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BY JOHN CAMPBELL, M.A., Proftisor of Church History, Preshyterian College, Montreal. In my last paper on tLis subject I mentioned an important Celtii. family which did not trace its descent directly from Gilead, hut which, nevertheless, sustained intimate relations with his line. Gael and Cymri, according to Niebuhr, were the two great components of the Celtic stock.^ Josephus long before had been struck with the co; .lection of the two names, and accounted for it by deriving tho Galatians from the patriarch Gomer, in which ho has been followed by a large number of writers coming down to the present day.^ It was, however, with no intention of tracing the family of Gomer (»• the origin of the Cymri that I commenced the researches in tlu! departments of comparative geography and mythology that havt- resulted, as I believe, in fixing the relations of the latter. Thr result, entirely unexpected and eve;, .astonishing to myself, was tlu^ consequence of a legitimate and full, but by no means exhaustive, induction from geograjjhical facts and mythological statements ex- tending over a wide field. It rests to a great extent, although far from exclusively, upon the collocation of names in the topographical nomenclature and mythological genealogies of many peoples. I do not claim that all the names mentioned by me refer to the personages whose descendants I seek to trace. These are so numerous that time has not permitted me to make that minute investigation into their history wliich would enable me to write with certainty. A few of them I have already brought forward in totally dilTerent connections, rnd tlie present state of my knowledge does not allow mo to assert n (.' i r i > History of Rome, U. 620. 2 Josephus' Antiiuit. L, vi. 1. THE EASTERN ORIGIN" OF THE CELTS. which of those coimoctions is the most worthy of coufulenco.' 1 may not even have discovcroil tho precise rehitions in which the personages with whose history I deal stood to ono another. Yet this, I think, will l)e found indisi>iitable, that they were intimately related, and that their desccudaiits constituted an ini})ortant clement in the gi-eat Celtic family of nations. My st;n'ting point is the family to which Gilead l)eh:)ngod. This family 1 believe to have been that of IJethleliem. However, this for the pre:jent is inmiaterial. We ivad that (Jilead had a sister, whose name was Ilammoleketh, or. The Queen.* This remarkable lady, for such her name would indicate her to have been, has no husband assigneil her in the Bible, but the names of lier three sons are given. These are Ishod or Ishchod, Abiezer, who is also called Ezer, and Mahalah. In se((king for a fuller geneah gy of the family of Ilam- moleki^th, I found it impossible to iussociatc any of tho Ezei-s of Chronicles with her second son, antl for the fir.st no connections appear. A geogiaphical trace is, however, aflbnled for the identiiica- tion of the former in a place in Abiezer of Palestine, called Ophrah.'' Now Ophrah is mentioned among the descendants of Othniel the Keuezite. His father is !Meonothai, who seems to have married Hathatli, tho daughter and oidy child of Othniel. It is very pro- bable, therefore, that ^leonothai was the son of Ezer or Abiezer." A more interesting connecti(m has l)een founil for ^lahalah. His name is identical, not oidy with that of the place called iNleholah or Abel Meholah, which was Gileadito, as was also Ezer, Jazer or Abiezer, but also with Mahol, the name of a sage mentioned in tho book of Kings.'' There his three .sons are spoken of, thcur names being Heman, Chalcol and Darda. These sons of Mahol again appear in the book of Chronicles among the descendants of Judali with slight changes, Calcol and Dara presenting variations illustrative of the mutable chai'acter of early languiige.* Heman, Calcol and Dara are in Chronicles called sons of Zerah, an honour wliich they shared with Zimri and Ethan. In Kii\gs, however, Ethan is spoken of as tho •' E]ioii^-iiis like Islind .ii'..l Eshtim, Moleketh nnJ MoliJ, Aliishur and Abiezer, Mamro and Ziiiiran, Ksliool and Clialcol, oannot fail to prescut grtat ditllculties iu tho attempt to distinguish their traces iu many languages. * 1 Cliron. vii. 18. , «"'• ' f' Judges vi. 11. J » 1 Chron. iv. 13, 14. • '." ' ' Judges vii. 'J2 ; Numb. sxi. 32 ; 1 Kings iv. 31, * 1 Clu'uii. iL ti. THE EASTEUN OniGIX OF THE CELTS. 5 son of Zorali or K/.vn ; Zimri is if,'iiore(l ; iunl Muliol is inado tlicf fiithor of tlio wiso triml. Tlioro cuu be no doiiltt tliiit these aro thc^ sinic pi'iv. )iis. ]My coiicliision, tlio ;,'r<)nuils of wliidi will a|i|)riir in tim siiiiui'l, is tliat Zimri, tin; llrst nicntioucd aiiioiiij tli(! sons of Zi'ivih, was tho father of ^[ahol or Mahalah ; that Heiiian, Clialool ami Danla Win-t! his "^ramlsoiis ; aiid tliat Zimri at'fordiuf^ly was tho hushaud of ilummolekcth. IJiit who was Zimri himself { For many reasons I have bfUMi led to regard him as the same person with Zimran, th > elilest son of Abraham l>y Ivetiiraii.''' Why iu; is chIIikI the son of Z;!rah I cannot witli absolute certainty say, i)Ut think it probable that his mother ICe'nrah, after the death of Abraham, married Zerali, aa H:hi >pian."' Tlu! ab ive m ly seem a meret issue of hypotheses^ I i^rant it, and do not ask belief in th(! alleged facts on a simple ijw (ficit or plausil)le statement of tlu'ory. My own convictions did not arise from any such arbitrary interi»retation of scrij>ture passagc^s. noi' did I ui)on these frame any theory whatever. The evidence which constitutes the remainder of this paper, and which is intended not to ti-ace the family of ZinuMU l)ut the origin of the Cymri, will, I think, show that the foregoing necessary statement lias at least strong prabability on its side. Another connection of the family of Zimran m ly be mentioned here. His motlusr was Keturah, and his brothers, Jokshau, with a son Dedan ami grandsons Assliurim, lietushim, Leummim ; Medan ; ]N[iher, i laiioeh, Abidah anil Ehlaah ; Ishbak ; and Shuah." As for Keturah, f am inclined to believe that she was a sister or near relative of the Amorites, Aner, Eshcol and Mamre, with whom A])raliam was con- fi'il.'rate.'- I have some light upon the stoiy of Zerah, his sou Ethan and grandson Azariah, Itut to set it forth here would involve unneces- sary com[)lic.itions. I pur[)o;-)e restricting myself in the main to the family of Hain- niol?keth, the sister of Gilead, muting with her, as it seems to me I must, a certain Zimri or Zimran. As part of this family I count l[.Mu\n, Chalcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol or Mahalah. Foi '' Oeli. XXV. 2. '" Z.'i'nli 'lativ(H, Aner, Eslieol and Mamn;. The following is the genealogy as I propose to restori! it, the nauH's in capitals being those which form tho subject of geographical auil mythological comparison : — Ainorlto Zirali— Kcturali=.Vbrahiuii AULT 1 EnIicmI Muiiiri' I Elliau A^ariah i I I > ! ' ZiMiuN— IIammoi.ekctii Jcikshan Muilun Mi'llan Islilnk Sliuah I I I I IsHOD AniKZKK Mahalmi I ! I I I Ui'Uan EjiliiiU Ei>)it'r llaiioch Abidali EKlaali I I i Muoiuithai IIkman Chalcdl Daiiua Assliurini Lctiisliiiu Leuiiiiniin I Oplirali 0,it of thirty-two nani:^s, thorjfora, I at [jrescut, in order to av>)i I confusion and to guard against hypothetical cinnt-ctions, direct atte;i- tion t»j eight only. The list is hirger tlian that which foruuid the subject of my last paper, and is thus sufficiently largo to enal)le one to predicate something from a mere geographical comparison. Unfor- tunately, however, there is a lack of determinateness in the charaet.