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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche & droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 12 3 4 5 6 ,V«l L A MoiJOGi.APrt OF HistJomc^rTES IN 'THIt PR0VINGEOF I4EM BRUNS^^CK ,By wieu|Mi%.^(;3^^^ ;i. ■^/ ; N .',.*•• I t ■'■. ( HI... . , ' »' #gl(wAI>i> ., •■■-■^ Htl^m ■' .v.f »rR trtn 'i:^i:'\m\ ikt ]y¥ Wv mm m m ,%:i ^4f B :\ f Mai' No. 12. Map ok Nkw Hki'nsw uk in tmk 1 liiiliaii I'niili's ul" I ravel arc sli(»v ItKI'NSWU K IN Tin; I'KKMISTOIUC (InI)IAN) I'KHKtD. U's ul" I ravel arc sli(»\vii in red. o to the history aituatif untani> inslitui the for exercis fewer ( particu are the '^: SiecrioN 11, 189'J. [213 1 TinNs. R. s. (' in.— /I Moiv'/raph of Historic Sites in the Province of New lirumwick. (Contributions to the History of \e\v nrunswick, No. 1.) Hy Wii-LiAM V. Ganono, M.A., Pli. I). (Presented l)y Sir John Hourinot, and rei\d May 'Jo, \TM.) C0NTKNT8. Intro iJiUTioN. I.-TnK I'uKiiisniHK (Inkian) Pkkioi). 1. DisTitiiirrioN op thk Thiiiks. 2. Vll.l,A(iKS AND CaMI-INU (JHoL'.NDS. :*. ItoUTKS OK TUAVKI.. II.— Tin; Kxpi.oitATioN I'kkioi). I. ItolTKS Ol- CaHTIKK and ok CiI AM I'I.AIN. III.— The A( adian Pkiuod. 1. .Si;i'ri,|.;.\ii..Nr.s and Fokt.s. -'. Sl-.KiNIOKIRS. IV.— Thk IvNoMsir l'i;iuoi). 1. SetTI.ICXK.N TS AND Ft)RTS. 2. ToWN.SHII'S AND OTIIKR GkANT.S. v.— TiiK LovAi.i.sr i'Kuioi). 1. Tin; Loyalist (Jkant.s and Setti.kment.s. 2. Boundakies. VI.— The Po.sT-LovAt.isT Peiuod. 1. Fohts, SKiXAi. Stations, Ktc. Appendix. Sources of Infoumation. Bihlioorapht. ( IJ^TRODUCTION. Of tho different phases of the study of History, the one that appeals to the most men is the archa-ological. Especially is this true for local history, in which a dozen persons may be found givini,' attention to situations of local events, genealogy, etc., to one who 'cares for the untangling of threads of cause and effect in the evolution of events or institutions. No doubt this preference is due primarily to the fact that the former appeals most to the imagination, which nearly all men like to exercise, while the latter demands work of the understanding which fewer care for. Events in which one can picture himself taking part particularly those in which heroism, endurance and loyalty are demanded' are the ones that men like most to read about and to think upon, and the b 214 liOYAI, SOCIKTY 01' CANADA viviiltu'rts !iii(l |>li'UHuru an.' so much tlif i,'roater wlioii one oiin stund upon the uxiicl spot wliorotlio ovi-nts m-currod iiiul fcol liimHi'lf suiTouiitlcil liy tho Vfi'y wiliuissi's, inauiinutf llioiit,'li tlu'V l)o, of tlicso ovonts. Tliiri foolint,' Iris Irhmi liinjly oxproHMod by Cmwt'onl when lie shvh : — 'Wo have an invuluntary ivvereiice for all witnesses dC Ilislory. lie they animate or inaniiniite, men, animals or stones." Perhaps, after all, this ('eelin<^ n\ay he hut a phase of our still active thoiif^h unconscious animism, a relic of tho feeling which in primitive races peoples all fjreat olijects with conscious spirits. It has always seemed to me that even our greater writers of" history have not, as u rule, taUen sutflcient account of this feeling in tho majority of their readers. In their treatment of local events they are often excusaMy inaccurate, or even inexcusably careless, but thoy lose thereby a "reat opportunity to increase their audience and infiiience. .Men are prone to judge the whole by the part they themselves know, and if a reader discovers that the subjects he knows and likes best are badly treated, he is likely to suspect other parts, and even to condemn tho whole work. There is, however, groat excu.se for neglect of local archanilogy by histoiians of wide interests, for it is a subject requiring minute and especially personal investigation, and this of course thoy have not time to give. Local archa'ology must, in order to be well done, form a subject for investigation by it.self, and, in ortler to inspire confidence, must be worked out in the fullest, most comjtrehensivo and most scientific manner. When this is done, the general historian may accept its results with con- tidence, and make his work locally accurate and complete, A compre- hensive monographic study of the subject 'is likely also to develop now facts, and especially new connections of cause and cftect, and now gene- ralizations. Moreover, tho work should be done before tho events are too long past, and their sites have had time to bo ob.scured by forgetful- ness, misplaced by the vagaries of tradition, or hidden by topographical or other changes. This kind of work is not, I admit, as high a grade of historical study as the investigation of tho origin of institutions, which seems to bo tho highest aim of history, but it supplies details for history and materials for making it more real and attractive. It is for history much what dictionaries are for literature. These observations sufficiently explain tho objects of the present work, which arc, in brief, the locating of events of New Brunswick history for the use of the many whom it does and will in the future interest, the supplying of accurate and complete local archicological data for the use of the general historian whose work may deal with or touch upon New Brunswick, tho recovery of facts as to earlier events before their location is for ever lost, and an attempt to discover, from the grouping of the known facts, new ones and new principles. My ideal has boon to describe ovorj- place of any importance to our local histoiy so exactly that the t, i>. [OANOXU] HisroUIC .SITKS IN NKW HKUNSWICK 213 r f inteiv.Htod ivii-loi' may, with llu-,,. (lo.mTi|iliiMi.s aiiaftly l)y uin-urate maps siio\vitii,Miii'ii- rchilion to niii,'hhoiiriny: ohjcets I.-.n liaiilo to (diauirr. anased ')n li>( .il ])ride, to niai,'nity the impoitaiieo of some particular loealiiy. Then he -uist supply himself with all known doenmentary and carloy;rap!iieal evidence, and visit tiie locality, calling- to aid all local tradition, a'ld especially minutely e:,aminiiii^ the i;round, e.xcavatini,Mf necessary. Xolhiiii,' in such a study as this can replace the actual visit to the locality and its leisurely inspeciion. Kvcn a siiii^le •glance at the spot and its siirroundini.'s will often settle ([uestions thai inspection of ma|i.s alone leaves doubtful. H actual remains are visible, undoubtedly tho.so of the fort or other object sought, the student is indeed fortunate, ami his search ends. But if no such traces are visible, one turns to tradition, which, for very recent events, especially those within the memory of men now livinj^ or of their fathers, may be c\' much value, but which for more distant events rapidly lessens in value ; while for events of several generations ago, particularly if the vicinity has not been continuously occu|)ied, tradition is well-niti'h VMUieless, or even worse than that, actually misleading. Tradition dearly ' ves n sensation, and manufactures it from a small basis. It loves, too, an e.xplaiuition of things that are odd, and is much influenced b^' coinci- dences, so that it tends to link any odd place or object with some past striking event, and, once tixod. is so satisfied with itself that it is beyond the reach of reason. The ])sychology of tradition would form a curious subject for investigation. The seeker for local sites must use tradition rather for hints than as evidence. When tradition fails him, he can only fall back upon jjrobabilities based on the nature of the locality and of the event that happened there, in which he will be greatly aided by a full knowledge of the customs of the time. Forts are not built in marshes when there is high land near, nor do early settlers seat themselves on Sec. II., 1899. 15 I . '\ i: iwi 216 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA rocky lands wIumi thoro are fertile intervales near hy. Hut this arirn- ment from proliability must also bo used with caution, for there arc many imaginable causes, personal, political or other, which may, at that period, have outweighed the intluences which would determine us at the present time. It ]trobability of this kind fails, then one has to take documents or old maps alone, and do the best they allow, liut these sources of evidence are by no means ]ierfect, for aside from the fact that they do not often mention precise sites, these being supposed to be either well known or not of sutticient importance to be especially men- tioned in documents whose object is different, there is the further fact that they are sometimes misleading unintentionally tlirough reliance on errone- ous tradition or throngh any of the other[causes which mi.slead us to-da}'. There is a curious tendency in the minds of most students to place a reli- ance upon a very old document that would not be given to one that is recent, and any fragment, if only old enough, is usually accepted as almost unquestionable. One may almost say that in general the older a document is, the more trust do students put in it, and the more elabor- ately will they l)uild theories upon it, whereas the same if but few jears old would not receive notice. In such a study as the present, undoubtedly the best documents are detailed maps made at the time on the spot by surveyors or otticei-s, espocialh' if prepared to accompany ofticial reports, where there is every inducement to truthfulness and no reason for fal.se- hood. With such maps one can go to the ground and by measurements locate a spot where stood some structure of which neither trace nor tradi- tion remains. Cleneral maps of small scale are much less trustworthy ; for simply practical reasons connected with their drawing or engraving may make them locate places wrongly, as, for instance, a fort might be placed on the wrong side of a river because there is more space for it and its name there than on its proper side. In locating early settlements after the period of surveys there is little diHiculty, for records and maps are carefully ])reserved in the official Laud Offices, where they are easily accessible, and may readily bo compared with the modern topograiihy. Old plans, indeed, often contain most important hints upon our present subject, for the early surveyors in unsettled districts naturally put all available information and marked all |)ossible localities upon their maps. Historic sites are, of cour.sc, of all degrees of imi)ortance, from those of events of world-wide interest and importance down to those so local as to be not regarded by any but the most curious ; and in this study it lias been difficult to draw a line between those to be included and those to bo omitted. I have tried to err rather upon the side of including too much, but I hope the reader will not find much that is too trivial. Lengthy as this study appeal's, however, it is so far from exhausting its subject from a local point of view, that it is to be regarded rather as a foundation for [ganoxg] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 2t7 future study ; and there is a great amount to be done in particular locali- ties, too, on Hitcs not likely to be of interest outside of those places. The subject of historic sites in Now Brunswick naturally falls into periods answering; to those of our general history, which segregates it- self naturally into six fairly distinct periods — the Prehistoric (or Indian), that of Exploration, the Acadian, the Knglish, the Loyalist and the Post- Loyalist. 1 L TIIR PRKIirSTORlO (INDIAN) PERIOD. In this period, the subjects of particular importance to our present study are the following: — (1) The distribution of the Indian tribes; (2) the .otes of their villages, camping places and burial grounds; (3) their routes of travel. Though occasional references to these topics occur in local historical writings, these are extremely scanty, and no attempt has been made as yet to treat the subject comprehensively. 1. The Distribution op tub Indian Tribes. When the country now forming Now Brunswick was firet discovered, it was occupied by two distinct Indian tribes, distributed well over it on the principal rivers and harboui-s. The early writers, who often refer to them, while at times differing in details, agree in the main as to their dis- tribution; and as sot forth by them it differed but little from that of the same tribes in the present day. The Micmacs or Souriquois occupied the entire north shore from Gaspd to and into Nova Scotia, with villages on the principal rivers ; and the head of the Bay of Fundy was theirs al.so. The Maliscets or Etechemins occupied the valley of the St. John and the Passamaquoddy region. The division of the tribe inhabiting the latter was known as the Passamaquoddies, while those of the St. John were Woolahstukwik, though this name does not occur in any documents, and never came into use' by Europeans. Beyond our present limits on the Penobscot lived another very closely related tribe, the Penobscots.' The limits between these tribes were well understood, and each in the main kept to its own hunting grounds. Early writers and the pre- sent statements of the Indians agree that each tribe was considered to possess the entire river systems on which it lived, so that the boun- daries came on the watersheds between the principal rivers. These boundaries are shown thus drawn on the accompanying map. No. 12. I have been told by Mark Paul, a chief of the Micmacs, that the boundary between his tribe and the Maliscets reached the Bay of Fundy at Martins Head. There is some reason for supposing that at the time of Cham- ' Tlie reliitiousliij) of these tri))es, as j^iveii l)y tlieir own traditions, is discussed by M. Clianiberlain in the New Brunswick Magazine, I., 41. mm ¥ ^m. 218 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA plain's visit, in 1(504, the Micmut-s occupied the mouth of the St. John, but if so they must soon have iibandonod it, as its later history is connected altogether with the Maliscols, Tiic boundary between Maliseets and Passamaquoddies, practically one tribe as they were, was not a sharp one ; but, sucli as it was, it would naturally begin on the coast at Point Lepreau, and follow the watershed. I do not know where upon the coast the boundary between Passamaquoddies and Ponobscots began, but the topography would suggest that it was not far west of Machias, It is stated in many historical works, as, for instance, in that of Cooney, that the Mohawks once occupied the valley of the I?ostigouche, and even extended to the Nepisiguit, and that, too, within historic times. The Indians themselves have traditions to that etiect. There is, however, not the slightest historical support for such a belief. It is ))robubly entirely erroneous, and arose from a magnification of the occasional incursions or even longer visits of the Mohawks to this region, It is nut likely that the Indian traditions are very trustworthy evidence upon such questions. The Gaspesieiis of Let 'Icrcq were, of course, Micmacs, z. Indian Villages and Camping Grounds. li The mode of life of the Indians, dependent as they were for subsist- ence upon fish and game, irapo.sed upon them a migratory existence. They must take what game the season atlbrded, and go where it was to be found, Honco the\- moved to the places of abundance of tish and sbell-tish in spring and summer, and to the haunts of the big game in its season in autumn and Avinter, This constant movement allowed of but. few permanent villages, though it necessitated numerous camping grounds of greater or less extent and length of occupation. Indeed, as to villages with a fairly permanent population, we have records of but very few, and oven they were at times entirely abandoned ; these included Meductic, Ek-pahhak (Aucpac), and Madatvaska, on the St. John, Eichi- l>w(o, Burnt Church and Old Mission Point (Rcstigouche), on the North Shore, and i)erhap8 Pleasant Point, at Passamaquoddy. Several of these situations, occupying rich intervales, are particularly favourable for cultivation of the soil, and it is pi-obable that in these places some simple crops, such as Indian corn and pumpkins, were cultivated in a rude manner, tending to give fixity to the settlements ; for agric\ilturo neces- sitates stability, as the chase necessitates constant movement. When we consider the temporary camping places, however, we find that they existed, and still exist, in great number and in all degrees of importance, from those occupied for long periods by many families, down to the tiny sites used for a night by the transient hunter. No doubt these sites were much more numerous than we now know of in the set- tled parts of the province, and my list of the more important ones that '^ [ganono] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 219 follows must bo veiy inc'om|iletc, tliou,!,Mi it is as full us I have been able to make it. In tlie yet unsettled parts of the province these sites are still used somewhat by the Indians and by white huntei-s, so they may still be identified ; but in extent and importance they are far behind those in the settled parts. Much the same motives that attracted the Indians to certain sites attracted the early settlei-s, and many of the mo>t important camp sites are now covered Ijy villages or towns, and every trace of Indian occupation is obliterated. As to the sites of such settle- ments, we have four sources of evidence : first, historical i-eforcnccs in documents and on maps, of which use has been made in the list that fol- lows, many of the earlier references being, however, too indelinite for fixing exact sites ; second, there is tradition, still near enougii to the time of Indian occupation to be of some value, especially if baciccd by relics found upon the sites; third, there are the great shell-heaps on the coast, best of evidence of a camp site, since they give a rough quantitative measure of the extent of its use and even of its antiquity ; fourth, there is the testimony of place-names, those marvellously persistent memorials of past events and conditions. The tendency to give descriptive names is very strong ii\ early settlers, the stronger the nu)re illiterate they are, and the presence of Indians at a given place affords one of the liest of descriptive terms. The name Iiuluin Hirer occurs in New Brunswick once, Indiiin f'oce once, Indidii Falls once, Indijintoion twice, litdian Beach twice, Indian Camp Putnt once, hulian lironk twice, Indian Baij once, Indian Lake twice, Indian Mountain once, Indian Island eight times. Indian Point at least twelve tin\os. These names in some cases are the last memorials of their j)reseiu-e in those places. Of the several influences deterinimng the .situation of camping sites, the first would be nearness to a river, for the birch canoe was the Indian's sole vehicle of locomotion. Undoubtedly the next would be the abundance of game, particularly of game occujjying a fixed jtosition, as shell-fish do, or following definite paths through i)]aces wliere their flight may be inter- rupted, as fish do. Insiudi j)lacesthe Indians could remain for long periods of time; whilst in the pursuit of the wide-wandering large furred anil feathered game they must keep always on the move. Consequent Iv next to the few villages already mentioned, their campsites were most abundant in the following bituati(Uis :— first, near the great clam beds of the Hay of Fuiuiy, in particular about Passamaquoddy May. where they are marked by the great shell heaps, chief among v/hieh aro those at Oak Hay, Minister's Island, Hocabec, Fryes Island, with others of le,ssor extent, too many to mention. Some of those shell-heaps have been studied with care by Professor Haird, and the one at Hocabec with particular care by Dr. G. F. Matthew, whose pajjor detailing his results is by far the most important contribution we have to the knowled<'-e of n^ 220 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA |i^ H t?)o life of our Indians in prohistorie times. It has been gcnonvUy sup- posed that these camp sites at the shell-heai)S were occupied only in sprini,' and summer, when the best fishing is past and the big game is out of condition, and that they were abandoned in autumn and winter for tlie inland hunting, but Dr. Matthew has found evidence to show that they may to some extent have been occupied tlic entire year. Again, on the north shore, the great oyster beds extending from Shediac to Cara- quette, and formerly of greater extension and abundance than now, must liiive been a great attraction, though the shell-hcai)s in tiiat region have not been at all studied. Since, however, that entire coast is slowly sinking, many sliell-hoaps must have been washed away. I'robably the shell-fish were used only in spring and summer, and the reliance placed for the winter upon big game. Shell-Hsh are not a sutticient winter diet. In their hunting trips for big game, onlj- temporary camps were used as centres for the hunt- ing, and these soon abandoned. We obtain a vivid ])ieture of the hard- ships of such a life in the narrative of John (iyles, who describes what was doubtless a typical winter, and in the narratives of several of the Jesuit Fathers who accompanied the Indians in their winter hunts. Second, waterfalls are great fishing-places, for in the basins below them iho, fish pause to rest before beginning the ascent. Thus, at Aroostook, Grand, Salmon and other falls were important camp sites. The mouths of small rivers were also, for similar reasons, good camping spots. Again, the head of tide on the rivers was a favourite place, probably for (he good salmon-fishing likely to be found there. In this situation wore Aucpac, Indlantown (Renous), Bed Bank and Mission Point, some of the most important of the prehistoric sites. Third, are good sites as a centre for the killing of porpoise. This has determined the sites of the camps at Indian Beach, (xrand Manun, and Indian Cove, just west of Point Lepreau. Again, the ends of portages were important |(laccs, but less of course for game than for rest before and after the labour of portaging. This, in part, determined the position of Meduriic. Again, deep, muddy pools in sluggish rivers, suitable for eels, of wliich the Indians are very fond, are important ])laces. Thus have been located the important settlements of I'Jelfjround, Miramichi, and Eel River. Restigoucho, and jierhaps the eel-pools at Benton had something to do with the site of Meductic. Some minor settlements near the head of the St. Croix were thus determined. An e.Kample of a particularly well-placed village was Burnt Church. Of this Perley says in his Report of 1841 (xcix.) : — "The small River fur- nishes Oysters, Lobsters, Sea Trout and Kelsin abundance ; in front of the Point large quantities of Salmon and Bass are caught annually, and there are plenty of waterfowl." Minor influences determining the exact positions of camp sites were as follows : — First, a level place, an intervale or low terrace, near the water, for their wigwams, a good gravel beach for their canoes, and a [ganoxg] spi'ing. HISTORIC SITKS IN NKW BUUNSWICK 221 Tho need for u apr'mir by tlie .salt water is obvious enough, but even on tho clearest rivers, where the purity and coolness of tho water i'ar exceeds that of tho water supply of many modern cities, tho Indians still seek a spring, and most of tho camping places along our rivers to-day are near good springs. How much this meant to thcra may be ffathored ii'i'in the narrative of Gyles, in which tho great spring at Moductic is more than once mentioned. Defence against enemies seems hardly to have been a factor in the choice of situations ; that was probably attained by the i)alisades of their villages. Probably, however, a good look-out place in the vicinity, com- nianding a view of the water-ways, was an advantage, and Denys tells us that at tho Indian fort at Richibucto a tall polo had been erected for this purjiose. When many of tho favourable conditions for a camj) site came together — a good game country, good eel grounds, tho end of a portage, an intervale flat capabloof easy cultivation, a good spring — the result was a large village ; this was the case with Meductic, and here not only was a village, but a fort as well. That our Indians built forts there is no doubt. Thus, Champlain in l(]0-l found on Navy Island a " cabin in which tho Indians are fortified," and Lescarbot described the village of St. John as '• on a knoll surrounded by tall trees attached one to another." Villebon, in his Journal of JU97, speaks of tho old fort at the mouth of the Xeropis as an Indian fort, as ho docs also of that at Moductic. St. Yalior, in ltJ88, calls Meductic a fort, as does also Cadillac in 1692. Again, there is an old fort on an island in Shediac Harbour which may be Indian, and a very clear account is given by Denys, in 1672, of the Indian fort at Eichibucto, which ho says had bastions. Pro'^ably this latter feature was learned from the French, and no doubt their forts wore originally merely fences of pickets built as a protection against thcii dreaded hereditary foes, tho Mohawks, whoso forays, according to their traditions, extended into New Brun.swick, though there is no record of such an incursion wuthin histoi-ic times. It is said by tradition that the sottlemont at Mission Point was inclosed by a stockade. It might be supposed that tlie present Indian reserves would mark the sites of ancient camping places, but such is not often tho case. On the St. John, the only reserve near an ancient camp site of any inijiortanco is that of Madawaska. Tho sites of Meductic and Aucpac are no longer theirs, but the newer Woodstock and Indian Village reserves have succeeded them. In Pa;>8amiiquoddy there \a no resoi'vo on the Canadian side, but there is a Maine reserve at Pleasant Point and another near Princeton. Tho old camping ground near Dorchester is no longer occupied, but that at Folly Point replaces it. On the north shore. Burnt Church reserve covers an ancienl camping site, and pei-haps that at Eel- ground, and probably that ct Red Bank. Many changes have boon made i ' i\ r mmmmmmm 222 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA t 't in the location of reserves in this century, and invariably, I believe, in the interest of the Indians, who have always received consideration from both Provincial and Dominion . The Petitcodiac-Mi.ssegua.sh District; All the head of the l>:iy of Fundy and to Haie Yerte. 4. The Ricliibucto District: From Bay Yerte to Point Escumiujic. 5. The Miramichi District : Ffom Fscuminac to Tracadie. (». The Xejiisiguit District: From Tracadie to Belledune I'oint. 7. The Hestigouehe District : From Belledune Point to beyond the Eestigouche Eiver. The watersheds are of course the boundaries between ths beads of the rivers. J. The Pmsamaquoddy District. A. — Below Forest City. ISctween (irand and Clu'])c([nok Lake«, on tlu-Can- ailiiin side, bi'low Tapper's Cove, is a point known to residents as an ancient Indian cameling ground. On a ])lan of is;!'-' it is niarketl as " iMienne's Iniiii'ovenients," and along tiie river in front is " Mtienne's Kel Works.'"' Tiiis ]>assage hetwi'en the lakes must have been a great fishing place. B.— Indian Island. At the lower end of Cliepediiek Lake. 1 have beeirtold by th(^ Lulians that in old times they came to this vicinity for cranberi'ies, which grew here in great numbers, and probably this island was their cani])iiig place. C— St. Croix. A plan u TitoonibV I'hm nf tlic Scondik, ITU'J. Till' l.s;;7 plan has on a point on tlic west side of tiic exit from tin- laico, " L;i Cootc, an Indian, sottlud hrri','' and oi>posite, on tlii' east side, " ("Icarint; made by Indian Newell." There is also a I'assaniaiinoddy village, at Lewis Island, Maine, on what was probably a ver\- ancient i'ani|)int; place. The 17S.") niaj) of the Scoodic niiirks "Indian Wijiwains" abont halfway between Lewis Island and the main liver on the north siile, and the Titcond) Plan of i7!L' marks it on the south side. D.— Salmon Falls. (»n the Canadian side, onthe t iie of the Cotton Mill, was an ancient cam|)inprinted in No. X.). Other shell-heaps of some importance occur at many i)oints about Passa- maquoddy P>ay. liaird mentions them at I'ast side of Iiigdeguash river, aird at tlrand Harbour, Nantucket Island and Cheney Ishuul, and no doubt exist at many other places. On the charts the southern ])oint (jf Hoss Island is called Indian (' I'ulnt. Near the northwest end of the island is Fndkin Beach, where the Pa.«sainaquoddii's still have a canii)ing place used while Inuiting porpoise. N. — At the entrance of Lelang Hiver at the h(>ad of Letang Ilarboin* the charts show an Indian I'aint. O. — In a small cove close to Point Leprcau on the west side is an old camping place still used by the Pa.«samaquoddies. The principal camp sites in this District will be found marked on Map No. 40. <> V n 2. The St. John District. Alon<^ the fnain St. Jolin, Indian camping places and temporary settlements must have been innumerable. This vallo}' not only main- tained a considerable population, but it was a great highway for travel, abounded in game and rish, and is well-nigh lined on b)th banks by ideal cam])ing sites. Particularly at the mouths of the diff< rent rivers, where there is almost invariably an intervale or low terrac s flat, are the con- ditions favourable. That such situations were thus occupied is indeed told us by Gyles, who, describing his descent of the St. John about 1690, tells us, "As we passed down by the mouths of any largo branches, we saw Indians." It is only the principal of these camping grounds which can be described here. At — Madawaska. Probably this was never an extensive settlement. St. Valier, before 1088, found there a cabin of Christian Indians from Sillery, and C.ylos, who was there about ItiOO, says " There an old man lived and kept a sorti of trading-bouse." This is probably the place referred to by Cadillac ii' 1()92, — "Forty-four leagues further, [above Meductic] is another fort w hi-re the Canibas ordinarily retreat to when they fear anything in tlu'lr own country." An " Indian village " is marked below the mouth of the river on the Peachy map of 1783 or later, and on others following it. Allan ( in Kidder, 30()) says there was a large village there in 1793. Bishop Plessis records that in 1812 but two wigwams remained of a former Indian village. [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 225 I V IVrloy, in liis HcpDrt of 1x41, fully describes the cniidition of the village, hikI gives tradition to show tluit it was formerly of considerable size. At present there is u small Indian village and reservation about two miles below the mouth of the Ahidawaska. The Chief of this village has told me that in old times their settlement was just below the mouth of the river on an intervale, and that their burial groun" ® 30 purees ^k ^ St Jckn. r Fort © tier /14- Tvrfj iQruvc Samt John fl. - ^ *v r 1^^ o o o o ® Mai' No. I. SiTK OF MKDUcTir Fort. A. I'lan made hy llio author in 1802, ]i. From iiliin in Crown Land oftice made in 1790. C. I'lan made by owner of tlio fort site, 1892. D. From liaymond's map of 1890. G.— Tiie Morris ^lap of 1784 marks a group of "Indian Wigwams" just above Middle Suuthami>tun, on the east bank of tho river, but I knu\y nothing further of this location. H. — Indian Village, Kingsclear. This village, now' the second in importance on the St. .John, is coinparativoly modern. The Indians moved here after the sale of Aiirjxtc, in 1794. I. — £k-pa''-hals. (Anrjiac, Oak Park-, lir.) This village was at Springhill, about the mouth of Springhill Brook, inchiding also Harts and Savage Islands. -1 [dANONfl] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 227 In llic last (Tiiuiiy tliis was the most iiiiporluiit village uii the St.Jolm, iiitu'li siirpassin;; Mcdiiclic alter aliuiii I7">n. Tlicrc is im icI'itcuci' what- I'ViT to it Uiut 1 liavi' la'cnalilt! tut it was not for lonfi, for, as an entry in the registers of the church at Indian N'iliafje shows, in 17(17 the bell and other articles oi the chapel at ^Meductic wen- removi'd to .\ncpac, and in 1777, as proved by the journal of Colonel Allan, the villaf^i' wa." aj^ain occujiied and imjiortant. It was thenceforth inhabited by the Indian.* until 1794, wlien they sold the site of their village, and also i^avagti Island, and removed in a body to In- dian N'illage, when' they have since lived. The Indian Island on which the council chandjor stood was the present Savage Island. .Vucjiac was also called Sah)l Amwn, a name apparently transferred from St. Aiinesroint, and it was taken with them wlu'ii they removi'd to the present Indian \'illage. As applied to Aucpac, it persisted for a time as the name (if Harts Island, which on old plans is called .Sandon (corruption of Sainte Anne) Island. Savage Island is called in Malise<'t, X'cit-iic-O-iliui, or "Old Town,'" while Hart.s Island is Wn-rn-Uxi-.tin, "a fort," and their tradition is that Savage Island wius their original stronghold, but it was Xoo large to di'fend, so they moved to the smaller one. Indian bodies have been founil at Curries Mountain in excavating for the niilroad, showing a burial gromid there. J. — St. Annes Point. There appears to have been an ancient settlement at St. Anries Point on or near where Government IIou,-:e now stands, and an ancient burial place there. The latter is locally believed to have been in the shrub- bery behind the present carriage-house. In 17().j a grant of four acres hero was made to the Indians by the Nova Scotian Government. Cadillac in 1()92 speaks of a Micmac fort at a place called Naxehouac [Niushwaak], but there is no other evidenci- of this. K.— Indian Camps at St. Marys. This considerable settlement opposite Fred- ericton is comparatively modern. The Indians have had no grantor reserva- tion here, but have held a small tract from early in this century simply by occupation. They were probably attracted to the locality through its prox- imity to Fre'dericton. L. — Oromocto. At the mouth of this river, near the bridge, was an Indian burial ground, mentioned by AVard (p. 40), and probably here was an Indian r tirrr^^ tt*" ,»^ JB? 228 UOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA cainj) silc. Tlicrt' is now at <»r()inocto u ii'scrvatioii ami wttU'iiiciit, Imth ninilt'l'll. It is all(i({t'tlu'r jir()l)al)lf tiiai tin- AcaiJian Indians, in nno ideality at least, inailc I'irtojtraplis, the case of Fairy Like, in Nova Scotia, iM'ini^ Wfll Ixnowti and ol'tm dcscriiM'd. Noiliin;^ of tiiis li)ear to have been made by a civilized being, but looked to me like some old Indian lamlmark. The stone, I should judge, wan irregilar, almost round, about four or live feet acro.ss, and varying from one to three feet in thickness. The water wiis very low at the time." M. — Tn ^larston's diary of 178.'), it is said there wa.s an Indian settlement on Salnum River, two miles below the Giwperoau, but I know nothing of it, There must have been many important camp site's about Gnxnd T^ike. N. — Indian Point, on the thoronghfare between Grand and Maqnapit Lakes. An account of this site is given in the Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, VI., tl, and XIII., 84. From the abundance of relics fotind tliere, it must have been a camp site of much im])ortance. The only historical reference to it known to me is a mention of Indians camping back of Mangerville in 1778. (Collections N. B. Hist. Soc, I., ;?L'2. ) The Indians have a favourite camping place just above the village of Gagetown, and, probably, judging from i's situation, this, or some other near it, has been used from very ancient times. O. — It is said by resident.s that there was an old Indian camping ground on ■ a pr)int back of Owen Cory's farm on the Canaan Hiver, south side, about five miles above the North Forks. In a letter of Shirley to Lawrenci? (\. S. .Vrchives, 438) he speaks of "The old Indian town called Naductcek, which is situated at or near the portage between the rivers St. John's and T'atcotyeak," but of this I can find no other mention The small stream below Spoon Id. on the west side is called by the Mali.seets No-dic-Hr, and possibly a village stood (ui the intervale there. P. — Nerepis. At the montli of the Nerepis formerly stood a small fort, whose location and history will be later described. Originally it appears to have been built by the Indian.s, as were those of Meductic and Richiljucto for Villebon, in his diary of i(>96, speaks of the " fort des Sanvages de Nerepisse." Q, — Apohaqui. According to Allison, "There was a large IndiiHi village of some description and of more or less permanent character .... at the junction of the -r « ANONn] HISTOUIC S1TK8 IN NEW HKUNSWKK 229 .Millslrcaiii with tlif Kfimt'licccii.'