70.940 200,000 220 060 021200 448117 224 326 1,670 016 441.951 111.670 181,700 210 422 28 2 6&S 84 467 690 1 8,46P 5,311 68 470 268 27 (190 124 520 666,580 409,427 26,420 6,001) 992,201 80,450 :i45,098 571,886 600 2,686,861 4,742.9(M (>:{,:ioo 377,976 200,269 72,000 1,026,900 '284 .000 775,600 2,1111' 3.23.3.973 247 .J05,84M 2.878 :W2 2,085 52 (to 992 1.188 2,389 394 4,464 1,401 268 211 4,872,362 H50,.'t60 38.541,762 80.000 50.MIU 431,002 1,048,277 766,fllM 5H6.67* 3,567.2511 1,265,014 228.786 in6.ooi> mm MMPMiM •i;i / 14 INDUSTRIES. Skate factory iSoap A candle inak'fr f>pike and railway chair factory Spinning wheel fac- tories Spring and axle fac- tories . . starch factories .... Stave mills. ... ... Steel b'rhf'ncef'ct'ry Stone Sc marble cut- ting Straw works S\igar refineries Sugar ft syrup mak- ing from sorghum, beet root, etc Superphosphate w'ks Surgical appliances. Tailors and clothiers Tanneries Tont and awning fac tories OapiUt Invested. i»6(H)0 ;)8.ooo 2li,024 i;«,200 .S08,(100 3.(100 K.^'^.7(^0 11H,4A5 2,160,000 14o flOO 252.200 51.400 5,710,720 (J,.S8fi 222 15,00(1 1881. No. of hands em- ployed. 20 479 41 41 liW 141 265 3 lOOl 2:« 72;i 215 4! 45 IH ()2<» 5,1111 Total An nual Value of Pr'd'cts 'fioiwr 37.2;i5 1881. "No. of" hands em- ployed. 3,085 64 3,757 ((26 .56 22 .59 50 27 72 76 53 m (i04 (i,S77 Total An- nual Valiu- of Prod'ct> «9,00»i 2.738,^> 20,800 3,C60,30ii 1,40<| ««77.877 76,oni' 22,5(i'i , 270,l(i-J i 100,0('0 1 15,14" i 53,41' 1 ; 52,771^ 59,4-'iii ! 213,0(111 f 431,7!C r 8.113,0.V W9.(i76.(i' CUMPAITATIVE SUMMARY. The following is a comparative view, by Provinces, of Cajjital Invested, Valu. of rroduct8,an S,42.'».2S2 .">0.2l(t!t!>2 SO !I5'1 S-17 l.:iH.i;«l 2.a52,s.r. |(il,.V)(i l(tt,3()2.«'2;t SI 3,400 208 1S,.575 326 IS 512 (V")8 l(i»,(i(t2 2.58 l.")7,!t8lt 870 :i 413.(26 ■J.!t2(( 784 l!(5.0;t8 3n!»,tl7(1.0((8 •1* I'j.itw.ios I7.;!(i7.1i87 77 2(M,I82 lll.70(l,7(Kt No. 5,767 •;o.:flto 10,022 8.5.673 I18.:<()8 1,021 L'.S7I 83 No. 15..'.! I- 18 ;:.■,. 66.71 87,-> 77,!Nll'02() 221.017,773 Totals i>l,0.'15 187.:m. For a o(nicipe clnsaitication ol' the different branches of industry, the report ■ a Commission appointed by Parliament to emiuire into the stateof trade, antlwho- results were t^ubniifted this year to the House of ( 'ounnons, has been taken as , Imsis, the oDicial character of which makes it as fur reliable as investigations of siui i( nature can be considered. This report comprises first, Ontario and l^uebec, «n la siiondly, the Maritim(j Provinces, and in the former it divides the factories iiii'| eighteen classes, viz. : 1. Foundries. 2, Furniture Factories. .'{. Manufactures of Machinery. 4. Agricultural Implements. i"», Manufacture» of Iron. C. Tolmc(;o and Cigars. 7. Knitting FactoneR. 8. Leather, Brushes, Brooms and Ropes. 9. Woollen Factories. 10. Manufactures of Wood. ■fe 15 1881. No. of" uids em- ployed. Total An- nual Valtii- ol Pw)d'ct> ISO 3,«85 64 ;),757 *19,00(> 2,738,2*. 20,800 3,C60,30ti 2 1,40*1 «77,877 76,»^" 22 .->o 22,5<'" 270,lt.J 100,0ti> 27 72 7« 15,14" 53,4iM 52,T7i' 53 m «i04 fi,HT7 59,4.'.' 1 213,0011 4H1,7!': 8.113,C.V. 1 •i-A,\m :K>i),t)7(Ui^ Invested, Valu. I Persons Eniplo\ oil. 1S81. IS 71. No. Nu. 5,7«7 ici.miO 1....." l!t,)t22 IK:;... S5.H78 (M(.71 UH.:«;8 87,-> 1,1(21 ... •-'.871 83 •• • •i>i,!':t.". 187. '.'1 itiy, the report »f trade, and wlin- been taken as estigations of 8111 1 and Quebec, am tlie factories im 11. Confection*>ry and Bificuits. -12. Boot and Shoe Factories- is. Manufactures of metals. 14. Manufactures of Paper. 15. Musical Instruments. 16. Clothing. 17. General Miscellaneous Industries. 18. Cotton factories. 1. —FOUNDRIES. This class includes the manufacture of stoves, furnaces, ornamental iron work, sinks, pipes, hollow ware, car wheels, mallealle iron work> carriages, saddlery, build- ers hardware, and all kinds of castings. The average wages in IMS were $cl8»').3r., and in 1884, $4(J7.94. The production has increased in a greater ratio than the number of hands, showing that by means of better appliances and facdities brought into use, by reason of the larger trade to be done each man produces more now than six years ago. There is, in a few lines in this class, still some little foreign competition. This is attributed, in some in- stances to undervaluation, and in others to a very large sui'itlus production in Eng- land and the United States ; but on the whole there are very few complaints from manufacturers of this kind of goods, and the trade is in a fairly satisfactory condi- tion. Every laige place in ("anada will be I'ound to possess a foundry — if not solely worked as such, attached at least to machinery or other iron works, where mould- ing is carried on at certain times. The increasing use of iron in building, as well as in all branches of manufacture, creates a demand for castings that i equiressuch es- tablishments at certain intervals at least, and of ready access. 2._FI'KN1TUHE FA(,T«JKIES. This class includes the manufactuie of general lines of furniture, mattrasses and upholstering work A oommon(;ement has been made in e.Kporting articles of furniture, as well as in shii>ping work in an untinished condition abroad, where it is fihished and put together. By shipjdng in this way the bulk is better proportioned to the weight, and there is a prospect of a fairly remunerative business being done in this manner. Theie is an increased production per haml in this business, owing to the improved plant and machinery used in the manufacture of articles of furniture. Furniture manufactories on a 'inall scale are abundant, and several very large factories, turning out enormous (|uantities of ev<'ry article in »Iiis line, are establish- <'d at various points. ;!.