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Dy errata ed to mt me pelure, apon A 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 -fill T THE NORTH - WEST. IIIK FROVl.\rK OF MANITOBA AND NORTH-WEST TKIIKITOHIKN- THEIR EXTENT-HALVBRITY OF THE CLIMATE- FERTILITY OF THE NOIL-PRODUCTS-REGI'LATIONB €ON€fiRNIN€4 K^ANDH- RAILWAY!*— PRICES OF CEREALS AND FARM IMPLEMENTfl-SALARIES AND WAGES-TRAVEL- LING ROUTES BY LAND AND WATER, ETC., ETC., ETC. 'it ELIE TASSfi SECOND EDITION BE VIS ED A^D AVOMENT Kit f OTTAWA: LE CANADA PRINT, cornbr SUSSEX and MliUMA Y Sts. ]> THE TH K NORTH - WEST. TSE PKOVI.\4 E OF IIAKITOHA %XI» NORTH WKKT TKKRITORIF.K- TIIEIH EXTt:!«T-MAI.i;BRIT% OF TIIF 1 1.IM ATK-FFRTIMTY OF THE NOIE-FROI»|-<'TK-REfei-RAII.UAYN-l*RI('FMOF«'EREAI.N A.\l» FARH I.nPI.EMEXTM-NAI.ARIEK AXI» MA OTTAWA: IE CANADA PRINT, coKNiiR SUSSEX a.nd MURRAY Sts. »->i. THE GREAT CANADIAN WEST. 1. Several years ago, His Lordship Anhbisliop Taclie wrote in his Sketch of the North West as follows : — " The breadth of this country, from east to west, is, in ronnd •• numbers, about 1200 miles, audits length from north to south ^' about 1500 miles, containing the immense area of 1,800,0(10 •' square miles. " When we compare this vast region with tli'? small and • hmited countries which are occupied by some of the most. " fjowerful nations of the world, the contrast astonishes us and '' we naturally consider if this vast, uninhabited region is " destined to remain for ever in the natural state in which Pro '' vidence has allowed it to be up to the present. Isolated in this " jinmense desert, we often listen hoping that some strong and " distinct echo may be audible, produced by the bustle and '• agitation of the world beyond the oceans, by the feverisli •' excitement and daring ambition of the great neighboring '' republic, or by the creation of *he Dominion of Canada. Our beautiful and grand rivers, our immense lakes, are '• liicv to Lave no other vessels navigating them than the light • bark canoe of the Indian or the heavy-oared craft of the fur- •• Leader ? '' The agricultural resources of this country, its mineral • wealth, and the treasures of its forests and waters, are they • destined to be never known nor appreciated as they merit?" When His Lordship the Archbishop was pondering on the ;i.ospects of this vast and productive country, the future was -0011 to give him a reply. In fact, Canada had decided during !,e succeeding year ti annex to herself the North- West Terri- tories, of whose inexhaustible resources her statesmen had then ' mghl only a glimpse; and now, that is after twelve years have ' l.ipsed, the great Canadian West is everywhere known, and th(,' Import of the discovery at las* of a world — ignored for so long a .(lie — has been resounded across the ocean. The Mother Country, whicli had formerly abandoned some of her possessions in this ,.art, of whose value she was then ignorant, lO the selhsh control u1 a Company of traders, has at last learned to appreciate them, and the illustrious Disraeli has di^livered a speech bearing on this mattef, which produced a great sensation. i Our iiei^'libors in the United States, who liad no idea, it appears, ol the extensive wealth which we possess in tiiis rep;ion, art' now aroused by the reports which have been published. They have perceived that in relation to their commerce with the lortMgn markets, they are threaltued by a rival power, and hence the principal centres of trade — New York, Chicago, Milwauke*', St. i*aul — are seriously concerned about the economical r»ivolu- tion which is taking place. it is estimated that in the " unlimited solitudes " of the North-West, of which Lord Beaconsfield so enthusiasti.-,ally spoUe, there is contained nearly 200,000,000 acres of land lit for tillage. The cultivation of only a portion of this territory would enable us to compete with the United States in the grain Iralfic. For example, if we calculate what will be produced from ."i, 000,000 acres of wheal, allowing "25 bushels on an average to the acre, we can then form some idea of the future of this country in an agricultural point of view. During the summer of 1879, delegates from different portions of the United Kingdom visited Canada, and all of them who visited Manitoba and the Morth-West expressed their astonish- ment at the great ressources they found. When we consider what has been accomplished within the short period since the North-West was received into Confedera- tion, we are puzzled why this isolated region should have for so long a time defied the progress of civilization. We will not take up our time in inquiring into all the causes to which this was due, but it will sullice to touch upon one point only: that it was the interest of the Hudson Bay Company not to awaken the attention of the outside world to this region, nor to reraovf> the numerous prejudices which its very remoteness engendered. 9I4]\ITOBA rUE VALLEY OK THE RED HI VEIL If. The Province of Manitoba, which heretofore was only a narrow strip of land, was considerably enlarged, last year, by an Act of the Federal Parliament. Situated at an almost equal distance between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, from east to west, and from the Arctic ocean and Gulf of Mexico from north to soutii, that province occupies about the middle of the continent. Tra- versed by the Canadian Pacific Railway, Manitoba will also be the centre of inland navigation in British North America. The new limits extend west to the line dividing ranges XXIX andi XXX ; north, to a line dividing townships 44 and 45, proceeding] had no idea, it s ill this reRioii, published. They iiercp Nvilh the ower, and hence ago, MilwauUet', nomical r»^vohi- >lil\ides " of the siasli.-ally spoUe, nd lit lor tillage, •y would enable rain tralUc. For I from :),UOO,OUI) rage to the acre, lis country in an ditrerent portions ill of them who d their astonish- shed within the into Confedera- onld have for so ^e will not take up ich this was due, that it was the \i;n the attention e the numerous ore was only a , last year, by an ost equal distance ast to west, and north to south, continent. Tra- oba will also be h America. The inges XXIX and ^ nd 45, proceeding! •ioulh ol Deer Uiver directly tMst, crossing lakes Winnipegosis and Winnipeg to the yet undelined Eastern liniits of (Jntario. The Province was deQiiitely annexed to Canada in !87(J, and ils population, which was then about |-J,00i) souls, has increased during the last twelve years at an astonishing rate. The popula- tion, at the date of the census of 1HHI-, which will he found in another part of this book, was G."),',ir»4 souls ; the emigration during that same year was ill, 000, giving a total of ahoul '.15, (100. It is estimated tliat the number of immigrants to that province this year 1 1882) will be larger than last year, so tiial the whole population on the 1st Januaiy, l8Hli, will be 150,000 souls or thereabout. Since the year 187G. emigration has especially directed itself thither, and it seems that the Far- West will become a receptacle for the overcrowded populations of other countries. There are two lai'ge rivers which run through the plains of Manitoba, the most important of which is the Red river, being ne«irly 600 miles in lengt:. ; it has its source in Minnesota and, after traversing t le Province from north to south, discharges into Lake Winnipeg, a portion of which is couUned within tho colony as well as Lake Manitoba in the western part. (*) This writer course is uavigabh on a stretch of 400 miles, and during the summer season is frequented by many stjainero. The water Oi' this river is of a muddy aj earance, but contains no noxious properties, and is good to dri.:k '-hen filtered, especially during the winter season. We may hi -mark tluU on the prairie, they seldom fail to find water on 1 wells. The Assiniboine also is a lai^_ river of 800 miles in length ; it nns from the west and is the principal tributary of the Red river, with which it. mingles its more limpid waters. In many places, the navigation of this river is dillicnlt, but wlien certain obstructions are removed, the development of this flue country w:]l thereby be rapidly promoted. Of the less important water courses are the rivers Seine, Rat, Ro'^idU at the east, and Sale, Gratias and Marais at the west of Red river, of which ih 'y all are tributaries. The Capital of the province — Winnipeg— formerly called Fort Garry, is situated at the confluence of the Red and .Vssiniboine rivers. It is a bustling and active city, which, in 1874, was only a village, distinguished at the time by the more ambitious title which it bears to-day. It hardly required a period of a few years in order to marvellously grow into a large town with wide streets lined with pretty cottages and handsome shops, which would even be becoming to the Commercial Metropolis of the (■) Lalve Winnipeg is MO inili's lon^i;, and ils gi-i'atesl widtti is 57 miles. Lakes Manitoba and Winnijiegosis are l"2() niil'-s in lengiti and 27 in widt'i. 6 Dominion. A town hfili and public market have been erecif '• and proper drainage attended to. Companies have been organized for the establisliment of street railways and water and gas works. The Federal Government has also caustid to be constructpt! various public edilices, such as the Post Oflire, Land Oflice an. I Custom House, which contribute greatly towards Ihe appearamv of the city. Buildings for ihe Local Legislature and the resident' of the Lieutenant-Governor are now in course of erection, as also a new Court House and Jail, the two latter as the expense of lli-' Local Government. There is a Protest.int College for boys, several educational establishments fo" young ladies, and publi' schools — all good buildings. It has been staled that Winnippf^, whoi^e population now exceeds 15,000 souls, ihe majority of whoiu are Engli^ih, has increased more quickly than Chicago, the Que^u City of the West. Opposite Winnipeg, on the east side of the I\ed river, appeu? the pretly town of St, Boniface, peopled chietly by French Canadians. His Lordship Archbishop Tache, when writing in 1808 on '.hi- country, said that the Red River was a country of locomotioi. without locomotives ; lo-day