-iH," as .mIidwm liy tlif pivHcncc uf an Imliiin l)iiiial-(?rciiiM(l, and niiniiTmis liuliaii nlics du;? up tlirrc 'I'liis villap' stiMnl on tin- lowtTor woHdTii annlc iM'tWffii llic two rivtTH. At prcHoiil tlurc is a small niutltTii Malisfi't fncamijuii'iit iii'ar tlu' village I'f A])nliait'tl irii'nularly 1)> llio tndianH. H.— St. John. Champlain (irst fntcrcd St. John llarhonrin KUW, and on the map of the harliour in his narrative a cabin is drawn on Navy Island, and witii it is^iven a letti'r answerinjjtothis descriptioti ; "Cahaiie on sefortilienl Ich sanvanes," Tliis would seem to settle the site of the village even thouf^h Lescarbfit, who visited the harbour two or tiiree yearw later, deserilH-s it an upon a hillock or knoll, lie says, " La ville iVOni'ioinli i aiiisi j'apiielle la ilemeuri' duilit Vhhtinliiii) estoit uii grand eiiclos sur uii tertre ferine'' ile hauls et menus arbrea attachez I'liii contre I'aiitre, el an dedans ])lusieura cabaiies grandes et jietites, rnni^ desiiuelles .stoit auss' lininde (|n'niie halle, on se retiroienl beaucoup de meiiagcs : t't (luanl i\ce||e oi'i ils faisoient la Tabagie, elle estoit tin pen inoindre " (Ilistoire, II., .')70, (''.»). S.— Indiantown. In 1779 an "Indian House" for trade with tiie Indians was establislied here, but I have not found any earlier reference to a camp site or settlement. No doubt, howeviT, it \va.s ai\ important camping place, for it is the lowest good spot for the purpose on the river above the Kails, and wa.s near the portage, later to be descrilx'd,' which, to avoid the Kails, ran across the ridge from Marble Cove to the Ilarboiu-. It is probable there was a cam|)ing ])lace at Mahogany Island, the Indian name for which means " place for clams." There are temporary camping jilaccs at several points along the river, notably Ilampsted, Norton, Hothesay. The Indians own no land at liiose places, but are generally allowed to camj) where they choose. There is an Indian Lake on the Muscjuash which perhaps marks an Indian resort. J. The Petitcodiac-Misse/junsh H^strict, The information I have been able to gather on this district is very scanty, and there must be many important camp and village sites that I have missed. A. — Indian Mountain. This hill is eight miles northwest of Moncton. It is saiil locally to bo so named because the tirst settlers found Indians there when they arrived, but I am told by a resid»Mit there; Wius no regular camp- ing-place there. Possibly it was a centre for hunting cariboo. B. — Salisbury. There is saiil to have been a regular camp-groiuid here. Per- haps it w:i.s at the end of the portage leading to the Wasbailemoac. ■ C. — The Bend. It is said by the Indians there was formerly a camping-ground at Hall's Creek, probably on the site of Moncton. 230 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA D. — Fort Folly. This coiiKidcrable reservatujii is on the Petitcodiac, a mile and a iiaif ab4 an Indian seltlenient near Doi'chester, where Sackville street crosses Palmer Brook, ea.st of the brook and north of the road. He states there was another on the Chapman farm, north of Dorchester, south of the road to Woodhurst. The Indians from both of these settlements afterwards settled on the Fort Folly Reserve (see above, D). uften called the Dorche.^tcr Reserve. G.— Westcock. 1 am told by Mr. Chapman, of Dorchester, there wius formerly an important camping ground on Westcock Brook, with a trail Ix'tween it ami that (in Palmer Brook, near Dorchester. .Vimther was on Allan Brook, near Wodd Point. H. — Midjic. This is said by the Indians to \v,\.w been formerly one of tlieir most important cam])iug grounds. T. — Ctvpe Tormentine. South of this point the map marks JndUm Point, known to be a former camping place. An accoimt of the relics found here has been published by \V. L. (ioodwin, in Canadian Record of Scienci', .Ian., l.SOO. It is said that important settk'ments in tlu' la.«t century existed at Tid- nish and Agamore Heads, in Nova Scotia. Franquet's map, given later in this paper ( !\Ia]i No. 2(i) shows traces of Indian settlement near Bale Verti>, and he mentions the cabins of live or six families of Indians between Fort Gaspereau and Bay Verte. ^^ 4i The Richihucto District. On the small island at Shediae, called finlinn fslamt, are remains of a small fort to be described later ; possibly it was not a French, but an Indian fort. It is said then' were formerly important camping groimds at the mouths of the Shediae and Scatlouc Rivers. There is a small reserve at Shediae not now . occupied. A. — Indian Point, Buctouche. A plan of 1794 marks "Indian Vilhige" jnst west of the point, between it and Mescogones, or Black River. The present Buctouche Settlement and Reserve is about two miles west of feuctouche Village. B. — Richibucto. A lai-ge Indian village and Fort formerly existed on this river. It is first distinctly retVrred to by Denys in 1()72 (p. 17()), who says it stood on the bordi'r of the basin. " Le Capitaine de Rechibouctou ... a sur ( "' I ; 1 ; 1 i ■ , 1„J ..--SEi^sasi^i^saRBai 11 [ganonoJ HISTORIC SITES IN NKW BRUNSWICK 231 le bord dii bassin de cette riviere un Fort fait de pieux assez gros, avec deux formes de biistiuiis, >Sc dans lequol est sa cabaiine & les autres sauvages c;b- aniient autour de luy." The fort is meiUioned also in 1088 by St. Valier. Tiie local tradition is that this village was on hulian Island, just inside the entrance to the harbour on the south. It is, however, possible that it stood on the pres- ent site of the town, and that the Indian Island settlement was later. The present Indian Island settlement is on the mainland, opposite the island. Some charts mark an Imlhtu VlJhuje on the south side of the river, below Kingston, and there is now a large Indian settlement on a reservation at Molus River, known as Big Cove. There must have been many other important villages in this district. 5. The Miramichi District. } ^' A. — Clearwater. An ancient camping ground at the mouth of this stream is mentioned by Bailey in his " Relics of the Stone-Age " (p. 0). Mr. Wm. ]McInnes, of the Canadian Geological Survey, who has examined the place, writes me as follows about it : " In the angle on the left bank of these streams there were to be seen some interesting remains of old defence works, con- sisting of a cellar-like excavation with elevated rim towards the Miramichi, and several smaller shelters of heaped-up large boulders extending down the bank of the river at intervals of fifty yards or so from one another, each capable of concealing two or three men only. There was a mound also about live feet high by eight in diameter, which, through want of any tools, we were unable to properly examine. On the opposite bank of the Clearwater I dug up one large spear-head with several broken arrow-heads of quartz or jasper. These were lying in a stratum of soil and ashes about ten inches below the present surface. All through this layer of ashes, etc., were to be found chips and broken angular pieces of the red jasper." The same locality has been described for me by Mr. John Hayes, of Haycsville, as follows : " At the mouth of the Clearwater . . . is an old camping ground. There have been holes dug in the ground from ten to fifteen feet across, and about six feet deep. I helped to dig some of these holes out, and found a number of stone axes and lots of stone arrow-heads, whose colour is dark red or white. These holes are nearly filled with leaves and other stuff that has collected in theni, but one can tell where they are quite eiisily. They have all been walled up from the bottom with rough stone." It is plain that a most interesting locality here awaits thorough investigation. At the Forks, mouth of Cains River, Indian relics have been foimd, and the locality is most favourable for a camping-ground. B. — Indiantown, at the mouth of the Renous. Probably an old settlement, though I have found no special reference to it. There is a reserve, not now occupied, on the Renous. Several branches of the Miramichi are named for Indians who lived on them, probably at their mouths. Such are Or/ns, TaxiK, Rniou-o, Bartholo- mews, Bamahyii, BuHihoij. (See Phvce-N'omenclatiire, page LSit. ) C— Chalmers, in his Geological Report for 1887, N 31, mentions an old camp-site a few miles above iH'rby .Junction. D.— Red Bank. This a large sett lement on a reservation, and probably an ancient site. It is probably the "old Indian Town " mentioned in 1801 in Coll. N. 15. Sec. II., istm. in. r I diMfa^ri^^i^itei:rt'::l^'«'>'*>w>*-3 232 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA J list. Soc, II., iio. Across the river from it is anotlior at Jndian Point. At I'ijj; Ilok", near the mouth of the Sevogle, is a reserve not occupied. Tliere is also said to have been a campground on the land of Chas. Sargeaiit, above Dotiglastown. E. — Eel Ground, above Newcastle ( in Micmac Nn-ihio-aan), This is at present the second largest Micmac settlement on the Miramichi, on a large reservation. Two miles atjove Strawberry Point on the north side of the river on the shore are said t(j be the remains of an old Indian burial-ground. F. — Burnt Church. This is one of the most ancient and important Micmac set- tlements in this district. In Micmac it is called Es-knn-oo-db-a-dich, and without doubt this is the place called tSL-inoubomlichc in St. Valier's narra- tive of 1(>S8. It was here, .'utes from tho St. John to Quebec were in u.se, unless some ofleied advantages at one time, others at another. Between the heads of the principal rivers were portage paths. Some of these are but a mile or two long — lathers longer. Some of these jiort- ages are still in use and unintluenceil by civilization. A good type is that between Nictor Lake and Xepisiguit Lake, which I have recently seen. The path is but wide enough to allow a man and canoe to pass. Where it is crossed by newly fallen trees the first passer either cuts them out, steps over them, or goes round, as may be easiest, and his example is followed by the next. In this way the exact line of the path is con- stantly changing, though in the main its coui-se is kept. No doubt some of those paths are of great antifiuity. Gesner states' that one of the most used, that between Eel River Lake and North Lake, on tho route from the St. John to the Penobscot, had been used so long that the solid rocks had been worn into furrows by the tread of moccasined feet ; and Kidder^ quotes this and commcKts upon it as probably the most ancient evidence of mankind in New England. A somewhat similar statement is made by * New Brunswick, 89. - Revolutionary Operations, 80, 84. ^ [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 237 Monro' as to tho Misseguash — Baio Vcrte portage. I have seen some- thing very .similar on the old portage path around Indian Falls on tho Nepieiguit, but I am inclined to think it is tho hco-nniled and spiked shoes of the lurabcrraon which have scored these rocks, and not Indian moc- ca.sin8 ; and it is altogether likely that this explanation will apply also to the case mentioned by Gesner, whose over-enthusiastic temperament led him into exaggerated statements. In New Brunswiclc the lines of regular travel seem to have i'oUovved exclusively the rivers and the port- age paths between their heads, and there is no evidence whatever of former extensive trails leading from one locality to another through tho Avoods, such as are well known to have existed in Massachusetts. Tho ditTeronce in tho distribution and navigability of the riversampiy explain this ditTerence. It is not. of course, to bo su])posed that the Indians never departed from these routes ; in their hunting expeditions they und<>ui>t- edly wandered far and wide, and especially in the valleys of the sm:dlcr and navigable brooks. Moreover, they undoubtedly had portages used onl}' on rare occasions, and also at times forced their way over between streams where tliere was no regular route.' but in general the main livers gave them ample facilities for through travel from one part of the ])i'ov- ince to another, and they had no other method. The birch canoe was tho universal vehicle of locomotion to the New Brunswick Indian; it was to him what the pony is to the Indian of the West. The labour of crossing the portages was always severe, but the Indians took, and take, it philosophically, as they do everj-thing that cannot be helped.' While canoe travel in good weather, on full and easy rivers, is altogether charming, it becomes otherwise when low water, long portages ami bad weather prevail. We obtiun vivid pictures of its hardships from the narratives of St. V'alier, and from several of iho Jesuit missionaries.* Since many of the portage paths are still in use by Indians, hunters, and lumbermen, their positions are easy to identify, and many of iljom are marked upon the excellent maps of ihe (Geological Survey. Many others, however, have been long disused, and have been more or less obliterated by settlement, or by roads which follow them,^ and these are ' See Inter page, under Portages, 7 A. = In their liiiiitiiig expoflitions the Indian.s oCteii left tlieir canoes wliero tho portages were long and ditilcult, and constructed new ones of spruce bark for tem- porary use on lakes. Gordon refers to spruce bark canoes (Wilderness Journej'Si page 51), as does Hind (Geological Iteport, p.'ige 153). Other references occur in Thoreau, Maine Wood.s (Ed. 1801, p. 2(X3), and in History of Houlton, p. -lo, .John Gyles, in his narrative (p. 20). .speaks of canoes made of moo.se hide. ^ Allan (U7, 1181, gives a good idea of this. •• See, for instance, Jesuit Relations, xxxvii, 245. ■■■' Whites and Indians, actuated by the same motives, i. e., to lind the shortest and easiest route between two river basins, would naturally run portage i)aths and highway roads over the same course. This was the case with the Eel River-North Lake portage and many others. 238 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA not marked ui)on our recent nia])s, 1 have made a spei'ial cfTort to deter- mine the exact courHos of tliesc portages bef'oie tliey arc lost forever, and whore I have been able to find them by the aid of residents, I have given them on the small maps accompanying this paper, (Maps No. 2-11.) All portages known to me are marked upon the map of New Brunswick, in the Pre-historic or Indian period accompanying this paper (Map No. 12), and their routes of travel arc in red on the same map. The lines show how thoroughly intersected the province was by their loutes. This map does not bj' any moans mark all of the navigable rivers, but only those which formed parts of through routes of travel. The relative import- ance of the routes I have tried to represent by the breadth of the lines, the most important routes having the broadest lines. Many of the most ancient portages had distinct names, but I have not recovered any of these. Kidder gives as the ancient Indian name of the I'^cl Itiver-North Lake Portage, the name Metagmouchchcsh (vari- ously spelled by him), and I have heard that more than one was called simply "The Hunters Portage" by the Indians, possibly to distinguish the less important ones used only in hunting from those of the through routes. When Portages are spoken of at this day they are usually given the name of the place towards which the}' lead ; thus, a [lerson on the Tobique would refer to the portage at the head of that river as the Nepisiguit, or the liathurst Portage, and on the Nepi.siguit, he would speak of it as the Tobique Portage. This usage seems to be old, and perhaps is widespread. Thus Bishop Ple-isis, in his journal of 1812, speaking of the portage between Tracadie and Tabusintac Rivers (the latter leading to Neguac) says (page 1(J9) : "We reached a portage of two miles which the ])eople of Tracadie call the Nigauek Portage, and those of Nigauek the Tracadie Portage." ' The situations of many of the old portages are preserved to us in place names. Thus we have Portage Bridge, at the head of the Misse- guash ; Portage Bank, on the Miramichi, near Boiestown (not on the maps); Portage River, on the Northwest Miramichi, also as a branch of the Tracadie, also west of Point Escuminac, and ahso south of it ; Port- age Brook, on the Nepisiguit, leading to the Upsalquitch ; Portage Lake, between Long and Serpentine Lakes ; Portage Station, on the Inter- colonial Railway. Kingston Creek, at the mouth of the Belleisle, was formerly called Portage Creek. Anagance is the Maliseet word for Port- age ; and Wagan and Wagansis, on the liestigouche and Grand River, are 'Probably Cumberland Bay, on Grand Lake, is another case, as it was on an old route to Cumberland. This same bay is called on the DeMeuUea-Franquelin map of 1680 Pichkotkouet, which seems like a form of the Indian name for the Petitcodiac. Again, on Lake Metapedia, is a river called the Matane, from which, I believe, there was a portage to the Matane. Yet another example may be the name Nipisigouichich, " Little Nepisiguit," applied on the DeMeulles-Franquelin map to the Nictor branch of the Tobique, which does lead to the Nepisiguit. ^^ [flANOSO] HISTOHIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 239 tho Micmac for Portage, and a diminiitivo of it. Portage Island has probably a ditferonl origin, as I have eisowlicro shown.' The word Portage, a.s applied to a road, liowever, by no means implies that there wa.s formerly a portage path in that vicinity ; for it has been adopted by liimbonnen, and is applied by them to the roads over which they haul their supplies to tiie lumber camps, ami in this sense it occurs several times upon our best maps, and is thus uf.cd in some books. Moreover, the first roads built by tho whites between rivers were called Portages ; thus wo have the Avery portage from Nashwaak to the Miramichi, and the Jirown portage, from Shikatehawk to Miramichi. Very iinjiortaiit testimony upon the location of ancient portage- roules is given us not only in the works of Cluimplain, Lescarbot, Denys and others, but especially by the, (for its time) very lino map of Franquolin-DeMeulles of lOSfl, reproduced in tho preceding monograph of this series, page 'MA.' in many eases, it shows portage-routes by connecting the rivers by a continuous lino, as may readily be seen by comparing it with a modern mii}), or with Map. No lli in this paper. The most important of the Indian routes of travel were along the sea-coasts and along the St. John River, and the latter was even more important than the former. I shall accordingly treat it first in detail, and then pass to consider its communication through its branches with the important inhabited basins, tho Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Petit- codiac, Miramichi, llestigouche, St. Lawrence, at the sarao time consider- ing the communication of these basins with one another. I have tried to make the following list complete, and think 1 have missed very few, if any, of the portage routes. The remarkable ease of communication of the St. John Rivor with the other rivers has attracted attention of every writer from Champlain, Lescarbot and Denys down to those of tho present day. It is really a most remarkable fact about this river, that, stretching away through the centre of the great New Brunswick-Maine peninsula as it does, it should send navigable branches into such close and easy communication with every other river system in that peninsula.' 1. AloTKj the St. John. Of all Indian routes of travel in what is now the Province of New Brunswick, tlie most important by far wiis that along the River St. John. This river was, and is, an ideal stream for canoe navigation. It not only luis easy communication with every other river system in tliis and the neigh- 1 Place Nomenclature, page 263. '' Unfortunately the Ottawa copy of this important map, from which the cut in my monograph was made, is full of errors and omits many names, as proven by a copy recently corrected for me by careful comparison with the original in Paris. '^ The physiographic explanation of the fact is, however, plain. It depends upon past change! in our river-systems, by which certain rivers have robbed tho water from the heads of others ; the portage paths follow parts of ancient valleys. 240 ROYAI, SOCIETY OF CANADA hoiiriiin i)rnviiic(s, hut il is in iiHcIf viTV fiiny to travel. Tlimiifili iimsl (if it." coiirsc till' wiitiT is iifvcriiiii low fur p mm 1 ciiiiof niivijriitiiiti, miuI il lias few i':i|)iils mill lull ii sin;;lr \i\v;\\ I'iill. The SI. .Iiiliii rifcs in Miiiiic iiml its liciul wiilcrs iiiii rlm'k with iliusc of llif I'ciKilisci.i. Mini with tilt' I'Ufliciniii ll.iwiii;; iiiln iIm' Si. I.uwniu'c ncur ily obliterated by the biiililiiiiis of the villajre, hut ils exact orijriiial coiii>e is shown on the orijjinal survey plan of the town of Colebrooke i former name of the village). The (irand I'"alls portage, now often spoken of, is simp! > the road from Aroostook to the Falls. From llie Falls lo Tolii(|Ue the river is very swift, and broken by some rajiids re(|uirin;; careful navijralioii : and from Tobi(pie to Woodslock its course is everywhere swifl.biil without rapids of any accouiil. l'"roni Woodslock lo Sprinjrbili, alioxc j'reiU'rii'lon, the currenl is niosliy swifl, and llicrc is (jiie bad rapid, the Mednclic I'alls, but there are many (piiel reaches iind some deadwaler. I'rom Spriiurhiil to the nioulli the lide llows. On the lower pan of I he ri\ir are a lew local ])ortaL'es. .\ii old plan marks ii porlajie across ihe neck al (ia.Ltelown, where tile canal now is. .\iiollier jilaces one belwceii the l'i)per Keyhole on (irand Fake, and Maipiapit Lake, a distance of somewhat less than two miles. .Vnother, of much importance in shorleiiinj; distance on the h'Wfr river, was a much travelled path from I'ortaf^e (now Kiiijistoii) Creek near ^ the nuiiilli of the Uelleisle across to Keiinebccasis, and a road was early made throii<;h here and used in the last contiiiy in iraNcllin;^ with trams on the ice from S|. .John to I'redericlon. The I'lprtajxe is marked on the .Morris maj) of I7(l.'>. and others, and Ihe road is on 1!. ('am[ibeirs of 17SS. At the mouth of the river art Ihe Falls, passable ii-r caiioes but for a few minutes on each tide at slack '\,'ier, iind to avoid these there was a iioriaji^c path across the narrowesi part of he neck from Mai'ble Cove to nearly oppo- site Navy island. This- ])ori.;.'( is shown, lliouj;li crudely, on C'hamplain's iii.i[> of the harbiairof KlOf. an 1 in detail on linu'e"s tine map of the harbour of I7('d, which shows also a portajie from .Mill Cove on the I larbonr across to the Marsh Creek by the route now followed liythe Intercolonial Itailway. and another across Green Head, where the canal now is. On Wilkinson's map Drnry Cove on the Keiinebccasis is markod "Portage,"' which no doubt marks a much used porta or ■ti^iils friiiii nciir llic liri(lt;r mi I,t|irr;iii I'.iisiii uvcr (u the hcail ni' l»i|i|n'r Uiirlmr, II ilisiiini'i' III' less tliiiii two miles. Tlu'sr witc |)ll,<^ ilily fnriiu'r jmr- V,\i|i|ier llailinr, Init 1 '•amiut HikI iliat aii>- iinrlatre |alli went ilii'niij.'li this WAV. Nearl'iiini I,e|ireaii on early I'reiich maiis i- a IInii'i ihi I'lirhii/f, which nil l",n;_'lisli iiiajis is ('(irriiii/i Hiiiln>r i see my I'lace- Nomeiiclatiire. pajje :.'■.'■"> >. ()iiaiinlil plan ni' hel'me I7s4 the name is ap| lied tn hippi r liailiiii-, while mi Wri^rhi's tine map nl' 177:.' it is ;;i\eii in the lirsi CdVe east lit' the pnilil. i'mihtless the name refers til the iisenj'ihe ci.\e as pari ul' the pmta^re rniite. B.— South Oromocto-Lepreau. This was im dmilil an iinimiiurtani rmite used only liy himtiii}; parlies, iie\eras a tliriiiij;h ruiile. It is Uimwii In me nnly i)y its presence on .Malmocrs survey map of |s:;7, w here it occurs as •• Indian I'ortajfe, distance ahoiii L'l miles," running; frmii 'roimiowa nr Cranlni ly Lake to the southern I'lid of South Oroinocto Lake.- The south liraiich of Oroniocto is hard to navijiate hecanse of its low water, and the Lepreau I c- caiise iif its incessant liea\ > rapids tiii., 40. Tlu're was another [lortage of some importance fromtlii' .Map»jj;uadavic tu the Letanjf. from near the south-eastern extremity of Lake rto[)ia. It is described by John Mitcliel in his ^Is. Field Book (now in the libiniry of the Maine Historical .'Society) of his survey fif TassanuKiuuddy in 17(14, as follows : — "The depth of Sd. Cove (i. e. that at the south eastern extremity 1 Aa I have been told by Mr. Tliomas, keeperof tlio Lightliouse, and have myself seen. - It is shown in p.irt on a map in Unlk'tln of the Natural HUtory Society of New Brunswick, No. XVI., page 50. « i»g» a i. V !/4; n iajr-..T.x--; : 242 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA //•' I!) of Lake Utopia, called by him the ' I'oiid') w oGO Ivods aboul ?0> Knds Up Sd. Cove there i.s an Indian Carrying ])liice whii'ii g(jeH a Cross to the Salt Walter these are the Conrses of Sd. Carrying place, viz : N. .'iO, W. oO Kods ; N. 40 Rods ; N. :>7, M'. oO Rods these ('(jurses is tacken from the Salt waller and Runn towards the pond." The portage is marked on Ihe Iledden and Campbell map of 1707 and on several plans. One can easily see where it started near the end of the cove and went over the lowest part of the riilge, entirely in what is now open fields. The portage around the falls at St. George waij a short distance to ihe ea,stward across the narrowest part of the neck. It is marked on the Iledden-Campbell map and menli(jned by Captain Owen in his .lournal of 1771, though he gives it far too great a distance from the falls. Purdy's nia]i of ISU marks a portage "fnmTian of/JZJ I from the IMagaguadavic to the I'iskahegan, but this is no doubt an error, and meant to leatl to the Oromocto. D.— Pokiok-Magaguadavic. Probably not nmch u.sed. The lleddi'U and Camjibell Field-book gives from Mud Lake a " Tortage to R. Pe- knyauk" and the portages between Little ^lagaguadavic and ]\Iud Lakes are fully shown on their map. A plan of 1S127 marks a direct path from Little Magaguadavic Lake to Lake George, and reads, "Indian Road to Lake George, ;> miles," which nuist mean 8 miles. This portage is also mentioned bj- Ward (p. (Ki). E.— Eel River-Chiputneticook. This was one of the most used and important of all the ancient Indian routes of travel in this part of America, for it not only formed the chief route from till' St. .lohn to PassanuKjuoddy, but as well was part of the great route to the Penobscot. This route from the St. John to the Scoo- dic La!es in Maine is fully described' in tlie Journal of Colonel John Allan, who pa.ss'd over it in 1777 with a large company of In- dians, and passed by the Scoodic to Ma- chias. He gives as the Indian name of the Eel River — North Lake portage, ^letagmou- chschesh. It is shown on Allan's map of 17S(), on Rouchette, 18ir>, and on many others since then, andalso on an Indian ^lap of 17!tS.- It wa.s by tliis route John Gyles was brought to New Brunswick in 1(18(1, but his a<'count of it i.s very brief in his narrative. There is some account of it in Bangor Historical Magazine, 1892, 159. The lower part of Eel River, below the present village of Benton, is nn • navigable for canoes because of falls and rapids, which were avoided by the 1 In Kidder's "Revolutionary Operations," pp. 117-123. - In the Library of the Maine Uiatorical Society, Itcproduced in Magazine of American History, XXVI., 204. i ahvval Map No. 2. The Meddctic- Ekl Riveh Portage. From ft plan of 1827 ; x J. "K\ [ganoxg] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 243 Meductic Portagi'. Tliiw starU'd at Moductic Flat and went through the Gully a short distance below ^leductic Fort and Village, and ran to near Benton in a course not very diff<_.tint from the present highway, generally soinewliat north of it. An old plan of it is given herewith (Map No. 2, also No. 5). This Portnge is also mentioned by John Gyles in his nar- rative of 1689. Above Benton the river is very ea.sily navigable, consisting of deadwaters separated by short rapids or falls to the First I.,ake. Thence the portage, about three miles long, runs somewhat to the south of and not far from the course of the present highway across to North Lake. Its direction is well shown on the accompanying map (Map No. 3, also No. 5). It is of this portage that \ '// 1 1 y? ""^ra-^ / Map No. 3. The Eei. River-Chiputneticook Portage, From a plan of 1835 ;' x i. G'sner iia ih'^ solid granite rocks were hollowed by the wear of ages of mojcasined feet, a statement I doubt (see earlier, page 2.'!(i). North Lake i.ipti^s by a thoroughfare into Grand Lake, \vhence starts the portage to the ?»nobf-oot, later to be described (see below '.\ A). In pa.«sing from Grand t ' C'hepneck lake a portiige is necessin ♦^■^ ^id the falls, and this runs from Vad Jjuke, below Forest City, across tiu- neck (map No.. 5). It is mentioned V)'- Allan. The St. Croix is rather diflioult of ; avigation to the buy ; it is much bioken by falls and r.i^.ids inter.'^pei'sec'. between considerable deadwaters. From the Scoodic Lakes ti\ere is a jio -tage to the Machias (see below) and another to the Penob,«cot (li B). In the riiiUe down the St Croix in Cobscook Bay there wa.^^ a portage ^-o Meddyhemps Ijiike, ami Uienc ■ ihe roi'te lay down the Detiys River. This portage is clearly sho'vn on ;i plar drawn by Francis Josej)h, an Indian, and now in ]K)b,«essio:i of il'.e ,\Ii>i). The portage probably started from the stream W.'>nse(hiegan ^^-oj'h-en ' > Colby's .\tlas of Washington Co., Maine). The Indian mop shews ai-> ^ port.ig' to Round Kake, whence a stream leads to the present Peni)an-.ac\ M' •n which is now the to'vn of Pembroke. It '■<'^**')dH 244 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA is no doulit tlio ^Nfi'ddybeinps Lake and Stream, known throngh its use aa a jxirtage route, wliicli is shown on D'Anville's liiie map of 1755; and with the portage made a stream, as is not \mcomm.)n on early maps, it is shown also on the Green-Jofferys map of tlie same year. From the Scoodic Lakes there was a portage to tlie head of the Machias River. The route is mentioned by Allan, who travei-sed it with nnich dith- cuUy in 1777, is on his map of 1780, is shown fully on Kidder's map in iiis " Kevolutionary Operations," and it is elearly shown on a map in Coiby's Atlas of Washington County. It ran from m-ar the eastern end of the lower Scoodic Lake to Pokomoonshine Lake at the head of the Machias. Thi"! Plan urai done m'lh a. Pencil by rrancii Joseph iz^AJuit^ 1798- and the Lines iollotved aftenvarUt untk Ink tts ntarly ai Pdasible R Map No. 4. Tue St. Croix-Cokscook-Maciiias Poiitages. From a map by an Indian in the Lil)rary of the Maine Historical Society ; x J. From Cob.«cook Bay to the ^lachias thert> wixs a route through tlie Lakes in the township of Whiting. It is very clearly shown on the Francis Joseph map of 1708 herewith given (Map No. 4). I 3. Passamaquoddy- Penobscot. A. Grand Lake-Baskahegan. This was a part of the greatly-used route from the St. .lohn to the Penobscot via Eel Kiver (2E). Its course, as given me by two residents, is shown on the accompanying map No. 5, and it is describedbyoneof them,' who knows it thoroughly, as follows : It left Grand Lake at Davenport's cove and ran south west over a considerable hill two and a half miles to Cleaves Landing on the Raskahegan, a mile below the ])resent railway bridge and village. The Biiskahegan is easy of navigation in Mr. D. Oilpatrick, of Danforth, Me. -i.' [ganoxg] IlISTOKIC SITES IN NEW BRUiNSWICK 24S ltd suminor for a canoe. The route is also marked correctly on the map in Kidder's "Revolutionary Operations,'' and also on an Indian map of 1798.1 Tliis route was accurately known at least ivs early as i7(i4, for it is men- tioned in instructions given that year by Governor Bernard of Massachusetts, to Surveyor .Tohn ^litchel. It wiis by this route many of the early settlers of lloulton came from Maine, as related in the Histories of lloulton. On Wilkinson's map a portage is marked from Baskahegan Lake directly lo Pleasant Lake of the Scoodie chain. It is also on Allan's map of 17Sl3. B. -Scoodic-Passadumkeag. map of l.S.V.t. It appeared on Allan's map of 17>S(i, on Bouchette's of ISlo, and others. I have no re- ference to its use, but n(.) doubt such may be found in works on Maine. In Featherstonhaugh a n d Mudge's Report (p. 21) this portage is said to form part of the old Indian route from Quebec to Pas- saniaquoddy. passing up the C'haudiere and the Penobscot and down tiiis river to the Passamaqu(jd- dy, and they state this route was known to Tem- ple in KHkS (p. L'2). 4. St. John- Penobscot. A. Eel Hiver - Chiputneti- cook-Baskahegan. This route, l)y far the most im- portant between tiie two river systems, lias already been described above im- der2 E and .'! A. B.— Aroostook— East Branch The portage is clearly shown on Wilkinson's MaI' Xo. 5. POKTACKS FROM TIIE S T. JOHN TO TOE Penohscot via tiii: Baskahegan. This route ran through the Milnoket lakes tn the East Branch of Penobscot. It is marked on Hubbard. The Aroostook is very easy of navigation. Allagash— Chesuncook. A much travelled ami often described mute; marked on Wilkinson, and marked and described by Hut)bard. it formed also a part of a route from the St. John to the Kennebec. There are other routes between the Allagixsh and Penobscot, all of which are so fully treated by Hubbard, and so much out of the geographical limits of the present paper that no furtiier reference is needed to them here. A modern rout<' of an muisual kind is a canal between Telos Lake on the Alhigash and Webster Pond on the Penobscot. ' In Magazine of American Ulstory, XXV'., 264. 246 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA D.— Baker Lake— North-East Branch Penobscot. Markod on Hubbard and Wilkinson. Between Moonsungan on Aroostook ami Spider Lake on AJlagash was an important route, marked on Wilkinson and Hubbard. This was no doubt the main route from the St. John to the West Branch of Penobscot, and thence to the Kennebec. Between the Little :\Iachias and Upper Eagle Lake of the Eagle Lake chain was a portage, given by Wilkinson. The various portages between the Eagle Lakes and the St. John are all on Wilkinson's map. 5. St. John-Petitcodiac. A.