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SEYMOUR ABBOTT McGiLL University Montreal Fifteen Illustrations Bosrotf, V. S. A. 1i/printe^ frtm thi Bosttn Mtdical and Surgical Jsurnat Stptimbir 14th, 2iit and 28th, 1916 Pltn VII. FLOUHCI KlOHTIKGALI AT BCOTAMt. From in Albion print o( a dnwing by Watidattorde, enfrtvcd bj W. Wdbtood. <3« vmv 3B.> r" most: SOHLK UO.WA'.V wku have follutrrd in thf fiiotstfpg of Mmh Xiijhtin- gale, and have thereby rnisfd the profeaaion of Nursimj to Ihf I ujh phrc it now occupies, and irho maintain it i'/fre>n ahore the dunt of lom- mfrcialisnt.—Ai/iiin Junes nf th W'orkhome Infirmary of Liverpool, Mm. Bedford Fenwick of iSt. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, Edith t'avell of Belgium, Isabel Hampton Robb and Adelaide Suiting of the Johns Hopkins Hos- pital. Baltimore, Nora G. E. lAvingstone of the Montreal General Hospital, Mabel F. Herseif of the Royal Victoric Hospital. Montreal, and manif others. — this little manuscript is affec- tionately and reverently dedicated. TABLE OP CONTENTS LlTIODt'CTDBY • • S Thk I*cMfrmAm *t I The CblMltixKl iif l-'liireiKf Nlchtlimlt . . ■■lalM i. II. II Girlhood atid Early WomaDhnml IT 1H8S -IMH. n«te« III, IV. V. VI. III The I'erliHl of *h« Crimean War 20 ftctotwr. 1804 - AuiniHr. IHOtt. Plate VII. The MuhUHfale'a Heturn 3T IV The Period Immediately Pollowlng tb« ('rtmeati War 41 IHM-lSOl. Plates VIII, IX. X. XI. V Floreoce Nlgbtlnxale In later Life ST 1861 • 191(1. Plate* XII. XIII. XIV, XV. BiBUOllBAPIIY MIm MfChtliiKHle'H WrllliiK>; 71 WrltlngH about MlM MiihtliikCHle TR FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE* AS SEEN IN HER PORTRAITS By Maude E. Seyuoub Abbott, B.A., M.D. McOm Univertitu, Montreal. INTIKM>UCTORT. It is nearly three quarters of a century since the name of Florence Nightingale first thrilled through Europe, plunged in the horrors of the terrible Crimean War. The details of her great and beneficent achievement have been forgot- ten by many, and in their full extent, indeed, have only been known by very few. Yet her name remains as a liousehold word among us, breathing always the charm diffiued by a life consecrated to high ideals, and symbolizing to us the power to move mountains of the passion- ate womanly sympathy, discerning judgment, and magnificent organizing genius, which to- gether made her at once the Crimean heroine and the great reformer of military hygiene of the Victorian Age. Today we are again plunged into a war which has become even more terrible than any in the past, in consequence of the re- finements of so-called civilization as applied to methods of modem warfare. But we have to thank the stream of military reform that set in after the Crimean crisis, so largely initiated and directed by the influence of Miss Nightingale, that the care of the soldiers — wounded, sick, or well— has been placed at the present day on h very high plane of eflSciency. In view of the immensity of detail in such a life as that of Florence Nightingale, a complete account is impossible here. The most that can be attempted is a brief outline of those events • Adapted from in Addren on 'The Work of Fl<.r*nee NiahtiiMtile and Medical Unite in Active Servwp Tod«v,' delivered hefote the HMvard m«torIcal Club. December T. 1916. that led up to, and followed the great Crimeao climax, which revealed her to t^e admiration and affection of a fateful humanity. For far- ther detail, those who are interested should con- sult the splendid Life of Florence Nightingale, by Sir Edward Cook, issued in two volumes, in 1913, by MacMillan and Company, London. The appearance of this book, from which the materials for this little sketch are drawn, has been an event in bio^aphical literature. Based upon a thorough study of a mass of written rec- ords, including Miss Nightingale 's own diaries and voluminous correspondence and many other papers, official and otherwise, not pre- viously laid open to the public, it for the first time presents her story f^lly and fairly to the world, withdut sentimental exaggeration, but with the force of actual recorded facts. The story of the "Crimean Muddle," as the situa- tion she was called upon to cope with in the East was picturesquely cabled, is told with fair- ness and discrimination, and the history of her activities, both then and in her subsequent life, is accurately detailed. As a result, we find the Florence Nightingale of our traditional knowl- edge replaced by a somewhat different, but a more human, and, we venture to think, a much greater character, — one in whom the self-devo- tion and passionate tenderness of heart towards the distressed, for which she has always been im- mortalized, were combined with an unswerving singleness of aim, a wide clarity of judgment, and immense powers of organization and exeou* tion that initiated and carried out far-reaching reforms. Her story, as here learned, is not alone that hackneyed theme, familiar to us all, of a gifted and gentle lady, who, moved with patriotic pity, braved the dangers of the seat of war for the sake of helping the distressed sol- diers of a beloved Queen, and who became there- after the popular heroine of the Victorian Age. The secret of her immense popularity and of the laating greatness of her name has had a more logical foundation and a deeper root than conld have been pouible from the fruits of any single action. For in this case, as so often, vox popvli vox Dei est. _ From this new biography we learn that her life before that Crimean climax was one long struggling preparation and battling through of the many barriers raised alike by social preju- dice and domestic affections towards the voca- tion that she felt was hers, though she knew not how or when it might come to her, but which, when it came, found her ready, with prejudices defeated, expert training secured, spiritually and mentally waiting for one of the great med- ical and military crises of the nineteenth cen- tury, that was to be hers to control and to subdue. Nor, after the crisis in the East was over, did she subside into the gentle inaction of an invalid chamber, as has been popularly thought, but from that chamber, battling with the physical illness that remained after her ex- ertions in the Crimea, and that threatened her life many times, she proceeded unrestingly to the solution of those many pressing problems by which medical science was revolntionized by her in various directions. Had it not been for the absolutely Herculean labors of Florence Nightingale, invalided in body, but of indomitable will, after her return from the Crimea, the terrible lessons of the war would have remained unlearned by the British nation, and the great reforms in the hygiene of the British army, sanitary science both in the East and West, hospital construction, and last but not least, in the profession of tie gentT% art of nursing, — reforms which she instituted, or- ganized, and actually dictated to Court and Ministers alike,— would not have been carried out, and the many wrongs she righted would have remained for the sufferings of a later gen- eration to retrieve. In the face of her pro- longed illness, the heroism that struggled and won succtts for those reforms was on a higher plane than that by which she won the nation's praise at Scutari and Balaklava. It is this new and immensely heroic present- ment of her genius, so evident now that the trne story of her life is unveiled to us, that I would endeavor to reflect here. In the words of a recent essayist, the Crimean episode, truly seen, is only an incident in her career. Her title to rank among the great figures of history would have been as unchallengeable without that tremendous chapter. For her work was not passing, but permanent ; not incidental, but fundamental. THE POBTBAITS. The series of portraits, which form an illus- trative basis for this