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 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR 
 
 E 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 THE CONTROL 
 
 
 OK 
 
 J30VIi\E TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 A PAPER READ BEFORE SECTION VII. 
 
 f't 
 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INTEBHAIIOK^ OOHBBESS 0» m.BCTa«SIS. AT W.SHIHOTOH. ».c. 
 
 October 1, 1908 
 
 '-'*■] 
 
 Br 
 
 J. a. KUTHEKP^ORD 
 
 Veterinary Dlrector-General ar., Li.e Stork Commissioner 
 
 for the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 
 '^' 
 
 
 Published by order of the Hon. SYDNEY A FICHER iw • . . . 
 
 8131-1 ^^"' ^'"'**" °f Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont. 
 
'^i 
 
 m 
 
 
 Fp" 
 
 1 '' 
 
 ■pt 
 
 
 Vi^v- •T^~r:i--i; 
 
Ottawa, October 31, 1008. 
 
 Sra,— I have the honour to transmit herewith a c.py of a paper read by mo at the 
 recent International Congress on Tuberculosis held nt Wushington, D.C. 
 
 In this paper I have confined myself to that phase of the question act forth in the 
 title, viz., 'The Control of Bovine Tuberculosis,' refraining ahno.st entirely from any 
 mention of measures for the protection of the public against possible infection from 
 bovine sources. 
 
 Of the two problems connected with bovine tuberculosis, namely, the eradication 
 of the disease from the herds of a country and the protection of the human race from 
 bovine infection, tl.o latter is by far the most simple and e.i.sy of solution. 
 
 Under the sj.-,tem now followed in Cana<la, matters of this nature arc properly 
 dealt with by the public health authorities operating under provincial laws which, in 
 cases where this has not been already done, can easily bo so amended as to furnish 
 the powers necessary for the absolute control of the situation as regards the supply 
 of milk and meat, these products being, needless to say, the most important agents in 
 the communication of tuberculosis from animals to man. 
 
 Danger from the lirst mentioned source can be practically eliminated by provid- 
 ing for the regular veterinary inspection and testing with tuber.uliu of all herds 
 supplying milk for human consumption ; animals reacting tu the test or, even in 
 default of reaction, showing clinical evidence of being atfeeted witli tuberculosis, to 
 be permanently ear-marked and the use of their milk fo,- human food absolutely pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 This course has been followed in some communities in ilanitola for a consider- 
 able time by virtue of amendments made, many yours ago, to the Municipal Act of that 
 province. 
 
 Similar regulations are in force in several communities in other provinces and I 
 may remind you that, with the view of encouraging and assisting tlie efforts ot munici- 
 pal authorities in this direction, this branch of your department supplies tuberculin, 
 free of charge, for the use of duly qualitied veterinarians, on coi.ilition that reports 
 of all tests made are promptly furnished and that reactiuf,' animals are properly ear- 
 marked. 
 
 The meat supply can be similarly safe-guarded by the abolition of the secret and 
 unsanitary private slaughter-houses and the substitution therefor of municipal abattoirs 
 conducted under the supervision of specially trained and qualified veterinary inspectors 
 as is now done, under the provisions of the Meat and Canned Foods Act, in all estab- 
 lishments engaged in the export or interprovincial meat trade. 
 
 A satisfactory, practical solution of the wider problem of the complete eradication 
 of bovine tuberculosis has yet to be found. 
 
 While I regret that I am not, at present, in a position to recommend any definite 
 policy with this end in view, I have, in the accompanying paper, made some tentative 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
 Soi, 
 
 • -'^ 
 
•uggction. u to the line, which, with our, even yet, very imperfect knowledge of the 
 •ubject. it would, in my opinion, be reasonably safe to follow . 
 
 Meanyhile, I am watching very cloaely the more or U» experimental policicn 
 adopted, from ti--< to time, by other countries, an also the earnest and painstaking 
 work of' the ma eterinary scientists who. in various parts of the world, are striving 
 to discover some reasonable method of effectively stamping out the disease. 
 
 The unfortunate and, in some cases utterly discouraging results which have 
 followed hasty and ill-digestcfl legislation in other countries indicate that, in dealing 
 with this much vexed oueation, it is advisable to make haste slowly and to be at least 
 reasonably certain of success, before committing the Dominion to the lar^'C expendi- 
 tures involved in an undertaking of such magnitude. 
 I have the honour to be, sir. 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 J. O. RUTHERFORD. 
 Veterinary Director General and Live Stock Commisiioner. 
 