— Alon. The Jesuit Relation of 1059 has " Regibouctou est une belle riviere con- siderable pour le commerce qu'elle a avec les sauvages de la riviere S. John." Denys, 1072, clearly refers tf) the portage, and it was made the boundary of D'Amours Seigniory in 10,S4. It is also shown by a continuous line on the Franqueliti-DelMeulles map of 1080. -Washademoak-Buctouche. I have been told by an Indian chief that there is a portage here 2 or 3 miles long over which he has been, but it seems to be unknown to tlie white residents. Map No, 8. The Richihucto- SaLMON RiVKR PORTA(iK. 7. Petit codinc-Richibucto. -Misseguash-Saie Verte. This was a route of great importance, much used by both Indians and French, and o.'u n 'eferred to in early documents. Thus Franquet tlescribes it fully in his Report BuUetinof the Natural History Society of Now Brunswick, No. V, 23 3 Newipapor articles in tlie " CbigncotoPot," in 1883. '^: 230 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA It is stated by ^lonro in his iirticlo last-mentioned, tliat the route liiially selected for a shij) caniil across the isthmus is in the vieinity of an old Indian trail; there would thus have been a portage route from near llaekmatack Lake, on the Misseguash, through to Tidnish, near its north branch. It is said by the Indians there \va,« formerly a route fntm their eaniji ground near Midgic through to the Aboushagan, which perhaps indicates an old portage route from tlu- head of the Tantramar, (a stream Howing through bogs much as the Missiguash does,) through to the Abonshiigan river; but I have no further information about it. B. — Memramcook-Scadouc. It is said by the Indians there was a portage of three or four miles in length between these rivei ■. A stream at the head of the former river is on some maps called Indian Stream, which shows, no doubt, where the route left the Meniramcook. A route for a canal wa.s surveyed through here in 1842. Ordinarily the Memramcook is navigable for canoes to Calhoun's Mills and the .Scadouc to Smith's Mills, leaving an interval of some eight miles, which would be greatly reduced in times of high water. It hius been supposed by Laverdiere and by Shifter, in their editions of Champlain, that the river Scadouc, or else the Shediac, was that called Sonricona by Champlain in his 1003 narrative, and said by him to form a route to the Bay of Fundy. This, however, is extremely unlikely, for Chain- plain on his map of 1(532 marks a " Riviere par on Ton va X la Haye Fran<,xjise," which is doubtless his Souricoua, and makes it head with Minas Hasin, from which we nmst infer that it was one of the rivers near Tictou. Moreover, Chantplain himself, in speaking of the Souricoua, states that at the entrance is found an island about a league out tf) sea, which by no means fits the Scad(juc, but does fit perfectly the rivers at Pictou. Further, he statt'S that they go up that river two or three days and then cross two or three leagues of land, which account fits far better a river at Pictou than the very small Scadi^uc. I have not been able to settle the point by the testimony of the Micmac names of the rivers near Pictou. C. — Fetitcodiac -Shediac. The only reference to this portage known to me is in a document of I75() given by Rameau de St. Pere,' which reads : " De Chedaique a la riviere Pecoudiak, c'est un portage de six lieues et beau chemin." It is marked on Montresor's map of 1708, and stated to be six leagues in length. Between the different rivers of the Richibucto System (i. e., from Escuminac to Tormentine) there was a very easy route along the sea-coast. The low sandy shores everywhere make landing from canoes easy and safe, while an occasional portage over narrow necks of sand allows long stretches to be made through lagoons and inside sandy islands. It was along this rout* that (iamaliel Smethurst travelled in 1701 from Bathurst to Bay Verte, and his " Narrative " gives a vivid picture of some of the ditticulties of such travel. D. — Shemogue-Baie Verte. A portagi' from the head of tide on Shemogue to Bay A'erte is mentioned lus part of a regular route in the Parkman ;\IS. (New France, I., 205). Smethurst in 17()7 was taken across country from near Shemogue to Bay Verte. A six-mile pc^rtage would piu«s over a level country, and cut off a long distance around Cape Tormentine. Vne Colonie fi'od.ilo, ir„ 37:i. [ganong] IIISTOKIC SITES IN KEW BRUNSWICK 2S1 8. St. John-Miramichi. A.—Gaspereau-Cains River. This was a roiitc of considorablo importance. Its oxai't courso as {jivcii mo by a rcsiiloiit ' is sliown on tlic acpompanyiiig map No. 9. JJotli (ias[K'reau and Cains Hivor, like otlions in the Carbonif- erous area of Now Urnnswick, arc oasy of navigation because of their slight fall and smoothness of current. The portage, six miles long, pa.«ses over a nearly level country. The route is mentioned by Menjamin >hirston (who travelled over it) in his valuable MS. Diary of ITSo''; is marked imper- fectly on Purdy's map o' 1815, Bouchette of 181o, Bonnor of 1820, Baillie and Kendall of LS.'W, andelsewhere. This is no doubt the portage between Salmon Hiver and Miramichi mentioned in the " Notitia of New Brunswick," page 110. Possibly there wa.s some route from Cains Kiver or Black Brook to Barnabys Kiver, for the name of a branch of the latter, Semiwagan, is in 'M'lcmac Say-moo-mik-iDi- tik, strongly suggestive oio-u-nk-u)), "a port- age." This is strongly confirmed by the Franquelin-DeIMeullesmai)of 1086, the origi- nal of which in I'aris '' shows a continuous line between what is apparently the Little Semi- wagan and Black Brook. An apparent por- tage route on this map in the angle between the Renous, Main South-west and Little South-west ^Nliramicbi, I am unable to locate. B.— Nashwaak-South-west Miramichi. This w'a.s a long but very important portage run- ning from near Cross Creek to above Boies- town. As mapped and described for me by a resident,'' it started about a mile north of Na«hwaak Bridge Post oHice, followed Cross Creek to about Budagan Brook, thence followed the course of the present railroad to beyond tlie Clearwater, whence it followed the course of the present highway road to within two miles of Boiestown, whence it turned directly to the river, reaching it at Portage Bank, two miles above Boiestown. This is no doubt the course of the first Portage road, which in the main must have followed the Indian trail ; though probably in high water the Indian route went up Cross Creek as far as Budagan Brook, and thence possibly into the Taxis. The name Budagan (on the Geological, not on Loggie's map) suggests a connection with the Micmac ok-un, part of o-wok-tit>, a portage, w Inch is strengtliened by its occurrence on another portage rout^, the Napudogan (8 C). This route is sliown imperfectly on Purdy's map of 1814, on Bouchette, 1815, Bonnor, 1820, and on Baillie & Kendall of 18.S2, who give its length as 1 Mr. Isaac Iturpee, of Oaspereau. 3 In posaession of Bev.W. 0. Baymond. See earlier, page 239. * Mr. John Hayes, of HayetTille. 9coU / V \A v) \ >^/v^ ^ f/V Jp'' '^y J %\^ s ^\J V §'1 , 11/ p^ '1 . 1 1 Map No. 9. TheGaspereau- Cains River Portage. 262 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA twenty niilcH. As tliis was tho iiiittiral route fnmi Fredi'rictnn to the ppttle- iiionts on the Miniiiiiclii, i\ road was litiilt between the two rivers soon after t lie Province was foiuuled, and an attempt was made to settle disbanded soldiers along it, with but indifferent success. Tho Nashwaak is easily navigable to the portage, as is the Miraniiehi. C. — Napudogan-Miramichi Lake. A p.>rtage of throe niilos connected these waters. It is no doubt the route referred toby Morris on his map of 1784 as " oidy three miles poilage between the head of this river and the south- western ))rancli of the Hivor Miramichi." Munro in bis ri'port of 17S,"> also refers to it, though obscurely. It is marked on Haillic and Kendall, 1S:12, and is mentioned in liaillie's "New lirunswick." On nouchelte, 18.'!1, this and the preceding are confounded. It is referred to also in Vivian's "Wanderings in Western Land" (i)age()7). Munro refers obscurely to a |)ortagt! between the N'ashwaak and the Keswick, l)Ut I know nothing of such a portage. There may, liowever, have been a portage from the Becaguimec to the Nacawicac. for wheri' the wateri? approach very near to one another, the branch of the former is called Indian I>rook and Lake. D.— Shikatehawk-Miramichi. This routi- involved a long jtortage, some liftecn miles. Its coursi' as giveji me by a residi'ut ' is as follows ; From t lie St. John River it followed the valley of the Little Sliikateliawk, an unnavigablo stream, to about the iireseiittiordonville, whence it followed about the cf)Ui'se of the jiresent highway road, which crosses it several tinu's, through (ilass- ville, Highland and Argyle to Foreston, lo miles from the mouth of the Little Sliikateliawk. From Foreston the South Branch of the Miraniidii is navigable to the main river, about fifieen miles. This was, and is, the shortest and easiest route between the two rivers.- This is marked as an "Indian Portage" on I'urdy, 1814, and it is also on Bouchette of 181o, and on Baillie it Kendall of 18.")2 ; and it is mentioned by Cooney. The same resident tells me there is an old portage road from the Odell to the Falls on the North Branch .Miramichi, 17 miles above the Forks, and that from the head of the Deadwater on the Miramichi to the Wajiske- hegan are numerous portage roads used by lumbernien. T have no informa- tion as to whether there wiis an ancient Indian route through here, but it is e.Ktremely probable there was ii route usi'd by hunting parties. E.— Long Lake (^Tobique) to Little Southwest Miramichi Lake. This was a little-useil jiortage of some eight miles, fully describi'd by Hind, in his tieological Report (page 152). Both lakes are very ditlicult to reach, how- ever, on account of the very numerous falls and rapids on the streams leading from them, and hence this was probably never a through route, but only a hunter's route ; indeed it is called by the Indians, "The Hunter's portage." It must have been well-known to DeMeulles, for on the line DeMeulles- Franquelin map of l(i8(j, thi' lakes are shown with fair accuracy in about their proper relative positions, far Ix-tter indeed than upon any other map for over a hundred and fifty years. This portagi' is referred to obscurely by Munro in his Report of 1783, and it is obscurely marked upon Bouchette's map of 1831. 1 Mr. John MiUer of OlaasviUe. > In tracing this route ou a modern map, that of the Geological Hurrcy should bo used, as the Toada are incorrectly laid down on Loggie'a Map. [OANONO] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 2B3 Lon}{ Lake la but one ui si-vcriil at the licad "f the soutlicrii l)iain'li of Tubi(iiu', all f)f whifli ariH'oiiiu'i'ttMl with om- aimthiT by portages slmwii fully on the map of the (ioolugical Survey, and described by Hind and, in"i)art, by Gordon. 9. Richibucto- Miramichi. -Along the Sea-Coast. This no doubt was much used, enpocially by those goinj; towards Miscou and Shii)pefjan, who proljaljly used the Kel Kiver — I'ortage River (!( (J) route to avoid IViint Kscuniinae, which is liable to very heavy winds from the North. Those going to Miramichi Kiver would no doubt take the Portage River —Bay du Vin route (!) B). It is stati'd by Denys in Itui.' (170) that a river on the right as you enter the I{ichibuct(j hits connuiniication with Miramichi, anil also later, in siieaking of the Miramichi, he states that a branch goes towards Richibucto. The l\ivi>r on the left must be tlu' Aldouane, but of coui-se it has no such ])ossil)ility and he must liave confused it with the passage through the lagoons to the beginning of the next mentioned route (!• V>). 1 N Map No. 10. Thk Bay uu ViN-KoucniBorauAc Poktaoe. -Bay du Vin-Portage River. According t<3 tradition this wa.« a very im- ])ortant route in early times for both Indians and French. Its course as mapped for nu' by ]Mr. D. Lewis of Escuminac is shown ui)on the accom[)any- iiig map No. 10, and Mr. Lewis describes it as follows : The route ran up the Bay du Yin River three miles, turned up (iulliver's brook four miles, whicli brought the traveller to within two or three liundred yards of the Two Mile Brook, emptying into (irand or Eel Kiver, up Grand River two miles to Juniper Brook, up Juniper Brook to the lakes at its head, across those lakes to others on the North Branch of Portage River and down this to Kouchibouguac Bay. The country through wliich the route passes is a 'mam 2B4 ROYAL 80CIKTY OF CANADA prciit Icvil pciU i)l;iiii, willi iiiiuiy sniuU lukcH, and the strciuiiH have littl« full. AFidwityiif (lie roiitcis ii ])iiii'{?ro^(\ ciilli'ti "Cuffcc If-liimi," ii fuvoiirito cnriipitin I'lin't' fi)r triivcllcrs. Tliis roulv liaHlu'cn used In tlic Iiidiuiis witliin tlic memory of Mr. Li-win, and tnidition siiyx il wiw tlie rcfjuhir nm ' - the I'Vcncli from Miriimi<'lii to lioaiisejoiir. The route is clearly slinwii on liie Kiiuunielin-DeMeullc.xinai) by ilic con- timioiiH Mm- used on it to show portage routes. It is jK-riiaps this route to which Denys, in Issis in lsI2 (Journal, HUM. There appear to have been other portages from Tabusintacto Miramiehi, for on the former river on a large plan a " portable brook " is marked just below Stymest's Millstream. There was also probably a]iorta).;e from the upper rokemoiiche tu the (iiuspereau creek, for an old i)lan names the small creek (a mile east of Mattampeck on the south) formiufj the eiL-'teiii bounilary of the Indian Reserve Wuginrhitch, i.e. O-irtik-uii-rltich, "little portage." It is mentioned in Perley's report of 1S41. It is stated in Slafter's Champlain tluit there was a portage from Traeadie tu Bass Iviver, but probably this is an error. Karly plans of Sbippegan Island name the large cove south-west of the present Pandora Point, Piwlngi- Cure or Portage Bdy, but this probably baa reference to an early " Portage road," througli the interior of the island to .Memek Bay. B.— Portage River-Gordon Brook. This was a much useil route. It leads from Portiige lliver into (cordon Brook, which is called by the Micmacs 0-wok-iin, "a portage." This brook, tbo\igh rough at its mouth, affords fairly easy canoe travi-l for somo fourteen miles to the portage. A road probably fol- lowing nearly the course of the portage is shown on Wilkinson's map, and it is known to residents of the Miramiehi though now abandoned.' The l)ortage is mentioned by Denys in 1()72 (183). LeClercq, in 1G77, inei.i'ons two routes from Xepisiguit to Miramiehi, a longer, which was probably this, and a shorter, leading through the woods from near the "Sauk drs Loiips murliix" (probably Pabineau Falls) directly through the woods, used apparently only in winter and traversed on snowshoes. By this he went himself to Denys' Fort, (probably near Neguac) in winter, suffering great hardships. Above Bald Mountain, on the Nepisiguit, is a valley called Emerys Gulch, extending south six miles to the North-west Miramiehi. A winter portage road now follows it. Probably it was anciently used as a portage route, but I can find no record of it. In Dashwood's " Chiploqnorgan," an account is given of his pa.«.«age from the Nepisiguit, near the Main South Branch, through to lakes on tlie Sevogle, but this could not have been a regular route. No doubt the Indians often struck away througlv the woods regardless of portages, leaving tlii'ir canoes, as in tins case. 1 A branch of it is said to haro run from near the north branch of the Portage BiTer to th« Narrowi, and overthia Sir Edmund Head passed about fifty years ago. ^f 2S6 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 12. St. John-Restiijouche. A.— Graud River-Wagan. This was tlio most travollpd of all rontos across the I'roviiicc. The (Jraiid liivcr is easy of navi}:^ation up to tho Wagansis (i. o., Little Waj^aui, up which canoes could he taken for some two miles. A level portajje of two or throe miles k'ads into the Wagan Olicniac O-wrik-iin, "a portnije") a muddy, winding brook, which (lows into the Re-:-(i- gouche, which to its mouth is a swift hut smooth-flowing stream, unbroken by a fall, and almost without rapids. The total fall from the jiortage is not over ")()() feet, and hence it is far easier to a.sceiul than the Nej)isiguit, and con.«cquently was^ the main route across from Bay Chalenr to the St. John. For the upper waters of the St. .hihn a route from tlu' mouth of the Nejjisi- guit Ijy Bay Chaieur to the Ht'stigouche and thence to the St. John would be both considerably shorter and much easier than by the Nepisiguit- Tobique route. This portage is marked on Rouehette, 1815, Bonner, 1S20, Lockwootl, 182(5, Wilkinson, l^oS), and the Cioological Survey Map. On Van Yelden's origii>al survey maj) of the Kestigouche, 17S0, a " Carrying-place across the highlands." about nine miles, is given, doubtlei^s a portage directly from Wagan totirand Rivi'r. This route wa.'^ taken by Plessis in 1S12, i Journal, L'07), by Ciordon (p. 215), wlio fully describes it, and by many others. It is said in ]Mc(iregor's British America, 1833 (IL, (iC), that the courier then travelled uj) this river with mails for New Brunswick and Canada, evidently by this route. Formerly the alders which blocked the Wagan and Wagansis were kept cut out by travellers, and even by workmen paid by the Provincial (iovernmcMit (as I have been told), liut since a road has been cut within a few years from the St. John directly throusxh to the IJestigouche at the mouth of the Wagan, this route is no longer used, and probably is now ] tract ically imi)a.s.sible. B. — Green River-Kedgwick. This portitgrc is marked, an old and new path, on the ni!ii)s of the (icological Survey, running from the I'emouit branch of (ireen River, si.x miles acro.ss to the southwest branch of the Kedgwick. Tioth rivers an' dinicult of navigation because of their swift currents and rapids. The route must have been u.sed only by hunters, as it is too difficult and roundabout to be used as a through route. It is referred to obscuri'ly by Jlutiro in 1783. There is said to be a portage path from the northwest branch of Upsal- (piitch directly across to the Nict(.ir branch (jf Tobique, but I have been able to obtain no information about it, It must be long, ditlicuii and very rarely used. The Restigouche can also be reached from the Si. ,Iohn by the Nictor-Nepisiguit route (10 A) and the Nepisiguit-l'i»salquitch route, to be described below (1.'! B), but this would not be used as a direct route. 13. Nepisiguit- Restigouche. A. — \Iong the Sea-coast. This route is safe for canoes, for landing is every- where ea«y, and doubtless it was greatly usetl. B. — Nopisiguit-Upsalquitch. Though not a part of a through route, this portiige wius no doubt much used by Imnting parties. Up to Portage Brook the Nepisiguit is very difficult of navigation ; Portiige Brook is fairly easy up [GANOXG I HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 257 tci tlic portage, wliifli i;; abmit tlircc miles long, and by an easy path leads to rpsahinitch Lake. From the lake to it.- mouth the rpsakpiiteh is rapid, and with several fall.-, and tlnis diflicidt of navigation. The portage is marked on the (.ieological .'Purvey ,"\Iai). Wightmaii, in 1,S,"><) (Boundary Blue-book of 1840). passed from Ne])isi- gnit to I'jjsalqniteh, and thenee api)areiitly to .Tacquet River, showing a portage between those rivei-s. Returning, he came up ^liddle liiver and thenee to I psal([uiteh, but his exact route is not stated. On the I'eters survey maj) of ls;>2 is marked a " Tattagoneh Portage Brook: Tattagoneh Lake about 15 miles," but apjilied wrongly to the I'p.salquitch I'ortage Brook, which in turn is confused with Third I'orks Brook. Probably the Tattagoneh Portage Brook was really I'orty-mile Brook, ami there was a hunter's portage between it and Tattagoucli L;ike. 1.'^.. Rcstlgouche-St. Lawrence. A. — Metapedia-Matane. There appear to liave been two routes between tliese rivers. Wilkinson's Map has on the Ciisaupscul, " Has a portagv to Matane." Bouehi'tte. on his nuq) of ISIil, iiiarks a portage from .Metapedia Lake to Riviere Blanche, which is perhaps an error for the Matane. Bonchette also refers in his Topograjjhical Dictionary to a portage direct from the lake to the St. Lawrence. This route is mentioned by .b'tis Lake. Bellin, in his " Hemanjues sur la Carte " of IT'w, says that one can go by the Metis to the St. John. This might be ]iossible by tlu" Mistigougeche, Kedgwiek Lake, Kedgwick and (iri'i-n River \V1 Bi, by a fairly direct, but very dillicult route, and also easily by the l'atai>edia, Resligouche and aili'y and Mclnnes' Report of ISSS, M, 22. It is over a [mile in length, between tlie lakes at the extreme heads of those rivers. 1'). St. tlohn-Sf. Lawrence. 1^ ii A. — Touladi-Trois Pistoles. This was one of the principal routes from the St. John to tjui'bec. It led through Lake Temiscouata by thi' Touladi Kiver to Lac des Aigles, thence to Lac des Islets, thence by a short portage path to the Boisbonscache River and down the Trois Pistoles. This route is described in Bailey and Mclnnes' tieological Report of ISSS, M, pages 20, 2S, 29, where it is called " one of the main highways between the St. .John River and the St. Lawrence." B. — Ashberish-Trois Pistoles. Another route from Temiscouata to Trois Pistoles was by way of the Ashberisb Rivi'r. This portage is tnarked on Bouchettc, 1831, and is mentioned by him in his Topograpiiical Dictionary, iMHi 258 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA and by Bailey in his " St. John River " (page 48). It was by either this or tlie last-mentioned route that Ca])tain I'ote was taken to Quebec in 1745, as lie deserihes in his Journal, but the description is not clear as to which route was followed. The compass directions and the portages and lakes mentioned by him would rather indicate the Ashberish route, though the editor of the Juurnal sends him by the Lac des Aigles. This route is shown on the I'ranfiuelin-DeMeiilles Ma]) of 1()8(>,' with the continuous line used on that map for ])ortage routes, and it is probalily this route that is marked on IJi'llin of 1744, and on many following him. C. — Temiscouata-Biviere du Loup. As early as 1 740 a portage path was pro- jtete'l along this route where now runs life highway / A document of 1(41) (Quebec ]Ms. IV., I.ri) reads, " Xous drmnons i ordres necessaircs pour faire pratiquer un chemin ou sentier d'environ "> pieds dans le portage depuis la Riviere du Loup a 40 lieues audessons de Quebec jusques au Lac Temisquata d'ou Ton va en canot par la riviere St. Jean jusqu' a Beau- ba.«sin, et ce pour faciliter la communication avec I'Escadre et pour y faire jiasser quelques detachement de francois et sauvages s'il est necessaire." Whether or not this path was made wo do not know. In 17(11 this route was examined by Captain Peach (as a map in the I'ublic Record OHice shows), and about 1785, a road was cut along it as a part of the post route from Quebec to Xova Scotia. From that time to tlie present it has been much travelled, and is often referred to in documents and books. D.— St. Francis-Riviere du Loup. The exact course of this portage I hnve not been able to locate, but it probably ran from Lak*^ Pohenegamook to some of the lakes on the LaFourche branch of the Riviere du Loup. The Indian name of the St. Francis, Pfirh-nn-i'r-ijmi-Hk means the Long Portage (Pcfc/i, long, oo-zif-flriui, a portage, ((A-, locative). The first recorded use of this portage is in LeClercq in his " l-^tablissement de la Foi." Tie states that about 1024, Recollet missionaries came to Acadia from Acquitaine, and thence went to Quebec in canoes by the River Loup with two French- men and five Indians. It is fir.«t shown roughly on a manuscript map of 1688," very clearly on Rellin, of 1744, anil on several others following him, and on Bouchette of 1815. It is mention' J in a document of 17(X) (Quebec Ms. V. S48) as four leagues in length. It was by this route St. Valier came from Quebec to Acadia in l(j8() or 1087, and a very detailed account of the diffictilties of the voyage is given in his narrative He states that he travelled a short distance on tlie Riviere du Loup and Riviere des Branches and a long distance on the St. Francis. This route he describes a? shorter but harder than that ordinarily used. On the unpublished DeRozier map of 1(509, two portages are shown in this region, one from some branch tf what is apparently the St. Francis to the Trois Pistoles, and one from an<;ther river to the westward of the St. Francis, I Tho lake emptying nortliwcat and joined to two la)(C8 flowing into Lake Modaoimsca on thii map (copy in these Tranaactioni, new Beries, III., sect. II., 364) is called Trois Piatolea in tho original, thoiiRh the name is oniittod on this copy. I have j)ointed out in the above-mentioned paper the remarkaliln and cartogrophically-important error on that map by which IheToblque (Negoot) is made to empty into Lake Tcmiscouatu where the Touladi really enters. This error produced a profound distortion of thn maps of this region for considerably over a century. It is possible that the error arose by a confusion of the Indian name of tho lake on the Touladi (Abagusquash, on Bouchette, 1831) with Nipisigouichich, applied to the Niotor branch of Tobiiiue. a Cartography of New Brunswick, 360. "t [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 289 perhaps from Lac do I'Est, to t'le Riviere du Loup, but they are giveu too inaccurately to admit oi identilication. Between the Temiscouata and St. Francis biusins are several portages ; one from Long Lake at the head of the Cabano to the .St. Franci.«, and another from Long Lake to Baker Lake ; and there are other minor ones, all marked on the Cieological Survey map. B.— Black River-Ouelle. On some early maps, such as Belliii, 174-J, the Quelle is made to head with a branch of the St. John, which can be only the Black River. The Morris map of 1740 marks a portage from t hi' St. John to the Ouelle, and has this statement: " Expresses have passed in seven days by these Rivers from Chiegnecto to Quebec." The exact route of this portage 1 have not been able to deU-rmine. P.— North-West Branch-Riviere du Sud. This portage is first referred to in a letter of KlS.i from Denonville to the Minister : ' " Je joins a cette carte un petit dessin du chemin le plus court pour se rendre d'icy en liuict jours de temps an Port Royal en Acadie, par une riviere que Ton nonnne du Sud et qui n'est qn'a huict ou dix lieues au dessous de Quebec. On le ramonte environ dix lieues et par un portage de trois lieues on tombe dans celli' de St. Jean qui entre dans la baye du Port Royal." This is probably the Grand Portage referred to by Ward Chipman in one of his lettens of the last century. P. — St. John-Lake Etchemin. Portages between these rivers are nienti<)ned by Bouchette, under " Etchemin " in his Topographical Dictionary. The river received its name from its use by the Elcliemins (Maliseets and Penobscots) as a route to Quebec. II.— THE PERIOD OF PLXPLORATION. 1. Routes of Cartier and of Ciiampi.ain. Of the many explorers of the eastern coast of Canada prior to Cartier, no one is known to have reached the shores of New IJrunswick, though there is no doubt that some one of them gave the name Bay of Fundy. This Province, therefore, in this period had but two expk)rei'8, both of whom, however, have left ample records of their voyages. One was Cartier, who first made known onr North Shore, and the other was Champlain, who did the same for the Bay of Fundy. In fact, it ma}' bo claimed that these two arc New Brunswick's only early explorers, the only men sent out for the distinct purpose of making discovery and properly recording their results in maps and reports. An exception should, however, bo made for DeMeulles, who, in 1685-l(]8b*, made a voyage of inspection and exploration to Acadia, which resulted in a Report,^ and especially in the fine Franquclin-DeMeulles map, which did for the interior what Cartier and Champlain had done for the coasts. I Qiioliec Mb. I, 34(i. This Report I have tried in vain to trace. It is not with the original map in the Archives du Depot des Cartes de la Marine in Paris. ■■«■ Ijlpl 260 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA There were, of course, many others who explored small areas, particularly the Jesuit and JJeeollet missionaries and later surveyoi-s, and there are many majja showing explorations of which we have no other record.' But usually tliese later explorations were incidental to some other object, and tlie records are scanty ; and they may best be considered along with the periods to which chronologically they belong. Cartier's course, in 153-i, along our North Shore, has been fully traced in several Memoii-s, and is summarized in the preceding Mono- graph of this series (335-386). It is shown also on the accompanying Map No. 39. This voyage touches our present subject only in connec- tion with the identity of the places mentioned or named by him, and for New Brunswick these were very few. His Baijc (le Sainct Lunaire was the head of Northumberland Strait. His "triangular bay all i-anged with sands" was Miramichi Bay. Ilis Cap d'Espirance (Capo of Hope) was our North Point of xMiscou Island. His Bayp dc Chaleur was the present bay of that name. The other names contained on maps reflecting his voyage, but not in his narrative, are discussed in the preceding Monograph already referi-ed to. It is hold by DeCosta (Magazine of American History, IX., 1883) that it is probable the St. John Eiver was descended in 1569 by David Ingram, an EiiglLsh sailor put ashore two j-ears before in the Gulf of M(!xico. Ingram's nairative, as given by DeCosta, is, in part, as follows : " After long travell the albresaidc David Ingram with his two companions Browne and Twid came to the head of a liiver called (iugida [Garinda] {sic) which is 60 leagues west from Cape Britton wher they understode by the i^eojile of that Cuntiio of the arivall of a chris- tian wheruppon they made ther I'cpaire to the soa-sido and then found a Frenche Captaine named Monsi'. Champaigne who tooko them into his shipp and brought them unto Ncwhaven and from thence they weare transported into I"]ngland, Annodni 1569. Thro Monsr. Champaigne with diverse of his Companions weare brought into the village of Barimah [Bariniah] {sic) about 120 miles up into the Cuntrey by the said examinato [i. e., Ingram] {sic) and his 2 companions by whose meanes he had a trade ■ ith the people of diverse sorts of line furres and of great red leaves of trees almost a yarde long and about a foote broad which he thinck are good for dyeing. Also the said Monsr. Champaigne had ther for exchange of trifoling wares a good quantitio of rude and unwrought [wrought] {sic) sylver." DeCosta thinks the Gugida a form of Ouigoudi, and hence the St. John ; but here he is in error, for Ouigoudi was not the name of the St. John. His other evidence is scanty and conflicting, so that it is not ' As in the fine Survey Map of 1754, given in tlie preceding Monograph, page 376. ^^ [ ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 261 possible at present to decide upon this subjecl, and it must remain with the probabilities against Ingram having descended the St. John. Champlain, in his narrative of his voyage to Canada in 1603, mentions in the present New Brunswick, Tregate, Misamichi/, whose identity is plain, and also a river Souricoua, which has been supposed to represent either the Shcdiac or the Scadouc, but which I have already (page 250) given reasons for believing is a river near Pictou. It is possible that the location of the legend of the Gougou (chapter XIII.) is Miscou Island. In his voyage to Acadia in 1604, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and coasted to Minas Basin, then coasted past (Jape Chignecto to the New Brunswick coast. The identity of the places described and named by him in New Brunswick has already been in part discussed in the preced- ing monograph (page 349), and in summary, with a few new points, is as follows : -B. St. Louis, on his maps (no doubt the '■ petite rivii^re " of his narrative) was Vaughans Creek, at St. Martins; it probably exists corrupted in Point St. Tooley, the eastern headland of Quaco Harbor. That it was Vaughans Creek, and not the other stream at Quaco, is shown partly by the position of the name R. S. Louis, on the 1612 map, and partly by the fact that the name St. Tooley is attached to the eastern, and not the western headland.' Ille perdue, on the maps only, was probably the small island at Quaco Head. The " cap assez has, qui avance a la mer," of his narrative, is no doubt Quaco Head, which is low at its extremity. The mountain, " un peu dans les terres . . . qui a la forme d'un chapeau de Cardinal," is no doubt Porcupine Mountain, in the Mount Theobald district, which has, as seen from the hills near Quaco, a symmetrical form, with steep sides and a flattened top, answering very well to the shape given in pictures for a cardinal's hat.'' The "pointe de rocher qui avance un peu vers Veau," four leagues lo the southwest, where there were strong and very ilangci-ous tides, Avas no doubt the present McCoy Head ; and it was this point which is called Cap de Jfine on his maps, for near it they found a cove about half a league in circuit containing a mine of iron. This mine was probably at West Beach, between Capo Spencer and Black River, where iron occurs in the cUrt(sl The beautiful bay containing three islands and a rock was at the mouth of the St. John. Of the islands, the two at a league from the cape making to the west, were of course Mohogany and Thumb Cap, and that at the south of the i-iver was Partridge Island ; while the rock was ' On the James I. Map of 1610, showing clearly Champlain's voyage, there is one iidditional name, C. lionde, further up the Bay of Fundy, near Mathews Head, to which, indeed, it was probably applied from a distance. " Slafter and others name this Mount Theobald, but this is merely the name of a district, and the mountain itself is locally called Porcupine Mountain. 3 As Dr. G. F. Matthew tells me. 262 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA probably the Shag Kocks, though his map of the harbonralso shows locks near Red Head. C. rouge, on his map, but not in the narrative, was probably Ked Head, a conspicuous landmark. His Riviere S. lean still bears that name, translated to St. John. But Charaplain Avas without doubt in error in stating that the river was called by the Indians Ouygoudi, for this is their name for a village site, as elsewhere explained'. Cap St. Jean, of his map, not mentioned in the narrative, is probably Negro Head. Isles aux Margos of the narrative were, of course, the Wolves. Manthane was Grand Manan. Le riviere des Etchemins was the St. Croix. LHsle Saincte Croix was the present Dochet Island. Port aux Coquitles of the map was the present Head Harbor. Isle gravee of the map was no doubt the present White Head Island. Illes imuelles, of the map, applied probably to some of the islands near Letite Passage, though possibly to the Wolves. The meanings and further history of these names may be found discussed under their modern equivalents in my "Place-nomenclature."' The location of the settlement made by DeMonts and Champlain in 1604 will be discussed in the next section. III.— THE ACADIAN PERIOD. This clearly marked and interesting period of our history began with the settlement of DeMonts and Champlain at St. Croix Island in 1604, and closed with the coming of the New England settlers after 1760. It has been treated fully by Mr. Hannay in his History of Acadia, though not with much attention to it from our present point Of view. Striking events in the history of the P'oris of La Tour at St. John, of Cumberland and Gaspercau, together with others in Nova Scotia, ai'e sketched by Boui inot in his " Some Old Forts by the Sea," in these Transactions, Vol. \ . The many forts built in this period, and the widely scattered settlements, and the interesting and little known seigniorial grants make it rich in historic sites. 1. Settlements and Forts. 1. The Passamaquoddi' District. A.