article, have been drawn from various sources, which are acknowledged below each. The writer's thanks are also due to the late Mr. J. B. Learmont, who made a collection of Nightingale memorabilia, and pre- sented several of the fine engravings reproduced here, to various institutions in Montreal; to Miss Helen Desbrisay of the Canadian Nurses' Association for much valuable information ; and especially to Dr. Harvey Cushing, to whose in- terest and through whose kind cooperation the publication of this article in its present form is due. In the following paragraphs an attempt is made to group, under the periods in t. hicb these various portraits fall, a short biographical out- line of the main facts, or rather factors, in the development of Miss Nightingale's character and work, and of their far-reaching results. THE CHILDHOOD OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE 1820-1835 Plates I and II The Childhood of Florence Nlghtlngtle Florence Nightingale was bom in Florence, Italy, in the year 1820, during a winter's so- joom of her parents there. One of two only daughters of wealthy parents, she was brought up in all the luxurious refinement of the beat tjrpe of English home, in the midst of a large and affectionate family connection, in an en- vironment enriched by all the intellectual ad- vantages and the happiness that such circum- stances could bring. Bom, as it may be said, a democrat, she quickly learned to discount the iuportance of these things in themselves, and yet her life was colored throughout by these early relations, which gave her, in the wide ex- perience of suffering and distress that came to her in later years, a sense of proportionate values, and a capacity of taking herself and others for granted, that was one of the ele- ments in her power, and that could probably have come to her in no other way. The rich English scenery, too, in which she lived through- out her childhood and girlhood days, and in which she revelled consciously, even as a little child, must have sunk deep into her observant and sensitive nature, and been to the great spir- itual powers lying dormant there, as springs of water in a thirsty land. For there are few more beautiful homes and surroundings in Eng- land than the estates of Lea Hurst in Derby- shire, and Embley in Surrey, on which, with his family, Mr. Nightingale passed alternately the winter and summer months of every year. The two sisters were the objects of much ten- der personal care from their parents. Mrs. Nightingale was a woman who accepted and ad- hered strictly to the religious and social con- ventions of her day, but, within their limits, Pl.«Ti I. Mm. Kiciiiinoalb and II» Dacbhtmb, 18!8. Frpm . poMr.it in Ih* po««.,on of M™. Cunliffe. a.,d r.pro,I„o«l In Sir Edu-rd C«k'. Mfe of Klorence NightiiiBBle. «-«»«■ »ho wa» prompt and grneroiu in the exercise of a philinthropy tliet devolved u a duty upon an Englishwoman of her means and position. Both her dau^thtcrs were early permitted to share in their mother's solicitude for the poor of their father's estate, and to accompany her on errands of help among them. Such activitiea appealed especially to Florence, who quickly re- vealed her innate sympathy for the sick, phil- anthropic bent, and deeply religious nature. The contrast between the lot of rich and poor struck her then, as it continued to do with incrraslng force throughout life, as an incongruity, and her childish diaries and letters contain naive comparisona and comments. She was a healthy child, fond of a frolic, and not free from un- regenerate impulses towards unsympathetic governesses, yet, on the whole, serious-minded, and a little self-absorbed, with a tendency to introspection that sometimes verged upon the morbid, and an inclination to telittle herself and her powers, that arose partly out of a con- scientious knowledge of her own shortcomings, and partly from a natural shyness, amounting almost to self-consciousnesB. Her love for animals was very strong, and she had a succession of pets, which she cherished aick or well. The story of the injured collie dog, which had been regretfnily condemned to he hanged by his master, because of a hopelessly broken paw, and which she tended under the guidance of the vicar, all one long summer day, until the prospect of healing was assured and the delighted shepherd acknowledged his right to live, is almost too hackneyed to repeat. But it is a true story, and is of interest, because it is intensely characteristic of a little girl who, many years later, refused to give up the lives of the five Crimean soldiers who were pro- nounced "too tar gone to be operated on." "Will you give me these men to do as I like with?" she asked of the surgeons as they 11 turned awty. And, the neoeaury conieDt ub- tained, ih*: Mt alt night through betide them, tending their wounds and lupporting them vith food and Htimulant, with such lucceu, that when morning came, the lurg&uoi, with sur* priaed relief, were able to carry out what would earlier have been a nieleai tiak. One wonder* if the adoring affection in the eyea of the gentle collie equalled the gratitude in the hearts of those poor wounded men I Like many of his vircle, for he belonged to that interesting Unitarian group among whom the Martineaus were so prominent, Mr. Night- ingale held views on the higher education of women that were far in advance of hia time. He personally supervised the education of his (laughters, himself teaching them, as they grew older, modern languages and classics, European and Constitutional History, and even higher mathematics. They wrote essays and analyzed philosophical treatises, pursuing much the same course of study, under his tutorship, an would be followed mm for a uriiv*'r«ity degree. Florence was an ardent and laborious student, arising often at four in the morning to carry out her preparations, and, as Sir Edward Cook remarks, to her father's guidance in these ways she was undoubtedly indebted for the mental grasp and power of intellectual concentration that distinguished her work in later life. Conscientious to a degree, imbued with a feel- ing of responsibility and a religious sense of self -dedication that developed in her very early years, absorbed in a round of studies, duties, and pleasures provided by her wim' yet indul- gent parents, Florence Nightingale grew from an engaging child into the "girl of sixteen of great promise" that a contemporary letter de- scribes. GIRLHOOD AND EARLY WOMANHOOD 1835-1853 Ptitea III, IV, V, VI Girlhood and Early Womanhood In 1837, when his younjter daughter was seventeen, Mr. Nightingale took his family to the Continent, and eighteen delightful months were spent in leisurely travel through France, Italy and Switzerland, Everywhere the best social, artistic, rauBical, literary and political circles were open to them, and they entered heartily into the complex foreign life about them. The tour ended with a winter in Paris, where, in the brilliant salons of their friends, the two charming girls discovered themselves both attractive and attracted. Freed from the shyness that had troubled her, Florence found she had social gifts of a high order, and con- fesses in her diary that the last temptation she had to overcome, before she was free to inter- pret that insistent inner call, was a "desire to shine in society." All this was pleasant eiiuunh. and tiiere was no reason to suppose at this time that Florence Nightingale would do otherwise than fulfil the expectations of her parents, and be content to live out the life of a happy English giA, and later, perhaps, become the wife of some good and worthy man. It was only after th'"! • return to England, and a short London sea&un, when they were settled again in the midst of the busy liospitality of their country home, that a sense of the inadequacy of the social pleasares and domestic joys that