-r of the names which hinders their presenting that identity of torm in different languages, wliich has apj)eared in those belonging to the family proper of Gilead. The Ureek form of Zimran is Zambran, so that an aslventitious b ov ji sound may be expected in tho body of the word. The final n of proper names in Hebrew is exceedingly inconstant, and guicrally disappears in patronymics. '•' Even the initial ~ may not only be replaced by c, k, d, t, or .s-, but may be leduccd to an aspirate or even an open vowel. Ishod or Ishchod may b;' depri\ed of its initial / and appear as Shochad, its root. Abiezer ])resents peculiar difficulties, the [)redx Abi being unnecessary, aiit\veon tlio con- s'lnants, sndi as wi* (iiid in Aiiiiiliiclca, Anii'liiiilc, iVn-. Iffinaii, I'oniiiiencini^ witli a inoro asj»irat<'. may \»' fouiul itrofciUMl liv '/ or t, |).'iiiaii, Tf'ir.aii. ('halcol or ("alcnl can lianlly !»(' <'XiH'ct(Ml to retain its final /, wliicli may Ite altnijctlicr omittfil or rcjilaccd liy r oi- >■. I>ara or Danla lias two forms to lM>;fin with, and tlio final letter liein<( ".'/'". ^vill l»f> fouiul to end with r, ;/, n, or //'/. (>iir siilijeet i> t!ius en'.'onipassed with }ihilolo;.cieal diflieulties of no ntean oi'dcr, and for this reason I liavo siipplemcnted the ^eo^jrajihical comjtarisons with otiiurs durivc^l from mytholoLTy and tradition, which f trn.^t !!i ly tend to confirm the evideiiee that j,'eoL,'ra]>hy su]i|ilies. Palwitin;! alFords (fvidcnei; that the chiMren of JIammoleketh were ciiunted as nai't of the family of (lilead. Ahiezer was situated iitai' the laud of Uilead, and Jazer, jtre-entin;,' another ftain of the iiaim', r.v instituted a region of it; Al»el Meholah was in similar ])roximity, and JJarzillai the ]\[eholathite is also called a CJileaditc;." The name Aliel JMeholah, if like Al)(d Miziaiiu it denotes '• the inournin;,' ot Malialah," may furnish tin; clue to a tragical story. It may, how- ever, simi>ly mean "the meadow." As such wo may expect it to reajipear in other parts of the world in .some foinn like Philomelium. It is worthy of note that the family id not only represented as one of pre-eminent sages but also of musicians, so much so that th(^ name of Mfholah was applitnl in ditlerent forms to musical compositions, and the meaning of tJio root from which it is derived is s!)i;/lii(/. But the word Ziniran itself means rt suikj. Abiezer or Ezer indicates t/u; hflper, and ai>i)ears in a remarkable Greek wor03sibility that Zaratus may represent his nephew, Darda. The ancient geography of India contained names that fitly set forth the whole fomily of Zimran. Such are the Kamarajjas, Kimpurushas, Tumburas, Mlechhas, Nishadas, Apsarasas, Mekhalas, Yamunas, Kulakas and Daradas.'^* Already we have found Aniares in Bactria on the Indian borders; and farther north on the Jaxartes were Comari. The Moguls and Tartars may have claimed kindred with theni, as the descendants of Machalah and Darda. During the classical per'iod, the north-western part of India about the Indus was peopled by the descendants of Zimi"an. Such were the Astaceni and Main ; and such, in the time of Darius Hystaspes, the Abissares and tlie Darda;. ^^ Near them dwelt the Glauca;, while farther south the Joroahes or Jumna commemorated Heman, and A.gra, situated upon it, was another record of Ezer. In the basin of the Indus Ave also find Nagara, representing Ezer, and the Soastus with Suatene as traces of Ishod. To tlie east, in the region of Patna, lay IMiyiUu or Mithila, the modern name of which, Tirhut, exhibits a replace- ment of Mahalah by his youngest but most distinguished son. One of the mouths of the Ganges was called Camboricum, and near at hand was Cocala. Above the lower range of the Himalayas, in a 8* ViMc Slmli Nam{ry, iu coimection with thu Orijjin of Culture in America, and tlie Accad or Suuieriaii Kainilies, 42. -'* Ilanly's Manual of Buddhism, 129. -" Wilson's Vishnu Purana. lie must also be Cnmnra, the ffid of war, a rharaotor that will vi't ajti^car to have been boruu by two of hia desccuJauta. Vide Crawford's ludiuu llesearcliefi, ii. ISo. *> Hardy, 285-86. « lb. 128. lb. 2S2. 12 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. Tiiiiisactions of the Sofiity of Hil). Arcliiiiology, i. 1, 65. « liei'ords (if the Past, v. Vit, 85 noto. *'^ II. N. XX.K. 2. Sinuii, ii iiiytliic. iliviner, whose name has lioen discovered by Mr. George Sinitli, may liave heen Zininin. Tlie Chaldean aecount of Genesis. <« The .MytJKilogy and Fables of the Anoienta explained from llistory. London, 1740, iii. 224. *' Gen XXV. ti. i i % u THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. know in his day as the Katarrei, and wlio.se cliief settlement was ivatara, now called Katiira, appearing abont midway on the eastern coast.''^ BiJginning at the north, liowever, we find certain features of Hyrcanian geography reproduced, in the Zamareni, witli a place (^^hainara, who appear a short distance south of the Saraceni, just as Samariaiie and Syracene connect in Hyrcania. The Chaulothsei, Bene Khalid or Gileadites, with the Agnei or Ezrites, are not fiir oft'; wliilo ^Madiana, farther south, affords another proof of ^Nlidianite connection. On the Arabian Gulf of the Red .Soa opposite lierenice were situated the Malichte, Darne, Ausara and Agra. Lower down on the same side we meet with the Minsei, Mamala, Nagara or Agra, and Amara. The ^V of Nagara, arises out of the nasal pronuncia- tion of the initial ai/in of Ezer, which is found in Arabii;. But in tlu; Persian Gulf aljout Katura, and in a direct line with the home of the Malielue and I)arra3, other Agrau or Gerra,'i appear, together with Asateni and Sata. In the south-east a galaxy of Zinn-ite names attest Midianite occupation. Such are Thamar, Sambracata, OmauittB, Darrte and Acilla. to which may be added Masthala. Coming fur- ther Atestward, but keeping to the southern coast, Hamirei in the Smyi'nophoros llegio commemorate Zimran. The Ascitse were the descendants of Ishod ; the Ausaritaj of Ezer ; and Massala was a record of Mtihalah. Omana Sinus, south of which Marmatha may have been a reminiscence of Mamre, betrays Heman's posterity, and Cuinacalum on the Sachalites Sinus may unite Chalcol with Eshcoh This leads to the great region of the Homerita?, whom tradition has alread}' identified V'ith the family of Keturah. Among tlu.'m Theo- phanes found the Amanita3, to whom he attributed a similar descent.*^ The rite of circumcision prevailing among these tribes tends to con- firm their Abrahamic parentage.^" Tu the same region ]3urckhardt found traces of the Omran Arabs, although their principal settlement according to him was the northern tract in wjiich we found the Zaniareni.^^ Omran is an Arabic form of Zimran, exhibiting the same cliange as the Erse word Amhran has 'already presented. Sa- catia, Mela Mens, Ocelis and Thuris in tlie land of the Itomeritse, ** Lenormiint & Chevalier, ii. 289 soq. Jei'vis, Geiie.sia Eliu'itlatud, 35S. ■•» JerviB, a.VJ. •■*" n>. ''' Noti's on tli'> Beilawin, &o., 221. Another Stnnehenge waa fciuuil liy Chanlin ami other traviUers at Ujaii in Persia: Sadik Isfahan!, 9 note. Still another in Phoenicia is Uescritjcd by Finn : Byeways in Palestine, 283. THE KASTERN OUIOIN OP THE CELTS. 15 among whom the Abideh or doscendants of Abidah, the son of Midian, were found, sot forth Ishod, Mahalah, Chalcol and iJara. The Camareni and Malichi Islands off the same coast were memorials of Ziniran and his wife. If we suppose Chalcol to have been repre- sented by the Cliaulasii, who dwelt towards the northern extremity of the Persian Gulf, we shall find the whole family of Zimraii appearing in Arabia as the eponyms of powerful tribes. Such weic the Zamareni, Homsritfe or Omran, the Ascitse, Agriei, Malicha^, Oni- anitse, Cliaulasii and Darda3. In Kasseem, south of Jebel Shaiinnar. or in the land of the old Zamareni, ]\Ir. Palgrave found a lJ)ruidical circle, identical in character with Stonehenge, the work of Emrys or Ambrosius, who gave its name to Ambresbury in Wiltshire. Con- cerning it he says: "There is little difference between the stone wonder of Kasseem and that of Wiltshire, except that one is in Arabia and the other, more perfect, in England." ^'^ If Strabo's statement, with which the accounts of Arabiaii his- torians seem to agree, be true, we cannot expect to find in the lists of early Arabian monarchs that hereditary descent which would enable us to speak positively of their Zimrite relationsliips.''