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i 
 
CHIEF GEORGE H. M. JOHNSON, 
 
 ONWANONSYSHON; 
 
 HIS LIFE AND WORK AMONG THE SIX NATIONS. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 By HORATIO KALE. 
 
 [Reprinted from the Magazine of American History for February, 1885.] 
 
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ClIIRI' (}E()RGR II. M. J()IINS(^X— ONWANOXSVSIIOX 
 
 Ills LIFK AM) WORK AMoMi llll'; SIX NATIONS 
 
 The career of this eminent Mohawk chief, who did more perhaps than 
 any other individual of (jur time for the elevation and advancement of his 
 kindred of the red race, tieserves a more permanent recortl than that of a 
 newspaper obituarw His bio,<;raphy forms the latest and by no means the 
 least interesting chapter in the annals of that famous Iroquois confederacx', 
 which has held an important place in the histt)ry of the United States anil 
 Canada from the era of Chami)lain almost to our own da}-. As he claimed 
 a descent from a companion and fellow-counselor of the yreat founder of 
 the league, th.e brave but peace-lovini; lawgiver Hiawatha, so his character 
 and his acts recall something of the traits and the deeds which authentic 
 tradition ascribes to that no longer mythical hero. 
 
 The death of the chief occurred on the 19th of Februar)-, 18S4, at his 
 residence, Chiefswood, on theCirand River Reserve, in the I'roxince of On- 
 tario, a few miles from the city of Brantford. Though he hatl attained the 
 age of sixty-seven, his death must be deemed premature. He belonged 
 to a long-lived race and family. His venerable father. Chief John Smoke 
 Johnson, for many years Speaker of the Six Nations' Council, in which he 
 is known by his truly poetical Indian name of Sakayenkwaraghton, or 
 " Disappearing Mist," is still living, in vigorous health of mind and body, 
 at the age of ninety-two. The causes which enfeebled the stalwart frame 
 of his more noted son, and made his last illness fatal, were undoubtedly the 
 injuries which he received in his endeavors to protect the morals and the 
 property of his people from the white outlaws and desperadoes who 
 formerly infested the Reserve. It is somewhat remarkable that an Iroquois 
 chief should, in our peaceful time and among the tpiiet and law-respectitig 
 people of Ciinada, die from the effect of wounds received from his enemies 
 of European race, as tloubtless man\^ of his predecessors had died in the 
 fiercer days of old. But the conditions were strangely reversed. The con- 
 flict was still one of civilization with barbarism ; but in this case Indian 
 civilization stood at bay before White savagery, and conquered in the end, 
 though at the expense of a noble life. 
 
 Chief George Henry Martin Johnson— as his name is recorded in full 
 — was born on the 7th of October, 18 16, at what is now known as Bow 
 
13^ 
 
 ( iiii:i' (.I'.oRci. II. \i. |()ii\si)\ 
 
 
 I'ark, tluMi a part ol thr (iratid l\ivrr RiscTvc, where liis parents resided. 
 ( )f his fatlier, an eminent uar-ehiet" ami orator of tiie Six Nations, who bore 
 a notiible part as a niihtary leailer in tlie war of 1S12, some mention has 
 ah-eady been maile. On the mother's side tlie boy'^ hnea^^e was, accorthn^r 
 to ln(Uan notions, still more distinL;uished. Her family had taken the I^ni;- 
 lish n.ime of Martin, and had some strain of lun'opean blood, derived from 
 the marriaL^e of an Indi.ui chief, in former days, with a captive wliite Ljirl, 
 adopli:d into a Moh.iwk househoKl. None the less it was known as one of 
 the fifty noble families of the hotpiois confederacy, descended from the 
 fifty ^n-eat chiefs who, about the middle of the fifteenth century, under the 
 leadership of Hiawatha, frametl that confederacy, and thus founded an In- 
 dian state which was for a lon^r time the dominant power on our continent 
 north of Mexico. During the American war of Independence, this con- 
 federacy, in the cla^h of stron;^er forces, was for a time broken up. At tlie 
 close of that war Hrant and his followers, comprising the greater portion 
 of the Iroquois people, left their ancient abodes on the south side of the 
 lakes, and withdrew to Canada. The government for which they had 
 fou'dit Slave them lands along the Grand River, from its source to its mouth ; 
 and here, just a hundred years ago, they re-established their league, and 
 rekindled its council fire. The laws and policy framed by Hiawatha and 
 his associates, more than four centuries ago, are still in force among their 
 descendants in this district. The territory has shrunk, by many sales, 
 made at the well-meant instance of the protecting government, to an ex- 
 tent of little more than fifty thousand acres, with a population of some 
 three thousand souls. But in this small domain the chiefs are still elected, 
 the c«-mcils are still conducted, and the civil policy is decided, as nearly as 
 possible, by the rules of their ancient league. Not many persons are 
 aware that there exists in the heart of Canada this relic of the oldest con- 
 stitutional government of America— a free commonwealth, older even than 
 any in Europe, except those of England and Switzerland and perhaps two 
 small semi-independent republics which lurk in the fastnesses of the 
 Pyrenees and the Apennines. 
 