the locomotives bear the trains ali over the country. Time has made great changes, and that which, a traveller predicted some years ago, when speaking ot th-^ Saskatchewan, is realised, at least so far as the valley of the ReJ river is concerned. " Perhaps, he exclaimed, they will hear in "' the plain.s of the Saskatchewan the whistle of the locomotive ; " perhaps the hospitable residence of Mr. Christie may become. '' one day, a railroad station, and a half-breed of the Red river, ii " the uniform of the chief of the siation, will hand to the bewil- '' dered Lidian a railway ticket for going and returning." St. Bonifiic , the see of the Archbishop, possesses a b^aiififn! cathedral, a classical college, an educational establishment for young ladies, and a hospital under the direction of the ReverenU Sisters of Charity. This town will in a short time be connected with Winnipe;.; by two bridges, the first at Point Douglas, already built, and the other in course of construction opposite the Provencher Avenue. St. Boniface is also destined to become a great city During the last several years, real estate has much increased in value, and many citizens of Winnipeg have bought lots in that place on which to erect their residences. The municipal organization is composed of a mayoi rnd a Council composed of six member- The old College has been converted into a City hall. Several English newspapers are published in the Province three of whick are issued daily, in Winnipeg alone. POLITICAL. Emigrants, before leaving for their desliiialioii, are roiireiiied, uol only about tlie material advantages, but also in l!it> political and other institutions of the country where they piopose to s.etlle. In order to meet their reasonable desires mi Hiis respect, we shall endeavour to supply certain accurate iiiformation relative to the Province of Manitoba; after which, we will interest the re.ider with particulars of the incomparable richnes> of its soil and other matters, which by means of labor will enable liie settler to jgain in lime prosperity or a fortune. The political institutions of Maiiitoba are nearly similat- to those of the other Provinces. Th y enjoy there rcspon-^i hie Gouvernment in its perfection. There are :{(l electoral dislrii-ts which choose a corresponding number of members for the Legis- lative Assembly. The Executive power consists of a Lieutenant- Governor, a Provincial Secretary and Treasurer, an Attornev General, a Minister of Public Works and Minister of Agriculture — one of whom discharges the duties of I'josident of the Council. The Manitoba Act sanctions the use of tlie two languages — English and French — in the Legislative Assembly and in the Courts, which latter are presided over by three Judges, More- over, the Province is represented in the federal PaiTiamenl 1»\ four members and two Senators. HELir.ION. Missionaries of the Gospel have foi- a long time extended th'ir pastoral visits through the plains and forests of the West, and especially so since the country has been annexed to Canada. It is not then a matter of surprise to lind that works associated witii religion have been vigorously promoted. Churches have sprung up in all directions as if by magic, and moral progress is keeping pace with material development, EDUCATION. The system of education is the same as that in the Province of Quebec, by which, on the one hand, Protestants have absolute control of the education in which they are interested, and, on the other hand, Catholics also enjoy the same rights and privileges. There is a general Council, composed of both Protestants and Catholics, which concerns itself with the general interests of education, but has no power to inter f re with the principles of the law, nor to modify the reguiatimis of the I^rotestant and Catholic particular councils. All the schools being subsidized by the Government, therefore, where', cr a settlement spring^j up sufQcienllv large to maintain a school, it hastens to establish one, towards which parents have to pay only a light annual tax. Two i su[ierinl('n(i(Mits an; appoMiUHl Lo walcli over llie working of this ediu-atioiiai sysleiii so \v<'ll organized. IIIK POSTAL S\STE.M. Tfie postal systeni is very complete tliroughout the North- West; and Post OHlces aie now established in every locality of the Province. :MK CM.MATi:. The climate ol' this Province is most healthy, which is espe- cially (hie to the dryness of the atmosphere In the sLimmt;r the heat is ic^ense, but the nights are always cool and fresh. The cold is ( ssively sharp during the winter, but not to that degree as to ;i!i> arable. The dryness of the atmosphere exerts such an ell ;: *j ; the temperature that the cold is not felt when it is lU! ^o .■ rees below zero, any more than we do in Ontario o 'bee I, hen it is only 15 or 20 degrees below. 'J'he reports ol ttic ..everity of tli • climate sometimes frighten those at a distance who are strangers to the coupfry, but there are in reality no grounds for any serious tears. People after several years' experi- ence ol' the climate have not found their health to be imptiired, but rather to have improved, especially as no epidemic diseases prev'ul fher^^. It is true that the small pox at one time spread itself in a settlement of the h'clanders, but the disease had been introduced there by some emigrants, and the ravages of this terrible malady were conlined to that portion of the population. The transition from the season of winter into spring, which begins in April, and from summer into the cold season, which takes place in the month of November, usually is very rapid. The ram is sufhcientlv Ireuueut; it has been more than usuallv abundant during the last three or four years, but not to an extent to injure tht3 harvest, which has always been good; owing to ihe penetrable character of the soil, the water is quickly absorbed. .SNOW AM) FltOST. T)ie quantity of snow which falls in Manitoba is not so great as in the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario; it usually does not exceed a fool and a half or two feet. The roads are generally very tine ui the winter season. During one of the last winters, it is a strange fact that not snlhcient snow fell for sleighing, and that the breaking up of the ice in the Red river took place about the ir)th March. There has been much said about early frosts in Manitoba, hut report > in this respect have been greatly e.\agge'-ated. Daring a sojourn of five years in that province, we can truly assert that never, to our knowledge, did the harvest seriously sutler from this can^c. )rkiiig of this ill Manitoba, \) KEHTll.irv 01' THE soil. The soil of the illey of tlie Rod rivtM- is a black alluvioii, haviug a vegetable stratum of two feot in depth and deeper than that 111 certain places. Its fertility is extr.tordinary. Mr. M.ithieu de Dombasle, one of the most scieiitiiic agricnUnnsts of his day, said : '' By means of mannring, I do not know any t)ad land; without manuiing, 1 do not know any good." Manitoba is an exception to this rule, for the practice of tuannring land has hitherto been scarcely, if not absolutely, unknown. At the last Dominion E.\hlbition, a sample of land was exlnbited from a farm on which had been raised whe it during ")(l yt!ais consecutively without any manuring. We ourselves saw at Dulferin, in I87't, a magnificent held of stalked wheat, and it was the twenty second year that the land had bden planted with grain witbont any one having ever dreamt of nianniing it. Mr. W. A. Loucks bought in IST.") a tann whicli had been under cultivation for 70 years and whicb had already yielded lifty-two harvests of wheat. In the following year he raised on it % busliels of wheat to tlk.' acre, 51 bushels of oats, •Jll bushels of peas,, and in th-j year IS77 he received from il, Xy2. busliels of [lOtdloes from 10 bushels of sf^ed. The analysis of the s dl, made carefully by scieutitic men, attributes to it most remarkable properties. Mr. Tliomas Connolly, correspondent of the London '/Vmrs, in a letter to the Cilizen of Ottawa, on the IBtli November last, wrote as follows: " I "■ assure you that neither in the new or old world have I ever " seen a country where the soil was more fertile and the climate '' more salubrious than in Manitoba and the valley of the Red *•' river. There is no doubt in my opinion that an industrious *' and energetic man, fournislnid with aspade and seed, could soon " make a home for himself on the prairie and have an excellent CEIIEAI.S — WHEAT. Wheat is a plant [xir f'.rrcllcnir specially adapted to the nourishment of mankind. It is the basis of agrituiltural wealth, the first and most precious of all the cereal plants. The territory which produces it abundantly cannot fail to have a great influence on the market of the whole world. Now, it is univer- sally allowed that the Canadian North- West country, including Manitoba, is particularly adapteJ to tlie cultivation of this cereal. Wo may here approprialidy quote, m relation to this subject, an authority who is the least to be suspected ol partiality; it is th;it of Mr. .1. W.TayifU', American Consul at Winnipeg, who addressed the following letter to the Ploncfr l^nss of St. Paul, Minn., IJ. S., shortly after the visit to Manitoba of Mr. Head, M.P., and Mr. Pell, two delegates from England, whose nussiou to Canada we liave already noticed. i 10 THE GREAT WHEAT ZONE. ^Letler by U. S. Consul, J. W. Taylor] To tho Kditor ol" the Pioneer Presa. A comparative statement of temperature at St. Paul, ^V[^l- nipcg and Battleforu, for tlie lirst montlis of the current year, iucludiuf? April, having been published by me and noticed in tht^ Pioneer Pn'.v.s, I assume that your readers will Ix' inUTested iu a similar statement for the year ending July, 1879, to which 1 have added the monthly observations at Toronto. These positions are as follows: N. Laf. W. Lu,.. Toi'onto 'i3-;il» 79-2a St. Paul 44-5-2 '.):V0> Winnipeg 49-51) 'MViii Batlleford 52-30 109-00 It will be convenient to refer to latitudes al Toronto, 44 degrees ; St. Paul, 45 degrees ; Winnipeg, 50 degree?. ; Battleford, 53 degrees. The place last named is situated on the Saskatche- wan river, and is thti capital of the North-West Territory of Canada, as the vast district west of Manitoba ( longitude '.