— DeMonts and Champlain on St. Croix Island, 1604-1605. The history of this part of America begins with the settlement by Champlain and DciMonts on St. Croix, now Docliet Island, in the winter of 1004-1005. A very full account of this settlement, illustrated by a map (No. 13) and a ' Place-Nomenclature, 26i). [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 263 binl's-uyt' view, luw beou left \\h by Cliaiiipluin : ami following him, it haa often bi'L'iKlt'scribc'il by local historians. I'olitically Ituchot Island is now a part of Maini", but historically it btiloiigs to ancient Acailia, whose heir waa Nova Scotia and latt'r, in this part, New lirunswick. The situation of St. ("roix Island is perfectly well known, and there is not the sli|xhtcst qnestion as to its itlentity ; Chaniplain's map alone, if all other evidence failed, would locate it with absolute certainty. Late in the last century remains of the buildings were found in explorations made to settle the identity of the island in connection with the (piestion of the identity of the St. Croix i.if the boundary tUsputes, but every traco of these ruins has long since disappeared. lUit as to the exact site of the settlement on the island, and tlie changes that have occurred in the island itself since Di'lVhjnts' settlement, there is some error prevalent. The place is of such great historic interest that some examination of these (piestions will be of value, lK)chet Island, the Mi; Sain ft e Crol.r of Champlain, lies in the St. Croix river opposite the village of Red Heach, Maine. It is a small island of less than 400 yards long and a little over 100 yarils wide, with an area of about six acres, (see Map No. l.j). It is highest along the western shore, which is [)recipitous, rocky, wooded with small trees, and some forty feet high, the highest point on the island, at X on map No. 15, not exceeding 50 feet. It slopes down to sea level towards the west. At the lower end is a high ter- race of sand and clay ending in steep bluffs, beyond which are two densely wooded isolated knolls. Near its highest part are the several buildings of a I'nited States Light Station, where lives the light-keeper and his family, the only residents of the island. Most of the island is an open pasture with small bushes here and there, though to the northward of the l)uildings is a good fenced garden. The central part of the island is now a series of bare rocky ledges, with some soil between, whose limits are shown on the accom- panying map No. 15. No doubt in earlier times these ledges were, in part at least, covered with soil and trees. In addition to Chaniplain's map of the island (Map No. 1.3), there is extant one made by Wright in 1797 (Map No. 14). In June, 1898, I made a survey of the island with compa.ss and tape, and prepared the map given herewith (Map No. 15).' A comparison of the three of 1604, 1797, 1898, shows the following facts : The island has washed away very little if any at its upper end, but a good deal at the lower end. The knoll on which De^Ionts' cannon were mounted, now a densely wooded momid, was then continuous with the sand bluff of the main island ; it had become seiiarated in 1797, and now is cut off by a considerable interval of low beach. The cove near the chapel on Champlain (curiously less pi-onounced on Chani- I)lain than on Wright) has, since 1797, deepened until it has cut through the bluff, thus st'parating another knoll, which now stands out by itself con- nected with the sand bluff only by a low narrow ridge of sand, hardly higher than the beach. This very considerable removal of sanil is said, liowever, not to be entirely the result of the action of the waves, but partly to the removal of many scow-loads to the mainland for buikling pm-poses. The site of the chapel has undoubti'dly been washed away, aufl at least a part of the burial ground. Indeed the land in this part of the island has washed 1 Though the angles ami measurpiuenta were carefully taken, the outline is not atrittly accurate, for I found Bul>senucntly that my coinpaes gave for some directions considerable error, due to tlie nickel with which it was plated. Sec. II., 1809. 18. ,( ';)1 264 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ^ jsle desai.nttOo^>-. 9 *q (.^ X..'.'- < 1 ^' 'J ^''. ■; ^^ i..i,"o f d t ,> G^h^^v /6 ^0 Map Xi). i;i. Wr. Citoix (I)i)(Iii:t» Island, ry Ciiami'I.ain, 1604 ; x j, A. T,e plan (U' l"li!il)itiit ion. E. Lt> ciiiu'tiiTC. B. lardiiiiiKt'N. !''• l.ii c-luippclle. C. Pclii isU't Rerviint do iilatte forme i\ G. Masses de rocliors iiutoiir do IMsle nii'ltiv Ic ciuion. saincie Croix. D. I'liitle forme oi'i on luettoitdn canon. ^5 a Tilafl as -^ ■4^ V 4? '^ s V -Isle dc iS'ainte C'roix -' "U'-f^^^'^ilXl ' , n • %= Bon ° Isla.ul .Vs^"^' *i^'V}jjijj'V;wj>--? -^f— > ,'0 IS w 6o go 5cale yj French Toises I ' I ■ I — 1 — I — 1 — I. Sca'e cj Chains C^ -1 ^' '^ ->- ^ M ^ E.- *1 s -ti 3 '* € a a' f 1 Map Xo. 14. St. Cuoix (DocmoT) I.si.and ; slthvi;y hy Whkjiit, 17!)7 ; x g. [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 20B iiway nmcli within tiieinoinory of tlie prcspiii light-i^ccpcr, to such an extent that u Wfll formerly of some use in n(nv on the rocky exposed beach. It is possible that it was the exposal of the skeletons of many of the victims of the dreadful winter of KiOl-KiOo that gave the islaml its name, Bone Island, by which it was known at the close of the last century. At the south-west end of the ishunl, and elsewhere as well, are old cellars which ari' often nii.'rtakeii for those of tlie DeMonts' settlement. < >ld reHJdonts, however, state that these are cellars of small houses which .wtood there within tlii' presi'ut century, and their position Ijy no means allows of their bclongin;; to Champhiiu's buildinijs. I'robal)ly not all of the.fe seeuiinfj; cellars are so in reality, for some uf them may be holes left by money-diggers, for whom this island has naturally been a favourite resort. I'iHle n > Titty . m^ ntGrns^"^!^ f"''"* Mat Xo, !•"). Sr. Citoix (Docmjr) Isl.\xi), sukvi;yi:i) iiv thk Authou, 18'J8. C. GGGG. Gm. ir. K. Lll. Cellars, mostly mctlern. Approximate position of DeMonts' gardens. Modern garden. Illgliost point of the island. Ivnoll on winch DcMonts" cannon were placei' tlif j^iiidi'iis by tlu; liiu'^i iiiolosiiig fKiGG. The old Fii'iu'li wi'll [W] i)()iiit('(l out to vlsitorH is probably not, though possibly it limy bis tlu' well shown on the plan of tlif settlenicnt. It is not far from the correct ])osition, but on the other hand it is extremely shallow, thon;^h it may have been decptT when tlu^ ishind was wooded. B. — The Acadian Settlements. As to the sites of these we have six lines i,{ evidence, the narrative of Church, place-names, tradition, a published map of I7.'>."> by Sotithack, the ^lorris Report of 17(i5, and a Ms. map of 170(i by havid Owen (No. Itij, which mai'ks French settlements about I'assama- il7), in which I'assanaKjuoddy River represents the passage between Deer Island and Elaine, and St. Croix River represents Letite passage ; " I'rench Inhabitants" are placed aiijiarently on the lower end of Deer Island, and on the mainland opposite. The upper of the latter settle- ments is no doubt the same as that on Chebaiaok (i.e. Pleasant Point), of Owen's map, and the lower that on ^loose Id. (jii Owen's map, but I know nothing of those on Deer Island. Southack also places French houses on Campobello near what is iilainly Harbor Delute, as also does Owen on his map. Tradition points to certain cellars on the peninsula between Curry's Cove and Otter Cove as French, and it was probably here the French houses really stood, a view sustained by Owen's nia|>. Church in his expedition s(>nt a party to this island to search for the French. On the peninsula at the entrance to Harbor Delute, westward of Curry's Cove, DesBarres picture of Campobello, of 1777, shows a sort of arch ruin, which must have belonged to a building of some importance, and possibly here was another French house. Rameau states that St. .Vubin's resilience at Passamafpioddy was a palisaded dwelling or sort of fort, and ])f>ssibly this ruin is the remnant of his ■ This exiieditiou of Cluircli liua Ijoeu fully treated iu tho Courior Series, XXXI-XXXIIl. [dANONo] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BUUNSWiriv 267 I Mai'No. 10. Passamaquoddy, by DAVin Owkn, 17i)0 ; x i 268 HOY A I, SOCIIiTY OF CANADA (hvclliii^. Owen iilsd |(l:u'fs I'rciicli scttli'iiifiits near [^111)00 and uii Mnnsc If-liiiitl ill I'.astpuri, ami alimii i'dhscunk Hay, lait tlii'si! 1 liavi' nut altciiipti'd tu lucatc exactly. MmriiJ, in liis MS, report of liin Hiirvoy of raHHanuunioddy in 17il"i. lias this statement : — " Tlicre is not the least X'estajjes of tlie i"reni'li Seitleineiits in any lit her part of the Hay, Iml upon Moose Island, I'isli [i. e., Indianl l-land, ihi' l-land SI. Croix, and liie Toinl on liie West side S( lick IJiver called poiiii I'leasanl, where the I'rench had a l'"ort, and part ol the I'ilches ami Kainpails still appear."' 'I'his fori was no douljt tiiat which was lieinj: Imill in ITdl hy ( iourdan fSt, .Vubin?) and Sharkec U'harlien. a< jirisoners taken near I'eiiohscoi told Chnrch ; hnt it nnist have been unlinished, for ( 'liiirch makes no furl her men I ion of il. \'ery prohalily, lis mentioned ahove. the dwellintr of .^i. Auiiin was here. This, of course, would lie the I'rench setl lenient marked at Pleasant I'oiiitouthe Sonlhack anil the ()ucn maps. The location of all these settlements on a modern map is shown ou Map .\o. 40. Morris' Island St. Croix was not the luesent hochel Island. i)Ul the preseiil Treat Island near l'",astport. as his map and report >lio\\ I see also ^laj) No. jili. I know of no oilier refi'rence to a l''reiich sciilemeiit on this island. Tradiliou points to some old cellarsal Hill's I'oint het wei'ii Oak I'.asand the Waweiir, as I'reuch, and to jfraves and a well at I, elite said to he !''reiich, and there is a shadowy tradition of an ancient lucastwork on the bluff at Samly T'oint, found by the earliest settlers. We may say, in summary, that in this ri'gion there wa,s a large settlement on Dochet Island, and small ones at Indian Island, Camiiobello, St, Andrewij, IMeasant I'oint, St. Stophen, and perliai)s others at otiier points. I'liit it must be rem 'inhered that the consn.=eH show that the French population of thin region was always extremely small. The settlers at I'assamaquoddy were less farmers tluin fishermen and traders. i 2. The St. John Distri<-t. A. — Setti,k.ments. The earliest Froiich .settlement on the St. Jolit. of which wo havo record was the temporary fishing village at Emenenic, mentioned in Biard'a letter of 1G12. and elsewhere in the Relations of that time. Tliis island was one of those near the head of the Long Reach, whic' .ir> this day called by the Malisccts Ah-men-hen-nik. The next settlement was that of the Eecollet Missio' .crcq tells tis that the Recollets had their principal esialilishment > k- St. John in ItllU, but we have no further elite as to the site of this Mlemen' IIo tells us also that ahout 1(124 the RecoUet missionaries cnnio to Quebec, and that " They had left the mission which they had on St. John's Kiver a month before in consequence of orders they had received from their provincial in France." ' The next settlement is that of LaTour, about his fort at St. John, a subject to be referred to below. Next after this comes the trading station 1 In '•Premier Etalilisseniint lie 111 Foi." lit [cianong] histouk; sites in nkw hkunswick 269 f at JomHi't; of Ifi')!), wliidi (>ri<;inaU'il tlio .loinHoi^ l''or(, later to he described. Then cmnes tlie Mctllemeiit of the Sieiir de MarMlii and Ids family ami retinue at the mouth of tho river, montiont-d in the CenjtuH of 1(176. This settlement was uiuloubtcdly at Carleton. and no doubt on tho site of Old Koi-t. The later censuses show very slow inc rease, most of tho settlers being soignitM's and their families, not Acadian habitants. Thus, tlu' cfiisns of 1(;8(] gives oiglil., settlers ; that of IflUS gives twenty, that of lGlt5 gives forty-nine, that of Ifl'.tH gives forty-one. It was evidi'iitly not until well after IT'Ht that any number of Aeadians came to settle on tlio river. There was no other census untilthut of I7:!3, which gives one Imndivd imd eleven settlers, and most of these probaiily had been there but a short time, for a document of iTiiS, cited below, inijilies that a colony had only recently .settled on the river. The reason fors(^ small a iiopiilation in so fertile a region is doubtless to bo found in the pretcrciiee of the Aeadians for the rich marsh lands of the head of the May of Fundy, which wore more abuntlant than they wore able to settle. After the expulsion, how- ever, in 175."), the population received gi'oat additions from those who escaped from Boausejour. and from some of those who found their way back from the southern ))rovinces to which they were transported, so that Monckton in IT'iS found them on the river in considerable numbers, and one document of 175!t estimates them at si.\ hundred. (Rroadhea() leagues lip the river of a docmnent of 1740 (Murdoch, II., I '15 1. In 1750 there was hrre a I'rench olTiccr with 20 men (^fiirdoch, If., o04j, and there are several other refer- ences in docuniei'fs of the time to this impoi-tant village of St. Annes. linice, 17(12, says there v.ere (>(H) or 7(K) acres of land cleared here, and Morris, 1760, states that the French had set- tlements all the way from St. .\ 11 lies to .\ucpac. It was per- hajis settled just before 1732, lor a document of that year (Murdoch, I., 479) sjieaks of a small colony of I'reiich having settled on the Kiver St. Joliii. It stood on the present site fif i'redericton. scattered along the river as the Morris map of 1705 (^lapNo. 17) statfs, from op]>osite the infuilli r.f the Xashwaak upwards. It is here too that tradition jilaces it, and the remains of an old i'rench road were discovered hereby the first settlers.' Mimro. in I7s:!, sjieaks of hr d here cleared by the French, about two miles in e.xtnit. Tliis so' ,ement was destroyed by expeditions fiom the mouth of the river made III the winter rif l7-")">-")i). Yet the Acadians exidently rettiriieil to it, for in I7<')1 some fortv .of them were there, and a tew were there in 178:) I. Murdoch II, 402, 403). It was the second most important .Vcadian «r/^ ^•>.. ^ No. 17. St. Annks Poi.vt and sriutoiixD- iN(;s. From Morris. 170.5 ; J. ' " The only considoralilc rolii' of the Froiieh at tin; point is n portion of corduroy roiiil dug up liy city wnrliincii on tin; corner of Ilcpont and (ioorge Btrceta. Tlio pliin of tlie town Biirviyid by Dnugald ("ampl)ell in I78i; shows this ro.ui, which crossed the point inasweeiping curve, passing throii$;h the blocks facing on Charlotte, Ueori,'e and Itrunswick streets. At tlic corner of IJe-'iit and Chiirlottc the land was niarpliy and so the roud was corduroyed tl'"" . .MnoFarlanc'a " Kroderieton,'' (St, ,]uhn Sun, ISII2). I i uptiy lignld llocks land Nun, I I [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NKW BRUNSWICK 271 settlement on the river. The exact site of the ehurcli is not known, hut a hiter jrnuit implies it was near Government House. The census of 1095 gives fourteen settlers at \iu«li\vaak, doubtless living near tiie fort. C. — Freueuse. Thissettlenu>nt, iiK'ntioned in t he caily censuses as having several settlers (:^)fi in HiOS), was of course the residt'uce of ,'ast, by most of the In- habitants On account of its bein<^ overfl(/w'd in the Spring by the Freshes." A dociniient of 175(i in the I'arkman Ms. [New France, I, 2t>")], speaks of Jem.seg, a French village of thirty or forty houses, a little below the mouth of the Jemseg river. Possibly Lower ( irinn'oss is here meant. E.— Grimrosa. This was an im[)ortant settkinent at the time of the expedition of Monckton in I7-">.S. Monckton states that there were here some fifty houses and Ijarns, which he burnt, and the Morris map of that year [published in the ])recetling ^lonograph, IS'.IO] shows mimeroiis buildings exactly on the site of the modern tiagetown. <>f this village, Monckton says: "This Village W1V9 settled by the Inhabitants of lleausejour, when drove off from thence in 1755." Some of the Acadians nuist have returned to (jrimross, for in 17(11 a few were living there [^lurdoch II, 40.'!]. This must have been at one time the principal settlement on the river. .Ahirris, 17t)0, says : "(irimross is the most considerable settlement that the French had upon St. .lohns ; but their Houses are now all demolished and their improvements laid waste." .Monckton sfieaks also of houses above the head of (ininr(js3 River. p. — Chofour. A few houses just below (iagetown shown onthe Morris mapof 17oS. Connected no doubt \\itli Sieur de Chauffoius. G. — Vllleray. .\ few houses at the present Lower ( iagetown, about opposite the middle of Mu^(|uash Island; on the ^Morris map 17")S. Monckt(Hi says he burnt houses there. H.— Robicheau. A scitlement of four houses on the Morris mapof 175S just above TiMinants cove. The i)ossibU' connection of this with an earlier settlenuni or fort lirre 1 lia\c discussed fully in my I'laee-nomeiiclature []). '2't7]. Monckton speaks of "a few Houses that were some time past Iidiabited ' y the Robicheaus," which he burnt. There vas jx'rhajis a small scltlenieiu at the mouth of Nere|)is about tlu> fort (see lati-r), for itruce, I7t)-, tells us then' wen' iL' or I'l acres of clear laml here. I. — St. John. .\t the mouth of the river St. .John in the census of 17.'>.". are given eighteen settlers. Tliesiti'of (his settlement is unknown, but it va • possibly _J 4 272 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA in Carlotoii, wIuto there iire traditions of I'reiicli jrardens fmuul hy the early i^ettleii^, whicli areiimliahly tiie same as tlmse slimvti u])iiii lirnet'"!? map of tlie liarl)f)in- of 17(11 (see Maj) No. ;!7). There is also a tradition of a French burial [)laco at the barracks, St. J(jhii. On the Fort Howe Kidgi' is an fild well, locally called the I'l-ench well, and mentioned as siicli in Keleiior's I"ield-book of 1S4S, He mentions also, and marks on liis maps, the remains of an old French block-hou.se on the ridge, but ])robably this is an error, as there is no other evi(.lence of a settlement ln'H', and the situation is a \i'ry improbable one. J.— French Village, Hammond River. The oiigin of the village is uncertain. The Sienr de iireiiil had ln're a Seigniory in idSil, and it is jiossible that the village was founi'ed by him ; but it is much more probable, since it is not given on early maps, that it was one of those formed by the Acadians afti'r the ex- pulsion. This is coutirmed by a statement of ^lunro in 17s;!, who says of it: ''Sir Andrew [Siiajie Ilamond] has a valualile tract of good Interval and upland which includes a French settlement of tifieeii t'amilies who have been settled tht>re lil'teen years jn-evioiis to his grant." As the grant relViTed to wavS made in 17M', the settlement would have been formed in 17ti7. According to Allison [p. i] the Acadians took out grants about 17.s7, but si!on after sold out and moved away, probably to ^ladawaska (But see Archives, l.sO'i, X.B. l.'i). The site of the settlement is markeil on all the later maiis. Passing next to tradition, in this case well sustained by the testimony of place-names, there are saiil to have Ihh'h settlers ab-name, French Lake, leavi's little doubt that this is correct. It is i)ossible that these settlements were later than the other .Vcailiau seii'.e- uients on the river ; and since they are retire(l jilaces not easily reached by the Fnglish vessels, the I'rench may have seltli'(l on them after they weie driven off the main rivia- by >Ionckt.on"s expedition of 17"iS. They are said also to have lived at Swan (."reek, and about tlu' outlet of Lilly Laki' St. • John, \\liere cellars and roads made by them are said to have been recog- nized by the early settlers. On ^Mitchell's map of I 7o"i a •' \'illage of Acadians " is placed on tht> present .'^almon Kiver empt.ying into (irand Lake, but this is jn'obably an error, as there is no other record of its existence. The modern .Vcadian settlements on the ri\er are entirely ai Mada- waska. Licenses of occupation, later followed by grants, were given to them shortly after tin- coming of the Loyalists, and here this much- persecuted peo])le have since lived in peace, imless the transference of half of them to the Cnited .Sates by the .\shburton treaty of IS-lL', without asking their leave, may be regarded as an exception. There are traditions that the l'"rench also hail dikes at Kipper Harbor, Musipiash Harbor, and on Qniddy Liver at Martins Head. The French- mans Creek at Mus(iuash does not mark a settlement, but according to Gesner, a place of retreat of a l^'rench ship, probably that menlioiuHl in (Juebec Ms. H. bx'. \ i I [gano.no] HISTORHJ SITKS IN NEW BRUiNSWICK 15. FiiRTS. 273 l'"iirl .Mciliu'tic \\;is ;iu Iiiilian nulicr tiiaii a l'"rciicli I'urt, iIkhij^Ii sniiu'- liiiics spdkfii dl" as i'"n'iicli. Its .-itc lias already ln't'ii (liscusscd. A.— Port Nashwaak i ' urt St. .Insrpln. This fnit, inoniiiu'iit in its timt\ \\;is built \)\ X'illi'liiiii 111 ICiiiL'. witlistodd a sii'^r hy tlic l-",iij;lisli in Idliii, and was iihiiuclniicd in 17(K). Thcvc is im dmilit as to its site: it slmid in the n|iiptr anjilt' hctwren till' Nashwaak and the St. .Inhii, clusi' tci the watri', lUi lii;j-li i_j__i_2,-Lj: .-^^^-.——-.- - '— ^ '> Mai' No. 18. Plan or Fom Xasiiw aak (Furt St. .Tosei'ii), From a jiliiu of UWYl in tin- Archives di' la Marine, I'lU'is ; ■. ,",. intervale imw washed away, ho that the site of the I'ort was over w hat is now the frrave] lieaeli. Its >rniiind plan is shown xcry clearly on the accnni- panyin^r outline of a [ilan from the I'aris archives' [.Maji No. IS], audits sitnalicin cm the Morris iriionia]) [Maj) No. 17]. (^adillac in I(iO'_' sjieaUs of this as ;i Micmac fort, and it has lieeii claimed that it was Imilt 1)\ earlv 1 A liiiil's lye viow, tiot lierc icprniliiocd, aciomimnios tin' groiiim ,'■': 274 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Scotch settlors, both of whicli lire probably errors. IMr. Ifannay visited tlie site in 1SG7, and saw there remains of iiiniparts, etc., thongh the next year he sjieaks of the fort as entirely washed away. [.Stewart's Quarterly, !.. W. and II., 141]. B. — Fort Jemseg. Thi.s fort was apparently built by Thomas Temple (hn-ing the JCnj;lisli piissessiiin of Acadia in KioO. He records having built a trading post fifty miles up the St. .lohn. It was handed over to the French in 1070, at which time a iluscription iA it was prepared ^published in .Alemorials of the English and French Commissaries,) from which, and after analogy with plans uf other forts of the time, I have compiled the accumpanying plan [Map No. ly]. Between 107- anil 1070 it was greatly strengthened by ^ Stoff- hous£ \ i^uin Hoom 1^ Quard-Ho-.jei ^«C Lchellc d( 10 pas J. «• t S' III a nt- It If w Map No. 19. Ai'i'iioxiMATio i'i.an of Fort Jem.sko, compiled vnoy.\ a okscription, Sieur de Soulanges as related in the grant of the f(jrt to him in that year : » " II a fait diverse.? reparations et augmentations a celui de (lemisik, afin de ie rendre logeablc et de defense, n'v ayant auparavant qu'un petit longe- meiit de hois tout mine, entmu'e seuli'iuent . L. Mitchell, of (iagetown. It stood on a small mound near the top of a hill on property owned by Mr. ( '•. F. Ncvers, and old resitlents remember wlii'n its outlines were distinct. The site commands a line view both up and down the river. f)n the knoll is still to lie seen an angle of earthwork [at A., Map No. 20], but a foot or less in height of which the position and api)ear- ance make it seem probable that it is a renniant of the rampart of the fort ; but otherwise no trace of it whatever is to be scon, though numerous relics "1 llou Tropertu oj. Qeo.T.Never^ □ Fort ; Jemseg i c; " V Alu '^ V "v '■^''^V/''"..JUlH'li,.ln|,,n,'„„\ ■ '■,,'^ i iifiijiii/uiiiiiiiio 'M.lT.l.l.lUill.li/illlI Hiijtiway Road O =^ In. Im le- lii- |u- le pu jaa kii What J 1: Jemseg River Mai' No. 20. SKiniii of-' site oi' Fout .Ikmskc:. A. Corner of fort still visible. have been dug up hen; and in the hollow just bt'low. Mr. Paltsits has discovered what seems to bo tho end of an old drain beside the road. ' Helow Spoon Island on the east bank is the structure known locally as the "Old French Fort.'' Its origin and age are very obscure. If it really is I'^ronch it is no doubt connectes, a subject discussi'd in my Tlace Xomenclature, page L*'"i7, and refernul to earlier in this j)a[)er. It was perhaps built in the time of Villebon, as a protection to his fort at .Nashwaak, orperhaps later, as 1 I'crli'y, in liis piililished li'ctiiri', 1S41, Btutcs tliat tin' fort stood Ji'mseg, near llio rosidcmo (if Charli's Harrison, Ksq., and on prnpt cvidonuc at pn sent nvailalilo suitains the view taken in tliis paper. "at tlio lower entrance of the rty now owned by him." AU 278 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ;i ]iriii('ctinii \i) tlic Aciidiaii scltlciiK'iits al)ii\c cui the liviT. The battory is liowi'vcr, not Fifiicli :it :ill. hut was liuilt in isi;>. It liad nd conncctinn ilh the Tol(>f!;nii)li ntai inn which stood u n tlii? itc in tlie last ccnturv. [S( later]. It stands on a bluff where tlie river is very narrow, about two niiies above Teiiiianls Cove, and eertainly tin' position is a most conuuand- iiiirone. On tli(> level, lifty feet or more above the river, is still a distinct ereseont-shaped earthwork some two or three I'eet hiirh. and lifty t'eet across its arc. Onalevelstill hi^iher up the hill is a hollow, twenty feet across and live or six deep, locally called t lie ^^lf;azin(■, while still hijj;lier up are the remains of the block hou>e wliere lived the soliliers in charge of the seina])liore telef,'ra|«li, and sonu' of the tind)ers of tliis house can still le seen. I S;'e ll> /.' '•/,■ .y. ! >^ -' ».- / \ 1 j 1 1 ^ K ■ ^3 / J;n / 1 S^-^v V '(' \ V cussed, aiHJ is meniiuiei 1 l)v Vil rhon 111 liiOT In i; lowever, It was occ upied bv the French Map Xo. 21. Svvv. oi- HiiAf. iii:iu:i!r's (/. ,•., lioisiii;. m:ii'i''s) l'"o),"r. From !\Ioiii>, l~('C> ; x J,. under UoislK'bert. and thus lii;ures in the events of the lime, and it is ol'ii'ii calle(l after him. lii'aii Hear or lieauhebert Fort. It is no doubt this fort which is referred to in a dociinient of I7"):> ( .\rchives, 1.S'.I4, lii-l 1 a.-^ a new fort '20 miles up the river arnie(l with L'4 jriins and L'lM) men. It is markeil on many maps of the time, as |)'.\nville, and < ireen-.Teffreys of 17"i">. and alsd on the ^lorris Majis of I7")!sand 17'!'). It evident ly ^tiMid very closi- to the river, as slmwii by the latter (Map No. -I) in the angle be- tween the two rixi^rs. Its site is. howevei-, entirely unknown to the residents, and no remains of it I'an he seen. There is said to be a tradition of an old fort at Ihirdinii's Point, but I know nothing further of it. D. — Fort LaTour. Pespitc much discussion and some i^introversy the site of this t'ort is not yet with certainty determined. The subject is fiill>- discussed in a ]iaper in these Transactions. IX., sect, ii., lil, and also in the New lirniisw id; Maga/.iiic. \'ol. I., -'0. s'.i, li;."i. In my opinion, all available i\idei ice drawn from the narratisi' of neiiys, and from all known maps, tends to show that it stood du the east liank of the harliour, iirobably at Portland Pdiiit, on the k noil at the lu'ad of Rankin's Wharf, ( Map Xo. 22. also :i7.) Mr. Ilai may claims that it stood at Old Fort, inCarU'ton ; but even in his most iii><'nt article headiluces no ])ositive evidence for his view,butcontents liimsolf with combating minor ixiints in my argnini'iit. Since the subject is so fully discussed in the articles above mentioned, which are readily accessible, it is unnecessary again to go over the ground here. I will simply point out this impiirtant fact, that if l'"ort LaTour be assumed to ha\e stood at the Old Fort in Carleton. we not only meet with well-nigh insu])erablt^ difficulties in i'X])laining the narraiivo of l)enys and all of the inajis of the lime, but we have no ex|)lanalion of the origin of the I'ort which is known to have stood at Porilainl Point ;' on the other hand, if Fort LaTour is assumed to 1 It niiiy lie ( iMiiiird ttiat llii^ w.tj the '• ivw IVv.t '' wiiicli Ctimvii in Ui'Mi found tlii' Fieiicli building cm till' cast !-idi' (if 111" river, iliit in t'ait :i fmt simid linn' imiHit iis shown lieyond donlit by ttie l-'iMiiiiUeliii in.iii ri'.'pntly imldislicd hy Miircil. 'I'liis iii:i|i whicli for reason* uivon ill my "C.nrto- [r.AXOXGj HBTOllIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 277 at. it. cjf (■(1 'W kble .) ost ■If lly is ais •1(1 in ,VP Ivc ■ill! Ilio hid I'oft .thrC Lulto Whar/ ) iiavo st'iod at I'driiaiu! I'niiil, Iiciiys' narrative is inTlVcily clear and cuii- si^^tent; tlio piiicing oi the I'nii dU the east side by nearly ail tiie early maps, and it? nMnoval tn the east side in later and more ai'cnrate editinns uf tlmse which at lirst placed it on the west side, is pei'fecliy plain : and t he urijjin i >l' ihe I'lirl at I'lii'lland i'uini is explained. While I have never claimed that the evidence is liiij;icall.v conclusive t hat the lnrl stood at I'oiiland Point, Id" tiiiidc that the prohaliilities ilrawn I'rom the sources meuiioneil are over- V. helminf^ly in l'a\-onrol' this position, anil thai a case I'or the Carleton siie c.i'i he made out oidy l)y ne;cK;clin;j; the a<;j;re^ate eviilcnce and concen- tr.ilinir attention n])on minuti;e in which inconsistencies may he found in the imperfect records of [the time. It is by no means nnlil that records will yi't be discovered that ' will settle this most interestini^ point. It has been maintained by .Mr. W. 1". Dole that Fort La- ,— 'i'our stood where now l''ort Duf- '. feiin is, and bis argument is liublished in the St. .John Sun, Dec. ."), 1 SSS. It rests, bowevor, cinolly upon traditions, which are most nnl rust worthy for e\-ents lonjj past. Itissaidllmt | an early balt<'r>- could also be i trai'cd here, and that there was \ an old well calle' censuses ri'lurii him as living there. On a line map tlated l7tKS, but belonging nuicli etirlier. St John HarboT giniiliy" f|i. !!c;ri) must tiolong liofoio liinn, marks two forts on the Harliour, onp on (. j It stooil at Oiil F(H't, Carleton, and i)robably was the third on that site. The hij^lier lantl that coinnianded the fort, spoken of in (jther records also, is the high land on Water street, ea.sl of Lndlow, in Carleton. l>y advice of Bnjnillan it WiW abandoned shortly after Villebon's death in 17(X). H.— Fort Menagoueche. in \7W the French trooi)s came to St. .Tolm Mith the intention to erect a fort, but they were forl)id(len i)y the Nova .'^cotia ( iovcrn- rnent ; but a document of I7r>.'! states thattlu-y had groath* strengthened the old fort at the nif 17.W [.Vrchives, I8U4, 2tHi], shows they had partially deniolislied it. This was also, as sliown by Monckton's Report, at the Old Fcjrt at Carleton, and hence probably the foin-tli on that site. I.— Fort Frederick. W'lien .Ahmckton landed here in 17oS he found the old - fort abandoned, and proceetled innnediatcly to repair it, and bis account shows that it was the fort on this sitt' he repaired. It was n.ained Fort Frederick in that year, and was probably the fifth on that site, and the last. It is apparently the Fort called /•'')/■/ Munckldn on Morris' chart of Nova Scotia of 1701. The place is now occupied by buildings, but some of the ramparts can still \w seen. It is known locally as the "Old Fort," and is generally believed by the residents Ij be the site i'iiut)iissiii crnsst's tlic lii'a No. -\.] D — Tintemarre I'laiwiuct mils this a large viliai^c witli a iniHsioiiary, aiihirice's I'rook, it is said locally, wore formerly remains of a l''rcnch settlement, comprisinj^ ten or twelve families. E.— La Coupe. This villajje is marked on no ma]) that I have seen and I know nf no record that definitely locates its site. It must have been near the I.a Coup river, which is a branch of tlie .\ulac, strikingoff to the westward just south of the extremity of .lolicure ridjie. ( 'oiisideriii}; the very favourable location of the extremity of the Jolieure ridfje for a setllenieut, it is jirobable that hero was its site. P.— Bale Verte. The old maiis show I'learly that this villa<:re stood iirecisely on tlie site of the present village of that name, though there were other houses scattered about in that vicinity, and a few near Foit ( Jii.«pereau. .Vlex. ]\binro states: "At P.aie Verte, near the residence of ('apt. Weeks, the French hail an establishuR'nt of mills; hence the name. Mill Creek, was given to the stream. Around this spot they settled, and here too was their graveyard." The other villages meidioned by I'YaiKjuet and on the maps rif the time, including aixither village at Weschkok, LaHutte, TjCs Planches, Beau- bassin, etc., were in Nova Scotia, oras FraiKjuet iiuts it, in .U'tidia ; but their identilication is not within the scope of the pri'sent pa[)er. Montre.«or's map of 1 TliS marks a "Kichart" between West Coup and Pintaniat villages, hence in the position of PiY's des Hourqnos. I liave no other information upon such a place. G. — Memramcook. 1 have no data for settling the exact .site of the pre-expulsion sottlenieiit. ^Slante's ma[) places it on tlie west side not far from the mouth ; which isalsotheca.se with the French plan, which, however, also places a few hou.ses on the east bank. M. Placide (iaudet, however, writes nie that ancient aboideaux have been found near the (^jllege, wliidi possibly belonged to pre-expnlsion settlei-s. It is very likely that these were on the upland near the great marshes, just below the present llockland Bridge. Local tradition states that some ten families lived in pre-expulsion times on Brownell Brook, two miles above Dorchester, and remains of their hou.ses could formerly be seen ; and others lived on the front of the "Chapman Farm." H. — Fetitcodiao. For these settlements also we have few data. Hameau gives an account of its first settlement by Blanchard in KiOS, but we have no facts 1 282 ROYAL SOCIKTY OF CANADA to ciiiihlc US til liiciilf liis Ht'tMcniciit. Tlic tnpo^frniiliy of the river on tlio iimp.x III' 17"m Ih HO ilistiirti'il an to he nf littli; iihc in this ciiniH'ctiun. Tlicy n'j)roHeiit .si'tticniiMits on both banks Iwlow tbi' Bi'mi, but it is (|nito ini|Missibit' to locati' tiifin fnrtiu'r, unless niu> assumes liiat tin v stnml near tile iar^'st niarsbes. M, ( iandel, onr liesi aulliority on mallets relatin}{to tlie liistory of the Aeailians, writes nie tlial tin Aeadiiiu viiliiRe slmid on the ))fesen| site iil' Mnneloii,' but later lite settlers niuved to Covertlale, w bern their villitxe was knowti lit* Villnijf ilr Hdliiinnii. This is cunlirmed Ity a "Carte H(''duite dii Ooll'e de St. Laurent " of I7")-1. which tuiirksa " mission " on tlie oast side of this river tit idiotit the Mend. An old |)lan in the Crown Land ( Mliee a|)|)!ies the natiie Villmii r") foimd eleiired fields, fruit-trees and broken dykes. It is said in Coekburn's Heport on Emigration [of 1827] that the Kreneh formerly occupied the intervales at tlie Forks of Turtle Creek, calling the l)lace Phnrrlii' <) I'nfiimiil. It is very likely that they occupied locations on this, Coverdale ami Pollet Hivers after the expulsion in order to be above the reach of iMiglisb ships, a.s they probably occupied the French Lakes and other ])laceH dillicult of accons f)n the St. .lohn for a similar rear-on. Pole, in his Journal of 174o, mentions that he marched ]>iist several French bouses by the side of this river, the last of which was that of bon Solid [Heausoleil]. One of the I'arkman .MS [New France, 1., I'li."-!] states that in 17o() there were six or eight hon.ses on the Portage fmm Shediac to Petitcodiac. The present .\cadian settlement of Fox Creek wa.- founded, according to ."M. (iaiidet, in 17()7, and occnjjies the site of an olil settlement. I.— Shepody. A full account of the fomulation of the settlements on this river in Kilts is given by Kamean de Saint Pere ( L, '_':>7), but none of the records nor maps (jf the time give any idea of their preci.^e location. There are, however, in the Crown Land Ollice in Fredericton several old jiliuis which show the location of the old French dykes at Shepody and thus allow an inferi'nce as to the loctition of the settleim-nts. An "old French Dyke" is given on the north side of the entrance to Shep"dy Uiver, and an "old dyke," with an " Abois J)'Ean," between Heaver r>rook and the next crei'k to the ea.stwarginn is taken from a wt'll written and appari-ntly reliable ammyinons article in the St. Jnliii Sun, A])ril 5tli, 1S1I8. " For a hmg time after the (le[)artnre of the Acadians and even at the ])reseiu tiiiie, are many evidences and remains of ''"ri'iich habitatif)!!. One settlement existed near what is now the vilhige of Albert, another on what is called the ' jioint ' at H(ii)ewell, while tlie cen- tral vilhifje was at what is known as Chnrcli bmok, jnst to the east ward (jf Hopewell Hill. Here was the old F bank of tlie brook. . . the arrival of the Ensrlish settler? t'hapi located on thi eastern 'I'lie loi^s of the (.1(1 chapel remained long after d the dwellin}; of one of the residents )f this village, erected a few years ago, rests on the corner-stone of the once ;acred edifice Here also was the linrial-gronnd, and in summertime are still to be seen the moss-coveivd mounds, now tram|)Ied and forsaki'ii, and the broken headstones tliat mark the re; place of the Acad.ian dead. Then Iso manv remains of old Frentii cellars, mil etc. Tl lese mills lis be( were principally on the marsh creeks. The stones from the mills have been fonnd in many instances, anil are still in existence. The French dykes all remain. They were not as far out as those of the i)resent day, but still enclosed a lai-ge area of mareh. No aboideaux were used, the creek.s being dyked along the side.s up to the upland." Of importance in connection with the early settlements are the roads, of whiih the jiriiK'iiial one was that frun Fori I'eansejour lo Foi't (iaspereau. This is marked on many maps of the time, and esi)ecially on the i)lan made by Captain Lewis in ]7o5, which states that the mad was from a survey. The jiart from Font a liuot to Portage Hill must have been maire before FraiKiuet's visit in 1752, for he marks it on hi.