surrounded her came upon her. It was to increase with the years, until, long before she attained her freedom, she strug- gled against the restrictions that bound her, with all the restlessness of a caged bird. The very happiness of the home that sheltered her, and the warmth of its affections, were gilded 17 I'l-ATE III, Florenci Muiitinu«i.i bars against which she almost broke her heart. To understand the nature and the greatness of this part of Miss Nightingale's achievement, that consisted in surmounting the obstacles that lay in the way of her preparation, one must project oneself in imagination into the age in which she lived, seventy years ago, when it was an unheard-of thing for a beautiful and accom- plished girl to do anything outside of the pre- cincts of her home. Her mother and sister, af- fectionate as they were, did not even under- stand her impulse, and when at last it formu- lated itself into a distinct sense of a vocation to care for the sick, as it did when she wa^ twenty-fivp, they felt towards it a real dis- favor. Nor can one blame them, remembering the low standards of hospital life of those days and the degraded type of nurse. She was an affectionate and dutiful daughter, and yielded to ht'r parents' wishes for many years, doing her best to be happy and to make others happy, in what was to her a ceaseless round of trivial- ities, and often suffering intensely from the sense of frustration of her higher self. For, in addition to the fact that there were great powers of organization and execution ferment- ing in her mind, which at that time had no outlet, and that she was swayv ' by a really passionate altruism, Florence Nightingale was distinctl. conscious, as much so as any other saint in history, of a " call to be a saviour, ' ' as she expresses it more than once in her diaries. In an autobi(^raphical fragment, written in 1867, she mentions February 7th. 1837, at Embley. as the day when "God called me to His service," and several times this period is referred to as one of the chief crises of her inner life. It was the sense of defection to this inner call during these years of abeyance, under which she suffered most. Her father was a Uni- tarian, but she and her mother and sister fol- lowed the usages of the Church of England. Later in life her theological opinions became very broad, and she may be said to have eon- formed to no dogma except the existence of a personal God, but she maintained throughout her life this deeply religious attitude of mind, and this fact must be recognized in any true estimate of her life and work. In no other way is to be explained her humility of spirit, which may be likened to that of St. Francis of Assiai, and her dislike of public acknowledgment, which sprang not only from natural modesty, but from an inner principle. 10 lULB (ABOL'T 18*5), From an engraving In the p(isiw«ion of Miw I.ivingitiinp. LbiIv Siiiierlntendent of the Montreal (ienerttl HospiUI, Monlreal, from a drawing by II. M. B. C. piibliahed Nov. 28th. ISTit, by P. ai«l D. Colnaithi. London. It was willi Hu affectionate hope of distract- ing her from her tiresome purpose, and with an entire lack of sympathy in her feeling, that her mother and sister planned and arranged several continental trips for her with congenial friends. The winter of 1847 was spent in Rome, with her friends the Bracehridges, who afterwards. served with her in the Crimea. It was an eventful year for the future of her desire in more than one respect. In Rome she met the Sydney Herberts, and began that friendship with Lord Ilerlwrt, that was so fruitful in great results in the Crimea and after. And she be- came intimate with and studied the methods of an Italian nursing sisterhood. Moreover, it was a time of great happiness in other ways, for her appreciation of the beautiful was intense. The Sistine Chapel came to her as a revelation, and remained as one until the end of her life. Her description f»f it is cxfjU'^'it*'- The winter of 1849-1850 she again spent trav- elling, this time in Egypt and Greece. It was at Athens that she picked up a baby owl that had fallen among the ruins of the ParthenoiL. She carried it in her pocket, and brought it home to Embley, where it lived for years. A small tragedy of her departure for the Crimea, was that the family, in leaving town to see her off, forgot to feed the owl, which was dead on their return. The portrait hy Lady Vcrriey (Plate V) shows the owl on the pedestal beside her, and it is carved, too, on the foot of the l)crl)y iiii-riioriHl stHtue. It was on her way back to England from Greece, on July 31 1850, that she first visited the Deaconesses Institute at Kaiserwerth on the Rhine. This had been the goal of her desires for the last six years, and repeatedly her hopes to see it had met with disappointment. It was a Protestant Sisterhood, organized by Pastor Fliedner and his wife, for the care of the sick poor, and discharged prisoners, and for the education of orphans, along lines which ap- pealed intensely to her. The deaconesses took no vows, but came voluntarily, because they felt a vocation. She spent a fortniprht in the insti- tution then, and returned the following summer (18-51). the free consent of her parents having 21 ■TV ^uim I'li ill Kruiii an tmtraviiiB ii) the pu»he»i(i Order <>{ NiirMA, Montrettl, from Lsdy \eTTity, publlihed Ji — ^-1 (he Victorian 111 M drawing by her Bbter, lSn5, by Culnmghl. at last been obtained, for three months' train- ing. In the bard work, long hours, and ascetic simplicity of the life, as Vi'ell as in the high- minded admonitions of the pastor, she took the deepest delight, and pronounced herself at last "inteiiKely happy." It was a turning-point in her career, for she came to feel there that her life was at last her own, and the time for in- decision and yieldinft was past. There were still difficulties and doubts at home, but she was no longer restless, but assured. February of 1853 saw her established at the Soeurs de la Provi- dence in Paris for another short pt'rioil of study, ami in July of that year she took lier first post, as superintendent of the "Sick Gov- ernesses' Iloiiie" on IlaHey Street. Here she remained, winning the confidence of a -difficult committee, and a still more difficult class of patients, until a short time after the outbreak of the Crimean War. In this little sketch of Florence Nightingale, during her time of aspiration and probation, there are many aspects that have not been touched upon at all. Her character was indeed fair and pure, as these early portraits well show, but there were shadows as well as lights within it. The acquirement, for instance, of the remarkable habits of precision, regularity and methwl that characterized her later years was attained only through difficult stumbling. "Let those," says Sir Edward Cook, "who reproach themselves for a desuitoriness, seemingly incur- able, take heart again from the example of Flor- ence Nightingale ! No self-reproach recurt- more often in her private outpourings at this time, than that of irregularity and even sloth. She found it difficult to rise early in the morning; she prayed and wrestled to be delivered from desultory thoughts, from idle dreaming, from scrappiness in unseltish work. She wrestled, and she won." To her again the palm of vic- tory! Again, the unfultilled longing that so long possessed her for practical expression of her powers and mission, and her habits of self- examination and of religous thought, did not prevent her from sharing in a very full way the Cute VI. Ploukcr Ni(iiiTiNiiAi.K. t'tnm a paint iii|t in the Kational Portrait Gallery, by AiifTUMiiii Ebk. H' a., and rcpmdiii'i'd In the Mfe ul llar- erKS MKhtii^ale by Annie UathcMin. life that went on about her. Florence Nightin- gale was no sad-eyed ascetic. We hear of her managing private theatricals, mothering young