-MA.\T'K.\oot and ne firm engaged in this trade has its price catalogues printed in thirty two ditt'erent languages. The machines H^e biought to such a scarce, lecessity liacture of the farm, branch . Provin- (mational le enter- out work machine, last five ively that aer years. I. edby the e of duty, ited for in of United 8 in some 3 machines for excel- nrhich they lere is the ladian and I not exist m reduced litoba, was of this re- sent, cheap- itry at the reason why e Canadian m over his ith-Western ritories, and tuaker has of them as protitonthe nsold stock mtil, finally, tsola of his prepared to I back to the as a eonse- lie following works would ith machine* IT his mowers, formerly $63, are now $50 ; drills, then $70 to $72 are now sold at $60 : another who sold his reapers in 1878 at $105 now gets but $90; another now sells mowers at $60 for which, in 1878, he got $75 ; another sefis his reapers at $80, who six years Ago. sold the same description of machine at $120 ; another who used tn obtain $525 for a threshing machine and horse-power, now sells at $475 ; another j*ay8 he reduced the price of his binders 25 per cent this year ; another, who, last year, sold binders at from $300 to $340, this year sells at from $275 to $300. Enough has been advanced to show the percentage of decrease which has taken place dur- ing the past six j'^ears. In conclusion, it may be said that this class of manufacturers are in a fairly prosperous condition, and, taken as a whole, look forward hopefully to a remunera- tive season's business in 1885. 5._MANITFACTURES OF IRON. Tliis class includes rolling mills, manufactures of nails, iron bridges, edge tools, tran pumps, hammers, machine knives, axes, files, saws, taps and die?, safes, scales, cutlery, springs, bolts and nuts, screws, garden and hand harvesting tools, boilers, &c. Foreign competition in many of these lines is very keen. The manufacture of axes, scythes and other necessary agricultural tools is ra- pidly increasing, and it is estimated that, with a fair amount of capital placed in the trade, double the amount now manufactured would find a ready sale. There are manufactories of saws and edge tools, axes, chisels, planes, augers, &c., in various places, and the main feature of success consists in properly perfecting the peculiar tempering of the steel required for this climate. 6._T0BACCO AND CIGARS. Complaints against the importation of cheap German and Mexicau cigars are ma<]e by manufacturers, who contend that they are unable to compete against the low priced labour of those countries. Cigars which cost 40 cents to $1.25 per l,OiMt for labour in Germany, would cost from $2 to $4.7') in Canada. If the tarift" were hiirh 'nough to enable these low grades to be made in this country, a considerable quau- ity of the tobacco grown in Quebec could be used in their manufactui-e. No in- lUstice, it is said, would be done to the oonsumei', as the men who use this grade of igar usually buy them singly, and in nearly every case pay five cents for each cijinv. 'he home manufacturer is prepared to make, and does now make, a better cigar ban the foreign one to bo sold at this price, but as the retailers profit is not so large he foreign goods are pushed, to the detriment of those made at home. Tobacco, an essential article of consumption, especially among the working lasses, is cultivated by almost every small agriculturist in the Ix)wer Provinces, arid (iuebec, for his domestic use, but in Ontario it is more usually purchased than own. Of late years tobacco factories have gone into operation in the leading eities, d as it is the inevitable tendency of all largo and well organized establishments absorb the smaller and weaker ones, such has been the case in this branch of in- dustry, productive, probably, of more safety to the (fovernment in the collection If its revenue on this article. The following table, taken from the Report of the Minister of Inland Revenue, hibits a comparison of five years in respect of tobacco (including snutf and cigar, tes) : L sold, manu- 98 have been kses, a few of yf reaper at (VsellBatfSO, 18 riKAl Year. In Warehouse l8t July. Manufactured during the Year. Taken for Consumption. Exported. otherwise accounted for. In Warehouai' 30th June. 1879-80 lbs. 2,016,734 2,585,200 2,217,140 2,717,386 tbs. 8.085,780 8',1 12,872 9,271,254 8,574,394 lbs. 7,247,682 8,100,003 8,376,972 8,965,001 lbs. 256,674 343,776 388,438 453,471 lbs. 12,958 37,153 5,598 10,416 lbs. 2,585,200 2,217,140 1880-81 1881-82 1882-83 2,717,386 1,862,892 9,536,460 34,044,300 32,689,658 1,442,359 66,125 9,382,618 Annual average for 4 years end- ding 30th June 1883 2.384.1 15 r 8,511,075 10,940,469 8.172.415 360.585 16,531 74,272 2,345,655 I8.S3-S4 1,863,862 10,072,681 418,-574 2,237,834 The following is a statement of (!/'anadian Tobaoco taken for use during the last live years : fisK-al Year. Leaf and twist paid duty, Taken for use in Manufactories. lbs. . 17,392 19,061 37,518 198,765 93,881 Total. I879-S0 • lbs. 43,744 378,416 454,884 178,432 232,923 lbs. 61.136 188081 1881-82 397;477 492,402 18S2-83 377,197 326,804 l88;;-84 7 .