^9 degrees) to the Hockr Mountains is now known geographically and politically. Battleford is the residence of the Canadidr. Lieutenant-Governor Laird, and has its newspapei', the Saskut chewan Herald. I wiil further nremise that Sergeant IMMce, of the Canadian Mounted Police at Battleford ; Mr. .lames Stewart, of the Canadian. Signal Service at Winnipeg; SfM'geant Cone, of the United States Signal Corps at St. Paul, and Mr. Li. K. Rainboth, Dominion Civil Engineer, of Quebec, have kindly furnished tiie materials of the following TAHM-: Ol .MEAN lE.MFKnATLIl t >. t altle- Toiunlo. Sf Paid. W'innipeij. ford. August 0().3S 73-00 07-34 07-79 September 58-18 (KH^O 52-18 47-10 October 45 84 4003 35-84 34-52 November 30-00 38-03 30 00 28-00 December 25-78 19-03 11-97 0-48 Januaiy 22-80 10-03 —0-10 0'45 Febrnary 2-2-74 1502 —12-32 —10-25 March -28-93 33 01 14 14 10-80 April 40-72 50-04 39-|n 40-70 May 51-74 5807 53-13 53-35 .Iwne 01-85 07-09 03 20 00-45 .lul> 07-49 73-05 0819 ()3-9:) Yearly means. 44-04 45-62 :',4-70 34-S;' 1 tl t. Paul, ^VIJ-|- curreiit yeiir, noticed in th interested iu ;i I which I \\ii\'i II. Lo;:, 9:vo> \Uy-2ii lUO-Ou t Toronto, U p, ; Battlefoid. lie Saskatche Territory ot ( longitude '.<'.) reographicaliv the Canadiar, r, the Saskal- the Canadiar. the Canadian United Stale- •oniuiion Civa .iterials of the i.pry. M 18 •S4 ()G 07 10 :^? 14 Id l:{ •JO 10 Ti; LalUe- ford. G7'70 'i7i(> -28-()(> G-48 0-45 — I0l>5 10-80 i6-70 .")3'3.) (;o-4r> IDVO.) A statement of mean tempeiatnre durnig the agiicnllnral -.easoii from April to August inclusive, exhihits tiie following proportions : — Toronto, 57 degrees 6.') miiuites ; St. E*aul, 05 l?grees 5 minutes; Winnipeg, 58 degrees !'.) minntes; Battlefonl, 58 degrees 5:i minutes. Thus it will he seen that the climate, 111 its relation to agriculture, is warni'^r in Manitoba and over territory ^^^vqw hundred miles northwest, than in the most central ■iislricts of Ontario; while St. F*anl, in latitute »5 degr.'(^s, is 7 iiegives 40 minutes warmer than the vicinity of 'loronlo iu lulitnde 44 degrees. 1 h(ipe soon to he in possession of similar statistics at Fort Mr.Vlnrray on the Athahasca river, and Fort Vermillion on Peace :iv(M\ respectively 1,000 and l,200 miles due north-west of Win- nipeg, and I have full contidence that the climate at these points will not be materially ditterent from, iiattleford. The latitude of the Athabasca and Peace river district is less, and the trend of the Pacific winds through the Rocky Mountains is more marked than at Batlleford. It was on the banks of the I'eace river, well ap in latitude (iO degrees, that Sir Alexander Mackenzie records on the loth of May the grass so well grown that hnffalo, attended by their young, were cropping the uplands. But I find my best illustration that the climate is not male- lialiy dilferent west of Lake Athahasca, in latitude 00 degrees, than we experience west of Lake Su[)erior iu latitude 40 degrees, HI some personal observations of the northwestern exttuision of wheat cultivation. In 1871, Mr. Archibald, the well known broprietor of the Uundas Mills, iu southern Minnesota, visited •Maiiiioba, He remarked that the spring wheat in his virinity was deteriorating — softening, and he sought a change of seed, to restore its flinty texture. He timed his visit to Winnipeg with the harvest and lounii the quality of grain \u\ desired, but the yield astonished him. '^ Look," said he, with a head of wheal in ids hand, ^' we have had an excellent harve^.t in Minnesota, but I never saw more than two well-formed grains in each group or cluster, forming a row, but here the rule is thi-ee grnins in each • luster. That's the dillerence between twenty and thirty bushels per acre." More receiuiy, Pnif. Maeoiin, the botanist of the (lanadian Pacific Railway survey, has shown me two luiads of wheat, one from Prince Albert, a settlement near tlie forks of the Saskatchewan, latitud*; W,\ degrees, longitude 1 00 degrees, and another from F'ort Vermillion, on Peace river, hit tmle 5!) degrees, longitud(! 110 degret^s, and from each cluster of the two I separated five well-lormed grains, with a corres[»oiiding length of the head. Here was I he perlrction of the wht-at plain, attained .iccordiiig to the well known [diysical law, near the most uorlheru limit of its successful growth. Permit another illustration on tin; lestimony ol Prof Macouu. WIkjii ai .1 Hudson Bay post ul the region in (HU'sliou — riilier u Fort McMurraY, in hililude 57 degrees, or Furl Verniillioii, la latitude 59 degrees, and about the longitude of J^reat Salt Lake, an employee of the post invited him to inspect a strange plant in his garden, ^rown from a l\'\v seeds never before seen in tha: locality. He found cucumber vines planted in April in the open ground, and with fruit ripened on the 20th of August. I h!ave to others to (juestion the accuracy of Blodget's stale ment in his well known Treatise upon the Climatology of North America twenty years ago, vi/ :— '' A line drawn from Thunder Bay, in Lake Superior, north-west to the Mackenzie river, at the 55th, would include an immense district adapted to wheat, with only the local exceptions of mountains and worthless soils." 1 do not regard Prot. Blodget's estimate as extravnganl, and 1 quite concur in the following confirmatory opinion of the Pioiicer Pres:<, published in .luty last, and which 1 beg leave also to quote : — '' The line of equal mean temperatures, especially for the season '>f vegetation between March and October, instead ot following lines of latitude, bends from the Mississippi valley far to the north, carrying the zone of wheat from Minnesota away to the 60th parallel in the valley of the l*eace riv»-r, and repro- ducing the summer heals of New Jersey and southern Pennsyl- vania in Minnesota and Dakota, and those of northern Pennsylvania and Ohio m the valley of the Saskatchewan. * * " "Within the isothermal lines that inclose the zone west and north- west of Minnesota, which is being or is soon to he opened to cultivation, lies a vast area of fertile lands from which mighl easily be cut a dozen new States of the size of New-Yoi k." Will the editor of the P ioneei- I'ress ])didon me if, partially inspired by such a warm presage, I ventured, at a recent banquer in Winniprg to Messrs. Read and Pell, to claim for Northwest British America a territory as large as four Slates of the size ol Pennsylvania, which is specially adapted to the production of wheat, and where, conseiiuently, it will take the leading rank, as the great agricultural staple? In this view, i assigned Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and even southern Minnesota to the zone specially adapted to i:orn, as the more Southern Slates constitute a cotton zone ; iuid observing the imperative natural restrictions in the Mississippi valley upon the successful production of wheat, I hazarded ihe statement that tluee-fourths of the wheat producing belt of North America would be north of tne international bound- ary. This arithmetical division has since be 'ii questioned by the Pioneer Press. I will venture to illustrate the climatic lulluences whicli control the problem under consideration, by some citations from '' Minnesota ; Its place among the Stales, by J. A. Wheelock, Commissioner of Statistics," which, though published in 18150, i^. all the more an authority lor the confirmation of iwentv vears. •J w «; 13 i Vermillion, la peuL Salt Lake, Iraiige plant in re seen in Iha; iril in the open list. Blodget's stale- ology of North frofu Thunder ie river, at llie to wheat, with 3SS soils." 1 do 111, and 1 quitr' le Pioneer Presa, to quote : — ecially for the )er, instead ot sippi valley far linnesota away ver, and repro- thern l*ennsyl- of uortherii itchewan. * * " ,vest and north - he opened to which niighl -York." me if, partially recent banquei. or Northwest s of the size of production of e leading rank, assigned Ohio, Ota to the zone lates constitute ral restrictions ction of wheat, heat producing lalional bound- 3stioned by the laenc(.'s whicli citations from A. Wheelock, shed in 18t)0, i^ twenty years. The general law of limitation to Ih- prohtahle rultivation of wheat is thus luminously stated : — " The wheat producing district of the United Sl;itps is con- fined to about ten degrees of latitude and sh degrees of longitude, terminating on the west at the 98fh parallel. But the zone of its profitable culture occupies a comparative nan-ow belt along the tool bord>rs of the district delined lor inland positions by the mt!an temperature of hfty-five degrees on the north and seventy- one degrees on the south, for the two monllisof .Inly and August.. This defuiition excludes all the country lying south ot latitude forty degrees, except Western Virginia, and north of that it t'XCiudes the southern districts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, while it includes the northern part of these Slates, Canada, New York, Western Virginia, Miciiif^'in, Wis- consin, Minnesota and the Red river and Saskatchewan valleys. In general terms, it n^.ay be staled thai Ihe belt of maximum wheat production lies immediately north of the districts where llie maximum of Indian corn is attained." The argument for Nonhwest British America, as well as for the State of Minnesota, cannot be more accurately epitomized than by the following summary of Commissioner Wheelock : — " I. That physical and economical causes restrict the limits of wheat culture to the seat of its maximum production, in less than one third of the States of the Umou, within a climatic belt liaving an estimated gross area of oiily 2()0,OhO square miles, from which nine-tentlis of the American supply of bread, and a large and constantly increasing amount of foreign fo d must be drawn. '' "2. That within this zone, the same climatic and other cau- ses tend to t^once itrate the growth of wheat in the upper belt of the north-western States, always preferring the best wheat districts. '•'■ 3. That Minnesota and the couutry north-west of these wheat districts having the largest areas yield the most ctn'tain crops and the best and healthiest grains." It should not be overlooked that the mission of the