 Chief John S. Johnson was mi his way an etlucated man. He had 
 learned to read and write, but only in the Mohawk language, as it was 
 written by the missionaries. He was determined that his son should have 
 better advantages than he had enjoyed, and accordingly sent him for a 
 time to the school in the then small frontier village of Brantford. Here 
 the lad showed an intelligence and an aptitude for learning which fortu- 
 nately attracted the attention of a newly arrived missionary. This was the 
 late Rev. Adam Elliot, a clergyman of the English church, who for many 
 
CHIKI' r.KORCK II. M. lolINSON 
 
 
 years devoted himself uitli untiiin^ zeal to the religious instruction <>t the 
 Irociuois converts. He found their language — which is a peculi.irly coin- 
 l)le\ speech, and is broken up into several dialects — not eas\- to master. 
 As the Mohawk {nv Canienga) idiom was s[joken by the largest nundjer of 
 the people, and was generally understo(Hl b>' the others, it occurred to him 
 that his best course would be to train up an intelligent youth of that na- 
 tion to inter[)ret his exhortations to his hearers. Young (ieorge Johnson 
 was recommeniled for this office, and thus had the good fortune to find 
 
 ClllKKSWOOl). IIOMK OK CHIEF GEORCE H. M JOHNSOM. 
 
 himself installed in Mr. Elliot's family, as at once his pupil and his assist- 
 ant. He was still but a lad, and the instruction and practice which he 
 needed to qualify him for his responsible duty occupied several years. To 
 translate readily the recondite reasonings of an English sermon into a lan- 
 guage of such a different type as the Iroquois was a task of no small diffi- 
 culty. That he finally mastered this art, and was able to convey to an Indian 
 audience, promptly and accurately, the meaning of the most complicated 
 passage of an English speech, was admitted by all among his hearers who 
 were acquainted with both languages. In translating rapidly from Iroquois 
 
134 
 
 CHIEF GEORGK II. M. JOIIXSON 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 
 into English he was not always so happy. In his childhood he had spoken 
 and thought only in Mohawk. English always remained to him, in a meas- 
 ure, a foreign speech ; and a certain hesitation was sometimes apparent in 
 finding the right W(Kd, which, however, usually came at last. But in his own 
 language he was always ready, and could, when his feelings were stirred, 
 rise into the eloquence proper to his race. 
 
 In 1840 young Johnson was formally appointed to the office of inter- 
 preter for the English Church Mission on the Reserve, an ofifice which 
 brought with it a small salary, "id no little toil and exposure. He was the 
 constant companion of the m -ionary in his rides or drives through the 
 Reserve, over roads which then were bogs in the spring and autumn, and 
 were commonly piled with snowdrifts in the winter. He had often to 
 make long trips by himself, on horseback or on foot, by night as well as 
 by day, to carry announcements, to read the services, and to visit the sick, 
 when the missionary was otherwise engaged. But the work seemed light 
 to him, for he was young and hardy, and his heart was entirely in it. His 
 religious feelings were fervent ; his attachment to the English Church was 
 sincere ; and his affection for his people amounted to a passion. Many of 
 them were pagans, as some unfortunately still remain. Young Johnson 
 saw, or thought he saw, no hope for these, either in this world or in the 
 next, except in becoming Christians. On one occasion his zeal for their 
 conversion led him beyond the bounds of prudence, though happily 
 with no ill result. Among the Indians on the Reserve was a small 
 band of Delawares, an intelligent but highly conservative race, who for the 
 most part still adhered to their heathen belief. They had formerly been 
 conquered by the Iroquois, but had lately been elevated by them to the 
 position of members of the confederacy. The Indians of the United 
 States and Canada, as is well known, had in general no idols ; but the 
 Delawares had advanced, as some ethnologists would say, to the status of 
 idolaters. They had carved a post into a rude image of the human form, 
 and around it performed their religious dances. When the young Mohawk 
 neophyte heard of these awful rites, he mused until the fire burned in his 
 heart. Seizing an axe, he made his solitary way through the forest to the 
 distant outskirt which had been allotted to the Delawares. Here he sud- 
 denly appeared before them, and after haranguing them, to the best of his 
 ability, on the monstrous nature of their religion and its ceremonies, 
 demanded to be allowed to destroy the image. The people listened sul- 
 lenly, ready at a word to rush upon the intruder and fell him to the eartli. 
 But their chief was a well-informed and prudent man, possibly half a 
 convert in his heart. He knew that the youth belonged to an influential 
 
CHIEF GEORGE II. M. JOHNSON 
 
 135 
 
 THE OLD MOHAWK CHIRCK RRErTF.I) IN 1784. 
 
 family in the dominant Mohawk tribe, and that any injury done to him 
 would meet with condign punishment. He gave a seemingly reluctant 
 consent, and at the word the axe descended, and the obnoxious image soon 
 lay in fragments. The triumphant iconoclast carried off the head as 
 a trophy, which is still preserved. Not long afterwards the conversion of 
 all the Delawares was announced ; and at this day they are among the most 
 steady attendants upon the mission services on the Reserve. 
 