« map, though he went by water between these ]>]aces. Tradition still points out the site of portions of tlie road, and it is said that the late .Vlexaiider ]\Iiinro, the surveyor, had in early life traced out the entire road from one fort to the other. Th' states in his " Lsthinus of Chignecto" that the road ran via Jolicure ..nd Portage Hill. From the maps, and from traditions gathered on the spot, the cotirse of this road is drawn upon the accompanying ma[) No. L'4. I'rom near Peausejour to near Portage Hill it followed about the top of the ridge between the two highway mails of tlie present day. In the gathering of data for this ma]), as in many other inatt(>rs connected with this legiou. 1 have had the very gr/at ailvantage of the a.«sistance of Mr. W. C. Milner. whose knowledge of the history of this regifni is thorough and accurate, and also of ^Ir. Howard Trneman, of Point do ISiite, who knows so well its later history. This main road was more than a mere track througii the woods, for it was |tassal)le for horses and to some exti>nt for waggons. An important branch of this road, older tiian the road itself, ran to Pont a Knot, whose location will be considered i)resently, and thence to Fort Lawrence. Some maj)s show also a road along the western margin of the Fort Ctimlierhind liidge, thmigh faintly, and it was [n-obalily an unimportant trail to the houses ill that vicinity. Some maps mark a road across the marshesfrom Beansejonr to near the jireseiit Sackville, probably not far from the present highway, and this mad continues on to the Memrameook, evidently by way of the |iresenl road along I''rost.v Hollow brook. It then contimies fi'om tin Mem- ramcook to the bend of the Petiteodiac, but the maps are too ini[)eii',ri to allow us to iiU'Mify its course. Probably this was but a track through the woirIs and not a road pro|)erly cleared. 1 1; i 4 [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK FraiKiiiot ill liis report tiu'iitiuns two roads from Pont alRuot to Beausc- jour. Olio, the lower iind poor'.<;-, led to Butte a Roger ; tlielotlior, f>ho\vii on the tiiapH, went up the hill through the woods, the two joining on the hill opposite Butte a Koger. From Baie \'erte village a road ran straight across the flats to Fort Giuspereau. Alexander .'\roiini thus speaks of it: " From Mill Creek, the road, nearly two iniles in len}';(h, to the fort was in a straight;_liiu'. About a mile and a (piarter of this distanci' from the oreek is marsh, over which the roiul was made on four '•.iws of piles. Tlu- pile.- were driven into the marsh, and wen: about eight feet apart, and six feet above ground. On the top of each line of )'";-ts, timbers were extended lengthwise, 'and the whole was covered with pi, !.' ft. Between the marsh and the fort the road, still visible, passes over an upland Hat." In a diary of 17'V), givenl)> Mr.',Monro, we read : " We Passe over a ("assway one & a half mile In Length. Come "'ft'.^./S., Stale - ' rixile (about) N<^ *-^. ^v Z^ <-* %.. Map No. 25. Causkway ihom Baik Vkrte to Fort Gaspereau (Monckton). From an old Plan ; x 3. to ye Fort Oauspearu." Tnices of this causeway are still to be seen and are known locally. Its exact coui-se is shown on old plans in the Crown f^aiid I )thce. ( Map No. 25. ) In connection with the military operations of IT'd-l?")"), ami upon the maps of the time, several places are prominently nu'iitioned. The sites of the principal of these are as follows : Pont a Buot. The mapsshow this bridge acnjss the Misseguasli ahout two miles above I'oit ISeausejour, at Point a iluot. The place is pointed out by tradi- tion, and is made certain by the extremely deiailecl maps of Franquet. (.Maps No. 12(), 27.) The Riraj-i' n T Oiir.< is a small stream crossing the high- way road some 4(X) yards west of Point i.le Bute corner. There' was here a l'"rench post later to be mentioned Butte a Roger. There is no doubt as to its I'lcatinn. It is shown clearly on the P'reiich Plan of 17")'"> ( 1"7'.M and elsewheix'. I'laiuiuel says a guard was kept there. Ft is the marked, somewhat isolated little hill east of the iiighway road between .Siekville and .\ndierst, just where it descends Fuct ( 'uniber- laiiil Ridge, (see Map No. 24). On its top seems to be a cellar, perhaits not ancient. Some of the other ituttes are easy to identify. Uutte a .huiot was that from which the Riviere a I'Ours descended, and .laiiot's house was I I 286 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 3aiji: Francoise !|-'^r5lela Vuiie're Fort ang/cr.'r^i^y .aj^,„ '^Hohi'-otn J^Beaubai-^^ ■Sl^^o't'i^ ^e Beau Sin petit pottacc\\aii petit fondrier 4w ttborr>f 5ur l« cote'. JXTfetit lac par les boib- ' ^-. r r ^Xac Large '^jLac Kafio. ? I';c c la tasse d'arqent Zf Foirjtea/a i hauteur Q Ibttfm-.^tr:^ ^oi'S ■ tc du pn'ta^e cu I'cn i,.,°V ,l,e'>^'''ii=--^ S'lmborquc pcur bfou- P»?fei.-V^'^ ., ■iejoi/f ^/tLroi>plartt< dans Ittrunc. botcau jf t _ A^pcH7f^.ai'trp tombc p'y* tinciennc \° /A'.Tombe so.ovlu^e V^ f/pont Irairifs Harecoqeusfr'^ ^ "^^ 7r"~~~^— -f tliis fort is likewise perfectly known, for the Hritisli, alter takinsi and renaming it Fort Monekton in 175.'), altered it only in iletails, and its niins are plain to-sin. E. Hatiments converts, etc. 15. ^Nlagasin fK's Vivres. C. Lo<;ement (le rOtticier Connnaudaiit. D. Poudriere. W. liatlnuMit . . . propose pour loger le (Ictaciiement. *i. Corps de .aarde projette. 1S!)7, I niadi' an examination awd ijimi "f ilie ])resent condition of it, which is given lieriwitli [nuip No. :it»] h stbfctwstlic considi'rahle changes wliiih ha\e occmred in tlic coast line since l~i', uml jtoints to the time when the niinsofiliis fuii will In cniirely was>*'d away. A full account of the fort wac given li\ \'.. '['. I'. Siicwen altoni ISiti.* in a Icn-page pamphlet entitled '".Notes of Foil .Monckt' is id^o a phni in tin- liriii-h Museum differing: "'iinew hill from I'^'iinii net's. C— The Post at Pont iiBuot. The location ..f this post is made iii|i»KB uii M.i| No, J8 sliiiw^ thill tliu I'nrif wu> not wlprc tlu' present iiiair. >«traii<-> 19, but faced the roiid whiili leil along tlin lidyn. 290 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA j'HiPriilTliiflMiffii'ilTOHini'" The coiirHoof the Misscj^nash liiis cluiiifjcd soiiicwluit r^iiici' I'ranqiiot's map WiW luiulo, and the riviT is now much farllier out from iho shore. The Riviere a VOars (the small stream west of the present Point de Butt; Corner, (Maj) No. 24)runs]iere in a gully a few feet deep, as the hauhure lines of the Franquet map inn)ly. There is said locally to have been a block-house about half a mile north of Fort Beausejour, on the present " Boomer Place," about 1(W yards from tlie road on tlic highest point of the ridge. It is supposed to have com- manded the road leading from the present Sackville. Fraiiquet'.s Koport mentions also French posts at Weska [Wcstcock], and Chipoudy [S]iei)ody]. As to the former, I have no idea of tlu' site of the post. As to that at Shepody it is possible it stood on St. Mary's point, for the ^huite map and French plan both l)eloiiging in 1755, put a fort or post on this point and call \tfovt dc Slirpodij. There is no trace of it to be seen, or known locally. Between the Memramcook and the Petitcodiac is a point known locally as Furl FoUij Point [Folly Point on the maps]. I am told by residents that there was a fort on the point on whose site the present liglit-house was built.' and tiiat it was said to have been built by the Acadians during their troubles with the English. Locally it is said it was called Folly because there was really nothing there to defend. It is possible that both here and on St. Mary's Point there were jiosts for observation of the approaching English and the giving of alarms to the settlers up tlie rivers. Thus the ■' ^lemoires surle Canada," [p. 44] mentions witli reference to the approacii of Monckton's lleet towards Beausejour in 1755; " Vergor I'ignoroit ; des habitans de Chiixiudy et de Pekekoudiac, ayant a])er(;u cettc flotte, le liii firent savoir en toute diligence." Probably they jKissed by land over the ^lenu-aincook portage to Westcock and thence across the marshes to Beausejour. Map No. 30. Present condition of Fort gasi'ereat' (monckton). From a plan by the author in 1897. Cross-Unrs are ramparts, Icngfnu 'sc lines are the ditch. ■ 4- The liichibucto District. In this part of the Province, from Cape Tormentine to Cape Escumi- nac, the Acadian scttlement.s became move numerous tlian elsewhere in New Brunswick, nistorically they may be divided into two groups, those fornoed before the expulsion, and those formed bince. ' A losiilont tells iup that he helped in the building of the lighthouse, and in making its founda- tion a wall of stone 2.T feet in length, the so-ealled fort, had to be torn down. [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 201 A. Settlements. B. Forts. The 1'Virt 'if IK'C 'hauffiiurs, alreiuiy spoken of, wiiH, of cfiiirse, mrrclv a palisadefl flwdling. A. — Shodiae. lUu a siiiglo tori of importaiioo in this ri'j,'iMn is known, that at Shfiliac. often incntioni'il in early dociuneiUs aiul siiown on maps. It was I iiiil l)y LaCorne in 174'.'. and is si)oken of in one reixirt as " ])reniiei- cialj- lisseini.'iil dii Koi." Frannuet speaks of it in his rex)ort lUi " the first estah- n A.— De Chauffours' Settlement at ftichibucto. The Seigniorial grant to the SienrdeChanffours of l(iS4, states that on the border of the river riichibiicto, oil the coast on the sonthwest, he had two years previously taken tip three arpeiits of land, and had built a fort of stakes and twf) houses for his resi- dence and to store the <;r:iin he had raised the jirevions year. The site of this scttk'nient we do not know. Tradition iilaci's the earliest French settlement at Fiichibucto Cape, [t was jiossibly on the south side of the harbour not far west of Indian Island. Cooiiey states that before 17.55 the P'rench were pretty thickly settled at Kichibucto, (where the town now sianils, ) w h( i-e there was a vilhige of about forty houses, and another small one at the month of the Aldouane. Aside from tlu'sc, however. I know of no reference to ]ire-expidsion settlements in this region, though there must have been settlers at)out the different harbours. The years between 17")! and 17'>7) were troublous enough for the Aca- d inns about the head of the Hay of Fundy, antl many of tliem retired to Shediac and the otluT harbours of this I'oast, and yet mon* who escaped the e.K|)ulsion in I7")"), retn^ati'd to the same region. Bellin in 17o->, speaks of all this coast as inhabited. From 17o5 onwards considerable settlements were fonning about tlu'se harbours, and unlike those at ^liramichi, Nej)isiguit and iiestigouche they a[)pear not to have been again disturbed Ijy the iMiglish. Much abont the history of these settlements has been publislied in news- paper articles by ]M. Placide Gaudet, from whom the following fads are taken: The original settlement at Shediac was at (irandigue on the iiortli of the harbfitn- where a large settlement still is, an. On the condition of these settlements in 1811, 1812, the .lounud of Bishop l*le»'sis is very valuable. B. — Belair vers Cocagne in .Vljbe le ( iuerne's letter of 17o(), wa,s, according to ^M. (iaudet, six or seven miles up the Cocagne on the north side. At Cocagne Cape, according to M. (iaudet, is a place still called Camp dc lioishihcrt, where I'xiislu'bert spent the winters of 17").5-5G. 292 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA r 5;.-'le I- ./ "I lisliiiK^nt of the Kiiif^ ; tluM-c is tlicrc u ffiiunl iiiiijfai'.ino and storchoiipe." Ik'Hiii spi'aks of tho " lu'tit fort" lii-iv in 17.V). It is marked on D'Anvillo's map of 17o5, GrtH'n-Jefft'ryH of tlu- same year and Montrcsor of 1 ("(VS, in all casrs on the nortli side of tlic Slicdiac river a little above its month. In 1S'»7 1 visited Slu'diac and made an effort to Ideate the fort. I fonnd that local trudition pointed to Indian Island, (an island in the harhonr so small that it is n(jt shown on most mai)S, ) and that no site on the mainland seemed to be known to the re- sidents [map No. .■!!]. I visited Indian Island and found the distinrt remains of an earth- work some t hree feet high with a shallow ditch outside. As much of this as can be seen, is sliown on the accompanying map No. .'!i'. The island, a Hat gravel terrace, 10 to lo fiM't al)ove high tide and densely wooded, israjiidly washing away, but it is t'a.sy to trace the fur- njer extent of the fort fnjni the ruins that remain. It is said by residents of the har- bour that this is known as the Indian fiut, and that it \\as called 1\>H Sunriiiic by the Fi'<»ncli, and 1 have been tokl by an Indian chief that it was built by the Indians I'or pro- tection against the .Mohawks. It isditlicult to believe that this very small fort on a tiny islaiul surrounded by salt water was the I'^rench fort referred to in the documents of the time, and it may be really a fort built by the Indians themselves, as were Xerepis. Me- dnctic, Kichibucto and other Indian foils. whiU' the French fort was perhaps on the mainland, lint it is didicult to explain on the latter sujjposition how all knowledge ul it has utterly disai)pe:irud.' I, [ S 1 il Ti U. r } ^-i^-^' 5hediac Karb; r' L ^N (-^SKediac Map No. ;il, Shediac Harhour. From a chart. 5. The Miramirhi District. A.- -Settlement of Richard Denys de Fronsac. This was the earliest French settlement on the ^lii-annchi of which we have any authentic record, Ijut its site is uncertain, liichard IH'nys was son of Nicolas Denys, who had settle- ments at iNIiscon and Nepisiguit. LeClcrcq speaks of having visited it before 1(191, and St, Yalier in KiSS speaks of it as "a little fort of fotu- t)astions formed of stakes, and in this fort a house where M, de Fronsac makes his residence" [p, .S2], As to its site, LeCIercq gives us no help ; but St. Yalier says of it that it was on tlie Ei ver of Manne, at a league from that of St. Croix, and that near it ["pres de la"] is a place called, in the language of the Indians, Skitioiilioiidirlif, where were the three leagues of land given to the Recollets for a mission by M. Denys, There is no doubt as to the locatiijii 1 During my visit to Slu'diac I was under tlic impressicn thiit tlie mapi marlied the fort on the eoutli side of tlie entrance to tlie Shediac, and hence made my inquiries there, and examined the point witli great care. I did not look on the north side, but the residents, who took much interest in the inquiries, would hardly have failed to know of it were there any tradition of its existence. m [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUXSWICK 293 BIS US lor |x, he lie l>n lUe f>f Skiinnihoiiiliclir. As alrciuly cxplaiiicil il ^vu^' iit liiirnt ('luiivli ; licnuc Hi'iiys' scttlciiuMit was near it, and lu'rliaps lit Burnt t'lmreli Point itsili, wlicro later was ii ('(insiderahle villa^fe. This ]ii)int can, Imwever, lianliy In' said til lie at a leaj,nie I'mMi tlie liiver St. Croix, the old I'rench name of the Mii-aniichi. li the Kiver Maime could ho located it woiiM settle tiie jioiiit ; l)ut the name si'enis French, not Indian, ami despite nuicli search, 1 have not lieeu ahle to identity it. Another iiint as to its site is fliven us hy LeClereii [ji. 1'.);!], who speaks of si)eudinjf a nijjht at }firi)iniiiiion)ii . four leafjues from the fort of M. Richard de l"ronsa<'. The only ideiuilication for this name 1 have lieen ahle to make is that it re]iresents yfiitil-inini-dk-iiii. which, with tin' Usual suhsiitution of /for /, is not unlike it. Munl-iiiiin- ii1;-uu is the Micmac name of the Northwest Miraniichi, and fotir leagues [ahoui ten miles] from it Would hiin|j;one to the fork.s at Beaui)ears Island.' On the northern l)ank here, just at the junction, the Ju- meaii niai> of ItiS.'i places a flag, which may imjily tliat the fort sto(jd there, and a further conlirmation is given to this site hy the Franciuelin- I>o^Ieulles map of idSii which names the little stream south- east of the present Beauhears Island, f.. fic ^fi)^xi'till failed I^'reiicli i{iver I'niiit (Map NO. KM. The local tradilinii, as t;iveii me by a resident, is thai this \illaf;e jiMrsued the dofi-litih (islicry f(ir the sake nf the skins, which ('oiiinianded a pnxl price in Franctv where they were used for [lolishiiif; imrixises. C— Beauboars Point and Island. There can he little dmiht that here also was an extensive settleinent, tliniifjh we kimw nnthiiif; ])iisitively !is to its origin. I'ldhahly, however. It too, if not. formed ahoiii, 17.")t), was at least increased about that time, and dotihtlcsH still more after the expulsion of 17")'). Cooney ])laces the settlement on Iteauliears Toint /.«•. Wilsons Point ( map No. '>'.'>), comprisini; a town of two hiiiidre(l houses, a chafiel aii;i). There is here a high bluff, and the channel of the river curves close to the shore, so that the command of the river from the liluff is perfect. In this respect it resembles tlu' Battery Point and I'oint la <>arde on the Kestigouche, and no doubt there was ;i battery here to protect the important settlements above. F. — Burnt Church Point. IL're was no doul)t a very important village, and this pointon the fine survey map of 17">4 is called " I'ointedi- \'illage." The Indian settlement and church were close beside it, and it was the burning of this church by the English in 17r>.S that gave it its name. The local tradi- tion, as givi'U by Cooney. is that it was burnt by tin? captain of a ship bearing the remains (jf Wolfe to England in reprisal for the murder of some of his men bv the Indians, but it is much more likely that it was burnt by the expedition of 17o8, above mentioned, which wiis sent by Wolfe? for tluv exi)ress puri)ose fif di'stroying the French villages on the Miramichi. As 1 have elsewhere pointed (jut, the tradition of the six murdered sailors may belong earlier, and explain certain place names in that region (Place Nomen- 1 This view 18 published in the new illustrated edition of Parkman'a "Moutcalm and Wolfe" (Little, Brown it Co.), which contains also a portrait of Uoishebert. Sec. II., 1899. 20 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k // /./ /. K ^ fc ^ 1.0 I^itt I.I ririi I iir !^' IM |||||Z2 i:. ■■» 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .« 6" - ► V. (^ /} •el "^f '^ <$>. a o /. /A 'W / PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. M580 (716) 872-4503 m. L1>^ V \\ 4 % V % o'^ 4is J. 296 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA clnturc, 22:>). Tliis in, of course, tlu' village mentioned by Smethurst in I745, speaks of a sea voyage from Nepisiguit to Miscou, and remarks especially on the danger he met through finding Miscou harbour blocked with ice. Had his destina- tion been the north point of Miscou the blocking of the harbour would not have concerned him so much. If it was on the harbour, however, we do not V:now its exact site unless it was on the same site as the settlement of Denys, next to be spoken of (map Xo. 34).' This is quite probable, since no other importimt ancient site is known about this harbour, except, perhaps, I. au tresor or Money Island, on which many coins and other relics have been found. The lattei nay possibly be the /. a inomieur of Jumeau's map of 1685. The low shores of this harljour do not offer many favourable 1 TliR fruahwater springs shown ou thii iiiui> arc descrilied liy Doiiya, i I !i [OANOSO] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 297 tcopt, rolics BoauV invblo Mya Ibint J3ay ChaleuT Wi/iori Rint 1^ Si. /far [in ^y '»^ Bateau a > A Scale 0/ Miles Ji/omes m Italics are tnilnct *Mo(tern Settlement* • •Fresnnrater Springs mA I i i' Map No. 34. Historical Map ok Miscou and Suippkoan. 298 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA sitt'S for .s'ttlcnit'iil, iiiul a gi»A siliialiisi(!uit and was abandoned about lii(>'_*. C— Denys' Settlement on Miscou Harbour. Uenys, in his work of l(;72, tells ns with the greatest clearness of his settlement on this harbour, on the south ' tiEnaudi Htsin" iuxl jr-irdeii.' In iiiinllier phice lie ^^Ilellkfl cif I>iis-;iii<; tlirnii<;li tlie harhimr of Miscini fniin tlie eastern eiitr.iiice and (•(iiiiiii;; tu a liiti;; I)i)iiit of sand wliich makes a cove oiicet, to whom I am indelited for mneli information upon the history of tlie island, and it is ihns sjiokeii of hy Pioniie i p. r)l,S) : "On voyait encore sm' cette ile, il n'y a pas plus de.") oii C aiis, les ruinea lie riiahitation et des fori ilicat ions ancieiines eleves jiar l>enys. I,e fort etait sitne dn cote siid dn havre de Mi.scoii, vis-a-vis le |iriiicipal I'-lahlissement (1(^ I'ile. oeciipe il y a ])his de deiix siecles par les I'raneais, et liahite aiijotir- e l^cossais. L'on pent encore voir le vieiix cimi'iien', siir la propriele irmi iiomme .Folin Marks. Les proti'stants un{ constriiit, a proximito, une egiise de leur secte." ra.ssing next to the settlements at Nepisijiiiit, we Ihid them in the fol- lowing order. D.— The RecoIIot Mission at Nepisiguit. Le('lerci| states of this i)la(HMp. 20:\) : '• Jycs KecoUets lie la I'rovince dWiiiiilaine y out commence la Mission i-n !<)•_'() i^: le Pere Iiernardin, tin de ces illustres Missionaires iiioiirMt de faim 1*1: de fatigues en iraversant les Ixiis poiir aller di' .Miseoii i^ de N'ipis- giiit a la riviere de Saint .h'an, a la ( 'adie, on ces Itevereiids Peres avoient leiir etahli^sement princiiial." As to the site of this mission, we have no hint whatever. E.— The Jesuit Mission at Nepisiguit. This was established in 1044 a.s a branch of the mission of Miscoii. It is several times referred to in the IJelat ions, but never in a way to locate it. LeCiercij states there was a chapel lu're. Mioiine states jiositively, tliongh without giving any evidi'iice, that this chajiel was at Point an Pere, and that Donys .settled near it. .\ slen- der argnmeiit for this might be based upon the fact that old plans mark Fergu- son's I'oint, where Di'iiys' settlemi'iit later stood, " Point au IVre, so called because a French priest is burled there," ( .^htp .\o. .">"i), and theri' is a local tradition, givi'ii, however, without (lualilieatioii by I>ionne, that som(> years ago the ri'iiiains of priests were removed from this point to the cemetery at Hathiirst. Kev. Fat her Varrily, however, writes me then' is no mention of any such removal in the Church records, nor does hi- know of it. Me .says, however, there is a tiniditioii that the .Iisuit I'alhers had some kind of an establishment there. He says further, " It is, however, certain that on the south side of the harbour, at the mouth of the Nepisiguit, there was at the tirst di.scovery of the coinitry an Indian settlement, and that a French gentle- mi'n named Knaud, who married an Indian, owned jiroperty and lived there. This place was visited regularly by the .lesuit fathers estal)lislied at 1 The dnti" ot tlio foiiiulntioii of tliin ai'ttli'niGiit is probalily fixid l>y a iioti' in tlie .lournnl of tlic ■Tpsuits of lil'i2,— '• Monsieur Denya goes to find Monsieur ili' \:i Tour, in ordi-r tnestaldiili himself again towarda Misron." - .Many relics have been found on this site. Of these one is a jiewter pitcher, having the date Kiol, a photograph of which I possess through the kindness of Dr. I'hllip Cox. of Chatham. It is said locally that the fort stood exactly where Mr. I'etrio formerly had his store. (See New Brunswick Magazine, IX., i'Xi.) i I • I 300 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Miscou." Tliciv imist Im' Hoinc iTior in the latter stateineiit, for Enatid, wlio waH living Iutc in KiSd, is n-tiiriu'd by tho (Vtisiin an .'5.') years old, and the Miscuii Mission wa.s abandnned ahont Hit>2. CrenxiuH' map of 1(>(>() places the settlement west of the Nepisigiiit, hut this probably has little signifu-arce. P.— Nicolas Denys' Habitation at Nepisiguit. I>enys, in his work of KiTi', thus writes ; " Mon habitation di- Nepigignit est sur le hord de ce bassin ; :i nn liene A la droit de son entree (U- basse mer nn canot n'en s(;anroit approcher: c'est on j'ay este oblige de me retirer apres ''incendie de inon Fort de saint Pierre en I'lsle du Cap Breton. Ma maison y est flan(pi(''e de (piatres pet its bastions avec nne palissade dont les pieux sont di' dix-hnits pieds de hant, avec six i)ieces de canon en batterieH j'.v ay un grand jardin"' This description placing his habitiition on the border of tlic basin a le:igne froii the entrance on the right, with great shallows in front, wonid locate it on ''ergiison's point exactly where tradition places it (See Map \o. ;!.")). lien- many relics of early occupation have been found, cannon balls, gun locks, skeletons (near by), and even (piarried stone. The s|)ot wh<'re the latter occurred Wius on the point in a place now washed by the highest tides, anil it i.s prol)able that here wa.s the habitation and tliat this site, like so many settlement and fort sites in the ])rovince, has been much alti'ri'd by the action of the wavi'S, allowed by a slow sinking of the Coast, which is now going on. Old willow trees on the point are said by tnulition to mark the gnives of priests and a French admiral. Q.— Enault's Settlement. .\ number of traditions of Ksnault ( KnaultorEnaud) arc given by Cooiiey, which are probably fairly trustworthy, except as to dates. The cen.sns of ]().S() returns Fnaud as living at Nepisiguit Cooney pays that he livi'd at Aiishabou or Coal I'oinl.at the mouth of the Nepisiguit, where Packard's hotel is, and that he had his principal I'stablishment where Mr. I)(>l.)lois has his. Coal Point is a corruption of (ioold's Point, '^ by which the high pointon the west side of the mouth of the N»'pisiguit is known on many t-arly plans. Packard's Hotel, a stone building, still stands at the corner of Pilack and ."^t. Patrick streets in Hathurst, while IV-Hlois' estab- lishment was near by on (iayton's wharf, near the foot of St. Patrick street.' Ci-rtaiiily this would seem to be the most favourable place around the harbour for a trading establishment ; it is on high land at the mouth of a river nuich used by the Indians as a highway to the hunting grounds of the interior, anil as a through route of travel to other rivers. If Knaud, or a pred^cessiir ' was in possession of this point when Denys arrived, it would explain why Denys cho.se what seems to us in all ways the much less favoiu-able situation at Ferguson's Point. Cooney states also that Enand had a large grist mill on the stream running through the marsh now owned by Mr. Deblois, which stream, as Dr. Duncan ti'lls nie, is that now LcCl' re (Lli Bjip.ikiiiK of Denys' habitation as he saw it in l(i7o, says " ti'IIabitition do Monsipur Denys qui i-loit trus l)ien logii, sur le l)Ord d'un bassin vtilgairemciit .ippellu la I'etito riviere, Sep- r6 de la mer p:ir un bi'llii lanmie lie tcrre, qui i)ar IVigrement merreilleux qu'ello donno fkce lieu le rend un BPjour fort af{t6oable." Tliis mention of Little Kiver might lead one to suppose it wat nn the l>order of tlie present river nf that name, west and southweat of Uatliurst, but sueh a supposition would by no m"aiis tit with tlic other facts wo have. It is just possible the Tetengouche was the I'elile {{itiere at that time. '■* AeeiilentiiUy miH»|<>'1led (IniiliVfi on Map No. "i.'i. " For these facts I am iiidibted to Dr. O. M. Duncan, of Bathurst. -* It is possililcthere were two men of this nnme at Nepisiguit, fatlier and son. Cooney mentioni Jean Jacques Knaud, while I'hillipes Ksnault. Sieur de Barbaucanncs, is mentioned by LeClercq, and he is mentioned as receiving a grant at I'olipmoucho in lugs. ""W [OAKONO] HISTORIC .^ITKS IN NEW BRUNSWICK 301 known ius Kddy'.s strfiini (Map No. :>'■>), ami lie adds fnrlhcr tliat tlii' Btont'H of the mill wen- loiiiid nut long ago on thi8 stn-aui. A fact wliii'li liiux an iinporlaiit Ixarinii upon the fiiti- of Knand's sctllcnicnt is, howt'vcr, this, that a point on the liarhour is still callcil, locally, hy his naino. Point Knand, though on tin- chart it is callcenys onward there were .Vcadian settUrs about this harbour in small numlxTS, and that in common with other desirable locatifms on the north short' it received large additions to their numbers after IT^O, and still more after the expulsion. In ITtil Captnin .Mackenzie was sent to removi- them, and took prisoners there, no less than 7.S7 (.Vrchives, l.S<»4, L'2!t).'^ The registers at Canupietti', according to Mr. (Jaudet, show there wxs a number of settlers here in 1771.*, and these settlers no donbt took up lands which were afterwards granted to them. It is thus hardly possible t(j a. Also mentioned in Smethurst's Narrative. I • j 302 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA been treated fully in tho Kdiicational Review, X., 1897, ln4. Tlic site of Petit ]{ochelle is well known locally ; it extended from OtflcorH JJrook upwards for some tliroe miles, and many relics of French occupation have been found lierc. (Map No. 3(3.) Cooney states there was a French village at Martins I'oint, near the site of Campbell ton, and ho gives many' facts iind traditions as to French relics found in this region (213-218). At the mouth oi" Jacquet Kivor, and doubtless ol other rivers on tho North Shore, are small pieces of marsh which seem to have been dyked ; Map No. 36. Histouical Map of Restigouchk. and these dykes arc taken locally to bo evidence of early Acadian sottle- ments. .Such dykes, however, are known to gcolcgists to be often the result of purely natural causes (Chalmci-s, Geological Reports, 1895, M, 133), and hence do not prove the existence of former settlements unless certainly artiricial. 2. Sekiniories. An interesting chapter in the history of the Acadian period in New Brunswick is that wtiich relates to theetibrtof tho French Government to settle it upon the Seigniorial system. The subject has, however, received but little attention from our historians, no doubt because it was a failure and pro- duced no elfect whatever upon later settlement. Not a single one of the many seigniorial grants made in New Brunswick survived the Acadian period itself, much less did they extend into the later periods, and not a foot of land is held to-daj' in New Brunswick, nor has been held since 1755, by descent from a seigniorial title. This extensive attempt was there- "•r-mmp [OANONO] HISTOUIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 303 foro another of those barren hranchos of which lii.story has so many, one whoso interest must bo chiefly sentimental, and whose details may be omitted altogether in any work which attempts to follow the line of evolu- tion of present-day conditions. It is of course entirely outside the scope and limits of the present work to discuss tiio history of the soigniorial system and of tho Now lirunswick seigniories; properly wo aro concerned hero only with thoir locations. A copious literature upontlie subject arose in connection with the discussions leading to the buying out of the rights ol" the Hoigniors of the Province ol' Quebec by the Quebec (iovernment in J854, and there aro many easily-obtainable reports printed at that time in both linglish and French, some of which contain valuable reprints of the Acadian seig- niorial grants. Particularly valuable upon the historical aspects of the subject is "The Seigniorial Tenure in Canada and F'lan of Commutation," by J. C. Tachd, Quebec, 1854. The general subject is treated in sj-nopsis in vol. iii. of the recently issued "Canada, An Kncyclopicdia," to which the reader interested in tho subject will do well to turn. There is also a " Histoiro du droit (Janadien " (Montreal, 18S8), dealing with this subject, but 1 have not seen it. I shall here give but a few leading facts connected with the origin and fato of Acadian Seigniories. A seigniorial grant gave to theSeignioraiid his heirs forever tbe title to their lands, with tho right of Hshing, luiiiti.ig, trading and tho adminis- tration of justice to their tenants, and tboy had to render homage to the reprosentativos of tho King at (Juebec at stated periods. They were required to settle colonists upon their lands within a fixed time and in certain numbers, to keep I'ivors open for navigation, to open highways, and to observe other legal conditions. In addition to tho seigniorial grants, usually very extensive, there woi-e other j)ropcrty grants, giving tho grantee tho right to farm, bunt, trade, etc., but no rights of justice over tenants. Of tho latter sort wore the small grants of Mcusnior at Magaguadavic and Dos (rroz at Pokomoucho later to bo spoken of; while all of tho remainder of the grants in New Brunswick were true seigniories. In 1627 Louis XIII. granted all New France in fief and seigniory to the Company of New Franco, which resigned its rights in 166.'), and between those dates the Seigniories were granted b}' the Company. In 16(J4 Louis XIV. granted all his land in America to the Company of tho West Indies, but their rights reverted to the Crown in 1674, after which date all seigniories were granted by the representatives of tho King at Quebec, the Governor and Intendant, and were later confirmed by the King him- self. This original grant by the authorities at Quebec, and its later con- firmation by the King, gave origin to two distinct documents describing each grant, and as these by no means always agree in details, much con- fusion has arisen in connection with some of them ; and thus are explained the discrepancies in different records describing the same seigniory. <^m 304 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Till! tiivt ^roiit f^rimt in N<'W Hninswick wuHtliat to DoRnzilly tit St. Croix ill l(i32, tiien ibilowofl timt to LuTouron the St. John in lOIJu, that of lfi3(! imd Ui^t'.i to Donys, including ull tho North Shore, und that to LaTour, Temple and Crowne in Iti'jd. But in 1672 bi'i^an the HorieH of weij^nioriul grants in New Hrunswieiv, wlumc locationH are deHcribed in the following pagcM. The last of tiieso, cxcojitingtiiat of St. Pierre, wliicli wasonasomo- wliat ditl'erent l)ahi», was made in 1700. They were Home tliii ty-tive in num- ber, covering some of the best lands and the localities best situated for fishing and trade in the Province. In the groat majority of cases, however, no attemjjt whatever a]>|)ears to have been made by tlie Seigniors to fulfil the conditions and settle upon them, in which respect they were in remark- able contrast to those of (iucboc. At Passamaquoddy there is evidence from the censuses and other sources that St. Aubin,('hartior and Meusnier settled upon their grants ; on the St. John the two brothers D'Amours, the Sicurs de Froncuse and Clignancourt, later joined by their brother Sieur de Chautl'oui's, made more or less successful attempts at settlement, as did Martignon, Soulanges and possibly Breuil and Gautior, but there is no evidence that any of the other Seigniors ever even saw their grants. At the head of the Ray of Fundy, La A'alliere had a seigniory on which many colonists from Port Jtoyal settled as his tenants, and thus he eatab- lished b}' far the most important seigniory in the present Province of New Brunswick, and one that came the nearest to the ideal for which tho seigniorial sj-stem was established. It is possible, that, hud it not been for the troublous times in that region after 1750, ending with tho expulsion in 1755, the heii-s of La Valliore might have held lands under his title to this day. Along tho liichibucto coast Sieur de Chautl'ours had formed a settlement before his grant was passed, but later ho abandoned it to join his brothers on the St. John. At Miramichi Eichard Denys de Fronsac made a settlement, but Enault, though he had a seigniory at Pokemoucho, lived on lands belonging to Gobin at Nepisiguit, and Do Grez, after making some settlement at Pokemoucho, deserted to the English. The attem|)t3 at settlement, therefore, were altogether insignificant in comparison with the number and extent of tho seigniorial grants. After 1700 there is, with the single exception of La Valliiire, hardly a trace of any of tho Seigniors to be found. In 1704 Colonel Church ravaged Passamaquoddy and the Seigniors are never heard of again in the region, and probably tho destruction of tho settlements along tho river by the English expedition against Fort Nashwaak in lt)!)