 The Honourable, 
 
 The Minister of Agriculture. 
 
->lFrr^.-'rTy1-'' ^m^r^-W 
 
 THE COXTHOL OF HOVINK TriiKHCILOSIS. 
 
 A Paper read before Section VII. of the luternational Congress on Tubercnlosii, 
 at Washington, DC, on October 1, 1908. 
 
 Mr PRK8IDE.Nr.-It w„ul,| !,.■ ,n(.,t uiiIk .-..ininK in un: fnllnwin^f |1». varin,,. (ii'*- 
 t.njr„Hho,i H[M.a„..r.s ,h,> l.avo takoi. ,,:,rl in th.> ,lis..MSHi,m. nf this (•„„(:,■.•«-. nnd 
 
 esiK-cia ly at th.s lak> <!at« i„ tl>.. pro .lin^s, t., ...vup.v any k. ..t l,.„Kth of I in 
 
 lay.nff Mnrr a^ members the few i.l.as on ll... e.ntrol of iJovine Tul,er,M.lo«ls wlii.h 
 I have leen nl.le to pnt tORother in tlir limite.l i^mIo.I at ,nv .Ji^po-ul. 
 
 I oliserve that on the official pro^rrnunne itie siil.j....t a.MKiM.l to mr is the 'Control 
 oflJovme IuhereMl,.sis in Canada,' the last two v,.r,ls luuin;.' 1,., n a,!,|..l to the title 
 originally sent in by me. 
 
 I liave hut little to say on the contr.pl of h.ivine tuherr'ulosis in Cana.la inas- 
 much as while in some district-, under municipal iiiid proviiu^al laws, .trorls are 
 being made to control the disease in dairy lienls supplying various (vtitres of popula- 
 tion, very little is now heinu' done l.y the fe.leral rov, rnmcnt through the Health of 
 Anunals Brnneh of the Der)arlment of iVriculture. which i-> in my chartrr. 
 
 Although for some years, nt a period prior to my assuminjr ofllce, a verv consider- 
 able amount of tasting with tuherculin upon the application of owners was carried 
 on, no appK^ciahle l.enefit was found to residt. and. n^^ a matter of fiu-f, we now con- 
 tno our,e ves to the testing of cattl... imported or exported for bn-cling purposes 
 those on the Experimental Farms, and a few other lierds which have heen plnce.l by 
 their owners under the direct control of our ofhcers. 
 
 We, however, m, the request of owiM'rs of cattle who desire them testd. supply 
 tuberculin free of charge to any reputable qualifie,! veteriuarv surf^eon, on c(.i lition 
 that he will send to the department the results of the te'^ts made hv him. on lai - 
 which we furnish for that purpose. 
 
 All cattle reacting to tuberculin in Canada, save those privately te^i-.i -,. 
 permanently earmarked by cutting a lar^e T out of the right ear. 
 
 I may aa well frankly state that the reason for this apparent inertia is thir -o 
 lar no satisfactory intelligent method of dealing with K.vine tuWTculosis ha* l-n 
 evolved and we deem it wiser, before taking action, to await the r(>su'ts of The inv.- 
 gallons now being conducted by veterinary scientists in various countr;..s, i„ th. 
 hope that some better way of dealing with the problem may be discovered. 
 
 Our knowledge of tuberculosis, the tuberculin test, and of their vagarl, ,, has all 
 along heen defective and incomplete and und.uibfedly is s.. to-dav, aiul when we hear 
 in mind the many legislative mistakes wliieli, owing to this lack of exact knowledge, 
 have l>eon made in the past, it must le admitted that caution is coiumendahle, and 
 that, before taking any definite departmental action involving the large interests 
 which are at stake in such a country as Canada, it is reasonable that we should ' look^ 
 before we leap,' and guard, as far as may he, against the possibility of having to reee.le. 
 more or less ignominiously. from a i)osition once taken. 
 
 Many of our medical friends and some veterinarians whose zeal outruns their 
 discretion, advocate compulsory testing and the slaughter of all reacting animals. 
 At first sight, to men lacking practical expcrieu<-e and perhaps devoid of responsi- 
 bility, this policy may ai)iH'ar a very simple solution of the problem. That it is very 
 far fron beiuT so, however, nee U bu: litil(> denion-tr.ition to an audience of this 
 nature. All practical veterinary sanitarians, dealing in large matters, are, c ?n 
 without taking into consideration tlie oninfnl eviu ri,.iw.,. t^( «Vir,o,. ^o.,.« :»:„- ' .u- i. 
 
 m 
 
 
p 
 
 i .'# 
 
 in earlier dav« w«ro r.nh rno.igh to B.l-i't it, well awnrc. not only oftho ^rcat diffi- 
 cultie* to b«.'oncou.itcriid in curryiuK out siich a p-li.y. but of the fact that under 
 ordinary cir.nnmt.inLi., in .pile of the jinnt .HM.noinio wn»to involml. lU r.-nult. are 
 by no nioonH so antiHl'ii.'tory n^* its ailvoc'Ht<-< would liko to have ua Ulicvo. 
 