- KN ITTl NG F ACTOK 1 ES. Before the change in the fiscal policy in 1 878, these goods were largely import- e peopk". The usual result followed, prices were cut down to below a paying HgT'.re, and the output was curtailed to a considerable extent. Had it not been for the market which, fortunately at that time, was oi)ened in the North-West, the result must have been a much more serious one for those engaged in this branch of munu- factute. But largely owing to this oaupe the crisis which seemed imminent was averted and, considering the ditficulties in which the trade found itself, thenimiber who iailed to weather the storm was exceedingly small. .Vlthough not yet in a thor- oughly healthy condition, the prospects are beginning to brighten, some few lines not hitherto made in Canada are being started, and with careful management at this juncture a better state of affairs will undoubtedly soon be reached. In Eng- land, it is stated, over production in this class of goods has taken place to fully as great an extent as has been the case in Canada, and in consequence a small quantity of the higher priced goods from there are finding their way into this market even at the present low prices. in hosiery, at least one-third of the production of Canada is made by house- wives on the old-fashioned spinning wheel and by hand knitting, as in the Province «f Quebec, or upon family knitting; machines, as in Ontario. 19 use X) 10 )2 ii" 55 34 last I jort- n.to ihe hort thb ;'re, the suit iiinu- wa» liber tlior- lines nt at Eng- y as ntity even oufie- nnce S^LEATHER, BRUSHES, BROOMS AND ROPES. This class includes leather belting, trunks, buggy aud carriage tops, card cloth- ing and leather, brushes, brooms and ropes. Brush making has increased very largely, and all but the fine lines of toilet go3ds are now made in Canada. Tanneries have also grown to some extent, owing: to the increased output of boots and shoes, and in some cases in this trade a slight export to the United States has commenced. Rope making also shows a very satisfactoiy increase, and goods are be'.ig ship- ped in considerable quantities to some of the countries of South America. y._WOOLLEN FACTORIES. Previous to 1879 there was a very large importation of these goods from abroad^ and competition is still felt to a limited extent, but experience is rapiiUy enabling Canadian manufacturers to compete successfully with foreign goods. The trade ia on a whole in a satisfactory condition. As regards the manufacturing of Woollens in the Dominion, the following figures appear in the census of 1881 : Ntimber. Capital. E:ni])loye«8. Production. Carding and Fulling Mills.. 439 $580,417 901 $1,498,34^ Ilosiei-y Manufactories 83 030,821 1,5.56 1,385,7.30 Woollen Cloth Making 1,281 5,272,370 6,877 8,113,055. Quite a large number of the concerns mentioned in this summary ai'e of the very smallest kind, and unfortunately afford no intelligible indication of the busi- ness value of the statements. The following is a summary of detailed information specially furnished relating to ten in 1879, and eleven in 188o', of the larger Woollen factories incluoms 345 391 Employees 1,306 1,697 .\ggregate Wages per annum ^ $297,400 $38tV)(H> Coods manufactured: — Tweeds, Ca.ssinieies, Etones, Flan- nels, Blankets, Serges, Beaver, Tiesidents, Diagonal and Nap Coatings, Shoe Cloth. [Note.— The number of Jx)oms in 1879 included 102 broa years power looms and improved machinery have been in use on coarse woollen cloths, to a fair extent, in all the older provinces of the Dominion, and home pro- ls. imerlv, most every miller had a coopcragi ostablishnionr, which provided all his wants, but the rapid extension ol'oil rchncries has of late years demanded a larger supply of bariels than could be furnished aloiu> by manual labour. As bariels in which it it is intended to export petroletuo, pro- visions or Hoiu' should be tlie best which can be furnished, an impetus has been giv- en to making thnni by machinery, and numerous barrel fattories now exist. Not long ago one lirm doing a large business, having exhausted all tlie tiniber suitable in the vicinity of their works, moved their mills to a finlher point, wliere the forest would afford them jilenty of r'>ateiial for years to come. ruder this heading, it vili be of inteiesi to state that tlie exports of the maun- factuies' froni wood during IVS4, amojuited to ip 1, 43.^,1) 1"). Washing machines have become so ))opular in the household as a means of do- mestii^ labour saving, that a very large tra SIIOK FACTolMKS. The history of the boot and shoe manufacturing industry in <'n.nadR is an inter- 21 esting one. Previous to l8o9, the trade was supplied by United States manufactur- ers. In that year the duty was raised from 12^ per cent to 25 percent. This meas- ure of protection wonderfully stimulated the growth of the manufacture in Canada^ and from that time on the progress has been steady. Each year has witnessed u larger output than its i)redecessor, in the medium and coarse grades of work. The trade in the finea- lines was still done by United States dealers, and it has only been during the past two or three years that any considerable quantity of these lines have been produced in Canada. Now the gross importations are an inconsiderable jjortion of the consumption, ancj were it not for the fact that prices were cut, to Canadian dealers, mtsch below the regular price on the other side of the boundary line, would be cut ott" altogether. With the increase of growth, prices havti dimin- ished. By 1800 the ])riees of staple lines had fallen to lower figures than thos*- which prevailed when the goods were imported, and to-day Canada is said to be the cheapest market in the world for medium and coarse grades of boots untl shtx'.s. ()ur manufacturers