^ Him5'ar or Hamyer, however, the givatest of Arab sovereigns and the ancestt)r of the Homeritic, like the Persian Kaiomers and the Chaldean Zmarus, must have been Zimran himself. He is called a son of Abd Shenis or Saba, and his brothers were Annni, a repetition of his own name, Ashar or Ezer, and Amelah or jNIahalah, his sons.''* Malik was an early king of Oman ; and Shammir a descendant of Ilimyar." The descendants of Amelah are said to have emigrated to Damascus, and there the Trachones, a memorial of Darda, are found, together with a Gerra that may be a record of Ezer.™'^ Two modern names, Dummai and Aswad, in the same region may preserve the memory of Zimran and Ishod. Unlike the family of Gilead, that of his brother-in-law Zinn'aii seems at some remote ei)0ch to have passed over from Arabia into Ethioj)ia, and to have dwelt for a time also in certain parts of Egypt. We find them in the Sembritse of the former country, who were '"- Travels iii Central Arabia, i. 251. 5' Stnib. xvi. 4, ;!. He states that the son does not suocceJ the father, but the first son of noblu family born after his aocessiim to the throne. '''* Sale's Koran, Genealogical Tables. ''5 I.enorniant & Chevalier, ii. 312. "• Sale's Koran, chap, xxxir. note. SI I 'I ii 10 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. governod l»y a cpieen.*" Tliese are tlio modeni Aiuliaras. Tliero dwelt tli(* Agrii, and tliore we meet with Esar, Tasitia, iMosyloii or Mos- Hvlious, Eumenes, Acila, and Darada. Deire, wliich is said to have di'iiotcd " the neck," and thus to have been a Greek word, may have 1) -cu originally derived from Dar, a pearl, a string of pearls fonning an ornament for the neck, for it is the Turr/ne of the Celts, in whosf! liingnngo dorc or torch signif hI a collar or necklace." Although gciK'rally oi gold, the torques Avere sometimes compo.sed of amber beads. The Indian ornament Mokhali, the necklace of M.udius Tonjuatus, the goldeii collar of the Irish IMalachi, serve to unite Muhalah and his son Darda in the invention of this article of dress.^"* ( 'innimcisiou prevailed among some of these Ethiopian tribes.*'-' The Zimri passed into Lower Egypt, whether by way of Arabia PetrtX'a or upwards from Ethiopia I cannot tell. An early historical notice of the sons of Ketuiuh is given by Jose[)hus, in which he unites them with the Egyptian Hercules, and makes Ephcr, the second son of ]\[idian, the namer of Africa.®" A part of Zimrau's fanjily must have entered the land of the Pharaohs in this migration. Milukhi, a kingdom mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions, and which Lenor- mant at first identiiied with Meroe, the land of the Sumbritiv, was in the Delta."' Metelis and Menelaus, which, according to Aristides, h id its origin long befoi'e the time of the Lacedemonian hero, doubt- le-ss indicate the jiosition of this Mahalite kingdom.''- Schredia, near at hand, is a })crfect representation of Ishod ; and two places named Taposiris, in the same region, are in all probability the memorials of Abiezer. Glaucus, near Libya, may unite Chalcol. Tliere was a J^eirut between Metelis and Schanlia, and a Tarich;«a north of the latter city. It is worthy of note that the god Malouli was wor- shipped at Talmis, in Ethioi)ia.''^ The old tradition that Northern Africa was in groat part })e(>pled }>y the HomeritaJ is undoubtedly true."' It is also true that Celts, "'■' Stral). xvi. 4, S. " U). xvi. 4, 4. 5- The iiucklaec of Eriiihyle is the licy to tliis .Ta.sociiition of tiTiim an coursi> imrsuod by tht; main body of the (Jeltio emigrants, autl i)as.siMl into Euro^ie from Asia by the J3Iack Soa, the Sea of Mar- mora, or the ^Egean. But a very considei'able j'ortion of this family followed the route of the Trojan fugitives in llomau story, and of the ('elts who ])eopled IJritain and Ireland, according to their i>ative tradi tions, that, namely, which lay along the northern coast of Africa from Kgypt to Carthage, whence they .set sail for Sicily; or to the idllars of llerctdes, where they passed over into Spain.'* Tliree Cymric tides at ditlereut periods thus set in to Europe from Asia and Africa. That which traversed a Greek and Sarmatian area jn*o- bably became Germanized, and developed the Cimbi-i of Jutland with other Germanic tribes. The.se were Asiatic Cyniri. The first in point of time of the two African migrations, that which set out from the neiglil)ourhood of Carthage, furnislied the Cymric element in the Italian populations, and fused in part with the two other streams from the east and west in Rhtetia and Helvetia The western migra- tion fillcil Spain, occuj)ietl part of Gaul, and sent colonies into the British Islands. Still another stream, I believe in common with Mr. Ilydc Clarke, visited the Azores, the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, and moved westward into the New World." I propose devoting a separate ])aper to the Celts in America. To return, however, to the traces of the Cymri in Northern Afi'ica. We Iiavo already found Scmei'os in Cyreue. In the same Libyan region wo meet with Auschitiv, as in Arabia, with Nausida, Aziris, Monelaus, jNIasadalis, Ampolus and Ampeliota?. In Africa and Numidia aj)i>ear Zamora, Siik'tani, Pisida, Azarath, Sizar or Usar, Sizara, Mascula, the ]\[isu- lauiand Machlyes, Amuucl.a, Damensii, Igi]£,ilis, Culcua, Culucitana>, Durga, Tarychite, Tritonis, and a host of similar names. There also the Mideni carry out the Midianite connection, that has more ^'an once heli)cd to attest the Koturite origin of the Zimri. Sallust, quoting from the library of Hiemjjsal, states that among the ancient iahibit.ints oi' Africa and Numidia there wore Modes, Poraians and Armenians, who had followed the fortunes of Hercules, and that the •" EiisU'i'ri <1ri;^'in of the Ctltic Niitioiis, 70. ''"'' Virgilii yKiiuid ; Keiiting's Geueiul Histoiy of IrelanJ ; Qeoffroy of Monmoutli's British Histiii-y; Forduii's C'hrouiclo. jjr; '■ Uusuuicliiis, &e. I I 18 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THK CELTS. u name Mede became corrupted into tliat of Moor.*" Some fincient tradition must have given rise to such a statement. The Medes of SaUust were no doubt t '^ Midianites, and his Persians tlie descend- ants of Peresh, tlie nephew of Zimi-an, some of whom I traced to Libya in nijy hist paper. Mauretania was pre-eminently a Zimrite conntry. Thamarita, Tumarra and Caniarata were records of Zimran. The great river Mok)chath, like the Nahar Malcha of Baljylonia. commemorated his wife, whose name is identical with it in form and meaning. Usceta, Sigatha, Sitisi, set forth the relations of Lshod's descendants, and the Massrtr ex- cellence. The Tainyras river of Phcwnicia commemorated Demaroon or Zimran. The mughazils, or phallic monuments of Phoenicia., fis Sallustii Uel. Jug. xviii. ■ .-.^ ■.:.■,.. ■'. TIIR EASTKUK ORIGIN OP THE CELTS. 31 tho eldest son of MiiUan. TIiyinl)rai wa3 another nicmorinl of Zim- ran. There likewise nppofxr Mehvna, Mycalo ami Anipolus. ]\Iysia contained a Ciiuineris, a Thyn\l)ri8 and a Thyniln'ium. Mallus rcjiro- dncos a feature in tho noinenelaturo of Cilicia. Callicolona, 'J'i'oas (ind Tnv^.is;o set fortli Chalcol and Darda. Tlie Tragasaian salt pan recalls tho Tarichivas of Palestine and Africa, which were jdckling stations, and, taken to;^ethor with the snpposed moaning of IMalaga AS tho town of salt and tho occupation of its iidiabitants, suggests an association of M.jhalali and Darda.