(!,' had something to do with the abandon- ment of the St. John. As for those on tho North Shore, Seigniors and Seig- niories alike fade away into obscurity and leave scarcely a trace. It is eaid by Murdoch that most of the Seigniors left the cQuntry after Nicholson'* conquest (1710), and no doubt most of them went to Quebec where some of them were later granted seigniories in that Province. Even had they > Tliat at Jcinseg was not destroyed, and Gyles in his narrative tells us why. [«lANON(i] 1II8T0KIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 305 18, [ho Jy ho on >n- ig. kiid jn's Inio not boon nbundonud l»y ( hoi r owners, inont of tho soij^'niorics, |p«rhup8 Jill oxcopt La ViiUijiro's, woi.ld liavo licon rorfoitod for non-fultilniont of corr ditionn. In l(i!t!» llio Kiii^ docrcuil that Hiiico many of the Seiynioi'H had not complied wilh coiiditioriH, tliey must hcikI copiosof their grants to liim^ and in 1703 a royal decree was passed which must have annulled most of the grants in what is now New Brunswick. After 171."{ both Knglisli and French claimed thottei-ritory now known as New Hrunswick. In 171S Father Loyard was empowered to grant lands on the St. .lolin to Acadians, but we do not know to what extent it was done. In 17."M the Lords of Trade wrote from Whitehall concerning seigniories in Nova Scotia, that all Seigniors who remained in the Province at the treaty of I'trecht (17I."{) and owned allegiance to Great Britain, could keep what they were legally possessed of before that time, but those who had left the Province and since returned could have no such rights. In 1743 the King of i'Vanco decreed that all lands unsettled should revert to the ('rown. In 175S) the Nova Scotia Legislature passe<:nis, Marson (another title (orSoiilanges), La Tour, St. Cast in, Vdlenie, .Udrti'junn, Hrruil, Plfnnc,ii\u\ Jiiibert ; at the head of the Bay of Fiindy are La Valliirc and Villieu ; on the North Shore, Drni/s, St. I'aul, fjinovillf, D.iplrssis and C/iauJfours ; at Miramichi in Fronsar, and in Gloucester, KnauU (or Enaiid) and (I'obin, and at He.stigouche Iberville. Such namert are Hurely vastly to bo preferred to tho very trivial ones so often given to our new nettlements. 1 think it probable the following li>t contains nearly all, perhaps . all, of the seigniorial grunts made in New IJrunswicU, but of muny of them tho jtrintcd records are \'*iry scanty, und in others thoditferent versions differ considerably, especially in the spelling of the place-names, it is therefore very desirable that a full collection of them should bo made from the original documents, und when possible, from tho original ri 'isters at Quebec. This will be the more jtroHtablo since the grants nlread}' ])ubli8hed in full often contain valuable incidental references to local histor}-, which leads us to believe that those published only in part may in tho complete original also contain important items. Tho ])ubli8hed descriptions of seigniories occur in tho following works : First, in tho Memorials of the Knglish and Froiich Commissaries of 1755 (cited in tho following list as Mtm.), in which some of our most important ones are published in full. Second, in various documents i-ssued by tho (Quebec (iovernment in lS52-r)4. Tho ]>rincipal one of these is " Titles and Documents relating to the .Seigniorial tenure in return to an address of tho Itcgislativo Assembly," 1851, Quebec, 1852 (cited as Leg.) The " Keturn to an address of tho JiCgislative Assembly for copies of certain Seigniorial Documents 1853,"' contains many confirmations of Acadian Seigniories given in full. There is also a valuable Legislative document of 1807 or 1808 with titles in brief. There are several others in tho -'Manuscvits relatif a L'histoiro do La Nouvelle France" (cited us Docs.) published by the Quebec Government ; but this work contains many misprints, und the copies in tho Ben Perley Pooro collection in the Massachusetts State Ilouso are more accurate, though of courso oven those are copies of tho originals in Paris. Murdoch's Nova Scotia also contains trun.slations of parts of many of tho grants. In the following list the limits of space allowable have made it neces- sary to give onl}' tho description of tho location of the grants, in select- ing which from the several versions, often differing considerably from one another, I have chosen that which seemed to me to bo most trust- worthy, i.e. derived most directly and with most care from the original 1 [OANONO] IIIHTOUIC SITKS IN NKW HUUN«WKK 307 !S0 IS o iin 'S of IB of itive Ihors !(1 ns ains the Bven also pces- llect- Trom rust- (inal clot'iimontM, iiiui [ Imvo quolcil thin exactly Jii«t as |iriiit(>i|, whotlior in Kn^lish or Fivritli, All of tlioHo in Kiif^liwli aiv oitlior from Munlocli or from tlio Lc'j^iwiativis dociunuiil of ls52. All arc hIiowu on tho accoiu- ])anying map No. ^9. /. The. riissamaquoddij District. Tho Sfif^nioricH of this roj^ion have lioon (liHcribed and discussod in tho "Courior Serios," and in tho pamphlet abstract of this, ])nnted hut not yet published. At Indian Island one LaTreillo lived at tho time of Church's expedi- tion of 1704, but no ^rant to liim is Itiio,. Tlio Hutchinson papers of 1(588 (('ollections Mass. Hist. Soc, Hrd sor., i., 82) mention a ^rant to ono Zorzy [Do Sorcis] at St. Croix, but nollun iiMiivciit, a ^^l,■avllir la riviiTc it lKii»^ Saiiicli'-Criiix, isles y c, i*l:l( :ns atljawiites d'uiu' part it d'aiitre en la Nouvi'lle Fraiui', de I'l'ti'iidiie de dmi/.i liciu's de lan;e(<, -h prciidn- le point milieu I'u I'isle Suinete-t'roix, uu le Sii'iir de Moi. a liiveriie, it vinut Heiies tie profitndt'iir depuis lepmlaux cuiniilles, (jui est en I'une dcs isles (if Teiilree de la riviere it bale Saincte-Croix, duKjue lieiics de quatre niillo toises de long." (.Mem. 7(1". ) The limits of this grant are plain (sec map No. '.V.*). I'ort uiix f'iKiiiiVii, in known to be Mead Ilarbo:, ("ampobello. 1684— Fassamaquoddy. To Jwm Sarreau de St. Aubin. (On June 2.3th.) " Five leagues in front, on the sea shore, and five leagues in depth inhxiid at ■ a place called I'asconiady, and its environs, with the isles and islets in front of that extent, also an islet of rocks about six leagues off for .«eal lisliery, also the island called Arebimagan, and the islets for two leagues round it." (Murdoch, I., Ki:!. ) The description is not full enough to locate this seigniory exactly. It is possible that it included (.'ampolx'llo, and the ruined building shown on Windmill Point in I )esHarres' picture of Camjiobello of 1777 may represent his dwelling, which, like those of other seigniors of the time, was jirobably a " Habitation," i. e., a dwelling surrounded by a stockade. It is much more probable, however, that the "I'ort" nieiuioned at Pleasant Point (see earlier, .Settlements) by Morris was the remains of St. Aubin's liabitatioit. If, however, the Ciourdon mentioned by Cliurcb was foimd on the site of St. Andrews in 1704 and was really St. Aubin, it would perhaps show that bis dwelling wiis there, which would be supported by the fact that ("barlier's gnmt, including without doubt the falls at St. Stephen, is described as bor- dering upon St. Aubin's grant. Arcbimagan was an island near w hat is now Etlgemonigan Reach, at the mouth of the Penobscot, and St. Aubin's sons resided there. 1691— Maeraguadavic. To Jean Meusnier, habitant de PAcadie. (JulylGth.) " Two leagues in front by two leagues in depth, on the small river which the Indians call Maricadeciiy, to wit : one lesigue in fronton ejich side of the I 308 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA paid rivor, opposite to each otlier, the said two leagues of land in front and two leagues in depth to be taken in the unconceded lands at a distance of about li\e leagues below Pesrnoucady, runiiing towards the north-east." (Leg. 121.) This grant, not a grant in seigniory, but an ordinary grant " encensivc," cannot be located more definitely than that it probably included the mouth of the Ahxgaguadavic. The grant mentions that his former property had been plundered and burnt by the British, and a new grant is made to enable him to settle in a safer place. The basin at the Falls, at .St. George, where there is fertile land, grand fishing, and the head of navigation, would be a most likely place for his residence. 1603— Grand Manan. To Paul Dailleboust, Ecuyer, Sieur de Perigny (or Porsigny). (April 14.) "The said island of Grand Menaw, together with the islands, islets and beaches which may be found lying around and near the same." (Leg. 134.) The lf)Cation of this Seigniory is perfectly clear (see map No. 39). 1695— Scoodic. To Sieur Michel Charti'^r, habitant de I'Acadie. (July 8, con- firmed May 19, 1696. ) "D'une demy lieue de front de chaque coste de la riviere d'Escoudet sur unc lieue et demye de profoundeur i commencer du coste du sud ouest it, la terre du dit Sieur St. Aubin en descendant la dite riviere, et du cost6 du N. E. aux terres non concddez, vis-a-vis la concession du Sr. de Bourchemin, sur la riviere de la Oumasca. (Docs. IL, 224. Also Leg. 154, Murdoch, I., 224.) The location of this seigniory is fairly plain. Church, in 1704, found one Sharkee, of course Chartier, settled on or near the site of St. Stephen, on the Scoodic, which was doubtless the centre of his Seigniory. In 1696 Michel Chartier leased the Seigniory of Freneuse from its owner, Mathieu D' Amours. (See later. ) The Seigniories of Thibaudeau, 1695, and of Villeclaire, 1697, and Kou^'sanoukek (Lefebvre), 1703, and Grand Champ, 1708, were in Maine, towards Mount Desert. 2. The St. John District. No systematic account of the Seigniories of the St. John has yet been published, though many references to them occur scattered through the writings of Hannay, Raymond and others. Most prominent of the Seigniors of this valley were the brothers D'Amours, of whom an account is given by Hannay in the New Brunswick Magazine, I., 25. 1635— Mouth of the St. John. To Charles de. Sainl-Elienne, Sieur de la Tour, (Jan. 15, by La Compagnie de la Nouvelle France.) " Le fort & habitation de la Tour, situe en la Riviere Sainte Jean en la Nouvelle-France, entre les 45 & 46, degres de latitude, ensemble des terres prochainement adjacentes i\ icelui dans I'titendiie de cinq lieiies au dessous le long de ladite riviere, sur dix lieiies de profondeur dans les terres." (Mem. ) The location of this grant is fairly plain. It probably covered both sides of the mouth of the river. It wtis, of course, later superseded by other grants. It is no doubt that mentioned by Murdoch (I., 79), as obtained from the Fr^'nch King in 1627. [ganoxg] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 3O0 1656 — Ck>a8t9 of Acadia. To /<• Si-iijiienr dc Suhit-Elii'imr, Sirur de la Tour, haro)i d'Ecosse, Thoman Tenipli' A GiiillniDiie Crowiie, ChcmUers. "Le pivvH & k'rritoire apiK'116 rAcadio, & partio du pays nomin(5 la Nouvellc Ecopsi', . . . lew ci'ttos jiisqu'an foiul de la Bale ; & de Ii\, rangi'aiit ladit«' Baio jiipqu'au fort Saint-Jfaii ; & de 1;\, rangeant toute la cute jusqii'il J'entiigoet . . . & en dedans les terres tout le long desdites cotes jnsqu'il cent lieiies de profondeur." ( Mem. ) This enormous grant can readily be located from the description. It is shown plainly on a map in AVinsor's "America," V., 47H. 1672— West Side of the Mouth of the St. John. To Martin DWrpentigny, Sieur de Martlgnnn. (Oct. 17th). " The tract of country and lands which are to lx> found on the said River St. John, to be taken along the said River from Partridge Island {U Me de In Pcrdrix), running six leagues in front up the said river, and six leagues in depth iidand, bounded in front by the sai7t> Marson is spoki'ii of as " Commandant of tin' Forts of Jomscg anil the River St. John," implving tliat tiicrt' was somcwiu'ri' a fort of tl\i' Hiver St. John, but not in condition to bi- occupied. This would fit prrfi'ctly with the theory given earlier that Fort LaTour, destroyed by Cliarnisy, stood at Portland IVjint on his Si'igniory, (Map No. 37.) Court- € nay Bay .itttj Shore. w '■MoXtj'ti'K^ ( Shag Kocks": Stale -i -mile 4 ^, Old Fort .Portland Point is tkt site o> ].ToTtLaTouT (probably i Tde la.n. Sfjea n Qicss- iblj) OliTort .CaiUion is The lite oj iTCha rnisayiprobablj, l.F.MaTtlqnon i,F5t Jean LV/ lie ban) it.T Mcnagoueche S.F.rredcr/cA jvames in Italics are ■extittct Map No. 37. Historical Map of St. John anu surbodndings. [qanono] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 811 1672— St. John Harbour. T» Simr ^:>^' ■ \^ / /^ ■ ' ■■MeHten.-iJiS. . -.v / / V .* ■.■..;.■■ ■..•.•■.' Sqi ifamei in ttah'a an eitinct 'Scalf of n . Township cj] S'uhbuTy-/76S- ; ; ,•' 1_^ ||! I: ; i Map No. 38. Histouicai, Map of the V^icinity of Fredericton. had rendered, and with the wish to engage him to continue them, and that it is made so large becau.se so little of it is cultivable. 1678— Port Jemseg. To I'iinr de Joiln'ii, Eaujer, Sieur de Soulanges d de Marson. (Oct. Ui). "Ledit fort de Gemisik, avec"" une lieiie de chaque cote dudit forti faisant deux lieiies de front, la devanture de la riviere, & les isles & islets (jui y sont, & deux lieiies 'ile profondeur dans les terres, avec le droit de chasse <& de peche dans I'etendiie desdits lieux." (Mem. 740). There can be no doubt as to the location of this Seigniory ; it is shown on Map No. .'!!•. About lOlK) this Seigniory had passed to the Sieur de Chauffours. This is shown by two fivcts : first, the grant to the widow f)f the Sieur de Mai-son, given below, in KiOl mentions the " oonci'ssion de Sieur de C'hauffour, nomme Jemseg," and, second, .Fohn Gyles shows in his narrative that he was living here in 1696. Whether he obtained it by purchase or a re-grant, as the Sec. XL, 1809. 2l'. i • 1 312 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA U'nn concession would imply, we do not know. Curiously enough, the Morris Map of 1758 marks Chofour as a village just Ix^Iow the present Gage- town. Le Sieur de Soulanges had for four years been commander of this fort and that " of the River St. John." In 1074 the fort, which lie had repaired, had been destroyed by the Hollanders, and was repaired by him at his own expense. As a recompense, the proprietorship of tlie fort was given to him. See his grants of 1672. He afterwards, in 1702, was granted the Seigniory of Soulanges in Quebec. (Archives, 1884, 20). In one document Soulanges is spoken of as " Lieutenant of the Company of Infantry of Grand Fontaine, in the regiment of J'oitou, and Major of Acadia ; has rendered good and praiseworthy services in divers places both in Old and New France." In 1082 the King granted to Sieurs Bergier, Gautier, Boucher, and De Mantes lands on the St. John for a fishery, but they appear not to have been taken up. It is, however, to be noted that on the Morris Map of 1758 the Belleisle is called R. an Gautier. 1684— The St. John, near Meductic. Enw d' Amours, Ecwjer, Sieur de CUg- nancourt. (Sept. 20, confirmed May 27, 1089). " Ce qui se rencontre de terre non conc<>d(5e ni habitude le long de la- dite riviere Saint Jean, depuis ledit lieu de Medoctet, icellui comprise, jusques au long sault qui se trouve en remontrant ladite riviere Saint Jean, icelle comprise, avec les isles & islets qui se rencontreront dans cet espace, ndra. ton [Ramouctou] autant que huliU; ] (Mem.) The location of this seigniory is Ix'vond doubt, and is given on Map No. 3!). The probable site of the residence of Sieur de Freneuse has already been discussed. There is a very confusing error in reference to this grant in the " Memorials" where it is called the confirmation of the preceding (that to Rene d' Amours) whereas it has nothing to do with the latter. In 1690 the Sieur de Freneuse, as the original document now in my possession shows, leased his Seigniory for five years to Michel Chartier. It is described in part aa follows: " Le Manoir Seigneurial do la dite StMg- ncurif de Freneuse consistant en trente arpents ou environ de terre labour- able i\ la charrue, pros, bois on luiut futoye et taillio avoc les niaisoiis gmngos et ostables qui sont dossus, etc." Freneuse was killed the same year at Fort Nashwaixk, Michel Chartier was perhaps the same who the previous year received the Seigniory of Scoodic. 1689— Kennebecasis. To Pienr Chexwt, Ecuyer, Sieur ik Breuil (or Dnbrenil.) (Jan. 7.) "Deux lieiies de front lo long de la riviere Saint-Jean, dans le lieu appoUe par les Sauvages KanilH'Ciichiche it petit Xakchouac, S(;avoir, uno lieiie d'un cote & uno lieiie de I'autre, ledit jx-tit Xakchouac faisant le milieu de hidite concession, avec les isles & islets qui se trouveront au devant, (.<: trois lieiies do profondeur." (Mem. 7()9 ; Leg. 102.) The location is plain ; it is .shown on map No. '^^. Petit Xakchouac is known to have been Hammond River. On Morris' map of 1758, the Kenne- becasis is called " La Riviere do Bruhl," seeming to show he had made some attempt to settle his seigniory. Probably, however, the lattT occur- rence of a "French Village" on his land is but a coincidence, as already shown. 1689— Below Jemseg. To Sieur Vincent de Si. Cuxtin. (Oct. 14. ) " Lesdits 2 lieiies de front il prendre en torros non concodees le long dc la riviere St. Jean, joignant les terros de Jemesec . . . sur pareille pro- fondeur do 2 lieiies." (Log. llo. ) Since all of the lands above Jemseg had been granted, this must have boon just below the Jemsog Seigniory, a.s shown on map Xo. 3U. 1690—011 River St. John. To Sieur Jean de Valenee. ( Ojntirmid ^lar. l(i, 1691 ). " D'une ostendue do torro a la riviere St. Jean." ( Docs. 11., p. 40. ) We have no hint as to the location of this Seigniory. It is the only one not on map Xo. 159. 1690 — Nacawioac to Long's Creek. To Sieur Fmneois Oenaple de liellefond. (Feb. 2.'>; confirmed Mar. 1(>, Kiill.) " Une espace de teri'es scitueeil la rivioro St. Joan, pais do I'Acadie, entre Madoktek ot Xacchouak, qui joint a la terre do (tomezek, contonant respace de terre sur le lieuuppollo les longuos veues connnonoant a la rivioro appolloe Skooleopskek jusques au lieu et riviere appellee Xerkoiooiqnek, sur deux lieuos de profondeur dans lesdits torros, d'un costo ot d'aultre ladito rivioro St. Joan ; ensemble 'os isles et islets qui sont dans loditospaco." ' (Doc. II., .SO; Leg. 116; Murdoch I., 108.) 1 SppUinR |of proper nnmi'8 is taken from the copy iu the Ben. I'erley Foore Documents in the Massachusetts State House. Many of the Quel)OjDocum>nts are copied from this collection, but it lias been badly done and many errors have been introduced. I -/ I p >v^ o'J ^rrz- Map No. .!9.-Map of Nkw Brunswici wSM anfKant Le grunde Menon Nkw Brunswick in the Kxplokation Axn Acadian Periods. in the Exploration and Acadian Ffxinds •■Sftt/f merits and Ports. (^.Seigniones. Underlined namtfS are oj the Exploration Bria Names m itulici are novv extinct Scal e oJ Wiles MBM 314 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Though the (liffcrt-nt cfipk'H of this gmnt diffiT cruiHidprably in the HjH'lliiig of the phiw iuiiiu'8, thiTo can hv no doubt us to tlio location of the Siigniory, whidi is sliown on niiip No. .'{!>. The Inngim iriict is still called the " rj)per Reach," i. p., T'pper Long Reach ; Nerkoifjoiquek is Nacawicac, and Skooleopskek (i. e., Skouteopskek ) is known to be Long's Creek. De Hellefond waa Notary Royal at Quebec, and probably did not attempt to' settle his grant. 1691— At Gagetown. Tn Dmnv Marie FnnigoiH < 'hurtkr, vciire du Siivr df Marson. (Mar. 2.'!; confirmed Mar. I, KilC!. ) " Une tene i\ la riviere St, Jean, a I'Acadie, de quatre lieuos de front 8ur ladite riviere, dedetix lieues de i)rofondeur de I'autre costc, et vis-a-vis la concession du Sieur de Chauffour, nonimee .lemsec, le milieu des(|UelleH quatre lieus sera vis-a-vis la mai.son de. lemsec." (Doc. II., 113; Leg. 120; Murdoch, I., VM.) There can be no doubt as 1o its location ; it is given on maj) No. HO. It included the present site of (iagetown. 1605— Kennebecasis. To Sieur Bernard I)'. i mourn, Ecyr. [Sieitr d<: I'hnue']. (June '_'(), coiilirmed KHXJ). "La riviere Canibecachice aflluent dans la riviere St. Jean lY I'Acadie et d'une lieue et demye ile chaque caste sur deux de profondeur. (Doc. 11., 224; Leg. l.Jl.) Only Hii approximate location can be given fortius Seigniory, since wcdo jiot know how far up the river the grant was taki-n. 1695— Oak Point. To Sieur des Goultiux {or De O'oulin). (June 20. conlirmed " Lieu noiiuue la I'ointe aux Chenes scituee a la riviere St. Jean de I'Acadie et d'une lieue de chaque coste de la dite i)ointe sur deux de profondeur." (Doc. II. 224 : Leg. 1.V2). There can be little doubt a.s to the location of this Seigniory, as shown on Map No. .'iit. Some versions gi ve /'(///i^' attx (.Vwuillen, but olhvri' J'oinfe ni(.r C7ie)/f.9, and the Morris ^lap of 1758 shows that the present Oak Point was so called by the Acadians. 1697— Naahwaak to Long's Creek. To Charles (Jenaples, Sieur de Vilrenurd. (Aprir23). " Of the space of land containing a league and a half front by two in depth, to bound froin the seigneurie of Naxcouak, to the river of Skoutecpkek, with the islands, islets and flats within that extent." (Murdoch I., 238 ; also Leg. 173.) The boundaries given locate this Seigniory as on !Map No. 38 and 30, even though its length is far underestimated. ^lurdoch gives the name of the Seignior as Villeneuve, but the Krench Documents have Vilrenard. It is stated by Kame.au (II. 188) that in 1750 M. de Vaudreuil possessed the great fief of Ekoupag, i. e., Ekpahak or Aucpac, but I know of no ground for this statement. M [OANONO] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BHUN8WICK 313 int the ' ■I Thf Petiti'odiac- Misseijuash District. The fullest ut'count wo hnvo of tho Hoigtilorios and settlors in this district is given by Eunioau do Saint-Pt^ro in his " Colonio Keodalo." That of La Valliore was tho most important of all seigniories in tho present New Hrunswick. 1676— Chignitou, or Beaubassin. 7'" Mirh,/ 'I, Xnit, Eiuijir, si.nr ilr li ValllriY. (Oct. 24.) " L'l'tendnc di' dix lieiicH dc terre dc fmiit. i|iii .«imt dii cntt' dii Pud, ciitri' Ic ('ii|id>r('t Tiiiiriiu'iitiii I'unt partic." (.Mem. 7.");>. i Till' •fcncnil l(H'alii)ii nf tliis Sficrninry is plain cnoii^ili, and as slwiwii nii niaj) '•',{), tliougli tlidv is snnic iJDiiht almnt its exact limiiularics. Tlic Kii/i'i- k-iiiiiihoui/int is prnbiibly Hi\cr IMiilip, wliicli the Micniacs nrunswick who to any degree fuUilled the conditions of his grant, and the only one who can thus be reckoneil along with the Hcigniors of Quebec. Me had a seigniorial niiinor, nii-ntioned in a docunicnt of 170"), whose site is unknown, though in all probability it was on the islaiul calleil always in French maps and (locuments hlr Lu VallH^n:, now Tonges Island, (Map No. 24.) About 1702 he became involved in disputes about botnidarics with the settlers of .'^hepody and IVtitcodiae, and this was .7), which extended his seigniory to include r»hepody and I'etitcodiac, but fnrl)ade his disturbing the settlei-s there. In 1()7S la \'alliere gave a tract of land at Ueaubassiu for a mission, and it was thus described in a document of that year : ( Le Tac, lol.) "La tlonation falte par le S^ do la Vallieri', seigneur de Bt'aubassin dans I'Acadie (,'t Dam''" Denis, sa femine aux Kli.PP. IfecoJIets . . . de six arpens de front qui sont en prairies dans lad. seigneiirie de r>eaul)assin sur la riviere appellee la Kiviere Krouillee vis-A-vis la pointe de Heausejour en montant an Nord-est >S: des terres (jid se trouveront dans la profondeur depuis lad'" pointe juis(iucs a nioitie cheinin des baViitations des noinniez Martin & LaVallee aiusi qu'il est porte ])lus au long dans le contract de lad'" donat ion pa.«se aux Trois Kivieres le 2* septenibre liermine its precise ]>osition. The settlements of Shepody and retilcodiiic were fonniled, as fully described liy Itaiiiean, in Kili.s, the former hy Thihamlenn and the latter hy Klanchaid. In 17(L' it was leconnnended l>y l>es( ioiitliiis that they he j;iveii jfraiitH of these places, of course in seiffniory, hnl decisions of the Council of State of 17(1.'! and I7l»"i show that while they were allowed to continue to occni)y their laiuls they were within the limits of theSei(j;niory of LuValliere. I Kameau, II., ;i:!(l, IC!?. ) 1700— Cape Near Shepody. Tn Simr (!,■ Villl,-ii. (Aug. 21.) " Two lea^nes of land in front [and two in depth], to Ih' taken from the Cape ncnrcHt to the Hay of Chie|ioiidy, on the nftrtli-eiwt side thereof, dcaconding to the south-west, together with the island called di/j: .V< »/(«," (Leg. l.sii. ) It is ])ossihle to locate this Seigniory oidy apj)roxirnat<'ly, and its prob- able situation i? shown on maf) No. .'](», There is no doubt about /. , "Till' liiiy iiiiil river of ('ih'hjjiic, fitimlc in Acadiii, Icijjclhcr willi two lfii);iirs iif land in I'runt on ciicli nidr nf ilic siiil liay liy nix Ira^Mics in dt'pili, tlicHtiid friiiit til ciiiiinii'nrr nn tin- st-a sliurr, and tliiiH ciinlinnr tlir wlmli* ilcplli, alsii till' ailjari'nt islands, i^ilrts and niradnus, tn wtiicli ^'raiit \M');ivo till' nanir 111' hiipli'SfJ!-," ( l.i'j;, LVS). Till' liiratiiiii nf iliis si'i){nii)ry in iilain, and is an slinwii mi tlu> tniip No. '.'M. It iivrrlai)H till' Hi'i)^nii)ry nf i'l' Cliauffnurs, ii fart nl' cuiifsi' tint kimwii at that liini'. in tlii' ^jranl Sii'iir i>iipli'.«sis is di'si-rihi'd as '•('Icrk in llii> riitnitry fur M. !>i' I.iibi'rt, tri'asiiriT f^i'iirral ui tlii' Na\>." 1697 -LinOVille, at ShediaO. 7'< Simr Miilliini ini. ( Ai)r. 4). "Three leaj^ues of land in front nr thereabnuls by a similar depth, situate on the coast of Acadia on the gri-at hay nf St. Ijawrence, jnining f>n one side the concession of the Siciir de Lino, and on the other side that nf the Sieur lie la Valliere, tngcther with the islands, islets and beacheH which may be foimd within the said extent, and give the said lanil t he luiine i )f St . Paul." (Leg. KiH). The location is unmistakable, and is shown on map No. .'W. The grant stiites that it is " in consiiU'nitinn of the gnod services which the said Sieur Dupuy has rendered in this country, a.s well in war as in the dlHchargo of the situations which he ha.s held." J. The Miramichi Dislriet. Tho history of the siiiglo Seigniory of this tlistriet has not yet been written, except briefly in ^[r. IJaymonil's recent paper on tho Xorth Shore. It was entirely unknown to Coorey, the only historian of the Miramichi valley. 1687 — Miramichi. To Siinr Uirhdrd Ikmjx dr Froiisiir. (Apr. IS, conlirmed :Mar. Ki, 1(1!»1). " A quinze lieues de devanture snr ciuinz lieues de pmfondi'ur, a prendre (lepuys la riviere J)e.i Irititfn, ycelle comprise tme lieue tirant au sud-ost, et les aultres quatorze lieues tirant au nord oucst." (Docs II., 40, Murdoch L, litS). There is much confusion in the diffen-nt versions nf this grant, and the confirmations usually attribute it to Nicolas Dcnys de Kronsac or Frontenac. Murdoch ( I., 1!KS) with others has this error. Yet several facts put it beyond doubt that the grant was to the son Kicluird, not to the father Nicolas. i ' 'tS I i! 318 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA Thus tlio only version I Imvo soon of the original grant has Richard Denys ; both St. Valii'r and Lc Clcrcq tell us that Ricli^ird DiMiys lived at Miramichi, and they speak of him as jjvoprietor ; an early document (Archives, 1884, 18) on Seigniories speaks of Richard Denys de Fronsac as first grantee of Miraniichi. I have not been able to locate this Seigniory. Tlu^ identity of the Hiviere des Truiti'S (Trout River) is unknown; Ihere nuist be some error about tlu! directions, for a line running first southciist, and then northwest would riui back upon itself. It nuist have been on the north side of Mira- niiclii, partly because Denys residence (discu.ssed earlier) wa.s almost cer- tainly there, and partly because grants at Xepisiguit later to be mentioned^ bordered upon it. kichanl Denys afterwards accpiired the extensive Seigniories of Nopisi- guit and Restigcjuche.' In KiS."), (.Vug. i:!), Richard Denys, as lieutenant for his lather, granted three Iciigues of land to the Recollets for a mission on the river St. Croix (^liramichi) (^lurdoch, 1., KiS). St. \'aiier says the missionaries chose the land at Skinoul)on On tlieir later history see Murdoch, II., 441 and Archivas, 1884, 10, IB. m [ganono] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 319 as he ICV' lu- ll n'l' Ilia liin- nii'iico running from tho boundary of tlic concession made to the Sieiir (h- I'ronsac, settlinl by the Intciidanls' Ordinance bearing date the eighteenth day I )f April last, going towards the northeast, together with the points of land, islands, islets and shoals which may l)e found situate opposite the said triicl of land." In th(! preamble "including the River Xepisiguit " is given. (Murdoch, I., I!»8, Leg. 117). It is not po.ssihle to locate this Seigniory very exactly unless it be assumed that the Xepisiguit formed its central part, as was usual in such grants. This grant (Archives, 1884. il) was ceded l)y (iobin, " the (irst grantee," to Richard Denys de Fronsac, and through his wife descended to Rey- Ciaillard, who in^ld it in l7o;j. This appears to be the grant that (."ooney a.ssigns to. lean Jacques Knaud. as including all land between (^rand Ance and .lacquet River, which is cer- taiidy an error, as (iobin was the llrst grantee. Ksnault (or Enaud ) is sjioken of in the Census of 1()8() as a lesideni of Xepisiguit, as he is in his gi-ant of Pocmouche of ItiO.'i. He tnay have been iigent for Gobin. 1693— Pokemouche. In Philiju.t Exivmli, huhihnd , confirmed March Hi, KlOl). 7'(> .bVcwr [/'iVm] /,(' M<»jnc d' Ihi'rrillf. "A space of land of 12 leagues front by 10 leagues in d"pth, in the Ray of Chaleurs, in Acadie, cjmpri^ ing the rivers to be fotuid within that I , - ■ -Ag « 320 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA extent, iiiciisiiriiig said 1-' k-agiu's from tlio boundary of Sr. (iobin'H grant on the nortli west course in part, and tiii' otiicr part on tlic east soutli cast, the river of Hi'stigouclie included, with the points, islands, islets and flats in the front." (Murdoch, I., litS. Doc. II., 40 ; Leg. US.) The location of this Seigniory is in thi' main clear, and as shown in Map No. .")(». It could hardly, however, have bordered upon the lands of Gobin, a,s the distance from Nepisiguit to lii'stigouche is too great. This Seigniory was ceded by ; (I '! T [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 321 ants upon tho great grants which were made in this period. During the early part of tho revolution all of the New Hrunswick settlements suf- fered greatly from the attacks of privateers, which is a polite name for those vultures who use great causes as a cloak for the most dastardly and cowardly of outrages. After Fort Howe was built in 1778, the settle- ments on tho St. John were safe, and many settlers from more exposed places went there, while war vessels in the Bay of Fundy partially jiro- tected tho others ; but tho traders on the Miramichi, Nepisiguit and IJcsti- gouche were well nigh or quite ruined by them. Finally, after the peace of 1783, this period at Passamaquoddy and on the St. John was brought to an abrupt end by the arrival of the Loyalists. They pro- duced, however, comparatively little etTect in Sackville and Cumberland, at the head of the Bay of Fundy, and practically none at all anywhere on the North Shore, in which the Knglish period may be considered to have merged gradually into the Post-Loyalist period. Of the greatest importance in the history of this period is the attempt to settle the Province by the introduction of tenants through immense grants made to otficei'S and others. It is not within the function of this paper to trace the history of this most important and inteiesting subject, and I can but indicate here a few of its leading points. Shortly after 1760 it was decided to reserve most of the rich lands of the St. John for officers of the Royal service. So markedly was this the policy of Govern- ment that it was only through an exception made in their favour that the Maugerville settlers were able to hold tho lands they had taken possession of in 1763. In 1765 the at. John and Passamaquoddy were surveyed by Morris, and there began a series of immense land grants to individual officere and to associations of disbanded otHcers and others. The larger of these grants were established as townships of some 100,000 or more acres, and during 1765 no less than eleven of these townships, tho^^e of Francfort, Amesbury, Burton, Sunbury, Newtown. Conway, Gagctown, and one other on the St. John, and Moncktoii, Hopewell and Hillsborough on the Petitcodiac were granted, with numerous smaller grants in their vicinity. Maugerville and Cumberland hud already been granted to genuine settlers, and Sackville was later similarly granted. The history of these three townships diflers from all the others in that they were settled before they were granted. In later years other large grants were made, but not again in such abundance and size as in 176"), A condition of all these gi-ants was the settlement upon them of a given, and considerable, number of settlers within a certain time, and there is abundant evidence in old records, such as newspaper advertisements, colonization broad.sides, etc., that many of the grantees maile vigorous efforts to obtain settlers, oti'ering them most liberal inducements. But settlers wei-c very hard to obtain, and in many of these townships few or none were settled, and in none of them whatever were the conditions complied with sufflcientl}' to hold the land. In some ■I ' •^ 322 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA of the other hirge grants to smaller associations and to individuals, how. ever, settlers were brought and conditions fulfilled, so that the land is held under those titles to this day. The best examples of this are Campo- bello at Passamaquoddy, and Kemblo Manor and a part of Spryhamplon, on the St. John, but there were several others of lesser note as well. It wa.s, of course, expecteil tliat many of these grants would be settled like the great estates in J'^ngland, with tenants paying rent to the proprietors ; and some of them were, of which Campobellois the best example, in which, indeed, the tenant system persists to thi.s day. In the case of the great towii.ships, however, where the pro))rietors were luimerous, tlioy were probably actuated rather by a spirit of speculation, based on the belief that these lands would advance immensely in value, and could then be sold out at a large profit. But this expectation was never realized, and when in 1783 the lands were needed for the Loyalists, there was no difficulty in securing the escheat of all the townships for non-fultilment of conditions, and Ihey were regranted to actual Loyalist settlers, as will presently be described. It is rather a striking coincidence that these same lands which the Fi-ench (rovernment attempted to settle upon the seigniorial system, the British Government attempted nearly a century later to settle upon the tenant .system, and that the attempt failed in both cases, though the lands themselves are among the richest in America. Thus the great towii.-«hips on the St. John all became extinct, and even their names are mostly forgotten, though .some of them. Burton, Sunbury, Gagelovvn persist as pai'ishes or county. But would it not be well, as new names are needed in those places, to revive again Francfort, Amesbury or Ahneston, Conical/, and even the names of smaller grants, such as Spryhampton, Mount Pawlett, Ileatonville, Morrisania i In Westmorland, though Monckton, Jlt'llsborowjh and Hopewell were escheated, the names pewist ; in this county the old townships of Nova Scotia all became pai-ishes in -New Brunswick. The old townships produced, however, one etl'cct which still lasts; their boundaries in many cases became parish, and even county lines, ))articularly in Westmorland, and in many cases these boundaries have persisted through all subsequent changes. 