are building uj* a large export tiade ; the ])roduct8 of Canadian factories now find tlieir way into Newioimdland, South America, Great Britain and the West Indies. Another feature of the trade is, that makers Mho formerly turned out Ironi their works all classes of goods, from the finer ladies' to the coarse stoga, are now oonfinujg their attention to one particular line, and buy from other manufacturers other lines which their customers may order. In this way the maximum in quality at tiio minimum of cost is reached ; and there can be no doubt but that, in the hantls of the energetic, enterprising business men who now control this trade, tlie boot and shoe industries of Canada have a ijrosperous career before them. f >tiim|>"vious to the change in the tarltJ, imported the decoiMted tin plati's usctl in making the ItoxcH, tioni the United Stati's, now purcliase the>.»« plates ill ('Hnuilii, I I — .MANUKA* TURKS (»F UAPEU. This class includeit ]ia])er uitil piil|) mdls, the nianufactuie of ]iaper Img,* mid bjxes, and wall pap«M-. In the maniit'acture of ])a|>er the loieign competition now felt is from ill wall piiper anle carri(>t| over from on«' season to another. If the remnants of the simi.soh's make were soM at low prices in tjio United States market, it would have an iiyiui- oils ellect on the prices the following si'ttson, f" in order to keeji up jiri«'es theie, the goods nro brought into ('anada, and sold i. umny in> tuiu-es i'ur just what dealers aie prepaiod to oTl'er. This industry has grown >'oiisidet'ably during the past few years, iini the papers now being prodiicetl in Can.' la are i«o taslelul in design and ■>•> t)eautitul in colors that many of the patterns might almost bo styled works of art. n, Printing and wrapping paper is manufactured on a large scale, but the number of mills for this work is very limited, and the business is in the handsof afew firms. There is ample room for the irtablishment of additional paper mills to those now in -existence. The manufacture of paper from wood pulp has of iate years acquired great uii- portance, and is rapidly increasing, as the supply of rags on which paper makera formerly depended for their work is inatlequate to the demand for the manufactur- ed material. Were it not for this factor in pai)er making, paper would now be ono- half as much more, if not double, the price it ij .to-day. (^onsitlerable wood pulp in sheets is dried on cylinders as it leaves the pulp machine, when it is used as a sub- stitute for cardboard for making paper boxes and bandboxes, without any other ad mixture. The paper maker mixes wood and rag pulp in a proportion of forty to sixty per cent, of the former, according to the standard and quality of paper re- quired. A largo number of mills are employed in the wood pulp manufacturing business exclusively, 1 5.^ MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, This trade received great impetus from the increase made in the duties in lH7y, and has continued to grow and prosper up to the present date. No other industry better deserves success. The men who were the pioneers of tlio trade in Canada struggled bravely to overcome the disadvantageous position in which they were placed. They invested their money and spent the best years of their life in an en- deavor to promote the growth of this branch of manufacture, meeting with but indif- ferent and almost disheartening results. Now, owing to thetiscal policy prevailing, they are reaping to some extent, the benefit which they so earnestly, but ineffectu- ally, strove to obtain before IST'J, The industry is one which largely bent' fits the country, as it employs very few bands who are not skilled niochajiics, and mechanics who receive the highest aver- age rate of wages of any class of oi>eratives in the Dominion. If the Government had no other result to point to, as an etiect of the change of tariff, than that achiev- ed in tiiis industry, it would in itself bo a lasting monument to the wisdom and fore- siglit of tlic people in Canada in approving, and the ministry in adopting the policy ol t-ncouraging native manufactures. Kk—MANUFACTURES of CLOTHING. This class is an extensive one and indydcs the manufacttue of wollon and cot t.on elm liiiig, silk, I'clt, cloth and straw hats and caps, corsets, suspenders, gloves and milts, shirts, collars, cuffs, &c. The woollen clothin;; uscci in Canada was largely imported from (Jreat Britain j^p to I^TU, and ever since that date the itnportatioiis havcM-ontinued to some extent u) the lower grades of goods, but Canadian maiiul'actur(Ms are rapidly occupying the ground. In ;.'lovcs ami mitts there is some European competition still felt. In I'urs, all tlu' liiu»r goods ate now made in Canada, but in (h»* lower priced gooils tlicre is some competition fr(»m the poorly paid Ial)Our countries of Europe. Some shirts and collars are still imported from the United States, it is said con- ■idera)>ly below their true value. 'I'hertN is ample room for the investment of capital in almost all, if not even in nvory branch of this industry. 17.