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(- .- ! -•■■#-■- -r.- "'^.'■'...{■•"Is I .-" I THE GENERAL GAZETTEER; OR, COMPENDIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. ^ •«• 5*i.* CONTAiMiNO A DESCRIPTION OF THE EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, PROVINCES, CITIES, TOWNS, FORTS, SEAS, HARBOifRS, RIVERS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, CAPES, ftc. IN THE KNOWN WORLD; s WITH THE GOVERNMENT, CUSTOMS, MANNERS, AND RELIGION OF THE INHABITANTS) TKX Extent, Boundaries, and Natural Productions of each Country) i;he Trade, Manufactures, and Curiosities of the Cities and Towns; their Longitude, Latitude, Bearings and Distances in Englilh Miles from remarkable Places} and the various Events by which they have been ^i^ingui(hed. INCLVPING An Account Qf the Counties, Cities, Boroughs, Market-tqw.ns, and principal Villages, in Great Britain and Ireland. ILLUSTRATED BY MAp^ OlICINAtty wbittbn By R. BROOKES, M. D. THE TENTH EDITION, ' with additions akd improvements. LONDON: printed for B. law, C. DILLY, J. JOHNSON, C. O. AND J. ROBINSON, W. RICHARDSON, OGILVY AND SON, F. AND C. RIVINCTON, P. WYNKR, R. BALDWIN, W. LOWNDES, J. SCATCHERD, W. BENT, C. AND T. WILKIE, T. KAY, J. NUNN, T. N. LONGMAN, VERNOR AND HOOD, B. CROSBY, CADELL AND OAV^IES, LBB AND HURST, AKD MURRAY AMD HtGHLBY. "Jl" .'•'.•' / . .1 * ■•' ••:^,'.i'i:/;i Advirtisement / i'\ A 1 1 .'. % . ^^ >,.•». :.i li? >. 1 .i'l.V... 'i fever a( 'ovementj er 1796; before the rica, ^<7/? ■',■'«■ ' -ft r PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION, ■."> S the fcience of Geography is in a conftant ftatc of improvement* either from new ciifcoverics in the globe, or from the new points of view in whiclj objcdls already known may be confidered, a work of this nature muft require frequent rcviOon. in proportion as the fpirit of enterprrfe, and perfeverance of rcfearch, continue to exhibit new iifcation of the wealth of the mod powerful ecclefiaflical orders; a total change in the fentiments, habits, and manners of the people ; and the introdudion of principles, the tiltinr'ite operations of which the moft acute penetration cannot difcern — theae are topics which we leave to the difciiflion of the hidoriari and politician. Connected with thefe, however, is another important circumdance, which claims the indif* pen(able attention of the geographer. The local divifion of the country has iikewiiie undergone a great revolution: indead of the former divi- lion anto provinces, or military governments, it is now fotmed into eiglTty- duced in each place by the revolution have been careftiUy noticed. Wc have derived our information on this fubjedl from the " Nouvelle Geo- graphie de la France," recently piublilhed. 1 he revolutions in Poland, by which that country has fuflained fuch a diminution of territory and power, and the different provinces, tranf- ferred, in confequence, to the dominion of Ruflia, Aultria, and PrufTia, are diftindlly noticed. ;, . ; ; L *_.. '■ ■ A 3 • t^* •■ ■ 12724;; . IV PREFACE. M K The late new dlvifion of the vaft empire of Ruilla into forty-on« |overnnientSy with the acquifition of the Crimea, and other territories from the Turks, has likcwife been introduced, for the firft time, into any work of this kind. It may be added, that, in the defcription o^ almoft all the towns in the nortn of Europe, the reader may find much new information. ^JX In the geography of the Eafl Indies we have hitherto, in coirimon with our competitors, been extremely deficient. The ufual divilion of thofe vaft regions was eToneous; many important places were omitted; and fuch as were noticed were uniformly faid tobe'uider the dominion of a fovc'cign, the Great Mogul, whofc authority, in la6l, was merely nominal, even in the fmall territory of Delhi, to which his once cx- tcnfive empire is reduced. If we now claim a diftinguifhed fuptriority in this refpeft, it may be fufficicnt to add, that this is the only Gazetteer in which have been introduced the new acquKiiions in the geography of this country, for which the world has recently been indebted to the in- defatigable major Rennell. To the fame judicious author we are likewife oblige I for much curi- ous information refpefling the Caucafian naticns between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, as well as for the alliltance he has afforded to the members of the African afTociatioh, in digeftliig the accounts they have received of fome of the interior parts of that quarter of the globe. The late voyages to New South Wales have been confultcd, and fomc newly difcovered iflands in the South Pacific Ocean are now inferted. With refpeft to North America, we are indebted to Mr. Morfe's American Geography for the infertion of many cities, towns, lakes,, and rivers, which appear in no other Gazetteer. - ' In Great Britain, arid particularly in Scotland, great part of our work ■will be found confiderably improved, if not intirely new : moft of the lakes, in both parts of theiiland, are inferted for the firfl time: and parr ticular attention has been paid to the noble improvements in the inland navigation of the two countries. It is but juft to acknowledge here, that we have derived much valuable information from two excellent works, ** England Delineated," by J. Aikin, M. D. and " Scotlan4 Delineated," by an anonymous aiithor. The articles that were not in the laft edition of this work amount to confiderably more than one thoufand ; and a great number of articles, particlarly in Swiflerland and Italy, have been either newly written, or greatly improved. Another important obje are reputed no part of the former. It is highly probable, indeed, that each fixed ftar is itfelf a fun, and the centre of a particular iyftem, furrounded by planets, &c. whichi at difterent diftances, and in different periods, revolve round their refpeftive funs, by which they are enlightened, warmed, and cheriftied. H?nce we have a very magnificent idea of the univerfe, and its immeniity j and hence alfo arifes a kind of fyfteno of fyfteitut O/tie Solar Syjfem. "^J^ . tr > [ . , As by the uni'verfe is to be underftood the whole frame of nature, to the utmoft extentjjf the creation, by the folur fyftem is meant that portion only of the univerle which comprehends the Sun, planets, fatellites, and comets. Of this fyftem the Sun is the centre ; and there are (even planets which re- volve round him, each in its path or orbit. The names of thefe planets, in the order of their diftance from the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, ^ vars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgian. The firfl two, becaufe they move within the .^rbit of the Earth, are called inferior planets ; and the laft four, on account of their moving without that orbit, are called fupcrior platyrts. A 3 vi INTRODUCTION. U. V, 1 1 I J i i •1 s 1 /J r • •[) t The Sun. ' ,.. ^ \*'r. The Sun, the centre of onr fyftem, the parent of the feafonsi^antl " great delegated fource of light and life," is in the form of a fpheroid, higher un>- der the equator than about the poles. His diameter is 763,000 miles, his folid bulk a million of times larger than the Earth's; and his distance from the Earth b 9^,175,127 miles. This dilbuice is fo prodigious', that a can- non-ball, which moves at the rate of about eight miles in a minute, would be fomething more than twenty-two years and a naif in goilng from the Eaxth to the Sun. This luminary was generally confidered by the aiicients as a globe of pure fire ; but from a number of maculx, or daric fpots, which, by means of a tele(cope> may be (een on different parts pf his furface, this opinion ap- pears to have been ill-founded. Thefe fpots are fuppofed to be immeiue excavations in the body of the Sun. Their motion is from ca(t to well ; and as they are obferved to move quicker when they are near the central regions,' it follows that the Sun mull be a fpherical body, and revolve on his axis, in * contrary direAion, or from weft to eaft. The time ia which he performs, this revolution is iwenty-five days and fix hours.. •, . 7'he Planets, \A' ' -vri ■^.h '.-?.'. t The planets are all opaque fpherical bodies, and have no Kght of their own, but Ihine by means of that borrowed fight which they receive from the Sun; it being afcertained, from telefcopicd oblervations, that only tiiat fide of the planets which is turned towa'.d the Sun is ever enlightened ; whil« the oppofite fide, which the folar rays cannot reach, remains conftant4y dark... |*'rom the regular appearance and dilappearance of feveral remarkable darli; fpots, which, by means of a telefeope, are conftantly to be feen- on their bodies, it may be demonftrated, that each has fuch a motion round its axis, as correfponds with the diurnal rotation of the Earth; and fsom their leem- irig fometimes. to be llationary, and at other times retrograde, it is equally- certain, that they muA have fuch a progreifive motion rQund the Sun as an- swers to the annual revolution of the Earth in its orbit. As the Earth, more- over, is fimilar to the other fix planets, it may reafonably be concluded, by analogy, that they muft be defigned for the fame purpofes, alf hough, from their different proportions of heat and cold, it is not credible that beings of our make and temperament could live upon all of them^ Wc now proved to the confideration of each planet in particular^ 1. Mercury, the neareft planet to the fun, revolves round that luminary in about eighty-feven days und twenty-three hours, or. Iktle lefs than three of our months, which is the length of his year. Beinff feldom feen, how- ever, on account of his proximity to the Sun, and no fpots appearing on his dilk, the time of his rotation on his axis, or the length of his days and nights, is unknown. His diftance from the Sun is 36,841,468 miles: his diameter 3,100; and, in his annual revolution round the Sun, he moves at the rato of 105,000 miles an hour.. Thefe calculations, as well as thofe of the other planets which follow, are founded on aftronomical obfervations made on the tranfitof Venus over the Sun, 'in the year 1761. Mercury feems, when viewed in different pofitlons, with a good telefcope, m have all the phafes or appearances of the Moon, except that he can, at no time, be feen uitirely round, or quite full; becaufe his enlightened fide is never turned ^redly toward us, but when he is fo near tho Sun as to be hid in his beams. 2. Venus, which is the brightefl, and, to appearance, the largeft of all the planets, is the next beyond Mercury. She is 08,891,486 miles from the Sun, and, oy moving at the rate of 76,000 miles an hour, completes her annual revolution iu 224 days and feventeen hours, or about feven months and & INTRODUCTION. til ind " great higher un<- > miles, his ftance from that a can- ;, would be he Earth to I as a globe 1, by means spinion ap- le immeivfe 3 well ; and ral regions, his axis, in ie performsL ♦.".-.1 ':. •<' jht of their eceive from at only that !ned ; whii« lant4y dark« rkabie darti; en- on their md its axis, their feem- is equally Sun as an- arth, more- icluded, by ugh, from .t beings of ►w proceed Lt luminary than three cen, how- ring on his days and miles: hi:^ oves at the ofe of the ions made ury feemff, ve all the e, be feen rer turned his beams, of all the the Sun, er annual ths and & lialf. Her diameter is 9,360 miles, and her diurnal rotation on her axis is performed in tivc.vy-four days and eight hours. When this planet appears tb the weft of the Sun, fhe rifes before him in the morning, and is called the rooming ftar ; and when flie appears to the eaft of that luminary, (he fhine* in the evening, and is called the evening ftar. She is in each fituation, alter- nately, for about 290 days; and during the whole of her revolution, appears, through a telefcope, to have all the various appearances of the Moon. 3. The Earth, the next planet beyond Venus, is 95,173,127 miles dif- tant from the Sun, and by travelling at the rate of 58,000 miles an hour, performs its annual revolution in 365 days, five hours, and 49 minutes, which is the l^ace of our year. This motion, although 120 times fwifter than th^c of a cannon-ball, is little more than half the velocity of Mercury in his orbit. The diameter of the Earth is 7.970 miles ; and as it turns round its axis every twenty-four hours, from well to eaft, it occafions an apparent motion of a:ll the heavenly bodies from eaft to weft, in the fame time. The Hue which it defcribes in its annual motion is called the ecliptic, and pro- ceeds from weft to eaft, according to the order of the figns of the zodiac. This motion is the caufe of the different feafons of fpring, fummer, autumn, and winter, and confequently of the different length of day and night ia thefe feafons. In its progrefs through the ecliptic the Earth every where keeps its axis in a fituation parallel to itfelf, and equally inclined to the plane of the ecliptic, which is about twenty-three degrees and a half. The rota-r lion of the Earth on its own axis in twenty- four hours, makes it day in thofe parts which are turned toward the Sun, and night in the parts which are turned from hini. The Earth was long confidered as a circular plane, ex-, tending on all fides to an infinite diftance; and the heavens' above it, in which the Sun, Moon, and ftars appear to move daily from eaft to weft, wer^ imagined to be at no great diftance from it, and to have been created folely for the ufe an4 oma,ment of bur globe. But this opinion is no longer enter- tained but by the vulgar and uninformed. It is now received as an incon- trovertible point, that the Earth is of a fpherical figure, nearly refembling that of a globe. This is evident from the voyages of feveral celebrated cir- cumnavigators, and particularly commodore Anfon, who, by fleering con- tinually weftward, arrived, at lepgth, at the place whence he departed; which could never have happened, had the Earth been of any othjr than 9. fpherical figure. This form is alfo evident frprn the circular appearance of the Tea itfelf, 'awl'the circumftances which attend large objeds when fecn at a diftance on its furfece: Tor, when a fhip is failing from the Ihore, we firft lofe fight of the hull, aftierward of the rigging, and, at laft, difcern the top of the raaft only.' This is evidently occafioaed by the convexity of the water between the eye and the objeft ; for* otherwife, the l^rgeft and mofjt confpicuous part would Se vifible the longeft. Another proof of the giobular form of the Earth is taken from its fhadow on the face of the Moo.., m the time of an eoHpfe: for, as the Moon has no light but what fhe receives from the Sun, and the Earth, during the eclipfe, being interpofed between them, the Moon' muft be oblcured, either totally, or in part. And fince, in every lunar eclipfe which is not total, the obfcure part always appears to be bounded by a circular line, the Earth itfelf rauft be fpherical; it being evident, that no- -thing but a fpherical body can, in all fituations, eaft a circular ftiadow. The unevenneffes on the furface of the Earth, which are caufed by mount.ains and vallies, do not afford an objcdlion to its being confidered as a circular body : for the moft lofty mountains bear lefs proportion to the vaft mag- nitude of (he Earth, than the fmall rifmgs on the coat of ^n orange do to the orange itfelf, or a grain of fand to an artificial globe of a foot in diameter, ^wordingly, wt find* that thefe trifling protuberances oci^fion no irregu- • •• VUI INTRODUCTION. ;>1 I- 1 larities in tlie (hadow of ihe Earth, during the time of a lunar rclipfe. On the contrary, its circumference appears to be even and regular^ as if caft by a body perfeftly globular. It has been demonilrated, however, that the Earth is not a perre£l globe. Mr. Richer,, in a voyage to Cayenne, near the equator, in 1672, found that the pendulrip of his clock no longer made its vibrations fo frequently as in the latitude of Paris, and that it was abfo- liitely neceifary to fhorten it by. a line and a quarter, a little more than the; eleventh part of a Paris inch, in order to make it agree vviih the times of the ftars paffmg the meridian. A pendulum, like any other falling body, is- a£led upon by the force of gravity ; and, in confequence of Richer's difco- very (which has been fince confirmed by repeated expeiiments) it was ob- ferved, that fince the gravity of bodie? is by fo much the lefs powarful as thofe bodies are further removed from the centre of the Earth, the region of the equator mud be abfolutely much more elevated than that of France ; and that, therefore, the figure of the Earth could not be that of a fphere. Newton and Huygens were the firft who perceived the extenlive application of which this difcovery was capable. It is impoilible, in this fkctch, to enter into all the principles and calculations that were employed in this in- quiry. It will be fufficient to obferve, that the firft of thefe great philofo- phers found, by mathematical calculations, that the polar diameter of the Earth is to the equatorial as 229 is to 230 ; or, that the regions of the equator are elevated about thirty-five miles more than at thoie of the poles ;. and that the true figure of the Earth, confequently, was that of an oblate fpheroid« Or a body nearly reifembling an orange. 4. Mars, the next planet beyond the orbit of the Earth, is diftant from theSun 145,014, 148 miles. He moves attheraceof 55,000 miles an hour, and completes his revolution round the Sun in little lefs than two of our years. His diameter is 5,150 miles; and his diurnal rotation on his axis is per- formed in twenty^ four hours and, thirty-nine minutes. He fometimes ap- pears gibbous, but never horned, like the Moon; which. evidently demon- ftirates, that his orbit includes that of the Earth, and that he fhines not by any native lig^Ht. This planet is diverfified with fpots like the Moon, by whidh hi^ diurnal rotation is afcertained in the diredlion from weft to eaft ; and from his ruddy and obfcure appearance, as well as from otlier circum- in;&nc6s, it is concluded, that his atmofphere is nearly of the fame denfity .With that of the Earth, 5. Jupiter,, the largeftof all the planets, is ftill further in the fyftem than M^rs. His diftance from the Sun is 494,990,976 miles. He travels at the rate of 29,000 xnyUs aa hour, and completes his annual revolntion in fome- thing lefs than twelve of our years. His diameter is 94,100 miles ; and he performs his diurnal rotation in nine hours and fifty-fix miinutcs. The tele- fcopic appearance of this planet afforjls a vaft field for the curious inquirer. It is furrounded by feveral faint fubftances, refembling belts or bands, which are parallel to the plane of its orbit. They are not regular or conftant in their appearance: for fometimes one only is to befeen, and fometimes five; and, in the latter cafe, two of them have been known to difappear during the time of obfervation. When their number is moft conftderable, one or more dark fpots are frequently formed between the belts, which increafe till the whole is united in one large dufky hand. This planet is alfo diverfified with - a number of large fpots, which are on the brighteft parts of the Surface ; but, Jike the belts, they are fubjed to various mutations, both in their figure and periods. It has been conjedured that thefe belts are feas, and that the Variations obfefved, both in them and the {pots, are occafioned by tides, which are differently affefted, according to the pofi:tpn$ of hb moons. Thefe inoons> or fatelUtes, which are four in number, wtrc difcovered by Galileo, INTROPUCTIOK. . . U tn the 7th of Janawy 1610, foon after the invention of the telefcoper bnt the belts were not difcovercd till near twenty years after. tj 6. Saturn, the next planet beyond Jupiter, is 907,956,130 miles from the Sun; and, by travelling at the rate of 22,000 miles an hour, performs his annual circuit round that luminary in about twenty-nine and a half of our years. Hb diameter ^s 77,990 miles ; and he is furrounded by belts, like Jupiter, 1 v^ obfervations on which Dr. Herfchel determined, in January 1794.. that his d oal rotation on his axis is performed in 10 hours and 16 mi« nutes. Saturn is obferved to be attended by feven fatellites. Of thefe* five were difcovere J in the lall century : a fixth was firft obferved by Dr. Herfchel, on the 28th of Auguft 1788 ; and a feventh he difcovercd on the 17th of September, the fame year. A magniiicent luminous ring encompafles this planet, at fuch a diilance, that feveral of the liars may frequently be feen between the inward furface of the ring and the body of the planet ; its diftance from which is nearly equal to its breadth, which is about 21,000 miles. This rij)£; vas difcovercd by Huygens, about the year 1655. 7. The Georgian, the moft remote planet in our fyftcm, had efcaped the obfervation of every adronomer (at leall as a planet) till the 1 3th of March 1781, when it was feen by Dr. Herfchel, who gave it the name of Georgium Siaus, as a mark of refpe^ to his prefent majeily, ani to convey an idea to pofterity of the time and place of the difcovcry. Foreign aftro- nomers, however, in general, call it by the name of the difcoverer. Its diflance from the Sun is 1,816,455,526 miles, which is nineteen times greater than that of the Earth. Its diameter is 35,226 miles; and it re- volves round the Sun at the rate of 7000 miles an hour, in about 8z years. It (hinps with a faint fleady light, fomcwhat paler and fuinte than Jupiter; but its apparent diameter being only about four feconds, it can feidom be feen plainly by the naked eye, but may be eafily difcovercd in a clear night, when above the horizon, by a good teleicope. Two fatellites, atten^ng upon it;, have fince been difcovered. . ,. ^ • . / '.,'„, . ,. ; . "** f--- - ■ -.^ .^uiiTti W^. "ii •- ■'' /»*>^s . -.^'^NTtis^ '^oe Secondary PlAneti, : | rjj viuO jjtr .eh? •;! ersit Befide the primary pTanets, there are fourteen others, called fecondary planets, fatellites, or moons, which regard their primaries as the centres of their motions, and revolve round them in the fame manner as thofe prima- ries do round the Sun ; namely, the Moon, which attends our £arth; the four fatellites of Jupiter ; the feven that belong to Saturn ; and the two that attend the Georgian. From the continual change of their phafes or appear- ances, it is evident that thefe alfo are opaque bodies, and fhine only by the reflefiion of the light which they receive from the Sun. TheMooN, which is the condant attendant of our globe, is the mod confpicuous of thefe fatellites. She accompanies the £:trth in iis aoauai progrefs through the heavens, and keeps revolving round it continunlly by a different motion, in the fpace of a month. I'he diameter of the M&on is 2,180 nilles; her diftance from the Earth 240,000 miles ; and, in bulk, (he is fixty times lefs than the Earth. The rotation of the Moon on her axis is performed exactly in the fame time that llie moves once round the Earth, as IS evident from her always prefenting the fame face to us durinjr the whole of her 'monthly revolution. On viewiag the Moon with the naked eye, wc difcern a number of fpots, which the imagination naturally fuppofes to be feas, continents, and the like; but on viewing her through a telefcope, the Jiypothefis of planetary worlds receives additional confirmation. V'aft ca- vitier and afpcrities are obferved upon various parts of her (iirface, exaftly r&fei jling valUcs and moontains; and e/ery other appearance feems :» viv- r . 1'".! m-^ INTRODUCTION. dicate, that (he tx a body of the fame nature with the Earth. Dr. Herfchel, the fuperiority of whofe telefcopes is well known, has ftated, in the Philo- fophical Tranfa£tions for 1787, nis obfervations on three different volcanoes in the Moon. Several allronomers have given exaA maps of the Moon^ with the figure of every fpot, as it appears through the beft telefcopes, diflinguifhing each of them by a proper name. One of the moft remarkjible circumftances attending the Moon, is the continual change of figure to which (he is fubjedl. While that half of her which is toward the Sun is illumined, the other half is dark and invifible. Hence, (he difappears, when fhe comes betveen the Earth and the Sun, becaufe her dark fide is then toward us. When fhe is cone fomewhat forward, we fee a little of her enlightened fide, which ftilT increafcs to our view as fhe advances, until flie comes to be oppofite the San, when her intire enlightened fide is toward the Earth, and fhe appears with a full-illumined orb, which we call the FuU Moon ; her dark fide being then turned away from the Earth. From the full fhe decreafes gradually as fhe proceeds through the other half of her courfe ; fhowing us lefs and lefs of her bright fide, every day, till her next change or conjunflion with the Sun, and then fhe difappears as before. Thefe different appearances of the Moon, which we call lier phafes, are fuf- ficient to demonftrate, that fhe fhines not by any light or her own : for, otherwifc, as her form is fpherical, we fhould always behold her, like the Sun, with a full orb. There are other phenonienons of the Moon, the difr cufiion of which, in this curfory view, would be too intricate to admit of a popular illuftration. We fhall, therefore, only obferve further, that of all the celeftial orbs, this planet, next to xS^t Sun, has the moft beneficial infiu-; ence on our globe. How cheerlefs and uncomfortable would be our nights, but for the confUnt returns of light, which this our fifler orb, our faithful and infeparable companion, difpenfes in fuch agreeable viciffitude \ How highly ufeful are even her ecltpfes, in our agronomical, geographical, and chronological computations ! How falutary is her attraftive influence, which fwells the tides, perpetuates the regular returns of ebb and flow, and thus tends, not only to preferve the liq^aid element itfelf from putrefafiion, but the lurrounding continents, in courfe, from infection and difeafe! r^.. f jttiK; The Comets I2 .\. - Comets are folid opaque bodies, of diftftrent magnitudes, like the planets. Their number is unkngwn ; but they have been found to move round the Sun, and to crofs the orbits of the planets in all manner of direflions. They are principally diftinguiflied from the planets by long fiery tails, which con- tinually iffue from the fide that is furtheft from the Sun. The orbits, in which thefe vaft bodies move, are exceedingly long ovals, or very eccentric ellipfes, of fuch amazing circumferences, that in k)me parts of their circuit through the heavens, they approach fo near the Sun, as to be almoft vitrified by his heat; and then go cfi^ again into the regions of infinite fpace, to fuch immenfe diftances, as to be totally deprived of the light and heat which the reft of the planets receive from that luminary. The paths whicn they de- fcribe, and the laws to which they are fubjeft, have been difcovered by Newton. Their revolutions are governed throughout by the fame law, of defcribing equal areas in equal times, which is known to regulate the mo- tions of all the other bodies in the fyftem. 0/ the Fixed Start. What a magnificent idea of the Creator and his works is prefented in tbil account of the folar fyftem ! In the centre is placed the Sun, a fhipendous body qi fire, around whofe orb, the planets, fateltites and cozneti, perfarm INTRODUCTION. Dr. Herfchcf, in the Philo- ent volcanoes •f the Moon, ft telefcopes, ft remarkable of figure to rd the Sun is s difappears, dark fide is Je a little of yances, until tde is toward call the Full I. From the r half of her till her next rs as before.* afes, are fuf- er own : for, ^er, like the aon, the dif^ o admit of a , that of all neficial influ- i our nigKts, our faithful Btude! How aphical, and ; influence, id flow, and )utrefa(aion, fel the planets, e round the >ns. They which con- orbits, in y eccentric leir circuit aft vitrified :e, to fuck which the n they de- overed by le law, of :e the ino< in this ipendous perform ^ their revolutions with an exa6tnefs and regularity whick nraft fil^ the mind with the moft fublime conceptions of their divine ori)2;in. Who can con* template the magnitudes and diftances c(f thofe vaft bodies, and not be ft ruck with the wonders of Omnipotence ? But what muft be our aftoniftunent* when informed, that this glorious fyftem is only a {inaU part of the unirerfe, and that, if it were utterly annihilated, it would be miited no more, by an eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand on the fea- (here. To form fome idea, therefore, however imperfcA, of the extent of the univerfe, and the more elorious works of creation, we muft extend our views to thofe nomerous and fplendid orbs, which are difperfed far beyond the bounds of our folar fyftem. The fixed ftars are diftinguiihed from the planets by being more luminous, and by continually exhibiting that appearance which we call the twinkling of the ftars. This ftrifes, probably, from their appearing fp extremely fmall» tha the interpofrtf >n of any very minute fubftknce (of which there aro many conftantly flf ating in our atmofphere) deprives us of the fight of them) but as the interpofed oody foon changes its place, we again fee the ftar; and this fucceiTion being perpetual, occ^ions the twinkling. But a more remarkable property of the fixed ftars (and from which they obtain: their name) is their never changing their ittuation with regard to eack other, as the planets do; for although the rotation of the Earth, on its axis, occaiions an apparent diurnal motioiw of the whole frame of the heavens, in a con- trary direction, yet any two fixed ftars being obferved, at diftant intervals of time, will always be found to preferve the fame relative pofii^n during the whole of-fhts revolution. The fixed ftars are not placed in one concave furface, fo as to be all equally ditlant from us, but are fo difperfed tiirough illimitable fpace, that there mull be as great a diftance between any two neighlwuring ftars, as there is between quo: Sun and thofe which- are the neaixit to him* Were.i^ deflator, therefore, to be placed near any fixed ftkr, ht wotdd cpnfider that alone as a real Son, and the reft as fo many luminous points, placed in the firmament at equal diftances from him. The ftars which are the neareft to us feem the largeft, and are therefore called ftars of the firft magnitude* and (o on as far as the fixth, which includes all the ftars that are vifible without a telefcope; and, fince the invention of that inftrument, their number is coa-> fidered as immenfe. But the immenfity of their number is not alone worthy «f admiration c their immenfe diftance from us, and from each other, muft equally exalt our ideas of the wonders of Omnipotence, and the incon^ ceivable extent of the creation. The neareft ftar to us, or fuppofed ta be fuch from being the largeft in appearance, is Sirius, or the dogftar ; and the £arth, in its revolution ro^nd the Sun, is 195,000,000 miles nearer to this ftar in one part of it« orbit, than in the oppofite one ; and yet its magnir tnde appears not to be in the leaft aft«£ted by it. The diftance of this ftar from tne Sun is computed to be ajdove 32 millions of millions of miles» whick b further tha^i a caikon-ball would fly in feven millions of years. The ftars being at fuch immenfe diftances from the Sun, cannot receive irom him fo ftrong a light as they feem to poflTefs, nor even a degree of brightnefs fufHcient to make them vifible to us ; for his rays would be fo diffipated before they could reach fuch remote objedVs, that they could never be tranfmitted to our eyes, fo as to render thofe objedls vifible by refledtion. The ftars, therefore, ihine by their own nptive luftre, and, in this refpe^, are totally different from the planets. ■'. 1^ vi' a !• v*'! i The vulgar and uninformed imagine, that all the ftars were made only to give a faint glimmering light to the inhabitants of this globe ; although many of theft ftart are/ fo ^r from bmeiiting us, that they csnaot be fe«a )tU INTRODUCTION. til without a teleicope; and there are intiamerabte others which the eye, even by the aid of that inftrument, can never reach. Wf: have already intimated, that there is an inconceivable number of funs, fyftems, and worlds, difperfed through infinite fpace; infomuch, that our folar fyllem, compared with the whole, appears but as an atom, and is almofl loft in the immeniity of the creation. . The Georgian planet, neverthelefs, revolves in an orbit of above i,8oo>ooo,QOO miles from the Sun, and fome of the comets make ex- curfions of many ttiillions of miles beyond this ; and yet, at that aftoniih- ing diftance, they are incomparably nearer to the Sun than to any other fixed ftar ; as is evident from their keeping clear of the attraction of the ftars, and returning periodically by virtue of that of the Sun. It cannot be imaeiiied, therefore, that the omnipotent Creator, who a£ls with infinite wifdom, and never a6ls in vain, Ihould have created fo many glorious funs« fitted for fo many important purpofes, and placed at fuch diftances from each other, without fuitable objeds fufficiently near them to be benefited by th^ir influence. On the contrary, it is reafonable to conclude, that they were created for the ia^ne purpofes with our Sun ; to beftow light, heat, and vegetation, on. a certain number of planets revolving round them. And, from analogy we may infer, that all thefe innumerable fyftems are with equal wifdom contrived for the accommodation of rational inhabitants; perhaps of ftill higher orders of intelligent beings, all capable, in the difFereat fcales of exiftence, of a perpetual progreffion in knowledge and virtue, in perfedionand felicity, ..»;,((.»' N'i;^ ii;i />;ft't^' ^.•' Ifr^ ■vi;i DESCRIPTION OF THE ARTIFICIAL SPHERE. GN the convex part of the terreilrial globe, which is an artificial fpherical body, is ^ruly reprefented the whole world, as it coniifts of land and water. The circumference of the globe is divided into 360 degrees, every degree containing 60 geographical miles ; confequently the globe is 2 1 ,600 fuchmiles round : but, as 60 geographic miles are about 60 miles Englifh ineafure, the circuit of the globe is therefore 24,840 Enghfh miles. The circles reprefented on the globe are, i. The Equator, and the circles paral- lel to it. z. The Meridian, and the reft of the meridional lines. 3. The Horizon. ,4; TheEcliptic. 5, The two Tropics; and 6. The two Polar Circles. r<'j :, ,-,, :. uh '-./.- • The EojirATOR, or E<^inoctial» is a great circle, ninety degrees dif- cant from the poles of the world, and fo named, becaufe it divides the world into two equal parts: that in which the ardtic pole is found, is called the northern half ; and that in which the antardic pole is placed,, is the fouth- em half. It is divided into 360 degrees, or 180 degrees eaft, and the fame weft, from the flrft meridian, which on Englifh globes paiTes through Lon- don; and it:, principal ufe is to fhow the longitude of any place, eaft or weft, from fuch, firft meridian. When the Sun is in this circle, there is an equality of days and nights jill over the world: hence thefe points are called the equinoxes. The Meridian is a great circle, fuppofed to pafs through the poles of the world and, tho^e of the hotution,^ cutti.ig the fphere into two equal parts, the 9;ie oriental,, and the other occidental. It alfo pafTes through the zenith and nadir in every place, and cuts the horizon at right angles. It is called the Meridian, becaufe it marks. half the fpace of time during which tl e Sun and the ftars appear above the horizon. As there is an infinite numbtt of zeniths and horizons, the number •£ Meridians is alfo infinite ; tor the ^ INTRODUCTION. xm Meridian is changed, di well ar the zenith and norizon, ertry T.ep we take toward the eaft or weft ; but if we pafs in a right line northward or fouthwi^rd, we ftill continue under the fame Meridian* tliough we conftantly change tJ^p zenith and horizon. However, geographers only, reckon 360 Meridians, which are fuppofed to pafs through every degree of the equjnodlial. It has been cuftopiary for geographers to eAabliih a Firft Meridian; though this is altogether arbitrary : Ptolemy placed it at the ifland of Ferro, which is thie mod weftcrn of the Qanarics; but the common method, at prefent, is fur every geographer to make the Meridian of the capital of his country the. Firft Meridian; and, accordingly, the longitudes in this Didlionary are reckoned eaft or weft frOm the Meridian of London. The ufe of the brafs Meridian of a globe is to (how when it is noon or midnight at the place to which it is applied; and alfo to find the latitude of places, nbrth or fouth, froni th^ equator. parts, called fig and each of thofe into 30 more, called degrees, correfponding to the i2 months, and the days of the month. The Horizon is a great circle, which divides the world into two equal parts or hemifpheres, of wliich one is fuperior and vifible, and the other in«> ferior and invifible. When the Sun is above this circle it is then day, an4 ' when it is funk 18 degrees beneath it, ni^ At then commences. This circle is of wood, and the brafs meridian is inclofed therein with all the reft of ' the fphere : it is alfo immoveable, and on it are marked the degrees of the 12 figns of the ecliptic, and the days of the 12 months of the year. ^ The Tropics are two fmall circles parallel to the equinoiStial, defcribei by the firft j^oints of the firft degrees of the figns termed Cancer and Capri^ corn, that it, where they touch the ecliptic. They are diftant from the equinoflial very near 23 degrees and a half. The Sun defcribes (hefe i Tropics about the 20th day of June, and the 21ft day of Dtcember. When' he touches the Tropic of Cancer, he makes the longeft diay for thie inhabi- ' tants between the equator and the north pole; and, when he comes to the ' beginning of Capricorn, he makes the longeft day for the people between '' the equator and the fouth pole. On the contrary, the Ihorteft dayto thi" former will be when the Sun teaches the Tropic lof Capricorn, and to^ ^ the latter when he comes to the Tropic of Cancer. For this reafon, thofe.' points are called the winter and the fummer Tropics, or the fouthern and ^ northern; and they are as it were the two barriers, beyond which the Sua ' never pafiles. The Polar Circles are diftingnilhed by the names ofthe atiHic and '" antarflic, or the north and the fouth, and are circles parallel to the equinoc- ' tial. They are termed Polar, becaufe they are near the poles of the world, ' ' being only 23 degrees and a half from each pole. ' ' The Map of the Worldt at the beginning' of this book, teprefents the' globe, taken out of its horizon, cut through, turned up, and fqueezed ' flat. The circles bounding the projeftion, reprefent the brafs meridian^ and the curve lines running acrofs, at every 10 degrees^ fhow the latitude* ? north or fouth, from the equator. The top and bottom are the north and fouth poles ; and the curve lines uniting them, are the other meridians on the globe, which are drawn at every lo degrees on the equator^ and (how the longitude, eaft or weft, from the meridian of London. The equator or cquinodial is the ftraight line gunning acrofs the meridians exaftly in the ' xiiiddle. The tropics and polar^fircles are delineated at their proper diftancei pn each fide toward the north and fouth. . - • ^,:C,. '• » - * 1 -'i ' 3&r INTRODUCTION. ^ .- *v • •• -' ' OftheZMts, " ' / .. - . The Zones are five broad fpaces encompafling th6 globe, and are diflin- Saifhed chiefly by the temperature of the air. The torrid i^one contains all le fpace between the two tropics, and is fo calleJ from its exceflive heat, the Sun being vertical twice every year to all that inhabit it. This circle is about 47 degrees broad. The two temperate Zones are fo called from their lying between the two extreme degrees of heat and cold, viz. between the torrid Zone and the frigid Zones, the one being called the Northern temperate Zone, and the other the Southern temperate Zone. Thefe are both 43 degrees broad. Of the two frigid Zones, the one encompalTes the arflic or north pole, and extends to the diftance of 23 degrees and a half from it i and the other, the antar^ic or fouth pole, to the fame diilance. \A , - * -^ Of the Climates, . * A Climate is a fpace of the Earth comprehended between two parallels, at the end of which the length of the lontjeJl days are increafed half an hour in the fummer fcafon. I'he better to un<)ier[land this we muft obferve, that under the equator the longell day is no more than twelve hours, and that in proportion as we advance toward the polar circle, the days of each climate increafe half an hour, till we arrive at the polar circles ; for then the longeil days confift of 24 hours. Thus there are 24 Climates in all, on each fide of the equator. It is eafy to know in what Climate a city is, by obferving the longeil day ; as for inftance, at London, where the days are 16 hours long, we need only fubtra£t 12 from the number, and there will remain four ; then multiply this by two, and you will have eight, which is the Qimate of London. The fame may be done on any other Climate. .i.i.'- \ ^ "^ ' •• » ■• ' . Of the Points of the Compa/s. :[ The Earth maybe confidered, with regard to the four cardinal Points, which are the north, fouth, eaft, and wefl; and all the points included be- tween them may have refpeft to a particular place. By this mi^ans we know the fuuation of th'? different countries of the worla, with regard to each other; for fome are oriental or toward the ead, with regard to thofe that .are occidental, or lie wefterly of them. Thus Ireland is to the weft of England, Poland is to the eaft of Germany, and Africa is to the fouth 'of Europe. We may eafily diftinguifh the points that lie between thofe that arc cardinal : thus, -though Spain is to the fouth of France, yet it likewife lies to the weftward thereof; but as they do not lie exadly fouth or well of ■each other, Spain may be faid to lie fouthwell of France ; and for the fame reafon, on the contrary, France will be northeaft with regard to Spain. The like may be fattd of any two other countries. lUO .;i< ,.,,. / Of the Terms itfed h Geography. ' The word Geography comes from the Greek, and fignifies a defcription of the Earth. By the Earth is meant the terraqueous globe, compofed of land and water, and it is commonly called the terreftrial globe. Chm-ography is thedelcription of a cobntry, province, or county ; as, for inftance, Dorfetlhire. Topography is the defcription of a particular place, as a town and the like. tiydrograyhy is a defcription of the water, fuch as oceans, feasi and lakes. • As the Earth may be reprefented either in the whole, or in part, it form* the difference between geographical charts or maps, which, however, may be fediaced to two kinds; namely, general and particular. Among the former is the map of the world, or planifpliere, which Ihowsthe two furfaces INTRODUCTION. xf d are diftin- contains all ceflive heat. This circle called from nz. between he Northern Thefe are >mpafl*es the and a half diflance. wo parallel, half an hour >brerve, that irs, and that ays of each es; for then tes in all, on a citv is, by the days are id there will ;ht, which is Jlimate. ■dinal Points, included be- ns we know ard to each Ito thofe that the weft of to the fouth ten thofe that t it likewifc h or well of 'or the fame d to Spain. jfcription of lofed of land ihorography is ]Dorfet(hire. jnd the like. |nd lakes. irt, it forms Iwever, may jAmong the two furfaccs of the whole tenreflrial globe, cut in two bv the meridian pafling through the equinoxes ; as alfo the maps which defcribe fome principal part of the |riobe; fuch as Europe, Afia, or Africa; and even kingdoms ; as Sweden, Spain, or Great Britain. However, thofe maps may be called particular, which reprefent any particular country ; but they are more properly fuch as give an account onW of a part, as Naples in Italy, Normandy in France, and Staffbrdfhire in England. After all, nothing can give a better or more general idea of the Earth than a globe, becaufe it is of the fame ihape and figure ; but as it is im- poifible to make one large enough to fhow every part of the land and fea diftinAly, there is a neceffity of having recourfe to general and particular maps. Geography, as well as other arts and fciences, has terms proper to itfelf; fome of which have relation to the land, and others to the water. A Centinent is a large part t>f land that comprehends feveral countries not feparated by any fea : thus Europe is a continent. An IJIand, or IJle^ is a portion of land intirely furrounded by water. A Peninfuluy or Cherfinefus , is a c^uantity of land which is joined to a con- tinent only by a neck of the fame, it being every where elfe encompaflfed with water ; as the peninfula of the Crimea. An IJibmust or neck of land, is that part by which a peninfula is joined to the land ; as the ifthmus of Darien. A ProtMontmy is a high part of land, which projedts into th6 fea, and is com- monly called a Cape, when it appears like a mountain ; but when the ad- vanced part has little elevation, it is termed a Point. Thus the Cape of Good Hope is a mountainous promontory. An Ocean is a large colleflion of waters furrounding a confiberable part of the Continent ; fuch as the Atlantic and Northern Oceans. A Sea is a fmaller colleftipn of waters, when underftood in a flrift fenfe, as the Irifh Sea; but, in general, every part of the ocean may be called the fea ; and it is ftill more general, when the terraqueous globe is faid to cdnfift of land and fea. A Channel is a narrow fea, confined between an ifland and a continent, or between two iflands; as the Englilh Channel, and St. George's Channel. A Gulfxs a part of the fea furrounded by land, except in one, part, where it communicates with the ocean ; as the Gulf of Bengal, the Gulf of Florida ; and yet thefe are more properly feas than the Mediterranean, the Bahic, and the Black Seas, which, properly fpeaking, are gulfs, as well as the Gulf •f Venice. A Bay is faid to differ from a gulf only in being lefs, and more narrow at the entrance than within ; but this is far from being true ; for a bay has a wider entrance in proportion than a gulf, and it may be alfo larger than fome pulfs; as for inftance, the Bay of Bifcay ; though it muft be acknow- ledged that bays in general are much fmaller. A Creek is a fmall inlet, and is always much lefs than a bay. A Road is a place upon any coaft where there is a good anchorage, and where veflels, in fome fenfe, are fheltered from the wind. A Strait is a narrow paflage which joins two feas, two gul^, or a fea and % gulf; fuch as the Sound, near the Baltic ; and the Straits of Gibraltar, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. A Lake is a colledtion of ftanding water furrounded by land, having no vifible communication with the fea. Thus the Cafpian Sea is truly and properly a lake. Smaller lakes are thofe of Ladoga, Geneva, and ievcral othersi XVI INTRODUCTION. , DefcriptioH of a Map. ^^ The top of mod modern Maps is confidered as the north, the bottom tf the fottth, the ri^ht hand as the eaft, and the left hand as the weft. In old ^aps, where this rule is not always ftridllv followed* a flower de luce is generally placed on fon;e part of it, pointing toward the north, by which le other points arc eafily known. On the top of the Map, between the marginal lines, are placed the feveral £gurc5, which Ihow the number of degrees of eaftern of weftern longitude of every place that is direAly under thofe figures. At the bottom of moft Maps are placed the fame figures as thofe at the top ; but in Maps of the bell ibrt, inflead thereof are placed the number of hours or minutes every place in it lies diftant, eaft or weft, from its chief town or firft meridian. For in- fiance, every place which is fituate one degree eaft of another, will appear to luve the Sunyb^r minutes of time before it ; and Any one place, fituate one degree weft of another, will appear to have the Sun/oar minutes of time aftti it. Again, a place fituate fifteen degrees eaft of us, as Naples, will appear to hav9 the Sun one complete hour before us at London ; and a place fituate fifteen degrees weft of us, as the ifland of Madeira, will appear to have the San one hour after us at London. Jrf.Vr • On the right and left hand of every Map, between the marginal lines, are placed figures that ftiow the number of degrees, either north or fouth latitude >rhich every place parallel with them is diftant from the equator. Thus I«oadon i& fituate 51 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude; thai is, it is ib many degrees and minutes north from the equator. Over moft Maps are drawn lines from the top to the bottom; and from the right hand to the left ; thofe which run from the top to the bottom, are lines of longitude, and thofe trkich crofs tliem, lines of latitude ; but thefe are fometimes omitced, when a Map is too full to admit of them. JCmgdoms or Provinces are liivided from each othpr by a row of fingle points, ai^d diey are often ftained with different colours. Cities X)X great icfv-ns are made like little houfes, with afmall circle m the middle cf them ; but fmaller toiuns or villages are marked only with, little circles. Mountains are imitated in the form of little rifing hillocks ; tvad^forejls are reprefented by a colleftion of little trees. The names o{ villages are written in a running hand, thofe oi cities in a Roman charader, and thofe o( provinces in large capi- tals. Thtfea is generally left as an empty fpace on the Map, except where there are rocks, fands, or fhelves, currents of water or wind. liocks are fometimes made in Maps like little pointed things fticking up fharp in the fea. Sands otjhelves are denoted by a great heap of little points placed in the ihape of thefe fands, as they have been found to lie in the ocean, by found- ing the depths. Currents of water are defcribed by feveral long parallel ^rooked ftrokes, imitating a current. The courfe ofviinds is reprefented by the heads of arrows pointing to the coafts toward which the wind blows. Small rivers are defcribed by a fingle crooked waving line, and large rivers by fuch double and treble lines made ftrong a,qd, b,l'- V ^^ «» . - ' r a■-■•■; '■ 1" .rHsS'i o«J ,.^*'Ji owi fiiUH r.ciitw ajji^Uf. v.oivn & .: W-^'Z i"* . i:: i ft <». « .. ■■■_, r* A dL \m 4; r"k TH£ GENERAL GAZETTEER; OR, COMPENDIOUS i;- ; ") ' W««' . GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. A A R A A, a river of Dutch Brabant, which waters Helmont, and falls into the Doinmel, near Bois-le-duc. Aa, a river of the United Piovinccs, which waters ZwoU, and enters the Vccht, oppoHte HaHelt. Aa, a river of Weftphalla, which rifes near Munfter, waters that city, and falls into the Embs. Aa, a river that rifes in the department of Somme, in France, becomes navigable near St. Omer, and paiies on to Graveuncs, where it enters the German Ocean. A A, a river of Courland, that rifes in Saniojitia, and falls into the c^If of Riga. Aa, a river of Swiiferland, which rifes in the valley of Engelberg, and crolTing Underwalden, faus into the Waldftaetter See. Near the abbey of Engelberg, it has a noble cataraft. Aar, a large river of Swiflerland, which iSiies from a lake, near Mount Saalbc'rg, in the s of the canton of Bern, and running NW through the whole extent of the lakes of Bncntz and Thun to }^ern, takes a circuitous coiirie to So- leure, whence it flows E to Arburg, and NE to Brug, below which it is joined by the Reuis and Limmat, and then enters the Rhine below ^urzach. Gold dult is found in its bed, conveyed to it by the river Emme. , Aarberg. See ARBfERC; and for other words beginning witW Aa, look' tttulcr a fihglc A. ABE i vv. Abach, a town of Bavaria, on tht Danube, (tw^n miles sw of Rati(boD» It has a citadel, and is remarkable for Roman antiquities, and fome fine fpringa of mineral water. Lon. 1 1 59 E, lat* 48 53 N- Abakanskoi, a fbitified town of Siberia, in the province of Tobollk^ feated oh the Janeika. Lon. 94. 5 e» Abalak, a town in Siberia, two miles from Tobolflc ; famous for an image of the Virgin, conftantly yifited by a great number of pilgrims j the clergy cairy it every year in proce^ion to Tobolflc* Lon. 68 20 E, lat. 5S 11 ,N, Abano, a village Hve miles sw of Padua, in Italy, famous for warm baths. In one^ called Bagno dl Fango, the patients are covered with the waim mud, in hopes of a cure. ABARANER,a tbwn of Armenia, where the archbiihop of Nakfivan often reftdes s be is an Armenian, and yet there are 300 RomaA catholics faid to be In this pbce. It is 20 miles n of Nakfivan. Lon. 63 59 B, lat. 39 o N. Ab ASK A J A, a town of Sib^Ia, on the river Ifchim. The church is furrounded by a rampart and paiiiades, and gamfoneJ by dragoons. Lon. 69 5 E, lat. 50 10 N. Abeville, a town of France, in the department of Somme and late province of Picardy, feated in a pleafant valley, where the Somme divides into feveral ABE ABE / * branches} and feparates the town into two parts. A manut'afture of woollen cloth waii let up here in 1665 : they alio ii^ake failcloth, coarfe linen, and bbck and green foap. It is 54 miles s of Calais, and 80 n by W of Puris. Lon. i 55 e, lat. 50 7 N. Abbey Boya.b. See Boyle. Abbey Holm. Sec Holm. Abbey Milton. See Milton. Abbots, or ArtwooD Castle, in Staffordfhire, fituate on a lofty round pro- montory, and a Iteep ridge of hilU (con- jetSlured to have been one continued for- tiBcation, and a work of the ancient Britons) feven miles from Wolverhamp- ton. Abbots-Bromley, or Pagets- Bromley, a town of StaH'oi-dflurc, with a market on Tutfday. It is fix miles e of Stafford, and 119 NW of London. Lon I 53 w, lit. 5a 51 N. Abbotsbury, a town in Dorfetflu. where there is a famous fwannery. It li; a market on Thurlday, and is Icven mil •sw of Dorcheiter, and 127 w by s of London. Lon. 3 4.2 w, ht. 50 38 N. Abbots-Langley, a village in Herts, four miles sw of St. Alban's, famous for being the birthplace of Nicholas Breakfpeare, who, under the name of Adrian iv, was the only Engli/hman that ever became pope, and whole arrogance was liich, that he obliged the emperor Frederic the Firft to proftrate himfelf before him, kifs his foot, hold his ftirrxip, and lead the white paltry on which he ro«.le ; and yet he luttered his mother to be maintained by the ahns of the church of Canterbury. Abenrade, a town of Denmark, in Slefwick, in a territory of its own name. It is a flourifhing place, and feated on a fpacious bay of the Baltic, furroundcd on three fides by high mountains. Lon. 9 14. K, iat. 55 6 N. Abk.sspurc, a town of Bavaria, on the river Abens, near the Darube, 1 5 miles sw of Ratiibon. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 4H 46 N. Abkravon, a town in Glamorgan- fliire, feated at the mouth of the Avow, 19 miles NW of Cowbridge, and 195 wof London. Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 51 35 n. /\berbrothwick, or Abroath,, a roy^i borough of Angusftire. It is a Imall neat town, in which is a confiderable nitinufarture of failcloth and linen, and the magnificent ruins of an abbey, faid io have been founded by William the Lion in 1178. It is 15 miles ne of St. Andrews, and 40 NNE of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 39 w, lat. 56 36 n. Aberdeen, Old, a city in Aberderj*- fhue, on the s bank of the river Don, over which is an old bridge, of one arcli, relting upon two oppofite rocks. The town coniilts only ot one llreet ; but has an ancient Gothic cathedral, in which arc two places of worlhip \ a.id a collcj^r, calK-d King's College. Aberdeen, New, a handfomecity in Aberdernflure, fituate abont one mile from Old Aberdeen, on an eminence, on the s lide of the river Dee } over whicli, about two miles above the town, is an tlejrant bridge of feven arches. The college, founded by earl Marifchal, 1 593, and called Marifchal College, is, like the college in Old Aberdeen, an ancient edi- fice, and a very refpe6\able fi:minary. Befide two papift churches, and the college kirk, there is an elegant epifcopal chapel, with I'cveral meeting-houles. The other public buildings arc, a handfome towa- noufe, Gordon's hofpital, an infirmaiy, ami a gi-ammar fchool. The harbour, at the mouth of the Dee, is defended by a Strong dune pier, lately eret^ed. Belide the coafting trade, vetlel* are . fent hence to France, Spain, Portugal, and to tlie northern (tates of Europe. The manu- faf^tures are (tockings, cottons, &c. and here is a fine falmon fifheiy. The number of inhabitants in Old and New Aberdeen, and the luburbs, is eitimated at 20,000. Aberdeen is 84 miles Nw of Edinburgh. Lon. I 50 w, lat. 57 6 N. Aberdeenshire, a coimty of Scot- land, bounded on the NW by Bamffihire and the river Deveron ; on the N and N e by the German Ocean 5 on the s by the counties of Kincardine, Angus, and Perth \ and on the w by Invemefsftiire. Its length, from N£ to sw, is 80 miles j its breadth not quite 30. The NE part, extending toward the river Ythan, is culled Buchan. There is much excel- lent paiture in the high parts j and the Ir-vcl trait, called Strathbogie, contains many well cultivated fields. AaERnouR, a village in Fifefliire, on liie N coatt of the futh of Forth, about 1 2 miles from Edinburgh. At this place, the gallant earl of Murray was mtudered in 1592, on fufpicion of having gair.ed the affeftions of the queen. Aberford, or Aberforth, a tow^ in the w riding of Yorkfhire, with a market on Wednefday. It is 16 miles sw of York, and 184 nnw of London. Lon. I 21 w, lat. 53 50 N. Aberfraw, a village In the ifle of Angiefey, formerly a place of great ac- covnki the princes of N Wales having A B K A B R then a palace here. It is fix raile* NW of Newburgh. AbergaVemmY, a welUboilt town in Moninouthlhire, containing about 500 houfck, with two parilh churches, and an old calile. It ha* a market on ruelUay and Friday» and in 16 miles w of Mon- mouth, and 143 w by N ut London. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 51 50 N. Aeernethy* atom in Murrayflurc, on the river Spey, formerly the leat ot the Pi^tidi kings, and aftcrwaid the lee of an archbiHiup. Aberystwith, a fmall town in Car- diganfhire, on the Riddul, near its con- Huence with the Iftwith, where it fall* into Cardigan Bay. 'I'he market, on Monday, is confidi^rable. It is 30 miles NK of Cardigan, and 203 WNW of Lon- don. Lon. 4. o w, lat. ,51 25 N. Abex, a country of Africa, on the Red Sea, which bounds it on the e; AbyjFmia and Nubia lie on the w; Kgypt on the N i and the coalt of Ajan to the s. Suaquam is the capital. It is a iandy and barren country, being, deltitute of water. The inhabitaats aie Mahome- tans. - Abiad, a lo\vn on the coaft of Abex, on a high mountain, and remarkable ibr its trade in ebony and aromatic plants. Abiarrasso, a fmall town of Italy, feated on a canal, in the duchy of Milan. Lon. 9 z4 H, lat. 45 20 N. ABiNCDOM, a town in Berks, on the Thames, with a market, on Monday and Friday. The aflizes, fedions, and other county meetings, are often held here. Jt has a handlbme townhail for the .lilizes, i:c. and two churches. Thetownconlillsof I'everal well built Itreefs, which centre in a Ijpacious corn-itiarket j und great quan- tities of malt are made here, and ftnt in baj-gcs to London, it fends one member to parliament, and is fcven miles s of. Oxford, and 56 W of London. Lon. i Z2 w, lat. 51 42 N. Abiul, a town of Beira, in Portugal, containing i^joo' inhabitants. Lon^ 7 10 w, lati 40 7^0 N. Abkhas, one of the feven nations in the countries comprehended between the Black Sea and the Cai'pian. Their prin- cipal and moit ancient eitablilhmetkts are on the ibatbera Hops of the mountains -comprehended between the river Cttban and the Bla^k Sea. They arc tributary to the Turks, apd are divided; into tw6 governments^, the wefterri and the eal^i.} dach fubje^: tQ;ai>aihaw^Gbnuiiofllychoien out of th« principal ait ivt familieti; one. pf «^<»njr«lide« at.Sotchukka^^, and thc' Lon. from 7a to Sj* e, lat. other at SoghumkaU. The Abkhat fpeak an original language, eflentialty different from all the kno>yn languages, though appearing to have a very remote affinity to that of the Circalfiuns. They have, at preltnt, very little religion, althoueh they It ill prefervc Ibme traces of Chrlltr- anity. 'I heir capital is Anacopir, for- merly Nicopfis. Abl,ay, a counfiy in Great Tartary, fubjt'H to the Kullians: but their chief is a Culmuck. 5 1 to 54<' N. Abloe, a town of Little Tartary, be- tween the river Dnieper, and the Black bea. Lon. 33 15 E, lat. 46 to N. > Abnakis, Indians of North America, betweeji New lingland and Canada. They hate labour, and could never be bixjught to cultivate the ground. Abo, a feaport, the capital of Swedifh Finland, on the point where the gulphs of Bothnia and Finland imite. It contains lijveral brick hoiifes; but the generality aie of wood painted red. The inhabit- ants export linen, com, flax, and iron. Here is a univerfity, founded in 1640, by queen Chriitiana; and here likewife is a royal botanic garden, eftabliflied by the late unfortunate Gultavus. Abo is an cpifcopal lee, 140 miles ne of Stockholm. Lon. 22 18 E, lat. 60 27 N. Abo-flot, or Abo-hus, an ancient fort in Finland, on a pcninfula, near the mouth of the Aura. It has often fuffered from thi enemy and by fire. Aboutice, Abutish, or Abohibe, a town in Upper Egypt, near the Nik, where there grows plenty of poppies, of' which the belt opium is made. Lat. zti 50 N. Abrahamsdorf, a fmall town in Hungary, but well inhabited. Lon. 19 50 E, lat. 46 20 N. Abrantes, a town of Portugal, in Eltramadura, on th? river Tajo. It con- tains 35,000 iiihabirants, has four con- vents, and an hofpital. Lon. 7 18 w, lat. 39 13 N. Abrejro, a town of Tra-los-monies, in Portugal. I^n. 7 10 \v,lat. 41 10 N. Abrolhos, dangerous fhoals, about 50 miles from the coaft of Brafilj near the iilaivl of St. Barbe. ;•;•;-;■ Abrug banya, a populous town In Tranfylvania, on the river Oropay, 35 miles above Alba Julia, near vvhich are mines of gold and lllver. Lon. 23 24 £» lat. 46 50 N. ' AsRTjy.zo, a province of Naples, boxwded on the ^ 'by the gulph of Venice i 9S the M and w>hy Atttonia, Umbria^ ■ '■- ::' . ■•' B 2 ' '■ ■■<.'■'■ ■\' r \ A B Y A C Kt ^1 5: i ir jff and Cunfigoa i\ R«flia; •tti elk the rainv fcafon» to prevltnt -all their' ftock«f s by Terra di Lavora and Moiift. It i» cattle from b«ine deftroyed. Accordingi divided into two n^rts by the river Ptf- to Mr. Bruce, tm celebrated river Nile carai whereof one U called Uheriore* and his its fburce in this country^ near tht has Aquila for its capital j and the other village of Gee(h> in Ion. 36 55 E, and lat. Citeriore, of which Solmona is the capital Bcfide the Appcnnine Mountains, there are two ethers, called Monte Cavallo and Monte Mayailo. This country is fertile in com, rice, fruit, and faffron j but the woods abound with bears and wolves. Abspbrg, a fmall town in Suabia, In the Norgow, near Anfpach. Abstkinen, a bailiwic beyond the rivtr Memel, in the circle of Tajpieu, be- longing to the kingdom of Pruma. It is a mountainous, but pleafant countrj^ and 10 59 H. Gondar is the metropolis. There is a remarkable coincidence betwetn the cuttomt in the court of ancient PerHa and thofe of Abyflinia. The religion of the country is a mixture of Judailin and of the Chriftianity of the Greek church ; and the language i» Ethiopic, which bears a great affinity to the Arabic. Acadia. See Nova See via. Ac AM BO u, a kingdom on the coaft of Guinea, in Africa, whofe king is abiblute, and all hia fubjefls (laves; which, how- abounds in com and cattle. "'^ ever, does not prevent them from being Abydos^ a town and caltle of Natolia, haughty and infolent. on the ftrait of Galiipoli. He r^ all (hips ACAKNY, an inland country of Guinea^ from the Archipelago are fearched. Lon. aflfording the beft gold, in great plenty. There is a town of the fame name. Lon. o 30 B, lat. 8 30 N. ACAPULCO, a confiderable town of Mexico, feated on a bay of the S Sea. The harbour U very coraioodious, and will hold near 100 ve(rels. Every year 3 rich (hip is fent to Manilb ; and another returns annually thence to this port, laden with the bett commodities of the £ Indies. One of thefe, laden with filver^ was taken by commodore Anfon, in i74-3> Lpn. 102 10 w, lat. 17 22 s. Ac ARIA, a towm of S America, in Paraguay, built by the Jefuits in 1^24. Lon. 51 5 w, bt. 26 o s. AcBARABAO. See Agra. AcERENZA, a town of Naples, in the province of Bafilicata, formerly the (ee Lon. 16 5 E, lat. 40 37 36 B, lat. 40 i6 N. Abyo, or Abuyo, one of the Phil- llppine iflands, between Mindinao and Luzon, where the Spaniards have a fort. Lon. 122 15 E, lat. 10 o N. Abyssinia, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on tlie N by Sennar, or Nu- bia ; on the E by the Red Sea and Dane 3 la; on the w by Gorham; and oh the S by Gingia and Alaba } lying between 6 and 20*^ N, lat. and 26 and 40^ £ lon. It is about 900 mile, long, and 800 broad. The rainy feafon con- tinues from April to September. Thi» is (licceeded, without interval, by a cloud- kls (ky, and a vertical fun. Cold nights as inftantly follow thefe fcorching days. The earth, notwithftanding thel'e days, is perpetually cold, lb aslo feel difagreeable of an archbilhop. to the Iblcs of the feet; partly owing to 20 N. the fix months rain, when no fun appears, and partly to the perpetual equality of nights and days. There is no country in the world that produces a greater variety ef quadrupeds, both wild and tame; but there are no tigers. The hyenas, how- ever, are very nun^eroub, and dreadful in their ravages. Bcfide many Ipecies of eagles, vultures, 8ic. there is a Ipecies of gkde, called haddayn, which is very fre- quent in Egypt, and comes punftuaUy into Abyflinia, at the return of the fun, after the tropical rains; and Itorks cover the plains in May, when the rains become conliant: there are few owlsj but thefe are of an immenle fwe and beauty. The molt remarkable infeft is thjt Ttfaltfal.or fly, vv'hich is lo fatal to cattle, ^d evm to the camel, that, in fome particular countries, great eiaigrations are obliged t» ta/to place -in the;begi|ining of the AcERNO, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Citeriore, with a bi(hop's liie, 12 miles NE of Salerno. Lon. 15 6 E» lat. 40 45 N. AcERRA, a town of Naples, on the river Agno, (even miles ne oH Naples. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 40 55 N. AcH, a town of Suabia, in the land- gravate of Nellenburg, on the river Ach, 14 miles NE of Schafthaufen. Ac HAM, a country in Afia, bounded on the N by Boutan, on the E by China, on the s by Burmah, and on the w by Hindooftan. It is very little known t6 th» Europeans. AcHEEN^ a kirigdom in the nw p«Mt of the iibnd of Simtatra, ncyw very dif- ferent from earlier times^'when it was powerful coov.gh to expel ' the Portuguefe from the iilandr and it* fo¥creign«k at" GKiyed'CmbaffiM! from foin» «fi tk« g»M^clt> A C H A C R •otmtate* of EtiTpe. It is compftrativrly healthy, being more free from woods and fwamps than the other parts of the idand. Its chief produfVs are fine fruits, rice, cotton, gold duft, and fulphui^. Tht Achinefe arc, in general, talkr, ftouter, »nd much darker- complexioned than the •ther Sumttrans. They are' more aftive and indultriom than their neighbours, and have more fagacity and penetration. They are Mahometans. AcHEEN, the capital of a kingdom oif the (ame itume, in Sumatra, feated o» a river which flows into the Tea, near the Nw point of the iUand, or Acheen Head, about two miles from the mouth, in a wide valley, formed like an amphitheatre by two lofty ranges of hills. The river, which empties itlelf by feveral channels, is very fballow at the bar. The houfes are built of bamboos and rough timbers, and are raifed ibme feet from the ground, this part of the country being overflowed In the rainy feafon. It is an open town, in the centre of which is the king'$ palace, a rude piece of architecture, a mile and a half in circtmiference, fur- rounded by a wide and deep moat, zna iirong walls. A large manufafturt of a thick kind ot cotton cloth, and of ftuif for the fhort trowfers worn by the Malays and Achenefe, is eftablifhed here. Pay- ments are commonly made in gold duft, which |s carrjM about in ''adders. The Achinefe are bold and expert navigators. Crime? are punilhed here with remaikahle rigour J but the rod of juftice, it is fup- poled, falls only on the poor. Petty theft IS punifhed by fufpending the offender from a tree, with a gun, or other heavy weight, tied to his feet j or by cutting off a finger, hand, or |eg, according to the nature of the theft. Many of thefe muti- lated people are to be fcen daily in the fireets. An adulterer loli?s the protection of his friends, and is delivered up to the relations of the huiband, who convey him to a large plain, and form themlelves into a circle, in the midit of which the culprit is placed } a large weapon is then delivered to him by one of his relations, and if he can- force his way t' ough, and efcape, he is not liable to further pcolecution ; but he is molk commonly cut to pieces in an inftant; and his relations biiry him as they would a dead buffalo, on no account admitting the oorpfe into their houfe. ot performing any funeral rites. Highway- robbers and houfebreakers are drowned j Und their bodies are expoied, a few days, on a ftake; but if a prieft be robbed, the otfendtr in burnt alive. Vet, alter all, the Achirncfe are ftippofed to be the mofk difhoneft and flagitious people in the Eaft. Acheen is looo miles s£ of Madras. Lon. 95 34 E, lat. 5 21 N. AcHONRV, a fmall town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, on the Shannon. AcHMETscHET, A towTi of Crim Taf- tary, in the KufTian piuvince of Taurida and government of Catharinenllaf. Lon. 33 ao E,lat. 4.5 o N. Achy R, a (troiig to\vn and caftit of the Ukraine, on the river Uorfklo, 117 mll:;k E of Kiow. Lou. 36 10 El iat. 49 32 N. ACIERNO. SeeAcERNO. AcKEN; a fmall town in the duchy of Magdeburg. It has a citadel, and ftandt on the Elbe, five miles from DeflTaw. AcOMA, a town of New Mexico^ feated on a high mountain, with a firopg cattle. It is the capital of the province. Lon. 104 n w, lat. 35 o N. * Ac<^, a to%vn of France, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in the department of Arriege and late province of Foix, Its vicinity is noted for hot fprings. Lon. I 40 E, lat. 43 o N. Ac(^A, a town in Tufcany, noted for warm baths. Lon. 12 10 E, lat. 43 45 N. Acc^A-CHE-FAVELLA, a celebrate4 fountain of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, ne-i- the mouth of the river Grata, and itk ruins are called Sibari Rovinata, AcquAPENDENTE, a large town of Orvieto, with a bifhop's fee, feated on a mountain near the river Paglia, 50 milcfe N by w of Rome. Lot). 12 17 E, lat; 42 43 N. AccHjARiA, a fmall town in Frigana^ a diftrilt of Modena, remarkable for its medicinal waters. It is 12 miles s of Modena. Lon. 11 19 £, lat. 44 12 H. AcQUAvivA, a town of Naples, In Terra di Bari. Lon. 16 20 E, lat. 41 10 K. Acqui, a town ofMontferrat. It hag commodious buths, is a bifhop's fee, and feated on the Bormia, 25 miles NW pf Genoa. Lon. 8 35 E, ht. 44 40 n. AcRA, a town pn the coaft of Guinea, where the Englifli, Dutch, Mid Danes have forts, and each fort its village. Lon. o 2 \v, lat. 5 N. Acre, a feaport of Paleltine, formerly called Ptolemais. It is abilhop's fee. It was famous in the time of the aaifades, and underwent feveral (icges ; but is now inconfidcrablc, an-J entirely fupported by its harbour. It is 28 miles s of Tyre, and 37 N of Jerufalem. Lon. 35 25 Ef lat. 32 32 K. AcRON, a territory on tlie Gold coaft of Guinea. The Dutch have a fort here called Fort Patience ; and mwler it is thd A D I ADZ . Tillage, inhabited only by finiermen. The other inhabitant* are iiulbandmen, and fell their com to other countries. There is plenty of game, which is very commodi- ous for the Dutch fafloiy . This is called liittle Acron, Great Acron being further inland, and a kind of republic. AcROTBRi, a town in the ifland of Santorim. Lon. z6 i e, lat. 36 25 n. Acton, East, a village in Mlddlefex, fix miles w of London, noted tbr it^ medicinal waters. AcTbN-BuRNEL, a Village in Shrop- fliire, eight miles from Shrewsbury. A parliament was held here l^ the reign of ^Edward i, when the lords fat in the cattle, and the connmons in a bam, which is ftiU ftanding. A great part of the caftle re- mains) the walls exceedingly ftrong, and adorned with 6ne battlements and rows of windows curioufly carved ; and mull, from its prefent appearance, hive been a mag- nificent;ftructure. Adam's-Pike, a high mountain inrtie ifland of Ceylon; on the top of which they believe the firftman was created,: and there is a ftiapc of. a man's foot, cut out of the rock,, about iive or. fix f«;et in length, which they pretend is the print of his fopt. And near this is a reef of rocks, which run over to the continent, called Adam's Bridge i for they fay it was made by angels to carry him over to the main wnd. However, we muft obferve, that thefe are European names; for the hrii nuui is not called Adam by the natives. A'dana, an ancient and handffome town «f Natolia, in a chantking climate, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated on the Choquen, 25 miles NE of Tarfus. Lon. 36 iz e, lat. 37 »6 N. Adda, a river, which rifes in the country of the Grifons, and falls into the Fo, near Cremona. .AdeI: a kingdom of. Africa, called alfo Zeila, from its capital. It lies on the s coaft of the ftrait of Babelmandel. It feldom rains here, and yet the countiy i J fmitful, being well watered by rivers. If abounds with wheat, millet, frankin- ceiifcj and pepper; and the tails of their ihitji weigh Z5lb. each. The inhabitants ai'e Mahometans. Aden, once a rich but now abandoned feaport of Arabia Felix, 60 miles E of Mocha. Lon. 46 30 E, lat. 13 10 N. Adenbitrg, or Addenburg, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, i % miles N£ of Cologne. Lon. 7 16 e, lat. 51 Z N. Adige, a rivfr of Italy, which has ito iburce to the s of the lake Glace, among .the Alps, and runs » by Trent* and e by Nerqna, into th»j gulf of Venice. Admiralty Is^^ands, a clulter of iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, to tlw N\V of New Ireland. They were difcovered in 1767; Ib-ne of them appear of confi- derable extent ; and the centre one is liip- pofed to be in lon. 14.6 44 e, lat* 2 18 sfo Adon, a town of Hungary, in the pro- vince of 8tuhl-Weiff?mburg, leated in a fruitful country near the Danube. Lon. i9i5E, lat. 47 35 N. Adoni, a town of Golcopda, in the peninfula of Hindoftan, on one of the branches of the Tungebadda. It is 175 miles sw of Hydrabad, and 310 Nw of Madras. Lon. 77 o E, lat. 15 37- N.. ApouR, a river of France, which rif^ in the department of the Upper Pyrenees, and running by Tarbes and Dax, falls into the bay qf Bilc3|y below Bayonne. Adra, a feaport of Granada, in Spain, 47 miles SE of Granada. Lon. z 37 w^ lat. 36 4>N. Adria, a town in the territory of Venice, which gives name to the Adriitic Sea. It is a bifliop's leCj 25 miles ssw of Venice. Lon. la yB, ht. 45 8 N. A-DRIANO,. a mounta,in of .Spain, in Bifcay. The;re is a road over it to Aalba and Old Caltile, which is very diiticult: at its beginning there is a dai'k path of 1 50 paces, cut through a rock ; after which is the mountain that muft be palled over. It is one of; the h'gheft of the Pyre- nees; and is only inhabited by a few ihepherds. Adrianofle, a celebrated town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, with an ai'chbiihop's iee; fituate in a fine plain, on the 'river Marazi, 115 miles nw of Conftantinople. The grand lignior often vifits this place. It is eight miles in.cir-f cumference, but the ftreets aie nairow.and crooked. Lon. x6 27 e, lat. 41 45 N. Adriatic Sea, ee Venice, Gulf OF. Adventure Island, a finail irtand in the S Pacific Ocean, fo called from die Ihip Adventure, in which capt. Furneaux failed. Capt. Cook found the people to be mild and cheerful, with little of that wild appearance which lavages in general have. They were, however, almoft totally devoid of aftivity or genius, and were nearly on a level with the wretched natives of Tierra del Fuego. Lon. 147 29 W, lat. 43 21 s. Adula, a mountun of Spain, la Navaije, between Painpeluna and St. Jean de Pi6 deK^rr. Aoz£NOta, a, fmuU town of ^pjun. i%\ ■vmnnty^fim^'ni?^- ';iw»,t-^-.. , X '^^mii»»m^' "■«i^#. iins > by Ti-enti in; gulf oi Venietr. IDS, a clulttr oH )<:ean, to the n\V r wer(; difcovered I appear of coafi- ceiitre one is iup- ■^ E, liX' » 1 8 ifc iigary, in the pro- burg, leated in a t Danube. Lon. Jolcopda, in the on one of the adda. It is 175 and 310 nw of at. 15 37. N.. ance, which rif^ Upper Pyrenees, id Dax, falls into Bayonne, anada, in Spain, Loi}, a 37 w> the territory of to the Adriatic i 2.5 miles S8W ' Ut. 45 8 N. - n ot .Spain, in over it to Aalba i very difficult : lark path of 150 ; after which is be palled over, of the Pyre- ited by a few iratcd town of nania, with an n a fine plain, miles Nw of id fignior often It miles in.cir-r aie naiTow and at. 41 45 N. ENicE, Gulf a final] ifland :alle4 from tlie apt. Furneaux the people to little of that ges in general alinofi totally as, and were etched natives n. 147 49 w, if Spain, la a and St. Jean vn of Spalny .y<^- '%^ir V<^ X. .1; i % W' / • » ftSit .;.«.•*. v> ^%; Kf t. m uian' - nt rn ttifi 1^, SttofQ-^ luras Mithii '•'"if, KfTM JT ^f<*' tni/am. o c 4J^ T I A N E #■ ?* Z A N Equiuoctiid LiuF s ^rt«.«t>«^ imL ^Matthrtv ISflTuvtui W.IAC \COCO Ok H /^^vr'WA- 6^'^^^, j<» f Id Btiyfiuf K T A F K I C A FROM THE BE AUTHOR ITIE ST of .yj""'! hrH. B.i/c^rlsli»f"^" ■ Ibnin \lotiui,. m i.^J pJtltCCA. h J^' Jinfhd'itt Uckn ^ \ Mt^M I A y s s 1' OVROVFA ifm'"^ OllfOIA or JBaHBA^y^ff^^jj^g fV.lAC Mi'H.eol rfid fitnca Gurd Mo6eg«y«. ^^^. .BOMTS I N D I »A/ •A :n IMaMnnnha.* A{ ^StttivJftrmano 1^ trnf-Zan-xiAar ,,. Vuiltyi, 'i^^Utrmaruv o. A ^ oibos r.Of ^ <^'^^'^-^ Cai Jc n-iftie '.<7^6ood "?»»mi flW"^* ^"/rti'tutA '%rofJ^ '*W/iy a »«» "W»J •«^* "^* "^, t?/" 4u>Lanf;^taitBaitjBff Seam. Londoa «w ^"*/^»? ^, '^, V*v.. '^-^.r ^■ : t ....' . i| f ? ! \ti\ i\ t ( i A F R ,*niiiii*i««irft'.gyf ov^^ AGE t0- L«» L?o y in Valcntia, fcatcd on mount Pcgna Golora. Lon. 2 16 \v, lat. yj 10 N. ^-c;ai)ES, or TEcates, three fmall itluntls on the w fide of Sicily, between Murlt;lla and Trapani; their names aie Levenzo, Favignana, and Maretama. Aershot, a to\yn in Brabant, on the river Demur, ten iniles E of Mechlin. Lon, 4 49 E, lat. 51 I N. ^TNA. See Etna. AFRICA, one of the four principal parts of the world ; bounded on the N by the Mediterranean Sea; on the \v by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the E by the ilthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the In- dian Ocean ; and on the s by the Southern Ocean. Ic is a penini'ula of prodigious ex- tent, being, joined to Afia by the iithmus of Suez, which is 60 miles over. In its gieateft length, from the moft nortliern purt to the Cape of Good Hope, it i$ 4600 miles J and in the broade(t part, fiom Cape Verd to Cape Guardafui, it is ■5500, The greateft part of it is within the torrid zone, which renders the heat alinoft infupportable in many places. How- evei-, the coafts in general are very fertile, the fruits excellent, and the plants extra- ordinaiy. There are more wild beafts t^ian in any other part of the world : there are alio Ibme animals peculiar to this countrj'j as the hippopotamus, or river horle J the rhinoceros, with two horns on its nofe ; and the beautiful ftriped zebra. Befide thefe, they have crocodiles, oftriches, camels, and many other animals not to be met with in Europe. There are feveral deferts, particxilarly one' of a large extent, called Zahara; but thefe are not quite without inhabitants. There are many large rivers j but the principal are the Nile and the Nigen, of which lait, the Senegal and the Gambia are only branches. The mott confiderable mountains are the Atlas, the Mountains of the Moon, and the Sierra Leone, or the Mountains of the Lions. The inhabitants confift of Pagans, Mahometans, and Chriftians. The firft, which poffefs the greateft part of the country, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, are the moft nu- merous, and are generally black. The Mahometans, who are tawny, poffefs Egypt and the coaft of Barbary. The people of Abyifinia are denominated Chql-- tians, but retain many pagan and jewifli rites. In the N of Africa are fome Jews, wlw manage all the little trade of th^t part of the countiy. The principal divj- iions of Africa are Barbary, Egypt, Bile- dulgerid, Zahara, Negroland, Guinea, i^ornouo Caihna, Fezzan, Senna, Nubia, ;vA^.', .,^>- AbyfTmia, Abex, Loango, Congo, An- gola, Benguela, Mataman, Zanguebai-, Monomotapa, Monomugi, Sofola, Caf- fraria, and the country of the Hottentots. In 1788, an affociation was formed for the purpofe of having the interior regions of Africa explored} and Mr. Ledyard and Mr. Lucas were fcle6led as their milFion- aries. Mr. Ledyard died en the journey ; but Mr. Lucas is ftill purfuing his re< ieai'ches. Tuc aHTociation have aljready colledcd much geographical infoima- tion. Africa, a feapott of the kingdom of Tunis, 70 miles SSE of Tunis. It was taken by Charles v, who demolifhetl the fortifications. Lon. 11 xo E, lat. 35 36 N. Afrk^e, St. a fmall town of France, in the depaitment of Averion, fix miles E of Vabres. Agades, a kingdom of Africa, in Ne- groland, with a town of the fame name, tributary to the kin^ of Tombu6^ou. It produces excellent ienna and manna. Lon. 13 20 E, lat. 19 10 N. AoAMENTicus, a mountain of n America, in the diftri^ of Main. It m a noted landmark for failors, about eight ' miles from the fea, in lat. 43 16. AoATHA, St. a town of Naples, in Princiuato Ulteriore, with a bifhop's fee, 20 miles N£ of Naples. Lpn. 14 36 E, lat. 41 5 N. AcATTON, a town near the mouth of the Formofa, on the coaft of Guinea, 80 miles s of Benin. Lon 7 6 E, lat. 7 20 N. Agde, a town of France, iin the depart- ment of Herault and late province of Lan-t guedoc, feated on the, river Herault, not far from its mouth in the gulf of Lyons, where there is a. fort to defend the entr:mce. It is 17 miles NE of Narbonne. Lon, 3 33 e, lat. 45 T9 N. Ac EN, an ancient town of France, in the late province of Guienhe, the epifcor pal lee of the departnient of Aveiron. It is feated in a fertile country, on the banks of the Garonne. Prunes, on account of their antifcorbutic proiperty, form here a confidejable obi?6l of commerce } of which the Dutch take gr^at quantities for long voyages. Great part of the hemp in the neighbourhood is manufa^ured \c\iQ table linen, which is fent to Cadiz, and thence exported to the Spanifh ifiands. Here are likewife manufaftures of cambists, ferges, and failcloth. Agen is 108 miles S£ of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 40 K, lat. 42 12 N. Agenabat, a town orTrai\lylvania i 10 miles NE of Hermanfta4t. Lon. a^ 50 £, lat. 46 3a N. r. . ,. A G N A J A \''h \h\ I > Acer, a town of Spain, In Catalonls. Lon. I 50 E, lat. 41 50 N. AcGA, or AnooNA, a town and country on the coaft of Guinea, in which Is a very high hill, called the Devil's Blount, luppofed to contain a j}ic;it quan- tity of cotJ. The Englilh have a fort here. Lon. o c, lat.-6 o N. Acr.ERHuys, a fortrefs of Norway, In a province of the fame name, which is full oi mountains. It U 30 miles NW of Fredcrickniali. Lon. 10 ao £, lat. 59 30 N. See CHRISTlANtA. AcHRiM, a village in the county of Galway, memorable for the decifive vic- tory, j^nincd in 1691, by the army of king William, over that of James 11. Aghrin, a town in the county of Wicklow, 13 miles sw of Wicklow. Xon. 6 21 w, lat. 52 45 n. AciMERE, or AzMERE, the capital of a territory of the fame name in Hin- doftan Proper, built at the foot of a very high mountain j on the top of which is a fortrefs of great Itrength. It is 230 miles w of Agra 5 and yet the famous emperor Acbar, fays major Rennel, made a pilgrimage on foot, to the tomb of a faint there, to implore the divine bleffing on his family, which, at that time, con- fifted only or daughters : but after this pilgi'image, he had three ions added to it. Jehanguire, his Ibn, occafionally kept his court nerc} and this occafioned the vifits of fir Thomas Roe to this place from Surat. Lon. 75 20 e, lat. 26 35 n. Agincourt, a village of P'rance, in t'nt department of the Straits of Calais aiid late county of Artols, feven miles n of Hefdin. Neai* this place, Henry v, Icing of England, obtained a fignal vic- tory over the French, in 1415. Agm AT, a town of Morocco, on a river of the fame liame, and on the declivity of 00c of the mountains of Atlas, 1 6 miles s of Morocco. Lon. 7 1 5 w, lat. jp 56 N. AcMONDESHAM. SeeAMERSHAM. Agnadelloa, a village of the Mila- ncfe, famous for a viLT:ory gained by I-ewis XII, over the Venetians, in 1509, and by the duke of Vendome over prince Eugene, in 1705. It Is leated on the canal between Adda and Serio, five mlle'si SE of CaiTana. Lon. 9' 26 £, lat. 45 Agnano, a circular lake, in the king- dom of Naples, feven miles from Puzzoli. It is about half a mile in diameter, f\ir- roun'^ed by mountains ; and on Its margin is fituate th^ famous Grotta del Can^. See Cane> Grotta del. A CO ST a, a town of Sicily, with an ex- cellent harbour. The greateft part of it was deftroyed by an earthquake in 1693. Lon. 15 15 e, lat. 37 35 N. Agra, the capital of a province of the f.^me name, in Hindoftan Proper, featcci on the s bank of the river Jumna, which Is feldom fordable. It was once the molt I'plendid of all the Indian cities, and now exhibits the moft magnificent ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar made it his capital, and gave his name to it j fmce which time it is often named Acba- rabad. It was then a fmall fortified town ; but it ibon fprung up to an ex- tenfive well built city, regularly fortified according to the Indian method, and with a fine citadel of ret! freeftone. Perhaps it has fcldorti happened t'lat a city of fuch great extent and magnificence has declintd lo npidly. Agra is 100 miles s by E of Delhi. Lon. 78 33 e, lat. 27 o N. Agreda, a town of Spain, in Old Ca- ftlle, eight miles sw of Taracona. Lon. 2 o w, lat. 41 53 N. Agria, a fmall, but ftrong town, of Upper Hungaiy, with a biftiop's fee and a citadel. It was taken by the Turks in 1596, and retaken in 1687. It •" feated on the river Agria, 47 miles ne of Buda. Lon. 20 10 e, lat. 48 10 n. Ac RIG nan, oneof theLadroneiflands, 40 miles in compafs. Lon. 146 o E, lat. 19 40 N. Agua de Pao, a town in the ifland of St. Michael, one of the Azores. Lon. 25 40 w, lat. 38 N. Aguas Bellas, a town of Portugal, in Eftramadura. Lon. 8 5 w, iat. 39 40 N. Aguila, a town of the kingdom of Fez, felted on the river Aguila. Aguilar, a town of Spain, In Na- varre, 24 miles w of Ettella. Lon. z 30 e, ht. 42 35 N. Agurande, a fmall town of France^ in the depai-tment of Indre and latt; pro- vince of Berry. Lon. 2 10 e, lat. 47 20 N. Ahuys, a ftrong town of Sweden, in the province of Gothland, with a good harbour, 15 miles se of Chriltianltadt. Lon. 14 15 E, lat. 56 15 N. AiACCio, or Ajazzo, a fine feaport of Corfica, on the \v fide of the Ifland, built on a point of land that juts into the gulf. Lon. 8 50 E, lat. 35 50 N. AjAZZo, a leaport of Natolia, In the province of Caramania, fcat^d on the Mediterranean, 30 miles N of Antloch* and 40 w of Aleppo, where ft:ood the city o|' Iflus, and wnere A)c](;^der foujjjUt A I L A I X h'u fecond battle with Daiius. Lon. 33 10 E, lat. 37 o N. Aicii, a town of Bavaria, on the Par. It was taken and burnt by the Swedes in J634. Lon. II *o E, lat. 48 30 N. AiCHsr AT, a town of Francouia, capi- tal of a bilhopric of the fame name. It is n.'markablc for a curious pirn- of work- manftiip, called the Sun ot the Holy Sa- crament, which is in the church : it is of maffy gold, of great weight, and is en- riched with 350 diamonds, 1^.00 pearls, 250 rubies, and other ureci-jus (tones. Thij place is leafed in a valley, on the river Alt- jnul, 30 miles s of Nuremberg. Lon. 11 10 E, lat. ii8 57 N. The bilhopric is 45 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. AiELLO, a fmajl town of. Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteiiore, belonging to the he- reditary prince of Modena. Lon. 15 20 £, lat. 41 40 N. AlCLE, a town of Swiflferland, in the canton of Bern, feated on the Rhone, lix miles from its entrance into the lake of Geneva. All the houfes, even the meaneft, are built of white marble, found in the neighbourhood. AiGLE, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ome and late province of Normandyj 47 miles sw of Rouen, Lon. JOE, lat. 4S 45 N. AiGNAN, St. a town of France, in the department of Loire and Cher and late pro- vince of Blafois, It is in the form of an amphitheatre, at the foot of which runs the Cher, at the diftance of 60 miles from Bourges. AiouE MoRTP, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Languedoc. It is very Itrong, on account of its iituation among the moraffes, though at fome dif- tance' from the lea. It had a harbour, which is now choked up. Lon. 4 3 £| lat. 43 34 N. Aigue-Perse, a town of France, in the department of Puy-de-Dome and late province of Auvergne, 18 miles N of Clermont, and 261 s of Paris. It ha§ a fountain, once regarded as a prodigy, its rold water haying the appearance of boiling : but the cliymilts can now imitate thele C0I4 fermentations by a mixturt: of ferruginous and vitriolic particles. The Tvater of this fpripg is faicl to be fatal tq the aniii]als that drinJl^ i(. ' Lon 3 zo £, lat, 46 6 N. ' AiLAH, 9 town of Arabia Petrea, 9r\ the E fide of the R'-'d Sea, near the ro^(| which the pilgrinis tajte from Egypt fjo Mecca. Lon. 3lt' river ot N AmTica, called alio ^T. CJtoRot's HiVHR. It riles in the Allegany moimfains, and tuking a foutheadtrly dirf(!:Unn throir.,h Geoigia, empties itl'elf, by fcvenl mouths, into the Atlantic Ocean, about 60 miles sw of the rivL-r Savannah. Alatri, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Knma, on a hill, with a bifliop's leej 40 inilos se of Rome. Lon. 13 8, E, lat. 4T 30 N. Al. TYR, a town of Ruflia, In Afia, on the river Suru, 40 miles e of Kaian. Alauta, a river of 'J nkey in Eu- rope, which riles in thq mountains that fepai'ate Moldavia and Tranfylvania, runs thrpugh Walachia, and enters the Danube, near Nicopolis. Alba, a town of Italy, in Montferrat, with a bifliQp's feej feated on the river Tanaro, 20 miles se of Turin. Lon. 8 5 E, lat. 44 46 N. Alba-Julia, a city of Tranfylvania, with a bifliop's fee, and a univerfityj leated on the declivity of a hill, near the river Ompias, 25 miles w of Herman- iladt. Lon. 24 o E, lat. 46 26 x. Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, on the gulf of Venice; bounded on the s by Livadia, on the E by Thef- lalia and Macedonia, and on the N by Bolhia and Dalmatia. It produces excel- lent wine; and the inhabitants are good horl'emen, and great thieves. They ar^ of the Greek church, and dcfcended from the ancient Scythians. Durazzo is the capital. Albano, a town of Italy, on a lake of the fame name, in Campagna di Roma, with a bifliop's fee. The territory about it produces the belt wine in all this coiin- try, and many noblemen have gardens here, where they fpend the fummer. It is 15 miles se pf Rome. Lon. iz 50 E, lat. 41 43 N. Albano, a town of Naples, in Bafi- licata, remarkable for the fertility of the Ibil, and the nobility df the inhabitants,. Albanopolis, a town of Turkey in Europe, fonncrly the capital of Albania, ALB ALB ftatcd on the river Drino, 43 miles b of AlelHo. Lon. ao n E, hit. 41 48 N. Allan's, St. an ancimt borough oF Hcrt«, on the river Coin, (o calkd from St. Alban, who was the lirlt martyr in EnglamI, and was buried on a hill in the neighbouihood. Ofta, kitig of the Mer- cians (to atone tor the nninler of FUhcl- bert, prince oi' the Rait Anglfs) frc\4j wool is the belt in Arvagon. It is leated on the Ciuadalavir, loomileuBof Madrid. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 40 30 N. ALBA7IN, a town of Great Tartary, with a Urong fortrels to defend it againtt the C'liinefe and Mongul Tartars. It is on the road from Mofcow to Pekin. Lon. 103 30 E, lat. 54 o N. Alhemarlf, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Nomiandy. From this town the Rnglilh fan.ily of Keppel take (he tit It; of eari. Its ferges are in high efteem. It is feated on the declivity' of a hill, 35 miles 'nne of Ivouen, and' 70 nnw of Paris. Lon. i 50 E, laf. 49 50 N. Albengua, an ancient Itrong leaport of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, with a biOiop's fee. It is furrounded with oiive trees, and leated on the Mediter- ranean Sea, 37 miles sw of Genoa. Lon* S 3 E, lat. 444 N. Albisola, a town belonging to the republic of Genoa. Here is a porcelain manufarture, and ieveral country houfes of the Genoefe nobil' y. It was bom- barded, in 1745, by the Englifh. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 44 15 N. Albret, a town of France, in the de- partment of Landes and late province of Gaicony, 37 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 44 10 N. Alburg, a town of Denmark, in N Jutland, with a bifliop's fee. A great number of eels are taken here ; and it has a- confiderahle trade in herrings and corn, and amanufa^ure of guns, piitols, faddles, and gloves. It is feated on a canal, 10 miles from the fea,and 30 N of VViburgh. Lon. 9 46 E, lat. 56 50 N. Albuquerque, a town of Spain, in Eftramadura, defended by a ftrong caltle. It has a confiderahle trade in wool and cloth, and is 22 miles sw of Alcantara. Lon. 7 3 w, lat. 38 50 N. Alb Y, an ancient town of France, lately the capital of the territory of the Albigeois in Languedoc, and an archiepifcopal :ee. It is now the epifcopal fee of the depart- ment of Tarn, and contains 10,000 inha- bitants. In point of architeflure and de- corations, the principal church is one of the moft curious in France* The inha- A L C A L D Iti M ', ! I I. I A i SI i ^Uint( were called Alblgcnrrt : theywerr tbr fiifl that dii'puted the uurhurtty of the Bope, and were corulcmncd by a cuujicil We in 1 176. The environs of Alby nrc chaiTning, and produce uU kind» of graini cxccUtrnf wifict, (Jax, hemp, faifron, ani- ftedi coriander, and woad. The fine pilturc^ atFotd wool of u Koud q^^Uty, which in maDufai^ured into knit flocKingit iar the foldier^, ratteens of all colours, ilialioont, coarl£ wooUcnsii &c. The wax candk-D of Alby arc equal in whitenef* tP thoil- of Mai>$. This towq U 4.1 miles Ni^ of Touloufc, and 335 s of Paiis. J.on, % 14. i, lat. 44 15 N' Alcala-dk-Guadaira, a towp o( Spain, in Andalufia, on the river Gua- dalra, five mjle« SE of Seville. Loi). 5 s& w, lat. 37 28 N. Alcala-db-Hbnarek, a town of Spain, ii> New Caftile, with a famous uoi- vttrijty, a fine library, and a coftle. It U furropndpd by a wall, and feated on thr jriver Henarez, 15 mile« cne of Madrid. ]U>n. 3 6 w, lat. 40 zd N. Alcala-de-Keal, a town of Spain, m Andajufia, \vith a famous monaueryt &atttd near the river Salado, fi)( miles s of pcvill^. Lop. j 21 w, lat. 37 3I N, Alqama* % handiome town of titc United Provinces, in N Holland. In the CQvirons, tbey nfi^ke the b^il butter and cl^eef^ va Hpll^pd, and have th^ finfil tulips. J\\i ) 7 miles n by \v gf Amltcr- dam, l^on. 4 44 {;, lat. 5^ 40 n. Alcamo, 4 tpwn of Sicily, in the val- ley of Mazaro, at the foot of Mount .Bwir fi^L Lon. 13 5? t^, lat. 38 9 N. Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in Elt^amaduxa, a^d thi: chief place of the knights of that name. It l\as a magr pincent bridge ovtr the Tajo, built by thj; •mperor Trajan. It vva* taken by tlu; tail of Galway in 1 706, but retaken the fatne year. It i^ 42 miles N by w C'X* Seville. Lpn. 6 7 w, lat. 39 %q n. Alcantara, a town of Spain, in An- dalufia. Lqn. 5 lo w> Ut. 37 40 N. Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in La Maucha, defended by a ftrong calUe. It has a remarkable ancient aqueduct* and is fituafe neai- the foujice of thp Guadal- quiver, 135 mil*;s sjSE of Madrid. Lon. » 5 w, lat. 38 :iS N. Alcaz^R-j * town of Spain, in New Caftile, on, th« river Guadamana. It has a fortrcl's on a high hill, and lies in a very fruitful country,, 1,00 miles nw of Car-, thagjena. Lo»j, 4 20 W, Ut. 38 15 N. Afe.C4?^AR LSQUER, a town in the klngdoiii ftf Fea, feated on the ftraits of Gipr4(PC> h w»4 tftkco by Alphonlb, king pf Portugal, io 1468} but (cohtfttr abjndont-d. Lon. 5 30 \v, lat. 35 o M. Alcazar-dl-Sal, a toywn of Portu- gal, inKltiamadiira, withacaltle reckoned impregnable. Fine white ialt is made here, whence the town tukcs its name. It is Icatcd on tlur river Cadoan, 1 5 miles hum the leu, and 35 »E of Lilbon. Loa> 9 o w, lat. 3S 18 til. Alconchoe, a calHe of Spain, on the frontiers of Litramadura, Icatcd oo the river Alcaraqxie, that falls into the Gtia- diana, 20 miles s by w of Badajoz. Loo, 6 58 vv, lat. 38 12 N, Alcoutim, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, i'eated on the river Guaiiliana, 1 6 miles from its entrance into the gulf oi Cadiz, and 22 nne of Tavira. Lon. 7 20 w, lat. 37 2C N. • Alcudia, a town in Majorca, confift- ing of about 1000 huuies, between two large harbours. Lon. 3 o e, lat. 39 50 N, Aldborough, a borough and feapoit in Suiiblk, with a market on Wednesday and Satuiday ; uleafantly feated in a dale, between a high hill and the fca. A river runs on the SW) :md the harbour is tolerably good, but fmali. It lends two members to parliament. The town was formerly much longer; but the lira ha» taken away whole Itreets. It is 40 miles E of Byixy, and <^4 ne of London. Louw I 42 E, l:ir. 52 16 N. Aldborough, a borough in the w rilling of Vorkrture, on tlie Oule, which icQils two mtmb(,rs to parliament, but has HOW no market. It is 15 miles nw of York, and 205 n by w of London. Lon, I 10 \v, lat, 54. 8 N. Ald£a, a town of Portugal, in Eftra- madura, 10 miks se of L>lbon. Lon, i 55 \v, Ut 38 36 N. Alder,hury, a village in Wiifftiire, on a healthy hill, two miles fronvSalilbury, and near the Avon, It carries on a ma* nufa6tur« of futtians, and received confj'- derable damage by a fire in 1777, when 200 houfes were deftroyed. Alderholm, a pleafant ifiand of Sweden, fonned by the three arms of a river, rurming through Gentle, a town of Norland. A confiderable trade is carried on here in planks and deals, Alderney, an ifiand in the Englifli Chaiuu-1, eight miles in circumtierence, feparated from France by a ftrait called tht Kacp of Alderuty, which is a veiy dan- gerous palfage, on account of' the rockii under water. It is a healthful illtind, and fertile in corn and pal^ure ; but has only one church, in a town of the fame nanic, Loft. ^ 7 w, lat. 49-45 N. - ^ ■*•' • -* ALE A L/ H- but foofi tkfim lat. 35 o M. wn ot Portu- altle reckoned iuit is made :c« its name, oan, I 5 milrb Liibon. Lou« Spain, on the catcii oa the into the Gua^ ulajoz. Loo, Portugal, in ct Guuliana« ito the gulf ol ira. Lon. 7 lore a, confift' betwevn two lat. 39 50 N, h and leapoit n Wednelday ted in a dale, ca. A river : harbour i« It lends two he town was the lea ha» [t is 4.0 mii«s ndon. Lmu in the w Oule, which ent, but has iks NW oi' >ndon. Lon, [al, in Eftra- >on. Lon, Wiltftjire, |in.Sali(bury, on a ma-' tcived conft'- 1777, when iHand of arms of a a town of is carried |he Englilh lumtercnce, V called tht , veiydan- thtt rockii lifland, and has only ane oannc. AtEOtlTTF, a town ef Portugal, in Alcntejo, on th« I'iver t'aia, tvhicli tails into the OuwMan«, n little below Budijuz. it is fcven miles »l of Portakgre. Lon. 7 15 w, lat. 39 2 N. A LK 1*7110, a fertile province of Por- tugal, between the Tajo and the Uua- disna. AtEli90H, a large and handfomc town of France^ in the department of Omc and late province of Normandy. Near it are ftone «juarrie», ift which they find a fort of cryltal like Briltol itones. It itt fcated in -an open counti-y,' abounding in all ibrts of corn and fruits, on the river Snrte, ao miles N of Mans, and 87 sw of Paris. Lon. o 10 £, lat. 48 iS N. Aleppo, the capital of Syria, inha- bited by Turks, and four forts of Chrif- tians, who have each a bilhop and a church, and the free exercile ot their reli- gion. The city and Aiburbs contain 23 5,000 pcrfons. Next to Conft;intinople and Cairo, it is the raoft confidtrable city in the Turkifh empire. It Hands on eight hills, in the middle of a plcaf-'nt fruitful plain, and i» of an oval figure. The caftle itands on the higheft hill, in the middle of the city j and the houfes are better than in other places in Turkey. As ul'ual in the Ealt, they confift of a large court, with a dead wall to the ftreet, an aicade running round it, paved with marble, and a mar- ble fountain in the middle. 'I'he city and luburbs are fcven miles in conipafn. The Itrceta are naI•ro^^•, but well paved with large fquare Itones, ami kept very clean. They have a great many llately mofques and caravanferas, with fountains and re- fcrvoirs of water, and vineyards and gaixlena well planted with moft kinds of fruit. The water in all th* vwlls in the city is brackilh j but good water is brought froni Ibmc Iprings about five miles off, by an aque- duft, faid to have been built by theemprefs Helena. The Chrittians have their houl'es and churches in the i'uburbs, and carry on a confiderabl^ trade infilks,'camblets, and Turkey leather. Several European nations have fa^ftories here, and the merchaftS live in greater fplendor and lafety than in any other city in the Turkilh empire j which is owing to particular capitulations with the Porte. Coaches or carriages ai'e not ufed here, birt pef Ibns of quality ride on horiebaek,' with vt nuAibtl]««p iii UMt«t)enMri inUnt ckyrover'atfl Arabia, and In many rther parts of (1« Eatt J for which rcalon, (htir houfc^s are Hat on the top. This praflice accotmti ior the early acquaintance of thefe nation* with artronoiny, and exidains Ibme part* of eht' holy Icripiure. As the Turks are very uniform in their way of living, thi« account of Alemxj may give an idea of other Turkilh cities. Eighteen miles it of Aleppo, is a large plain, called tl;* Valley of Salt, bounded by low rockjf hills, which form a kind of natural bafin, that retairs the rain dcl'cending from the rocks, together with the water rifingfrom a lew fprmgs, and caufc the whole to b* overflowed in winter. The extent of the lurface prevents this water ffou. *)eing of any p-cat depth j lb that it is loon evapo- rated by the lun, when it Icavci a cake of fait, in fome places haH' an inch thick s and, in April, people are employed to gather this fait, which \i fufficient to fup- ply all this part of the conntry. Aleppo is I'cated on a fmall brook, 70 miles E of Alexandnftta, and 170 N by e of Damaf-* cus. Lon. 37' 20 E, lat. 35 45 N. Aj.essano, a town of Naples, in the province of Otraftto, with a bilhop'f fee, I J miles sw of Otwnto. Lon. 18 25 e, lat. 40 10 M. Alessia, a tov»rrt of Albania, with a bifhop's fee, near the mouth of the Drino. Lon. 20 6 E, lat". 41 8 N. Alessio, a town of Turkilh Dalmatla, with a bilhop's lee, feateii on a rtiountain, 23 miles from Spalatro. Alet, a town of France, in the depart - rtumt of Aude and late province of Lan- guedoc. It was lately an epifcopal fee* and is remai'kable for its bathsi and for the grains of gold and filver found in the ftreani which runs from the Pyrenees, at the foot of which it ftands. It is feated on tht; river Aude, 15 miles s of Carcaflbne. Lon. 2 25 e, lat. 42 59 N. Aleutian Islands. Sec Archi- pelago, Northern. Alexandretta, or Scanderook, ar tdwrt of Syria, in Afia, at the exlre- mit?y of the MidetefraneaM Stai and the leaport of Aleppo. It is now, properly fpeaking, nothing but a village without walk, in which thfc tombs are more nu- ihefousthahthi!houf((s. Thero::^ is f\rt)jeft to many grtrat inconveniencres ; but the ejftreftit un\^holefomcnefs of the air is the wotf!. This' aAhuafly carries off one third of the cfew^'of tht veflels which rertiaiii fitt-e dtiting t?!? fumrter ; ahd (hips have even frequehtly loft all their rtett in twd moftths. On this Account, while the hiat< at f c at ec ffi iy ^ / fee yriacipat inhctbitants re-> A L F A L G .'