'J'he settlements and land grants of this period are iihown on the accompanying map No. 45, on which those who.se locations are not certainly known to me are in dotted lines. One will be struck at once with the iact that both settlements and grants of this period coincide remarkably with those of the preceding Acadian period. There is, of course, no genetic connection between the two, but the coincidence is due to independent adaptation to a similar enviroment, — it is the nature of the country that determines where the settlements wore in the two cases. A second feature is the much larger settlement of the Passamaquoddy and St. John and Cumberland region in comparison with the North Shore, which in this period received hardly any settlers at all, and those mostly from [ganono] HISTORIC SITES IN NKW BRUNSWICK 323 of luo the A St. ich England. This fact is partly explained by the superior quality of the land on the St. John and at Cumberland, and of the fishery at Passiuna- quoddy, but a far more important cause is found in geographical condi tions. Since all travel was by water, and most of the settlers were from New Enj'land, the far distant North Shore naturally received but few of them. third striking fact is the importance of the rivers and harbours in influencing settlement; none of those in this period were away from the margin of waters navigable by small vessels. A. Settlements and Forts. 1. The Passamaquoddy District. The history of the settlements of this period in this district has I'ten so fully written in the "Courier Series," and in the two papers on Cani- pobello in the Collections of the New lirunswick Historical Society that the very briefest reference is all that is necessary here, and the facts given below are to be understood as derived from these two sources. The period began with the visits of New England fishermen and tradere soon after 1760, and except for the Owen colony, all were from New England. The first permanent settler was Alexander Hodges at Pleasant Point in 1763; others came from time to time to ditterent points, and a great accession was made in the Owen colony on Campobelloin 177(', The settlers gradually, but vc slowly, increased in numbers until the coming of the Loyalists in 178o. With the exception of the Campobcllo colony and one or two others, however, the settlers were all squatters to whose fancied rights the Loyalists paid scant regard. A. — At St. Stephen, Fii^liermen had a camp hero a? early as 1700, and when tlic Loyaliiits came in 1784 they fuunil nine families on the sitr of St. Sti'jihcn scattered along the river front. A full account of them and their exact loca- tions is in the Courier Tories. B. — At St. Andrews. In 1770 two settlers established themselves near the j)ublic landing at St. Andrews, and others came later. TJie name St. Andre\\s was used at least as early as 17().^, and belongs perhaps to the Acadian period. C. — Digdeguash. .losepli Curry settled at the mouth of this river soon after 1770. D.— Deer Island. In 1770 Captain Ferrel establisheil himself at Chocolate Cove, after buying the Island from its original gnintee ; other settlers came later. B. — Pleasant Point. Tlie lirst settler came in J7().'5, and others later. This was probabh' the earliest permanent English settlement in this district. P. — Indian Island. James Boyd settled here in 17(1;!, and others later. This island became an important trading post, and was known also as Fish Island or Perkins Island. All the early settlers appear to have occuiiied tlie sotit iiern end of the island. Marvel Island, counected with it on the south, was |)rcili- ably the site of Simonds' and AVhite's trading post of 1703-1770. G. — Moose Island. Settlement was begun here about 1772. H. — Campobello. On this island were two important settlements. liobert'WiJsiin with others settled at Wilson's Beach in 170(>, buying out one predeeessc ir. c. ■,.'■ It ! ii 324 KOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA It Mai» No. 40. IIisTouic'AL Mai- ok Passamaquoddy. Ml [ganoxo] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 32S ^rench6ran\ tJean fKuinitl r/^eMQ5CQT«: .V Whitt Vtanta nington ing Cove ii-w Head Wilson was a aqiuitter, but acquired iiis lands by possession, later con- (iriiu'd by a grant. In 1770 Lit-utenant Owon arrived from England witli siiiiu' ;!0 settlers and ostablishcd the settlement of New Warrington on Campobello, the most important of the pre-Loyalist settlements in this district. The site of this settlement is f)erfectly well known and shown on a cut on p. 11 of the second Campobello paper. It was on Harbour Delate between Curry's cove and Wilson's Beach. There were temporary settlers on (irand ]\hinan at Bonny's Brook, but fi>r a short time only, as related by Mr. Howe. (Coll. N. B. Hist. Soc, I. ;i4(i. ) There were possibly a few .scattered single settlers at other points in this district, and there were others on Cobscook bay, not within our present limits, but these are all that are positively known in the region within the limits of this paper. Tlie sites of these settlements are shown on the accom- panying map No. 40. It is noteworthy w ith what regularity the settlement*- of this period occupied tbe same sites as those f)f the Acadian period, which in their turn had so frequently occupietl the sites of earlier Indian camping- grounds. During this period there were no forts in this district. 2. The St. John District. Though no complete history of the settlements of this period on the St. John has yet bejn attempted, there are very satisfactory histories of at least three of the particular settlements by New Brunswick historians, i.e. of theMaugerville Settlement by Uannay, of Kemble Manor by Howe, anil of the settlements at the mouth of the river by Ilaymond ; and there arc many references to other settlements of the period in the writings of these and other local historians. A most valuable document giving a full return of all the settlers in this district before the coming of the Loyalists has been printed in the collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society ; and in the Crown Land office at Fredericton are many maps, grants, etc., relating to the period. The materials, therefore, are fairly ample for recovering the locations of the settlements of this period in this district, and a brief account will here sufHce. The permanent settlement of the district began with the arrival of James Simonds at the mouth of the river in 1762. In the next year the Maugerville colonj' brought a largi; number of settlers from New JOngland, and formed the only imjiorlant single accession received during the period ; for, after that, the settlers, coming from the most diverse sources, arrived singly- or in small numbers, so that they increased but slowly, though steadily, until the coming of the Loyali.>ts in 1783. The attempt to settle the best lands of the river by large grants on the tenant system, l)resently to be considered, was almost a complete failure. The settle- ments of this period extended up from the mouth of the river to St. Anne's Point, at which and just above until the end of the period, were some sixty families of Acadian French. The positions of the townships will be described in the next section. I'l ir 326 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA A. Settlements. A.— St. Annes Point. The return of 1783 pIiowh throe faniihes here. The exact sites of their settlement and of those of the French Acadians are not known to me, though possibly some of the early plans in the York deeds would throw light upon the subject. B. — Nashwaak. In 178:> there were eight families here in the townsliip of Newtown. Here near the old French fort, John Anderson had a grant and established a trading post in ITCU. (See map No. 17). A sawmill, on the site of the present mills at Marysville, was commenced by the Canada Company in 17fiG. C. — Burton, (then including the present Lincoln). In 1783 some forty-two families were scattered al(jng the river, of whom several were at the mouth of the Oromocto. D. — Maugerville. The history of this settlement by ^Fr. Ilannay, in the collec- tions of the New Brunswick Historical Society, I., ()3, gives full information upon it. It was composed of New Fnglanders and was by far the largest and most important settlement of the pericxl in New Bnmswick. E. — Spryhampton, Heatonviile, etc. (for location see map No. 4.5). These were not included in the roturn of 1783, and hence we know less about the settlements here than elsewhere. The map by Morris of 1774, shows several houses along the west bank of the river between Swan Creek and Harts Lake, but none on the opposite side except two at Jeraseg. There were several later settlers about Jemseg, however, on leases from William Spry. p. — Qagetown. The retin-nof 1783 shows some thirty-seven families settleil here, some of them on ^Musquash Island, of whom several, no doubt, lived on the site of the modern village of (iagetown. In 1771 C. N. G. Jadis had a store on the site of Giigetown, burnt that year by the Indians. G.— Kembie Manor. The history of this grant and its settlers is fully given by Mr. Howe in the New Brunswick Miigazine, I., 14(). Several settlers upon it were scattered along the river. H, — Amesbury, now Kingston. In 1783 there were but four families u|)on this tract. I. — Indiantown. The Indian house for trading with tlie Indians wa.s built here in 177'.t, and there was another settler on the opposite side of the river, of which full accounts are given by Mr. Kaymond. J.— Conway. (Carleton) Sec the following : K. — Portland. The history of the settlements at the mouth of the St. .lohn has been so exhaustively and authoritatively treated by ^Ir. Kaymond (in the New Brunswick ^higazine, vols. I., II. and III. ) that no further reference to the subject is necessary here. B. Forts. In this period there were but three occupied forts on the St John. A.— Fort Frederick. This stood at Carleton on the " Old Fort" site, whose _^- earlier history has already been considered. It was at times in this period i-lil occupietl by a small garrison, but being found insufficient for the defence of the river and harbour against the New England privateers, was abandoned ^ [qaxoso] HISTORIC SITES I\ NEW BRUNSWICK 327 wlii'ii Kurt llowi' wiis hiiilt. It-s^niuml iihiii is slinwii on tlic a(.'i.'iiiiij)anj'ing luiip Nil. 41. B. — Fort Howe. This furt was ijuilt in 177s fur tlic prutcrtinii of the Imrlinur ;uicl liver iii^iiirisl the New F,iifil:in(f' [iriviitccrs, wliich were ]>iirticiiliU'ly (li'.«tnu'tivc 111 till' si'tlii'r.s licrc ill the early jiart nl' the Jeviiliit 11)11. it! site perfectly well known. It stooil (111 the ridjri' liarl< of I'oitlaiid, an. l)iaci piclure (in Co of it made in 1 7SI, is extant and has lie.'ii nnlilislle(l N. H. Ili.st. Soc, I, ;;iL', an.l .\. 1!. Mas;. II, MU. (-iround plans of it are shown on the aceompanyin^ maps X< -■-■=—: -11 and 4'2, the llrst made ])io ^. '/o ^.."^'-.f -^M- V /0r3.i>7 J bably hy Robert Morse in I 1 7S4 i to a('('om];any his 'I! XyZ • y-/-»-^ i k?ioy,-n Hepoit, and thesecond 1.^-- '■^^I^i^raifii^;^ • { ■(\ from the ('iinninu;hani map I of the harbonr of ls;i">. Its j ])osition in rehition to the 1 other lorts is shown on map Map No. 11. Fkom I X,,. ;;7. A " Plan oi' THK J CriY and Har- C."Fort Hughe?. This "'"'" "f S'^'^''" \ was but a block-house, built ill •T""^-" l'^'- ^^v i-oo r* -i • 111 Honr. MoRsi; (?) ; .: l(Mt. Its site IS well known , i locally, and i- shown on the . ,/', ■,„ . — ~— — — ~ ...^j ,. ^,„ — _> . A. I'ort Howe. Map Xo. «. Site or Fokt aceompanyinK map Xo. 4;i, q j^^^^.^. ij„„^^.. HUGIIKS. From OLD plans; copied from old [ilans in the p. Xavy l.slaiid. X \. Crown Land olllee. G. Fort Frederick. 3. The, Petit('odi •> -rvr^ faASoxo] HISTORIC SITES IN NKW BRUNSWICK 329 Jide, of 17(i7. Ii Fort period. broved klvii.) Iwhich upon Ivorks, corre- - \ 330 R J Y A L sot" I ET Y OV CANADA Fort ( i;isii(.'rcaM was ii'-imiiH'd .Moiii-ktdi, but wan sckui aluiiuloncd. In front of itH f'iic is a small l)iirial-}iri(iiii(i i map No, .'I(l), tiic ohleMt in Niw lininHwii'k cniitaiiiimr mniiumt'iits, ami ui '^rcat liistoric iiiti'iest. Thi; Richilnicto Distrirt. In all llii.s (li»triet, IVoni iJayo Vorlo to Capo i'lsciiniinac, thoro i-* not a Hiiii,'icsoltloMU'nt of this period known to ini'. Thorc woro some exlon- ►sivo /^M'ar.ts, later to bo roforivd to, but tlicsc woro not sottk'd. Tlicro wiro of coiirso Acadian sottlonientH, nlroady mentioned. o. The Miraiin'chi. Dintrict. No liistory of tho settlements of this period has boon attempted be- yond the references in Cooney, but in any ease the}' wore not inipoi'taiit. The whole Xortb Shore was jfeo^raphieully too remote to be all'eeted Ity the New Mnijiand immii^mtion, and it appears to have received al)sohilely none of it, and such settlement as it diil receive canio tigoucho. lie was ruined, however, by the attacks of American privateers during tho early part of tho revolution, and later returned to Kngland. Tho site of his establishment is well known and is shown on map No. 35.' There are references to him in Archives 1804. 301, 304.'- Tho several grants of this ' See also Kayniond, Coll. X. B. Hist. Soc, II., 120. - Cooney says he had a residence also at Youghall, and a plan of the harhour of 1784, given (with, however, several additions of later date) in Coll. N, B. Hist. Soc, II., 120, shows housis here as well as at Alston Point. ■m iiiigi idoTifd. Ill lest in Ni'W horo i-* r"t omo oxleii- ud. Thoro J B i' cm p ted liv- importiiut. alVoctod by absolutely octly fvom imichi fVoiu .^r, mid with \t, ])i-obulily fishery and ;ilso fiiid Id le of whom is in llio }., 3), whiili f tho houhos iod, iind this I'hi. Miittor in Ins " Tlio , wo know of kcr, of wbieli ,hy. WaliuH- Di'o ho had an eho. IIo was •ing tho early Hie site of his ).' There aio grants of this E the harbour of N'. B. Hist. Soc, ^ ! •s 4 ■■■11 I: A" intheLTialish Fprrnd tiemcnts aridTbrts |6t>| Grants 5 ojTownsfiipb and Cfratirs in heavu letters iwfj^// Ita/ici ffrmider/niai arc titinct Scale cj Vlile'o 'T IBIiS^" Bayc'.'ere, tavj Ic-ttoTS litirict HO mb [gasoxg] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 331 period about Bathurst harbour aro later to be montionoil. In 1775 two men named Fry and Urqubart were carrying on a fishery at Miscou (Archives 189-1, 331). The lake at the northern end of theisland is to-day called Fry's Lake (Map No. 34), which no doubt locates his residence. 7. The Eestujouche District. In all this district we know positively of but two settlements belong- ing to this period. One of these was the establishment maintained by Walker as a branch of that on IJathurst harbour. It is said that Walker's Brook takes its name from him, in which case it probably marks the site of this trading post, though its site is locally unknown. Again, it is stated in a document of 1775 (Archives, 1894, 327, 320), that John Shoolbrcd had a settlement in the Bay Chalours, and as his grant in 1776 covered Walker's Brook and Smith's Island, it must have been in that vicinity. A document of this year speaks of his having carried on the salmon fishery for many years at Restigouche. 2. The Township and Otiieu Grants. No list of the land grants of this period iu New Brunsv/ick, import- ant though they are to our history, has yet been published. In the following list I have given all that are found recorded in the Grant Books at the Crown Land Office in Fredericton, which are supjiosed to contain all that were made by the Nova Scotia Government prior to 1784 in what is now New Brunswick. There were, however, a few made which are not in the Now Brunswick ivtA.'ds, but these, when known to me, are included, and the list 7ni' .i b> .'niriy complete. As one comes to the year 1734, it becomes di.liciilt to '.iKtinguish those belonging to this period from some of those h ^r ..ing to the Loyalist period, but I h.we tried to separate them. Oa t'lO n;,?" (No. 45) the scale is so smull that it has been impossible to I- iiow at all .some of the smaliiu ■ ■«, and it has been necessary to ri )ply names only to the townshijis anil some of the lai'ger grants, and for the remainder to iise numbers which alwaj-s correspond to the numbers in the list following. In cases whore small grants were made in town.ships, such as MaugerviKe. ihey ar3 not shown on the map, though they stand with a number in tie list. Of coui-se, the boundaries of most of the townships, etc., on the mii]>, aro only approximate, though I think they aro closely so, and •wboru thoy afterwards became parish or cou;>:y boundaries they arr. exact. \^'l.ero 1 am not sure of boundaries, they aro given in dotted li,)os. Tin abbre rial ion tsr/i. after a grant in the list meatus that it is maWfcd ''■/neatod a the Grant Book at Frederic- ton, but far more were really es/Ui-U' < tnan are thus marked. 'H; I i- ll \i I' k Ma I' No. I.").— Ma I' oi' Ni;\v Bhuns dto wma^ %- -'^. Cr <^'' ^ -:^ .v-^ iKliXPOL'TX: rRf'Vlfclf.SOr ---X in the English Per-.-d \ •» Stttlenunts and Forts [Vo] ( ^jts j- N'a»itb ojTownsfupb and Qrantb ;n heavij IcttcT, J Names in Italics art/ndtr/inai arc cttinct Na»itb ojTownsfupb ani tfrantb ;ri heaviy Id Names in Italics or under lined art extinct Scaie o/ 7a/ lies H: l!. To Francis Bernard and four others, 100,000 acres between the Cobscook and Scoodic. 4. 1767— March 2S. .Tamos Boyd; 1.000 a. at the nioutli of the Bocabec (not Dickawasset as in grant book). 5. July — . To John Tiickor, 20,000 a. on Scoodic River. 6. July 17. Augustin Oldliani, 10,000 a. oast of the Pigdognash. (E.sch.) 7. Aug. 21. John ^lascarocn, 10,(KK) a. soutli of the Magagnadavic. Gave origin to the present name of the locality. (Esch. 1785.) S. To Thomas Gambel. S. of Mascaroen's (Jrant, at Letito, 2,000 a. Known only from an old map. 9. Aug. 21. Edward Crosby, 10,000 a. nortli of tlie Mascareen Grant. 10. Aug. 21. Joseph William Gorham, 10,000 a. east side of Scoodic, near its moutli. 11. Aug. 21. Jo. William Gorham, 10,000 a., including Oak Bay. 12. ■ Aug. 21. Josopli tiorham, Doer Island and an island adjoining. i;?. Sept. 30. William Owen and others, Passamaquoddy Outer Island, 4,000 a. Named by them Campobello. This grant holds good to this daj', almost the only one in this list which does. 14. 1771 — June 2(). WiUiam Owon. Three small islanils northeast of Campobello. !•"). 1774 — April. Captain Thomas Farrol, 2,000 a. at mouth of Digdeguash. Lord AVilliam Campbell applied fur a reservation of Grand ]\Ianan in 1770, and later attempts wore made by his heirs to secure the island. (On which see Howe, Coll. N. B. Hist. Soc. I., -Mr,, also Archives, 1804, 2o:i.) 3. The St. John District. No com])leto account of the great grants of this period on the St. John has yet been attempted, though there are many references to the subject in local writings.' A map of 17(J5 by Morris, in the Public Record Office, gives very accurately all of tho Townships granted in that year, and is therefore of tho greatest importance to tho present subject. ' The fullest account tliat has yet appeared is by Raymond, in New Brunswick Magazine, I., 203, and III., 219. [GA^o^•G] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW DRUNSWJCK 333 i The complicated history of the Sinioruls and other grants on the east sido of the mouth of the St. John (i.e., 20, 48, ()5, bolow) is traced fidly, with map, by Raymond in New Brunswick Magazine, III., ]. 120. The enormous .*?izo of some of the grants made in tliis period will at once stviUe the attention. The township grants were made mo?. 1763 — Dec. 8. AndrcwFerjjuson, (iOOa. atO. Park [Aucpac], iucliidinK Sandon [Halt's] Island. (Ai)[)aivntly granted laterto the Indian.^.) 17. Dec. S. Williaiii I'lTjjiisJdii, 400;). (no other rcfi'ivncc'), X. side St. .Inhn, fronting; Siindiiii [Halt's] Id. IS. 1764— Dec. 1."). Sir Kolieit Wiliiiot, l,()(K)a., Lon-j Ishmd, and tract on iiiaiii- liiiid(:!.s below). Feb. 10. Stuinpel, 2(),()(X) a. on the St. Joint (Archives, 1K1)4, 2(11.) T./ocati(iii iiidsiiowii. li». 1765— Mar. 2.j. AVm. .lefi'ray and ii.s.'-;ociatc, i.',(M)() a. at Xatchoukchich [Nash- waaksis]. 20. Oct. 2. James Sinjonds and 2 othcr.«, 2,000 a. on St. .lohn River and Harbour. 21. Oct. I"). ISeainsley Perl-iiis (Jlasier, ."lOOlla. at month of Xere])is (later called Glasier's Manor) ; 1000 a. adjoijiing, June 22, 17.S4. 22. Oct. IS. Thomas Falconer and (iO ,.thers, 100,000 a. in Gage town ; r)0,(K)() a. ill Conway. 23. Oct. JS. Thomas I'alcoiier and (iO others 100, 140 a. in Burton and Per- kins [Indian] Id. in Passainaiiuoddy. 24. Oct. 20. ThomusOnse and associates, 2(),000a. nii Long Reach. Later called Kemble Manor. 2.5. Oct. 21. Joshua IVIangcr and others. Maugerville Township and Manger's Island. In 177.'!, several other grantees. 20. Oct. .')1. Thomas lalconer and (io others, Sunbury Township, 12.'"),000 a, exceiit Augh-pack and St. Ann';- Point(incliiiling:>2 below). 27. Oct. ;!l. Isaac Caton and James Catoii, 2,000 a. on Long Reach. 25. Oct. .■!!. James Chadwell and (i4 others, Towiisliii) of Maugerville, 1110,(1(1(1 a. 29. Oct. .'II. .Mexaiider Mat'Xutt and 22 others. Township next to (dasier's, 100,00(1 a. Afterwards called the Township of Amesbury or Almeston. ;')0. Oct. ;!1. Waller Stirling and i' others, l(i,(Mi() a. on Long Reach. (Xot esch., but regranted.) III. Oct. .".1. Alexander MaeXult and others ; I00,(i(i0a. on the Keswick, Township of Francfort (also called ^MacXutt's). The .Morris map of 17C-") bus the following grants (shown on map No. 45), not mentioned in the Grants Hook at Frcdericton. ;!2. Oct. .'>l. Col. Frederick Ilaldimand and disbanded olHcci-s, 2.-), 000 a. near the Xashwaak. This is included in Xo. 2(1 above. '.'i.'l. Oct, IS, Cal, Frederick Ilaldimand antl tlisbanded ollicers, 2.'),(HX) a. on the Xashwaak. .< I 'J I i 1 T: 1 334 ROYAl. SOCIETY OF CANADA •,u. 37. :{,s. 40. 41. 42. 4.'!. 44. 45. 4(>. 47. 48. 41t. Xos. '.\2 and .">;! later formed Townslii]) of New Town (on tlio map misprinti'd Newton). :Miittlie\v Clarkfon and otliei-s, l()0,fK)0 a., a Township on both sides of Grand Lake. Pro])ably Ijiit a rei^erve, never granted. Township reserved, Dec. 24, 17(>4, for Major Otho Hamilton and others ; ](i(1,000 a. between Burton and Sunbury. Never granted. (Afterwards inclnded in Burton.) Francis ]SIorris, 1 ,OfK) a. just below Maugerville. Saml ^lorris, 1,0()() a. just below the preceding. Sir Kobert Wihiiot, 2.^0 a. on E. bank of the .'^t. John, opposite Long Island. Col. Conyngham, ■"),()(K) a. on Long Reach, below Devil's Back. The Indians, oW) a. at Aucpac, including the island, and 4 a. at St. Ann's, in- cluding site of the chapel and burying ground. (Reserved 17(>."i, granted 1708.) See ](> and 2(> above. 1767— Feb. ' ("harles IMorris, Jr., 10,mO a. S. E. of Sunbury, on St. John. Later called Morrisania. Feb. 2L Tlezekiah :Morris and others, 2,(M) a. S. of Maugerville. July :i. iA'fii'prd Lockman, ],0(X) a. on N W. boundary Sunbury. (i':ii-iii. 78.).) July 2.3. Anliur Goold, .3000 a. on N. E. of Burton. Later sometimes called Gooldsborough. July 23. Giles Tidmai-sh, 1,000 a. in :\Iaugerville. Oct. ',K Jolm Anderson, 1,000 a. at Nashwack Creek. 1769— Apr. ."). J. F. AV. DesF.arres, 2,000 a. at :Maugerville. 1770— ^lay 1 . James Simonds. 2,000a. E. side River and Harbour of St. John. July 4. Richard Peabody a7id 10 others, 3,250 a. in Maugerville. In 1773 there were other grants in this township of which par- ticulars are not givi'U. 50. 1773— July 17. William Spry, !I20 a. on N. E. side of the St. John. 51. Sept. 27. Benonie Danks, 10,0(Hi a. W. of Quaco lid. 52. 1774— -Mar. 15. A\'illiani I'awlett, 3,000 a. on River St. John, to be called Mount Pawlett. 53. Apr. 2. William Spry, .3000 a. on River St. John, to be called Spry- hampton. 54. Apr. 2. James Spry Ileaton, 2,000 a. on River St John, to be called Heatonvilie. 55. 1779— Oct. 2S. Stephen Peabody, 500 a. in Maugerville. 56. Oct. 2S. George Hay ward, 1,000 a. in Maugerville. 57. 1780- Feb. 8. William Shaw, 2,000 a. on River St. John, next Spry's Land. 58. 1781— May 2. Arthur Goold, Thatch'd Island, 15 a. 5l». 1782— Aug. 3. William Ilazen and three others, 8,000 a. on Oromocto River. (JO. Aug. 15. Gifred Studholme and si.x others, 0,500 a. E. of Amesbury, on tlie Kennebecasis. New grant 5,000 a., "above John Hay's Land," June 10, 1784, named Studville. 01. Dec. 23. Sir Andrew Snapc llaniond, 10,000 a. S. of Amesbury. On Hammond River. C2. 1783— June 7. Lieut. Col. Wm. Spry, 5,000 a. on Upper Bound of Gagetown and .'i.OOO a. in (Sagetown. 02a. June 25. Jolin Hayes, 3,0(10 a. on Kennebecasis R. 03. • Aug. 13. Sanuiol Hughes, ],00l)a. on N. E. side River St. .John, next below Col. Spry. [ganong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 338 (14. 1783— Oct. 4. Moses I'ickard and five othei-s,2,(XK) a. ill Maugorvillc. Co. Oct. 4. Lii'iit. Willinin Gravi-s, L>,(H)()a. E. of Fort Howe. (Kaymond •jives- June I'll, 17s4, a.< tlie ilate of tliis grant.) TiO. 1784 — July (i. Hon. Hryan Finucane, .■^ugar Id., "jilO a. 07. Oct. 15. Lewis ^lercmv, Bagwcet Id. (above Sugar Id). 3. The Petitcodiac — Misseijiiash District. The grants of'tliis district arc very difficult to trace owing to many rcarranirements and rc-granl,s. °^ ^' !*' (IS. 1737— :\Iay 4. O'Neal, LaValliere's (Tongoa Id.), 100 a. (ill. 1760— May 28. Winclathui-st, which on old plans is called (ioold's Point.) 99a. Mar. 29. Francis Gionnest and thirty-three others, 14,150 a. at Caracat. 7. The Resti'jouche District. 9Sa. 1776— Feb. 17. Lieut. David Contts, 2,000 a. at Crokey (Jacqnet) Eiver. I'Sb. .Ian. 10. Sir Andrew Hamontl, .500 a. opposite Heron Id. 100. :May G. John Slioi ilbrt( I, 5,0011 a. at Walker's Brook, including Smith'.s Island. v.— TIIK LOYALIST PERIOD. Of all of tlio jicriods of our history tlioro is none which, from any point of view, can approach tl)is in importance. Yet no one of our historian-s has attempted to treat it as a unit for tiiis province. It figures promin- ently in local hi.storical writings, it is true, and Mr. Eaymond in I^articular has given it much attention; but there is no adequate history of it yet in existence. Mr. Kannay has publisiied in the St. John 2'eleijraph a " Ili.story of the Loyalists," but it is a liistorj' of the part tlicy took in the IJovolution, and not of their part in the history of Xow Brunswick. It is in this paper necessary to contino ourselves to the phases of it which deal with locations, and of these there is but one of importance, i.e., the location of the Loyalist settlements, particularly of the disbanded regiments and other associations. This particular phase of the subject is n: [gano.vg] llISrORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 337 also often voforivd to in local wriliiigs, paiticularl}' in those of Hcv. W, O. Raj'mond, wlioso nowspaper articlos on the History of Caileton County contain tlio fullest account of it for the St. John that has yet appeared. For Ciiavlotte it has received full treatment in tho " Courier series." Wiien, at the close of tho Revohilion in 1783, it hecamo necessary to find new homos for the many thousands who were not allowed to remain in their old ones, the attention of tho authorities was naturally turned to Nova Scotia, then including New Hrunswick. It was a loyal region, ea-ily accessible from Now York, where most of tho Loyalists were congregated, and one with a great abundance of good lands still awaiting settlement. At this time, however, while comparatively small areas were occupied and in possession of genuine settlers, immense tracts were locked uj) in tho grants of which we have already given an account, and which, although lying nearly or quite vacant, and already forfeit to the Crown, could not bo regranted until legally escheated, a ju-ocess re(|uiring con- siderable time. Stejis in this diroctiiiu were at once taken, however, and the Loyalists were allowed to settle on the lands; and lots were assigned to them, tho grants for which were not issued in many cases until several years after. Inconsoquor.ee of the immense number of new settlors to be locatcil all at onco, the need for sceiuing escheats of land in whole or in part, and the necessity for reconciling many conflicting interests among tho new settlers themselves, the local authorities found themsolvos so embarrassed that there was oftou much di'lay in assigning locations, and distress on thojiart of the settlers; ami ditficulties of this sort had no small part in bringing about the formation of the new province of New Brunswick, It is no part of our present subject to relate further the very interesting history- of the locating of tho lioyalict settlers, but the few facts we have given must bo kept in mind in viewing the many curious features and occasional anomalies in the grants. It will be noticeil, for example, that the great grants in Charlotte largely antedate those on the St. John, and man}- of the Loyalist associations actually had their grants issued there before the settlers were even located on the St. John. This was no doubt in part due to the fact that there was no question about the escheat of most of the proLoy.ilist grants in Charlotte, for, except in tho case of t'ampol.ello and Deer Island, and a few others of loss importance, the grantees had made not theslightest ctfbrt to fulfil tho conditions of the grants; while on the St. .lohn. in several cases at least, some such attempt had been made, and the escheat was not so certain, In the case of the Loyalist regiments and large associations the land was usually surveyed and divided into lots, which were then assigned in block to the Association ; the men drew for tho separate lots, and were each given a location ticket, which was held until the grant was issued. This preliminary location, and even the subsequent grant, by no moans, how- ; Jili I ■X - y .5 ' I !i 338 UOYAL bOClK'lY OF CANADA over, finally locatotl tlio settlors. Many woro (lissatisdod, and sold or abandoned their lots, and often coiisiderablo areas wei'e tluis abandoned altoi^etlier, and after some time wore rei^rantod. It often happened, too, that, owing to the abandonment of a nuniiier of lots in a large grant, there was 8)1110 redistribution of the remainder, and addition of new settlers, and IV new grant was then issued for the tract, with ditlerent boundaries. These various movements, regranfs, etc., make it very difficult to trace out the early locations and to say positive]}' which was the actual location of a given association, ^[oreover, as to the.se block grants, while some were settled by disbanded legiments, such as the King's American Dragoons, in a single block containing onlj- nieinbers of that i)articular As-iociation, in other ca.^^es other Loyalists were admitted ; in. yot otl.ei's, such as at nam])sted, disbanded soldiers and civilians from the .'■aiiie locality settled together, Avhile in others the members of a given ivgiment became distributed through ditVerent settlements. Of the disbanded regiments and other associations Iho more import- ant wei'o as follows: In Charlotte, tiie Royal Fencible Americans settled on the Magaguadavic, the Seventy-fourth Bif/hhuulersowiho Digdoguash, the Port Matoon Association near and at St. SlO]dion, the Fenohscot Asiociation at several points near the St. Croix, the Cape Ann Associa- tion in what is now St. David, and the Pennfield Association at Beaver Hiirbour. On the St. John, the Kimfs American Drayoons settled at Prince William, Deiancey's Briijade abos'o them, near the present Woodstock, the Kinj'i American Regiment between the two, the Pennsylvania Loyal- ists on the cast bank of the river from below Woodstock to near Nacawicac, the JVew Jersey Volunteers above Frodcricton at Kings- clear, the Qiiee7i's Rangers in Queensbnry, the Royal Guides and Pio- neers above the Ke.iwick, the New York Volunteers east of the Kes- wick-, the Prince of Wales American Regiment between Keswick and Xashwaaksis, the Maryland Loyalists near the mouth of tho Nashwaak, the Forty second Highlanders higher up the Nashwaak, and the King's Orange Rangers at Quaco. A given regiment did not always luive all its land in one block, but often in two or more, and in such cases the different blocks may be recognized by the similar number on tho accompanying map No. 46, These are about all the as.sociations that can 1)0 traced, though many other Loyalist Regiments were disbanded in New Brunswick, as shown by the list given by Mr. Ilowe in tho Archives Eeport for 1883 (page 1 1) ; but not all in that list Avore disbanded in New Brunswick, but sonio in Nova Scotia and in Prince Edward Island, In addition to these associations, there were many cases in which largo blocks were granted to a large number of individuals where there is nothing to show why thej' were associated in this way, and of course there were numerous grants to single individuals and to groups of a few. On the I [oAxoxa] HISTOUIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 339 Rccompimyiiiij; map, Xo. 4'i, tlio upproximalo locution of tlio iirincipiil rogimi-'ntrt is shown, togotlioi- with liu'ijfor i^nmtH to dillV'ietit i^roiips of imliviliiiils. This lo(•!ltion:^ uro often only approximate, for liioro is no map in oxistonco which sliows them, and I have not iioen al)lo to discntaiiLjIo tlio confuscil thread of ^'rants and rcgranln and chani^o of I oundarirs, hui tho ma|) shows the <^cn oral locations, antl in ii i^onoral way show-s accnrately where the Loyalists settled in Now iJninswick. What has so far been said as to Loyalist loeativ)iis a|»])lies almost solely to the Pas-iamaquoddy atul St. John districts. At tho head of tho Bay of Kiindy, in Sackvillo and Westmor'and (formerly Cumberland) Townships, thoro was little Loyalist immigration, but in Dorchestor and on the I'etileodiac there was .some, though it was insigniticant as com ]iared with that of the St. John. As to the North Shore, it may be said that the Loyalist period hardly existed there, but that the English merged directly into the Post-Loyalist ])cii()d. It is true that some Loyalist families wore induced to settle on the Miramichi, and scattered settlers 'located themselves at other points, but these wore mostly the I'osult of expansion of the more ambitious or restless from tho St. John. 'I'luo Loyalist giants on tho North Shore can, therefore, bo said to be wanting. Since tho early grants are so closol}' connectod with this imj)orlant period of our history', and no list of them exists, I have given in tho following list all of the Loyalist grants that I have been aijle to tind made in the present Province of New Brunswiclc by tho Nova Scotia (.Tovornment. Unt after tho first grant issued by the New Urunswick Ciovernment on March 2, 1785, I liave given only those to tho greater associations, made from 178,5 to 1787. An accurate map and complete list of these Loyahst grants would bo of very groat service to our history. They are mostly shown in outline in the tine 178() map in the Public Eccord office, and on one of about 1781 in tho Crown Lund ollice. I < :l 1. The Passamaquoddy District. The grants in this district and their history are fi^i'- .reatctl in tho Courier series. They are sliown api)roximalcly on the accompanying map No. 4(J. Tho spelling of place names is usually that of the original grants. 1. 1734— Fi'l). I'O, IVler (,'lincli, 700 a. on Musiiuiiquadavick. -. -Mar. L'!», hifuts. Thunm.-' Fitzsiinnions and Colin .McXab, l,(H)()a. Kij;- deguash. (E.-fch.) 3. -Mar. :.'!». Colin Campbell, 2,(M10 a. at Dii^degnash on Tassamaqnoddy. 4. .Mar. i".t. Cajit. I'liilii) Bailey and ."jS others, Royal Fencible Amer- icans, 10, l.jOa. on ^lajiagnadavic. 5. -Mar. 2i). Doctor AVilliam I'aine and 1'.) others, o,.')00 a. on -Magajjuada- vic Kiver, Harbours Letite and Lutang. 6. Mar. liU. John Curry and 42 otliens, 1.3,2.30 a. on the Digdeguash. IS 1 340 ItOYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 7. 1784— Apr, 24, K] I'atiick ^McMaftcrs and Daiiifl McMa>tcrs, •J,(KH1 a. on Ma).'a).'na(lavic, !). .Inly ;:i. William (iannnon and -t'J!) ntlicrs, l<>is in St. Androws. 10. .\nj;. .".. Tlmniaf Wyir and (> diIicih, l,.'),",4a. on Oak I'oint and clsi- w here in Cliarlottc. 11. \u)i. .'!. Sti'iilit-n IJolM'vts and ISO others of till' Penobscot Assooia- tion, l'.i,n>iald Thompson, .' lot in St. .Vndrews. !■">. Oft. I. William Clark and L'-Jl! otheis of the Capo Ana Association, 22,(;(M)a. in Charlotte. lli. Oct. I. .loslnia Watson and (1 others, 7,0(K) a. on north siile of Le I'roc Hiver, ahont the harhonr. 