 Most of u« can n-iuomlrr the time wlien the majority of vctorinariuni. many of 
 whom should havo knoxvu bettor. lK,ii-vod th.t if n herd of oatllo w.-n- tcHKnl tho 
 reactors .Icstruycl ami llie premises disinfoied. tho .li-ease was stnmjH'.l out and tho 
 owmr miKlit thereafter ho left to follow his own course*. , , . . ,, . 
 
 IntolliKcnt n.en have, of course. umlerK.o..,! fro,,, tho he^.nn.uK hat 
 there muM l,e. in .he very nature of thiuRs, a ,H,-riod of latency or .ncuhatum 
 between the time of infection and that when au mfected animal wouKI 
 r. let to tnl-erculin. Thi. p^^riod was .ixed in m'.^ and 10( ) Kv '-on em- 
 poraneous hut entirely in.lep<-,ulent eM,.rimc„.« carne.l on '^ •'^° '"™ 
 Con.mittce of the Royal .\.M-ienltural So,.iety of Knuhuu and by Dr. N. car 
 and UosHi,M.o!. under tho auspices of the SocieU', de Medecmo Veter.nu.re Pr«t..,u, 
 of Frauce. Tiu- results in both cam h were practically the san.e at.d showed the periud 
 of incubation, while dependir.n sou.ewhat upon t' <■ mode and .le^ree of infection, 
 to ranee from eif-dit to fifty days. . . , , ■ i „ 
 
 This fact. afTectiuK' vitally as it do s l„„h th. ong.na herd and nn.v 
 additions or replacements which may be made, is m itself a vry sen. us 
 obstacle to the sati-factory working out of a policy of compulsory test- 
 ing ami slaughter, even with liberal compeu^ntioii. 1 aUen m conjunction with the 
 vagaries of tuberculin, especially on secon.l. tliinl and fourth tcts ,n the san.e herds 
 and the numerous iu^-euiou. methods ad ,pte 1 by owners es,H>c.ally of pure brH 
 cattle, in order to d, feat tho te^t. it is sutlich i.t to exclude from the tield of practica 
 aetiou this method of d.alin^' with tuberculosis, .xcept in small and circumscribe,! 
 conunmiities. iu which all. or at least a maj .rity of the o.vuors arn fthvo o he 
 necessity of stamping out tubercidosis a'n.l arc v.iUiiig to co-oieratc heartily with thu 
 authorities in bringing about that result. • . i 
 
 This c.iudn.iou ou mv part has not been rashly arrivcl at. Fver since tuber- 
 culin was first use.l as a diagnostic agent in Irvine tubercub.s.s I have ben studying' 
 ita action and during the whole of that pcrio.l my opportunities for such study havo 
 been consi.ler.ably great..r than fall to the lot of the average vetennnnan. 
 
 I ot us go a little more into detail. A -herd of. say one hundred cattb', kept under 
 ordinary aabl, o<inditions is U^sted and twenty-tive reactors are tound. Ibese twenty- 
 five animals, to-.ther with any which, owing t< the disease U'lng in nn ad-anc.Ml 
 stage may fail to react but which are detected by clinical eNamination. are slaiighf- 
 ered and the premises carefully disir.fected. It is not so very long, as T hnv(> already 
 s-iid since maiivvot.-rinarianswero teiichiug that such a herd was safe and sound a.nl 
 tiutt' provided any animals added were carefully teste.l before being brought into coiitn-i . 
 no further danger need be apprehendc.l. This is. of course, very far from being tli. 
 
 case. 
 