*" Lydian history alfonls valuable uid in the work of identilication. In tho time of Atys, tlie liydians, conipflled by faiuino, emigrated from Smyrna to Umbria, thus carrying with them their Ziinrite name.''' Mcles and Tmolus appear in dillerent lists as Lydian kings."' They are tho same pei'son, who is Malialah. An obscuro narration concerning Tmolus, taken in connection with siuiilar stories that will yet meet us, conllnn this statement. The Abbe Bauier says : "Tmolus, King of Lydia, if wo may credit Clytophon, was tlio son of the god Mars and ^he nymph Theogena, and, accord- ing to Eustatliius, of Sipylus and Eptonia. One day as that prince was hunting, he perceived one of Diana's companions who was named. Arrii)he. Tho king, bent on gratifying his jjassions, eagerly pursued that young nymph, who, that she might not fall into his liands, thought to find a sanctuary in the temple of Diana. Arri2)he was violated at tho feet of tho altar. So cruel an outrage plunged her into tho deepest anguish, and she would not survive the niisory that had befallen her. Tho gods did not allow her death to be unpuni.shcd. Tmolus, carried oli' by a bull, fell upon stakes, whose points ran into him and made him expire in the most exc{uisite pain. Thus perished that j)rince, who was buried upon tho mountain that went afterwards by his name."^ It is in Palestine, at Abel Meholah, or in Chaldea, that Ave must find the scene of this tragical, and, as will yet ajipcai, oft repeated story. Tlie Lydian dynsvsty of the JMernniadie, and As- calus, connected with the early history of that kingdom, illustrate tin; relations of Zimran with Eshcol and Mamre.*' Clares, in the sanur country, relates to the story of Anii)hilochus and Calchas.*^ The most remai'kablo feature in Lydian history, however, is that which «o Antlioii'a Cliws. Diet., Taricha.a ; Stiab. xiii. 1, 4S ; Lenorraant & ChcvalitT, ii. ITS. 8' HcriKlot. i. 94. 82 I{awliiisc)u'.s lierodotus, App. Book i., Essay 1. Apollodorus ii. 6, 3. .^~'- iw; w Uaiiiur ii. 404. '1 ■'. 84 Vulu note 82, ami conipare note 99. 8J Strub. xiv. 1, 27. m ^■5' ;< m m m 22 TirE EASTERK OIIIGTN OF TlIE CELTS. roiinocts with tlio poet Hoincr. Chios, lying off tlio coast of LycTiit, possoHSfd a chwH of mm ciillod Iloincrida;.'* Thoy wcro aingpi's, and I cannot but think that their namo is the ohl word Zitnran or Andi- ran, the song. Ilgen given such a meaning to the nanio Homer itself." Smyrna laid claim to l)e his birth-place, and undoubtedly Zin\ran'H descendants named that city. IJut the names of Zinuiin and liis son IVIahalah are constantly found in the genealogies of the blind poet. Thus ho is called the son di the Smynwan river goeen the same as Heman, was his father. It is remarkable that Hesioil is made a nephew of Ma'on, beariiig, as the n:ime docs, such a close re- semblance to Ishod. Pei-ses also, the brother of Hesiod, is identical in form with Peresh, the cousin ci Ishod.* I do not by any means assert that Homer was Zimran, or even that Mahalali or Heman was his father, but these nauics must indicate that the great poet was a Zimi-itc. It is also very pi-obable that he never saw Asia Minor, and that the scenes and peoples he sang of were to be found somewhere between Palestine and Arabia, Egypt and Babylonia, where all the names he mentions may be discovtu-ed in a truer Homeric order and of a more thoroughly Homeric character than in Asia Minor and Greece.*" Ishotl can hardly fail to have l>een the O'ld ^^syetes, whose w Piiuliir Ap. atrnb. xlv. 1. 30. Athcmvus also refers to the Ilomeritsc. Tlie snng Pfoiiiium, which be connocts with Eiiiihaiiis, till' mistress of Menalcns tlu; hunter, nnd the rcfrahi of whieh was "the tall oaks," may have arisen out of the stoiy of lleiiiau, Erijiliyle and Mahalah, with. UarcIU, the man of tlie oak. Athen. xiv. 11. According to Pausanian, two jiersons named Melau were early colonibt.i (if Chins, vii. 4. 87 Anthou's Class. Diet., Ilomcrus. 8« lb. " I do not consider that the researches of Dr. Schlicmann, althou^'h of great historic value, 1>y any means estildish the fact that the Troade was the scene of the Trojan war. Strabo ([., ii. 22) tries to meet the ol/jection,s of tliose who alHr..UMl that Ilonur knew Ei,'yiit, Syria and otlier regions better than Greece. Again (XII., iii. 20, 27) he spceilles many jilaces intimately connected with tlie Troade which Homer docs not mention. The Egyjitian priests, according to Dion Chryso-,tom, had a version of the war of Troy dilVerent from that of Ilonicr. We find ■•'i r.inon, the Etliioinan or Susian, appearing as-one of its heroes. Egyjit is visited by Menelaur a;id other of the Greeks. Northern Africa is tin; course of the Trojan fugitives. Paris carries Helen to Sidon. Mr. Gladstone shows that according to Homer the Phicnicians were a border jieoide on the north-west instead of on tlie south-east. Menestlieus, in whose time the was oceuricd, was the son of Petes, an Eg>'ptian. Diodorus Siculus connects the knowledge of Homer with Egypt. We have no indications that any states existed in Asia Minor so early as the period of the Trojan war, which Pliny places in tlte tim« of liamuses HI., Mauctho iu tliat THE EASTERN OUIOhV OF THE CELTS. ^3 tomb was sapposo'l to be in the Troailo."" Molion, the clmriottior of the Trojan Thyinbrmus, jJi-OHouts an interesting union of Zinirite names ; and Caria long retained a love for that of Mahahih."' If the Cimmerians and Treres overran this part of Asia Minor lb. xi. 320-2. Strab. xiv. 2, 13, &c., gives Malaca, Melon, Mcnecleji, Mansnlus, &c, 92 Maio-zimalka in Babylonia, which I have already connected with Hammoleketh or Mahalab, as a form that might give us Zamolxis. In this case Slahalah would take his mother's name. M Philammon, the father of Thamyris, links him with the family of Bethlehem, with which 2imran was united through his wife. Demaratus, the Zimran of Etruria, was a Lucumo or jnau of Beth-Lecbem, and V^tulonii sots forth the whole Hebrsw name. V,'' 24 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. Eumclus, wlio is called the son of Admetiis, l)iit who is also made an ancestor of Homoi-.*' Melia and Males indicate, as does Mallus in tlia case of Am[)hilochus, something of the true form of his name. The Dr_, ades, whose appellation has always lieen connected with the oak, are called MeliadiB, and belonged to Melia of Trachis.^ The story of Thamyris the Thracian relates to CEchalia and Tricca. HestiiBotis was a famous Doric region, and from it descended the Dynianes and Pamphylians.®^ I can hardly think that the Dorians were of Darda, although the memorials of the Zimri are to be found lai-gely in Doric arens, and tho love of swine vfnH common to Dorians and Druids. Dymanes and Pamphylians, representing Henian and Mahalah, are ctillod descendants of ^gimius, whom I have elsewhere identified with tho early Persian Acha?menes and with Ocliime, tho liushind of Ilegetoria, from whom came Camirus.*' This personage is Achumai the Horite, whom I have already made the real head of the Dorian line. He was, I think, the father of Zerah, who married Keturah after the death of Abi-aham.®^ Zerah will thus be the head of the Zorathites or Dorians, of whom the mythic King -^gimins was the ancestor. The Myrraidons of ^Emonia, like the Mermnadse of Lydia, connect the family of Mamre. As Asciamus, the Lydian king who sent Ascalus to found Asealon, has been shown by me to be the same as Achumai, Achremenes, j^Egimius and Ocl ime, we properly find him synchronizing with the family to which Zimran belonged.^" Epirus is far from deficient in traces of the Cymri. Such »* Strab. ix. 5. w Sulili. riiil. 725. *<' HciiiJot. i. 56. Miillor's Dovians, ii. 70. •^ The norites, Canad. Journal, Vol. \'u. No. 6. "3 As I Imvo idciititled Achumai with yEgyjitus, we must find in Zoraeh, or, asliis n.amo woulit be in Greek, Kerak, the Cerccstes who is called his son. lie is also the E^'yi't'^i" S''"^ Ilarka i:niteil with Klwrn, and, better still, the son of Amencmes the namer of Coptos whom Mr. Osljurn gives as Cherui'heres. Amencmes, the son and successor of Aclithoes, is Achumai, tho son of Jaehatli. "'•> Since Ascr-lus or Eshcol was a general, or, at any rate, a triliutary of xVchumai, Aolamus. or Amenenies, it is not surprising that tlie son of tho 1 itter shouM marry Keturah after the death of Abraham, seeing that she was Eschol's sister. An important Egyptian date is afforded Hs in the association of these names, by which we are able to arrive at the i)eriud when Egyptian monarchy began -^nd at the same time its mythology, about "iom B.C. Sliob:il, Sab or SebcK . >■ I about 1060 B.C. Reaiah or Ra I about 1920 1!. C. Jaehath or Actoea , ., . . ' about 18S0 B.C. Achumai or Kamcs ' ••■ ■-• ■ • about 1850 B.C. Zerach or Cheruchercs=Kcturah or Hegetoria I ■• . , . Ethan The Arabfan historians lualic Ascalus a maa uf Ludini. i.iahad or Ljidua was tho brrthcc Achunmi. 