17. Oct. I. .Tiihii Matthewson, KM) a. on the AVaweiji. is. Nov. 1. .John McT,eod and l.")0 others, town lots of St. Georges, Har- honr hetanir. All u[) to this jioiiit are Nova Seolia grant?, and tho list is coin])loto. Following arc inado by New IJriinswiek, ;ind are hut a f^^w ol' llio more iinportaiit. 17u. 1790 Mar. (i. The Seventy-fourth Association, on the I )i;idejrnash. 17li. Town of Belleview, at Iteaver Ilarboiw, to tlu'Penn's Field settlers. 1'.'. 2(1 24. 2"). 20. 2! I. 30. 31. 2. The St. John District. 1784— .\iir. 24. I'eneloije Winslow and Sarah Winslow, 4Ut) a. in Conway. May 24. .TamoH Peters, 3(10 a. at (4rimross Head. .Inne 10. David Melville, lot mi Parr Town. June 10. (iilfred Stn others, ."),(HI0 a. above John Hays' land. Jnne 14. Constant Coinior, 700 a. on Oromocto. Jtuie22. ]''rederiek Hanser, 800 a. in (ia>.'etown. Juno 2"). William Ilazen and James White, ll,(MK1a. on Kennebecasis Bay near Simonds grant, in return f(jr lands at St. John given up to the Loyalists. Jur.e2U. John Hoggs and 7 others, lots in Parr Town. July (). Col. l.waac Allen and t»4 others, 14,0.")0 a. eastward of Stud- holm's grant on the Kennebecasis. July (>. (iarret Jacobus and 37 others, 7,243 a. on S.E. side Wa-shedo- maek Lake. Jidy ('. Lieut. -Col. Gabriel DeVeber and 18 others, 4,<.00 a. in Conway on Musquash liiver. July ('. Heniy Day and 31 others, 5,(100 a. on X.E. side Kiver St. John atove Helleisle. 111 a- [OAXOSO] llISTOIilC SITES IN NEW lUiUNSWICK 841 .'!-. 1784 — .Inly (i. Anihiusi- Slu'iiniiiin, "lUO a. mi N, bunk Diniiidi'tij Kivor, and 4(H) u. on OcIkIht !.">. ;}.'{, .Tilly 14. Lawrcnci' nnnkirk and (!•> nthcrs, lO.Mtltl «. in (ia^'ctuwn. !34. .Inly 14. Ahijali Walcrs and II mlicrs, 7,(iin)». on 1'. hank ni Kenno- iH'caniM May. (liUtiT ."urri'nilfi'i'd, as it was un Ilaniciiid's land, n<>l then I'sclicati'd.) ;>■">. .Inly 14. Daniel Fnki'.-i and •■>:! ollin-. Maryland Loyalists, l;i,7."H)a. ahuvc .MaiipTvilli' nn ilic Na-liwaak. Hii, .Inly 14. Junu'H (iaynur and 2tl (iilu'riJ, 4.">0!' a. in Kingston. ;!". .Tnly 14. .lohn Lijis and 44 ollicis, t),S(M)a. on (iiand Hay. ;is, ,Inly 14. Lifnt.-Cnl. Isaac .Mien and 14."> ntluTs, New Jersey Volun- teers, .'!s,4."iO a. bt'liiw lands jriantcd Major Lnckman on S. side Hiver.*-'!. .lohn. (Cancelled in Chanceiy, 17'.>'.)i. iWK .Tnly 14. AViiliani Tynt'und llil otlieis. L'l.sin'a. in Towu^liip oi' Kinjrs- slon, " heretofore calli'il Ahneslone." 40. Anjr. ;>. A.-^her Coddinjttoii mid 47 oihers, 7,<)(H) a. N'.W. haidv of Lon^r Keach. 41. Ang. .'!. Sanmel Denny ."^t reel, I.ihmi u. on W. side of Hiver t. riiili]) .Tohn Livinvrston, ;!.'"Hi a. in (iajretown. 411. Aug. !». Thomas Tveonard anil !H» others, lots in I'arr Town. 44. Aug. •.». Charles Matthew and ■"> others, lots in I'arrTown. 4.'5. Ann. 11. Matthew Mains and 111.' others, 1,1J0 a. in Conway and Carle- ton. 4(>. Ann. 11- .lames IVters, i,(KHi a. on IVscohack Creek ut head of Helleisle. 47. Au^. 11. Ilnmphrey Hull ami 141 oiliers, 27,7.')()a. on S. bunk Ilainond Hiver. 45. Ann. 11- ^V"'- Tynn, :!()() a. in ( iav'elown. 4!). Aug. 14. Kev. .lunios Hayiv ami 1,1n4 others, lots in Parr Town. 50. Sept. 3. Joseph Uedio and I'anl Bedle, 4(X) a. on S. bank Kennebec- asis near land granted (Jraham Ilamond, son of Sir A. .S. Ilainond. 51. Sept. :5. Daniel Lyman and IS.S otliers, l.'i,.')OUa. on Nasliwaak, above Maryland Loyalists. 62. Sept. ;J. INIalachy ()'L)nlin and 11 otliers, l,S0Oa. f)ii S.E. side Ix)ng Heacli. 53. Sept. 3. William Harding and 7 others, 1,1(>0 a. on lielleisle River next IVters" land. 64. Sept. 3. Charles Thomas and ■■>! others, S,4()() a. at Wasbadenioac. 65. • Sept. 3. Richard Walker and iL' others, l',4(K) a, at Rt'd Head near St. .John. 56. Sept. 3. .Joshua I lardcastle and L'i'ot hers [^lary Thomas and. 30 others], 5,(XX)a. on Rusiagoiiis. 57. Sept. 3. Richard Brown and ;i7 otiiers, .'),400 a. on N.W. bank of Oromocto. 58. Sept. ('). John ^Innro, 4,000 a. at mouth of ^Nleductic Creek (i.e., Hayes Creek). 69. Sept. If). Bazil Rorison, .'wO a. on X.E. side River St. John below Kceles' land. 60. Sept. 16. Widow Sarah Smith and 5 others, N. bank Kennebecasi.s opposite Long Island. ]\ fi ^mmBaBmssmffSKlS 342 ROYAL SOCIEIY OF CANADA fil. 1784— Sc])t. ICi. Saiiuu'l Ihigli and 7:! otlu-is, 1I,7S4 a. between ^Mispec and (iuaco. Si']it. Ki. \Villiani Kint.', .'!■')() a. eiirlit niili'^n]) AVas-hademoac, X.W. side. Si'pt.i'-'. Ahraluun Van liiisUirk and 7!tiitlier< of tl>e Orange Bangers, 14,L'"i() a. at tjuaco. Sept. '22. Antlinny Ejibeit and 2(1 ntlieis, 4,4(10 a. in C'onwa.v. Seiit. ■-'■'. ('apt. Sanuu'l liallctand sun, 1,1100 a. o[)posite Indian Islam! helnw .Aliizcnili's lionse. Sept. 2l'. Doctor Nelieniiah Clarke, UOO a. next below llallet. Sept. 27. Sainnel llallet and Lieut. Daniel Ilalh't, lot.s in I'arr Town. Sept. li".'. Caleb Jones, lot in I'arr Town. (H't. 1, Il'irner .lones and d") otlicrs. i.").oi«) a. on S.K. side (band Lake, (»et. 1. William (iarden, ."loOa, X.K. side Itiver St, Jolin, abnve Dr. Me( iibbin's land. ()et. I. Lieut. Deter .bibn Siuylli, t; a. at St. Aims Point. Oct. 1. Lieut. David ^leGibbon, "'"jO a. above ICecles' land I'U the River St. .lolin. Oet. ()., lames Twaddle, •")') a. at < b'iinross Head. <)et. ]■"). Lieut. James J'k-eles and I'.i otiiers, MO a. on Cleonci.re I.-iand [part revoked fur non-improvement 17SS]. Oet. 15. Capt. William Campbell and 1") others of Prince of Wa'es American Regiment, 2,'.i.'!0 a. X.I'I. side of River St. .bihu next to Jaffray )j:raiit. Oct. \-'i. Kobert I'.rown and 11'." others of DeLancey's 2nd Bat- talion, L'4.l")0 a, W. side of River St. John from above Meduxnakea;,' to two miU's ix'low ^ledttctic IslaniL [T'he 1st Uattalion settled on the east side of the river at upper end of W ; :!rd settled mostly in Queens and Sunbury.] Oct. To. Mary Sayre and S others, ."ii'Oa. in .Araugerville. Oet. lo. Joseph (larnet and '\ others, l.'.400 on N'ashwaak, Oet. 15. Lieut. Richard Mcdsinmin, 5'i() a. west of Oranjre Ranjrers^ Quaco, 62. 63. 04. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 7-1. 75. 76. u , 78. 79. All of the prceodiiii^ grant.s wore made by Xova Seotia, and the list is intondcd to bo oomplote. The tinst Xow liruiiswielc grant was mailo ^favch 2, 1785. Following are tho principal grants made to di.sbanded rcniuonts and largo associations between ITSii and 1800 : so. 1788— Jan. -7. Deujamin r>unnell and (iO others, '.i,L'SO a. on L)n<.' Reai'li and Cb'and liay. 81, Jan. 27. John Stevens and 52 others, il.l'.Sl' a. Milkish Creek and Keii- nebecasis Bay and ( irand Day. 82, ,Ian. 31. Augustin White and 17 Acadians, 2,(i()o a. between Madam- keswick and Nashwalksis. 83, Mav 2. TIarman Lutkins and21 others, 2,52S a. above I'rince William. 84, Mav 12. Henry Dettner and .'!(( others, 1,474 a. Long Island, Keinie- beciisis. y,r^. May 12. Jonathan Ilawxhurst and others, 2,000 a. on (irand Lake. Soa. June 7. Christopher Carter and 17 others, 4,000 a. on \Vashademoac. 85b. May 12. William Caldwell and 10 others, 2,S40 ft. on WasliadenKPac. lllMIMn 1 tCANONG] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 343 SO. 1786— ^lay 19. William Ilazen and 17 otliery, ],0()5 a. on Griniross Neck. 87 ist ado Uled Xt'U- 'u\m. niH'- |)IU'. III'. ^lay 19. Francis Ilorsnian and 54 others, King's American Dra- goons, 10,97o a. Prince AVilliani, above Isaac Allen. June 3. John Ciinliffe and 7 others, 2,7()0 a. on Narfiiiewickack Creek. June 3. Samuel Dowling and ()9 others, 14,lo() a. on Maquapitand Cirand Lakes. June I). Cornelius Dalley and 57 others, 10,200 a. on N.W. side 'of Gi'aml Lake. June 23. John Fournie and 42 otliers, 10,4H0 a. Salmon River, ' Kcnne- becasis. Sept. 8. Jabez Cable and 25 others, 5,108 a. on S.E. side (irand Lake. Sept. 22. Cornelius Nice and 12i) others, 17,330 a. on Belleisle^Hay. )4. 1787. Jan. 30. Conrad Stinick ami 53 others, 5,308 a. in Rin-ton. Jan. 30. John Althouse and 78 others. New York Volunteers, 18,117 a. about Keswick and in Queensbury. Jan. 30. James Brown and 0(5 others, Queen's Bangers, 17, 074 a. in Queensbiu'v, York . Juno 8. Dugald Campbell and 111 others, 42nd Hegiment, 1 l,,'!4:ra. on Nash.waak. Nov. 9. Boyal Guides and Pioneers, at Crocks Point and [Pur- ge >ynes Ferry. Aug. 17. William Burns and others of the Pennsylvania Loyalists. Aug. 17. King's American Regiment, at Eel River. Isaac Allen and otluirs, at ^factaquac. The Acadians at Madawaska received a license of occupation'for their lands in 1787 and a grant in 1790. 3. The Petitcodiac-Misseguash District. 101. 1784 Oct. 1. Isaac Deschamps, 1,000 a. Cape Quiddy Harbour and Quiddv River. 102. Oct. 1 . John Cox, 1,000 a. at entrance of River Quiddy. 103. Oct. 1 . John Davenport Cox and others, 2,0(X) a. at mouth nf . v^y r ! m ? I Mm- No. 4(1. — Mm* oi- .\i:\v liKiNswicK i: fife ^ '< y c h a Dobi (If 4 a in the Loualist Period lit Grants I m il 7 " ^^ 1 L I lUU. SS Lo^a/iit Qrants CJPre-Loi/nlist Q^mrvh exfant m i735- ■/7^5 NkW IllUNSWIlK IN TlfK LoYALlST PeUIOI). 5ca/e o/Miie^ "t 7^ i;: Ti '^o Q^g Hi [qasonq] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 343 the Miramiohi and other North Shore settlements. Along the St. John camo another region too large for a single county, and it was subdivided on the principle of making the county lines cross it at right angles, and, OAving to the great curve made by the river, a series of counties was made to radiate from Charlotte. Precisely the same principle con- trolled the formation of the later counties. Kent was established to include the settlements of which Eichibucto is the centre, Gloucester for those centering at Nopisiguit, and Restigouehe for those about that river, while Northumberland was left to include those of the Miramichi. The later lines separating Carleton, Victoria and Madawaska, like those lower on the river, run at right angk-s across it. The line between Westmor- land and Albert is the only exception to the general rule. It is a principle everywhere recognized in civilized countries that boundaries of small divisions should run not through settlements but along uninhabited water- sheds, so that the people of the same or contiguous settlements shall belong to the same political division. In the early daj^s of the province, when all travel was by water, the perfectly natural, and indeed only feasible plan, for county formation was this of centering the counties about the inhabited places and making the lines between them run in uninhabited water sheds, and even to this day that is certainly the most convenient plan. It is necessary that the shire-town shall be readily accessible from all parts of the country, and this is much more the case in an arrangement like the present than it would be if our rivei-s had been made the county boundaries, as would at first sight seem to be the more natural method. It is easier to cross a river to reach one's shire- town than to cross an uninhabited and wilderness water-shed to reach it, as would be necessary to much of the population if the rivers had been made the boundaries. With these facts in mind, we cannot but admire the wisdom with which Governor Carleton and bis council laid out the Loyalist Province into counties, and that wisdom has been justified by the fact that subsequent legislators have had to make but slight changes in the original arrangement, and have ever since followed the same principle when the establishment of new counties became necessary. As to the parish lines, many of those were adopted naturally from the township boundaries of the preceding period ; others were deter- mined by the boundaries of some of the greater grants, while yet others depended upon topographical conditions. VI. THE POST-LOYALIST PERIOD. It is not easy to draw a line between the Loyalist Period and that which followed it, for the one merged almost without break into the other. We may distinguish a period of settlement and adjustment of the Loyalist immigrants, lasting perhaps until about ^QO, or somewhat later, 1 'i. ^ i f i 't !i 346 ROY.AL SOCIETY OF CANADA followed by a poriocl of expansion of the Loyalist settlements and forma- tion of new ones by the more restless or more enterprising settlers, which lasted until about 1819, when extensive immigration from the Old World began, introdueing a new division of the period whieh lasted until Con- federation. In the Post-Loyalist period there is but little of importance to our present subject, and I shall speak only of three matters — the later forts and military posts, the post-houses on the route from St. John to Quebec, and the semaphore telegraph line fi-om Nova Scotia to Frederrcton. A. Blockhouses, etc. In 1791 Governor Carleton established two military posts on the Upper St. John. (Ai-chives, 1895, N. B,, 2(5, 2,S.) One of these was at Grand Falls, where it stood on the west side near the falls, on a site still locally well known. The other was at the mouth of the Prcsqu'ile. its site is still well known as the "Garrison Land." It stood on a higbinnd on the south bank of the Prcsqu'ile close to the St. John. After 1800, and especially in connection with the war of 1812, several defence works were constructed in the province, notably the Martello tower still standing at- Carleton and several block-houses. A list of these is given in a MS. Report of all the Barracks, etc , in New Brunswick in 1825 (now in possession of Mr. Wm. Muriloch, of St. John). The loca- tion of those about St. John is fixed for us by the very detailed MS. Field- book of 1848, by Kelehcr, now in the Crown Land OtHce. They were as follows : The Johnston block-house, built 1808, stojd on Wentworth street between Leinster and King ; the Dorchester block-house, built 1807, stood on the military land at the extreme south of the city ; another of these, as shown by old plans (as Cunningham's plan of the harbour, 1835), stood to the northwest and near the Martello tower, and was called Fort Drummond, or the Drummond Block-house, built 1813. Another stood a short distance northeast of Fort Howe (Map No. ■42). There was also a blockhouse and battery on Partridge Island. The location, form, etc., of all the batteries about St. John mentioned in the 1825 Eeport can bo fixed exactly by the Kelehcr Field-book. The battery and blockhouse below Spoon Island, referred to in this paper (page 275), was built in 1813, though it is very difficult to account for its local name of the " Old French Fort," unless some earlier work stood upon the same site. At this time St. Andrews was an exposed and important place, and Fort Tipperary was garrisoned, and later much improved, in a command- ing situation back of the town, where its ruins are now perfectly dis- tinct and well known. In 1813 also the three block-houses, with batteries, were built at St. Andrews (though locally they ai'C said to have been built earlier), as is shown beyond question by the Report of 1825. One, iJl [oaxong] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 347 stood at Joos Point ; ono (still standing) was at the upper end of the town close to tlio shoiH), and another stood just behind the present lighthouse. Another series of block-houses built at this time wore those along the main road from Fredoricton to St. Andrews. These are clearly shown on Jiunnor's map of 1820 and some others. They are said locally, and pro- bably correcth', to have been designed to intercept deserters making their way from the garri«jn at Fredoricton towards the United States. One of them stood on the east bank of the Magaguadavic, at the end of the bridge on the main road. It was on a little hill exactly at the end of the bridge, and its cellar is still to bo scon and the site is well known locally. An- other stood near Fredoricton Junction. At this place, however, two sites of block- houses are known, as shown on the accom- panying Map 1^0. 47, though in neither case can any remains bo soon." It is alto- gether likely that ono of them, that on the north side of the river, was built in 1785, on the recommendation of fJovernor Carloton, who in that year re'<.ii mended the building of a barracks sufticiont for a battalion, near the falls of the Oromocto (Archives, 1895, N. B., 4). The other, south of the river, said to have stood about where Mr. John Seoly's house now is, is clearly that shown on Bonnor's map of 1820. though incorrectly, for the topography of his map is bore very erroneous. It was built in 1813, as shown by the Report of 1825. Bon- nor's map would imply that it stood in the angle between Back Creek and the south branch of the Oromocto, but nothing is known locally of the occurrence of a block-house there, as I have found by personal inquiry, and, moreover, the old road to St. Andrews did not go that way at all. It is, however, correctly shown on Lockwood of 1826. The site ai^signed on the Map No. 47 places it at the junction of the two roads from Fredoricton and Oromocto to form the single old road (now aban- doned) to St. Andrews. The old block-house at Edmundston belongs much later. It was built in 1841, in connection with tho "Aroostook War." Its site is well known locally, and its cellar can be seen on the rocky hill just south of tho mouth of tho Madawaska. Fort Dufforin, at St. John, was built in recent years. I have no evidence that any earlier defence work stood on that site, though ono would expect something of that sort from its position (sec page 277). Map No. 47.— Srncs of Block- HOUSES NEAK FREDEniCTON J UNCTION. I I ' As I am informed by a resident, to whom I am also indebted for tlie map. 348 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA I>. The PiisT RdUTE to (JiKnEo. fn ilie early days of tlio province tlio St. John Itivor valley formed tlu) natural route from Nova Seoliii to (Juehec, i)arliciilurly in winter, wlieii I lie soa route was closetl by ice. For the accommodation of the mail-carriers, anil travellers as \v»tanees from Fredericton up the ris-er to the Madavvaska. up that river to Temiseonata, and thence to Riviisro du Loup, from which the route ran along the St. Lawrence to (Quebec. These post houses are marked upon several maps of the hist century, ])articularly on the Peachy map reproduced in tlio ])roceding mem(»ir(p. Si'H) of this scries. Astherc shown, these houses stood about as follows : I. .Fust al)n\c Tjiii^s Civek. ,lu>l the Nacawicac. Xcar Vuvt Mt'ductii 4. .Tiist IllluVt' the 1 ii'ca' ."). .Tii.peaivd within the past few years, contain at least roferencos to it. I have tried to acknowledge the as.sistance of all those in their proper places. Tho most complete account of locations of historic sitfs in New ]}runswick is that for tho Passamaquoddy region in the " Courier .Series " (see Bibliograph}' later), a work ileserving far more permanence and accessibility than its appearance in a newsjiaper allows. liev. "W. O. Jk'aymond. at present Now Brunswick's most active and successful his- torical investigator, gives duo attention to this subject of historic sites in most of his writings. Very important are maps, particularly the largo .«cale original survey maps, of which there are many in the Crown Land Offlce at Fredericton, and several of particular value in the Public IJecord Office and in tho British Museum in London. It is rather a remarkable fad about many of the latter maps that no copies flf them exist in tho Crown Land OfHco at Fredericton, though the maps whicli aro there are in admirable order and easily accessible. For books relating to tho province, one turns naturally to the Legislative Library at Fredericton, but here he is doomed to bitter disappointment. This library, which ought to be above cverj'thing a repository of books relating to Now Brunswick, really lacks such works almost utterl}-, and its chief useful- ness to tho historian consists in furnishing an illuminating example of what a Legislative Library ought not to be. The works consulted in such studies as this must therefore bo sought in libraries abroad. Very many of the facts in this paper have been obtained from resi- dents near the sites described, and such assistance has, I think, always boon acknowledged in tho proper place. I wish, however, among these corres- ]iondents to mention particularly Rev. J. E. Doucet, of L'Amoc, Mr. S. 0. W. Chapman, of Dorchester, and Mr. D. Lewis, of Escuminac. Tt is really surjirising to find how willing most men aro to respond to inquiries con- ■ \' : } : I I f ! I \ mmm 352 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA corning historical matters ; and it shows an unexpectedly widc-spi'ead in- terest in such matters and as widcly-sjn-ead courtesy. I have also had assistance at many points from Mr. Thos. G. Loggio, of the Crown Land Otfice, from Rev. W. O. Haymond, Mr. James Vroom, Mr. W. C. Milnor, Mr. Victor M Paltsits, and from others too many to mention, to all of whom I wish to express my oest thanks. In the introduction to this paper I pointed out the necessity tor personal investigation of localities in such a subject as ihis. Xearh' every site of importance described in this work I have visited and examined. The only important part of New Brunswick I have not visited is Miscou anil Shippegan ; and, ha]>pily, for that region I have had the assistance of one of the most valued of my correspondents, Rev. J. R. Doucet. There are, of course, many sites of great local interest which are hardly important enough to come within the scope of this paper ; and there is attractive opportunity in many parts of Xew Brunswick for the construction of archioological maps much more detailed than those in this work. This is particularly a field workable by local students, 'and it is commended to teachers and others in Xew J3runswick who have opp'>nunity and taste for historical pursuils. The sources of all of the maj,.. in this work ore acknowledged in the explanations except in the case of the historical maps. Of these, the four large majis of the periods (i.e., Xos. 12, 30, 45 and 4(J) were all drawn from, and of the size of, Wilkinson's map, and are reduced in engraving to less than one-fourth. Since they were drawn some slight corrections have been found needful, as follows: In Xo. 45, Township of Xewton should read Xewtown. 'Ihe 8eigniory assigned to Martignon north of (irand Lake on Xo. 3il, and also on page oOU, is doubtless a mistake ; I tind the expression " (louverneur et proprietaire de la Riviere St. .lean depuia la Riviere di> Maquo jusiiu' aux mines aux dit i)ais de I'Acadic . . . plus de 50 lieues de front," applies not to Martignon, but to La Tour himself, and refers to his great grant of 1()5G. Hence the " mines " would be at the head ot the Bay of Fundy, and the River Maquo would be some river in Maine. In Xo. 46, a part of the lands around St. ,lohn should be dotted to show persistent pre-Loj-alist grants, whoso extent nuvy be determined from Mr, Riiyniontl's articles and maps referred u) earlier on page 3.i3. On map Xo. 4(), the number 07 is accidentally duplicated, as explained on l>ago 343. As to the other historical ma[is, the sources are as follows. Most of the older maps mentioned are full}' described in the preceding monograph. No. 24— Isthmus of Chignccto. Toi>(iy;ra^,!i,\ irom SU'ckel's map nl' 1S74. Karlier maps cuntaining information are : Map if the Istlnuus liy Franiiuet, 17")L'. (Map Xo. L'li of tills work). riau de L'Isthine de L'Acadie. Paris, 177'.t, l)ut belonging to 17')r). . A I/U'ge and I'artirniar Plan of Skcgnekio P^ay. Ijondon, I7r>5. m [fANOXO] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 353 Map of tlio Uasoii ni Chifiiioctdii and its Ijuirons in Nuva Scotia, Fioni a Fronc'li drauglit, Cajif. Lewis' Survey of llic voaausi''jour and the adjawnt contitry ... in I7.").'>. In Maine's History of tlie late war in .\nierica. Part of Ma;) of N'ov.i Scotia or Acay('a|il. ^[ontresor. London. ITiW. There is also in the British Miisemn a plan of tlie Isthmus of about !7">') by Winekworlh Tonjre, i)Ut this I have not seen. Survey of tlie Isthmus in ls:;7, l)y('lias. MeCunly. Ms. in Crown Laud Olhee. The I'lansof the Isthmus made by Minnette LS22 ; Hall, iS-'i, and by Crawley, 184;', in eonnt'etiou with surveys foi' a liaie X'erte Canal, are missing from the Crown I,und Ollice and from the I'ublio Works Pe|)artnient, Ottawa, to which they were loaned. No. 33— Miraraichi. To])o^ra])hy from an .Vdmiralty ehart. Facts from. lumeaii, KiS"), I'raiKiuelin, IfiSO, and the Siu'vey may of 1754, all re])roduced in the precedinu' Monoirraph of this series. ^lii'hean's map of 17S."), mentioned on liasje Ulii) is valuable for later history. No. 34 — Miscou and Shippegan. Toi)o;;raphy from the (ieolo^dcal Survey ma]) and the Admiralty Chart. I'acts from .(umeau, Kis'i, and Francpielin. IC.Mi, and from Survey map of .Miscou, by West, I.sl'O, and of shippeiran, by liar- ley, ls;',(). j'.oth are Ms. in the Crown Land Ollice. Oilier facts have ! von <.'i\en me by Rev. J. R. Hoiicet, of L'.Vmec. No. 35 — Bathurst. Topoirra|)hy from a survey ma[) in the I'nblic Works Ollice, Ottaw'i. I'\icts from the Survey map ai mpanyiujj (.Joold's (iralit of 17S4, l)ublished (with additions) in Coll. X. 15. Hist, ^oc II.. i:.'7. l)eny>' map of l. I'laii de la Fori de la Riviere Saint .lean, I'aiis, 177'.L I'lan of I'arrTown. by Paul I'.edell, 17s;!. Ms. in Cinwn Land Ollice. Flan of the Ciiy and Harbiir of Si. .loliii, from an actual Survey taken in the year 17st. I'.y Rnl)erl Morse (?) MoUlh of llie l;i\er Si. .lolm. by .\. Lockwood. ISIS. Map of the ( iiy of Saiiil .iuhii, N.F... by Cliaile-' Whitney. lSL'.">. .Ms. in (row n Land ( tlliee. Plan of the City and Harbor of St. .lohn, .\.l'.., by ('mmin;,diam. lloston, is:;-"). The Admiralty Chars. Ho. 38 — Fredcricton. Topoiiraphy from ilie Sur\ey map. There are i special hisiorical maps of this re^^iou, olhii' than those of .Morris, f^iveii earlier. No. 17, and some i)laii.s in the Crown Land ( )Hice, iiicludiufi; the orij.'iiial plan of Fi'ederii''.on, of I7S(), by I >. Camp!)ell. To this ma]i I be word Omidlinri/ should be addedaloiiLT wilh Fredericti id (heTi w nsni] hip of .V I iititli shou l.l read .V. n-ln d its date should be 17iiS. f \ I ij \ .V.-.L ia.r.iua9K 384 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA No. 40— Pdssamaquoddy. Ti)po^:rai)hy from the Admiralty Chart. Tlie name Mun-inlDini (should appear with St. Stephen. Earlier \\v,\\Ki are .• Charts hy Desbarres. Cliamplain's Plan of l(i04. Plan t)y Sonthac'k, M'X't, in these Transaction:^, new ser. III., ii., 367. Plan l)y .Morris, of 17()."». Plan of the Coast from the West pa.«sage of Passamqnoddy Bay to the Kiver St. John. P.y AVrifjlit, 1772. .V slceteh of Passamaquoddy with the adjacent rivers, 17.S(>, Ms. by Joiin Allan. Plan of 17!l7, by David Owen, jriven earlier in this work, pane 2<)7. Plan of Canipobello and other islands contiirnoiis, 1S:!U. Mitehel's map (jf Passannvpioddy of 17tJ4 is in the Public Pecord Otlice, but I have not seen it. Bibliography and CARToauAnY. Following is a list of the various works, manuscnpts, maps, etc., men- tioned more than once in the preceding pages. Works mentioned but once are cited in full at the time. Since the descriptions are here given for the purpo.so of enabling others to locate the works, they are made only full enough for tluit purpose, and no attempt is made at Bibliographical com- pleteness. A. — Books, Ms., etc. Ai.i.AX, .T. .journal. See Kidder. Ai.i.isox, L. The Ut'v. ( )liver Arnold. St. Jolm, 1.S02. AntnivKs. The Annual Keiwrts on Canadian Archives, Ottawa. PAti.Kv, L. W. On the Relics of the Stone A<;e in New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. of N. B., VI., :!. Baii.dv, ,1. AV. The St. .lolin Kiver. Cambridy;e, :Mass., 1S!I4. l)Aiiii), S. F. Notes on A)>ori).dnal Shell Mounds on the Coast of New Brunswick and of New lOugland. Proc, V. S. Nat. Mus., ISSl'. P>i:i.i.i\, N. Ivemaripies Sur la Carte de rAm('ri([ue Sei)tentrionale. Paris, 17.'i."'). BoicUETri-:, .1. xV Topographical Dictionary of Lower Canada. London, LS82. BHoi>in;\n. Docmuents rclatin;.' to the Colonial History of New York. New York. BiucK, U. G. lieport (Letter) on cleared lands on the St. John. 1701. Ms. in Public Record ( )tlice, Cadu.i.ac, La .AIotmi:. Document of l(ii)2. In P.rodhead's Documents, IX., .")4S. Caktikh, jAcQfics. Relation originale du Voyage an Canada en l-">.')4. Paris, ISd". Chami'i.ain', Sami'ei, dk. Voyages. Paris, l2. tiuebec I'ld., 1S70. Cuu«u, B. Ivistern Kxi)editions. In Drake's History of Phillip's War, Boston, I.S27. .\lso edition of 18(17 by Dexter. C'A.Mi'oDisi.i.o Pai'EUS. Journal of Captain William Owen. Collections N. B. Hist. Soc. I., 1!«, and II., S. [GA^o^G] HISTORIC SITES IN NEW BRUNSWICK 3SS CiH)NEY, R. Ilisiiirv ni Nortlu'i-ii Now 15nins\vick; and (iaspi''. Halifax, 1S3-' ; Cliatliaiii, l.s'.>S. Courier yKiuics. A iSeries of articles on the History of the PassiiniaqntaUly ivgion which appeareil in the " St. Croix Courier" in ISirj to IWI."). Dk.nys, Nicolas. D.'scription (ieo^'raphiiiue de rAin<5ri(nie Septentrionale, I'ari^, 1(172. Dioxxi;, N. E. ^riscou ; honinies ile nier, et hoinnies de Dieu. Le Canada Frau- (,ais, ISSll. FiCVTiiEusoxiLVidii AXi) Mi'ooE. Report Oil the Northeastern Boundary. ]'>ritish J51ue-book of lSt(t. Fka.ncji'et. Iteport upon the forts, etc., of Acadia, 17"i2-17">4. ^Fs. in Paris ; copios at Ottawa, (Juehec and Frederictoii. Gaxoxc;, W. !•'. I'lace-Xonieuclature of New Rrunswick.- These Trans., second ser., II., ii., I7'>. Carlo^jrajihy of New l^>runswick. These Trans., second ser.. III., ii., .'11.'!. CiE.sxEi!, A. New l>ninswick. London, lS4'.t. Five Reports on the (Jeology of New Brunswick. Freilerictoii, is;)'.t-ls44. GoKDox, A. II. ^Vilderness .lourueys. St. .loliii, 18(14. Also in "Vacation Tourists.'' (lYi.Es, John. Menioii-s of ( »d(l Adventures, etc. I'>oston, I7;!(>. Cincinnati, ISd'.l. Heku.max. a series of articles on the History of Restigouche. rrinted in the St. John " Sun " in ISSI}. Hixi), H. Y. I'reliininary Report on the (ieology of New Rruiiswick. I'rcderic- ton, 1S()."). HiiiiiAiU), L. L. Woods and Lakes of .Maine. I'xistoii. |S,S4. Hii.i.vi., R. (r. The Rhode Island iMiiiufration to Nova Scotia. Narrairansett His- torical Ke.u:ister, ISS'.t. KiDDKu, \\ ^lilitary Operations in Ivistern .Maine ami .No\a Scotia during tiie Revolution. -Vlhany, ISd?. Contains the .lournal aiKhnJiur writings of Cnl. John -Mian, 1777 and later. Kei.eiiki!, T. I'icld Book of Survey of Onlnunce Jjamls at St. John, 1S4S. Ms. in Crown Land ()Hice at Frederictoii. Kii,iiV,\\'. lOast port and lV>aniaqiioddy. l\asiport. I.SSS. LixAKiiOT, M. Ilistoirede la Nouvelle France. Paris, l(ii)'.t-l(llL'. Paris Hd., ISim. LECi.Eitiii, C. Nouvelle Ri'latioii de la (ia-pesie. Paii-^, hi'.U. LoitiMER, J. (i. Ilistorv of the Islands and IsK-ts of the l>ay of Fuiidy, Chaildite County. .^I. Slt'phen, Is7(l. M \i! 1:1., (i. IJeproductions de Carti's et de Cldhcs. Paris, \i<'.y.\. Maksi'on. B. niary. 178") and later. Ms. in iiossosion (}f Ue\- W. O. Paymond. Published in part in Coll. N. B. Hist. Sue., H. Ml I'vui.ANi:. W. (i. Fredericton. A series of historical articles. .. Mii.NKi!, W. C. .\ sketch of the I'^arly History/if .-Jackville, N. B. Chigiiecto Post, .\iini\('rsary Nund)er, Sei)t., l.S. MnvuEi., .1. I'ield-Boiik of a Survey of Passaiiuupioddy, 17(jt. My. in Libi'ary of the .Maine Histoiical Societv. ' 'i t 336 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA ^I(iN(KTr)N, K. Rt'iiort of the rronueiliiijr." of tlie Troops on the Expedition np St. Joliu's River in the Bay of Eiindy, 175S. :Ms. in the I'nblie Heeord Otlice. MoiisK, R. Keport on Novu Seotia. Archives, 1S,S4, XXN'II. jMoukis, Chas. Jieport on the Snrve\' of the Jiiver St. Julin and of the Coast tiience to l'assania(iuoddy. 17()."). ^[s. in I'ldjhe Kecurd Olliee. ^Ir.NKo, A. On the Physical Features and (ieolojry of Ciiigneetu Istiniins. Bull. Nat. Hist, sdc, N. B., V. 20. Tlie Istlinins of Cliifinecto. Series of articles in tlie Ciiiirneeto Post. 3hiy, ISKi. MiNito, J. I)escri])tion of the Hi ver St. John's, etc. Archives, l.S'.M, 2."). I'akkman ^Is. Several volumes of copies of inii)ortant documents. In the Library oftlie^Iass. Historical Society. ri;i!i.KV, 'SI. lieport oji Indian Affairs, 1S41. In .lournal of the House of Assembly of New Hruiiswick, 1.S44. I'mnsis, Mill!. Journal. In Le Foyer ('inaiiii'n, III., ISii"). I'oTi:, ('apt. W.M. Journal. Edited by Victor H. I'altsits. N»'\v York, LSilO. (iiKHKc MAxrseitii-rs. Collection de .Alanuscrits .... relaiil' a la N'ouvelle France. (Quebec ; 4 vols., ISSIMSS."). IiAMKAf Die SAisr-Fkiii;. Fne Colonic feodale en Auieriipie, 2 vols. Montreal, ISS'.I. Kavmom), \V. O. T1<'> Old :\Ieductic Fort. Coll. X. B. Hist. Soc, I., 221. Tlie North Shore. Coll. X. M. Hist. Soc, II., SI. Hi::.ATio.vs ok thk .Ii>iUiT-i. Cincinnati, ISlMi-lilOl), in over (il) vols. l!i:i'oi!T OF 1S2.5. Iicport of all tlu' Barracks, Hatteries, Block-liouses and other (iovernuient liuiidings in ilie Province of Xew Brunswick, 1S2.5. Ms. in possession of Mr. AVin. ]Min'docli, St. John, X.B. TlKTIKN OF 17S:! OF TUE I.NIi AlUrANTS ON TIIF UlVFH St. JoUX. Coll. X. P>. Ilist. Soc, I., 1(H). S.MKTiriKsT, (t. A Narrative of an Extraordinary Escape out of the Hands of the Indians in the (iiilf of St. Lmvrence. Lmdon, 1774. Sr. \'Ai.ii:ii. I'^t at present de L'Ei,'lise, etc. Paris, 1(58.'^; Quebec, is.>ii. \'ii.i.i:mos-. Diai-y. Parts are in Ms. in the Boston Public Library. Wai!1), 10. An Account of the Uiver St. John, with its Tributary Rivers and Lakes. Fredericton, 1S41. WiNsoK, .1. Narrative and Critical History of America. S vols. Boston. Ji. — Maps. A full d esc I'ip live li.st of New IJi-unswick niap3 is cjtitainod in the pi'oeeding MonoLjraph of tlii-! .series. Following are tho.so mentioned several tinios in this worlc. The maps of small sections are already men- tioned in the preceding pages. All " plans" referred to in the work are in tlio Crown Land Office at Fredericton. The numbers in braclcets utter the titles give the page of the Cartography on which reproductions may be found. 1H12. Cbami)lain, Sanaiel de. Carte (ieograpliiqne de la Xouvelle frauce [o-")!]. In bis " Voya^'es." Also anolhei' of hil;!. 1();52. Ciiamplain, Carte ile la Xouvelle france [.")')2]. In his " Voyages." ^ KitiO. Creuxius. Tabula Xovie Franciie [.'!o(j). In his " I listeria Canulensis." -Vi to [;5.-,i]. [g\nokg] HISTORIC SITES IN KEW BRUNSWICK 357 j- liiso. Jmueau, E. La jriando bayo do S. laureiw [.'!();!]. Ms. in Paris. 1GS(). Franqnt'lin-Pe Meiilk'H. Carte CJeralle dn Voyage que Monsr. De MeuUes ... a fait • . . [:i(i4]. :\Is. in Paris. l()!li'. Lo Clercq, Clir. Carte fieiieraik' do la Nniivollo Fraiioo. Ms. in Paris. 17(is. Fraiiquoiin, J. P. L. Carto t:onorallo do la XouvoUo France. In MarcolV Atla,'), 17.")7, by him. 17411. 3Iorris, C Drauf;lit of the Nt)rtliern English Colonies, in " Captain Poto's .Journal." 17')'i. ( iroon-.Tofferys. A new map of Nova Scotia [.')7i']. Loiukjii. 17')S. Morris, C Sketch of St. John's Harbor and a part of River [.'tUO]. Accom- panies liis report in Public Record Oflice. 17('>"i. Morris, C. A Plan of the River St. Johns and Pa.ssamoquoddy Bay. iMs. in Public Record Ollico. Many later editions. 17.s:!. Poachy, J. Plan of the River St. John. :Ms. in British ^luseum [:]!t:i], founded on a map by Cajit. Jos. Peach, made in 17tH, but now ajiparontly lost. 17SI). Plan of the Soutliwesteru part of Now Brunswick. Ms. [in Public Record Otiice. Very valuable map. 17it>. Titcomb, S. A Plan of the longtli of the River Scoodic. Ms. in :\Iass. Archives. 1797. Hodden and Campbell. Plan of the River ^Nlajraguadavic. Ms. in Libraiy Mass. Hist. Soc. ISi'il. Bomior, Thos. A now map of the Province of Now Brunswick. London. IS'Jil. Lockwood. A. A map of Now lirunswick. Limdon. 1^:>I. Hiiuchette, J. Map of the Provinces of I'pjior and Lower Canada, etc. London. Is'.'d. P)aillio and Kendall, ^hqi of Now Brunswick. London. Is,")!). AVilkinson, J. Map of the British Province of New Brunswick. London. 1SS.'>. Lojrgio, Thos. G, Map of the Province of Now Brnnwick. London. IS'li) 1 ^^^eological Survey ^Mafis. Issued by the ( Joological Survey of Canada. in the Intioneil ly mon- [ork are Irackets luctions Aduknda. Page ■_'72, lino ;>, after No. 37, add : A plan in the City Chamberlain's r)flice in St. John is said to mark the site of an "old French burial ground" near Fort Frock^'ick. Pago 347, near bottom, after iladawaska, add : A contemporary description of this block-house is given in Lanman, Adventures in the Wilds of the United States and Canada, IS.iCi, I,. ;?()('., 3t17. Iisis.