 In tho first place a retest after three months will, depending t. some extent ot: 
 the virulence of the pirtieular infection, n point of great importance, and the sani- 
 tary conditions, reveal perhaps from five to ten new reactors. Even afte- theue hav 
 b. en destroyed and the premises agniu disinfeete.l the herd is by no means safe. Tli. 
 ten reactors, taking that as the number, have Ix-en living in close contact with tb. 
 remaining sixty-live and it is quite likely that three months later, gov. ril of the latt.r 
 will be found to be affix;ted. Here also comes into play tho nncertainty of tuU-rculi:: 
 in repeated tests, a most serious consideration, especially where doubtful reactuu - 
 aro concerned. In sjiito of Professor Vallc's important and valuable di-- 
 covery, which T may say docs not by any means apply in all cases, it ■- 
 quite within the bounds of possil)ilit,- that a number of animals, affect. 1 
 to a greater or less degree, will fail to react when tested for the third or fourth time. 
 This acquired tolerance to tuberculin is one of its most serious limitations and co.;- 
 p^;.,..trH ".nnther difficulty soniewhat hard to overcome. Let us admit, however, that 
 
 :i; iia 
 
»ftcr the lupse of a lonjff-r or uliorlor \i<T[<„i uikI h mimlmr of ■•ari'fiilly coikIucUhI 
 reti'iti, the mirvivorg of the nriKiiiiil licnl an- • roiK-rly |ir(iiioiino«'<l healthy. 
 
 Wo must now take ii.to coiiHi.l.Tiii i n tho a I'-'i'ii .f ii.l.liti..in nii.l n-phironirnta, 
 one which, from a Lmiiirss «tnndi>oinf, i« in Uie iimjoriiy ol iiiKtiitictN , f imroinount 
 importance t.. tho „wnor. It ii not .-unugh to hnv. thr. i,.'w aiiinmln test.'.l l^forn 
 hrin^njf thfin on to tho im-miHt-M. 1 h.- Himic ilniitatioii, viz., t!.nt of tho incuhnti»o 
 period, appliun to mioli to^ts in to tlio-i « with which w.i hivo hoou doiling. New 
 arrivnln nmnt Im« ixohilcd, not only from iIil- orlKiimi hi-rd hut from onch othrr, and 
 •ubmitVd to n retent at tho fxpiry of at least th.-.o months b-fon^ biinj? iiHovvrd to 
 come in i-ontact with any other cntth*. 
 
 Two further pointa here deniaiitl our attention. We have hitherto, presuninbly, 
 been gpeikiuK of u-Mh honestly nppiied to the cnttle of nn hones-t owner un.l by a 
 cnpnbh>, intelligent iind experienecd veleriiinriim. We must now first eoii>.id.r Konie 
 of the nefarious methods employed by dishon'st niid unprincipled owners to nullify 
 the test !ind «o defeat tho end in view. 
 
 The old method of dosing beforehand with tubonulin, nlthuuKh still followed in 
 many herds, hns Inrpely lost iU value tlirouRh the diwovery of Trofegsor VullO above 
 referrivl^ to, mid is now. as a rnl.>. only employed when tho teatinj? vetoriiiuriiin is 
 ngre«^al.:.v eoniplncent, or a few years behind bin ago. It ling, nmonj; the more astute 
 breeders and denh'rs, been largely suptrwded by the prsetice of ndminiateriiiK one or 
 other of tho modern nntipyretics. eoitd.ined for the sake of safety with other drugs 
 to such animals as nre known to lie tul^ercu'-nis, or which show any rise of femtiera- 
 turo when iiudergoing the test. 
 
 This plan is beautiful in its simplieily. Temporaturos are quietly taken from 
 half an hour to an hour before tho veterinarian nmke,s his rounds and the fcl.rifuKo, 
 mixed with a little aupar and disguised in a han<lful or two of meal, is lieked up by 
 the anima! without fuas or trouble. There is no drenchinjf. no handling, no excite- 
 ment, the temperature drops and although there may be and often is thermal irregu- 
 larity, there is no distinct rise and above all no tuberculin arch. 
 
 This brings us to the second of ray two further pointi. viz., tho votorinarian 
 making tho test. 
 
 While, with all its limitalions. I have great confidence in tho diapnostic pro- 
 perties of tubercidin , I must confess to a fe.ling of suspicion with 
 reference to all charts thnt are in any dej^rec, what I may term colourless, unless I 
 know that tho inaii who signs them is an homst, coniciotxtioiis, wide-awaku and 
 exjierienced veterinurinn. Too many men take it for granted that everjthiiig is Inir 
 and above board, and depending entirely on their thermometer readings, allow them- 
 selves to be hood-winked by dishonest and unscrupulous owners. I could go into 
 many details and perliaps furnish some anniseniont by recounting a few of the artful 
 dodges resorted to in order to keep the veterinarian away from his cattle between 
 temporitures so as to pe-nit of their being safely mauipulated. but time will not 
 permit. 
 