 The proceeding which has just been related will d-^iubtless elicit a smile 
 from some readers, who may be reminded by it of the wholesale military 
 conversions of the Middle Ages. Chief Johnson himself, in after days, would 
 have cared little for a convert who had been gained otherwise than by 
 
13^' 
 
 ClIIKF GKORCE II. M. JOIINSf)\ 
 
 reasonin*; and the innucncc of rcli<Tion. By nature he was one of the most 
 reasonable and tolerant of men. In later life he counted among his most 
 valued friends many whose opinions (mi politii.al and religions questions 
 differed very widely from his own. 
 
 His marriage was an event which exercised a strong influence on his 
 character and fortunes. He was married on the 27th of August, 1853, to 
 Miss Kmily Susanna Howells, a sister of the wife of his missionary patron 
 and teacher, the Rev. Mr. Elliot. Coming of a good family in the ancient 
 English city of Bristol, Miss Howells had many near relatives in distinguished 
 professional and political positions, both in Canada and in the United 
 States, including the late able and eloquent American consul in Toronto, 
 the Hon. Wni. C. Howells, and the eminent author, Mr. W . D. Howells. 
 As may be readily imagined, the companionship and influence of a refined 
 and accomplished lady, belonging to a family noted for literary tastes and 
 talent, did much to develop the husband's naturally good capacity, and to 
 fit him not only for the work in which he was then employed, but also for 
 the wider field of usefulness which was soon to open to him. 
 
 While he was engaged in his duties as church interpreter, he was called 
 to take part in the civil govcrnmcnL of his people. One of the associates 
 of Hiawatha was a Mohawk chief, who bore the designation of Teyon- 
 hchkon, or " Double-Life." He was, as has been said, one of the fifty great 
 chiefs who composed the first federal council of the F'ive Nations. His 
 name descended to his successors, like the title of an English peerage. It 
 had been last borne by George's maternal uncle, whose English name was 
 Henry Martin. On the death of a chief, the duty of nominating his suc- 
 cessor — who must be one of his kinsmen on his mother's side — devolves by 
 Iroquois law upon the oldest matron of the family, who is commonly known 
 as their "chief matron." This position in the family of the deceased chief 
 was held by George's mother, who, after due consideration and consultation, 
 named her son for the place. Such a nomination, to be valid, must be ap- 
 proved and confirmed both by the tribe to which the candidate belongs 
 and by the Great Council of which he is to be a member. In the present 
 case this confirmation was speedily given, and the young chief took his 
 place as one of the legislators of his people. 
 
 By a singular chance, which illustrated alike the Iroquois institutions 
 and the character of the race, he was not long allowed to hold this position 
 undisturbed. His ability as an interpreter, and his character for energy 
 and probity, had attracted the attention of a newly appointed " Visiting 
 Superintendent,"— as the officer is styled who represents the Canadian 
 Government on the Reserve. Through the nomination of Col. Gilkison— 
 
CIIIi:i' (lEORGE II. M. JOHNSON 
 
 I^ 
 
 J/ 
 
 I 
 
 wlio now for more than twenty years has filled this responsible office to 
 the satisfaction alike of the Government and of his Indian wards — Chief 
 George Johnson was appointed to the post of Government Interpreter for 
 the Six Nations. A modest salary attached to the office formed an accept- 
 able addition to his income; but tl'.e post was cliiefly prized by him for 
 the lartjje opportunities which it offered him of benefiting his people. The 
 humble title of tlie office gave no idea of the duties and powers attached 
 to it, or rather, it should be said, which quickly annexed themselves to it 
 when held by the new incumbent. In strictness, perhaps, he had only to 
 interpret between the superintendent and council, and also in courts of 
 justice, when Indian witnesses were called, and to attend at the semi- 
 annual distribution of the annuities which accrued to the Indians from the 
 sale of their lands. But as the interpreter was necessarily the chief assist- 
 ant of the superintendent, and as powers and responsibilities naturally 
 flow to the capable and the willing, it was not long before he found him- 
 self the chief executive officer on the Reserve, charged with the duty of 
 carrying into execution both the laws enacted by the council and the reg- 
 ulations framed by the protecting government. He became, in fact, and 
 was often styled, the Warden of the Reserve. It was a post highly con- 
 genial to his disposition, and he assumed its duties with his usual energy. 
 