-MISCKLLANE()US INDUSTRIES, ' This class necessarily includes a wide range of niiinufactures, the principal ones l)eing, sugar r(>tinitig, silk, clocks, whips, wringern, emery wheels, gunpowder, buttons, preserved fruits, paints and vaniiwhes, glass and pot'ery, mattrassos, oil cloth, window shttdoM, cork cutting, rubl»or clothing, jute, ipioof, soup, candles, paints, &,{'.. Amongst the mnnt important of the industries in this class is the iimnufActuroof •ilk. The one factory enin'ied in this inlu''try ha^ trel)led it* oajmcity since 187V, 23 •tureof V and is now doing the great 'bulk of the Canadian trade in the lines which they tnauufacture, viz., threads and ribbons. Ono factory was started a few years a<'o for the manufacture of piece goods, but un.ortuhately the venture did not prove a success. It is expected, however, that mother attempt in this direction will be made in avery short time, and, it is hopea, with more satisfactory results. The button factories are turning their attention to exports, and one firm in thi« line succeeded in disposing of $12,000 worth of their goods in the United States •during the Hrst six months of 1 884. Several establishments have been in operation for the manufacture of glass an'l glassware, such as lamp chimneys, goblets and phials. The chief difficulty encoun- tered is the want of the proper description of sand. There appears to be ample room for the manufacture of this article, owing to the great and evex'-increasing tlo- tnand. Pottery is made in various places where the proper clay exists. There is a very large sugar refinery in Montreal, doing an extensive business, with a very large cai)ital involved. All the modern appliances are in use there, and the best of workmen with high grade acquirements of chemistry and manufacture, are employed. The sugar refining interest will be found treated of below under that heading in the report of the Maritime Provinces. Brickmaking by machinery is largely carried on, especially in Ontario, the lo- cality being deterniined by the presence of clay especially adapted for the purpose. Pressed brick commands a high price, and is in great demand. )rico«i 18._C0TT0N FACTORIES. The cotton trade of Canada is of recent date, the first mill being established about fourteen years ago, and the total annual production in 1873 was under 10,()(X),- (MK) yards. The population was tlien about 3,750,000, and the total consumption per head was 30 yards per year. In other words, about 27 yards of import(»(l cotton were then consumed here, to three yiirds of home manufacture. Now there are 22 cotton mills, with a total capacity of .')31,0(K) spindles, capable of producing about 1 3;') (.)0(),000 yards per annum. With a present poj)ulation of 4,r)0(),000, we have about 3") yards i)er lieail a year, produced out of a total consumption of some 40 yards per head. These were the figures of 1883-4, which, however, showed an ap- parent Cf)nstimi»tion higher than the normal rate, which has been one of regular in crease in the quantity per head. It is a fact worth notice that there u at prehcnt not a single mill in Canaila which u.ses sizing, e.xcepL in the starching proresses, which are a necessary j>art of tho manufactiu'c (if bleached goods, and even here very little is used in comparison with Knglish factories. It appears that there were !•) Cottoji Factories in the Dominion at tho time oT 4 yards, Tho other lines of production rnputed value of ^o/a/pro(hictionof themillsin th« following table, is 1110,400,000 lor tho year. . 24 Name or Factory. Canada Stonnont Kingston I >undas Iluuiiltoii Ontario J.vbster Thorold < 'raven W Hudon St. Anne Merchantb Valleytield < liambly Coaticiook St. Croix St. John Win. Parks & Son Kova Scotia Moncton Windsor Location. Cornwall, Ont Cornwall, Ont. . . . Kingston, Ont. . . . Dundas, Ont Hamilton, Ont. . . . Hamilton, Ont. . . , Meniton, Ont Thorold, Unt £rantford, Ont. . . . Hochelaga, Que. . . llochelaga. Que . . . St. Henri, Que . . . , ValleyfieJd, Que . . Chambly, Que .... Coaticook, Que . . . St. Stephen, N. ii. St. John, N. B . . . . St. John, N.B Halifax, N.S Moncton, N. B . . . . Windsor, N. S Number Number Tons of of of Coal Looms. Spindles. used. 1,000 45,000 6,000 650 26,000 2,500 300 14,000 3,000 450 20,500 4,00t> 250 12,000 2,500 250 11,500 2,500 300 14,000 1,50(> 300 14,000 1,000 300 14,0(X) 1,000 12,000 4,000 J| 1,400 480 65,000 21,600 550 24,750 5,000 7 1,400 60,000 3,000 150 6,750 500 250 10,0(H) 1,00(> 750 34,000 3,000 400 18,000. 5,000 150 6,750| 3,000 500 22,500' 5,000 200 10,000, 2,000 1 250 12,000 2,500 Bleat-hing and calico printing on a very considerable scale have been introduced by some of the cotton campaniejs. MARITIME PROVINCES. Thi' lulluwin;; extracts jiro taken tVoni tiic lieport ol'the (.'onauiHsionerai»point «i| l>.v rarliamcnt to M'cure infonnation rt'lntivc^lo tlic huluhtriis of the !Maiitini«- I'lovinccH, and from othartmontii. the l,onilon, the scveial foundries throughout the Maritime I'ro \ iiuMs, the Iron Knee Work- of Messrs. James Harris iV. <"<»., anre is something tangible in thc cliiiin. ng interest caused by the introduction oiClieap iron stetmiers and Tons of Coal used. 6,00(> 2,500 3,000 4,oa> 2,500 2,500 1,500 1,000 1,000 12,000 4,tH)0 5,000 3,000 500 1,00(> 3,000 5,000 3,000 5,000 2,000 2,500 itiO(lu«e(i t MiiiitiiiH- ,y of i'itli. itinn' I'lo siH il. A. A lol't'K* tl> In ;il.k' in tli«- hr >ji'ntMiil HiM'in to l'«- > lioiii >.t»'ii" tt in nil (ill tl, tlu« n vo P 25 cheap ii'on skips, having paralyzed the building of wooden ships— 4ui industry in which for many long years, St. John stood pioudly pre-eminent. But, of coarse, other industries will take the place of the decUning one, other avenues of trade will be opened up, and in time the blank will be filled, and the discouragements of to- day forgotten altogether or remembered only as a regretful reminiscence. The Ix)ndonderry (Nova Scotia) Iron Works The first operations of the Lon- donderry Iron Works were started in 18-40, although on a very limited scale, and ac- tive work was really not fairly commenced until 1852. The Steel Company of Can- ada was organized in 1874, and the operations of the concern under the new arrange- ment havo gradually increased. The first three years were employed in experiment- ing and developing the ore mines and erepling the plant now in operation, which was seriously started in 1>S77. The general manager, on the l".