 One thine, however, should be emphasized, viz., the fact that in the overwhelm- 
 ing majority of cases we have, in addition to thi teniiKjrature rise, a distinct '/ 
 clinical reaction, some of the most salient features of which may be luid ^Iv^nre only''^^ 
 temporary, while others persist until at least twenty-four hours after injection. ' 
 Among the temporary signs which may be noticed, as n rule, from six to twelve hours 
 after injection, are, in severe cases, rigors, often accompanied by ■^tnrine cent, peneral 
 excitation and frequently diarrhnea. In loss well marked cases wo have coldness over 
 tho loins, quarters, thighs and tail, sub-acite excitation and general malaise. Even 
 when these symptoms have passed oflf the animal maintains a standing posture and is 
 more or less stiffened ; there is loss of appetite, rumination is suspended, and in 
 milch cows tho flow of milk is diminished. 
 
 Close attention to and observation of the animals undergoing the test are, in my 
 opinion, indispensable. Even wi.h them it is possible for mistakes to be made'; with- 
 out them the tuberculin test is very apt to be badly discredited. 
 
 HI*! 
 
8 
 
 'J 
 
 '4 ; 
 
 
 
 tf, -i . I 
 
 The older veterinarians hero will recollect thut, prior to the discovery of tuber- 
 culin, much attention was paid, both by teachers and practitioners, to the clinical 
 diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Of late years this phase of practice has been almost 
 entirely lost sight of, the younger men praoticall:' depending on tuberculin 03 a diag- 
 nostic. This state of affairs is regrettable ai.d should be remcilied by cultivating, 
 with regard to cases of tuberculosis, that habit of painstaking observation which alone 
 makes for success in the diagnosis of most of the other maladies to which dumb 
 animals arc subject. , 
 
 I might perhaps explain that the foregoing remarks on the necessity of care and 
 exactitude in making tests are intended to emphasize the idea that only skillful and 
 specially trained men can with safety bo employed in this work, no small difficulty 
 in itself, when it comes to undertaking a universal and compulsory testing policy. 
 
 There is still more to be said against compulsory testing and slaughter. Many 
 reactors are but slightly affected, and while in the case of beef cattle in good con- 
 dition the loss from their slaughter may be insigaificant, it is a very different matter 
 when valuable pure-bred herds or even common grade stock, thin in flesh, are con- 
 demned. It is true that with the latter the question of compensation may be more 
 easily settled than with the former, but the matter of economic waste is only one of 
 degree, for while the pure-bred reactors might live out their natural livesand pro- 
 duce much valuable and, with projx-r precautions, healthy stock, the thm grades 
 might be fattened and slaughtered under careful r ^rvision for purposes of human 
 
 food. , 
 
 For the reasons given above I am convinced that, at least on any large scale, 
 the policy of compulsory testing and slaughter ia not a practicable one. 
 
 Turning to the iwlicy of voluntary testing, or testing in rrsponse to applications 
 from owners, now f.illowed in certain of tha Un 1 States and in several of the 
 countries of Europe, T would point out that not only do most of the arguments against 
 compulsorv testing apply to it with equal force, but several other factors come up for 
 consideration. Among these perhaps th(> most important is the fact that in testing 
 only thos,. herds in a country which are voluntarily submitte.1 to the authorities, the 
 progress made in th-^ diretiou of eralic itiu,' tubjrculosis must, of necsssity, be 
 not only verj' slow but very uncertain. Even Trofcssor Bang admits that, under the 
 experience '-'f re,,eated i'nd often disappointing tests, the patience and courage of our 
 Danish friends not unfrequently fail and they become weary of well-doing and 
 relapse into carelessness. 
 
 Tlrs phase of the matter is one which must he taken into account 
 and when with it is considere.l the fact that the last to ask for the test are. 
 as a rule the l.neders of pure-br.>d stock, whose herds are the principal agents in 
 dicsominating disease, the ultimate imtfectivenoss of voluntary testing is pretty 
 c'eorly demonstrated. Owners must obtain fresh blood from time to time and unless 
 a man is heart and rail with the author: ues in :heir efforts to clean up his herd and 
 takes every possible and minute precaution accordingly, it is. so long as tuberculosis 
 exists in the country, only a matter of time until his stock relapses into a condition 
 
 of disea.se. . 1 t> 
 
 In this connection I have read with much interest the plan proposed by Ur. 
 Mveii, M.dicnl Health Officer of Manchester, and supported by Professor Delapino 
 and Mr. Brittlebank, the chief veterinary officer of that city, which includes the 
 forming of disease-free islands by eradicating tuberculosis from certain farms and 
 grrdually rxtrndiiig the work ov(r small distiicts. to be still further enlarged as the 
 system finds favour with stork owners. 
 