1 Cluon, iv. 2. THE EASTERN ORIGIN' OF THE CELTS. 25 r ;ivo Chiinrei-ium, tlie Cliim.Trijin pi-oniontory, Comnvus, Tomanis,''^ .•111(1, bettor Ktili, Aiubmcia, a state founded by Torgus. ™ Posidium, IsHoria, the Molossi and Omi)halinm were probably named after tbo tliree sons of Zimran, and the Amyntiv after Henian. The story of IMilo, wlio slew Laodamia in the temple of Diana, wlie 'o she had tiiken refuge — through whom a curse fell upon the whole of Epirus ; ;iud who, seized with anguish, tore out his own bowels and died in ('xtrcm(! agony on the twelfth day after the murder — bears a very close resemblance to that already narrated concerning Tmolus.'"' ]\Ioro light may thus be shed on the; meaning of Abel Meholah. Acar- iiania contained an Astacus, which may ha\'e commemorated Ishod. -Etolia is a supi)iement of E[)irns. On tho borders of Ambracia, the l.uiil of Zimran, appears Am'philochia, founded by Amphilochus or JMahahdi.'"- There also wo find Thestia, the Agra'i and Acra^, the Dynuei and Qllchalia. The stories of Tmohis and Milo are rei)ro- duced in that of Meilanion and Atalanta, the scene of Avhich is laid in Calydon, the Gilead of Greece, unless wo are to transfcn- it to Arcadia, the houie of Atalanta's father. While Mealanion and slu; were hunting together, they profaned the sacred enclosure of Jove with their love, and for this oflence were metamorphosed into lions.''*' !Meilanion can hardly be a different })erson from Meleager, ^vhoso history is more closely linked with that of Atalanta, and who was of Calydon. Meleager is made a son of ffineus or of Mars; and Thireus his brother, like Dryas and Tereus, other sons of Mars, recalls the name of Dara, the son of Mahalah. Ho perished under a cui-se, that of his mother Althaea, who may be Alitta or Mylitta. Am[)hiaraus and Thestius connect with his history.'"* Ino LeucotlKC, the Colchian I'oddess, wife of Athamas and mother of Melicerta, is more like a foi'iii of Hanunoleketh.'"^ Athamas I have associated with Etam or Abi-Etam, who named Etham in Egypt and Arabia.'"" As Abi-Etam ™' Tiimariis and the oaks of Uoilona -ire associated. Tlio Ti)imiii were diviners. Str.ili. vii. r, 11. Ill" .Stral). vii. 7, 0. • . ' • •• i"! ■Instill, xxviii. 3. ' I"'-; Stnil). X. -2. 2(5. w Vide autliorities in Antlion's Class. Diet., Atalanta. A si-nilar stnry meets ns in Aialiian tradition, wliero we learn that Asaf, the son nf Anirn, and Nayelah, the daughter of Sahal, were for a like oM'.ni'o eoiiverted into stone. Sale's Koran, P. U. iw .\]M.ll(Hlonis, i. 8. PaiLsan. x. \il, 3. loi AiinlliHlorns, i. 9. Atalanta is niadi^ a dan^'liter of Schronus, the son of Athamas, thus eonfii inins; the assoeiatiim of names. Melas was a son of Phryxus, anotlier son of Athamas. H'o Tlie Coptic Klemenl in Languages of the Indo-Eurojioau Family, Canad. Journal, Vol. xiil., Nos. 4 and 5. ■'-'i 26 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. lie furnishes the name Ain|)luilamas, which is that of the father of jNIeihinion, and as Etam, Adinetus, that of the father of Euniehis, who also is made Mahalah. Etam had no such son, his eldest born being Jezreel. Hammoleketh was not of his family ; so 1 come to the conclusion that Mahalah was his connection by marriage, an hypothesis which another legend, the scene of which is laid in Achaia, confirms.'"^ In Locris, the geographical names Pha^stus and Trita^a probably refer to Ishod and Darda. There we find that certain Theoi Meilichioi wore worshipped, and these Bryant derives from the Semitic Melck.^"^ Phocis furnishes Ambrysus, Tegyra, Amphiclea, Hyampolis, Callichorus and Tritia. '"** In Homer we tind Schedius as a Phocian nauie.'"^ The Phocean colonies also had Zim- rite names, and, in particular, Massilia in Gaul, which was called after Mahalah. In Bccotia, Amphiaraus had a pl-.ice dedicated to his worship ; and Agra, Mycalessus, Hiiemon and Ocalea commemorated two of his sons and an equal number of his grandsons. In Attica the descendants of Darda were pre-eminent, exhibiting their traces in Thria, Thorea>, Thoricus and Deriades. Cut Am- phiaraus had a sanctuary there ; Agra} and Achane were memorials t)f Ezcr ; and Amphiale and Mehieniti of Mahalah. Zeus Meilichios was also woi'shipped in Attica. "° With Attica, ^gina must be asso- ciated. Thence came the Myrmidons, whom I have already asserted to be the progeny of the Amorite Mamre. Myrmidon himself is confounded with his nephew Zimran, for Pisidico, a name derived from Ishod, is made his wife, and Actor or Ezer his son."' Actor married Molione, a name recalling INIahalah, and among his sons were Mena'tius and Echeclus."'* The latter is plainly Chalcol his nephew, and the former Meonothai, whom, in the commencement of this paper, I asserted to be the son of Ezer. Menoetius married a certain Sthenele, who should be Hathath, the daughter of Othniel, with whom Meonothai is thus united in the book of Chronicles."^ Argos lOf Vido Note 118. 108 Pausan. x. 38. Analysis of Ancient Mythology i. 87. 1U8* At Anibryssus Dictynna was worsliipped, and near at hand was Medeon. Tliese names net fortli Zimran, Jokshan, the nets, and Midian. 109 Iliad, ii. 517, xv. 515. no Pausan. i. 37. 111 These Myrmidons were connected also with jEmonia in Thessaly. Ill* Actor is also made to have married yE,'ina, thus l^enping up the nominal c onnection. itginetas also appears aiuoiig the descendants of Aniyclas or Mahalah. Pans. vii. IS. 112 1 Chron. iv. 13, 14. Sthenelus is the Greek forni of Othniel, tlie llrst letter of which is an .ayin. Menoetius is also made the son of Ceuthonjmus, which is a corruption of the Heptuagint name for Othniel, QodonieL For the geographical couuectious of Meouotliai and Ophrah liis Hon, see the end of this jjuper. THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. 27 exhibits few goograpliical traces of the Cyiuri. Zeus Meilichios, however, was worshipped witliin its borders ; and Umbilicus, near Phlius, which contaiued a phice sacred to Amphiaraus, may have })eeu a corruptioi of Amphilocluis."* E})idaurus may be a record of Al>ishur ; the rivers Sytha; of Isliod ; and Thyrea of Dara. Argolis is fauious as tlie supposed home of Ampliiaraus. His reputed father Oicles may have been Eshcol his uncle, and his son Amphilochus, as naming Mallus and similar ])laces, should re[)resent Malialali. Alcmteon was made another son of Amphiaraus."* This name must relate to the family of Haminoleketh, which I have already intiuiated was that of Both-Lochem, or the Arabian Lakm and Lokman and the Indian Lakshman. With it also the Etruscan Lucumo is con- nected. Tiresias and Calchas, intimately associated with Amphiaraus and Amphilochus, and, like them, famous soothsayers and poets, point to Chalcol and Darda, two wise men who were thought worthy of comparison with Solomon."'* Baton, the eh irioteer and relative of Amphiaraus, must be Bedan, the grandson of Peresh, the nephew of Zimran. "^ His wife Eriphyle seems to exhibit a confusion of Zim- ran with Mahalah, for he was the violator of Arriphe ; and the famous necklace of Eriphyle is the Indian Mekhali, the collar of Malachi, the torque of Manlius Torquatus. "^* A curse rests upon Alcmteon, similar to that which fell upon Tuiolus, Milo, Meilauiou and Meleager, The relation of Meleager to CEneus may find an illu.s- tratiou in the flight of Alcniaion to the CEuiadie. The Zimrite names Megacles and Hijipocrates, forms of Mahalah and Abiezer, belonged to the Alcuneonidie. It was Megacles that directed the slaughter of Cylon and his comi)anions, who at Athens had risen in rebellion against the legal code of Draco, and who, having fled for i-efuge to the sanctuary of the Eumenides, were slain at the altars."" The name Megacles, the Alcmajonid connection, the profanation of the tenq)le, and the curse which followed it, seem to refer ns to the ancient story which already five times has appeared in relation to us Piuisaii. if. 20. n* It is probable tliat AJcniaeon is but anotlier name of Malialali, derived from liis iiiotlier's family. u** Cliarielo, the mother of Tiresias, bears a Kurigalzu or Jezrcel-like name. 115 rausau. X. 10. 