Imperial cummissioners. Read and l*ell, to this cou'iinent was to ascertain the probabilities and incidents of the food supply, especially hreadstutls, for the demands of the liiited Kingdom; and from ihis stand point the Winnipeg Fn'c Press suggests a negative of California and Oregon must be included, but it is doubtful whrither their product for export will exceed the shipments from the I^rovince of Ontario. Will the great interior of the continent contribute to our exportations of wheal and its Hour ? I refer to the territorial organizations of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Nevada. Let d? take the most favored of all, Mouuina. Grand as are its resources, I am constrained to believe that only one thirtieth of its surface is within reach of the unavoidable condi- tion of irrigation, and that llie mountains with their mineral wealth and the uplands as grazing grounds for cattle and sheep, will be tlic chief theatres of industrial activity. After careful inquiry in 1868, as United States Commissioner of mining statistics, 1 committed myself to the following statement: "The areaof tht- territory (Montana) is 146,689 3o-100 square miles, equal to 93, il is doubtful bipuieiits from tribute to our the territorial ■ado, Utah and ana. Grand as hat onlv one oidable condi- their mineral tie and sheep. After careful iuing statistics, rhe area of the , equal to 93, times the area ind, and yet no as susceptihlf- i,346,400 acres. ice to domestic do and New it report of the Major J. W. 84,476 square streams, but 250,000 acres. m not compe- ide 98 degrees 101 degrees, Manitoba, is available for Bir volume, o! •bed by miner? ms and cities. le localities of om St. Paul — t Vermillion. west of loiigi- Denver City, le of the more gation. It it^ )roadens with ! Pacific coast. i on the Mac ns for ah the ji,::poses of a^riculliire as orgaiii/.t'd in llie Atlantic and .Missis. -ir>pi States. 1 have no pride of opinion as to the accuracy of an iinproinplu , ; imate of pioportions north or south of tht3 boundary. I would cheerfully waive it, confessing to an ariLhinetical inaccuracy, if .i?sured of a general accepiance of the opinion with which tho article of the Pionerr Pnss concludes, namely, that •' in llic ILidson Hay Territory, outside of the old provinces, 200,000,000 acres are adapted tu wiieat raising." That adinission is more tliaii enough to justify a railroad policy, whiih will push, within leu years, the locomotive from Winnipeg fully 1,200 miles bevond its* jn-esent bound on lied river. It may occur to railway .nauagers at no distant period u) change once more the name of iiie trunk line of the Red river valley, and even if there is no lestoration of the ''St. Paul ^^ Paciiic,' to substitute that of ili j ^* >t. Paul, Minneapolis c^v Athabasca Railway." J. \V. TAYLOR •JCiid Nov., 1S70. Mr. Taylor, a gentleman of talent and informalion, has resided \\\ Manitoba for many years and has made a special study of the I ouutry and its resources ; and as a careful and just observer, In li.i> not been afraid to truthfully speak out and bear disinterested icstimony of every great weight in fav(n- of the l*rovince. His Iflter speaks for itself : it is an earnest and convincing reply to ail article writt n from St. l^aul which accused him of exaggera lion in his ivparls of the country. The Honorable Senator, Mr. .lolin Sutherland, of Manitoba, >uied before a committee at Ottawa that he had harvested 00 bushels to the acre of spring wheat weighing 60 lbs.; he added that they had even got 70 bushels IVom one bushel. These are, no doubt, exceptional facts, but they prove the e.xtraordinary pro- ducUve sirength of the soil. Tlie usual yield of wheat, who&e >;alks tall and prcvlded with a full, compact ear, is about 2.") I'usheis to the acre. It is also an established fact that the Hour nade from this grain is of the very best (luality. The lollowing is the nunimuni yield of wheat as compared w.lii that of the following Slates of the American Republic : Canadian North-West 2.") biashels per ar-re. Minnesota 17 " MassachuS'Hts 10 '' '' Pennsylvania I') '' "" Wisconsin i:'. Iowa 10 Ohio 10 JUinois 8 '' " 16 The following shows Ihe weij^ht of wheal : Manitoba spring wheal, G!i to Gli lbs. per busliel. Minnesota "• 0:{ lo 05 lbs. *' Illinois '' .V2 to 58 lbs. '^ Ohio " 57 to 00 lbs. '^ Pennsylvania '■' 57 to 00 lbs. '' The wheat should be sown before the |-.?ih Ma^ . The best kinds, it seems, are Scotch wheat, Russian wheat and Red Rivei wJjeat. Scarcely any wheat is sown in the fall. OATS. They cultivate lliis cereal with very great success; the yield is sometiires amazing, of wliich we will give certain examples : — Mr. Alex. Murray, M IM*., in 1870, on an average raised 9(i bushels to the acre on a field of 7 acres. Mr. Wm. McLeod, of High Blull', harvested 600 bushels from acres and 12 bushels of seed. Mr. Donald McKay, of the same place, got 1,100 bushels from 10^ acres Tlie average yield is from 45 to 50 bushels to the acre. Canadian North-West 50 bushels per acre. Minnesota '.{7 '■'■ '' Iowa -28 '' ^' Ohio 23 '' " Oats should not be sown later than the 20th of May. are several varieties ; that of Norway has the preference. There HAULEY. One acre alone has yielded 00 bushels. Barley is a remark- able crop here. The usual growth is from 35 to 40 bushels per acre, weighing from 50 to 55 lbs. Canadian North-West 40 bushels per aci-e. Minnesota .25 Iowa 22 W^isconsin 20 Ohio U> Indiana 19 Illinois 17 UYK AND ULCK WHEAT. The cultivation of rye has been neglected. The same remark applies to buckwheat. a u Ik u u u Li8liel. liii . The best iiid Red Kivei ess ; the yield n examples : — M'age raised 90 bushels from bushels from the acre. per acre. f May. Tliere reuce. sy is a remark- 140 bushels per )er acre. n il. u u same remark 17 However, Mr. A. V. Be<.'ksled, who had sown liuckwtit'al at hiiierson, declares that the yield iu 1877 and I87S was ;{() bushels per acre, and id bushels iu 1879 and 1880. I'KAS. The product Ironi the cultivation of this cereal is considerable, beiuij; from 25 to 30 bushels per acre. INDIAN COMN. One particular kind of corn grows xery well, but the attempts towards its ci tiv;;t:on have not been in '■eiieral verv salislactorv : that variety ti which we have referred is smaller than that cultivated iu the other provinces. H.A\ AM) iu:mp. Tiiese plants for manufacturing purposes hud in the rich soil of the North-West ail that is required for their development. It is said that their cultivation was very extensive till lately iu the settlement of the Red River, but that the want of a market led to its abandonment during several years At present, the French- Canadians settled on the Red River, and the Menuonites have resumed this cultivation with considerable success. Flax may be sown until the end of -lune. HOPS. Wild hops grow in abundance. I'OTA'l'OES. They grow as every one would have ihem, attaining an immense size which does not impair iu the least their excellent taste. One acre has been known to yield on more than one occasion GOO bushels. Mr. J. W. Sifton, a contractor of the C. 1*. Railway, gathered •275 bushels from a ploughed field of a ([uarter of an acre. Mr. F. C. Shipp, of Point Douglas, at Winnipeg, raised in his garden a tubercle weighing 4 lbs. lUit this was surpassed by Mr. John Omand of St. James, who exhibited at Winnipeg a potatoe of 2 lbs. in W-^ight, which we saw with our own eyes. The Early Rose, Beauty of Hebron and Suowflake are the kinds preferred. The general production is from 400 to 500 bushels per acre. TURNIPS, PARSNIPS. They have gathered more than 1000 bushels of turnips from one acre; and they are remarkable for their proportions. Mr. J. B. Clarke of St. James liaa a crop iu 1867 on an average from 1000 to 1200 bushels to thn acre iu a field of 7 acres. At the 2 18 Provincial L]\hibition held al ^Villnipe^' in thai year, a liirnip was exhibited weighiiiu 36;^ lbs., to which fact we oiirself cai; testify. This vegct; " .enomenoii was sent to ihe Centennial K.\hibition of the U'...-- States, whore it conspicuously held the iirsl rank of that class of vegetables. The average yield of the turnip is from 500 lo 700 bushels to the acre. The parsnips vegetate equally well. BEET-ROOTS. Meets have been raised weighing as much as ti) lbs. ; this is, no doubt, an unusual production, but it shows what the medium size is likely to be. The soil is particulaily adapted to this plant, and hence it is proposed to cultivate it extensively for the manu- facture of sugaj-. CAHBAGES, Of ail agricultural products there is none finer to look at than the cabbage, being remarkable for its development aud quality. At the Provincial Exhibition of 18G7, a splendid collection of this vegetable was displayed, one of which weighed 26 lbs. and others 25 lbs. CAHROTS. They grow as well as the beets, to which we liave referred, and aie excellent in quality. Tlioy sometimes weigh eleven or twelve pounds, and the yield has been as much as :}00 bushels I>er acre. ONIONS. They are truly very fine and tligir size is astonishing; a single acre yielded 270 busliels. MELONS, CUCUMBERS AND PUMPKINS. All these succeed well, but require attention. We may fitly cite here what is said by a traveller writing in " Le lour da Monde " in 18G0, and speaking of the farm of a Mr. Gowler on the Assiniboine : — " His lands (he said) are considerable ; he only cultivates a ' portion of them, of which the fiftieth is devoted to the cereals; " the remainder to corn, turiups and potatoes, the finest that " could possibly be found anywhere. His melons could not be "equalled; they weighed upwards of 6 lbs. The garden con- " nected with this f,irm also supplied him with a great variety of " vegetables and all the tobacco necessary for his own use. And " as for fodder, the prairie provided him with «11 that was requi- " site. It is to be regretted (he continues) that all country farms " of the Red River should not rival with this one. Certainly, it is l'.