 features of the scheme, such as the spending 
 
 Wh'le there are some 
 
 the exilusion of other ta\ 
 
 of public money in specially selected localities to , ^ • - 
 
 pavers and the supplyimr of sanitary buildings, through bringing pre- 
 sure to I ear on h^ndkrds cr otherwise, %\hich are scarcely applicable to conditions 11 
 America it is. in mv opinion, much more sensible and likely to be productive of iilti- 
 jjjjjjg be',!-"' thnn the diffuse policy of promiscuously testing a herd here or thovi 
 
I>^>. 
 
 policy of employing local practitioners for this work ha, bccT repeatSlv tr£? « , , 
 
 I have nothing to say ngninst the Bang system itself • in fflft T a™ o„j i 
 have been^ one of its most consistent adv'ocftos and lli; s " i'orttvT 
 after thirtj- rears ejcperieoca as a veteriaariaa «««^^^^i^ .„]' -ZW' 
 knowledge, acquired in that time, of conditions on the ordinary North AmprJ.rWa 
 
 _ There is no doubt that if all our stock owners wore thoroughly intellieent woll 
 informed anxious to rid their herds of tuberculosis and gifted with af^nfini.i 
 capacity for taking pains, either the Ban- system or that nf O.^^r • u. . 
 adopted with every hope of a successful i'suo AsT„.?tt, r« \ , *^ ™'^'** ^"^ 
 
 to deal with bovine tu^culosis effecteillLtn^^'drfi^it^ ^leToHe^k/lS 
 
 fair; ttiz ih -rrezr "^ ^^^^'^ -^ ^^-^ '-' «- -= =" °o 
 
 ^om sTf r '^'^'-"-'^' --ked and s.,ro..Uod a"tl ," " ;" l/^S; 
 from such herds to be pasteurized, whether use.l for human food ;r for that 
 
 and retested after three months careful isolation purcnase, 
 
 I am free to admit that this plan is open to nuiny of tlie objVvtions which I have 
 
 advanced agamst the other two already meutiono.l, but it appears to ne to obviate 
 
 the enormous economic waste and the tremendous popular opposition in oh!^dttl 
 
 Si7ntlvanTcarf^l '"^^^^^^^^^ ''''''''''• '^ systematically applied a,S 
 
 fro,^ filt f ■ "" "f""'^ °"^' '"'^"'^''^'y '"'"^■'' '•«"•*« t''"» '-"«■' be hoped for 
 
 fZi them toTrr' %'!f "^ '}"' ""'■''' '' ^"''>- --<^h owners as are wiLg to 
 suomit them to the action of the authorities. 
 
 The presence of one or more actual clinical cases of tuberculosis in any herd 
 by making not fication by owners or veterinarians cmnpulsorv, as in other scheduled 
 
 Hir^Ltt^:;;:^^'- - -'^^'^ -' -^- -"•^' ^^ ^''^™. -" t^- 
 
 As has heon well said by ,he editor of the LancH in conu„enting on the recent 
 able paper of Dr. Oy..rland of Norway, the fan.ous address of Dr. Koch in 1001 has 
 after all, by s tnnulat.ng others to investigation and research, been prod, tive of 
 good, perhaps to an extent sufficient te offset the hesitation and del'y i . "ctua 
 practical effort which it undoubtedly caused. 
 
 h«t! ♦V''"'"'* f that address, we veterinarians to-day know, or perhaps I should say 
 have the proofs conclusive and satisfactory of many things which wo knew befo^" 
 but were scarcely able to prove, regarding the transraissibility to man of bovine 
 tuberculosis and vice versa. oovine 
 
 ,;fd"llt'' ^'i"!l """ ^"^ ^■"'•'■■""ti""; ■'' subject on which I have nothing to say, 
 
 biyond that, up to the present. tb( 
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 are, from a practical viewpoint, singularly confusing, inconclusive, and discouraging. 
 The immunity acquired wwhr tho most fnvournble con.litions appears to bo of short 
 duration, and any udvantnjre whicli niny be frnincd, is, to my thinkiufr, nioru thiui 
 offset by the danger of spreading the disease. 
 