cousins, nursing maiden aunts, absorbed in housekeepinf^ responsibilities, sympathizing with the love affairs of friends, and a host of other things. No happiness could exceed that of that winter in Rome. 24 Nor did she escape that experience that comes to almost every man and woman in life. She was Hought in marrinfie. long and persistently, by one with whom her own heart was engaged. With a clear-sightedness, bom of her consecra- tion to Hii ideal Ntniufrer and hiKhcr than licr- self, she put this form of earthly happiness be- hind her, feeling that she could not do her duty to him and to her work. Not from nny belittle- ment of the married state, nor from any lack of knowledge of what the higher kind of mar- riage might mean to them both did she act, but in the same spirit that prompted Saint Theresa or Santa Filomena. One of the most touching of her good-bye letters before si i left for the Crimea was from this friend. "You undertake this," he wrote, "when you cannot undertake Ill THE PERIOD OF THE CRIMEAN WAR October, 1854, to August, IHSa Plate VII The Period of the Crimctn Wir Thin |K>rtnit,* nne of the bwt known of tlii' esrlier picturm of Mw Nightinfil«, thowt her, in frarb tnd vtuge of the pn-Crimean days, •eated on what ii evidently a portico at Scu- tari, overlookini; theStraitH tuwanlit (Juuittanti- nople. "I have not been out of the Hoapital yet," she wrote, ten days after her arrival, "but the moat beautiful view in all the world ties, I believe, outside my door." Aa will be remembered, the Crimean War waa waited between Ruaaia and Turkey, with Great Britain and Franco rantred aa allit's on the lat- ter side. The battlefield was the Crimean peninsula on the northeaatern border of the Black Sea, and the bloodshed waa so gnAt aa to almost parallel the horrors of today. The Brit* \nh public accepted with resignation the news of the sacrifices in the ticld. But it met in a flifferent spirit the alarming reports that fol- lowed immediately upon the news of the Battle of Alma, fought on S«?ptember 20, 1854, of the ravages which neglect and diseaae were making amonp the multitude of the wounded, under the complete lack of sanitatiou that provr.iled among the British troops. Not only were the hospital Hupplit'N, that had been freely sent out. unavailable for use through misunderstandings with the Turkish customs and other stu- pidities, so that the men were unclothed and unfed, and all sanitary measures neglected, but there was an entire lack of proper attendance for the sick, the skilled female nurses employed by their French allies providing an invidioas comparison. A letter to the Times from its cor- respondent, William Howard Russell, exposing these defects in no measured terms, and calling upon £ngland for redress, evoked a storm of in- dipiation that swept the country. Miss Night- ingale's training and personality were well known to a large circle of influential friends, and. moreover, her excellent administration of the •'(Jovcrncsscs" Ilonic" liad brought her into touch with another side of the philanthropic public. The letter to the Times appeared on October 12. On October 14, under the action of a small committee, headed by Lady Maria Forester, she wrote to her friend Lor d Sydney Herbe rt, who was then iMinister at tTHfTasking ■^or authority to go out at her own expense at thf hfad of a small hand of five nurses. It is one of the coincidences of history thait her letter to Lord IlerlMTt crossed one from hiiri to her, asking her, in the name of the British War Office, to undertake this task, and urging her acceptance of it on the ground that she was the only person in England who could make it a success, and promising her undivided authority over the "Female military nursing establish- ments in the East" and unlimited supplies. On October 21, five days after the matter was formally settled, she sailed for the East at the head of tliirty-eight nurses, of whom twenty- four belonged to the Roman Catholic and Angli- can sisterhoods and the renifiinder were un- trained. During these five days of selection of candidates and all the mass of detail involved in the organization of such an expedition, as also in all the exigencies of the uncomfortable voyage out, the most noteworthy thing about Miss Nightingale was her absolute calm, and her quiet control of the situation. The groups of military hospitals in the East bore to each other something of the relationship that the field and base hospitals of our forces do now. On the Crimean peninsula, in the imme- diate neighborhood of the conflict and amongst the adjacent hills, there were, in addition to the regimental dressing-stations, four large general hospitals, some established in huts, others in buildings. On the opposite, that is, the south- western, side of the Black Sea, acr r- the Bos- phorus from Constantinople .uid ^ "jiIoulHng the Sea of Marmora, were the J.ree great Rn* ish military hospitals of St'ut: >'i. iwo nt' v^'iich the General and Barrack Hosi ua!-, were uad( - the jurisdiction of Miss Nigiti.,»rlp. is alf.j were all the hospitals in the Crimea, auu for a time those at Koulali, four miles distant from Scutari. It was to the great Barrack Hospital of Scutari that she came on arrival, and tiiere she had her headquarters. The abuses com- plained of in the Times were especially evident here because of the great overcrowding, the more unhealthy situation, the prevalence of cholera and other infections, and the fact that the means of transport across the Black Sea was very poor, so that the wounded arrived at Scutari in the last stages of exhaustion, in a (condition when the lack of suitable food and the general inefficiency worked greater havoc. The party arrived at Scutari on November 4, lHr)4. The Battle of Balaklava had been fought on October 25, and that of Tnkerman on the day before their arrival, and the wounded were pouring in. The hospital was a huge place, capable of accommodating over 2000 patients (the maximum at one time was 2434, on De- cember 28. 18n;i). and containinp. in its over- crowded state, over four miles of beds, eighteen inches apart. In a. letter written on November 14, Miss Nightingale writes that there were 1715 sick and wounded (among whom were 120 chol- era patients), in this haspital, and 650 in the other building, called the Qeneral Hospital, of which they also had charge, "when a message came to prepare for 510 wounded arriving in half an hour from the dreadful affair at Bala- klava. Between one and nine o'clock we had the mattresses stuffed, sewn up, laid upon the floor, the nipri waslieil hihI put to bed, and their wounds dressed." It was with such numbers and with similar emergeneies, under circum- stanees of extreme complexity, that Miss Night- ingale had to cope, during that first six months. The fact that there was gross maladministra- tion in every department of these hospitals at the time of her arrival, has been elearly estab- lished by the Royal ('ommission appointed at the time. The trouble was partly due to an or- ganization witliout central authority, partly to gross ignoranee of ordinary hygiene, partly to the want of the woman's touch, and in part doubtless to the real lack of capaeity of certain officials to deal with a novel situation. Miss Nightingale brought all her powers of tact, courage, judgment and resolution to meet the exigencies of the ease. The large public funds that had been placed at her disposal by the Times and other sources, as well as her own private income, enabled her to tide over a situa- tiiiti otherwise hopeless; but the problem re- mained to meet these urgent necessities within tlie limitations set by military rigidity and pro- fessional jealousy, for she realized from the out- set that strict discipline must be observed by herself, and a proper sulmrdination to the mee To (julfken seed in furrow iind blossom ujKin tret-. "Nile has his fMiiDing rai'ls, freshefs from mountain snows. Yet, where his stream breeds fruit fulness, serene and t-alra he flows. And, where he overbrims, to cheer his Imiiks on either side. You acaree ran mark, so gradnal, the swelling of hN tide. ■The winits of anjiels make no stir as they jdy tlicir work of love. Vet by the bulm they shed around, we know ihein that they more. (..Hi spake not in the thunder, nor the mighty nish- intr blast. Ills ntteranee wan in the Mill small voice that i-ame at last. '■So she, our sweet Saint Florence, modest, ami still, and calm. With no tirade of uiHrfyr's cross, no [innip or niar- tyr's cr wn. To tile place of pbinue and famine, foulness and woundtt and pain. Went mit upon her gra<-lous toll, and now returns again. ■■Xo shoHtlne crowris ulMnit her path, no miiltlluile's hot breath. To fan, with winds of vanity, the doiiblfTil flrps of faith. Her path by hands official all unsmoothed. her atm« derrled. By the Levltes, who. when need was. passed on the other side. "When titles, pensions, orders by random hnnd are nhowereil. 