> 'L'iir, a turnip e ourself can le Centennial Lisly held the e yield of the :) lbs. ; this is, .t the medium I to this plant, or the manu- ler to look at elopment and iidid collection hed 26 lbs. and lave rel'erred, eigh eleven or s ;?00 bushels stonishing; a We may fitly our du Monde. " owler on the y cultivates a the cereals; he finest that could not be 3 garden con- reat variety of wn use. And ^lat was requi- |country farms ^rtainly, it is fjot nature which kilUes the hopes of llu; larmfr, nor ih^; soil ' which opposes his efforts. There is none liul the most fertile ' and favorable soil. The Indian corn grows everywhere ; they •' ^lant it about the Isl of June and it is ripe at the eiul of August; ■' the wiieat is harvested three months aftiM- bt'ing sown ; hay of " a superior quality covers hundreds of thousands of acres; the " culinary plants, such as are in use in Canada, are dev.dopid •' Willi an uncommon vigor on the banks of the Red river and '' the Assiniboine. All unite to make the colony a centre of pro- " duction unequalled." We saw at the lust Dominion Exhibition held in Ottawa, lisplayed in the department of Manitoba, potatoes weighing \ lbs., I»eets 8 lbs., carrots 5 lbs., onions a foot and cabbages four feet in 'ircumference. Mr. C. de Cazes of Winnipeg «!xhibited some magnificent specimens of the sugar cane. And it must be observed that all these particular articles had to be galheied three weeks sooner than is usual in order that they might arrive in Ottawa in time for the exhibition. The gardens of Mr. Owen Hughes of F^ointe de Chene, have yielded cucumbers 18 inches in length, and Mr. James Lawrie, of Morris, says that he ha- had pumpkins ol enormous size. Thus we perceive that all those vegetables or plants which are ordinarily found in the culinary garden grow amazingly here. FUUITS. There is an abundance of wild fruits iu the North West, imong which we may mention the grape, prune, strawberry, 'lierry, blackberry, raspberry, catherinath, pear, gooseberry, cur- rant, bmeberry, blackberry, atoca, etc., etc. The culture of fruits scarcely occupies the time of the settlers it present; hut satisfactory proofs of its good results begin to turn their attention more in this direction. Thus Mr. W. B. Hall, of the Parish of Headingly, situated at a short distance from Winnipeg, has a very fine garden planted with ab )ut 100 fruit trees of all kinds; and at the last Dominion Kxlubition we saw apples from Manitoba. THE RAISING OF LIVE-STOCK — HAV. All wno have beheld with admiration the extensive prairies of the Western region unrolling themselves to the gaze until out of sight, agree in the opinion that it is a country where the raising of live stock can be carried on with very great success and little tjxpense. 'ihe herds leave the stables early in the spring and spread themselves over the plains where the tall and fertile grasses grow in great variety. There was exhibited in the city of Ottawa about 30 samples of thes-^ grasses. During the finest part of the year, between the I5th July and the loih Sept., the •20 u laraier cuts all the hay hu will re(juire lor liie vviiiler w ilhoui'. expense. In tlio autumn the animals are in excellent condi- lion, and the healthy temperature of the cold season is also faroi- ahle to their further development. Hitherto this hrancJi of husbandly lias been too much neglected, although it is sure to be accompanied with considerable advaulages. A ver\ great number of animals, hors(?s, cattle, sheep, hogs, are sent out every year of the neighboring Stales of the Hepuhlic, and it must necessarily be a very lucrative trade when they derive prohl in exporting numerous herds even from Montana. A l''reiich (Canadian, Mr. .1. Demers, who is settled in this American territory, brought more tlian 1500 heads of cattle to Manitoba, and he there got his price for them. '' The prairies isaid ilis Lordship Archbishop Tache) can supply food for an infinite number of cattle, not only on account " of liieir extensiveuess, but from the nature and richness of their "■ products, wliK'h are equal to those of the best clover meadows. '■'■ Animals intended for the meat-market become fat dependent " only upon the food supplied by the prairie, and when they are *' healthy they acquire in good time that condition which will '' (tommand the best market prices." Viscount Milton and Dr W. Cheadle, who crossed the Rocky Mountains, also state in their work published in I860 : — We let loose our horses in the beginning of winter at the "•' Belle Prairie 1*) ; although they were very thin and the snow " had begun to fall, they became like balls of fat. The pasture is so " nourishing that even in winter, when they have to seek for food " beneath the snow, the animals fatten rapidly, provided that they *' can find the wood where they may shelter themselves from " the severity of the temperature. Milch cows and oxen near the " Red river are in a condition almost as tine as that of stall-fed '' cattle and brought for exposition to Baker Street." The Government lease hay lands and also pasturages in order to facilitate, no doubt, the raising of live-stock, a commerce whicli Avill become soon one of the most important. Several immense ranches have already been established near the Rocky Mountains. Thousands of cattle now occupy these immense pasturages, and their number increases unceasingly. " lie who has hay has " bread," says the proverb, and this is true, seeing that the hay of both the natural and artificial prairies is not only bread, but also meat, milk, wool and trade. A farmer from the Eastern Townships, settled near Morris, about half-way between Winnipeg and the United States, wrote under date of 1st July last : " I wish you could see our prairies as they now are. The finest sight is otfered by the fields, where (*) Belle Prairie is situated somewhat west of Shell River, 21 's found a mixture of wild pease, or vetch, aud wild lierhs. Thos.' ;;.!anls, whose height is two or three leel, are so close toselhei- and so even that a hall falling on any part of the field would not touch the soil. The pease are of a deep f^reen color, and the grass of a light green. Thousands of acres of land, Ihu-i overed with this ve'^etation, offer a sight unique in its character, ajid of which the prairies of the North West alone possess the secret." Clover, etc., also grow well, but they are not e.xtensively cultivated, owing to tlie abundance of natural provender. The yield of hay is on an average from 3, i and 5 tons to the a'jre. DAUn. The raising of live-stock is also associated with anollwr domestic trade which increa-es considerably the proiits of ;'iu8bandry ; we refer to the dairy trafli: by th^ making of butler .ind cheese, articles which are both saleable and remunerative even on the local markets. HEES. The honey bees are easily acclimatized, as we are assured by the experience of those who have interested themselves in tlie siiitject. Here then is another traflic to which the settler can M'ofitably devote himself. FISH. Our rivers and lakes abound with fish ; there are found the perch, bass, the latter not very abundant at times : the pickerel, .•acker, which are plentiful ; inke and maskinonge, whicu are remarkably large; the "goid eye," taken in great numbers; the whitefisli, in which there is considerable trade ; the turbot or ilat fish, which especially frequents the Red river, neighboring lakes and tributaries of Lake Winnipeg; here also the sturgeon appears, etc., etc In the Arctic rivers the salmon and trout are plentiful; the latter, or rather a variety of them, frequent the lakes where the waters are calm. WILD ANIMALS, GAME, ETC. The North- W^est is the country of animals with fur and game generally : — of these we may mention particularly the buiffalo, musk-oXj bear, moose, cariboo, deer, roebuck, antelope, wolf, {Toat, the sheep of the mountains, fox, badger, carcajou, wild cat, liger cat, martin, beaver, otter, ermine, hare, rabbit, muskrat, weasel ; also, of another class, there abound the pheasant or prairie chicken, partridge, pigeon, ducks and geese, etc. The Honorable James McKay, with servant, shot more than 500 ducks, beside a numbar of prairie chickens, in two days. Three skilled ■i sportsmen of Winnipeg bagged in two days, near Lak» Winnipeg, about *.)(I0 ducks. One of our own friends killed during one day 100 ducks at about \[\ miles from Winnipeg. WOOD. It cannot be denied that wood is, relatively speaking, scan'-c ill the Norlli Wesl ; but lliis inconvenience — compensated as it is by a tbousand oilier advantages — liowever serious it may be, cannot become an obhtach; to the settlement of the country. Up to the present lime, Ihey have suHered very little in this respect, and the Pacific Railway with its branch lines now conneclH Manitoba with the great woody regions which are locat(»d to the east. It is known that liu; valleys of the Hainy rivcM", Winnipeg river and the territory comprised between the Lake of th(> Woods and Hed river, contain immense (iiiaiililies of wood of dilFereiit sorts. liesides the Ued river, the liivers Assiniboim;, Seine, Kat and others are skirted with woods. Towards the west, large streams traverse the forest division, where the total area, accord- ing 10 Archibishop Tache, is about 480,000 H|uar(! miles. His Lordship also applies the .same figures to tlu^ extension of the vast American Desert beyond our frontier, which is of the V.)lh parallel. The principal kinds of wood which an; met with in Manitoba and in the territories are the maple, soft majjle, red and white pine, ctMlar, o.ik, elm, ash, spruce, nirc-h, aspen, linden, fir, cypress, etc. Timbei for building purposes is imporied chiefly from the neighhoriug States or sent in rafts down the U»(l rivor and sawn in the Province. Large ([uaulities iiave, fiuiing tfif last two years, heen imported from Colliiigwood and the (leorgiaii liay, and even from Ottawa and Montnjal, hut the large saw mills which havt; recently been erect«'il on Lake Winnipeg, near Fort Alex;iiider, and en tii.; iiake of IIp; Woods, at Hat Portage, will furnish a (juantiiy sutiicient to supply tlu; wants of the market. There are hirge saw mills at Winnipeg and other places. A certain quanlily of wood for IuhI comes from the same source. The prices of wood anj given in another part of this book. Some of the inhabitants of ambitious Stonewall, situated at a distance of eighteen miles north of Winnipeg, and comiect(!d with that city hy a hraiidi of the Pacific Railway, claim — says the Winnipeg Frcr /*;r.s',s-— that their town li(!s on the direct line from Winnipeg to the great timber regions of the north; and they anticipate; a necessity of the metroi)olis Ixiing speedily connected by rail with that vast source of wealth A railway running from Winnipeg to Stonewall, and thence northwards, would, it is claimed, pass through a country settled for iipwardh of twenty- live miles, and then, for twenty-five miles further, through an agricultural country that would be settled immediately on being ! i |irovi(le. m the dfivolopment of Ihe roiiiUry ilsell, is said U> <',\ist". Then a!, Uim distanci! ol" seventy miles iiorlli of Stonewall, the <,'rt'at woOtied country of the Nori.h West is reaehcid. Here lar^i; sj)nir.