< ii 111 ■ '! ' -I i J I, ; i! 'iS, I tire to the neighboiiring villages, amo/g the mountains, where there is excellent water and delicious fruits. It is 70 miltS TV of Aleppo. Lon. 36 13 E,kt. 36 35 N. Alexandria, a conildersble town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a bidiop's lee, and a lat. 4t 48 N. Alford, a town in Lincolnfhire, v/ith a market on Tueiday ; leated on a linall brook, lix miles from the tea, and 20 N of Bolton. Lon. o 13 E, lat. 53 16 N. Alkreton, a town in Derbyfliirff, with a nrarket on Monday; pleafantly feated on a Irnall hill, 13 miles N of Derby, and 141 NNVV of London. Lon. I 25 w, lat. 53 8 N. Algagioia, a I'mall fortified feaport in Cor'.ita. It was almoll deltroyed by the rnalcconttnts in 1731, but has been refcored. Lon. 8 55 e, lat , 42 30 N. Algarva, a province of Portugal, 67 miles in length, and 20 in breadth: bound- ed on the w and s by the li;a, on tb-^ e by the Guadiana, and on the N by Alentejo. It is fertile in iigs, almonds, dates, olives^ and excellent wine j and the lilhery brings in large iiims. A^GEZiRA, a ftrong town of Spain, in Andalulia, on the Itraits of Gibraltar j bur at prelent in a mean condition, the harbour being derayed. It is 10 miles NW of Gibraltar. Lon. 5 22 w, lat. 36 14 n» Algher, or Algeri, a town of the ifland of Sardinia, leated on the NW coaft, with a bifhop's fee. It is fix miles s of Sali'uil. Lon. 8 40 £, lat. 4040 N. ALGIERS; one of the ftates of Bar- bary, bounded on the E by Tunis, on the N by the Mediterranean, on the s by Mount Ath^s, and on the w by Morocco. It extends 600 miles from E to w The air is very t'*niperatc, and the land to- w.aixl the N fc'i tile in corn. The valleys aie full of fruit; but a great part is dry, mountainous, and barren. l"he melons hive an exquilite taite, fome of which arc ripe in funiiner, and others in whiter. 'Ihe Items of the vines are fo large, that a man can hardly grai'p them with his arms ; and the bunches ot grapes arc; a foot and a half long. It is divided into three provinces, namely, Tlemfam on the W» Titterieon the s,and Conltantiaon the h, of the city of Algiers. The Turks, who have the government in their hands, are not above 7000 in number j and yet the Moon, or natives of Atiica, havenolhare in it. . Ix in only ^ kind uf republic undec • I ii A L G ALL the pvoteftion of the grand hgnior, and It is "-overned by a fovcicign, called the dty, wIk), howtvtr, can do nothing of conic- qiience withoxit the council of the Janilfu- The Arabi, who live in tents, art lies K dilHni^t people, govt vntd by their own laws and niagiftrates, though the Turks intcrpole us ottcn as they pleufc. The dey of Ah^leii is an ablblute nionaith, but eJe».1ed by the Turkifti Ibldicrs, and' fre- quentlv ilej)oiI;d, and put to death by theui.' The revenues of the ^overnmtni ai'ifc from the tribute paid by ilie Moois and Arabs, a detachment of the anny being fent into each prcvintf, every year to coUetf it ; and tlie prizes they take at fea fometinits equal the tuxes they la^' upon the natives. The dey has leveral thuui'and Moors in his lervice, both horle aiul foot ; and the deys or viceroys of tiie provinces, have each an army under his connnand. Their religion is Maho- nietanilin, and their language a dialect: of the Arabic. They have likewiff a iitrgon, compoled ot' Italian, French, and Spaniih, called Lingua Franca, that is anderftood by tlie conunoa people and merchants. The complect ion of the natives is tawny, and they are Itrong and well made. Algiers, a large and (trong town of Africa, in Barbary, the capital of the country of Algiers. It is built on the de- clivity of a mountain, and is in the form of an amphitheatre next the harbour ; in- lonuich, that the houi'es appearing one above I'nother, make a very line appear- «icc from the lea. The tops of the hun;ts are all flat, for .which reafon they walk upon them in the evening to fake the air j bclides, they are covered with earth, and lirve for a ibrt A' gardens. The ftreets are narrow, and ferve to keep off the ex- treme heat of the fun. The mole of the harbour is 500 paces in length, extending from the continent to a In/d! illand, where there Is a calHe and a largebatvery of guns. The number of inhabltantij is laid co be I CO, 000 Mahometans, 15,000 Jews, and 4000 Clu'Iithin Haves. Their chief iub- iiltence is derived from their piracies, f(;r they make prizes of all Chriltian Ihlps that are not at peace with them. The country about Algiers is adorned with gardens and rine villas, watered by foun- tains and rivulets ; and thither the inhabi- tants refort in the hot lealbns. Algiers has, for ages, braved the reientinent of the moft powerful Itatcs in Chriltendom. The emperor Charles v loft a fine fleet and army, in an extiedltlon agalnit it, in 154.1. I'he Englim burnt their veflels in tlic hirbwui' in 1635 smd 1670. It w^s bombarded by the French in 1688. In 1775,, the Spani;u-ds made a defcent near the city with a formidable aiiny, but were defeated with great llaughter. In 1784, they fent a powerful fleet to attack the. forts that defend the harbour; but they were repelled by the Algciines, althougU they made eight fucceliive attacks with great fpirit and bravery. In 1767, the Altfcriiies took tlte lead of the other Itatt >i of Barbary, in refufmg to pay any longer their u!ual tribute to the Porte. Al • gitrb is fitULite oppofite Minorca, 380 miles w of Tunis. Lon. 2 iS f, lat. 34.9 n. Alhama, a town of Spain, in Gra- nada. A little below it are hot baths, accounted the belt in Spain. It is Icateit in a valley, fmrounded by craggy moun- tains, 25 miles svv of Granada. Lor- 3 2+ \\, lat. 36 56 N. Alicant, a leaport of Spain, in Va- lencia j remarkable for its excellent wine, and the fertility of its foil, which pix>- duces excellent truits, and plenty of role-, jnary of an extraordinary hze. It has a great trade, and the Englifli, Dutcf, French, and Italians, have confuls here. The caftle, on a high rcick, was reckoned impregnable} but it was taken by the Englilh in 1 706. It was likewife taken by the French and Spaniards, after a litge of alraoft two years; and then part ot tS: rock was blown up. It is feated on tl« ^lediterranean, on a bay of the fame name, 25 miles s of Valencia. Lon. o o lat, 38 16 N. Aligata, a town of Sicilv, remark- able for corn and good wine. It is leated on a peninfula, 22 miles SE of Gergeiiti. Lon. i^ 4.8 E, lat. 37 II N. Allahabad, a city of Oude, in Hin- dooltan Proper, f ated at the confluence of the two great rivers the G.mges and Junma. It wks founded by the emperoi- Acbar, who intended it as a place of arms ^ but its fortifications will haidly refill the battering of a field pic^t. It is 470 niiJrs NW of Calcutta. Lon. 82 o E, lat. 25 4.5 n, ALLEGANVorApPALACKKANMoCN- Tains, a long range of mouniuns in N America, between the Atlantic, ^he Mil- fiifippi, and the lakesj; extending nearly f)arailcl with the leacoait, 900 2niles> m ength, and fro.n 60 to 200 in brtauUi. The diflerent ridges which coaipole tlii> imiTitnle range have ditfwtnt natnt in the diftVicnt Itutes. Advancing from the At- lantic, the firft ridge ot Pemiiylvarii*, Virginia, and N Ciuolina, is the Blue Ridge> or South Mountaiu, from 113 to 200 miles from the lea, and about 4 :,w>j iTiit high fidm its bafe. Between th^» liV: & ALL tnA the North Mountain, (pleads a large fertile vale. Next lies the Allegany t Avhich is the principal ridge, and has been de- icriptivcly culled the back-bone of the United s'fates. Beyond this is the long ridge called the Laurel Mountains, in a fpur of which, in lat. 56" is a Ipring of water, 50 feet deep, very cold, ar't as bhie as indigo. From thefe feveral ridges proceed innumerable namelefs branches or ipurs. The Kittatiny, or BUfc Moun- tains, ran through the northern parts of New Jerfey and Pennfylvania. 1 he ge- neral name for thefe moimtains Icems not yet to have been determined. Mr. Evans, arx American geographer, calls them the Endlefs Mpuntains: others have called them the Appalachiatty from a tiabe of Indians, who live on a river proceeding from this ride, called the Appalachikcla ; but the moft common name is the Allegany Mountains, fo called from the piincipal ridge. ^ Thele mountains are not contu- fediy fcattered and broken, rifmg here and there into high peaks overtopping each other, but Itrctch along in uniform ridges, fcarcel/ half a mile high. They fpi'ead as they proceed s, and Ibme of them tenninatc in high perpendicular bluffs. Others gradually fublide into a level countiy, giv? ig rif« to the .rivers which mn Ibutherly into the gulf of Mexico. In the back parts of Fennfyl- vania, fcarcely one acre in ten of this range is capable of culture : but this is not the cafe in all parts ; for numerous trails of fine arable and pafhire land in- tervene between the ridges, having gene- rally a rich black foil. Indeed, ibme of '^he mount:iins will admit of cultivation almoft to their tops. Allegany, a river of N America, which rifes in the Allegany Mountains in lat. 4.2*'. At Fort Venango, at the mouth of French Creek, it is 200 yards wide, ■ and navigable for light batteairs. At Fort Pitt it joins the Monongahela, and then aflum^s the name of Ohio. See Ohio. Allchurch, a village of Worcefter- rtilrc, formerly a borough, and feven miles in circumference. It has an almfhoule founded in 1580, and the Koman Ickntld ftreet paif - through it. The bilhop of Worceller had foniierly a pnlace here ; and the church, feverai parts of which aie of Saxon architecture, contains many antique monuments. It is five miles E by N of BVoiiifgrove. A L LEG Ran* A, one of the Canary Ifl-.mds, lying to the N of Graciofa, and to the t of St. Clare. There are l»v?ral csitlcs that defer.d the harbour* A L M Allen, a fmall river In Flint/hire, which finks under ground, near Mold, and is loft for a fhort fpace. AlleNdorf, a town In the landgra^ vate of Hefie Caflel, remarkable for its fait- works, and three (tone bridges. It is feated on the Wefer, 15 miles e of CalTel. Lon. 9 59 E, lat. 51 19 N. Aller, a rivei', which rifes in the duchy of Magdebuig, waters Zell, and enters the Wefer below Verden. Alleria, a decayed town in Corfica, a bifhop's fee, and the place where king Theodore firft landed in 1735. Lon. S 50 E, lat. 4z 5 N. Alher, a department of France, lately the province of Bourbonnois. It is fo called from a river which flows by Moulins, and fiilis into the Loire, above Orleans. Alloa, a commercial town, on the frith of Forth, in Clackmannanfhire. It confifts of one fpacious ftreet, well paved, and fhaded with rows of linie-'rees. Here is a cuftomhcufe for the co^iven' 're of the Ihipping in this part of U • nr • and It is the refort of all the cc; vciieis in the neighbourhood. It has a glalshouie and Ibme other manufaftures. Lon. 3 45 vv, lat. 56 10 N. Almacarron, a feaport of Spain, in Murcia, at the mouth of the Guadabn- tine, ncLr the Mediterranean, -xo miles s \v of Carthageria. Lon. o 56 w, lat. 37 23 N. Almanza, a town of Spain, in New Cartile, remarki'ble for the viftoiy gained, bv the French and Spaniards over the allies in 1707, when moft of the Englifh were killed or taken, having been alian- doned by the Portuguefe horle at the firlt charge. It is 50 miles svv of Valencia. Lon. o 56 w, lat. 38 54 n. Almeda, a town of Portugal, InEftra- madura, feated on the Tajo, oppofite Lifbon. Lon. 9 4 w, lat. 38 33 N. Almeida, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-los-'hiontesj on the con- fines of Leon, 17 miles N\v of Cividad Kodrigo. Lon 6. 15 w, lat. 40 45 N. Almeida, a fortified town of Portu- gal, in the province of Beira, on the river Coa. Lon. 815 w, lat. 40 38 n. Almendvalaio, a town of Spain, In Eftramadura, near the borders of Portu- gal. Lon. 5 6 w, lat. 38 36 N. Almeria, a fe..port of Spam, in the province of Granada, with a bilho^'s fee^ leated on the river Almei/'j, 62 miles sb of Granada. Lon. 2 o w, iat, 36 51 N. Almissa, a Ihiall town, at the mouth' of r\c Cetinr, ia Dalmalia, fiuhOUs for H % ALP ALT 1 FHnt/hIre> X Mold, ani :he landgra- able toi" its bridges. It miles £ of I 19 N. riles in the -s Zell, and ;n. I in Corfica, where king j6. Lon. S of France, bonnois. It ich flows by Loire, above iwn, on the lanlhire. It , well paved, lime-trees. I convcn' 'hen he invaded Italy, ani Lon. 17 45 E> lat* 44 4 N. lolt molt ot hii elephants among them. ' Almondbury, a village in the W Alps, Upper, u department ol Fiance, ridine of Vorklhire, formerly a Roman including pai t of the late province of town, cali. -^ Campodonum, and afterward Dauphiny. It Is fo called horn its vi- a feat of the Saxon kings. It had once cinity to the moimtains of the fame name. a caltle and a cathedral, and is feated on Alps, Lower., a department of the Caldcr, two miles SSE of Huddersfield. France, including p«rt of the late province Almon'DSBURV, a village In Glou- uf Provence. cefterlhire, wh«re Alemond, tather of Eg- Alpux ar es, high mountains of Gra « bert, the firft fole monarch of England, is nada, in Spain, near the Mediterranean, faid to have been buried. Here is a forii- They are inhabited by the Morifcoes, who ficattun of the Saxons, with a double ditch, which commands an extenfive view of the Severn. It is eight miles N ol" Briftol. Almunecar, a town of Spain, in Graiiada, feated on the Mediterranean, with a good harbour, defended by a Itrcng caltle, 30 miles sse of Alhama. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 36 30 N. Alnwick, the county- town of Nor- thumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is leated on the river Alne, and is a populous well-built town, with a town- iiouie. It has three gatea, which rtinain almoft entire, and Ihow that it was tor- merly furrounded by a wall. It was de- fended by an old ftately Gothic caftle, tlie feat of the duke of Northumberland, which has been lately repaired and beautified. It is 30 miles N of Ncwcaftle, a6 s of Bei'wick, and 305 N by w of London. Lon. I 30 w, lat. 55 25 N. Alost, a town of Flanders, on the river Dender, 15 miles N w of Brull'els, Lon. 4 11 E, lat. 50 58 N. Alpnach, a town of Sw.'fTerland, in Undei'walSen, feated on lake Alpnach, an ajTn of the lake of the Four Cantons, with which it unites near Stantzftadt. Alps, the higheft mountains in Eu- rope, lepa»"ating Italy from France and Germany. They begin on the fide of '^raiice toward the Mcditcn'unean, between th;^ territoiy of Genoa and county of J .kc ; and terminate at the gulf of Ca>'- mero, which is part of the gulf of Venice. They confift of lofty chains of mountains, rang!..., one upon another, with only nar- row valltys between. They are com{>ofed of itupendous rocky maiies, two, four, and even fix being piled upon each other, and from 4000 to iiooo feet high. There are few palles over them, and tholie of ditficult accefs, which are the chief fecu- nj^rof Piedmont againft the attempts of France. Swiflerland takes up a gooti part of thefe mountains, or rather the vailies between them, and for that rcafon is le- cure agair.ll the Germans and French. 't'hc fimous Hannibal attempted to crofs , tiic Alps on the iide of Pivdmont, ia the carcfiilly cultivate the ground, which pro- diices excellent wines and fruits. Alresford, a town in Hampfliire» with a market on Thurfday. It has iwo piincipal llreets, which are large and broad, and a fmall manufafture of liafeys. It is 18 miles ene of South- ampton, and 57 vvsw of London. Lon. I 1 w, l.\t. 51 6 N. Alsace, a late prcvince of France, bounded on the e by the Rhine, on the s by Swilfcriand and Fnmclie Comte, on the w by Lorrain, and on the N by the palatinate of the Rhine. Ii is a rLrtile country, producing plenty of all Ibrts of corn, wine, pafture, wood, flax, tobaccor puU'e, and truit. There are mines of lilver, copper, and lead, as well as mi- neral waters, it is diverfified 'vith plca- fant hills, and mountains covered with foiefts, in which are pine trees 1 20 feetJ hij^h. The language is the German, it having been part of the empire. It is now included in the departments of the Upper and Lower Rhinp. _Alsen, an idand of Denmark, in the Little Belt, or entrance into the Bailie, between SlclWic' and Funen. It has no- thing remarkable hut two callles, and is iGo miles \v of Copenhagen. Alsfeld, an ancient town of Ger- many, in the landgravate of Hefle Caflcl, 12 miles Nw of Marpurg. Its inhabit- ants were the Hill of this country who embraced the reformation. Lon. 9 o E, lat. 50 55 N. Alsheda, a town of Swede*, in the province of Smoland, near which a gold mine was difcovered in 1738. Alston- MOOR, a town In Cumber- land, with a market on Satvrday, feated on a hill, at the foot of which runs the Tyne, with a ftrong bridge ever it j and near the town is plenty of lead ore. It is 20 miles E by s of Carlille, and 303 N.NW of London. Lon. 2 14 Wj lat. 54 50 N. Altamont, a town of NipL-s, in Calabiia Cittriore, 15 niiios NWof Bafig- niano, Lw,. 16 '«i e^ lut. 39 5c n. C 1 \i !l ; i H' U '*-■■ , 1 Ht .1 ' i * . ( I ::! ALT AtTAMURA, a t6wn of KaplfD, in Bari, at the toot of the Appcnnincs. Lon. 36 58 £, lat. 41 6 N. ALTEA,a feiportof Spain, in Valencia. It was taken in 1705, tor the archduke Charles ; but loft, after the famous battle of Alnianza. It is featcd on the Medi- terranean, 41 miles SE of Valencia, and J 10 sby E of Madrid. Lon. o 15 e, laf. 3'i 34 N. Ai>TENA, a fiouridiing leajjortot Ger- many, in the duchy of Hollteni, commo- dioutly featcd on the Elbe, in the viiinity of Hamburgh The Danes built it in that fituation, that it might rival Hamburg in commerce. It was burnt by the Swedes in 171a, but has been beautifully rebuiu. Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 53 37 N, Altenburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, with a ciifllc j . formerly an imperial tov/n, but now be- longing to the houfe of Saxony. It is feated on the F'- 'Te, 20 miles s of Leip- fic. Lon. 12a." 5° 59 ^^ Altenburg, a of Tramylvania, j8 miles s of WeiHen...arg. Lon. 23 15 E, lat. 46 o N. Altenburg, or Owar, a town of Lower Hungaiy, on the Danube, 1 5 miles s of Prelburg, and 40 SE of Vienna. Lon. 17 J 3 E, lat. 4B o N. Altenburg, or Oldenbut^g, an ancient town, of Germany, in Holftein. See Oldenburg. Altesson, a town of Piedmont, be- tween the rivers Dore and Stura. Lon. 7 20 E, lat. 44 36 N. Altezey, a town and caftle of Ger- »any, in the palatinate of the Khin-, ca- pital of a territory of the fame name, j 5 miles sw of Mcntz. Lon. S ii k, lat. 4.9 40 N. Altkirch, a to\^^l cf France, in the «lepartinent of the Upper Rhine and lare pro\'incc of Ahuce, on th>.* river Hie, 45 hiiles ssw of Stiafbur^-. Lon. 7 ;0 H, k». 4.7 40 N. Altmore, a town of Irchmd, in the county of Tyrone, ii.*en miles Nw of Dungannon. Lon. 6 45 w, lar, 54 43 n. Alton, a town in Hampfhire, wi^h a mark't on Saturday. It has one chmch, a famous freelchool, a large manufarture of plain and figured bavagons, ribbed drug- gefs, and fergei de Nifmcsj and round the town are plantations of hops. It is feated rn the Wey, 18 miles ene of Southamp- ton, and 48 wsw of London* Lori. a 56 w, lat. 51 22 N. Altorp, a town of Germany, in the tfrritoiy of Nureniburgi svllh a famous ■^minrfjty, a library, an«l a phyfic gard«» A M A It IS fubjeft to the houfe of Brandcnburif, and is 10 miles se of Nurcmburg. Lon. 1 1 22 e, lat. 49 20 N. Altorf, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, 20 miles ne of Con- ftance, andfubjefi to the houfe of Auftria. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 47 50 N. Altorf, a town of Swiflcrland, capi- tal of the canton of Uri, on the lake cf Lucem, near the fpot where it receives the river Rufs, 20 miles SE of Lucero. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 46 55 N. Altringham, a town Ia Cheftiirej with a market on Tueiday, 10 miles t of Warrington, artd iSo nw of London-. Lon. X 32 vv, lat. 53 z\ N. Alva-de-tormes, a town of vSpaIn, in Leon, with a cartls, leated on tlie Tonnes, la miles se of Salamanca. LoJi» 5 4 w, lat. 41 o N. Alvestoij, a village in Grouccfter-. fhirc. On the top of a hill, near the Severn, is a large round camp, called Oldbury, where leverai antiquities have been dug up. It is eight mile« N by E of Briftol. Alzira, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, on the river Xucar, 17 miles s of Valencia. Lun. o 10 e, lat. 39 6 n. AmadaM, or Hamadan.. a town of Perfia, 200 miles ne of Bagdad. Loa. 47 4E» la-t. 35 15 N- Amadia, a trading town of Afia, ia Ctirdiftan. belonsrinfr to the Turks; feated on a high mountain, 40 miles S£ at Ge7iia. Lon. 41 5E, lat. 36 5 N. Amak, .iu ifland of Denmark, ca which part of Copenhagen, called ChriA tian-Shafen, is built. It is four miip* long and two bioad, and is chiefly peopled by the defccndants of a cnloi^ trom E fiiefland, to whom the ifland was con- signed by Chriftian 11, at the requeft of his queen, for the purpofe of fupplying her with vegetables, cheefe, and butter. From the intermarriages of thefo colonifts with the Danes, the prefcnt inhabitants are chiefly defcendedj but as they wear their own drefs, and enjoy peculiar pri- vileges, they appeal- a diftinft race. The men wear broad-brimmed hats, blick jackets, fuU-glated breeches of the facme colour, bofe at the knee, and tied round the waift. The women are chiefly dreffed in black jackets and red petticoats, with a piece of blue glazed cloth bou4(Loi| their heads. The ifland i» laid o«ir ia gardens and paftures; and ftilt, accoi^- ing totheoriginaldefign, fuppUes Ccpea« hag-n with milk, butter, and vegetables. It has twr» churches, in which the *r.iri»ftcr» prvkih 9Cc»itonaliy ia JDukch aiul Da tt|u A M A A M B SE of Lucern. 1 lA Cheftilrcj V, 10 milts E Amal, a town of Sweden, in th« pro- vincL- 'jf Gothland, with a good harbour on lake VVtnnLr, 175 n.iles sw of Upfal. It cai-ries on a great trade in tirnbtr, deals, and tar. Leu. iz 40 _E, lat. 59 o n. AmaLFI, an ancii.i)t aichiipifcopal town of Naples, in Principato Citerioi-e. Flavio Gioia, who iu faid to have in- vcurcd the mariner't ccmpafs, about the bfwinmuT of the 14th century, was a na- ♦ ve or this town. It is itatcu in a ciiarming country, on the wtllcni coalt of thegiilf of Salerno, 1 3 miles sw of Salerno. Lon. 14 45 E, hit. 40 a8 N. A.MANP, St. a town of France, in the department of Cher and late territory of Bourbonnois, feated on the livcr Chei-, Lon. ;o E, 10 miles s of Eourgts, lat. 46 45 N. Af.iAND, St. a town of France, in the department of the North and in the late French Flanders. It had lately a cele- brated abbey. 'NVhen the PruUians and Auftrians invaded France in 1792, it was taken by them, but evacuated on their retreat. It is feated on the Scarpe, fcven miles N of Valenciennes. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 50 27 N. Amantea, a feaport of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near the Iniy of Eufe- juia, 20 miles sw of Cofenza. Lon. 16 10 £, lat. 39 li N. Amapall.'., a feaport of N y'lmerlca, in Guatimala, Icaled on a gulf of tiie fime name, 220 miles se of Guatimala. Lon. So 40 w, lat. I?. 30 N. Ai\TA3iA, :;n -ancient town of Natolia, the birtiipbce of Slrabo, tlie j^cographer. It is the refulence of a bafliaw, and gives Its name to a province, where there are the belt wines and fruits i:f N !'olia. It v,as deftrcyed by an earthquake, July 3, 1794. It is feattd near the river Cafal- mack, 36 miles u of Tocat. Lon. 36 o F, lat. 40 31 N. Amazon, or Orfllana, a river of S America, which has its fource in Peru, not far from the Pacific Ocean, and run- ning E falls into the Atlantic Ocean di- reilly under the cquinoftial line. Its courfe is 3000 miles, and it is the grcateft liver in the world: its mouth is 150 miles broad} and it receives, in its progix'ls, near 200 other rivers, many of which have a cour/e of 5 or 600 leagues, fome of the.n not inferior to the Danube or the Nile J and 1500 miles from its mouth, it is 30 or 40 fathoms deep. In the rainy leafon it overflows its banks, and fertilizes the adjacent country. Amazonia, a countiy in S America, bovnded on the n by Tcrni Firniii vxi Guiana, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean and Brafil, on the s by Paragua, and on the w by ru. It is laoo miles long, and 960 bi. id. It was diicovered, in 1580, by Francifco Orellana, who, com- ing from Peru, failed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic . Obfcrving com- panies of women in arms on its banks, h6 called the country Amazonia, and gave the name of Amazon to the river, which had tbrmerly been called Maragon. But this was probably a fiiSlion, for M. Con- damine could perceive no fuch women. The loil is vei y rich and fertile j the trees and plants are verdant all the year. The rivers and lakes arc infefted by alligators and water-lerpen»s. Their banks are in- habited by ditil-rcnt tribes of Indians, go- venied by petty fovereigns, diftinguimed from their fubjecls by coronets of beautiful feathers. The Spanial-ds have made many attempts to fettle this country j but diffi- culties and dlfaflers have hitherto rendered their dcfigns abortive. On that part of the coalt between Cape North and th« mouth of the Ahiazon, the Portuguefe^ indeed, have fome fettlements. Amberg, a town of Germany, capital of the Upper Palatinate of Bavaria. Jt has a ftrong caltle, and is feated on the river Ills, 40 miles E of Nuremburg. Lon. la 7 £, lat. 49 30 N. Ambert, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Puy de Dome and late province of Auvcrgnc, feated in a beauti- ful valley, on the river Ore. There are no lefs than 60 papermakers in its vicinity, who manufacture paper for printing cards, and engraving. It has alio a trade in coarle laces, camlets, fen-ets, &c. It is 21 miles E of Iffoire, and 300 s by E of Paris. Lon. 3 50 E, lat. 4525 n. Ambleside, a tovwi of Wcilmorland, with a market on Wednefday, feated cu Winander-mere, 13 miles nw of Kendal, and 271 NNw of London. Lon. 3 6 \v, lat. 54 28 N. Ambleteuse, a feaport of France^. in the department of the Straits of Calali and late province of Picardy, eight miles N of Boulogne. Lon. 1 41 e, iat. 50 49 ^'• Amboise, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Tourainc, feated at the con- fluence of tlie Loire and Maflee. The Itaircafe of the caftle, being without fteps> may Ije afcenJed to the very top. Here Lewis XI inftituted the order of St. Mi- chael ; and here, in 1 560, was formed the famous confpirafcy againft the Lxuifes, kj!«wn by the naume of Amboife. It is i & • - - C 1 A M E A M E : . miles I of Tou y, a.-.'l Ji8 s f y \v of Paris. Lon. o 54 e, lat. \7 15 n. . AmsOYNA, au ifland of Afia, in the Indiao Ocean, with a garrifon town of the fziTK name. It is the chitt'ot" the Moluc- ca!, and remarkable for the quantity of cloves and nutnicg» it protluc.s. Tlie En^jlifli and Dutch had faaoi ies here at the beginning of the 1 7th ccntuiy ; but the .Putch expelled the Englijli, and tortured and put to dtuth many of them. The native wear large whifkers, and their 'drcfs is only a flight piece of ftuff wrapped 'found their middle. The men buy their ."wives of their parents, and if they prove "tarren, the marriage U vwd. They are generally Mahometans; but there are loree Roman catholics amoag them. Lon» '127 oE, lat. 4. o s. ^ Ambresbury, a town in Wiltlhire, imth a market on Friday, fix miles n of . Saltn>ury, and 78 w of London. Lon. '3 4.0 \v, lat. 51 UN. Ambrvm, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean. Loj. 168 xi £, ' at. 16 lo N. ^ Am£Dabad, a coiifiderable city, the . «apUal of Guzerat, in Htndooftan Proper. .' It is one of the beft fortified places in ' Iiidia, but was taken by general Goddard, "in 1780, from the Poosah Mahrattas, to _ ■whom it was reftored in 1 7 8 3 . Travtilers . Jbave dwelt much on it» beauty and con- ' Tenlent fituaticn. It is feated in a level . country, on the banks of a navigable river that falls into the gulf of Cambay, 321 miles N of Bor-;jay. Lon. 72 37 e, lat. 12 58 N. Amednagur, a city of Hindooftan, '^ in the Deccan ; once the capital of the ibubah of the lame name, which is now bttfer known by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the refidence of the emperor Aurungzebe, during his conqueft of the Deccan and the Cai-natic. It is 1 8 1 miles, by Pconah, from Bombay. Lon. 75 o e, kt. 19 10 N. Amelia, an ancient town of Italy, in J flkc duchy of Spoleto, with abifliop's lee; feated on a mountain, between the Tiber and Nira, in a fertile countiy, 20 miles sw of Spoleto, and 4.5 N of Rome. Lon. 12 30 E, lat. 42 33 N. ■l- AMERICA* one of the four parts of the world, and by much the largeft. It is bounded on all Ades by the ocean, as appears from the lateit difcoveries ; it be- ing formerly fuppofed to join to the north- ■. - eaft part of Afia. It took its. name from Amt-ricus Vefpucius, a Florentine, who having accompanied C^eda, a S]>anifh ad- TeMturer, to Aincricx, ami drawn up aa stmtstine hiftory of his roytge, publiftvi it , and It was read with admiral ton . In hi* narrative, he had infinuated, that the glory of having firtt difcovercd the continent of the new world belonged to him. Thiswa» in pait believed ; the country began to b« calkd after the name of its fuppofed firfl dtf- coverer ; and the anaccountable caprice of mankind has perpetuated the error. But America was hrft dilcovered by Cbriftophcr Columbus, a Genoefe, in 140 1. It is called the New World with great pro- priety ) for not only the men* but the birds and beafts differ, in fome refpe^s, from thofe known before. It has likewife a great number of trees and plants, that grew no where elf'e, before they were tranf- planted to other places. All the men, •xcept the Elkimaux, near Greenland, fccm to have the fame origin; for they agree in eveiy particular, from the ftrait* of Magellan, m the s, to Hudfon's Bay» in the n. Their ikms, untefs daubed with greafe or oil, are of a red copper colour, and they have no beards, or hair on any other part of their bodies, except their heads, where it is black, ftraight, and coarfe. Many arc the conjeAures about the peopling of this vaft continent, and almoft as various as their authors. Ame- rica is fo long, that it takes in not only all the Torrid, but alfo the Temperate and part of the Frigid Zones. It i» hard to lay how many difFercnt languages there are in America, a vaft number being fpoken by the different people in difiirent parts; and as to religion, there is no giving any tolerable account of it in ge- neral, though fome of the moft civilized of the aborigines feem to have worihipped the Tun. The principal naotive ot the Spaniards in fending ib many colonies here was the thirft of gold i and indeed they and the Portoguefe are pofleffed of all thole parts where it is found in the greatefl plenty. This valt continent is divided mto N and S America, whick are joined by the ifthmus of Darien. Il; has the loftiefl mountains in the world, fuch as thofe that form the imraenfe chais called the Andes} and the mofl ftupen- dous rivers, fuch as the Amazon, Plata, Oronoko, Miffiffippi, Illinois, Mifaures, Ohio, St. Lawrence, Hudfon, Delaware, Sufquehannab, Potoittac, Sec. Befide the aborigines, whc; inhabit the interior parts, and the UnitedvStates of America^ who pofTefs fome of^ the fuieft provincea, that formerly beldnged to Great Britain, the different European povvtrt have /ich and flourifhing coloifies here. The United States poflefvNvw England,' NewYbrk, ige, publiflh<4 ration. In hi* that the glorj c continent of m. Thitwa* ry began to b< ppofcdfirftdif- able caprice of \e error. But byCbriftopher 14.01. It is ith great ]fro. n,butthebirdK refpe^ft. from ha» likewife a td plants t that hey were tranf- All the men, >ar Greenland* vigin; for they from the ftratts Hudfon's Bay» [ef» daubed with , copper colour, or hair on any et| except theiv Ic, ftraight, and }nje£luret about t continent, and author*. Ame- es in not only ail ; Temperate and , It i» hard to languages there number being :ople in different in, there i» no int of it in ge- moft civilized of lave worlhipped motive ot the many colonies AA\ and indeed are poflefled of is found in the [aft continent is lerica, whick of Darien. It; in the world, imraenfe chais le moft fttipen- .mazon, Plata* lois, Mifaures, ifon, Delaware, &c. Befidethe the interior :t8 of America, left provinces, . Great Britain, }^rt have ^ich •e. The United ;d, Ntv»YVk. ■» I ? 1! i? n i II "rit^ :-t=i. .-^■... I :% 4 / -f "f.^^■\A^l■, ■^vp.#^- >«a V i / ■ ^', ••*?»4H*«,.. » , longitude Wear m o from. Lopdon. lOO . I a^ I 'II 1 I 'H ■I ' h 'if! '•»-■•• V »'t«*-aMp-, »* -'rtrv: . ►.M.-^V'H *• Hf* ..HI.' v-^''-#» • *■•• «»%■ ,^ • — . i,V - ii • . . A M O A M S >'fw Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Delawaf c, Ma- ryland, Virginia, NortK and South Ca- rolina, Kentucky, and all the country to the N of the Ohio, extending from Penn- fyl vania on tlK E , the lake* on the N , and the MiiniTippion the w. Thecounti its pofleflfed by Great Britain are, Labrador or New Britain, Upper and Low«r Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Bi-unfwick. In N Ame- rica, Spain poffeflt* Eaft and Well Florida, Louifiana, New Mexico, Caiifornia, and Old Mexico or New Spain: in S Ame- rica, tliey have Terra Firma, Peru, Chili, and Paragua. In S America, the Portu- guefe have Brafil : the French, Cayenne j and the Dutch, S\irinam, both in Guiana. Amersfort, a town of the United Province*, in Utrecht, feated in a fertile eoimtiy on the river Embs, la miles E of Utrecht. Lon. 5 az E, lat. 52 14 n. Amersham, or Agmondesham» a borough of Bucks, with a market on Tuefjky. It fends two members to par- liament, and is 2 6 miles s E of Buc k ingham, and a9 NW of London. Lon. o 35 w, lat. 51 40 N. Amid, a town of Natolia, 40 miles X of Amafia. lU>o. 36 40 e, bt. 40 30 N. Amiens, an ancient city of France in the department of Somme and late pro- vince of Picardy, the epifcopal town of the department. The nave of the ca- thedral is a finifhed piece of building, and thr whole itrufture ftately ; befide which, there are 10 parifli churches, one in the fuburbs, and an academy of belles lettres. Three branches of the river Somme enter this city. It was taken by t-he Spaniards w» ^597» but retaken by Henry iv, who built a citadel here. It has manufaftures ?n linen and woollen cloth, eftabliftied by Colbert, which employ, in the city and adjacent countiy, 30,000 people. It is io miles SE of Abbeville, and 75 N of Palis. Lon. t 18 t, lat. 49 54 n. Ammercot, a fort in Hindooftan Proper, in a very extenfive I'andy defer t, between the Indus, the territories of Agi- mere and Moultan, and the Puddar. This place is celebrated as the retreat of the ^mperor Humaioon, during his troubles ; and here was bom his fon, the illuftrious Acbar. It is 190 miles N by E of Tatta. Amol, a town of Afia, in Ulbec Tar- tary, feated on the river Gihon, 60 miles wofBf>>.hara. Lon. 64 30 E, lat. ')9xoN. Am ikgus, an iiland of the Archijpe- 1 ago, fertile in wine, oil, and com. The belt cultivated parts beloug to a monaftery ; and the greateit inconvenience which the m- want of fuel. It is 30 miles in circum- ference, and 67 N of Candia. Lon. «6 15 e, lat. 36 zo N. Amour, a river of Afia, which riJe$ in S-.reria, runs E through Chinefe Taf-' tary, and falls into the hay of Corea. Amoy, an ifland on the $w coaft of China. The Englilh had a faftory here,' but abandoned it, on account of the im- pofitions of the inhabitants. ' - Amphipolis, a town of Txukey in Europe, anciently the capital of Macedo-' nia, on the river Strj'mon, 70 miles ne of Salonichi. Lon. 14 16 E, lat. ^t ^9 ». Amplepuis, a town of Fi-ance, {n the department of Rhone and Loire. It is celebrated for its wines, and is' 16 roilec E of Roanne. : -- ; . Ampthill, a town in Bedfordfljiire^ with a market on Thurfdav, feated pTe«» fantly between two hills, but in a bafreii ibil. It is noted for having been thcTe- fiUencc of Catharine of Arragon, queen of Henry vni, during the time that her tiir- jutt divorce was in agitation. Thiseyenrii commemorated by a poetical infcripH^ on a column where thie old caltje ^'^o^ It is fix miles s of Bedford, a-d 45 itiik of London. Lon. o 30 w, iat. 5* d »*,, Ampurias, a feaport of Spatn. Iji Catalonia, at the mouth of the rivet fKJ- via, 60 miles ne of Baicelona. Lcii. j 6 t, lat. 42 5 N. Amras, a caftle, in Germsu^y, l^atwl in the Tirol, two miles SE oflnfpnjciK. It is remarkable for a rich library, adorned with the portrait^ of many, li:arned mc^. Lon. II 29 E, lat^ 47 9 N. " r Amsterdam, a rich and populgus city in Holland, capital of the United Pro- vinces. The walls are high, and well fortified } and the bridge vvhich joins tlte rampart is built over the river Amftel, and is one of the fineft pieces of arrhi- tefture in thefe parts. Few citie* lutv,«| their public buildings fo fine, numerous* and w^il kept. Here are many handibm* churches, and liolpitals for perfons of qil religions and countries. The exchaajre is one of the principal onuments of the city, ahd the narbour is one of the largdt and fineft in Europe, where a vaft number of merchant flWps may always be lees ; thoueh "ler? is a bar at its entrance, which ik tiowever, a great lecurity aeaii^ft foreign enemies. The fdundation ot tlu« town is laid upon piles, driven into a mo* rafs, and under the ftadthoufr idonc ar« 1 3,000- The ^eets are fpacioits and well paved, and moll of them have c&nals, with rows of trees :;n each fide, It it cempv..;ou( UU m Viz m ■• ^ C I ■ -■ A N C AND London, and is governed by a coUeg« of 30 fcnators, who hold their places for lifc> and 1 1 buigomafters, four of whom ire ajways fitting. It fuin:ndered to thi; king of Pi-uiiia in Oft. 1787, when that prince invaded Holland, in favour of the Itadt- holdei', but was ev"u.cutcd on the rellora- ':ion of the latter to his rights. I*- re- ceived the FrtTitch trcOps, Jan. 19, 1795, without any refiftance. It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Araftel and Wye, ^5 miles N of Antwerp, 175 e by n of , London, 240 n by e of Paris, and 560 MW of Vienna. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 52 33 n. ", AnDVELL, a village near Waie, in iteitfordfhire, famous for giving rife lo the New River, which fupplies London with watef,, * , Anadir, a river of Siberia, that fails ifltp the Eafte;rp Ocean. i^NAGNi, a town of Italy, in Cam- pa'gna di Roma, with a bifhop's fee, 3a rniTe$ e of Rome. Lon. 13 25 E, lat. ., Anacopir, the capital of the naMon qf'the Abkahs, on the river Makai, which j^Js below it into the Black Sea. .^Anattom, an illund, one of the Nev/ Hebrides, ^n the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. '79 9. E, lat. io 10 s. / Ancarano, a town of Italy, in the jn'arquifate of Ancona, fiveiniles n of Af- /coji,, and .82 ne qi Rome. Loij. 1329 X, Jlat,'.4i,48 N. ;A{ifc ASTER, a village in Lincplnfnijre, *iVii)iieS s'qf Lincoln. It'was anciently i' jRonldii villige, oh' i Roman highway, and lies uijider a hill which abounds with *;iAitiquities^ *, ',"•" " '' , ANCtNis, a town of 'Pr'a'iice, feated on 'the Loirei'in the department of Lower Xoij'e'. and late provi.ice of Bretagne, ;o 'iniles t cVNanfes. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 47 1 5 n. ■ " A.nC|>Am, a town of Gci'many, in Po- *jiKrahia, lt;ated on the river Pene, 20 miks ^W"'ci^.GripfwaJd. Lcn. .1,4- e, lat. 53 52 N. ',''' Ancober, a territory oh the gold toalt 6f Guinea, hiving a river of rhe ftKue name flowing through it, th^■ brinks (bf which are adorned with Jqfly trees. Oh the weflern bank is apop\:lous village. ■ AtfCbNA, a marguilate in Italy, in tire 'Ecclefiaftical S^att. .,' "ANCofiA, an ancient "town and citadel 'df Italy, on the gulf of Venice, in the ' nfiart^'uifete of Ancona. It waa originally fcuih ■ u^on a hill, and the cathalral fftahds' upon the higheft pan, but the fco'ufes ttav$: been gradually extended down I the fide of the eminence toward the lea. _ The commerce of Ancona has rapidly in- crfafecl'df lite years j for which it is 'in- dtbtcd to pope Clement .xii, who made it a free port, and built a moic, to rentier the harbour fafe : it is ercfted on the ruins. of the ancient mol{ raifed by ' the emperor Trajan, and is above 2000 ftet in length, 100 in breadth, and about 60 in depth from the furiace of the' fea. Near this fbnds the Triumph::! Arch cf Tra- jan, which, next to the Mailbn Qitarrct at Nili-Ties, is the mcft entire monument of Roman magnificence exifting. Hei t; like- v.'ife Clement erefted a lazareti;6, which' advances a little Vi-ay into the fca, in the form of a pentagon, and is a noble as' well as ufef':! edifice. Great numbers of Jews are fettled in this city, wl.ere they have a fynagogue ; and, akliough all re- ligions arc tolerated, theirs is the only foreign woi /liip allowed to h?. publicly cx- erci;ed. Ancona was taken by the PVtnrh in June i7i>6. It is 116 miles n by E of Rome. Lon. 1335 E, lat. 4;; 38 ^v^ AND/U.USIA, a province of Spain, 25O miles in length, anrt 1 50 in brtadth. It is- bounded on the s by Granada,' on the w by A.Igarva and thnlle. ' '■ . . ANDAMAfi ISLAhlDS, on the E fide of the entraiice into the bay of Bengal. The inhabitants are an inoffienfivc people, and live chiefly on rice, fiuits, and herbs, with which they funiifii the "ilupii that touch there. ■ Andaye, a for'ined tovvn of France, In the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late territory of BafOjUCi, famous for its brandy. It is ftuatc at ti'e mouth of the river BidalToa, oppoilte Fcntarabit in Spain, 18 niiJes s\v of Bayonne. • Lcn. i 45 \v, lat. 43 25 \v. And ELY, a town of France, in the department of Eure and late province of Normandy, d.ivided by a paved .road into two little towns calle.d Great :ind Little Andely, a mile fro 1 each other. Great Andely is in a valley, on the littlf river Gambons. It hao a fo\intain, whicii bears the name of St. Clotilda, and to which pil- grims refort on the feftival of that Ihiiir. Little Andely is on the Seine. Fire cloths muiuifaftured here are faid to be equal to t'hofe of England. Andely is the birth- place of Nicholas Poulfin, the Raphael of France. It is ao miles se of Rouen, and 60 NW of Paris. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 49 20 N. AKiDERNACH, an ancient city of G..-r~ many, in tlie vleilorate of Coloj^ne, f«:att4 ri| tl: it »»,'. AND A N G •« the Rhine, lo miles nw of CoWcntz. Lon. 7 21 E, lat. so 39 u. Andero, St. a feaport of Spain, in Bifcay, where tlic Spaniards build and lay up feme of their men of war. It is 60 miles w ot'Bilboa. Lon. 4 30 £, lat. 43 iS N. Andes, or Cordilleras, a chain •f mountair.s in S Arnerica, running from >i to, s along the coaft of the P.icific Ocean. They exceed in length any tiiain of mountainji in the other parts .of tlie globe ; extending from the iithmus of I)aT ricn to the ftraits of Ma^Uen, dividing', the whole fouthern part of America, and ' running a length of 4300 miles. They are much fuperior in height to any other mountains ; for the plain of Quito, which may be confidered as the baft of tiie Ands-u, is elevated further above the fea ^han the top of the Pyrenees; and they rlie,, ii^ different places, mare tlun one third above the Pike of Teneriff, once thought to be the higheft land in the ancient he- mlfphere. The Andes may literally be fi^id to hide their heads iu the clov^ds : the ftorms often roll, and the thunder bujift;^, below their fummlts, which, thoijgh ex- poied to the rays of the fun In the_ torrid zone,, are covered with everlafting' fnow. From experiments made with a barometer on the mountain of Cotopaxi, it appeared that its fummit was elevated 6252 yards kbpve the, furface of the fea, fpmethipg f^ore than three geographical mileii. In thefe mauntain^ are. many volcanps. ANDOy£R, a borpugh in Hampfl)Ire, with a market on . Saturday. It leads two members to parliament, and is go- verned by a juayor. It is 10 miles n by w of Winchefter, and 65 w by s vf London. Jpon. 1 20 w, lat. 51 14 N. Andrarum, a town of Swpden, in Gothland, tluee riujes s of Chriltlan- ftadt: heJie is the greateft alum work in the kingdom. Andrew, St. a fort of the United Provinces, at the E end of the ille of Bommel VVaert, tai'-en by the French in J 794, immediately retaken by the allies, and agair, taken by the French before the f lofc of the year. Andrew, St. a town of Gsi-many, in Carinthia, with a bifliop's fee, I'eated en the river Levant, 95 miles s by w of Vienna. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 52 l^. Andrew's, St. a cjty in Fifclhire, with a iiniverllty. It was formerly tKr Ifee of an archbidiop, and is fcated at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a iinall hill, extending' B and w, having ^ oueu profpe^ of the GtrnuDi Occdu. " J'- • •■ • r ■ . The univerfity, which was founded by bilhop Wardlaw, in 14x1, confiits of three colleges. The cathedral, the chapel of St. Reguluo, the church of St., Salva- tor, and the priory, have been n®ble Gothic ftrui^l:ures. The caftle was the fcene of the cruelty and puiiilhmeiit of card'.al Beton: the window is ftiU fticwn, from which he beheld the martyrdom of George • Wifhart, who was burnt on the fpot beneath ; and in this cattle he hitnfelf was " aiTaflinated in 1546.. The boules, though - built of ftone, are gone to dec.iy, ther* being no manufactures to fupport the nu- merous itiliabitants J nor is the harbour ia ' a go^d condition. It i? 30 miles NKof. Edinl^urgh. Lon. :; 45 w, lat. 56' 1 8 N, Andri.v, a town of Naples, , in B^ri,^ with a bifhop'".!} fee, four miles a^of Bsir^., letta. Lon. I $3 a E, lat. 41 25 N.' ," Andro^, ah, ifl^hd and tovyn' |i^ tbff Archijiolago. The inhabitants ^e of the* Greek church, and have a bjlhop and -'fe- " veral monafttries. The principal riche? of this ifland confift In filks, and the fields are pleafan^ and fprtjle; being jplantc4, with oranges, citrons, mulberries^ pome- granates, and %s. It lies to the N ©f' Candia. Lon. 25 30 E, lat. 37 50 N. Anduxar, a, town of Spain, in An-, dalufia, defended by a caftle, iand feated' op the Guadalquiver, 35 miles E of Cor-- dova. Lcn. 3 34'w, lat. 37 5? N,, , Anecada, one of the Engli(]h,yirgin Ifland^iJ. Lou. 64 7 w, lat. 18 40 N.. , „' Angelo, St. a town of Naples, ' itj;' Ca| lata, f^vcs miles N of Manfredonia,; and L from the fea • Lon. 16 135, lat^ 41 40 N. Anoelos, - jpulou^ town of Mex- ico, with a bUhyp s fee. The t is ex- cellent,, and the land abounds ui corn. It is 62 miles se of Mexico. Lcn. ^9 22 w, lat. 19 30 N. A N G e R s , an anci«nt to wr T France, ii^ the late grovince of Anjoi^, .md the epif^ copal fee of the department of Maine and Loire. It is feateJ near the conflu- ence of the Sarte and Loire, and i'? uvided by the Maine into two part ac wdF- tern, e-tending into the plain, and theeaftt ern, which riles on the acclivity of a hill. Its environs prefent a pieafing view of nu- merous country houfcs, upward of a hua-. dred windmills, well-cultivated kitchen- gardctis, and eminences that produce good whitp winf . The cathedral is an elegant ftruiiure : the exquifit* neatneft of thy wainfcot of the choir, the width of the m\ e, and the principal gate, fuiTounded by three iieeples (of which the centre one nas no fupport but thiif bafes of tht other tMr»i m It III I A N G A N G I 1 ! i: ! I f 'it .1 ■I , . ;.■ ■ * 1. ! 'i ■I;! m It are partlcuhrlv admired. In this csthe- drai i; t-l'.'.- ^omb of Kf.nii, kirg of Sicily, arifi :l'vcrnl bjih-^ps, in whiru marble; an 1 here is (hown an urn, which is pretended to hive been ufccl :it th» wtviding of Cana. Ilf^t'ore the latf diilblurion ot' cunvfiUs, roonhs of evciy order wer.' to be ft.ii :it Angers; and out of fonr ablx'ys that belon!:ced to the Bcntdlclinecs, tltrf; were particularly beautiful. 11^ re is an ^ca- fl«^y of belles lettres, eilahlinieil in 1^85. The inhabitants are computed at 30,000 ; and here is a conliderable maiiiifaflure of haiidkerchiefs and ikikioth. The pro- ducr of the Hate ouairies, at the extre- mity of tliie fuburb of Brefliguy, forms likewife an important article of com- merce : this flate is 16 common, that the moft paltry hovel in the fuburbs is covered with it} on which account Angers fc?s been called the Black City. The cartk, flank^ by 18 great- round towers, is vc- markable on)y foi its advau'.aj^eous fi: na- tion on arock, and tlicwliMT!.;nts diii his. It is 50 niiles e of Naiik:., .-tu^ 1/5 bw cf Paris. Lon. o 55 \v, iu. 47 30 n. An.l in coiu and paitur*.'*. The principal rivers are t'.ie North and South Elk. Anualt, a principality of Ct rrnanv, in the circle of Upper Saxony, 4-"- miles in lem^th, and L-ight in br.-adth; bounded on the s by Mansfield, on the w by Hal- bcrrtadt, on the E by Saxony, and on the N by Magde''iirsr. It abound:; in corn, and is wutLied by the Salde and the Mulda. Anhalt, an ifland of Denmark, lyins^ in the Catetjate, ei^ht miles from tiie coaft of Jutland, and lo from Zealand. ANN bitatlons 'of the nariv.^^ ; and the othtr p:»rt» ol the illand, elriciiiliy toward the fca, are covered with tnrs ai\ I l)u(hcs of a hixiuiant growth. It h nla.ite about' 187 E Ion. and 20 s lat. A'>JN.\N', a borough of Annrmdile, in Dimifijcsfhire, feated on the r:v::- Annan, about three miles N of SoKvay r:i:h, and 60 8 of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 4 w, lit. 55 o N. Annan, a river of Scotland, whlcU rlfing in the Mottat Hills, and flowing, in a fouthcrly direction, through Annan- dale, empties itlelf into Solvvay Fritii. Ann AND ALE, a dilfrid of Dunifries- Ihire in Scotland, fo f.iUni from the rlv«.r Annan. The motintains in the northern pirt of this diltriil, fometimes named It is dangerous to feamen, for which ■«• Moffat Hills, are the hi'^iiclt in t!ic s wf reaton there is a lighthoufe. Vnian, a conntiy on the e coaft of Africa, near the Red Sea, lying between 43 and 50" E, lon. and betu-een tlie ccjuator and 10° N latitude. AsjeNoo, a I'lrall town and faflory on the coaft of Mrlabar, hclonj;ing to the K India company. Th'vir ir.jrchandilb conlifts chieflv in pepper and cahcoijs. J. on. 77 I E, lat. I) o N. Amj<5V, a late province of France, bounded on tlie N bv Maine, on the w by l^retigr.e, on t'le s by Poitou, and on the y. by Touraine. It formerly belonged to the fovereigns of England. It now forms, with the late prov'nccs of NTaino and Touraine, the four departments u;h a place of little noto in tlie commercial v/orid, it is one oi' the wealt'iieft towns of its fize in A.iiu rica. The houfes, about 260 iii miiuber, are p-eneraHy hrge and cK-gant. The delign of thclt who pLinncd the city Mas to have tlie whole in the form of a circle, with the ftreets, like r;\dii, be- !^inntng at the centre, where ti'e ftadthouf* /taii'.ls, and thence diveitnn^j into eveiy diiw'lion. The principal pint of the biiildinj^s are arranged agr..'ea'i!e to thi* plan, rhe (fjdtho'iio ij the nobleft build- ing of the kins.', in America. vVimapoli* is 30 miles s of Jialtlmorc. Lon. 77 so w, lat. 39 o. N. Ann'apolis, a fortlHed town of Nova Scotia, in N America. It liand* on th» the weftem bank of the Euphrates, and E fide of the bay of Fundy, and has ono the plealanteflr place in thefe parts, there of the fineft harbours in the world. Lon* being pLnty of olives, oranges, citrons, lemons, pomcgranvites, and dates. The fields are Ibwn with cotton ; and tlie corn grows extremely hii;h. It is 130 miles w of Bagdad, and 120 ;.s\v of Moulfoi. Lon. 41 o E, lat. 33 35 N. Annamooka, one of the Friendly Iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, difcovercd by Tafman in 1643, and vifiicd liy cap- tain Cook in 1774 and 1777. It is well cultivated in many places"; coufift- jng of plantations o.'" yams-flud plantains. Many of them are extenfive, nnd inclofed with neat fences of reed. ?^he bread-* 5- 64 5 w, lat. 44 Annecy, a town of Savoy, in the duchy of Genevois, f'eated an the river Siers; and on a lake of its own name, aur.ut 10 miles hng, and four broad. Ir is 70 miles s of Geneva, and 22 nb of Cha'ii^tny. Lon. 6 5 e, lat. 45 53 N. At^.N'OBON A, an Ifland of Africa, on the c.>aft of Guinea, fo called, becaufe it was found cui on New-year's-day. It it wtU ilocked with cattle and fi*uit, and the air is more healthful rhan in other iflands on the lame coaft. It abounds with palm- trees, cocoas, oranges, lemons, bananas. 1 9. ' ill Vk fruit and cocoa-nut trees are 'nterfperfcd and feveral other traits; with hoes, goats with Uttic ordtT} Qr.t chiefly ear vji<« Ui\-i Oi«^ ftnd ciuck«ft| which are all extreme 'jl \ ii I m 7v! ANT fjr cheap. The governor Is a Portuguefft. Lon. 5 lo E> lat. i 50 s. Annonav, a town of France, in the ^partmtnt of Ardeche and late province of Dauj-'hiny. Very Hnc paper is inanu- fawSlured hcrc} nnd it was in this place tliat the two brothers Montgolfier, paper-^ makers, difcovtrtd, in 1782, the nkt of rarefied air in floating balloons, by a firc- pkce fulpi-ndwd under them. Annonay ts i'taivA on the confluence of the rivtis Canccs anri Dcumes, iz miles s\v of Vkniie, Lon. 4 55 k, lat. 4.5 13 n. Ano-Capri, the largeft town in the iQand of Capvi, belonging to the kingdom of Naples. AiNsPACfi, a town and caftle of Ger- in?.ny, in Franconia, and capital of the miugravate of Anfpach. The prcicnt prince lately abdicated his dominions, in confidjratiou of a ftipulatcd revenue, in favour of the king ot Prulfia, who is of fhe fame family} and having married Elifabeth dowager lady Craven, in i79i> has lince fettled in England. The palace at Anfpach, which is near the caftle, has a remarkable cabinet of curicfities. It h featcd on a river of the fame name, 15 miles sw of Neuremburg. Lon. 10 «^7 B, lat. 49 ao N. Anstruther, a borough on the se eoaft of Fifefhire, 25 miles NE of Edin- burgh. Lon. 2 34 w, lat. 56 15 N. ■ Amteqjiiera, a town of Spain, in Granada, divided Into the Upper and the lowtr. The Upper is icatcd on a hill, and has a caftle : the Lower ftands In a fertile plain, and is watered by many Crocks. There Is a large quantity of jalt in the mountain j and five miles from the town, a fpring famous for the cure of •the gravel. It is" 26 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 30 w, lat. 57 1 N. Antkquiera, a town of N America, In New Spain, in the province of Guaxa- qua, 75 miles SE of Guaxaqua. ■ Antibhs, a feapoit of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence, with a ftrong caftle. Its terri- tory produces excellent fruit j and it is feated en the Mediterranean, nine miles v,- of Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 35 N. Antic osTE, a barren ilbnd of N America/ in the mouth of the river Si. Lawrence. Lon. 64 16 \v, lat. from 49 to 5?- N. Antigua, one of the Enpllrti Leeward Jflands in .he W Indies, about 20 miles in length and breadth. The in- habitants are in great want of water, and aro obliged to lave the rain-water in i-JiVms, and to fetch it frpm other jflands, ANT The chief produce Is fugar,. of whit-fc it annually makes 16,000 hogfheada. It was taktn by the French in i73z, but rcftored in 1783. The capital is St. John's. It is 60 miles E of St. Chrjf- topher's. Lon. 6i 5 w, lat. 71 5 n. An'tillf.s, the name which the French give to the CaribbejJ Klands, dilcovered by Columbus, in 1492. See Indies, West. A.ntio, a promontory of Italy, in the pauimcny of St. Peter, near w.iich is a hiubour, lately made. It takes Its name from the ancient city of Antlum,the ruin* of which extend over a long tract of land. An'tioca, or Antioch, an ifland in the Mediterranean, near Sardinia, taken from his Sardinian majefty, by the French, in Feb ruary 1793, but evacuated foon after. Antioch, now Anthakla; an an-i cicnt and celebrated town of Syria, of which it was formerly, the capital ; but it is now almoit come to nothing: ho.wcver, the magnificent ruins of it ftiil remain. It is featedon the river Orontes, now called Affi, 15 miles E of tlie Mediterranean, and 40 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 36 45 E, lat. 35 17 N. Antiochetta, a tcnnTi of Turkey in Afia, in Cai-amania, with a bilhop's fee, oppofitc the ifland of Cyprus. Lon. 33 15 E, lal;. 36 42 N. Antiparos, the ancient Olearos, an ifland of the Archipelago, two miles w of Paros. It is only a rock, 16 miles in circuit; yet, in fome parts, is well culti- vated, and produces as much barley as feryes a fmall village. It has a grotto, which is one of the greateft curlofities in nature : it appears to be about 80 yards high and 1 00 broad ; and the roof forms a pretty good arch, which entertains the eye with a vaft variety of figures, of a white tranfparcnt cryftalline fubftance, very na- turally refembling vegetables, marble pillars, and a fuperb mai'ble pyramid, Lon. 25 44 E, lat. 37 8 N. Antivari, a town of Turkifh Dal* matia, with a Greek archblfhop's fee, 10 miles N of Dolcigno. Lon. 19 10 e, lat. 42 19 N. Antoime, St. a town of France, Is the department of Ifere and late province of Dauphii\y. Here was lately a monal- tery, the church of which is magnificent. It was the principal feat of an order of Hofpitalitrs, united to tha^ of Malta in 1777, and whole origin may be traced to an hofpital, built (near a chapeli^ the depofitoiy of the relics of St. Anthony) by Gafton and his fon Girin, in 1095, tot the relief of devotees, futfering under 4 d if order, iince called Saint Anthony 'i ANT A F A Fire. It is five miles ne of St. Mar- ctllan. AntoNio, St. one of the Cape de Vertl Ulands, 15 miles from St. Vinctnt. It is full of high mountains, whence pro- ceed Ih'fams oi excellent water, which ren- der the land very fruitful. The principal town is feated among the mountains. Xxjn. 25 o \v, lat. 17 o N. Antrim, .a county of Ireland, In the province of Ulftcr, bounded on the e by St. George's Channel, on the w by Lon- dondeny, on the u by the ocean, and on the SE by Down. It is 46 miles in length, and a8 in breadth, and is pretty i'ruitful. It contains 56 pariihes; and lends 10 nvrtnbers to parliament. Antrim, the capital of the county of Antrim, at the N end of the lake Lough- Neagh. It is a poor place, but lends' two members t6 parliament, and is 13 miles- w of Carrickfergus. Lon. 6 6 w, lat. 5+ 43 N. Antrum, a mountain of the Swifs Alps, in thfe Vallais, by which there is a pafTage frorti the Vallais into the valley of Aiitrona in the Milanefe. 'AMtwerp, a city of I'.rabant, capital of the marquif5»te of the fame name, with a bifribp's lee. About 200 years ago it was the greateft pla.ce for trade in Europe : but the civil wars, caufed by the tyriftny of Philip li, diminifhed that comiTierce, which was effeftually anni* hihitcd in 1648; -when, by the treaty of Mimfter between Spain and the United Proviftces, the navigation of the Scheld vvas fhut. See ScHELD. The river is commodious, being 22 feet deep, and 400 yards wide ; fo that large vefleb mav come Up to the quay. The cathe- iiiMJ is a fine ftruiSlure, and contains an alil-mblage of paintings by the greateft mafters of the Flemilh I'chool, particularly Rubens nnd Quintin Matlys. Ruben's de- fcent from the crols is'efteemed hismaiter- {)iect*. On a pifture of the fallen angels, )y the father-in-law of Matfys, appears a hornet on one of the thighs. Concerning this it is related, that Matfys, who was originally a blacklmith, falhng in love with the painter's daughter, and applying to the f;ithcr h;r hi« conlent, was refilled, as no one, he laid, (hould have her, but a pain- ter. On this, Matfys went to Italy to ftudy the art, and, in a few years, returned a great mafier himfelf ) and this hornet he painted on the thigh of the falling an- g'l. The painter perceiving it, fome time after, attempted to beat it off: attonifhed at the exquifite deception, he inquired why had done it j aiul thus di.rcovering the fuperlor fklll of Matfys, he immediatdj confcntcd to the marriage. There are many fine paintings in the other churches, and in private colleftions. The ex- change, once fo thronged, and from which fir Thomas Grelham took the model of that for London, is now the abode of Iblitude and filence ; and ierves no other purpofe than the accommodation of an academy for painting, fculpturc, architefture, and the mathematics. The townhoufe, in the great niarket-place, is a noble itruclure. . Here is ftill leen a houle, built in 1568, for the accommoda-. tion of the merchants of the Hanfe Towns J and hence they went to the Exchange, m procelfion, preceded by a band of mtific. In the principal itreet is a crucifix of bronze, 3 3' feet high., on a marble pedeitai. This was made from a demolilhed ftatue of the cruel duke of Alva, which he . himfelf had fet up in the citadel. The citadel is efteemed onp of the ftrongeft . fortrelfcs of the Low Countries. Antwerp was taken by the prince of Parma in 1585, after a long and memorable fiege. It has been taken moreeafily fince, by the French in 1700, by the allies in 1706, by the French ia 1746 and 1792, by the Auftrians in 1793, and by the French again in 1794.. It is 32 miles N of Bruflels, a» N£ of Ghent, and 65 s of Amfterdam. Lon. 4 28 £, lat. 51 13 N. Anzerma, a town and ]ifoyInce of ?opayan, in S America, where there are mines of gold. The town is feated on the river Coca. Lon, 75 25 W, lat. 4 58 «. AORNUS. See BijORE. AousTA,.a town of Piedmont, capital of a duchy of the fame name, and a bi- ftiop's fee. It is remarkable for levcral monuments of the Romans. It is feated at the foot of the Alps, on the Doria, 50 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 30 £, lat. 45 48 N. AovsTA, a dutchy of Piedmont. It is a valley 30 miles in length, and abounds in paftures, and all forts of fruits. ApAMEA, or Afamea, a town of Syriaj on the river Alfi, 35 miles s of Anticch. Lon. 36 56 e, lat. 34 32 n. Apanomia, a town of the ifland of Santorini, in the fea of Candia. It has a i'pacious harbour, in the foiTn of a half- moon, which is fo deep, that fhips can- not, anchor there. Lon. 25 59 E, lat. 36 i8 N. Apee, one of the New Hebrides, near Malicollo, in the S Paciiic Ocean. Lon. 168 32 E, lat. 16 46 s. APENRADti} a town of Denmark, It^ '..it, \:i :i ■ I' 'i' ih' M" if I £ ''. '^'y\' I fji A Q^U Stcf»rck» with a citideli fcatct! at the bottom of a gulf of the Baltic Sea, 17 miles N of Slel'wick. Lon. 9 38 E, lat. 556 N. Aphiom Karahissart, a town of Natolia,callcdAphiom,becaufe it produces a great deal of opium, called aphium by the 1-'urk». Lon. 31 48 e, lat. 38 35 n. Appalachian. See Alleganv. Apfalachikola, a riverofN Ame- rica, formed by the junflion 01 the Cha- tahcmchce and Flint, which rife in the Appabchian Mountains, and running nearly parallel in a foutherly direfliou, ft>w vmited into the gulf of Mexico. Appennines, a chain of mountains «»jiich divide Italy throughout its whole I*ngth, as far as the fouthera extremity of the kingdom of Naples* Hence proceed sll the rivers which water Italy. Appbnzel, a town of Swifferland, ca- pital of the canton of the fame name, which IS divided into twelve communities; fix. cillt'd the interior, are Roman catholics ; the fix exterior, are proteftants. It is 4.0 miles £ of Zuric. Lon. 9 31 £, lat. 47 APP&EBT, the county-towD of Wcii- morland, with a good: corn' market on Monday. It has gone greatly to decay, being only on« broad ftreet of inean houfes. At the upper part is the csftle; at the )«wer end is thfrchuixh; and here is alfo a ♦ownhoufc. The town is almoft encircled by the river Bden : it fends, two mem- bers to parliament'; and it 10 miles se of Penrith, and z66 rnw of London. Lon. s 34 Wi lat. 54 34 N^ Apt, an aixient town of France) in the (lepartinent of the Mbwths of the Rhone aud late province of Provenee. Its com- mence conlifts in pranes, coarfe ferges, and wax chandlery, for vvhich laft there is a great demand. There are many fine Ronian antiquitiesi and it is fcated on the Ca- laron, lo miles N of Aix, and 25 se of Orange. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 51 n. Apitlia, the i fide of the kingdom «f Naples, on the gulf of Venice. It is divided into three provinces, whofe mo- «lern names are Capitanata^ JBarij and ©tranto. Apuryma, or Aporamiay a rapid river of S America, in Peru. A^ua-Necra, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, on the river Chiefa, j% miles w of Mantua. Lon. 10 25 H, Iat« 45 12 N. Aquila, a town of Naples, capital of AbroTTO Ulteriore, with a bifhop's fee, and a caftlc. An eavtb^v^ak^ hap- A R Af I)encd here in 1700,. by which 1400 per- bnii were killed. It is feuted on the Polcara, 5* miles ne of Koine. Lon. 13 39 E, lat. 42 10 N. A<^iLEiA, a decayed trading town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli. It has a patriarch, who refidcs at Udina. It is featcd near the gulf of Venice, 57 miles NE of Venice. Lon. 13 8 e, lat. 46 o N. Aquino, a towii of Naples, in Terra, di Lavora. It is a bifhop's fee, but was ruined by the emperor Conrade ; confid- ing only of about 35 houfes. It was the birthplace of Juvenal, and is 30 miles Nw of Capua. Lon. 13 50 Ef lat. 41 36 N. Arabia, a country of Afia, bounded on the w by the Red Sea and the i oa thv s by the ^oajt A R A ARC •f Ava, and on the w by the giilf of Bcn- ral. It is a fertile, but not pop\ilou* country, governed by ii princes, lubjcd to the chiet king, who refides in his capital. His palace i»very large, and contains, it is faid, lirven idols, cait ingoWof two inches thick, each of a .nan's height, and cyvcred with diamonds, rubies, and other precious (tones. They have only two leafons j the rainy fcafon, which continues from April to Oftobcr, and the fair feafon, which in- cludes all the reft of the year, and iai called the fummer. The inhabitants -are idola- ters, and the women tolerably fair ; but the longest ears are reckoned the moft beautiful, and in thefe they wear many rings. There are fuch numbers of ele- phants, buffaloes, and tigers, that but few places are inhabited, on account of the ra- vages made by thefe animals. The com- iDMiities are timber, lead, tin, and ele- phants teeth} and fometimes tlic traders meet with diamonds, rubies, and other precious ftones. Aral, a lake of Afia, zoo miles z of th* Cafpian Sea. It is 300 miles in length, and in fome places 1 5c in breadth, lying between 58 and 61** of £ Ion. and between 4.2 and 4.7° of n lat. Arande-de-Douero, a town of tpain, in Old Caftile, on the Douero, 4a miles E of Valladolid. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 41 40 N. Ararat, a high mountain of Afta, In Armenia, faid to be the lame mentioned in Gen. viii. 4. Arassi, a maritime town of Ita«y, in the territory of Genoa, five mile* sw •f Albenguay. Lon. 7 56 e, lat. 44 » N. Arava, a fortrefs of Upper Hungary, •n a river of the fame name, 72 miles KW of Caffovia. Lon. zo o E, lat. 49 30 N. Arau, or Aarau, a handfome and flourifning manufacturing town of Swiifcr- land, in Argau, ieated on the river Aar, from which it derives its name. A treaty between the protcitant and catholic can- tons was concluded here in 1 71 2. It is * 7 miles w of Zuric. Lon. 7 50 t, lat. 47 *S N. Arauco, a fortrefs and town of Chili, in S America, fituate in a fine valley, 9n a river of the fame name. The nntivts ■drove the Spaniards out of their country, though they had no fire-arms. Lon. 73 ao w, lat. 37 30 s. Araxes, or Aras, a river of Afia, which rifes in Georgia, and running se acrols Armenia, falls into tht Kur, war i^s entrance intQ the Calpian be a. Arbe, an cpifcopal town of therepuN^ He of Venice, in an idand of the fanne nime, on tlie coalt uf Dahnatia, from whick it is five miles tu "int. ARBUL,A,a row.iiof Afia, in Curdiftan, where Alexander fought the laft battle with Dai'ius. It is about 60 miles sg of Muuful. Lon. 42 25 fe, lat. 35 5'N. Arberg, a town of Swiflcriaud, in the canton of Bern, on an iAand formed by two branches of the Aar. It. is 10 miles Nw of Bern. Lon. 7 5 E, lat. 47 o N. Ar BOi z , a populous town of France,' in the department of Jura and late province of Franclie-Comte, famous for its white wines. It is 22 miles sw of Befan^on. Lon. 5 40 K, lat. 46 55 N. Arbon, an ancient town of Swifler- land, on the lake of Conftance, in that part of Thm-gau over which the bifhopof Conftance has the jurifdi£lion, and the Swifs cantons the fovereignty. The ma. jority of the inhabitants are proteftarits. It is 12 miles SE of Conftance. LoOi 9 30 £, lat 47 30 N. Arbroath. SeeABERaROTNWicK. Arburc, or Aarburg, a town lof Swiflerland, in Argau, feated oRthe Aar* with a citadel built on a rock» i% milee £ of Soleure. Arbury, a village^ one mile N of Cambridge. Here are the lemainc of a camp, and many coins have been found. Arcadia, a town of the Morea, near the gulf of the fame naftie, and in the pro- vinc of Belvedere, 22 miles N of Na- varin. Lon. 21 42 E, lat. 37 24 N. Arceuii,, a village of Francei three miles s of Paris, remarkable foran aque- duct, which is thought to equal the works of the ancient Romans. It wa» huilfe in 1624, by Mary de Medicis: it» water i« dlftributul into various parts of Pai-i«. Archangel, afeaport of Rnflia, ca- pital of the government of the fame name. It was the only ftaport of Ruilia for many years, and was firftrelorted to by the En- glifh in 1553. In 1793, a dreadful ^rs deltroyed great part of the city and fu-» burbs : they are now rebuilding with neatnefs and even elegance. Archangel is Ieated on the Dwina, four miles from the White Sea, and 400 ne of PeterC* burgh. Lon. 39 o v, lat. 6^ 34 N. Archipelago, a confiderable paw of the Mediterranean Sea, having 'Komania on the N, Natolia on the E, Macedonia, Livadia, and the Morea on the w, ard he illo of Candia on the s. It is partly in Europe, and partly in Afia, -contain- ing thv; illands of Rliodes, Negropont» 'I til Ir ' .1 ) I- LI >i ,.« H'' A R D lemnot, Tenedott Sciros, Metelen, Scio, Satnos, Patmos, Paros, Antioaroii, Cerico, Santorini, Androj, Tina, Naxia, MUo, Dclosy Argent icra, Sec. Archipelago, Northern, four principal groups of inlands, betwittn Kamtlchatka and the wccaft of America. Th« firft, called Saficiniin, contains five ■ iAands } •h«; iecond, cailcd Kluo, includes ei.a;ht iilands; and both tfiefe groups to- gether are ftylcd ihe Akuthian Ilbnds. • The third group is called the Aiidrean- offflci Ottrova, antl- ^omprics i6 iflandB. The fourth group is the Liflie Oltrova, or the Fox Iflands, 1 6 in mimbtp, See Fox Islands. Arcis-sur-Avee, a town of France, in the department of Aube and late pro- vince of Champagne, feaied on the river Aube, 15 milts N of Troyes. Lon. 4 xz E, lat. 48 31 N. Arco, a town and cattle in the Tren- tin, taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned foon after. It ftaiids on the river Sarca, 15 miles sw of Trent. Lon. XI 12 E, lat. 46 ON. Arcos, a town of Spain, in Anda- luiia, oa a craggy rock, at the foot of which runs the Guadalcto, zS miks NE of Cadiz. Lon. 5 46 w, lat. 36 52 n. Arcot, a city, capitr.l of the Carnatic, in the peninfulaof Hindoolhin. Its cita- del is efteeuied a place of fome Itrcngth, for an Indian fcrtrefs} and the defence which it made, under capt. Clive, in i7Si,eftabliflK'dthe military fame of that officer. It is 7 3 miles w by s of Madras, and ai7 e by N of Seringapatam. Lon. 79 o E> lat. 12 30 N. Ardebil, an ancient town in Ptrfia, the refidence and burial-place of many kings; particularly of Shick Sdfi, the author of the Perfian fcft. Pilgrims refort t^ this place from all parts of Perfia. It is 25 miles e of Tauris. Lon. 4S 20 £, lat. 38 15 N. Ardeche, a department of France, part of the late province of Dauphiny . It takes its name trom a river. Ardenburg, a town of Dutch Fhin- dtrs, 10 miles NE of Bruges. Lon. 3 30 E, lat. 51 16 N. Ardennes, a department of France, part of the late province of Champagne, lb named from a famous foreft, lying on the river Meufe, extending, in Cefar's time, far into Germany. What remains of it lies between Thionville and Liege. Ardrah, a fmall kingdom of Africa, in Guinea, lying at the bottom of the fgvUf of St. 1 homas. The iohabitantf ARE are very courageous, and their king waa abfolute, till tne king of Dahomy re- duced the countr)', and burnt the towns. The air is very unwhokfome to Euro- peans J yet the natives live to a great age ; but the ^lallpox makes great deltru>5hon among them. This country is fertile in Indian com, palm-wine, plants, and fruits, which lalt all the year; and they make a great deal of Jalt. It has a town of the lame name. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 6 o N. Arures, a town of France, in thr department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Picardy. Here was an in- terview between Francis i of France, and Henry viii of England, in 1520, where the two kings difphvyed their magnifi- cence with Inch eir.ulation, that the place of interview (an open plain, between the town and Guilhes) was named the Field of the Cloth of Gold. It is eight miles s of Calais. Lon. i 59 £, lat. 50 50 N. Arebo, or Arebon, a town on the Slave Coaft of Guinea, at the mouth of the Formofo. The Englilh had once a factory here, as the Dutch luvc Itill. Lon. 5 5 E, lat. 6 o N. Arekea, a I'eaport of the Red Sea, 55 miles from Suaquam. Aremberg, a town of Wcftpfialia, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on a river, 22 miles s of Co- logne. Lon, 7 3 E, lat. 50 2)1 N. Arensburg, a town of Weftphalla, on a hill, in the county of the fame nacie, by the river Roer, 50 miles ne of Cologne. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 51 25 N. Arensburg, an epii'copal fee and fpa- port of the Ruffian government of Riga, m the i(le of Oeltl. Lon. 25 40 e, lat. 58 15 N. Ak en shard, a tract in the duchy of Slefwick, containing the greateft part of the famous rampart, built by the Danifh king Gotric, in the beginning of the 9Lh century, as a defence againtt the irrup- tions of the Saxons. It extends aci'ofs the country, about nine miles in length. Arenswalde, a town of the new marche of Brandenburg, on the lake Siauin. Lon. 15 52 e, lat. 53 13 N. AREqyiPA, an epifcopal town of S America in Peru, feated on a river, in a fertile country, 290 miles s by e of Lima. Near it is a volcano. Lon. 75 30 W, lat. 16 40 s. Arezzo, an ancient epifcopal town of Tufcany. Guy Aretin, a Benedirtine monk> inventor of the mufical notes, .ut, ;-e, mi} Sea, was born here. It is feated A R G A R L mn A mountain, 15 niiltj w «if Clfta-di- Cillcllo. Lon. 12 OF., Kit. 4.3 17 N. ARr.'AU, wr /VaRcau, a liniill, wrll- w.itcicd province ot" SwiHulanJ, in Um- t.iiUaii ot' ili'iiu AR';ENC>s, ;i towii of I'nincc, on \h': river Mcniicc, iti tin- ilcpartim-nt ot (':il- v.tclos and lutf jiroviiKfot NoriTiaridy, 10 milis E of Can. Lon. o a \v, l;il, 4y M V. Arcentan, a town of Frnnx:'.', in fht; dtpavtmcnt of Ornc anJ larc province of Nornundy. It is leatcd on ancniincnci', in the middle of a fertile plain, on tlie hunks of the Orne, and carries en a con- llderabic tndc in lace. It is 12 miles n\v of Seez, and 110 \v of Paris. Lon. o 5 r, lut. 48 45 N. Aroenthuil, a town of the Illc of France, on the Siine, five miles Nvv of Paris. It is a very beautiful plncc, with a fine vineyard j and in fh;; tnvircns are quarries of the plulur ot Paris. Lon. 2 zz E, lat. 4)5 52 N. Argentieka, a barren ifland of the Archipt^l-yo, fo called from the iilvcr mines in it. There is hut one villaj^e in the ifland, and it h.i« no water but what iikept iucilleins. Lon. 23 10 1:, lat. 36 50 N. Argentiere, a town of France, in the department of Ardeche and late pro- tlnce of Provence, five miles sw of Au- benas, and 17 W of Viviers. Lon. 422 E, lat. 44 30 N. Argenton, a town of France, in the department of Indre and late province of Berry, divided into two parts by the river Crtule. It is 37 miles sw of Bourses, ion. I 38 E, lat. 4<) 35 N. ArgOS, a feaport of Turkey in Fu- rope,inthe Morea, ^smiles s of Corinth. Xon. 23 5 E, lat. 37 30 N. Argostol, a I'eaport of the ifle of Ccfalonia, oppofite Albania. It is the belt barbour in all the ifland, and the pro- reditor refides in the fortreiV, which is £ye miles diflant. ArgItin, an ifland and fort of Africa, «n the coaft of Zahara. It was taken by the Dutch from the PortugUele in 1638 : aftenvard the French took it from the Dutch. It is 30 miles se of Cape Blanco. Lon. 17 5 w, lat. 20 jon. Argun> a river of Afia, which divides the Ralfian from the Chinefe empire. Argun, a town of Tartar y, on the frontier* of the Chinefe empire. There •re mines of filver and lead near it ; and a pearl fifhery in the river Argun. Lon. ip'i 56 E, lat. 41 30 N. A&GYLfi^HiREi a coi:nty of Scotland, bounded on tb« N hy Invfrncfsfliirr, - war. The peninliilas of Car.tyre arid C'ovval are llkcwile very largt:. The foil of Argylefliire, in the hij;h gi'ourds, though little fitted for cultivation, aflbrds excellent palture. ARHusriM, a feaport of Denmark, in N Jutland, with a bifhop's fee. It is liattd on the Baltic Sea, -it the mouth of the Guda, and lurrountkd by forells full of game. It is 25 miles s of Wibu."g. Lon. 9 50 K, lat. 56 5 u. AaiANO, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ulterlore, with a bi/hop's fee; 15 miles : of Bcnevcnto, arid 10 Nw cJF Trevico. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 41 ? M. Ariano, a towi cf Italy, in the Fer- rarefe, en a branch of the river Po, a» miles Nil of Ferrara. Lon. 12 8 E, kt. 45 o N. A RICA, a feaport of Peru, 550 mile* SE of Lima. Htre the U'eal'ure brought from Potoii is fliipped j and there arc, many farms employed in the cultivatitti ot Guinea pepper, in which it has a great trade to Lima. Lon. 716 v^-, lat. i2 27 s. Arij-o, a town on th* w coaft •>£ Ceylon, at the mouth of the river Sa^ rundaj and to the e of it is a peail fifliery. Lon. 80 25 e, lat. 8 42 K. Arklovv , a feaport of IrelarKl, in the county of \\'icklow, 1 3 miles s of Wick-t low. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 52 4; n. ; Arles, an ancient city of FraiKe, ii the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provencd. It was lately an archiepifcopal lie. The country around is very plealant, and pro- duces good wine, vennilion, manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number of antiquities, of which the amphitheatre and obelilk are the moft remarkable ; aV.d the emperor Conftantine took great de- light in it. It is feated on the Rh lat. 50 40 N. AscoLi, a populous town of Italy) in the alarqtiifate of Ancona* with ~ i A S I A S O h >;i . : I V fcirtiop's fee. It is feated on a mountain, at the foot of which runs the Fronto, 80 miles NE of Rome. Lon. 13 29 e, lat. 42 44 N. Ascoli-di-Satriano, an epifcopal city of Najiks, in Capitanata, ieated 011 a mountain 70 miles e of Naples. Lon. 15 50 E, lat. 41 8 N. AsEER, or AsEERGUR, a fortrefs of Candeifli, in tie Dtccan of Hindooftan, 20 miles NE of Burhanpour. Lou. 76 o E, lat. 21 35 N. AsHBORN, a town in Derbyfliire, with a market on Saturday, feated between the rivers Dove and Compton, 10 miles JJE of Utoxeter, and 139 NNWof Lon- don. Lon. 1 44. vv, lat. 53 ^ n. As i^ BURTON, a borough in Devon- flijre, with a market on Tuelclay for wool and yarn, and on Saturday tor pro- vifjons. It fends two members fo j>ar- lianient, is one of the four itannary towns, anfl 'las a very handibme church. It is ifated among the hills (which are remarkable for tin and copper) near the river Dart, 19 miles svv of Exeter, and T93 w by s of London. Lon. 3 50 w, lat. 50 30 N. AsHBV DE LA Zoucii, a town in Leiceiterfliire, with a market on Satur- day. It had a cattle with a very high tower, feme ruins of which are ftanding, and it has a free-fchool, A canal from this town is now making, which is to communicate with tlve Coventry Canal. Afliby is 1 3 miles s of Derby, and 115 KNvv of Loudon. Lon. 3 50 w, lat. 50 30 N. AsHDEN, a village in Eflex, three miles NE of iiaffron Walden. Here are leveral pyramidical rifmg grounds, faid to have been made in memory of a battle fought between Canute and Edmund Ironlide. AsHFORD, a town In Kent, with a market on Saturday, and a large church, that wa^i formerly collegiate. It is feated ©n the river A(h or Elh, 14 miles se of Maidftone .ind, 57 of London. Lon. o 52 E, lat. 51 + N. As^jON-uNDER-LiNE, a conuderable village In Lancalliire, ieven miles k of Jv'ancli-tter- It hau a manufafturc of cctton, a.nd an irt)n loundry. AsHWELL, a village in Hertfordihire, formerly a borough, and governed by a tnayc.-, Near the church are tlic remains of a Koman cauip, v/hich confitts of ix r.cre-. ^jf land, iiclofed by a deep ditch, 47" N. and formerly a rampai t ~ >. of Baidock. the world, fituate between 25 and 180* E lon. and between the equator and So° N lat. It extends 4,740 milei from the Dardanelles on the w, to the B fhore of Tartaryj and 4,380 miles from the moft fouthern part of Malacca, to tha rpoft northern cape of Nova Zemblaj being fuperior in extent, as well as in many other refnefts, to Africa and Europe. It is bounded' on the N by the Frozen Ocean j on the w by the Ked Sea, the Mediterranean, tile Black Sea, the Don, and ^he Obyj on the E by the Pacific Ocean; and on the s by the Indian Ocean. The principal countries in this continent, are Siberia, Tartary, China, 'Ihibet, Hindooftan, Siam, Burmah, Perfia, AraWa, Syria, Paleftine, Natolia, Diarbeckar, Irac, Armenia, Georgia^ Curdiftan, &c. The various particular* of government, religion, foil, climate, and prodttftions, may be found under the names of the refpeftive countries. It is here fufficient to obferve, that this quarter of the globe has been the fcene of the moft important tranfa<£l;ions refptft- ing the human race, as recorded in the holy fcriptures } as the creation of man, the eftabliftiment of the Hebrew nation and religion, the promulgation of Chrifti- anity, &c. AsiNARA, an ifland in the Mediterrar- nean, on the NW coaft of Sardinia, 17 miles N by w of Saflari. It is 28 miles in compafs. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 41 o N. AsKEYTON, a borough of Ireland, in the county of T.imericJc, on the river Slvannon, 20 miles wsw of Limerick. AsKRiG, a town in the N riding of York/hire, with a market on Thturfday, fix miles s by E of York, and 743 N of London. Lon. i o w, lat. 53 55 r». AsNE. See EsNE. AsoLA, a town of Italy, in Brefciano, 20 miles SE of Brefcia. Lon. 10 30 E,- lat. 45 48 N. A SOLO, a town of Italy, in Trevifano, on a mountain 17 miles NW of Trevifo. Lon. II 36 E, lat. 45 59 N. AsoPH, a fea, anciently the Palu* Masotis, lying N of the Black Sea, with which it communicates by the ftrait of Caffa, the ancient Cimmerian Bofphorus. This fea,. which is fomfimcs called the fea of Zabak, extends 390 miles from sw to NE. It was. worfhipped as a deity 1y the MafTagetae, a people of Scythia. Lon. from 35 to 420 e, lat. from 45 to ioi.^x, or.'.' of the four great parts of Ic is four miles AsoPH, a diftrift of the Ruffian empire, in the province of Catharinenflaf, iucludlig a Iarg« Uaft of territory tc tii«. «Tr*^ IL-Ci/ \ti^^ i- iintichir m ft. \* OH ,.— — . QsLB'f ^-^ "-LINDAS »=i .^ r'lS^^L O c E A :n 'eJebeR Sra#|L. I ''^ #- jJVt.'H' I 4#^ '■•■ ■■'■ Tkl^T'Oj, • I 1 ' ."I //,-<> f ••- •'^•L,^,•^ .••^W»l& ■- .--,«•..„... ••■■ '•l*V'«'"-'^^ v<^Jt"" --.'^ *■■'. '\ !■ !. : '•I it ,<) : / t '■ Lon. :i ASS AST B and wof Afoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 177+, and fmce thai period, fl'veral nrw towns have been built by the V'iftorious Catharine ; one of which, Ca- tharlnenilaf, is now the capital. AsopHj. the late capital of a diflricl of the iamc name, in Afia, ieatcd near the mouth of the Don, to the E of the: lea of Albph. It has been Icvcral timi-i taken and veiaken i;y the lurks and Ruiiians. It is no longer of the im- portancc it was in the reign of Peter the (rreat; the branch nf the Don, upon which it Itands, beinp now fb choked with land, as fcarccly to admit the irnallelt vefiel. Lon. 41 3c E, lat. 47 18 N. AsPEROSA, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, with a bi/liop's Tee, on the coait of the Archipelago, 2a miles se of Nicopoli. Lon. 24 50 E, lat. 40 58 N. Assam, a country of Afia, bounded on the w by Bengal and Bootan, on the N by Thibet, and on the SE and s by Meckley. The river Burrampooter flows through the whole length of it. Its ca- pital is Ghergon. The open parts are marked with population and tillage ; the woods abound with elephanfs. The moun- tains are inhabited by a tribe called Nanacs, an evil-difpofed race, who go naked, and eat dogs, cats, mice, locufts, and any thing they can find. The other inhabitants of Affam are bafe and un- principled, haA'e no fixed religion, nor any rule but their inclination. They eat all fiefli except human, and even animals that die a natural death. They are enterpriling, favage, vindiftive, and tond of war. They have neither horfes, afies, nor camels ; but they are Ibmetimts brought there from other countries. Alies they are fond of, but are fo much afraid ot a horfe, that one trooper would piit n hundred of them to flicrht. AHiinj iies between 91 and 96° e lon. and 25 and ?.S° N la'. AssANCALE, a town of AiTnenin, on the rivcr Ares, zz miles e of Erzenun. Here arc hot baths much frequented. Lon. 41 ID r, lat. 59 46 n. AssANCHiF, a town of Afia, in Diar- beck, feated on the Tigris, 40 miles £c of Diarhekar, Lon. 40 i-je, lat. 37 ",0 n. Ass ENS, a lenporf of Denmark, in the illsnd of Fnncn. It is he common pafihi^c tiom the duchy of Slslwick to Copen- hagen, and is 17 miles ;-,\v of Odenice. Lon. 10 z E, lat. 5 5 r7 M. Assisio, a city cf Iliiiy, in thed\Tchy of 8|K-!cro, on the fulc of a high moun- lain. The (.vithcdral is mctjrnihcent, and compofed of three churches, one aboTd another. It is 70 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 43 o N. As SOS, a leaport of Natolia, on a ba^ of the Archipelago, 12 miles SE of Troas, Lon. 26 36 E, lat. 39 32 N. Assumption, an epilcopal city, the capital of haragviay, in S America. It is populous, and hands in a fertile country^ on the river Paraguay. Lon. 57 40 w, lat. 26 o s. Assy NT, a dilirift in the w part of SutheilaniUhirc, which exhibits an aflcm- blage ot Ihattered movrntain;;, heaped, as it were, upon eacli other j and feemingly convulied in a tremendous manner. To- ward theruo-gt'd peninlvil 1 of Aftynt Point, are levy J; they call it the lake of hell j but it is now found to liuvc no pohonous quality ^ for birds not only iiy over it, bvtt Iwini upon it. A Uttfc to the w of the lake is a c^ve, where tora« pf.etepd they wept formerly to conliilt th? Oimjean Sybil. Theit ai^e alio Ibme oJd r/alis, which forile fuppole to \?e the ruins of a temple of Apollo, and others of Pluto. AvERSA, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with abifliop's lee. It is fpaled in a fine plain, eight miles n of Naples. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 40 59 N. AvES, or the lilands of Birds, fo called from the great number of birds that fre- quent them. They are 70 miles e by s of Curacao, and 100 N of the coaft of Terra Firma. AvESNES, a town of France, in the depiirtmeiU of the North and late province of'^Hainault, leated on the Helper, 25 niiles E of C'ambray, and 100 NE of Paris. Xon. 3 58 E, lat. 50 8 N. ■ AuFNAY, a pleai'ant little idand in the kke of Zyr.c, btlovi^ Rapptrlehwyl. It belongs io the convent of our Lady of the Hermits. Augsburg, an ancient city of Suabia, a biHiOp's fee, and an imperial eity, or lo- ve, eign ftate, btii.g governed by th-e town- eoiincil and the repri^fcntative^ of the burglt-is, who are half proteftants and h^lf papilts. The churches, townlicuie, and otlitv public buildings, are magnificent. It is fu;rounded by beautilul plaiiiti, ami large foretVs full of all ibrts of game. In the bjfhop's palace, the Lulh<.raiis pre- i"cnte4 the^r ccjifeflion of faith to the em- jpcfor Cbarks V, in 1550, hence called ih the chief town of E Florida. Lon. Si 10 w, lat. 30 10 N. AuGUSTiHE, a cape of S America, ir\ Rrafd, 300 miles NE^ of the bay of All Saints. Lon. 35 40 \v, lat. 8 30 s. AuGUSTOW, a to'.vn of Poland, in Polachia, leated on the Narieu, 44 miles N of Bielifk. Lon. 23 40 E, lat. 53 25 N. Augustus, Fort, a Irnall fortrefs of Invernefsfhircj at the head of Loch Nels. Avigliano, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, fev-n niiJcs \v of Turin, Ix»n. 7 3S E, lat. 45 5 N. Avignon, a city of France, capital of a territory of tlie iame name, which d*-* pended lately on the pope, with an arch- biiliops fee, and a univerfity. It was formerly the refide nee of the popes, whoaf- teiward returned to Rome. 1 he churches are handfome, and the jews are alloved to have a fynagogue. It is advantageotifly leated on the Rhone, 20 miles E of Nifmes. Lon. 4 53 £, lat. 43 57 N. AviLA, an ancient tov.'n of Spain, iri Old CaftiJe. It has a univerfity, and a manuiadlure of line cloth; and is feated in a large plain, lurrounded by mcimtains coYttcd with h «jit tf€fs »nd vineyaKls, -^o ^ . , , in nil a ated atns A U R tniles NW of Madrid. Lon. 4 35 W, Ut. 40 40 N. AviLEs, a town of Spain, in Aufturias d'Oviedo, jn th»; bay of hiicay, 25 miles N of Ovicdo. Lon. 6 5 w, lat. 43 27 N. Avis, a town of Portugal, in Akntejo, fcated on an eminence, with a caitie, near the river Avis. Hence the military ojxler of the knights of Avis have their name. It is 65 miles e of Littion. Lon. 7 40 W, lat. 38 46 N. AuLCESTER, atownin Waiwickftii»e, with a jTurket on Tuefday. It was a Roman itation, as appears from the coins, bricks, &:c. often dug up in and near it, and from the Roman Ickneild-ftreet pafling through it. It is feven miles w of Stmi- ford upon Avon, and 102 N\v of London. Lon. 1 5a w, lat. 52 16 N. AuLPs, a town of France, in Ihe de- partment of Var and late province of Pro- vence. Lon. 6 30 E, lat. 43 40 N. AuMALE. See Albemarle. AuNis, lately a imall urritory of France, in Poiiou, and now forming pai't of the department of Lower Charente. Avon, a river that riles in Wilts, coafts the edge of the New Forelt, and enters the Englilh Channel at Chriitchurch Bay in Hampfhire. Avon, a river that rifes in Leicefter- fliire, and running by Warwick and Evelhara, falls into the Severn, at Tewkef- bury. Avon, Lower, a river that riies in Wilts, and rtinninf; w to Bath, becomes navigable there, continues its courle to Briftol, and liiils info the Severn. AuRACH, a fortified town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirteiuburg ; feated at the foot of a mountain, on the rivulet Ennft, X5 miles E of Tubingen. Lon. 9 aa E, lat. 48 26 N. Avranches, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Channel and late province of Normandy j feated on a mountain, at the foot of which flows the See, one mile and a half from the Englifh Channel, and 30 e of St. Malo. Lon. i 18 w, lat. 48 41 N. AuRAY, a ieaport of France, on the gulf of Morbihan, in the department of that name and late province of Bretagne, eight miles w of Vannes. Lon. 2 53 w, lat. 47 40 N. AuRiCH, a town of Weftphalla, in e Frie/land, with a caftle, where the coimt refides. It is feated in a plain, furrounded by forefts full ot' game, 12 miles ne of Embden. Lon. 7 12 e, lat, 53 28 N. AuRiLLAC, a populous trading town tf France, gn th« river Jordanne, iii tti? A U T department of Tjntal and late province of Auvc-rgne . Q\\ mtitits of lace ar.d velvet are manufacturctt lure. It i»j 30 laili-s sw of St. Flour, and 2^0 s of Paris. Lon. a 22 E, lat. 44 5 5 N. A u R o !i A I ■:'< li A IJ D , an i (land , one of tha New Kcbridc::, ia the S Pacific Ocean. It is 36 nu'^-s loi'ig ai.d 15 broad, Lon. i63 24 E, lit. 158 s. AuRUNnABAD, a confiderable c'4y ^ Afia, in the Dcccan of HindooUan. It is but a modern city; ovvhig its rife, from a linall town, to the capital of Dowlatabad, ' to the great Aunmgzebe, from whom it had its name. It is 260 miles NE of Bombay. Lon. 76 2 E, lat. 19 45 N. Austria, oneof the circles of the G mia, and Moravi'i j on the u Ijy Hungary? and on the s by It:ily and Croatia. It contains t!ic nrchduchy of Auftria; the ducliie:; of Stiria, CurinUiia, Carniola, anci Goriti'i; the ciiur.ty of Tiiolj'and the biil.oprics of Brixtn and Trent. Austria, an archduchy, in the circle of the fame name. The liver Ens divides it into Upper and Lower : Vienna is the capital or tlie Lower, and Lintz of the Upper. Auftria excels all the provinces of Germany in the fertility of its foil, the plenty of its paftures, and the wholefome- noCs of the air. Corn, wine, and fruit, are plentiful; and the laffron better than that of the E Indies. AuTUN, an ancient town of France, the epifcopul fee of tlie department of Saone and Loire, in the late province of Burgundy ; li^ated on the river Arroux, at the foot of three mountains. It con- tains a great number of Roman antiquities* and thofe in bftter prefcrvation thar\ in any other city of France ; particulurly the temples of Janus and Cybele. They have mr.nufa6f ures of tapellry from cows hair and thread, carpels,, and coverlets. Their delft ware is de;?,«;nerated into earthen, although, with little induftry, their argil would be very proper for por- celain. In St. Martin's church is the tomb of the cruel Brunehaud, whon^ Gregory of Tours mentions as the monfter ot the -iixth century: fhe was accufed of having poifofied her fon Childebert, an4 of having procui-c:d the deatii of i o kings ; by thc'oi^er of her grandlbn Clovis jj, lh(j was tied to the tail of a wild marc, and thus miferably peri/hed. The cathedral of St. Lazarus, the college, ^nd the lemi- nary, are worthy of notice. Autun is 45 miles E by s of Nevers, and 162 SE of Pajis, Lou. 4 2 ?, E, lat, 46 57 N» P4. !•: ^^kl '.>l ' 715 V j;|i 1- ■' t# Uti ^1 • I'. ^i ^!iM II* ■' ^■.ifl A X I AYR ■I y - i i AuviRGNE,! late province of France, TOO tiiileu in kngtli, anJ 75 in bicadih} bounded on the N by tne Bovirbonnois, on the E by Forcz and Vciay, on the w by Llmofin, QixTcl, and La .Marchf, and on the s by Rouergue and the C.;vfnnts. It now t'ornis the two deivartu.tnti oi Cantal and Puy-dc-Domc. Awe, Loch, one of the niofl beautiful lakes of Scotland, in Argylefliiie, 30 milts long, and, in fomc parts, above two broad. It contain!, many fine little illands, tufted with trees. The river Awe, the outlet of this lake, ib dilcharged into Loch Etive, at the village of Bunawe. AuxtRRE, an ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne, lately an epifcopal fee of Burgundy, and feated on the declivity of a hill, at the foot of which ilows the Yonne. The inhabitants are computed at 16,000; and it contains many fountains and iquares. It is 25 miles s of Seng. Lon. 3 39 E, ht. 4.7 48 N. AuxcNNE, a town of France, in the departinent of Ccte d'Or and late province of Burgundy, with a caftle, an arfenal, handlbme barracks, a fonndiy for cannon, and a Ichool for the artillery. It is feated on the Saone, 17 miles E of Dijon. Lon. ^ Z9 £, lat. 47 II N. Awatska-Bay, a harbour of Kamtf- chatka, laid to be the fafeft and molt ex- tenfive that has been dif'covtred, and the only one, in that part of the world, that can admit veflels of ji considerable burden. Lon. ii"8 48 E, lat. 52 51 N. AwLEN, an imperial town of Suabia, on the river Cochen, 1 5 miles w of Oeting. It wa^ taken by the French in Auguft J796. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 48 56 N, AXBRIDGE, a corporate town in So- merfctihire, with a market on Thurfday. It is governed by a ma)»or, and i'eated on the river Ax, under the Mendip Hills, 10 miles NW of Wells, and 13a w of Lor.^jn. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 17 N. Axel, atown of Dutch Fiandtrs, feated |n a morafs, 19 miles n of Ghent. It was taken by the French in .I794.- Lon. 3 45 e, lat. 51 15 N. AxHOLM, an ifland in the NW part of the diltriit bf Lindfey, in I-incolnlliire, formed by tjie Trent, Dun, and Idle. It is a rich trati, in which much flax is cul- tivated. AxiM, a territory on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, containing two or three vil- lages on the fealhore. The inhabitants arc generally rich, and fell a great deal of gold to the Englilh and Dutch. They are likcwife indulhious in fifhing, and in tilling the ground, which produces a prg- dipious quantity of rice, which they e Xi change to other places on the coalt, i'cT - Indian corn, yams, potatoes, and pjhn oil. The Dutch liavc a fort and a factory heiei called St. Anthony. AxMiNSTiiR, a tov.n in Dcvonflilre, on the river A:<, with a market on Satur- day. It was a place- of note in the time of the Saxon,i; king yVtiiellfan ellal)liflu\l a minfttr litre, to the memory ox tli« princto llain in his army , when he defeated the Danes in thlsncighbouriiood. Here is a manufaHme of broad and narrow tluths, and a lamous one for carpets. It is iS miles E by N of Exeter, and 147 \v of London. Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 50 46 N. AxuM, a village, fuppoftd to have been cnce Ihe capital of Abyflinla. Its ruins are vciy extenfive, but, like tlic cities of ancient times, confilf altogether of public buildings. It is 125 miles w oflne Red Sea. Lon. 36 4L, lat. 14 6 n. Ayamonie, a feapoit of Spain, in Andalufia, with a ca/tle built on a rock^ at the mouth of the rivtr Guadianay nppo- fite Callro-Marino, go miles NW of Cadiz. Ltn. 7 15 w, lat. 37 12 N. Avlesham, a town in Norfolk, with a market < '.Saturday, la miles N of Norwich, anu 121 ne of London. Lon. 1 I 7 e, lat. 5a 53 N. Aymouth, a town of Scotland, in Berwickfhire, fix miles N of Berwick, and once fortified to curb the garriibn of that town. Lon. 1 46 w, lat. 56 u N. Ayr, a borough and l«uport of Ayr- ftiire, fituate on a fandy plain, on both fides of the river Ayr, over which is a b)-idge of four arches. Its chief trade is in coal and grain ; the fiflieiy being in a manner given up. In the New-Town aio many good houfes, and the ruins of a Dominican nionaltery, founded by Alex- ander II, in 1230. A mile N from the town, is a ho'.ife called King's Chape!, founded for lepers by Robert Bruce ; the Icproly being a dileale fo common in thofc days, as to be the fubiect of ieveral par- liamentary ftatutes. Ayr is 65 miles sw ol Edinburgh. Lon. 4 39 E,,bt. 55 30 N. AYRSHiRt, a county uf. Scotland,^ bounded on, the w and N by the irith of Clyde and Renfrewfliire, on the E by the crninties of Lar.cik and Dumfiies, and on tlie SE and s by the ftiires of Kirkciid- bright and vWigtOn. It exhibits the Ihajie of t«o wings, extending to the Nw and sw, and forming a vaft bay at the mouth gf the frith of Clyde. Between its ex- treme points it is about 50 jnilcsj its greafett breadth is not quite 27. Its moft ;iortherly sivillon is Cunningham, the NljV rich A merl the lat. A A A B A C BAD Itngle of which, though mountainous, \» rich in puHiiiv. A'/AMOR, a fcajwrt of Morocco } for- merly very confidcrable, but ruined by the Portiigue/c, in 151 3. Lon« 7 o W, lat. 31 50 N. AzEM. Sec Assam. Azof. Sec Asoph. Azores, cr Western Islands, a group of iflands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between 25 and 32° w Ion. and between 37 and 40^ N ht. 900 miles w of Portu- jfal, and as many E of Newfoundland. They are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Nlichacl, Tcrccra, St. Oeorge, Gra- ciofa, Fyal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. Racaseray, a town in the Ruffian province of Taurida, where the late khant tif the Ciim Tartars generally refided. It is 70 miles s of Prccop. Lon. 35 40 E, lat. 45 30 N. Baccarach, a town of Germany, In the palatinate of the Rhine, formerly im- perial, and famous for its wines. It it leated en the KLlnc, 20 miles w of Mentz. Lon. 7 52 e, lat. 49 55 N. Bachian, one of the Molucca ifland'S, in the E Indies, which produces cloves. It is vry fruitful and belongs to the Dutch. Lon. 125 5 e, lat. o 25 s. Badajoz, a town of Spain, capital of Eftramadura, and a bifhop's fee. It is They were difcovered in 143 >', by John famous for a bridge built by the Romans Vanderberg, a merchant of Bruges, who, over the Guadiana. On this bridge the in a voyage to Lifbon, was diivcn to thele Portuguefe were defeated by Don John of illands by itrefs of weather. On his ar i'ival at Lilbon, he boaltcd of his difco- very; on which the Portuguefe let lail, and took poUelTion of them. They have been ever fmce fubjeft to the Portugueli-, who called them the Azores, from the number of hawks found among ihcm. The two weftemmolt were named Flores, and Corvo, from the abundance of flowers on the one, and of crows on the other. They are I'ubjeft to a governor- general, who refides at Angra, in Tcrcera. No poifonous animal, it is faid, is to be found in the Azores, and if carried thither it will expire in a few hours. All of them »re fertile, and enjoy a falubrious air, but ^c fubje^l to violent earthi^uakes. 175 miles s by 50 W, lat. 38 B. BABELMANDFX, a ftralt between the coaft of Africa and Arabia, uniting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean. Near it is a fmall ifland and a mountain of the fame name. Lon. 44 30 E, lat. 12 40 N. Babenhausen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, five miles N of Tubingen. Lon. 9 4. e, lat. 48 35 N. Babolitza Carethna, or Babo- HZA, a town of Sciavonia, near the river Drave, between Polega and Zygeth. Babylon. See Bagdad. Baca, or Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 miles NE of Guadix. Lon. a 42 w, lat. 37 18 N. Bacano, a village of Italy, In the pa- trimony of St. Peter, on ;i iVnall lake, near a river of the fame name, whcie the Fabli were defeated, ia the 277th year of in quality as tho c of ( heltenhara, i^ome, fcveu milts NE of Gioucefter, Auftria, in 16^1. It is w of Madrid. Lon. 6 32 N. Badelona, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, fcated on the Mediterranean, 10 miles NE of Barcelona. Lon. % 20 e, lat. 41 28 N. Baden, a town of Suabia, capital of a margravate of the fame name, with a caftle, on the top of a mountain, whcr* the prince often refides. It is remarkable for its baths, whence it takes its name, and is featcd near the Rhine, four mile* S of Raftadt. Lon. 8 14 E, lat. 48 50 N. Baden, a margravate of Suabia^ bounded on the n by the palatinate of the Rhine and bifliopric of Spire, on the E by the duchy of Wirtemburg and principa- lity of Furftcnburg, on the s by the Brlf- gaw, and on the w by the Rhine. It ii divided into the Upper and the Lower. Baden, an ancient town, in a county of the lame name, in Swifferland. It is remarkable for its baths, mentioned by the ancients under the names of Aquae and Thermae Helveticae; and for the treaty concluded here In 1714, between Germany and Spain. It ig feated on the Limmat, 10 miles NW of Zuric. Lon* S 20 E, lat. 47 25 N. Baden, a town of Auftria, famous for its hot' baths j feated on the river Suechat, 15 miles sw of Vienna. Lon, 16 25 E, lat. 48 I N. Badenweiler, a town of ouabia, in the lower margravate of Baden, eated near the Rhine, 10 miles se of Fii'->urg. Lon. 7 52 E, lat. 48 I n. Badgeworth, a village in Gloucef- terfhire, noted for a Ipring ot mineral water, called Cold Pool, nearly the fame it;^ I "I i i: BAG B A I I' .i; II h: I'i Badis, a fortrcis of Livonia, jo milps t of Kcvcl. Lun. 24 j6 i, Ut. 59 15 N. fiAEZA, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Andiihiiii, with a univcrfity, fcated un the Guadalquivtr, 15 milts ne of Jacn. Lon. 1 18 w, lat. -,7 41; N. BAFFiN's-IlAy, a bay in N America, difcovcral by Mr. liilliji, an Englifhmai>, who attempted to find out a Nw paflage that way to the South Sea. It extends from 70 to 80*^ N lalitudc. Baffo, a town in theilland of Cyprus, with a fort near the ancient Puphos, of which conliderablc ruins remain, parti- cularly fome broken columns, which pro- bably belong;ed to the temple of Venus. Xon. 32 30 E, lat. 34 50 N. Bagdad, anciently Babylon, a po- pulous city, capital of Irac Arabia, Jfcated en tne Tigris, and inhabited by Chriftians, Turkii, 8cc. It has ;■. taltle, and a coniiderable trade, being annually fifited by the Smyrna, Aleppo, and W-'Ikern caravans. It was tht capital of the Saracen empire, till taken by the Turks in the 13th century; iincc which it hab'^een taken and retaken fevtral ti>nt8 ky the I'urks and Perfians 5 and lalt of tli by the Turks in 1638. It is 250 miles N by w of BulTarah. Lon. 43 52 I, lat. 33 20 N. . Baolana, or BocKLANA, a country «(f Hindoottaiv, in the Deccun, which '.ex- tends from the Surat river to Poonah, «nd is incloiied by a ridge of mountains, called the Gauts. It is bounded on the « by Candeifti, on the svv by Villapour, and on the SE by Dowlatabad. Baonara, a lea,port of Naples, in Calabrio Ulteriore, eight miles s of Pal- •»na. In this town 3017 peribns periflied, by the dreadful earthquake in 1783. Lon. 16 8 E, lat. 38 15 N. BAGNAREA,anepircopal town of Italy, in the putrimony of St. Peter, five miles S of Orvicto. Lon. 12 aS E, lat. 42 36 N. Bagneres, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees and jate province of Bigorre, fcated at the ibot of the Pyrenees, on the river Adour. Jt is much frequented, on account of its hot mineral waters, and is lo miles SE of Tarbes. Lon. o 12 E, lac. 43 3 N. BagniaLac, a town of Tjikey in Europe, in Bofnia, 30 mil^s ne ofSpa- latro. Lon. 18 o E, lat. 44 24 n. Bagnols, a town of France, in the department of Herault and late province c/f Languedoc, near the river Cefe (in t.'it bed of which feme jf o-d land i$ fewnd) 8 miles s\v of Pont St. Efprit. Lon. 4. 