>th November last, said:— "At that time (1877) about 400 hands were emjiloyed. In 1878 somewhat (jver 500 hands were used, at an average wage of f 1.10 per day. Since then the number of hands employed has reached 850, and the wages, until very recently, say 1st September, averaged !?!. 50 per day ; now it is about |1 .20. Owing to the slack- ness of ti'ade the number of men employed is reduced to about 025. The yearly Ijroduct of the works may be stated at about 16,000 to 18,000 tons of pig iron per annum, as at present running, aiitl OdO tons of bar iron. The capital expenditure at at the works is about £300,0(jl» stg. THE COKDAGE, HOPE AND TWINE INDUSTRY. This business is enjoying a comfortable time. There are not many factories in the Dominion, but still the immber is considered sufficiently large for the work re- quired. A large amount of money is invested in this enterprise, and a great deal of capital is needed to carry it along. Those engaged in the industry are free to declare that the taritf is a great help. THE GU>THIN(J INDUSTRY. The clotliing trade is att'ected injuriously by the general depression, and to a very considerable extent. The purchasing power of their usual markets is curtailed, and Ontario and Quebec dealers are forced to throw upon a tardy market competi- tive goods at low prices. With a renewal of prosperous times this condition of uii- I)leJi8antness is expecte<< jpass away. The opening up and continued develop- ment of the far west will present new fields for the clothing fa(!tories, an improved condition of the home trade will enlarge the purchasing power of the people, an«l competition will not be forced down to tin* ruinously keen level. Kur this trade, as well us others, a fair future is evidently in stoic. THE VV(H>l>-Wol{KlN«J INDUSTRY. There is moii" activity displaytul in the woodworking buaiiieHs than oii«; wouUi expect to liiui. The truth is that this industry is making more elibrt to secure Melds lor t!io product of the factories, than almost any other. Those interested in the door, sash aud blind factories are covering the home market well, bocaus«' the National I'olicy enables tlieiu to do ho : and then, success at home is enabling them to put forth vigorous etl'orts to couipote for the trade of outsiile territory. Mr. Cornwall, a n^lialile authority in tratle matters, speaking of wood industries in the rrovincc ol' New Urunswick, and the scope tiiey ortbr for investment, stated ill jtublie last year as follows : " < 'hief among the articles that can be inanufacturetl here with profit are pack- ing ltox«!H of all sizes, our woods lnMiig really better suiteil for this work 'than those found o;i the continent. Salt and tish boxes are also recjuired in endlesH (|uuntity. Window sashes, casings, iloors and door casings of the better class of woods can be sent to Engluini at a good profit, thoujih it is doubtful if it wouM pay to cojn|>ele with the United Statics in slop w.trk of the cheaper woods. '* Laundry and kit«-hon tables and patent folding tables are in domuiid : also cloth boards, pastry hoards, rolling pins, potato mashers, woodi»n bowls ol all kinds, clothes liorMes, wringers, towel rollers, ic<' cream freezers, knife and fork 26 boarda and boxes, wash boards (a very large item), pails, tubs, churns, and handles for brooms, mops, hoes, rakes, hammers, hatchets and edge tools genei'ally. " There is a large demand for common wood bedsteads, much of the supply of which article is now receive«l from Boston. Whole chairs and furniture in part*, hat and clothes and wall racks, step ladders, folding and step ladders, bench screws, bobbins and spools, are standard articles in unlimited request. There is a limited •demand for shoe peg*. Toy or miniature wash tubs, pails, chamber sets, wagons, wheelbarrows, log cabins, bureaus, sand mills and fancy boxes, with some taking novelties, form a special line that could^be sent to England with profit to all con cerned. " Ifouse fittings and furniture made according to the architect's plans, open up a line for the higher class of wood work, which could bo operated by a competent «gent on the spot, suj)plied with sample woods, &c,., who could negotiate directly with the architects. Indeed, the present is a most favourable opportunity for initi- ating this industry, as mahogany and dark woods generally, are now considered bad form in England, the lighter woods taking their place. A factory could here find a field for the manufacture of immense quantities of the better class of flooring, bor- st help to revive the droop- ing spirits of the energetic class that hitherto has boon dependent uj)on lumber and the work to which it gives rise for sustenance. In time, judging by pi'esent indica- tions, some at least of our lumber operators will be engaged in the preparation of other classes of vvoo:l goods than spruce deals, and will give to other woods than spruco a prominent place in their Hold of operations. Spruce being a plentiful wood and easily manufactured, as compared with other woods, cii.inot well be super seded ; but the form of its product can and will bo divorsiliod. With a revival of prosperity