- tree,-, two loet ill iianieti'r are said to he found, an(J the (jiiiiiity, ^fih-r- ally, is alleged to sur^iass thai of anything found east of VViiniip -f,'. The eonstrnction of a railway, it is holieved, would phue .uiy GOinpaiiy conipleliiif^ it in possession of a iniiu^ of wealth. Suit sidized by the Dominion (lovernment with a land f^ranl. .tiid assisted with a bonus from the mnnieirjalilv thron;'li vvhii;ti il, would pass, and eneonragcid to a :«';isonahl(( exttnil ijy Winnipeg, the company, it is [>resiini(»d, would hav(j no dinir,nlt\ in ^»'enr- nit? the liinds nei'essary for the conslruetioii of the ro.id. I'ii'Mi, f'xplorers who have journeyed over tin? country thioii;^'h which the line would pass, report thai its j^eneral character is such as t,o admit of a railroad being easily constructed, and hMii;^ made thoroughly substantial in all r(!spects. Another great advani;j^e which sucli a road would possess is that it would connert with the propos(!d Hudson's Hay road (jxlending from the uorthc isi."rii portion of liake Winnipeg to Churchill or Hudson's Hay. The leiiglli of the road from Winnipeg as propos(!d would b* some JOO miles; hut the great wooded country, or ;ii li'.ist a l.irge portion of it, would li(i within a hundred miles oi lhi> ciiy. Preparations are already being madi; to extend the lumlji'tng ojKjralions west of Lake Winiii|)eg. COAI.. ll has been an established fact, for a long time, th.il, the North-West conceals rich mines of coal, an analysis of which has shown its valiK! or superior (jnality. It is uiiiiM'es:^.iry to «MiIarg(; on the importance of the coal tradi; at tht; present day. His liOrdship Archbishop Tache say> ; " The coal regions which " traverse the ditrerenl branches of the Saskatcheuaii are .1 jfreat '• .source of wealth and encourage the selthiuienl of this valley, " wliere nature abounds with picturesque scenery wlii< li can " compare with all that is i»!markable in this resjiect throughout '' the world." Kurt her he adds: " The coal mimis which the district " of th(>Saskatch(!wan (Micloses assure it an nnquestionahlf impor- " tance. The immensi! coal deposits plainly appear in thf clifVs ''■ of th(! great riv(!r." Viscount Millon and his friend \)y (^headle speak ol it as follows : — ''The banks of the Heinbiiia rivt!r expose h simMioii ol a in«gnillcent bed of coal, bring from I.) feiit to 20 feet in depth * " ' Coal has also lM?en found in the north, along the lU'd, M.^dt-od, Athabasca, Smoky, Heace and Mackenzie rivers, and tow.iid 'he 24 t^oiilh along the Saskalcliewau, Batik; and Deer rivers. At Edmot- lon, in the declivities which chraclerise the banks of the river, liiere is presented to view a bed of coal whicli is made nse of for the forge. Also, beds of coal have been observed in many places scattered within the liniil of 10" latitude, but alniool invariably under the same meridian. liy drawing a line from the river Mackenzie to the confluencn of the Red Deer river, within the Southern Saskatchewan, the position of the coal beds observed here could be determined. 'Fliey have a considerable extent and will form, without doubt, some day, one of the principal sources ol wealth of the Saskatchewan district, which nature has so extraordinarily favored." " It is indisputable,'' said professor Macoun, " that in the region to the west of Kdmouton which is Itounded on the north by the Athabaskaw rivei-, and on the south by the Red Deer river, there exists a coal tieid of at least 25,000 miles square ; and in this vast extent, they can iiope to find workable mines at depths which will seldom exceed ;^00 feet; and often, as in the case of the thick veins above described, most favorably situated for working by means of 'galleries on the surface." Geological reports confirm these statements. Some months ago, there was great excitement about the discovery of rich deposits of coal near the River Souris, one of the tributaries of the Assiniboine, whose source is near the frontier more than 300 miles to the west of Red river Moreover, a company has been organized to work the mine and transport the coal to Winnipeg. Several large deposits have also been found a few miles east ol the city of Emerson. As soon as the South Western Railway will have been con- structed in close proximit\ to River Souris, a branch thereof will immediately run to the mines, in order to convey the coal i9 Winnipeg and elsewhere. rurii-. The turf deposits abound in the North- West, by which a very j;ood fuel is produced where wood or coal is deficient. A company with a large capital has been formed to work up this industry. Operations will soon be commenced on the Julius swamp, alonj the Canadian Pacific Railway to the east of Selkirk. LANDS IN THE NORTH- W^EST. SVSrKM 01 SURVEYS. The system of survey or of division of the lands in the Norlh- Wcsl is very simple. All the lands are arrangfjd into townships measuring six square miles each. ■s. At Edmoi- s of the river, iide use of for 1 many places Dst invariably om the river r, within the Deds observed le extent and icipal sources ature has so " that in the oil the north he Red Deer ; square ; and lines at depths in the case of situated for Some months )very of rich tributaries of lore than 300 |an> has been to Winnipeg, ew miles east ive been coii- h thereof will the coal t« |which a very A company Ihis industry. Iwamp, alonj In the Norlh- lo townships Again, the townships are divided into sections— 36 in each — disiosed and numbered as in tlie following diaj^ram :— IiIVlSION OF A TOWNSIIII'. N. w 31 30 10 18 7 6 32 21) 20 17 8 5 33 28 21 16 4 34 27 00 15 10 3 35 26 23 14 11 36 25 24 13 12 1 K. S. One section of a mile square contains 640 acn;s, A half section 320 '' One fourth of a section KiO " One eighth " 80 " One sixteenth " 40 '' Thus, then, four quarter sections constitute a section, sub* ilividedJiivO sixteen quarter quarter sections : — N. W. 13 12 5 4 14 11 6 3 15 10 i in , 8 1 1-: s. The townships rest on two main lines in the Province of Manitoba ; the lirst is the international boundary and is used as a base to the townships marked on the map in ordinary figures and rnnning north ; the second starts at about eleven miles west of Kmerson, and is called the first principal meridian, running north, ironi which the ranges of townships designated by Roman char- acters unroll themselves in an inverted way and on botli sides. '26 There are also in the Territories ol' the North-West lour other principal meridians ; the second principal meridian rests on the 102nd meridian ol' western longitude, 30 miles above Fort Ellicf; whereas the third, fourth and fifth start from the 10 th, llQll and 1 1 4th meridians of longitude. Iron or stone monuments, or posts placed at the corners ol divisions and sub-divisions, enable the setJer easily to understAnd the extent of his land, as also the lines which divide it from the property of his neighbours. A single glance at a map will be suihcienl to keep one posted about the limits of any part of the Province. The townships are designated by ordinary hgures, 1, 2, i^, 4, etc., etc., starting from the international boundary line, at the foot of the liiap, then looking north. The ranges of townships Situated to the h ft of each principal meridian constitute ranges I, II, III, IV, etc., etc., west of that meridian ; but the ranges sitn- ated to the right of the first principal meridian constitute ranges I, II, III, IV, etc., etc., east of that meridian. To find out the number of the township that is looked for, ii is necessary to count the number of townships starting from ihe. international boundary at the foot of the map, then lookupwhilf counting I, 2, 3, 4, etc., etc. ; to ascertain the number of the range, one must count the number of townships which divide the spot from the nearest, meridian to the right. The ranges east of the first principal meridian are numbered from east to west, that is to say, in an inverted ^,way to that; of the other meridians. UOAUS. According to the Urst surveys, each section was encircled by a road one and a half chain, or 1)9 feet wide. Now, the width of ike roads is limited to one chain — 66 feet — and the distance which divides them remains as heretofore from east to west, but those traced from south to north are divided by a double range of sec- lions and are tv^o miles distant from each other HOMESTEADS. Before analysing the law and regulations regarding lands in Uie North-West belonging either to the Grown or to the Pacific Railway Syndicate, which latter owns 25,000,000 acres, it is necessary to explain what is intended bj' homcsteod and pn- cmpiion. Thus, the Homestead law confers on the settler the right ol proprietorship to the land, wliicli he must cultivate for three years before he can obtain his title from the (lovernment It is neces- sary that li'j should have atiiiined, at least, the age of 18 yeai^s in order to enjoy the benelit of this liberal law. The entry of the Lot only costs the sum of ? 