43 »:, hi. /',4 10 N. Bahama, nr Lucaya IsLANn*., fituate to the s r,i" Carolina, bctwim 22 and 27'^ ti lat. an.l 73 nnreat trade in knit woollen ftockinjfs. It is 50 miles SSE of Holyhead, and 195 Nw of London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 5?. 50 N. Balagat, a province in the Decan of Hindooftan, coniilting of a vaft ex'.ent of fertile and populous j>lains, fiipported in the nature of a terrace, by a ftupendous wtiU of mountains, called the Gaut8, wliich rifes abruptly from the low country called the Concan. This traft is fo ele- vated, that the air is cool and pleal'ant. It is fubje6l to the Poonah Mahrattas, 'and extends not only through their terri- tories, but through the peninl'ula, to the fouthern extremity of Myfbre. Balaguer, a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Segra, at the foot of a craggy rock, 75 miles Nw of Barcelona. Lon. i i e, la*^, 41 55 N. Balaruc, a town of France, near th& road from Montpellier to Touloufe ; fa- mous for its baths. Balasobe, a feaport to the Nw of the bay of Bengal, four miles from it by land, but by the rivers ao The inha- bitants make ftutfs of fdk, :otton, and a fort of grafs. It is 180 miles sw of Koogly. Lon. 87 1 e, lat. 31 20 vi. Ealbastro, an epiicropal town of opain, in Ari'agon, on the river Vero, 47. m'les NK of yaragofTa. Lon. o 27 E, lat. 4z 8 N. Balbec, the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, at the foot of Mount Libanus, .It is agreeably feated to th? NE extremity •f the valley of Bocat. On the E fide are magnific«)t ruins; particularly thofc of the temple dedicated to the Cun, which i'.-^vc been copioully delcribed by Mellii. Wooti and Dawkins, and M. Volncy. Balbec id chiefly inhabited by Chriftiaui of the Greek church, and is 37 mile* N of Damaicus. Lon. 37 20 E, lat. 34 22 N. Balck, a tc'.vn of U(l)ec Tartary, oa the treat i^rs of T'erl'ia, 200 niileu a of Bokhara. Lon. 69 oh, lat. 3720N. Rai.divia. a ieaport of Chili, in S Americp. built by tiie Spanifh general Baldivia, about 1551, after he had con- quered Chili. Itiiandi. between the Cal- laculles and Porleio, where they iall intv the Pacific Ocean. Lun. 73 20 w» lat. 39 38 s. Baldock, a town in Herts, with a market on 'Ihurlc'.ay ; feated between the hills, in a chalky Icil, aivi chiefly of note for its trade in muit. It is nine miles v/svv ol' Koylion, ;ind 37 NNw of Lon- don. Lon. o 5 w, lat. fi 2 N. Bali, an iliand forming the N fide of the Itraitb of Java, through which the £ India fhips fcmetiines return fiom t l.inaj but the paffige is commonly very difHcnlt, on account of tontiary winds. 1 h» illand is populous, and abounds in rice and all Ibrts of iruits. The inhabitant* are black, addicled to vvai', and pagans. Lon. 115 50 F, lat. 7 10 6. Ballaghy, a town of Ireland, in tlie coun'v of ^^ligo, 22 miles s of Sligo. Lon. 8 40 w, lat. 53 56 N. Ballyconnel, a town of Ireland, in the county of Lavan, n miles ne of Cavan. Lon. 7 25 w, lat. 54 id n. Ballynakill, a borough of Ireland, in Qiicen's County, iS miles nw of Kil- kenny. Lon. 7 25 vv, lat. 52 50 N. B A L L Y s H A N N N , a feaport of It%lnnii, in the county of Donegal, no miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 50, w, lat. 54 33 N. Balloctstan, Little, a country of Hindocitan Proper, bordering on the N of Mewat, and approaching witliin 14 miles of Delhi. It is 80 or 90 miles long, imd from 30 to 40 broad. Within this centurv it was feized by the Balloges, or Bajloches, whofe coi:ntry adjoins to the w bank of the Indus, oppofite Moultan. They are repre Tented as a very favageand cruel race. 'I'heir territory is full of ra- vines, and of courle ditficult of accefs. Weftward it borders on the country of the SeikiJ. Baltic, a large Tea, between Den- mark and Sweden to the w, and Ger- many, Poland, and Rulfia to th« E. It coauins the guU'$ ' pf £oUuil;i, FiiU^wJ, ;• 'in 1' \$i.M. i ! II ■ ■ ,1* i ■ ■,' II r)'- ': '(' BAN JP;c;i, and D.-^ntzic. The Baltic has no i-ied into the Town and Fell's Point, by a creek, over which a« two bridges^ At t'cli's Point, the wattr is deep enough for Ihips of burden ; but imall vfciftls only go up to the town. Ttac .-e nine churches, Ixc. which re- ibe.-Kveiy oeiong to a ditferent feftj and the number c'' inhabit.ints is upward of ic.o:,o. It ii 45 milto ne <;f Annapolis, ion. 76 25 w, iat, 39 45 N. Bambkrg, a town of Franconia, for- ttciiy imperial, bu: now capital of a biihopric of the fame name, with a uni vwfity. It furreudcred to the French in Auguft 1796. It i;i feated at the con- fiuence of the Maine and Rednitz, 35 miies N of Nuremburg. Lon. n 7 u, ]at. 50 2 ST. BA.iUERG, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a mountain, 30 miles s of Giatz. JLcm. 16, so E> Iat. 49 55 N. JB.VMfF. See Banff. Hampton, a town in Oxfordfhire, XTif'k a market on Monday, feated near ths Thames, i* miles w cf Oxford, and 70 w hj a London. Lon. 1 25 w, Iat. .51 46N. B.\r.fPTON, a town in Devon rtiire, with a market on Satiuday, featiid in a bottom , feoToimded by hills. It is 14 miles nxe €){ Exet«r, and 163 w by s of London. Lea. 5 3S w,. Iat. 51 2 N. Banbury, a borough in Oxfordfliire, with a market on Thurfday. It fends 03»e member to piirliament ; is noted for its cakes and cheefe; and is feated on the Charwell, 75 miles NNW of London. Lon. 1 ji w, Iat. 5i 4 N. Banc A, an iftand of Aila, on the e CJWift of Sumatra, with a town and llralt of tiie fame name. Lon. 106 50 E, Iat. Banc ALTS, a fcaport on the E coaft of Sumatra, \, lere the Dutch .have a fcttle- mcnt. It ii 130 miles w.of Malacca. htw. 100 7 F, Iat. I 15 N. Bancock, a town of Afia, In the kinprioiD of Siajn, with a fort, once in the jx;2cf{lon of the French., who were expelled in 1 688, The IioiU'es are made of canc.s^ BAN and covered with palm-leaves. The in^i. habitants are almoft naked, and having no furniture in their houfes, fit on the floor. It is 17 miles N of the fea, and 40 s of Siani. Lon. 101 5 e, Iat. 13 35 N. Band a, the chief of the Banda, or Nut- meg lilaruls, in the Indian Ocean. They Ac between 127 and 128° e lon. and 4and S'^ s Iat. comprehending the illes of Lantor, Poloroon, Roflnging, Pooloway, Gonapi, Nero, ice. Tlie nutmeg, covered with mace, grows on thele illaru-ls onlyj and they have been fubjc^l; to the Dutch, ever iince 1609, when they expelled both the Lnglirti and natives. They are all very linall, the largelt being icarcely 20 miles in length; and are lubjeft to earthquake»\ Rauda is 75 miles SE of Amboyna. L-bn. 128 5 E, (at. 4 50 s. Bandrr Congo, afeaportof Perfia, on the gulf of Perfia, 80 miles w of Gombroon. Lon. 55 S^ E, Iat. 27 10 N. Bandora, the capital of Sali'ette, an ifland lepa.vatcd from Bombay by a nar- row cliannei. Lon. 72 40 e, Iat. 191 o N. Ban ? F, a feaport, and the county-town of Banft'ohire, feated on the declivity of a hill, at the mouth of the Deveron, over which is a hnndfome bridge of feven arches, ere6led oy government. The town houfe is adorned with a handfomc fpire } and the harbour is defended by 4. neat pier and a battery. Here is a ma- nufaftureof thread, and another of Itock- ings -y and the children attend the fa6lory and fchool alternately; fo that education and induftry are united. In the middle of the town is Banff caftle, belonging to the Findlater family; and at the foot of the hill is Duff Houfe, the feat of thp earl of Fife. Banff is 32 miles NW of Aberdeen. Lon. z 15 w, Iat. 57 35 N. Banffshire, a cpunty of Scotland, bouiuled on the N by the Murray Fritn, on the t>E by Aberdeenfiiire, and on the NW by Murrayfliire. Its greattlf length is 50 miles, and its extent along the coaft nearly 30. Bangalore, aftrong fortrefs of My- fore, in the peninfula ot Hindoolfan. It is a plats of great political importance, being, from its fituation, the bulwark of Myfore, toward Arcot. It was taken by the Englifh in 1791 ; but rcitored in 1792. It is 74 miles ne of Seringapatam. Lon, 77 37 H, Iat. 13 o n. * . Banghir, atownof Ireland, in King's County, on the Shannon, 15 miles s of Athlone. Lon. 7 41 w, Iat. 53 7 n. . Bangor, a city in Carnarvomhire, with a market on Wednefday. It wv,s, (^n^e lb CGiiliderable, that it wus callyd ll^ani caftf catl of 12 ^■ coul fcr< Lor neol havl for fpol carl v.h1 f-.ve| a aiti to of BAR BAR ital of a kingdom of the ii.me name, with a good harbour, and I.; low, and the foil in many parts \cr5r fertile; but the grovmd ri!t;s to the E ieva, 12 iniks N of Florence. Lon. 11 35 E, lat. 43 59 N. BARBiiZiEux, a town of France, in tbe department of Charente and late pro- vince of Angouniois. It has a mineral fpring called Fontronilleule, anda manu- laclure»of linen cloth. It is 45 miles NE of Bourdeaux. Lon.o o, lat. 45 3a n. Barbuda, cneof the Leeward Iflands, in the W Indies, fubjeft to the Engli/h, about io miles long, and la Licad. The Inhabitants (about 1500) are chiefly em- ployed in raifmg corn, and breeding cat- tle, for the I'.leot the neighbouring iftaiids. It is the property of the Codiington fa- mily, and Is 19 miles ne of St. Chrilto- pher. Lon. 61 50 w, lat. 17 49 n. Barca, a country of Barbaty, en the s coaft of the Mediterranean, bctv.een Tripoli and Egypt. It is a bar/en defert, inhabited by none but wandering Arabs. Here was feated the funoxis temple of Jupiter A.mmon, fo difficidl of accefs on account of the burning I'^nds. Barcelcna, a city of Spain, in C:i- talonia, of which it is the c:ipit?-l, v/ifii 3. bifhop's fee, and a good harbour, on the Mediterranean Sea . 1 1 i;; of an oblong fomi, containing al->out 15,000 I.ouIcg, and is de'endtd by ;;. fort, called Niont Joy, which ftands on a rocky mountai)i, a mile w of the town. It 'has doiioic V'2lls en the N rnd r.. and the fea en the <•, ^•••ith a ;;icl'- for the li^ciMity of fhip :. It is divided into the neiv and old town, by r. '.vail and a ditch. It lias a fine univcr- fitv, an inquiiition, a c iihedrai with two ii^Jty towers, a pahice for the viceroy, an arilnal cunl'ilniny arms for levenii .hmi- fand men. and decks for the lniildin!.,r of g-aliies. If '\.i a place ot' great tr.ide. nnd jhey make curious works in gh;i'^ ; the kiAives are iikewifein great reputation, as BAR well as the blankets. In 1705, it vrns taken by the eari of Peterborough, after a fiegc of three weeks. In 1706, Philip V invelted it with u numerous arniv, but was obliged to raile the iiege. In 17 14, it was taken hy the French andSpaniards» when it was deprived of ail its privileges, and the citadel built to keep it in awe. It is 250 miles L of Madrid. Lon. 2 ij E, lat. 41 zC N. Barcelonetta, a town of France, in the depaitmtnt of the Lower Alps and late province of Dauphiny, 12 miles CE f Embrun. Lon. 6 39 e, lat. 44 23 N. Barcelore, a town of the pcninfula of Hindooftan, on the coafl of Malabar, It is a Dutch fat^ory, 1 3c miles s of Goa. Lon. 74 15 E, lat. 13 25 N. IJarcelos, a town of Portugal, onthc river Sourilla, 2omiles N of Oporto. Lon* 8 2Q-W, lat. 41 30 N. Bardewick, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Lunenburg, on the river li • nienau, 17 miles SE of Hambuig. Lon. ID 19 E, lat. 53 24 N. Bardsev, a fmall ifland of Carnar- vonfhire, at the n point of Cardigan Bay. Bards TOWN, a town of Kentucky, in the county of Nelfon. B A R D T , a town of Germany, in Swedifii Pomerania, with a caftle and harbour, near the Baltic, 12 rnlles w by N of Stjalfund. Lon. 13 12 e, lat. 54 23 N. Baieges, a village of France, much frecjuciited on account of its mineral baths. It is feated in a valley of the fame name, 12 miles s of Bagneres. Bareith, a town of Franconia, in the margrav^.te of Culembach, with a fa- mous college, 1 5 miles SE cf Culembach. Lr/n.ii 56 e, lat. 50 o N. Barfleur, a town of France, in the^ department of the Channel and late j>ro- vince of Normandy. It was ruined by the Fnglif?! in 1346, and the harbour filled up. The cape of that name is 12 miles E of Cherburg, and near it, part of the navy of France wa.s deftroyed by thv Engiifh, in 1692. It i;; 175 miles NW of Paris. Lcn. I 6 w, lat. 49 40 n. Bari, a town of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari, and an archl-)i/hop's fe. It is leated on the gulf of Venice, i\rd had once a good harbour, which v.-as d'.'- flroyed by the Venetians. It is 20 miles E of Trani. Lon. 17 je, lat. 41 26 \. Bari, or Tepra di Bapi, p. province of Naples, on the gulf of Venice. 'I'he air is temperate, aud the foil' rtile; but there arc many ferpents and lar:iiitula:.. Barjols, a town of France, in tiie N'. Barton, a ;own in Lincv>lnfliirc, with a m;!ikcto!i M^day. it is il-ated c.n the Huniber, where iher:.- is a ferry into York- /hire. of great advanr,*--,' tothetov/n, which 30 miles sw of Inirhan,, and 744 iNN'w is 35 miles N of Lincoln and 166 of of London. Lon. i 49 w, ia( . 54 35 n. Bar NET, a town, part'.;' in Middleiex, and partly in Herts, with 1 market on Monday. It i;: in the parifli of Ea(t liarnet, and fituate on t)ie top of a hill, vvliencc it !'■> crJled High Barnet, and al.b (.hippinsr Barnct, from a market granted litre, by Henry 11 to the rnonks of St. AiL^m'.t. Near thi'i place was fought, in 1471, tlii (lecirive battle between the houfes of York and L incafterj and at the meeting of the St. Alban's and Hatfield roads is a column, with an Inlciiption, to commemorate thi.^ event. Barnet i-s ri miles N by w of London. Lon. o 5 \"/, lat. 51 42 s. Barnkt, East, a village two miles f^E of Barne*-, once n)uch frequented von account of a medicinal fpring. ' .Barnevelt, an itland of S America, to the s of Tierra del Fucgo. Lcn. 66 «S w, lat. 55 49 5. Barnst.ey, a town in the Wridhigof Yoiki'hiie, with a market on VVedr.t'filay, ami a cnnfiderable marinfafture of coarie iinen. Two canals are now making frum this phce ; one to the Cakier, and the other to the Don. It is feated on the i'l'd^ of u hill, 13 miles N of Sheiheld, and 174 N by w of London. Lon. t 23\v,Iat:. 53 :^; N. Barnsley, a village of Olouceite;-- /hirc, four miles NE of Cirenceiter, noted for l:;rgc quarries of c::cellent freelfcne. B.VRN'bTAPLE, a feaport and borough v' Devonflurc, with a market on Frldu\ , leated on the rivtr Tau, i?. miles H of Barnftaple Bay in the Briflol Channel, 3? KNW of Exeter, .and 191 vv of Louden. Lon. 4 5 w, iat. 51 8 N. B A ROACH, a town in the Decan of Hindooftan, on tde s bank of the Ner- budda, 40 mi!e$ n of iiuiat, Lon. -z -'S Z^ lat. 21 25 N. Lond.on. Lon, o 20 w, lat. 53 41 N. Baruth, an ancient town of Syria, with a Clniltian church, 30 miles ME of Seyda. Lon. 36 30 E, lat. 34 10 N. BasartschiCiC, a town of Turkey 1* Europe, in Romania. It has a great trade, arid is leated on the river Meritz. Lon. 24 40 E, lit. 4'i 19 N. Bash,, in the principd llit'ets, plantt.l o;u-.ich iidt.* with evcvgiccn trees. Batavia contai'ia a piodir^ii'ns njMnber of inh'bii-a'itsj of evtry coun'.ry in theie parts. It is the re'ldence of the go- vernor -geneni! of ail ihe Durch colonies in the E Indies. It ha> a h.indlome hjlpital and arfenal ; and all the tn.odj l:)r(;u,rh.t ff'om other part's of the E Lidies arc liid up here, till they are ex^)oritd to their places of deltiiiation. The air is vciy unwholeforae ; and this place is repre- fented as the grave of European navi- gators. Its harbo'U' is cxceilent, and Seated on the N ti part cf the iiland. Lon. 106 «;i E, lat. 6 10 s. Bath, a city in J-oirierie'Jlure, with a rnirket on VV'ednelday and Saturday. It has been famous frona the time o( the Rcmins, for its hot Iprings, v,hichare not only ;ii'ed as baths, but internally as a Kitdicine.; and great benefits are ueilved from them in gouty, paralyric, biiious, and o;her ci'i.";;. Ihe reputation cf thcfe waters hay !b nmch Incivaled, that Bath is become the principal re!crt, next to the metropolis, lor the nobility and gentry, and the conitant rclidence of many opr.ltnt invalids, as well as of numerous votaries of dilfipatior;. In fjdendor and elegance of buildings, it e>;coed.s every town in Engla.ndj rhey being conltrut^led of a white ttone. The principal Icafcns for the watei's, are Ipr'ag and autunvij. The poor V, L^ come here to drink the waters, may be received into a magnifici nt hos- pital. The Ipring'i are diltinguifhed by the names, of the Cro'i* bald, (he Hot- '•;vh, and the King's b:uh. BiUi in feated on the Avon, v/hich hau been made navigable hence to Brilfoi, iz miles ESt of Bri"ol, and 107 w of London., Lon. z 21 w, lat. 51 7-7. N. Batha, or B.icii'iA, a towj) of Hnn- gaiy, in a conniy of tUc l',ime name, on tlic Danube, no ndlcT «se O*'' Buda. Lon. 20 4.0 E, lat. 4.J jjft W. JSATsroRD, a Village In Gloucefter- B A V fliire, where is a iinall entrenchment Rip- po.'ed to l»ave been thrown up by the Ro- mans. It is tour miles s by E of Canipden. Battel, a town in Su^i'^x, with a market on Thar. day. It is famous for the dccifive Victory gained by William duke of Norman''.y, ov^^r Harold king of England, in ic''6; in meracry of which ke tounded here a celebrated abbev. This town is noted for a ma:iUia,.^l.ure of gun- powder, well knov/n by the name uf iiattel powder. Il Is :i,zinileo E of Lewe;;, and 5/0^ oi' London. Lon. o 35 E, lat. 5^ 55 ■'''• Bat TBc OLA, a fortified tov/n, en the !■: coail cf C'.ylon. Lon. S i 3 i:, lat. 5 55 N". Batt;-.nt;u?v.c, a tov/n of Dutch Ou-lderland, le-^ted on tlie N bank of the Meu.e, ten miles sw of Nimeguen. Lon, 5 33 E, lat. 51 48 N. Batters^a, a village in Surry, noted for its fine afparagus. Here was theieat or fhe St. Johns, where the famous lord Boiingbroke was born, and died. On the lite of it, now (tands a diftillery and a curious hori7ontal jir mill. Here fir "Walter St. John founded a freefchoolj and here is a timber bridge over the Thames to CheLla. Batterfea is four miles wsw of London. Battlefield, a village In Shrop- fiiire, five miles n of Shrewfbury, where the deciilve vi:'tory was gained by Henry jiv,over Henry Percy, lurnamcd Hotfijul". Bavaria, one of the circks of^ the Gerinau eir.pire, bounded on tlu;; w by Suabia, on the i:w by Frrxuconia, on tlie NE by Bohemia, and on the E anil s by Auftria. It contains the duchy of Ba- varia Proper, The upper palr^linate of Ba- varia, the biflijprics ot Freiiengen and Pafi"<.u, the duchy of Neuburg, aad the archbilhopric of Saltzburg. Bavaria Proper, a duchy, and the principal part, of the circle of Bavaria. It fonnecl one of the nine electorates of Germany, till the cle?.th of the eleftor Maximilian, in 1777, when iic wfts fuc- ceeded by Charles, ek-ftor palatine of the Khine, who, however, by the treaty of rei"ehen, in r;;g, ceded a part of it, on the confines of AuRria, to th' emperor Juleph 11 : and thus terminated a war, cohcernijig thii fuccsfHcn, Nvhic h had com- menced between his imperial majefty anJ the late king of PrulTia, who fiad interfered as the prote.ffor of the eleftor palatine. This duchy is 125 miles long from E to w, and 87 bread from n to s. Thi air is vi'hok'bm?, and the country fertile. It is divided into Upper and LowCxBAvaiieu Its capital is i[Ciur»ich. Is « i m ft I, '- :■ ■ ^ -^1 B A W B E A 111 ■' - 1) '■ i- ■' I S SaVARIA, UvPER PaI.ATT'NATE Ol', fcmctimeii callfd Nordgaw, from its fltuation in the N part ot the circle ot Bavaria. It Is adiuhy, uibjct^ to the fleftor palatin-j. Its capital is Airbcr-ir. Bavay, a town of France, in the de- partment ot" the Nolth and late province of Ilainaivlt.y towhiclvthc French vetirtd after thtt battle of Malpjaqiict, in 1709. It wai* taken by the AulirLiins in 1792, but retovenxl the fame year. It is thr«e jnilts sw of Malplaquet, and 12 sw of Mens. Loa, 3 51 1> lat. 50 16?!. Bauc;l', a town of France, in the de- pirtrncnt of Maiaie and Loire a-Kl late province of Anjou, famous for the vic- tory gained by Charles vii, over the TingUth, in 1 4.1 1. It is feated on the river Coelhon, 18 miles e of Angers. Lon. o I w, lat. 4.7 30 N. Bauglnc!, a townot France, in the department of Loiret and late })rovince cf Ovieanois, feated on a hill, at'the foot of which runs the Loire. It is famous for its wines, ar.i is fix miles w of Orleans, Baume-les-Nones, a town of France, in thci department of Doubs and late province of F'ranche Comte. It had iafely a nunnery, from which it received its appellation. Five miles from this- town is a famous cavern, the entrance of wlvich is 20 paces wid^, and after delcend- ing 300 paces, a grotto is fctn, 35 paces deep, 60 wide, and covered with a kind cf a vaulted roof, from which water con- tinually drops. Baume is 15 miles sw of Beianqon.. Lon ^6 24. e, lat. 47 2+N. Bai'sk, or Bautko, a town ol Ccur- land, on the irontiers of Poland, with a caf'le en a rock. It ib Icated on the river Mul/a, 15 miles se of Mittau. Lon. z3 56 E, lat. 56 30 N. Eaut/en, aconliderabletownof Gcr- in-.iny, cnpi.t;il of Upper Liifatia, with a fiiL'rt;;!. it ft,\ads or. :iie rivtr Spree, 30 miles h of DrjiUen. Lun. 14. 4.2 k, hit. 51 ION. Bal'.\, a town cf France, in the dij- partme-u of the Months of the Rhone .rAd iatt province of Provence. It ir, feated on a rock, at the top of whi.-h is a caitle, to miles E by N of Aries. Lon. -1. 57 K, lat. 4.3 4.3 N. IjAWTRy, a town in the w riding of \ orklhire, with a market on Wedneiilay. It is noted for inni(*on«'« nnd grindftones, irind leatid on the river Idle, leven miles s by t pf Donciltir, and T52 n of Lon- don. Lrn. I 10 w, lat. 53 27 n.. Bava, cr Ba.ta, a tov/n of Lower Hungary, on th; Danube, 3a miles N of Llletk. Lou. ly 59 E, l;it, 46 12 N, Bayextx, a town of France, In tHe department of Calvados and e province ot Normandy, with a bilhop i lee. The cathedral is very noble. It is I'eatcd on the river Aure, four miles from th« I'!ngli(h Channel, and 140 w by N of Paris. Lon. o 43 w, lat. 49 r6 n. Bayon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mcurthe and late provin&eof Lorrain, on the river Mofjlle, 12 miles 3 of Nanci. Lon. 6 22 e, lat. 49 38 N. Bavon, or Ba von a, a feaport of Spain, in Gallicia, on a fiiiall gulf of the Atlantic, 12 miles w of Tuv. Lon. S 34 w, lat. 42 o N. Bavon NE, a populous and comnurelal city of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of (rafcony. Two rivers, the Nive and Adour, tmite their ftreams in the middia of this city, and proceed to the fea, at the diilance of a quarter of a league. The firft, which is deeper and more^apid than the Adour, divides the town inio two unefjiial parts, the fmalleft of which is called the Bourgneuf, or new town. They have a coiiiniunicatLon by three timber bridges. A bank of fand, at the mouth of the Adour, renders the entrance of tho harbour difficult ; but veflels, when they have entered, find it a fafe one. The citadel is the ftrongeft in France. Bayonne was lately a bilkop's fee ; and the ancient cathedral is remarkable for the height of fhe nef, and the deKcacy of the pillar* which fnpport it. The military weapon, the bayonet, bears the name of this city, in which it was invented. The hams and chocolate of Bayonne are famous. It is- 25 miles sw ot Dax, and 425 s by W of Paris. LcB. s 30 w, bt. 43 29 n. Bazas, a town of France, in the de- partmtm of Cironde and late province of Guienne, and lately an epifcojial fee. It is feated on a rock, five miles from the river Garonne, and 42 SE of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 2 w, lat. 44 22 N. Be achy-He AD, a promontory In Suf» fcx, between Hafting» and Shoreham, where the French fleet defeated the Eng- !i(h and Dutch in 1690. Lon. o ly H» lat. 50 54 N. BEACONSj»iELn, a towa- in Bucks, with a market on Thxrtfday. The poet Walh-r died here, and is interred in the churchyard. It is 53 miles WNW ot London. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 51 36 n. Beawinster, a town in Dorletfhire, with a mi.i kft on; Thurfday, feated on the Bert, i <; milts www of Dorchelter, and 138 VV by 6 of Loudyil. Lou* z ca vv, lat. 50 50 Nr B E A B E C Beap.n, a late province of France, bounded on the e by iiigone, on the s by »Spiiiiilh Navarre, en the w by Soiile and a part of Lower Navarre, and on rhe N hy Gafcony and .Amiap^nac. It is 4.0 jnilcs in li.-nf];th, and 30 in breadth. 'J'lic plains arc fcrcile, elpecially in paftures, and tlic hills are loadtd with vines. It now forms, with Bafques, th. dcpart- iiient of the Lower Pyrenees. Beaucaire, a town of France, in the departniei.^ of Gard and late province of Lan^nicdoc, on the Rhone, oppoiite Taral- <.on, with which it has a communication by a bridge of boats. The fair, held July 12, partly in the town, and partly under tents in s.t[ adjacent valley, is one of the molt famous in Europe. It is 10 jnilcs E of Nifraes. Lon. 4 39 E, lat. 43 50 N. Beauce, a late province of France, between the Ifle of France, Blafois, and Orleanois. It is fo fe- tile in wheat, that It is called the granary of Paris. It now forms the department of Eure and Loire. Beaufort, a town of France, In the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. It has a taftle, the birthplace of John of Beaufort, eldeft fon of John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter, by his third wife Catharine Swinford ; and from this calfle his defcendants, the Eng- li(h family of Somerfet, take the title of duke. It Is 15 miles E of Angers. Lon. o 9 \v, lat. 47 a6 n. Beaufort, a town of Savoy, on the river Oron, la miles ne of Monllier. Lon. 6 28 e, lat. 45 50 N. Beaufort, a town of S Carolina, on Port Royai Illand. Lon. 80 10 w, lat. 31 40 N. Beaujeu, a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of Lyonois, with an ancient caltle, en the Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, eight miles w of Saone. Lon. 4 40 E, b.t. 46 9W. Beaumaris, the county-tovim of An- gleiey, with a market on Wednefday and t)aturd?.y. It ftands on the ftrait of Menai, and was fojtitiedwith a caftle by Edward i. It is governed by a mayor, and fends one member to parliament. It has no trade; but the bay before it affords ^ood anchorage, and is a frequent refuge For ftiips in ftormy weather. It is 59 miles w by N of Chcfter, and 241 NW of Lon- don. Lcn.4 1 5 \v, lat. 53 15 N. Beaumont, a town of France, in the department or the North and late French Hainault. It was taken by the Englifh ui 1691, who blew up the caftle, It is fcated between the Mwfeand Sambrc, to miles E of Maubeuge. Lon, 4192, lat, 50 12 N-. Beaumont-de-Lomagne, a town of France, in the department • of Upper Garonne, on the Gimone, five miles from tile mouth of that river, and 12 se of Le^toure. XiEAUMONT i.E-RooER, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandv, ^?. itiiiej sw ot Rouen. Lon, o 5 i e, kit. 49 7 n. Beaumont-le VicoMTi;, a town of France, in the department of Sarte and i.Ue province of Maine, to mlLs n of Miins. Lon. o 12 e> lat. 48 4 n. Beaumont-sur-Oise, a town of France, In the department of Seine and Oiie and late province of the Hie of France, feated on the declivity of a hill, on the river Oife, 20 miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 26 e, lat. 49 9 N. Beaune, a town of France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late pro-, vince of Burgundy, remarkable for its excellent wine. It is 25 miles sw of Dijon. Lon. 4 47 e, lat. 47 N. Be Auvois, an epifcopal city of France, in the department of Oiie and late pro- vince of the Ifle of France, The cathedral is admired for its fine architerture ; anci the church of St. Stephen is remarkable for its curious windovv's. It was befieged in 1463, by the duke of Burgundy, when the women, under the conducSl 01' Jeanne Hachette, obliged the duke to raife the liege ; and in memor)' of thei|r exploits, the women walk iirft in a pro- ceffion on the loth of July, the anniver- fary of their deliverance. The inhabit- ants carry on a good ti-ade in beautiful tapeff ry. It is leated on the river Thefm, 4^ miles N of Paris. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 26 N. Beauvoir-sur-mer, a feaport of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou, 25 miles sw of Nantes. Lon. i 54 w, lat. 46 55 n, Bebelinguen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, feattd on a lake, 10 miles NW of Stutgard. Lon, 9 2 E, lat. 48 58 N, Bec, a town of France, in the depart- ment ot Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, with a lute noble Benedifline abbey, 18 miles sw of Rouen. Lon. o 52 E, l:tt. 49 14 N. Bi'CCi'.ES, a town in Suffolk, on the navigable river VVaveney, with a market on baturday. It ha* a noble church, with a lofty fteepk'i and two freeichoob, on? »f them wiih 10 ilhs^larihips tor t': "I' 1 ^i f >t 'ir n BED Emanuel College, Cambridge. It is iz miles 5w of" Yarmouth, and 108 ne of London. Lon. 1 4.5 e, lat. 51 56 n. Bec-d'Ari:;ux, or Bedarieux, a town of France, in the department of Herault and late pioyince ot L:inguedoc, on the river Obe, 10 miles ^■ of Beziers. Lon. 3 JO E, lat. 41 39 N. Bechin, a town of Bcheniia, en the river Laulhicb, 55 milis s cl' I-rague. Lon. 14. 53 K, lat. 49 13.'''. BncKU.'.f, a to'vn of Wcfiph-.Iia, in the biiho^iric ot Ivluniit-r, leatiil at the Iburce of the Verfe, ^fo miles se of Min\- itcr. Lon. 8 3 E, lat. 51 .(.4. t;. BecsaN(.il, a jjiovince of Aha, in Natolia, boumlai on the N by the Black tica, on the w l>y tlie :ea of Mannoni, on the s by Proper Natolia, and en the t by PoUi. It was anciently called Bitliynia. The capital is Bnrla. BruAL, a town in the n riclint; of Yorkfhire, witii a market on J ueiday, 10 miles ^E of Richmond, and azo nnw of London. Lon. 1 25 w, lat. 54. ao N. BinniNGTOK, a village near Cieydon, in Sun'y. Here is Beddington Psik, the anc-lent feat (.f the C'arews, one of the many laid to have betu the reudcnce of queen Elifabcth. The church is a Gothic pile, with ftalls, in the uifies, like a cathcflral. IJfDF.K, or RtDiNO, a village in Suf- i\x, 13 miles w of I,i;\v.rs, ne'.ir a livir of it-: O'.vn name, which rur -.nto the t,iigii)h (Jhannei at New Shcreh.uv>. Bkdep, a fortir^cd city of tiie Dtc:^) of Hind'joftiin, in Do.vliit -bad., ojicc iiic capit;d ct jl coimderable kirigdoiii. It Is >iu milesi N\v of Hydrabad. Lon. 78 o i, l-.'.r. 17 o N. BtDVORD, a.co'vU'.ty of Penn'rivauia, 7- miles long an.t 50 broad. The niha- bitants, in 1790, were 13,120. It.s ca- pital, of the iaine nam<-, is 156 milci, w ox Philadelphia. Lon. 78 34- W, lat.+o Bi:Di'OKr>, a borui'.gh, and the conntv- town ci J;edturd''hir.', with r. m;;rket (,n Tuefdav und Satii.dav. it is Icaiui on tlie Oui-.whi'h I'liviui.^ it nuo two parU, united by a' bridge v.-;t;\ a gate at e;ic! end. !t has five chnulu's, uiul fornieriy had ii ftrong caftij, v.-Iioie iitc is now a bowiing-gr:.cii. Ii is governed by a mayor, fends f.vo i.;Laibers to p3.rliamenl, ancl is 2 7 iri'ikc 1, by r; of Eucklnghanij j^nd i^o N by \v <.: Lcj«don. Lon. o 30 vr, lat. 52 13 N. >i£DKORD Levil, a tracf of fenny •and., iii the iifie of Jt'lvj confdtir.g of B E J 300,000 acres, and extending into the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Hunting- don, Northampton, and Lincob. After various attempts to drain thefe fens, in the reigns of Henry vi and Charles i, William earl of Bedford, in 1649, under- took and completed it; and, in the reign of Ciwfleb II, a corpoiation was eftab- lilhed for tlie government of this gneat lewl. In thefe iensare feveral decoys, la which innumerable quantities of wild fo\\4 are takeJi during the leaftni. BtPFOiiDSHiRt;, a county in England> bounded on the tCE by Hunfingdcnlhirc, on till. E by Cavnl-.ridgelhiic, on the SE by liatt, uii the .sw by Buck*, and on tlie t-\v hv Northaniplcnfklrc. Its utmcft kngth'is 35 miles, and its greateft breadth 7.1. It liis in the diocelii of Lincoln; contains nine hundreds, 10 market-towns, :!!id J 14 parilhes; anil iends four mem- bers to parliament. The air is pure and wholelbu'.c. Its principal rivers are th^ Oufc and the Ivel. Its chief produfts aee corn, butter, and tuller\s earth; its manu- fatHures lace, Itraw, hats, balkcts, and toys. Bedkore, or BiddAnore, a town o^" the pejiinlula of llindcoftan, in Mylbre. It was taken by general Matthews, ia 1783 ; but retaken ibon after by Tippoo Sultan. The capitulation was violated, and the general poifoned. It is 452 miles SK of Bombay, .aid 1X7 Nvv of Seringa.- .patam. Lon. 7,5 30 i-., lat. 14 o N- Be DO VI N >■■ nibi f. of wi!udering Arabs, who live in tents, and are dilptrfed all over Arabia, Egypt, and tl^- n of Africa, go -. verned by their own chiefs, in the fame manner as the patriarcho lived and go- \eiii(,d anciently; the principal employ- nien^: of both, tlie t'.razing of cattle. BiitnviN, C-iiii.'vr, a borough in Wilt- fhire, vv-hich i<;nds two members to par- liament, but has neither market nor fair. It ii five miles sw of Hungerfcrd, and 71 w of Lcnidon. Lon. 1 33 w, lat. 51 22 N. Br.EMA!i, a river of Hindooftan, in the Dccan, a principal branch of the Kiltna, joiidng it near Ldghir. It riles in th>e niountains to the N of Poonah. Bi;i'"OR'i', u town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Rhine and late pro- "ince ffi Allacc, at the foot of a moun- 'n, 28 miles w of Bafil. Lon. 6 54 E, L,.47 36N. Begia, or Becgia, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of rtmis, with a Itrong pi.'1lle, on tiic declivity of a mountain, 65 jnile.s vv of Tunis. Lon. 11 jo E, lat. 36 42 N. Bej.%, a town of Portugal, in Alen- tcjo, nxnv a lake of tke fane name, 7a BEL Lcn. 7 40 w, let. Tnlles SL of Lifbon. Bhjapour. Sec ViriArouR. Bricm.iNfJF.N, a town of GtTinany, in Tluiriniria, 17 milts N of Weimar. Lon. 1 1 50 v., lat. fit 22 N. BEtNHF.iM, a fort of France, In Al- ike", on the Sur, near its conftiicnce with the Rhine, fix miles sw of Kaltadt. Lon. 7 8 F., lal. +S 50 N. Beila, a tov.n of Piedmont, 32 miles N of Turin. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 45 54 N. Be IRA, a proviiice of Portugal, bound- ed on the N by Tra Jos-Montes and £n- tre-Dcuero-e-Miuho, on the s by Portu- guefe Eltramadura, on the F. by Spaniih LItramadura, and on the \v ijy tlie At- lantic Ocean. Be LC ASTRO, an cpilcopal town of Naples, in Calnbrio Uittriore, leaved on n. mountain, eight miles frc:n the lea, and 12 sw of iian Severino. Lon. 17 5 E, iat. 39 6 N. Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arra- gon, on the river Almonazir, 20 miles s of baragofla. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 41 33 n. Belchoe, a town of Ireland, in the -county of Fermanagh, leattd on Lough Nilly, 18 miles SF. of BaJlylhannon. Lou. 7 29 w, lat. 54 20.V. Belclari:, a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, 22 miles sw of Sligo. Lon. 8 54 w, lat. 54 1 N. Belem, a town of Portugal, in Eitra- madura, on the N fide of the Tajo, a nsile from Li(bon, difigned to defend the city ; and here all the Ihips that fail up the river mult bring to. Here they inter the kings and queens of Portugal j and here is a royal palace. Belestat, a town of France, in the department of Arrlege vind late county of Foix, remarkable for a fpring, wiiich, it i'5 faid, ebbs and flows 12 times in 24 hours, as exacllv as a clock. BELf'Asr, a l>crough and feaport of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, k-attd on Carrickfergvis Bay. It is one oi the molt flourlfliing commercial towns in Ire- land. A canal, connerting the harbour with Lough Neagh, was completed in t793. Lon. 5 52 w, lat. 54 46 N. Belgarden, a town of Piuiiian Po- nierania, 55 miles ne of Stctin. Lon. 15 53 E, iat. 54 ION. Belgorod, a town of Beflarabia, in European Tiukey, at the mouth of the Dnielter, 80 miles se of Bender. Belgrade, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, the capital of Servia, and a Greek bilhop's fee. It is feated on the Danube, a iittk above its confluence with the Save. BEL' It was tak'.n by prince Eugene, in 1717, and was kept till 1739, when it was ceded to the Turks. It was again taken, in 1789, by marlhul Lauduhn, but rcltorcd at the peace of Keichanbach in 1790. It is 265 miles st of Vienna; and 400 NW of Conltaminople. Lon. zi 2 e, lat. 45 10 :i. Bflgrade, a fmalltovvn of Romania, in European Turkey, on the (trait of Conftanclnoplc, 20 milts N of that city. Lon. 29 o E, lat, 41 22 N. Belgrado, a town of Italy, in Vene- tian iTiuli, leatcd near the I'ojamenta, lo miks E by s of Udlno. Lwn. iz 55 E, lat. 43 56^. Bel LAC, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Vienne and late pro- vince of Limofm, featx-d on the Vinson, 20 miles N of Limogus. Lon. i 20 E, Iv.t. 46 10 N. B £ L L 1 A R D E , a ftrong place of France, ir the drjj:atm^.nt of the Eafleni Pyrenees ai.d late province of Roulfillon, above the defile of Pertuis. It is an important ^^:ice, on account of its being a paflage to the Pyrenees. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next year, and named by the French govern- ment Sud Libre. Lon. 2 ^f. e, iat. 42 •27 N. Bellegarde, a to^vn of France, in the department of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, fcatec! on the river Saone, 15 miles ne of Chalons. Lon. 5 10 E, lat. 46 57 N. Bellizisle, an illand of France, 15 miles fioni the coalt of Brittany. It is 15 miles long and live broad; and diver- lilie;-'. with craggy mountjiins, i'alt-works, and pit aiknt fertile plains . The principal phice is Palais, a tortiticd town, with a citadel. It was taken bv tlu; luiglilh In I 76 1, and rf;ftored in 1763.. Lcn. 3 6 W, lat. 47 17 N. Belleisle, an ifland of N America, at the mouth of the Itrait between New Brital)! and Newfoundland. The paflagc between them is called the llrait of Bellc- ille. Lon. 55 25 w, lat. 51 55 n. Bellesme, a town of France, in the department of Orne and late provli ■ c of Perche, with an ancient caftle, 75 miles sw of Paris. Lon. o 42 e, lat. 48 ti . 23 N. Belley, an eplfcopaltown of France, in the departmerit of Ain and late pro- vince of BrelTe, leatetl near the Rhone, 12 miles N of Chamberry, and 150 se of Paris. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 47 N. Bellingham, a town in Northum- berland, with a market on Tuefday, 14 E 3 ^1' i] f'' *m m BEN BEN , (.Tt h li • i. m miles NNW of Hexh.im and 294 of Lon- don. Lon. * 10 w, hit-. 55 ion. BF.bi.iNZONA, a town o( Italy, in the MiUnel'e, and one of the Iviiliwics wliitli the Swils poltelii in that country. It is leated on the Ttfino, five miles aliove the phtce where it tails info the Lago Mag- giore. I.on. 8 16 E, hit. 46 6 N. Bellunesk, a territory of Italy, be- longing to the Vcneiians, Iving bctwet-n Friijli, Cadorino, Ftltrino, t .j bilhopiic of Trent, and Tirol. It has iroinninti. Belluno is the only place ot note. BellunO, a town of Italy, capital of the Bellunefe, and a bi (hop's la-. It is fiated among the Alps, on the river Piave, 15 miles NE of Feltri. Lon. 12 9 E, lat. 43 MN. Bllmonte, a town of Naples, in Calabria C'ittriore, on the 'I'ulcan Sea, 10 miles w of Cofenza. Lon. 16 5 E, lat. 39 20 N. BEJ.T, Great, a ftrait of Denmark, between the illands of Zealand andFuncn, at the entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not fo commodious, nor lb frequent ,1', as the Sound. In 1658, it was fro/tn over fo hard, that the king of Sweden maixhed over it with a defign to take Copenhagen. Belt, Little, a fh-alt to the w »f the Great Belt, between Funen and N Jutland. It is one of tiie paffages from the German Ocean to the B ilt ic, though not three miles in breadth, and very ciooked. Beltz, or Belzo, a town of Poland, in Red Ruifia, 30 miles N of Lemburg. Lon. 24 5 e, lat. 50 20 N. Belvedere, a town of Greece, capi- tal of a province of the fame name, in the Morea. This province lies on the w coalf, and is the moll fertile in all the Morca. The town is 17 miles NE of Chirenza. It is fubjeft to the Turks j and the raifms, called Belvederes, come from this place. Lon. 21 45 e, lat. 38 o n. Belvoir Castle, in Lincolnlhire, four miles w of Grantham, the ancic^nt feat of the dukes of Rutland, fuppoied co liave been a Roman llaticn, as many of their antiquities have been dug up here. Its foundation was laid foon after the IMorman corx]ueft. It affords a delight- iul profpciSl: into the counties of Notting- ham, Derby, Leicefter, Rutland, and Northampton. Benares, a diftria: of HIndooftan Proper, between Bahar and Oude ; con- taining the circars of Benares, Jionpour, Chunar, and G.i.j;y pour. It was ceded to the Englilh in 1775, ^"d products a dear annual ftvwiue of 380,0001. BE^TARE?J a populous clt3', capital of the diMii.H cf the (itme name, in Hiu- dooltan. It is more celebrated as the ancient feat of Biaminical learning, than on any other account i and is built on the N fuie of the Ganges, which is here very bro;id, and the banks verj' high. .Several Hindoo temples embellilh the banks of the river; and many other public and private buildingi are nraeniiicent. 'J he itrtets are narrow; the houles higli, and uma oi them fiv^ Itoiies each, inhabited b\ liif- ferent laniiiics. The more weidlhy Hin- doos, however, live in detached houfes with an open court, furrounded by a wall. Nearly in the cenlrj of the city is a confi- derable Mahomelat. mofque, built by the emperor Aurungzebe, who dell roved a magnificent Hindoo temple, to make room for it; and round the city are nr.'ny ruins cf buildings, the effects of Mahonietan in- tolerance. Notwiihltanding this, the lanv; manners and cultoms ftill prevail among thefe people, as at the mo(f remote peiiod that can be traced in hiltory; and in no inflanceof religious or civil life have they admitted any innovations from fo- reigners. An infurreifion here in 1781, had nearly proved fatal to the Englilh in- terefts in Hindooftanj in coniequcuce of which, Cheyt Sing, the rajah, was de- pofed in 1783. Benares is 425 miles sE o Delhi, and 400 Nw of Calcutta. Lon. BEN IJenesoeup, a town of Egypt, re- marknblc for its hemp and tiax ; katcJ on the NiK', 50 iniks s ot" Ciuio. Lon. 31 10 K, 1.1 »■. It) 10 N. hiNEVENTO, a city of Naples, in Prlncijv.ito Citeriore, witli an archlnihnp's J'ce. It lv.i8 luilVrt'il givatly by cMth- ■ a town of the pal-Uinate of the Rhine, en a rivul.t, 10 r.iik-s ne of Worms. Lon. i +1 e, lat. +9 36 n. BenthSIM, a town of V/eltphaila, capital of a county cf tlif fame name, itated on the Vecht, yi :niics NW of Munfter. It was taken by the French in X795. Lon. 7 25 E; iat. 52 7-3 N. Bentivoglio, «i tc.vn and cuftle of Italy, in the Bologiwle, 10 miles ne of Bologna. Lon. 11 34 E) lat. 44 37 n. BeraR, a foii'^ah or tiic Decan of Hindooltan, bounded by Nialwaand Alla- habad on the N, Orida on the e, Gcl- eonda on the s, and Candeifh and Dow- latabad on the w. Thj principal part •f it is liibjeft to a rajah j the other to the nizam of the Decern. The rajah's country extends 54,0 iriics from E to \v, and, in ibme places, 200 from N to s. Its capital is Nagpour. Lets is known of the interior parts of Bccupied by Benvick Bounds ; a diilri(?l only eight miles in compal's, go- verned by Englifh laws, and accounted part of a'l EngHlh county. The principal rivers are the IVced, Leader, Blackadder, Wliiteadder, and Eye. Berwyn Hills, lofty hills at the ne angle of Merioneihfliire, beneath which fl>reads the tine vakj in which flows the infant river Dee. BF.SAN90N, an ancient and populous city of France, in the department of Doubs aivj late province of Franche Comte. It has a citadel, on a high rock, the bafe of which touches both fid«s of the 7)oubs, which here forms a peninfula. The triumphal arch of Aureiian, and other Roman antiquities are ftill to be feen. Befan^on is an archiepifcopal fee j has an academy of f'cienccs, arts, and belles-lettres, foimded in 1752; a lite- rary military fociety, eflablifhed about the fame time; and a public library in th« late abbey of St. V^cem. It is 52 milcii E of Dijon, and 208 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 2 e, lat. 47 13 N. Bessarabia, a territory of Turkey in Europe, between the Danube and the Dnicfter, along the banks of which lalt river the Tartar inhabitants rove from place to place. Their common food i^ the flefh of oxen and horfes, cheefe, and mare's milk. Bender is the capital. Bestricia, a town of Tranfylvania, remarkable for the gold mines near it, 85 miles NW of Hermanftadt, and 90 E of Tockay. Lon. 23 45 E, lat. 47 30 N. Betanzos, a town of Spain, in Gait- cia, feated on the Mandeo, on a bay of the Atlantic, 20 miles s of Feirol. Lon. 7 55 w, lat. 43 12 N. Betelfagui, a town of Arabia Fe. lix, famous for being the mart where the coimtry people bring their coffee to fell j and where the Europeans come to puf< chafe it. It is 25 miles E of the Ke(i Sea. Lon. 44 30 £, lat, 15 4oN. faiJ leaf froj It mill clul thel the! pre) Chi pell IniJ herl 35 BET B E Z Bethlehem, a town of Paleftlne, ■ famous for the birth of Christ. It is l«atcd on the ridge of a hill, running from £ to w and has a delightful proipe^t. It is now an inconfiderable place,' but much vilited by pilgrims. Here is a church, ercfted by the famous Helena, in the form of a crofs : alio a chapel, calkd the Chapel of the Nativity, where they pretend to ftiow the manger in which Chrilt was laid ; another, called the Cha- pel of Joleph J and a third oi" the Holy Innocents. A few poor Greeks reiide here. It is fix miles s of Jeiufulem. Lon. 35 25 E, lat. 31 50 N. Bethlehem, a town of Auftrian Brabant, two miles N ofLouvain. Lon.. 449 E, lat. 50 55 N. Bethlehem, a town of N America, in the ftate of Penfylvania, on the Le- high, a branch of the Delaware. The town being partly on an eminence, and partly on the lower banks of the Manakes (a fine creek, affording trout and other A(h) has a very pleafant and healt;hy fitua- tion, and is frequently vifited in iummer, by the gentry from ditterent parts. It is the principal fettlement of the Moravians in America. They were fixed here by Count Zinzendorf, in 1 741 } and have a church, a public meeting-hr.ll, the fmgle brethren's houfe, the fingle filter's houie, and a houfe for widows. The German language is more in ufe here than the Englifh ; but the latter is taught in the ichools, and divine fervice performed in both languages. Bethlehem is 53 miles N of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 8 \v, lat. 40 37 N. Bethune, a fortified towi^ of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late county of Ai'tois, with a caftle. It was taken by the allies in 17 10, and reltorcd by the treaty of Utrecht. It is leated on a rock, by the river Brette, 20 Miiles E of St. Omer and i zo N of Paris. Lon. 2 35 e, lat. 50 45 N. Betlev, a town in Stalfordfliire, with a market on Thiurfday, 16 miles NNW cf Stafford and 156 of London. Lon. 2 10 W, lat. 53 5 N. Betlis, a town of Afia, in Curdiftan, fituate on a fteep rock, on the frontiers of Turkey and Perfia, but i'ubjefl to its own bey, and a fanftuary for the fubjefts of the neighbouring powers. It is 150 miles E of Diarbekai'. Lon. 42 50 e, lat. 37 30 N. Betuwe, a fertile ifland of Dutch Gueiderland, 40 miles long and 10 broad, containing, in that fpace, eight cities and ievo.-al hundred vtilage$. It ig formsd by the bifurcation of the Rhine above Nimc- guen, and by ^the union of its ftreams* under different appellations, near Wor- cum. It was the ancient Batavia, and fonnerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or Batavians, to the inliabitants of the Dutch Netherlands, which they have now tranf- mitted to their colony in Java. In this morafs (as it then was) the anccftors of the prelent race firft fettled, when, at dif- ferent times, and for diflercnt caufes, they emigrated from Germany} and it was principally hence that th<; Dutch fpread thcmfelves over the different provinces. Bevecum, a town of Aultrian Bra- bant, 17 miles s of Louvain. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 50 .36 N. Bevel AND, N and S, two iflands of the United Provinces, in Zealand, between the E and w branches of the SchelJ. Bevergern, a town of Weltphalia, 22 r-.iles from Munfter. Beverley, a borough in the e riding qf Yorkfhire, witli a maiket on Wcdoel- ^ay and Saturday, and two churches, be- fide the minttcr. It is governed by a m;Wo;-, lends two members to parliament, and is ilated on the river Hull, nine mileg N of Hull anfl 182 of London. Lon« o 15 w, lat. 53 52 N. Beverungen, a town of Germany, in the diocele of PaJerbom, at the con- fli'.ence of the Beve and Weler, 22 miles ^ cf Padecborn. Lon. 9 30 E, lat 51 46 if . Bewcastle, avillage in Cumberland, on the river Lcven, laid to have been built about the time of the Nonnan con- queft. The church is in ruins ; and in the churchyard is an ancient crofs, on the fides of which are feveral fculptures, with illegible Infcriptions. Bewdley, a borough of Worcefter- fliire, with a market on Saturday, and a good trade in malt, leather, and caps. It lends one member to parliament, and is feated on the Severn, 14 miles n of Wor- cefter, and 128 NW of Loudon. Lon. z o w, lat. 52 20 N. ^ Bewley, or Beaulieu, a river which rifes in the N of Invemei'sfhire, and flow- ing along the s border of Rofsfhire, forms the fine eftuaiy on which Hand Invemefs and Fort St. George, and which termi- nates in the frith of Mun-ay. At its mouth is the feny of Kiflbck, near which is a good falmon fiihery. Beziers, a town of France, in the de- partment of Herault and late province of Languedoc. It was lately an epifcopal fee; and the inhabitants are 17,000 in number. The remains of a circus, ancl fozne infcriptionsi befpeak its ancient ■3 '•■Mi M it'f i i t I B I E grin'^eMr ; and it has an academy of 'icicnccs and two hofpitals. It is leated near (he Royal Canal, on a hiJl, at the toot oi which flows the Orbrc, 12 miles NE ot Naibonne. Lon. 3 iX E,lat. 21 o N. Bex, a village of Swi0erl:ind, in the canton of Bern, near the town of St. Maurice, which guards the entrancw from that canton into the Lower Vallals. It is remarkable for its dtlighitiil iituation, and the lult works near it. The largelt faline is entered by a paflage cut out of the iblid rock. Travellers, who have the curiofity to explore thele gloomy abodes, arc fumifhtd with lighted torches, and drefled in a coarle habit, to defend thtin from the dri .lingj that fall from the roof and fides of ine paflage. BiAFAR, the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, in Negroland, leated on the river Los-Camurones. Lon. 17 40 E, iaf. 6 10 N. BiAN.* a town of Hindooftan Proper, reiiiarkable for excellent indigo, 50 miles w of Agra. Lon. 80 50 e, lat. 26 30 N. BiBERACH, a free imperial town of ' Suabia. It has a manufafture of fultians, ' and is feated ip. a fertile valley, on the Reufs, 17 miles sw of Ulm. Lon. 10 a E, lat. 4.8 10 N. BiBERSBERG, a town of Upper Hun- gary, 15 miles N of Prefburg. Lon. 17 ■ 15 E, lat. 48 31 N. Bicester, or Burcesteb, a tovyn in Oxfcrdftiire, with a mai-ket on Friday, J 3 miles N by E of Oxford, and 57 \v by N of London. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 51 54- N- Bid ACHE, a town of France, in the d( pn^rtincnt of the Lower Pyrenees and lute proviiice of Bafques, with a caltle, feated on ti>e river Bidoufe, la miles e of BayowJt. Lon. 1 9 w, lat. 43 31 N. BiD.-SSOA, a river of Spain, which rifcs in the Pyrentes, and fails into the bay of Biicay, between Andaye and Fon- lar.tbla.' BiDUinORD, a feaport and town cor- ' pcrate in Devonlhire, with a mr.rket on Tu^idayj feated on the Torridge, over which is a ftone brid«;e of 24 arches. It cairies on a confidtrable trade, and is i5 miles s by w pf Ilfracombe, and 203 w of L in the circle of Lower Saxony, capital of a County of the fame name, fubje£l to the duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. It is 45 miles se of Wolfenbuttle. Lon. II 10 £, lat. 51 5C^ N. Blareonies. See MALPLAqusT. > Blavbeuren, a town of S.uabia, in _^..J B L O BON the dachy of Wirtemburg, 1 1 miles w oft Ulm. Lon. 9 55 E> lat. 4.8 22 N. Blayb, an ancient town of Franee, in the department of Gironde and late pro- vince of Guiennc. It has a good citadel ; and is featcd on the Giionde, which is here 3800 yaids wide. Its trade confifts in the wines of the adjacent country. Its haibour is mucii frcqutnted, and the (hips wh^ch go to Bourdeaux are obliged to leave their guns here. It is 17 miles N *)f Bourdeaux. Lon. o 35 w, lat. 45 7 N. Blechingly, a borough in Suny, tK:u lends two members to parliament, but has no majket. It is ieattd on a hill, which commands extenfive profpe«5t«, so miles s of London. Lon. o o, lat. 51 15 N. Blenheim, a village in Suabia, me- morable for the victory over the French, gained Augult :, 1704., by the duke of Marlborough. It is Ibited on the Da- nube, three miles NE ot Uochltet, ar.d 27 NE of (Jim. Lon. 10 35 E, bt. 48 40 N. Blenheim Castle, near Woodftock, In Oxford/hire, a magnificent pabce, built for the gre-it duke of Marlborough, at the expeiice of the nation, in commemo- ration of his vi^oiy ut Blenheim. The iamily hold it by the tenure of delivering a French banner at Windlbr, on each an- niverfary of this vitlory. Blockzyl, a town of the United Provinces, in f»— tyilel, with a fort j leated at the .1 of tlie Aa, on the Zuider Zee, v' .»erc is a good h2-bo«r, eight miles NW of Steenwick. Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 52 44 N. Blois, an ancient commercial city of France, in the department of Loir and Cher and late provmce of Blaifois. The Ccthedral is a large ftrudtiue, leated at one extremity of the city, on an eminence whole declivity, toward the centre of the city, joins that of another emin«nce at the other end, on which is built a magnificent caltle i fo that both thefe llru<5lures form, a« it weie, the two horns of a creicent. In this callle was born the good Lewis ^11; and here, in 1588, Henr^- m cauled the duke of Guile, and his brother the cardinal, to be afTalfinated. Here are ibpe fine fountains, and a new bridge, ^ne pf the belt in France. Blois is an epifcopAl fee, and the terrace of the bifbop's palace affords a charming walk. This city has the reputation of being one of thofe in which the French language is fpoken with the greateft purity j but this mult be undcrftood of perlbn»' who have received a liberal education. It is feated on the JLoirCj 47 irUes w of.TourS} and 100 sw of Fails. Lon. i 25 e, lat. 47 35 N. Bloneiz, a town of Poland, in Ma- fovia, 20 miles w of Wariaw. Lon. so 35 E, lat. 52 10 N. Blyth, a town in Nottirghamfhire, with a market on Thursday. Here are fome remains of a caltle and priory. It is 23 miles NNW of Newark, and 146 N by w of London. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 53 21 N. BoBENHAVSEN, a town of Germany, in Weteravia, with a caltle, featcd on the river Gerlbrentz, three miles SE ot Franc- fort on the Maine. BoBio, an ejjilcopal town of Italy, in the Milanefe, leated on the river I'rcbia, 25 miles SE of Pavia. Lon. 9 la £, lat. 44 45 N. Bonio, the largeft river of Chili, in S America. It has its fource in the Andes, and falls into the fea in 47° s lat. BocAT, a valley of Syria, in Afia, in which are the famous ruins of Balbec. It is more fertile than the celebrated vale of Damafcus, and better watered than the rich plains of Rama and Efdraclon. Bocca-Chica, the entrance into the harbour of Carthagena, in S America. It is defended by feverai forts, which were all taken by the Englilh in 1741. Bocca-del-Drago, a ftrait, between the iiland of Trinidad and Andalufia in TeiraFirma, in S America. BocHETTA, a chain of mountains, in the territory of Genoa, oa'er which is the road from Lombardy to Genoa. On the peak cf the higheft mountain is a pals, which will hardly admit three men to go abrealt: this pals is, properly, the Bo- chetta; for the defence of which there are three forts. It is- the key of Genoa, and was taken in 1746 by the Auf- trians.- BocKHOLT, a town of Weftphalia, in' the diocele of Munlter, 20 miles E of Cleves. Lon. 6 12 e, lat. 51 41 N. BocKlNG, a large village in ElTex, adjoining to Brair.rree. Its church is 'a. deanery ; and here is a very large meeting-^ houle. It has a great manufaAure of bays, and is 41 n-.iles ne of London. Lon. o 40 E, lat. 51 56 N. Bodmin, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor ; and here the fummer affizes are held. It fends two members to parlia- ment, and is 32 miles ne of Falmouth, and 234 w by s of London. Lon. 4 40 w, lat. 50 32 N. Bodon, a fortifiad tovsm of Turkey in £uiof«, ia BulgarUi with an archbilhop*3 Cxi D.il tlu- iali ko] of] 6 B O K Csc; ftafcd on the Danube, a6 mils W oi" Vi.Ii-n. L(m. 23 5.-^ E, lat. 4+ 10 n. BoDRocH, a tuwn of Hungjiy, on the iXmube, 100 milt's SE of liuJa. Lon. It/ <;a E, lit. 45 55 N. Eoj.scHOT, a towh of Auftrian Bra- bant, leaitd on the river Nethe, 1^ nnl -s NE ot Mechlin. Lon. 4 41 E, lat. 51 ii N. Bog, a river of Poluvl, which runs thi'ouph Podoli.1 and Bud/iac 'rartary» talliiur into tht; Black Se;^ between Ocza- kow and the river Dnieper. BoDLio, a townot it ;ly> ii. th.: county of Nice, 25 miles N\V oi Nice. Lon. 7 6 El lat. 44 2 N. BocoTO, the capital of New Granada, in Terra Finna, in S America, near which are gold mines. Lon. 73 53 w, lat. 4 o N. Bohemia, a l-.iri!;dom of Europe, bounded on the N by Nlilhia and Lul'atia, on the E by Silcliaand Moravia, on the s by Aultria, and on i.he w by Bavaria. Ik is 203 mile J in length, and 150 in breadth, and is fertile in corn, faitron, hops, and paflure. In the mountains are iniiies of gold and filver, and, in Tome places, diamonds, granatcs, copper, an(i lead. The Roman catholic religion is the principal} but there are many pro- teitants. The chief rivers are the Mul- . daw, Elbe, and Oder. Their language is Sclavonian, with a mixture of German. It is fubjeft to the houle of Aultria, and the capital is Prague. BoHOL, one of the Philippine Iflands, to the N of Mindanao. Lon. 122 5 z, lat. 10 o N. BojADOR, a cape of Africa, in Ne- groiand, difccvered by the Portuguefe in 1412, and doubled by them in i433> Lon- 14 27 w, lat. 26 12 N. BoiANO, an epil'copal town of Naples, in the Molife, at the foot of the Appen- nines, near the river Tilerno, 45 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 41 3c n. BoiTNiTZ, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Zoll, remarkable for its baths, ind the quantity of faftron about it. Ion. 19 10 K, lat. 48 42 N. B'jis-LE-Duc, a large fortified town •f Dutch Brabant, between the Dommel and Aa. It is the cauital of a diftrifl of the fame name, whlcti contains alio the cities of Helmont and Eyndhoven. It was taken by the Dutch in 1629, and by the French in 1 704. It is fituate among morafles, ^^ miles £ by N of Breda, 45 NE of Antwerp, and 45 ssE of Aralter- 4vfi. LoD. 516 c, lat. 51 40 M. 3 Bokhara, a city of Ufbec Tartary, B O L capital of Bokharia. It is larp^e and p«- ' pulous, feateif on a riling ground, with t llendcr wail of earth, and a dry ditch. The lioiifes are low, and moltly built of muJ i but the caravanlaries and molques» which arc numerous, are all of brick. The bazars, or nnrket-placcs, have been Itately buii.iiiigs } but the greateibpart ot them are now in ruins. Here is alio a (lately buil.ilng for the education of the priefts. Great numbers of Jews and Arabians fre- quent this place ; but the khan leizes on their polleilions at his pleaiurc. It is 1 3t miles w by s of Samarcand. Lon. 65 ^ok E, lat. 39 15 s. Bokharia, Bocharia, or Bvcha- RIA, adiihiitof Ufbec Taitary, which lee. Bokhara is the capital. BOLAEOLA, oncof thi: Society I(land«» in the S Pacific Ocean, four leagues, KVf of Otaha. Lon. 151 52 w, lat. 16 3* s. BoLC(i£RbSK,a town of Kamtlchatka, on the river Bolchoireka, aa miles from its mouth, i;i the fea of Okotlk. Loa* X56 37 E, lat. 5a 54 N. BoLESLAPE, or BuNTZLAir, a town of bilefia, on the Bobar, 17 miles ne of Lignitz. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 51 12 tt. Bolingbroke, a town in Lincoln* fliire, with a market on Tuelday, feated at the Iburce of a river, which falls into the Witham. It is noted for being the biithplace of Henry iv ; and h 29 miles E of Lincoln, and 1 3 1 N by E of London. Lon. o 7 e, lat. 53 12 N. BoLisLAW, a town of Bohemia, 30 miles NE of Prague. Lon. 15 xa e, lat, 50 25 N. BoLKWcTTZ, a town of Silefia» is miles s of Oiqgaw. Lon. 16 ^9 s, lat* 51 58 N. BoLocNA, an antlcnt city of Italy« capital of the Bolognefe, with an arch- biihop's fee, and aniniverdty.. There ar« a great number of palaces, particularly the Palazzo Publico, in which the canU- nal legate, or viceroy of the pope^ refidei. In the area before this palacC) is a noble marble fountain, the principal figure of which, a Neptune in bronze, eleven feet high, the workmanlhip of Giovanni di Bologna, is highly efteemed. The uni- versity is one of the molt ancimt and cele* brated in Europe } and the academy for , the arts and fciences, founded at the com- mencement of the pi^fent century by coxmt Marfigli, is w<^tny the attention of a fti-angcr. The anatomical threatre, be- fide its mufeum, is adorned with ftatuea of celebrated phyiicians. Th9. church lof St. Petronius is the Irrgeft i|v Bologm; and on the pavsment of ^S; Ci(&u4rcw 1:1: ■ ?.ti: i BOM BON hit meriditn line. There are i68 other r hurches. Though the nobility are not richi man^ of their palaces are fumifhcd in a nugnificcnt tafte, and contain paint- ingv of great value ; the paUceii having been built and ornamented when the fanii- liea ef the proprietom were richer, and yrhen the fineft vi'orks of architeAure and Minting could be procured on eaficr terms. The private hotiles are well built; and the cKj contains 80,000 inhabitaris. They carry on a conAderable trade in Hlks and velvets, which ' re manufa£lured here in great pcrfe^ion. The I'urrotinding country produces inuncnfe quantities of oil, wine, flax, and hemp, and fumilhe% ill Europe with faui'ages, macaroni> liqueurs, eflfcnces, and even lapdogs. The viver Remo, which runs near tne city, turns 400 mills for the fiik-works; and there is a canal hence to the Po. Bologna was taken by the French in 1796. It is feated at the foot of the Appcniiines, xi niles SE of Modena, and 175. nw of Kome. Lon. 11 ax e, lat.44 30 n. BOLOGNESE, a province of Italy, in the territory of the church, bounded on the N by the Ferrarefe, on the w by Mo- dena, on the s by Tufcany, and on the E by Komagna. It is watered by many fmall rivers, and produces all forts of grain and fi-uits, particularly mufcadine grapes, which are m high eitcem. Some miles before tiie entrance, into Bologna, the country fcems one continued garden. The vineyards are not divided by hedges, but by rows of elms and mulberry trees j the vines hanging in feltcons, from one tree to another, m a beautiful manner. There are alio mines of alum and iron. Bologna is the capital. BoLSENNA, a town of Italy, on a lake of the fame name, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 45 miles N of Rome. Len. la 13 E, lat. 4a 38 N. BoLSWAERT, a town of the United Provirres, in Frielland, eight miles m of Slooten. Lon. 5 25 e, lat. 53 3N. 3oLTON, a town in Lancafliire, with a market on Monday. It has been en- riched by the manufacture of fuftians and counterpanes ; and quantities of dimities and mullins are alio made here. It is 1 1 miles NW of Mancherter, aiid 239 nnw •f London^ Lon. a 35 w, lat. 53 33 n. Bolzano, a town of Germany, in the Tirol, bn the river Eifach, 27 miles - n of Trent. Loo. n 26 e, lat. 46 35 n. Bomal, a town of Auitrian Luxem- burg) on the river Ourt, 20 miles s of Liege. Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 50 iS N. > • l^tAY, an ifland of HindooltaOi on the X9 coaft of the Deccan, fevcn mffie» in length, and 20 in circumference. It cainc to the EngUft by the marriage of Charles ll with Catharine of Portuf^al. It contains a Itroag and capacious tor- tret's, a larKe city, dockyard, and marine arfenal. The ground is barren, and go«d water fcarce. It was fonnerly counted Very unhealthy; but, by dramin^ the boirs,and other methods, the air is altcrid for the better. It has abundance of cocoa- nuts, hut fcarce any com or cattle. The inhabitants are of feveral nations, and very numerous. It lit one of the three prcfjdencies of the Englilh E India Com- pany, by which their oriental territories are governed, and is 150 miles S of Surat. Lon. 72 38 e, lat. 18 58 N. Bomene, a leaport of the United Pro- vinces, in Zealand, on the N Ihore of th(r id and of Schowcn. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51 42 N.. BoMMBL, a town of *he T nited Pro- vinces, in the ifle of Overflacke, feven miles w of Willi^unitadt. BoMMEL, a to%vn of Dutch Guelder- land, in the ifland of Bommel-Wacrty ieated on the WaaU f>x miles ne of Huel- den. Bommel-Waert, an ifland of Dutch Guelderland, formed by the junction of the Waal and the Maeie. It is 1 5 milea long and five broad. It was taken by prince Maurice in 1 600 ;, by the Frencn m 1672; and by the French again in 1794. Bonaire, an ifland of S America, near the N coaft of Terra Firma, to the SE of Curasao. It belongs to the Dutch. Lon. 68 18 w, lat. 12 16 n« B0NAVENTUR.A, a bay, harbour, and fort of S America, in Popayan, 90 miles E of Call. Lon. 75 18 w, lat. 3 20 n. BoNAViSTA, one of the Cape de Verd Iflanda. Lon. as 47 w, lat. 16 o N. BoMAVisTA, a cape on the e fide of the ifland of Newfoundland. Bonifacio, a feaport of Corflca) well fortified, and populous; 37 miles s of Ajnccio. Lon. 9 20 £, lat. 41 25 N. Bonn, an ancient city of Germany, in the electorate of Cologne. It is the favourite refidence of tilie elector, wholb. magnificent gardens are open to the pub- iic. It contains 12,000 ii^bitants, and has>a flonrifliing uaiverfity. It was takeh by tl«e duke of Marlborough in 1703, and by the French in 17*04. It is feated on the Rhine, 10 miles s by E o£ Cologne. Lon. 7 12 £, lat. 50 45 N. Bonn A, or Bona, a feaport of Africa, in the kingdomof Algiers. It was tak^ B O R by Charirt v, in iSJSi ud 'i< too tnilet ^ of Algitrrt. Lon. 6 i$ Ft lat. 36 1 n. BoNNESTABLB* a town of France, in the department of Sartc and late )>rovince of Mainri 15 milei NB of Mans. Lon. 30 B, lat. 48 II N. BoNNEVAL, . t(>.vn of France, in the department of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce. It had L. ly a fine BenediAine abbryi and i< feated on the Loire, eight miles N of Chateaudun. Lon. 1 20 E, Tat. 48 IS N. Bonneville, a town of Savoy, cspU tal of Faucigny, feated on the river Arve, at the foot ot a mountain called the Mole. It it ao miles s of Geneva. Lon. 610 w, lat. 46 31 N. BooDci-BOODGB, a town of Hin- dooltan Proper, capital of the rajah of Cutch, 330 miles Ng of Surat. Lon. 68 o E, lat. 23 16 N. BoOTAN, a country ne of Hindooftan Proper, between Bengal and Thibet, of which laft it is a feudatory. The fouthemmoft ridge of the Bootan moun- tains rifes near a mile and a half per« pendicular above the plains of Bengal, in a horizontal diftancc of only 1 5 miles ; and ih>m the luinmit the aitoniOied tra- veller looks back on the plains, as on an extenftve ocean beneath hun. The capital is Taflafudoo. Bopfincen, a free imperial town of Suabia, on the river Eger, four miles E of Awlan. Lon. 10 11 i, lat. 48 55 N. BoFPART, a town of Germany, in the archbi/hopric of Treves, at the foot of a mountain, near the Rhine, eight miles s of Cohlentz. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 50 »6 N. BoRCH, a town of the duchy of Magdeburg, on the Elbe, 14 miles N£ •f Magdeburg. Lon. iz x E,lat. 51 19 D. BoRCHLOEN, a town ofWeftphalia, in the bifliopric of Liege, 15 miles NW of Liege. Lon. 5 31 E, lat. 50 50 N. BoREHAM, su village in EflTex, three niik's NE of Chelmsford. Her«is a ve- n.^-able feat belonging to the family of Olmius, which was built by Henry viii, who nve it the name of Beaulieu ; not- withftanding which it ha» ever ilnce re- tained the original name of the manor Newhall. The greateft part of it was pulled down by the firii lord Waltham. BoRGO, a town of Sweden, on the ^If of Finland, 20 miles nb of Hel- linefbrt. Lon. 25 40 e, lat. 60 34 N. BoRAOPORTE, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, on the river Po, i o miles • of MahtuR. ^oh. 10 53 b, lat. 45 o n. BoRoo-SAN-DoniiNo, an f^ifcopal -tpwa of Italyi i& tUnAuehy «f Hrma, 1 5 B O R miles NW of Parma. Lon. to 6 B, \tU 4458 N. Borgo-di-San-Sbpulchro, anepir. copal town of Tulcany, 40 miles b of Flovence. Lon. i» 7 k, lat. 43 32 n. BORoo-VAL-Di-TARO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma, to miles S w of Parma. Lon. 10 16 e, lat. 44 30 N. BoRjA, a town of Spain, in Arragon» 11 mik'n SE of Taiazona. Lon. i iS W, lat. 42 6 N. BoRi^EN, an ifland of the W Indies* near Porto-Rico. The Englifh fettled herc> but wrere expelled by the Spaniards. It i» uninhabited, though fertile, and the water good. Here is a great number of land crabd, whence fome call it Crab Idand. Lon. 66 o w, lat. 18 o N. BoRKELo, a Itrong town of the United Provinces, in Zutphen, on th* fiver Borkcl, 10 miles e of Zutphen* Lon. 6 18 i-, lat. 52 II N. Dor:4 ( ), a town of the country of the Grilons, c.| ital of a county of the famr nair.e. It is feated at the foot of the mountains, clsfe to the torrent Fredolfo^ which falls at a fmall diftance into thi Adda. It contains about 1000 inhabi- tants, and has a defolate appearance. The houfes are of (tone plaileied : a few make a toler^'jle Agure aiuid many with paper wLr Jows ; aiid teveral, like the Italian cot- tages, have only wooden window Aiut- ters. It is 40 miles SB of Coire. Leil. 10 5 E, ht. 46 25 N. Borneo, an iilaud in the Indian Ocean, dil covered by the Portuguele in 1521, and formerly thought to be the largeft in the world, being 1800 mile» in circumference. The inland country is mountainous j but toward the fea low and marfhy. It pixxluces rice, pepper^ fruits, diamonds, gold, pearls, and bees^ wax, which laft is ul'ed inftead of money ; and the famous oi*angoutarig is a native of this iilaiul. The people ai'e very fvrarthy, and go alnioft naked. There are Mahometans on the feacoalt ; but the reft are Gentoos. The E India Com- pany had fa<51ories heie ; but differencea ariilng between them and the natives, they were driven away, or murdered : however, in 177%, the Englifh obtained a grant* from the Sooloos, of the N part of tbic ifland. The feacoaft is ulually overflowed half the year, and when the waters jg» off, the earth is covered with mud; for which reafon, fome of the houfea are built on floats, and others on high pillars. The c;^)ital, of the fame name, is large and populous, with a good harbour, and feated ofttkrMwiidc. Lon. iii27t,i«t.45j:t> Fa a O R B O R ' , BoltKHotM> an i/land of the J>aWc €cx, JO miles se of Schoncn in Swcdtii. Xon. 14 56 E, lat. 54-55 >^' BORNOV, an extcnlive country in Africa, bounded on the NW by Fezzan, en the N '%y the delut of Blliria, on the 6E by Caflinn, and on the liw by Nubia. The climate is faid to be chiiaclniycd Iry excelfive, though not b uniform heat. "Two fcafons, one comincncinsj; foon after the middle of Apjil, the other at the fame period in Ortobcr, divide the year. The firft is introduced by vicknt winds, /fbat bring with thKiii.from the se ;u)d s, »n inttnle heat, with a deluge of lultry rain, and fuch temptlts of ihundcr and lightning as deftroy multitudes of the cat- tle and many of the p^^ople. At the commencement of the fecond ftafon, tlsc ardent heat fubfidot. j the air beco.ufs foft and mild, and the weather pei;-6tiy le- Tene. The complexion of the nHtiv^j is black; but they are not of the negro cilt. The drefs of the greater p;i:t coallfts of ihirts of bjue cotton n-anufactured in the coimtry, of a red cap iiiipoited fru:n Tripoli, and a white iruflin turban t'nnn Cairo. Ncle-rings of gold are worn I'y the principal people. But the only covering •f the poorer fort, is fonl-jtinies a kind of girdle for the waift. They ciiliivate Indian corn, the hurfe-bean of Europe, the common kidncybean, cotton, licnip, and Indigo. They have figs, grnjKi, apijcots, pomegranates, lemons, liine^., i^nd niclcns. ^T'he mod valuabl«' tree is called Kuicynali, in form and height like an clive, tli'i leaf rei'einbling that of a liir.;:M, and "bearing a nut, the kernel and fl:tll of which^are in great ellimation ; the firi't as a fruit, the la ft on at count of the eil it produces. Horlcs, afil's, multj, 4ogs, horned cattle, goats, Hicc-p, ar.tl camels (of tlie flefli of which they are very fond) are the common atiiuiaL. Their bees are ib nnmeious, thit the 'wax is often thrown • aw.'.y as wn article •f no value. Their game confills of the partridge, wild duck, and oftilch, the ■efh 01 which they prize above every other. Their other wild an!nr''s are the lion, leopard, civet cat, woif, fox; the elephant, which is not common, and of which they make no uie ; the antelope, «ameleopardjilis, ciocodile, ami hippopo- tamus. They are much infeftcd with inakes, fcorpions, centipedes, and toaeraio is the capital. Bos SIN Ey, a borough in Cornwall, that lends two members to parliament, but has now no market. It is feated on fhe Briftol Channel, 17 njiles Nw of Launcefton, and 233 w by s of London. Lon. 4 40 w. Lit. 50 45 N- BosT, a Ih'ong town of Perfia, capital of Sableftan. Lon. 64 15 H, Iat. 31 50 N. Boston, a borough in Lincoln/hire, with a market on Weilnelday and Satur- xlay. It is feated on both fides of tlie Witham, not fai" from its influx into the fea ; but its harbour cm admit veflels of inferior burden only. It has a navigation from Lincoln, partly by the Witham, and partly b>; a canal, at the termination of which, in Bofton, . is a large and curious lluice f an«J there is another canal to Bourn. It is a flourifhing town, go- Terned by a mayor, and fends two mem- bers to pai liatnent. The maiket-pbce is fpacibus, and the tower of its Gotliic church is one of the moft lofty and ek- gart of the kind, and a noted fi*anurk. It js 37 miles 5E of Lincoln, and 115 M of London. Lon. o 5 e, iaii. 531 n. Boston, the capital of Maifachuli^ts, in N America* feated on a peninfula, 'A (he iRottom of a &ne ba)r, covered B U by fmall iHani; and rocks, and defended by a calMe, wiuch rend«r the approach of an enemy very difficult. It lies in the fern* of a creic'.nt about the harbour ; aiul the country rkfing gradually bdyond, affords a dcii ;htful proijHr^l. There is ooily one liife ci);in:u'l to approach the harbour, 2«vd that lb narrow, that two Ihips can fcarcelf i'ail abrealtj but, within the harbour* there is room for 500 ftjips to anchor. At the bottom of the bay is a pier, neaf 2000 feet in length, to which lhip« of the greatelt burden may come cloiii:. The Itrcets arc handfome, particularly thsvt • cxten-ling from the pier to the town- hoxife; r.nd there are 16 churches of va- rious denominations. On the W fide of the town is the Mall, a beautiful public walk. Bofton was the place, in the neighbourhood of which the firft hoftili- ties comirienced, in 1775, between tlie cslonitts and the troops of tl»e mother coxmtry, v/ho evacviated the tow© in March 1776. It is 356 miles ne of Philadelphia. Lon. 70 33 w, Iat. 42 45 N. BoswoRTH, or Market Bo5- WoaTH, a town in Ltlceftedhire, witli a market on WLdncld.iy. It is feated on a high hillj and famous for a battle fought here between Kichard in and the euri of Richmond, aftcrwai'd Henry vii, ift which the formw loft his crown and life. It is 13 miles N\v of Leicelter, and 106 NNw of London. Lon. 1 18 w, kt. 51 40 N. Botany Bay, a bay of. New $ Wales., on the e coaft of New Holland, fo called from the great quantity of herbs found on the fliore. It was originally fixe4 on for a colony of convi5ls from Great Bm tain, which, in the fequcl, took place at Port Jackfon, 15 miles further to tlie N. Lon. 151 22 E, Iat. 340 s. Botany Island, a fmall Uland, ia the S Pacific Ocean, to the SE of New Caledonia. Lon. 167 16 E, Iat. iz 26 s. Bothnia, a province in Sweden, oil a. gulf of the fame name, which divides it into two parts, called £ and \i Bothnia. Botesdale. See 6uddesi>ale. ^ BoTWAB, ai town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wurtembefg, 15 miles SB qf Haiibron. Lon. 9 32 \v, Iat. 49 9 N. BoTZENBURG, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Miecklenburg, on the river Elbe. Ltn. 10 48 E, Iat. 53 30 n. Bov A, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, 20 miles SE of Rag- gio, I.on. 16 ao E, Iat. 37 50 N. Bo VCHAIK, a fortified town of Frar*i»& P 'ii ' 'I2S %' ii!1 if: ''|;5f":,iih B O U B O U Im the department of the N«rth imA Ute French Hainault, divided into two parv's by the Scheld. It was taken by the French in 1676, and by the tilHes in 1711 ; but retaken the year following. It is nine miles w of Valenciennes. Lon. 3 ?.i B> lat. 50 18 N. SoucHART, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, fituate in an ifland of the river Viennc, 15 miles ssw of ToTirs. • BouDRY, a town of SwifTcrland, in the county of Neuchatel. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 4.7 I N. > Bouillon, a town of France, in the duchy of the fante name, and terrtory of Luxemburg. This duchy is a fovc- reignty, independent of France; ard, on .March I -J, 1792* tlu' king of Great JJritain grhnted to Vhiiip d'Auvttgne, captain in the royril navy, his licence to accept the Jiicceificn to the faid dnchy, in cafe of the death of the hereditary prince, only fon of the reigning duke, without ilTue male, purlixant to a declara- tion of his ferene highnel's, dated June 25, 3791, " at the defire, and with the expreJs and formal confent of the nation." Ac- cordingly, captain d'Auvergne has fmce alVumed the title of prince of Bouillon. The town has a caftle, featcd on an almoft inacceflible rock, near the river Semois, la miles N of Sedan. Lon, 5 zo E, lat. 49 45 N. BoviGNES, a town of the Auftrian Ne- therlands, in Namur, on the river Meufe, ten miles s of Namur. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 50 19 K. Bo VINO, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Capitanata, feated at the foot of the Ap- feimines, 15 miles NE of Benevento. ,on. 15 IS E, lat. 41 17 N. Boulogne, a large feaport of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Boulonnois. It was lately an epifcopal fee; and is diviucJ into two towns, tne Higher and the Lower. The harbour has a mole for the fafety of the ihips ; and which, at the fame time, {Invents it from being choaked up. It s feated at the mouth of the Lianne, 14 miles s of Calais. Lon. i 42 E* lat. 50 44 N. Bourbon, aq ifland of Africa, in the Indian Ocean, 60 mites iong^, and 45 broad. There is not a fate harbour in the ifland j but many good roads for Shipping. On the SE is a volcano. It 18 a feitile ifland; producing, in parti- cular, excellent tobacco. The French (iitti d here in 167a; and have Tome coa- fiderable towns in the ifland j and here their India fliips to\jch for refreftiments. It is 300 miles E of Madagakar. Lon. 55 %o E, lat. 20 52 N. Bourbon Lanci, a town of France, in the department ot Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy. It is re- markable for its cattle, hot mineral waters, and a large marble pavement, called the Great Bath, which is a work of the Romans. It is 15 n-ilts sw of Autun. Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 4'> 47 n. Bourbon l'Archamdeau, a town of P'rancc, in the d«partmtnt of Al- Jier and late province of Bourbonnois, fituate in a bottom, near the river AUier, It is remarkable for its hot baths, and for giving niune to the family of the late unfortunate king of France. It is 15 miles w of Moulins, and 362 S of Paris, Lon. 35^, lat 46 35 N. BouRRONNE-LES Baint, a town of France, in the department of Upper Xiarne and late province of Champagne, famous for its hot baths. It is 17 miles E of Langres. Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 47 54 N. Bourbonnois, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Nivemois* and Berry, on the w by Btrry and part of Marche, pn the s by Auvergne, ana ori the E by Burgundy and Forcz. It abounds in corn, fruit, pafture, wood, game, and wine. It now forms the de- - partment of Allier. BouRDEAUX, an ancient city «f France, in the department of Gironde and late province of Guienne. It is an archbifliop's lee; has a univerfity, and ri academy of arts and fciences. It is built in the toiin of a bow, of which the river Garonne is the ftring, bordered by a large quay. It contains upward of 100,000 inhabitants, and is one of the firft cities of France for magnitude, riches, and beauty. The cathedral is much admired. The caftle, called the Trumpet, is feated at the entrance of the quay, and the river iiins round its wull>. The town has 12 gates; and neai* another caftle are fine walks. The maft remarkable an- tiquities are the palace of Galienus, built like an amphitheatre; and li^veral aquedui5ts. It has a confidei'^ble trade ; and they fliip every year 100,000 tons of wine and brandy. Here Edwaid the Black Prince refided feveral years, and his fon, aiterward Richard 11, was born. It is 87 miles s of Rcchelle, and 325 sw of Paris. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 44 50 N. Bovi(uiN£s, a towf) of titc Auilriaa B O U BOX 2 'lat. 45 5 n. Bourg, a town of the iHand of Cayenne, in S America. Lon. 5* 50 w iat. 5 2 N. Bou|lGA^f£VF, a town of France, in the department of Crefufe and late pro- vince of Marche. It is remarkable fur a Urge and lofty towrr, faced with itones eut diamond-wife; ere6led, toward the end of the 15th century, by Zifun, brother of Bajazet 11, emperor of the Turks, when he was obliged to exile kimfelf, after the lofs of a decifive battle. Bourganeuf is feated on the river Tau- rion, 20 miles ne qf Limoges, and 200 S or Paris. Lon. i 35 E, lat. 45 59 N. BouRGES, an ancient city of France, in the department of Cher and late pro- vince of Berry, with an archiepilcopal fee and a univernty. In extent it is one «f the greateft cities in France, but the in- habitants hardly amount to 25,000, and their trade is mconfiderable. It is the birthplace of Lewis xi, the Nero of France; and the celebrated preachtr Bourdaloue. It is feat<;d on the rivers Auron and Yevre, 25 miles nw of Ne- vers, and 125 s of Paiis. Lon. 2 a8 E, lat. 47 5 N. BouRCET, a town of Savoy, on a lake «f the fame name. Ax miles N of Cham- berry. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 45 41 N. Bou&G-LA-REiNE, a town of France, one league s of Paris. BouRMONT,^ town of France, in the (department of Upper Mame and late pro- vince of Champagne, 22 miles K by N of Chaumont. Lon. 5 43 E, lat. 48 14 N. Bourn, a town in Lincolnshire, with 9. good market on Saturday. It is leated near a fpring, called Bourn Well-head, from which proceeds a river that runs through the town to Spalding. From Bourn is a navigable canal to Bollon. It is 35 miles s of Lincoln, and 97 N of London. Lon. o ao w> lat. $i 4^ fi. BovRO, an iHand in the Indian Ocr:in, between the Moluccas and- Celebes, fub- jeSi to the Dutch, who have a fortrefs here. Some mountains in it are cx.renicly higli, and the fea on one fide i« uncomv monly deep. It produces nutmegs ai\d cloves, cocoa and baana trees, and many vegetables introduced by the Dutch. Crocodiles, of an aitonifliing Cze, infeft the banks of the rivers, devowinir I'uch lieafts as fall in their way ; and men are protected from their fury by no other method than carrying torr hes : they have even been known, in the night« to feise people in their boats. Bouro is 50 milf* in circiunfcrence. Lon. 127 25 E* lat, 3 30 8. BOVRTON-ON-THE-HILL, « vUIaffe In Gloucelterihire, on the {tde of a hiUf with a BiK pvo^A into Oxfordihire. There are two fpnngs in this pariAi, into the Severn. It is five miles from StoWf and 30 irom Gloucefter. Bourton-on-the-water, a village, one mile from the preceding place, wa- tered by a river that rifes near it, which here fpreads 30 feet wide, and over which is a ftone bridge. Adjoining to it is a quadrangular Roman camp, inr ioiing Co acres, now divided into 20 fiel is, VOMK coins and other antiquities are dug up. BoussAC, a town of France, in the de- nartment of Creuie and late province •£ Marche, with a caftle, on an almoft inac« ceflible rock, 25 miles ne of Gueret. BovTON, an iAand in the Indian Ocean« is miles se of Celebes. The inhabitants are fmall, but well fliaped, and of a dark oliye complexion. Tneir religion is Mahometaniihi. Lon. 123 30 E, lat. 50 s. Bow, a town in Devonfliire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated at the fource of a river that falls into the Taw, 14 miles NW of Exeter, and 1S8 w by s of London. Lon. 3 49 w, lat.*5o 50 n. Bow, or Stratford le Bow, a confidei-able village in Middle&x, two miles' EN £ of London. It has many mills, manufaflures, and diftilleries, on the river Lea, which here feparates Mid« dlefex from FlTex. It is raid that the bridge here, was the flift ftone one built in England, and that from it* «rches it received th« name of Bow. liOWNESS. Sec BULNESS. BoxLEY, ,a village in Kent, near Maidftone, famous Tor an abbey of. Ciftertian monks, founded by Wiliiam carl of Kt^t in 1 246, the remains of ■ ■ F4 I P lul, BRA BRA wVich ftill exlft. In this abl-sey, Edwrud II granted the charter to the city cf London, empowering them to tk6i a xntjor from their own body. Here was the famous wooden figure, called the Kood of Grace; the lips, eyes, and head *f which moved en the approach of its irotaries. It was broken to pi«ces, at St. Paul's Crols, in JS'i^y ^7 HiUey, bifl)op of Rochetter, who (howed to the eredulous people the iprings and wheels by which it had been moved. BoxTEL, a town of Dx'tch Brabant, on the river Bommel, eight miles s of Bcis- ]e^\ic. Lon. 5 is e, lat. 51 3a n. ■ BoxTHVDE, a town of Lover Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, feated on a brook "which falls into the Elbe, la miles sw cf Hamburg. Lon. 9 45 E, Int. 53 ^6 N. Boyle, or Abbey Bovle, a borough «f Ireland, in the county of RofcommoH, remai'kable fices. The cartle cf" Brae-Mar, tlie family fi;at of the earls of Mar, now belongs to the earl of Fife. Here the earl /)t Mar. began the rebellion in 1715. It is 27 miles NW of Aberdeen. Braca, a town of Pcytugal, capital of EntreMinho-e-Doinfro, leated on the river Cavado, iSo miles N of- Lilbon. Lon. 8 29 w, lat. 41 42 N. Bracanza, the capital of the duchy of Bragaiiza, in Portugal. It is divided into two towns, the Old and the New t the Old is feated on an eminence, fur- rounded by double walls j and the Kew (tands in a plain, at the foot of a moun- tain, and is defended by a fort. It is feated on the Sab or, 31 miles nw of Miranda. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 42 2 N. Braila, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Walachia, on the Danube. It has a caftle, taken by the Rulfians ilk 1711, but afterward reftored. Braii«0W| a town of Poland; in TqA^ • Vva, oi Brack! Br| Haina 4 ft E,| Br[ m?.rk.B derabll to tlicl noted 1 thclnl Lcn. BrI biiho[i rlviilel Lon. BrI the c lat. 50 15 N. Brandenburch, a country of Ger- many, bounded on the N by Fomcranla and Mcclcnbnrgi on the e by Poland; on the s by Silefia, Lulatia, Upper Sax ny, and Magdeburg J and on the w by Lu- nenburg. It is divided into five principal part8j the Old Marche, Pregnitz, the Middle Marche, Uckcr Marche, and the New Marck, 2erUa is the capital j and ERA the principal rivers arc the Elbe, Ksrei^ Spree, Uckcr, Oder, and Wartc. i'he grea 1 part of the inhabitants ai'e Lu- therans ; but the paplits arc tolerated. BPANDENBVRf;, a town or Oomany, divided into the Old and New Town, by the ilavd, which ieparates the fort froiu botli. Great numbers of French ictugc^i having lettled here, introduced their nm- irui'actuies, and reni'.ertd it a proiptrouj place. It is 26 miles \v of Beilin. Lon. 14. 5 E, lat. 5a 45 N. Brandon, a village in Suffolk., featod on the Little Ouie, over which is a bridge, and a ferry at a mile's diflance ; whencs it is divided into Brandon, and J3randoa. Ferry : which laft has tlie molt buline/s, bccaule commodities are brought thither trom the ills ot Ely. It is 12 mites n of Bury. Branska, a town of TranfyJvanla, on the rivtr Merifli, 35 miles s of WeL- lembui^. Lon. 24 15 E, lat. 46 o .\'. Brasil, a country of S America, which gives the title of prince to th« hck- apparent of the crown of Portugal. It includes the moft eaitem part of S Amd rica, and lies between the equino^iai line and the tropic of Capricorn, being 1560 niilts in length, and 1000 in breadth. | ^vas diicovered in 1500, by Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguefe, who was iorced Upon it by a tempeft. The air of thi« country, though within the torrid zone, is temperate and wholelbme. The loll is fertile, and more fugar comes thence than from all other parts of the world! It produces tobacco, Indian corn, feveral forts of fruirs and medicinal di-ugs. Tiie wtrod brought from Brafil, and hence fo called, is of gieat ufe in dying red; and within the country theic is gold, and fe- verai jorts 01 precious (tones. The cattle, cairied over trom Enrope, incr«afe pro- digioully. They have feveral anim=Us not known in Europe; among the reft, a beautiful bhc called Colibii, whofe body K not muf ii larger thin that of a May- bug and it fings as harmonic ufly as a nightingale. The Portuguelb chiefly m- hab»t the coaft ; for they have not pene- trated for into the countiy. The inland parts aie iull of people of differau lan- guages; but they all agree in wearing nk clothes. They are ot 3 copper colour, with lung coai le black hair on their heads, but without any on the otlwr parts of their bodies, like the reft of the Ameri- cans. They mo ftuong, lively, and gay, and lubjed to few diieaies. They love to adorn themlelvcs with feathers, and VC Xbiia of fcaJU, at wliich tlwsy dance f ' L' b':' ;.■¥:; ;fv. BRA B R £ Jmiaoderately. TlKy have no temples, oar any other fign ot religion j anil they make no manner of fci-upple to many their nearcft relations. They have huts made of the brankhes of tiets, and co- vered with palm leaves. Their lurnitiire eonfilts clikHy in their h'tminccks, and . featcdonSt. George's Channel, 10 miles s of Dublin. Lon. S 1 w, Iat. 53 II N. Bray, a village in Bcrkfhire, famous in fong toy its vicar, who, having be«n twice a papill, ami twice a proteitant, in fotir fiicceilive reign.i, :ind tiicrcfbre taxed with beint; a tuincuat, laid, he always kept to his principle, ' to live and die vicar of Bray.' It is feuttd on the Thames, one mile s of Muidcnhcad. Brazza, a town and illaxvi on the coaft of Dulmatia, in the gulf of Venice, oppofite Spalatro, and fubje£\ to Venice. Lon. 17 35 E, Iat. 43 50 N. Breadalbane. See Albanv. Brechin, a borougli in Angusflure, feated in a plain, on i\w river South £lk. The Gothic cathedral is partly ruinous, though one of its at/les ierves for the paiiih church. Adjoining to this is a curious antique round tov appears by the Koman coins th«t are often dug up here. It con- tains three churches, one of which is col- legiate; has a good trade in clothing, and a market on Wcdnel'day and Friday. To the s of the town is a conftderable lake, well ftored with iiih, whence runs a rivulet into the Wye. It lends one member to parUament, and is 34 miles Nw of Monmouth, and 162 w by N of London. Lcr*. 3 22 w, Iat. 51 54 n. Brecknockshire, a county of S Wales, 39 miles in length, and 27 in breadth ; bounded on the E by Hereford- ihire and Monmouthlhire, on the s by Glamorganihire, on the w by Carmar- thenfhire a^ Cardiganihire, and on the N by Radnorfhire. It is full of moun- tains, feme of which are exceedingly high, pai'ticularly Monuchdenny-hill, not far from Brecknock ; but there are large fertile plains and vallies, which yield plenty uf corn, and feed great numbers of cattle. It lies in the diocefe of St. David's, has four market-towns and 6t f>ari flics, and i'ends two members to par- iamtr.. Its principal rivers are the Wye and the Ulk. Breda, a city of Dutch Babant. The fiNtificatioiw are dreogthettid by the watersl perty the prl is a m ^^ deliveJ B R E B R E waters and moraiTes near it. The wo- perty and government of it bek>n|red to the prince of Orange. The great church it a noble ilniflure, with a fine fpire, 361 tret high. In 1577, the Spanifh garrilbn delivered this city to the Dutch } but it was recovsred in 158 1. In 1590, the Dutch retook it. In 1615, the Spaniardsi after a memorable (lege of ten month*, reduced it; hut, 151637, the prince of Oranj^ fftook it. In 1793 it was I'ur- rendercd to the French, after a fiege of wily three days, but it was retaken loon alter. It is leated on the river Merk, ix miles w by s of Bois-ie-duc, 45 NNE of Antwerp, and 60 s of Amfterdam. Lou. 4 50 £, lat. 51 35 N. Bregentz, a tov«rn of Germany, ca- pital of a county of the fame name, in the Tirol. It U feated on the lake of Con- ftance, feven miles ne of Appenzel. Lon. 9 4.5 E, lat, 4.7 »7 n. Brehar, the molt mountainous of the J^cilly Iflands, 30 miles w of the Land's End. Lon. 6 4.1 w, lat. 50 2 N. Brele, a rivec of France, which di- vides the department of Lower Seine from that of Somme, and watering Eu, enters the Englifh Channel. Bremgarten, a town of Swifferland, in the free lower bailiwics, watered by the Reuli between the cantons of Zuric and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in paper ; and are Roman catholics. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Town, has a handfome bridge over the Reufs, and is 10 miles w of Zurio. Lon. I 17 E, lat. 47 30N. Bremen, a confiderable town of Ger- many, capital of a duchy of the fame name, with an archbifliop's fee, which is fecularized. The Wefer divides it into the Old and New Tovvm. In 1739, w*»»^« the inhabitants were afleep, the magazine of powder was fet on fire by lightening, and all the houfes were Ihaken, as if there had been an earthquake. It is x» miles E of Oldenburg. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 53 6 N. Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, lying between the Weler and the Elbe j the former of which l«parates it from Oldenburg, and the other from Holftein. The air is cold j but the country is fertile and populous. It for- merly belonged to the Swedes, but was fold to the eleflor of Hanover, in 1716. In the winter it is fubjefl to inundations, and particularly in 1617, on Chriftmas- ^ay, (everal thoufand cattle were droSvn- cd, beilde icvcral hundreds of men. ' Bremen woerd, a town of Germany* in the duchy of Bremen, 17 miles N of Bremen. Lon. 8 4.3 E, lat. 53 33 N. Brent, a town iu Devonfliire, with a market on Saturday, %6 miles sw of Exeter, and too w by s of London. Lon, 4 z £, lat. 50 33 N. Brent, a river in Somerfetlhire, which riles in Selwood Foreft, on the edge of Wilts, and falls into BiidgewaterBay. B.'iENTE, a river which rifes in the bifliopric of Trent, and falls into the gulf, oppofite Venice. BreNTFORP, a town in Middlelex, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the Thames, into which, at the w end of the town, flows a rivulet called the Brent. Here the freeholders of Mid- dlefex choofe the knights of the (hire. It is a long town ; that part of it, called Old Brentford, is oppofite Kew Green, and that called New Brentford, contains the church and market-place. It is fevea miles w of London. Lon. o 10 w, lat. 51 26 N. Brentwood, a town in ElTex, with a market on Thurfday. It ftands on x fine eminencs, 11 miles wswof Chehnf* ford, and 18 ene of London. ' Lon. • 25 e, lat. 51 36 n. Brescia, a town of Italy, capital of Brefciano, with a citadel, and a Di(hop*« fee. It was taken by the French in July 1796. It is feated on the Garza, 95 miles w of Venice. Lon. 10 5 e, lat. 45 3» N. Bresciano, a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice ; bounded on the N by the country of the Grifons and the bi(hopric of Trent ; on the E by lake Carda, the Veronefe, and tht Mantuan { on the s by the Mantuan and the Cremo- nefe ; and on the w by Cremaico, Berga- mo, and the Valteline. It is watered by feveral fmall rivers, and is full of towns and villages. Brefcia is the capital. Bresello, a town of Italy, in the Moden^fe, on the river Po, zf miles NW of Modena. Lon, 10 41 B»lat. 44 50 N. Breslaw, a large, rlcH» and populous town of Germany, capital of Silefia, with a bi(hop'8 fee, and • umverfity. It it feated at the conflux of the Oder and Ola, which lafi runs through feveral of the (h-eets. Tlie houfes are built with ftone, and it is furrounded by good wallsy (f rengthened by ramparts and other woHcs. There are two idands near it, formed by the Oder ; in one of wluch is a church, whofe tower was burnt by lightening in 1730 i in the other, calleil Thum, is the '■'m\ i i ,'fi ■I B R E BUI fttficdral. The royal palace was dbtainfd by the Jefuits, where they lounded a univcrfity in 170a. The two principal churcinrs belong to the protcilanrs ; nuur one ot' which i» a college. It wus taken by the king of Pruflia in ly+x* ami re- taken by the vVuitrians in 1757} but the king regained it the lame year. It is 1 r2 niles NE of Prague, and 165 N of Vienna. Lcn. 17 8 E, lat. 51 5 N- Bresse, a late province of Fiance, 2>o\inded on tlic N by Jiuigundy ;ind tranche C'cmtc, on the E by Savov, on the s by the Viennois, and on tlie w by the Lyonois. It now forms tlie depart- ment of Ain. Bressicj, or BftZ£^K» the capital of Folcfia, in Poland, Ibated on . the river Bog, 100 mites B of Warfaw. It is a fortified town, and has a caltlc l)iiilt noon a rock. Here is a fynagf>gue, rclorted to Ky the Jews from all Vac countries in Ivurope. Lon. 24. 6 e, lat. 52 4 n. i^^RESsuitrvj a, town of France, in the dejxirtment of the 7\vo Sevres and late province of Poitou, with a college, 35 miles Nw of Poitiers. Bi^E^To ^ <^own of France, in the de- l^lftment of Finifterre and hte province of Brittany, with a caftle.fcated on a craggy rock by the feaftde. The ftreets are nar- row, crooked, and all tipon a. declivity. Tlie qnay is above a mile in length. The arfenal was built by Lewis xiv, whofe fucceflbr cftablifbed.a marine academy iiere in 1752; and, as this is the belt fort in France, ft has every other acqom- r.ietlation for the navy. The Fngllfc actemp cd in vain to take this place in 3694. It is 30 miles se of Morkix, and 325 N of Paris. Lon. 4 30 w, lati 48 iz N. Bretagny, or Brittany, a late province of France, 150 miles in length, and J 12 in breadth. It is a peninlula, imited on the e to Anjou, Maine, Nor- iiiandy, and Poitou. The air is tempe- rate, and it has large forelts. It now forms the dep^rfintnts of the North Coaft, jinifterp?e, Kle and Vilaine, Lower Loire, aiid Morbinan. BRErEVii>':■ ii B R I Swaft, 53 milet N of Vienna, and 17 8 w •f Olmutz. Lon. 16 40 £• lat. 49 BrioudEi in France, the name of two towBi, a mile distant fium each other, in the department of Upper Loire and late ii.'oviDce of Velay ; one of which is called Old BrM>ude,and the other Church Brioude, •n account of afamous chapter. Old Bri- •ude U ieated on the river AUieri over which it a bridge of one ; lat. 22 15 N. Brod, or Brodt, a ifa^ong place of Hungary, on the river Sav«> famous for a battle gained by the Turks in i68g. It is 20 miles se oi Pofega. Lon. 19 25 E, tat. 45 ao N. Brod Nsmekx>, or Tevtch-Brod, a tc^vh of Bohemia, on the rWer Sozawa, Witailes s by E o£ Czazlaw. Lou. 1 5 40B, lat. 49 J3 N« 6r«dzisC) a town cf Iuthua&ia» on. B R O on the river Berezina^ 100 miles t of F«* lotlk. Lon. 2S 5 I, lat. 54 t N. Broek, a town of WeitphaUa, in th« duchy of Berg, the capital of a count/ of the fame name ; fcateii on the Roer, tt miles N of Dufleldorp. Lon. ( 53 £» lat* 5123N. Broek, In N Holland, fix miles from Amlterdam, cne of the moft finevlar and piflurefquc villages in the world. Th# ' inhabitants, though peafants only, arc all rich. The (tieets arc paved in mofaic work, with variegated bricks. Th* houtes arc painted on the eutlide, and luok as frem as if quite new. Each ha« a eacden and terrace, inclofed by a low railing, that permits every thing to be feen. The terrace i» in the front of th« houfe, and from this is a defceni into th» garden, which forms the feparation be- tween each houfe. The g^dens are a* domed with china vafeS) grottos of /hell* work, trees, and flowers { with bordert compoled of minute particles of glafs, of difll-renc colours, and difpofed into a va- riety of forms. Behind the houfes and orardens are meadows, full of cattle grat- mg : the outhoules arc likewile behind ^ fo that waggons, carts, and cattle, never enter thefe neat ftreets. Broken Bay, abayof New S Wales, on th« £ coaft of New Holland. It i» formed, by, the mouth of a great rivet called the Hawke(biuy. Lon. 151 27 E, lat. 33 34 s. Bromley, a tovm in Kent, with a market en Thurfday. Here is a college for 30 poor clsrcrymen's widows; and near the town is the palace of the bifho* of Rechelter, where there is a mineral fpring. Bromley is. 10 miles s by E of London. Lon. o 6 b, lat. 51 23 11. Bromley, a town in S*if[ord{h\T9^ with a market on Tuefday. It wa» formerly called Abbots-Bromley, and afterward Pagets-Bromley, being given to lord Paget at the diflblution ot tha abbies. It is feven miles- B of Stafford, and 130 NW of London. Lon. s 3s w» lat. 5i 50 N. Bromley, a village near Bow, in Middlefex. It had once a monaltery, the church of which is ftill ufed by the in^ habitants. Brompton, a village ia Middlefex, two miles- w by s of London. Here is» the public botanical garden and librasy o£ Mr. William Curtis. Bromton, a village in Kent, fituatc on an cafy afceat from Chatham, and containing the fine barracks for tbe aoif Utary-of uuitt gaixifoa. ¥s I -■ r 12724r B R U B R U . Bromsgrovb, a town in Worcefter- IhliK, with a iivirket on I'uclday. It is Crated on die river Sviwurp, und has a coniklciahle trad« in cluthin^. It is 1 5 nika nne of VVoixeftcr, and 115 nw oi Ito&don. Lon. i $0 w, Ut. ^z 25 n. Br-OMyaru, a town in Ilcrctm-dlliire, with a market on lucldny. It i» iS milcH w of WoiCwiicr, and 125 WNW of Lpudon. Lon. a 20 w, ut. 52 i! n. BkonnOi a town of Ituly, in the Mi- laaele, 10 miles ijk of Pava. Lon. 9 26 K, lat. 45 6 N. Broom, Loch, a p;i'eat lake and arm •f the feu, in Kol'sihirt:, on the w coalt of bcotUnd. It has long been noted ior hu-rrings of peculiar txccUencc, and is «(teemcd one of the belt fiiliing itatiunu on the coalt. Br.ora> a feaport on the E coalt of Sutherlandlliirc. Here is a coal mine, which was lately worked, and the coul uiied in the m;uiuiadure of I'alt; but k cannot be exported, or carvied to any (liltancc, as it takes fiie on being cxpoied to tlie air. Brora is 40 milts N by E of Inverncls. Brora> a river in Sulhcrlandniire, which ill'ues from a lake ox the fume name. Above the town of Brora, it terms feveral tine cafcades ; and, below it, falls into the Britifli Ocean. The precipice!) on the banks of this river are compoled of liiueltone, in which a variety of fhells are ^nbedded. BrouacE, a town of France in the department of Lower Charente and late province of tJaintongc. Its lalt-works »ie the tineft in France, and the fait is called Bay-falt, bccaufe it lies on a bay cf the iea. It is 17 miles s of Rochelle, and 170 sw of Paris. Lon. i 4. w, lat. 45 5'^ ^' Brovca, a town of Sicily, on the gulf «f Catania, 1 5 miles s of Catania. Lon. 15 30 E, lat. 3725N. Brovershaven, a feaport of the United Provinces, in the ifland of Schonen, XMne miles sw of Helvoetfluys. Lon., 4 15 E, lat. 51 40 N. Brvchsal, a tovm of Germany, in the bithopric of Spire, feated o}^ the river Satz, five miles SE of Philipfburg. Lon. S 36 E, lat. 49 It N. Brucg, or BROuc^atownof Swiffcr- .|md, in Argau, feated on the river Aar, over which is a bridge. It has a college, with a public library ; and is aa miles se a large epifcopal city of Au- firlan Flanders, once the -greatett tradirg IjiwA iA Europe j, but, » the i6tli tm- ttfty, the civil wars, occafioned by the tyranay of Philip 11, drove the trade firft to y^ntwerp, and tiu-n to i'Vmittrdam. It, thireiorc, u not popuiou::. now in propor- tion to its extint ; and poUetfes nothing to attrart attention hut tome fine churches and rich monalterics. Its fituation, how- ever, Itill coininards Ibme tr;idc; for it has canul). to C>hcnt, Oftend, Sluys, Nieu- port, Fumes, Yprts, and Dunkirk . Bru- ges has been 01 ten taken and rt taken, the laft time, by the French, in 1794' It is- eight miles E of Qltend. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 51 iz N. Brvcge, or Bruccen, a town of Lower Saxcn\', in the biihopric of Hildel- heim, fix miles trom the city of that name. Lon. 10 5 e, lat. $2 6 N. Brug N ETO, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, at the foot of the Appennincs, 35 miles s£ of Gtr.oa. Lo. 9 30 E, lat. 44 15 N. Bi "'ETTO, a (Irong and important plact Pidemont, near Sufa, which it defer as. Brunseuttle, a feaport of Germany, in Holltein, at the mouth of the Elbe, 1 j miles NW cf Gluckltadt. Lon. 9 z £, lat. 54 2 K. Brunswick, a country of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, bounded on the N by Lunenburg, on the w by the. circle of WeHphaiia, on the s by HeHe, and on the e by Anhalt, Halbcrftadt, and Magdeburg. 'J'he principal rivejs aie the Wel'ar, Ocker, and Lyne. It is diviiied into four duchies and two counties. The duchies of Brunlwick Proper and Brunf- wick WoUcnbuttle, with the counties of Rheinftein and Blankenhurg, arc fuhjeft to the duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle j while the elcAor of Hanovor is duke of Brunfwick Grubenh.igtn and Brunfwick Calenberg, which alio includes the diftyitt of Gottingcn. The duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle is ftylcd duke of Brunfwick and Lunenburg, as well as the eleftor of Hanover, they being both defcended from Erncft duke of Lunenburg andZell, whs died in 1546. Brunswick, alarge city ofGermany, in the duchy of Brunlwick. It was for- merly an imperial and hanfeatic town, till it was taken by the duke of Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle in 1671, who built a citadel to keep it in awe. In the fquare before the cslltle is a famous (tone ftatue, with > lion made of block-tin, done after the life. Here is alfo a rich monaitery of St. Blaife, whofe prior is a prince of the houl'e of Severn. This town it famous for tiui liciuac. c4i«4 Mm> vlucb has B R U hence the nsme of Bninfwlck M. .«. It it feated on the Ockcr, 55 miles w of Magdeburg. Lun. 10 4z £| lat. 5a 15 N. Brunswick, a town of Georgia, in N America* where tlie Turtlfr River en- ters St. Simon's Surnd. It has a lafe harbour, capable of containing a nu- mtu'ous fleet of men of v/ar i from its advantageous lituation, and the fertili- ty of the back country, it promil'es to be one of the Ailt trading towns in Georgia. It h 70 miles wsw of bavan- nah. Lon. 8z o w, lat. 31 to N. BRUNswy:K, a city of New Jerfey, in N America, fituate on the Raritau, 12 milek above Perth Amboy. Its fitu- ation is low and unpleafant ; out the inha- bitants are beginning to build on a plea- fant hill, which riles at the back ot the town. They have a confiderable inland trade, and many fmall vclTcls belonging to the port. Here is a flouriihing college, called Queen's College. Lon. 75 o w, lat. 40 20 N. Brunswick, New, in N America, one of the two provinces into which No- va Scotia was divided in 1784} bounded on the w by New England, on the N by Canada, on the e by the gulf of St. Law- rence, and on the s by the bay of Fundy and Nova Scotia. At the conclufiun of the American war, the emigration of loyalifts to this province, from the United States, was very great. St. John's is the capital. Brussels, the capital of Brabant, and feat of the govemor of the Aultrian Low Countries. It has many magnilicent fquares, public buildings, and walks, and many public fountains, one of which, in tlie Place de Sablon, was ere£led by Thomas, fecond earl oi Ailefbury, who rcfided here 43 years in a kind of exile. Here is a kind of nunnery, called the Beguinage, which is like a little town, having fome ftreets, and being furrounded by a wall and a ditch : the women educated here are allowed to leave it when they choofe to marry. Bruilels is celebrated for its fine lace, camblets, and tapeftry . It was bombarded by marfhal Villcroy in 1695, by which 4000 houfes were deftroyed ; and has been more than once taken and retaken fmce ; the laft time by the French in 1794. It is feated partly on an eminence, and partly on the rivulet Senne. It hat a communi- cation with the Scheld by a fine canal, jmd is 22 miles s of Antweip, 26 sb of Ghent, and 148 n by e of Paris. Lon. 4 21 E, lat, 50 51 N. Bruton, a town in Somerfetflure, B U C with a market on Saturday, a ftlk-mill, and manufactures in iergcs and (lockings. Here is a fiee.chool, ibundcd by Kdwaid VI ; and a Itatcly ahniho\ile, conflitlng of the ruins of a priury. It is feated on th« river Brew, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 109 w of London. Lon. a 38 w, lat. 51 7 N. Bruviers, a town of France, in the department of the Volges and late pro- vince of Lorrain, 12 miles s bv b of Lunevillc. Lon. 6 50 E. lat. 48 18 N. Bryans-bridge, a town of Ireland, in the county of Clare, Icated on the Shannon, eight miles N of Limet'ck. Lon. 8 34 w, lat. $% 50 N. BuA, an illand of the gulf of Venice, on the coad of Dahnatia, near the town of Traou, called likewifc Partridge Kland, bccaufe frequented by tho(e birds. Buarcos, atown of Portugal, in Beira, 27 miles s of Aveira. Lon. 8 30 W, lat. 40 13 N. BucHAN, a diArifl in the ne part of Aberdeenlhire, from the fea to the river Ythan on the s. BuCHANNESS, the mctt eaftem pro- montory of Scotland, fituate in the diltrift of Buchan, in lon. 1 26 w, lat. 57 ig n. Between this promontoi y and the town of Peterhead is the place called the BuUers, or Boilers of Buchan ; a large oval cavity, formed by the liand of nature, in the Iteep rocks on the coaft, about 1 50 feet deep. Boats frequently lail into this awful pit.un- dcr a natural aich (pening to the lea at the E end, and refembhng the e window of fome great cathedral. At a little dif- tance, is a vaft inlulated rock, divided by a narrow and very deep chalin from the land i and in the middle of the reck, many feet above the level of the water, is a laige tiiangular aperture, through which th« fea, when agitated, tufhes with a tremen- dous nolle. BucHAW, a free imperial town of Suabia, on the Tederfce, with a nunnery, whole abbefs has a voice in the diet of the empire. It is 27 miles sw of Ulm< Lon. 9 40 £, lat. 48 10 N. BucuoREST, a laige and firong town of Walachia, where the hofpodar com- monly refides. It is 45 miles ss of Ter- govilto. Lon. 26 17 E, lat. 45 7 n. BuCHORN, a free imperial town of Suabia, on the lake of Conltance, tS milet £ of Cunitance. Lon. 9 42 e, lat. 47 41 N. BucKENHAM, a town in Norfolk, mih a market on Saturday, 12 -miles £ by M of Thetford, and 97 N£ of London. Lon. I 6 E, lat. i;z 34 N. Buckingham, the chief town Sa ' 'M i\ I I S U D Bucl^inghamfhue, with a market on Sa- tucday^. I-t is almoft liirrounded by the Ou{e, over which are thjxe ftone bridges. There was formerly a caltle, on a niount> in the middle of the town. It lends two member* to parliament, and is 25 miles NE of Oxtoid, and 57 Nw of London. Iinania and Macedonia, and on the w by bcrvia. 'BuLNi-ss, or BowNESS, a village in Cumberuri'l, at tlie end of the i'ii.U Wail, on the SoiwLiy tnth. It was a Koi.ian Itution, called Biauiu Bulijiuni ; ;i:id lience Antoninus begin his Itinerary. St is I J nii'es w by N or Carliile. BuNOELAj or BuNDELCUN?, a ter- ritory 01 Hin.l )oft.:n Proper, on tlie s\V ot the river Jurnna, an.l ;epar:itea hv.n it by a. nari*:)w traiFl ol low Cf-uniry. It is inhabited by a tribe or R ijpoots, and is AirrouMueii by dse danunions ot Oii^t, Be- uares, stnd the Mahrattaj. Ic is a moun- tainoufs tract^ of moie th-.m loo niiles l'qu«ire, and contains the celebrated dia- ftiond mines 6t' Puhna, with Ibme Itrong ffjriiefles. Chattcrpour is the capital. Lon. 79 75 E, lat. 25 o N. Bungay, a town in Sutfolk, with a market on Thiir.day, leared on the Wavenay, which is navigable hence to Yarmouth. It has two chinches j and ihe ruins oPa' Ittmous nunnery, anJ of a caftle. In 1689, the town was almoit all de^royed by hre. It is now, however, a good tradm? pace ; and the wcmcn are employed in "knitting worded ftockiiigs. It is 36 jniles N by e of Ipiwlch, and 107 NB ot' London^ Lon. i 30 E, icit. 5* 35 N- Bunco, a kingdom of Jnpn.n, in the iiland of Ximo, whc-"" capital is 'unay. The king of this country was converted to Chriftianity, and lent an embaily to pope Gregory, in 1683. Buniva, a mountain of Greece, be- tween Jpanna and Liva'.lia, extending to the gulf of Zeiton. The ancient name vvas CEta ; and it is famous for tlie pals of ThermopyicB (lb cilh.d for the hot baths in the nci^hbourhcofl) wliere Leo- nidus, and his gailmt 300 Spartans, rt'fiifed', for thive day;;, the wlr^le Perfian anny. Ti.Ls ia ihc pl'-ce, feigned by the ancients to be the fcene of tiie death of Wferculfcs. BtTNTiNOFORD, a town of Herts, with a market on Monday, leven miles s of koyilon, and 31 N by e of London. Lon. o 6 E, lat. 51 58 N. BVRAGRAO, a river of Barbary, in the kingdom of Fez, which falls into the At- lantic Ocean, at Sallee. BURELLA, orClVlTA BURREL^A, a town of Naple», in Abru770 Citeriore, 20 miles a of Lancimio. Lon. 14. 4!$ e, lat. 41 58 N. Bur EN, a tcTi-n of Dutch Guelder- land, which gives the title of count of i •-.' H. BUR Buren to thef prince of Orang*. It ie iz miles w 6f Nimegiien. Lon. 5 it S^ lat. 51 58 N. BuKhiN, a town of Wcftphalia', in the bin;6pric of Padcfboifn^ leated on the Alme, to mile.'* s ot J^aderboro. Lon. 8 53 E, lut. 53 16 N. BtREN, a town of Swifferland, in the canton of Bern, :ciud oil the Aar, be- tween Arberg and Soleure. B u RF RD, a town in Oxfordihire, with a niark .t on Sa urday j fcaied on the river Windrulh, and noted lor the making ojf laddies, and tor the downs in iis neigh- bourhood, it is 17 miles \v by N of Oxford, and 71 w of London. Lon. 1 33 w, iat. 51 4.9 N. Burg, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Zutphcn, feated on the Old Yliel, 18 miles E of Nimegueh. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 52 59 N. Burg AW, a town and caftle of SuabJi, capital of a m> ^mvatc of the fame name. It belongs to the houfe of Aiiftria, and is 26 miles w of Auglburgi Lon. lo 25 E, kt. 4.8 28 E. Bu RG DO RF, a large town of Swifltr- land, in the cantort of Bern, v^th a caftle. It is ieated on an eminence, ei^ht miles tile, of Bern. Lon. 7 19 E> hu 46 58 N. BurgH-jLear, a village in Hamp- fliiie, three miles \v of Kingfclear. On the top of a hill, near it, is the traces of a camp, and an extcnlive profpeft. Burgh- trpoN-SANDs,^ a village in Cumberland, near Solway Frith, where Edward the Firlt died, in 1307, as h« was preparing for an expedition againft Scotland, The fpot where he died is diftinguilhed by a column 17 feet high, cr.^i5led by the duke of Norfolk in 1665'. It is five miles nw of Carlifie. Eurgos, a town of Spain, capital of Old Caftilc, .ind an archbiftiop's fee*. The ft^uares, public buildhigs, and fotiu- talns are fine. It is (bated partly on a mountain, and partly on the river Arari- zon, 95 rriiles E by s of Leon, and' 1V7 N of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 w, latl 4* 20 N. B u R G u ri D r , a late provincfe' of Frapp>', 112 miles in length,, and 75 in breadtoi bounded ca the 5 by Franchc Coniptf, on the w by Botu;bonnols and Nivieirhoi's> on fhe s by Lyonois, and on l£fi N by Champagne". It Is fertile in com, fru'its, and excellent wines j and is now fonhe^ Into the three departments" of Cote d'Oi*, Saone and Loire, and Yorine. BuRHANFOUR, a city of HindooKan in the Ditfcftn, the capitiJ of Omdeiih, ^ G X BUR and, at one period, of the Deccan alfo. It is ftill a flourifhing city, fituate in the midft ot' a delightful country, iz$ miles e by N of Siirat. Lon. 76 19 E, lat. 21 BuRiCK, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, feated on the Rhine, op- pofite Wefei, 17 miles se of Clcvcs. Lon. 6 18 E, lat. 51 32 N. BURKHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in Lower Bavaria, on the river Saltz, 27 miles N by w of Saltzburg. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 40 17 N. Burlington, a town in Yorkfhire. See Bridlington. Burlington, a town of New Jerfey, in N America, leated on the Delaware, which is here a mile bread, and affords a fafe and conveniest harbour. Here are two places of worfliip ; one for the quakers (the moft numerous) the other for the epii'copalians ; alfo two market-houlcs, a court-houfe, and the belt gaol in tlie ftate. It is a free port ; and the mayor holds a commercial court, when tlie matter in con^ troverfy is between foreigners, or fo- reigners and citizens. It is 17 miles N of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 10 w, lat. 40 17 n. BuRMAH, an extenfive kingdom of Afia, to the E of the Ganges j fonietimes, but erroneoufly, called Ava, frsm the name of its capital. It is bounded by Pegu o« the s, and occupies both fides of the river Ava, to the frontiers of China j on the w it has Aracan, and on the E Upper Siam. This country, wliich is little known to Europeans, produces fome of the beft teek tiinWr in India. Ships built of teek, upward of 40 years old, aie no uncommon objeiils in the Indian Teas, wi'ere an European ed by Qcorgc earl of Shi-ewlbury, ai:d here Mary queen of Scets was for fome time. The duke of Devonfliire has erefted a beautiful building in the form of a cref- cent, under which are piazzas and Jhops. A mile from hence is another of the won- ders, called Pool's Hole, at the foot of a mountain. The entrance is low and narrow, but it prefently opens to a cave of confiderabk height, and 696 feet long, with a roof refenibling a Gothic cathe- dral: it contains many ftalaititiouy con- cretions, and leverul curlcus repreicnta- tions both of art and nature, produced by the peti"ifying water continually dropping from the rock. Buxton is 31 miles nw of Derbv, and 160 nnw of London. BuzBACH, a town of Germany, in Weteravia, and in the county of holms, 29 miles N by E of Francfort. Lou. 8 44. E, lat. 50 23 N. ByCHOW, a town of Lithuania, on the Dnieper, 180 miles sw of Wilna. Lon. 30 o E, lat. 53 38 N. Byron's Island, an illand in the S Pacific Ocean, difcovered by commodore Byron in 1765. It is low, full of wood, and very populous. The natives are tall, v.cll proportioned, and clean j their fea- ' furcs good, and their countenance exprcf- five ot a i'urpri?ing mixture of inrepidity and cheerfuincfs. Lon. 173 46 E, lat. i 18 s. Byzantium. See Constantino- ple. C. CAANA a town of Egypt, on the river Nile, v^'hcnce ihey tranlport corn and pulllt to Tuecca, Some fine inonaraents, covei-ed wich hicrof/lvphlcal ctoa)a61ers, have been tound here. It is 310 mik-s s ol Cairo. Lon. 30 -23 E, lit. 46 30 N. Cabbca-de-Vide, a town of Portu- gal, in Alentejo, with a caftle, 1 2 miles sw ot Portaiegro. Lon. 6 43 w, lat. 39 ION. CABENpA,afeapeFt of Africa, in Con- go, 00 miles SE of Loango, fubjeft to Portugal. Loa. la a e, lat, 4 5 s. CAfES, or Gabes, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Tunis, on a river near a gulf of the fame name. Lon. lO 55 E, lat. 33 40 N. Cabreria, an iiland in the Mediter- ranean, about fevcn miles s of Majorca. It has a large harbour, defended by a cafUe. Cabul, a province of Hindooftan Pro- per, bounded on the w by Fcifia, on the N by the HIndoo-ko, on tiie u by Cafli- mce, and on the s by Candahar. It is a country highly divirfifiedj confifting of mountuins covered with eternal fnow} hills of moderate iiclght and eafy afccnt ; lich plains, and lUtely fortfts; and tWele enlivened by inmunerable ftreams. It prcduc:s eveiy aiticle ntceflary for human Jife, with tJie moft delicate fruits and flowers. It is fometiir.es called Zabuli- Itan, from Zabul, one of the names o; Ghizni, which was the ancient capital 0: the country. This province is lubjeA to the king of Candahar. Cahul, the capital of the province of Cabul, and of the dominions of the king of Candnhar, leated near the. foot of the Hindoo ko, and the fmnce of the Attock, which runs near it. Its fitua- tlon is nolefs romantic than pleafant ; and it has within its reach, the fruits and other products both of the temperate and torrid zone. It is confidered as the gate of India toward Tartary, as Candahar is with relpeft to Ptrfia. It is 680 mHes NW of Delhi. Lon. 68 58 E, lat. 34 36 N. Cacaca, a town of the kingdom of Fez, v^'ith a fort upon a rock. The Mo(;rs retook it flora the Spaniards in 1534. Lon. z 55 w, lat, 35 2 N. Cacerks, a town of Spain, in Eftra- nisdura, tamotis for its fine v.ool, and ILattd on the Siibrot, 22 miles sE of Al- cantara. Lon. 5 44 e, lat. 39 11 n. Caclr s Dii Camarinha, a town of Luconla, one of the Philippine Iflands, witn a bidiop's ite. Lon. 124 o e, lat. H ^5 N- Cackan, or Cashan, a'town of Pef- fia, ill Lac J^ gemi, where they carry on a conliderabie tratle in filks, fiiver and gold brocades, and fine earthen ware. I'htre are ir.any ChriiUano, and Guebres, or worfluppers of fire, in this place. It is le;ited in a vaft plain, 55 mileg N by w ollfpahan. Lon. 51 55 e, lat. 33 20 N. Cachao, the capital of a provinv:e of the fame name, in 1 ontjuin, on the river Hoti, 80 mika from the gulf of Ton- quia. It contains zo,ooo houfes, whofe giralls thatcl is th pcopl men They ber o fdks Lon. on th to thi and flaves C on greati MJ !.■• ' Cad c A E lear 55 fer- ■ca. a lO- the fli- is of i walls are of mud j the roofs covered with thatch. The hoiifc of the EngliHi faftoiy is the beft in the place. The trading people are civil to Itrangirs, but the great men haughty, ard the poor thievifli. They are pagans and have a great num- ber of pagodas. The faftories putchale filks and lackered ware, as In China. Lon. 105 31 £, lat. 22 10 N. Cached, a town of Negroland, fcated on the river St. Domingo. It is fubjeft to the Portuguele, who have three foits, and carry on a great trade in v/ax and Haves. Lon. 14. 55 £, lat. 12 o N. Cacongo, aiVnall kingdom of Africa, on the river Zaire. The inhabitants are great traders ; and their manners, religion, and government, are the fame as in Lo- ango. It lies in lat. 5 o s. Cacorla, a town of Spain, an Anda- lufia, on the rivulet Vega, between two mountains. It belongs to the archbilhop of Toledo, and is 15 miles ese of Ubeda. Lon. 2 55 E, lat. 37 40 N- Cadenac, a town of France, in the department of Lot and lute province of Querci, ll-atcd on the river Lot, 27 miles £N£ of Cahors. Lon. 2 o E, lat. 44. 3a N. Cadenet, a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, 28 miles SE of Avignon. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 43 4Z N. Cadillac, a town of France, in the department of Gironde and late province ,of Guienne, feated on the Garonne, with a caftle, 1 5 miles SE of Bourdeaux. Lon. O 22 w, lat. 44 40 N. Cadi 7,, a large and rich city of Spain, in Andalufia, with a good harbour. It is a bi(ho^)'s fee, and feated on an ifland, 18 miles in length and nine in breadth j but the N\v end, where the city ftands/ is not two broad. It has a communica- tion with the continent, by a bridge. The bay formed by it is 12 miles in length and fix in breadth. Tiie s fide is inaccelfible by leabecaui'e it is edged with craggy rocks ; and two forts, the Puntal and Matagorda, command the [aflage into the harbour. It is a very ancient place, being built by the Phenicians : it was afterward a Roman townj and there are ftill leveral remains of Roman anti- quities. All the Spanilh ihips go hence to the W Indies, and retuirn hither. It was plundered by the Ehglifh in 1 59^5 ; hut being attempted again in 1 702, they had fiot the like fuccefs. It contains 50,000: inhabitants } and the cathedral is 4 handiome ftru£lure. It is 4^ n\ile8 w of Gibraltar, and 90 w by s of Malaga. Lon. 6 IX w, lat. 36 31 M. Cadore, the capital of the diftrif^ of Cadorino, in Italy 5 and the birthplace of Titian, the painter. It is 15 mile* N of fielluno. Lon. 12 o E, lat. 46 28 N. Cadorino, a province of Italy, in the territory of Venice j bounded on the E by Friuli Proper, on the s and w by the Belhinefe, and on the N by Brixen, It is a mountainous country, and the chief town is Cadore. Caosand, an idand on the N coaft of Flanders, at the mouth of the Scheld, which river it commands. Caen, a confiderable city of France, in the department of Calvados and late province of Lower Normandy, of v«^ich it was the capital. It has a celebrated univerfity, and an academy of literature. The inhabitants are computed at 40,000. The caltle has four towers, built by the Englifti. The firtt ftone of the noble barracks was laid in 1786, by the unfor- tunate Lewis XVI. The late abbey of St . Stephen was founded by William the Conqueror, who was buried in it. The riverOme runs through the city, to which the tide brings up large veflcls. It is 65 miles w by s ot Rouen, and 125 w cv Paris. Lon. o 17 w, lat. 49 11 N. Caer. For fome places that fre- quently begin thus, as Caerdiif, fee under Car. Caerleow, a town in Monmouth- fhire, with a mai-ket on Thurfday. It was a Roman town, as is evident from the antiquities found here; and it has the ruins of a caftle. It is fcated on the U/k, 19 miles sw of Monmouth, and 148 w by N of London. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 40 N. Caerphilly, a town in Glamorgan- ftiire, with a market on Tb irfday, feated between the Taafe and F.umney. It is thought thait the walls, now in niins, were built by the Romans, whofe coins are dug up here. It is five miles N of Landaff, and 1 58 w of London. Lon. 3 18 w., lat. 51 33 N. Caerwent, a village in Monmouth- fliire, famous for a beautiful teflelated pavement, difcovered here in 1777J and alVerted to be iUj;erior to any fuch difco- vered on this fi(k the Alps, and equal to thoie preferved at Portici. It is four miles sw of Chepftow. Caerwis, a town in Flintshire, with a market on Tuefday, five miles w of Flint, and 103 nw of London. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 53 i» N. G4 ■jm If %m C A F C A H i i Cay FA, a town of the Crimea, with ^n excellent harbour. It was taken> in S266, by the Genoeiei who made it the feat of their trade in the Eaft) and one of the moft flourifhing towns in Afia. It was taken *^.om them, by the Venetians) in 1297, but foon recovered ; however, in 1474, the Tartars, aJfiftcd by the Turks, finally expelled them. It was the iaft poft in the Crimea of which the Genoefe retained the Ibvereignty. CafFa was the Theodo- fia of the ancients j a name which has been reftored to it fmce the Ruffians be- came poifeiTed of the Crimea. It is feat- ed on the Black Sea, 150 miles N£ qf Conftantinuple. Lon. 35 45 e, lat. 45 8 N. Caffa, Strait of, the ancient Cim- merian Bofphorus, a ftrait tliat Ibrms the communication between the Black Sea and the fea of Afbph. CAFFRAaiA, a county of Africa, lying . to the s of the tropic of Capricorn, and extending along the Indian Ocean to the mouth ot the Great Fifh River, in lat. 30 30 s. By this river it is divided from the country of the Hottentots. Its other boundaries cannot, at prefent, be a(cer- tained, it having never been viiited by any European, before the .ourney which licut. Paterlon made in thclc parts in 1779. Tht; Caffres are tall and well-proportion- ed 5 and, in general, evince great courage in attacking lions and other beafts of prey. Their fkin is a jet black, their teeth white as ivory, and their eyes large. The clothing of both iexts is the fame, confining entirely of the hides of oxen, which are as pliant as cloth. The men wear tails of diffenint animals tied round their thighs ; pieces of bral's in their hair, and large ivory rinf;s on their arms : they are adorned alio v/ith the hair of lions, and feathers falter ed on their heads, with many other fantafiical ornaments. They are lb fond of dogs, that if one paiticu- larly pleafes them, they will give two bullocks in exchange lor it; and their exeiciie is hunting, lighting, or dancing. They are expert in throwing their lances, and, in time of war, ufe Ihields made of the hides of r^xen. The women are em- ployed in . - cultivation of their gardens and corn. They raife feveral vegetables, which are not indigenous to the country, as tobacco, watermelons, kidncybcans, and hemp, They have great pride in their cattle ; and cut their horns in fuch a way as to be able to tuni them int© any ihape they pleale : when they wifh their cattle to return, they go a little way from the houie and blow a wliKtle^ which is fo conftrufted as to be heaid at a great dif- tance, and in this manner bring them all home, without any difficulty. Their huts arc higher and more commodious than thole of the Hottentots, and their lands more fertile ; but their oxen, andal- molt all their animals, are much linaller. Indultry is the leading trait in the cha- racter of the Caffres, who are diftinguifh- ed from their neighbours to the s by their fondnefs for agriculture. They have a high opinion ot the Supreme Being, and of his power : they believe in a future liate of rewards and punifhments, but think that the world had no beginning, and will be everlafting. They have no facred ceremonies, and never pray . They inftruft their children theinfelves, having no priefts. Inftead of thel'e, they have a kind of conjurors whom they greatly re- vere. They are governed by an heredi- tary king, whoie power is very limited, receiving no tax, and having no troops at his command j but being permitted to take as many wives as he pleafes, he has a larger portion of land to cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend and feed. His cabin is neither higher, nor better decorated than the reft; and his whole family live around him, compofing a group of la or 15 huts. The diftance ot the different hordes makes it necelTary that they fhould have inferior chiefs, who are appointed by the king. Cagli, an ancient epifcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, at the foot of the Appennines, 20 miles s of Urbino. Lon. 12 42 £, lat. 43 26 N. Cagli ARi, an ancient and rich city, capital of Sardinia, with an archbifhop's fee, a univerfuy, a caftle, and a good harbour. The French made an unluC- cefsful attack upon this place in January 1793. Lon. 9 14 E, lat. 39 27 N. Caho Rs, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Lot and late pro- vince of Querci, with a bifhop's fee, and a univerfity. It is leated on a penin- fula made by the river Lot, and built part- ly on a craggy rock. There are three bridges over the river. The cathedral isi a Gothic ftru6lure, and has a large; fquare fteeple. It has a manufafture of^ fine cloths and ratteens, and furniflies excellent red wine. It was taken by affault, in 1 580, by Henry iv, by means of petards, which were firft employed here. The garrifon confifled of 2000 menj the af- failants were not more than 1500; and they fought five days and nights in the ftreets. In one of the fuburbs are the remains of a Koman amphitheatre. Ca- hors is of Paris Caja nia, in miles 1 64 n Caja town oi miles N 41 10 Cak Nof St from th lat. 21 Caii s. f Chin provinc the reb the riv< inhabit CaI! to the 86° w tants tortoiii Cai in the of wh famous variou darics luftre < Cai city, C A I liors is 50 miles nw of Alby, and 287 s of Paris. Lon. i 32 E, lat. 44. 26 n. CajanaburG) the capital of E Both- ma» in Sweden, en Lake Cajania, 300 miles NE of Abo. Lon. 27 45 £» lat. 64 13 N. C A K public bagnios, very handlbme wItTiIn, and u cd as pl.;cis of refreflimcnt and di- verfion, efptcially for the women, who go there twice a week ; but the wives of great men have baths at hoir.e. It is ex- ceedingly populous ; lieveral families lir- 'i"fi Cajazzo, or CaJIZZO, an epifcopal ing in one houie, and a number of people Terra di Lavora, 22 Lon. 14 34 E, lat town of Naples, m miles NE ot Naples 41 10 N. Caicos, iflands of the W Indies, to the N of St. Domingo, which take their name from the principal one. Lon. 71 30 w, lat. 21 40 N. in each room ; and in the buly time of the day, the ftreets are lb crowded, that it is ditficuk to pais along. The women have greater lib rty here than in any part of the Turkim empire, and there are particular Itreets where the coiurte- zans fit at the doors, richly dreffed. The Caiv'ONG, a large and populous city Caliih is a canal which conveys the waters s.f China, leated on the Hoang-ho, in the province of Honan. When befieged by the rebels, in 1642, ihey cut the dikes of the river, which drcwned 300,000 of the inhabitants. Lon. 113 27 E, lat. 35 N. Caiman Islands, in the W Indies, to the NW of Jamaica, between 81 and 86° w lon. and 21'' N lat. The inhabi- tants of Jamaica come hither to catch tortoiies, which they cany liome alive. Cairngorm, a mountain of Scotland, in the E of Invcrnelslhire, the lofty top of which is patched with fnow. It is famous for beautiful rock-cryftals of various tints, much efteemed by lapi- daries i and ibme of them, having the luftre of fine gems, bring a high price. Cairo, or Grand Cairo, a large city, capital of Egypt, with a cattle built on a rock. It confilts of three towns, about a mile apart j Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the port termed Billac. The ancient town had the name of Mefra. Old Cairo is reduced to a fmall place, through the harbour for boats that come from Upper Egypt. Some of the beys h.ave country houfes here, to which they retire when the country is overflowed by the Nile. New Cairo is a mile from the river, and feven miles in circumference. It has three or four grand gates, but the ftreets are narrow, and look like lanes. The fincft houfes are built round a court, in which they make the belt appearance, having few or no windows next the ftreet. To the w of the caftle are the remains of fome grand apartments, covered with domes, and adorned with mofaic piftures of trees and houles : thefe arc now ufed for weaving and embroidering. Still higher is Joeph's Hall, whence there is a delightful profpecl over the city, the py- ramids, and all the country round. It was probably a terrace to that magnifi- cent room which is now open on the top, and is adorned with large beautiful pil- lars of red granite. There sxe fevexal of the Nile into the city: it is 20 feet broad, and has houi'cs on each fide of it. As loon as the water begins to rile, they dole the mouth of the canal with earth, and place a mark, to (how the time when this and all other canals in the king- dom are to be opened, which is done with, great folemnity. There are not lefs than 300 mofqucs in Cairo, the lofty minarets of which pielent a veiy pittmefque ap- pearance. The Europeans have confuls and faftors here ; and it was a place of very great trade, before the dilcovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It is fuppofed to contain 700,000 inhabitants ; and is leated near the Nile, 100 miles s of its mouth. Lon. 31 27 e, lat. 30 2 N. Cairoan, or Kairoan, a tow^n of the kingdom of Tunis, on the river Magrida, 80 miles s of Tunis. Lon. 10 12 E, lat. 35 20 N. Caithnessshire, the moft northerly county of ScotIand,bounded on the n by the Pentland Frith, on the se by the Briti/h Ocean, and on the w by Sutheilandfhire. Its greateft extent is 35 miles from n to s, and 20 from e to w. The whole sw part is occupied by great mountains, the abode of roes and a variety of game ; and the lakes are often reforted to by numer- ous waterfowls. A vart ridge of hills forms the sw boundary, ending in the pro- montory called the Ord ol Caithnefs. Alon^ the fide of this fteep hill, impend- ing, in a manner, above the fea, a wind- ing road is cut, which is the only en- trance into this flilre from the s. The climate is good, and the foil around the coaft very Improveable. Its chief ex- ports are beef, meal, barley, butter, cheefe, yam, flcins, feathers, and kelp. Englifli is chiefly fpoken on the coalt, but in the highlands the Gaelic pre- vails. Caket, a town of Perfia, near Mount Caucafus. lis trade conlifts chiefly in filks, Lon. 46 15 E, lat. 33 o n. m m "t ■?■■ • mm : C A L C\i.ACRrA, n county of Naples, di- vided into Culabria Citeriorc, and Cala- bria Uhcrlcrc, or Hither and Fmthcr Ca- labria. The lirit is one of the 12 pro- vinces of NapK-y, bounded on the s by Calabria Ultcriorc, on tlic N by Bafili- cata, and on the w and E by the Medi- terranean. Cofeiiza is the capital. Ca- labria Uitcriorc vi wiilhed by the Mediter- ranean on the E, s, and w, and botinded by Calabria Citeriorc on the N. Reg<:io is the capital. In Febnuiry and IVIarch 17S3, a great part of Cakbria, as well as of Sicily, was deftroycd by one of the moft terrible earthquakes on record. Be- lide the de*ltru6lion of ir.any towns, villa- ges and farms, above 40,000 people pe- riflied hy this calamity. Mountains were i'plit, and vallies formed in an inllant : new rivers began to flow, and old ftreams were funk into the earth aiul dcftroyed : plantations were removed from their fitu- ations, and hills carried to places far dif- tant. The earthquakes (for there were many (hocks) vented their greateil force from the foot of the Appcnnines, extending •weftward to the lea 5 in all which valt traft, there was not a fmgle village or town, which was not either totally de- ftroyed, or very much damaged. CaLahorra, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Old Caftile, on the fide of a hill, which extends to the Ebro, 70 miles £ of Burgos. Lon. a 7 w, lat. 42 12 n. Calais, a feaport of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Picardy, with a citadel. It was taken by Edward ill, in 1347, after a memorable fiege of more than 1 1 months, which has given rife to fome hil- torical as well as dramatic fiction. In 1557, it was retaken by the duke of Guife. It v/as bombarded by the Engli/h in 1696, without receiving much injury. Tile fortifications are good : but its greateft ftrength is its fituation among the marfhes, which may be overflowed at the approach of an enemj'. In time of peace thw-re are packet-boats, which go twice a week between Dover and Calais. It is zi miles ESE of Dover, and 152 n of Paris. Lon. i 56 E, lat. 50 58 n. Calais, St. a town of France, in the department of Sarte and late province of Maine, 16 miles NW of Vendonte. Calamata, a town of Turkey in Europe, in the Morea. It was taken by the Venetians, In 1685; but the Turks retook it. It ''^ands on the river Spinar- za, eight miles fi'om the Mediterranean. Lon. zi 55 E, lat. 37 o N. Calamianes, three fmall iflands of C A L Afia, bf twecn Borneo and the rhilippinesy and N of Parago. They are famous for their edible bud-nefts. Lon. ij8 5 £, lat. II o N. Calatajud, a town of Spain, in Ar- ragon, at the confluence of Xalon and Xiloca, with a calHe on a rock, 37 miles sw of Saragofl'a. Lon. i 9 w, lat. 41 43 N. Calatrava, a town of Spain, in New Caltile, the chief place of tne mili- tary order of the knignts of Calatrava. It is ieated near the Guadiana, 80 miles s of Madrid. Lon. 3 zo w, lat. 39 4 n. C ALB EN, a town of Germany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, with a good caftle, 32 miles N of Mag|d?biirg. Calcar, a town ot the duchy of Cleves, feated near the Rhine, eight miles SE of Cleves. Lon. 5 55 £, lat. S» 40 N. Calcinato, a to\vn of Italy, in the Mantuan, remarkable for a viftoiy gain- ed over the Auftrians, by the French, in 1706. It is 25 miles NE of Milan, Lon. 9 52 E, lat. 45 45 N. Calcutta, or Fort William, thp emjxjriujii of Bengal, fituate on the e fide of the Hoogly, or wellem arm of the Ganges, 100 miles from its mouth, m the bay of Bengal . It is a modern city, hav- ing riien on the fite of the village of Go- vindpour, about 1 700. It extends from the wtltcra point of Fort William, along the banks of the river, almoft to the village of Coflipoor, i'our miles and a half j the breadth, in many parts, inconliderable. Generally fpeaking, the delcription of one Indian city is a defciiption of all ; being all built on one plan, with very narrow and crooked Itreets ; an incredi- ble number of relervoirs and pcnds, and a great many gardens interfperfed. A few of the Itreets are paved with brick. The houi'es arc vai iouJjy built : fome of brick, others with mud, and a greater proportion with bamboos and mats : tliele different kinds of fabrics, inter- mixed with each other, form a motley ap- pearance. Thofe of the latter kinds are invariably of one ftory, and covered witl; thatch ; thofe of brick i'eldom exceed two floors, and have flat terraced roofs : the two foimer claflts far outnumber the laft, which are fo thinly fcattered, that fires, which often happen, do not, fometimeS| meet with the obitniftion of a brick- houfe through a whole ftreet. But Cal- cutta is, in part, an exception tothis rule of building} for there, the quarter iijha- bited by the Englifli is corapoied entirely of brick-buildings, many of which ha\t the appca building* oiplanade It adds g that the other. C A L Oic appearance of palaces. The line of building* that iiirrouiuie two lide« of the olplanade ot the loit, is niat^nificcnt ; and it adds great iy to the fuperb appearance, that the Uoules are dctachtd iroiU each other, and iniulited in a great Ipace. The buildim^s arc all on a large Icalc, from the neceflity of having a tr>;e circu- lation of air in a climate, the heat of which is extreme. The general approach to the houles is by a flight oi Iteps with great proiefting porticoes, or lurrounded by colonnades or arcades, which give them the appearance of Grecian teniplts. But the remainder of the city, and by much the greattit part, is built as before defcribed. Cakutta has been wonder- fully unproved both in appearance and in th« ialubrity of the aii-, lor the Itreets have been properly diained, and the pondt filled up. It is iuppoicd to contain at lealt 500,000 inhabitants. The mixture of £uroue?Ji and Aliatio manners that C A L Caledonia, New, a large Ifland, in the S Pacific Ocean, extending from 19 to ^^^P s lat. and from 163 to 167° i Ion. It was dilcovtred by captain Cook, in 1774. The inhabitants are ilrong, nc'tivf, and wcil made ; thCir hair is black., and much ix'vnXvX, but not woolly j their beards are cril'p and thick j they bcljneai ihcir faces with black pigment \ md their only covering is a wrapper, maile trom the bark of a tree, or of leaves. They cul.ivatc the Ibtl with Ibme art and induftry, hut iubfift chiefly on roots and fi(h. PI .Brains and lugar-canes are not plentiful, bread-fi-uit is very icarce, and the cocoa nut trees are but thinly planted ; but their yams and taras are in great nhundance. Their houfes are circular like a bee-hive, and as clofe and warmj being formed of fmall ipars ?nd reeds, covered with long coarie grafs, and the floor laid with dry grais. They depofit their dead in the grcund, and decorate may be oblerved here, is curious : coaches, the grave of their chi-l» with fpears, darts. phaetons, chailes, with the palankeens and hackeries of the natives, the palling ceremonies of the Hindoos, ami the dit- fcren' appearances ot the fakiiii form a fight more extraordinary, perhaps, than a^ other city can pielent. i'he hackery here mentioned is a imall covered car- riage upon two wheels, drawn by bul- locks, and uied generally lor ttie female part of tlie *amiiy. The Ganges is navi- gable up to the town for the largeit fliips that vifit India. Here is tie leat ot tiie goveni..r general and coimcil of Beng.il, paddles, &c. all ftuck upright in the ground abov it. J'hey are of a pacific dilpofition, and their women are much chafter than thole of the more eaftcm illands. Calenber?;, acaftlcof Lower Saxony, capital of the ducliy of Brunfwick Calen- berg, ieated en the river Leina, lo miles s of Hanover. Lon. 10 5 e, 4at. 5* 15 fJ. Cali, a to'vn of Terra Firma, in Popa- yan, in a valley of the lame name, on the river Canca. The governor of the province who have a controul over the prefid'-ncics generally refides here. Lon. 77 5 W, lat. of Madras, Bombay, and Bencooien. Here i$ likewKe a liipreme court ot judi- cature, in which jultice is diipenicd, ac- cording to the lav.s 01 England, by a chief jullice and three puime judge.'!. In 175*} Calcutta was taken by the Ibubah of Bengal, who forced the feeble garriibn, to the amount oi 1+6 perlbns, into a pri- fon called the Black Hole, a cube of 1 8 feet, out of wliich only z] ciitnt alive. It was ret' - «^ cr>% ■•■. of Madras. Lon. SS 28 e, lat. 22 23 n. CAiyD^ft, a river in Yorkfhire, which ' irifef on. thf borders of Lancafhii'e, and t^^Vg ^y Hiiddvrafield atid WakefieM, ibilj» into the Airb «ight miles below the E Indies by rhe Cape of Good Hope, in 149S. The Englifh have a factory here. It is J20 miles vvsw of Madras. Lon. 74 24 E, lat. 11 18 N. California, a neninfuh of N Ame- rica, in the N Pacific Ocean, feparated l-^ter iji^ce. It is tutvigable the greater from the w coaft of America, by theVer- fxyit oi' iti c«\Nrr8» mliion Sea, orGulf of Califoraiaj ex 8 ■ "'I U' I Irh 1 \\ "\^ .^ C A L ttndinp SE, from lat. 31° N, to Cape St. J.ucar, in lit. 43* N. It was diCcovered by Cortes, in i.S3^>) <)nd is J'uid to have been vifittd by fir Francis Dnike, in 1578, and to luive received from lum the name ol NewvAlliion. This) latter name, however, belongs ro no pji;. of the peniii- fuia, but to :i country tuii^er N, bciwi-cn 37 and 45" latitude J the htubour of fir I'Vancis Drake being fjtuate jn about 1 10 •S3 w Ion. ami 38 23 N lat. During a long period, Calilornia continued to be fo little frequented, that even its form was unknown; and, in moft charts, it was j-eprefented as an ifland. Though the climate of this country, if we may judge from its fituation, muft be very defirable, the Spaniards have made fmall progrels in Ijeopling it. Toward the clofe oi' the aft cc:ntury, the Jefuits, who bad great ihtrit in exploring this neglefted province, and in civiU/ing its rude inhabitants, imperceptibly acquired a dominion over it, as complete as that which they pof- fefled in their mifTions in Paraguay j and ^ley laboured to govern the natives by the fame policy. lu order tq prevent the court of Spain from conceiving any jea- loufy of their defigiis, they feem (huii- oufly to have depreciated the country, by ;"ep,refepting the climate as fo dil'agree- able and unwbolefome, and the foil fo barren, that nothing but a zealous defire of converting the natives could have in- duced thein to lettle there. Seven:! pub- lic-fpiriied citizens endeavoured to unde- ceive their fovertigns, and to give them a hetter view of Calilornia j hut in vain. At laft, on the expulfiou of the Jeliiits from the Spanifli dominions, the court of Madrid appointed don Jofeph Galvez to vlfit this peniniula. His accoimt of the country was tavorabit ; he found the peail fi/hery on its coaft to be valuable, and he difcovered mines of gold of a very proniifing appearance. Ac prefent, how- e\'er, California (the natural hiftory of which is very little known) Itill remains amcng the moft defolate and ufclefs dif- trifls of the Spani/h empire. Callao, a fcaport of S America, in Peru. The harbour is the belt in the 8 Sc-a. It was almoft totally deftroyed by ' an earthquake, in 1746. It is five miles from Lima, of which it is the port. Lon. 76 53 \v, lat. la a s. Cali.a Susung, a town of the ifland •of Houton, in the Indian Ocean. It is a itiile from the fea, on the top of a hill, eiicompafled with cocoa-nut trees. There is 3 ftonc wall round the town, an4 the houfes are built on pouS. The religion CAM of the Inhabitants is the Mahometan, an4 they fpeak the Malayan language. The people are Imall, well-fhaped, and of a dark olive coloui*. Lon. 123 45 E, lat. 50 s. Callen, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kilkenny, 10 miles sw of Kilkenny. Lon. 7 6 w, lat. <;3 28 N. Cali.00, a fo;:trcls of the Netherlands, in the territoiy ot Waes, on the Scheld, jubjed to Aultria. 7'he Dutch were de- feated here by the Spaniards in 1638. It is five miles w of Antwerp. Lon. 4. 20 £, lat. 51 13 N. Callington, a borough in Cornwall, with a matket on VVcdnelday. It fends two members to parHaiuent, and is fituate on the Lynher, 12 miles s of Launcefton, and 217 w by s of London. Lon, 4 35 vv, lut. 50 30 N. Calmar, a ftrong feaport of Sweden, in the province of Snioland, divided from the ille of Oeland, by a (trait about i'^vcn miles broad in i!s narroweft part. It is celebrated in the hiftory of the North, as the place where the deputies of Sweden, Denmark, and Noi-way, were appointed to afllmble for the election of a king, ac- cording to the union of Calmar. On an eminence, half a mile from the town, is the caftle, the only remains of its ancient magnificence. This palace, once the re- fidence of the illuftrious queen Margaret, is now converted into a diftillery. It is 150 miles sw of Stockholm. Lon. iS 27 E, lat. 56 40 N. Calne, a borough in Wiltfliire, with a market on Tuelday. It ftnds two members to parliament, and is feated on a river of the fame name, 25 miles e of Briftol, and 88 w of Loudon. Lon. i 59 w, lat. 51 30 N. Calvados, a department of France, including part of the late province of Noi-- mandy. It is fo called from a rock of the fame name. Caen is the capital. Calvary, Mount, ahillnear Jerufa- Itm, on which Je R u sCh Ri s r was crucified. Calvi, an e, ifcopal town of Naples, in Terra
  • , no inclofures; sothing, in iboit, bt!t the Icattered mini of n-itiples and tombs, which prel«nttbc tdcaot a country depopulated by pettiience. Kon^ is tlM c:ipitul. L'AMrDBLTON, » boTougii of Scot- land, hcuatc on a bay, toward ths s ex- tremity of the peaiAiula of Caatyrc, in Ari^yle/hire. It has a conftderable trade ; tor which it is principally indebted to its being tlie Kcncral rendezvous of th* Hlhing vt(kl9 that annually vifit the w CO alt. It is xo miles w of the iile o{ Aicm, Lon. 5 42 w, lat. 53 29 n. Campdbn, a corporate town in GIou- celterihire, with a market on Wednc.day, 32 mija NE of Glouceiter, and 87 WNW « London. Len. i 50 w, lac 59 4 N. Campbachy, a town of N America, in New Spain, in the pcninfula of Yuca> tan, on the w coalt of the bay of Cam- peachy, defended by Itrong forts. It^e noted loi- logwood, which, how^ever, does not grow very near it. It was taken by the Englifti in 1659, by the buccarxeers in 1678, and by the treehooters of St. Do- mingo in 1685, who burnt it, axd blew up the citadel. Loa* 90 57 w, lat. 10 o N. See Honduras. Campen, a toviTi of the United Pro- vinces, in OveryflH, with a citadel, and a port almolt choked up. It was taken by the Dutch in 1 578, and by the French in x6ji; but they abandoned it in 1673. It is feated near the mouth of the Ylfel, on the Zuider Zte, 44. miles ne of Amfterdam. Lon. 5 55 K, Ut. 52 3S K. Cam PC LI, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, 23 miles n by B of Aqnib. Loo. 43 57 E, lat. 45 42 N. C'.-.MPo Major, a town of Portugal, iuAI.-nicjo, 100 miles £of Lifbon. Lent 7 4 w, lat. 34{ 53 N. Campredon, a town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, at the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 45 miles N of B»'ce- lona. Lon. '^ 16 w, lat. 42 o N. Canada, a large country of N Ame- rica, bounded on the n by New Britain, on the E by the gulf of St. Lawrence, on- the s by New Brunfwick and the United States, and on the w by upknown lands. It lies between 61 and 81^ w lon. an g4» abrcalf. At B.ii'tun Lridge, three intks from the balia, is a noble aquedu^, wliich, tor ujjA-ard of 200 yai'ds, conveys the canal acroi'» a valley, .nnd alio mar« than 40 feet above the navigable riveo Irwell. There are three arches over %\\im river, which, with their piers, are all oi hewn ftone: the centic arch is 63 Cctt wide, and 38 feet high above the water, and will admit the largefl barges tu m through with malt and lail» (tanding. At Longford i^ridge, the canal turns to the right, and croiling the Mcrl'ey, paflesnca< Attringham, Dunham, Grapenhali, and Kaulton, into the tide way ot the Merfcy, at Runcorn Gap, where the duke's bargt9 can come Into his canal from Liverpool at low water. This navigation is more thaa 29 miles in length; it falls 95 feet, aai| was iiniihed In five years, under the di« re(.^ion of Mr. Brindlev. Canal, Grand Trunk, or STAf<« FORDSHIRE Canal, a Work begu« in 1 7 &(*» under the dircftion of Mr. Brini« ley, in order to form a conununicatioa be« tween the Merfey and Trent, and, ia courfe, between the Irilh Sea aiui the Ger« man Ocean. Its leng:h is 9.1 miles | niunely, 31 miles on the N fide, t'rot$. H.u'ecaltle Hill, where it was begu^ Lo the duke of Bridgewater's can^. at Prcibn OIL the Hill in CheOtire, and 6| n]lles from the s fide of the hUL to. WiJ^ don-feiry, in Perbyihire, whcife it coir* municates with the Trent. To effefl t^t work, 40 locks were conftru^ed on tHt s fide, there being 316 teet fall. OQtIif n fide there is only one lock, which ii near Middlewich, and is 14 feet widn Ths canal is 29 feet broad at the top, z4 at the bottom, and the depUi four fsct aa4 a half. It is carried over the rivej^Dovet in an aqucdu^ of 23. arches, aiid tL< ground is railed above a inUie, to a cp^'- nd.;rable height : it is alfo carried over tb« Trent by an aqueduft cf fix arches. At Ilareca(ile Hill, it is conveyed under ground 2880 yai'ds; at Bai-ton in Chef* rtiire, a fubterraneous palTage is cfFe6ted of 560 yards in extent ; and in the fame neighbourhood, another of 350; at Prcrton on the riiil, where it join* the duke's canal, it paffes under ground 1241 yards. From the neighbourhood of Staf- ford, a branch is made from' this canals to run near Wolverhampton, and to joie the Severn near Bewdley. from this $ I 1I i < ' 1 ;'4 CAN CAN again two other bi"anches arc carried, one to Birmingham, the otlier to Worcefter. Mr. Brindky died in 1772, and left this canal to be finished by his brother-in- law, Mr. Henlhall, who completed it in »777« Canal, Great, a noble canal In Scotland, which forms a junftion between the Forth and Clyde. Its length is 35 miles ; in the courfe of which;iuvigation, the veffels are raifed, by means of zo locks, to nearly the height ot 160 feet above the level of the iea. Palfing after- ward upon the fummit of the covmiry, lor 18 miles, they then de.c»nd, by means of 19 locks more, into the river Clyde, and thence have free acceis to the Weltern Ocean. In theipace of 30 miles, this canJ is cairied over 36 rivers and rivulets, be- fide two great roads, by 38 aqueducts of hewn (tonf;. The road frcm Edinburgh to Gkigow pafles under it near Falkirk, and over it, by means of a drawbridge, fjx miles from Ghigow. In the courle of this inland navigation, which muy, in ge- neral, b« pei-formed in lels than 1 8 houjs, are many ihiking fcenes: bur, above all others, the beautiful and romantic fitu- ation of the llunendous aqueduft over the K. Ivin, near Glafgow, 4.00 feet in length, canying a great artificial river over a natural one in a deep valley, where large veffels fail at the height of 70 feet above the bed of the river below, is one of the feattues of this great work;, which gives it the pre-eminence ever any of a fimilar nature in Europe. The utility of this important communicatif.>n, between the Eaftern and Weltern Sea, to the com- merce of Great Britain and Ireland ; to Liverpool, Lancafter, Whitehaven, Dub- lin, Newiy, and Belfaft on the one hand } to Hull, Kewcalile, Ltith, and Dundee on the other j and alfo to all ports in St. George's Channel, in their trade to Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic j muit be ftrikingly evident, as it ftoitens the nautical diftance in Ibme inllances 800, and in others :c:jo miles } affording a fafe and fpeedy navigation, particularly at the end of the lealbn, when velltiis are too long detained in the Baltic, and can- not .*tempt the voyage round by the North Sea, without dan«r of fliipwreck, or of the market being loft from ielay. Canal Royal, or Canai. of Lan- GUEDOC, v.i France, a work begun in 1666, in order to eiff^ ?n inland commu- nication between the Atlantic and IvJedi- terranean, and finiO^ed in 168?.. From the port of Cette, in the Mediterranean, it erodes the iaiic of Thauj and^, below 6 Toulouf*;, Is conveyed by three flulccs into the Gaionne. At St. Ferreol, near Revel, between two rocky hills, is a rel'ervoir 7200 fcnt long, 3000 broad, and I'io deep: into this bafin, the rivulet La\idot, which defcends iiom the hills^ is received and inclofed by a wall. 2400 feet long, 132 high, and za thick; having a Itror.g dam lecured by a wall of frecltone. Under the dam ruus an arched pafl"ar;c, reaching to the main wall, where three large cocko of caft brafs are turned and Ihut by means of iron borsj and the.e cocks difcharge the water, through mouths as large as a man's body, into an arched aquedu£l, whert- it runs through the outer wall, and then goes under the name of the river Laudot 5 continuing its courle to the canal called Rigole de la Plaine. Thence it is conveyed to ano- ther fine refervoir near Naurouf'e, izoo feet long, 200 broad, and 7 deep; and out of this bafin it is conveyed, by llu.ces, bo';h to the Mcdit'irranean and. Atlantic, as the canal requires it. Near Be7itrs are eight lluices, which form a reguhsr : nd grand calcade, 536 feet long, and 66 high, by which veflels crols the river Orb, and continue their voyage on the canal. Above it, between Be/icrs and Gapeltan, is the Mal-Pas, where the canal is conveyed for the length of 720 feet, under a mountain cut intc^a lof;y arcade, the ;;reateft par*: of which Is lined with freeftone, cxc-pt toward ihe end, w'^ere it is only hewn through the rock. At Agde is a rcund fluice, with three openinEjs, three ditferent depthb of the water mt^Mng there; and the gates are 10 ingcnloufiy contrived, that veflels may pais thrcviph by opening which fluice thti mafttr pkaiiis. 1 his canal coit fome- thing more than half a million fterling, part of which money was furniflied bytht^ king, and part by the ftates of Languedoc. The king granted to Klquet, the in- ventor and conduftor, and his male heirs, all the lurifiliflion and revenues beloilg- ing to it : the annual net profits are up- ward of /^24,ooo itcrling. The length Ci' this canal, from Touloufe to Beziers, where it johis the river 0»b, is 1 52 miles. There are j 5 locks \.pon it in the fall to- ward the ocean, and 45 on the fide of the Mediterranean. 'Ihe higheft point be- tween the two (eas is at Naurouge, which is elevated more than zto yards above the level ol esch Ihcre. The canal is carried over 37 aquedufts, and croflTed by eight bridges. Can A NO RE, a large feaport, on the coaft of Malabar. It was ceded by Tippo S\ Englifh I 74 to E, CANAi Malabar, Itb molt 14 20 N. Can.. the iprln which gi temperat ices ear s a and ulet 4-00 CAN Tippo Sulfan, regent of Myfore, to the Englifh E India Uompany ini/jz. Lon. 74 10 £, l.it. iz o N. Canara, a province on the coaft of Malabar, I'ubiedt to the leycnt oi My. ore. Its> molr nortnerly port ii Onore, in lat. 14. zo N. Can.xRia, or the Grand Canary, the iprlnclpal of the Canary liiands, which rives name to the whole. 1 he temperature of its air is deJightful; its water p;^ntihil and good j and abundance of trees, herbs, and dt-licious fruits, are lInted enn'nsncc, with not the leaft fhauow of a hndicape. Carila is 200 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It is 500 miles sw of Conftantinople. Lon. 25 18 E, iat. 35 18 N. Canoeism, a rich and populous prv vince, in the Dcccan ot Hindooftan^ fubje^ to the Poonah Ma.hrattas. It. 1$ bounded on the n by Malwa, on the e by Berar, on the s by jDowlatabad, and on the w by Baglana, CandlemasIsi.es, near theeoafto);' Sandwich Lskidk Lon. 27 13 w, Ut. 57 10 s. Candy, a kingddm of Ceylon, con- tAininr about » quarter of Ute ifland. H .' i: |i, !i '•' \ mm- If CAN CAN It U full of hills, whence rivulets pro- ceed; and the inhabitants are dexterous in turning them to water their land, which is fruitful in rice, puUe, and hemp. The king is ablblute, and his liibjciSts are idolaters. C.ANny, the capilal of a kingdom of the fame name, in the ifland of Ceylon. It was often burnt by the Portuguefe, when they were mailers of thele coafts. Lon. Ho 52 E, lat. 7 45 N. Cane, Grotta del, a celebrated grotto, on the ban-ks of Lake d'Agnano, ienin(iila of Hirtdooftan. Ii defcends from tlie Gauts, and flowing sw to the coull of Malabar, enters the Indian Ocean, four miles to the N of Mount Dillaj previoudy to which its courfe is parallel with the fearoaft for about 1 1 miles, bf" g fepriraied only by a Ipit of fand. CaniadeRago, Lake, a narrow lake of N America, in the Itate of New York, '.\ji mile* \v cf Lu.ie Otfego, and nine miles long. A ftream, called Oaks Creek, itfues from it, and falls into the river Sulijuehanna, five miles below Otltgo. ihe bell chtcle in the ftafe of New York is made in this creek. Canina, the capital of a diftricil: of the fame name, in the N part of Albania, a province of Turkey in Europe, lying near the eutran«i» of iht gulf of Venic*;, eight mil^s N of Vaiona. Lon. 19 15 f| lat. 4T 12 N. Can NAY, one of the weftem iflcs of Scotland, sw of the ifle of Skye. In this fertile ifiand, are vaft bafaltic co- hur.ns, which rile above each other to a great height, in many fucceifive ranges, each i»,parated from the other by a ftratum of pebbly concretions, rel'embling pud- dingltone. On the E fide of the ifland, the tops of an immenfe number of thele columns appear at low water, forming a fort of caufeway of furprifing extent, the furfice of which is linooth and re- gular, like an ordinary paved ftrcet. Canned. See Canosa. Canogue, a town of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Agra, feated on the Ganges, near its confluence with the Calir^i. It is laid to have been built more tiian 1000 years before the Chriftiaji era, and to have been the ca- pital of all Hindooltan, under the prc- deceflbr of Porus, who fought againft Alexander, in the year 326 before Cbrilt, In the 6th century, it was laid to ccntaiu 30,000 Ihops, in which betel-nut (which the Indians almoft univerfaliy chew) was Ibid. It is now reduced to the fixe of a middling town. It is 127 miles S£ of Agra. Lon< 80 13 E, lat. 27 3 N. Canobia, a town of Italy, in the Mi^anefe, on Lake Maggiore, 35 miles NNW of Milan. Lon. 8 44 E, lat. 45 55 N- Canosa, a town of vhe kingdom of Np.ph's, in Terra di Bari. I^ contain* not more than 300 houfes, but Hands on the fite of the ancient Canulium, one of the moll populous ar.d magnificent cities of Italy. Between Canoio and the river Ofanto, are (till fome traces of the ancient town of Cannae, in the plain of which was fought the celebrated battle between Hannibal and the Romans, wherein the latter loll 45,000 men. Lon. 16 32 E, lat. 41 30 N• CANSo, a feaport of Nova Scotia, in N America, on a llrait which I'eparates Nova bcotia from Cape Breton. Near this town is a fine fifiiery for cod. Lon* 60 55 vv, hit. 45 20 N. Canstat, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on tht Neckar, two miles ne of Stutgard. Lon. 9 14 e, lat. 48 S3 M. Cantal, a department of France, in- cKuling part of the late province of Au- vergne. It is fo called from a ;ut(h inomT- 1, »a, near St. Flour, almoft alu.jv.' €<-- vercd with fnw. The ca^tital is St. Flour. Cant Naples, near th< Lon. 1^ Cant capital fee, the The ca once fa; Becke-^ of Euro been mi ward m tended CAN CAP Cantazaro, an epifcopal town of Napleti, in Calabria Citeriore, fituate near the lea, 20 miles E of Nicallro. Lon. 1-6 47 E, lat. 39 3 N. Canterbury, an a xient city, the capital of Kent, with an archbilhop's lee, the metropolitan of all England. The cathedral, a large Itrucliire, was once famous for the Ihrine of Thomas Becke", vifited by pilgrims from all parts of Europe. This turbulent prieft having been murdered here in 1170, was after- ward made a faint ; miracles were pre- tended to be performed at his tomb ; and 100,000 pilgrims, vifiters to this tomb, have been regiftered at one time in Can- terbury, where the devotion to him had quite eflFaced the adoration of God, and eveu of the Virgin. At the altar of God, for inftance, there were offered, in one 3'ear /J3 : 2: 6; at the Virgin's ^^63 : 5 : 5; at St. Thomas' ,C''3** '*• 3' The next year tLe difproportion was (till greater : there was not a penny on Gods altar; the Virgin gained only ^4.: i: 8, but St. Thomas had got £95^: 6: 3. Lewis vn, of France, made a pilgrimage to this tomb, and beltowed on the flirine a jewel, efteemed the ritheft in Chrilten- dom. But Henry viii, in 1538, not only pillaged this rich Ihrine, but caufcd the laint to be cited in court, tried, and condemned as a traitor; ordering his name to be ftruck out of the calendar, his bones to be burnt, and his allies throv/n into the air. In tliis cathedral rue inter- red Henry iv, and Edward the BL .k. Prince. The city has likewile 14. parilli churches; the remains of many Roman ;nMr;iiitics; and an ancient calHe, with •'.:ilh )ul a deep ditch. It is governed • ;v .1 ,-K'.yor, and poflefles a fliare of the t'iK ;'i afaftvnes introduced by the Wal- looi wi.o have litre a chinch under the cathedi\ii. This city ii noted for its brawn, and the adjacent country products abiindar.ce of hops. It has a market on Wcdiiclduv Mid Saturday, fends two )nembers to parliament, and is fcated on the river Stcjr, z6 miles ese of Ro- rhefter and 56 of London. Lon. i 4E, lat. 51 19 N. Cantin, Cape, a promontory of the Atlantic Ocean, on the coaft of Morocco. Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 32 49 N. Cawton, a conliderable city and fea- port of China, in the province of Qij^ang- tong, leated on one of the fineft rivers in the empire. It conlKts of three towns, divided by high walls, and is about as htga M Faii*. The iti«et$ ar« long and vi"t ^ J ftraight, paved with flig-ftones, ani adorned with triumphal arche«. The houfes aie only a ground floor, built of earth, and covered with tiles. The better fort of people are cairied about in chairs ; but the common fort walk barefooted and bareheaded. They have manufaftyres of their own, efpecialiy of f^lk ftv.ffs ; and their goods are carried by potters, for they have no waggons. At the end of every Itrct is a barrier, which is Ihnt every evening, as well as the gates of the city; lb that people are obliged to be af home early. The river is covered with barks, which h:ive apartments in them for families, where many refide. The number of inhabitants is computed at 1,000,000. Lon. 113 2 E, lat. 23 7 N. Cantyre, a narrow peninl'ula in Ar- gyleflilre, 50 miles long, and from live to eight broad. It is connecled on the N hyaniflhmus, to the mountainous dif- trict of Knaj«iale. Acrofs this iithinus, which is I'carce a mile broad, a canal might ealily be cut. It has been ufual, for many ages, to draw boats and final! veil'cis ovei- it, in order to avoid the dan- gerous navigation round the headland, amid Ihoals and currents: hence, proba- bly, it has obtained the name of Tarbat^ which fignifies a carrying-place. To the s the peninlula terminates in a gre-'t promontoiyj furrounded by a group of dangerous rocks, called the "Mull of Cantyre. The foil, in general, is fertile. Caorlo, a Imsll ifland in the gulf of Venice, on the coalt of Venetian FriuH, 20 miles sw of Aquileia. It has a town of the lame name, with a bilhop's fee. Lon. iz 30 E, lat. 45 41 N. CAPACio,anepiicopal townof Naples, in Piincipato C'iicriore, 16 miles s of Salerno. Lon. 15 o E, lat. 40 10 a. Cafe Bretcn. SceBRKTON,CAPK ; and other Capes, in like n,anner, le*; under their relpet-^tive names. Capkli.i:, a (own of France, in the depaitment of Aiihe and late province of Picau-ly, eight miles Ni- ot Cniile, taken by the Spai.i. rdi in 1636, bat retaken ihi year after. Lon. 3 30 E,la«-. 49 58 n. Caplstan, a town of France, in tht.- department of Auda and late province of Langucdoc, near the river Aud^ and the canal of Langucdoc. Lon. 3 i> E, lai. 43 21 N. Capitanata, a province of Naples, bounded on the N by the gulf of Venice, on the E by Terra di JBaii, on the s by Balilicata and Principato Uitrfricre, ani ©ft th« W by Molilb ; nd /ibJUiW* U »6 ■,. .ruiK:-^;u:" W 2. , - .".<.••• ■ - im 11 1 tf,-* im CAR %)ev£l country, without trew ; has a fandy toil, and a hot air ; but the land, near the rivers, is fertile in pattures. Man- fredonia is the capital. Capo Fino, a baiTen rock, in the ter- rltoiy of Genoa, with a c;iftle on its eaftcm peak. Near it is a port of the fame name, 13 miles ESE of Genoa. Lon. 8 56 E, lat. 44- 20 N. Capo DIstria, a town of Italy, In Venetian Iltria, on the gu]f of Trieft, with a bilhop's fee. Its principal revenue confifts in wine and fait. It is eight miles s of Trieft. Lon. 14. 6 e, lat. 4.5 49 N. Cafrala, an ifle in the Mediterra- nean Sea, to the ne of Corfica, on which it depends. It has a ftrong caltle, and is 15 miles in circumference. Lon. 10 e, lat. 4.3 5 N. Capri, an ifland of Naples, in the Mediterranean, oppofite Soiento, tamous for being the retreat of the r r^vnr Ti- berius. A vaft quantity of ^^\ ome here every year, forining the j ipal revenue of the hilliop, who is hence called theBifhop of Quails. It is five miles in length, and two in breadth. Capri, the capital of an illand of the fame name, with a bilhopric and a caltle. It was ouce a delightful place, emhel- lilhed with magiiiricent works^ which were demoliOied after the death of Tibe- rius. Lon. 14 8 E, lat. 40 1 1 N. Capua, a town of Naples, in Terra dt Lavora, with an urchbilhop's lee. It is two miles froiu the ar.cicnt Capua, and was built out ol its ruins. It is t!ic place where Hannibal and hisoliiceTs trif- led away their time in pleafuie, during whicl) the Romans recovered from their conftcrnation alter the battle of Cann;e. It was taken by the Aulhians in 1707 j and is feated on the Voltiuno, 15 miles N of Naples. Lon. 14 19 e, lat. 41 7 n. Caraccas, a dilhicl of S America, in Terra Fiima, included in the w part of the province of Venezuela. It is bounded on the N by the g\ilf of Mexico, on the e by Cuniana, and on the s by New Granada. The b^It cocou nuts, next to thofeof Guatimala, are |)roducevl in the rich plains of this province. The Dutch, by the vicinity of thtir fettle- ments in the illands of Curacjoa ^nd Bucn Ayre, having gradually engrolfed the gieateft part w the cocoa trade, Philip V, to remedy this evil, granted, in 1728, to a body of merchants, an e^clufive right to the commerce with Caraccas and Cu- jnana, on condition of their employing, »t theii: own ^penc«^> 4 iui^^At ^lumbei* C A R of armed veflbls, to clear the coaft of in- terlopers. This eftablifhment proved hig;;ly beneficial to Spain. It is fonir- tiincs called the Company of Caracca.s, and ibmetimes the Company of Guipifcoa, from the province of Spain, in which it is eftabliflied. St. Jago de Leon is the capital. Cara;v;."Nia, a province of Turkey in Alia, in the s part of Natolia. Molt of the hcufes have tui'rets fo contrived, as to cool the rooms in fummer. Satalia is the capital. Caramanta, a province of Terra Finna, lying on both fides the river Cauca; bounded on the N by the diftriit of Ciirthagena, on the E by New Gra- dana, on the s and w by Fopayan and Panama. It is a valley furrounded by high mountains, and there are rivulets whence the natives get very good fait. Caramanta, the capital of a pro- vince ' of tliat name, in Terra Firma, feated on the Cauca, 240 miles nne of Popayan. Loti. 75 15 w, lat. 5 18 n. CaRara, a town of Tufcany, in the principality of Mafl'a, between Mafia and Sarzana, five miles from each. Near this place are quarries of marble of va- rious colours. Lon. 9 55 E, lat. 44 5 bf. Carasu, a river of Natolia, which rifes in Caramania, crofles part of Ala- dub, and falls into the MeditciTanean. Carasu Mestro, a river of Roma- nia,'which riles in Mount Rhodolpho, and fails into the Archipelago. Carasui, a lake in Bulgaria, faid to be 55 miks in circumference, and to con tain leveral illands. It is formed by a branch of the Danube, not far from its en- trance into the Black Sea. Caravacca, a town pf Spain, among the mountains near the river Segura, in Murcia. They pretend to have a crofs here, brought by an angel to a prieft, who was going to fay maCs to a Moorifli king. It is 50 miles NW of Carthagen.t. Lon. * 5 w, lat. 38 5 N. Carcassone, an ancient town of France, in the department of Aude and late province of Languedoc, with a bimop's fee. It is divided into the Upper ajid Lower Town by the Aude, over which is a ftone bridge. In the Upper Town are a ftrong calile and the cathed- ral. The Lower Town is fquare, regu- larly built, ind kept very neat, by means of an aquedu^f, which brings the water of the Aude todiH'erent fountains. Thia part is modem; but the Upper Town, which is alfo called the City, is very zxi'- QU^tf unJ in tlie c4tk aic prcfeived fomo •bridgi over and CAR CAR (i\(\ rixords written on the baiJc of trees. Here arc mamii'acturcs of ail forts of cloth. It is 1 5 miles W of Narbcnnc, und 400 s of Paris. Lon. 2 25 E, lat. 4-3 »4 N. Cardiff, abmough InGlamorganlhirc, with'a market on Wfdnefliay and Satur- day. It has a caltle, a wall, and fo\Tr gates ; ^nd is fcated on the Taafe, over which is a •bridge, and it has a coniideriible trade with Brifti , for vefiels of fmaller bur- den may come to the bridge. The con- ftable of the caltle is the chief magiltrate, whom they call mayor. It lends one member to parliament, and here the alfizes for the county are held. Near the town are feme ron-works j and a canal, extending 25 miles hence, to the iron-works at Merihyr-Tid'il. In the caftle, died Robert, duke of Normandy, eldeft fon of William the Conqueror, after having been blinded, and confined 28 \-ears, by his brother Heiiry I. Cardiff is 12 miles E of Cowbridge, and 164 w of London. Lon. 5 12 w, lat. 51 30 N. Cardigan, the county-town of Car- diganfliire, with a market on Tuefday unci Saturday ; fituate on the river Tyvy, over which is a ftone bridge. The walls and cattle are gone to ruin. It is go- verned by a mayor, fends one member to parliament, and is 33 miles ne of St. David's, and 225 WNW of London. Lon. 4 38 w, lat. 52 10 N. Cardigan Bay, on the coaft of Car- diganfliire, at the mouth of the Tyvy, extending to Barfey ifknd in Carnarvcn- ihire. It is 40 miles from one cape to the other, and affords good fhelter for (hips. Cardioa N SHIRE, a county of S Wales, bounded on the N by Merionethfhirc and Montgomtryfhire, on the E by Radnor- fhire and Brecknockfhire, on the s by Carmarthtnfhirc and Pembrokefhire, and on the \v by Cardigan Bay. It extends 41 miles from N to s, and 20 from E to W; and h divided into five hundreds, containing fix market-towns, and 64 nariflies. It lies in the diocefe of St. David's, and lends two members to par- liament. The air is milder here than in moft parts of Wales. To the s and w ;u-e plains fruitful in corn ; but the N and K parts are a continued 1 idge of moun- taiins: yet, in the wortt parts of this county, there are paitures in which are bred fiocks of fheep and large herds of cattle. Near the rivers are great num- bers of otters ; and in the valleys are Ic- veral lakes. The mountains abound with v^ins of lead and filver ore } and the the mines have b«en worked (everal timet ^ to great advantage: fir Hugh Middletoa is laid to have cleared ool. a month, for leveral years together, hich enabled him " to biing the New River water to London ; . but he expended the whole on that great " objci:^. The principal rivers are the 'J\vvy, the Kydal, and the Iltwith. Car DONA, a town of Spain, in Cata- ' Ionia, with a caftle. Near it is an in- exhauftible mountain of lalt, of leverai ' colours, which, when w.ifhed, becomes white ; and there are vineyards, which ' produce excellent wine. It is feated on an unipcnce, near the river Cardencro, ' 30 miles Nvv of Barcelona. Lon. i 30 1, ' lat. 41 36 N. C A r E L I A , the caftern part of F inland ; belonging partly to the Swedes, and partly ■ to the Ruffians. See Wl burgh. Carentan, a town of France, in the department of the Channel and late pro- vince of Noi-mandy, with an ancient cafHe, eight miles from the fea, and 21 w of Bajeux. Lon. 1 4 w, lat. 49 16 n. Cariati, 9. town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, with a bifhop's fee, two miles from the gulf of Taianto. Lon. 17 »9E» iat- 39 35 N. Caribbean Sea, that part of the Atlantic, lying between Cuba, St. Do- mingo, and Porto Rico on the n , and Terra Firnia on the s. It was formerly called the North Sea ; for the Spaniai-ds having croffed the ifthmus of Darien from N to s, gave the fea they dil'covered the name of the South Sea, and this, of courfe, the North Sea, although with refpeft to the American continent, the Pacific is the weftern, and the Atlantic the eaftern ocean. Caribbee Islands, the moft eafteni iflands of the W Indies, divided into Windward ^nd Leeward Iflands. See Indies, West. Carignano, a town of Piedmont, in a diltrid of the fame name, feated on the rivt r Po, three miles s of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 57 N. - Cariman Java, a clufter of iflands to the M of Java, at the principal of which fljips touch for reii'elhments, in their voyage to B>)rnv-o. Lon. no 125, iat. 5 56 s. Carinola, an epilcopal town of Nar pies, in Terra di Lavora, feated near Mount Maflico, 25 miles Nw of Napics. Lon. 14 18 E, lat. 41 15 N. ■ Carinthia, a fertil«; duchy of Ger-- many,' in the circle of Auftria, boundcH^ on the N by Auftria, on the e by btiria, on the s by Camiola and Friuli, and on H 3 > . .4 CAR CAR the w by Tirol and Sakzburg, Ll-'frcn- • iurt u tfic capital. Cariserook Castle, an ancient caltle, near Newport, in the Hie of Wight, where Charles i was imprilbned in i6,\.y. CARiSTO,anepifcoi\il townofGretce, in the E part of the'iilund of Ncgiopont. Lon. »4 4-5 e, lat. 58 4 N. Carlincford, a leaport of Irehnd, on Carlingford Bay, in the county of Lowth, 21 miles K of Droghfcda. Lon. 6 ow, lat. 54 UN. Car-Lisle, an ancient city, the capital of Cumberland, with a market on Satur- day. It is walled I'ound, and plcalantly fitiiate above a rich fraft of mt?.d(jws, bordering the Eden and two other rivciS, which here unite their ftreams. IT.c g.itt s ofthis city are called the EngU(h,Iri(h,and Scotch. It has a caftic, on the w fide of the town J and the cathedral is a llately ftrufture. Carlifle has a confiderable manufa61ure of printed linens and checks, and is noted for the making of whips and fi/hhooks. It was taken by the rebels in '74-J> but retaken by the duke of Ciun- berlapd. It, is governed by a mayor, lends two niembers to parliament, and is 60 miles s of Edinburgh, and 301 NMW 'of London. Lon. 253 w, lat. 54 56 n. Carlisle, the county-towjn 9^" Cuin- Kei-larid, in the ftate oi Pennlylvr.nia, in. N America, It contains a college, acourL- houle, 300 houll's, aiid 1500 inhabitants. , In 1752, this fpot was a wilderneis, in- habi'tcd by Indians and v/iid bcalts. It is 100 miles w by N of Philadelphia. Lon. 77 30 \v, lat. 40 10 N. CARLOW,orCATJt£RLOUGH, accunty of Ireland,' in the province of Lcinfier, •28 miles in length, and eight in breadth ; bounded on the e by Wicklow and Wex- ford, on the w by Queen's County and JCilkenny, and on the N by Kildare. It contaisis 42 parilhes, and lends fix mem- bers to parliament. ^ Carlow, or CATnERLQTTGKj a town of Ireland, in a county of the fame n^if, on the river Barrow, 16 miles ne of Kil- kenny. Lon. 7 14 w, lat. ca 48 n. CARLOWiTZj'a town of Scluvoniji, remarkable for a peace, concluded liere be- tween the Turks and Germans in 1669. Itis leated en the I'anube, 38 miles N\v oFBelgrade. Lon. 20 5 e, lat. 44 45 n. Cah^scrona, or Carlscroon, a feaporc of Sweden, in the province of Blekinetn, It derives its origui and name from Cnarles xi, vv-ho laid the foundation of a new town in 1680, and removed the ft-et tiom StockAkv^'^ ^0 ^^^^ place, on accoimt of its centrical fituation, and tlie fuperior fecuiity of its harbour, which has depth of water for firlt-rate (hips to rmry their lower tier of guns ; the en- trance into this harbour, is defended by two Itroiig forts. The greatett part of t^\-^ town Hands upon a Ihiall rocky ill.uid, v/iiich liics t'cntly in a bayot the Baltic: the fuburbi extend over aiuit'oer linall rock, and along tiie mole, dole to the . bafin where the fleet is moor;d. The town contains about 18.000 inhil»Itnnts j and the fuburbs are fortified, toward the lind, by a ftone v/all. Formerly, veliels in tiiis port, when careened andnp-drcil, were laitl uppn their fides in the open har- bour J until a dock was hollowed in the folid rock, in 1724, capable of receiving a firlt-rate anan ot war. A projeit tor conltruiSling 30 covered docks, and other improvements, was begun ifl 1759; ^ut they h'.a e proceeded iiowly. One dock was rinifhei in 1779, 2nd gives an Idea, Of the expence and gieatnefs of the plan : the bcttOin and fides aic of hewn granltj ; rows of granite pillars fupport the roof, and bear rather the appeaianci; of a colon- nade to a temple, ttian a receptacle for fliips. Carl crona is 220 miles sw of Stcckhoim. Lon. 15 36 E, lat. 56 20 n. Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia, on t!i^' river Kulp, 140 'miles s of Vienna. Lyn,. $5 21 E, iat. 46 e N. Carlsjadt, a town- of Sweden, : in W'ermeiand, on tlie ill and of Tingwalla, which is formed by two branches of tN- Clara Jj^ib. It in a biihop's lee, The houles a;e built of wood and painted s the tpiiccpal palace is alio of wood, buls not painted j ard has fueh an extenfive tront, and lb many windows, as to look like a fartoiy. The town contains 1 500 inhabitants, who carry on a ti-ade in iron and wootl acrofs Lake Wenner. It is 133 miles w qf Siockholm. Lon. 13 43 e, lat. 59 16 N. Carlstadt, a town of GeriTiany, in the bifhopric of Wurtzburg, feated on the Maine, 1 miles N of Wurtzburg. Lon. 9 12 ii, Jat. 49 56 N. Carmagniola, a trading town of Piedmont, with a ftrong citadel. It was taken by the French in 1691, but re- taken the fame yeiu. It is leated on a Imall river, which runs into the Po, 14 tnilcs s of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 51 N. Carmarthen, the county-town of Caj-marthenih ire, with a market on Wed- neidny and Saturday. It is leated on the river Tov/y,over which is a Itone bridge, to which fmall velfelj may comti up. It t of Uud, Itlc: inail the The ints J the CAR was fbi'tified with a wall anjl a caftle, nqw ill ruins. It is a populous town, uiualiy reckoned the iirit in S Wales, and go- vc-ied by a mayor. It fends one niem- b 1 to parliament, aed is 24 inileu sg of Cardigan, and 207 w by M oi London. Lon. 4. 23 w, iat. i;i 52 N. CARMARTHtNSillRlw a COUtlfV of S Wales, 55 miles in icuyth, and 20 in breadth; bounded by Cyidiganfnirf on the N, t\\e Briltol Channel on the s, Ereclc- «ock and Glamorganihire on the ]■., and Pembrokeihire on tlje "W. It lies in the diooefe of St. David's j <:ontains eight market towns and X7 parilhes } and fends two members to paiUanicnt. It is fruit- ful in com and grals, and has plenty of wood, coal, and lime. The air is. mild and wholcfome, it not being fo mountain- ous as the other covnjties of Wales. Its principal rivers are the Towy, Tyvy, and Taafe. Carmel, a mountain in Paledlne, noted for having b^jcn the retreat of the prophet Eiias, and for a mouaftiy of Carmelites. It is 50 milfs N of Jtru- lUlem. CAR cipal rivers are the Conway and Seint, The air is fliarp and cold ; this county being the moft rugged diltriil of N Wales, and may h\: truly called tlio Briiilh Alps. Its ecu; cd part is occu- pied by the famtd vSnov/don, and \\\c levcral craggy limiinits, deep dell'., moors, chaliiis, and hkes, which conlti- tute its dreary regions. Cattle, ihecp, and goats are almoit its fole rural riches. Thele are M, dining the linnmer, very high on the mountains, tendeil by their owners, who relidc for that leafon in tem- porary huts, and make butter and checfe for their own conl'umption. The prof- pefts around are rude and lavage in the higheii degree ; but not without a mix- ture of bcuity, when the diracnfions of the vales ailmit the varieties of wood* water, and meadows. In fome of the^ lakes aie found the char, and the gwy- uiad. Many rare vegetables, met with only on the molt elevated fpots, grow here. Copper mines have been worked in various parts of thefe moTmtains, and are at prefent about Llanberris. Other places aiford lead ; and quantities of ftone, Carmona, a town of Italy, in Auf- excellent for hones, are dug near Snow- trian Friuli, on a mnuntain near the river don ; to the bleak region of which the vale Indri, fe\en miles Niv of Goritz. Lon. -of Conway below, in fertility and beauty, J3 »3 £> Iat. 46 25 N. forms a very pleafmg contraft. Carmona, an ancient town of Spain, Carnatic, a country of the penin- in Aiulalqfia. The gate toward i^eviJle fula of Hindoollan, extending from the is o*\e of the moft extraordinary pieces of Guntoor circar, along the whole coaft pf antiqvity in ail Spain. It is 25 miles e of Seville V Lon. 4. 48 w, Iat. 37 24 N. Carnarvon, the county-town of Carnarvonfhire, with a market on Satur- day. It is feated on a itrait of the Irifh fea, called Menai, and carries on a con- Coromandel, to Cape Comorin; includ- ing its appendages, "which are Tanjore, Maravar, Tricninopoly, Madura, and Tinevelly. It is 570 miles fronii N to s, but no where more than 120, and, com- monly 75 miles wide. The anntia| re- fiderable trade with Ireland and the prin- venue of its fovereign, the nabob of Ar- cipal Englifli ports. It is furrounded on cot, is 1,500,0001. out of which he pays ail fides, except the e, by the Tea and two a lubfidy of i6o,o6ol. to the Englifh E rivers. It has a cattle, built by Edwui'd India Company, toward the expence of I, in which he gave the Wellh, accord- their military eftabliftiment. The Britiih ing to his equivocating promife, a native poflelfions here are confined chiefly to the prince for their fovereign, in^the pei'ibn traft called the Jaghire ; its annual re- of his Ton, Edward u, who was born in venue 150,0001. There is, befides, a this caftle. Carnarvon T-^nds oJ:»e member land revenue of 7*5,0001. dependent on to parliament, and is governal by the Madras. The Carnatic is rich, fertile, conltable of the caftle, who, by patait, and populous } and contains an incredible is always mayor. It is i'cvcn miles sw number of fortrefles: public monument* of Bangor, and 251 NW of London, too, the unequivocal marks of civilization Lon. 4 20 w, Iat. 53 8 N. . and opulence, are more common here than Carnarvonshire, a county of N in the n parts of India. In 1787, the Wales, 50 miles in length, and 13 in E India Company took the whole admin i- breadth 5 bounded on the N and w by the ftration of the Carnatic, and the colhc- Iri(h Sea, on the s by Merionethrtiire, tion of the nabob's revenues into their and on the E by Denbighfhire. It lies in own hands. A^rcot is the capital, thediocefeof Bangor, contains fix mar- Carniola, a province of Germany, ket-towns and 68 par .'S, and fends in the circle of Auftria ; bounded on the ivvg Wf qibuii to paiiiuft Jit, The prin- n by Carinthia and Stiri^ on the s by H4 11 iii' > 111 1 Ill I!) ifcii ,:); I :: n ' t; m CAR CAR Sclavonia and Croatia, on the s by Mor- lachja and Iftiia,and on the w by Friuli. It is full of rocks and mountains, but produces corn, wine, and oil. Laubach Is the capital. Carolina, North, one of the United States of America; bounded on the N by Virginia, on the E by the Atlantic, on the s by S Carolina and Georgia, and on the w by the MilfiiTippi. It iii 758 miles long, and no broad j divided into eight diltiids, and 58 counties. Belide the vegetable produfts common to America, thpre are ground peas, which nui on the lurface ot the earth, and arc covered by Jiand vfi\.h a light mould, and the pods glow under ground j they are eaten raw or roafted) and talk much like a h.izle- nut. Cotton alio is univerlally cultivated We. The moft jonarkable of their trees is the pitch pine ; a tall handfome tree, far fuperior to the pitch pine ot the northern ftates : it may be called the flaple commodity of N Carolina ; for it aflords pitch, tar, turpentine, me coippyre the latter to be 120,000. Cciumbia is the capital. Carolinas, or Caroline Isl^vnds. See Philippines, New. Carpathian Mountains, moun- ^tains which divide Hungary and Tranfyl- vania from Poland. Carpentras, an epifcopal town of France, in the late province of Provence, and capital of Venaiflin. Before the re- yc tion, it was fuhjeft to the pope. It as icated on the Aulon, at the foot of a ihountain, 14. miles N£ of Avignon, Lon» S 6 Et lat.44 8 N. Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Modenelc, with a caltle, eight miles n of Mbdena. Lon. 11 16 e, lat. 44 41 N. Carpi, a town of Italy, in the Viro- neie, where a victory was gained by the Aultrians over the French in 1701. It is leated on the Adige, a+ miles s£ of Verona. Lon. 11 39 i;, iat. 45 10 N. Carrick on Sure, a town of Ireland^, in Tippernry, 14 miles NW of Water- ford. Lon. 7 10 w, lat. 52 24 N. Carrickfergus, a populous borougij and leaport of Ireland, in Antrim, with a caftle. It is fcated on a bay in the Irifh Channel, of its owjinamt?, 85 miles N of Dublin. Lon. 5 46 w, lat. 54 43 N. Carron, a river of Stirllnafliiit, which riles on the s licit of the Campiey Hills, and flows into the frith of Forth, below Falkirk. Two miles Irom its Iburce, it forms a fine caiicade, called the Fall yf Auchinlillvj and on its banks are the celebrated Canon Works. Car RON WoRks, an extenfive foun- dry, belonging to the Carron Company, on the rivei Carron, one mile from Fal- kirk, confilting of the greateft ironworks in Europe. All forts of iron goods are made in it, irom the moft trifling article to a cannon that difchaiges a ball of 42 pounds. The /hort piece of ordnance, called a carronade, and introduced into the navy in the laft war, was firft made here, and hence received its name. Above a thou land men are here employed ; and hence a great quantity of j^rge cannon are exported to Ruflia, Germany, and other toreio^n paits. Thefe works were erefted in 1761 ; i)t:fore which time there was not a fmgle houle on the fpot. In one place, where coal is converted into toak; and th>; fire fpread of courie over a large lurface, the volumes of Irnoke, the Ipiiy fiances, and the liittbcating heat of the glimmering air, are wondtrfully afFeCHng; ai;d at night, its glare is in- conceivably grand. How valt tlie fire is, wc may conceive, when we are told that it oiieri burns too tons of coal in a day. The mafly bellows which roule the furnaces' cux put in motion by water, and receiving the .iir in large cylinders, force it out again through linali orifices, roar- ing with altcinilhing noii'e. The fire of tlur furnace thus rouied, becomes a glow- ing fpot, which the eye can no more lock at than at the fun. Under fuch intenfe heat, the rugged Itone inltantly difl'olves in ftreams of liquid iron. Cart, the name of two riveis in Renfrewfhire, diftingwiihed by the appel- lations of Black and White. The Jiiack CAR Cart iiTucs from the lake called Lochwln- noch; the WWuc Cart defcends from the NE angle of the county j and, uniting their Itreams, they both flow into the Clyde, near Renfrew. Oppoilte this town, in the road to Port Glaijgow, is a handfome briilge of ten arches, hui!t exaft ly at the confluence of theie two rivers. Three roads meet upon this bridge, fo that it has thitc enas or entrances. Cart AM A, a tawn of Spain, in Gra- nada, at the f«x)t of a mountain near the river Gundala Medina, eight miles N\v of Malaga. Lon. 4 4.3 w, \i\t. 36 40 N. Carteret Island, an ifland in rhe S Pacilic Ocean, feen by captain Carteret in 1767. It is fix leagues lung from £ to W. Lon. 159 14 E, lat. i 26 s. Carthage, a famous city of Africa, which difputed the empire of the world with Rome, but was at length razed by the Romans. Some of the ruins are to be feen on the coaft of the Mediterranean, 10 miles NE of Tunis, near a. promon- tory called Cape Carthage. Lon. 10 25 k, lar. 36 50 N. Carthage, a town of New Spain, in Cofta Rica, with a bifhop's fee, 360 miles VVNW of Panama. Lon. 85 45 w, lat. 10 15 s. Carthagena, a feaport of Spain, in Murcia, built by Aldrubal, a Carthagi- nian general, and nanf J alter the city of Carthage. It has the beft harbour in Spain. It was taken by fir John Leake in 1706, but the duke of Berwick retook it. It is featcd on a gulf of the lame name, 27 miles s of Murcia. Lon. o 8 w, lat. 37 37 N. Carthagena, a province of S Ame- rica, in Terra f'irma, bounded on the w by the irthmus of Darien, off the N\v and N by the Caribbean Sea, on the E by St. Martha, and on the s by Pojiayan. It is a mountainous country ; but has many well-watered and fertile vailies ; yet, be- ing tiiinly peopktl, it is ill cultivated. It produces a variety of valuable drugs, and fome precious Itones, particularly eme- ralds. Carthagena, the capital of the pro- vince of L'nrthngena, in Terra Firma, one of the molt populous, opulent, and beautiful cities j&i S America. Its har- bour is the lafeftand beft fortified in the Spanilh American dominions. This was not the only circiimftance, to which Car- thagena owed its fplendour and import- ance } it was chofen as thfe port in which the galleons Hiould firft begin to trade ; on their arrival from Europe, and to which they were dirc^cd to retvun, in order to CAS prepare ^or their voyage homeward. Tlier* is rcalbn, however, to ajiprc'uend, fhaC it has reached its higheit point of exalta- tion, as it mult be affected, in a great degree, by the change in the SpHniflr fyllem of trade wirh America, which has withdrawn from It the defirahlc vifits of the giiUeons. It was taken by the En- gll/h 'P 1585, and by;he French in 1697, who tound a great booty: but admiral Vernon, in 1741J though he had taken, the caftles, was obliged to abandon the fiege. Lon. 75 26 \v, lat. 10 24 N. Cartmel, a town in Lancalhire, with a market on Monday, and a handiome church, built like a cathedral. It is leated among the hills called Cartmel Fells, not far from the lea, and near the river Ken, 12 miles N by w of Lan- cafter, and 260 nnw of London. Loii. 3 6 w, lat. 54 iz N. Car WAR, a feaport on the coaft of Malabar, lubjeft to the regent of My- lore. It is 60 miles s by E- of Goa. Lon. 74 34 E, lat. 15 o N. Casal, a town of Italy, in Montferrat, with a citadel and a bilhfp's fee. It hat been often taken and retaken in the wars of Italy ; the laft time by the king of Sar- dinia in 1746. It is leated on the river Po, 37 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 27 e> lat. 45 18 N. Casal Maggiore, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan. It was taken by the French in May 1796, and is leated oa the river Po, ao miles SE of Cremona. Lon. 10 35 E, lat. 44 56 N. Casal Nuova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriorc. A terrible earth- qunke happened here m 1783, by which the princeis Gerace, and upward of 4000 inhabitants loft thfjir lives. '" CASBiN.or Caswin, atownof Perfia, in Irac A»emi, where feveral of the kings of Pei-fia hive refided. Nadir Shah biiut a pakce here, incloCed by a wall a mile and a half in circumference ; and the town is incircled by one four miles in cir- cuit. It carries on a great trade and is feated near the high mountain Elwend, where there are fine quarries of white marble, 180 miles N of Iljpahan. Loft. 52 16 E, lat. 35 30 N. Cascais, a town of Portugal, in Eftramadui-a, at the mouth of the Tajb, 17 miles Eof Lilbon. Lon. 8 43 w, lat. 38 40 N. Caschaw. See Cassovia. Casco Bay, a bay of N America, in the ftate of Malfachufe! s and diftrift of Main, between Cape Elifabeth and Cape Small Point. It is z; miles wl£-Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, el^ht miles N of Portalcgrc*. Lon. 7 31 w, lat. 39 15 N. , . Castel-Folit, a tom\ of Spain, m. Catalonia, on an inacceflible eminence, near the river Fulvia, 15 miles w of.Gironga. Castel-Gondolfo, a vUlas« -m' Campagna di Roma, near Lake Albano, on the extremity of which is a caitle, to which the pope retires in the fummer. Near this village is the villa Barbarini, within the gardens of which are the ruin* of an immenfe palace, built by the Lon* 24 58 £, lat. 42 18 N, IN I ' I ; t if:' '' I HI CAS CAS Casi ELNAUDARy, a town of Frnncc, in tlic dcpaitinen! of Atidc and late pro- vince ot Langiialor, on an tininencc, at the toot ot which is the RovA C'lmnl, which hert t'oiiTis a hifm abrut i,f-'yri lat in ciicumffiviicf. Near tlits town, jn 1631, m:'r(l\al Schon'btrp; defcarcd tlic tHike ct Orlf:ins, and ic 'k. tlv.' (inf'-rMi- nate Montmorency prilbncr. C;ifttlu;iii- dary is 15 inik-s w oF CircafiuniK'. Lon. a o E, lat. 4.3 19 N. CASTiriLlCNt, a town of Italy, in the Mantnan, with a caltlc. It \vas token by tht Anttrinnj in' 1701 ) hut t!,e French dttieatcd them near it in 170", and again on Auguft 3, 4706. It is zo mileii nw ci Mantua. Lon. lo 32 Ei tat. 45 23 K. Castile, the principal and moft opn- lent of th«f kingtloms into which Spuin wag formerly divided. It now fonns the two provinces of Old Caltiie end Ni.w Caltile; the fornner havincj botn recovered from tlie 'Moort> ^bme time before the- latter. Castile, Old, a province of Spain, X92 miles in length, and 115 in breadth; bounded on the s by New Caltile, on the S by Arragon and Navarre, on the n by Bilcay and the A(turias, and on the w by Leon. Burgos is the capital, Ca$.tile» New, or 1'oledo, a pro- vince of Spain, aoo miles in length, and 184. in breadth; bounded on tlic N by Old Cattiie, on the e by Anai;,on anct Valencia, on the s by Murcia and An- dalucia, and on the w by Eftramadura. It iS' divided into three parts; Argaria to the N, Mancha to the e, and Sierra to the s. Madrid is the capital. Castile del Oro, or New Cas- tile, in America. See Terra Firma. Castillara, a town of Italy, in the' Mantuan, fix miles ne of Mantua. Lon. xo 54 £, lat. 45 14 N. CUsTlLLON, a to\vn of France, in the department ot Gironde and late pro- vince of Guitnne ; famous for a vi(itory gained by the French over the EnglHh in 145 1. It is Jeated en the Dordogne, 25 miles £ of Bordeaux. Lon. z e, lat. 44 52 N. Castle-Carv, a town in Somerliet- fliire, with a maiket on TueHlay, 12 miles SE of Wells, and 112 w by s of London. Lon. a 42 w, lat. 51 5 N. Castle-Comb, a town in Wilt- /hire, fo called from its ancieat caftle. It formerly had a market. It is 1 2 miles NNEof.Bath. Castle-Hedincham, : a village in EHex, So called from the ancient caitlc of the extinfl family of the Veres, earls of Oxford ; a fine tuwcr of which, on an cmlntnce, is ftiil entire. It is levcn milt*, sw of Stidbnry. (,' \sTi K-RuiNO, 1 boroMgh in Nor- folk, which h;ul ;i maiket, now dilnied, on acronnt of its bnbotir biing choked up; hjit it is jrov-rntd by a mnyor, and It-nds two mcmbeib to parliament. The caltlf, whvncf it his its name, is now in ruins. '•• li liven miles NE oi' I.ynn, :ind 103 NNh ot London. Lon. o 30 E, hit. 57. 50 N. ( AS J LhTON, a village in ihe peak of JXrhyil'irc, at the loot of a rock above 250 feft high, on which are the rcinaina ot a tidUc, afcribcd to William Pevcrel, natural fon of the Conqueror. It h:ts three of tho I'evtn wonder* ^t tiie peak in its neighbourhood; the Devils Arle, Mam Tor, and EhUn H©le. The firft is a cavern in the rock abovemen- lioncd, whole arched entrance is 42 fettt hi'gh and 120 wide, wl»ich becomes nar- rower as it proceeds, and the root titfeeixls t(> within two feet of the fur- face of n brook ; this being pafled ano- ther large cavern lucceeds, with feveraj high openings in the roof, which defcends again to a llconling, wirlwut being di- miniflied. Elden Hole, a mile s of Mam Tor, is n jxrpendicular gulf oi' chai'm in a linielhjne rock, tlie depth of which is unfatltomable, its fides being io very flielvin^ and iriK-g'tlaJ' : it has- been plumbed from 192 to 295 yards, > 40 ot which leenied to ne in water.^ Caftleton is five miles N of Tidel'well. Castletown, the capital of the Hie' of Man, with a cattle, but of no great im- portance, on account of its diftance from" the rocky ami fliallow harbour. Lon. 4 35 w, lat. 53 55 N. Caston, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Monday, 10 miles NNW of Norwich, and 113 ne of London. Lon. 1 22 E, lat. 52 48 N. Castor, a town in Lincolnlhire, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles NE of Lincoln, and 159 N of London. Lon. o 9 w, lat. 53 30 N. Castres, a town of France, in the CAT CAT d«, ..lent of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, of which it wai rtttntly an cpilcopal ice. In tlic iclirn of Lcvvii XIM it was a kind ut' protcttant n-public ; but, in 16^9, its fortitit'Htiuns were dc- inolifhed. Near this town, ait- mines of Turquoife Itones. It is the birthplace of Kapin Thoyras, Abel Boyer, and M. Dacicr. It is (dated in a tine valley, on the Aguut, 10 niiics s of Alby. Lon. * to E, lat. 4.3 37 N. Castro, a townot Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, 40 miles N w of Koine. Lon. II 54. £, lat. 4-1 23 N. Castro, a leaport of the kingdom of Naples, lix niiies s of Ot ran to. Lon. ig 31 £, lat. 4jo 16 N. Castro, a town of S America, in Chili, capital of the iHand of Chilue. It ii 180 miles s of iialdivia. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 42 4 s. Castro-Marino, a town of Portu- gal, in Ali^ai'vc. It is ftrong by fituaf ion, and Icated near the moiuh ot the Ciiia- diana, 55 miles s of licju. Lon. 7 12 w, lat. 37 6 N. Castro-Vekegna, a town of Peru, remarkable for mines of /liver, good to- bacco, and wholefome air. It is 125 miles SE of Lima. Lon. 7445 W, lat. 12 50 s. Cat Island. See Guanahami. Catabavv, a town belonging to the Catabawij, the only Imiian nation in the I'tate of S Carolina. It is lisated on the river Catabaw, on the boundary line between N and S Carolina. Lon. 81 1 5 w, lat. 34 49 N. Catalonia, a province of Spain, bounded on the N by the Pyrenese,on the is and s by the Mediterrane;in Sen, and on the w by Arragon :ind Valencia. Its greatvft cxLeiit from £ to w is iii rniles, and from m to S 148. The air is wholefome; and it is tull of high moun- tains, covered with forett and truit-tree*. It abounds in wine, corn, and puhl, and has quarries of marble and leveral Ibrts •f mines. B.uteloua is tlie capital. Cai ANIA, a celebrated city of Sicily, on a gulf of the fame name, with a bifhop's lee, and a univcrlity, the only one in the i/land. The church is a noble fabric, the largcft in Sicily ; and the organ is much admired by mufical connoilfeurs. The principal ftreets are wide, Ihaigiit, and well paved with lava; and the inha- bitants are computed to be 30,000. The knd about it is fertile in corn, excellent wine, and fruits. By an eruption of ,£tna, in 1669, it was almoft totally de- stroyed; aadj ia i^^'U i^ vvas cmifdy fwallowcd up, by an earthquake, which buriw-d 1 8, coo p upie in the mink. It is 52 miles sw of iVldiina. Lon. 15 ajt S, hu. 37 36 N. Catan/aro, a town of Naples, in Calabria Uiteriore, with a bifhop's lee, lep.ted on a iiiousUnin, 1 5 miles sw of Bekaltio. Lon. 16 4S h. lat. 39 o U. Cataro, a town o: Venetian Dahnatia, with a chiUl, and a biiliop's lee; leuted on a gulf ot its own name, 30 miles w ot Scutari. Lon. i!J 40 E, iat. 4^ 40 N. Cateau. SteCHAj EAU CaMBRESIS. Categate, a gulf between Swedea and Denmark, by wiiich the Baltic com- municates with the oce.m. Catharinenslaf, or Ecaterri- NENSLAF, a government of the KulTinn empire, divided into two provinces} namely, Catharinenllaf, whicli include* New Kuliia and the late government of Aibph ; and Taurida, which includes the Crimea. Catharinendlaf, the capital of a province of the fame name, built by the jjfefent eintjrels of Kulha j and its name fignities The glory of Catharine. It ia fcatcd near- ihe confluence of the Kiltzia and Samai ., 178 miles ne of Cherlon. Lon. 35 15 E, lat. 47 23 N. Catharines, St. the principal ifland on the coalt of the s part of Brafil, with a harbour defended by feveral forts. It is 27 miles long, but not more than Hji broad. Lon. 49 17 w, lat. 27 35 s. Catherlouoh. See Carlow. Catmandu, the capital cf Napaul, in Hindooltan Proper, 445 miles E of Delhi. Lon. 5J4 51 E, iat. 28 6 N. Catouhe, Cape, the ne promon- tory of Yucatan, in N America, where the Englilh adventurers from Jamaica firlt attempted to cut logwood. Lon. 86 30 w, lat. 22 10 N. See Honduras. Cattack, or Cuttack, the capital, of Orifia, a province of Hindooltan, in the Deccan. It is a poll of conlcquence, as it lies on th2 only road between Bengal and the Northern Circars; and the poff^flion of this city and its dependencies gives the Eerar rajah (i Mahratta prince) mor# coniequence in the eyes of the govern- ment of Bengal, than even his extcnfivft domain and centrical pcliiion in Hindoo*, fian. Cattack. is fcated on the Maha. nuJdy, near its influx into the bay of Bengal, 220 miles sw of Calcutta. Loiu 86 I £, lat. 20 51 N. Cattarick, a village near Rich- mond, in the w riding ot Yorklhire. It has a bridge over the river Swale, and a fort of catara^ near it, fiom whid^ S ^ ■\'- C A U it {ecmi to have derived its name. Tt appears to have been a grsat city in the time of the Komans, one ot whole high- ways eroded the river here, on the banks oi which are the foundations of grt.t walls, and a mount caft up to a valt height. Many coins and ums have been dug up here. The final deltruftion of this city vms by the Danes C A 2 the foot of a mountain, near the Seine, 18 miles NW of ?ouen. Lon. 1 26 e, lat. 40 31 N. Caviana, an ifland of S America, at the mouth of the river Amazon, go miles in circumference, and of a triangular form, with its bafe to the ucta:.. It lies under the equino£lial line in lon. 50 20 w. Cauvery, or Cavery, a confider- C/vTWiCK, a village of Holland, on able river of the peninfula of Hindooftar, the German Ocean, near which the only bran»n of the Rhine that retains its ori- ginal name, is loitin ihefands. It is fix exiles iV by w of Leyden. \C4vA, a town of Naples, in Princl- pato Citcriore, with a billiop's iee ; feated »t the toot ci' Mount \ietelian, three miles w of Salerno. Lon. 14 55 £, lat. 40 z6 N. Cavaillon, a town of France, u\ whicii riles among the Gauts, and watering Seringapatam and Tanjore, enters the bay of Bengi'i, by feveral mouths, between Cuddalore and I'richinopoly. Cavina, a town in the illand of Ma- nilla, with a ftrong caftle, a harbour) and a dock. It is 10 miles from the city of Manilla. Caune, a town of France, in the de- partment of Tarn and late province of Venaiflin, with a late epilcopal lee, then Languedoc, I'eated near the moimtains, iiibjed: to the pop*:. It is leated on the Durance, 20 miles se of Avignon. Lon. 5 17 E, iat. 43 34 iN. Cavan, a county cf Ireland, in the proArince cf Uifter, 47 mi!«s in length, and 23 in breadth; bounded on the N by Fermanagh and Monaghan, en the E by the latter county and Louth, on the w by Leitrim, and on the s by Longford, Weft Meath, and Enft Meath. I: lias biit two towns of any note, Cavan and Kilmore. It lends fix members to parliament, and contains 37 parifties. Cavan, a borough of Ireland, capital cf the county of Cavan, 60 miles NW of Dublin. Lon. 7 23 vv, lat. 54 51 N. Caucasus, a chain of :rcaatains In Afia, which extend iiom the Black Sea to the Cafpian. They are the higheft in Afia, and their tops ave always covered with fnow. The lower parts abound in iwney, corn, wine, fuits, gum, hogs, and horned cattle. The vines wind about high trees. Thele mcmtains are inhabited by frven diftincl nations, each fpeakitiir a different language : namely, the Turco- mans, the Abkhas, the Circalliuns, the Olli, the Kilti, the Lciguis, and the Georgians. where the river Agout has its fource. It is ai miles ne of Caftres. Lon. 2 43 e, lat. 43 40 N. Cauterets, a villag* of France, in the de; artment of the Upper Pyrenees und late province of Bigorre, noted for its mineral water. It is 18 miles sw of Bagnere.?. C A WOOD, a town in the E riding of Yorkfhire, with a market on Wednefday, 12 miles 8 of York, and 186 N\v of London. Lon. j o w, lat. 53 47 N. Caxamalca, a town of Peiii, capital of a territory of its own name. Here Pizano, the Spanifli general, in 1532, perfidioufly feized the ir.ca A'':liuhalpha, • and the next year, after a mock trial, caufed him to be puljlicly executed. It is 300 miles NNt; of Lima. Lon. 74 53 w, lat. 7 15 s. Caxton, a town in Cambridgefliire, with a market un Tuelday, 10 miles w by s of Cambridge, and 49 N of London Lon. o 10 w iat. ro o N. Caya, a river of Portugal, which vifes near Portalej^re, and running se divides Spain fioni Portugal, and tails into the Guadiana, Kt Badajoz. Cayenne, a rich town and illand on Caucasus, a govcmment of the Ruf- the coalt of Guiana, capital of the French fian empire, di .'ided into the two provinces of Aftracan ard Caucaius. I'he pro- vince of Caucaius ccmpril'cs the Cuban, and all that dihrirt to the E and s, now in the pofleliion of Ruilia, betweeii the rivers Don and Cuban, and between tlie Black Sea and the Cafpian, extending as far as the confines of Geoij.'