 But he* had hardly entered up'^.i them when an unexpected difficulty 
 arose. Was it consistent with the principles of the Iroquois constitution 
 that a salaried official of the colonial government should be a member of 
 the Legislative Council ? The question was warmly discussed. The case 
 was new, and there was no precedent to serve for a guide. The general 
 opinion was unfavorable ; and at length it was understood that at the next 
 meeting of the council the new Teyonhehkon would on this ground be dis- 
 placed from his chieftainship. But the councilors had reckoned without 
 their hostess. The chief matron, when she learned of the indignity, as she 
 deemed it, which was about to be inflicted on her son and the chief of her 
 choice, was greatly moved. The Iroquois women have always been noted 
 for their high spirit and their turn for public affairs. In this instance the 
 matron, who was both the wife and the sister of a chief, understood — or 
 believed she understood — the principles of their government better than 
 the councilors themselves. There was no doubt of the riijht of the erreat 
 council to eject one of its members ; but this, it was well known, must be 
 done for a good cause. It had never before been done except for some 
 delinquency of the ejected person himself. To deprive a councilor of his 
 office, not for anything he had done, but for something which they feared 
 ho might do, was, she acutely reasoned, not only unprecedented, but un- 
 
I3« 
 
 CHIEF c;k()R(;k ii. m. joiinson 
 
 just. Using her privilege as a peeress, she presentcil herself before the 
 council at their next meeting, and there delivered her mind. After 
 soundly rating t'-'e members for their unconstitutional and arbitrary pur- 
 pose, she ended by declaring that if they deprived her son of his chieftain- 
 ship for no misconduct of his own, she would never nominate a candidate to 
 fill his place so long as she should live. This threat startled the assemblage. 
 If it were carried out, the Mohawks, who formed the leading nation of the 
 confederacy, would lose one of their nine representatives in the council. 
 The matter was reconsidered, and a conclusion was finally rcach.ed which 
 satisfied all scruples. Chief George was to retain his title and his seat in 
 the council, but so long as he remained a salaried official, a resolution of 
 the council (which usually required a unanimous vote) should be valid 
 without his assent. Thus jealously did these freeborn sons of the forest 
 guard the independence of their parliament. 
 
 The chief, now firmly estab'shed in his new office, set about the 
 measures which he had long had iii view for the benefit of his people. The 
 first and most important of these was to get rid of the gangs of white 
 ruffians who then hung about the Reserve, corrupting and impoverishing 
 the Indians by the illicit sale of liquor, and by combining with the more 
 ignorant among them to rob the Reserve of its valuable store of timber. 
 It was an evil of long standing, against which all efforts had hitherto 
 seemed fruitless. It remained to be seen what could be done by an efficient 
 superintendent and a zealous native warden. One prosecution after 
 another, leading usually to fines and imprisonment, was brought against 
 the dealers in illicit whiskey. At length they became thoroughly alarmed. 
 Their active and resolute pursuer must be disposed of. One day in Janu- 
 ary, 1865, two men encountered the chief walking alone. While one of them 
 drew his attention by some remark, the other suddenly struck him on the 
 head from behind, with the heavy butt of a whip. He fell insensible, and 
 as he lay was beaten in a most brutal manner, resulting in fractured bones 
 and internal injuries. His assailants believed him to be dead, or at least 
 disabled for life. After he was brought home, he lay for five days uncon- 
 scious. A long illness followed, but his strong constitution finally tri- 
 umphed. He recovered, but bore till his death the disfigurement and the 
 enfeebling effects of his injuries. Of the criminals one fled and escaped ; 
 the other served a term of five years in the penitentiary. 
 
 No sooner had the chief regained sufficient strength to enable him to 
 resume his duties than he renewed his crusade against the law-breakers 
 with as much energy as ever. The liquor venders had been sufficiently 
 alarmed and cowed. The timber plunderers, who belonged to a somewhat 
 
CHIEr GEORGE II. M. JOHNSON 
 
 139 
 
 ] 
 
 higher class, and who acted with the connivance of many Indian confed- 
 erates, were more difficult to deal with. Against them he waged a trouble- 
 some contest of watching, warnings, seizures and prosecutions for several 
 years, and acquired their deadly hostility. In the ordinary intercourse of 
 society the chief was always gentle, courteous and unassuming; but in 
 dealing with the corrupters and despoilers of his people his manner totally 
 changed. He knew them to be men utterly callous and unscrupulous, and 
 only to be subdued by the strong hand and the terrors of the law. To 
 them he was stern and imperious, as if the spirit and temper of twenty 
 generations of the great chiefs, his ancestors, had been concentrated in his 
 tone and manner. This deportment 
 in "an Indian" filled the measure 
 of their wrath to overflowing. At 
 length their rage had its outbreak. 
 In October, 1873, the chief was en- 
 countered on a lonely road, at mid- 
 night, by six men, who suddenly set 
 upon him with bludgeons, knocked 
 him down, breaking two of his ribs 
 and a finger, and finally shot him 
 with a revolv • and left him for dead. 
 Recovering, however, he was able to 
 crawl home ; and once more, after a 
 long illness, his wonderful vitality 
 triumphed. He regained his strength, 
 but his constitution was irretrievably 
 shattered. He became subject to 
 frequent attacks of neuralgia and 
 erysipelas, which at times incapaci- 
 tated him for work. But in the intervals of these attacks he continued 
 as alert and resolute as ever in the performance of his duties. 
 