10.00. This is also designated a free grA-'H.. W'esl lour othtM lan rests on tlir )ve Fort Ellice le 10 th, \m\: the corners ol y to understaniJ divide it from keep one posted f,^ures, 1, 2, i, 4, iry line, at the 3s of townships institute ranges the ranges situ- onstitute rangen is looked for, il ;arting from \.lut ni lookup while ber of the range, divide the spoi n are numbered vvav to thai, ol /as encircled i)y w, the width of distance which west, but those le range of sec- arding lands in to the Pacific )0U acres, it is estcad and pre- .h'r the right of e for three vears lit It is ueces- e of 18 yeai-s iii entry of the Lot ted a free gi\>.ii.. The law of preemption gives the settler the privilege ol" buying, in addition to his homestead, an equal number of acres, iu the same neighborhood, at tixed prices varying from $1 toS2.5() per acre, according to the distance from the railways and on the conditions laid down by the Government. CLASSIFICATION OF PUHI.I'J LANDS. The public lands of Canada, already surveyed in the province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, are classified as iollows : tltss A. Lands situated at a distance of 24 miles — on each side — troni the main line, or of a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Class U. Lands situated at a distance of twelve miles— on each, side — from any proposed railway (other than the Canadian Pacifio v,d approved by an order in Council published in the Canada Ga^Me. Class C. Lands situated south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Hailway and not included in classes " A " and " H." Class D. Lands other than those in classes " A," " li " and " C." HOMESTEADS AND PRE-EMPTIONS. The sections bearing even numbers in the above classes, with ihe e.xception of Nos. 8 and 2G which belong to the liudson's Hay Company, are intended for homesteads and pr'^emplions. a. Except class'' D," where the Government may sell a certain extent of territory to companies or private individuals for the benefit of colonization. b. E.xcept in ihe case where wood lots are to be sold to settlers. c. Except, lastly, when the Minister of the Interior may judge proper to sell certain lands by auction, or dispose of the same according to order of the Governor in Council. The sections bearing odd numbers in Class "A" — except Nos. 1 1 and 29 v/hich are school lands— belong to the Pacific Hailway Company. We shall again revert to thtmi further on. The sections bearing odd numbers in Glass '■' B " and " C " will be sold for $2.50 an acre, payable at the time of sale. a. Except when the Governor in Council may order other- wise. The sections bearing odd numbers in Class " D " will be offered for sale at $2.00 per acre, cash. m 28 a. PJxcepl wLf'ii the Governor in Council may order ollifir- wise. b. KxcepL ill case where the Government should sell landj^ to companies or private individuals in the interest of colonization. AH those having settled on sections bearing odd num- bers before the enactment of the Regulations of the !Hh October, 1879, are entitled to the inscription of a homestead and a pre-emption, the same as if they had settle 1 on sections bearin? even numbers. PIUCES AND PAYMENTS. The price of pre-empted lands will then be : 1. For those in classes "A," " B" and " G," S2.50 per acre. 2. For those in class " D," $2 00 per acre. Payment may be made after the expiration of the three yeaiN which will follow the date of the inscription, but the settler may take advantage of section 15 of the Federal Lands Act, 42 vit', cap. 31, that is to say, he may obtain his patent sooner by paying a certain price to the Government, and by proving that he ha? occupied and cultivated his land during at least one year. LANDS OF THE SYNDICATE. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company (who own 25,000,00'i acies of land allotted in alternate sections — bearing odd number^ — of 640 acres each, to a depth of 24 miles on each side of th- line, from Winnipeg to Jasper House), too well understood their interest to impose conditions which could have operated again>t the development of the country. Ill fact, it is evident that the undertaking of the Pacitii, Railway will only prove a success when colonization itself shall have peopled the North-West. Therefore the Company dispose of those lands in the most liberal way, by protecting the earnest settler against speculators. The price of these lands is $2.60 an acre, one-sixth cash aiid the balance in hve annual instalments, bearing interest at six p^r cent. JNow, whoever will, during the four years following the purchase of his land, cultivate one half thereof — unless otherwise specified in the deed — will be entitled to a drawback of 50 per cent. Therefore, instead of $2.50, he will only have paid $\:2h per acre. The manufacture of dairy produce alone, or combined with the cultivation of grain, will in a certain measure be accepted as an equivalent, and will entitle to the drawback. On the other hand, the settler will be required to pay all taxes, and will not be allowed to take away from his land any- thing in the shape of improvements, before having made the last payment. 2') lay order ollier- >2.o0 per acre. 10 own 25,000,000 Moi-eover, the settler will not bo allowed lo cnt more wood than will be necessary for the erection cl' his hnildings, fences, and lor fnel, until he shall have ohtai:ie(l a perlect titlo to his property. The mineral and coal lands and i|uarries, and the lands cmitaining water power, will ho disposed ol on verv liberal !i rins, for settlement purposes or for cattle raising. For further information, api)ty at the otlice of the Company, Ijarlholomew House, London, Iv.igland; to John IL McTavisii, a-ent at Winnipeg, Manitoba, or to the Secretary of tlie Company, Mr. Charles Drink water, at Montreal. Hudson's u.w company's [.anmis. Section No. 8 and thtee fourths of Section No. 20 in the greater number of Townships' are Hudson's Bay Company's lands, and all settlers must be c ireful not to settle on them unless they have acquired them from the Company. The prices vary acco-rding to locality. Mr. C- J. Brydges is the Land Com- missioner of the Company. His oilicial residence is at Winnipeg, Maintoba, and applications may be made to him. SCHOOL r.A.-^Ds. Sections No. II and 29 in every Township are School Lands. Thai is, the proceeds of their sale are to be applied to the support of education. They are not obtainable at private sale. When disposed of, it will be by public competition, at auction. Squatters on these lands, therefore, will have to pay foi" them the price tliey bring by auction when sold, or Ihey will pass by such sale out of their hands. LANDS AT Pr.lVAl'E SA[-E. Settlers may also buy lands from private proprietors. This often offers a fine field for speculation. PASTLMACE LANDS. As we have already stated, the raising of cattle is about to liocome one of the chief industries of tiie North-West. The ilovelopment already attained conveys an idea of wdiat this indus- try will be in the near future. Under the authority of the Act \\ Victoria, Ga[i. 10, leases of tracts for grazing purposes, not to excoed 100,000 acres each, may be granted for a period of not more tiian 21 years ; the lessee shall pay an annual rental at the rate of 810 for every 1,000 acres, and 111 evfiry lil'lli lownsliip iIih lludsuii's Bay Company has the ivliole of U»;clion '.!(). i''or the purpose of t'xUnguisliing tlnM-ii^lit ot tiiat Company, the U-rown has conceded to Ihein one-twentiHlli of Uih teirilory 'oinprised in the IrHitile belt, whicli is pfjuivalent to aJioiit 7,('UO,000 acres. 30 shall placu on the tract, within three years from the granting oi the lease, one liead ol' cattle I'or every ten acres of land embrateu hy the lease. After placing llie prescribed number of cattle upon the trar; leased, the lessee may purchase land within his leasehold for .1 home farm and coral^ paying therefor 82.00 per acre in cash. Failure to fulfil any of theconditionaof his lease shall subjf^ct the lessee to forfeiture thereof. When two or more parties apply for a grazing lease of the same land, tenders shall be invited, and the lease shall bo granted to the party offering the highest premium iherefor in addition to the rental. The said premium to be paid before the issue of the lease. TlMllKR FOR SETTLERS. The Minister of the Interior may direct the reservation 01 any odd or even numbered section having timber upon it, to provide wood for homestead settlers on sections wiuiout it; and each such settler may, where the opportunity for so doing exists, purchase a wood lot, not exceeding 20 acres, at the price of $5 per acre in cash. COAL LAND REGULATIONS. The following are the new coal land regulations : First, leases may be granted for twenty-one years. Second, the lessee shall pay a royalty of ten per ceiU per ton. Third, the area to be leaspd to one person shall not exceed 320 acres. Fourth, the boundaries beneath the surface of such locations shall be the vertical planes or lines in which their surface boundaries lie. Fifth, a failure to commence active operations within one year, and to work the mine within two years after the commencement of the term oi the lease, or to pay the ground rent or royalty, shall subject the lessee to forfeiture of the lease, and resumption of the land hy the Crown. Sixth, the lease to be renewable for further periods of twenty-one years each, and for such ground rent and royalties as may at the time of the renewal be agreed upon by the Govern ment and the lessee. FREE CULTURE. In order to promote the cultivation of forest trees, there-w'as heretofore granted to the settler, in addition to his homestead and pre-emption, the privilege of making an entry for another fourth of a section, to which he acquired a perfect title after having planted trees on a certain extent thereof and within a specified period. The new regulations, however, have put an end to this privilege ; and it is well to keep that in mind. Noihing, however, would prevent the planting of trees; the farms are large enough for this kind of cultivation. llio graiiliiig 01 f land (imbraceo le price of %b per au end to this We are aw.ire thai, several cxperinients have hum niiiile in he prairie, and that lliey have b"ea attended with success. Not long ayo, we read in the Chronicle of Crookston, Dakota. U.S., ihat fanners in llie valley of the Red river liad planted several honsand >oiing trees willi success. All that is ret|uired is to properly piepare the ground, tiike care of the trees during two or three years, and above all to protect them against bad grass. The following article, somewhat condensed from the Crook- -lon67jry/i/tVt' relates the CAperieuce of one of the most successful Limber raisers in the Red river Valley, and