^ia. Caudebec, a populous trading town of France, in the department of Lower .btuM aod late province of Nui luauiiy, at lettlements there, bounded en the w by the Dutch colony of Surinam. The French iLttled here in 1635, but left it in 1654. iind it was fuccefiively in the pof- lelFion of the Englifti, French, and Dutch ; but the latter were expelled by the French in 1677. Cayenne pepper, fugar, aiKl coffee, are the principal com- modities. Lon. 5215 w, lat.4 56N. C iT.jMiR, a town of Little Poland, in the palatinate at' Lublin^ feated oa the a Viftula, 3 e, lat. Cebu the Phil Ceda River in bridge ; on the a have bee fome gr< at the b: at the b of courl bridge Its bre; feet, bu nefs of arch, thickne earth, trees, both lid This bi of Rock paiTage eroded city CRN Viftula, 80 miles E of Zarnaw. Lon. 2* 3 E, lat. 51 o N. Cebu, one of the moft foutherly of the Philippine Iflands. Cedar Creek, a water of James River in Virginia, in the county of Rock- bridge; remarkable for its natmal bridge, on the ai'ccnt of a hill, which iecms to have been cloven through its length by fome great ccnvulhon. The fiimre, jiilt at the bridge, is 250 feet deep, 4.5 wide at the bottom, and 90 at the top. This, of courli?, determines the length of the bridge and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is about 60 tfct, but mon- at the ends, and the thlck- nefs of the mals at the fummit of the arch, about foi-ty feet. A part of this thicknefs is conltituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. 1 he reiidue, with the hills ca both lides, is one folid rock of limeftone. This bridge gi'r^is name to the county ot Rockbridge, and affords a commodious paifage over a valley, wl.ich cannot be croiTed elfewhere for a confiderable dil- tance. CE.f>OKGA, a town of Naples, in Prln- cipato Ulteriore, v/ith a bifhop's lee ; lieated at the foot of the Appennmes, i i miles NW of Melfi. Lon. 15 38 t, lat. 41 5 N. Cefalonia, a confiderable ifiand of the Mediterranean, on the coalt of Liva- dia, and oppohte the gidf of Lepanto. It is fertile in oil, and excelknt niulcra- dinc wine. It is liibjcft to the Venetians, and the capital is of the fame name. Lon. io 36 r, lat. 38 22 N. CefaLU, a fcaport cf Sicily, in the valley of Demoua, with a caltlc, and a biihop's lee. Lon. 13 58 e, lat. 38 35 N. Celano, a town of Naples, inAbruz- 70 Ulterioic, a mile from the lake of Ce- lano. Lon. 13 39 e, lat. 4.1 56 N. Ci-iei'.ep, or MACAS'jAR,an illand In the Indian Ocean, to the t cf Borneo. The heat would be inluppoitable, Init for the N winds, and the rains, which con- ftantly fall live days befora and after the full mooiis, ?.rnd during two months tlut the fun is nearly vertical. The fruit"; are ripe all the year. The natives are Mahometans, and the be(t foLdiera iu thefe parts. The Dutch have ftrong forts here, by which they keep the na- tives in arr Lon. from ii'>}. ,1 m GEY G H A milf of Venice, lo miles se of Ravenna. Lon. 12 17 E, lat. 44 30 N. Cesena, a town of Italy, in Romagna, wltha biihop s ice; I'eated on the tluvio, 15 miles SE of Ravenna. Lcn. iz zo £, lac. 44. 25 N. CJette, a ftapoit of France, in the de- pavtment oi Hevault and laii. province of Langufcdoc, icated at the piace whtre the Canal of Languedoc begins, beiv-et-n Montpellier and Agde, on the Mediter- ranean Sea. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 43 23 N. Cev.'v, a town of Piedmont, on the Tanaro, with a fort, eight miles se of Mondovi. It was taken by the French in April 1796. Lon. 8 10 e, lat. 44 a6 N. Cevennes, a mountainous country in the s of France, in which, alter the revo- cation of the edi£l of ^;ants, a remnant of the perlecuted Huguenots tcok reiuge. Here, under the name of Camiiards, they led a lavage life with the rude natives. In 1701, tncoui'aged by the promilcs of the confederates, they revolted, and for ibme time were luccelsiul againlt the ge- nerals lent to reduce them; and marfhal Villars deigned to enter into treaty with them. Sulpefting, however, the hncerity «f the court, thty broke off the uegocia- tion; and, Villars being recalled, the duke of Berwick took the command, and, in 1705, finally lubducd them. Ceuta, a leaport of Africa, with a bifliop's l a French Icttleir.ent, and had a vtry ftrong fort, deftroyed by admiral Wr.tlbn in 1757 J and, in 1793, the Eng ih again dirpolTefled tlie French of tlus icttlemcnt. It is leated on the w fide of the Hoogly, a li;tle nnw of Calcutta. Chang-hai, a town of Chin the province of Kiang-nan. In thi. town, and the villages dependent on it, aie more than 200,000 weavers of common cotton cloth. Chang-tong, a maritime province of China, on the eaftern coaft. It cou- talns fix cities of the firlt, and 1 14 of the fecond and third claflies. It is traverled by the river Yun, or grand imperial canal. The capital Is Tfi-iian-fou. Chanmanni.ng, a city of Tlubet, i i ' if; I,. l I! C H A C H A which has been the refidence of the grand lama. It is i 30 miles w of LafTa. Lon. S9 4.5 E, lat. 31 o N. Channeray, a village in Rofsfirire, near the frith of Murray, formerly a bifhop's fee. It is 30 miles w of Elgin, the fine catliedral of which town is called Channeray church, it having been in- tended, it is faid, to be built here. Chan-si, one of the fmallett provinces of China, bordering on the great wall. It is full of mountains, fome of ^yhich are uninhabited, and have a wild and frightful appearance ; but the reft are cul- tivated with care, and cut into terraces from top to bottom. Chan-fi contains iive cities of the firit clafs, and 85 of the fecond and third. The capital is Tai- yuen-fou. Chantilly, a town of France, cele- brated for a fine forcll and magnificent hunting-feat, which belonged, before the late revolution, to the prince of Condc. 3t is 17 miles N by E ot Paris. Lon. % 36 E, lat. 49 II N. Chao-hing-fou, a city of China, In the province of Tche-kiang. It has eight cities of the third rank under its juvifdi^lion. The inhabitants of this diftrift are faid to be the greateft adepts in chicanery of any in China. Indeed, they are fo well verfed in ths laws, that the governors of the provinces and great mandarins choofe their fecretaries from among them. Chao-tcheo-fou, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tcng, fituate between two navigable rivers, and cele- brated for a monaftery of the bonzes in its nelghl urhood. Lon. 114. zz E, lat. 15 o N. Chaparanc, or Dsaprong, a con- fiderable city of Thibet, in Afia, feated tin the fouthern head of the Ganges, not far weftward from the lake Manlaroar. Lon. 78 4.2 E, lat. 34. o n. Chapel in Frith, a town In Derby-, (hire, with a poor market on Saturday, feated on the confines of the Peak, 17 miles SEof Manchefter, and 165 nnw of London. Lon. i 55 w, lat. 53 22 n. Charabon, a feaport on the N coaft of Java, in the Indian Ocean, 130 miles E of Batavia. Lon. 109 10 E, lat. 6 c s. Charcos, Los, a province of S Ame- rica, in Peru. It has the fineft filver mints in the world. La Plata is the ca- pital. 8ee Porosi. Charo, a town In Somerfetfhlre, tcfith a market on Monilay ; feated on the Jflae of a hill, fix miles w of Crcwkerne, and 141 w by s of London. Lon. 3 iS w, lat. 50 52 N. Charente, a department of France, Including the late province of Angou- mois. It is name.; from a river, which. rift'S in Limofin, runs by Angouleline and Sainfes, and falls into the bay of Bilcay. Angoulefineis the capital, Charente, Lower, a department of France, confining of the two late pro- vinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Saintes is the ciipital. Chare NT»N, a fmall town, on the river Seine, four miles s of Paris } once famous for its prolcftant church. Charite, a town of France, in the department of Nievre and late pro- vince of Nivernois. Its fituation on the road from Paris to Lyons, and the canal of Briare, has made its trade very briflc. Here are forges, for converting the iron In the neighbourhood into ftecl, awollen manufailure, and another for arms, hel- mets, and hardware in general. The fuburb is fituate in a kind of ifiand, which forms about a fourth of the town. The ftone bridge communicating with it was ruined by the melting of the ice in 1789. The moft remarkable edifice in this town is the priory of the late Bene- diftlne Clunlftes. When we confider the vaft riches and prerogatives of this mo- maftery (the prior commendatory of which was temporal lord of the town) we fliould not forget, at the fame time, that, in a feafon of Icarcity, the whole town has fubfifted upon it« bounty ; and hence it derives its name. It is leated on the Loire, 15 miles N of Nevcrs. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 47 10 N. C H A R I, f. N! N t, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Armagh, feated on thts river Bl ickwater, fix miles s of Dungan- non. Lun. 6 37 W, lat. 54 44 N. Char Lt MONT, a fortified town of the Netherlands, in the county of Namur, ceded to the French by the treaty of Ni- meguen. It is feated on the Meuie, 15 miles sw of Namur. Lon. 4. 40 £, lat. 50 6 N. Char LE ROY, a town of the Auftriao Netherlands, in the county of Namur, built by the Spaniar , in 1666. It has been often taken and retaken, the laft time by the French '. ~i 1794. It is feated oh the Sambre, 18 miles w of Namur, Lon. 4 30 E, lat, 50 zo N. Charles, Cape, a promontory of Virginia, on the N fide of Chefapeak Bay. Lon. 75 50 w, lat. 37 iz N. Charles, Cape, a promon':ory on the sw part of the ftrait entering into Hud- C H A fon*6 Bay. Lon. 75 15 Vf, lat. 6z 10 N. Charles Fort, a fortrefs of Ire- land, at the entrance of Kinlale harbour. Lon. z 23 w> lat. 51 I N. Charleston, a feaport, the capital of S Carolina. It is a place of good trade ; and has an exchange, a ftatehoule, and an armoury. In 1787, there were J 600 houfes, 9600 white inhabitants, and 5400 negroes. In June 1796, a dreadful fire, which raged for labours, deftroyed upward of 300 houi'es. It is feated on a peninfula, formed by the rivers Afiiley and Cooper, the former of which is navigable for fliips of burden ao miles above the town. The banks of the rivers are adorned wjth beautiful plantations, and fine walks, interfperfed Vtth rows of trees. Lon. 80 1 5 w, lat. 32 so N. Charleston, a town of N America, in the ftate of Rhode Ifland and^ county of Waftiington. It is remarkable for being the refidence of the greater part of the Indians that ftlU remain (to the num- ber of 500) in this Itate. They are peaceable and well difpofed toward the government, and fpeak the Englilh lan- guage. Charleston, a town on the sw fide of the ifiand of Nevis, in the W Indies. It is the feal of gcvernment, an(^ defend- ed by a fort. Lon. 6z 50 w, lat. 16 10 N. Charleton, an illand ^t the bottom of Hudlbn's Bay. Lon. 79 5 w, lat. Charleville, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, 30 miles n of' Cork. Lon. 8 30 w, lat. 52 23 n. Charleville, a town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne. The ftreets are ftraight, and the houfes of an equal height. Here is a magnificent fquare, and in the centre a handfome fountain. It is featetl on the Meufe, near Mezieres, from which it is feparated by a bridge and acaufeway; 15 miles Nw of Sedan, and 115 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 45 E, lat. 49 50 N. Charlotte-town, formerly Ro- seau, the capital of Dominica, 21 miles SE of Prince Rupert's Bay, on a point of land on the sw nde of the ilUmd. Lon. €1 25 w, lat. 15 25 n. Charlottesville, a'town of Vir- ginia, on James River. Charlton, a village in Kent, on an eminence that commands a fine view of the Thames. It is famous for an annual fair on St. Luke's day, called Horn Fair, C H A in which horn wares are fold, and the mob wear horns on their heads. Tradi- tion traces its origin to king John, who, being dete^ed in an amour hei^e, was obliged, it is fald, to appeafe the hufband^ by a grant of all the land from this place to Cuckold's Point; and he eftablilhed the fair as the tenure. In this pariih,oa Blackheath, is Morden CoUege, a noble inftitution for decayed merchants, founded by fir John Morden, bart. a Turkey mer- chant. Charlton is fix miles es£ o£ London. Charmes, a town of France, in the department of the Vofges and late pro* vince of Lorrain, feated on the Molelle* over which is a handlbme bridge, eight miles £ of Mirecourt. Lon. 6 17 E> lat. 48 21 n. CHARNwooii, or Charley Forest, a rough open traft in the NW part of Leicefterfhire. Charolles, a town of France, in the department of Saone and Loire, and late province of Burgundy. It has a ruinous caftle, and is feated on the Reconce, 24 miles WNW of Macon, Lon. 4 24 E, lat, 46 28 N. CHAROST,a town of France, in the department of Indre and late province of Berry, feated on the Amon, fix miles Ng of Iflbudun. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 47 1 N. Chartres, an ancient city of France, in the department of Eure and Loirt and late province of Beauce. It is the epif- copal fee of the department, and, before the abolition of nobility in France, gave the title of duke to the eldeft fon of the duke of Orleans. Here is a general hof- pital, and another for 120 blind perfons. The cathedral is one of the hneft in France, and its flreeple much admired. The pj-incipal trade confifts in corn. It is feated on the Eure, 45 miles sw o£ Paris. Lon. i 34 e, lat. 48 27 n. Chartreuse, or Grand Chaktre- u.SE, lately one of the moft celebrated monafleries in France, eight miles N of Gret^le. It is feated on the top of a high mountain, which itands in a plain, three miles in length, having only one entrance. It was the chief of the mo- nafteries of the ordeV of Chartrcux, and fo large that there were lodgings for aU the deputies of the order throughcfilt; France, who met here once a year. It ts * now converted into a kind of arfenaL Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 45 20 N. Charybdis, a famous whirlpool, in the ftraltof Meffina, on the coall 6i Skily, oppoiite the celebrated Scylla, in Italy, According to the theme ol poets, it wa« I % m '^'<\ 'VI ii \ i m C H A Tery formidable to marin(i's> but U is Aid to have been entirely removed ty the drea,dfiil earthquake in 1783. CilATEAU-feRiANT, a towTt of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late province of Brittany, with an old caftle) 14. miles s of Rennes. Lon. i s6 w> lat. 4.7 4.6 N, Chatbau-Cambresis, a town of France, in the department of the North auid late province of the Cambrefls, with Z magnihcent palace, which belonged to the late archiepifcopal fee of Cambmy. It is famous for a treaty concluded be- tween Hemy n of France and Philip 11 ef Spain ; and is 1 2 miles s£ oi Cambray. Xon. 3 40 E, Ut. 13 7 N. Chateau-Chinon, atown of France, in the department of N icvre and late pre- vince of Nivernois, with a confiderable roanufa6lureof cloth. It is feated on the Vonne, near the fource of that river, 36 miles E of Nevers. Lon. 4 8 e, lat. 47 o N. Chateau-Dauphin, a itrong caftle ©f Piedmont, j 8 miles w by n of Saluces. It was taken by the French and Spaniards in 1744, ''^"d reltored in 1748. Chateau-du-Loir, a town of France, in the department of Sarte and late pro- vince of Maine, famous for a fiege of feven years againft the count of Mans. It Is ieatcd on the Loir, £2 miles SE of Mans, and 97 w of Paris. Lon. o 30 E, lat. 47 40 N. Chateaudun, an ancient town of France, in the department of Eure and JLoire and late province of Beauce. Heic is a caftle,aiul a holy chapel, built by the famous count of Dimois. The txcaiury of fhis church contained a magnificent crols of gold, enriched with precious ftontS; ami a glafs vafe which bore the name of Ciiarlcmagne, and is faid to have been a prefeni from Aarcn king of Ptifia. The nreets are ftraight j the houl'es uniform ; and the great iquare is very fpaciovis. It is feated en an eminence, near the Loire, 30 miles N of Blf^is, acd 72 svv cf Paris. Lon. i 22 e, lat. 4?, 4N. Chateau-Gontier, a town of France, in the department and late Kroyince of Maine, lieated en the river laine, with a caftle. It has a mineral fpringj its trade confifts in linens; and it is aa miles Nw of Angers, and 147 'iiW of Paris. Lon. o 56 e, lat. 47 47 n. Chateau-Landon, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne and late province of the Ifle of France, with a late Auguftine abbey, feated on a hill, five miles s of Nemours, and 50 J by E of Paris. Ion.« ^ia, ht.^Z 11 u. C H A Chateauiin, a town of France, in the department of Fimfterre and late pro- vince of Brittany, 1 8 miles N of Ouim^er, on the river Auzon, where there is a falmon fishery. Chateau-.Meillant, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late province of Ueiry, nine miles E of Chatre. Here is a cattle, with a tower, faid to have been built by Julius Cefat . Chateau NEUF, a town of France, In the department of Cher and late province <>f Berry, 16 miles s of Bourges. Chateauneuf, a town of France, In the department ^ Eure and Loire and late province of Bt^auce, 12 miles ne of CUartrcs. Chateauneuf, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, feated on the Sarte, i?. miles N of Angers. Chateau-Ren aud, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, •20 miles nw of Ambolie, and 88 sw of Paris. Lon. 1 I w, lat. 47 33 N. Chateauroux, a town of France, In the late province of Berry, and recently erected into the cpiicopal fee of the de- partment of Indre, with a caftle. It has a manufafture of cloth, and is leated in a pleafant piaui, on the Indre, i 5 miles svv of Ifibudun, and 148 s of Paris. Lon. i 51 E, lat. 46 46 N. Chateau-Thierry, a town of France, in the department of Aifne and late province of Champagne, with a caftlii •n an eminence, feated on the river Maine. It Is the birthplace of the inimitable La Fontaine; and h zy miles sw of iiheinis, aixd 97 NW of Paris. Lon. 3 33 E, lat. 49 2 N. Chatel, a town of France, In the de- partment of the Voices :uid iate province of Lorrain, feiitcd on the Mofelie, 8 miles E of Mirccourt. Ci;A'iiiL-CHALON,atcv.'nofFrance, In the department of Jura and late province of Frunclie-Cornte, remaikable for its late Bjuediifline nunnery, 20 miles s of of Pole. Lon. 5' 38 E, lat. 46 46 N. Chatellerault, a town of France, in the department of ilie Vienne and late province of Poltou, feated on the Vienne, over which is a handfomc ftone bridge. It is noted for its cutlery, watclmialiing, and the cutting of falfe diamonds. It gives the title of duke to the Scotch duke of Hamilton. It is 22 miles nne of Poi- tiers, and 168 ssw of Paris. Lou. o 44 E, lat. 46 50 N. Chatham, a town in Kent, adjouung the C H A CHE Rothefter» and feated on the Medwaj. It is one of the principal ftations of the royal navy ; and the yards and magazines are fiirniflitd withall forts of naval ftores. In 1667, the Dutch failed up to this town, and burnt feveral men of war : but the entrance into the Medway is now de- fended by Sheemefs and other forts ; and >i I757> additional fortifications were begun at Chatham. It has a market on Saturday, a church, a chapel of eale, and a ihip ufed as a church, for the failors. It is 31 miles ese of London. Lon. o 36 E, lat. 51 42 N. ' CHATItLbN^LES-DOMBES, a town of France in the department of Ain and late province of Brelfe, 12 miles w of Bourg. Chatillon-sur-Indre, a town of France, in the department of Indre and lafe province of Berry, 10 miles s of Laches. Lon. o 55 E, lat. 47 zz n. Chatillon-sur-NIarne, a town of France, in the department of Maine and late province of Champagne, 17 miles s of Rhtems. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. ^i 58 N. Chatjllon-sur-Seine, a town of France, in the department of Cote dOr and late province of BurgunJy, divided into two by the river Seine. It has iron- works in its neighbourhood* and is 36 miles Nwof Dijon. Lon. 4. 35 £, kt. 47 43 N. • Chatoojje, a lake «if N America, in the ftate x)f ^New York. It is the iburce ■of the river Conawoago, which runs into the Allegany. The lower end of it, whence the river proceeds, is in lat. 4* ION. From the Nw of this lake to Lake Erie is nine miles. Chatre, a town of France, in thede- partment of Indre and late province of Berry, feated on the river Indre, 37 miles ,froin Bourges. It has a confidexable trade in cattle. Lon. i 55 E, lat. 46 35 N- Chatswortii, a village in the Peak of Derbyfliire, near the river Derwent, fix miles w of Chefterheld. Heve is a noble ftat of the duke of Devonfhire, which, for its fine fituation,: park, gar- dens, fountains, &c. is deemed one of the wonders of the Peak. In its firft age, it was -the prilon of Mary queen of Scots, for 1 7 years j in memory of which the new lodgings that are built, inltead of the old, are called the Queen of Scots apartment. Chanes, a town of Portugal, in the province of Tra-los-Montes, feated at the foot of a mountain,.on the river Tamega. It has tvtto fuburbs and two forts. Be- t>'crn the (own and the fv^burb ^lagda- lena, is an old Roman ■fione4|>'ldge. If is 30 miles sw of Braganza. Loa. / o w, lat. 41 45 N. Cha VMONT, a town of France, in th« department of Upper Mame and latt province of Champagne. The principal^ gate of the church oi the college is much admired. It is feated on a niountain» near the river Mame, 14 miles s of JoiafJ ville. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 4S 8 N. Chaumomt, a town of France, ii\ th& department of Oiie and late province of the^Lle of France, 30 miles NW of Paris. Lon. 2 7 E, lat. 49 18 N. Chauny, a town of France, in the department of Aifne, on the river Oi(e, 20 miles £ of Noyon. Lon. 3 18 £» lat. 49 17 N. Cheadle, a town in Staifordfhire, with a market on Saturday, feated in the molt fertile part of t]j|| moorland, ix miles NE of Stafford. Lon. i 56 w, lat. 53 o N. Che AM, a vlUaige in Surry, adjoin- ing to which is the fite of the village of (^odinton, or Cudington, where Henry viji built the palace of Nonfuch, ib much celebrated, by Camden and Hentzner, for its magnificence. It was a favourite reiidence of queen Elifabethj but bein; granted by Charles li to the duchefs of Cleveland, fhe pulled down the houfe, and difparked the land. Chcam is 13 miles &«w of London. Chebukto, a harbour, near Halifax, in Nova Scotia. Lon. 63 18 w, lat. 44 45 N. Chedder, a village in Somerfetfhire, famous for its cheefes, which are as large as thoie of Chcfliire. It is three miles £ of Axbridge. Chedworth, a village in Glouccfter- fhire, four miles wsw of Northlech, fituate on the declivity of two hills. In this parifh, in 1760, a Roman bath was dif- covered ; and near it is a tumulus, in which great quantities of human bones have besn found. CuElTOREjror OuDiPOUR, one of the principal of the Rajpoot ftates, in Hin- dooltan Proper. It confifts, in general of high mountains, divided by narrow vallies , or ot plains environed by mourt- tains, acceffible only by narrow pafTes or defiles J and ^bounds with tortrclfes : in reality, one of the (trongett countries in the world ; yet having an extent of arable land fufficient for the lupport of a nu- merous population, and blelicd with a niikl climate, being between 24 and 28^ N bt. It is tributary to the Mahruttas. Chiitore, ©r OuDiPOUR, a town, I3 CHE G H E ]A*a provlnflle of the fame namei in Hin- dooftan Proper. It was the .capital of the rann, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in the days of his greatnefs ; and was a fbrtrei's and city of great extent, fituate on a mountain ; but it has been in ruins iince the time ot Aurungzebe, in 1681. It is 120 miles s by E of Nugpour. Lon. 74. 56 E, lat. ?,5 ax N. Chelm, a town oi Poland, in Red KulTia, capital of a palatinate of its own name, with a bishop's fee. It is 100 miles £SE of Warfaw. Lon. 23 29 £, lat. 51 20 N. Chelmer, a river in Eflex, which rifes near Thaxted, and flows by Dun- mow and Chelmsford to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater, and forming the eftuary called Blackwater Bay, or Maiden Water, enters the German Ocean. Chelmsfordi the county-town of lEflTex, fituate irF a beautiful valley, at the confluence of the Chelmer and Can, with a market on Friday. It confifts of the town and hamlet of Moulfham, parted from each other by the river Can, over which is an elegant ftone bridge of one arch. In the town are the church, a magnificent ftiire-houfe, a freefchool, a r.«^v conduit, and a neat theatre : the hamlet contains the new county-gaol, and three meeting-houfes. In 1793, an aft was obtained, to make the Chelmer navi- gable hence to Maiden. Chelmsford is ai miles wsw of Colchefter, and 29 ene of London. Lon. o 33 E, lat. 51 43 n. Chelsea, a village in Middkfex, on the Thames, one mile w of Wettminfter ; remaikable for its magnificent hofpital for the invalids of the anny, and for the noble rotur.do in the garden of Ranelagh Houfe, a place of ftfhionable amule- ment in the iummer evenings, and the fineft itrufturc of the kind in Europe. Here is •alfo an excellent phyfic garden, belonging to the company of apothecaries. CHE^r EN HAM, a towff in Gloucefter- Ihire, with a market on Thurfday ; and tioted for its mineral waters, which are fomewhat like thole of Scatborough. It is nine miles ne of Gloucefter, and 95 w by N of London. Lon. 2 ai w, lat. 51 JSN. CHelum, a river of Hlndooftan Pro- per, being the wetternmoft of the five eaftem branches of the river Indus. It riles above Cafhraere, waters that city, and. flowing through the province of that name, in a se diretftion, joins the Indus below Moaltan. This river is the fa- mous Hydalpes of Alexander. Chen-si, one of the molt extcnfive provinces of China» bordering on ti\6 great wall. It is divided into two parts^ the eaftem and weftem« and contains eight cities of the firft rank, and 106 of the fecond and third. It is fertile, commer- cial, and rich, but fubjefl to long droughts} and clouds of locufts ibmetimes deiftroy every thing that grows in the fields : theie infe61s the Chinel'e eat boiled. InChen-fi, are rich gold mines, which, for political reafons, are not allowed to be opened. 6i- ngan-fou is the capital. Chen-yan, or MouG-DEN, the ca- pital of Eaftem Chinefe Tartary (or country of the Mantchew Tartars) and of a department of the fame name, which is bounded on the s by the great wall of China. Chepelio, an ifland in the bay of Panama, three miles from the city of Pa- nama, which it I'upplies with provifions and fruit. Lon. 80 15 w, lat. 8 46' n, Chepstow, a town in Monmouth- fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the fide of a hill, on the Wyej near its confluence with the Severn. It was formerly a confiderable place, and had a large caftleon a rock, and a priory, part of which is converted into a church. It is walled round, has a handfome high bridge over the river, and fends provinons and other commodities to Briftol. The tide is faid to rife higher here than in any other part of Europe, it fwelling to 5a or 60 feet perpendicular. It is 18 miles N of Bnftol, and 127 w of London^ Lon. 2 36 w, lat. ^ 42 N. Cher, a department of France, in- cluding part of the lateprovince of Berry. It receives its name from the river Cher, which riles in Anvergne, and falls into the Loire, below Tours. Bourges is the capital. * Cherasco, a confiderable town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of the fame name, with a ftfong citadel, to which the duke of Savoy retired in 1706^ during the fiege of Tiuin. It is feated at the confluence of the Sturia and Ta- naro, upon a mountain, »4 miles se of Turin. Lon. 7 58 E, lat. 44 45 N. Cherbourg, a feaport of France, in the department of the Channel and late province of Normandy, with alate Au- guftine abbey. It is remarkable for the feafight between the Englilh and French in 1692, when the latter were beat, and upward of twenty of their men of wai burnt near Cape la Hogue. The Englilh landed here in Auguft 1758, took the town, with the fliips in the bafin, demo- iiftcd tlw fpitificaticns, and. ruined the other wo to enlar more fat were re fcale, frcl's w;i :herboi Lon. I Chef Afia, •f Bagd Chei CHEf Ocean, I.on. Chei nice, Croatia foil is cattle, 40 E, 1 Che the gov ^ new the n1 low th not yet many < a prett prmcij jjxport which ifhips 1 ^upplie U rts, ight the ner- htsj Toy hele i-fi, ical 6i, . CHE ether wo Its which had been long begun to enlarge the harbour, and render it more fafe and convenient. Thcle works were refumed, on a very Itupcndous fcale, ny Lewis xvi j but their pro- frel's was interrupte.i by the revolution. Cherbourg is 50 miles Nw ot' Caen. Lon. 1 33 E, lit. 49 38 N. Cheresoul, a town of Turkey in Afiu, capital of Curdiftan, 150 miles N •f Bagdad. Lon.44 15 E, lat. 35 50 N. Cherokee River. SccTennesse. Cherry Island, in the Northern Ocean, between Noi-way and Greenland. JLon. ao 5 E, laf. 74 30 N. Cherso, an illand in the gulf of Ve- nice, with a town of the fame name, near Croatia, belonging to the Venetians. The foil is ftony ; but it abounds in wine, cattle, oil, and excellent honey. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 45 II N. Cherson, the capital of New Ruflia, in the governnunt of Catharinenflaf. It is fL new town, ere£lcd by Catharine 11, on )the N bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles be- low the mouth of the Jngulec. It is not yet veiy large ; but the church, and many of the houfes are built of ftone, in a pretty tafte. It is intended to be the prmcipal mart of all the commodities of pxport and import. It has a dock, from which feveral men of ^yar and merchant ifhips have been already launched. It is fupplied with fuel by reeds only, of which there i,s an inexhauftible foreft in the (hallows of the Dnieper, oppofite the town. Rails, and even temporary houfes, are made of them. They are tall and ftrong, and afford ihelter to various kinds of aquatic birdsi fomeof which are very teautiful. The fortifications are made, and thie plantations formed, by malefac- tors, who amount to fome hundreds. In 1787, the emprefs made a triumphant journey to this czfitzl, and here met the emperor Jofeph 11. Her intention, it is faid, was to be cix)wned here queen pf Taurica, and emprefs of the Eaft: but the defign 4>d hot take place ; and Que was content to have infcribed over one of the gates of the city, Through this gate lies the road to Byzantium. In this "i)lace, in 17^0, the celebrated Mr. How- ard, fo well known for his plans of re- form of the diffeirent hofpitals and prifons of Europe, fell a vi6lim to his indefati- gable humanity. Cherfon is 50 miles £ of Oczakow. Lon. 33 10 e, lat. 46 5 N. Chertsey, a town in Surry, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated near the Xhame»; over wluch is a handfome CHE ftone bridge of feven arches. It is feven miles w oT Kingfton, and 20 w by s of London. Lun. o %o w, lat. 51 25 N. Cherz, an ancient tc-n of Poland, in Maibvia, 1 5 miles from \\ arfaw. Lon. 21 8 w, lat. 51 I N. CilESAPEAK, one of the largeft bays in the known world. Its entrance is be- tween Cape Charles and Cape Henry in Virginia, 12 miles wide, and it extends 270 niUes to the N, dividing Virginia from Maryland. It is from ieven to 18 miles broad, and generally nine fathoms deep J affording a i'afe navigation and many commodious harbours, it receives the Sulquehannah, Potomac, Rappahan- noc, York, and James Rivers, which are all large and navigable. Lon. 76 o w, lat. 36 45 N. Chesham, a town in Bucks, with a market on Wednefday, 12 miles s£ of Aileftury, and 29 w by N of London. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 51 42 n. Cheshire, an Engliih county pala- tine, bounded on the N by Lancafliirc; on the NE by Yorkfhire, on the £ by Derbyrtiire, on the SE by Statfordfhire, on the s by Sbroplhire, on the w bv Den- bighftiire and Flintftiire, and on the NW by the Irilh Sea, into which projefts a peniniula, 13 miles in length and fix in breadth, formed by the mouths of the Merfey and the Die. This county ex- tehds 33 miles from N to s, and 42 'from E to \v, without including the peninfula juft 'mentioned on the w, or a narrow traiSt of land which Ihetches between Lan- caHiire ;ind Derby/hire, to York/hire, on the NE. It is divided into feven huh. dreds, containing one city, 1 1 market- towns, and loi parifhes. ft fends two members to parliament for the county, and two for Chefter. The air is tem- perately cold, and very healthful. The principal rivers are 'the Merfey, Weaver, Dee, and Dane;- and it has feveral fmall lakes. It is rich in pafture and corn land j but there are feveral heaths upon which horles and fliecp feed, among which are the extenfive forefts of Macclesfield and Delamere. The countiy is generally level j the higheft hills in it are about Frod^am j and its extenfive pafturcs feed a great number of cows, whofe milk is peculi- arly rich, and of which is made excel- lent cheefe. Such quantities of ilj^fe cheefes are made, that London alone is faid to take annually 14,000 tons ; and vaft quantities are alfo lent to Briftol, YorK, Scotland, Ireland, &c. But a confiJerable quantity of what commonly goes by the name of Cheiliire che«lc is u I U k ii i- i\ .jc. -: -■ ^...^■..•?^r iv.;'i, (I !M:' I trnm CHE C H I nidc in' Shropfhire, StafForfiflilre, antl Lanralhire. This county is Ukewiie famous for its fait fprinp;s at Niinipt- vvich, Midcllewich, Northw'jch, rnd Wins- ford ; and, at Northwlcli, thcip are valt pits of folid fait rock. Chester, tlie capital of Chcftiire, with a market pn Wednefclay and Satur- day. It is a place of great antiquity ; the walls are near two miles in circum- ference, and there are four gates, towards the four cardinal points. It has a rtrong caftle, jn which is the ihire-hall, a^id lo churches, befide th^ cathedral. The main Itreets have a fort of covered por- tico running, out from home to houl'e, which arc. called rows, and attbrd a fliel- tered walk tor the foot paficng'jrs. It has 4 con(tant cornmunicution vith Ire- land} this and Holyhead being the prin- cipal places of taking fliipping for Dub- lin.. It has a Imall fharc of toreign tjade } and its two annual fairs are the moft npted in England, especially for the Xalc of Irifh Jinen. It has a manufai'ture of gloves, and a confide; aiiL- trafRc of fnop goods into N Wales. Jt gives the title of earl to the prince' of Wales, is jgovtrned by a mayor, fends two members to pajlianunt, and is a bilhop's fee. It is 20 miles s by e of Ljivtrppol, 38 sw of Manchcfter, and iSJz NW ol^ London. Lon. 35 \v, lat. 53 12 N. Chester, a county of Pennfylyania, 4.4. miles long and 22 broad. In a 790, it contained 27,937 inhabitants. Weft Cheiter is the capital. Chester, West, the capital of thp couuty of Clxitcr, in Pennl'ylv.inia, It Is fea:ed on the Del-iware, and ha.-; a fme harbour, 17 miles w by s of Philadel- phia. Lon. 75 3 w, lat. 39 S4- N. Chesterfield, a town in-Derby- fliire, with a market.pn Saturday, aiid a handibme c'lurch, ryiiarkahJc' fcr.^ its curved fpiro. It is governed by a mayor, '«,nd, next to Derby, is the nioic coififKlcr- able trading town in tlic county. • It has a manufafliire of ilockingy, and alio of carpets. There are po.ierie'j for brown ware, and near the town large iron foun- dries, the ore and coal for the fupply of which arc dug lu the vlcirity. Large quantities of iv'ad are ri. ^ fiom hence, by a caniil from this town to the 'J rent, wl'.ich it joins below Gainlbcr^ugh. Chefterficld is feated en a hill, between the rivulets Ibber and Rother, 22 miles N of Derby, and 149 nnw of London. Lon. I 127 \v. lat. S3 18 N. Cheviot Hills, a ridge of morn- tains, which nm from N to s through Northumberland and Cumberland. Near thefe ni.my an obltinate battle has betn fotight bctwern the Englilh and Scots, bctore the two kingdoms were united. Thele hills arc ddetly wild and open fjieepwaikt : goats alfo are fed among them ; and fome of the fined cattle in the kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border. CfiiAPA-pE-LOS-iNDios, a large town of N America, in Mexico, in a province pf its own name. Lon. 96 5 w, lat. 15 16 N. Chiapa-el-real, a town of N Ame- rica, in Mexico, in a province of its own name, with a bUhop's lee. Its principal trade coniiits in ctcoa-nuts, cotton, am^ fugar. Lon. 94. 4.5 w, lat. 17 lo N. CiiiABtNZA, a leaport of Turkey in Europe, ip the Morea, oppofite the iilan4 of Zante. Lon. 21 35 E, lat. 37 50 N. Chiari, a town of Italy, in the Bref- fiai'.o, where the Auftrians defeated the French in 1701. Lon. 10 17 E, lat. 4.1 30 N. Chiako-Monte, a town of Sicily, on a mountain, 25 miles vy of Syracufc. Lon. 14. 59 E, lat. 37 3 N. ' Chiavenna, a town of Swifferland, capital of a county of the fame name, under the fovereignty pf the Griibns. It is a trading place, cfpecially in wine ana delicate fruits j but its chief fupport is the tranfport of merchandife, it being the principal communication betvveen the Mi- lanei'e and Germany. The governor's palace, and the churches are magnificent j and the inhabitants are Romap catholics. Here are the ruins of » once celebrated fortrefs, on the fumrait of a rock; and Cloie to the town is a reck of aibeftos, a kind of mineral fubttance, of a grayi/h filvercidour, which can be drawn out mto longitudinal fibres as fine as thread, and 4s uippojj.tl to be indehruftlble by fire. ^{Jliinyf«na is feated ner.r the lakes of > Chiavenna and Como. Lon. 9 19 £, ,fat. 46 19 N. ; . ; CuiAVENNA, Laohetto di, a, fmall lalte of the country of the 6rjfons, iii Swiflcriand, near the town of Chla- yennfi. The views of this lake are wild .anti, magnificent ; furround(;d as it is by barren rpcks, craggy, and rlfmg into ipiits fprinkled with fnow. The bafes of thefe dreadful precipices arc loft in the overfhadovved water, dangerous on ac- count of its malignant ynpours, and af- fording no afylum, fcarcely'a landing- place, to the crews of thole frail boats, which are caught unwarily in the violeut ftornis to whicn it is. fubjcil. CHiCAS.'\\vs,anationofrri{Uans,fettl?»l needles . It is 61 48 W, IT C H I §n the head branches of the Tombcckbe, Mobile, ':ffer. It was taken by the Polts, in 1670, alter thty had totally defeated the Turkitb di'iny, before its walls. It was tjken by the Ruifians and Auftrians •*: 1788, but reitored to the Turks at the fubiequcnt peace. It is no miles Nvv of JaflTy. Lon. 46 15 w, hit. 48 46 N. Cholet, a town of France, in the de- partment of Maine and Loire, and late province of Anjou, with a caftie, 1 70 miles s\v of Paris. Lon. o 45 w, lat. 47 10 N. Chonat, an epifcopal town of Hun- gary, capital cf a county of the lame name,, on the Mcr!ch, 25 miles i of Sc- gedin.' Lon. zi 4 E, lat. 46 20 N. Chorges, a town of Tvance, in the department of the Upper Alps and late province of Dauphiny, burnt by the duke of Savoy in 1692. It is 10 miles e of Gap. Lon. 6 23 E, lat. 44 35 N. ChORLEY, a town in Larcafhire, with a market on Tuefday. ' It is feated near the fource of a rivulet called Chor, not far from the river Yarrov/, fix miles SSE »f Prefton, and 205 Nvv of London. Lon. 2 45 v/, lat. 53 38 N. Chowle, a town on the coaft of Malabar, with a harbour for Irnall vefltls, which is^ fortified. It belongs to Por- tugal, and was fornlerly noted for its fine embroidered quilts. It is 15 miles s of Bombay^ Lon. 72 45 E, lat. 18 4* N. Ghremnitz, the chief mine town in Upper Hungary, 90 miles N£ of Prei- burg. Lon. 19 27 e, lat. 4.8 59 N. Christchurch, aborovighin Hamp- ■fhire, with a market on Monday. It is governed by a mayor, lends two mem- bers to parliament, and is feated at the confluence of the Avon and StOur, 98 miles s\v of London. Lon. i 46 w, lat. 50 45 N. ' "Christxania, a city of Southern Norway, in the government of Agger- huys, ntuate at the extremity of a fertik valley, forming a femicircular bend along the fliore of the beautiful bay of Biorn- ing, which forms the N extremity of the gulf of Chriftiania. It is divided into the city; the liiburbs of Waterlandt, Ptterwigen, and Fierdingen; the fortreis of Aggerhuys j ?nd the old town of Oj)f- loe or Aniloe. The inhabitants amount to about 9000. The city was rebuilt in its rrefent fitualion by Chrtftian iv, after a plan defignt-d by himlelfi The ftreets are carried in a {traight line, and at right angles to each other, are utiilormly 40 feet hroaci, and very n'tat and clean. The caltle of Aggi;rhuys is built on a reeky eminence on the w fide of the bay, at a Imail diftance from the cify. The go- vernor is the chief governor of Norway, and prefides ii. the high court of jultice. Oplloe was the fite of the old city, burnt in 1624: it contains the epifcopal palace. ChriRiania has an exceiknt harbour, and carries on a confiderable trade. Its priri- cipal exports ire tar, foap, iron, copper, planks, deals, and alum. The planks and deals are of fuperior eftimation to thofc lent from America, or from Rullia and the other parts of the Baltic. It has 136 privileged" fa'vmUls, pf vy-hlch 100 beloi of Anker the open pcnhage C li u C I c 100 belong to a fingle tamlly of the r.ntne of Anker. Chriftiunla is 30 rnifci iVom the open lea, and 290 N by w cf Co- penhagen. Ldn. 10 50 E, lat. 59 6 N. Christianople, a Itrong f'euport of Sweden, on th-' Baltic, and capital cf Blpklngen. It is 13 miles ne ot Cailc- Icroon. Lon. 15 47 E, lat. 56 26 N. CiiRiSTiA.NBURG, a I'ort of Africa, on the Gold Coalt of Guinea, fubjcft to the Danes. Lon. 1 55 e, lat. 4 u H. Christianst.\Dt, a town of Sweden, in the territory of Blekin^^en. The houfe* are all of brick, and moltly ftuc- cocd white. Englifii veffcls aiuivaily refort to this port, for alani, pitch, and tar. The ir.habitruits have manuiaolures »f clorh and filken (lufis. The town Is fcaied in a marfliy plain, cloie to the river Htlge-a, which flows into the Baltic at A.hus, about the diltance of 20 miles, and is navigable only for fmall crait of ftven tons burdan. It is cltetnicd the ftrongeft fortrel's in Sweden, and is 50 iniks NE of Copenhagen. Lon. 14. 10 E,]at. 56 25 N. Christina, St. one of the iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, called the Mar- «juefas. Lon. 139 9 W, lat. 9 56 s. Christmas Island, an ifland in the N Pacific Ocean, fo named by captain Cook, on account of his rirft iundlny; there on Chriltmas day. It is 4.5 miles in circum- ference, uninhabited, and deftitute of frelh water ; but has abundance of fine turtle, Lon. 157 30 w, lat. i 59 N. Christmas Sound, a found of S America, in 'IVrra del Fuego. Lon. 70 a w, lat. 5521 s. CiiKisToi'Ui'R, St. or St. JIit's, one ot' thi- Leeward lilands in the W Indies, 60 miles \v of Antigua. It was forn-.crly inhabited by the French :iiid Euf.lilh ; but, in 1713, it wasc«ded to the latrtr. It is 20 miles in breadth, and leven in length, r.nd has high mountains in the middle, v nee rivulets flow, which are of great u)c to the inhabitants. Between the mountains are dreadful rocks, horrid precipices, ind thick woods ; and ia the sw parts, lot fulphurous fprings ::t the foot of them. The air is good, the foil light, I'andy, and fruitful i but it is lubje.T: to hurricanes. The produce is chiefly fugar, cotton, ginger, indigo, and the tropical fruits. It was taken by the French in 1782, but rcftored the next year. Bafliiterre is the capital. Chudleigh, a town in Devonfhire, with a market on Saturday; featcd near ijie river Teigne, ivac miles sw of Exeter, and 185 w by s of London, Lon. 3 39 w, lat. 50 38 N. Chunar, a fort of Hindcoftan Pro- per, in Allahabad. It is feated dn the Ganges, 20 miles above Benares, and is built on a rock, fortified alt round by a wall and towers. At the end, over- looking ihe river, is tile citadel, which Is laid to be «f the bighelt antiquity, and originally built by the Hindoos. In the 1 ciLadei is an altar, coniilting of a plain black marble (lab, on which the tutelary deity of the place is traditionally fup- poled to be leated at all times, except \ from funrile till nine in the morning, wh. n he is at Bi-iiares ; during whick time, from the fuperftition of the Hin- doos, attacks may be made with a prof- peit of fucccfs. Chunar was unfuccefs fully attempted by the Englifli in 1 764. : the next year, it was furrenclered to them : they redored it to the nabob of Oude at the fubfequent peace j but, in 1772, it was finally ceded to them in exchange for AlLihabad. At this place is kept the magazine of ammunition and artillery for the brigade at Cawnporc.' It is 3X5 niiles N\v of CalcucU. Lon. 83 50 £, lat. 25 10 N. Chunaub, or Jenaub, a river of Kindooltan Proper, one of the five ealfern branches of the Indus. It runs through Caihmere and Lahore, between the Che- lum and the Rauvee. It is united with botk thelc rivers at ibme diftanc;; above Moultan ; and, at their confluence with the Induo, 20 miles ~w of Moultan, they form a ft:ream as large as that river. The Cliunaub is the Acefmes of Alexander. CiiuN-TE-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Pc-tcheli, with nine populous citlw's of the third rank under its jurifdiciii^i. CHURCII-bTRETT0N,atOwnof Siirop- fliire, witli a market on Thurfday, 14. miles s of Shrewibury, and 153 WNVV of London. Lon. 2 4.6 vv, lat. 52 32 N. Churchill Fout, a fort «n ChiAich- hill river, en the e fide ofilu^lon'* Bay. Lon. 94 3 Vv, lat. 5S 48 N. Ckusa:-!, an Illand on the E coaft of Chinj!, wlure the Englilh £ India Coin- j'.my had oiice a failoiy. Lon. 124 o £, lat. 30 o N. CiAMPA, a kingdom of Ada, bounded on the E ar;d s by the Indian Ocean, on the N by Cochin-China, and on the w byCumbodla. CiCLUi, or CicLUOH, a fronu^-r town of Dalmatia, on a rocky hill on the w hziik. of the NiirGnth^. It was uktn M -Xv . C I N from the Turks, by the Venetians, in 1694. Lon. 18 zz E, lat. 4.3 29 n. CiLLE Y, an ancient town of Germany, in Upper Carniola. It is the capital of a county of the fame name, and feated on ^e ciaan, 36 miles N£ of Laubach. Lon. 15 15 E» lat. 46 31 N. CiMBRiSHAM, a feaport^f Sweden, in Schonen. Lon. 13 30 e, lat. 56 40 n. CiNALOA, a province and town of New Spain, in the audience of Galicia, •n the E fide of the gulf of California. The aborigines in this province have neither laws nor kings to punifh any crime. They acknowledge, indeed, cer- tain caciques, who are the heads of their families or villages j but their authority appears chiefly in their expeditions againft their enemies, and depends not on here- ditary right, but on their valour, and the power and number of their con- nexions. In other refpefts, they feem to be among the iiideft people in Ame- rica united in the focial Itate: they neither cultivate nor fow, but depend on the fpontaneous produftions of the earth, or on hunting or fiftiing. They have not the leaft knowledge of God, nor any idea even ot" a falle deity: a future ftate, and all religious worihip, are, in courfe, unknown to them. About the year 1771, the Spaniards, in "their earaeditions againft the fierce tribes in this and the province of Sonora (who had committed great depredations upon them, and whom they finally fubdued) difcovered, that thefe negle6ted and thinly inhabited provinces, abounded in the richeft gold mines, and might foon become as populous and valuable as any pait of Spanifti America; and, accord- ingly, the population in thefe parts has fince very much increafed. The town is leated on a river of the fame name. Lon. 92 10 w, lat. 26 15 N. CiNECUiLLA, a town of New Mexico, in the province of Sonora. When tiie Spaniards attacked the natives in Cinaloa and Sonora (See Cinaloa) they here entered a plain of 14 leagues in extent, in which, at the depth of only 16 inches, they found gold in great abundance, and in grains of great fize and weight. The confequence was, that in 1771, above zooo perfons were fettled in Cinegullla, under the government and infncftion of proper niagiftrates and ecclefiaftics. Lon. 96 23 w, lat. 35 5 N, CiNev, a town of the Netherlands, in the archbiftiopric of Liege, eight miles E of Diaant. Lon. 4 57 z, lat. 50 C I R Cinque Ports, certain ports on the coatl of Kent and SufTcx, io called on account of their being five in number, when their firft charter was granted by William I, in 1077. Thefe were Dover, Haftings, Hythe, Romney, and Sand- wich j to which were afterward added Winchelfea, Seaford, and Rye. That king appointed a conflable of Dover Caftle (who is now called Lord Warden of the Cjnque Ports) and invefted him with the command of thefe ports, whofe inhabitants had confiderable privileges, fuch as freedom from fubfidies, from wardfliip of their children, from being fued in any court but their own, &c. For thele immunities, they were obliged to fupply the government with 57 fhips, at 40 days notice, and to pay their crews during 15 days. At that period, the opulent traders of London were ftyled barons ; a privilege, which was enjoyed likewife by the merchants of thefe ports, whofe reprefentatives, to this day, are ftyled Barons of the Cinque Ports. CiNTRA, a c<^)e of Portugal, in Eftra- madura, called the Rock of Lilbon, on the N fide of the entrance of the Tajo. On it is a town of the fame name, 14 miles w of Lifbon. Lon. 9 30 w, lat. 38 46 N. CiOTAT, a feaport of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, defended b^i a ftrong fort. It is famous for Muf- cadlne wine, and is feated on the bay of Laquee, between Marfeilks and Toulon, Lon. 5 46 E, lat.- 43 12 N. CiRCARs, Northern, five provinces on the w coalt of the bay of Bengal. They were originally denominated North- ern from their pofition in refpeft to Madras, on which they depend. Of thefe Circars, Guntoor belcngs to the nizam of the Deccan j and Condapilly, Ellore, Rajamundry, and Cicacole are in the poffelTion of the Englifh. The laft four extend from the N bank of the Kiflna to Chilka Lake ; forming a nar- row flip of country 350 miles long, and from 26 to 75 broad, bounded by moun- tains and extenfive forefts on the fide oppofite the fea. The Englifh Cirears had been ceded to the French, by the nizam of the Deccan, in 17535 but they were conquered by colonel Clivc in 1759, and produce an animal revenue of 360,0001. See Guntoor. CiRCASsiA, one of the feven Caucafian nations, between the Black Sea and the Cafplan j bounded by the governments of Taurica and Caucafus on the n, and liy Min being river Cu Great Temirg and Bfi of terri degrees C I R fcy Mlngiella and Georgia on the s, being lep;u-ated from Taurica by the river Cuban. It contains the tliftrifts of Great Cabarda, Little Cabarda, Beflen, Temirgoi, Abafech, Bftduch, Hatukai, and Bfliani. This nation, from extent of territoiy, which includes nearly lo degrees of longitude; and, from their extiaordinary courage anil military genius, might become vei*y formidable, were they united under one chief. But a nation of mountaineers, who fubfift by raiilng cattle, and are therefore forced to fix themlelvcs on the banks of rivers, for the fake of water and p^fturage, foon forget their origin, and divide into feparate and hoftile tribes. From this principle of difunion, the CircalFians of the Cuban are fo little powerful, as to be fcaixely known even to Ruffians, but by the general appellation of Cuban Tartars, in which they are con- founded with the Abkhas and Nogays,their neighbours. The Cabardian Circafllans, however, arc ilill the moft powerful people of the « lide of CaucaJiis i and this fupcriority has introduced among their »>eighbours luch a general imitation of their manners, that, from a defcriptioii of thefe, an idea may be formed of all the reft. They are divided into three chiles j namrly, the princes ; the nobles, called ul- dens5 and the vafTais or people. A cer- tain number of the people is allotted to each princely family. In each of tliefe, the eldeft individual is confidered as chief of the family, and as judge, protestor, and father of all the vaflals attached to it. No prince can be a landholder} he has no other property than his arms, horles, flaves, and the tribute he may be able to extort from the neighbouring nations. The perlbn of every prince is facred ; but this is the only diftinftion of birth when unaccompanied by perfonal merit : ■ tjje greateft hono\u" a prince c;m acquire is that of being the firlt of the nation to charge the enemy. The princes are not to be diftinguilhed iu time of peace from the nobles, or even from the peal'anis ; their food and drefs are the fame, and their houfes are little better. The nobles are choien by the princes from the inferior dais : they are the officers of the prince, and the executors of the laws, and are employed in the genera! affemblies of the nation to gain the ailent of the people to the meafures propolcd by the princes. The people, as wtll as the iifdins, are jJroprietors of land*. By an odd kind of contradiftion, the princes claim, and fome- Umas attempt to ^xetcile the right: of C I R felzing the whole property of their vafTals ; but, at the fame time, the vaflTal has a right f transfei" his allegiance to any other prince, whenever he thinks himfeif ag- grieved : by this privilege, the princes are comp,elled to gain the affeftions of their valfals, on whofe readinefs to follow then* into the field, all their hopes of grcatndii and wealth mult abfotuteiy depend. Tbe Circaflians do not appear to have ever had any written laws, but are governed by a kind of common law, or colleflion of an- cient ufages. On great occafions the wljoie nation is alTembled : a meal'ure is pr^o- poied by the oldeit of the princes ; it Is firll debated among the uldens, and after- ward by the deputies of the people $ who are old men, and often polTefs greater influence than the prince himlelf : if the piopotltion be accepted it is confirmed by a folemn oath by the whole people. They have few manufaSures ; and their agri- culture produces barely fufticient for their own fubfiftence. Sheep and horfea arc the principal articles of their com- merce, p.irticularly the lattei-, which fell at a high price ; but the balance of trade would be conliderabiy againlt them, were it not' for the flavts which they make in their predatory excurfions. At the birth of a prince, fomc ufden, or fomctimes a prince of another family, is choien by the father as liis future preceptor. At a year old he is prcfented with feme playthings and :inns : if he fcems to pre- fer the latter, the evi.nt is celebrated ia the family by great rejoicings. At twelve years of age, he leaves his father's houle for that of his preceptor : by him he is taught to ride, lo ulc arms, and to iteal, and conceal his thefts. The word thief is a term of the utraoft reproach anjong them, becaufe it implies deteftion. He is afterward led fo more dangerous rob- beries, and does not retm'n to his father's houle, until his cunning, addrels, and ftrength, are fuppofed to be perfe.5t. The preceptor i« lecompcnfed by nine tenths of the booty made by his pupil while under his tuition. This mode of education is perfevei'ed in, with a view to prevent the bad effects of . paternal indul;;^ence; and is fuppofed to be pe- culiar to the Circaflians : but the objcrt of educaiion is the lame among ail the mountaineers of Caucaiiis, who unlver- fally lubfilt by robbery. Girls arc brought up by the mother s they learn to embroider, to make their own drefs, and that of their future hulbands. The daughters of lUvcs retcivc the ^ fam: i K / ii C I R C I T n cdttcation, and arc fold according to their beauty, from 20 to icol. 'I hefe are prin- cipally Georgians. Soon after the birth or a girl, a wide leather belt is fewed round herwaift, and continues till it burfts, when it is replaced by a fecond. By a re- petition of this praftice, their waifts are Tendered aftonifhingiy Imall, but their ihouldtrs become projiortionably broad ; a defeft, which is little attended to, on ac- count of the beauty of their breafts. On the wedding night, the belt is cut with a dagger by the hufband j a cuftom fome- times protluftive of fatal accidents. The bridegroom pays for his bride a marriage- prefent, confifting of arms or a coat of mail, bu: he muft not fte her, or cohabit with her, without the greatt-ft mylteryj and this referve continues during life. The father makes the bride a prefent on the wedding day, but referves the greater part of what he intends to give her till the birth of her firft child. On this occafion fhe pays him a viljt, receives from him tire remainder of her portion, and is •iothed by him in the drels of a matron, the {irincipal diiiinftlon of which coniilts in a veil. Until tliis time, the drefs of the women is much like that of the men, excepting that the cloak is longer, and fre- quently white, a colour never worn by men : the cap too is generally red, or rofe- coloured. Before niarri:',gc, the youth of both fexes fee each other freely at the little rejoicings which take place on fefti- vals. Before the ball, the young men Ihow their aciiviiy and addreis in a variety of military exercifes, and the moit alert have the privilege of choofmg the molt ■ beautiful partners. Their mufical inlfru- ments are a long flute with, only three Itops, a Ipecies of mandolini?, iunl a tam- bourin. Their dances are in the Ahatic ftyle, with little gayety or exprcflion ; the Iteps difficult, but not graceful. 1 he wo- men participate in the general ch.'.rader of the nation : they take pride in the coiM'age of their huibands, and reproach them leverely when defeated. They po- lish and take care of the armour of the men. Widows tear their hair, and dif- £gure themielves with Icais, in teftimuny ot their giicf. The men had formerly the i'ame cuftom, but are now grown more tranquil luider the lofs of their wives and relations. The habitation of a Circaihan is compofed of two huts, becaufc the vvilrt and hufband are not fuppofed to live to- gether. One of thefe huts is allotted to the hiufband, and to the reception of ftrangersj the other to the wife and fa- mily; the court which feparates tlwm i& furrcundcd by palifades. At meals fhrf whole family is afiembled i ib that her*', as among the Tartars, each village i> reckoned at a certain number of kettle*. Their food is extremely fimple, conlifting only of a little meat, lome pafte made of fnillet, and a kind of beer, com^)olt'd of the fame grain fermented. Whatever may have been the original religion of this people, they have been luccefiively con- verted to Chrldianlty and Mahometanifm, and have now no religion or woiHiip among them. They break, without fcruple, fi!c.h oaths as they have taken on the bible and the koran j but there are certain forms of oaths, «nd certain places in the neighbourhood of their ruins (!\ip- pofc-d to be remains GFChrihiarichurche;;) which iniure their fidelity. Their co\j- rage, great as it ii, is not proof againft re- ligious tenors. Like all barbarians, they believe that what is called accident, m.ay be influenced by particular ceremonies. The Circal]i;tr.i; have not any letters of their own ; thofe among them who wifli to write th.;ir language being obliged to make ulc of Arabian characters. Cirencester, a confiderable bcfou^ in Glouceiterfliire, with a market on Monday and Fiiday. It Is feated on the river Churn, and was a place of great ac- count in the time of the Remans. The riiiirs of the walls are yet vifible j and it had alfb a caftle and an abbey. Many Roman antiquities have been difcovered; and here the Roman roads croffed each other. It is one of the greatefi marts in England for wool, fends two members tc> parliament, and is 18 miles SE of Glou- cefter, and 89 w of London. Lon. i 5« w, lat. 51 A3 N. CiRENz.x, a town of Naples, capital of Baillicata, with a bilhop's fee. It i& feattd on the river Branduno, at the foot t1)e Appennines, 97 miles E of Naples, Lon. 16 xo H, lat. 40 44 N. CiTTADiLLO, a feaportand capital of Minorca, on the w fide of that ifland. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 39 54 N. CtTTA-ni-CASTELLO, a populous city of Italy, capital of a county of the fan;c name, in Umbria, with a bifhop's fee. It is teated on the Tiber, a? mllea &w of Urbino. Lon. 11 iS e, lat. 45 32 N. Cjtta-Nuova, a city of Italy, in the mnrqui'ate of Ancona, containing iCi churches and convents within its walls, and 15 without. It is feated oa the gulf of Venice, 10 miles s of Lo- rerto. Lon. 13 40 E, lit. 43 16 N. CiTTA-NuovA, a feaportof VeactiftU 4S " C L A Iftr'n, Willi a bi/liop's fee, 60 miles E of Venice. Lon. 1 i- a E> lat. 4.5 36 N. Ciudad-Rkal, a town pf Spain, ca- pital of Manclia. The inhabitants are ncned for cirefling leather for gloves. It is two miles from the Guadiana, and 90 s of Madrid. Lon. 3 25 w.lat. 38 58 N. C L A Clameci, a totvnof France, In the de- partment of Nievre and late province of Nivernois. Before the late revolution, tlie chapel of an hoi'pital in the luburb waa the provifion tor the biftiopric of Beth- lehem, founded in 1 180, when Guy count ot NcveiB, gave an afylum, in this place» CiuuAD-RoDRiGO, a town of Spain, to a Latin biihop of Bcthlcliap, wht had in Liron, with a biftiop's (ce, fcated on the river Aijuada, 4.0 miles sw of Sala- maiicv. Lon. 5 58 \v, iat. 40 33 N. Civita-di-Friuli, an ancient town of Italy, in Venetian Friuli, feated on the Natifona, 10 miles fi of Udena. Lou. 13 15 E, Iat. 46 12 N. Cjvita dx-Penna, an ancient town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulterioi-e, with a biHiop's fee, near the rivei" Salino, 35 miles Ne of Aquila. Lon. 14 52 £, Iat. 4.1 27 N. Civita-Castellana, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, on a high rock, at the foot of which i» a river, which falls into the Tiber. It is %$ miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 35 e, Iat. 42 25 N. Civita-Vecchia, a feapoit of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Petej*, with an arfenal. Here the pope's gallies are ftatloned, and it is a free portj but the air is unwholefome. It is 35 miles Nw of Rome. Lon. 11 51 £, laC 41 5 N. Clackmannan, a borough in Clack- mannanlhire, on the N fhore of the frith of Forth, and .at the bottoan of a hiiJ, on the top of which is an ancient calUe. A laige Iquare tower in this caftle derivts its name from the illultrioua Robert Bruce, whole great fword and cafque been driven from tlie lioiy Land by the Saracens. Clameci is i'eated at the con- fluence of the Bcuvron and Yonne, ux miles s by E of Paris. Lon. 3 36 £, Iat. 47 28 N. Clapham, a village in Surry, noted for many handfome villas, which chiefly furround a beautiful common. In the old parilli church, divine fervice i« per- formed at funerals onlyj an elegant new church having been erefted on tlie com- mon, but without an adjoining cemetery. Clapham is three miles ssw of London. Clara, St. a fmall ifland of S Ame- rica, in Ptau, in the bay of Guiaquil, 70 miles sw of Guiaquil. Lon. 8* zo w, Iat. a 20 s. Clare, St. a fmall ifland, or rather rock, one of the Canaries, between Lan- cerota and Allcgranza. Clare, a town of Suffolk, with a mai-ket on A-kwiday. The ruins of a caiile and of a collegiate church are ftill vifibl&s and here is a manufa^lure of bays. It is feated near the Stour, 15 miles s of St. Edmund's Bury, and 56 NE of London. Lon. o 36 e, Iat. 52 iz m, Clare, a county of Ireland, in the pro- vince of Munlter, 5 5 miles in length, and. 38 in breadth ; bounded on the E and s are here pieferved. A large fword is by the Shannon, which feparates it from alio fliown, faid to have belonged to fir Tipperaiy, Limerick, and Keriy ; on the John Graham, the faithful attendant of w by the Atlantic, and on the N by the heroic Wallace. It is 23 milts n by E of Glafgow. Lon. 3 40 w, Iat. 36 5 N. Clackmannanshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the e by Fife/hire, on the N and w by Perthlhire, and on the s by the Forth. It is eiG:ht miles in Galway. It contains two market-towns and 76 pariflics, and fenda four members to parliament. Clare, a town of Ireland, capital of a. county of the fame name, 17 miles NW of Limerick. Lon. 8 46 w, Iat. 52 52 N. Clarendon, a village, tlu-ee miles c length, and five in breadth; and produces of Salifbury, where Henry 11 fummoncl good corn and palture, and plenty of coal a council of the barons and prelates, in and ialt. This ftiirc, with Kinrofs, fends 1164, who enafted the laws, called the «ne member to parliament. Conitltutions of Clarendon; and here Clagenfurt, a town of Germany, were two palacc»s built by king John, capital of Carinthia, 50 miles sw of Clarens, or Chatillard, a vil-' Vienna. Lon. 14 ao E, Iat. 46 53 N. lage of Swiflerland, in the Pays de Vaud, Clair, St. a lake of N America, half way between the lakes Huron and Eiit:, 90 miles in circumference. It receives the waters of the great lakes Su- perior, Michigan, and Huron, and dil- charges them, through the ftrait called Detroit, into the lak« Eric, celebrated as the principal fcene of Rouf- feau's Eloife, thovigh its ancient caftle by no means accords with the dbfcription in that work. It is delightfully fitua*rc» not far from Vevay, onaneuiinence>Vrh >fe declivity Hopes gradually toward tiic lake ot Gcneviu i i mm MMMMMMM ■MWMIIMMMIMM CLE C L I CLAt7DK> St. a handfome city of France, in the department of Jura and late province of Franche Comte, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated between three hfgh mmintains, on the river Lifon, and owes its origin to a celebrated abbey, built in 425, in this then barren and uninha- bittxi ccxintjy. This abbey had the pious privilege of legitimating baftaiids, and could confer nobility and pardon criminals, till the year 1 74.2, when it was ereftcd into a bi£hopric,and its Benediftine monks wei-e metamcrphofed into noble canons. The cathedral is extremely elegant. Great ■um- bers of pilgrims have flocked hither, to vi- (It the rcnlains of the body of St. Chude, which they pretend are yet uncorrupted. From Mount St. Claude, which forms part of Mount Jura, is a fine profpeft over • Swliferland and Savoy, the lake and town of Geneva, and the Pays dc Vaud. In this city are many public fountains witli large balms. It is 35 miles NW of Geneva. • Lon. 6 18 E, lati 46 24 N. Clausenburg, a town of Tranfyl- Vania, on the river Samos, 60 miles NW cf Ilcrmanftadt. On one of the gates is an infcription in honour of the emperor Trajani. Lon. 23-20 E, lat. 46 53 N. Clay, a town in Norfolk, feated on an arm of the fea, between two rivers, 20 miles NW of Norwich. Here are Ibme large falt-works. Clear, Cape, a promontory of a little ifland on the s of Ireland. Lon. II 15 w, lat. 51 18 N. Clebury, a town in Shropfliire, with :i market on Thurfday, I'eated on the river Rea, 28 miles SSE of Shrewibury, and 136 Nw of London. Lcn. 4 33 w, lat. 52 21 N. Clerac, or Clairac, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Ga- ronne and late province of Guienne, feated on the river Lot, 10 miles NW of Agcn. Lon. o 25 E, lat. 44 20 N. Clermont, a town of France, in the flepartment of Meufe and late territt)ry of farrois, 127 nules NW of Paris. Lon. 5 9 E, lat. 49 34 N. Clermon r, a town of Frartce, in the department of Oile and late province of the lile of France, 37 miles N of Paris. Lon.ji 25 E, lat. 49 •'.5 N. Clermont, a confiderable city of France, in the department of Puy de Dome and late j)ro\rince of Auvcrgne, with a bifliop's li;e. It is feated on an eminence, Mid Is alio called CleRMoMt Ferranj>, ever fincu the town of Mount Ftirand, about a mile diltant to the ne was taitbtl uiwier the name of a f«burb. The cathedral, public fquares, and walks, we very fine j but the Itreets arc narrow, anU lined with houfes built of ftones of a fombre hue. Many Roman antiquities are found in the neighbourhood. There are aUb Tome minei al fprings j and that of the fuhurb St. Allyre has formed a natural bridge over the brook into which it falls : it is called the Mineral Bridge, aad carriages may pals over it. Cler- mont contains 30,000 inhabitants, and has manufaftures 6f ratteens, diiiggetb, ferges, and leather. It is the birth- place of the celebrated F;'ifcal ; and is 300 miles s of Pai'is. Lon. 3 10 E, lat. 45 47 N. Clery, a village in France, nin^ miles sw of Orleans, once famous i'or the pilgrinrages to our lady of Clery . Here is the tomb of that monfter Lewis xi, who appears, in white marble, as the faint and the patriot king. Clerke's Islands, two iflands in the N Pacific Ocean, between the coaft of Kamtfchatka and that of N America. They were fcen by captain Cook in 1778, and were fo named in honour of captain Clerke, his fccond in command. They were both inhabited, and were not unknown to the Ruffians. Lon. 169 39 w, lat. 63 15 N. Cleves, a duchy of 47 I N. Clit with a rougii C L\V GOB three miles SSE of Penrith, noted for a (kinniih between the krng's forces and the lebeis in 1745, in which the latter had the advantage. Clm-ton, a village in Gloucefterfhire, near Briltol, noted for the hot well in its neighbourhood, upon the Lower Avon, at the loot of St. Vincent's rock. Cmssa, a fort of Dalsnatia, taken frmn the Turks by the Venetians. It is Rated on a craggy mountain, fix miles N of Spa- latto. Lon. 17 31 H, lat. 4.4 10 N. Clisson, a tow« of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late pro- vince of Bretagne, on the river Seure, t i miles s of Nantes. Lon. 1 28 w, lat. 47 I N. Clithero, a borough in Lancafhirc, with a market on Saturday, and the re- mains of an ancient caftle. It lends two members to parliament, and is I'eated near Pendil Hill, 36 miles se of Lan- caft-cr, and 213 NNw of London. Lon. a 21 vv, !at. 53 54 N. Cloghlr, an epii'copal town and bo- rough of Ireland, in I'/rone. Lon. 6 50 w, lat. 54 30 N. Clonmel, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, leated on the river Sure, 19 miles SE of Tippeniry. Lon. 7 27 w, lat. 52 14 N. Cloud, St. a town of France, four miles w of Paris, Seated on tlie Seine. Here was lately a magnificent x'oyal pa- lace, gardens, &c. Cloyne, an eplfcopal town and bo- rough of Ii%land> in the county of Cork, 16 miles E of Cork. Lon. Sow, lat. 51 54 N. Cluny, a town of France, in the de- partment of Saone and Loire and late pro. vince of Burgundy, remarkable for its late famous Bciiediftine abbey. It is I'eated on the Grofue, 10 miles NW of Macon. Lon. 4 33 E, lat. 46 r!4 N. Cluse, a town of Savoy, in Faucigny, leafed on the Arve, 22 miles SE of Ge- nevH. Lon. 6 29 E, lat. 45 57 N. Clwyd, a celebrated vale of Denbigh- fliire, extending from its upper end to the Irifli Sea, above 20 miles j its breadth varying from three to eight, according to the approach or recels of the high moun- tains inclofing it, through whichj in dif- ferent parts, are gaps formed by nature for entrances. This delightful fpot is in a high (tate of cultivation, even far up the alcent of the bills : and its numerous inhabitants are remarkable for retaining their vivacity to a late period of life. A river of the fame name, which rifes in the middle of the county, runs along this vaU, and having entered Flintflilrt, falls irtt« the Irifli Sea. Clyde, a river of Scotland, vrhich rlfes in Annandale, l-uns through Clydef- dale, and paifing by Lanerk, Hamilton^ andGlalgow, falls into the frith of Clyde. Near Lanerk, this river runs, for ii;veral' miles, between high rocks covered with wood; and in its courfc exhibits many altoniihing catara6\s. At Stonebyres, it is confined within a very narrow 1k(1. and makes one entire fhoot, faiUing about 60 feet over a perpendicular rock j the water then pouring over another precipice, is dafhed into a deep chafm beneath. The horrid and inceflant din with which this is accompanied, unnerves and overcomes the heart. The waterfall at Corehoufcj called Cora-lin, is no lefs remarkable : the water is here precipitated at leaft 100 feet between two vaft rugged precipices. ' On a pointed rock, overhanging this ftupendous fcene, Itands a Iblitary tower j • lately inhabited, but now in ruins. In floods, the rock and tower have been ob- ierved to fhake in liich a manner as to fpiil water in a glals ftanding on a table! in the caftle. A path leads to the top of the fall, where, from a pro'efting rock, the fpeftator has a tremendous view down the furious cataraft, as it pours below the eye. See Canal, Great. ClydesDal!^, a wild diftrlft in the S part of Lanerkfhire. Amid the moun- tains heie, particles of geld have fometimes been found wafhed down by the rains and Itreams of water ; but this traft is chiefly remarkable for producing metals of infe- rior worth. The veins of lead lie moftly N and E, and their thicknefs, which fel* dom exceeds 40 feet, varies greatly in different parts. The fcanty pafture here feeds fome flieep and cattle; but thofe, ia the neighbourhood of the mines, fome- times perifh by drinking the water in which the lead ore has been wafiicd. See L£AUHILLS. Coast Castle, Cape, the principal fettlement of the Englifli on the coalt of Guirifia, with a ftrong citadel. It is 30 miles E by N of St. George del Mina, Lon. o o, lat. 5 6 n. CoBifENTZ, an ancient city of Germany, in the cle6*lorate of Treves. It is the re- fidence of the ek'<5lor, who has lately built a new palace here ; the old one being on the oppofite fide of the Rhine, in the vale of Ehrenbreitftein. It was taken by the French in 1794. It is feated at the con- fluence of the Rhine and Moft-Ue, 50 miles NE of Treves. Lcn. 7 32 E, lat. 50 24 N. CoBURc, a tswn of Gumiuiy, in the COD cifcl* of Frjinconia, capital of a princi- pality oi the lamf uami', with a colkge, a tort, f'Ui a caftle. ri;is town, and its |^rintip?,lity, belongs to the huulc of Sax- ony. It is leatcd on tlit iich, 20 miles N of BaiTibeig. Lon. n i3 K, lat. 50 %Z N. Coca, town of Spain, m Old Caftik, n«ai- which is a (trong callle tin Itatt pii- lont'js. It is ieatid among mountains, , at the ccnlliitnce of the iVIorvedro andjl a morals, 30 miles s of Gioningen. C O K the confluence of the Adda and Po, 35 niilc-b £ of Pavia. Lun. 10 49 £, lat. ^.j 6 N. CoESFELD, a town of Germany, in the territories of the bilhop of Munltcr, where he often refides. It is lisated near the river Burkel, as miles sw of Munfter. Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 51 48 N. CoEVORDEN, -.1 fortified town of the United Provinces, in Overyfiel, feated in Ivlc/eua, 2 5naies NNEof Stgovia. Lun. 31, 34 vv, Lt. 41 17 N. CocHiKiM, a, town in the ele61orate of Ti-eves, formerly imperial. It was taken by the FVtnch in 1794, and is iiiated 00 tl^e Moiclle, 25 miles sw of Coblentz. Lon. 7 2 E, lat. 50 12 N. Cochin, a leapgrt on the coa,ft of Ma- il^lxu', in Travancore. It is a Dutch fcitienjeiit, and was taken by the Englifh jn 1795. It is 110 milts s. by e of Ca- licut. Lon. 75 30 E, lat. 10 o N. CotHiN-CHiNA, a kingdom of A fia, bounciai on the E by the Ealfern Ocean, on the N by Tcn(]iiin, on the w by and Lowes -water, join* the Perwent, be- low Cockermouth. CocKERMoUTH, a populous borough in Cumberland, with a market on Mon- day. It lies between the Derwent aod. Cocker, over which latter arc two ftone ^nidges ; aiid I'ttween two hills, on one of V, hjcli llaiiab a handfome church; and *n th.e other a '>attly caftlc. It has a niLinuta.'^h'rr of ihalioons, worfted ftock- iju,-s, and iu^fs. It lends two niembtrs Co parkainent, iind is 27 miles 9w of Car- lilie., sT'^i z<:,o NNW of Loudon. Lon. 3. ^5 w, i.it. 54 47. N. CrivONATo, a town of Piedmont, re- ■^/.irkuMe tor being the birthplace of Co-" Uimb;:';. It is 20 miles E of Turizi, J, on. 8 9 E, lat. 45 5 N. Con, Capk, on the s fide of Bofton Buy, in iht: Itate of iVjaiihchuletts, in N A;<)erica. Lon. 70 18 w, lat. 42 o N. C!o;)0!..No, a town of I-ily, in the %[\]ct)-y of Mildi. it f;;'TviKit;t.J to the J'^'envh in \hiy,ij^O. It ).;> icitttd n«ar 9 Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 52 44 N. CocjN.vc, a town pf France, in the de- partment of Charente ^id late province of Angoumpis, with a cattle, where Fnmcis i vvas born. It is remarkable for excel- lent brandy, and feated on the Chaitnte, 1 7 miles vv of Angoulelme. Lon. o 10 w, lat. 45 44 N. Cog M, an ancient town of Turkey In Aiia, in Caramanja, in a country abound- ing in corn, fruits, pul'l^, and cattle. Here are flieep, wholp tails weigh 30 pounds. It is 270 n9ile$ SE of Conftan- tinople. Lon. 35 56 e, l*t. 37 56 N. CoHGESHAL, a town in Effex, with a market on Saturday, and a manufatf^ure of bays. It is feated on the river Black - water, 43 miles en E of London. Loa. o 47 E, lat. 51 5a N. CoiMBETTOREf a province and town o£ the peninfula of Hindooftan, in the kingdom of Myfore. It was taken by- general Medows in 1790, but retaken by Tippoo Sultan in 1791, and confirmed to him by the peace of 179a. It is 100 miles s by E of Seiringapatam. Lon. 77 10 E, lat. 10 5 N."' CoiMBRA, a town of Portugal, capi- tal of Beira, with a hilhop's fee, and an univerfity. The cathedral and the foun- tains are magnigcent. It flands on a mr^untain, by the fide of the river Mon- dego, 100 miles ne of Lifbon. Lon. 8 17 vv, lat. 40 12 N. CojRE, a t©wn of SwilTwland, capital of the country of the Grifons, with a bifliop's fee, whofe prelate has the right of coining money. It is lituate at the foot of the Alps, in a rich plain, and is lurroundcd by ancient brick walls, with Iquare and round towers, in the Ityle of fortification prior to the invention of gun- powder. The Itreets are narrow and dirty j and it contains about 3000 Ibuls. It i3 divided into two parts, the leaft of which is of the Roman catholic religion, aji(i the greateli of the proteftant. It is go- verned by its own laws, and is fcate4 near the Khine, 48 miles s of Conftiince* Lon. 9 25 E, lat, 46 5.0 N. COL COL RMflia, in the government of Livonia, on the river Dwina, 50 miles SE of Kiga. Lon. 25 50 F, lat. 56 30 N. Col, one of the Weftern Iflands of Scotland, nine miles s\v from the point of Ardnamiirclian in Argylplhire. It is rich in corn and pailurc. Lon. 7 15 vv, lat. 57 o N. COLBERfJ, a feaport of Prudian Pome- rania, remarkable for its lalt-works. It was taken by the Kulfians, in 1761, but reltored at the fubl'ecjiicnt peace. It is leatfd at the mouth of the Perfant, on the Baltic, 60 miles NE of Stctin. Lon. 15 39 E, laf. 54. 21 N. Colchester, a\i ancient borough in Eflex, with a market on Wednelday ami Saturday. It is feated on a fine emi- nence, on the Coin, which is navigable within a mile of the town, at a place called the Hythe, where the cuftomhoufv is fituate. The town was furrounded by a wall, which had fix gates and three pof- terns ; but thefe are now demolifhed. It had 16 churches, but now only 12 are Hied ; and moft of them were damaged in 1648, when the town furrcndered to the army of the parliament, after a memor- able fiege. There is a large manufafture of bays ; and the town is famous for oyfters and eringo-roots. It is governed by a mayor; and to the E are the ruins of an old caftle, in which is one of the town prifons. It is n miles ene of Chelmsford and 51 of London. Lon. i o E, lat, 51 55 N. SeeCoLN. Colchester, a town of Virginia, on the river Potomac. CoLDiNGHAM, a heathy tra.Ft near the coalt, in the county of Berwick, in Scotland, anciently noted for a nunnery, built in the beginning of the 12th cen- tury by Edgar, king of Scotland. Ebba, one of the abbefl'es, reiiowned in tradition for her chaftity,gave najtie to the neighbour- ing promontory called St. Abb's Head. CoLDiNG, a town of Denmark, in N Jutland, remarkable for its bridge, over •which all the cattle pafs, that go from Jutland into Holftein, and they pay a fmall toll. Here is a royal palace, con- taining a fuite of 190 rooms. The har- bour is two miles in circumference* and deep enough for ftiips of the Urged bur- den. It is fituate at the extremity of a bay of the Little Belt, 50 miles s by e of Wiburg. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 55 35 N. Coldstream, a town in the county of Berwick, feated on the Tweed, over which is a handfceri:il city, and thoti^-h the elector has a palace here, he lias not the liberty oi ftaying in it for many days together; ncr is he admitted to •oinc at ^1 with a uumeroys attcnd«mcp. COL The inhabitants are rrencrally Roman catholics, but there are ibine piotcftant*, who are oblii^id to peiturni divine ii;r- vice at Mulhcini, ti'.ree mi es from the city. In the catiiedral are the golden chauibtr or triMiUiy, the rithea ol which aro iimnenle; ux\A the chapel ot the three Niaj;i, in which tlicy protend to iliow the bodies of the three M;jgi, called the 'J'hree Kings. Cologne was once one of the il.inie Towns, celebrated for its cununercc, which is now dwindled to the manufuTure of a few riban'ts, (tockings, lace, and Ibnie tobacco. To perieciitiun it ov.cj this dv'cay; to the expulfiou of tie Jews i'- j 185, and of the proteltants in 161 8. Two thirds of this city ha\e fince fallen into ruins, and (ircets and Icjuares are converted into kitchergardens and vineyard;. Cologne was taken by the Frciicli in 1794. It is feated en (he Rhine, 17 milts E of Juliers. Lon. 7 JO E, lat. 50 55 N. CoLOMr.OTZ, a caftle of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria, on a hill, under which is the Itrong pals of Urania. CoLOMin or CoLOMlA, a town of Poland, in 1\ Ruflia, on the river Pruth» 4- miles se of Haiitz. Lou. 25 40 E, lat, 48 41 N. CoLONNA, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Koma, 18 miles e of Rome. Lon. 12 56 E, lat. 41 55 N. CoLONSA, a fertile little ifland, on the w coaft of I'cotland, feven miles w of the tht illand of Jura. Colorado, a river of New Mexico, which being joined by the river of the Apoftles, enters the gulf of California, hi lon, 1 01 o w, lat. 32 20 n. Color.no, a town of Italy, in the P:irmafan, near the Po, eight miles from Parma. The duke of Parma has a plea- fure-houfe here, one of the moft delight- iid in Italy. Lou. 10 22 e, lat. 44. 54- N. CoLOswAR, a town of Trapfylvania, where the dates meet. It is feated on the Samos, 37 miles NW of of Weiuemburg, and 120 E by s of Vienn^i, Lon. 23 15 E, lat. 46 53 N. CoLU.MB, St. a town in Cornwall, with q market on ThurlUay, lea ted on a hill, 10 mile$ w pf Bodmin. Lon. 4 5* w, lat. 50 30 y. CohVMBi,\, a city of S Carolina, on the river Coiigaree, jqft below the influx of the Saluda. .It is the feat; of the go- vernment of S Carolina, and 100 miles N\v of Ch^rlelton. Lon. 81 10 vv, lat. 33 58 N. Columbia, a territory pi ^f Airu;- jica, the the Unit( Col.U! tl'.c illaiK the Porti were e; p Tile niti the wails lalt are VL-rnor's L was Tebruary gombo. COLU wi'.h a 1 cironecu lumpton &nd is cncc COM rica, the i'eat of tl.e intf-ndcd capital of tl>c United Statcb. See Wacimno-'I ON. (Jor.UMto, a town ou tiic w fule of tl'.c inaml of Ctylon. It wa.> built by tlu- PoiUimkie ia 1633, and in i^'S^' ^''^y wore c: peiloil i>y the riatlvfs ui\d Duttli. TiK- nitivfs livi: in the old u>'.vn, wi'liuut the walls of tlie »ie\v. Ih.' Itrv.i:; ot tivis lalt arc wide and i'jr.'.cii/Us., aii.l tiic 1,0- vcinev's houi'c is a luuv.Uoirt Iti'viauii.. L was fuiiLUuciul to the K.'-rliDi in Tcbiuaiy 1796. It ii> lU iraUs u ot Nc- gombo. Lon. 80 7.5 K, lar. 7 10 N. CoLUMBTON, a town in Devuuihlic, with a market on Sauiiday, lL:r.eii;ae:> cironccully written Collumjitoii ar.d OA- lunipton. It has a wollcn inanufiilure, and h f(.atcd on the riv(.k° CoUunb, iz. miles NE of Exeter, and 164. w of Lon- don. Lon. 3 33 W, lat. 50 53 N. COLUMNA, a town of RutUa, In the goveiimicnt of Moicow, with an arch- bijhops ftCj 50 miles SK of Mofcow. Lou. 3!i 25 E, lat. 55 5N. COLURi, an illand of Greece, fonntrly called Salamis. The juincipiil town is of the fame name, on the s fide, at the bot- tom of tiis harbour, winch is one of the iineft in the world. Thouj.'^ Ajax, wlio makes fuch a fiyT.ire in Homer, was king of this Idind, k is but a poor place. It IS feven nules s of Athens. Lon. 24. 5 E, lat. jS o N. Com, a populous town of Perfia, in Irac Agemi, 10 miles N cf ilpahan. Lon. 51 56 E, lat. 34. 5 N. CoMACHio, an epiicopal to^mi of Italy, in the Ferrarefe. 1 he ai.' is bad, for which reafon it is inhabited by a few filhcimen only. It is leated in a lake of the lame name, 17 miles se of Ferrara. Lon. 12 10 £, lat. 44-45 N. CoMACHio, a lake of Italy, in the Ferrarefe, between the two mQuths of the liver Po. It is 10 miles in circumftr-' cncc ; but dry in feveral places, and on oiic part a town of the lunvi name i» built. CoMANA, or CUMANA, a feaport of S America, capital of tlw province of ConuuKi, in Terra Finna. It is detei\ded by a ftrong caltle. Lon. 64 29 w, lat. 10 10 N. CoMANAGOTTA, a town of S Ame. rIca, in Terra Flrma, 10 miles w of Cu- mana. Lon. 64 40 w, lat. 10 ion. C0ME-AiJB£ V, a vlllau;e u\ Wai^vick- /liirt, three miles from Coventry, once fa- mous for a rich abbey. The church Is demoliflied, but the abbey, modernized, is the feat of lord Craven. Comb-MartiN) u town in Devon- C O M flili e, with a market on Tucfday. ft is ii aud on th • Brittol Channel, where Ii lui an inlet which vuni throUijh the town. It is five miles £ of IllVucomb, and 176 \v by s ot London. Lou. 4 z w, lat. 51 M N. Co.uNES, a town of Fiance, in the depart\uei'.: of the North and late Frond* riundeis, I'taled on the Lis, rive miles sw of Meniii. Lon. 3 4 Ei lat. 50 45 n. C*OMMi;ii;?v, a town of Frajjce, in the department of .Mtult and late duchy ot Bar, v/Ith a caftle, built by cardinsl de Rct7. It is leat'd on tlie Mtu(e, i6o miles £ of Paris. Lon. 5 44 K, lat. 48 40 N. Co\70j a populous town of Italy, in the Milaiiele, with a bilho|j''s fee; fituate in a valley, incloled by tertlle hills, on the s extremity of a lake of the lame name. It is i'unoundedby a wall, guarded by tower*, and backed by a conical emi« Hence, on which are tl^c ruins of an an- cienf cadlf. The houfes are neatly built of Itone ; and the cathedral is a handfome edifice of white marble, hewn from the neighbourii^g quanies. On tlic outfide of the church, is the ftatue of Pliny the Younger, in a niche, with a Latin in- fcription bearing the date of 1499. I'^i'^y was born here j and, in his Letters, iJK-aks with rapture of the delightful htuation of the town, and the romantic iceuery of its environs. The inhabitants have ellabli/lied feveral manufaftures of cotton and filk, and carry on fome trade with the Grifons. Como is 80 miles NB of Tvuin. Lon. 9 7 E, lat. 45 4.5 N. Co MO, the largelt lake in Italy, in tijc Milanefe. It is 88 miles in circumference, but nut above fix miles over in any one part. Co MORA Islands, five Iflands in the Indi;ui Ocean, between the coaft of Zan^ guebar and the N part of the ifland of Madagalear. They are called Hiiuuaa Mayotta, Mohilla, Axige/eia, and Co- niora. See Hinzuan. CoMORiN, C.\PE, the moft fonthem point of the peniulula of Hindooltan. Lon. 77 32 E, lat. 7 50 N. CoMORRA, a town of Lower Hun- g-ary, capital of a territory cf th"^- fame name. It is fo well fortified, that the 'Lurks could never take it. The gix-atell part of the inhabitants art of the Greek relis^ion. It is feat^:d on the Danube^ in the ^ifland of isibut, 70 miles s by e of Vieiuia. Lon. tS 5 E, lat, 47 46 N. CoMPiEGNE, a town of France, in the department of Oli'e and late piuvii;te of iht lih of Fruucc, Here is a palauc> ^4 y ! ) ■ f 'I ii CON In wtiich the kings of Fnince often re- fided. Th(T Maid ot Orleans was taken prifoner hue in 14.50. It h lirated near an extei\!ive forcft, at tl\c confHitncc of the Ailhe and 0\k, 45 miles ne of Paris. I,on. 2 55 E> Ut.49 *5 ^• Compostei-La, ;i celebnitfd town of Spain, capital of Oalicil, with an arch- bifhop's fee, and a univcrfity. The jnihlic fqiiareb,ai!dthechurches,aremngnificcnt ; 3nd it hns a e^cat number of monallerics for both fexes. It is pretended that the hody of St. James was buried htiv, which draws a great number of pilgrims : they waJk in proceHion to the church, nnd vifit his wooden image, which ftajiJs on the great altar, and is illuminated by many wax-camTles. The poor pilgrims arc received into an hofpital, built for that purpofe, which ftands nwr the church, and round it are galleries of freefton'.-, fup- ported by large pillars. The archbifliop IS one of the richeft prelates in Spain, having 70,000 crowns a year. From this town the military order of St, Jago or St. James, had its origin. It is featcd in a ))enlnrula, formed by the Tambra and Ulla, 265 miles NW of Madrid. Lon. 8 J 7 w, lat. 4a 52 N, CoMPosTELLA, New, a town of N Aniierlca, in N?w Spain, near the S Pacific Ocean, 400 miles NW of Mexico. Lon. 109 42 w, lat. 21 20 N. CoNCAN, a low traft of country, on the w coaft of the Deccan of Hindooitan. From this traft rifes abruptly that ftupen- ^U3 wall of mountains called the Gauts. Jt is fubjeft to the Mahrattas, and lies be- tween 1 5 and 20^ N lat. CONCARNEAU, a feaport of France, jn the department ot Finifterre and late province of Brittany, with a caftle, 1 1 miles SE of Quimper. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 47 4<5 N*. Conception, a feaport of Chili, with a bi/hop's fee. It has been often taken and ravaged by the native Americans, and is feated on the S Pacific Ocean, 230 miles NofBaldivia. Lon. 73 20 w, lat. 36 40 s. CoNCliPTlON, a town of New Spain, feated near the gulf of Mexico, 100 miles w of Porto-Bello. Lon. 81 45 w, Jat. 10 ON. Concordia, a to\vn of Italy, in the duchy of Mirandola, on the river Sechia, live miles w of Mirandola. Lon. 1 1 1 3 E, lat. 44 52 N. Concordia, a town of Italy, in Ve- netian Friuii, with a bifhop's fee, 28 Dalles ssw of Udina, It is now aiiuoil CON mined, and the bilhop refidcs at Porto Cruaro. CoN'DAViR, a foil in the pcninfula of liindooftan, and the principal pott of Ounloor, one of the five Circars. It 'ui ftronglv fituatc on a mountain, 16 miles >v of C/untoer. CoNDE, a (trong town of France, in the department of tlie North and French part of Hainault. It has a caitle, and gav« the title of prince to a branch of the late royal family. It was taken by the allies, July 10, 1793, but it was retaken by the French Oe^. i, 1794, and ordered by the convention to have its name changed to that of Nord Libre. Condc is feated on the Scheld, feven miles NE of Valenci- ennes, and ti7 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 39 E, lat. 50 27 N. CoNDE, a town of France, in the department of Calvados and late province 01 Normandy. It carries on a confider- ablc trade, and is feated on the Nereau, 1 5 miles w of Paris. Lon. o 37 w, lat, 48 ^O N. CoNDECEDO, a cape of N America, in Yucatan, 100 miles w of Merida. Lon. 91 27 w, lat. 20 50 N. CoNDOMf a large town of France, in the department of Gers and late province of Gal'cony. As it has no trade, it is por, and thinly peopled. It was lately an epil'copal lee, and is feated on the Baife, 22 miles w of Auch. Lon. o 36 e, lat, 44 1 N. CoNDORE, the capital of a number of iflands, in the Indian Ocean. It produces mangoes, which grow on trees, as large as apple-trees : the fruit is of the fize of a fmall peach, ami when ripe, has a plea- lant fmell and talte. The inhabitants are iinall in feature, well-lhaped, and of a dark olive complexion ; their fuea are long, with black Ihaight hair, Iinall black ey'.s, high nolcs, thin lips, white teeth, .(nd little mouths. They are very poor, and their chief employment is get- tu.g tar out of the trees. When any ftiips arrive, they will bring their women on board, and offer them to the fail'jrs. They have a little idol temple, built of wood, and thatched like their houfes, which are very mean. The EngliHi E India Company had a fettlement here in 1702; but the fadors falling out with the natives, moft of them were murdered, and the reft driven thence in 1705. Lon. 107 26 E, lat. 2 40 N. CoNDRiEU, a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of LyonoiS| remarkable for its CON excellent wines. It is reatcil near tl»c Rlione, 17 miles s of Lyons. Lon. 4. 5j c, lat. 4S 23 N. Caneolens, a town of France, in the tlepartinciit of Charentc and late j»rovincc ot' Angoumois, on the river Vitnne, 30 miles NE of Angoulcfme. Lon. o 4.3 f, lat. 48 55 N. CoNGLETON,a town in Cliefhire, with a market on Saturday. It is governed by a mayor, and has two churches, but the Eiincipal one is two miles diltnnt. It as a manufafture of leather gloves ; and a more confiderable one in filk, there !ie- ing a large filk-niill, which employs 700 hands. It is featcd on the river IXme, levcn miles s of Macclesfield, ;ind 164. NW of London. Lon. 2 low, lat. 53 8 n. Congo, a country of Africa, b-jtween theequinoiSlial line and 18 degrees of s lat. containing the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola, and Bengucla. It was difcovered by the Portuguele in 148 1, ;;nd is hounded on the N by Benin, by the in- land part of Africa on the e, by Matamon on the s, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the w. It is fometimes called Lower Guinea ; and the Portuguele have a great many fettlements on the co.ilt, as wc!) as in the inland countiy. Thty hnve many dell-rt places within land, in which are elephjnts, tigers, leopards, monkies, and monftroas ferpentsj but near the coalt, the foil is more fertile ; and there are fruits of many kinds, befide palm-trees, from which they get wine and cill. The inhabitants are ikilful in weaving cotton cloth; and they trade in ilaves, ivoiy, cailia, and tamarinds : the greateft part of them go almoft naked, worlhipping the fun, moon, and ftars, befide animals of different kinds j but the Portuguefe have made many converts. Congo, properly fo called, is only 1 50 miles broad along tlie coalt, but is 372 inland. From March to September is called the winter feal'on, when it rains almoft every day ; and the fummer is from Oifiober to March, when the weather is very hot. The river Zaire is full of crocodiles and . ver-horles. The principal town is St. Salvador. Con I, a town of Piedmont, capital of a territory of that name, with a citadel. It was taken by the French in April 1796. It is feated at the confluence of the Greffe and Sture, 35 miles s of Turin. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 44 30 N. CoNiNGSECK, a town of Suabia, ca- pital of a county of the fame name, 20 miles N of Conuance. Lon. 9 20 £, Jat. 47 50 N. (CoNiN^^TON, a vilUge in HunUng- CON don'riirc, near Stilton. It hai the ruln« ol a c title i and is feated at the head of tlie river which forms Ug-merc, Brick- nicrc, and VVhiltL-iea-mcre. CoNtsroN-MERE, a lake in Lancs- fliiiT?, which affords plenty of char. It is five mile:> long, bi:< not above one broad; and is five miles w of Winander- mere. CoNNAUOHT, a province of Ireland, 130 miles long, and 84 broad j bounded on the E by Leiniter and Munlter, on the s by the latter province, on the w and N by the Atlantic, and on the nw by Ulfter. It is fertile in many places, but is the lealt cultivated of all the four provinces. It contains one archb.fliopric, Hve billiop- rics, llx counties, f'.ven market-towns, lo boroughs, and 330 pariihes. Connecticut, one of the Unitc4 States, in New England, 82 miles long and 57 broad ; bounded on the N by Mal- fachu'ets, on the u by Rhode Illand, on the w by New York, and on the s by the Sound, which divides it from Long Illand, Though fubjed to the extremes of heat and cold in their i'eafons, and to Irequent ludden changsi, this country is very healthful. It is the moft populous, in proportion to its extent, of ;iny of tite United States, and produces tl;ie neccf- laries and conveniences of life in abun- dance. Its principal rivers ai'e the Con- necticut, Houfatonik, and Thames. It contains the counties of Hartford, New- haven, New London, Fairfield, Wind- ham, Lichfield, Middlefex, and Tolland. In 1782, the number of inhabitants was *76>3y5' Hartford and Newhaven are the capitals ; the general allbmbly being annually holden at the former in May, and at the latter in Ocl ober. Connecticut, a river of New England, which riles in a I'wamp in lon. 71 o w, and, taking a foutherly direc- tion, falls irto the Sound, oppofite Long Ifland. Between Walpole ana Wtltmin - fter are the great faUs. The river, com^ rrtffed between two rocks, I'carcely 30 feet alunder, fUcjots with amazing rapi- dity into a broad bafin below. Over thefe falls, a bridge, 160 feet in length, under which the higheft floods may pafs without injury to it, was built in 1784; the firft bridge ereftad over this noble river. From its iource to its mouth it is about 300 miles ; and on its banks are many pleal'ant well-built towns. Connor, a town of Ireland, in the county of Antrim, with a biihop's fee, fix miles N of A^trjuili ^on, 6 6 £) lit. .H 59 N, III .11!; ' T Wi i^) V i ■ ] '••'"i,i^^r u ii'v^w^ i»«i •""■^^^•fli CON C O N m''' CoK(^UET> n rown of France, in the iJ(partmcT\t of F:iiiifcn-s; and ble provinct: «t Bret:;gne, with a good hnbciir and rend. It ia 12 miles w ol' Iirt.il. Lou. 4 41 Wj l:.t. 4.8 Z3 N. Co.vsT ANCE, a city uf Sualiin, with 3 bilhop'a ice 5 I'catcd on ih: Rhine, be- tween the ii^ipjr un.i lower hkcs of Cf nib nee. Oncf fn ilounil.'.rii: in ccm- jwevce, r.uci tb cclobratfrt in hiltoty, g:al';» row gruvvs in th^ privicijial fltects., aud \t f'cnrccly coiitaiiii 30QO inhabllaius, \t. was tbrmcvlv in alliaiicv with Zuiic snti }l.Vd\, raicU by thvir ainstarict;, h;;v'(.nt of the Dciiiinicans, for a viiain.- iaCiurt (jf printed HiiL-nsi and the rcf.c- tniy was made the ciiapel of tiic new coK ny. Conttanco is fari.ior.s fcr a co^in- trd, in 15 14, v/btch catii'td John Kvds and Jeroi/ie of Pr:;gi!c to be burnt \ --ind liko- wile cor.dcmni;d the doitrinc of Wick- littc, and ordered his bones to be bunu'd .|o years after lie was dca.i. The French took polTeilion of thi^^ city i)i July jy-jCi. It iii 35 milts N£ cf Zuric. Lon. y 10 E, lit. 47 3S N. CoNSTAXCE, Lakk OFj ouc of the molt coiiriden'blc lakes of SwilVerland, which it fcpavatts fro.-n Suabia, that p:ut excepted, where the city of Conftance is fcattd on its s ilde. It is divided into three part-;. Tite upper ar'.d ta/geit part is called Bodt n See j the middle part is named BodmcrStej and the lower part IJfKVr Sec-, Zeller See, cr the lake of Ze'!. T'hc np'pr.r lake :•> 37 miles long, snii 15 in iis gieate't brcadtii. Through this lake the Rhine ticws, and then enters the Zelier See, whiv',; is j6 miles long, and )o in its greate(t breadth. Like all the lakes •• Swifllrl.ind, this is deeper in funimtr than in winter J wliicli is oviiig to the firlt melting" of the Ihcw frora the aiij.icenr niO(;r.ta.;,is. CoNSTANj iNA, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers, the largeft and fti-ongeft in all the caftern parts, ami feated n' the top cf a great rock. There is HO 'v.^y to i; but by Kc*p^; cut cut of the rocV ; and the ufua! way cf punUMnj criminals here i* to throw thcn^ down the clitf. Mere art manv Ronia\i antiqiiitiKi., piU'iiculu. ly a tvlvMiiphal aich. It is 75 mllt;i Irom die iea, and 210 E by $ of Algiers. Lnn. 7 o t, list- 3C> 4. M. CovcTASTiSAj a to '.'in ot Spain, vq Andalirfia, with ataHle feated on a moun- taui, 4.0 n)i!e.; uz of Seville. Lull, j 35 \v,, lat. 37 40 N. CoNi-TAMriNOY'LE, the ancIent By- zantium, one of the motl celci)rated cities in Enrope, in Romanirt, and capital of the Ott,-)'in:n cnip.ire. It is f'^at.d e'A ;j neck of bind, which advances towaicl N:;twrv.. , iVu'.u whicl\ it is fopavated by ;i Ih'ait a r'li)', iri bveL'.dlu. The ffx oi iMaaiiT, r.i w.dlicj it:; walls on the s, and a g^iU' oi' the llvuit of ConitawtiTiople '.iocs the Came on the N, It !■» delightfnlly iitirate hetuicn the Bla*!-: Sea and th'^ Archijv.'iago. Ccr.ltantlnc the Great rl-iol'c thif, pi-'ce f(.r hi ; abode, and ytbuilt it alter the racdcl ot H.,u\e. Il wa* taken, in 14.53, by the Turk;;, v.-ho have kept pcflellion of It tver fiuce . The gn;mi litiav'Gr's palace, c;died the Seragiio, is on the fvaliiie, and is turvo.rndtd by walls liankrd with tmveis, aud k>par;-'ed from the city by cauaio. Tht; ivaiaher of hcnl'es niii'd be pTcdigvous j, hut, it) general, th«y arc inean, eipeci;dly on the outlide, where vheve ire few oi" no win- dows. ;,nd the Greets bchiginrrow, gives them a melancholy lork. '!. hty reckon t!r.u there are 3770 ', and i_j with the fuluihi Ltv- eluded : place whi fide. TI . trian ile ; dually, 1 1 jf'rom bagnios, them nvij of Adria 700 SS J N. vJoNS' ciently forming name CON COP ins OS., 75 oi U1- of clw'led: the fuburb, called Pera, is the place where the foreign ambaflador:i it- Jl.ie. Tlit city is built in tlie form o/ a .tiianrle ; and as tho giouiul riles gra- tliuiily, there is a.vii-w of the wliole town from li\e lira. Tiic palaces, inoj^ue:;, bagnios, and caravaniiu^s, are many of them migiiiiicent. It is 112 miles Ese of Adrianoj)k, 24.0 E of Saloiiichi, 2nd 700 SE of Vieiuia. Lon. 2B 59 e, lat. 41 J N. Constantinople, Strait of, an- ciently the Thracinn Buiphonis, and forming the communication between the Euxine oi' Black Sea, and the Pi-opontis, or Tea of Marmora. It is 20 miles long, and a ndle and a quarter broad, where fiarrovvert. The Turks have built two taftlts, oppofite to each other, to defend the pa/Tage. It forms the reparation here between Euroj-e and Alia. On one fide of it is lituate Ccnltantinopk, and on the other, Scut;ni, where the grand lii^iiior has his leraglio. CoNSTANTiNOW, a town of Poland in Volhinia, on the river Selucza, 62 miles ^E of Kaminicck. Lon. 27 20 E, lat. 49 58 N. CoNTESSA, a feaport of Turkey in Europe, on a gulf of the fame name, in tlie Archipelago, 200 mil?s \v of Con- iftantinople. Lon. 23 58 E, lat. 41 8 N. CoNTi, a town of France, in tiie de- partment of Somiiie and Ute province of ricardy. It gave the title ot prince to a branch of the late royal family of France. It is (eated on the Seille, 14 miles sw of Amiens, and 62 N of Paris. Lon. 2 13 E, lat. 49 42 N. CoN'VERSANO, a town of Naples, in Tj;rr:i di Bari, with a bilhop's ice, 12 miles £E of Bri. Lon. 17 6 £, lat. 41 20 N. Con WAV, a town in Carnarvonfliire, >vith a market on Friday ; ii;ated at the jtnowth of the Conway, and diltinguidied by the maify remains of its caltle, formerly one of the moft magnificent ftructures of the itind in the kingdom. It is 18 miles ene of Carnarvon, and 235 WNw pf Lpndon. Lon. 4 i \v, lat. 53 20 N. Conway, a river of N Wales, which flows through a feriiie vale of the lame name, along the whole cattern border oi' .Carnarvonlhirc, and enters the Iriih Sea, at tlie town of Conway. Conza, an ancient town of Naples, in Principato Uheriv/ie, with an arclibiihop's fte. It was lb grea.iy ruined iiy an earth- quake in 1694, that the pl:;ce where tlie cathedral itoyd is hwdly known. It is 52 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 35 £, lat. 40 50 N. Cook's Kiver, a larg'^^ river of N AuKiica, wliicli ilows into the N Paciiir Ocean. Jt was diicovered, in 1778, h\' captain Cook, who left a blan'c tor I.» liame, which was filied up by the ea;l (-: Sandwich. This rivcr waj iiaced as high as ht. 61 30 N, vvhieh Is .-.bo-.v 7a leagues from its mouth, in lon. 151 o w. Cock's Strait, a Ibait di^dJiiig tlie two idands of which New Ze.Ui'.iid ij compoied : it h about four or hve league* l)2oad. Coo'^, an iHand in the 'Archipelago, 5fi miles KW of Khodes, fubjecc to the 'I'urks. Lon. 27 44 e, lat. 37 i \. Co ? E N H age n , the ca|)iial of Denmark , vviti; •) univerfty. It is the bell built city (;i Jie North; and owes its principal beauty to a dreadful fire in 1728, that deltroyed five churciiei and 67 Itrects, wiiich have been rebuilt in the modern Iryle. The new parts of the town, railed by ]~icdi.ric V, conhits of an oilagun, con- taining lour uniform and elegant i)uildiHgs ot hewn ifone, anti of foiir broad ftreets, leading to it in oppofite direitions ; in tlie middle oi'tlie area is an eipieflrian Itatuc of that king in bronze, wliich was call at th' expt'nce of the E India Company, and co.'t 8o,oool. Iterling. The greatcll part of the buildings are of brick ; and a few are of freeltone. The palaces of the nubility are in general fplenilid, and oriianiented in the Italian (tyle of arclii- teilure. The royal palace, calkd Cliiii- tianburg, built by Chriitian vi, ong of the molt commodious, and moll lu'.npti:- oufly furnifhed in Europe, was deltroyed by fire, Feb. 26, 1794: and on June 6, i7'j^, afire broke out in the dock-yard, vvliich loon communicated acrofs ttic ca- nal to the houles, and continued to rage ior two days, by which one fourth of tl'.s city was deltn-yed. The has'cn is always crowded with ihips j and the Itreets aic interlei'ted by canals, which brlnvj the merchandise dole to the ware'.iouiL;. that line the i.',uays. The citadel is ai regular Ibrtifieation, with i'lvc baftions, a double diicii full of water, and ieveral advanced works. The city is live miles in cir- cumference, and leated on the E ih.y.c vi the die of Zealand, 300 miles sw of Stcc!