115* Kor the coiiuuction of Eriphylo with Hammolelcith see note 147. Mj'litta or Ileitis whs Hometiines made "the Lady of Arbela." and Ilarpalus is culled the sou of Amyclas. Eiipliylf, Hieroiihde, Arbela and Harimlus are the same word. 110 Ucrodot. V. 71. Vide Uawliusou's notes in loc. ll ! f . I •i I li ?8 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. pevsons who have links of union with Mahahih. Amj)hiavau.s disap- p3are;l from view, we are tokl, at Oropus in Attica. '" I do not as yet understand wiiy this name ia associated witli liis, but havo found similar geographical terms accompanying the wanderings of Zimran's family. On tho Isthmus, ^*Egosthene and Minoa of Megaris ; Amjdiiaraus, Icariii and Molychium of Corinth ; and Dflrus of Sicyon may have bo.^n tracos of tlio Cymri.'"* Acliaia contained vEgirn, a record of Ezor, and Molas, with parhaps M^gilopolis, commemorating Mahalah. ^ ao3d not apologiz3 for supposing tliat names thoi"Oughly Greek in ^structm•o, and bearing well defined Greek meanings, may have been mauufictui-ed out of Zimrite materials. The I'age for etymologies prevailed among the Greeks, and every proper name that was stiscepti!)lc of a Hellenic form and signiiication was tortured into these. The same process which faln-icated Tarry Hut out of Terre Haute, in Indiana, could easily, in more ancient days, transform ^Mahalah into Megale, and explain Mycale as Mygale, the s/irew- iiioasc. What renders this probable is, that a river Milichus or Ameiliclios, reproducing the Malcha of Baljylonia and the j\Ioloc- hath of Mauretania, flowed through part of J^orthern Aehaia into the Corinthian Gulf. According to Pausanias, this river received its name from the adventure of Melanippup and Comietlu, in its neighbourhood."* Melanippus, the son of Mars and Tritia. and Couuvtho, the daughter of Pterelaus, who Avas a priestess of Diana, aatisfieil their love in the temple of that goddess. A curse accord- ingly fell upon the country, and the guilty parties were immolated at Diana's shrine. This is the third time that a similar act of sacri- lege in connection with Diana's worship has come before us, asso- ciated with a name Which more or less resembles that of Mahalah, and the seventh in which a similar name has been identilied with sacrilege and a curse. Tmolus and Meleager, like Melaiiippus, were called sons of Mars, and Milo was one of the names of that god. Tritia also, as a form of Darda, is a Mahalite appellation. The fathers of this or of other Melanippi are given as Astaeus, Hicetaou and Agrius, names which recall Ishod and Ezer. I have ah-eady u; I'aiisaii. i. 34. ii'» I'liustiiH, King of Sicyon, may have lieen Ishod, and hia son Uhnpalus, tlip rerson f'""^ whom Arliola, Kripliylo, &i'., durived tlieir names, as well as Beth Aibel in Paleittine. Ishod was Haiiiniolelintli'd eldest son. "i laus. vii. 19. TIIE EASTEnX ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. 29 sap- yot lund •an's •ans. ■was ,t,'iven reasons for supposiii,if that ]Malmlali married into tlio family of Etani or Abi-Etam, wlioni I idoutiiied v,'itli Atliamas and Aniplii- damas. Tlio oldost son of Etam was Jozreel, or Jezrogel if the l)ower of tlie medial ojiin is mii:lr3 prominent. Witli tlie prefix of tlie Coptic article, Jezreel becomes Ptorolans, and he was the father of ComiBtho. ^"' But, as I have stated in a previons paper, tlie Chaldean Jezrogel Avas Kurigalzn, and he, by Mr. Georj^'o Smith, is made the father of the Babylonian Milisihu.*^" I am justified, there- fore, in believing that, Avhen the history of Milisihu is recovered from the tablets, the tragical story of Mahalali will appear to the world as the original of all the legends concei-ning Melcartus. Meli- certa, Meleager, Meilanion, Milo, Tinolus, Megacles, Amphilochns and ]\Ielanipi)us. '-"^ (llaucns and Tritiea, in Achaia, add Chalcol and Darda to the other Ziinrite traces of that state. '-"t Arcadia evidently at some time had a Cymric population. They left behind them Sciathus, Asiuatis and Acidus, Agra, Amilus, Mala.\a, Mahwna, Molossus and Megalopolis, ^monia, Aminius, (lvith Horatius Codes, the Cyclopes, Oxylus, and other one-eyed heroes. '-^ As he also connects them with the Scan- dinavian Mimir, I incline to the belief that Eshcol and Mamre are the originals of all the fables concerning these heroes. Turning to the islands of the Levant, Cyprus, which had intimate relation with Phoenicia, maintained a priestly class of I'amyrads ; and its geographical names, Golgoi and Treta, may liave had for their originals Chalcol and Darda.'^^ Crete contained almost all the names ; Cimarus, Camara, Pluestus, Aptex'a, Metallum, Amycheum, Omphalia, Ampelus, perhaps Amphimalla, Minoa, Tarrha and Tityrus. In Crete lived the ancient king Melisseus, whose daughter, Amal- thea, may easily have been a Mylitta or Hammoleketh.*" Her horn, i« Pausaii. vii. 18. iM lb. iii. 19. 12* Aryan Mythology, ii. 189. 1S5 lb, ii. 72, 88, 183. I find no reference tliat the union of the one-eyed heroes to wliom Mr. Cox frequently alludes lias been made by myself, unless it be that I have overlooked the passage in which it occurs. Mr. Cox, however, notices the mouocular character of all the persons mentioned. iM Guigniaut, Religions de rAntiquite, ii. 211, 1021. l» Died. Sic, V. 70. Tlin JiACTERX OniGlK OF THE CELTg, 81 ionstancy of , Meuolaus, ile Cytliera, /as the land rotlier Cleo- liis son, is tatues ; and liiaraus also artan poets, rawn atten- le brother of I of the hero Aniphiarans ppearance of i a confusion place in the ;t fell under n associated e Doric law- osed to have een Chalcol. Oxylus, and th the Scan- 1 Mamre are had intimate f I'amyrads ; lave had for Imost all the Amychuum, and Tityrus. ghter, Amal- " Her horn, roes to whom Mr. ooketl the passage f all the iitisons according to Mr. Cox, connects with India in the cup of the Malee's wife.'-" Euboja had Amarynthus, Hcstiaia, Tamynaj, CEchalia and Tiycha. It was from Hostia^i that Aniphiclus went to Chios, where he is said to have reigned after ffinopion.'^® Amphiclea of Phocis* contained an oracle of Bacchus. The Anaycleans claimed kindred with the people of Imbros and Leninos. The latter island, like Limuiv in Laconia, may ha\-e b(>on an abode of the Hcmanites, since Hitzig supposes that Eiamene is the root of the name."*' Lasharon !ind L(fophrah, the Greek Laphria and Leucophiys, are two Pales- tinian forms illustrating such a prolix."' Lemnos was famous for the extinct volcano Moschylus. Imbros, with its deity Imbramus and port Naulochus, was a Zimrite island. Lesbos contained a ^Malea. Zimran and his son Mahalah were commemorated in Bamos, which Tembrion colonized, and where Imbrasus, Ampelus and Am- philissus appeared,"^ Melos and Tliera I have already iussociated with Mahalah and Darda. In Hliodes we find Camirus, and the |)erson of that name, as the grandson of Ochiine and Hegetoria, I have identified with Zimran, the son of Keturah. His father, (^ercai>hus, nuist be Zerach or Kerak, whom I have supposed to be the son of Achuniru and stepfather of Zimran."^ The great Sarmatian territoiy contained the Cimmerians, or early C^'inri and Cimbri, who inhabited the Crimea and adjacent regions. Their sea, which was the sea of Azor, they called Temerinda, after Zimran, and the Amalchian after their great mother Han\moleketh. Among them were found such geographical names as Tamyraca, Hagastene, Sittaccni, Agri, Acria, A,i)aturium, Ambenus, Taman, (Jlialca, Ti-eres and Tauri. Few traces of the Zimri appear in Mcesia and Dacia."' In Illyria, however, we meet with Dajsitiates, Ejiicaria, Al)sorus, M^tulum, Diinallum, yEmonia, Amantes, Clausula, Cylices, Derrii, Daorisi and Turres. Etyniologically Dimallum bears the same relation to INIahalah that Dyrrhacinm does to Rekem. Pannonia T Imve shown in the former paper to have been a great Celtic centre. '-S Aryan Mytlmlngy, i. 104 nuto. 129 P.uis;in. vii. 4. »') Uic. Pl:ilistnT, 12S. '■'" Jiisli. xii. 18 ; Miitah i. 10. The latter i.s not apparent in the English translation. 