'Tls meet that, save with hlessinsr, she stiil should walk undowered. What title like her own sweet name with the music all Its own? What order like the halo by her good deeds round her thrown? ^7 "I-tke her own bird, all volcelc"" wb«i the darllgtit BcmgHt(>rii tbrlll. Mvt>i't HliiKt'i' til lliv durkiiewi, when all iKiugi elae are atill. She, ill thiil iilitht of dtirkiieHH tbut turned other heart)) to stone, Came, with Moft Htep aud icentle voice, yet wine and firm of lone, "Tblnk of the prayem for her, that to praylns bearti came liack lu rain of lileHHUiKH, Heemlng atlll to uprlng upon ber track. The comfortM of her ttnieloufineiMi to those whose rofld to death Was dark and doubtful tilt she iihowed the light of love hikI fnllh. "Then leave her lo the quiet she has chosen. She de- mands No greeting from our brazen throat, and vulgar clap- ping hands. I-eave ber to the still comfort the itatntfl know that have striven, Whnt tire our earthly honours? Her honoun) are lu Heaven." Punch. Aug. 23. 18G4I. IV THE PERIOD IMMEDIATELY FOLLOW- ING THE CRIMEAN WAR 1856-1861 Plates VIII, IX, X, XI The Period Immediiiely Followint ihe Crimean \rir The iliii»irnilurit.v bctiveen the early and the late portrait) of Mini Nightingale haa often been remarlied. Thia is not entirely due to the fact that the earlier ones are moativ light crayon drawings, the later, photographs "taken by commandment of the Queen" on her return from the East ; nor is it to be explained by the natural changes occurring in the transition from young maidenhood to early middle age. There is in the best of these later portraita to be clearly traced the birth of a great eiperi- ence. She has seen and partaken of the travail of the world's tragedy, and it has left its in. delible mark upon her face. The qualities, too, that she has gained in the great conflict are visible. This is especially true of the charming little hcHd shown In Plate VIII. KiMlurnni'i'. unflinching decision, tempered with the kindly tolerance bom of a great sympathy, even a humorous appreciation of the frailties of of- ficialdom, are all expressed in the fine curves of the mouth, while in the eyes is the deep con- tentment of one who has seen the Vision, and knows of the foundations of her faith. During the five years following the Crimean War, and especially during the immediately succeeding time. Florence Niehtingale needed every spark of spiritual force which had come to her from the fires through which she had passed. She and her friend Sydney Herbert, with other loyal coadjutors, were together to .shoulder a burden of reform, under which im- mediate action was so imperative, that only by unrelaxing effort could results he achieved. ' The From a pholngnph in tha cnllrriit! Lcirmont, Mnnirval, m>"i"r •coptc Comjiany. uf t>M> luie Ur. J. B. Strain was of a different kind from that in the (.'ririieHri hospitals, but the task to l)e accom- plished was even more sriffantic. On the other hiind. till' utirciiiittirifT fnvray demanded of her told upon her weakened frame, and she became permanently invalided, and saw all her dreams of an active life Hiiiong the Imspital traininip schools she was about to inHUjrurHtc. prrma- iiently denied her. Arnrenver. during these .voarH she whs to st'c Lord ll.'rbcit liiinjsilf ^ink 42 iindrr th-> work. He died in 1861, before h* tiHd HiTomplMhfd what %he callefl the "main- NpriiiK" of the wholp,— the reform of the in- ternal ortranixiiticin of the Britinh War Offliv. IIiN death waa a hlow from which iihi> never »iuit«' recovered. Diirinjr these Hve yeart they were ill coniitant eoiinminieation and coniulta- tion. and were allieH in the truest aenae, fpvinir to eaeh other a comradeitliip and a loyal aup- |M>rt am) undi^nttandinir that waa euential to the (frrat renultK that tht'.v attained. Their work wan in a aenw complementary, for she had the administrative, he the |>oliticHl and executive mind (Sir Bdwanl Cook). Their re- latiomihip in to be recofrni/ed an one of the great frientNhipi of all time, ami in a Hense it is unique in hiator>-. Sydney Herbert was n man of immentie chant, with a devoted wife who Nhared hia every thonffht. and between whom and Misa Nightingale there existed a eluHC intimai.-y and a Htrong spiritual tie. Not the leaHt part of Ihe great inheritance that Klorenc)' Nifrhtingale han left t» hi-r sex. is the fact that such true friendship between man and woman can and does exist. Oidy the first few days of Miss Nightingale's return to England were given up to personal matters. The eonseiouaness pressed home that her experienee in the Crimea must not be al- lowed to sink, even temporarily, into oblivion, but that the iron of public opinion must be struck while still hot, if the evils under which the sohliers had suffered were not to be repeated and perpetuateil. The remarkable change wnmght in the mortality of the hospital at Scutari by Miss Nightingale and her supporters during the tirst six months of the war was to be looketl upon as a sanitary exiieriment of the most brilliantly sueeessful kind. It was of vital importance to the future welfare of the army that the evils fought against and corrected in the Crimea, should be exposed in a Royal Com- PLATI IX. MlHH MlillTINUALB (AROUT 1836). (Tiken bj order ol the ^ueen i^rlly after her return the (>ime«.) mission of enquiry, and that action should be taken against their repetition while indignation still burned hot in public sentiment. Miaa Nightingale was keenly alive to the horror that had surrounded her in the Crimea, and never forgot that mortalii rate of 60% in the Scu- tari Hospital during the first weeks of her stay there, that blackened the good fame of the british Army regulations. Among her private notes of 1856 is written, "I stand at the altar of the murdered men, and while 1 live I fight their cause." The re<|uired reforms were already the sub- ject of serious discussion between herself and Lord Herbert. It was at this juncture on August 23, 1856, a fortnight after her return, that she was given the opportunity by an invi- tation to Balmoral Castle, of personally setting forth to Her Majesty the sufferings of the Queen's Army in the East, and their possible means of rtt^'ess. Her preparation for the in- terview wa. thorough. In consultation with those who had the cause of medical reforms at heart, by the study of statistics, by enquiries, and by the collection of her own notes and memoranda, she armed herself to make the utmost use of her great opportunity. Nor was she disappointed. The Queen and the Prince Con- Bort together gave her their fullest attention. "She put before us," wrote the Prince in his diary, "all the defects of our present hospital system, and the reforms that are necessary. We are much pleased with her; the is extremely modest." Nothing