<.holm, and 500 NE of Londoji. Lon. 11 40 E, lat. 55 41 N. See Amak. CoriLOWAVS, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bulgaria. Lon. 36 35 e, Lit. 46 40 N. CoruRiA, a town of Inrrria, in titc Kullian iTcveiumcnt of Peierlbm gh, at I i I -i t * V f r r ^M -I f lii Jr>L iS i : !i i\ If. 1 ' I • " t I: f ' ^'! '■>\- M^ COR the mouth of a river of the iimc nanjc. Lon. 2,9 'o E, lat. 59 34 N. CoqiJr.T, :i river in Northum'jerland, ■which crolies the centre of tiiat county, and enters tlie German Ocean, at Waik- worth. Coquet, an ifland on the coaft cl' Norttunaberhni.1, oppofitf thu mouth of thvj river Coqiiet. Co(5xjiMBO, a feaport of Chili, on a river of the lame name. It has been often pillaged by the Enkjlirti. Lon. 71 31 w, lat. 29 54. s. CoRAH, or CORAHJF.Hl-NAriAn, a city of Hindocftan Proper, in Dooab, Aibjetlrt to the nabob of Oude. It is 60 miles ssw of Lucknow. Lon. 79 45 e, lat. 26 5 N. CoRBACH, a town of Gennany, in the principality of VValdeck, 10 miles NW of Waldeck. The heieditary prince of Brunfwick was det^ated here by the French in 1760. Lon. 8 58 v., kit. 51 20 V. CoRrECK.,a town of Auftrian Brabant, three milts s of Louvain. Lon. 4. 49 e, lat. 50 50 N. CoRiEJL, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oiib and late province of the Ifle of France, feated on the Seine, 17 miles S ot Paris. Lon. z 26 E, iat. 48 33 N. Corbie, a town of France, in the de- partment of Somme and late province of Picardy, with a late celebrated Benedic- tine abbey, feated on the Somme, 10 miles £ of Amiens. Lon. 2 38 e, lat. 49 54 ^'• Corby, a town of Germany, on the confines of Weltphalia, with a famous abbey, whole abbot is a fovereign prince. It is feated on the Wefer, 30 miles e by N of Paderborn. Lon. 9 30 e, lat. 51 50 N. Cordova, an cpifcopal town of Spstin, in Aadalufia, remarkable for its anti- quity, and for lutving preferved its fplen dour and riches througli ib many ages, it being well known to the Romans by the name of Cordn'oa. It is feated on the Giiadalquiver, over Vvfhich is a magnill- cent Itoiie bridge. The circumference is large, but it is not peopled in proportion to its extent, for there are many orchards and gardens within the wall:.. The pa- laces, chinches, and religious heufes are fuperb, particularly the cathedral, which was a viiofmie, when the Moors pollVfled the t(jwn J tor which rcafon it ftill retain;; the name of Mezquita. The fquare, called the Plaza Major, is furrounded by fine houies, under which arc piazzas. COR Tlie trade confifts in wine, filk, and Cor- dovan leather ; and in the neighbourhoofi are a vail munber of orange and lemon trees. The btll horfes in Spain come hence, Cordoea is 75 miles ne of Se- ville, and 137 s by v/ of NLadrid. Lon, 4 4 w, iat. 37 sz r.'. Cordova, a town of S America, in Tucuman, with a hi/hops fee, tSo niile^i E by N of St. Jago. Lon. dz 5 w, lat. 3z 10 s. CoRDUAN, a famous lighthoufc of France, at ihi" mfluth of the Girondc, 55 miles Nvv of Bourdeaux. Lon. 1 9 \v, lat. 45 36 N. CoREA, a pcninfulaof Afia, extending between China and Japan. It is bounded on the N by Chineie Tartary, on the k by the fea and ifles of Japan, on the s by the ocean, and on the w by the gulf and province of Leao-tong. This kingdom is commonly reckoned 200 leagues from N to s, and loo from E to w. The king has ablblute authority over his fub- jeds, but is himfelf tributary 10 China, It is divided into eight provinces, which contain 33 cities of the Hrit rank, 58 of the fecond, and 70 of the third. King- kitao is the capital. The principal pro- duiits of Corea are wheat, rice, ginfeng, gold, filver, iron, foflil ialt, :artor and fabL's flcins, a yellow varnifh, almoft equal to gilding, and a peculiar kind of paper made of cotton. Numbers of whales are annually found on the coalt toward the ne. The Coreans are well made, ingenious, brave, and tradable. They are fond of dancing and muiic, and fliow great aptneis for acquiring the fci- ences, which they apply to with ardour. Men of learning are diftinguiflied from other people by two plumes of feathers, which they wear in their caps. They have borrowed their writing, drefs, reli- gious worflrip, ceremonies, belief of the tranfmlgration of Ibuls, and the greater part of their cultoms, from the Chineie. Their women are lefs confined than thole in China, and have the liberty of appear- ing in company with the other fex. In Ckina, parents often marry their chJldren without their confent : in Corea, they choole for themlelves : they neither re- gard the incliHatioiis of their parents, nor luftlr them to tiuow any obltades in the way of their union. Fhey ntver bury their dead till three years after their de- ceafe, but keep them in coffms for tliat time. Corfe-Castle, a borough in Dor- fetihire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated in a peninluia t^tUed tht Ifle oi Tartei-ck, oa| «n one of inerly a \M has a largel jipculiar, niT juriful^ion- "a snayor, an^ «f bai'ons. parliament, ■ and 110 vv| 4. w, lat. 5c Corfu, nean, near tians, and t| have in thelj the gulf of in\prcgnablJ €j_uantity otl vineyards, pital is of lomc metre an the E < 40 N. CORIA, Leon, feat; svv of Mad CORJNl Gerame, vca, with was one oi Cireece, or ifthmus in top of an harbours < gia ; its ri tors, and ikilful in the Venei malters ol decayed i guous, t gardens, lage. F «ver the country chiefly C It is 40 3 E, bt CORI rea, a nt to Livai Lcpantc part of mount celebrai are ftill of the Pluto, chus. vain at Uthniu it, ca COR Piirlecck, on a rivo', between two hills, •n one of which fi;u)ds the caitlc, (or- mcrly a place of great importance. It has a large churcli, which is a royal ]pipculiar, not liable to any tpilcopal jurililif^ion. The town is governed by a mayor, and its aldermen have the title •f biu'ons. It lends two nien^bers to parliament, and is 21 miUs v of Dorcliclter, and 120 vv •>y s of London. Lon. 2 4. w, lat. 50 j6 N, Corfu, an illand of the Mediterra- nean, near Albania, fubje6t to the Vtne- tians, and the moii important place tliey have in thcl'e pares, becaul'e it commajids the gulf of Venice. Ii is defended by an impregnable caille. lle:e is made a great i^uantity of fait j and it abounds with vii^eyards, lcrr;ons, and oli\es. The ca- pital is of the lame name, with a hund- Jomc metropolitan church 0: the Greeks, »a the E coait. Lon. 20 o K, lat. 39 40 N. CoRiA, an epifcopal tov/n ov Spain, in Leon, leated on the Alagon, rzo miles svv of Madrid. Lon. 5 30 w, ht. 40 o N. CORJNTH, now called Coraxtho, or Gerame, a celebrated city, in the \Io- vea, with » Greek archbiihop's ite. It v¥as one of the molt Important places in Greece, on account of its f:tuaiion on the Kthmus into the Morea; its caitle on the top of an ahnoll inaccellible rock, its harbours on the guUs of Lepanto and En- gia; its riches, and its architects, fcuip- tors, and painters, who were tlu; nioit ikilful in Cjreece. it once behxiged to the Venetians, but the Turks became malters of it in 1715. It i^ no<,v greatly decayed } for the houfes are not conti- guous, but interiuixed wjtli fields and gardens, which make it look like a vil- lage. From the eallle, is a fine profped •ver the fca to the E and \v, and a fertile country N and s. The inhabitants are chiefly Chrittians, of the Greek church. It is 40 miles Nw of Adwns. Lon. 13 3 E, bt. 38 14 N. Corinth, Isthmus of, in the Mo. rea, a neck of land which joins the Moiva to Livadia, and readies Irom the gulf of Lepanto to that of Ergia. The narrowcll part of it is fix miles over; and on a mount tharc, called Oneius, were formerly celebrated the Ilthmian game;,. Thert are Itill the ruins of a town upon it, and of the teir.ples dedicated to the Sun, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bac- chus. Julius Cefar, Caligula, and Nero, In vaiu attempted to cu , a channel through the ythmus ; they therefore built a wall acJofs it, called Hgx;^nuium; btc^ulc it w»s COR * fix miles in length. This was JemoKi'h'.'Jr by Amurath n, rebuilt by the Venetians, and levelled a ftcond time by Mahomet 11. CORiTA, a town of Spain, in Leon, ^3 miles E of Salamanca. Lon. 5 49 w, lat. 41 5 N. Cork, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munlter, 80 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; bovmded on the \v by Kerry nn.l the Atlantic, on tlie N by Li- merick, on the E by Watcrfonl, aiul on the s and se by St. George s Channel, it cont.ains cs^s parilhes, and It-nds zG members to parliament. It is fertile and populous, and has two remarkable rivers, the Blackwater and Lee. Cork, the capital of the county of Cork, with a bilhop's It'e. It is a neat, rich, and populous place, on the river Lee, where it has a commodious harbour. It furpalitii all the towns in Ireland fy tlia Fngliih Chanvi!;!., aad on the Mvv by Sr., Creerge's Channel. It.s If.ngth from e t» vv is 80 miles j its breadth next to I)e- von/hire is 48, but it loon contrai.^:;, and at FslHicuth does not exceed 14; it thea fpreads a little to the s and s\v, and tt.r- minatcs in two point-;, uv~ of which is calkd ihi? Lizard, -and tlu- other the Lands End. It lies in the dioc.;llC' of Exeter ^ contains nine hundreds, 27 market townd, .aid r6i pariihes, avui luuls 44 ineiAbvrs to parliameijt. The air is iharp and. hcilihiui, but the vicyuty of th« il;a ex- 1 rS'jiw.itt m r L'l p .1 \ J}V ■^'Vr Ja ■ V* - if- ■•««wniji''»r«»«wi,«»iMMm»w«,,M,,ii^„..,K,i«i,,,,4,j,i,^„^..^, '"*■"*"••""«»<«•«»»,»» «!M«Ma«w>«im»«»v -"■^■M *>*%vni«m'mnf] bk kind, and makes the riclielt i'nrniture, as tablci, chimnej'pieces, 6cc. but being exceedingly liard, ihe poUiliir.g iis expeniive. 1 he copper mines nre alio aiujicrousj and rich in ore. In m;iny cavernous parts of the rocks are found iraniparent cryftals, crdled CoiniJh dia- monds, they being very Lrijiiant v/hen we'd polilhed. Tliiti country w?.;, (.rn; •i ;he pLices to which liu ancient .Eriton; revicate whole, language was ret-;ined evi'-i tjo tliis century, but it is now (juite v.vtinft. The king's ekielt (on is hern duke of Cf'rnwal!, and (derives a revrraio;, j;ot only from lands appei'taining to the C\ichy, but from the nines cf tin and eopjitr : he has ^nu'cr bin) :n\ ciHter, cr.iied lord warden of the Stannary Ccurt,>^, vvliof'; juriidiftion e:;tends ever the rwint'S and ini5ier,> cf CfiiTAv::t! and Devonlhirej rmd he appcinis. in his privy- council, the /heritf ot the tonner c;.unty. Launcctton is the cipital. CoRO. See Vknek'jev.a. COROVJANHLL, CoAST OF, the eafhru road of the penii;!'ula of Ilindool'tin, extending between lo and i •V'' N lat. I'here is not a port for large fliips en the whole cnalf-, which is an even, low, i\\v,dy country. Madras is the principal town. Co RON, a fcaportof the Morca, fented on a bay, 15 miles se of Modo\j. Lou. 21 50 1', lat. 36 50 N. CoK(iNAriON, Cape, a cape of the iih.md of New Caledonia, in the S Faciric tn.-can. J. on. 16-; 8 f, lat. 2?. 5 s. C ORRi';r;io, a t(Avn cf Itnlv: capital iii a ttjritory of the iuiiK; naiix', in ti;s Modenefe, vi-ith a caftle, nine miles NE of Reggie. Lon. it 12 e, lat. 44 46 N. CoRi?.E7P, .1 department of France, containing the late province of Limofm. It lakes its name irom a river, which falls into the Ve.':ere, after having watered ".ruhcs and Brivei. TulK-s is the ca- pital. (Jo R SHAM, a town in Wilts, where the Saxon king Ethelred had a. palace. Here are fome confidcrable cKjthJtrs. It is hnir miles svv of Chippenham. Corsica, anifl.-nd in the Mediterra- nean, her.\veen 8 and 10"^' k lon. and 41 and .|:;° N lat. On the 9 it is feparated from .Savclinia, by the ftrait of Bonifacio j to the; E it h'ls tb.e Tul'can Sea; to the n the gulf of Genoa J and to the w it h cqc)j)ofjte the coafts of France and Spain. It is 150 miks from N to s, and from 40 to 50 in breadth. It was known to the ancient Greeks by the names of Cal- lilhi and Cyrnus, and to the Romans by its prt.'ent appeUation. On the coatt are many exctlh-nt harbours. It is nioun- taiiious, but fruitful vall'es are intcv- fperiijd j and it has fome fine lakes and rivcis. With relpccl to products, Cor- frca has nothing peculi'sr to itfelf; but in the earliell; tim-.:.-, it has been famous i'or its i'warms of bees, and produces Vvdl cjuaiitities of- honey, which, however, is reckoned bitter, (,n account of the box: rtnd yew with which the country abcmnds. Atttr m:my revoluriona-, this illand was, tcr ibme centurie:;, r.nder the dominion of the Gencel'e, whole tyranny wds liich, thr't the Corficans were almoil in a per- P'.t\!ai itate of irifurredion. In 17 5*5, a G'^nnan adventurer, Theodore baron Newhoff, brought feme aniit-.ince to them, -and, on his afWu-.uu-es oF r/jore powerful aid, they elected hin-i king; but, as he could not lhb'l:antiate his pro- mii'cs, he was obliged to leave the iilaud. He c:'mc to England, was thrown into the Fket prit'on, re ha fed by nn aft of infoivency (after having j-egiilei'ed his kiugdoni of Corfica for ihe benefit of his credittii's) and i'-dfered to die in ex- treme indigiiicc. The (Tcnoefe, tired of the conteft, ibid the ibvereig:ity to Fiance in 1767; and the celebrated Paoli, who- !iad been ele(;:>ed to the cliief comman,!, i" '755> ^'^'■'^ obliged to abandon the iilaud in i7';^y. .After the French revo- lution in 1789, Corfica was admitted as an eighty-third department of France, at tiie particular rec;\'elt of a deputation, of which PaoH was at rhc head. In conlccjucnce, howcvei-, of fome event* 5S '■ COK. fica, juevjt the V ■ agreeal which COR ViliKh foiloweti the rt-voluti-jn of 1791, V.iolx revolted ; the Frer.th, by tiic afTilt- ajKc of" the Eu^fUfh, wcix txptlkd fruni fiu". iilan.l i tir.d Corfica, on flu- lyih oK June J 794, W.U ikxlaic-d annexed t*> t'lie tiovvii (»f Gn;at Britain, accoxiing to a lu-sv conilir.uttoTi, -which hjji heni jnc- viouiiy I'oiJTied. l^/a{ii:i is the Jargtll town J but Cortc, ia the cenire ol' the ill'Uid, is i'ickoned the tapital. COKSOI'R., a town of Denmark, on the vv iide of th'.^ iik of Zealand, on a pt.ni;i'''ul:jj ia the Grtat In'h. It h:n :i ;;;ood hirboui- for liglit vciiels, and is de- iauhdhy a citadel. Lon. ir la i-, Lit. 5 5 J- '"'• CoKTz, the preft-nt cai/jtil of Cor- ftca, as Ba'tiu was under the govern - nu-vjt of the Cienoci'f. It i.s ihe feat of the viceroy nnd pailiamen; of Coiilci, •Agn-eahly to the couftinnica of i;(;4, hy wliich. that kiugilom was ann£:.ed to (he crovv^n of Great Erltahi. It is featetl jvardy on the toot, and partly on the de- clivity <;f u n.ck, at tiie c.'rJiuence of the ''r:ivif;r.aiir) and Reftcnica. On the poivit of 3. rock, rifing- above t}\e reft, at the b.'.ck of the town, is the callle, v/hich has only one wiuding paffage to climb Tip, In wliich only two pcrfon.i can go a!vj-caii. It is r.; niileii sw of Duiiia. Lon. 9 26 £, k'.i". 42 6 \. CoRrjs, a town oi' Gamnny, in the biAioprIc of Liey J>inilh prince, who puKhcd in this piace; itj dreadi'u) vorfcx csttiii's above a iiuK-" ia circuit, ^fany (mnilor ■.vliirlpoo! , and rapid cvna^nfj ;iri' ((/iiiid in this ndyh- bourhood ; dangerou,; to thofe who are ltiano;crs to thii coaft. L'0R2CLA, Rn iflrrJ ki &x gulf of Vc- COT r.icc, on the coall of Dahnatla. Lea, tf o E, Iat. 43 16 N. CosKNZA, 3 city of Naples, capital of Calabria Citeriorc, svith .in aj-ch- bi/]iOj> "s fee, and a caUle. It is ieatcH on the river Crate, i r miles from the tea, and 105 SE of Naples. Lon. li 20 E, Iat. 59 20 N. CosLiN, a town of Prufhan Pomcra- nia, 10 miles E of Colberg. Ci>;>N£, a town oi' France, in the de- partment of Nievie and late province of Nivernois. Auchovs for /liips arc forged here; and its cutlery and gloves are much eltof^im d. It is fcatcd at the contlucncc of the Loire and Noain, SS miles s oi" Paris. Lon. 3 6 E, Iat. 47 2t^ n. CosSACS, a people inhabiting the confaies of Polan.l, Kulfia, Tartary, and Tuikey. They are divided into tiie Kolakk.i-fa-Parovi, the Kofakki-Doniki, and theUrnlian CofTacs. Theli; people are la;^rc and v/tU-made, have blue eyes,, brown hair, a^ul aquelinr noils; the wojiien art: handibuie, sveli fii.iped, and con.plaifanc to li:rarR.',ers. The Uialian Colhics dwell in villages, rdcne?' the banks of the Ural, and their cSiitt towti is U'ralik. The country which the Kol'vk.ki-fa-Paicvi inhabit, is called tlu- Ukrair.ej and their towns are biillt of wood, alter the nianner of the Ruliians. The Kclakki Doniki dwell on botji fides of the Don; ai'e under the protc«^tion of Kuflia, and profcfs the lame religion. See Ukraink and Uralian CossaCs. Cob-siMBAZAR, a city of Hindooltnn Proj)tr, in Bengal. It has beeli at all times the n fidence of the diffeient Eu- ropean laiTlors J this being the centre of their trade. It is ieated on an Ulaud, in ilooirly Rlv'cr, no miles N of Calcutta. Lon. ^5 .',2 E, ht. 23 40 N. CosTACNAZZAR, tSic ."-.iglKil moun- tain of Turkey in Europe, in Komahla, anciently called Hasmus. CocTA Rica, n province of N Ame- rica, in Nev/ Spain, bounded on the nk by the 35 miles ne of Dtventcr. Lon. (1 35 E, hit. 52 46 N. CouRLANH, a duchy of Europe, boiinded on the N by thv- Baltic, on the E by Livonia, and iin the s and w l>y Pivlaikl. It is divided into Ccurland I'rupvl and Scmigallia, and is 250 miles loOje, i'*'*^i 40 broad. The country Iwells into gcnik- hills, and Is fertile in coin, hemp, and Max. It is moltly openj biit in if.jne pajts there are foiefts of pine and lir, and proves oi" tiak, it is nunai- C R A nally a feudatory provlnre of Poland, bxit, in reality, depend on RulRa. Mittau is the capital. CouRTKAY, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, on the river Lis, 12 miles E of Ypres. It has been often taken and retaken ; the laft time by the French in April 171)4. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 50 50 n. CousERANS,alate province of France, lying aloiig the river Satat, and forming, with Foix, the department of Arrkgc, CouTANCES, a feaport of France, in the department of the Channel and late province of Normandy, with a billiop's fee, and a fine cathedral. It is 22 miles N of Avranches. Lon. 1 23 e, lat. 49 3 N. CoUTRAS, a town of France, in the department of Dordogne and late pro- vince of Perigord, feated on the Dordogne, 20 miles NE of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 3 w, lat. 40 4 N. CowBRiDCE, a corporate town in Glamorgan/hire, with a market on Tuef- day. It is called, by the Welfh, Pont- Van, from the (lone bridge over the river, which foon after falls into the Briftol Channel. The ftreets are broad and paved ; and here the aflizes for the count/ are held. It is 12 miles w of Cardiff and 176 of London. Lon. 3 33 w, lat. 51 28 N. CowES, a feaport, on the ne fide of the ifle of Wight, eight miles sw of Portfmouth. Lon. 1 15 w, lat. 50 46 n. Coylan. See Quilon. CozuMEL, an ifland of N America, on the E coaft of Yucatan, where Cortez landed, and refrelhed his troops, before he attempted the conqueft of Mexico. It abounds v/ith fruits, pulfe, cattle, antl fowls. The original natives poffefs this illand, but are fubje£l to Spain. Crab Island. SeeBoRiCiUEN, Cracatoa, the Ibiithernmolt of a duller of ifland s in the entrance of the ftraits of Sunda. It confifts of elevated land, gradually rifing on all fides from the lea, and is covered with trees, except a few fpots, which have been cleared by the natives for the purpcfe of forming rice- fields. The population is confiderable, and its coral reefs afford finall tm'tles in abundance. Lon. 105 56 e, lat. 8 6 s. Cracow, a city, formerly the capita) of Poland, where the kings were elefted and crov/ned. It was once almoft the centre of the Polifh dominions, but, fince the partitK;n of Poland In 1774, it is be- con;e a frontier town. It has a miiver- fity, founded by Cafimer the Great, and gucc calUd ^iw Mother of Poliih Literu ture ; bu moval ot On a rod royal pal and old t citadel, within tl molt ot t erred. Dccupv icarcely I great fq> ani man hindibm bears the devaltati 170.'., wl It has e> iMMf^ the hwing Ruir.:.ns C R A C R E and, n'aix nik-s and h in N. nee. f\ire ; but its luftre declined after tbe re- moval of the royal relidcncc to Warl'aw. On a rock near the Viliula, u the ancient royal palace, liirroundeci by brick walls and olil towei's, wiuLh form a kind of ciradtl. Adjuiniiitr, is the catlicdial, within thewalis of tbe citpdel, In which molt of tlie fovLiiMgiiS oi' Poland arc in- ferred. 'l"hou<^!i the city and I'ubiubs occupy a valt traft of sn-ound, t!n.y Icarcely contain iS/joo in!iabit;i!;t;;. The great fqiiare is l'p:Kious and wc!l-bbilt, aiil many of the Itrt cts aie broad auj hindfoniej but ahiiolt cvciy br.ildiug bears the mark of rv.iiicJ gi-indeur. This devaltation was bep;un by th.- Swedes in 1707,, when it was takiMi by Charles xii. It has experienced greater cabin. ities du- rinj^ the comiT.oticnu o(tiie (jrelcnt reign ; havin partment ot' Drome and late province ( D.auphiny, featedon the Drume, 15 miles SE of Valvn(je. Lon. j; 26 e, lat. 44 40 N. Crevecoeur, a town of France, in the department of the North and late pro- vince cf Ciunbrcfis, feined on the Sclield, /^ve miles £ oi C;iiHbr by the c«fliiMi ot' 8 the fortr fecms to for lupe Ptlerlbii Crimea mount ai diviliou only, alti-uiih extreme thole vl fioii \-^ lower E extrei pally ul tellent and Jen harboui baltapo world, the twf Catiiar rida : rica. in 178 Cro bounde E by the g\ Carnio to the capital Crc bifliop' Vetiice C R O C R O : of the NW the fo the e of ill h a 95. h tlic Vcr the fortrcfs of Oczakwv. This pofTeflion feems to have decided for ever the conteft for hiperioiity bctwctn the rival courts of Ptterlbiirgh ami Conftantinople. The Crimea is divided into two parts, by mountains which run t and w. The N diviiion is t'iit, poor, and fit for pafturage only. Jn the s p:irts, the vallies are alti,niihiiij;ly prudiiclive, and the climate extrciiielv nild, from the exclulion of tliolL- vicjkiil wiu'U by which tiie N divl- fiou is fici/jiieiuly inconunoded. The lower liills, exteiKlin? from Calfa to the !•: exneniity of the country, are princi- pally u/ed 111 giudening, and produce ex- cellent fruit. Eclide the ports of Keith and Jenikale, the road of CalFa, and the harbour of Baluchiva, there is, mar Se- badapol, one of tlie finelt harbours in the world. The Crimea now forms one of the two provinces of the government of Catharinenfhif, under the name of Tau- rida : in fome late maps it in called Tau- rica. Achmetfchet was made the capital in 1785. Croatia, a province of Hungary, bounded on the N by Sclavonia, on the E by Bofnia, on the s by Dalmatia and the gulf of Venice, and on the w by Carniola. The greatcft part of it belongs to the houfe of Auitria. Carldadt is the capital. Croia, a town of Albania, with a blrtiop's fee, feated near the gulf of Venice, 11 miles ne of Durazzo. Lon. 19 17 E, lilt. 41 6 N. Croisic, or Croisil, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late province of Bretagne. It is Jeated on the buy of Bifcay, between the mouths of the Loire and Vilaine, 35 miles w of Nantes. Lcn. 2 31 w, lat. 47 17 N. Croix, St. a river of N America, which forms the ne -boundary of the United States, and falls into the bay of Fundy. Cromack-water, a lake of Cum- berland, between Buttermere-water and Lowes-water, with each of which it is oonncfted by the river Cocker. It is four miles long, and near half a rnile overj l)eautificd with tlirce Ihiall illes, one of tliem a rock. At the NE corner, is a liandComclfjne bridge of four arx:hes over Its outlet, the Cocker. It abounds with very line char and red trout. Cromarty, a county of Scotland, which comprehends part or a peivnliilaon ^he s fide of the frith to which it gives name. On the s and w it is bounded by Rofslhire. It i»^i2 miles from £ to W, and three is its grecvteft breadth. It i« fertile and well-cultivated ; and fends on* member to parliament, alternately with Nairue. Cromarty, the capital of the (hire of Cromarty, at the mouth of the frith of the fame name. This borough ha» a manufa6lure of cosrfe cloth, and a con- fiderable coaffing trade in corn, thread, yarn, filh, and Ikins of vaiiou* forts. It is 16 miles N of lavernefs. Lon. 3 5 J vv, lat. 57 44 N. Cromer, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Satrriay. It is leated near the German Ocean, and formerly had two churches, one oi' which, with feveral houfes, was i'wallowed up by the Tea. The inhabitants are now chiefly fifliermen | and the beft lobfters, on this part of t)\e coaft, are taken here. It is 22 miles M of Norwich, and 127 NE of London. Lcn. 1 15 w, lat. 53 o N. Cromford, a village in Dtrbyfhire, on the river Derwent, two miles N of Wirkfworth. Here Mr. (afterward fir Richard) Arkwright erefted fome of the new cotton-mills, a capital improvement of mechanifm due to him ; by means of which the various branches of the cotton rnanufa6lure have wonderfully Ipread in this and the adjacent counties. Here alfo he built a noble feat, and a church. Cronach, a town of Germany, in the bifliopric of Bamberg, with a citadel, 25 miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 35 Ey lat. 50 27 N. Cronborg, a fortrefs of Denmark, on the ifle of Zealand, near Elfmore, which guards the paflage of the Sound. In this fortrefs is a palace, in which the unfor- tunate queen Matilda was imprifoned til! fhe was permitted to retire to Zell. Not far from this, is Hamlet's Garden, fald to be the fpot where the murder of his father was perpetrated. Lon. 12 54- e, kt. 56 o N. Cronenburg, a town of Germany* in the landgravate of Hefle Caflcl, with z caftle. It is feated at the foot of a moun- tai: , 10 miles N of Francfort on the Maine. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 55 N. Cronstadt, a town and fortrefs of Ruifu, on the ifland of Retufari, in th« gulf of Finland. It has a good harbour, which is the ftation of the RwfTian fleet, and great magazines of nival ftores, at well as docks and yards for buiklinjf fhips^ It is 12 miles w of Peterfburg. Lon. ig:$9%, lat. 59 56 N. CROSSt A9T, a tovirnof Tranfylvania. See Brassai^. C8.os$sv^ su the ! II ', !'ll ■m ■4yiii.": * i t ^^%i' l!li:,j;, CUB confluence of the Boba, and Oder, In a cuuntiy abounding with wine and fruit. The bridge over the Oder ib ioitiiicd; and it is 35 miles NW of Glojjaw. Lou. IS 49 E. lat. 5J s N. C'ROTONA, a town of Naples, in Ca- labria Citeriore, on the gulf ot r;ii.»ntd foimeily aiiablieyof great note. There is no coining ut it Init hh' narrow caufewius, svliich will not ad- trnt a cart. It has three llreets,lt.p;>rated from each other by wafercoiiri'es, whok; banks arc iupp -r?ed l;y piles, an J let with willow-trees. The chief traJt is in fiih and wild fowl, whicli :ire ple:;,.lf'al in the ailjacfnt pools and marilies. It is u iriies N of Petei borough, and 9^ N by w of I.wndon. Lon. o 10 \v, lat. 52 41 n, Croydon, a town in Surry, with a market on Saturday. It is feated near (he iinirce of the Wandlo, and has an hofpifal and freefchool, founded by arch- bifliop Whitgift. In the church are many fine monuments of the archbdhops r! Canterbury, who had here an ancient palace, which \va.s alienated from the fee, by virtue of an a6l of })arliainent, in tySo: tl;ie building, and adjoining pre- rnlfcj, arc now occupied by fome mami- •a.clurcs. Croydon is nine miles s of 'I.on,ion. Lon. o 1 \v, lat. 51 20 N. Cruxhavkn', a fmali feaport of Ger- • lany, in the N part of the duchy of Pn-men, icated at the mouth of the Elbe, 70 miles NW of Hambvug. Cuba, an illai\d of the V/ Indies, at the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, 700 miles in Itngth, and 87 in breadth. It *i.*as difcovered by Columbus, in 1491. The Spaniards are entirely niafiers of it, having extirpated the uatives. The foil h not entremely fertile j but there are paftures fufiicient to feed a great number hf fliecp and hogs, which weic originally brought hither. There are feveral forrs * ©ffinines inthc-mountains, and forells iuU of game. The produce is fugar-canes, ginger, cai^a, v/ild cinnamon, and very ^ood tobacco, called by the Spaniards Ci- gavros The hills run through the mid- 5le of the illand fiom E to w, butn\;av C U L the coaft the land is generally level } and many rivulet; How iVoni the hills to tlir N and s. 'i his iiland was taken by the Englirti in 1761, i)Ut reltored by the p«ace of 176}. It is 75 iiiiies N of janiiicu, and Havannah is iIk, capital. C'uiJA, or ALCt I' , a town of Portu- gal, in Alentejo, 36 i;-.;.ej ; by E of Lvora. Lon. 7 10 w, lit. 38 o N. CuiiAruA, a barreji ili,r..i ot b Ame- rica, between that of fs^.rgarefa and Terra Firma. Here tlie Spaniards, in 1509, eltaldiilied a iKhcry of j>ear:s, in diving for which ihey empJi'Vod th; In- dians ; a dangerous and uniiealtny lervice, which, in audiliou to tl-.>.'ir other calami- ties, con*-ributed not a little to liic ex- tintri..,n of that unhappy race. Lon. .h 30 w, lat. ro 15 N. Clkan, a large river, formed by the junolion of many lireams that rile in the countries between the Black Sea and the Cal'pian. It divides the Abklus imtl Cireatiians from part of Taulica, and falls into tlie Black Sea. CuB/iN or Cuban TARTARY,a coun- try of Afia, in the Ruihan province of Taurica} bounded on tlie \v by tlie lea of Afoph J on tlic N by the river Don, which feparates it from Europe ; on the e by the deli;rt of Aftracan ; snd on the s by the river Cuban, which divides it from Circaflia and the country of the Abkhas. CucKFiELD, a town in SulTex, with a market on Friday, 13 miles nw of Lewes, and 40 s by w of London. Lon. o 12 w, lat. 51 4"n. CunuAi-ORE, a town on the coaft of Coromandel, belonging to the Eng.'idi, very near the place where Fort St. David once ftood. It was taken by the French in 1781 ; and, in 1783, it itood a fevere fiege againft the Euglilh, which was ended by the intelligence received of the peace. It is 80 miles s of Madras. Lou. 79 45 E, lat. II 41 N, CuDDAHA, a town of the penlnfula of Hindooltan, ceded by Tippoo Sultan to the nizi»)|j of the Deccan. It Is Icated on the i'ennar, 95 miles w by N of its en- trance, arOangapatnam, into the bay ot" Bengal, and 140 NW of Madras. Lon. 78 47 E, lat. 14 3 N. CuENZA, a town of Spain, in New Caitile, with a bifliop's fee, on the river Xucar, 74 miles E by s of Madrid. Lon. 1 55 w, lat. 40 7 N. CuLEMBACH, a towtt of Franconia, capital of a margravate of the fame namp, with a citadel. It is feated on the Maine, 25 miles NE of Bamberg. Lon. xi 33 E, lat. 50 n N, CUM CUR lie I he •CO ■ca, tu- Ol' iC- in in \n- ■c, in< k-- .5+ (-ULF.MBURG, a town of Dutch Oiiel- derland, on the river Ltck, ii miles sic cf Uiii'tht. It vvau taken, in 167?., bv the Trtnch, who ^ilmantlrtl it two years itter. Lon. 5 12 u, lat. qi 58 N. CuLlAt AN, ;i t )W)i of N America, in Mexico, capital oi" a ^n'ovince of flu- I'aine name. It is o[>ji)lite .'.le s enii cf Cali- fornia. Lon. 108 s ^^■» lit. 24 o N. (^ULM.N, a royal boront^h on the rnaft of Banftshjrc, 40 miles nw of Abeuk\n. Near il are ffcn three lofty fpirin.; rocks, tornie i of flin-y nialfes, luUciI the I'hree K.ii;p;s of CciUeu. Lon. z 4.0 vv, lat. 57 40 N. CuLLiTON, a town in Devcnlhirc, 'vi'h ii market on rhurfduy, leatL-t on the Cully, 17 rnilts E of Exeter, and 1 ^4 w by s of London. Lon. 3 6 w, lat. 50 46 N. CiM.LODEN MuiR, a wide heath. In .Sc(ni::nd, t'.irce n;;les 1; of Inveincfs, on which the duke of Cirnberland gaineil a deciii' "^ •'-.'•cory over tjie rebels, in 1746. Cli . < AlPTON. See COLUMBTON. CuL. ', a lown of Welte\ n Pruiha, with a bilhop's iee, feated ne;'.r the Viltula, 60 miles s of Dantzic. Lon. 18 30 e, lat. 55 24 N. • CuLMORE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Londondeny, I'eated en the coalt of Loughfoyle, five miles N of London- derry. Lon. 7 3 \v, lat. 55 8 n. CuLROSS, a borough on the frith of Forth, in a traft cf country between Clackmannanfliire tnd Kinrors/irue,which IS reckoned an appeivlage of the county of Peith. It is remarkable for an an- cient palace or abbey, laid to have been built by Malcolm Canmorn. Lon. 3 34 W, lat. 56 4 N. CUM.'\N.\. See COMANA. Cumberland, a comity of England, Iwunded on the N by Scotland } on tlie E by N^athuniberland, Durham, and Welt- niorland ; on the s by Lancafhire ; and on the w by the Irifh Sea and Solway Frith. It is 70 miles Irom s\v to ne, and 50 from e to w where it i^roadeit. It lies in the diocefes of Cheftrt* and Car- lisle; contains vn,- ci'^y, 14 market-towns, and 90 pariflits; and fends fix members to parliamt;nt. Tl e air is cold and piercing, yet k:\, i.huii might be expected Jrom its being fituatt. To far north. The mountains feed large flocks of (heep, whofc fiejh is particularly fweet and good, and the vallies produce corn, Sec. 'I'here are mines of coal, lead, copper, lapis calaminaris, and black lead; the latter of which is alraoft peculiar tc this county, v^lt;iicl).«ontaUi$ more than is iu^.cieat t:o fiij^ply all Europe. The Skiddaw Is thff prlnciprd mountain; and the chief riveri' arc the Eiien and Dcrwent. Thiii coxmty and the ailjoining one of Wcftmorland, are rekbiatcd for their lakes, whiri h-\ve bee.i npeat'-dly dei'crihed oy the p n and pencil. The lakes in Cumbcrl.indnret}ie DerwtiU-w'.tcr.HairenthYvaite water, Put- teimvTe-waier, Cromack-watcr, Lowes- '.v.iter, UU water, \Ve(t-water, Enner- dalc-w;uer. Elder- wat^r, Broad-water, Sec. Ctrlitle is ttie capit^. Cum Hi;i« LAND, a county of Pcnnfyl- v.uiia, 37 n'.iles lon^, and 18 broad. In 179.), it couraineJ 18,243 ijihabitauts. Cariide ii the capital. CuMRRAY, (;'rfat and Little, two i "aiids in 'he frith of Clyde, to the e of ilie i(!e t f iJTite. The former is ren)ark« able for its*cxfellent freeitone quarries, and the ruins of an ancient cathedral de- dicated to Sr. Columba. Upon the htter i» a lighilioul'e. CuN.viNfjHAM, th«* moft northerly di-' vlfion of Ayrfhire. The NW angle of this diltricl, though mountainous, alfords rich palturage. Cupar, a royal borough In Fifefhire, and the county-town. It is feafed in a rich valley ca'the N fide of the Eden,' eight miles vvsw of St. Andrew's. Lon. a 55 vv, lat. 56 15 N. Curacao, an ifland of S America, to the N of Terra Firma, fubjeft to the Dutch. It is 25 miles in length, and la in breadth, and Its trade coniilts in fugar and fkins. The principal town is br'. Peter, at the NE extremity of the illand. Lon. 69 15 w, lat. 11 21 N. CuRDisTAN, a country of Afia, feated between the Turklfh empire and Perfiai' lying along the ealtem coalt of the river 'Figris, and comprehending great part of ancient AfTyria. Some of the inha- bitants live in towns and Villagts, and otht-rs rove from place to place, having tents like the wild Arabs, and being rob- bers like them. Their religion Is partly Chriitianlty and partly Mahomctanifni. Curia-Maria, an Kland on the coaft of Arabia Felix, oppofite the mouth of the river Prim. Lon. 55 25 e, lat. 17 o N. CuRSOi.iERS, a fmall ifland of Liva- dla, in the gulf of Patras, formerly called Echanades. CUR7.0LA, an ifland in the gulf of Venice, on the coaft of Dalmatia, aboat 20 miles long. It belongs to the Vene- tians, and has a town of the fame name, with a bilhop's fee. Lon. 17 15 t, Ut.' 3 6 N. L 3 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // // -^'^ :/. ia 1.0 I.I |jo ^^~ B^B m IL25 III 1.4 ■ 2.0 1^ — 6" ^% <^ y ^^J' '> "-}. Photographic Sdencos Corporation 2? '<^iST MAIN STRUT WMSTIR.N.Y. USSO (716)173-4503 ^ .<^^ ,<^ K^ 4^ C Z A D A C I CusHAi, a river of N Cantlint, which empties itfclf into Albemarle SoniuU CussETi a town of France, in the de- partment of Allier and late province of £ourbonnois, 17 miles N of Koanne. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 46 17 N. CusTRiN, the capital of the new marche of Brandenburg, with a caftle, feated at the confluence of the Oder and Warta. In 1760, it vva;> bombai'ded and reduced to aihes by the Ruifiaiis. Cuftrin is 46 miles e by N of Berlin. Lon. 14 40 E, lat. 5% 40 N. CuTAis, the capital of Imeritia, and the refidence of its fovereign. The re- mains of its cathe Iral feem to prove that it was once a confiderabl<; place, but it BOW /"carcely dtferves the name of a vil- Ir^e- Lon. 43 o e, lat. 43 35 N. Cu(TCH, a territory la Hindooftan Proper, governed by a r.ijah, and fituatc on tne SS of Sindy; the e branch of the Indus /eparating the two countries. It extends along the N coait of the gulf of Cutch, and is feparated from Guzerat by the river Puddar. It abounds with hills, Woods, and Tandy wilds. Its capital is Boodge-boodge. Cuzco, a town of Peru, formerly the refidence of Che incas. It is feated at the foot of a mountain, and is built in a fquare form, in the middle of which is the beii market 'u ^11 America: fbur large ftreets terminate in the fqxtare, which are all as (fraight as a line. It contains eight large pariihes,.aAd five religious houles, and the number of the inhabitants Is about 50,000, of whidi three-fourths are the original Americans. Streams of water run through the town, which are a great convenience in [0 hot a country, where it feldom rains. It is 3.20 miles s of Linia. Lon. 73 47 w, lat. iz o s. Cyprus, an ifland in the Mediterra- nean, near the coaft of Syria. It was taken by the Turks from the Venetians 3n 1570. The foil is an excellent fertile clay i and, if the natives were induftrioiM, they might make it a paradife. There is one arcnbilhop and three bifliops. The Jtrielts are extremely ignorant, and they iibmit to the molt fervile emplovment to get jnoney. The exports of the ifland are fllk, wool, and wme. Nicoiia is the capital. Cyr, St. a village of France, two miles from Verfailleii, lately celebrated for a nunnery founded 'by Lewis xi v, tinde" the patronage of madame de Main- tenon, who was herlidf the abbefs till her ^cath in 1719. CzACKTHURKy a ftrop^ ^lace of Auf- tria, between the rivers Drave anil Mu.- hir, ICO miles s of Vienna. Lon. 17 10 E, lat. 46 44 N. CzASLAU, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the fame name. Here is the higheit tower in Bohemia, ami ntar this place the king of PruJfia gained a viftory over the Auftrians in I74i« , It is feated on the river Ci-udenka, 40 miles SB of Prague. Lon. 15 33 E, lat. 49 CzENSTOKOW, a town of Poland, in Cracovia, with a fort, in which is kept a rich treafure, called the Trealure of the Virgin Mary. The pilgrims flock hither, for the fake of a convent nenr it, called the Loretto of Poland. The king of Pruliia added this place to his dominions in 179?; by a fecond partition of Poland. It is leattd on the river Watte, 50 miles N by w of Cracow. Lon. 19 1 5 E, lat. 59 48 N. CzERCASsi, a tovyrt of Ruflla, in the Ukraine, with a cattle, feated near the Dnieper, 85 miles SE of Kiow. Lon. 3a 5 E, lat. 49 o N. CzERNic, a town of Camiola, re- markable for its lake, which is 1 5 miles in length, and five in breadth, and produces fi/h and com eveiry year j for, when the water; fall from the moimtains, it be- comes full, and abounds with fiftt ; and, after fome time, it fmks into the eaith> and then it is cultivated, and produces grafs and corn. It is probable that there IS fome gulf to which the fifh retire with the waters. Lon. 1 5 o B, lat. 46 6 n. CzERNiKov, a town of Ruflia, capital of a duchy of the fame name, with a caftle. It is feated on the Dezna, 70 mile? N by £ of Kiow. Lon. 31 53 E, lat. 5! 19 N. CzERsico, a town of Pola^id, on the Viltula, ao miles N w of Warfaw. Lon, 2 \ 31 E, lat. 5% ^6 N. CzoNGRODT, a town of Hungary, capital of a territory of the fame name at tlie confluence of the Teifl*? and Keres, 1 3 miles N of Sagediu. Lon, ao j^ Ea lat. 46 3(J N. " •■■"; • '•- ■ ' ■ ■ ' D. .J DABUL, a town of the Deccan of Hindooftan, on the coa^ of Con- can, 7 5 miles s by w of Bombay. L^, 72 50 E, lat. 18 o N. Dacca, a city of Hindooftaii Proper, in the b quarter of Bengal, and on a branch of the Ganges, which commvni- catci ^ith kU the 9t)ur vnktd DaYig*" rope I frovj irt durel milel lat. D A H D A M |>n. 17 [apital [irc is U iJiar Ineil a If miles it. 49 |i(I, in kept ►f the lither, Jcallaj hg of |inionti >Iand. miles at. 59 tlons. It is the provrticial cnpltal of •his quarter. Indetd, within the ^rcfcht centiirv) it hns been the capital of all BL-ngnli and it is the third city of that country in point of extent and popiilatio|i. It has a va(t trade in mullins^ and manu- fadtures the n>oft delicate ones amoag thoie which aii: molt fought after in Eu- rope: the cotton is produced within the ftrovince. The country round Dacca ies low, and is always covered with ver- dure diu'ing the dry months. It is 160 miles N£ of Calcutta. Lon. 90 25 e, lat. ij 55 N. Dachaw, a town of Bavaria, where the ele£lor has a palace, with fine gardens. It is feated on a mountain, near the river Amber, 10 miles NwofMimich. Lon. 11 30 E, lat. 48 20 N. Dachstein, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late pro- vince of Alface, with a palace that be- longed to the fee of Straiburg. Lon. 7 45 E, lat. 4S 35 N. DafaR, or DOFAR, a town of Arabia Felix, feated on a bay of the fame name, on the S£ coaft. Lon. 53 25 e, lat. 16 30 N. Pagcnham, a village in Eflex, nine miles E by N of London. A great breach was made here by the Thames in 1703; which was repaired, in 171 6, by captain Perry, who had \ xn employed on ferae Kuman canals by Pet°r the Great. Daghestan, a proviince of Afia, bounded on the E by the Cafpian Sea, on the w by the mountains of Caucafus, or the N by Circaflla.^and on the s by Schir- van. It is inhabited by Tartars, and is fubje6l to Kuflia. Dag NO, a town of Albania, capital of the diftri6t of Ducagni, with a bilhop's fee J feated near the confluence of the Drino and Nero» 13 miles se of Scutaii. Lon. 19 39 E, lat. 42 30 N. Dago, or Dagao, an illand ia the Baltic, on the coaft of Livonia, between the gulfs of Finland and Riga. It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two caf- tlcs, called Dagerwort and Paden. Lon. 22 56 E, lat. 58 44 N. Dahl, the fineft river of Sweden, which flews through Dalecarlia and Gei- tricia, and falls into the gulf of Bot^hnia, 'to the E of Gefl«.. Near Efcaileby, it forms a celebrated catarafl, fcarce in- ferior to the fall of the Rhine at Lauifcn. Dahomay, a kingdom of Africa, on the coaft of Guinea, to the n of Whi- dah. The king of this country conquered Whidah, and very much dttturbed the (lave trade of the £urop«ani. Dalaca^ an ifland of the Rid Sea» oppofite the coaft of Abex, 72 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. It is fertile* populous* and remarkable for a pearl Hfhery. The inhabitants are Ncgroei, and great enemies to the Mahometans. DALBBUao* a town of Sweden, capi- tal of Dalia, on Lake Wenner, 50 miles N or Gottenburg. Lon. 11 59 E, lat. $% 32 N. Dalecarlia, a province of SVredcn, near Norway, 175 miles in length, and 100 in breadth. It is full of moufitunst abounding in mines of copper and iron, fome of which are of a prodigious depth. The towns are fmall; and the inhabitants are rough, rob\;ry houfe. The hdufes are built of wood, with their fronts backward, ami '. within is a court : in the Itrects there is nothing to be Tfcn but walli without win- ■ and nds in modorc ounded iininfe modcre fetn by 17 th Hands. U D A R yet it is not navigable to the Black Sea, on account of the catarafls. See Do- NESCHINCEN. Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungaiy, built by the Turks in 16S6, and taken by the Aullrians the next year. It is featcd on the Drave, at the end oF the bridge of Eflcck, eight miles s of Baran- whar, and io NW of Belgrade, Lon. 19 56 E, lat. 45 45 K. Dardanelles, two caftles of Tur- key ; the one, called Settos, leatcJ in Romania; the other, called Abydcs, in Nutolia. They command the sw entrance of the ftrait of Gallipoli, the ancltnt Hcllefpont. At the kttcr, the cargoes of ail flups falling from Conliantinople are fearchcd. Lon. 26 30 E, lat. 46 o N. Darel-Hamara, a town of the king- dom of FcT, built by the Romiuis. Its trade conlllts in oil and corn.; and it is i'catcd on a mountain. Lon. 6 35 w, lat. 34 10 N. ' ' DARtEN, or Terra Firma Proper, a province of Terra Firma, in S America. It lies along the coaft of the Atlantic ;'nd Pacific Oceans, and is particularly dif- tinguiftied by the name of the Kthmus of Dai'ien, and, by fome v/riters, the Ifthmus of Panama. It extends, in the form of a.crefcent, round the bay of Pa- nama ; being bounded on the N by the gulf )f Mexico, on. the e by the river and gulf of I^-ien, on the S by Popayan and the Pacific Ocean* and on the \v by the fame oceart and Veragua. It is not abo/e 60 miles broad ; but this iithmus, which binds together, the continents of N and S America, is ftrengthened by, a chin of lofty mountains, Itretchiag through its whole extent, which render it a baiTier of folidity JiiHicient to refift the impulfe of two oppollte oceans, rhc mountains are covered with forefts almott inaccelfiblc. The vallies in this moift climate, where it rains during two-thirds of the year, are marfhy, and fo often overflowed, that the inhabitants, in many places, build their houfes upon trees, to DC elevated from the damp Ibil, and the odious reptiles engendered in the putrid waters. The natives go naked ; and the men have a filver plate faftened 10 their not'e, which hangs over their mouths, in the (hape of a half-moon ; the women have a ring hanging down in tlie fame maimer ; and tliey have alfo feveral chains of teeth, (hells, beads, and the like, hang>- ing down from the neck to the pit of the ftomach. Their houfes aix' moftly thin gnd fcattercd, and always by a river fide, with plantations lying about them. The D A R men clear the plantations, and the women cultivate them. The girls are employed in picking and fpinning cotton, which the women weave, and the cloths arc cliiefiy ufed for hammocks. It is the bufmefs of the men to make baflcets, which they do very neatly with canes, reeds, or palmeto ieovea. ilied of feveral colours. Each man has leveral wives, wlio live together in great harmony. Tiicy ;;re for.d of dancing to the lound of a pipe and drum, and play a great many antic tricks. When they go out to hunt, the women carry in their oaikets plantains, bananas, yams, potatoes, and ctitTava-roots ready roafted. They have no diltinccion of days or weeks, but reckon their time by the cour.e of the moon. 'I he animals are the fame as in other countries of the fame climate. The principal towns ai'e Panama and Porto Bello. DaRien, a river and gulf of S Ame> rica,° in Terra Firma, which divide the provinces of Darien and Carthagena. In 1695, the Sco'.ch obtained a charter from king William, empowering them to form a fcttlement on the N w point of this gulf, where the country had never been occu* pied by the Spaniaids, but continued to be polfefTed by the native Indians. Thi« fettiemenr excited luch an alarm among the maritime powers of Europe, and par- ticularly the jealouiy of the Spaniih court and of the Englilh E India Company, that, in the fequel, the adventurers, meet- ing with every obftruftion from the very adminiltration that had granted theia their cluirter, were obliged to abandon the fettlement. Darking, or Dorking, a town in Surry, with a market on Thursday, noted for corn and poultry. It is ieated on the river Mole, 13 miles sw of London. Lex. o 14 w, lat. 51 17 N. Darlaston, a village near Stone, in Staffordihire, where are the remains of a caltlc, on a hill. ^ Darlington, a town in the coimty of Durham, with a market on Monday, feated in a flat, in the river Skeme, which falls into the Tees. It has a Ipacicu^ market pi: -e, and a long (tone bridge over the river. It has a manufacture of huckabacks and camlets ; ibme fmall wares ot the Manchelter kind are alf« made here ; and there is a conHderable trade in ilreifing leather. A curious water machine for grinding optical glafles, and fpinning linen yarn, has been ere£led here, the invention of a native of the towBi. Darlington is 19 miles s of Dur* PT v,i. I'l :.\^' 'j^ iL .1 j! MaaMHMMKauwqPI D A V t) A U IiajTi, an<^ 159 N by w of London. Lon. 1 25 w, lat. 54 3a N. b.vRi'ia taDt, the capital of the !and- gravateof HelFe DaLrmftadt, vfith a caftle, '•here its own prince generally refides. It has handlomc liiburbs and a good coi- kge. It is feated on a river of th>. fame name, 30 miles NW of Heidelberg. Lon. S 4.0 E, lat. 49 43 N. Dart, a river in Devonfliirc, which fifes at tiw foot of Dartmoor Hills, crriVcs Dartmoor to Afhburton, and after paflinj; Totnefs, where it is navic^ablc for fmall veflfels, is jointd b' the Harcborn, and falls into the £ngUlii Clunncl, at Dart* mouth. DARxroRn, a town in Kent, with a market en Satui-day, feated on tlie Da- jpcnt, not far from its influx into the ThanKs. Here ?te the ivmains of a fine nunnery, fotindea by Edward lii. At the diflbliition it was converted into a royal palace ; but it was alienated by James i. The rebellion of Wat Tyler, in the reign of Richard 11, began in thiii town, which is 16 miles E by s of Lon- don. Lon. o 16 £, lat. 51 25 N. Dartmoor, an extenfive mooriHi trtSkf in Devonfliirc, bmmdcd on the N by bleak hills, and extending ib\rthwai'd r'ee through the centre of the county to fea. It is watered by the river Dart. Many flieep are bred here, but of a fmall kiftd, and fiibjcft to the rot. The chief riches of the inhabitants are their biack- cattie, which thrive well on the coarfe four herbage. Dartmouth, a borough of Devon- ftire, wldi a market on Friday. It is leated on the declivity of a hill, ';y the fiver Dait, near its fall into the fea, and has s fpacious haven, defended by a fort. It has a confiderable trade to the s of E^rrope and to Newfoundlandj as well as a Ihaie in the coaittng traffic. It is go- verned by a mayor, and fends two mem- bers to parliament. It contains three churches, and is 30 miles ssw of Exeter, and 204 w by s of London ^ Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 50 a* N. Dassen-Eylamo, or Ifle of Deer, one of the three fmall iAands to the N of the Cape of Good Hope j fo called on account of the great number of deer v^ich were firft carried thither in i6ot. Here are alfo fceep, whrle tails weigh f9 pounds. Lon. 18 7 e, lat. 33 »5 s\ Davintry, a corporate town in Northamptonflitre, with a market on Wednefday. It is governed by a ma^, and feated on the fide of a hill> 10 m^es W of Northampton, and 72 NW of Lon- don. Lon. I 10 w, lat. 51 15 n. David's, St. a city in Pcmbroke- iMre, with a market on Wednelday i feated in a barren foil, on the river lien. It was or cc a confiderable place, ami had walls, which are now demoliflied. The cathedral is faid to have the higheft roof of any in Engl-ind. From the cape, near this place, is a view into Ireland. It is 24 mtle:> NW of Pembroke, and 255 w by N of London. Lon* 5 15 w, lat. 51 56 N. David, Fort St. an Englifh fort, on the coaft of Coromandel, which was taken and deftroyed by the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt. It is 80 miles s of Fort St. George. Lou. 79 45 E, lat. IT 30 N. Davi8' Straits, an arm of the fea between Greenland and N America, dis- covered by captain Davis, ip 1585, when he attempted to find a NW paffage. Dai7N, a town of Germany, in the elet^orate of Treves, feated on the Le/er, at the foot of a mountain, on which is a caftle. It is 12 miles N of Mont Royal. DAUPHfN, a county of Perni^hrania, 45 miles loi\g, and 25 broad. In 1790, it contained 18,177 inhabitants. Harr rifburg is the capital. Dauphin, Fort, a fort built by tlw Fiwich on thf. E coaft of Madagafcar, Lon. 45 10 e, ]at. 14 55 s. Dauphiny, a late province of France, extending 40 le- gues from N to s, and 36 frcm E to w ; bounded on the w by the Rhone, on the N by the Rhope and Savoy, on the i by Provence, and on the e by the Alps. Hence the heir-apparent of the late crown of France was called tlie Dauphin ; a title which he derived from the following circumftance. In 1349, Hubert 11, count of Dauphiny, being in- confolable for the lofs of his only fon, whom he had let fall from a window of his palace at Grenoble into the Here, en- tered into a convent of Jacobins, and ceded Dauphiny to Philip, a younger fon of Philip of Valois, for 1x0,000 florins of gold (each of the value of lad", Eugiiilh^ on condition, that the eldeft foi> of the king of France Hiould be ftyled the Dauphin. Charles v, erandfon of Philip ot Valois, firft bore this title in T530. Two thirds of Dauphiny are in- terfered by mountains, which afford good paftura^; plenty of timber, fir- trees, in particular, for the buildine af /hips; and very fcarce fimples. In tnefe mountains^ which are brtpches of the Alp«» ra}j;lf8, N»hcat, the Rh fdk. have b >f Lon. I. hrokc- •elday j r lien. -> ami liflied. higheft cape, reland. nd 255 If w, brt, OR taken ;8* and miles 45 K, Jvania, 1790, Harr D E A AIp<> are bears, chamois> marmots, «a{rlrs, hawk*, f Deccan, an ex.teniive tra6t of country in Afia, which, according to the fignifi- cation of its name, the South, has been fuppofed to include the whole region s of Hinduoftan Proper. But, in its more ac- cuiate fenfe, it contains only the coun- tries fituate between Hindoonan Proper, theCamatic, the Weltem Sea, and Orma; namely, the provinces of Candeifh, Dow- latabad, Vifiapour, Golconda, and the W part of Berar. It is boundeil on the II by the river Nerbudda, by Bengal, and by Bahar ; and the river Kiftna forms its feparation on the s, from the peninfula of Huidooftan. All this vaft country was once a province of the Mogul empire. Candeifh, Vifiapour, and a part of Dow- latabad, are lubje6l to the Mahrattas; the remainder, to the nizam of the Deccan. Deccan, the dominions of the nizam of the Deccan, comprifing Golconda, the principal part of Dcwlatabad, and the weftem part of Berar; the latter fubjeft to a tribute o( a fourth part of its net revenue to the Berar Mahrattas. His ter- ritories are bounded on the NW by the Poonah Mahrattas, on the N by the Berar Mahrattas, on the e by the Northern Cir- cars, and on the s by the Camatic and Myfore. By family fuccedion, in 1 780, the nizam became poitefled of the diftrifts of Adoni and Tachore, and of the Gun- toor Circar } and by the peace of 1792 he had a fhare of the country ceffions made by Tippoo Sultan, including Kopaul, Cuddfina, and GAnsecolla. His domt> nions (without including the ceffions) are i'ui;poled to be 4')o miles from NW to SE, by 300 wide. His capital is Hydrabad. Decise, an ancient town of France, in the department of Nievre and late pro- vince of Nivemois, leated in an iffand formed by the Loire, 16 miles se of Nevers. Lon. 4 31 e, lat. 46 50 N. Deckbndorf, a town of Lower Ba- raria, feated near the Danube^ 37 miles ► ) I H. 1. n .a I DEE DEL »E of Ratifb-jn. It was taken by the Swciics in 1641. Lou. 12 55 u, Ut. 48 4> N. DftDoiNGTON, a town in Oxfordfliire, W'ith a maikct on riicfday. It wa* an- ciently a corporation, anri lent ineniberu to parliament in tlie reikn v->f Edward m. It u 16 miles N ot Oxlord, and 70 wNW of London. Lon. i ii w, lot. s~ z n. DldhaMi a village in Kii'ex, noted for an uncient large church, which his a fine Gothic lleeple. it is fix miles N of ColchcUer. Dee, a river of N Wales', held in great veneration by our Hritiih ancellors, and the theme of many a potrt fmce. Some trace its head to the foot of the loity mountain Anm, in the Nw angle of Me- rionethihire } but otiiers trace it no further than to the lake of Bala, whence it (lows through a iine vale in a NE dire^Hon to DenbiglUhire, vifita the w border of CheHiire, then croifing over to Chefter, it flovirs thence to the Irifh Sury. Its being rebuilt In the r.."i";n«f Fdward the ConfefTor, and its conlicration by the then bilhop if Worcelter, it denoted by a Latin inkiip- tion on a Ifone, \vhich, in 1675, was dug up in an orchard. Dei'.se, or Pfynsr, a to\vn of AttI- tri-Tn rinnders. Ic.itrd on the Lis, cij:ht mll..'s sw of Ghent. Lon. 3 39 s, lat. 50 59 N. Di LAWARR, one of the tJnIted Statcj of Americs, bounded on the N by Penn- fylvania, on the e by Delaware river and bay, and on the s and w by Maryland. It is 90 niiU'S long and 16 bj-oad ; and in ninny parts is unhealthy, being iitated in a iicninftili, where the land u gcu«rally low, which occafions the ^vater8 to Mag- nate. It is divided into thrte counties, Newcaftle, Kent, and SulTcx ; ar.d iu 1787, the inhabitants were computed at 37,000. Delaware, a county "f Pcnnfyl- vania, ao miles long, and 11 broad. In 1790, it contained 9,4.>J3 inhabitants. Chefter is the cai'ital. Delaware, a river of N Americi, wliich rHing in the ftatc of New Yrrk, in Lake Ultayantho, divides New Yoik Ironi Pennfylvania, and paflcs thiough Dela- ware Bay to the Atlantic, having Nevr Jerfey on'the e fide, and Pennfylvania and the ft ate of Delaware on the w. From the mcuth of this bay, at Cape Henlopen, to Philadelphia, it is 1 18 miles, wi.h a fvfficient depth of water for a 74. gxm (hip J above Plubdelphia, U is navigable for floops up to the great falls at 1 ren- ton ; and, tor boats that carry eight or 10 tons, 4.0 miles higher. Delaware Bay, a bay of N Ame- rica, which is 60 miles long, from Cape Henlopen to the entrance of the river Delaware at Bombay-hook. It is fo wide, in fome parts, that a ihip, in the middle of it, cannot be feen from the Lind. It opens into the Atlantic, between Cape Henlopen on the s. and Cape May on the N. Thefe capes are 18 miles apart. Delft, a city of the United Pro^ vinces, in HoUurid. It is clean and welU built, with canals in the ttreets, planted on eich fide with trees. Here are two churches, in one of which is the tomb of William i, prince of Orange, who wa« alfaftinated. It is about two miles in circumference; has a fine arfenal, and a confiderable manufaflure of earthen ware, known by the name of Delft ware. It is feated on the Schie, eight miles NW of Rotterdam, and 30 sw of Amllerdaro. Lon. 4 14 g, lat. 52 4- N. D£LFTSHAV£N, a furtificd town flf inkiip. va« «.lug of Arrl, i, iar. St.itcj ^^ Pem;. er and and ill a fed in uvrally unties, :d iu ted at DEL Holland, on the N fide of the Macfe, v/ith a Canal to IVUt, &c. It it betv/een Rotterdam and ScliicdHtn, not three nulcs from each. Delfzy, a fortrefs of the United Provinces, in Groningcn. It was taken 'hy the i>|Kvniar«i.i in 1581, and retaken by the J>H'cii in 1590. ft ii ftatcfi on »i\e river Damili-r, 13 miles nk ot Gro- ninyen. Delhi, s province ot" Mindooftan Pro- per, hounded on the NW by Lahore, on ihe NF. by Serin igiir, on the E by the Ko- liiila tountr)", on tlie s by Agiu^ and on the w by Mo\dt:in. Havinj^ b;.'en the )e:it of continunl wars for above 50 years, ir is almolt dcpopulitcd; and a trait of country that polll'lfes eveiy advantage that can be deiivk.d from nature, coiuains tile nu)',l mifcrable of iuli;ibitrints. It is now all tlv.it remains to the Great Mogul of his once extcnlive empire. Del ill, the capital o»' a province of th'i fame nnme, in Hlndooltan Proper, feated on ths river J;nntra. It in t!ie no- minal capital of all llinaoolian, and was the a£lual capital during the gicateit part of the time fnicc the Mahometan conqiuft. In 1738, when Nadir Shall invac'td Hin- dooitan, he entered Delhi, and dreadful were the maflacres and famine ttiat foU lowed : 100,000 cf the in!\a'>itnnts pe- rilled by the fword ; and pl'indtr, to the amount of 6», 000, cool, iteiling, was faid to be collected. The lan.e Cijl.unitles »)iey enduied on the i'ubfeauent invalions of 'AbduUa, king of Candah-ir. Delhi is 8X0 miles NiNE of Bombay. Lon. 77 40 E, itt. 2? 37 N. Dei^ichi, a nver of Albania, the Acheron of the ancient poets, who feigned it to be in hell. Delmrnhorst, a town of Weft- uhalia, in the county of Delmenhcrlt, be- loitging to Denmark. It 'u feated en. the Delm, near (he Wel'er, eight niiics &\v of Bremen. Decos, an ifland of the Archipelago, now called Dili. There are abundance oi' ftne ruins, l\ippofed to be of the tem- ples of Diana and Apollo, whgfe birth- place it is faid lo be. It is fix miles in circumference, but now delticute of in- habitants. Lon. 15 59 E, lat. 37 30 N. Delphi, or Delpuos, a town of Li- vadia i^tei in ti valley, near mount Par- nalfus. It was famous for the oi-adc of Apollo, which people came from ftU parts to coniult. DbLsPERO, a town of Swlflerland, in t)ie bii^opiic of BaAe, lo miles Nw of Sbleurc. l^, 7 aj 1} lat. 4.7 17 n. DEN' Delta, a part of Lower Egypt, be- tween the branches of the Nile nn<\ tha Mediterranean. The ancients cUled it ' , the iile of Delta, becauli: it is in tlie fhape of a triangle, like tlie Grtek letter of that name. It is 130 miles along the oatl ii'oin D.uniettn to Alexandria, and 70 iia the fides, from the place where the Nile begins to divide itlelf. It is the molt plentiful country of all Egypt, and it nil', 'jiore lure than in other partus but its fertility is cliieHy owing tu the imui- dations of the Nile. Dkmkr, a river which rifei in the Inliiopric of Liege, waters Hafli'lt, Didi, Sichcm, iirfchot, and .Mechlin, below which it joins the Sev.ne, and Likes the najr.c of Kupel. Deiiiekary, a Dutch fettlement in Guiana, on a river of the fame name, three K;\guc8 w ot Paramaribo. It was taken by the Kngtilli in 1781; but the Frtncli d'.'.poffelfcil tiiem of it foon after, and by tlie treaty of peace in 1783, it was reltdied to the Dutch. It was again taken by the Engliih in April 1796. Demmin, an ancient town of SwoJtfli Pomtrania, in the duchy of Stetin, leated on the river Peen. Lon. 13 »i E, lat. 55 52 N. i)EMONA, a fort of Piedmont, on the rlvii Sturc, 1 o miles sw of Coni. Lou. 7 28 E, lat. 4.4. 18 N. D1.NAIN, a village of France, in the department of the North and late province ot Hainavih, rcnuirkable i'vs a vi^foiy gained over pri:ice Eugene, by niar/lial Vilhus, ill 1 71 2. It is feated on the Srheld, eight miles w of Vakncieunes. Di'Nraon, tlie county-town of Den- bighlhire, tiiuate on a rocky dcclivi^ above the vule of Clwyd, on a branch of the river cf that name. Its ruined caftle, with its valt incloiiire crowning the top of the hill, terms a liiiking object. Den- bigh has a coiifidtr.iblc nunufatture- of gloves and fhoes, whicii are fent to Lon- don lor exporntion. It has a market on VVt.Jneiday, lends one member to parlia- ment, and is 27 miles w of Chclter, and 208 WW of London. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 53 11 N. Denbighshire, acountyof N Walesi, bounded on the N by th« Irifti Sea, on the NE by Flintlhire, on the s-iiy Sfcaop- ihire, on the s by Mcrionethlhire and Montgomery (hire, and on the w by Car- Darvonfliire. It is 48 miles long, and 20 in its broadett part, but in general it is much It.H. It lies in the diocefts of St. Alaph and Bangor; contains 12 hun- 4rct. In My, the 1 ail de- m was It is Seine, E> iat. nfider- ing's, cieutly 'ivided nd ba« fpital, dTri- The d their jd are here ifeii: a er one, 38. fabric of porcffUint equali if not fup«- rior in quality, to any in the kingdom. Several hand* are employed in the lapi< dary and jewellery tvanchev ; and Derby- fliire marbles, Ipars, and cryftais, ai-e wrought into a variety of ornamental aiticleii. Tlie malting trade is likewik carried 00 irt this town, from which the Derwent is navigable to the Trent . Derby fends .two members to parliament, and is governed by a mayor. The rebelti came as far as this town in 1745, and then re- turned to Scotland. It is 36 miles n of Coventry, and ii6 NNw of London. Lon. I x5 w, Iat. 51 58 n. Derdyshikb, an EngUHi county, bounded on the N by Yorkshire, on the E by Nottinghamfliire, on the s by Lei- ceib:r(hire and Warwickshire, on the w by Stafllbrdlliire, and on the N\v by Chefliire. It extends 59 miles from N to s, and 34- from E to \v where bruadeft, bnt in the s part it is not above fix. It lies in tJie diocele of Lichfield and Co- ventry, lends four members to parliament, and contains fix hundreds, 11 market- towns, and 106 parifbes. Tlie air, efpe- cially pn the 9 fide, is wholeibroe and agreeable; but in the Peak, toward the K, it is fliarp and cold. The hills in the northern part, by attra^tin^; the paiiing clouds, cayfe the rain to delcend there in gieater abundance than on the circumja- cent counties. The s and b parts are pleafant and fertile, producing moft kinds of grain, particularly barley. Even the NW pait, .called the Peak, is abundantly rich i £or tlie bleak mountains abound in the beft lead, with marble, alabafter, millftones, iron, coal, and a coarfe fort of ciyftal i and the intermediate vallies are iruitful in grafs. The barytes, gr ponderous earth, which leems to be the medium fubltance between earth and ores, is here found in great quantities. The principal rivers arc the Derwtnt, Dove, ^rwam, and Treat. Dereham, r, town in Norfolk, with % market on Friday, noted for wool and yarn. It is 14 miles w of Norwich, and and I op NN£ of London. Lon* i oe, |at. 5» 4z N. Dereqte, or Deirovti, atovraof Egypt, 1% the ifle fanned by the canal from Cairo to Rofetta. Here is a magnifi- cent temple. Lcm. 31 45 E, Iat. 30 40 n. Dbrp» a town of Ruflit, in the go- vernment of Riga, with ft biihop's lice, and a ui^iverfity. It lies near the^river Ambec, 50 miles nw of Pikof. Lon. z6 15 E( Iat. 58 30 N. which rifei in the high Peak, flows t through the middle of the county, and, paiiing Derby, empties itfelf into the Trent, on the borders of Leicelteriliire. Derwent, a river of Yorkihire, which rifes in tlie N riding, and running s falls into the Oule, below York. Derwent, a river of Durham, which forms, for fome i'pace, the boundary be- tween that county and Northumberland, and fails into the Tyne, above Ncwcaille. Derwent, a river bf Cumberland, which flowing through tiie lakes of Der- went-water and Balienthwaite-water, to Cuckermouth, enters the Iriih Sea, near Workington. DuR WE NT-WATER, a lake of Cum- beiland, in the vale of Kefwick. It is tluree miles in length, and a mile and a half wide. Five iflands rife out of thi* lake, which add greatly to the beauty of the appearance. On one of them is an elegant modem-built houfe. Dbseada, one of the French Ca- ribbe lilands, in the W Indies. It is 10 miles long, and five broad, and is gene- rally the firft land tliat is made in fiuling to the W Indies. Loa. 61 ao w, Iat. 16 40 N. Deseada, or Cafe Desixe, the fouthem point of the ftraits of Magellan, in S America, at the entrance of the S Sea. Lon. 74 ig w, Iat. 53 4 s. Dessaw, aftrongtown of Germany , in the circle of Upper Saxony, and pro- vince of Hanhalt. It belongs to its owa prince, and is lirated i. : the l^be, 37 milea N -of Leipfick. Lon. la as £, iat. 51 53 N. Dethmold, a town of Weftphalia, on the river Wehera, 1 5 miles N of Pa- derbom. Lon. 8 55 s, Iat. 52 on. Detroit, a town of N America, on the w fide of the ftrait, or river, that forms the communication betweea the lakes St. Clair and Erie. Lon. 83 a w. Lit. 4a 22 N. Dsttingen, a village of Germany, in the territory of Uanau. Here George 11 gained a victory over the French in 1743. It is between Hanau and Aichaffed>ui^ four miles from each. Deva, a feaport of Spain, 00 the tey of Bifcay, in the province of Guipnfcoa, 15 miles SB of Bilboa. Lon. a 40 w, Iat. 43 24 N. Devemto, a town of Bulgaria, with a Greek arohbifhop*s fee, ftated on the Paniza, 65 miles MB of Adrianople. Lon, 37 33 B, Iat. 42 33 K. Deventer, a city of the United Pro- viacesf tb« capital of Onrythlf with a t' ..•I i i D E V D I E univerfify. It is furrounded by ftrong walls, and fcatid on the river YlFcl, 50 miles B of Aiiifterdain. Lon. 5 56 e, lat. 5z 18 N. DEVizbs, a borough in Wilts, with a inaikcton 1 hurld ly, ami ainanuiaiture of fcrges ami othtT wooikn llufr's. It fends two members to pailiamt:'. , and is feuted on an cinincoce, 24 r !• v\v of Salilbury, and 89 w of Loi jh. Lon. a 2 \v, iut. 51 zo N. Drvon, h river of Perthftiiiv, over which, in tht l)cautiiul v.Ue ui ('Itiide- von, is a great curioiity, called tlie Rumb- ling Bridjjc. It is fimilar to tint over tlic Braan, and conlilts of one urch, thrown over a horrible chalni, v-iAn by thi" river, about So tect dccj), ami \ny narrow. In other plates, the river h:»s forced its way, in a furprlling rmnntr, tlirough tlic rocks. At tia- Caldinn-lin, It has worn away the fotter parts of the ftone, and formed immenl'e pits, into which th« water tails with a tremcn(lo\is nolle. JJtlow this, the whole river is precipitated in one flieet, from a ht'ght of 40 feet. Devonshire, anLnglifh county, 69 miles long, and 64. broad ; bounded on the N and NW by the Briitol Channel, on the E by Somerletfliire and Dorletfliire, on the s and se by the Kngiilh Channel, and on the w by Cornwrtil. It lies in the diocele of Exeter; contains 33 hun- tlreds, one city, 37 market-towns, and 394 parilhes ; and femU i6 members to parliament. I'he air is healthtul in the vallies, and fo mild that the myrtle grows unilieltered j but it is cold ar.d bleak on the mountain!). 'Ihe ibil is various, for the lower grounds are natu- rally fruitful, and the hills aie vtiy bar- ren. In the eaftern parts there is plenty not only of good corn, but ot fine pif- turage for Iheep, where the grounds arc .dry and chalky.. The fcuthern part of the county is remarkably fertile, and is as juftly called The Garden of Devon- fliire, as Italy is The Garden of tkc World. Fruit-trees are plentiful, ei'pe- cially apples, with which a great quantity of cider is made. On the coait is found plenty of a peculiar rich land, of lingular Icrvice to huibandmen ; andthoie who live at adiftance from the' lea purchalie it to im- prove their poor lands. The weftcrn parts abound with game, elpecially hares, phca- iants, and woodcocks, which are in fuch .l^undance, as to render then\ very cheap ; and here is a bird lb veiy fmall, that it .is reputed a hununiag-bird, and, like fl^t, fi^oftni^ it« iieft 04 the cxtr(;me branches of trees. In the sw parts arc great qtiantities of marble, and m many 1>laces marble rocks nre found to be the talis of the high road. The princi])at rivers are the I'amar, Ex, Teigne, and Dart. Exeter is the capital. Di'.ux Fonts, a town of Germany, in the p:i'atinate of the Rhine, cipital of .'' duchy of the faino name, lieated on the river Eibatir, 4.9 miles N by w of Stral- burjr, unA 50 sw of Mentz. Lon. 7 26 t., Int. 49 10 N. DliYNSii. See DkiNSE. - " •' ' DlARLlCK, or DlARDEKARi a pro- vince ui Turkey in Afia, between the 'i igris and Euplirates; bounded on the N l)y Tmxomnnia, on the E by Perlia, on tlie s by hac-Arabia, and on the v/ by Syria. It was the ancient Melbpotamia. Di vRBEKAK, an ancient town of I'L-.r- key in Ana, capital of the provin.e of iJiarbeck, liated on the river 'J igris. 'J'he Turks are more alfahle here than in other places, with regard to the Chrilti- ans, who aie above zo,ooo in number. It has a great trade in red Turkey leather, and cotton cloth of the fame colour, and is 150 miles NW ot' Aleppo. Lon. 39 40 E, l;:t. 37 18 N. Die, a town of France, in the depart- laent of Drome and late province of Dauphiny. It was lately an epifcopal lee, and is feated on the Drone, 24 miles SE of Valence. Lou. 5 13 e, lat. 44 4z N. DiEPHOLT, a town of Wettphalia, capital of a county of the fame name, fubjeft to the elci5lor of Hanover. It is feated on the Dummer Lake, 30 miles NW of Minden. Lon. 8 45 E, lat. 51 36 N. Dieppe, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a good harbour, formed by the mouth of the river Ar- ques, an old caille, and two piers. Ps-.-ket- boats pals between this port and ISright- helmlton, in the time of peace. The principal trade confifts in herrings, whit- mgs, mackerel, ivory toys, and laces. It was bombarded by the Englilh in 1694, and is not now fo confiderable as formerly. It is 30 miUs N of Rouen, and 13a NW of Paris. Lon. i 9 £, lat. 49 5S.N. Diessenmoffen, a confiderable town of Swiilerland, in Thurgaus, i'eated on the Rhine, five miles s of Schatfhaufen. Lon. 8 4i e, lat. 47 35 N. . DiE&T, a town of Auitrian Brabant, on the river Demer, 15 miles ne of ^ouvai{u Lon. 5 ^ £, lat, .50 59 n. / 4«', D I M D I S irtt trr many be the rmany, pitai of on flif Stral- . 7 *6 pro. f'l the oi\ the ia, on w l)y iimia. Ivy. .e ot' DiiTZi a town of WeteravUi capital of a county of ihc fsutie name, \*liii a ftjTong caftlc. It u i'ubjeA to the prince of Naiiau-Dillcmbuig, and \$ feated on the Lohn, i6 miln E of Coblentz. Lon. 7 35 £, lat. 50 It N. DiEUZE, a tomi of France, in the de- partment of Meurtlic and late province of Lorrain, leiiiarkablc fur wells of I'ult water, which produce much lalt. It is feated on the Scille, %i miles NE of Nancl. Lon. 6 45 e, lat. 48 53 N. DiEZ, St- a town of France, in the department of the Voiges and late pro- vince of Lorrain. It ti.id lately a cele- brated chapter, whole canons were obliged to produce proofs of nobility. It is leited on the Meurthe, 30 miles SE oT Lxmeville. Lon. 7 4. E, lat. 48 a o N. DiGNAN, a town of Venetian I(trla» three miles from the gulf of Venice. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 45 10 N. DiGNE, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence, with a bilhop's lee. It is famous . for its hot batns, and is feated on the Bleone, 30 miles s by w of Embiuii. Lon. 6 iz Hj lat. 44 10 N. Dijon, an ancient city of France, in the department of Cote d'Or and late province of Burgundy. It was lately an archbilhopric, but is now the epil'copal town of the department, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. It has an academy of fciences and belles-lettres. The public ftmilures, and particulaily the churches, are very fine. In front of the Palace Royale, is the ancient palace of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the p;ates of Dijon is a late chartreule, in which ibme of thofe princes are inteired. Dijon is feated in a pleafant plaid, which pro- duces excellent wine, between two fmall rivers, 48 miles NE of Autun. Lon. 5 7 E, lat. 47 19 N. Dili. See Delos. •DiLLA, Mount, a remarkable pro- montory of the coaft of Malabar, ao miles N by w of Teilicheily. Lon. '75 % Ej lat.' IX I N. DiLLENBURO, a towH of Wcteravia, capital of a county of the (ame name, fubjt^ to the prince of Naflau Dillcnburg. It is 2z miles Nw of Marpui'g.' Lon. S 27 E, lat. 50 48 ii. Dii,LSMGBN, a, town of Suabia, with jx univeiiity. Here the bilhop of Augf- burg refitjes. It h'f^ttd near the Danube, 1 7 miles.Nfi of ^ugfturg. Lpn. zo ao • E, lat." 4.5 30 K. DiMQTV^ a toWn of Komiuua^ Ktith a Greek archbifhop's fee. It is feated on a mountain, lunoimdcd by.bc M«jiza» 12 miles sw ot Adrianopk. Lon. 1$ 15 £, lat. 41 35 N. Din A NT, a town of France, in the department of the North Coaft and latv province of Bretagne. It is feated on A .aggy mountain, at the foot ot which IS the river Kance, zo miles • of St. Malo. Lun. i 58 w, lat. 48 20 n. Din A NT, a town of Wettphaiia, la ' the bi/hopric of Liege, with a caftle* feated near the Meulie, 11 miles 8 ot' Namur. Lon. 4 51 e, lat. 50 17 n. DiNASMONDY, a town in Merioneth- Hilre, with a market on Friday, 18 miles s of Bala, and 196 nw of London^ Lon. 3 40 w, lat. 52 37 N. DiNCHURCH, a village in Kent, iii Romney Marfh. Here are kept the re- cords of the Marfli j and a court is held by the lords of th«r Marfti and the mem- bers of the corporaiio )- who are appointed bv ftatute, 33 Edwaid iii, to regulate all affairs concert. I ng the Marfh. It i» three miles ne of Roinney. DiNCKELSPiL, a free imperial town of Suabia, ieated on the river Wemiti. It has a great and a little council > ti)e ' former is a mlxtu'-e of papiftt and Lu- therans ; but t'..e little one are all papifts'. It carries jn a trade In cloth and i-eaping-r hooks, iUid is 37 miles 8W of NuTMnbui^t Lon. 10 zo E, lat. 49 o N. DiNCELFiNG, a town of Germany, ia ' Lower Bavaria, ieated on the Ifer, ao mill's NE of Landichut. Lon. za 36 £» lat. 48 40 N. Dingle, a feaport of Ireland, int^ county of Derry, feated on Dingle Bkfp four miles w of Limerick. Lon. 8 40 w, lat. 52 42 N. Dingwall, a royal boroUgh in Roft* fhire, feated at the head of the frith of CiQ* maity, x8 miles wof the town of Cro* marty. Some linen yam is manufaAtir^ ' here, and there is a Imt-mill in the neiglU bourhood. Lon. 4 23 w, lat. 57 45 if. DiSAPPOJNTMuiT, Caps, a capeff the ifland of ^ufiern Geoigiay in tlja S Pacific OceannrLon. 36 15 w, lat. j^i 58 s. Dismal Swamp, a marihy tttft, ga the coaft of N Carolina, 50 nulesloac and 30 broad. It occupies the wbojt country between Albemarle Sound ai)4 Pamlico Sound. Diss, a town in Norfolk, tvidi a ifos* k^t on Frida:y. It is feated ofi the rivet Waveney, on the fide of a hill ; and U the w end of the town is a large mxiddy lake, abounding with eeU. Here ue M »iJU D N I D O L majiufaAurts of failcloth, linen tloth* noJt, and ftays. It it 19 miles s of Norwich, and 91 nne of JLondon. Lon. 1 9 E, lat. 51 25 N. DiVi Bn ifland at the entrance of the Sulf of Cambay, in the Deccan of Hin- sbftan, three miks long and one broad. On it is a large fortified town i)' the fame name, bnilt ot freeftone and marble ; and it contains fome fine churches, ere6^cd by the Pbrtuguele, about the time they took poiTeiTion of the ifland in 1515. The trade of the town, one: fo important, is almoft entirely removed to Surat. It is j8o 'miles w by s of Surat, and ioo NW of Bombay. Lon. 69 52 e, lat. 20 43 n. DiXAN, the firft town in Abyllania, on the fide of Taranta. It is built on the top of a conical hill } a deep valley fur- founds it like a Mench, and the road winds fpirally up the hill till it ends among the houfes. The inhabitants confift of Moors and Chriftians, whofe only trade is the felling of children. The CI '•iftians bring fuch as they have ftolen in Abyflinia to Dixan, where the Moors receive them, and carry them to a market at Mafuah, whence they are fent to Arabia or India. The priefts of the province of Tigre are openly concerned in this infamous traffic. Lon. 40 7 E, lat. 14 57 N. ■ DixMUDE, atown or Auftrian Flanders, which has been often taken, the laft time by the French in 1794. It is celebrated for its excellent butter ; and is leated on the river Yperlee, 10 miles rAv of Ypres. Lon. 2 57 e, lat. '51 a N. DiziER, St. a confidcrable town of France, in the department of Upper Marne and late province of Champagne, feated on the Marne, where it begins to be lUvigable for boats, 15 miles se of Vi- tri-ie-Fran9ois. Lon. 4 54 E, lat. 4S 35 n. *' Dnieper, anciently the Borilthenes, tl large river of Riillia, which riles in the government oi' Smolenfko, and flowing in »' foutherly direftion, enters the Black Sea, between Cherfon and Oczakow. J'rom its fource to its mouth, it now Hows entirely through the Ruifian i»omi- "ihions; and throu'rh this whole cour&, tjf above 800 mile^ Its navigation is only once interrxipted by a feries of cai- tarafls, which" begin beliow the mouth of 'the Samara, and continue for abov« 40 iniles ; but thefe may be pafl'e'd in fpring, Svithout much hazard, even by loaded barks. In other feafons of the year, the ^^oods are landed at Kemenflc, oppofite the mouth of the Samara, and tranfported 40 iniles by land to Kitd-kafe, fix miles from \he fortrefs of Aiex;lndrow(k} where they are again embarked, and defcend the ftream to Cherfon. Dniester, a fine river, which rifes in Galicia, in Auftrian Poland, and vifits Choczim, dividing Podolia from Mol- davia ; it then I'eparates Beflfarabia from the Ru/fian government of Catharinenflaf, and having watered Bender, falls into the Black Sea, between the niouth» of the Dnieper and the Danube. Do be LIN, a town of Courland, 20 miles s\v of Mittau. Lon. 23 35 E, lat. 56 18 N. DOBRZIN, a town of Poland, in Ma- fovia, capital of a territory of the fame name, feated on a rock, near the Viftula, 14 miles NW of Plockflto. Lou, 19 5 E, lat. 52 54 N. DocKUM, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in W Friefland, at themouth of the rivev Ee, 10 miles ne of Lewarden. Lon. 5 41 E, lat. 53 18 N. DoEL, a town of Dutch Flanders, on the river SchcJd, oppofite Lillo, nine miles NW of Antweip. Lon. 415 £, tat. 51 17 N. Doesburg* a town of the United Provinces, in Zutphen. It has been often taken and retaken j and the reduc- tion of it, in 1586, was the firft exploit of the Englifh forces fcnt by queen Elifabeth to the alfiltance of the Dutch. It is feated on the Iffel, 10 miles s of Zutphen. Lon. 5 36 e, lat. 42 2 N. DoGADO, a province of Italy, in the teiritory of Venice, bounded on the e by the gulf of Venice, on the s by Polefino, on the w by Padiiano, and on the N by Trevifano. It comprehends many fmaU, iflamls near it, calleid the Lagunes of Venice. DoL, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Ille and Vilaine and late pro- vince of Bretagne. It was lately an tpifcopal fee, and is fituate in a morafs, five miles from the lea, and 21 se of St. Malo. Lon. i 41 w, lat. 48 33 N. Do;.CE-A<^A, a town of Piedmont, capital of a marquifate of the fame name, with a caftle. It is feated on the Nervia, five miles N of Vintimiglia. Lon. 7 42 h,r lat. 43 58 -f. DoLCiGNO, a ftrong town of Albania, with a bifhop^s fee, a good harbour* and a citadel. It is feated on the Drino, 10 miles SE of Antivari. Lon. 19 20 e, lat. 42 12 N. 1 Dole, a town of France, in the'dc- partment of Jura and late province of Tranche Comte, feated on the river Doubs, 2j miles s\V of Befan^ojx. Loii. DOM DoLEGELLY, a town in Mertoneth- ftTire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the river Avon> in a vale lb called, and at the foot of the great rock Cader-Idris, which is extremely high. It has a good manufacture of Welfli cotton, and is 31 miles NW of Montgomery and 205 of London. Lon. 9 4.S w, lat. 52 4.2 N. DoLLART Bay, a large gulf, feparat- ing E Frieflsuid, in Germany, trom Gro- ningen, one of the United Provinces. DOMAZLIZE, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pilfen, remarkable for a battle fought hetwetn the crufaders and the Hulfites in 1466, to the great difadvantage of the former. It was taken by the Swedes in 154.1. It is feated on the rivulet Cadbuzz, 17 miles s of PiUen. DoMFRONT, a town of France, in the department of Orne and late province of Normandy, feated on a craegy rock, which has a large cleft from the Aimmit to the bafe, through which flows the little river Varenne. It is 35 miles NW of Alen9on. Lon. o 43 w, lat. 48 38 N. Domingo, St. one of the richeft iflands in the W Indies, 400 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It was dif* covered by Columbus, in 1492, and is furrounded by craggy rocks and danger- ous (hoals. The heat to the N and SE would be iniupportablc for fix months of the year, it not qualified by the eafterly winds, and frequent rains; but the latter (bon fpoil the flefh, bread, and fruits. It has a great many rivers, and mines of gold, talc, and cryftal. The Spanifti name of it, originally given by Columbus, is Hifpaniola. The w part of it belongs to the French ; the e to the Spaniards. Since the revolution in France, the French part of this idnnd has been fubjeA to the molt dreadful calamities ; not only from an inllirreftion of the negroes, but from a civil war between the patriots and the royalifts. The latter called in the £nglifh, who landed, in September 179;;, and proviflonally took J>oflelfion of Jereniie and Mote St. Nicho- as. Sev:eral othe^places fubmitted foon after { but fomc or them were retaken by tht republicans in 1 794. This ifland lies between Jamaica to the w, and Porto Rieo to'tfae B. Domingo, St.. the capital of the Spanifh part of the iflind of St. Do. mingo, with 'an archbilhop'i fee» whofe Cathedral is a fuperb ftruClure. It is ^ ftseed on a large navigable rivert dif- DON ficult of accefs, and has an excellent har- bour. Lon. 70 10 w, lat. li xb N. Dominica, one of the Windward Ca- , ribbee Illands, in the W Indies. It lies about half-way between Guadaloupe and Maitinico, and is near x8 miles in lengthy and 13 in-breadth. It was taken by die Engliih in 1761, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1 7 6 3 . The French took it in 1778, but reftored it in 1783; and in 1795 thev made an unfuccefsful at- tempt, for all the Frenchmen that landed were either killed or taken prifoners. The foil is thin, and better adapted to the rearing of coffee than fugar i but the fides of the hills bear the finett trees in the W InJies>. and the ifland is well lup- plied with rivulets. The capital is Char> lotte Town, formerly Rofeau. Dominica, one of the iflands of the S Pacific Ocean, called the Mar^ucfas. Lon. 139 2 w, lat. 9 41 s. Domino, St. one of the Tremiti Iflands, in the s^ulf of Venice, 15 fnilea from the co»ft of Naples. Do MIT z; a town of Mecklenburg Schwerin, with a fort, feated at the con- fluence of the Elbe and Elve, 25 miles s of Schwerin. Lon. 11 41 e, lat. 53 15 N. Dommel, a river of Brabant, which, receives the Aa below Bois-le-Duc, and then falls into the Meiife. Domo-o'Ossola, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a caflle, leated on the Tola, at the foot of the Alps, 16 miles N of Varallo. DoMREMY-LA-PucEL^t, a village •£ France, in the department of Meufc and late province of Barrois, remarkable fw the birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is feated on the Meufe, five miles from Neufchateau. Don, a large river that feparates Eu- rope from Afia. It iffues from lake St* Jc^n,in the government of Morcow,and di- vides, near Tclierkaile, into three ftreams, which fall into the fea of Aibph. 1 his river has fo many windings, is fo fhallovr in many parts, and has fuch numerous flioals, as to be fcarcely navigable, except in the fpring, on the melting of the fnows ; and its mouths ahb are fo choked up with fand, that flat-bottom boats only, except in the fame feafon, can pafs into the fea of Afoph. Don, a riverof Scotland, which rifes in Aberdeenfhire, joins the Urie Water at In- verary, and paffing by Kintore, falls into the Britifh Ocean at Aoerdeen, within two miles of the mouth of the Dee. ' Both thelia rivgrs are noted for the falmon fifberr, M X It!! I I' 1 D O O b 'k ' 1)0tf, a river in YoAfhire, -^luch craters Sheffield, Rotherham, ami Don- cafter, and joins the Aire, near its tei mi- nation with the Ouie. DoNAWERT, a flrong town of Ger- tnany, on the frortitrs of Suabia, iul>- jeft to the duke of Bavaria. It is fta(»:d '<(n the N ftde of the Danube, 25 miles n of Au^urg. Lon. II 5 E, lat. 48 52 u. pONCASTER, a corporate town in the W riding of Yovkfhirc, with a market Ion Saturday. It is fcated on the river l^on, and had a calile, now in ruins. It !s large and well-built, governed by a mayor, and has manufactures of ftockingj, Itnit waiftcoats, and gloves. It is 37 miles s of York, and 160 n by w of Xondon. Lon. i ii "', lat. si 33 N. DoNCHERRY, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes and late jkfdvince of Champagne, feated on the Meufet three miles from Sedan. Lon. 5 2 £y lat. 49 4.2 N. Donegal, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ulfter, 68 mJcs in length, ■and 44 in breadth ; bounded on the e by Xondoriderry and Tyrone, on the w and V by the ocean, and on the s by Fer- managh and the bay of Donegal. It ^contains 40 pariflies, and fends 12 mem- 'bers to parKamtint. It is, in general, a champaign country, and abounds v/ith 'harbours. Donegal, a town of Ireland, capital ftf a couniy of the fame name, feated on the bay of Donegal, 10 miles N of Bally- 'Jl^annon. L the county-town of Suther. landfhire, at the entrance of a Aith of the fame namej over which It ha3 a fen-y to Tain. It i« a fmall place, and half in ruins, but was the refidence of the bifhops of Caithnefs. Par of the cathe- dral fervcs for the paiifli ''u.chj tlie other part is in ruins. It 40 miles NE of Invemeicfi Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 57 5* N. DoRPT, or DoRPAT, a town of Li- vonia, on the Ember, between the lakes Wofero and Pepa.s, 60 miles s of Narva. Lon. 27 ft £, lat. 58 18 N. Dorsetshire, a county of England, extending 50 miles in length, and 38 Where broadeft j bounded on the N by Somei-fetfhire and Wiltlhire, on the B by Hampfliire, on the s by the English Chan- nel, and on the w by Devorifliire and So- tnerletftiire. It lies in the diocefe of Brif- tol, fends ao members to parliament, and Contains, 34 hundreds, 22 market-towns, and 248 pai'iOies. Tt^e air on the hills is fotnewhat bleak and A)arp, but very mild and plealant near 'the coaft. The foil is generally rich and fertile, though in fome paits very fandy : the northern I)art, which is divided by a range of chalk lills from the fouthern, affords good paf- ture for cattle ; while the fouthern part chiefly confifts of fine downs, and feeds incredible nun^bers of iheep. The chalk hills, which run tlu'ough every county from t)ie (e part of the kmgdom thus far, terminate at the further extremity of this j but on the coaft, chalk cliffs extend be- yond it into Dtvonfhire, 10 miles w of Lyme. From the Hampfliire border to the neighbourhood of Blandford, a heathy common extends, which caufes an ex- ception to the general character of fer- tility which this county merits ; but the rich vales to the sw make ample amends. The principal rivers arc the Stour and Fronie. Here is plenty of poultry of all forts, fwans, wooitcocks, pheafants, par- tridges, fwldi^ares, &e. The produ6ls a^e cqrn, yrooL Ivippi fine ftone, .and fome marble. This county is diftin^uifhed for its woollen ro^nufaaures, and its fine ale and beer. Dorchefter is the capital. See Portland an4 Purbegk. DoRT, 01; DoRpR^cHT, a city in HoUand, iimQU> for a prot^ftaiit lynod held in s6i 9, which condemned toe tejufts of ^mii^ius.' tt is feated on an ifland of the Kleufe, oppofite that of Yifel- mvfit {rooa.wf *\i it was torn, in 142 1, by a di^adiul urniptioii of the riverij P O V which broke down the dikejS, and d«» ftroyed 71 villages, and }po,ooo perlbnSt In I4S7, this city waj almoft entirely deflroyed by fire. It fufrendered to the French in January 1795^ It is 10 mile* se of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 51 50 N. Dortmund, a ftrong imperial towa of Weftphalia, in the county of Manck, feated on the Emlter, 35 miles NS «f Cologne. Lon.. 7 35 E, lat. 51 26 M. DouAY, a city of France, in the de* pnrtment of the Noith and late Frenck Flanders. It has a fine arlenal, a foua» dry for cannon, a military fchool, a citaf del, and tliree famous colleges. Tin great f quare in the centre of iw city, and the principal church, are worthy qfnoticr^ It was taken by the Frexkh in 171^, after the fufpcnfion of arms between GxUf Britain and France. It is feated on di^ river Scarpe, whence there is a canal tp the Deule, 15 miles HW of Cambray. Lon. 3 10 £, lat. 50 22 N*. Do UBS, a department of France, in» eluding part of the late province of Franchc Comte. It is To nained fjwrn a river whic^ falls into the Rhone. DotTE, a fmall towa.of France, in tl)^ department of Maine and Loire and la^ province of Anjou. It has one of ih« fineft fountains in France } and near it k a vaft Roman amphitheatre, cut o\it of tl^ (olid rock. It is nine milei s,w cf Saumur. Dove, a river in Derbyfhire, which rifes in the Peak, parts the county frojQ StafFordfhire, and falls into th^ Tren^ four miles N of Burton. Do V ED ALE, one of the moft romantic fpots in Derbyfhire, in the neighbour- hood of Afhborn. Here the river Dc'..« runs in a chafm between precipitous rocks. Dover, a feaport in Kent, whh a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is fliuate between two high cliffs, on one of which is an ancient cs3Ue, S irom the town. It was repaired in 1756, and there are barracks in it for 3000 men. The town was once walled round, aiul had ten gates, hut there nojnr remain only three, aiul thole much out of repair j auo feven churches, which 9/x no^« reduced to two in the town and one in the caftlc ; and it v/r: formerly deemed the key ot the ifland. It is one of the cinque portSt governed by a OMybs, and iend» two meinbera tp parliament. I^ is the %tton of the packet-boats that, intune of peace* pafs betyveen Dover and £aJais> frofii which ft IS diftant only' at miW. M I 4| \^ J^ D O U D R ii. The harbour is made by a gap in the cliffs, which are of a fublime height, though certainly exaggerated in Shak- fpeare'is celebrated dclcription. Hence, in fine weather, is a prolpeft of the c'oaft of France. Dover is' 15 miles se of Canterbury and 72 of London. Lon. i X3 E, lat. 51 8 N. Dover, a town of the county of Kent, and itate of Delawaie, in N Ame- rica. It is the, feat of the government, and ftands on Jones' Creek, a fevv miles from Delaware Bay. Four Itreets inter- feft each other at right angles,' in the centre' of the town, whofe incid^nries form a fpacious parade, on the E fidv of which is an elegant ftatehioufe of brick. The town has a confiderable trade with Pbrladelphia ; ahd wheat is the principal article of export.' It is a6 miles s by w of Philadelphia. Lon. 75 30 w, lat. 39 DoTTERO, or DouRo, a river of Spain, which rifes in Old Caftile, in the niouri- tains of Urbion, runs w by feveral towns, and croffing Portugal, falls into the At- lantic Ocean, near Oporto. Douglas, a town in Lanerkfhire, on a river of the fame name that falls into the Clyde, above Lanerk. Here is Doug- lafs Caftle, for ages the refidence of the fecond family in Scotland. A modern building has bctn erefted on the fame ^ite, in imitation of the ancient caflle. It js 37 miles sw of Edinburgh. Douglas, a feaport ot 'the Ille of Man, nearly at the fame diftanee from the £ngU(h-, Scotch, and Irifh fhores, and the beft harbour in the ifland. Lon. 4 «o w, lat. 54 12 N. Douglas, Cape, a lofty promon- tory on the w coaft of America, w^ithm the entrance of Cook's River. Its fiim'- mit appears above the clouds, forming two very high mountains. Lon. 1*13 30 vv, lat. 58 56 N. • DouRAK, a town of Perfia, near the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris, remarkable- for th* reed of which they make pens. Lob. 56 57 e, lat. 32 15 n. DouRDAN, a town of France, in the dcjiarttneiJt of Seine and Oife and late province of the Ifle df France, with a manufa^ure of filk and worfted ftock- ings. It is feated on tlie Orge, 25 miles SW of Paris'. ' Lon. 2 lO £, lat. 48 35 N. ^ "■ , DouRLACH, a town of Suabia, capital of Baden Dourlach." It was buriit by the French in 1689. The inhabitants are |)roeeiifi4}trt It is fcated qn the Gi- effen, it miles s of Philipfburg. Lon. 9 28 E, lat. 49 2 N. DouLCNS, or D0URI.ENS, a town of France, in tljie department of Somme'ahd late province of ricardy, wi^h tvfo cita- dels. It is feated on th^ Autie, 15 miles N of Amiens. Lon. 2 23 e, lat. 50 JON.' Do WL ATAB A. , formerly called Amed- nagur, a proyince of the i5ec<;an of Hin- dooftan. It is bounded on ihe N by Candeilh and Malway, on the w .by the Gauti, on the s by VifiApour and Gol. conda, and on the e by Berar. Aurun- jgabad is the capital. . DowLATABAD, a fortrefs in the Dec- can of Hindooftan, 15 miles Nw of Au- rungabad. In the ijeighbourhood ary the pagpdas of Elora, moft of which arc cut out of the natural rock. Lon. 76 o E« lat. r9 55 N. • ' • Down, a coupty of Irela^id, in the province of Ulfler, 42 mile^ in length, ana ?4. in breadth ; bounded on the e b^ th^ rifli Sea, on the w by Armagh, on the N w by Antrim, arid on the s by Carling- ford Bay and the o'ceaii. It contains '72 parifhes, and fends 14. members to parliament. It is a fertile country, though in fome places incumbered with bogs. Down, the capital df the county of Down, in Irelaiid. It is a borough and market-town, feated on the river Newry, feven miles w of Strangford Bay. Lori. 5 42 w, lat. 54 29 N. ■ Do WN s, a road on the e coaft of Kent, between "the N and' S Foreland. It is a famous rendezvous for fhipping. Sep Godwin Sands. DowNtON, a borough in Wilts, with a market oh Friday.' It is governed by a mayor, fends' two members t.6 parlia- ment, and is feated' on the Avon, fix miles SE of Salifbufy, and' 84 wsw of London. Lon. i 36 w. lat. 51 onI DoWNHAM, a town in Norfblk, with a market on Saturday. It is feated oft rhe Ouft, and noted for the prodigious quantity of butter that is brbught hither, and fent up the Oufe to Cambridge, whence it is conveyed in waggons to Londbn, and known there by the name of Cambridge butter', it is 35 miles ne of Cambridge, and 88 N by E of London. Lon. o 20 E, lat. 52 40 n.' Draguicnan, a town of France, in the department of Var ahd late province of Provence, 10 miles NW of Frejus. Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 43 31 N. Drav£, a coniidcrabb river of Oer> D R O 15 RU Lou. 9 |town pf le'ahd vo cita^i lat. 50 lAmed- IpfHin- N by by the Id Gol; lAunin- e Dec- of Au< od arj^ ich are .76 OE, in the _,th, and Jby th^ on the rtJany, which rifes in the Tirol, runs acrofs Carinthia, and entering Stiria, con- tinues its courfe to Marpurg ; then it runs along the confines of Sclavonia and Lower Hungary, pading; by Efleck, and a little after falls into the Danube. Drayton, a town in Shrop/hlre, with a market on Wednefday, feated on the river Torn, which feparates this county from Staffordfhire. It is 17 miles ne of Shrewftjury, and 154. NW of London. Lon. X Z2 w, lat. 52 54. N. Dresden, a city of Germany, capital of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe into the Old and New Town, which are nnited by a bridge 685 paces long, and furrounded by ftror» fortifications. It has a cattle, a univeriity, and a ma? a town in JDrumfirici- M + il'l! DUB DUX (hlxf, in the diftria of NithTdalc} rcw iiptrluble ^r a wood^ of. oak fix miles in len^ :K. Here is a noble leat of the duke one of the parks here, Mr. Gilpin faw a- few of the wild cattle which anciently in- ^abiiled the woods of Scotland. 1 beie VniiTials, he fays, are milk-white, except ^eir nofes, earsj.and the orbits of their eyes, which are black : they rtfemble the common cow in many rci'pCiSls^ but their form, is more elegant, with a fpiriteo wild- st^ in their looks, and they bound like deer. Drumlam'ig is feated on the river |f ith, 1 3 miles N of Dumfries. Lon. 3 31 w, lat. 55 25 N. Pkusknueim, f fortified ; town of Alface, oh the river Moteri near the ^hine, five nule^ sb of Haguenau. Drusjss, a people of Syria, on the inountains Libuius and Antilibanus. ^key pretend to be defcended from the jPfeAch that wen( to conquer Jerufalem ; fflud call themlielves ChiiftianS: hovtreyer, ijiey are warlike, inured to labour, aje gt^t enemies of the Turks, and have eijr particular princes, called Emirs. ^ Dublin, a county of Ireland, in the* l^rovince of Loinfter, *7 miles in length, fiAd 1 7 in breadth ; bounded on the e by the Jrii^ ik^, on the N by £»A Meath and ^ Iri^l Sea, on the w by f:aft Meath and Kildare, and op the S by Wicklow. It liontaii^s 87 pariih^s^ four market-towns, and one city, and lends 10 members to l^arliameac. , pvif.iVi tht saplta) of Ireland, in a 0piH)ty pf the fame name, with a biihop's Jpe i leated on the Liffey, in view of the ijfifh St» on the e. Its form is that of a ^uare, two miles and a half in extent on f ach ifde> and it contains about 22,000 liovl'es, whofe inhabitants are eftimated 'j%t 1 56,000. With rel'pe6l to its ftreets, JChfbJin has a near refea.blance to Lon- don j great improvements having been JJlttly made in regard both to conve- nience and embeUiAunent i and there 9re ievera) raagnificenf ffjnares, fome of nvllieh are newly built. It has two ca- lliedrals, j 8 parifti cimrches, t\to chapels «f eafe, 1 5 Koman catholic chapels, 1 3 jneeting-houfes tor difl'enters of various (icnominations, three foreign chwches, and a fynaeogUe. Among the principal Siiblie buildings ^re the Caflle (the reii- eace of tb« Ticeroy) the Parliament 3Ioiife» Trinity Caiitgt, the Royal Ex- change, Ike Cuftomhiufe, the Royal Hof- pital oi Kilmainham for invalid s» and Wx hnf^t OBK of the fivi bridges over the LiflW. The Houfe of Commons wu dc^h'oyed by fire in 1 792, but is now re- built. The harbour is choked up by two banks of fand, which prevent veflels of large burden from going over the bar ; a deleft which will be remedied, no dpubti by fome fine projeftwi improve- ments. A canal has been made from the Liifey, which communicates with the Shannon near Clonfert. Dublin is 60 miles w of Holyhead, in Wales, and 330 Nw of London. Lon. 6 6 \v, lat. 53 2IN. Duck Creek, a town of K America, in the ftate of Delaware. It carries on a confiderable trade with Philadelpbia } and i« 12 miles NW of Dover. Dudley, a town in Worcefterfliire, with a market on Saturday, and a ^reat manufai^uie of nails and other iron> war-^s. There is a church at each end of the longeft ftrcet. It is 10 miles NW of Birmingham and 120 ot London. Lon> low, lat. 52 33 N. DUERSTADE. See WlCK-DE-DUER- STADE. DuiSB.URC, a town of Weftphalia, iti the duchy of Cleves, with .- univerfityj feated on the Rocr, near the Rhine, 1 2 miles N of Dufleldorf. Lon. 6 50 £, lat. 51 22 N. DuKE OF York's Island, an iiland in the S Pacific Ocean, difcovered by commodore Byron in 1765, lying n of the Friendly Iflands. Great numbers of feafowl were feen fitting on their nefts, and fo devoid of fear, that they did not attempt to move at the approach of the feamen, but fuffered themfelves to be knocked down; a fign, that no human being had ever before been there. The ground was covered by land-crabs, but no other animal was ft en. Lon. 17a 30 w, lat. 809. DvKB OF York's Islant>, an ifland in the S Pacific Ocean, about 10 miles long, lying between Lord Howe's Group and the se point of New Ireland. The natives go entirely naked ; are ttout, well made, and of a light copper coldur: their hair is woolly, but they drefs it with greafe and pevdef, and make it hang Uke casdlewicks. The powder is a lime made from fliells or cored : they generally cb.ry itabo'it thena in a gourd i and, when they are hoftilelydirporea,take a<)tiantity of it in their hiand« from which, with a ftrong blaft of the mouth, they blow it before thail : at a iivall diiiance, it has the appearance of firing gunpowder, aod> no dotibt, it meant as a token of defiance. Xhtit wcaipoiis ttre kiKCs ftbflVt i» ft$i Ms w&t how re- lup bv rfliire, ^reat iron- h end c« NW andon. D U M Wng, eitlier made of a hard wood, like ebony, or bamboo pointed with hard woout they have alio Hings, front which they caft a round pebble with great force and exa6lneft } and a loi^ unlundy kind of club. Moft of them chew the bctle, and ufe with it the chenan and a leaf, as praAifed in the E Indies ; by which their mouths appear red, and their teeth, in time, become black. The only mufical inltrument among them is compofed of feveral hollow reeds, of different lengths, fattened together. Their huts are Imall, and neatly made, chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the fhade of a grove of cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before them, within which the plantain, banana, yam, lugar-cane, &c. are cultivated with ibme pams. In fliort, the illand is a perfefl garden, and produces, befide the plants above-mentioned, betle-nuc, mangoes, bread-fruit, and guavas. Here are alib dogs, hogs, poultry, and fome ipices. The nutmeg was feen by captain Himter, who anchored in Port Hunter Bay, in this iiland, in May 1791. Lon. 152 4.x e, lat.4.7S. DuLAS, a village on the ne fide of the ille of Angleley, much frequented on account of the corn and butter trade ; and for iiem-aihes. N«iar it is a red ochrey earth, fit for paintingi snd veins of lead ere. DuLDSRSTADT, a town of Germany, In the duchy of Bruniwick, fubjefl to the cleAor of Mentz, feated on the rivei- Whipper, 15 miles e of Gottingen, and 130 NB of Mentz. Lon. 10 14. e, lat. 51 ^i N. DuLMEN, a town of Weftphalia, in the bifhopric of Mynfter, iS miles sw of Muniter. {.<»• 7 4 Wj lat. 51 47 N« DuLVERTON,atown in Somerletlhire, with a market on Saturday, feated on a branch of the Ex, 24 miles e of Bam- ftaple, and 164 nv by s of London. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 5« 3 N. DuLAViCH, a village in Surry, famous for its college, founded by Edomd Al- leyn, a principal perfopncr qf Shak- ^are's plays, in the reign of Elliabeth. Be called it. The College qf God^s Gift, and endowed it for a maftqr, war- den, and four fellows; three of whom were to be dii^s, and the foiuth an orgamft ) for fix poof men and fyi poor women, and for 12 poor boysj tip be edu- cated by two of the fellows. The mafter and warden are always to be of the name of Allejia or Allen, and to be fingle men. Itis five miles s oi Lcmdon. D U M of Dumbuton(hire» fcatr'l at the donAu.