in general l)usiness the price of lumber will improve. This is the belief of niiiny ui tho linnber sections of the Maritime Provinces. The competition of iron steamers ai 1 iron ships with wooden cr.ift in the carrying tiado of tho world, revolutionized ( lo shipbuilding interest an q'j'U' some special trade requirement of the builder orhia friends rather than i. '"il jiu iger punihaser. Tho prostration of this trade in wooden ships — how iinpoitiviv >:un best bo appreciated by those engaged in shipping ventures — had naturally a detrimental elfect upon tho prosperity and progress of the pooj)le8 of the two cities. Commercial polioios could not bring back the lost trade. Towards the woothm ship tranlo, taritt's in this Dominion have always been opnsider- ate, but especially so in the industry's .oloH«ial fortune-' was, Mid tho s^i i 27 therefore, chargeable against the policy framed to liring into life vigorous and healthjr and profitable substitutes. I THE LOBSTKU CANNERIES. The lobster-canning industry is one of the most import.ant In Prince Edward Is- land. There are upwards of ei^^jhty canneries scattered at various advantageous points along the island shores. Each cannery costs from $2,()(M) to$3,0')(J, according to size and capacity, and the annual output amounts fvOBx $7,000 to $U,Oi)0. The canneries are kept running about four months every year, and give employment to a large number of persons — some 14 fishermen, 10 men who are no*: fic-hing experts, and 15 females. All hands receive good wages, the Hshermen especially. The price obtained for canned lobsters in 1S84 indicates quite an advance. A Mr. Crue, extensively engaged in the business, informed the writer that he had been notified by his English agent in October last, that 2Ss. C) 1. per case — the highest price yet quoted, and a large advance upon the ruling figure la.it year, had been ob- tained for his shipment. Mr. Duvar, Fishery Inspector of Prince Edward Island, in a report on the island fisheries, places the value of canned lobsters for 1883 at $435,605. This year, it is clearly evident, both from the extent of the catch and the prices prevailing in the chief lobster markets, that a sum far in advance of last year, and ahead of the year preceding, and consiilerably in excess of half a million dol- lars, will be realized from the lobster fisneries through the canneries. With the exception of those at Canso Cove, Murray Harbor, Cascumpec, Little Sands and Donnelly, the canneries have all been put in op«^ration since 1878. In 1879 the number ail over the island was limited to 35, and this year the number ia more than 80. STARCH FACTORIES. The starch industry of Prince Edward Islaml has been prosecuted quite vigor- ously, but a slight check oocurreil last year. A temporary check to the industry would, it was thought by experienced business men, result in real benefit to the trade, as it would tend to tiie exorcise of greater care iu production, and would lead to a diligi^nt search for profitable customers in quarters hitherto imtried. The Na- tional policy is entitled to the credit of having given a stimulus to the stllrch in- < I us try. The causes for the check were : First, the depression in the cotton trade in England anil Canada ; sooondly, Germany and Holland, both of which countries are rivals of the island in the English market, have yielded an immense potato crop ; an, only result in temporary inconvenience to the producer, and of course, the loss of intetest on the value thus looked up." not, 8U0AR INDUSTRY. . There are four well equipi)ed stigar rofineriqs in the Miiritimo Provinces— roseoutp the former industry, and that, too, without detriment to consumers. 1 lie lollowing list of articles now made in Canada^ which were not made here in 1878, will show the industrial development: Iron bridge building, sugar refin- ing, cotton printing, rice-hulling, and the manufacture of cutlery, emery wheels, jiuis, clocks, haircloth, enamelled oilcloths, jute, felt goods, organ reeds, writing pa- lmers, silver tableware, organ and piano keyboards, Britannia metal work, cashmere and other dress goods, ghicose, steel, and many lines of textiles in both cotton and wool. Another indication in a very marked form is the fact that while in 1881 not less than 8;") pci- cent of the railway supplies of all kinds needed by the Canadian Pacifii; Uailway were bought in the United States, in 1884, owing to the establishment of manufactures the Company did not buy more than 7 or 8 per cent, outside of Cana- da. Four-tiiths o\ the rolling stock, not including the sleeping cars, are now manu- lactured in Canatlii, and very soon the manufacture of the latter will be undertakei* Ijere. In conclusion, ujion Canada's business men and the promoters of Canada's in- dustrial enterprises devolves the rcsponsility of developing with good judgment and utilizing with prudence, a-ity in industrial ]iursuit8 ; but Canada's business men and capitalists can exorcist? inHuenco in a direction tliiit will enable this need to be largely met. Canada re- (juireM excellence in the ra -^ o «o ~i o t~- «o Tj< 1— 1 -icir- 05 i 't OS OS irt CI oTiO cs o» o> <—! Qi O »5 « CI 00 ^ o o CI 00 •^ 05 lO CO 00_O^iO^t-_iO^ ifTeo^otToTo^ ■«*< Oi CI CI -^ O 00 X 1:0 'O O 50 CI •^ o lOcociiJaor-^^oD -^ — ^ I— I -^ 1-^ ^ CO CI O CI OS ^ t~ CT» CI «o t^ I-- -o -H r— >o — ' Tf X i-~ O iC f^o^'^],'*, — I lO c-ti ;0 O 'if ^H -^ CO Ph en — o OS tn C 3 e4 I- 5-1 ^ ~ = 5 * :, 5 S '5 ^ Ph^'.V. 