could be done, however, without the action of Ministers, and although she returned to London apparently successful, many months of delay and strenuous insistence were to elapse before a Royal Commission, with Lord Herbert as chairman, could be appointed. This took place by Royal Warrant on April 26, 1857, shortly after the publication and circula- tion of Miss Nightingale's comprehensive pri- vate report, entitled, "Notes Affecting the Health, EflBciency, and Hospital Administra- tion of the British Army." This book cre- ated a profound impression. Sir John McNeill writes repeatedly in appreciation of its clear- 40 ness and vifpor, and ends, "I think it containa a body of iDformation and instruction such as no one else, so far as I know, has ever brought to bear upon a similar subject. I regard it as a gift to the Army, and to the country altogether priceless." The Commission appointed, its duty was to submit a report of the abuses and projected re- forms, to the House of Commons. Miss Nightin- gale's own evidence took the form of thirty- three pages of written answers to questions in the "Blue Book" report. "It was distin- guished," in the words of an Army doctor of the time, " by a clearness, a logical coherence, a pungency and abruptness, a ring as of true metal, that is altogether admirable." The Report itself was written by Mr. Her- bert, with much assistance from Miss Nightin- gale. It recommended the appointment of four sub-commissions, whose functions should be: to put the barracks in sanitary order; to organize a statistical department; to institute a medical school ; to reconstruct the Army Med- ical Department, and to revise its hospital regu- lations. To it was appended a statistical study made by Miss Nightingale, of the civil and mili- tary mortality statistics in certain London par- ishes, from which the startling fact revealed itself that the rate of mortality among the sol- diers living in barracks was five times as great as that of civilians living at home. To force this existing fact, namely, that the Army in time of peace was being exposed to the effects of bad sanitation with disastrous results, upon the - attention of the House, meant a hearing, which perhaps the evils of the Crimean War, already becoming a thing of the past, might possibly not obtain, even so soon after the ter- rible events. After much activity on the part of all interested, the Report was formally acted upon, and the four sub-commissions author- ized. They immediately set to work, with Miss 46 PUTE .\. MtSH NKUITINQALR OS- ][ER ReTPBN FROM TUB ClIlUI*. From • photogrRph In the pomMiian of Mis* Hall, Ij'ly Siippriiitenileiit of th*" E'pter Rpm Rrlsham HoBpilal, Bo-luri. Nightingale the heart of each, herself now ill and weak from the prolonged exertion of these strenuous months, after the strain in the Crimea. It was quite possibly the effects of these months of unremitting exertion, at a time when her body demanded rest, that left her a permanent invalid. A diagnosis of Miss Nightingale's malady has not, so far os we know, been framed, but her own statement about herself in her letters to her medical friends, suggest that she suffered from some form of cardiac insufficiency associated with curdiac dilatation and a paroxysmal tachycardia. Even at her lowest ebb, she never put aside her harness, but met ernergeiicics as they arose un- til, in February, 1H,'»8, the various investigations had been made ami the resulting recommenda- tions were embodied in a seeoiiil Report from the Commission. 47 The results were worthy of the heavy price Hhe paid in the permanent sacrittce of her health. Each commission carried its work through to a successful issue, with beneficial re- sults that are felt in our own day in a hundred directions. The Crimean episode will always take a leading place in the story of Florence Nightingale^s life. But, as has been said, its greatest importance lay in the insight, experi- ence, and political influence which she gained in it, and which made it possible for her to inspire these far-reaching reforms. The results of the work of the four sub- commissions may be briefly summarized as: the better barrack accommodation and military hos- pital construction, which have resulted in the improved health of the British soldier at home today; the revision of army medical statistics and the establishment of British army statistics on a higher plane than that of any other coun- try in the world at that time, a task in which the statistical skill, enei^, and persistence of Miss Nightingale was united with the experi- ence of the celebrated Dr. "William Farr; the foundation of the Army Medical School, and the splendidly equipped Royal Medical College ; and the formulation of a code for regulating the relative duties of regimental medical offi- cers, and organizing the detail of the internal administration of military and other hospitals. The third sub-commission, to establish an Army Medical School, had the longest and weariest struggle against the obstruction of sub- ordinates of them all, but it accomplished most important results. The Army Medical School, afterwards i>emoved to Netley, was peculiarly Miss Nightingale's child, and she watched over its early .progress with earnest solicitude. In every part of the administration the professors sought her assistance, and she made a successful fight, against much opposition, to have pathol- ogy recognized in the professoriate. Her serv- PUTK XI. UlS« N'lGHTINOALI (IM 18Si) ipb by Goodman la *■ . (Jollt™ W»rren, Boston. From B pbalocnpb li the pooHfHilon tit Dr. < ices as the true founder of the School were ac- knowledged fit the time. Dr. Longmore, the professor of military sui^ry, told the students that it was she "whose opinion, derived from large experience and remarkable sagacity in ob- servation, exerted an especial influence in origi- nating and establishing this school." **Por originating this school, ' ' wrote Sir James Clark, "we have to thank Miss Nightingale, who, had her long and persevering efforts effected no other improvement in the army, would have con- ferred by this alone an inestimable boon upon the British soldier." Apart from the work of the commissions, many other army reforms were instituted by Mr. Herbert and inspired by Miss Nightingale. Such were the committee to reoi^nize the Army Hospital Corps and the Soldiers' B«crea' tion Clubs. The latter were organized by them with much success, not only in England, but at Gibraltar, Chatham and Montreal, which was then a military post. The regimental institute attached to every modern barrack is the direct outcome of this branch of their pioneer work. Such is a brief outline of the epoch-making work i-arried on by Sytlm-y Herbert and Flor- ence Nightingale during these five years imme- diately following her return from the E&at. Great as it was, however, these reforms in army sanitation were not by any means the only side of her activities during this period. Of equal importance was: (1) her work in the reform of modem hospital construction as a whole, (2) in the introduction of statistical forms for hos- pital use, and (3) especially in the foundation of modem nursing. Miss Nightingale's prestige in matters of hospital constriictiGn was recognized before her book, "Notes on Hospitals," appeared, in 1858. This book was written in connection with her work on the first sub-commission, and is a tech- nical study of the subject supplemented with numerous maps and diagrams, and recommend- ing the elementary principles of sanitation, which were not then generally recognized, and the pavilion system. "It appears to me,'* wrote Sir James Paget, "to be the most val- uable contribution in application to medical in- stitutions I have ever read." After its appear- ance she was widely consulted on hospital con- struction at home and abroad, and revised the plans