^ ence of the Leven and Clyde, with a ftono bridge over the former. Its principal manufafhire is glafs; but many of the young women are employed in the print- fields on the banks of the Leven. Dum- barton Caftle, in which a sarrifon is ftill kept, is a place of Tome ftrenffth j and, in ancient times, was deemed impreg- nable : its fituation is very pi6lurefque« being on a \ aft rock, with two tops of unequal height, fteep on every fide, and rifing to the height of 500 feet, amid a plain, unconnected with any high groxind for the fpace of a mile. Dumbarton is 15 miles wNw of Glafgow. Lon. 4 30 w, lat. 56 o N. DuMBARTONsiriRE, anciently called Lennox, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N by Perthshire, on the £ by Stir- lingfhire, on the s by the counties of Lanerk and Renfrew, and on the w by Loch Loung, which divides it from Ar- ^ylefhire. Its greateli length is 50 miles ; Its bivadth nut above 12. The w part of this county abounds with great mo- rafTes ; but near the rivers it is fertile in corn. See Lomond, Loch. DuMBLANE, a village in Perthfhix«» remeikabie for a battle, called the battle of Sheriff-muir, between the duke of Argyle and the rebel earl of Mar, ia 1 7 1 5 . At the upper end of the village is a ruinous cathedral. It is 30 miles NW of Edinburgh. DuMF£RMLiNB,aboroughinFifefhirey which is a confiderable manufacturing town, and has a good trade in linen goods, particularly diapers. Here ts a royal palace, the birthplace of Charlea i and of the princefs Elifabeth, mother of the princeis Sophia, wife to George i. Ad- joining to tnis was a magnificent abbey, part of thf rcntains of wluch now ferve for a church. In this place were buried Malcolm and his queen, and feveial kings of Scotland. It is 1 5 miles N w of J^iitk' burgh. Lon. 3 27^, lat. 56 5 n. Dumfries, a town of Virginia, on the river Potomac. DuMPRips, a royal borough of Scot- land, capital of DumfrieOiire, feated be* tween two hills, on the river Nith. It it a regular wcll-huilt town, eight miles H of Solway Frith, and 30 wnw of Car- Mc Lon, 3 29 w, lat. 55 i^ n. Dumfriesshire, a county of Scot- land, bounded on the N bv the fhires of Lanerk and Peebles, on the b by thofe of Selkirk and Roxburgh, on the s by Solway Frith, and on the w by the c9mRti«l 9^ Kirkcudbright and Ayr. It !' ," i! '■ 1 I A I : j r f I HW""^" inm";wm DUN D UN' H 50 milrs long, and its greitcft brf adth is JO. See Annandale and Nnns- DAI.E. DoNHAR, aroyal horough in Hadding- tonfliiic, feared near the German Ocean. It has a good harbour, which was tor- mcrlydcfendM by a caftlc, built on a rock, but IS now ill ruins. Under the rock, on which the caftle ftands, are two natu- ral itrches, tiirough which the tide flows j and between the harbour and the caftlc, is a ftratum ot* vaft bafahic columns. Dimbar is remarkable for the defeat of Jolm Bajiol's armv.by carl Warrenne, in 1296, a id for a viftory gained by Crom- well over the Scots, in 1650. It is 15 inilcs E of Edinburgh. Lon. 2 34 w, lat. 56 ON. DuNCANNON, a fortrefs, and town of Ireland, in the county of Wexford, fcated on the river Rots, i\x miles B of Water- ford. Lon. 6 46 w, lat. 52 16 n. DuNDALK, a feaport of Ireland, in the county of Louth, on a bay of the fame name, 20 miks nnw of Droglieda, Lon. 6 17 w, lat. 54 12 N. DvtiDEU, a royal borough in Anguf- fliire, with an excellent harbour. The new church and the town-houfe are ele- rant Jtruftures. The loft) Gothic'tower, »n the middle of the town, is part of a *«agnificcnt confeci-ated edifice, Wiilt in the 1 2th centur}-. 'Here artr mamifa6lurei of glafs, coarfe linen, lailcloth, cordage, thread, buckram, tanned leather, Ihoes, and hats j arid alfo a fugar-houle. Th. iiihabitants are computed at i6jOoo. It is fcated on the N fide of the frith of Tay, 14. miles NW of St. Andrew's. Lon." 2 55 wj lat. 56 30 n. T!)tJMEBUicc, a town of Livonia, on the Dwina, 90 miles SE of Riga. Lon. 47 oE, lat. 56 S N. DiJNGANNON, a tX)Wi of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, 11 miles nnw of Armagh. L6n. 6 39 w, lat. 54. 38 n. - DviTgarvON, a feaport of Ireland, in the county of Waterford, featedon Dun- garvon Bay, 22 miles sw of Waterford. ion. 7 *9 w, lat. 52 6 N. DuNGENESS, a cape, on the coaft pf Kent, eight miles s by w of Romney. Lon. o 59 E, lat. 50 52 n< DuNKELD, a town in PertWhire, fitu- ate amid vaft rocks, partly naked, and partly wooded, under which the • Tay rolls its majeftic ftream. Its romantic fituation, and the benefit of drinking goats whey, render this place the refort of much genteel company in fummer. It is the market-town of the Highlands on that fide, and carries on a mamifa^ure of linen. The duke of Athnl has a fine feat here, fkrecncd by the Grampian mountains ; and near it ai-c the ruins of a cathedral, part of which ancient ftruc- ture is now the parifli church. Dunkeld i« 12 miles N of Perth. Lon. 3 36 w, lat. 56 35 N. Dunkirk, a confiderable feaport of France, in the department of the North and late French Flanders. It was taken fi'om the Sj)aniards by the Englifh and French in 1658, and nut into the hands of the Englifli, but fold to the French by C^harlcs 11, in 1662. Lewis xiv made it one of the bcft foi tified ports in the kinrrdomi but all the valt and expenfive works were dcmolifhed, and the bafms filled up, in ccnlequtnce of the treaty of Utrecht, in' 171 3. Tlw French ntter- ward refunied the works j bnt they were ordered to be demoliihed by the peace of ^763, wlten- it was ftipulated that an En!?;lifli commifiary (hould relide at Dun- Hrk, in order to lee that the terms of the treaty were ftriilly adhered to. By the peace of 1783, the commid'ary was withdrawn, ajid tlie French were left to refume the works. The Englifli attempted to lay fiege to this place, in 1793, but y/vcrc obliged,' by a reperior army, -to re- tire. It IS 22.miles»W'of Oftend. -Lon^ 2 28 E, lat. 51 2 Ni •■'••': ' ' ' ' c- » DuN-LE-ROi, a town of France, irt the department of Cher and late province of Berr>', 20 miles s of Bourges. LoA. 2 29 e; lat. 4.6 45 N. • DuNLOP, fometimes pronounced De- tAPj -a village in Ayrlhire, ih the dil^ trift of Cunningham, celebrated for rich and delicate cheefe. - DuNMOw, Great, a town of Eflex, with a market- on Saturday, and a nianu- fa6>ure of bays. It is 13 miles s of Chelmsford, and 40 ne of London. Lon. o 24 E, lat, 51 54 N. DuNMOW, Little, a village in Ef- fex, adjoining to Great Dunmow. It 'had once ipncTry j and is ftill famous for the cuftom initituted in the reign of Henry III, by Robert de Fitzwalter, and now the tenuiii of the manor; namely, that whatever married couple will go to the priory, and fwear, kneeling upon two pointed ftones, that thev have not Quar- relled, nor repented 01 their marriage, within a year and a day after it took place, fhali receive a flitch of bacon. Some old records mention feveral that have claimed and received it. It has ■been afhially received fo lately as fince the year 1750, by a weaver and his wife, of Coggdhal* in EiTex. It hat been tk- fine Ipian }»of Jruc- fkeld w, of lorth iken |anri Is of by Jade the ^five of Iter- D U R ■manJid more recently ftill ; but the cere- mony being attended with a great expence to the Ijrd of the maniir, the demand ia now evaded. DuNNiNGTON,a town in Ltncolnihi^e, with a market on Saturday > ^^ miles su of Lincoln, and i x i N of London. Lon. © 7 w, lat. 51 55 N. DuNNOSE, a cape, oathe s fide of the Ifle of Wight, Lon. x 16 w, lat. 50 33 N- DuNSE, atownin Berwickfhire, (ituare between ihc forks of the rivei s Black- adder and Whittadder, in a rich and fer- tile country, ii miles w of Berwick upon Tweed. Lon. z 5 \v, lat. 55 46 n. DumsTablk, a town in Bedford/hire, with a market on Wednefday. It is feated on a dry chalky hill, and has four ftreets, which regard the four cardinal points. The church is the remainder of a prtoty, and oppofite to it if a farm- houfe, once a royal palace. Dunftabie is famous for elegant baflcets, Sec. made of ftraw, which are even an :vrcicle of ex- portation. It is 17 miles S of Bedford, and 34. NW of London. Lon. o 29 w, lat. 51 59 N. DuNSTAFPNAGE. a Venerable caftle, near Loch Etive, In Argylefhire, for- merly a royal palace, dnd aftex^vard the feat of the lord of the ifles. ' DuNSTER, a ruinous caftle on a high rock, on the coa(t of Kincardinelhire, iz miles 8 of Aberdeen. It belonged to the family of Keith, earls marihal of Scot- , land. DuNSTERy a town in Sometretnure, with a market on Friday, and a harbour on the Briftol Channel. It is 10 miles Kw of Taunton, and 158 w of London. Lon. 3 41 w> Ikt. 51 13 N. Dun wiCH, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It is leated at the top of a loofe cliff, and was formerly a bifhop's fet, but it is now only the re- mains of a town, all but two pariflies be- ing fwallowed up by the fea. It fends two members to parliament, and is 24 miles s of Yarmouth, and 99 N of Lon- don. Lon. I S5E) lat. 5% zi N. Durance, a river of France, which is formed near Brian^on, of the rivulets Dure and Ance, and watering Embrun, Tallard, Sifterbn, Monofque, and Cava- illon, falls into the Rhone, below .Avig- non. DuRANGO, a populous town of Spain, in BiCcay, 14 miles SE of Bilboa. Lon. % 56 w, lat. 43 iS N. DuRANGO, a town of New Spain, in New Biftay, with a biihop's fee, and good D U R • • • ^ falt-workt, in a fertile country. Loa. X05 o w, lat. 24 50 N. DuRAZZO, a village of Albania, with a Greek archbifhop's fee. It has a ruined fortrefs, and a g^d harbour on the gulf of Venice, 50 miles n of Valona. Lon* 19 19 E, lat. 41 54 N. DuRBY, a town of French Luxem- burg, capital of a county of the fame name, leated on the Outre, 20 miles s. of l^iege. Lon. 5 28 e, lat. 58 18 N. DuRCKEiM, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of th» Rhine, la miles nb of Keuftadt. Lon. 8 zj £, lat. 49 zi N. DuREN, a town of Germany, in the duchy, of Jullers, on the river Koer,' li miles ' s ^ of Juilicrs. Lon. 6 40 e, lat. 50 44-,,N^ , ,< ^ 1,' DURHAM) a coimty of England, cal* led the bi/hopric of Durham, bounded on the N by Northumberland, on the E by the German Ocean, on the s and sw bjr Yorkihire, and on the w by Wefhnor* land and Cumberland. It extends 37 miles from N to s, and 47. from i to |v ; con^tains one city, feven market- towiu« and 113 pai'ifhes , and fends four memhjsrs to parliament. , The air is wbolefpn^^ and though very (harp in the weltero pa^, is milder toward the lea, whofe wa^m vapours mitigate the feverity of the winter fealbns. The foil Is very various \ the w fide being mountainous and bairen. while the E and s confift of beautiful meadows, woods, and corn-fields. Im-« menl'e quantities of co^l, le^d, and iron» are found in the bowels of the earth. The principal rivers are the Wear, Tees, Tyne,.'and Drrwent. Durham, the capitalof the county iolF Durham, with a mailcet oh iSaturday, and a blfhop's lee. It is compaftly bui^ on a hill, on a beautiful windin? of thp Wear, over which are two itone bridge^. Its cathedral Is a large and magnificent edifice. It is furroundcd by a v^i, and has a caftle, now the bifhop's palace* feated on the higheft put ot the hill. It contains fix pariih churches, befide the cathedral, and is well inhabited. Dur« ham has a manufacture of fhalloont, tammies, and calamancoes; and around it are grown large quantities of the beft muftard. Nevirs Crofs, near this city, was ere£led rn memory of the vi£lory oo- tained by queen Philippa, in 1 346, over David Bruce, king of Scotland, who waa taken prifoner in this battle. Durham fends two members to parliament ; ia 14. miles s of Newcaftle, and 257 n by w of London. Lon. i 27 w, lat. 54 50 n. DuRSLEY, a tovm in GioucQAcrihire» •r I m Mi~' EAR E Blir WttKa market on Thurfdayt ami a caftle, llowin ruins. It is inhabitcHhy clothiefs, and ieated near thi Severn, i \ miles sw of Gloucrfter, and 107 w of London, Lon. » a3 w, lat. 51 40 n. Dusky Bay, a ba) of the ifland of Ne^ ZeL'land, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 16'; iX E, lat. 45 47 s. DvssELOORF, a Itrong citj^, capital of the duchy of Berg. It contains about X 8,000 inhabitants, including tiie garri- fan. It was formerly the refidence of the elector palatine, contiguous to whole palace is'a celebrated gallery of paintings. A new town, called Carlfladt, is neaily completed. It is divided into fix regular Jiiiarters that open into ah ex^nfiv^ quare ; and, f^om the unlfori'nlty, of the luiildinga (exclufive of the pevv palace; m4 academy of p^intingY forms a bei^UT tifiil addition to tne old city. DuflTeldorf was taken by the French in I7ii5; 'it is ieated on the ri;vi;r iDufTel, near tnb Rhine* its miles Nw of Cologne., Lon, l5 5a e, lat. 51 laN. ~ DutiiijcEtJ, at(Jwn6f ^uabia, with a bridgeover the Danubfe, and a fca!ftle, feitted on a mctuhtain . It belongs fo the dtflk* of Wirtemburg, and is ^j 'mites N^y' of Conftanee. Lon. 9 z e, lat. 48 JON. . '■ ; '■'; ' JbuYVELAND, one of •■he IflSnds Of Zk^land, in the Uhitfed ' Provinces, E of Schowen, fronji which it is feparated by a narrow channel. ■" ' ' 'DwiNA, a river of Ruflla, which runs from s to N and fa)U into tht Ayhite Sea, at Archangel. ' .! .' ,j ' I>WiNA, a nver of LUhuaiih', which divides Livonia froni Courland, and falls into th£ Baltic^ belc^v Riga. '' DysAkT, a borough in FIfeflure, ftated on the frith of Forth, 1 1 miles N Edinburgh. It has a confiderable trade ^ coal. Lon. 3 6 w, lat. 56 9 n. 3]. .ad '•.! E. I ^iK :> • > -A- £APOWE, one of the Fftendly li- landsi, in the S Pacific Ocean* d.if- cover^'by Tafman,in 1643, j^nd bynim pamed Middlebuig. The land gently 'rifes ta a copiiderabie height, preien^flg a beautifurprofpeft of extenCve iveftdow?, adb^'hjed yv'ixk tufts of trees, aiid inter- ^mixed with plantatjoqij. ^,9^^^ 1^54 3^0 IV, lat. 3,1 24 ^. 'r,^"/ ■ ,5 ■ .\... Eahlston, or F/ARSiV+^N," a town Sn Bei-Nyickihire, feated 01^ the river Leader, 35 miles sg of EdinbuJCgA* It is the birthplaoe of tho celebrated Thoman the ithyiticr, Whoui' ria\ name waa Thomas Lermont : thfe nilns Of the Htt|e towet he poffeflcd, ftlll remain at the w end of the town. ,A little .below Earlf- ton, on a rocky bank overlooking the Leader, ftands Cowdenknows, an old building, now fomewhat modernized ^ and, on the adjacent knolls, may \)e feen the remains of it's broom, fo renowned in Seotfifh ditty. ' Earn, a river, wliich iflues from a lake of the fam^ name, in Perthfliirei meanders for above 2,0 miles, through the valley of Strathearn, and joins the Tay| below Perth. " Earne, a fak^ of Irel'^nd, in th'« county of Fermanagh, 30 niiles in length. It is narrow in the middle; apd in thia 8 art is an ifland on which Aands.Inniv :iltlng. I . . EASTBpvRii, a town m SulTex, noted for plenty o^' the biirds called wfaeatears^ and as a place of re/ort for bathing. Jtt is feated near the Englllh Channel, 15 miles ESE of Lewes, ^nd 6$ SSE of London. , . Easter Isl Atio, an Ifland in the S Pa-r cific Ocean, ix leagues in circuit. It has a hilly and ftony l]i|'face, .an iron-bound fhOre, and aiiords neitheV lafe anch(»'age^ fre/h'water, hqr wosd foriixel. It is the fame tljat was fecn by Davis in i686{ it 'was next'vifited by Roggewein m 17**^ and again by captain Cook in 1774. The country Is naturally ban;'tn } j-ats are the only quadrupeds, and there are but few birds. The t;ars^of the people are long^ beyo;nd pr9|>prtion>- an^ tl^ir .bodies fcarcely any thing oF the human figure. Lon. 109 46 w« i^t. 27 5^8* East Looj?'.'' Sec Lode, East, aivl fo with other word^ th^tj hav^ tljje ftme name of poiittqri. 'I ,. „ ,^1,', , Easton, the capital of the county of Northampton, in r^^|ylvania>, a;t thp confluence of ihe Leigh and I/elawar^. Lon. 7517 w, lat. 40 aj n. Eastonness, the raofl: eafterly cape on the coaft of ^uflfolk* and the n point or Southwold !^ay. ^AttSE* an ancient town of Frai^ce, in the department Qf\Qer» fmd Ute juovince q£ Armagnac, 17 ^ik^ sw of Condonp. Lon. o 10 E, Is^f^/t^jTs^i N. EpeRBACH,,^ tPv?Jvof Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, remarkable for itSL wine. It i«. jilted on the Neckar, 10 mile;s NB of Heidelberg. Lpn. 8 $6 E, lat. 49 '26 N. Eberberg, a caftle of Gennany) in the palatinate qi t^ Rhine, featfid at the col 7 3 |honia« was little Sarir. |g the In old Jized i |e fecn M i^ }in a fdiirei ththe tha gth, this confluence of thc'Nabc ifind Alfen» eight Kilcs «w oK Creutanach. Ion. 7 51 k» t.*49 j8 N. .EB£I.st£|N» a diftrift and caftle of 8u&bia» fubjefl to the margrave of Baden. The. caftle is the chief place, fix ntiles »£ df Baden. Lon. 8 %o B, lat. 48 46 n. Ebbrstein, a town of France, in Alface, eight miks sw of Strafbuig. Lon. 7 46 jr, lat. 48 Z9 N. Eberville, a town of France, in the department of Puy-de-Dome and late province of Auvergnc, with a late rich Benedifline abbev. It li feated on the Scioule, eight miles NE of Rium. Lon. 3 IS £, lat. 45 59 N. Ebko, a river of Spain, which rifes in Che mountains of Samillane, in Old Caftile« and watering SaragolTa and Tor- toila, falls into the Mediterranean. ECATERRINENSLAF. See CaTHA- RINENSLAF. E c c L E p E c H A N , a village in Dumfrief- fliire, noted for its great monthly market for cattle. It is 10 miles SE of Dum- fries. EccLESHAL, a town in Stafford/hire, with a market on Friday. It is feated on a branch of the river Sow, and the bifliop of Lichfield and Coventry has a cattle here. It is fix miles Nw of Stafford and X43 of London. Lon. 2 9 w, lat. 53 a N. EcHTERNACH, a town of Auftrian Luxemburg, on the river Sout, in a valley lurrounded by mountains, 18 miles ne of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 33 E, lat. 49 .50 N. EcYA, or EzijA, an epifcopal town of Spain, in Andalufia, leatcd on the Zeml, 28 miles sw of Cordova. Lon. 4- »7 w, lat. 37 39N. Edam, a town of N Holland, famous for 'ts red rind cheefes, and feated on the Zuider-Zee, 20 miles N by b of Amfter- dam. Lon. 4 58 £, lat. 52 32 n. EoDYSTONE, the name of fome rocks in the Englifh Channel, which caufe va- riety of contrary fets of the tide or cur- rent in their vicinity. They arc fituate ssw from the middle of Plymouth Sound, at the'diftance of 14 miles. They are alraofl in the lii^e which joins the Start saH the Lizard Points, and their iituation with regard to the Atlantic is fych, that . ^1 the heavy feas from the &w cqme un- <|oi^^o]led upon the Eddyftone rocks, and .'break thereon vtidi the utmoft fuiy. On the principal rock (for the reft are under . water) Mr,. Winftndey-x i^ ^696, under- stock to build a lighthp^ie; and he com- pleted it id i'709< This ingenious 'toe* • .: • .■ ! ■ cKaolc'was fo certain of the ftabilitj p{ this'ftruflure, that he declared it was k^ wifh to be in it during the molt tremcad- ous ttofm. Uufortunnteiy, he had kit wiih: it WM (joftcoyed in the dreadful ftorm^Novcpiber S7, 1703, when he pe. rifhed in it. In 1709, another built of wood, but on a different conftruflion, was ere^led by Mr. Rudyard, which was coo. fumed by fire in 1 7 5 5 . Another, of ftoo*, was begun by the celebrated Mr. Smeaton, on April a, 1757, and finiflied Auguft 24j 1759* The rock, which Hopes to- ward the sw, i« cut into horizontal fteps, into which are dovetailed, and united W a ftrongcement, Portland ftone, and gra- nite. The whole, to the height ok 35 feet from the foundation, is a iblv' of ftones, engrafted into each other, aad imtted by eveiy means of additional ftrength. The building has four rooms* one over the other, and at the top a gal- lery and lantern. The ftone floors ai^ fiat above, but concave beneath, and are kept froin prefling againft the fidies of th« budding by a chain let into the walls. It is nearly 80 fe^t high, and fmce its con* pletiou has been ailaulted by the fury of the elements, without fufferin^ the fouuleft injury ; and, in all probability, nethiag but an earthquake can deftroy it. Its diftance from the Ram Head, the neareft point of land, is 12 miles. Lifn.4.1^ w, lat. 50 8 N. Eden, a river which rifes in Weft* morland, on the confines of Yorkfhires and running N by Appleby and Carliflc* falls into Solway Frith. Edenton, a town of N CaroUna» on the N fide of Albemarle Sound, with an epifcopal church. Its fttuation is advan- tageous for trade, but not for health. It is the capital of Chowan County, and 78 miles s by w of WiUiamftiuigh. Lon. 76 40 w, lat. 35 58 n. Ed G HILL, a village in Warwickfluret where the fir ft battle was fought between Charles i and the parliament, in 164a. It is 14 miles s of Waiwick. Edgware, a town in Middlefex, with a market on Thurfday, eight mites NW of London. Lon. o 14 W, Tat. 51 37 N. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland* in a county of the fame name, feated on three hills, or ridges, which run from e to w, in a dire£bion almoft pandle|. On the middle ridge, which is narrow and fteep, ftands the Old Town: tfao Nor.th Town is feated onanelevatedpUuff gently floping on every iide } and tj^ South Town itands alfo on a (un^ fl9l- iag eminence* The form of the Old 6 ■ I A inm «*■ ii EDI ' Town re(cmb!c« that of a turtle | tic cifll* being the head { the High Street} the ridge •f the back } the narrow lanes (which are called cbltk) the fliclving fidet i and Holyrood Houi'e, the tail. On each fide of this hill wai once a lake. The 8 valieyy drained of its waters, i> occupied by Cow- gate Street. The n valley ik alio drained ; out a dilhgreeable nioralt renmii^e, which ii ftili called the N Loch. The ancient caftle ie i'eated on a high, crany, and precipitous rock, with a drawbridge on the only fide that is acceflible ■ here is fliown the apartment in which was born James vi of Scotland, afterward James i of England. In the High Street is the ancient church of St. Giles, a fine Gothic ftru^lure, which has tour churches under -its ruof. Near this is the building in which the Scotch parliament were uliially convened : it is now occupied hy the <-ourts of Juftice ; and has a magnificent lofty hall. The pnlace of Holyro wit nea ovc uea ber wai roo 35 E G Y E G Y itiei. Icpjf. of ptth^ the eatre liii. ifcd rt j» (iron the and i$ »er- of N. 1742, but they were forced to evacuate it thr next year. Iti mineral waters b.« famoui. It it featcd on the £ger, 90 miles w of Prague. Lon. :i 40 E, lat. 50 9 N. EoREMONT, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is I'eated near the IriHi Sea, on the river £ben, over which are two bridges ; and on the Eeak of a hill is a calUe. It lent mem- ers to parliament in the reign of Ed- ward I, and is 14 miles S«v of Cocker- mouth, and 299 NW of Loncun. Lon. 3 35 w, lat. 54 3» N. Egypt, a country of Africa, 600 miles !n leneth, and 250 where broadeft ; bounded on the N by the Mediterranean, on the s by Nubia, on the e by the Ked Sea and the ilthnius of Suez, and on the w by the deferts to the E of Fezzan. The broadeft part is from Alexandria to Da- roietta, and thence it gradually grows narrower, till it approacheti Nubia. This country, fo famous in hiftory, hus not an extent proportionable to the defcriptlon the ancients have given of it} but when we confider the fertility of the country, that not a foot of ground remained un- cultivated, and that there was a great number of canals, which are now ^lled up, their accounts do not ieem improbable. Egypt is divided into the Upper, Middle, and Lower ; \vhich hfl comprehends the Delta; and though the air is naturally hot, and not very wholefome, it enjcys ib many other advantages, that it has been always extremely populous. The ancient kings governed Egypt, till Canibyies be- came mafter of it, 525 years B.C. and in their time all thole wonderful ftruAures wereraifcdi which we cannot behold with- out aftonifliment. Thele are tlie pyramids, the labyrinth, the immenfe grottos of the Thebais J the obelifks, temples, .md pom- pous palaces; the lake Mteris, and the vaft canals, which fervcd both for trade, and tc render the land fruitful. After this conqueft, Cambyfes demoliHied the temples, and perl'ecuted the priefts. This country continued under the Perfian yoke till the time of Alexander the Great, who, having conquered Pcrlla, built the city of Alexandria. He was fucceeded by Pto- lemy, the ion of Lagos, 324 years B. C. Ten kings of that name fucceeded each other, till Cleopatra, the filter of the laft Ptolemy, afcended the throne ; when ISgypt became a Roman province, and contmued fo till the reijgn of Ottiar, the fecond calif of the il\icceilors of Mahomet, who drove away the Rqmatas, after it had Wen in their hands 700 years.- When the power of the califs declined, Saladinc I'ct up the empire of the Mamlouks, which became Iq powerful in time, that they ex- tended their dominions over a great part of Africa, Syria, and Arabia. Lalt of all, Selim, a Turkilh emperor, conquered Egypt. The prefent population of Egypt is computed at 2,300,000. The in- habitants are compofed of four different races of people ; the Turks, who pretend to be mailers of the country ; the Arabs, who were conquered by the Turks j the Cophts, who are defcended i'loix the iirit Egyptians that became Chriltians ; and the Mamlouks, who were originally Cir- caflian or Mingrelian Haves, and being the only military Ibrce, are the real maltcrs of the country. Egypt has been, (ov many years, diltrafled by the civil wars between the ditferent contending beys, by which ics 24 provinces were governed. The famous Haflan Ali, the Turkilh admiral, gained feveral victories over them in 1786; but though he reprefled, he could not totally I'ubdue them ; and the Ottoman power in this country is now luppoled to be extremely precarious. Egypt can'Ied on a confulerable trade in £ India commodities, till the Portuguele found the way round the Cape of Good Hope. However the merchants of Eu- rope vifit the harbours in the Mediterra- nean, and import and export feveral Ibrtt of merchandtle ; and from other parts the natives get elephants teeth, ebony, gold dult, mulk, civet, ambergris, and coffee. The gold dull is brought from Negroland to Fez and Morocco, and thence to Cairo, over immenfe deferts. The principal commodities which the merchants pur- chafe, are coffee, fenna, caflia, rhubarb, fal ammoniac, myrrh, faffron, faltpetre, aloes, opium, indigo, fugar, fandal wood, dates, cotton cloth. Sec. The complexion of the Egyptians is tawny, and the lurther s the darker, fo that thole near Nubia are almolt black. They are generally indolent and cowardly,: the rlciier lort do nothing all day but drink colfee, finoke tobacco, and fleep; and they are igno- rant, proud, haughty, and ridiculouHy vain. From March to November, the heat, to an European, is almolt infup- portable ; but the other months are more temperate. The s winds are by the na- tives called poifonous winds, or the hot winds of the deferts : thev aire of fuch ex- treme heat and aridity, tnat ho animated body expofed to it cian withffand its fatal influence. During the three days ttxt tt generally lafts, the ftreets are defertei; aud-vroe to the oraveller whom this wlad > '! E HI E L B lurpi'ifei remote from flielter. It raiqs yery feldom in Egypt } but ihzt want is fully fupplied bv the annual inundation of tne Nile. When the waters retire, all the ground is covered with mud ; then they only harrow their corn into it, and, in the following March, they have ufually a plentiful harveft: their rice fields are fupplied with water from canals and re- fervoirs. There ii no place in the world better fumifi:^^ with corn, flefli, fifli, fugar, fruits, and all forts of garden-ftuff j and in Lower Egypt are oranges, lemons, figs, dates, almonds, caiTia, and plantains, in great plenty. The fands are fo fubtile that they penetrate into the elofets, chefts, and cabinets, which, with the hot winds, are probably the caufe of fore eyes being fo very common here. The animals of Egypt are tigers, hyenas, antelopes, apes, buck-cattle, fine horfes, large aifes, cro< codiles, the hippopotamus, the camelion, and a kind of rat called ichneumon ; of- triches, eagles, hawks, pelicans, water- fowls of all kinds, and the ibis, which refembles a duck, and was deified by the ancient Egyptians, on account of its de- firoying ferpents and noxious infefls. Here is a ferpent called ihe cerafies, or homed viper, whofe bite is fatal to tliofe who have not the fecret of guarding againft it : for fome of the natives can play with the ceraftes, and it will not at- tempt to bite them } but when applied to a hen, or any other animal, it has in- fiantly bit and killed them. Late au- thors have expatiated on the curious fub- jeft of the incantaticm of ferpents, and have no doubt of its reality : it is certainly alluded to in holy writ. ' (See Pfal. ^viii. 4,5. Ecclef. X. II. and Jerem. viii. 17.) i'he pyramids of Egypt are noticed by all travellers ; the largeft takes up ten acres of ground, and is, as well as the reft, built upon a rock. Here aie alfo caverns, out of which they get the mum- mies, or embalmed dead bodies, which are found in coffins fet upright in niches of the walls, and have continued there at leaft 4000 years : many of ihel'e have been brought to Englarul, and were for- merly deemed of great uiie in medicine. The principal city is Cairo. See Pyra- mids, Nile, and Cairo. Egypten, a town of the duchy «f Conrland, 100 miles £b of Mittau. Lon. a6 4.0 E, lat. 56 a tr. Ehigen, the name of two fmall towns of Suabia, |he one near the Danube, and tbft other on the Neckar. They belong to the houle of Auibria* the former in in lon. 9 4.5 E, lat. 4.8 18 n, and the latter in lon. 8 45 e, lat. 48 %$ N. Ehrenbreitstein, a very ancient caftle, in the electorate of Treves, on the E bank of the Rhine, oppofite Coblentz. It ftands on the funimit of a ftupendous rock, not lefs than 800 feet above the level of the river, and is thought, when fupported by a competent ganiibn, to be impregnable. It. has a communication with Coblentz, byfubierraneous pafTages, cut out of the Jblid rock ; and is plen- tifully fupplied with water, from a well z8o feet deep. In the centre of a large fquare in this fortrefs, is placed a cannon* fuppofed to be the largell in Europe ; it was call in 1528, weighs 300 qumtals, and proje^s a ball of iso pounds, upward of ii miles. The prolpetl from tnis cadle is majeftic, extenfive, and va> negated; and the iheam at its foot, is decorated with two I'mall iHands, on each of which is a r mvent. In the vale of Ehrenbreitftein, is the old palace of the ele£lor. This fortrefs was befieged by the French, in 1796, above three months j but on the 17th of September the Auf- trians compelled them to retreat. EiMEO, one of the Society Ifles, in the S Pacific Ocean, lying near Ota- heite, and vifited by captain Cook in his laft voyage. The produ£ls of the two iflands, and the lAnai^iers of the people, are much the famt. Eimeo has Iteep rugged hills, ruiming in different directions, leaving large vallies, and gently rifing ground about their fides. The hills, though rocky, are generally covered with trees almoft to the tops. EiMBECK, a town of Germany, in the territory of Grubenhagen, 25 miles S of Hilde/heim. Lon. 10 o e, lat. 51 46 n. EisLEBEN, a town of Germany, in the county of Mansfeld, famous as the birthplace of Luther. It is five miles E of Mansfeld. Lon. 12 16 E, lat. 51 42 n. Eisnach, a town of Thuringia, ca- pital of a diftriCl of the fame name, with a celebrated college, 36 miles w o^f Erfurt. Lon. 10 25 E, lat. 50 59 N. EiTHAN, or Ythan, a river in Aber- deenfhJre, which crolfes that county in a SE direction, and falls into the Britifh Ocean, at Newburgh. Ekf.rhford, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick, feated on the Bal- tic,' la miles SE of Slefwick. Lon. 10 30 £, lat. 54 56 N. Elba, an ifland on the ,cicyaft of Tuf- cany, remarkable for mines o^ iron anjt lonmouSf and (quarries of macblc. It k mill 4» 1 the cienf n the lemz. iddus e t])e when to be ation ages, pien- well arge uion, i it tals, lids, "rora va- E L E fubjeft to the prince of PiomLino, under the proteftion of the king of Naples, Vfho is in poff-rflion of Porto-Longone ; and the grand duJte of T' Tcuuy has Porio-Feriajo. Elbassano, a town of Albania, 45 miles SE of Duiazzo. Lun. 20 5 j;, lat. 41 34 N. Elbe, a large river of Germany, which rifes in the Mountain of the Giants, on the confines of Bohemia and Silefiaj flows to Koningfgratz, Leutzmeritz, DieCden, Deflaw, Meiflln, Wittembcrg, Magdebcrg, Hamburg, and Gluckftadt, and enters the German Ocean, at Crux- haven. It is navigable for huiv fhips to Hamburg, which is 70 aiiles irom the ica j a courle of navigation longer than that of any other river in Europe. Elbeui", a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy. It has a nianu- raclure of cloth, and is feated on the Seine, lo miles s of Rouen, and 65 NW of Paris. Lon. i 8 e, lat. 49 19 N. Elbing, a ftrong town of Weft, n Pi-iTia, in the palatinate of Marlenburg. It carries on a confiderable trade, and is feated near the Baltic Sea, 30 miles se of Dantzic, and 100 N by w of Warliiw. Lon. 19 35 E, lat. 54 9 N. Elbogen, a townoi" Dohemia, capital of a circle of the fame name, with a ci- tadel, on the river Eger, 16 miles NE of Egra. Lon. 13 o E, lat. 50 16 n, Elburg, a town of the United Provin- ces, in Guelderland, on the E coaft ot tiie Zuider-Zee, ten miles NE of Hardcrwick. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 52 30 N. Elcatif, a feaport of Arabia Felix, on the w coalt of the gulf of Perfia, 300 miles s of Buflluah. Lon. 53 5 E, lat. 26 o N. Elche, a town of Spain, in Valencia, io miles sw of Alicanr.. Lon. 025 w, lat. 38 7 N. Elephanta, an ifland on the w coaft of the Dtccan of Hindooftan, five miles from Bombay. It contains one of the moft inexplicable antiijujtiei in the world. The rigure of- an ek^ihant, of the natural fize, cut coarlely in none, ap- pears on the landing-place, near the fwot of a mountain. An eafy ll )e tht'n leads to a ftupeiidous fubtcrraneaii temple, hewn out of the folid rock, 80 feet long, and 4c broad. The roof, which is cut flat, is fupported by regular rows of pillars, ten feet high, with capitals relembling round culhions, as if prefled by the incumbent mountain. At the furtlier end are three gigantic figuresf ELM which were mutilated by the abfnrd zetl of the Poi tuguefe, when this ifland was in their poflelfion. . Elephanta was ced«i to the Er.gii/h by thcMalu-attas. Eleuthes, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to tlie Nvv of Chinefe Tartary. Ic was conquered, in 1759, by the emperor of China, See Kalmucks. Elgin, the county-town of Murmy- ftiire. Here aie many large old buildings ereclcd over piazzas. Its cathedral^ founded in 1224, was one of the mo(^ magnificent Gothic ftniilhues in Scot- land ; of which its ruins are a fufHcient proof. It is ieattd on the Lolfie, five miles s of Murray Frith, and 37 e of Invtrnels. Lon. 3 15 w, lat. 57 37 n. , 1:^LGINSHIRK. Sec MURRAYSHIRK. Elisabeth's Island, an ifland on the coaft of Maflachufet's Bay, having Cape Cod to the N, and the ifland of Nantucket to the E. The natives ar« chiefly employed in the fifheries. Lon. 69 3 w, lat. 42 o N. Elisabeth Tow. , one of the oldeft. towiis of the ftate of New Jcrfey, in N America, It was purchaled of the Indians in 1664, and fettled foon after. It has a handfome preftjyterian church, an epifco- pal church, and an academy. It is 15 mile» ow of New-York. Elkholm, a feapoi't of Sweden, in Blekiiigen, feated on the Baltic, 24 mile* W of Carler-iOon. Lon. 14 50 e, lat. 56 20 N. Ellerena, an epifcopal town of Spain> in Eftramadura, 54 miles N of Seville. Lon. 5 20 w, lat. 38 26 N. Ellesmere, a town in Sluopflilre, with a market on Tuelday. It is feated on a large mere, in a fmall but fertile dif- triiil of the fame name, 16 miles nnw of Shrewflsury, and 176 NW of" London. Lon. 2 52 vv, lat. 52 53 s. Ellkhpour, the capital of the w part of Berai', in tlie Deccan of Hin- dooftan. It is a fine cltV) fubjefl to the ni/am of the Deccan j and is 395 miles NE of Bombay. Lon. 77 46 E, lat. zi 12 N. El.madja, or MAH.iiDiA, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, feated on the gulf of Capei. It is lurrounded by the jea, is well fortified, and has a good harbour. It was taken by the emper^i Charlei v, but retaken foon after. Lon. 8 47 w, lat. 35 4 N. EL.VIE, St. a caftle of the ifle of Malta, leatcd on a rock near the city of V'aletta, at the mouth of a very fine harbour. El.mo, Fort, St. a fortrefs of France, N •■ (i £ L T E M B tA thi department of the Eaftem Pyren- jiees, {«ated on the river Tet, five miles N of CoHoure. It wa» tsken by tlie Spaniardti in 1793* but retakeh the next J^ar. Elora. See Dowlatabad. ElsimburG) a feaport of Sweden, In the province of Gothland, feven miles t of Eliinore. Lon. 13 20 s, lat. 56 o n. Elsinore, a feaport of Denmark, felted on the Sound, in the iile of Zealand . It is the moft commercial place in Dtn- mark, next to Copenhagen ; and contains 5000 inhabitants, among whom are a confiderable number of fon ign mercliants, and the coniuls of the principal nations trading to the Baltic. The paflage of the Soimd is guarded by the tortrcls of Gronborg, fituatc on the edge of a pe- ninfular promontory, the nearefl. point of land from the oppofite coaft of Sweden. Every vcfiel, as it pafles, lowers her top-lails, and pays a toll at Elfinore. It is ailerted, that this fortrefs guards the Sound ; and that all fhips muft, on account of the flioal waters and currents, fteer Co near the batteries as to be expofed to their fire in cafe of refufal ; but this is a miftaken notion ; for though the fafeft paf- fage lies near the fonrefs, yet the water in any part is of fufficient depth for vcffels to keep at a diftance from the batteries, and the largeft fliips can even fail clofe to tlie coan of Sweden. The conltant difcharge of the toll, is therefore not fo much owing to the ftrength of tiie fortrt Is as to couipliiince with the public law of Europe. Ail vcflels, bellde a i'mall duty, are rated at i{ per cent, of their cargoes, except the Englifii, French, Dutch, and Swedifti, which pay only one per cent. and, in return, the crown takes the charge of conftrudling lighthoules, and crefting fignals to mark the fhoals and rocks, from the Categate to the entrance into the Baltic. The tolls of the Sound, and of the two Belts, produce an annual re- venue of above ioo,oooI. Lon. 13 ij F, lat. 56 o N. .See Cronborg. Elteman, 3 town of Franconia, in the bifliopric of Wurtzburg, on t^e river ^'laine. Lon. 10 52 E, lat. 50 8 N. Eltenbfrg, a lofty and extcntive mountain in the duchy of Cleves. It is crowned by an ancient fortrels ; ftands at the extreme point of a promontory, fix miles e of Cleves ; and is the termi- nation of a large chain of hills that runs parallel to the E fliore of the Rhine, at the diltanre of 10 mites from its bordiMS. Fltham, a town in Kent, with a Tftaikct on Mciiulay, eijrht miles s «f London. Here arc the remaifts of » palace, in which Edward 11 often re- fided, and his fon, John of Eltham, was born. Its (lately hall, ftill entire, is converted into a barn. Eltor. See Tor. Eltz, a town of Germany, in the bifliopric of Hildcftiiem, feaicd on the Leina, 10 miles swof Hildcfliiem. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 52 5 N. Ely AS, a ftrong frontier town of Por- tugal, in Alentejo, with a caftle and bimop's fee. The ftrcets are handibme, and the houfes well-built. Here is a ciftern fo large, that it will hold water enough for the town ftjr fix months. It is brought by a magnificent aquedtift, three jniles in length, which, in fome places, is fupported by four or five arches, one upon another. On the fide of it is a foreft ot ciive-trecs, three miles in length, among which are walks and fine fountains. Elvas was bombarded by the French in 1706, to n«f purpofe, A royal academy, for young fentlemen, was founded here in 1735. t is leated on a mountain, near the Guadiana, 50 hiilcs ne of Evora, an4 100 E of Lifbon. Lon. 7 3 W, lat. 38 43 ^^ :' '" Elwantjen, a town of Suabia, with a chapter, whofe provofl is a prince of the empire, and lord of the town. It is feated ori the Jaxt, 17 miles se of Halle, and 25 sw of Anfpach. Lon. 10 18 E, lat. 4.9 2 N. Ely, a city in Cambridgefhire, with a bifhop'3 fee, and a market on Saturday, It is feated on the Oufe (which is nivi- gable hence to Lynn) in the fenny traft", called the I^ of Ely. The affizes are held here once a year only. It is a county of itfelf, including the territory around it, and has a diltin6l civil and criminal jurifdi^ion, of which the bifliop is the- head, in the fame manner as the bifhop of Durham is of that county. It has a fine cathedral, but is otber^viie ' nean place. It is 17 miles N of Camu.idge, and 68 N by E of London. ]Lon. 9 E, lat. 52 24. N. Ely, Isle of. See Cambridge- shire. Embden, 1 (troiig town of Weftphalia, capital, of E. Fricfland, with a good har- bour. It is divided into three parts, the Old Town, the Faldren, and the two fuburbs. The townhoufe, libraiy, and cathedral, arc worthy of attention. The grcateft part of the inhal^itants arc Cal- vinifts, and there are fome Lutherans, papifh, and Jews. It was formerly 'under th& proteilion of :H» United Pro- I E N C vlnces, but in 1744. thfy fold their right " to the king of PrulTia, to whom it is now lubje^. It is feated at the mouth of the £mbs, oppufite DoUart Bay, 23 miles NE of Grsningen. Lon. 7 5 £» la:. 53 26 N. £mbo, a village near Brora, on the s coaft of chihiCf's and inoifhire, fubjecl to fif qiient and iudden changes ; and is more favorable to the growth, than to the ri- fjtnin^; ?f the produi^8 oi' the earth. No country is clothed with fo beautiful and lafting a verdure ; but the harv h\, 47 i» N. •E P I £ R I Ekskiuken, a towAof Germany, in the duchy of Juliers, 15 miles 8W of Cologne. Lon. 6 29 e, lat. 51 o N. Entre-Douero-e-Minho, apro- Vince of Portugal, 4.5 miles in length knd bf'eadth. Sraga is the capital. Eperies, a town of Upper Hungary, capital of the county of Saros, remarkable for its mines of lalt. It is feated on the Tatza, ao miles N of Caflbvia, Lon. Zi 13 E, lat, 4.9 8 N. Epernay, an ancient town of France, in the department of Marne and late province of Champagne. It was taken by Henry iv in 1 592, when maiflial dc Biron was killed, while that monarch had his hand on his fhoulder. The wines produced in its neighbourhood, are 'very exquifite. It is 17 miles NW of Chalons. Lon. 4 o e, lat. 49 5 n. E PH E su s, an ancient and celebrated city of Natolia, in that part anciently called Ionia. It is now called Ajai'alouc, hy the Turks ; but of its former Iplendour there is nothing to be leen but heaps of marble, overturrred walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of ftatues. The fortrcfs, which is upon an eminence, feems to be the work of the Grtek emperors. Theeaftern gate has three baflb- relievos, taken from fome ancient monvunents : that in the middle was conftrufled by the Romans. The molt remarkable ftrufture of all, was the Temple of Diana, deemed one of the feven wonders of the world, and which the primitive Chriltians had converted into a church ; but it is now fo entirely ruined, that it is no eaiy matter to find the groundplot : however, there are fome ruins of the walls, and of five or fix marble cplumns, all of a piece, 40 feet in length, and I'even in diameter. Ephefus is feated near a gul : of the fame name, and has ftill a good harbour, 40 miles s of Smyrna. Lon. 2; 33 e, lat. 37 48 N. Ephrata, or Tunkerstown, a town of Fenhfylvania, in the county of Lancaftcr. It is the principal fettlement of a fe61, called Tun'tfrs (that is, Dippers) who are profelfionally baptirts, of German extraftion, and firft appeared in America '■- '719. It Js 60 miles w of Philrdelp.aa. Epinal, a town of France, in the department of the Vofges and late province of Lorrain. It is feated on the Mofelle, pear the mountains of tht Vofges, and is famous for its paper mills. It was taken by mar/hal Crequi, in 1670, when |ts fortifications were difmantled. It is 35 i^iles $£ of Nanci. Lqa. $ ojtf lat, 4? 9 -Ni Epmhc, a town in EiTex, with a market on Friday. The butter made in this neighbourhood, and called Epping butter, is highly efteemed in London. Epping isTeated at the N end of a foreft of the fame name, 17 miles nne of London. Lon. 091, lat. .51 46 n. Eppintc; Forest, a fine forelt in the 6W of Eflex, formerly a much more cxtcnfive diftri6l, that contained a great part of the county. It then went by the name of the Forelt of EfTex ; and after- ward, when its boimdaries had been con- fiderably contrafled, it had the name of Waltham Fprelt, from its vicinity to Waltham Abbey. On this forelt a ftag is annually tlurned out on Eaftcr Monday, for the amufement of the London fportf- men. Eppingen, a town of Germany, In the palatinate of the Rhine, with a caille, feated on the Elfats, 20 miles ne of Philipiburg. Lon. 9 o E, lat. 49 24 N. Epsom, a town in Surry, that has, from the number of opulent people re- fiding in and near it, a daily market. It is celebrated for its mineral waters and falts ; and on its neighbouring downs are annual horferaces. It is 15 miles 3SW of London. Lon. o 15 w, lat. 51 Z5 N. Epworth, a village of the ifle of Ax- holm, in Lincolnlhiie, nine miles N of Gainfborough. It is the birthplace of John Wefley, one of the founders of the left of the methodifts. Erfurt, a town of Germany, capital of Upper Thuringia, with a univerfity. It was formerly imperial, but is now fub- jeft to the eleftor of Mentz, and is de- fended by two Itrong forts. -The prin- cipal magiftrate is fometimes a proteftant and fometimes a papift ; but the greateft part of the burghers are proteftants. It nas three fine libraries, one of which belongs to the papifts, another to the unlverfity, and a third to the proteftant minifters. A fire happened here in 1736, which burnt down 180 houfes, and feveral churches. It is feated on the river Gere, 30 miles ese of Mulhaufen. Lon. II 23 e, |at. 51 o N. Eribol, Loch, an arm of the fea, on the N coaft of Sutherlandihire, capable of affording a fafe retreat to the largeft vef- fels. It receives feveral ftreams ; parti., cularly that which flows from a lake called Loch Hope. Ericht, Loch, a lake in the diftri^ of Athol, Perthshire. It extends feveral miles Into Invernefslhire. Near this place W««4ei'«d th.fi fugitive pretcnderj U\ i7^$| in the n more E R L lurking in caves, and among rocktf. The waters of this lake defcend into another, called Loch Rannoch. Erie, Lake, in N America, lies be- tween 4.1 and 43^ N lat. and 79 and 84° w Ion. It is 290 miles long, and 40 in its broadelt part. The iAands and banks toward its w end are fo infefttd with rattlcihakes, as to render it dangerous to land on them. The lake is covered near the banks of the illands, with a iai-ge pond lily j thrteaves of which are thickly ij)read on the furface of the water, to aii extent of many acres : on thefe, in the fummer, lie myriads of waterihakes balk- ing in the fun. It is alfo intelted by the hilling-fnake, which is 18 inches long, fmall, and lpecklt.d: when approached, ' it flattens itfelf in a moment, and its fpots, which are of various colours, be- come vifibly brighter through rage; at tiie fame time, it blows from its mouth, with great force, a fubtile wmd, faid to be of a Hauleous irnell ; and, if inhaled by the unwary traveller, it will inevitably bring on a decline, that, in a few months, will prove mortal. This lake, at its N£ end, communicates with Lake Ontario by by the river Niagara. Rrisso, a town of Macedonia, with a bi (hop's fee, at the bottom of the gulf of Monte San^o. Erith, a village in Huntingdonfliirc, on the Oufe, five miles ene of St. Ives. Near this place is a piece of antiquity cal- led .Belfar's Hill, an artificial mount, generally fuppofed to be the place where tlie people took up arms againil William the Norman, in 1066, after he had de- feated Harold at the battle of Haflings. Erivan, a city of Afia, In a province of the fame name, and capital of Perfian Armenia, with an Armenian patriarch. It is defended by a fortrefs, in which is the governor's palace, and by a caffle, on tlie river Zuengui, near a lake of its Qwn name, which is very deep, and 60 miks in circumference. The Meidan is an open fquai'e^ 400 paces ever, wherein are very fine trees. The baths and caravanfaries have likewlfe their beauties, but the churches of the Chriltians are froall, and half underground. It is 105 miles NW of Aftrabad. Lon. 44 10 E, iat. 40 «o N. Erkelens, a town of Weftphaiia, in the duchy of Juliers, with a caftle, feated on the Koer, 10 miles NW of juliers. Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 51 4 N. Erlanc, a towaof Germany, in the circle of Franconia and marquifate of Cuienbach, iitatedoa the Aegniiz, 1 «« niUt ESC Kw of Nuremburg. Lon. 1x52, lat. 49 35 N- Erpach, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, 30 miles se of Francfort. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 40 31 u. Erpach, a town of Suabia, capital of a county o£ the fame name, with %' ca/tle, eight miles se of Ulm.. Lon. xo 19 £, lat. 4X 30 N. £r(^iko, a feaport of the Red Sea, on the coalt of Abex, fubjeft to Tiirkey. It is 320 miles sw of Mecca. Lon. 3^ 5 E, lat. 17 30 N. Erzerum, a city of Turkifti Attn*, nia, with Armenian rnd Greek epiCcopife fees. It is fituate between the two iburcn of the Euphrates, in a beautiful plain, at the foot of a chain of mountains, fruitful in all forts of corn. Wood is very fcarce^ for which reafon their fuel is only cow dung. It is fuiTounded by double walls, defended by fquare towers. The Turks, who are all janifaries, are about it,oo9 in number ; but molt of them are tradtff. men, and receive no pay. The Arme- nians have two churches, the Greeks but one: the latter are moftly brafiers, and live in the fuburbs. They drive a great trade here in furs, Perfian filks, cottons, callicoes, and di\igs. This town is ss thoroughfare, and a refting place, for the caravans to the £ Indies. It is 104 mile« s by E of Trebifond. Lon. 40 35 £, lat. 39 56 N. EscHELLES, atovm of Savoy, on the frontiers of Dauphiny, 10 miles sw of Chamberry.' Lon. 5 45 E, lat. 45 30 N. EscHWEGEN, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Heffe-Caffel, feated on the Werra, 22 miles se of Hefl'e-Cafiel. Lon. 10 6 E, lat. 51 9 N. Escurial, a village of Spain, in New Caliile, ieated on the Guadara, i 5 miles NW of Madrid. Here Philip 11 built a famous ffru^lmre, in 1563, in memory of the viftory gained over the French iu;ar St. Quentin. It is called by the Spaniaids the eighth wonder of the world. It con- filts of a royal palace, a church, a mo. naftry, a college, a library, (hops of dif- ferent artilts, apartments for a great number of people, beautiful walks, large alleys, an extenfive patk, and fine gar- dens. It Itands in a dry barren country, furrounded by rugged mountains j and is built of gray hones, found in the neighbourhood, which was the principal jrea&)n of ilbs being ere^ed on fuch a dif- agreeable fpot. They worked at this ftru^ure 22 years, and it colt 6,000,000 of crowns. It is a lon^ fquare of 280 ieet, and f«ur ftories high': they retfkca N 4. ESN Soo pillars, ti,ooo fquare windows, and 14,000 doors. The molt remarkable part is the arched chapel 5 in which is a magnifictnt lepulchre, called the Pan- theon, being built in imitation of that church at Rome : it is the burying- place of the kings and queens of Spain j and is thought by Ibme to be the moft curious niece of architefcuri; in the world. The fathers, belcinging to the nionaltery, are aoo in number, and have an income /of 40,000 ducats a year. The church is built after the model of St. Peter's at Rome. $ EsENs, a town of E Friefland, on the German Ocean, 20 miles N of Embdeh. Xon. 7 14 E, lat. S3 47 N. EsFARAiN, a town of Perfia, in the province of Korafan, famous tor the great number of writers it has produced. It is 90 miles E of Altrabad. Lon. 41 43 E, lat. 36 48 N. EsHER, a village in Surry, on the river Mole, five miles s\v of Kinu;lton. It is dillinguifhcd by a noble Gothic maniion, the two towers of which are as they were originally built by cardinal Wolley. Esit, a river in Dumfriesfliire, which forms part of the boundary between En- gland and Scotland, and falls into Sol way Frith. EsK, a river in Edinburgfhire, fonned by the junftion of two ftreanis called N and S Eik. They feem to encircle the town of Dalkeith, palfing on each fide of the eminence on which it Itandsj and uniting a little below the town, this river enters the frith of Forth, at Muflelburgh. EsK, North and South, two rivers in Anguslhire, which defcend from the hills called the Braes of Angus. The former divides the coxmty from Kincar- dinelhire for I'everal miles, and reaches the » Jiritiili Oce:m, a little to the N of Mont- role. The latter, after traverfmg the whole breadth of the county, falls into the bay on the w of the fame town. •EsKDALE, the moft ealterly divifion of Dumfriesfliite, fo named from the river Elk, which flows through it, in a .courfis of 20 miles, to the town of Langhohn. EsLiNGEN, a large imperial city of Suabia, in th? duphy of Wirtemburg. Here aie feveral convents, but the inha- bitants aje chiefly proteftants. It is fcated on the Neckar, eight miles se vf Stutgard. Lpn. 9 20 E, lat. 48 4.7 N. EsNE, AsNE, or EssENAY, a large town of Etfypt, on vlie Nile, fuppofcd to be the ancient Syena, bitt Norden thinks it was Latopolis. In the csntre of the town k an ancient temple, with walls on F ^ CL three Ades, and in the front 14 columns, well prefervcd : within it are three Itorie» of hieroglypliics, of men about three feet high } and' the ceiling is adorned with all Ibrts of animals, painted in beautiful co- lours. On tl\c N fide of the town, is another temple, with pillars f»mewhat of the Corinthian order: the whole building is richly carved with hieroglyphics, par- ticularly with crocodiles heads, and whole crocodiles, that probably this animal was worshipped here. A mile to the s is the monaftery of St. Helen, by whom fome lay it was founded s it now appears to have been a large burying-ground, and there are many magnificent tombs in it. Elhe lies near the grand catara£l, Lon. 31 40 E, lat. 24 46 N. ' EsPERiE, a town of Hungary, near which ai'e fome famous i'alt mines. It is 22 miles N of Cafchaw. Lon. 21 38 E, lat. 49 5 N. EsPERWON, a town of France, in the department of Eure and Loire and late province of Beauce, feated on the Guefle, 12 miles NE of Chartres. Lon. 1 44 e, lat. 48 36 N. EspiERS, a town of Auftrian Flanders, where a river of the fame name falls into the Scheld, eight miles N of Tournay. Lon. 3 25 E, lat. 50 53 N. Esquu:AUx, a people of N America^ chiefly inhabiting Labrador. They have no fixed abode, but rove from place to place, and- fometimes come as far s as New- foundland. They are of a different race from the other native Americans ; for, as they have no beards, thel'e have them i'o thick and large, that it is difficult to dil- cover any feature of their faces. They have fmall eyes, large dirty teeth, and black rugged hair. They are akvajs well clothed, for there is nothing to be ften but part of their faces and their hands. Ihcy have a fort of fliirt, made of the guts of filh, with a coat of bear or bird ikins, and a cap on their head. They have likewife breeches, made of Ik ins, with the hair within, and covered with furs without. They have alfo two pair of boots, one over another, of the lame Ibrt of Ikins. In fummer, they have nothing to cover them in the night j and in winter, they lodge together pro- mifcuoufly in caves. The drefs of the women is nearly the fame as that of the men. They are very fuperltitious, and have fome Ibrt of facrifices. Their chief employment is hunting and fifhing. They are very covetous ; and pay fo little re- gard to private property, as to take eveiy advantage of bodily ftiength to tgh tlnif 'J \\l (imns, stories ;e feet thai] CO- vx\, is hat of Idiiig par- whole 1 was 8 the foine irs to and in it. Lon. near It is 38 E, mod laborious tents, carry or mend clothes, ESS ^ neleihbours, not only of their goodi htit then* wives. In other reip-.-iU they are the mildctt tribe, or nation, that is to be found on the borders ot Hudfon's Bay j for let their aftVonts or loHes be ever I'o great, they never leek any other revenge than that of wreltlinrr, which confiiU in hauling each other about by the hair of the head j they are fcldom known cither to ftrike or kick each orhec. As for murder, which is fo common among all the tribes of louthern Indians, it is iel- doni heard of among them. A murderer is fhunneil and detelted by all the tribe, and is forl'aken even by his relations :md formei" friends. The women perform the offices ; they pitch the haul burdens, make or and cook the viftuals. When any thing is prepared for eating, tlie wives and daughters of the greatelt captain in the country are never I'erved, till all the males, even thofe in the capa- city of lei-vants, have eaten what they think proper. EssECK, a trading town of Sclavonia, with a ftrong caftle. It has a bridge over the mai'lhes, 8865 geometrical paces in length and 1 5 in breadth, with towers at a quarter of a" mile diltant from each other, and handfomcly railed on each lide. It is a difficult pafs, and there have been levcral battles fought here between the Turks and Germans. There are trees in all the ftreets of the town, which was taken from the Turks in 1687, fnice which time it has continued in the hands of the houfe of Aulbia. It is feated on the river Drave, 80 miles w by N of Bel- grade, and 175 s by E of Vienna. Lon. 19 58 E, lat. 45 4.0 N. lissEN, a town of Weftphalia, formerly imperial, but now liibjeft to the abbel's of Ellen. It is eight miles E of Duifburg. Lon. 7 4E, lat. 51 a* N, EssEquEBO. See IssEqyiBO. Essex, a county of England, 54. miles long and 48 broad j bounded on the N by Cambridgelhire and Suffolk, on the E by the German Ocean, wi the s by Kent, and on the w by Herts and Middle lex. It lies in the diocefecT London; contains 18 hundreds, 24 market-towns, and 415 fiarilhes ; and fends eight members to par- iament.' It poflefles a variety of foil and face of couniiy. Its s\v part is occupied principally by the two forefts of Epping and Hainault ; and is noted for its butter, vrhich is Ibid at a high price in London, under the name of Epping-butter. The Kw part, from Saffron- Walden to Cam- fejdge, |« |^^<*H!^ ^'^^ ^"^ growth of ia|> EST fron, which is almoft peculiar to thit diltri(^t. Tl\e middle part is a fine cora country, varied with gcn'le incqu;ilitie» of furtace, and fprinkled with woods. The part bordering; on the 'I'hames :umI the lea, conliiU chiefly of marfhy groimds, which afford excellent pafturage, }x-t are deemed unvvhololbme and aguifh. Tha principal rivers are the Tham^js, Black- water, Cola, Chelmer, Stour, Crouch* and Koding. Betide vail (|uantities of corn of all kinds, abundance of calves are lent to the London market ; alio wild fowls, and oylters. The chief niauu- failme is bays, but that is not lb fiourilh- ing as formerly. Chelmsford is the county-town. Ei TAPLES, a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Boulonnois, feated at the mouth of the Candies, la miles s of Boulogne. Lon. 1 56 e, lat. 50 46 n. EsTAPO, a Itrong town of New Spaioy feated at the riioitth of the river Tlaluc. Lon. 103 5 \v, lat. 17 30 n. EsTE, a town of Italy, in the Padunn, 15 miles £\v of Padua. Lon. xi 44 Ey lat. 45 55 N. EsTELLA, an epifcopal town of Snain, in Navarre, capital of a territory of the fame name. It is feated on the Ega, 1 5 miles w of Pampeluna. Lon. x o Wt lat. 42 40 N. EsTtPA, a town of Spain, in Anda- lufia, with an ancient caltle, on a moun- tain, 62 miles N by \v of Malaga. Lon. 4 19 w, lat. 37 16 N. EsTHONiA, or Revel, a government of the Ruffian empire, 1 unded on the w by the Baltic, on the N by the giUf of Finland, on the e by Ingria, and on the s by Livonia, After having been long an object of bloody contention between the Ruilians,, Poles, and Swedes, it wag confirmed to the latter by the peace of Oliva in 1660; but it was liibdued by Peter the Great, in 17J0, and finally ceded to Rufila in 1721. Esthwaite Water, ti lake in Lan- cafhire, between Hawkflicnd and Winder- mere Water. It is two miles and a half in length, ami half a mile broad, inter- fefled by a peninlwla from each fide, jut- ting far into the lake. On the banks are villages and fcattered houfes, fweetly fitu- ate under woods, and hanging groimds* clothed with delightful verdure ; all heightened by the deep Ihade of the woods, and the Itrong background of rocky mountains. At the head of a gen- tle flope, a handlbme modern houle, called fielmoac> cpnunai^s a delightful view of -ii. 11 fi ETA the lake and its cnviions. The fifh tre ptkc, perch, eel, and trout } but no char l» fotui'l in tkU hkc) though it is COA' ne£leii with Windermere Water. KiTRAMADUKA, a province of Spain, 175 miles in length, and too in breadth ; iHHjndcd on the N by Leon and Old Caf- tilc, on the E by New C'aftile, on the s by AnHalufia, and on the w by Portugal. It abounds with corn, wine, and Iruits j but the air is bad for foreigners, on ac- count of the excclfive heat. It now »mkes a part of New Caftile. tsTRAMADURA, a province of Por- tugal, lying about the mouth of the Tajo 5 bruiidt-i on the N by Beira, on the E and » hy /Vjentcio, and on the w by the At- Jantic Ocean. It abounds with wine, excellent oil, honey, and oranges. Here the oranges were firft planted that were brought from China, and which are known by the name of China oranges. Lifbon ii> the ca;)ital. EsTRAVAYER, a town of Swifierland, in the canton of Friburg, with a fine calile, feated on the lake uf Neuchatel. Loa. 6 56 E, lat. 46 55 N. EsTREMOs, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, divided Into the upper town ami the lower. The upper is commanded by a citadel, on the top of a hill, ftrongly fortiiitd,and furrounded by a large ditch. The houlVs are white, and the principal are adorned with fine marble pillars: there is alio a tower of marble, finely polifhed. The lower town is the neweft, and has a large fquare, in the middle of which is a bafin. An earthen ware is made here, greatly efteemed for its beauty and fine Imell. The Portuguele gained a complete vlclory ovtr don John of Auftria near tliis place, in 1663. It Is ieated on the river Terra, which falls into the Tajo, 1 1; miles w of Badajoz, and 75 E of Lilbon. Lon. 7 16 w, lat. 3^ 44 N- EswKCEN, a town of Germany, In the landgravatc of Hefle-Calicl, 15 miles s£ of CaiFcI. Lon. 10 9 e, lat. 51 11 N. Eta IN, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meule and late duchy of Bar, J 5 miles NE of Verdun. Lon. 5 35 £, jut. 49 15 N. - Eta M PES, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oife and late province of the Ifle of France, feated on the rivvT Loet or Etampes, which abounds with cravvfilh. It is 15 miles E of Char- jtres. Lon. 2 io.e, lat. 48 30 N. Etaya, a town of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Agra, fituate on a high bank ox the Jmiina. Many parts of toe E T N bank are 60 feet high, tltc fide* of uhich confift of whnt in India is called concha, which is originally fandj hut the con(tant aliion of the iun, in the dry fealon, forms it almoft into a vitrification. On the top, near the river, are the remains of a fort. The town is large but very wretched, having but two tolerable houfes. It it 61 miles sc of Agra. Lon. 79 15 E, lat. 16 43 N. Ethiopia, a name by which a vaft region of Afiica has been diftinguiHied by fome geographers, who have divided it into Upper and Lower Ethiopia. The firlt includes the centrical part of Africa* under the equtnoitial line. The fecond contains what is now called Nigritia or Ncgroland. The inland parts of both of them are very little known to the Eu- ropeans. Etilnne, St. a city of FranCe, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of Forez', remarkable for its manufadures in iron and (leel, for the tempering of which lac water of the brook Eurens, on which it is feated, is extremely good, fiefide tne manufail:ure of arms, hardware, and cutlei'y (the molt confiderable in France) the weaving of riliands forms a confiderable article of its commerce. Coal is found in its neigh- bourhood, and alfo a foft {tone fit for grindilones. Its mercnandife is conveyed to Paris, Nantes, and Dunkirk, by the Loire, which begins to be navigable for fmall barges at St. Lambero. St. Eti- enne is 22 miles SE of Fuers, and 260 s by E of Paris. Lon. 4 30 E, lat» 45 22 N. Etlingen, an ancient town of Sua- bia, in the margravate of Baden-Dour- lach, feated at the confluence of the Wi- rim and Entz, three miles s of Dourlach. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 48 59 N. Etna, Mount, a volcano of Sicily, now -called Gibel by the inhabitants. It is the molt celebrated mountain in Eu- rope ; 63 miles in circumference at the bafc, and 10,954 fe^t in height. It is culti- vated ail round the foot, and covered with vines on the s fide ; but on the N there are only large forelts. The top is always covered with Ihow, though it never ceales to fmoke, and often fends forth flames. The cinders, which are thrown out in fmall quantities, ferve for'manure to the adjacent lands, but a large torrent does a great deal of miichief. The firft .rtiption of Etna, on record, is that mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, without fixing the pe- riod when it happened i but the fecond, recofdfid by TUucyUii^e8> was in tb$ year EVE E U P 734 B. C. From this period to the year 1447, there were i8 more eruptions. After this it ceafed to emit fire near 90 }'f ars. The next w.is in 1536$ others fol- owed in 1537, 1567, 1603 (wlilch con- tinued till 1636), 1664 (which continued 14 yeai's) i68i, 16S6, 1693, 1755, »763, 1764, 1766, 1780, and 1787. Of all its eruptions, that of 1693 was the mod ter- rible : it was attended with an earth- quake that overturned the town of Ca- tania, and buriea 18,000 perfons in its ruins. It is 10 miles w ot (^atania. Eton, a town of Bucks, feated on the Thames, over which is abridgctoWind- for. It is famous for a fchool and college, founded by Henry vi j and King'* Col- lege in Cambridge admits no other ftu- dcnts for fellows but what have been brought up here. It is 20 miles w of London. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 50 30 N. Etruria, a village in Staffordfliire, near Newcallle. It is the principal feat of the potteries in this county, and here the molt elegant vafes of every ufe and form are made. Jofiah Wedgewood, ei'q. was the founder, who died here in i7ys- Ettrick, a river in Selkirkfliire, which rifes from the mountainous region in the s\v, and having formed a junftion with the Yarrow, their \mited streams meet the Tweed, where that river enters Roxburghfliire. From the woods, for- merly on tlie banks of this river, the county obtained the name of Ettrick Foreft. Ettrick Banks are the fubjeft of a paltoral Scotch ditty. Eu, a fcaport of France, in the de- partment of Lower Seine and late pro- vioce of Normandy, with a ftrong caitle, and a handfome fquai-e. The principal trade is in ferges and lace. It is featrd in a valley, on the river Brele, 1 5 miles KE of Dieppe. Lun. i 30 e, lat. 50 3 N. EvAUX, a town of France, in the de- partment of Creufc and late province df Mai'che, 20 miles from Mont La^on. ^on. 2 35 E, lat. 46 13 N. EvERDjNG, a town of Gentiany, in the circle of Auiiria, feated on the Da- i.\ihe, 12 miles w of Lintz. Lon. 13 46 £, lat. 48 19 N. Ever SHOT, a town in Dorfetfhire, with a market on Friday, 12 miles NW pf Dorchefter, and 129 w by sof Loixioh. LoQ. 2 55 w, lat. 50 52 N. EvgsHAM, Vale of, a tra^ on tile banks of the Avon, in the SE part of Worcefter/hire, celebrated for its fertility iM¥l beauty. B«il<}«> tiu; uiual object of agriculture, great quantities of garden- ftuHf are here grown, and lent to the towns around to a confiderablc ditiance. In this vale, Simon de Montfort, earl of Leiccfter, was defeated and flain, in 1 26 5, the very year in which, by virtue of his uliirped authority, that part of the i^ritilh conltiiution, the houfe of comn-.ons, is faid to have fuft received its existence. I'his vale, communicating with the more extenlive one that borders both lidcs of the Severn, givva to that, tor no alligu- aV)le reafon, the lame general name ot the Vale of Evclham. See Severn, Val« or. Evesham, a borough in Worc«<1er. /hire, with a mailcet on Monday. It has a manufufrure of itockingi, is govenied by a mayor, and lends two members to parliament. It is feated on a gradual al". cent from the Avon, over which is a Itone bridge, was formerly noted for its atibcy, and com '.ins three churches. It is 14 miles SE of VVorcelter, and 95 N\v of London. Lon. i 45 w, lat. 52 4 n. EuGUBio, an cpifcopal town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, 35 miles s of Urbino, and 87 N of Konie. Lon. ij 37 E, lat. 43 18 N. EviAN, a town of Savoy, in Chablais, on the s fide of the lake of Geneva, 22 miles Nfi of Geneva. Lon. 6 50 e, lat. 46 21 N. Evon, an ancient town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, 12 miles e of Salerno. Lon. 15 i6 E, lat. 40 46 n. . EvoRA, a fortified town of 'ortugal, capital of Aientejo, with an archlMlliop's fee, and a univeifity. It is feated in a country, which, though a little unequal, is very plcaiant, furrounded on all fides by mountains, and planted with large trees of divers forts. It is. 65 miles e by s of Li(bon. Lon. 7 30 w, lat. 38 28 N. EuPHEMiA, a feaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, feated on a bay, 5^ miles NE of Reggio. Lon. 16 32 e, lat. 38 44 N. Euphrates, one of the moft cele- brated rivers in the world, and the prin- cipal of Turkey in Afii. It has its rife near Erzerum, in Armenia, from f.wa fources that lie to the eaftward, on high mountains covered with fnow almoft the year- round. The plain of Erzerum is in- dofed between thefe two fine ftrearas, which, when united, are called the Eu- phrates, or the Frat. After this junc- tion, it begins to be navigable for boats ; but the channel is i6 rucicy, that the navi- gation is nut i\ii%» It firil divides Ar< il ^1 % EUR EXE m«n'u from NatotIa« then Syria from Dt- aibcik } after which it runs through Irac- Arahin, and receive* the Tigris on the conliius of the Fcrfran province of Ku- Mm: it then waters BuHurah, and 40 miles SE of it enters the gulf of Pcifia. It is alio the NT boundaiy of the great dcfert of Arabia. EuRF) a department of France, which includes part ot the late proviincc of Nor- mandy. It is fo named from a river which riffs in Pcrchc, in the forclV of Logny, and fall» into the Seine, above Pont-d'Arche. Evrcux is the capital. EuRE and Loire, a department of France, fo called from the rivers of that name. It contains the late province of JBeauce, and its capital is Chartres. EvREUx, an ancient town of France, in the department of Eure and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a bifliop's fee. It is the capital of the department, and its cathedral is a handfome ftru^hue. The trade confilts in com, linen, and woollen cloth ; and it has a manufa^ure of cotton velvets, and another of tick. It is fcated or the river Iton, 25 miles s of Rouen, and 55 NW of Paris. Lon. i 14. E, lat. 49 I N. Europe, one of the four general parts of the world, bounded on the N by the Frozen Ocean, on the s by the Mcditer- i-anean, on the w by the Atlantic and Northern Ocean, and on the e by Afia. From Cape St. Vincent to the mouth of the Oby, it is near 3,600 miles in length j and from Cape Matapan in the Morea, to the North Cape in Lapland, about 2,200 in breadth. It is much lefs than either Afia or Africa, but furpaffes them in many particulars . It is entirely within the temperate zone, except a fmall part of Norway and Ruflia j io that there is neither the exceflive heat, nor the infup- portable cold, of the other parts of the continent. It is much more populous, and better cultivated, than either Afia or Africa ; is fuller of villages, towns, and cities, and the buildings are ftronger, more elegant and commodious. The in- habitants are all whites, and, for the molt part, much better made than the Africans, or even the Afiatics. With re- gard to arts and firiences, there is no manner of comparifon j nor yet in trade, tiavigation, and war. Europe contains Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Great Bri- tain, Ireland, France, Germany, Pruffia, Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Hungary, Swilfeiland, and part of Ruifia and Tur- key, befide feveral {(lands in the Medi- tcxrancan, and dl'ewkere. The languages are the Italian, French, Spanlfh, and Por- tuguefc, wliich arc dialects of the Latin j the German, Flcmilh, Dutch, SwcdUh, Danifh, and Engiifh, which procev.'d Irom the Teutonic j the Sclavonian, which reigns (though in difguifi) in Poland, Ruifia, Bohemia, and a great part of Tur- key in Europe } the Celtic, of which there arc diaUi^s in Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, Bretagne in France, and Lapland ; the mejirn Greek, and feveral others. The principal rivers arc, the Danube, Dnitllcr, Dnjcptr, VKtula, Volga, Dwina, Bog, Oby, Don, Sclield, Rhine, Rhone, Seme, Loire, Garonne, Groyne, Tajo, Thames, and Severn. The principal lakes are thofc of Ccnftance, Geneva, Laufanne, Wcnner, Ladoga, and Onega. The chief mountains are the Alps, Appennines, and Pyrenees. The prevailing religion is the Chriltian, di- vided into the Greek, Koinifh, and pro- teftant churches. There are alio Jews in every country, and Mahometanifm is the eltabliftied religion of the Turks. EuSTATiA, St. one of the Icaftof the Lteward Illands in the W Indies. It Is a mountain in the form of a fugar-loaf, whofe ton is hollow, and lies to the Nw of St. Chriltopher. It has a good fort, and belongs to the Dutch, from whom it was taken by the Engiifh, in 1781 ; but was foon after taken by the French, and reltored to the Dutch in 1783. Lon. 63 10 w, lat. 17 29 N. EuTiM, a town of HoKlein, with a caftle, where the bilhop of Lubec refides. It is feven miles from Lubec. EwEL, a town in Surry, with a mar- ket on Thurfilay, feated on a rivulet which empties itfelf into the Thames, at King- fton. It Is 10 miles nne of Darking, and 13 ssE of London. Loa. o 15 w, lat, 51 2i N. Ex, ;> river, which rlfes in the foreft of Exmoor, in Somcrfetfhire, and leaving that county, below Dulverton, runs to Tiverton, Exeter, and Toplham, from whence it forms an eftuary, which ter- minates in the Englilh Channel, at £x- mouth. Exeter, a city of Devonlhire, with a market on Wednefday and Friday, feated on the Ex, over which is a handfome ftone bridge. It was formerly the feat of the W Saxon kings, who refided in the caftle, and is encompalTed with a wall, in which are fix gates, in good repair. With its fuburbs, it contains 15 churches, an4 four chapels of eafe, befide the cathedral^ which is a magnificent fabric. Ships of burdqi formerly cjMuo up to this city y lony.ljVfeft i > / \> mm l. . i ■ -tT. mStm A ^P«Kfi»i w4*-» t I E Y S F A L ))}.it the navigation was almoft deftroyed by Henry Courtney, carl of Devon, and, though repaired, could not be reltored to its tormer ftatc. Its port, therefore, is at Topfliam, five miles below. It has 13 companies of" tradelhr n, a manufac- ture of I'ergcs and other woollen goods, an extenfive foreign and domeftic com- merce, and a fhare in the fiftieries of New- foundland and Greenland. It is governed by a mayor> fends two members to par- liament, and is 68 miles sw of Briftol, and 173 w by s of London. Lon. 3 33 w^ y the duke of Savoy in 1708, but re- Itored by the treaty of Utrecht. It is an important paflTage, fix miles w of Suza, iuid 40 NE of Embriin. ExMOOR, a fbrelt in Somcrfelfliire, in the Nw corner of that county, extending thence into Devonftiire. ExMOUTH, a village in Devonfhire, on the E fide of the bay which fonns the mouth of the river Ex, 10 miles s by e of Exeter. It is much frequented for the benefit of fea-bathing. Eye, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It fends two mem- bers to parliament, and has the ruins of a (caJlle and a Benediiline abbty. The woaicn are employed in making bone- hxe It is 20 miles N of Ipfwich, and ;t ?.'}:. of London. Lon. i 10 E, lat. 52 I. ^" , a river, \vliicli riies In the Nvv of Bu- ckihire, and falls into the Britllh Ocean, iis: Eyeinouth, Eyemouth, a feaport in Berwlck- fliire, at the mouth of the Eye, nine miles N by w of .' I wick. Lon. 1 50 w, lat. 55 51 N. Eyesdale, a fmall ifland on the coaft of Argylelhire, to the SE of Mull. It is noted tor its Hate quarries. Eyndhove'n, a tov.n of Dutch Bra- bant, in the diftriiJl of Bais-le-Duc, at the c( .ifl'i.ence of the Eynds and Dommel, 13 miles SE of Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 26 e, lat. 51 31 N. Eysoch, a river of the blflioprlc of Bri\cn, which waters the town of tiiat name, and fiills intg the Adige bvl»w Mciun. F. FABRIANO, a town of Italy, In the marquifate of Ancona, famous for itd f;ood paper. It is 25 miles ne of Fo>- igni. Lon. 12 32 E, lat. 43 10 n. Faenza, an ancient town of Italy, in Romagna, with a bifhop's fee. It is famous for fine earthen ware, invented here ; and is feated on the river Aniona, 1 2. miles sw of Ravenna. Fahlun, a town of Sweden, capital of Dalecarlia, fituate in the midft of rocks and hills, between the lakes of Run and Warpen. Il contains two churthes, and (including the miners) 7000 inhabitants, whofe houfes are generally of wood, two ftories high. The copper mine, which gives exifttnce and celebrity to the town, IS on its e fide. It is 30 miles NW of Hedemora. Lon. 16 4,2 e, lat. 60 34 N. Fairfield, a town of Conn-;«Sicut, feated near the fea, 100 miles sw of Boi- ton. Lon. 73 30 w, lat. 41 li N. Fairford, a town in Gioucelterlhire, with a market on Thuriday. The church was built, in the time of Heniy vii, by- John Fenn, a merchant of London, for the fake of the glafs, taken in a lliip go- ing to Rome. It has 28 large windows, curioufly painted with fcripture hiftories, in beautiful colours, and defigned by luc famous Albert Durer. It is feated on the Cohi, 25 miles se of Glo\icelter, and 80 w by N of London. Lon, i 44 w, lat. 51 40 N. Fair Islc, an iiland of the Northern Ocean, between Shetland and Orkney, from both whicli its high towering rocks are vifible. On t!ie e Tide, the duke of Medina SiJouia, admiral of the Spanifli armada, was wivcked in 158S. Faisans, an iihind in tlic river Bi- daifoa, which i'eparates FruK'-e from Spain. It is alio called flie Ille of Uonfcronce, btcaule Lewis XIV and Philip IV here fwore to obli:i-ve the peace lA the Py- renees, in 1660, after 24 coii.ftier.ces be- tween ihtir minifttrs. Hew. alio the hof- tagcs of France and bpain are received and delivered, it being confidered aj a ntuuiil place. It is fituate between Andaye and Fftutarabia. Lon. 1 46 w, lat. 43 20 N. Fakenham, a town in Norfolk, with a market en Thuriday, fituate on a hill, 20 miles NW of Norwich, and 110 N;>*K of London. Lon. o 58 E, lat. 52 53 .n. Falaise, a town of France, iu the d«partm;nt oi:'C»lv»dos fZ'^i late pro vir/.e I'll •: I li' MMMfei ^^ - '(f ■< F A L FAR of Norman(1y, with a caflle, and one of the finclt towers in Friinre. It is re- 11.21 k;ibic to\ being the hii tiiplace of Wil- liam tlie Conqutror. It liaa a good trade in Ihgts, linen, and lacej and its fair, whicli begins on Augiift i6, is the molt famous in France, next to that of Btau- caire. It is leattd on the river Ante, 4o miles se of Caen, and 115 w of Paris. Lon. o z w, lat.4.f< 53 N. FALKtNBf.f^, a leaport ot Sweden, on the Baltic, 17 miles NW of Helmfiadt. Lon. 12 50 E, lat. 56 51 N. FALKENBURf:, a (h'ong tovrn of Ger- many, in the new mruche of Brandtn- biirg, leated on the river Trajc, 60 miies E of Stetin. Lon. 15 58 u, lat. S3 35 N- FALKiNGif^M, afown in Linrobifhire, with a market on Thurlday, i3 miles w by s of Bolton, and 10.^ N of London. Lon. o 20 w, lat. 5Z 4.8 n. Falkirk, a town m Stirlinn^are, chiefly lupported by the great mavif" > for Highland cattle, c;il!ed Try Its, wl: are held in its ncighhoufhood thrice u year: 15,000 head of cattle are fomc- times fold at one tryft : thcfc, for the moft part, are lent to England, and fat- tened for the butcher. Here, in 1746, the rebels defeated the king's forces. It is nine miles s of Stirling. Lon. 4. 5S w, lat. 55 57 N. FalklawO, a borough in Fifefhire, at the foot of one of the beaiuiful green hills called the Lomonds. Here are the magnificent ruins of a royal palace, lb me apartmonts of which are Itill inhabited. Falkland has lonie linen manufacture, but its inhabitants are chieHy employed in agriculture. It is 20 miles N of Edin- burgh. Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 56 18 N. Falkland Islands, near the ftralts of Magellan, in S America, dil'covertd by fir Richard Hawkins, in 1594. In 1764, conimcxlore Byron was Tent to take poffeflTion of them, and he made a fetrle- mtnt on a part whicn he called Port Eg • raont. In 1770, the Spaniards forcluTy dirpolTefled the Englirti, which produced an armament on the part of the Britilh court i but the affair was fettled by a convention, and the Englilh regained poflellion : however, in 1774, it was abandoned. Lon. 60° w, lat. 52° s. Falmouth, a corporate town and feaport in Cornwall,' vith a market on ThuriUay. It has 21 very noble and ex- tenfivc harbour, communicnting with a rumber of navigable creeks ; and its en- trance is defejid^'d by the tattles of St. Nlawe9 and Pcndennis. It is governed by a mayor ; and is a town of great traffic, much improved by its being the Ifaticn of the packets to Spain, Portugal, and America. It is 10 miles s of Tfuro, and 268 wsw of London. Lon. 5 2 w, lat. 50 8 N. Falmouth, a town of Virginia, on the river Rappahannoc. False Bay, a bay E of the Cape of Good Hope, freij lented during the pre- valence of the NW winds hi May. Lon. 18 3:5 E, lat. 34 10 s. False, Cape, e of the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 44 E, lat. 34 16 s. Falster, a little illand of Denmark, near the entrance of the Baltic, between the! iilands of Zealand, Laland, and Mona. Nikoping is the capital. ^ Fa M act; ST A, a town in the iflind of Cypi us, with a Greek bifhop's fee, and a harboxir, defended by two forts. It was taken by the Tiuks, in 1570, after a liege of fix months, when they flayed the Venetian govemor alive, and murdered 'le inhabitants, though they furrendered m honorable terms. It is 61 miles Nfi of Nicoiia. Lon. 35 55 E, lat. 35 ion. Famine, Port, a fortrefr-, on the NE coaft of the ttraitsof Magellan. Here a Spanllh garrifon perifhed for want j fince which it has been neglefted. Lon. 70 20 w, lat. 55 44 s. Fanano, a town of Italy, in the Mo- denefe, 25 miles s of Modena. Lon. 11 iS E, lat. 44 10 N. Fa NO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bifliop's fee. Here are an ancient tr.ump^hal arch, handfome churches, and fine palaces. It is Ifeated on the gulf of Venice, eight miles SE of Pefaro. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 43 46 N. Fa NT IN, a fmall but populous king- dom of Airica, on the Gold Coalt of Gui- nea, where the Englifli and Dutch have forts. Its palm -wine is much better and Itrynger than that in other parts of the coait. 'I'he principal village has the fanie name. Far EH AM, a town in Hamplhire, with a market on WednelUay, 12 miles E of Southampton, and 74 w by s of London, Lon. I 6 \v, lit. 50 53 N. Farewell, Cape, the moft foutherly promontory of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis' Straitj Lon. 42 42 w, lat. 59 38 N. Farewell, Cape, a promontory of the illand of New Zealand. Lon, 171^ 41 e, lat. 40 37 s. Faroe AU, Sr, an ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne and late province of Burgundy, with a caltle, FAR F E L 10 miles sE cf Briare, and Bi s of Paris. I.on. 3 S K, lat. 47 40 N. Farnham, a town in Surrj', with a njaiktt on Thurlilay. It h:is a caltle, fituBtc ou ;m eminence, vvlifie the bifhop of Winchelhtr ufually refuks. It is one of the greateft wheat markets in Eng- land, and the fine hops, grown in plan- tations round it, bear a nmch grf ater price than thofe of Kent. It is ftrited on the Wye, II miles \v of Guildford, and 39 wswofi idon. Lou. o 46 \v, lat. 51 16 N. Faro, a feapovt of Portugal, in Al- farva, on the gulf of Cadiz, with a i (hop's fee, ao milws sw of Tavira. Lon. 7 48 w, lat. 36 54 N. Faro, Farro, or Feroe Islan&s, a clufter of fmall illands in the Northern Ocean, between 5 and 8° w Ion. and 61 tnd 63° N lat. They are fubjeft to Den- mark . Seventeen are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain, divided from the others by deep and lapid currents. Some of them are deeply indented with fecure harbours, all of them fteep, and molt of them faced with tremendous pre- cipices. The furface confifts of a Ihallow foil of remarkable fertility ; producing plenty of barley, and fine grafs for /beep. No trees above the fize ot a juniper, or ftunfed willow, will grow herej nor are any quadrupeds to be leeii except the rtieep, and rats and mice, originally el'caped from (hips. Vait quantities of feafowls frequent the rocks, and tke taking of them furnifiies a perilous employment for the Lithabitants. The exports are iahvd mutton, tallow, goofe-quills, feathers, eider-down, knit woollen waiitcoatSij caps, and Ibckings. To the s of thefe iilaiids is a confiderable whirlpool. Faro of Messina, the ftralt between Italy and Siciiy, remarkable for having the tide ebb and flow every fix hours, with great rapidity, though it is but leven miles over. It is ib named, from the faro, or lighthoufe, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity to Meflina. Farringdon, a town in Berks, with a market on Tuefday, feated on an emi- nence, near the Thames, 18 miles w of Oxford, and 50 w by N of London. Lon. I 27 w, lat. 51 44 N. Farsistan, a province of Perfia, bounded on the e by Kerman, on the N by Irac-Agemi, on the w by Kufiftan, and on the s by the gulf of Perha. It is vei-y fertile, and famous for its ey.celLnt wintS, called the Wines of Schiras, the capital of thi$ province. Hvre Aie the nuns of Perfcpolis, perhaps the luoft mag- nificent in the world. Farlacic, a towji of Arabia Fdlx, at the fcot of a cape of t^ ■ fame iiiune. Lon. 51 25 E, lat. 15 55 • FattipouR, a to.'. 11 o( Hindocftm Proper, in the province of Agra, wjiej* the emperors of Ilindooltaii, wheii in the zenith of their power, had a palace. It is 25 miles \v of Agra. Lon. 77 43 E, lat. 27 22 N.> Favagnana, a fmall ifian-J, 15 miles in compafs, on tlie w fide of Sicily, with a fort. Lon. is 25 e, lat. 38 i6 N. FAuquEMONT, or Valkenburg, s to- /n of Dutch Limbtu-g, on th^- river Geule, fcven miles e of Maeftricht. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 52 N. Fayal, one of the Azores, or Weibrn Ifiands, which fuffered greatly by an earthquake, in 1764. Its capital is Villa do Horta. Fayence, a town of France, it» the depaitment of Var and late province of Provence, near the river Biafon, 10 miles WofGraffe. Lon. 6 44. E, lat. 43 38 N. Fayette, a county of Kentucky, bounded on the N by the Ohio, on the E by Bourbon county, and en the sw by the river Kentucky. Lexington is the capital. Fayette, a county of Pennfylvania, 37 miles long and 33 broad. In 1790, it contained 13,325 inhabitants. Union is the capital. Fayetteville, a town of N Caro- lina, on the Nw bnmch of Cape Fear River, 90 miles nw of Wilmington, to wiiich that river is navigable for boats. P'ear, Cape, a cape of N Carolina, remarkable for a dangerous fhoal, calle*!, from its fonn, the Frying Pan. This fiioal lies at the entrance of Cape Fear River, which is forme Feversham, a feaport in Kent, on a many of which are (lately itruflures. creek of the Med way, much frequented Ali the nades live' in a f«parate part of by iliuiU veflels. It , is a jneml>er of the the city.}, and the exchange, full of all .port of Dover, and governed by a. mayor, forts ot rich merchaiKlile, is as large as a It has a market on Wednefday and Sa- imull town. The gardens are beautiful, turday j is famous for the belt oylters and full of all kind* of fragrant flowers for laying in flews } and has feveral gun- and ihrubs, fo that the city, in general, powder'nuils in it:> neighbourhood. Here is a Ibrt of terrefirial paradife. The are the remains of a Iwtely abbey, built inhabitants! are clothed like the Turks t by king Stephen, who was interred in it, the ladies drei's is very expenfive in th« vrith his Queen and fon ; and here James ii winter; but in, the fummer, they wear attempted to embark, after the fuccefs of nothing but a fhift. Fez is the centre of the prince of Orange, but was flopped by the tfade of this empire; and hence' cara- the populace, and conveyed back to Lon- vans go to Mecca, carrying ready-mad* don. Feverfhan)is nine miles vv cf Can- garments. Cordovan leathei*, indigo, oik- terbury, and 48 £ by s of London. Lon. chineal, ^nd oibich feathers, for wkich o 55 £, lat. 51 22 N. ' they bring in return iilks, muilios, and Feurs, an ancient town of France, drugs. Other caravans go to Tombu^too* in thedepartinentof Rhone and Loire and and the river Niger; one of which coa- late province of Forez, feated on the Loire, fifts of 20,000 men. They travel over 23 miles sw of Lyons. f'uch dry barren deferts, that every other Fez, a ki?;gdom of Barbary, 125 milps camel carried water. Their conunoditici in length and breadth; bounded on the ai'e faltj-c^wifies, wrought filk, Britiih w by the Atlantic Ocean, on the n by cloth, and the woollen manufactures of the Mediterranean Sea, on the E by Al- Barbary. Here aic a great number of giers, and on the s by Morocco and Ta- Jews, who have handfome fyhagogues j nlet. The air is temperate and whole- but the bulk of the inhabitants are MpoilK, foine, and the country full of mountains, of a tawny complexion. Fez is 160 miles particularly to the w and s, where s of Gibraltar, and 250 NE of Morocco* Mount Atlas lies; but it is populous and Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 33 40 N. fertile, producing^itrons, lemons, oranges, Fezzan, a kingdom of Africa, bound- dates, almonds, olives, figs, raifmS, lugar, ed on the N by Tripoli, on the t by de- heney, flax, cotton, pi^ch, and corn in I'erts that divide it Irgm Egypt, on the 3 abundance. The inlnbitants breed ca- i>y Bornou, and on the w by the defents mels, beeves, fljeep, and the fineft horfes of Zahara, lying between 25 and 3o9.k in Barbary. lat. It is ao extenfive plain, encompalTed Fez, the capital of the kingdom of by mountains, except to the w; and to Fez, and one of the largeft cities in Af- the influence of thefe heights it may be rica. It is conipofed of three towns, owing, that here, as well as ia Uppec called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New Fez. ^ "''" ' ' ^. . Old Fez is the molt confiderabk, and contains about 80,000 inhabitants. The palaces are magnificent, and there are -700 mofques, 50 of which arc very conllder- able, adorned with marble pillars, and other ornaments. The houies are built of brick or Itone, and adorned with mo- laic work : thofe of brick are ornamented with glazing and (olouit, ivk« Putch Egypt, no rain Is ever known. Though the charafter of the I'urface (which, ia general, is a light fand) and the want of rain, may feem to announce fterility, yet the fprings are lb abundant, tjhat few of the regions in the N of Afrlc^ exhibit a richer vegetation. From wells of .eight or 10 feet deep, with feveral of which every garden ana '^eld is fumifhed, the Jiw&aBdiBan wat«s the natural or artifi* I m I 'i (f I FEZ F I F cul produflions of his land; among which are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot, pomegranate, fig, Indian com and barley, wheat, pompions or calabafh, carrots, cucumbers, onions, and garlic. Among the tame animaU are the iheep, cow,, goat, camel, and a fpecies of the do- 'meftic fow! of Europe. The wild ani- mals . are the oitrich, and antelopes of various kinds ; one of which it> called the huaddee, and is celebrated for the fingu- lar addrefs with which, when chafed by the hunters, amid its craggy heights, it plunges from the precipice, and lighting on its hams, without danger of purfuit, continues till evening in the vale below. The heat of the climate from April to .November, is fo intente, that from nine 'in the morning to fnnlet, the ftreets arr frequented by the labouring people only j ^and, even in the honles, reipiration would ^bediflicult, but for the expedient of wei- .ting the rooms i from May to the end of Anguil, when the wind is ufually from the SE to the sw, the heat is often fuch -as to threaten initant fuHbcation} but if titchansreto the w or Nw, a reviving iireflmefs immediately fucceeds. But na- rture and cuitom have formed their confti- . tution to fuch high degrees of heat, that . any approach to the common temparament of £urupe entirely dettroys their comfdrt. A multitude ot noxious animals infeft the country: adders, fna ices, fcorpions, rand toads, are the conftant inhabitants of the fields, gardens, and hoafes; the air ■is crowded with molqiiitos ; and perfbns ©f every rank are overrun with the dif- - ferent kinds of vermin that attack the beggars of Europe, The towns are i chiefly inhabited' by hulbandmen and ihepherdsj for, though they alfo contain the merchants, artificers, minifters of re- -liglon, and officers of government, yet -agriculture and pafturage are the principal 'Occupations. The houll-s are ouilt of . JClay, with a flat rOof compofed of boughs : of tries, on which a-quantity of earth is laid. The natives are of a deep fwarthy complexion; their hair a fliort curly black, their lips thick, their nofes flat and broad, and their fliin emitting a veiy fetid ef- fluvia: they are tall, and well-lhapedj but weakly, indolent, and inaftive. Their drefs is fimilar to that of the Moors of Barbary. In their common intercourfe, all diftinftions ol rank feem forgotten : the ftie. it (or governor) and the loweft pie '-w, the rich and the poor, the matter una- cht lervant, wn of the Po, 31 E, :aly, in :e, five II Kf i •f a uffful mediocrity. The number of towns is almoft unparnlleled in an equal trait of coaft j for the whole (hore, from C'luil to Culrofs, about 40 miles, is one continued chain of towns and villages. Cupar is the county-town. FiGARi, a feaport of Corfica, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, ax miles WNW of Bonifacio. FiCEAC, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lot and lute piovince of Querci. It had recently a rich Benedic- tine abbey, founded in 755, and Itcula- rized in 1556. It is feated on the Selle, ^^ miles E of Cahors, and 270 s of Pai'is. Lon. I 58 E, lat. 44 32 N. FicuEiRO-DOs-ViNHOS, a town of Portugal, in Eitramadura, feated among mountains, near the river Zizere, and re- markable for excellent wine. It is 22 miles N of Tomar. Lon. 7 45 w, lat. 39 49 N. FiGUERASjor St. Fernando-de-Fi- CUERAS, a (trong and important fortrefs of Spain, in Catalonia, 10 miles nw of Rofes. It fuirendcred to the French in 1794, without firing a ftiot. Lor. 2 46 £, lat. 42 18 N. FiLLECK, a town of Hungary, in the county of Novigrad, feated on the Ipol, io miles from Agria. Lon. 19 8 E, lat. 48 24 N. Final, a town of Italy, on the coa burgh, on the s by the gulf of Finland, an i on the w by that of Bothnia. It contains the provinces of Finland Properj the Ifle of CEland, Oftrobothnia, Ta- vaiieland, Nyland, Savolax, and that part of the fiefs of Kymene and Carelia* which Sweden has prelei-ved. Abo ii the capital. Finland, Russian. SeeWiBUROff. FiNMARK, a part of Danifii Lapland, in the government of Wardhuys. FioNDA, an ancient town of Natolia, on the gulf of Satalia, with a biihop'A fee, 25 miles sw of Satalia. Lon. 3) 57 E, lat. 36 45 N. FiORENTO. See Ferentino. *: FioRENzo, St. a feaport of Corfica, on a gulf of the fame name, feven miles w of Baftia. It was taken by the Eng> lifii and Corficans, from the French, in 1794. Lon. 9 2o e, lat. 42 35 n. FiSHER-ROW,a town near Edinburgh, on the w fide of the mouth of the Tiver Efk, which contains many handlbme houfes, and has fome elegant villas in its vicinity. FiSKARD, a corporate towm in Pem- brokeftiire^witha market on Friday. It is governed by a mayor, and carries on a good trade in herrings. It is fituate oa a fteep cliff, on a bay of St. George's Channel, 16 miles ne of St. David's, and 24Z w by N of London. Lon. 4 52 w, lat. 52 4 N. Fish River, Great, a confiderable river of Africa, which rifes in the un- known interior regions, divides Cafifraria from the countiy of the Hottentots, and falls into the Indian Ocean, in lat. 30 30 s. The deepeft parts of this river are inhabited by the hippopotamus, and the adjacent woods by elephants, rhino- cerofes, and buffaloes. Fistella, a fortified town of Mo- rocco. The inhabitants carry on a great trade in fine garments. It is 125 miles itB of Morocco. Lon. 5 55 w, lat. 31 47 fC. Five Churches, an epifcopal town of Hungaiy, 85 miles s of Buda. Lon. 18 13 e, lat. 46 5 N. Fivm, the capital of a province of the fame name in Egypt. It is very popu- bus, and the Cophts have a bifliop's fee. Here are many ruins of magnificcnc an. O a i 4 g ^m in u FLE F LI f lent ftru^lures { ami it has a confiderable trade in flax» linen matt, raifins, and £gi. The province contains a great number of canals and bridges built by the ancient Egyptians. The town is fcated on a canal, that comniunicaus with the Nile, 70 miles sw ol" Cairo. Lou. 30 49 E, lat. 29 2 N. Fli/MEi or St. VtiT, a feaport of Auflrian Iftria, with a r.M\W. It is vtry populous; noted tor wi'ie, }',ood fijJs,anU other fruits; and the cathc>lr.»l is worth obfcvvation. The hnrhour i;i liuiiied by the river Finmava, which enters tlic bay cf Carnero, in the gulf ol Vmii-c. It is 37 miles E of C'apod'IUria. Lcn. ij. 46 E, lat. 4; 40 N. Flambop.ough Heap, n lofty pro- montory in Ycrklhire, whou- mow-whiic cliff's are ieen iar out at lea, anti lerve for ildire£lton to (liips. Its rocks arc occu- pied by innumerable multitudts of I'ca- towls, which fill the air and ocean all around. It is hve miles e of Burlington. Lon. o 4 E, lat. 54 9 n. Flanders, a country of the Nether- lands, divided into Dutch, Auftrian, and French Flanders; the laft now included in the department of the North. It is 60 miles in length, and 50 in breadth ; bo.nBded on the N by the German Ocean and the United Provinces, on the E by Brabant, on the s by Ha^nault and Ar- tois, and on the w by Artois and the German Ocear, . It is a level country, fertile in grai.- and paftures, and the air is good. The manutaftures are fine linen, lace, and tapeftry. Flattery, Cape, on the w coaft of N America, difcovered by captain. Cook in 177S; and fo named, becaufe be was difappointed at not finding a harbour. Lon. 124 57 w, lat. 48 .3 N. Flavigni, a town of France, in the department of Coted'Or and late province of fiargundy, with a late celebrated Be- nediftine abbey. It is feated on a moun- tain, jz miles E of Semur, and 140 £ of Paris. Lon.4 37 E, lat. 47 »6 n. Fleche, a town of France, in the department of Sarte and lute province of Jk^aine. Here is a college built in 1603, by Henry iv, which is the nob left in France; and in the chapel arc depofited his heart and th;-.t of his queen Mary of Medlcis, in gold boxes. It is I'eated on the river Loir, ^z miles N of Angvrs. Lon. o 3 w, lat. 47 39 N. Fleht, a river in Kirkcudbrightfhire, which winds through a beautifuF valley, *nd enters Wicton Bay, at Gatehoufe. Cit tbe w fid« «S thtt nv«r »r« the v«fti|^ of a camp, a druidical circle, and a \U trificd fort. FlendsbuRC, a town of DeMinark., c3j>ital of Slefwick, with a ftrong titadtl. li has a harbour in the Baltic Sea, and i» a pltice of confulerublc commerce, 15 Miilc* Nw c;t SWl'wick. Lon. 9 47 t, lat. 54 so N. FiKL'Rtrs, a village of the Auftrian. Ntthcrluuli, in the province «>l Namur, remarkable for a viftory gained l)y the Fundi, over the allies, in 1690; and heie, in June 1794, the Auftrians were defeated in a general attack of the trench pofts. It is iix miles NE of Charleroy. Fleurv, a town of Fiance, in the lie- pui tintnt oi Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy, 30 niiics N of Ciialons. Lon. 4 50 e, lut.47 13 N. Flie, orVi.iELAND, an illand on th« coait of Holland, at the miiidle of the entrance of the Zuider-Zec. Flint, a town in Flintfliire, which gives n:imc to the county, and lends one member to p.irliament; hut it is a fmall nlace, without trade, and the aftlzes are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a caftle, in which Richard II was delivered into the hands of his rival, afterward Henry iv. It is feated on the river Dee^ t% miles w by N of Chefter, and 193 NW of London. Lon. 3 2 w, lat. 5^ 16 N. Flintshire, a county of N Wales, 19 miles in length and i z where broadeft ; bounded on the N and NE by a bay, at the mouth of the Dee, which divides it from Cheftnre; on the NW by the Irilh Sea; on the e by the Dee, which con- tinues to divide it from Chelhlre, and on the s and sw from Denbighftiire. Part of Flintftili-e extends on the E fide of tho Dee, about nine miles, between Chefliire and Shropftiire. It lies in thediocefes ot St. Afaph and Chefter; contains five hundreds, two market-towns, and zi {Ktrilhes ; and fends two members to par- iament. The vallies poftefs coal and freeftone, the hills lead and calamine, with valt quantities of limeftone. The principal trade is mining and fmelting. The northern part produces wheat : there is alfo much wood. A lofty range of mountains rifes on the w and forms a bold frontier. It produces good butter, cheefe, and honey, of which laft the na- tives make metheglin, a wholefome liquor, much ufed in thole parts. The principal rivers are the Clwyd, Wheeler, Dec, Se- vioD, Elwy, and Allin. Flix, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, ftrwf both l>jr wc «(nd Mtvu-e, It i^ FLO FLO lat. iit- I of 'hxiWt on a ptninliib, in the river Ehro, where it makes an elbow, which fei Vf» the town infteaul of a ditch, arnl may he conciui'-ted quite round it. The fide where the river does not pafs, i$ covered by mountains, and defended hy a c:iftle on -An eminence ; and near it is :i water- fail. It ib zo miles s of Lerida. Lon. o 26 E, I.it. 41 15 w. Florfnce, an ancient and ceiihrated city of Italy, Mpital of Tuliany, with an archbilhop's fee, ard x uiuvirfity. It is divided into two um-qual parts, by the river Arno, over which ire four bridges: that called the Pore dcUa Trinita, is built entirely of whitt marble, and ornamented with tour ftatucs, reprc- fenting the fom* liialbns. The quays, the buildings on each fide, and the bridges, render the part through which the nver Tuns, by far the fineft. The ftrcets, fquares, and fronts of the pabces, aie adorned with a great minibei* of Itatiies ; fome of them by the belt modern maimers. fiorncoftheFloientine merchants, formerly, were men of great wealth, and lived m a magnificent manner. One of them^ in the middle ok' the 1 5th century, built that noble fabric, which, from the name of its founder^ is dill called the Palazzo Pitti. He was ruined by the prodigious expence of this building, which was im- mediately purcha.vd by the Medici fa- mily, who made fome enlargements ; and it has continued, ever fince, to be the refidence of the grand dukes of Tulcany. The gardens belonging to this palace, are on the declivity of an eminence: on the fummit is a kind of fort, called Belvedere, from which, and Ibme of the higher walks, is a complete view of the city, and the beautiful vale of Arno. Among the innumerable objefts, which attra£l univerfal admiration, is the ibmous Florentine galleiy. One of its moft in- terefting parts, in the opinion of many, is the Teries of Roman emperors, from Julius Ceiiir to Gallienus, which is iimoit complete. The celebrated Venus of Medici, the ftandard of tafte in female beauty and proportion, is in a room called the Tribunal: it is of white marble, and aicribed ,^0 Cleomenes, an Athenian, the Ion of Apullodorus. It is furrounded by other mafterpieces of fculpture, faid to be the works of Praxiteles, and other Greek mafters. Beude the gallery and tribunal, the hundredth part of whofe trealiures it is impoffible to particularize here, there are other rooms, whofe con- tents are indicated by the names they bear; a« the cabinet of arts^ of aitroo noray, of natinal hiftory, of tnedaU, o£ porcelain, ot' antiquities, Sic. The gal» Irry of portraits contains the portraits, all executed by tiKmfelves, of the moft tmint-nt painters who have flourilhed in Furope during the three laft centuries t tht-y amount to above 200. It is in vain to attempt a delcription of the churches and other public buildings. But tht chapel of Loren/o mult not be omitted : it is, |)erhaps, the fineft and moft exp^n- five habitation that ever was reared for the ticad ; being incrulted with precious ftunes, and adorned by the workraanfhip of the heft modern fculptors. Florence is a place of fome ftrengtht 45 miles S of Bolugna, and 125 nw of Rome. Lon. M 15 E, bt. 43 46 N. Florent, St. a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou, with a late rich Benedidline abbey. It is feated on the Loire, zo miles wsw of Alters. Lon. o 56 w, lat. 47 24 N. Florentin, St. a town of France, in the department of Yonne and late pro* vince of Burgundy, at the confluence of the Armance and Arman^on, 15 miles NE of Auxerre, and 80 SE of Paris. Lon. 3 55 E, lat. 4${ j N. Flore NTiNO, one of the three pro- vinces of Tuli»ny; bounded on the W by the republic of Lucca and the Mo- dencfe, on the N by the Appennines^ on the E by the duchy of Urbino, and on the s by the Siennele. It is a well- watered piovince, and very fertile, Flo|, rence is the capital. Flores, a fertile ifland, one of the Azores^ fo called from the abundance of flowers found upon it. Lon. 31 o W* lat. J9 34 N. Florida, a country of N America, 600 miles long, and 130 broad jbounded on ibe N by Georgia, on the E by the Atlantic Ocean, on the s hy the gulf of Mexico, and on the w by MiffifTippi* It is divided inio E and w Florida: St. Auguftine the capital of the former, and Peniacola oi' the latter. The country about St. Auguftine is the moft unfruit* ful i yet, even here, two crops of Indian corn are annually produced; the banks of the rivers are of a fuperior quality, and well adapted to the culture of rice and com. The interior country, which is hilly, abounds with wood of almoft every kind} particularly white and red oak, pine, hiccory, cyprefs, red and white cedar: the intervals between the hilly parts, produce fpontaneoufly the fruitt common to Cesrgia and the Carolinas | ^1 3 f k FOG ind the whole country is valuable, in a {taj-ticular manner, for the extenfive ranges or cttttie. Florida was difcovered by Sebaftian Cabot in 1497. Having often chaneed mailers, belonging alteniately to the French and Spaniards, it wan ceded by the latter to the £ngli(h in 1763; in whofe hands it continued till 1781, when it was taken by the Spani- ards, and ceded to them in 1783* Flotz, a town of Walachia, fcated «m the GenifTa, near its influx into the Danube. Flour, St. an epifcopal town of France, in the department of Cantal and late province of Auvcrgne. Good knives are made here, and its fairs are famous for the fale of mules and rye. It is feated on a mountain, 45 miles s of Clermont and 250 of Paris. Lon. 3 41 E, iat. 45 * N' Flushing, a ftrong and conflderable feaport of Dutch Zealand, in the ifland of Walcheren, with a good harbour, and a great foreign trade. It was put into the hands of queen Elifabeth as a ic en- tity for the money ftie advanced. It furrendered to the French in January 1 79 s, and is foar miles sw of MiddUburg. Lon. 7. 