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X -f — ' OS r-i lO O X , OO" 0^ t^CT* CI lO i X 0) CO CO c -1^ -f 2 1 O ( , •^ 'cfx '-^i^c"^> Tf c O 5C CO -f O CI 1- o-- eS — 1 C to 1— O CI 00 CJ t-— " cf pmmt i CI *r« - ; — " : , c , a; _rt • W "m 1 o > § 1 1^ * fc: : 10 • a : ? • 1 CO Q>l5«-MB«ia: E Q. ' c 3 S 1 1 f M •- . oo H ■tlEi: ' 31 POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS HAVING OVER 5,000 INHABITANTS COMPARED. NAMES. PKOVINCES. liontreal Toronto Quebec Halifax Hamilton... Ottawa St. John London Portland Kingston Charlottetown Guelph St Catherines Brantford Belleville Trois-Rivieres ;. St. Thomas Stratford Winnipeg ._. Chatham Brockville Levis Sherbrooke Hull Peterborough '. Windsor St. Henri Frederioton Victoria St. Jean Baptiste(viirg«) Sorel Port Hope.... Woodstock St. Hyacinths Gait Lindsay Moncton Quebec Ontario Quebec Kova Scotia Ontario Ontario New Brunswick Ontario New Brunswick Ontario Prince Edward 1 sland Ontario Ontario Ontario Ontario Quebec Ontario Ontario Manitoba Ontario Ontario Quebec Quebec Quebec Ontario ~... Ontario Quebec New Brunswick... British Colombia. Quebec Population. Quebec Ontario Ontario Quebec Ontario Ontario New Brunswick. J87L 107,225 56,092 59,099 29,582 26,7 m 21,545 28,805 15,826 12,520 12,407 8,807 6,878 7,864 8,107 7,305 7,570 2,197 4,313 241 .5,873 5,102 6,691 4,432 t. Potals 494,099 4,611 4,253 t. 6,006 3,270 4,408 5,636 5,114 3,982 3,746 3,827 4,049 1881. 140,747 86.415 62,446 36,100 35,961 27,412 26,127 19,746 15,226 14,091 11,485 9,890 9,631 9,616 9,516 8,670 8,367 8,239 7,985 7,87S 7,609 7,597 7,227 6,890 6,812 6,561 6,415 6,218 5,925 5,874 5,791 5,585 5,373 5,321 5,187 5,080 5,032 64I,70;i Numeri- cal in- crease or decrease 33,522 30,323 2,747 6,518 9,245 5,867 • 2,678 3,920 2,706 1,684 2,678 3,012 1,767 1,509 2,211 1,100 6,170 3,926 7,744 2,000 2,507 906 2,795 2,201 2,308 212 2,655 1,460 155 471 1,391 1 ,575 1,300 1,031 Pei^ centage. 31.21 54.05 4.60 22.03 34.60 27.23 • 9.29 24.76 21.61 13.57 30.40 43.79 22.46 18.61 30.26 14.53 280.83 91.02 3213.27 34.05 49.13 13.54 63.06 47.73 54.26 3.49 81.19 33.25 2.75 9.21 34.93 42.04 35.53 25.46 147,0041 29.71 • The indicated decrease of the population ot theCity of St. John is attributable to the great tire which occurred in the year 1877, when half of the city was laid in ashes. Great numbers were thereby driven into the surrounding districts, and many whose business and social ties were thus severed did not return to the city. t The limits of the city ot Hull and the towns of St. Henri and Moncton not having been defined in 1871, no comparison can be made. T.*aving out the above •ity and towns, the total increase and rate per cent are as represented in the table. Note. — In 1871 there were in Canada twenty cities and towns of 5,000 inhabi- tants and over, with ki total population of 430,043. In 1881, ihe number of such •ities and towns bad increased to 37, having a total population of 660,040. 32 THE CANADIAN CANALS. St. Ti^vwREXCB System The greatlake and river system of Canada has been made continuously navigable for a distance of 2,384 statute miles, by a connecting rhain of ten canals, comprising 71 1 miles of artificial navigation. This system ex tends from the Straits of Belle Isle to Thunder Bay, at the head of Lake Superior. The following table of distances indicates also the ""espective positions of these canals, thus;: Statute Miles. Straits of Belle Isle to Father Point 643 Father Point to Rimouski 6 Rimouski to Quebec 177 Quebec to Thres Rivers (or tide-water) 74 Three Rivers to Montreal*. 86 liachine Canal 8^ Lachine to Beauharnois 17j Beauharnois Canal 174 St. Cecile to Cornwall 32% Cornwall Canal ll^ River and Farran's Point Canal 16^ Rapiv'e Plat Canal 4 River and Point Iroquois Canal 7^ Junction and Galops Canals 4| Prescott to Kingston 66| Kingston to Port Dalhousie 170 Port Dalhousie to Port Colborne (Welland Canal) .•.. 27 Port Colborne to Amherstburg 232 Amherstburg to Windsor 18 Windsor to Foot of St. Mary's Island 25 Foot of St. Mary's Island to Sarnia 33 Sarnia to Foot of St. Joseph's Island 270 Foot of St. Joseph's Island to Sault Ste. Marie 47 Sault Ste Marie Canal 1 Head of Sault Ste. Marie to Point aux Pins 7 Point aux Pins to Duluth -.. 390 Total 2,384 * Size ov Looks The size of the locks in this system ranges from 2(X) to 270 feet in length by 45 feet in width. The depth of water is from 9 to 14 feet, and the Government intends to make the whole route fit for vessels of 12 to 14 feet draught of water. Ottawa Caxals The canal route from Montreal to Ottawa and Kingfaion has a total length of 24'')4 miles, with 59 locks exclusive of the I^chine Canal, and i lock- age of 533^ feet. The new works on this route give nine feet water in locks 45x200 feet. St. Lawkenck and New York Canal navigation is secured between the St. Ijawrenco and New York by means of the Richelieu River and Chambly Canal. This has 9 locks, with 7 feet depth of water ; and connects by I^ake Champlain with the United States Erie Canal, and the Hudson River; a total distance of 411 miles. Trent River Navigation Of the Trent River Navigation, between I^ake Huron and the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario, 235 miles, only part has been made navi- gable, chiefly for the passage of timber | and 155 miles distance is available for light draft vessels. St. Peters Canai- Finally, there is the St. Peter's Canal, cut through an isth- mus half a mile wide, between St Peter's Bay on the Atlantic, and the Bras d'Or Lakes of Cape Breton, it has a lock 48x2(X) feet, witli a depth of 18 feet and a breadth of 55 feet. I • M