of many hospitals erected in Great Brit- ain, Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, India and America. Her work as a statistician has already been referred to and her alliance with Dr. William Farr. Her statistical forms for the use of hos- pitals were presented at the Intemational Con- gress in London in 1860, and were introduced Manie phenitmenal capacity for flc<'on>)>liHhinfr heavy taHlu in numeroiu fields sitiniltaneously, eacli (if which was, in itself. suflllcient for the full powers of a single Indi- vidual. IliH death threw her into a Htate of extreme deHpoiideney, for she had loHt not only a dear penmtiMl friend, hut the ally on whom her Manit^ry reforms <|(>pended. From the iw- clurtion of a deep n'tirement nhe published a short "Life of Lord Herbert," in which she ascribes every part of their reforms to his work. Had he been writing the book he would have made the same statement in relation to herself, and in a sense both statements would have been true, HO completely interdependent was their action. In ascribing the credit for all the achievements of the Crimean climax and those resulting from It, the names of Sydney Herbert and Florence N'ightin>riile mu>tt always hold an equal place. The British public reco^ized this fact in the erection, in the winter of 1914, of the dual statues to them which stand on either aide of the Crimean monument in London today. Space does not permit of even the complete enumeration of all the numerous reforms en- acted in this later period of her life. Probably the moAt comprehensive, and certainly that in which an immense portion of her time and en- ^rgy was expended to the very end of her active life, was the improved sanitation of India, — a problem arising out of the work of the Crimean 67 commiN-sions, and in which she was intimately asswiated with Sir John Lawrence, Sir Bartle Frere, Lord Roberts, and other leading East Indians. She stood for advanced methods, brought to the evidence irrefutable masses of statistical facts, and fonght desperately, among other things, for universal irrigation. She was known at the time in high (juarters as the Provi- dence of India. "The Indian Sanitary Com- mission's Report," a huge volume consisting of 2028 pages of small print, contains evidence of her work on almost every page. In the work of the War Office again, she maintained, after Lord Herbert's death, a very intimate relationship, which in time came t& assume the relation of an advisory counsel. This was because in many questions she had come to be considered the first expert of her time, and also because, in Sir Edward Cook's phrase, she was rightly regarded as the official legatee of Lord Sydney Herbert, and one who knew, as na one else could, the spirit of the uncompleted reforms he had projected, and the traditions which had inspired one who had held a very high place in the public trust. She was concerned in this way, not only in questions of array sani- tation in time of peace, but in all the problems that arose in the care of the sick and wounded in the various wars that broke out dur- ing this long period, and her connection with the organization of the Red Cross Society, and the various associations formed for the care of the sick and wounded, runs like a silver thread through the story of this latter part of her life. Thus we find her, during the course of the American Civil War, writing on October 8, 1861, to Dr. Farr, that she had sent to the Secretary of War at Wash- ington, on application, all the War Office's forms and reports, statistical and otherwise. At this time also a Sanitary Commission was ap- pointed at Washington, which reproduced mucb PLATK \ll. UlH MoHflSQALI IX I88T. From ft pictuTC by Sir WillUm Ridimoml at ClayJnn, and rrproduieut her gleaned from the lame wuroe. For further deUili thoae intereated ar« referred to the appendicea of Vol. II of the above book, which contain a mine of authentic information. Hiaa NisHTiNoALE'a wimnoa. (It Tbe Institution of Kalwrawerth MroDewH, nnak.- hp dlfHrtlon of the Rev. Pattor nicdoer, eubraclDif .tii> aappurt bqiI can ot a Hoairital, Infant and Indtutrl. 1 Hcbool*, and a Fmaale Praltnitlary, liODdoo, IWl Octavo, paper wrapper, pp. 83. (3) Jitter* from Efrpt LMidon: Prlnteu bjr A. RDd O. A. H|HittUwiiral*>. 1WV4. Octavo, pp. XM ami 79. (Tbe letters were written In 1H4(» and 1860). (3) Report apun the State of tbe HoaplUIa of tb* British Army In the Crimea and SciiUri, 18B0. no. 33(V881, a42-»4S. (4) SUtemeoti exhlbltlas tbe Tolanlary Oontrlbih tlona received bj lllaa Nlffbtlniale for tbe oae of tbe Britiata War HoaplUl In tbe Eaat, with the Mode o< tbelr Dlatribotlon In 18M, ISU, 1866. London: Harrlaoo, IWt. Octavo, red-paper wrappers, pp. 68. (0) N'otMi on Matters affcctlnff tbe Health. Effl- dency, aod Ho«plut AdtDlnUtratlon of the Britldi Army. Poanded chiefly on tbe Experience of tbe late War. PreseotMl by retioeet to tbe Secretary of State of War. Lcndoa: Harrtaon aod Son*, 1W& Octavo, pp. 507. (6) Subsidiary Notes as to the Introdoctlon of Female Narslos Into HUltary HospiUla In Peace and In War. Preaeoted by request to the Secretary of State of War. Ijondon: iiarrlmm and Sonx. ISBH, Octavo, i^. 133. 71 (7) I'apen" on the Hw. AuKUHt 18; Builder, July 34 ; Dally Xeww, July as; Thf I^anret. Au(nint 14; flml the I*pdB Mert-ury, Augutit '2\. 1S5K (S) Mortality of the Brltlith Army, at Hume and Abroad, aud during the UuMttan War. at* t-omiiared with the Mortality t»f the Civil Po|iulatlou lu England, llluatraleil by Itablew aud IHagrams, liOndcm: l>rlnte4l by Ilarrlwin and Sous. 1MW, pp. 21. (in A Contribution to the Sanitary lii«t^>ry of th« British Army during the late War with ItusaU. Illustrated with Tablen and IMattrnmH. London: I'rinleil by Harrlwrn and S.mi«. IWHt. l-aw folio. PI). 10 and diagruniK. (10) XotpK on Honpltnli*: l»eliig two rapent read Itefore the National Awiodarloii for the rromotlon of Soptal S<'leni-e. ilt I.lveriiool. In October ISW. With Kvldeni* iriv^n li> the Itoyal Commliwioners on the State of the Annv In 1W>7. By Florent* Xlttlitlngale. I^mdon: John W. I'lirker and Son, 1«>0. Octavo, pp. \m. S»H*«nid KtUtlon. l^oll. Third KtUtlon-eii- laritetland altere*!. 1>*7 i>atte». IWI.1. publlnhed by Irf»ng- niBUK. ill) Notes on Nurslntt: What It 1m and what it Ix not. Bv Florence Nlchtlngale. Tendon : Ilarrii«on. !«». (h-iavo. i»p. 70. Sold very quickly (iri,000 coptett within a mouth of publlcdtlon). (121 Notes on Xuralnji: What It In and what It l-* n«* Bv noreme Nightlncale. New Edition, revised and enlarged. lAMidon: Harriw'n. ISHO. Octavo, pp. 224 lleprluted bv Appleton and Co., In New York, and Ameri^-an «lltlrt» by MIsa Nightingale. (141 Suggestions for Thought to the Searchers after Truth among the -\rtlKan» of F.ngland. Tendon : Eyre aud ^pnttlswiKMle. l.'^fiO. 3 vols. Octavo, pp. 202. 411. 126. (1R> Notes on Xnrslng for the Ij»l>onrlng Classes. Bv Florence XlBhtingnle. l^ondon : Harrison. ISftl. Hound In limp nnl cloth. Reprlnte. s Iti- clwleii the Mtreetor-(ieneral Army Medical IX^wrtment. A Memtirtal fjetter by MImh NlKhtliiKHle. printed lu the Weekly S^tilxmaii. Heirtemlwr IH, the Ijanfet, Kepteml>er 3T, IMtl!, and many other imimtm. (ID) ObiierMitions on the Kvidence (-onttilrie^l in the Statinnal ItFiN>rt submitted to the Koyal CommioRiou «rK (20) Sanitary St«ti»tlicK of Native Colonial a4*h.H»N and tloKpitalx. Ilv Florence NlftbtlnKale. Ixindon: 18(t». A iiemphlet. pp. ttT. CIl) How I'foitle may live and not die in India. By I-1orem>e NishtlnEale. (Itead »t the MeetinK of the National AnKiN'latlon for the Pmmotlon of Social Science, held at Edlnhurgh. (Vtober \mi\. \ F/mdon : Bmtly Kaithfidl. INlCt. A |Him|dilet. Nro. pp. 11. Second e«t4. puhllnhed by Lodk- manx, Svo. pp. 18, with ft new preface tAninii't 18B4>. (221 SuKin^tloiix In reiianl to Sanitary Works re- quired for Improrinii Indian Statlonii. preiiered by the Barrack and HoHpital Improvement ('ommtftxlot). Blne-Bo(A ( SuKh'efltitHis, pp. l-.'t7). Ituiued 1804. (23) SHKJteslbaiH cm a System of NnntlnR for llos- pIlalH In India. February 24. 