 These duties, however, no longer included the war with lawless and de- 
 graded white men. The last murderous attack upon him had aroused a 
 flame of popular indignation. All classes, whites and Indians alike, shared 
 in the sentiment and in the determination to crush the mischief. Before 
 this blaze of public wrath the vile conspiracy shriveled at once, as if 
 smitten by lightning. The malefactors were hunted down, and expiated 
 their crime either in prison or by flight and self-banishment. From that 
 day the Reserve has been as safe and as free from open violations of the 
 law as any part of Canada. 
 
 CHIEF GEORCE H. M. JOHNSON 
 
 [/« citizen's tiress.] 
 
 ^0 
 
140 
 
 CHIKK (JKORCK 11. M. JOHNSON 
 
 While the chief was waging the war against huvlessness which was thus 
 at last concluded, he had been active in other plans for the benefit and im- 
 provement of his people. It was his way to proceed rather by examj^le than 
 by precept. A fortunate venture, into which a mercantile friend had 
 persuaded him, had yielded a good profit and put him in funds. The 
 Indians on the Reserve had I'or the most part lived on their scattered farms 
 in the small log cabins which had replaced their earlier bark-built habita- 
 tions. A few attempts at a better style of residence had been made ; but 
 that an Indian should compete with the wealth)' whites in this way was not 
 expected. The chief, who had a natural taste and talent for architecture, 
 erected on his farm one of the finest dwellings in the county. A white 
 stuccoed building, of two lofty stories and a spacious and imposing front, 
 rose, elegant and stately, upon a terraced eminence overlooking the Grand 
 River, in the midst of a parklike grove, in which almost every variety of 
 the native woods was represented. The example proved infectious. The 
 traveler crossing the Reserve sees already, here and there, the new and 
 comfortable dwellings of frame or brick, which are gradually replacing the 
 rude log tenements of former days. The house, it may be added, 
 obtained for its possessor the Indian personal name by which (apart from 
 his hereditary designation in the council) he was best known — that of 
 Onwanonsyshon — " He who has the great mansion."* 
 
 The Iroquois have always been an agricultural people. Their extensive 
 plantations of maize, beans, and pumpkins excited the admiration of the 
 first explorers. Since their removal to Canada their industry and aptitude 
 as farmers have been notable. The wheat market of Brantford has for 
 many years been largely supplied from the .Reserve. To direct this in- 
 dustry into the best channels, and to furnish it with the latest scientific 
 aids, was a most desirable object. The chief took a zealous part in estab- 
 lishing an agricultural society on the Reserve. An older chief, whose 
 influence would be useful, was made president, while Chief George assumed 
 the humbler but more important duties of secretary. The annual ex- 
 hibitions of the society, beginning on a modest scale, now rival those of 
 the neighboring townships. Of the progress which agriculture has made 
 on the Reserve, of late years, a judgment may be formed from a single 
 fact. A visitor, not long ago, passing through a part of the Reserve, 
 counted ii) his morning's drive five thrashing-machines at work, all owned 
 and managed by Indians. 
 
 * The chief was accustomed to annex to his signature a peculiar hieroglyphic, somewhat 
 resembling the letter Z enclosing a dot, which he explained as an arm embracing a heart— an 
 .incient Indian symbol of friendship. 
 
 
 i 
 i 
 
CIIIKF (JKORCK H. M. JOHNSON 
 
 141 
 
 i 
 
 The chief was a member of the Provincial Horticultural Association, 
 and frequently attended its meetings, where his judicious remarks were 
 always heard with pleasure and respect by his associates. His own 
 grounds showed a choice selection of fruit trees and the best varieties of 
 the grape. In this respect, also, his example has proved inspiring and 
 useful. 
 
 The care of the Mission Society and the government has provided the 
 Reserve with schools, including one of a superior stamp, the Mohawk 
 Institute in Brantford. As was to be expected, the Indians were for a long 
 time slow to perceive the advantages of these schools. The teaching, 
 which was now conducted entirely in English, seemed to them anything 
 but attractive. Such an education might suit the children of white people, 
 but not theirs. The chief took the best possible method of dispelling 
 these ideas. He secured for his own children — two boys and two girls — 
 the best education which the schools and colleges of Brantford and London 
 could give. This prescient care has speedily been repaid. His sons have 
 already, at an unusually early age, gained positions of much trust and re- 
 sponsiuility, the eldest, A' •. Henry Beverley Johnson, being cashier of the 
 New York Life Insurance Company for the Dominion of Canada, and the 
 youngest, Mr. Allen W. Johnson, holding a good mercantile situation in 
 Hamilton. They are not alone in manifesting to their people the advan- 
 tages of such a training. Several other educated members of the Iroquois 
 tribes, in various positions, professional and commercial, in Canada and the 
 United States, are displaying the acumen and energy of their remarkably 
 intellectual race. 
 