should be carefully read by every one interested in the subject : I And that it is a hard matter to grow limbei- on prairie land .vithout first subduing the land by culiivati(ui In the spring of 1877, I planted ten acres of tr. es — cotton wood and soft maples— under the original law regulating the cultivation of timber on the ()rairies, which was, to break the land, and the next year plant the same to trees, cutting or seed trees. I planted on the" ten acres about 1 I,OjO trees, mostly of maple, the next year I planted 8,000 or 10,000 more, about 20,000 in all, of cottouwood and box elder, planting between the rows set out the year previous, making the rows about six feel apart. Last spring, according to estimate, there were about 6,000 or ^,OCU living trees, some, however, nearly killed by weeds; bui ior the last two years I have hoed around the trees a space about 'hree feet which seemed to give them new life, and I nope by cuntinuing to cultivate them to have quite a grove. (jrowing on land planted under the original law, which has heen given up as being impracticable, not only by those who run he machinery of the governmjnt, but by the majority of those who have tried the experiment, I must say is quite an expensive '.vay of growing trees. Everyone knows that has had any experience in breaking land in the Red river valley, that breaking the land only increases fhe growth of weeds to such an extent that it is almost impossible '0 give the giound any general cultivation between the rows; at least I found il to be so in my case. In addition to the above and on land adjoining, which had been cultivated two or three years, 1 continued to plant from \0 to (3,000 every year in rows four feet apart and four in the row, with corn, potatoes and beans; by cult?vating tl.'e crop I also •ultivate the trees. The second year all 1 liiid necessary to do is to run a cultivator or shovel plow between the rows occasionally 'hrough the early part of the season to keep the weeds down and '0 loosen the ground around the roots. I think that thorough cultivation more than repays for the extra trouble and expense. I would advise the planting of the following kinds of trees, *>o wit: Cotton wood, box elder, ash and bottom willow, in about equal quaiitilies, and a few oak, elm and wliite willow, and have them so arranged that they will be pretty well mixed over the place, i. e., a few rows of each alternately, according to the amount of each kind planted, as I think they will do bettei'. Some might think bottom willow not a very prodtablo tree to raise, but they are a hardy tree and will grow almost any place you put them, and they are thrifty and straight. As a timber for the farm T consider it more valu;iblo and more durable than either the cotton wood or box elder. It grows along the rivers and streams throughout the North- West. Its growth is very rapid and attains quite a good size, being from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and I have seen willow trees two feet through at the stump; tht?y are valuable on the farm for rails and posts, as it splits easily and is found to be durable when split and the hark taken oil', and when dry, makes excellent fuel for either steam or heating purposes. I have had a chance to test its quali- ties as steam wood, and find it better than many other kinds of timber. I have on my farm under cultivation about seventeen acres of the diflerent kinds of timber mentioned above and intend to increase it lo twenty acres next spring, and with reason- able success, T expect to have quite a grove in a few years ; and to say the least, I will consider it the most valuable part of my farm. To sum the matter up, tliere is no dihiculty in growing trees on the prairie, but they must be planted on well cultivated ground to do well, and they should have good care for two or three years or until they get a good start. By so doing you will be sure to succeed. PAYMENTS. Payments for land may be in cash, scrip, or Police or Military Bounty Warrants. RKSTfUCTIOiNS. These regulations do not apply to lands valuable for town plots, or to coal or other mineral lands, or to stone or marble quarries, or to lands having water powor thereon ; or to sections 1 1 and 2V) in each Township, which are School Lands, or sections 8 and "2(», which belong to the Hudson's Bay Company. RESERVES. We all know that the (xovernment had to reserve 1,400,000 acres of land in Manitoba for the children of the half-breed families. The distribution of these lands iias since been made, and the lands are now on the market. Certain reserves have also been made for the Militia and the MounteJ Police, the French Canadians of the United States, ilice or Militarr :v,\ iho Meniionites ami llie Indians, liesulcs th.jS'^ s»4 railways, Ihe llinlson's Ha\ Coinpaiiy, [\w. Srh,H»h. cU;. PLANS (II f.Ul OMZA 1 loy. m apart 101 To foster colonization and cnllnre mi a large scale, tUe Government have adopted two [)l;in> which ollei'i^rcat iuducr- ments. The lirst will bind the party applying— whether Companies or private individuals— to establish in class IJ, and on each section, two settlers who will take one homestead e.ich er acre, from the Canadian Pacific Rfiilway Company, In the odd num- l>t;red adjoining sections. We have alread> said ,".hat the S\ iidicate allows a drawback of one half of the purchase [;rice; therefore. .1 family thus composed of four adnlt nieinbers Ill.•l^ acquire in a few years, and for a trille, 1,2S0 acres of the most fertile land thai exists under the sun. IjcI us suppose another case. Two brothers settle on as many" homesteads and pie-tMUpl the other (luarters of section. They alsO' pnrchase the four odd numbtuvd adjoimng sections iVoni the Syndicate, and find lliMUselves in possession, after having witl.- drawn their drawback, of 3, .200 acres of laud which would only cost a trille. How, in the iace of this, can anybody deny that the Govei-nment and the Pacific Railway Company are olleriiijj; to settlers inducements not to be found elsewhere on tlLisconiinenl ? Let us ponder on the following comparison : — PUULIC LANDS |\ TH1-: i:NlTKD STATES. In order to obtain a " homestead " in the United States, it is ■ecessary to have attained the age of -21 years, to become an American subject or to signify thi' intention of becoming such. 34 ;ui(l 10 occuj>y and cultivate the land lor a period ol live years Itet'ore the necessary title to the property can be obtained. In Canada, as avc have already observed, it is sullicient to be 1^ YL'ai's of age, and lo occupy and cultivate the land for three years in ord.-r to receive the patent for lands. The patent is even obtained soonei' on certain conditions. Ill the lattei- case, it is evident that the greatest advantages lor the emigrant are to be lonnd in this country. Again, in the States of Muniesota, Dakota, etc., there are oidy two ] trices for (Jovernment lands, viz: S'i.oO per acre for tiiose Aviiicli -ii'e within the limits of the reserves allached to the Uail- ways, and ^l.i?,") per acre for ordinary lots The expenses attending the enti-y of tlie hoinesleads are not the same in the various States, as the following tables show : — E.vTnv Feks — In Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesotn, Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi«4na, Arkansas, Florida, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Price Commissions. Ki't'S. 'l\)lal Acres. I)er I>a\al)lc I'avable when I'a\al.lf lor Kees ami aor(!. at lilt- al (lumiiiissioiis. llic lime or ri')'li/icah llio lime cl enli'N . IS given. t'lUry. KiO 9-2 f.O ifS 00 $8 00 $10 00 S-2(i 00 80 > 50 4 00 'i 00 5 00 13 0(1 'jO '2 50 ■1 00 '2 00 5 00 9 00 KiO 1 25 •i 00 i 00 10 00 \x 00 SO 1 -^o •,' 00 •2 00 5 00 •) 00 /iO I 25 1 00 1 00 5 00 7 00 3.") oi live years 110(1. ilVicieut to be 11(1 Cor three talent is evta it advantages liere are only ere loi those cl to the llail- sleads are not frt siiow : — vi, Miiinesota, ipi, Louisiiina, fclNTRv Pkes— In California, N'evada,()regon,Colora(lo, New-Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Montana, Washington, Idaho and Wyoniiny;. I'rico (^oiniuisyions. lM3es. Total :rt'S. per Payable I'iiyablt' wl It'll I'ayahlr I'di" Ft'i's aiui aci'c. ill IIm' a I Cdiumissioiis. llic liiiuj ol' • ■rrlificalf lilt' liiiic ()'■ t^ntry. IS },'iv»»n. t'litry. cn $-i :.() .f 1-2 00 SU (Id Slo 00 >.;i 00 HO •> r.o 6 00 ,")() ;! 00 .{ 00 •") 00 II 00 t,0 1 r^ )i 00 ( 10 00 •.'■J 00 8(1 1 ■^■. .{ 00 :i 00 :. 00 11 00 /|(l 1 -2:) I .-.0 1 50 .") 00 S 00 Toliil lor Fceb ami (Uainnisbiuns. 20 00 13 00 9 00 IN (III ') 00 / 00 The expenses attending the cMitry of lloinesleads therefore vary in ditlerent States and according to pricies of llie lands — iroMi SiS.UU to S-2GUt) and from S^iMlU tu ^W'i^K). In Canada, we enjoy the i)rivilege of pre-eni[)tion Isy [laying from S2.00 to $"2.50 per acre, and tiiere is only reijiured the sum o: SlU.OU at the Lands' Ollice for the entrv of the homestead. Lasth, whilst the Railway Companies of the niMbouring liripnhlic sell the lands which the Government had granted them iL prices sometimes exhorhitant, on the other hand, lands of the Canadian Pacillc are oilered on the most reasonahle and easv (erms. Were we not jnstified in stating that the legislation of onr country conld advantageonsly sustain a comparison with that of the United States? (JTHER lESriMONV. In the first edition of this work, we reproduced quite a umnber of testimonials from strangers acknowledging our super- iority over the United Slates; we also publish several in the present issue. Mr. de Lalonde, sent, last year, by the " Societe ceiilrale d"agricnltnre de la Seine Inferieure," iM'.uice, to study the agri- cuUnral conditions of Canada, thus spoke before a meeting of influential gentlemen : — " I must acknowledge that, as an agriculturist, the Far-West is a marvel to me. Whai. prodigious fertility and almost unlimited e)i'-?nl! ri 36 " 1 will nol speak of Winnipeg, which, 14 years ago, had. only DUO inhabitants and whose population now numbers 9,000 j-ouis ; nor ol' Emerson, the new frontier town, the price of whose Jcinds has iiicrea.-ed one hundred fold during the last year ; but in the desert that I have traversed and which to morrow will be