 Where cultures of the human type are used the risks appear to be, if possibli', 
 even more serious. Weber and Tirzc working under the direction of tho Gcrmnn 
 Imperial Health Office, report, according to Theobald Smith, that the udder of a 
 cow vac<inatcd with a|humnn culture, shed human bacilli into the milk for a perifd 
 of fifteen months. 
 
 Let us make haste slowly in work of this kind and be sure of our ground before 
 wo issue liny more of these definite pronouncomenta which make nasty swallowiii!,' 
 later on. . 
 
 I have now briefly and inadequately placed before this Congress my views regard- 
 ing 'the various methods recommended by scientists for the control of bovine tuber- 
 culosis. While these views may to some nppe.nr pessimistic, they are nt least honest 
 and have been carefully considered with duo regard to tlie responsibility which the 
 veterinary sanitarian, entrusted with large interests, owes to humanity at larfre as 
 well as to those interests. Dogmatize as we may, we are still gropiiis, and in this 
 as in other matters of a like nature, those who have delved the deepest are the least 
 sure of their ground. 
 
 In the meantime, wliilo we are awaiting, as I fear we will, for sqiih! lime ye't 
 have to await, the discovery of a certain and satisfactory scientific method of dealing 
 with bovine tuberculosis, let us, as practical men, carry on an euergetie eamraipn 
 of education amoiis cattle owners and the general public. Bovine tuberculosis will 
 be stamped out when individual owners realize that it piys much better to keep 
 sound cuttle than to lose money and feed in maintaining herds tainted with disease. 
 In this campaign of education there should first be taken up a question inrejiardto 
 \-hich veterinarians have hitherto, in most eases, been culpably mgligent. If there 
 is one n-atltcr to-dny in which veterinarians are behind the age, it is that of failing 
 to insist at all times, in season and out of sea.son, on tho importance to live stoi-k of 
 thorough and eflective stable ventilation. Having before us the object lesson afforded 
 by the nodical proftssien. and the marvellous results which its nieinbo;-s are acl/iev- 
 ing by open air treatment, not only helping, but actually curing advaneoil cases ot 
 tuberculosis. To say notliing ot cheeldng the diseiibc, as is now daily done, in its early 
 stages, it is nothing short of disgraceful that we are yearly permitting thousands 
 rf valuable animals to become infected owing to the unsanitary conditions under 
 which their owners insist on keeping them. 
 
 Of the truth of this contention, which is, perhap,<, at first sight, 
 rather sweeping, there is no lack of proof. In norlhem countries where cattle are 
 senerallv closely lioused, and where a proper system of ventilation is the 
 exception and not the rule, we almost invariably find bovine tuberculosis ram- 
 pant. In milder climates where animals have free access to fresh air, as for 
 instance among the Hereford cattle in England, it is a rare thing to find a ca.-e 
 of that disease. On the ranges tuberculosis is unknown, except where it has been 
 intioduced by some pampered stable-bred individual, and even such a one is nioii' 
 likely to recovr than to die, provided the malady is not too far advanced and the 
 first winter can be endured. 
 
 To put the case plainly, stockmen are breeding tubercidosis a great deal fa.~ter 
 through neglect of this important subject of ventilation than it will ever be possiWe 
 to stamp it out by the promiscuous use of tuberculin and tho slaughter of diseased 
 animals. 
 
 I may be pardoned if, while on this subject, I refer briefly to an experiment 
 which I have been carrying on for the last three years. A herd of forty-three (43) 
 cattle, (twenty-one (21) being dairy cows) tv.enty-eight of which had reacted tr. 
 tuberculin, the remaining fifteen being apparently free from disease, has ben ko] t 
 under opoii air conditions since the fall of 1005. 
 
 m ^:i -\ 
 
r»i)ts^iSiMMiksv3£i!m.r^^ 
 
 11 
 
 t l/^fi^ "m^'*"!' °^ this experimout. which is of a purely practical nature, are throc- 
 ;ilm',»r ^' "'n'^"!" '*'' "^':'* °^ ""'" "'■• trnatmont upon the diseased cattl. 
 themselves; secomlly, to^ ascertain to what extent healthy cattle, kept in conta.-t 
 w.th diseased cattle under open air-conditions, are subipct to infection ; thirdly to 
 ascertain what percentage of healthy calves it is possible to rear from diseased cows 
 Uept williout any precautions under open air conditions. 
 