 The chief was often sent by his people as a delegate to bring their 
 needs, and occasionally their remonstrances, to the attention of the gov- 
 ernment. If not in all cases successful in such missions, his appearance 
 and address always secured him attention and respect. Governors and 
 statesmen received him with courtesy and interest. At Government House, 
 and everywhere in society, he was a welcome visitor. At public entertain- 
 ments, his fine Napoleonic figure and face, set off by the Indian costume"- 
 which on such occasions he frequently assumed, made him a center of 
 attraction, which his quiet dignity of manner and a happy style of conversa- 
 tion, combining good sense with humor, and made more piquant by a half 
 foreign accent, was well calculated to enhance. At home he was the most 
 genial and kindly of men. The attractions of the place and of the house- 
 hold brought many visitors, who all came away delighted v.ith a reception 
 in which Indian hospitality had combined with 
 
 iglish courtesy and refine- 
 
 'See Frontispiece to the Magazine. 
 
I4J 
 
 CHIEF i;i:or(;k h. m. johnson 
 
 incnt to make the pjuests feel themselves pleasantly at home. American 
 tourists who visited Brantford eat^^erly sou(,dit an introduction to Chiefs- 
 wood, and sometimes gave to the public, throu<,di the journals of the south- 
 ern and eastern cities, an account of their agreeable experiences — the 
 elegant and tasteful Indian home in the tree-embowered mansion, over- 
 looking the wide and winding river, the cordial and dignified chief, the 
 gentle English matron, and the graceful and accomplished young " Indian 
 princesses " — all making a picture as charmhig as it was novel and unex- 
 pected. 
 
 The health of the chief, never very good since he received his injuries, 
 began latterly to fail perceptibly. His final illness, however, was brief. An 
 attack of erysipelas, following a long drive in a drenching rain, seemed at 
 first so slight as to cause no apprehension. After a few days, however, the 
 malady took an unfavorable turn. Py:vmia, or " blood-poisoning," ... m, 
 and the patient gradually sank, losing consciousness partially toward the 
 last, but retaining always his kindly and cheerful manner so long as he was 
 capable of speaking. He died without pain. The family and friends who 
 surrounded his bed were not for a time aware that he had ceased to live. 
 There were other anxious watchers outside, for the news of his precarious 
 condition had spread through the Reserve, and caused much uneasiness. 
 Suddenly a loud, wailing cry rose, in a single note, high, prolonged and 
 quavering, from the river bank below the house. It was repeated on the 
 opposite shore. The well-known signal passed, in the still winter night, 
 from lip to lip, from lonely cabin to cabin, from farm to farm, in every 
 direction, until within an hour all the tribes of the Six Nations on the 
 Reserve knew that a great chief of their council had passed away. 
 
 In the churchyard of the ancient Mohawk church near Brantford, built 
 by Brant and his fellow-converts a century ago, the remains of this noble 
 Mohawk chief and Christian gentleman rest beside the graves of his fore- 
 fathers. His memory will long be cherished by multitudes of both the 
 races to which he belonged, and for whose common welfare he labored and 
 may be said to have died. Few have done more than he accomplished in 
 his humble sphere, in breaking down the absurd and wicked prejudices of 
 race, and proving the essential unity and brotherhood of the human family. 
 
 .<^^S.-t:^ 
 
riie Mao-aziiic of Aiiioricaii Ilistorv. 
 
 THK I'ORKMOSr IIISTOI CAI, JOIRNAI. OF AMKRKA. 
 The Thirteenth Volume begins with the number for January, 1885. 
 
 Tliis .MnL;a/in.. i> now warmly wclcome.l as one of the htst periodicals tha' c- 
 
 lloii-cliolcl 1. •■ . ... • 
 
 can le iiiti-odiicfd jnio tjir 
 
 l-UM.l,ol,l. l'sa„icle>a,cwdlwn.:en,l,y,heMuM eminen, wn.c; i. M,e Ian 1.,, „ ..l ": ': 
 
 an;l nve. aUen.i.,. .: .nai.Uain. i. l.i,„ Carac c,- a. an accn-a. and ..J:';,:; l^: : tn' ^ n nr ^ 
 li^l.cd, and n, ,.s cnlarj^ed and impn.ve.l condition fnrcil.lv addresses it-clf lo ,nu'lli,.c„l rJn I , f ' 
 cinss. amlcecd, asuella.tolhcspeciali>iand.:udcn.. ' m„c1I,^uU ..adc , ,f every a,^e. 
 