13- Stral). X. 2, 17 ; xiv. 1, 2. i« Viile note 93. 13» Some, however, will be found in the gcogr-iphical table at the close of the papcn Muiliauuiii, a trace of MKlian, appeara in Ma'sia. 32 Cor THE EASTERN OniGIN OF THE CELTS. Kr and 8v I'otn til )f Zi Soi'este oinori and »(!;:'(HUimim tliat of Ishoil ; Agria or Abieta that of Eziu- in its two forms ; and j^^liinona and the Aniantoni that of lloinan. In Noricnin we discover Ambilici, Anibisontii, Cuciillc and Trigisaniuni. Vindelicia h id an Anibre ; and lUnutia. Isanis, ]\IaU;tum and Oscohi. We liave thus arrived at the bonU-rs of Italy. In Venctia and Istria a few names appear, such as Atria, Motila, Malum, Aquilegia and Tergeste. '■"* CJallia Cisalpina is naturally much more full. There we meet with Umbranuru, Sessites, Te.stona, Isarci, Acerne, Edruni, ./Emilia, Mediolanuni of the Insubres, Mutilum, Cainelioinagus, Coiicaria, Oceliun, Duria, Diiriim and Tarns. Tuscuhun is an indica- tion tliat Eshcol's family was here represented; and Orobii rei)roduces the Oropus that accompanied the line of Amphiarau.s. Liguria fur- nishes Asta, Ccstiie, Segesto, Ampelus and Monilia. Mr. Tlydt^ Clarke, to whoso innportant work I have so frciquently had occasion to I'cfer, unites the ancient Etrurians with the Sunierian stock. '^'' Among their geograpliical names we find Umbro and Amerium, Hasta and Pisatie, Auser, Pi>5toria and Magliana or Manliana. Demaratus, the Lucumo, is Amphiarau.s, the lii.'ad of the Alcm;vN)nida', and Zimran, united with the hijurio of Lccliem. He was the fathos('d to coiniect with the Persian Avesta, I have already associatcnl wilii Ishod. A famous Vestal was -.Emilia. Her virtuf; Vicing (hmlited, she threw her veil into the sacred eiidiers, and tlu; lli'c kindled of its own accord.'" This fire, which was allowed to die away on the last dav of the rear, is the lire in which the mother of IMekia^icr consumeably sent the stream into Gaul. In Bfctica, so closely associated with tho memoiy of the Gileadite Bedan, there was no record of Zimran, but Ishod wiis represented by Asta, Asito, Segida, Setia, Setida, Bastia, and tho Bastitani ; Abiahur by Abdera and Hactara ; Hammoleketh by Malaca ; and Darda by the Turdetani. Lusitania furnishes Tomar, Ambracia, Emerita, Egitania, Gerea, Metallina, yEininium, Ciocilium and Darius. Tairaconensis was fuller. There we find Tamax'a, Sambroca, Ann)uri{e, Melsus, Cesada, the Ausetani, Cose- tani and Vescitani, Agiria, Nucaria (an occidental Nagara), Massilia, Amphilochia, Amallobriga, Amtenum, Calagurris, Dertosa, Turias, and Tritium. Already I have supposed a Gallic Aqua3 Oaldensis to be a corruption of Chalcol. This receives probability from the fact that Amphilochia, which, Amphilochus, who was ever attended by Calchas, is said to have visited, was also called by that name.***' Orip[)o and Orubium of Spain are, like Aripa and Herpis of Maure- tauia, links to unite Zimran or Amphiaraus with Oropos. '^ Cambria, and Cymri tho name of the Welsh, are sufficient indica- 1M» pietet mentions JEmi and Molk among Celtic divinities; Higgiu's Celtic Druida, 167. 154 Strab. iii. 4, 3. 155 other names that may possibly connect with Oropus aro Arabis of Qedrosia and Orcbatis of Persis ; Europus of Mesopotamia; Harpaous of Armenia; Herpe ami Arabissus of Cappa- docla ; Arrubiuin of lliena ; Eiiljoea of Epirus ; Orobii6 of Buboea ; Arba off lllyria ; Araboiia of Panaonia ; Orobil of Gallia Clsalpina ; and Urba of Oaul. , . l e «-. :^V! I'k. THE KASTEUX ORIRIN OP THE CELTS. a? tions that tho Zimri passpd tho soa nnd |)oo]tl(Ml tlio liritiHli TsImiuIh, aloii'^ with thnir ivlativos tho Colta or (lilciuUtoH. Caiiihria or Brit;uinia Seciiuda does not, liowovor, proscnt us with ]>. my iiaineH iUustratiii[( Ziinrau's Una Tlio Sntoia may be a rcinii "iico of Irthod, Mcdiohiniiiii and jMachynlcth of jNIahahih, -and .Vt ma of Honian. But Britannia Prima, or tlin rogion south of tl; ' ames and tho Bristol Channol, was, according to Ricliard of Cirencester and otlier writers, a home of tlu^ Cimhri.'"*' Tlu^y k'ffc their name in tho Tamar and Tamara of Cornwall, in Somerset itself and in Ambrius and, Aml)ro3bnry of Wiltshire, where Stonehenge is a memorial of I^ruidical occupation. Ishod's name may have l)cen shortened to Isca, and may appear in tho modern Seaton. St. Mii'liacl's Mount jirobably had nothing to do with th" archangel, but was a close imitation of Machalah. The Damnonii, whose cities were Tamara, Isca and Uxella, and among whoso rivers appear tho Tamarus, Isca and Durius or Dart, were undoubtedly the descend- ants of Henian, associated with those of Ishod, Chalcol and Pai'da.'" Ischalis and Calcua may bo adiled to tho records of Chalcol ; and Darda finds abundant representation in the Durotrigos, Trui'o, Dorset, and a largo number of similar names further east. Ocrinum, the name of Lizard Point, was perhaps a disguised ICzer. It is interest- ing to find Termolus as one of the chief towns of these British Cimbri, as it recalls the Termilyre of Lycia, whom, as Milya', I have already associated with Mahalah. Tuvmuli in Lusitania, and Ti'omnli in Mauritania, are two connected names. Flavia Csesari- ensis cannot have contained so large a C\'un'ic iwpnlation as Britannia Pi'inia. Yet we find there Camborium, Combretonium, Mediol- anum, Durocina, Durocobrivre, &c. Maxima Ca;sariensis, althougli in the Roman j)eriod destitute of names directly denoting its Cymric relationships, betrayed these at a later period in the Htunber on the East and Cumberland on the West, as well as in Deira. Segedunum, the Sistuntii, Isurium, Muglove, Amboglana, Galacum, Oxellum and Calcaria, are earlier vestiges.'"' In Caledonia Dumbriton, Malua, Damnii and Uxellum, may have been outlying pickets of the family of Zimran. 150 Six Old j;nglisli Clironides, Bohn, -UO. 15" II). 441. isf* Catiiractn nr Catteriek in this iirovinoe recalls the Caturiges of Gaul and the Araljion Katoorah. Similar names are Catanlinctes of Mesopotamia; thi; Catanhactes of Pani])hylia, Crete and Lacouia ; and Cataracta of 8amuiuni. It is hardly likely that they are all Greek. . M tl in 38 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. In the "Welsh legends, Emrys or Ambrosius was a famous name.*'* It was this Aurelius Ambrosius who, with the aid of the magician, Ambrose Merlin, a fatherless pei'sonage, set up the megalithic struc- ture called Stonehenge. The mother of Ambrose Merlin was a d.iughter of the king of Dimetia."* Among the mythical British sovei-eigns, many seem to clcim kindred with Zimran and liis de- scendants. Besides Ambrosius, we meet with Kimarus, who is called the son of Sisilius, as Amphiaraus is termed the son of Oicles. The British and Greek names must equally denote Eshcol, the uncle of Zimran. The brother and successor of Kimarus was Danius, who may easilv have been Dedan, the son of Jokshan, the brother of Zinn-an. Tan^ustela, the concubine of Danius. reminds us of the Etruscan Tanaquil or Caia Csecilia, the wife of a Tarquin. But before tlie time of Kimarus appears Maddan, a Midian-like name. He was the father of Mempricius and Malim, 'vho respectively recall Mamre and Mahalah. Among the children of Ebraucus (an Ophrah), the son of Mempricius, we find such names as Sisilius, Kambi-eda, Stadud, Assarach, Edra, Egron, Methahel, Gaul, Gloigni and Darden. This may indicate simply the Zinu'ite origin of those among whom the corresponding names appear.^®" According to some ancient his- torians, the Cyuiri of Wales were the descendants of Briotan Maol, whose language was the original Irish."^ JNIaol is the important part of this name, and probably denotes Mahalah. He, as the Celtic Mars, should be the primitive Mile, the Latin Miles, a soldier. Fionn Macumhal, perhaps the same as Macuill, was the first to embody the famous Irish militia. His daughter, Sammir, bore a Zimrite name.'