 The experiment is not yet concluded, nor have its results been t,r,- 
 pcrly tabulated for publication. I may say, however, that of the twenty-eitclit 
 realtors, ono only has broken down from gcncnilizod tuberculosis durin- the tbnc 
 .vtars which have elapsed since the experiment began. One other has been kille 1 
 owing to tuberculosis of the uddc. Of the healthy animals kept in contart with 
 them, feeding from the sai-..- racks, griuiiif? over the samo ground, drinkiii" from 
 toe sane roc], not fxsi^iglc one luis Lecome niTcctcd and this in spite of the fact tint 
 from time to time, lunnuils suffering from acute generalized tuberculosis have been 
 introduced to the herd and allowed to mix freely with its original members. 
 
 The results in the rearing of healthy calves, however, remind oiu' somewluit of 
 the Insliuiim s pigs, whi,.li. you will rrcorie.^t. whet, kille.i, did not weigb „s much ,i. 
 lie expected and he never thought they would. 
 
 Of the ealv.s dropped and reare.l by reactinjr cows. s. vei,tv-five per cent ( T.", ,-. ,■ 
 cent) have s, far entirely failed to react, while twenty-iive ,, r cent (I'.'i per cut) 
 have reacted at various ages ranging from four month, to one vear. One calf died 
 at six weeks old fi-ou, geiieraliz.-d tuberculosis, this ens, being "..rol^Mv cunyoni,,] 
 
 ill- results ol the various tests of the original r..,„.tors made at' intervals of 
 about SIX months and in the last ease after a lapse of tv,,lve months, are exce, .li„..|v 
 .nte^estlng .and will, when published, together willi the y ■ .•/ mort.m nole« uicrit tlu- 
 ■areful perusal of tho.e wlio belie.e in the ,>bs.lut,. reliability of tuberculin as a 
 ■liagnostic agent. 
 
 I might add .that the cattle have had no .beltor but, .ron sheds and have, ui.l, 
 t;,e exc<_.ptioi, of n few of the weaker indivi,luals, l.,u f,,! u<aVuv^ but b,av u.r tlu 
 iiirce wmteis drneg vhicli they havo been under oI.Min i-iou 
 
 It should be mentioned that through an error in judgae-ut on the part of an 
 . 'rTir^ '""■''""7'; 'l^^""'"? ^'"^ first winter, our ,.ahe< lo^an 1o .rrivo in Deeein- 
 . -r of 1906, the lirst be:ng dro])p;Hl when the tbennnmeter was 29" below zero t' ■ 
 -hers following at intervals, sometimes very short, until tii.. mid.lle „; Mar,'', Vii',; 
 :i,d that in spit., of thi^ both dams and progeny thr-.ve uell in the .nen air 
 
 Ihe r.-nlts are v-ry interesting in view of the pn .ent tuidenev to coum,!, ,■ ti„ 
 .::gestive tract the most frequent and certain ,.hannel of infection. While Hir v^yw'- 
 nent above out.lin:^d assists in proving that young aiiin.h can b. an! a,- > ,u -'t 
 -:-.|uently inle..t,.,l through the digestive system, it als ^ to mv le.ind. shov. < tea- 
 ... the case of adults, infection through the air passages pla.vs :>„ important part. 
 
 1 feel satasfie), and I think all practical men will agree, that had the healthv 
 oaale in thi8 exper.merit been kept under ordinary st.ibb caiiUtioa. witli their 
 a,.,ascd companions, they vonld not haw; .scaped as tbev have doiio 
 
 _.hv .iMdK.st modieal au,;.orities are nowaciays advising, and with the v,,v b,.-t 
 iv^siblo ivsults, ,nir modern hot-house humanity, to g, t. 'eiosrr to n-.ture' lu, v,v^ 
 Possible wa.v The advantages of adopting a similar policy in the handlim.' .-na' 
 I.' ':s_,u: of den-.estic nnimal= are too apparent to adnat of disoiissiou. Xatur- ha< 
 Ivnnshed cur amiral friends with every conceivable r.quisite for proKction acaii.M 
 o.'mar,y climatic conditions .and most of the diseases a.:d di-Td.ilities to which tb-v 
 ar- subject have been caused by and owe their continuance to the irrational artificial 
 ci.litions imposed upon them by well-meaning but ipnor«nt. or rather unthiukin- 
 '■" ::ers and attendants. "^ 
 
 \ ain hore. howTver, lw loam and not to teach. The pi-obl.n, of the Control of 
 ti ■ ine Tuberculosis is undoiibtelly thj most 3Jrwa^ oifroatiii? t!i- veteriuM-v 
 ^.l• -nrian of to-day, and if the labo^urs of this section of the Tnternational Congress 
 ii' It m U& solution, I lor one will be forrver grateful. 
 
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