 Il i> a s|iirilcd, 
 
 .> a spuHcu. pru^re.s,ve, u.valualde monthly puMica.in„. „ne that is exciting more and n,ore in'ercs. 
 w,.h eac success,vc ,.uc. School,, colleges, and l,.,rari.s have iound it a nccc.itv, U is hands, ndhMn^ 
 an.l printed, and m every \vay a credit to the countrv and the a-e. ' '"'<'■ '""^l> Ulustiattd 
 
 •■ I Ins iii.i.M/iiui lully ^atl■.|"l.- all r.;i..,,ii;,l,|.. ,li'Mn-, -^.uics iln 
 sirvirrs ,,| 111, „„,st iiiiiipLlciii Nviiu r, i,, il„. coiimry, is nm 
 c.nlMUMl lo ;,ny ,nu- Inic of i-,sear.:h, shrcN i,c«- liulu l-vciv month 
 "" '""■ ".■" ■'! '""l l"'-il In-lorv, and is luTlorniini; a »ork of 
 
 PRESS OPINIONS. 
 
 IIk 
 
 I'' i-.iUy.iys snnnlliinn ,.f inininluif as wo'l as i„ri 
 
 iiiliri->t 1.) \,v loiMiil 
 
 ... |iirrnani nt 
 
 .' -/'"V ";,';""iii'« into i|„. hands of ihr 
 
 -jrr.ii .Old |irnnaiu-nt \ alii.."— (7;;7,f/'/Vj« />i/,///\vinr, 
 
 ON of jup. 
 !_• rLMiUr, and not too 
 
 "Il i-- an achniralily diMr-ilird collrclion ol' i.aiMis not i,„, 
 hravyl.n- thr intc;rtainiiiint of llic avc-raj. 
 
 li.ijhi lor real \ahio."_.\Vri' );•>■/,■ Trlhuiie 
 
 "This nia.i;n/ini- mo»s more and nmrc salnaMc will, ,.,,h r.> 
 cui-ranfT piihlication. .ind may In- ida>srd tnithhdl,- as ,i -i;,nd ird ' 
 — ///.■ /u/;//>//c-, \\'ashinj;ion. D. I'. 
 
 '•Oerich^dly ,,n,> of the lust |Mriod„als in ihr world is the 
 -Ma.ua^mo ,.( Anniaan Iiisi,.iy."—C'//;w;/<7,' ,<«,(' Constitution- 
 alist, Au;^ust.i, K ... 
 
 prosi.ni iiiaii.iK.iiicnt."— c/.Tv/rtW/Zmi/jA 
 
 '•This sphndid pitMicalioi, covers in its issn,. f,-,,in month to 
 ■"■•nth an.l year to year the entire lield of the histo'v ,| , , 
 
 ttnentlrotn ns remotest peri,,ds to the e■^ en.s of to.l.v ,L 
 eomed thro„«ho,„ ,)„. whoh land f,,r the' re.,s,,n that it is n n' , I 
 m Its ,,h.u-aeter."_.V.T,. Orl,a„s Daily u'tv Item 
 
 •■'I his i|id,h,:alion has steadily increased ,n interest. It M\. , 
 "■li-ol ilsnwn.and IdU ,t so adniirahly as „, «ard off , a 
 tempts at eompe:u ---I'altimon' Amc,i,a„ . ' 
 
 ■■lli- rirj, in ijlusirations, and its m.doMip is of the l,ie|,,.st 
 
 ;:;n:■'l;;s,!:A.:;^:•■l;^;;Si;;•— ^^ 
 
 Hon, (U'oryeliareroft. 
 
 Kev. (;e,,rueK. J.lJis, D.l), 
 
 linn. ( liarhs CJaearfc. 
 
 lion. I, llaminoni' Trnndmll. 
 
 Hon. J. Cii-son l!r.\.iori. 
 
 Hon. Isaac .V. .ArnoM. 
 
 Hon. Ili'ialio Kiiii;. 
 
 J Jr. David .Minia\ . 
 
 (ieneral Charles |'. Stone. 
 
 C.eiieral CeorKc W. ( 'idluni. 
 
 Cener.d John f. R.ihinson. 
 
 Kev. Ch.irles II. I'.irklnust, H.l). 
 
 John ICsti'ii Cooke. 
 
 Theodore V. Duiyhl. 
 
 James Schonler. 
 
 Colonel T. Ilaihy Myres. 
 
 Dr. Till 1111. is .Addis I'anmet. 
 
 luUvard !■'. Delancev. 
 
 Ceoi-ije Slew.irt. Jr..' [■'.R.S.C. (Jneliecl. 
 
 Captain R. M. I'otler. V . S. .\. 
 
 Ji>el I'lenton. 
 
 John Re.-ide. I'.R.S.C. NFontre.d'. 
 
 Cemi-al Jolin t'oclirane. 
 
 Kev. Francis I!. Wheeler. D. D. 
 
 Chailes l.oilv.n-d Norton 
 
 II. JoyJelVrus, .\1,D. 
 
 RECENT CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 D.D. 
 
 ' Hon, l..!n, l.,v. 
 
 ; Kev. Ch.irles .\. llriyu 
 
 I I'resid.iu D. (.'. (olmaii. 
 
 i Charles C. (ones, (r. I..I..D. 
 
 i Professor l'harles"|.'. Rich.,rd-on. 
 