*^ But in Malachi, who won from the Dane Toinor the collar of gold, we discover, as I have already indicated, Manlius Torquatus, and in the collar the necklace of Eriphyle.*** Tristram 158 Davies' Celtic Uesearclius, 191. Bryant, in liis Analysis v. 201, duals with the sulijiM't of Amber stones, which he llnJs in many parts of tlie world, and witli the word Amber as denoting s icredness, wliicli he finds in Greece and Kgyi>t. 160 Six Old Knglish Chronicrles, 192. 1<» lb. 132, 111, 113. Ill Heating's General Histoiy of Ireland, 129. 102 lb. 284, 297. Besides Tomor the Dane, from whom Malachi won the collar, who boars a name analagons to Cimber, we lind in Irisli history a Danisli Earl of Tomair, a Turgesius and three other I ):ines Aiiiclanus or Amhlaoib, Cyracus and Iinorus, with a Humphrey, recalling the Kempery nun of old Englisli traditloas : Keating, 425, 412, 434, &c. The Dunes arc called Gauls : Keutuig, 41J' IM Keating, 475 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELT3. 39 lis of British story, the son of Meliodas, may possibly be Darda of Mahalah.'" The hitter hero might also be the namer of the mistle- toe, so intimately connected with the oaks of his son Darda. In the British and Ii-ish traditions equally, a migration along the African coast of the Mediterranean is recorded, agreeing so far with those of the Latins.'** In my last paper, I illustrated the wide dispersion of the familj' of Gilead by well defined traces of its presence in Germany and Scandinavia. Within the same Teutonic area the Zimri may l>e found, Tlje Istsevones may have received their name fi'om Ishod. Among them api)ear Sicambri and Gambrivii, Segodutium, Adrana, Mediolanium, Auibiatinum, and the Dructeri. Strabo mentions Melon as a leader of the Sicambri, and Segestes as chief of an allied tribe.'" The Hermiones furnish Setovia, the Sudeti mountains, Setuacatum, the Mugilones, Meliodumim, Medoslanium, the Omanni, Galajgia and the Teracotriaj. The Chajtuori may have been a German tribe of Katoorah, and the Diduni, descendants of Dedan the son of Midian. Above the Hermiones and south of the Baltic, between the Elbe and Sarmatia, we meet with iEstii, Setidava, Susudata, Obotrites, the modern name Mecklenburg, and the Calu- cones. The Teutones reproduce the Diduni and Dedan. The Cimbric Chersonesus introduces us to Scandinavia and to another Amalchian sea. The Wagri of Holstein seem to indicate that Ezer's family was in the ascendant there ; and the Sitones, with Sigtuna of Sweden, that the descendants of Ishod had peopled that country.'*^ Thci Danes themselves I believe to have been the posterity of Dedan. The Asiatic origin of the Germans and Scandinavians is so un- doubted as to require no comment.'** The river Tanaquisl, whence the latter are said to have come, bears a suspicious resemblance to Tanaquil and Tangusteli, Etruscan and British names.'** The giant Ymir, who was the ancestor of the Teutonic family in their mytho- IM Cox & Jones, Po|mlar Rolnallce^^ of tliu MiiMli; Ages. 105 Six Old Kiiglisli Cliroiiiclfts, 101-2, 3>3 ^.l- =J 3 =S IJ R.b 6 — — — ■ ^ 3 = ^ 3 — ,3X1 ME-t s s -^ •' tS 3 SS' <:oc OQ IS 2 E I u OO 2 •s o ^ ^< S THE EASTERX OniGIN OF THE CELTS. 45 3:3 oo o Q HEH II rr :j ..'. ;= c i " c •:;, >. o JS <4 cu o -■§ .s« .a a> B F4 II Aninias Donianit .Tinioniti Amiuias » O a c CO g.2 5 a »• s .a el . en "r* I c -; 1, ^ '*> rt ^ ,a ^ ^ ,5< < O as 3 ^ 33 3 !■ *■ *■■- g 4 i a 2-g ^2 •c o a a o 3 »i . 46 THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. ^ •EC ■Si e o a 1 o •c u A O .;5 "i.i .2 "3 .;4 13 d ^ ^ J=:3 - rs o y o to 93 73 9 g!^ 5 a r-. ^J T ^ ? =! i 5 ;3 J sill's. o M Z "' "> 53.2 tn (A L.. >.— c 3 § O Pi •3 I OJ s a 8 h] m p 5 •= s a < < s s s s o <: Oirt ci S O 2 w -* o'C .3 m o H e «<1 P. 3 5* •= -0 o a to .2 « 0> g S s tA GO C) pH ■'— • THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. 47 x s-c u -f . u 3 s 4J .— ■» * s <« % 3 3 3 S III g ^ fn o O i I .a S a, ES H-1 o e B n 3 3 3 11 E 3 c SI 1 = 3 a g "a ii ES.Smg =^ 2.2 = 3 ^ SP 3 t/J c3 t4 s E ^ 5 1 _ij V §■= to -• i^ Zi -^ rt o - * 3 s ^ ^ 3 ■4 a« •Si 1=1 i «2 5 r3 •Si S -• c: rt < D ;; Q ; - 3 : = «« : r.5 G ■ ■? 3 '3 M^^S C 3 (jj D IT X S g SSh I P c s 2-1 -SS G) rt ^ 2 c: S 5 >» ta U ^ H TS --.S 3 .2 3 ■3 =« C 3 03 >. ^3 g n to S5 111 rt cl O B 3 I o ~ I 'i 7" I 3 ■«1 o 3 OS =5- ^ 3 a 5 3 n .2aS fe.a!?. 1 & xirix'^-nxx'ii el . 7j 0^ f- a; -7^ 5 3 " P ,- 5 » 2c C3 r; " *v " tn 72 o o •< : •^ ^ 5 r; 5 fr^ H cS ■ mill '^,'s 2 = 3 g 1 -^ ij C M '-> PU03 J 3 c o •5 3 in a. •i 1= I a 2 i% a ft fit a Is s ^ w § 60 THE EASTERN ORIGIK OP THE CELTS. % 8 i-W\ 1 ^ ■ ■n. %■■ <; K 1 H • u i !i "5 C d _ '^ -s'S "-s S s s s S s;^g s < as < I P (5* •« af s S •gcJ PM SI o £| fs ^£ a Se X en £■3 £ £2 c <5 ») X f s jl s5 tr s S^ ^ 2 u: i' ^ u 3 « r T" k;S S5-u;h< ■< f If o *•§. <'q:2 "5 r. :i » <03 ■3 11 li .= 5 3 (T U S £ i: § S o i S i-?? = i VbM' a B -A §2 ID c3 en s n " ts 8 Cw = a THE EASTERN ORIGIN OF THE CELTS. 51 1 I I O OS a S o o 3 C_l; Is a o 5 0:3 »H ^^ J3 ■■— QJ Jill .2 -a .a g 1 I i I ■ear. The name Meturah, as denoting incen.se, may easily be associated with amber or ambergris. The Sclavonic languages probably retained lier name as the term for this sub.stanee in jantar, gintaras and sihters, all of which may be corruptions of Keturah. 1 have, however, proved ju'etty dellnitely the connection of Keturah with Eshcol and Mamre. Saeal is the Egyptian word for aml)er, and is doubtless the same as Eshcol. When we jjbss beyond the region of the language of necessitj into that of luxury, art and science, historical etymology must be our guide. As tantalize, danuisk and cahal carry us into mythology, geography and history respectively, so we shall find that a large proportion of the woi'ds of any language can only be explained by searching for them in snuilar fields. Mythology is not so much a disease it language as language is an ei'ibodiment of ancient facts of which what wo are pleased to call mytliology retains the only memorial. I do rot know preifisely why Liguria, a western Loeris and early lunne of the Celtic Loegrians, should give a name to amber. It was however a Zirarite region. ^'8 It is more probable that Cyracus denotes Zerach the second husband of Keturah, wlm is referred to in note 98. He is, as I have there stated, Zerach son of Achumai, Harka of Khem, Cherucheres of Airenemes and Cercestes of yEgyptus, who derived his name from Cliemi or Coptos. He is also Cercyon the son of Agamedes. It seems tliat lie married before Keturah a daughter of Chareph, the son of Ashtari or the great Sesostris, Xisuthrus, &c., and by this marriage had two sons, Ethan and Jobab. This explains the association of Cerberus and Cercyon; of Agamedes, his father, and Trophonius ; of the union of Cercaidius with Cyrbie, Crius with Eurybia, Charaxus with Uhodope, Khem and Harka with Thrii)liis ; and the descent of Cherucheres from Useeheres II. Triopas and other similar names associated with unmis- takable traces of Zerach, set forth the same fact. I am thus able to add to previous genealogies the toUowing : Shobal Manahath Ashchur I I daughters Ashtari 1 lieaiah 1 Jachath .<, Chareph I daughter I Ethan I Azariah Month Useeheres I I Hitho = Sesoatris Achumai I Zerac}i Jobab wlio ruled in Edom Or, Sub I '" ^^ 'I Ra I Achthoes Keturah= Abraham I Zimran, &c. Harphre or Cerpheres Khem or Anienemcs Thriphis = Cherucheres = Atari Ccrcasorus, opposite the Athribite nome, is a record of Zerach in connection with liis wife Thriphis. His family is Sabellian, Hellenic, Dorian, Acluemenian. Edomitc monarchy, or rather the monarchy which arose upon the borders of Palestine, Arabia and Egypt, dates from but one generation before the time of Zcrach's son Jobab, Bela the son of Beor being liis pre- decessor and its founder. This Bela was in all probability the King of Zoar in the days of Aliraham, and the Egyptian Belus who is said to liave fled from Salatis into Arabia. Heropliile, whom I have already identified with Eriphyle, is made a daughter of lamia (Lechem), and in said to have been born at Coryeus (Zcracli). Pans x. 12. I 1^ I I