18i;r>. Folio, pp. IK. (24) Tile (li';mnlKati(m of S'urxUiK In a Lar^ Town (an ac4*ount of the rJver|HM>l Nu^^4eH' TralnlnK ftchooU. With an Iiitn>dHrttmi and .\oten by Hor- ence Nliditinitale. rJveriHwl. l.s«5. Oi-tavo, pp. 103. (2n) SuKRestlons on the Subjin-t of provldinn, train- InK, and orKanizinu Nurstes for the Hick Poor in Work- house Inflrmartcs. Bluo-h««>k. IWiT, iwjier XVI. pp. *4-7ft. (2(0 "I'na and the I.h>n." tiood Words. .luiie. 1>MS. pp. 360-3er of W4>rkhnuse nnrslnK." (27) Memoratidum on MeasureA adopted for Sani- tary Impn)vcment In India np to the end of ISftT: to;n>rlier with .Xbstracts of (lie Sftnltary lleports 73 blUwrto forwarded from Bengat, Madras, atul Bon- bay. Printed by the order of tbe SacreUry of State of India In Cooncil, 1808. (38) Addresseii from MIm Nightingale to the Pro- baUoocp NiirMM In the Nightingale Fund" School at St. ThomaB's HoMpimr. Printed t*>r Private Circu- lation In May. 1S72: May 23, 1873; July 23. Ii!t74; May 2«,l»7ft;April 28,1876;Jaly, 1878; Ea«ter,l»re: Mv (I. 1»*1; May 23. 1883; July 3, 1884; New T«r« Day. 1S8B; JUy 16, 1888; June, 1897; May 28, 1900; Janu- ary, 1905. (29) "A 'Note' of Interrogation." Fraaer's Alaff- aalne. May, 1873, pp. Bti7-877. ^^ (30) "A Sub- 'Note of Interrelation.' What wll( our KellgloD be In 1980?" Fraiier'8 MaRailne July 1873, pp. aj.36. (31) Life or Death In India. A Paper read at the meeting of the National Aasoclatlon for the Proi&otlon of Social Science. Norwich, October 1873. With an appendix on "Life or Death by Irrigation." London; Harrison and Sons, 1874. A pamphl't, pp. 63. (32) "Irrigation and Means of Transit In In-Ua " The Illustrated London Newi, August 1, 1874. (33) Suggestions for Improving the Nursing Ser- vice of Hoaidtals and on the Methods of TralnUur Nurses for the Sick Poor. Folio, pp. la Angust, 1874. (34) The Zemindar, the Sun, and the Waterins Pot as alfpctlng Life or Death In India. Folio, pp. 195. (.'Ki "The Famine In Madras." The lUuatratetf Lonrton News, June 20, 1877. (36) "The United Empire and the Indian Peasant " Journal of the National Indian Association. June. loiB, pp. 232-24n. . *'"'.."^'''""' *"'»»! In 'niUa. By a Commla- sloner. ' Good Words, July, 1878, pp. 4W4M. Deaoriblng, In the languane of the Royal Proareaa. the opening of the Kana Nnddee (Blind RIyer) In the Hooghly Digtrlct. (38) The People of India." Nineteenth Century, .\UKUst, 1S78, pp. 103-221. (3») "A Mlsalonary Health Officer In India." Good MM7I, bSw^"*""' '^'""°'^' IS™. PI" <«"8«. (40) "Irrliatlon and Water Tranalt In India" lllnatrnted London News, May 10, 24, 31. ....'*'.). '^'i° "" "xlUMle Bdncation In India to edncate Men ! Jonmal of the National Indian Assoclatloa^ 74 AimuHt. SeiH^-iiilttr, (h-iiiltfr. 1S7U. iJ|t, 4l7--i:.o. 478- ■»I>1, r.27-55H. i4'2) "HIiirH iiikI Suiocmtidiii' on Thrift." Thrift, JnuiMt?-. ihh::, i>. 4. I4:t| TralnliiK <>f NurtteH iiud XnndDK tbe Hick. ArrtoleM HHtilRVliitE ]4>. 108H-HM3. IIMU-KMR uf Quain'H IHctlniinry of Metllcloe. 1441 Tb« Dumtt Hball >i|ieiik, and the I>ei>f xliall litmr; rir, the Hyitt. tbf ^mlixtar. unil the Uovern- iiient. A I'HiN>r i-cHil lit riif luet-tliiK of tti<> EaMt India AHWK-tatluii. ami )iritit<4 in Km .Inamal. .luly. I8H3. It(^>rliire)ianitpl,v. pp. 4S. (45) "Our lodiuii HlewardHhlp." Xliiflt'eutli C«i- tury, August. 1.S83, p|». ;i2»-:(38. <4tti "Tbe BeoRal Teiiam-y Bill." c'liiitetnpurary Review, Ocrtober. lKM.t. pp. r.K7-«ie. (471 "UmidlalH." Article hi Cbambers' Ency- •■luimtMlia. new nlltloii. revtwwl ami portly re-written l.y y. N. (4MI lieiiltli Teurtilnjf In Town iiud VlUatiM. Uui-.il Hygiene. Hy i-'lorenc-e .NiKhllnjqiie. [^ondon: S|Kit- tlMW(M>(!e and Co., IsiH. A |wuipblet. [tp. -7. (4IM VillaiEe Siiultatlmi tri Intlia. A I'liper fin- the Tn^yk-al Wectlon of tbe nth lnteniatiemaen|^.v at RiidapeNt. London: AuetiRt -JO. 1H(H. (fi(h A letter frrun Florenee NichtlnKale alwat the Viet*>rlMn ilrder .if Nurses in Canada. A sioall pamiiblet. iu white pai>er wrappers, pp. 4. The letter, to Ijidy Aberdeen. i« dated May 5. IHOS. (.111 The Soldier in War Time. Letter to the liiiladava Hurvlvori*. printed In tbe Dailv Grapbif. (h'trtber 20. 1890. (521 MefjsaKe to Crimean Veterans. Printed at p. 47 of a pamphlet entitled tbe Crimean and Indian Mutiny Veterans' .' ^.oelatlon. Rrlstoi. Briatol, ll»05. n WBTTINCIB ABOl^ 1(188 NieHTTIfQALE. (1» "Who U 'MrB.' Nightingaler A tilographical artlHe In the Examiner (reprinted in the Timet. Oetober 30. 1854). (2> Scutari and Ita Hos[dtalfi. By tbe Hon. and Rev. Sydney Godolpbtn Oi^bome. Losdoo: Diddn- son Rrotbera, ]8Kk 75 (3) Eaiitern HiwpltaU ancl ISnslLsb Nurseh; tbc Narrative (tf Twelve Honths' Experience la the Ht»- VltalR of Koulahl and Srtitarl. By a Lady Volnnteer. 2 vols. IMGtl; 3rd Mllttoii In one vol., 1HS7. ^e aathor, MUa Fanny M. Taylor, watt a member of the wdmid party uf niiraeti, which went out with Mtu Stanley. (4) The NIghtlnKBle Fund. Report of Proceedloga at a l*nbltc Heetluic held lu Ixmdon, on Ni>v. 29. 18RS. OtltcM of the NiRhtlnftule l-'und. 5 Parliament street. I^mphlet, pp. 3it+16+:^4. (0) The Prophei'j' of Ada. lute Couutetto f Ltive- la(%. on her friend Miss Florence Nightingale. Writ- ten in the year IWl. Music composed by W. H. Moutgomonery. London : (*. Rmer>- and Co. ^oyer's Culinary CamiwiKn : belnK Historical Kemlnlacent-es of the I^ate War. By Alexin 8oyer. l.ondon : <}. Ruutledge. 18S7. (5) "What Florence Nightinnale haa done and is doing." St. James Magazine. April. 1S61. (9) Kx[)erleuces of an English Sister of Mercy. By Margaret Ooo Florence Niglitlngaic. .V lA><-ture delivernl in the Tlieatre of the Medi4-al College. November 9. 18tt6. By Major 41. B. Malleson. Calcutta, IStlS. (I'M Thomas Grant, First (Itoman Caiholict Bishop of Southwark. Ity Grace ItamKay (iMeudonyni of Kathleen O'Mearat. Smith, Elder iind Co.. 1K74. (10) Life of the Prtnie Consort. By Sir Theodon; Martin. 5 voIh. Smith. Elder and Co. See Vol. III. (171 The Invasion of the Crimea. By A. W. King- lake. Vol. VI. "Tfte Winter Troubles." Blackwood and Sons. 1880. 7» (1H> Narrmllvf of i'erwMuil KzpertoDOM and Im- presRlou during s Realdmt« nn tbe Bov>ptaortu thromtuQt the CrlmWD War. By l^dy Altda Blackwood. LoDdno: HatchanL 1861. (10) Life aod Work of the Ttk Earl of Sbafteabury. By IMwlD Hodder. 3 Voln. (UNii. pojmlar edition, 1 Vol. 1887. S«e pp. BOB. »«, um (20) Letteri* aud BeeullectloiiH at JalliM and Mary H- of Family I*tters. By her daughter. II. E, Litchfield. 2 voIh. Privately printed. Ifl04. (27) The Life of Florence Nightingale. By Sarah .\. Tooley. I^ondon: S. II. BoUH&eld uihI Co., 1004. (28) William Rathbone: a Memoir. By Eleanor F. Uathbone. MacHlllan. IOCS. (20)) Sidney Herbert. T^rd Herbert of f^ea. A Memoir. Bv LonI Stanmore. 2 vols. .Inbn Murray. leoe. (90t The History of Nursing. By M. Adelaide Nutting and Lavlnia L. Dock. 2 void. fJ. P. Put- nam's i^oDs. 1S07. (31) The letters of Queeii Victoria. 1H87-18B1. Edited by A. C. Benxoii ami VliWYiunt Esher. 3 voln. John Murray. (32) St. Johns Ilouae. A Brief Keoord of Sixty Years' Work. !»4S-10(«. 12 Queen Square. Hlimm*- linry. Umdon. W. r. .v i»amphlet. (113) Florence Nightingale: a Force In Medicine. Address ut the Graduating ExerclseB of the Nurseii' Training School of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. May 1(1. 1010. By Henry M. Hurd. M. D.. Baltimore, 1910. CMt The Letier» of John Stuart Mill. Edited by Hugh S. R, Elliot, 2 volR. Lirngmflns and Co.. 1910. f (HB> "Home PprHuiisi K. Ortnlwr, IfllO. r^twloa: Juin Bftlf. Sotii aB^ IhrnielflMB. (37) Mine HeUi^ nntff HeUUm iKlomce Nlfbt tngale). Vun J. VriM Htattaart. 1912. Verla« der Rrang. tlefiellBchaK (38) Tbe Story •'f Klor*>iK-(> Nlfft