 Ceorye C'ary |-.Kuleslon, 
 
 ]>r. Charles' R. Km.:;. 
 
 I.anniice lliilio)i. 
 
 Xorm.in Walker. 
 
 Charlis K. Thwinj;. 
 
 Davis Krodhiad. 
 
 Horatio ll.de. .M .A. 
 
 ( Ieneral M.in n- 1. Wri-ht. 
 I Noah P,ro..ks. ■ 
 \ (ieiural .Meriililh Ri-.ul, l'.S..\ , M R 1 \ 
 
 I I'.k.c.^. 
 
 fJeneral Janus Crant Wilson, 
 
 I'rofessor l''.duard K. Salislmry. 
 ! Rev. William llarrous. D. | I 
 
 Charles Howaril Sliiini. 
 I Charles Ikirnard. 
 ! J. (.'hapmaii. .A.M. 
 ] Cyrils Thomas. I'lil i, 
 
 Charles 1 )imitr\-, 
 I Henrv W. Hull., rt, 
 ! S. N,'|l. North. 
 
 J. lines C. C, r.ii-d. 
 I Ke'.ir .\dmiiMl I'rel.le. 
 
 I'le-ideni li. .S. I'IvmH. 
 I Ivlu.ird Channin,^, I'li.ll. 
 
 Key. .A. C. X'eniiily,,-. I 1. D. 
 ' Henry V.. I'ierrep,,l,i. 
 . Walton W. j'U.ins. 
 I Charles H. Fileli. 
 I Fduanl liiizle 
 j I.. W. Wilhelm. 
 i Key. Horace V.. HaMlen, D, j) 
 
 I. von Cardiner I'vler 
 I Professor W. .Allan. 
 
 Kev. R. W. .Allen. 
 
 Kev, WiUi^un H.dl, 
 , .M, \. Mo.ire. 
 j -All, in I'or.nian, 
 1 .Almoin Rjrni-. I.L.I! 
 ! Ke\, 1. C. Slockhrid-e. 
 ! Hon. Henry Slo.khridL^e. 
 , John I limiiry, 
 ' K, H, C.oss. ■ 
 
 Frederic ( ;, M.iiher, 
 I l.ewis Ros,.nihal 
 j C.ini-ral Hor.ice ('.ipron, 
 Jiid.ui'-.Advocate .\sa llird ( lardner. 
 
 Price, $5.00 a year; 50 cents a number. 
 
 posTAui- I'Ri-i: TO Ai.r. srnscRini-.Rs i.x tjie iwui-n states axd caxada. 
 
 Address : 
 
 MAGAZINE OF AMERICAN HISTORY, 
 
 30 Lafayette Place, New York. 
 
A POPULAR WORK. 
 
 {The resul* of fifteen years' unremitting and conscientious literarij labur.) 
 
 "PI^TOI^Y GF THE CITY OF NEW YORK." 
 
 By MRS. MARTHA J. LAMB. 
 
 It ciTil)r;iCfS more varied and authentic; information, u])on a greater niiml)er of irni)ortant 
 subjects, than any other historical work of tiie san)(j size in the English language, and is as 
 fresh and readable as any work of fiction. To the generation now coming upon the stage of 
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 observer. No family can afford to be without a copy. 
 
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 qualities (if liistoijial writing. The personal .skelehes whicli it jiresents of several of tlic jToniinent characters 
 of tiie revolut'onary juriiMl indicate minute researeii and exact discrimination. Mrs, La nb gives abundant 
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 Her acquaintance with tlie l'".uri)i)ean jiolitics of the day, which form the framework, or rather llie foundation of 
 her history, is turned lo excellent account, giving a breadth and solidity to the narrative which is admirably 
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 reproduce with attractive fidlness." 
 
 Rev, Dr. R. S, Stokks wrote : — "I am impressed afresh, every time that I open it, with the remarkable 
 combination which it presents of excellent and attractive qualities. The immense mass of materials which it 
 contains, gathered with indefatigable labor and patience, has been wrought by the author into a graphic and 
 fascinating narrative. She delightfully condjines an easy grace of literary skill with diligence and iierseverance 
 ill collecting information from all tjuarters and corners. While her volumes are replete with the results of careful 
 investigation, they show as well the fine touch of the practiced hand of a cultivated woman — in the biographical 
 sketches, aiul the dexterous tracing of family history, which are deftly interwoven with clear and large accounts 
 of public at'i'airs ; in the swift glinqises at the changing manners of successive times, or at picturesque incidents 
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 coloniai documents, family genealogies, personal letters, and home traditions. We wonder every time we look 
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 tionary War and in the war of 1812, is sim])ly a masterpiece of condensation, a history within a history," 
 
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 successive issues of iha Bos/on Transcript, wrote: — "A reader cursorily glancing over Mrs, l.andj's images and 
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 exhaustive research, of impartiality of spirit and judgment, of comprehensiveness of view, and of exceptional 
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