35 E, Iat. 51 29 N. Fochabers, a town in BanfFflilre, feated in a plain, near the river Spey. Here is Gordon Caftle, the princely jnanfion of the duke of Cordon, now greatly modernized; and in the town, many girls arc employed in fpinning, and fn the manufacture of fewing thread, un- der the patronage of the duchefs. It is 4.8 miles NW of Aberdeen. Fo-CHAN, a village of China, in the province of Quang-tong. It is called a village becaufe it has no walls nor a pre- siding governor, although it has a ereat tr^de, and contains more houfes and in- habitants than Canton. It is reckoned to be nine miles in circumference, and to contain 1,000,000 of inhabitants. It is i« miles from Canton. FocHiA Nova, a town of Natolia, on the gulf of Sanderly, with a good har- boxir, and a caftle. The Venetians beat the Turkifli fleet, near this place, in 1650. FpDGiA, a town of Naples, in Capi- tanata, feated near the Cerber0| 10 miles E of Manfredonia. FoDWAR, a town of Hungary, feated on the Danube, oppofite Colocza. Lon. 39 36 E, Iat. 46 39 N. Foe A R AS, a town and caftle of Tran- . fylvania, on the river Alauta, 30 miles NE of H^rmanftadt. Lon. 25 25 e, Iat. 4^ 30 n/ F O L FocLiA, a river of Italy, which rifci on the conflnet of Tulcany, crolles the duchy of Urbino, and falls into the gulf of Venice, at Pefaro. FoGO. SceFuEGO. FoiA, an ancient town of Natolia, on the g\»lf of Smyrna, with a good har- bour, and a ftrong caftle, 30 miles n of Smyrna. Foix, a town of France, in the de- partment of Arriege and late county of Foix. Here is r manufaftiire of coade woollen cloths, and fome copper-mills, which metal is a confiderable objeft of •ommeife. It is feated on the Arriege, at the f >ot of the Pyrenees, eight miles s of Pamiers. Lon. i 32 E, Iat. 43 o N. Fo-KiEN, a province of China, bounded on the N by Tche-kiange, on the w by Kiang-li, on the s by Quang-tong, and on the E by the Chinele Sea. Its climate is warm j and yet the air is fo pure, that no contagious difeafes ever prevail here. It produces mufk in abundance, precious ftones, quickfilver, iron, and tin: there are alfo mines of gold and filver; but they aie forbidden to be opened, under pain of death. It has fine plains} but mduftry fertilizes even the mountains, the greater part of which are difpofed ill the form of amphitheatres, and cut into terraces, rifmg above each other. Its vallies are watered by fprings and rivers which fall from the mountains, and v/hich the huft)andman knows how to diftribute, with great ikill, to refrefh his rice : he has even the art t r aile his water to the tops of the mountains, and of conveying it from one fide to another, by pipes made of bamboo. The people fpeak a different language in moft of the cities, each of which has its parti- cular dialeft. The language of the mandarins is that which is I'poken* evciy where } but few underftand it in this prgvince: however, it produces a great number of literati. It contains nine cities of the firft, and 60 of the third dafs. FonGNi, an epifcopal and trading town of Italy, in the duchy of Umbria j remarkable for its fweetnieats, paper- mills, filk manufactures, and fairs. ' It is feated on the declivity of a mountain, near a fertile plain, 69 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 24 E, Iat. 42 4.3 N. FoLKSTONE, a town in Kent, with a market on Thurfday. It was once a flourifhing place, containing five churches, which are now reduced to one, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in fifhing. It is a meml^er pf the port of Doverj I •i) ■4 F O N FOR the ;ulf on lar- of ic- of arl'e 1», of g«» s N. ed f ned by a mayor, and U ftated on iiglilh Channel, ei||ht milei sw oi' Dover, and 71 B by 8 ot London. Lon. I 14. E. lat. 51 5 N. FoNDi, an epifcopul town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora. It it ieated on a fertile plain, but in a bad air, near a Jake of it* own name, 41 milev Nw of Capua, and 50 sb of Rome. Lon. ij 34. B, lat. 41 XI N. FoNG-TsiANG-pou, a city of China, in the province of Chen-fi. Its diltrifl contains eight cities ot the fecond and third clals. It is 495 miles sw of Pekin. FONO-YANC-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan, ieated on a mountain, which hangs over the Yellow River. It indoles within its walls feveral fertile little hills; and its juriidiiilion coinpreliends five cities of the fecond ani 1 3 of the third clafs. It is 70 milc» NE of Nan-king. FoNTAiNBLEAV, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Mame and late province of the Ifle of France, remarkable for its fine palace, a hunting feat of the late kings of France, u was firft emhellifhed by Francis i, and each luccelfive king added fomething to it i inibmuch that it was one of the fineft pleal'ure-houfes in the world. It ftands m the midft of a foreft, 35 miles SE of Paris. Lon. % 47 e, lat. 48 25 N. FONTAINE-L'EVEQUE, a town of France, in the deparunent of the North and late province of Hainault, near the river Sambre, three miles w of Char, leroy. Lon. 4 ig e, lat. 50 23 N. FoNTARABiA, a Icaport of Spain, in Biicay, feated on a penmiiila in the bay of Bifcay, and on the river BidalToa. It is well ibrtified both by nature and art ; has a good harbour, though dry at low water; and is furrounded on the land fide by the Pyrenean mountains. It is a very important place, being ac- counted the key of Spain on that fide ; but it was taken by the French, in 1794. It is 12 miles sw of Bayonne, and 61 e of Bilboa. Lon. i 33 Vk^, lat. 43 23 N- FoNTENAi, a village of France, in the department of Yonne and late pro- vince of Biirgimdy, remarkable lor a battle fought, in 841, between the em- peror Lothario and his brothers Charles and Lewis, in which the latter were viflorious, and in which 100,000 men are faid to have fallen. It is zo miles BE of AuxeiTe. Lon. 3 48 e, lat. 47 18. N. F6ntenai-l?-Comte, a town of France, in the department of Vendee, and late, province gif Poitou. it b4s a woollen manufaAure, and its fair Is famous for cattle, particularly for niulck, on which laft account it is relbrted to by the Spaniards. It is feated on the Vendee, near the bay of Biicay, 15 miles NE of RochcUc. Lon. o 55 w, lat. 46 30 N. FoNTENOv, a village of Auftritn Hainault, remarkable for a battle Iietwcen the allies and the French in 1745, in which the former were woriied. It it four miles sw of Toumay. FoNTEVRAULT, a town of France, in the department of Maine and Loire and late province of Anjou. Here was a fa- mous abbey, founded by Robert d' Arbrif- lel, in 1 100. It was the chief of a re- ligious order, which, by a finffular whim ot the founder, confided of both fexes, and the general of which was a woman. Queen Bertrade, fo famous in hiftory, was among the firlt nuns that entered this abbey. It is nine miles SE of Saumur, aiid 160 sw of Paris. Lun. o lat. 47 9 N. FoRCALQUiET., an ancient town of France, in the department of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence, ieated on a hill, by the river Lave, zo miles NF of Aix. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 43 58 N. FoRCHAiN, a ffrong town of Fran, conia, in the biihopric of Bamlierg, with a fine arlenal. It furrendered to the French in Auguft 1796, but the Auitiians compelled them to abandon it ibon after- ward. It is feated on the Rednitz, iS miles s by E of Bamberg. Lon. 11 i z E, lat. 49 44 N. FoRDiNCBRiDOE, a town in Hamp- fliire, with a market on Saturday, feaied on the Avon, zo miles wsw of Win- chefter, and 87 w by s of London. Lon. 1 49 w, lat. 50 56 N. FORDWicH, a member of the port of Sandwich, in Kent, ieated on the river Stour, and governed by a mayor. It is noted for excellent truuts, and is three miles NE of Canterbury, and eight w of Sandwich. Foreland, North, a promontory, which is the NE point of the Ifle of Thanet, in Kent. It is alfo the nlbft fouthein part of the port of London, which is thence extended N, in a right line, to the point, called the Nafe, in Eflex, and forms the mouth of the Thames. Here is a round brick tower, near 80 feet high, ere6\ed by the Trinity Houl'e, for a leaniark.' Foreland, South, a headland, foj^ming tku £ puint gf th- cyisit. wi* U 4 il 1 I F '1 ' for: Kent. If is called South, iri refpef^ to it8 bearing from the other Fftrdhnd, which is fix miles to the N. i)-tw.ren tliele two £ap«s^ is the noted road, called the Downs, to which they are a great .'p- curity i Forest-Towns, four towns of Sua- h'.i, lying along the Rhine, and the con- fines of SwiHerland, at the entrance of the .Black Foreft. 'I'heir names are Waidichut, Liuffei burg, Seckingen, and Kheinfelder j and they are fubjetl to the houfe of Auftria. FoREZ, a province of France, bounded on the w by Auvergne, on the s by Velay and the Vivarais, on the E by the I,yonois, and on the N by Burgundy and the Boiurbonnois. It is waterfed by the Loire, and feveral other ftreams, and has feveral mines of coal and iron. It now forms, with the Lyonois, the department of JRhone and Loire. Forfar, the coanty-town of Angus- ihire. . It contains, inapy reat modern houles, and is fituatc in an extenfive plain, 14. miles w of Monti-oie. Lon. » 54 w, lat. 56 35 N. Forfarshire. See Ancusshire. Forges, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine, and lare province of Normandy, rtmarkab' for Its mineral waters. It is 60 miles Nvv of Paris. Lon. o 40 E, lat. 49 38 N. FoRLi, a*-, ancient .town of Komagn?, capital of a territory of the fame name, with a bilhop's fee. The public Itriic- tures are very haadfome, and it is leated In a fertile antl healthy coimiry, 10 aniit-; £ of Faztna, and 40 ne of Florence. Lon. 1 1 44 £, lar. 44 16 n. Formosa, an ilhnd in the ChinL-ie Sea, 90 miits i-: ot Canton, lying betv/ee;i 319 and 122° E Icn. and z2 ?nd 25° n lat. It is fubic6l to the Chir.cl'i, who, nct- •vithftanding its proximity, did not kn jw of its exilter.ce till the year 1450. if it: aj5 rules ioiig and 75 broad j and i chain of mountLiins, running its whole kngth, divides it into two ^larts, the E and w. The Dulch built the fort of Zealand, in the w parr, in 1634. They were driven thence, in i66i, by a Chinefe pirate, who made himfelf maftorof all the w part. But, in 1682, the whole ifland lubmittcd to the 'impcror of China. It contains exttnf've and tcrtile plains, watered by a great number of rivulets that fall irom the mountains. Its air is pure and wholefome; and it produces abundance of corn and lice, moft of the Indian fruits, many of thole of Europe, tobacco, fugar, pepper, cunphire, md F O T ei-..r;»mon. Wholeromc Vvater I* the only thing wanting in Formola; and it is very nctrnordinary, tlut evtry Wind of water in i': is poiibncus to Grangers. . The inhabitants rear a great number of oxen, which they ufe for riding, from a want of horl'es. They acruft-.T. tb'-m eiuly to this kind of fer\dce, and, by daily exerciie, train them to go as well as the belt horles. Thele oxen are fur- nifhed v>'ith ; biidle, faddle, and crupper. A Chinele looks as proud, when mounted in this manner, as if he were carried by the fineft Barbary courier. On the 2 2d of May 1782, this fine ifland was over- whelmed, and almoft totally deltroyed, by a furious hurricane and dreadful inun- dation of th . fea, fuppoled to have been occaficned by an earthquake. Tai-ouang is t'lccapital. FoRRES) a town in Murray/hire, feated on an eminence, cloii; to a rivulet, two miles to the e of the river Findhorn. A iittlt to the NE, near the road, is a re- markable column, called Kin^- Seven's or Sweno's S*one, above 20 feet iiigh, and three hioau, covered on both fi -eb by antitj'.io I'culpture, and faid to have been ercdted in ineniory of a viftoiy obtained over the Danes, in 1008. Forres manu- faiHures I'bme linen and tevvh.^ hreadjand is I 5 miles w of Llgin. Portt: VENTURA, one of the v-unary Ilh'.nds, 65 iniics in length, and of a vev" irregular breadth, confiding of two pe- nin uias joinal by an ifttimus 12 miles in W/tucUh. It pioduces plenty of w'leat^ Ijiilry, beevts, and gouts. Lon. 14 26 Vv', la. z3 4 N. i'OB TH, a fine river of Scotland, which riles in Perihdiire. Between Stirling and Allca, it winds in a beautiful man- ner; and alter a courie of near 40 miles, it meets the German Ocean a little below iMloa, where it forms the noble eituary, ciilled the frith of Forth. 'Inhere is a coaimunicaticn 'letween this river and the Clyde, by a caivil. See Canal, Great. FoRTROsE, a borough in Rol'sfliire, fituate on the frith of Murray, nearly onpofite Fort Gecrge, aud nine miles \v of Inveriiefs, FossANO, a ftrong town of Piedmont, with a bifhop's lee, leated on the Sture, JO miles NE of Coni, and 27 se of Piguercl. Lon. 7 56 E, lat. 44 45 N. FossoMBRONK, a town of Italy, in the duciiy of Urbino, with a bi.on8, profcnptions, and mallacres, lu .iie, in a manner, only common occiuTeiKes. By the conduiion, however, of the year 1794, this leign of defpotiim and terror gave place to a more moderate fyftem : and al- though, at one period, the fhutting up of the churches, the indecent Ipeilacle of priefts appearing in the convention to re- fign their timftions and renounce their re- ligu.n, and the formation of a new ca- lendar (by which the year was divided into dctadci inUead ut weeks) indicated II 11: 4 r'P'l m m m F R A F R A I ii , t\ •pen hoftility to the Chriftlan relisior ; the convention found it neceflaiy, at lalt, to conform fo far to the prejudices of the Ecople, as to declare publicly their ac- nowledginent of a Supreme Being, and of the imir.ortaiity of the foul, and to per- mit again (he exeixife of religious wor- ftiip j abolirtiing, however, all clerical di(tinftions, and leaving- the whole main- ten ince of the minifters of religion to the benevolence of the prople. With rcfpeft to the war, it may be i'ufHcient to rtate, in general, that after four campaigns, in which great rcverfes of fortune were ex- perienced, the French nation difplayed againft the combined powers liich won- derful energy and refourccs, that, before tilt conclunon of 1795, they were in the entire poflelfion of Savoy, and of the Auftrian and Dutch Netherlands j and had made fuch alarming progrel's in Hol- land, Spain, Italy, and Germany, as to procure a peace with PruHia and Spain, and form an alliance with the United Provinces. Their commerce, however, was ruined } their finances were fup- ported by a vaft emiflion of compulfivc paper currency, and by plunder and con- nfcation ; their armies, which fought with the ardour of enthufiafm, were recruited by defpotic requifitions ; and they had loft Corfica, and their principal Weft In- dia iflands. The campaign of 1796, re- mains in fufpt^nce : but they made a peace with Sardinia in June ; and by Auguft had fubdued almoft all Lombardy, and Overrun Suabia and Franconia ; but in September they had a reverie of fortune In Germany, and were compelled to re- linquifti nearly all they had acquired. Whether the pnnch republic will be pci - mancnt, or the ..ncient order of thinsfs re- (torcd, IS a qutllicn foreign to rh»s work ; but the prelent gvogniphical Itate of the country muft l)e noticed, wh*:thi.r that ftatc be permanent or not. France, then, bv the firft h'giflative afTemblvj was divi- ded into 83 departments, nearly ecpiai in ♦.•xtent, inftead of the ancient military jirovinces j and thel'e departments were lubdivided into diflrii^fs, cantons, and municipalities. The n;imes of the de- Eartments are Ain, Ailne, Allier, Alps f^pper, Alps Lower, Ardeche, Ardennes, Aniege, Aube, Aude, Aveiron, Calva- dos, Cantal, Charente, Charente Lower, Cher, Correze, Corfica, Cote d'Or, Cotes du Nord, Creufe, Dordogne, Doubs, Drome, Eure, Eure and Loire, Finifterre, Gard, Garonne Upper, Gcrs, Gironde, Herauk, Indre, Indi'e and Loire, Ifere, We and Vilaine, Jura, Landw, Loir wd Cher, Loire Upper, Loire Lower, Lorrtt, Lot, Lot and Gnronne, Lozerc, Maine, Maine and Loire, Manche, Marne, Maine Upper, Meurthe, Meufe, Morbilian, Mo- fefle, Nord, Nievre, Oife, Ome, Paris, Pas de Calais, Puy de Dome, Pyrenees Upper, Pyrenees Lower, Pyrenees Eaftern, Rhine Upjier, Rhine Lower j Rhone, Bouches du ; Rhone and Loire, Saonc Upper, Saone and Loire, S&rte, Seine and Oife, Seine Lower, Seine and Marne ; Sevres, les deux ; Somme, Tani, Var, Vendee, Vienne, Vienne Upjier, Vofges, and Yonne. i:ach of thefe departments has an archicpifcopal or epifcopal town ; there being now only ten archbiftioprics, or metropolitan circles, and 73 bimop's fees. Some of tliefe fees are of new cre- ation, as Colmar, Vefbul, Laval, Cha- teauroux, Cucret, and St. Maixent. The departments all appear, in this work, under their refpeflive names; and the accounts t-f the late provirKes arc ftill retained. The }K)pulation of France is eftimated at 15,000,000. Paris is the metropolis. France, Isle of, a late province of France, fo called, becaufe it was formerly bounded by the rivers Seine, Marne, Oife, Aifne, and Ourque. It now in- cludes the four departments of Oife, Seine ami Oile Seine and Maine, and Paris. France, Isle of, or Mauritius, an iihmd' in the Indian Ocean, 400 miles E of Madagfalcnr. It was difcovered bv the Portuguelie; but the firft who lettled here were the Dutch, in 1598. They called it Mauritius, in honour of prince Maurice, their fta«.lthokler ; but, on their accniifition of the C'ape of Good Hope, they lieleited it ; and it continued unli;t- tled till the French landed here, in 1720, ami gave it the name of one of the finett provinces in France. It i»i 150 miles in circumtdtncc. The climate Is healthy j but the (oil int very fertile. There are many mountains, iome of which are io hii,di, that tln'ir tops are covered with liiDw : they produce the heft ebony In the world. 'J"hc vallies are well watered with rivers, and are made very pioduc- tiv(.' by cultivation, of which indigo is the principal object. The town and har- bour are called Port Louis, and are (ticngly fortified; but, in the hnrtirane months, the harbour cannot afford iL. Iter for more than eight velllls. Here arc large ftore- houfes and every thing n( fl'ary for the equipment of fleets. 1 he number of inhabitants on the illand, exclufive of the military, is 8000 whites, and ii,ooo blacks. Lon. 57 a8 e, lat. zo 9 s, Franckfort on th£ MAiNi-. aa ■ointt laine, 4aine Mo- F R A ancient and free imperial city df Gtr- many, in the circle of Franconia. The chief ftru6lure is the townhoule, in which is prelerved the golden bull, the origin of the fundamental laws of the empire ; and here is the chamber in which the emperor ii ele^ed. All religions are tokrated at Pr.inctort, under ccriuin rellri£lion» ; but Lutheranifm is the cftabUHtcd faith. The principal church is in the pofTeinou of the Koman catholics ; but no public procef- fion through the ihects is permitted. In tills church is a chapel, to which the em- peror is conducted immediately after his elc(ftion, in order to be crowned by the cie^lor of Mentz. The Jews have a Sy- nagogue in this city ; but the Calvinills have never been allowed any place of worlbip ill the territory of Francrort ; and attend divine lervice at Bockenheim, in the coimty of Hanau, where they have built a church. It is reuiai'kable, that in all funeral proceffions here, the crucifix leads the way, whether the deceafed has died a Koman catholic, a Lutheran, or a Calvinift. The Jews are compelled to live together in a fmgle narrow ftreet, built up at one end ; and a large gate at the other is regularly Huit at a certain hour of the night, after which no Jews dare appear in the ftieets. Francfort is one of the moft commercial places in Eu- rope, and has two great fairs every year. It was taken, in Oftober 1792, by the French, who were difpoirefted of it by the Pruflians in December following; and again taken by the French in July 1796, but they evacuated it to the Auftrians in September following. It is feated on the river Maine, 15 miles NE of Mentz, and 350 w by N of Vieuua. Lon. 8 40 E, lat. 49 55 N. Francfort on the Oder, a flou- rifhing city ot" Germany, in the middle niarche of firandenburg, formerly impe- rial, but now fubje^t to the king of Prulfia. It is remarkable for three great fairs, and its m "verlity. It is 45 miles S£ of Berlin, and 72 s of Stetin. Lon. 14 39 E, lat. 51 23 N. Franche Comte, a late province of France, bounded on the N by. Lorrain, on the E by Alface and Swifferland, on the \y by Burgundy, and on the s by Breflfc. It is 125 miles in length, and 80 in breadth, and abound$ in corn, wine, cattle, horltis, mines of iron, copper, and lead. It was conquered by France in 1674, and ceded to it by the treaty of Nimeguen in 1678. It now forms the three departments of Doubs, Jura, aod Vfftt SaoQc. F R A Franchemont, a town of Germany^ in the biihopric of Liege, 12 miles sg of Liege. Franciade. SeeDsNYS, St. Francois, Cafe, a town in the » pait of the ifland of St. Domingo, be- iongirg to the French, who often call it the Cape, by way of eminence. It fuf- fered much by dreadful commotions tlut enfued after the French revolution. Lon. 72 18 w, lat. 19 46 N. Franconia, a circle of Germany, bounded on the N by the circle of Upper Saxonv, on the £ by that of Bavaria, on the s by that of Suabia, and on the w by tlie circles of the Rhine. The middle is fertile in corn, wine and finiits, but the bijrders are full of woods and barren mountaitts. This country was overrun by the French republicans in the fummer of 1796, but in September the Auftrians compelled them to retreat. The Franks, who conquered Trance, came from thi» province, and gave their name to that kingdom. Franeker, or Franker, a town of the United Provinces, in FrieHand, with a caftle and univerfity. The public build- ings and palaces are magnificent. It is kvm miles w of Lewarden. Lon. 5 33 £» lat. 53 UN. Frankendaj , a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Khine. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1623, by the Swedes in 1632, bumt by the French in 1688, and taken by the allies in I794< It is feated near the Rhine, feven miles, s of Worms. Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 49 25 N. Frankenstein, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 12 miles Nw of Landau. Lon. 7 SS E» ^^t. 49 18 N. FRANCKLiN,a county of Pennfylvania, 30 miles long and 24 broad. In 1790, it contained 15,655 Inhabitants. Cham- berfburg is the capital. Frauenfeld, a town of Swifferland, capital of the Thurgau. It is feated on an eminence, and is the place, where, fmce 1712, the deputies of the Swifs can- tons hold their general diet. Lon. 8 56 £, lat. 47 35 n. Fraustadt, a town of Silefia, re- markable for a battle gained by the Swedes over the Saxons, in 1706. It is 20 miles Nvv of Giogaw. Lon. 16 3 E, lat. 51 48 N. Frazersburch, a feaport in Aber- deenfhire, on the German Ocean. It is feated clofe by a promontory^ called Kin- naird's Head, on which is a ilghthouie. I ,r ; . II. m I .^aJ 'i! f i I F R E 40 miles N of Aberdeen. Lon. i 37 \v, lat. 57 3 1 N. FPvtDiuNEURG, a town of WtHplnlia, 50 mil.s w oi' Caffel. Lon. S 16 1:, lat. 51 10 N. FredericA, a town of the United Staves, in St. Simon's illanci, on the coall of Georgia. Lon. 80 ao w, lat. 31 6 N. pREDiiRicsBURfi, a caltle and palace of the king of Denmark, in the ille of iiJealand, 15 miles nw of Copenhagen. Lcn. 12 25 E, lat. 55 51 n. Fredericsburg, a town of Virginia, fitu.tte on the s fide of the Rappahiinnoc, no mi'es Irom its mouth. It contains about ■ 5 lioull's, principally in one Itreet, which J uns nearly parallel with the river. It is 50 milLS s by w of Alexandria. Lon. 77 20 w, lat. 38 2 N. FREnERicsiiuR"fc, a Danifli fort, on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, near Cajjc Thret'points, 62 miles wsw of Cape Coalt Caftle. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 4 30 n. Frfderickshall, or Frederic- STADT, a fcaport of Norway, in the pro- vince of Aggerhuys, fituate on the ex- treniity of the Swinefimd, at the mouth of the river Tifte. It is the moft regular fbrtrels in this part of Norway, con- taining an arlerial amply fupplied. The harbour is fife and commodious ; but the large quantity of faw-duft brought down the river, from the different faw>mills, occalions an annual cxpence to clear it away. On the llimmit of an almofl per- pendicular rdck, wliioh overhangs the town, ftands the liithcrto impregnable fortrefs of J' feclericftein ; at the iiege of which, in 1718, Charles xii of Sweden, was killed by a mv'^'et-ball. This town is 31 miles SE of C. . .(tiania. Lon. 10 55 E, lilt. 59 12 N. Freohricstaot, a town of Den- mark, in S Jutland, featcd on the river Eyder, 17 miles sw of Slefwick. Lon. 9 43 E, lat. 54 30 N. Fredericstein, a ftrong fortrefs of Nrrway. See KREnERicsHALL. Fredericstown, a flouriflnng town of the United States, in Maryland, feated on the Potomac, 60 miles w by N of An- napolis. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 39 20 N. Freiiel, a cape of France, in the de- partment of the North Coafl and late province of Bretagne, 1 3 miles w of St. Klalo. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 48 41 N. Freisingen, a town of Germany, ca- pital of a bifhopric of the fame name, in liic circle of Bavaria. It was taken by the French, September 3, 1796. It is featwd on a mouutaiO; near the Ifer, 20 F R I miles N by E of Munich. Lon. ir 50 E» lat. 48 26 N. Frejus, a town of France, in the department of Var and late province of Provence. By the Romans, it was called Forum Julii ; and had then a port on the Mediterranean, which is now above a mile from it. It is the birthplace of that great Ro)nan general and philoibpher Agricola ; and near it, fome fine remains of anti- quity are ffill vifible. It is feated near the river Argens, in a morafs, 40 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 50 £, lat. 43 26 N. Frescati, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma. • It derives its name from the coolnefs of the air, and frefh verdure of the fields aroimd. It is a bifhop's lee, always pofTefled by one of the fix eldell cardinals j and in its neigh- bourhood are fituate fome of the mofl magnificent villas in Italy. The ancient city of Tufculum is fuppofed to have ftood on the fite of Frefcati; and, at the diftance of a mile and a half, it is gene- rally believed, was the Tufculan villa of Cicero, at a place now called Grotta Fer- rava. Some Greek monks, flying from the perfecution of the Saracens, in the nth century, were permitted to build a convent on the ruins of Cicero's houfe ; asd ftili perform the fervice in the Greek language. Frefcati, with Tivoli and Al- bano, is the favourite abode of the land- fcape painters who travel into Italy for improvement. Nothing can lurpais the admii'able afTemblage of hills, meadows, lakes, cafcades, gardens, ruins, groves, and terraces, which charm the eye, as it wanders among the fliades of thefe delight- fid villages. Fi'efcati is feated on the de- clivity of a hill, 12 miles SE of Rome. Lon. II 42 E, lat. 41 4.8 N. Freudenstadt, a (trong town of Suabia, in the Black Foreft, built to dt- fend the paffage into this foreft. It is 12 miles SE of Straiburg. Lon. 8 xi E, lat. 48 28 N. Freystadt, a town of Hungary, in the county of Neitra, with a itrong caftle, feated on the Waag, oppofite Leopold - ftadt. Lon. 18 10 e, lat. 48 32 k. Freystadt, a town of Silefia, in the duchy of Tefchen, »o miles e of Trop- paw. Lon. 18 15E, lat. 50 o N. Frias, a conliderable town of Spain> in Old Cafl:ile, feated on a mountain, near the river Ebro, 35 miles Nw of Burgos. Lon. 3 46 w, lat. 41 52 N. Friburg, one of the cantons of Swif^ fcijland; furroundcd on all iid^s by the of dt- is F R I canton of Bern. It is fertile in com, bruits, and paftui'es. Fri;jurg, a town of Swlflcrluul, ca- pital of a canton of the lame r.inic. The public buddings, ei'pecially the ca- thedral, ai-e very handfome, and the inlia- bltants are papilts. It is governed in (jn- rituaU by the bifhop of Laufanne, who refides here, and in temporals by a coun- cil, over which an avoyer prefides. Its fituation is very extraordinary, for only the w fide is near plain ground, and all the reit is built among rocks and hills. Three miles from this town is a celc- !• rated hermitage, cut in a rock, which contains a church and fteeple, a veftry, a kitchen, a large hall, two rooms on each fide, two pair of ftairs, and a cellar. The church is 63 feet long, 36 broad, and 22 high: but the moft wonderful thing of all is the fteeple, which is 70 feet high above the rock ; and the chimney of the kitchen is 90 feet in height. It is almoft inconceivable how one man, with hi& fei-vant, could perform fo difficult a Work, though they were 25 years about it. Friburg is feated on the river San, ° 15 miles sw of Bern. Lon. 6 53 £, lat. 4.6 48 N. Friburg, a town of Suabia, capital of Brifgaw ; remarkable for the fteeple of the great church (which, except that of StraTburg, is the fineft in Germany) and for its univerfity. The inhabitants are famous for polifhing cryftai and precious ftones. It has been feveral times taken and retaken ; the laft time by the French in June 1796. It is feated on the river Trifer, 10 miles e of Brifach, and 26 s ofStrafburg. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. 48 ion. Fricenti, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Principato Ulteriore, near the river Triapalto, ao miles sB of Benevento. Lon. 15 9 E, lat. 4.0 59 N. Friedberg, an imperial town of Ger- many, in Weteravia, feated on a moun- tain, 15 miles N£ of Francfon. Lon. 8 46 E, lat. 50 10 N. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, with a caftle, taken and plun- dered by the Swedes in 1631. It is 30 miles Nw of Munich. Lon. 11 10 £, lat. 40 23 N. Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Mifnla, remarkable for its mines, and for being the burying-place of the princes of the houiie of Saxony. It is feated on the Multa, 1 5 miles sw of Drefden. Lon. 13 36 w, lat. 51 o N- Priedbbug, a town of Gennany, in Thuiingia, icatcd on the Unilrue, 30 F R I Lon. II 41 E, lut. miles w of Lclpfuk. 51 19 N. Friedberg, the name of two Imall towns in Sileliaj the on-.- in the duchy of Javcr, and the other in the duchy of Schweidnitz. The laft is remarkable ior a battle ■jained there by the king of Pi'uf- fia, over the Auitrluna, in 1745. Priding, a town of Suabia, on the Danube, 30 miles N'e of Conliante. Lon. 9 31 e, lat. 48 1 1 N. Fridland, a town of Bylicmia, on the confuies of Silefia, 55 miico e of Drefden. Lon. I5 15 e, lat. 53 4 N. Fridlengen, a town of Suabia, three miles E of the Rhine, and four N of Bafle. Lon. 7 36 E, lat. 47 40 N. Friendly Islands, a group of iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, fo named by captain Cook, in 1773, o" account of the triendftiip that appeared to liibfift among the inhabitants ; and their courte- ous behaviour to Itrangers. Tafman, a Dutch navigator, firft touched here ia 1643, and gave the names of New Am- fterdam, Rotterdam, and Middleburg, to three of the principal iflands. Captain Cook explored the whole clutter, which be found to confitt of more than 20 iflands, the principal of which are Ton- gataboo, or Amltcrdam; Eauowe, .or Middleburg j Annamooka, or Rotter- dam } Hapaee, and Leiooga. The ifirft, which is tne largeft, lies in 174 46 w lon. and 21 9 s lat. The general ap- pearance of thefe iilands convey an Idea of the moll: exuberant fertility : the fur- face, at a diftance, leems entirely clothed with trees of various fizes, fome of which are very large, particularly the tall cocoa- palm, and a Ipecies of fig with narrow- pointed leaves. On clofer examination, they are almoft wholly laid out in planta- tions, in which are fome of the richelt produftions of nature j I'ach as oread- fruit and cocoa-nut trees, plantains, yams, fugar-canes, and a fruit like a nedailne. The ftock of quadrupeds is fcanty ; but they received from captain Cook fome valuable additions, both to the animal and vegetable kingdom. Their domeftic fowls are as large as thofe of Europe. Among the birds are parrots and pano- quets of various forts, which furnifh the red feathers fb much efteemed in the So- ciety Ifles. The numerous reefs and fhoals afford fhelter for an endlefs variety of fhellfifh. Thefe iflands are all inhabited by a race of people, who cultivate the earth with great induftry j and nature, alfifted by a little art, appears no where -i t«.| tfe' r t F R I in greater fplendour. Agriculture, ar- chiteiluic, boat- building, and fifhing, are the employinents of the men: to the women h confined the nunufafture of cloth. Friesach, a town of Germany, in the archbifliopric of S Itzburg, with a Itrong caftle, on a mountain. It is 56 miles S£ of SaltKbmgh. J.on. 14. iz £, lat. 4.7 12 N. Frieslani), one of the Unlttd Pro- vinces, bounded on the N by the German Ocean, on the w by Jie Zuicler-Zee, on the s by the lame and Overyflel, which alio, with Gronningen, boimds it on the £. Lewardt-n is the capital. Friesland, East, a principality of Weftphalia, fo called from its iltuation with refpeft to the Dutch province of Friefland. It is bounded on the N by the German Ocean, on the E by Olden- burg, on the s by Munfter, and on the W by Gronlngen and the German Ocean ; extending from N to s 45 miles, and from £ to w 4.Z. The country being level and low, is obliged tq be fecured agaiuft in- undations by expenfive dikes. The land is fertile; and the paltures feed horned cattle, horfes, and fheep, of an extraor- dinary fize. On the death of prince Charles Edward in 1744, the fuccelTion to this ^.rincipality was difputed between the king of Great Britain, eleftor of Hanover, and the king of Prulfia, eleftor of Brandenburg ; and, on an appeal by the former, in 1752, to the diet of Ra- tifbon, it was determined, that the claims of the two princes fhould be referred to the decifion of the emperor and the auiic council at Vienna j but his Pruflian ma- jefty declaring that he would maintain poileflion by force of arms, it was not thought advifable to embroil Great Bri- tain with that monarch, anti the claim of the elerincipal material of whi'-' is fine Eng- ifli wool. It is feated on the Frome, ii miles s of Bath, and 104 w by s of Lon- don. Lon. 2 16 w, lat. 51 lo N. Fronsac, a town of France, in the department of Gironde and late province of Guienne, feated on :he Dordogne, sx miles NE of BoutJeaux. Lon. 16 w, lat. 45 5 N. Fronteira, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, 17 miles ne of Elhtmos. P'rontigniac, a town of France, in the department of Herault and late pro- vince of Languedoc, ix'maikable for its excellent mulcadine wines. It is feated on Lake Maguleonc, 14 miles sw of JMontpellier. Lon. 3 48 e, lat. 43 46 n. Fuego, one of the Cape de Verd Iflands, in the Atlantic Ocean. It is much higher than any of the relt, apd feems to be a fingle mountain at fea, but on the fides there are deep valiies. It is a volcano, which burns contir;- tally, and may be fe«n a great way off at iea, Tlie F U L '■ FUR the Ince" 22 w, in ill no- its ted of N. erd :he Portugucfe, who firft inhabited it, brought negroes with them, and a ftock of cows, horfes, and hogs ; but now the chief in- habitants are blaclcs, of the Romifh reli- gion. It is 300 miles w of Cape de Veid. Lon. 24. 30 w, lat. 14. 54. N. f'UEN-Hou-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Pe-tchdi, celebrated for its extent and the number of its inhabit- ants, as well as for the beauty of its ftreets and triumphal arches. It has under its jurifdiiJlion two cities of the fecond rank, eight of the third, and many for- trcffcs, which bar the entrance of Cliina agaii^it the Tartars. It is feated near the great wall, amid mountains. FuEN-TCHEOU-FOU, a commercial city of China, in the province of Chang-fi. Its baths and fprings, ahnolt as hot as boiling water, attraft a great number of ftrangers. Its dillrift contains one ciiy of the fecond, and feven of the third clafs. It is feated on the river Fueo-bo, 150 miles s\v of Pekin. FuENTE DuEGNA, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, feated on the Tajo, 35 miles SB of Madrid. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 40 14 N. FvESEN, a town of Suabia, belonging to the bifhop of Auglburg, with an an- cient cattle. It is feated on the Lech, 50 miles s by E of Auglburg. Lon. 1 1 1 5 E> lat. 47 40 N. FuiDENTALL, a town of Silefia, in the duchy of Troppaw, taken by the king of rrulTia in 1 741 and 1 744. It is feated near the Mohra, 16 miles w by s of Troppaw. Put A, or Thole, one of the Shet- land Iflands, w of Mainland. It is thought by fome to be the lame, which the ancients reckoned the ultimate limit of the habitable globe, and to which, therefore, they gave the appellation of Ul- tinia Thule. It is doubtfid, however, whether this be really the ifland (o called j becaufe, had the ancients reached it, they mult have feen land ftill furtlier to the ne } Mainland, Yell, and Unit, being all fur- ther N. FuLDE, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, witfi a cele- brated abbey, whole abbot is primate of the abbies of the empire, and fovereign of a fmall territory between Heffe, Fran- conia, and Thuringia. It is feated on the Fulde, 55 miles s of Caffel. Lon. 9 43 E, lat. 50 40 N. FuLHAM, a village in Middlefex, fom* miles w by s of London, feated on the Thames, over which is a wooden bridge to Putney. It has been the demeihe of the bifliops of London ever fince the con- Quell : here they have a ualace ; and in the churchyard are the tombs of feveral of the prelates of that fee Full AN, a country in the interior pnrt of Africa, w ot the kingdom of Ca(hna. Its boundaries have not yet btcii aicertained, nor has the face of the country been dei'cribied. All the infor- mation obtained of it is, that the drefg of the natives relembles the plaids of the Scotch Mighlanders. FuNCHAL, the capital of Madeira, fitu- ate round a bay, on the genilc afcent of the firft hills, in form of an amphitheati-e. An old caltle, which commands tho road, ttands on the top of a (teep black rock, furroundcd by the fea at high water, and called bv the Englifli Loo Rock. On a neighbouring eminence above the town, is another, callwi St. John's Cattle } and on the feafide are feve- ral batteries. The ftreets are narrow, ill -paved, and dirty. The houfes are built of freeftone, or of brick j but they are dark, and only a few of the bett, be- longing to the Englifli merchants, or the principal inhabitants, are provided with glafs windows : all the others have a kind ot lattice-work in their ftead, which hanga on hinges. Lon. 17 6 w, lat. 3* 38 n. FvNDY, a bay of N America, betwe«.n New England aud Nova Scotia, remark- able for its tides, which rife to the height of 50 or 60 feet, and flow fo rapidly, as to overtake animals wliich feed upon the fliore. Fun EN, an ifland of Denmark, 34a miles in circumference j leparated from Jutland by a ftrait, called the Little Belt, and from Zealand by the Great Belt. It is remarkably fertile in pafture and grain* and exports to Norway, bailey, pats, rye, and peas. Odenlce is the capital. FuRNES, a town of Atiftrian Flanders, feated. near the German Ocean, on the canal from Bruges to Dunkirk. It wa« one of the barrier towns; but, in 1781, the emperor Joleph 11 expelled the Dutch pirilbn. It was taken by the French in 1793, and is 12 miles e of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 45 E, lat. 51 4 K. FuRRUCKABAO, a diftrift of Hip- dooftan Proper, contiguous to the W bank of the Ganges, and furrounded by Oude. It is Httlemore than 30 miles in ex- tent, and belongs to a chief of the Patan RohiUa tribe. Its capital is of the fame name. Lon. 79 30 w, lat. zy »8 n. FuRSTENBURc, a principality of Suabia, bounded by th^ duchy of Wir- temberg, ^he county of Hohenburg vol M\ m ti;l li'ii !il F y N ether territories of tUc hpufc of Aullria, 'fy''the Brifir-iw, the Black Forrft, ami 'tlie luke annbifhoprlc of Conn;nice. In 'this ftute thf river Danube takca its rife. ruRSTENDURGjthe capital of a prin- cipality of the fame name, in Suabiu, rvit'h a caftlc, leiUcd on a mouni;jiu, near the Danvihe, 17 miles S of Rdtweil. Lo:i. 9 o E, lat. 4.7 53 N. FuRSTj NKELP, u town of Lower Stiria, with a caltle, on the river Auft- iiit7, 50 miles s of Vienna. Lon. 165 E, lat. 47 23 N. Ft.'Rstenwai.d, a town of Germany, in the mickile marche of Brandenburg, feated on the Spree, 20 miles w of Frunc- ■ fort on the Oder. It was taken by the Swedes in 1631. Lon. 14, 8 E, lat. 52 'aj N. ' FuTTVl'ot/R SicRi, a i the chafm. FvNE^j.Lot;., an Inlet of the Atkntlc; G A I in Argyleflurc, near 40 miles in length. It receives and returns a tide on each liJe of the ille of Arran, which is direfily uppofite its entrance. It is indented with bays ; and at certain fcalbns, its water!> are filled wit'n herrings, when it becomes the relbrt of numerous Hfliing vedlls. t'vZADAD, a city of Hindooilan Pro- Jfer, in the territory yf Oude, of which it was oftce the capital. Here arc the re- mains of a vaft building, the palace of the late nabob Sujah ul Dowlah. I'he city is very populous ; but fmce the v&- inoval of the court of Oude to Lucknow, the people are of the loweft clai's. It is feated on the Gogra, 80 miles E of Luck- now, and 500 NW of Calcutta. Lorl, Sz 30 E, lat. 29 34N. . , '. I G. ■. <, a- GABARET, a town of france, ii> the department of Gers and late province of Gafcony, feated on the G?- liil'e, 20 miles w of Condom. Lon. o 6 E, lat. 44 59 N. Gabian, a village of France^ in the department oi' HerauU and late province of Langucdoc, famous for its mineral waters. . . Gab IN, a town of Poland, in the pa« latinate of Rava, 50 miles NW of War- faw. Lou. 19 45 E, lat. 5* 26 N. Gaiei'a, an ancient town of NajJts, in Terra di Lavora, with a fort, a cita- del, a harbour, and a bifhop's fee. It was taken l^y the Auftrians in 1707, and by the Spaniards in 1734. It is ieated at the foot of a mountain, near the lea, 30 miles NW of Capua. Lon. 13 47 £, lat. 41 30 N. Gail lac, a town of France, in the department of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, remarkable for its wines. It is feated on the Tarn, 10 miles sw of Alby. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 43 54 N. Gail LON, a town of France, In the department of Eure and late province of Normandy, remarkable for the magnifi- cent palace, lately belonging to the arqh- bifliop of Rouen. It is five miles from Andely, and 22 from Rouen. Gainsborough, a town in Llncoln- flilre, with a market on Tuefdav, feated on the Trent, over which Is a handfome Itone bridge. It is a river-port of Ibnje confequence, beipg acceflible to veflels of funicient fize to navigate 'the fea^ and lerves as a place of export aid import for the N part of tlui'tuuuty,; aiitl fw Not- i'f GAL GAL. ce, it> A late e Gu- ll, o 6 cita- ie. It I7, and ited at ;a, 30 IE, lat. jin tlic Ince ot ignlfi- arqh- from icola- ll'eated Idfome Ibnje Vels of and tJrt ior Not- tinghamfhirf. It is 17 miles Nw of LiiK'ola, and 151 n by w of London. Lun. o 36 w, lat.. 53 %8 N< Gaikloch, a large bay of ScotKind, on the w coalt of Koislhire, which gives name to a tia^l of bnd near it. The fiAiing of cud, and other white fifh, h here very confiderable. Galacz, a town of Bulgaria, feated near the Danube, between the inuuthv of the Pruth and Seret. Galashiels, a village in Selkirk- shire, near the confluence of the Gala and Tweed. Here is a flour iOiing manufac- ture of woollen cloth, called Galafliiels- gniy, being of a dark colour and coarli: texture. Lately, flannels and fuperior cloths have been tried with tolerable i'uc- cels. It is 25 miles s by e of Edinburgh. Galaso, a river of Naples, inOtrunio, wl\ich riles in the opening r 'ar Oria, and falls into the gulf of Taraiito, Galata, the principal fuburb of Con- ibntihoplc, feated oppofite the leraglio, on the other fule of the harbour. It is inhabited by ChrilUans of all Ibrts, as well as j-'ws, who exercife their religion publicly i and here wine is ibid in taverns, which is not allowed in the city itfelf. Galfally, a town of Ireland, in the county of Tipptiary, 23 milts se of Limerick. Lon. 8 20 w, lat. 52 15 N. G ALICIA, a large country in the s of Poland, which conllfts of that part of Little Poland on the s fide of the Viitula, »lmoit the whole of Red Kufiia, and a flip of Podolia. It was forcibly leized by the Auftrians in 1772, and incorpo- rated into the Auflirian dominions, under the appellation of the kingdoms of Gali- cia and Lcdomeriaj which kingdoms, as the court of Vienna alleged, fome ancient diplomas reprel'ent as fituate in Pwiand, and fubjeft to the kings of Hungary : but their moft powerful and convincing argu- ment was an army of 200,000 men. The population ot Galicia ard Lodo- meria, ^n 1776, amounted to 2,5i$o,796. The nlountainous parts produce fine pas- ture ; the plains are nioitly fandy, but abound in torefts, and are fertile in corn. The principal articles of traftic are cat- tle, hides, wax, and honey ; and thele countries contain mines of copper, lead, iron, and fait, of which the latter are the moft valuable. Lemburg, or Leo- pold, is the capital of the whole country, which extends 380 miles from £ to w i its greateft breadth being 190. GALiciA,a province of Spain, bounded on the N and w by the Atlantic, on the 8 by Portugal, and on the E by -the Anurias and Leon. The air is temperate alciig the coalt, but in other places cold and luoift. It is thin of people. Tho produce is wine, flax, and citrons. Hcie alio are jjood paltures, topper, and lead ; and tlie iioreits yield wood tor build- ing of fhips. St. Jagode Compoitella is tiie ca|.ital. Galicia, New. Sec Guadala- jara. Galistio, a town of Spain, in Eftra- maduia, 10 miles NW of Placentia. Lon. 5 8 B, lat. 40 2 N. Gall, St. or St. Gallen, a town of SwifTerl md, in ihurgau, with a rich abliey, who.e abl)Ot is titulai- prince of the German empire, and formerly pol- iefletl the ibvercignty of the town ; but the inhabitants fliook off his authority, and became independent. The town is entiiely proteltant, and its government; arlfto-democratical. The fubjcfls of the abbot, wb Wi; territoiy is diftind, are moltly cathc lies. The abbey, in which this prince refidcs, is lituate dole to the town, and in the midft of its territory; as the latter is alfo entirely lunounded by the pofleflions of the prince. To the library belonging to this abuey, which con- tains leveral mss. of the claffics, we are in- debted for Pctronius Arbiter, Silius Ita- licus, Valerius Flaccus, and Quintilian, copies of which were found heie in 1413. The town owes its flourifliing ftate to a very extenfivc commerce, aiifmg chiefly from its manufa^jiures of linen, muflin, and embroidery. It is feated in a narrow, barren valley, betweeri two mountains, and on two linall ftreams, 37 miles N£ of Zuric. Lon. 9 20 £, lat. 4.7 26 N. Gall a, a fort of Ceylon, belonging to the Dutch, who drove the Portugucle thence in 1 64.01. Some call it Punta de Gallo. Lon. 80 30 E, lat. 6 20 N. Gallipago Islands, a number of iflands in the Pacific Ocean, difcovered by the Spaniards, to whom ihey belong. They are not inhabited ; but tne Spani- ards touch here for frefli water said pro- vifjons, when they fail from America to Afia.. Here are a great number of.birds, and excellent tortoil'es. 1'hey lie under the equator, the centre ifland in ion. 85 30 w. . Gallipoli, a feaport of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bifliop's lee, and a lort. This place is a great mart fur olive oil. It is feated on a reck, fur- rounded by the fea, and joined to the mainland by a briOge, 23 miles \v v{ Otianto. Lon. iS <; e, lat. 40 20 n. iP a ) ' r^l .1:1 1 I I' 1! 'it ' h 11 GAM G A N 'i: u Gallipoli, a feaport of Turkey m Kiirope, in Romania, with a biihop's Ire. It contains abont 10,000 Turks, 3500 Gre.ks, bcfide a great number of Jews, It is an open place, and has no other dc> fence than a lorry fquare caftlc. The houfes of the Greeks and Jews have doors not above three feet and a half high, lo prevent the Turks riding into their houles. It is featcd on a Itrait of the fame name, 100 miles sw of Con- ftantinoplc. Lon. 26 59 e, lat. 40 26 N. Gallipoli, a ftrait between Euro- pean and Aliatic Turkey. It forms the communication between the Archipelago and the fea of Marmora, and is defended at the sw entrance by the Dardanelles. It is here two miles ' v^ev, and is 33 miles long. It was anciently called the Hcl- lefpont. See Dardanelles. Gallo, an illand of the Pacific Ocean, near the coaft of Peru j the firft place poffefl'ed by the Spaniards, when they attempted the conqueil of Peru. It is alfo the place whtrf the Buccaneers uied to come for wood and water, and to refit their veilels. Lon. 80 o w, lat. a 30 N. Galloway, New, a borough in Kirkcudbrightlhire, fituate on the river Ke, , 14. miles N of Kirkcudbright. Galloway, Upper, or West. See WiGTONSHIRE. Galway, a county of Ireland, in the province of Ccnnaught, 8» miles in length, and 42 in b.tadth} bounded on the N by the Atlantic, and the countie* of Mayo and Kolcommon; on the e by Ro. common, Weft Meath, and King's County; on the s\V by Tipperaify; on the s by Galway Bay and Clare; and on the w by the Atlantic. The river Shannon waflies the frontiers of the E and SE, and forms a lake feveral miles in length. It contains 1 36 pariflies, and /ends tight members to parliament. Galway, a leaport of Ireland, capi- relow th£ place of its iirii approach>, and, rulhing- through a caVern, precipi- tates itfelf into a vaft bafin which it ha& worn in tlie rock, at the hither foot of the mountains. The Ganges thus appears, to incurious Ijpeflators, to derive its ori- ginal i'priogs from this chain of mountains. Tile mind of tiiperftition ha» given to the mouth of the cavern, thrform of the head of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindooi in a degree of veneration, almoft equal to that in which the Egyptians held their god Apis; and, accordingly} they hava ftyled it the Gangotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this fecond fource (as it may be termed) of the Ganges, it takes a &E direftion, through the country of Sirinagur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally elcapes from thi» monntainous traff in which it has wandered 800 miles; From Hurdwar, where it gufties through an opening in the mountains, and enters Hindooftan, it flows %vith a fmooth na- vigable ftieam through delightful plains, during the remainder of its courfe to the bay of Bengsly which it enters by feveral GAR GAT ^7 ains. o the lead tdoot al to their havo ow's as it lakes of nally fl ia iles'. ugh iters mouths. In its courfe through thcfe pluins, it receives 1 1 livcis, i'otne ut wliich are eqiinl to the Rhine, anU nunc im:illcr than the Thames, befide many of inferior note. In tiie annual inumlition of this immcnfe river, the counti-y is ovtiHowttl to the extent of more tuur; loo miles in vt'idtli ; nothing appearing but villages ;iiui trees, e;cks of (lone, Without cement j the centre one has eleven i and th« loweft (und^ whicli flows the Garden, an iiiconfider- able, but rapid river) has j6. Lewis XIV, when he repaiieil, in iCyj, the da- mages which this Itupendous work had lulluiiied by time, tauled a real bridge, over wliich trdVtUers no'v pafs, to be tui» ftnirted by the fide of tiic lowei range of arches. This aqueduil was built, inoider to convey to Niimts the water of the i'pring of Hurc, which illts near Uzes. (jARDA, a town of Italy, in the Ve- ronefe, leated at the end ot a lake of itft ownnume, 17 miles NW of Verona. Lvju II 4 t, lat. 45 36 N. Gardki HBi N, a town of Gcimany, in ih-; old marche of Bradeiiburg. It has a trade in hops and excellent beer, and is li:ated on the river Bcile, 32 miles N by w of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 35 e, lat. 52 41 N. Garonne, a river of France, whicU rifes in the Pyreneirs, and taking a NW dircftion, waters Touloufe and Bour- deaux, below which it is joined by the Dordogne, and thence to its entrance into the bay of Bifcay, is called the Girondc. It has a navigable communication with the Mediterranean, by its jundlion witl\ the Royal Canal. See Canal, Royal. Garonne, Upper, a department of France, containing part of the late pro- vince of Languedoc. Touloufe is the capital. Garrison, a town of Ireland, in the. county of Fermanagh, 10 miles S£ of Ballylhannon. Lon. 7 43 w, lat. 54 7.5 N» Garstanc, a town in Lancaftiire, with a market on Thurfday, featcd on the river Wyre, 10 miles s of Lancafter, and 225 NNW of London. Lon. 2 53 w, lat. 53 56 N. Gartz, a town of Pruffian Pomc- rania, feated on the Oder, 1 3 miles s of Stetin. Lon, 14 35 e, lat. 53 ^3 n. GascOnv, a late province of Fraiice, bounded on the w by the bay of Bil"cay» on the N by Guienne, on the E by Lan- guedoc, and on the s by the Pyrenees, The charafter of the inhabitants has been long that of a lively people, famous for boaftlng of their valour, which has occa- fioned the name of Gafconadc to be given to all bragging (lories. This province, with Armagnac, now forms the depart- ment of Gers. Gatehouse, a confiderahle village In Kirkcudbrightfhire, at the mouth ot the river Fleet. Here is a cotton-mill j and Hoops come up the river, within a fliort diftance of the town. Ij is nine miles NV" of KIrckcudbiiglit. ? I hi I 'i\ ) IS- i iii ,i ul H^' G E A Gatton, a horough in Suiry, which fends two members to parliament, but now has neither market nor fair. It is X9 miks s by w of London. Lon. o to w, lat. 51 18 N. Gavardo, a town of Italy, in tl;c Bfefc-ano, feated on the Wciie, ieven :niles w of Lake Garda. Lon. 10 ij E, lat. 45 40 N. ' Gatjdens, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonn? and late province of Langviedoc, dated on the Garonne, eight miles Nu of St. ^^rt- rand. Lou. o 56 E, lat. 43 i N. Gaveren, or Wavlrhn, a town of Aulh-ian Flantlers, feared on the SclVeld, eight miles S of Ghent. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 50 56 N. Gavi, a town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, leaied on th.e Lemo, 19 miles NW of Genoa. Lon. 8 57 e, lat. 45 40 N. Gauts, or Indian Appennines, a fhipenddus wall of rnoiintains, ex- tending from Cape Comorin, tHt s ex- tremity of Hindooftin, to the Tapty, or Surat- River, at unequal diftances from the coaR ; in one /liort Ipace only, it iip- proache? within fix miles, the common diitance is 40, and it leidom exceeds 70. They rife aliruptly from the low country, called the Concar., or Cockum, fupport-. ing, in the nature of a terrace, a vaft extent of fertile and populous plains, which are i'o elevated, as to render the air cool and pleufmt. This celebrated ridge does not terminate in a promon- tory, when it approaches the Tapty ; but, departing from its meridional coune, it bends eaft ward, in a wavy line, paral- lel with the river j and is afterward loll among the hills, in the neighbourhood of Burhampour. In its courle along the Tapty, it fornis fevf.ral palfes, or defctnts (that is Gauts, according to the original import of the word, which means a Jinding plac:) toward that river. Gaza, an ancient and celebrated town of Paleiline, thrct miles from tlie Medi- tfirrarttjan, with a :;arboui called New Gaza. It IS pov very fmall ; but, from appearance of the ruins, it was formerly a confidtrl^bla place. There is a caifle ncnr it, where a bafliaw refides. It is 50 miles s\v of JeruHilein." Lon. 34 45 r., lat. 31 2S N. , ' G E a R N, or J A R o K , a town of Peifia, In I'aililtaii, in whole territory' the belt dates of Perfia are produced.' Lon. 51 ■ X7 E, lat. 23 15 N. GeFLE, the capital of the province of" GcHrike, in Sweden, fcatcd on thi'ee GEM branches of a river of the fapje name, which begins to be navigable here, arid' falls, in a fliort diftance, into a bay of the Baltic. Ii is the moft commercial town in this northern part of Sweden ; ar^d it§ exports are principally iron, pitch, tar, and planks. It is 55 miles n by w of Stockliolm. . Lon. 17 o E, lat. 63 o N. Geghnbach, a free imperial city of Suabia, and under the proteftlon of the hou(c of Auftria. It is feated on the Kinzia, 12 miles SE of Stralburg. Lon. 8 a E, lat. 48 24 N. Geilldorf, a town of Suabia, near the river Kocher, with a caftle, belonging to the lords of Limpiirg. Geislengen, an infiperial town' o^ Suabia, 17 miles NW of Ulm. Lon. 10 3 E, lat. 48 36 N. Gti.HAUSENi a fmall imperial town of Weteravja, under the' prote61ion of the ele-rtor palatine, with a caftle,' iearecl on the Kintzig, 25 miles E of Hanaq. Lon. 9 IS E, lat. 507 'N. .' Gemappe, a village of Auftfian Hai- nault, three miles ^y by s of "Mpijs, fa- mous for a virtbry which the French obtained here over the 'Auftriahs, NovJ 5, 1792; in' which the carnage on both iides was fo great, that three coal-pits, adjacent were filled up with the dead bodies of men and horfes. Gemblours, a town pf Aiiftrian Bra- bant, with an anfient abbey. Don John ot Auilria gained a battle here over the Dutch ill 1578; and it was twice burnt down, in 1628 and 1712. It is feated on the Orneau, 22 miles SE of Brufi'els. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. 50 37 N. Gemjniani, St. atownof Tufcany, in the Florentino, feated on a mountain, in which is a mine of vitriol, 25 miles ssw of Florence. Gemmingen, a town of Germany, iri the palatinate of the Rhine, 30 miles e; of Philipfbui;^. Lon. 9 13 e,' lat. 49 6 N." Gemund, an imperial town of Suabi^, wiih a manuiadiire of chaplets or beads, which are lent to diltant countuies. It was taken by the French in Auguft 1796; and is feated on the Reims, 30 miles N \>y \v of Ulm. LoM. 9 48 E, lat. 48 48 N, Gemund, a town of '\^/tftphaKa, in the duchy of Jiilitrs, feated oh the Roer, 7.4 miles sv/ of Cologne. Lon. 6 48 E, lat, 5c 38 N. Gemund, a town of Upper Auftria, confiderable for its falt-works ; featid to the N of a lake of the fame name, on the river Draun, 20 rhiles ssw of Lintz. Genap, a town of Auftrian Brabant, with an ancient caltle, Il;fttd on the I I E N GEN y, in es E 6 n: bU, adsi It 96; S N 8 Ni , in oer, E, tna, lei to the lant, the i Pylc,' 15 miles se of Bruiicls. 40 K, hit. 50 4.0 N. Genep, or Gennep, atownof Weft- phalia, lubjeft to the Icing of Prulfia, and lea ted on the Neers, five injles s\v of Cleves. Lon. 5 48 E, lat. 51 42. N. Lon, 4 Geneva, Lake of, a raagnliicent, cxpanlt of water, in Swifleiland, wliich, , from the city of Geneva to Villentuve,j extends 54 miles in length ; and its breadth, in tlie vvideli part, is 12. It is in the Ihape of a creiccnt, of which Geneva, an ancient city, capital of a Swiflcrland forms the concave, and Sa-.,- republic of the fame name, near the con fines of France and Swiflcrland, The Rhone, which iflues from the Ir.ke of Geneva in two channels that foon after unite, divides the city into two imequal parts. Geneva is more populous than any oi the towns of Swilferlrmd, coiitain- ineriegtd the city, the next year, but without ttie6>. The or- dinary revenue of this republic is aoojoool. a year, and there is. a bank which is partly fupported by public duties. They generally keep two or three years pro- vilion of corn, wine, and oil, in thtir magazines, which they i'ell to the people in fcarce times. Genoa is 6a miles sb of Turin, and 125 NW of Rome. Lon, $141 E, lat. 44 15 N. George, Fort, a fortrefs in Inver- Tiefsniire, which has feveral handlbme ftreets of barracks. It is ieated on the point of Ardcrlier, a peninfula running into the frith of Murray, and completely GEO commands the entrance into the harbour of Inverncfs. George, Fort St, See Madras. George, Lake, a lake of N Ame- rica, in the ftate of New York. It lies sw of Lake Champlain, and is 35 mileit long, but is narrow. The adjacent country is mountainous; the vallies tole- rably good. George, St. one of the Azores, In-> habited by about 5000 pcrlbiis, who cul-, tivate much wheat. Lon. 28 o \v, lat, 38 39 N. George, St, an ifland of the Unlte4 States, in the ftrait of St. Mary, that forms the communication between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. George del Mina, St. the bcft fort on the Gold Coaft of Guinea, and the principal fettlement of the Dutch in thofe parts. It was taken from the Povtuguefe in 1630. The town under it, called by the natives Oddena, is very long, and pretty broad. The houfes are buUt of ftone, which is uncommon, for in othpr places they.are compofed only of clay and wood. It \y"as once very popu- lous, but the inhabitants were greatly reduced by the fmallpox. It is 30 miles w bjrs of Cape Coaft Caftle. Lon. o iz w, lat. 5 3 N. George's, St. a fmall Ifland in the gulf of Venice, lying to th^ s of Venice, to which it is fubjei^t. Here is a Bcne- diftine monaftcry, whole church is one pf the fineft in Italy. George's, St. the largeft of the Bermuda Iflamis, In which is the town of St. George, the capital of all the illands. X^on. 63 30 w, lat. 31 45 N. George's, St. an ifland in the gulf of Mexico, oppolito the mouth of the AppaUichikola. Lon. 84 50 w, lat. 29 30 N. George's Key, St. a fmall ifland of N America, off the cortlt of Honduras. It is liktwifc called Calina or Cayo Ca- fina. By a convention in 1786, the Eng- lish logwood cutters in tlie bay of Hon- duras were pennitted, under certain re- ftiiftions, to occupy this ifland. George TowiJ, the feat of juftica, in a diftrick of the iatne name, in S Caro- lina j fituate near the junction of a num- ber of rlveis, which, when united, .is najued the P.edee, and falls into the At- lantic Ocean, I a miles below the town. It is 55 miles N by e of Charlcfton. Lon, 79 30 w, lat. 33 10 N* Georgia, a beautiful country of Aii^i called by the Pcrit»n$ Gurgiftan, GEO and by the Turks Gurtlhi. It is one of the feven Caucafiun nations, in the coun- tries between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, and compiehends the ancient Iberia and Colchis. It i» bounded on the N by CircaHia, on the E by Dag- heftan and Schirvan, on the s by Arme- nia, and on the w by the Cuban, or new Ruffian government of Gaucafus. It is divided into nine provinces. Of thcfe, five form what is commonly called the kingdom of Georgia j and four the kingdom or principality of Imeritia. The hills are covered with forefts of oak, afh, beech, cheftnuts, walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines, growing perfeftly wild, but producing vaft qiuantities of grape$. From thefe is an- nually made as much wine as is necef- fary for their yearly confumptionj the remainder are left to rot on the vines. Cotton grows fpontaneoudy, as well as the fineft European fruit-trees, liice, wheat, millet, hemp, and flax are raifcd oa the plains, almolt without culture. The valiies afford the finett pafturagej' the rivers are full of fifh ; the mountains abound in minerals} and the climate is healthy; lb that niatura appears to have lavi(hed on this country every pro- du^ion that can contribute to . the hap- pjuels of its inhabitants. On the other hand, the rivers of Georgia, being fed by mountain torrents, are alw^iys eitlier ttio rapid or too /hallow for the pui'- poi'es of navigation} the Black Sea, by which commerce and civilization might be introduced from Europe, has been till lately in the exclufive poffeffion of the Turks } the trade by land is greatly ob- iliu£ted by the high mountains of Cau- tafus } and this obftacle is ftill increafed, by the predatory nations which inhabit thofe mountaini. The Georgians aie Ciuiftians or the Greek communion, and appear to have received their name from their attachment to St. George, the tutelary faint of thefe countries. Their drel's nearly refembles that of the Coflacs } but men of rank frequently wear the habit of Pcdia. They ufuaily die their hair, beards, and nails with red. The women employ the fame colour to ftain the palms q^ their hands. On their head they wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair falls on their fore- head ; behind, it is braided into fcveral treflcs : their eyebrows are painted with black, in fuch a manner as to form one entire line, and the face is ^^erfectly coatetl with white and red. Their air and awnner arc «Ktreinely voluptuous, and G E O being generally educated in convents, they can all read and write; a qualilicition which is very unufual among the men, even of the higheft rank. Girls ate be- trothed as (bon as polFible ; often at three or four yeais of age. In the ftreets the women of rank are always veiled, and then it is indecent in any man to accoft them : it is likewife uncivil, in converfa- tion, to inquire after the wives of any of the company. Travellers accufe the Georgiansofdrunkcnnefs,ruperftition,cru- eky, lloth, avarice, and cowardice ; vicci which are every where common to flaves and tyrants, and are by no means peculiar to the natives of this country. The de- fcendants of the colonifts, carried by Shach Al)ba8, and fettled at Peria, near Ifpahan^ and in Mafandei-an,have changed tlieir cha- rafter with their government; and the Georgian troops, employed inPerfia againft the AfFghans, were advantagcourty dittin- guiflied by their docility, their dilcipline, and their courage. The other inhabi- tants of Georgia are Tartars, ,01fi, and Armenians. Theie laft are found ali ov.;r Georgia, Ibmetimes mixed with the. natives, and fometimes in villages of their own. They fpeak among themfelves' their ov/n language, but all undtritanA and can talk the Georgian. Their religi- on ijj partly the Ai-menian, and. partly tkd Roman catholic. They are the moft op-' prelTed of the inhabitants, but arc ftill dif- tinguiflied by that inftin^Vivci indullry- vvhich every where chara6ieri7.es the na- tion, Befide thele, there are in Georgia confiderable numbers of Jews, Ibme hav- ing villages of their own, and others mixed with the Georgian, Armenian, aiid Tar- tar inhabitants", but never with the Offi : they pay a iinall tribute above that of the natives. Tetllis is the capital. bee Imeritia. Georgia, the moft fouthern of the' United States of America, 6co miles;, long and 250 broad; bounded on the E by the Atlantic Ocian,onthe s by E and W Florida, on the w by the Miillifippi, and on the N by N and'S Carolina. It is divided into 11 covuxties, namely, Chatham, Effingham, Burke, Richmond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glyn, Camden, VVafli- JDgton, Gi-een, and Franklin. The prin- cipal rivers are the Savunnah, Ogeechei-, Alatamaha, Turtle River, Little Sitilla, Great Sitiila, Crooked River, St. Mary's,, and Appalachikola. The winters in Georgia are very mild and pleai-int. Snow is feldom or never feen. I'lie toil and its fertility are various, according to fjtuation and ditferuit impro Yemenis. By ■m G E R E VL M If I n. • I m :'V cwhuif are produced rice, indigo, cotton, JiJk, Indian corn, potatoes, oranges, figs, ponitjjjranates, &c. Rice, at prelcnt, is the ftapk commodity ; but great atten- tbn begins tp be piki to ihp railing of tobacco. The whok coift of Georgfia hi bordered with illiiuds, the principal of Wjbich are Skiday/ay, Waliaw, Oliahaw, St. Ciitharinc'*, Sapulo, Frederku, Jckyl, Cumberland, and Amelia, Th^ capital oi this ftate is Augurta; •'Gkorgia, SouTHEKW, an illand of tkeS Pacific Ocean, dilcovered by captain Cookin J775,andfonami.dbyhim. It is 31 lougues lougi aild ro in its gpcateft breadth. it keiDs to abpund with bavs and harbours, Mrhich the valt qiKmritjesi of ice render i^acceilible the greateit part of the year. TwQ) rocky illands arti'fiUjatc at the n exid; one of which, trpni the perfon who .difcovered it, was named Willis' J (land: it is, a. craggy cliff, nearly perpendicular, and containefl the nells ot many thoufand Jhags. The other received the name of Bird Iflaiid, from the innumerable flocks of bii'ds that wetc feen near it, from the largeft iUbatroiles down to the leaft pe- trajs. Here are perpendicular iceclitfs,' oi coniidei'able height, like thofe at Spitz- hei'genj from which pieces were continu- ally breaking otf and tlo.itincr out to fea. Tke values. were covered witli iViow^ ana- tbe only vegetation pblerved, was a bladed graiii, growing in tufts ; wild burnet j and a plant, like mofs, which fprung from the rocks. Not a ftivam of fi'eih water vvas to be ieen on the wholt coalt. This iilaiid lies betweLn 38 J3 and 35 34 w lop. and 53 57 and 5+ 57 s lat. Gepping, an imperial town of Sua- bia, in the duchy ot Wirtemburg, feated ©n the river W'ils, 15 miles E of iJtut- g:ird. Lon. 9 45 E, lat. 48 44 N. Gera, a town of Germany, m Mif- Dva, with a handlomc college, on the river Eliter. Lon. 11 56 e, lat. 50 50 N. GsRAW, a tcwn of Germany, in Hefle-Darmlludt, capilal of a diltri6l of the fame name, 10 miks Nw of Darm- itadt. Lon. 8 29 e, lat. 49 45 N. Gerkeroy, a town of FraHiCe, in the depaitment of Oife and late province of the Ifle of France, 50 miles n by vv of Paris. Lon. i 54 e, lat. 4.9 3i« N. GERBEb, Gerbi, or Zerb), an ifland on the coalt of Tunis. It bears no other c.oiti than barley; but has lar^e quan- tities of ligs, olives, and grapes, which, ♦vhen dried, form tlic principal trade. It depends on the dey of Tripoli. Lon. 10 50 E, lat. 33 56 N. GtRBEViLLERS, a town 9f France, in the department of Meurthe and late pro- vince of Lorrain, with a handibnie caitic- 'J'he church of the late Carmelites is very eleu^ant. It is ieatcd on the A gen, iivp mile* from Luneville. GERGENTf, a town of Sicily, with a coltie, and a birtu^'s fccj leatid near the river St. Blalie, 50 milts s of Palermo, Lon. 13 24 E, lat, 47 24 N. Gerisau, a village ot SwilTerland, on the Niide of the lake of Sfhweitz, at thp foot of the Rigi. It is a i^public, the fmallelt in Europe, Its territory is twr> leagues in' length and one in bieadth. It contains 1 zoo inhabitants,who have theif general aliembly pf hurg^fles, their Ian- damman, council of regency, courts of ju/tice, and militia. Gerifau is compofed entirely of fcatlered hcnics and cottages, of a very neat and .piiturefquc appear- ance. The inhabitant's arie' much em,-' piloyed ^n preparing lilk for the manu-' failure!, at Balk. This rppiiblic is under the piote^lion of the .cantons of Lucern,' Uri,. Schv?cit7, and Undeiwalden ; and, in cafe of war,' finiaifliies its qiiota of men. Gejriiau is-i» miks sw of Schweitz. Germain, St. a town of Ffancej in the department of Seine and Oife and late', province b? the- Iil<; ofFv'ahtt;,' with a mag- niricent palace, emlxUilhed by feveral kings, paititularly Lewis jiiy, who wa* boni in iti H^re James Ji found an aly^ hnn, when he iicd-to PVancc, It Is feated on the Stine, neaf A fine foreft, 10" miles NW of Parjii. Lort'.i i5E,lat.48 52N> Germain's, St. a bormigh "in Corn- wall, with a market on Friday. It was once the hirgclt town in the county, and a biihop's lee. Wiwt remains of the ca- thednii is ufed as theparifh church ; and near it is the j^rioiy. • The town is now mean, ccnfiiting chiefly of fiftiermen'a cottages, b\it is govemed by a mayoi*, and lends two members to p.arliament. It ftands near (he lea, 10 miles w of Ply- mouth, and 324 w by s of London. Lon. 4 24 \v, lat. 50 22 N. " Ge/smain Laval, St. a town of France, in the deparnnent of Khone and Loire and late province of Forez, re- markable for excellent wine. It is t8 miles s uf Roanne, and 32,5 SE ofP;.ris. Lon. 4 2 E, lat. 45 50 N. Germano, St. h tovyn of Naples, In Terra di Lavors, at the foot of Moujit Callano, and belonging to an abbey on the top of that mount. Lon. 13 59 e, lat. 41 13 N. Germany, a country of Emopej 640 miles in length, and 550 in breadth j boundtid on the e by Hungary aa^ P»- G E R G E R very fivp in unt on- land, oji the N by the Baltic Sea and penmirk, on the w by France and the the Netherlands, ai^ on the S by the Alps, SwiHerland, and Italy. It contain? a great many princes, fecular and eccie- fialtic, who are independent of eaph other ; and there are a great number of free im- perial cities, which are fo many little re- publics, governed l^y their own laws,' and united by a head, who his the title of em- peror. The weftcm Roman jejnplre, which had terminated in the year 475, in the perlbn of Augijftuius, the latt Rdinan emperor, and which was fucc^eded by thp reign of the Huns, the Oftrogqths, and' the I.onibards, was Revived by Charle- magne, king of France, on Chrittma's Day, in the year 809. This princt being then at Romej pbpe Leo in crowried him emperor, in St. Peter's church, amid the acclamations of theclergy.and ths people. Nicephorusj who was, at that time, em- peror of the Eaft, contented to this coro- natioi;. After the death of Charlemagne, and of Lewis le bebpnnaire, his fon arid fuccelfor, th^ empire was divided between the four fons of the latter. Loihario, the firft, was emperor 5 Pepin, was king of Aquitaine J Ltwis, king of Germany } and Chai4es le Chauve, kmg of France. This partition was the fource of inceflant' feuds. The French kept the eitipire under eight emperors, till the year 912, when Lewis ni, the laft prince of the line of Charlemagne, died without ifluc male. Conrad, count of Franconia, the fon-in- law of Lewis, was then elefted emperor. Thus the empire went' to the Germans, and became eletlive j for it had been he- reditary under the French emperors. Tlie emperor was chofen by the princes, the lords, and the deputies of cities, till toward the end of the 1 3th century, when the number of th^; eleftors was fixed. Rodolphus, count of Haplburg, was elei5t- ed emperor in 1273. He is the head of the hbufe of Auftria, which is defended from the fame Itock as the houfe of Lor- rain, reunited to it in the perfcn of Francis i, father of the two late emperors, Jofeph and Leopold, On the death of Charles vi, of Auftria, in 1740, an em- peror was cholen from the houl'e of Ba- varia, by the name of Charles vir. On the death of this prince, in 1745, the ahovcmentioncd Francis, grand duke of Tulcany, was eledle4" emperor } whofe grandfon, Francis, no\V enjoys the impe'- rial dignity. At the clofe of the, Saxon rtce, in' 1024, the prerogatives of the emperor were very confiderable ; but, in ^ +'3 7) they were reduced to the right of 3 conferring all dignities and titles, except the privilege of being a.' ftate of the enj- pire ; of appointing once during their reign a dignitary in 'each chapter, or re- ligions lipufe; of granting diipenlation? with rclppft to the age of iiiajority; of creftirjc'citit's, anii conferrin.; the privi- lege ot coining money ; of calling the meetings of the diet, ^nd prefiding in them: to thefe fome h'ave added, that alj' the princes :wid ftates of Germany arp. obliged td I'wear fidelity to them j that they, or their generals, have a right commaJid the''fbrces of all the princes thp empire, when united together; and that they receive a kind of tribute, called the Roman Month, from all the prince* and Ifates of the empire, for canying 6a a war which concerns the whole empire. But, after all, there is not a foot of land anne:ted to this title j for, ever fince the reign of Charles rv, the emperors have depended entirely on their hereditary dominions, as the only fource of their power, and even of their fubfiffence. The electors of tljc empire are three e^'clefi- afticaj, namely, the archbifhops of Treves, Cologne, and \lentz ; and five fecidar, namely, the king of Pruflia, as ek6lor of Brandenburg ; the king of Great Bri- tain, as eleftor of Hanover ; the emperor, as king of Bohemia ; the eleilor of Sax- ony, and the eleftor palatine of the ■Rhine. To prevent tlie calamities' of i. contefted eleaion, a king of the Romans has been often chofen in the lifetime of the emperor, on whofe death he fucceeds to the imperial dignity of courfe. The emperor (who is always elefted and crowned at Francfort on the Maine) af- fumes the titles of auguft, of Cesar, and of (acred majefty. Although he is chief of the empire, the fupreme authority re- fides in the diets, which are compofed of three colleges ; the firft, that of the elec- tors 5 the lecond, that of the princes ; and the third, that di the imperial towns. The diets have the ^ower of making peace or war, of fettiing general impo, iitions, and of regulating all the impor- tant affairs of the empire ; but their de- cifions have not the force of law till the emperor gives his confent. All the fo- veieigns of Germany have an abibhitc authority in their own dominions, and tan lay taxes, levy troops, and- make al- liances, provided they do not pfejudice the ' empire. They determine all civil c.iules dcfiiiitively, unlefs in I'oine par-« ticular cafes, in which an appeal may be made. Thefe appeals are to two courts, culled the Imperial Chanibcrj at Wetzlar j m I I i.^:' tl''! Ill GEY and the Aultc Council, at Vienna. The three principal religions are, the Roman catholic, the Luthttan, and the Calvin nift ; ,bat Chiidians of all denoimna. tions are tolerated, and there is ajnui-, titude. of Jews in all the great tqwns,, The principal rivers of Germany ^re, the Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Wcier, Maine, and Odtr. Germany is divided into nine circles, namely, AuUa-ia, Bavajiu, Suabia, Eranconia, Upper and Lower Rhine, AjVeftphaliaj, and Upper au3!} Lower Sax- finy: each of thefe iuclude&^everai other flatesj tlu: princes, prelates,, and counts of whl.cb, with the tleputies pf the impe- rial t,«wns, meet . together, about their cpmmon affairs. The language of Ger- inany ,is a dialed of the Teutonic, which iiiceeeded that caHtd the Celtic. , .Cj«e^A4E r. s h EiM, a ,tQwn of Germanyii ijp the pfilatinate of. the Rhine, fituate near the Rhine, £fve miles w of Philipf- liurgh. ■ Gfifts, a d^partme^it of F*jiance, which includes the late proviiices of Gaicony and ^'S^magnac. It has its namp from a rtv^r i^h at waters Auch 3)id Let^oure,and falla-into t!ie Gai'onne, ^.bove Agen.^ Aucli is the capital. . GEaTRUDENBURG, an andent town of Dutch Brabant, one of the principal huiwarks of the Dutch. It lias a good haibour on the Maeie, vv^h here ex- pands into a large, lake,, called Bies £ofch. Il; hus been often tj^ken, the laft time, by the French in 1795. It is 10 inLit's ^' of Breda. Lon. 4 52 H, lat. 52 44 N- Gkrumknmi, an ancient town of Por- tuf^al, in Aleutt'ju, with a flrong callle j bu( was taker,, in 1662, by the Spaniards. It is (eated on u iiili, near the river Gua- diana, iS miles btlow Badajo/. GesI'KE, a town of Weltphalia, feated en the Weyck, eight miles from LLppe. CvtMRiKt. a province of Sweden, boiinucd on the N by Helfingia, on the E by the gulf of Bothnia, on the s by T'piand, and en the w by Dalecailia. It i.s diveifificd by forefls, rocks, hills and dales, pif^ure and arable land, lakes and rivers; :ind thefe beauties are much hcight- erifd by the Dam, the fineft river in S-ve- den, which meanders through the whole (fxtent of the province. GEVAUDAN,a late territory of France, in Languedoc, bounded on the N by Au- vergne, en the w by Rouergue, on the s by the Cevtnnes, and on the E by Ve- jay. It is a moimtainowsj barren coun- try i and now iurms the department of Loztve. G H E Gever, or Cower. See Goa^, St. Gex, a town of France, in the de- Sartment of Ain and late provinc* of Irelfe, feated at the foot of Mount St, Claude, between the Rhone, the lake of Geneva, and Swilierland. It is noted f6r excellent cheefe } and is 10 miles ' Nw of Geneva. Lon. 6 i e, lat. 46 »0 N. '. Gezira, a town of Diarbcfk, in an iAand fprmed by the Tigris, 70 miles NW of ^Moufnl. Lon. 40 50 e, lat. 16 Ghanah, or Gh^nnah, a town of Cafhna, feated bet^veen a lake and the river Niger, which is here called Neel-il- Abeed, or the Nile of the Negroes. It is 90 mileji. N£ of the city of Cafhna, and 20$ s ^f Agadez. Lon. 13 12 £, lat.. is 55 Ha . Ghent* the capital of Auftrian Flan- ders, and, i bifhop's lee. It contain* 70,000 inlialjitants j but is npt populous in . proportion to its extent. Here arc leveral , filfc and woollen manufafture?,, which 41'e in a flouirifhing condition, and it haa^a great trade in corn. Tbec^the-. dral is a. noble ancient (truilure, dedi.-' cated to St. Buyon : befide this, there are; only fix parochial churches. The Bene- diftine abbey of St. Peter is a magniii- cent edifice ; in which, as well as in th^ churches, are ibn?e capital paintings by il}S bei^ rasters . The emj)eror Charles v was born Inyrej buti.the inhabitants have ho rcafon to refpt^ his n^emory; for, having repeatedly loaded them with heavy exadlious, they revolted, in 1539. Being reduced by the emperor, he treated the vanquifhed citizens with the greatelt li- gour, and built a citadel to awe them. Here, in 1576, was concluded the famous treaty, called the Pacification of Ghent, the firlt commenceinent of the feparation of feven provinces from the leventecR which then formed the Auftrian Nether- lands. Ghent has been often taken} the laft time, by the French, in 1794. The city is cut by many canals, which divide it mto 26 ifles, and over the canals are 300 bridges. It has alio two navigable canals J the one to Sas van Ghent, the other to Bruges and Oftend. It is feated at the confluence of the Scheld, Lis, Lieve, and Moeze, 26 miles nw of Bruf? fels. Lon. 3 49 e, lat. 51 3 n. Gherconc, a city of Afia, capital of the kingdom of Afi'am. It is feated on a river which i:uns, in a fhort diflance, into the Burrampooter, 400 mile« ne of Calcutta. Lon. 93 15 E, lat. 25 55 n. CuERiAK, a town of the peninfula of -G I B G IN HlnJooftan, on that part of the w tide called the Pirate C'oaft. It was the ca- pital of Angria, a famous piratical prince, whofe fort here was taken, and his whole fleet deftroyed, in 1756, by the Englifti and Mahrattas. It is 295 miles s by E of Bombay. Lon. 75 8 E, lat. 17 59 N . Ghilan, a province of Perfia, on the ^W fide of the Cafpian "Sea ; fuppolcd to be the Hyixania of the ancients. It is very agreeably fituate, having the i'ea on one fide, and high mountains on the other j and there is no entering it but through narro'v paflbs, which may be eafily de- fended. The fides of the mountains are covered with many ibrts of fruit-trees j and in the higheft parts of 'tfhem are deer, bears, wolves, leopards, "ahd tigers. It is one of thc'moft fruitful provinces of Perfia, and produces abundance of filk, oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and excellent fruits. The inhabitants are brave : and the women are accounted extremely hand- fome. Rcftit is the capital. Ghilan, St. a town of France, ih the department of the North and late pro- vince of French Hainault, feated on the Haina, five miles w ol' Mons. Lon. 3 •53 E, lat. 50 28 N. Gibraltar, a town of Spain, in An- dalufia, near a mountain of the fame name, formerly called Calpe, which, with Abyla, on the oppofite fhore of Africa, were called the Pillars of Hercules. Ta- rick, a general of the Moors, built a for- trefs here, which he called Gibel-Taiick, that is. Mount Tarick. Since that time a town has been built at the fodt of this rock, which is ftrongly fortified. It can be approached only by a narrow paflfage between the mountain and the fta, acroJ's which the Spaniards have drawn a line, and fortified it, to prevent the garrifon from having any communi- cation with the country. It was for- merly thought to be inipregnable ; but, in 1704, it was taken by the confederate fleet, commanded by fir George Rooke. The Spaniards attempted to retake it the following year, and 500 of them crept up the rock in the nighttime, but were driven down, headlong in the morning. In 1727, the Spaniards befieged^ it again, and attempted to blow up the ro ck, which they found imprafticable, and were obliged to raiie the fiege. In the lart war, it underwent a fiege, which lafted tV om the 16th of July 1779, *o ths beginning of February 1783, when the fiegc w^jj finally railed, on advice being rece/V^d that the preliminaries of peace were figne ^ ; but it may be coiuTidcrcd a$ tsiminate ^ im the i3t!i o^ September 17?^, bn tTie faihire of the grand attack made by the f»panrards, whofe dreadful floating bat- teries were dettroyed by redhot ftwt from the garrifon. The governor, 'general Eliott, whofe defence was the admiration of all Europe, was created, in 1787, a peer of Great Britain, by the title of baron Heathfield of Gibraltar; an annu- ity of 1200I. a year was lettlcd on him- felf and two lives ; and in his arms he was allowed to bear thofe of Gihralt.if. The gurrilbn here are cooped up in a very narrow compals, and have no pro- vifions but what are brought from Bar- bai-y and England. "The'ftrait of Gib- raltar is 24. miles in length, and 15 in breadth, and a itrong current always runt through it from the Atlantic to the Me- diterranean. Gibraltar is 25 miles N of Ceuta, and 45 SE of Cadiz. Lon. 5 17 W, lat. 36 6 N. GiSN, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loiret and late province of Crleanois, feated on the Loire, 76 miles SE of Paris. Lon. 2 43 E, lat. 47 34 n. GiENZOR, a town of Bai'bary, in Tripoli,! miles from the town of Tripoli. GiERACE, an epifcopal town of Na- ples, in Calabria Ultcriore, feat^ed on a mountain, near the fea, 3a miles ne of Reggio. Lon. 16 40 E, lat. 38 13 n. GiESEN, a town of Germany, in the landgiavate of Helfe-Caffel, with a caftlc and a univerfity. It belongs to the houle of Darmrtadt, and lunendeied to the French in 1796, but was taken by the Aultrians on the nth of September. I( is feated on the Lohn, 16 miles wsw of Mai'purg. Lon. 8 41 E, lat. 50 30 n. GiGA, a Ihiall iiland on the w coaft of Scotland, between the ifte of Skye and the peninfula of Cantyre, in Argylefliire, in which county it is included. The in- habitants annually export a confiderable quantity of grain. ' GiGLio, a fmall iiland on the coaft of Tufcany, with a cattle. It makes part of the Itate of Sienna, and is 1 5 miles w of Porto Hercole. Lon. 11 16 e, lat. 42 i N. GiLOLO, a large idand, with a town of the fame name, in the Archipelago of the Moluccas. It does not produce any fine fpices, though it lies near the Spice Iflands ; but it has a great deal of rice. The inhabitants are fierceand cruel. It is feated under the line, in lon. 130 o E. GiNGEN, afree imperial town of Suabia, 16 miles N of Ulm. Lon. 10 13 £, lat. 48 39 N. GiNGEE, a large and populous town on th« coaft of Corom^ndel. It is ftron^ I j'.l I 9 both by art and nature, beio^ feated on a mo\mtaini whole top is divided into ihvee points, on each ot which is a caftle. The Great Mogul, in 1690, began a fitge, Hvhich continued three years, to no pur- pofci fit is 33 miles w of Pondicheriy. Lon. 79 25 E, lat. II 42 N« GlODDA, or GilTDAH, a I'eaport of Arabia, on the Red Sea. It is tlic port of Mecca, and cnriies on a gi-eat trade. Lon* 39 27 Zi lat. 21 30 n. GiovANAZZO, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, feated on a mountain, near the fca, 10 miles n w of Bari. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 41 26 N. GiREST, a large town of Perfia, in Herman. Its traJe confiits in wheat and dates. Lon. 57 55 E, lat. 27 30 N. GiRONOE, a dfjiartment of France, ■which includes part of the l<^te province of Guienne. It lies on both fides of the Garonne, and has irs name from the part of that river, which, below its junction with tlie Dordogne, is called the Gironde. Bourdeaux is the capital. GiRONiS'A, an ancient and ftrong town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a biJhop's lee. It is feated on a hill, on the fide of the river Onhal, 45 miles ne of Barce- loiu. Lon. 2 52 E, lat. 42 o N. GiRON, St. 9. town of France, in the department of Anitgc and late province of Coulerans, leated on the Sarat, three miles s of St. Liher. Lon. i i6e, lat. 42 53 N. GiuvAN, a village in Ayrfhire, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, al- nioft oppofite the rock of Ailfa. Here aie fome mamifaftures j particularly in tlic tanning of leather, and the making •f ilioes and boots. It is 16 miles S by w of Ayr. GiSBOROUGH, a town in the N riding of \'orklhire, with a market on Monday. It is noted for being the firil place where alum was made, as it was formerly for its abbey. It is four miles from the inouih of the Tees, zi aw of Whitby, and 24.7 N by \v of London. Lon. o 55 w, lat. 54 35 N. GisBURN, a town in the w riding of York/hire, with a market on Monday, 60 miles w of York, and 219 nnw of Lon- don. Lon. 2 22 w, l^t. 53 55 N. GisORS, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and late province of Is'ojmandy. It belonged to the famous marfiial Belleifle, vvhqfc only fon, the coynt de Gifors, being killed at the bat- tle of Creveldt, in 1758, the marfhal, at his own death, in 1761, prefented it to Lewis XV. It is leated on the Ept, 28 Tiiiies SE of Rouen. I-op. i 43 e, lat.49 ' 5 ''^' G L A GivET, a fortified town in the bi- (hopric of Liege, divided in two by the river Maefe, 21 miles svv of Nanaur. Lon. 4 34 £, lat. 50 13 N. GiviRA, a town of Italy, in the Mi« lanei'e, feated on a lake of the fame name, eight miles from Anghiera. GiuLA, a ftrong town of tJpper Htm- gary, on the frontiers of Tranlylvania. It was taken by the Turks in 1 566, and retaken in 1695. It is feated on the Ke- relblan, 30 miles sw of Great Waradin, LoDi 20 40 E, latw 46 40 N. GiULA NuovA, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ulteriore, feated on the gulf of Venice. GiuLiANA, a town of Sicily, on a craggy rock, 12 miles NNE of Xacca, and 30 ssw of Palermo. GiusTANDEL, a large town of Mace- donia, with a Greek aichbiftiop's fee, feated "near Lake Ochrida, 60 miles se of Durazzo. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 41 40 N. Glaciers, a name given to ibme very extenfjve fields of ice among the Alps of Swifilrland. Thefe glaciers may be di- vided into two forts : the firft, occupy- ing the deep vallies fituate in the bolbm ot the Alps, is termed by the natives Valley of Ice, but Mr. Coxe calls them the Lower Glaciers j the fecond, which clothe the fummits and fides of the moun- tains, he calls the Upper Glaciers. The Lower Glaciers are by far the moll con- fiderable in extent and depth. Some ftretch feveral leagues in length : that of des Bois, in particular, is more than 1 5 miles long, and above three in its gi'eatelt breadth. They are bordered at the higher extremity by inaccefllble rocks, and on the other extend into the culti- vated vallies. The thicknefs of the ice varies indifferent parts. M. de Sauflure found its general depth in the glacier des Bois from 80 to 100 feet j but quellions not the information of thofe who aflert, that, in fome places, its thicknefs exceeds even 600 feet. Thele immenle fields of ice ufually reil on an inclined plane. Being puihed forward by the preflure of their own weight, and but weakly fup- ported by the rugged rocks beneath, they are interlef ted by mrge tranfverfe chalms | and prel'ent the appearance of walls, py- ramids, and other fantaitic fhapes,. ob- ferved at all heights and in all fituations, wherever the declivity exceeds 30 or 40 de- grees. But in thofe parts, where the plane on which they rcll is horizontal, or only gently inclined, the furface of the ice is nearly uniform; the chafms are but few and naiTow, and the traveller crolies oo, G L A G L A • ■ ■ ioot, without much ditficulty. Tht ftir- face of die ice is not lb llippery as that of frozen ponds or riverti ; it is rough and granulated, and is only dangerous to tl»e paliengti n Itetpdetcents : it is not tranf- partnt, is extremely porous and full of Imall hubbies, which feldom exceed the iize of a pea, and confequently is not lb compaft as common ice. The Upper Glaciers may bt fubdivid d into thole which cover the fuimnits', aiid thole which «xtcnd along the lii'.es of the Alps. Thofc which cover the ll.ininits, owe their •rigin to the Ihow that falls at all li:afons •f the year, and which remains nearly in its original llatc, being congealed into a hard I'ubllance, and net converted into ice. The fubltance which clothes the lides of the Alps is iveithtr pure Ihow like th?.t of the lummits, nor ice which forms the L,ower Glaciers, but is an af- ■ femblage of both: it contains lels fnow than the lummits, becaufe the fummer heat has more power to diflblve it j and more liiow than the Lower Glaciers, be- caule the dillblution of the Ihow is coin- parativcly leflcr. In a word, there is a regular gradation from the ihow; on the lummits to the ice of the Lower Glaciers, formed by tlie intermediate mixture o( ihow and ice. which becomes moie com- pa(?t and lels porous in proportion as it approaches the Lower GJacieis, until it .unites and alTimilates with them. GLAMORGANr.HiRE, a County of S Wales, 48 miles long and 26 broad j bounded on the N by C;u*marthenfliire and Brccknockflilre, on the e by Mon- movithlhire, and on the s and w by the Briftol Channel. It lies in the dio- cel'e of Landaft'; contains 10 hundreds, •nc city, eight market-towns, and 118 f)arilhcs j and lends two members to par- iamcnt. On the n fidv, where it is mountainous, the air is Iharp j but the country being more level on the s fide, it Is there miider, and be^rs large crops of corn, with very fweet grafs j whence it is called the Garden of Wales. Cattle abound in all parts, tlicre being fruitful vallies among the mountains, tKat yield Very good pulture. Its other commodi- ties are lead, coal, iron, and limeftone. Its principal rivers are the Kumncy, Taafe, Elwy, Neath, and Tawy. Car- Jiff is the principal town, and Swaniey the molt commercial ; but the alTizes are held at Cowbridge. See GowER. Glammis, a village in the sw, part of Angusftjire. Near it is Glammis ca/Uc, the ancient feat of the e:^rl of ^iitradunore, in which is Ihpwti the ^part- fhcftt whtre Malcolm ix was alTafiinhtei, in IP 34.. GLANDfOKOBRlDOe, Ot BkicG, % town in LincolnHiire, with a market oai Thurfday ; feated on the Aukam, which is noted for fine eels, and has been biUiy made navii<;abie tor lloops to the Hum- bcr. It is Z3 miles N of Lincoln, and 156 N by w of London. Lon-.o rj w, lat. S3 35 N. Glarus, a canton of SwiHerland, bounded on the E by the Griibns j on th« s by the liime, the canton of Uri, and that of t^ehweitzj and on the N by the river Linth. It is a mountainous country j and the chief trade is in cattle, cheeib, and butter. L'Jic government is demo- cratic : every perlbn of the age of j6 has a vote in the General Afl'embly, which is held annually in an open plain. Tbit affembly ratilies new laws, lays contribu- tions, enters into alliances, declares war, and makes p«:ace. The landainman is the chief of the repxiblic } and is chofen alternately from among th« proteftants and the catholics ; the former remaining three 3'ears in office, the latter only two. Both i't&.s iive together in the greatcft harmony : in feverai parts, they luccef- llveJy perfcrra divine fervice in the lame church ; and all the offices of Itate ape amicably adminiltered by both. The e.v- ecutive power is in a council of regency, coinpoi'ed of 48 proteltants and 15 ca- tholics : eath IciSl has its particular court oi jultice ; and it is neccflary, in ail lawl'uits between perions of different re- ligions, that the pcrlbn having the caUing voice among the five or nine judges, who arc to determine the caxil'e, Ihouid be of the fame religion as the defendant, Gla- rus is I'urrounded by the Alps, except towaid the N j and there is no other en- trance but through this opening, which lies betv/een the lake of Wallenltadt and tiie mountains leparating this canton froin that of Schwcitz. Glarus, a large town of Swifferland, capital of a canton of the fame name, and leated on the river Linth, 32 miles SE of Zuric. Lon. 9 i E, lat. 4.6 56 N.. Glascovv, a city in LunerkOiire, whlcli, from its extent, and froui the beautv and regularity of its. buildings, may be eltc\-n;ed the lecond city in Scot- land. It is *.ated on the N tide of tlie Clyde,_ over which are two bridges j one of them an elegant niodtrrn one of, feven archfs, 500 feet long, aud 32 wide ; it, vi'as completed in 1772. The Itreets art clean and well paved.; and .ieveral of thcia jp;triccti}iij each otUtfJ? at rignt aa- |] I' i G L A G L E tiQgleCt produce a very agrecalile effe£k. The i'ouv principal ftreets, which inter- fc6t etch other at right anrles, divide the city nearly into four equal parts ; and tlie dift'ei'enc views of' them from the crofo, or centre of interfeftion, have an air of magnificence. Glai'gow tva« once an ar- chiepiicupal lee. The cathedral, or High Church, i« a magnificent itruiHure, and contain;; three places uf worHiip. St. An- drew's is t'he tinclt piecii of motlern archi- tciture in the ciiv. The Tron (.'hurch, with the fclilon-houle at the w end ot it, which had been, for ioriie time, occupied as a guard-houle by the town-guard, was ddlroyed by a fire that broke out in the latter biUlding, in 1793. There are four other churches, befide an £nglifl\ chapel, an Highland church, and many places of worftiip for ditfctent denominations. T'here are feveral charitable ettablilh- ments } particularly the Merchant's Hof- pital, and that of tlie town. Here is a celebiat'ed univerfiiy; the fingle college belonging to which is an elegant build- ing. A foniiderable trade was formerly carried on in Glafgow, in tobacco and rum } but it has been lately on the decline. Here are cotton manufactures that rival thefe of Manchefter in cheapnefs and ele- gance; and a pottery that emulates in beauty the Staffordfhire ware. The print- ing types catt here, have been long dil- tinguiftied for their neatnefs and regula- rity ; and the glafs manufadlure has been very liiccefsful. The inhabitants of Glaf- gow, and its fuburbs, are computed to be 60,000. It has the advantage of two canals, befide the Great Canal that joins the Clyde to the Forth ; and is 1 5 miles ESE of Dumbarton, and 45 w of Edin- burgh. Lon. 4. 2 w, lat. 55 52 N. Glasgow, Port, a town in Rcn- frewihire, on the s fide of the Clyde, .fiaw, the moft populous place in Lilefia, It is featul on the river Ode^-, 50 nii!„s NW of Breflaw, and 115 NE of Prague. Lon. 16 13 e. lat. 51 40 N. Glomm,-., a river of the province of Aggerhuys, in S Norway, which flows into the North Sea, at Fredtrlcliddt. It receives the river Worme, which iifues Irom Lake Mios. It is not navigable in any part of its courfe from tliis lake to Fredericftadt, its llrcam being intercepted by fuch fi-equent catararii and fnoslsj as, in ibme places, to render it nectifary to drag tjje trees, which are floated down, over the ground. At leaft 50,000 trees are annually floateil by this river to Frc- tiericltadr. Gluckstadt, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Holiteln, with a ftrong caftle. It is feated on the Elbe, near its mouth, 30 miles NW cl' Ham- burg, and 55 N of Bremen. Lon. ^ 15 E, lat. 53 53 N. Gnesna, a city of Great Poland, of which it is the capital, with an arch- bifliop's fee, whofe prelate is primate of Pohmd, and viceroy durijig the vacancy of the tlu'one. It waj tlii. fiiit town biiilit in the kingdom, and formerly more con- fi;I.;4abl<» than at prelont. It is 90 miles ■;5i m t;4\ It I ., G O C N by E of Breflaw, and 115 w of War- faw. Lon. 17 40 E, lut. ^z a8 N. (lOA, a confuifrable city on the coaft of Malabar ; the n|)ital of the Portu- piiefe itttlemcnts in- India, and the itat cf a viceroy. It (tanils in an i!!?n.l, 12 rniles in ki gth, and fix in breadth; and is built on tlio N fide of it, having the convcnitncy of a fine liver, capul)le of lect-iving ibips of the gijtattft liurden, where they lie within a mile of the tow.T. The bankb of the river are beautitied with a great number of churches, caftles, and gt ntlemcn's houlcs. The viceroy's palace is a noMe building, and (tands at a fmall Hillance from the river, over one of the gates of the city, which leads to a fpa- cious ftreet, terminated by a beautiful church. This city contains a givat num- ber of handlbine churches and convents, and a Itately holpital. The market-place takes up an acre of ground ; and in the f>io})S about it may be had the produce of Kurope, China, Kingal, and oth.r coun- tries. The houfes are larcre, and make a fine appear-mcc, but are poorly iurniflied. 'J'hc inhabitants are contented with greens, fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and filh, is their prin- cipal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is the Roman catholic, and they ha\e a fevere in(]uifition. The cleigy are numerous and illiterate: the churches are finely ein- belliflud, and have a gn a number of images. It is remarkable, that only one of the churches has glafs windows j for they make ufe of clear oyller-lhells inftead of glals, and all their fine houfes have the i'ame. Goa has few nianufaclures or productions, their belt trade being in ar- rack, Avhich they diltil from the fap of the cocoa nut-tree. The harbour is de- fended by feveral forts and batteries. It: Is 292 miles s by E of Bombay. Lon. 7a 45 E, lat, 15 28 N. GoAR, St. or Gower, a town of Germdny, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, fubjcft to the landgrave of Hefle Caffel. It is feated immediately under the (tupendous rock and caftle of Rhein- fels, with which it fuirendeied to the French in 1794. It has a confulerable commerce in wines and hides, and is 15 ir.iles hE of Coblentz. GoBCEiN, a town of Germany, In the faluinite of the Rhine, 18 miles SE of 'hiliiilhurg. Lon. 8 56 e, lat. 49 6 N. GoBiN, St. See Fere. GccH, a town of Germany, in the Juchy of CleveS; feated on the Neers, fix mik»>sofCleves. Lcn.552 E; lat.^i i<-j^» GOD OociANO, a town of Sardinia, ca^>itul of a county of the fame name, with a caftle, feated on the Thurfo, 25 miles if of Algher. GoDALMiNfi, a town in Surry, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Wey, where it divides into ftverai ftreams, four miles sw of Guilford an J 34 of London. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 51 13 N. GODAVERY, orGONOA GODOWRV, a river of the Deccan of Hindooltan, which has its fource 90 miles to the ne of Bombay; and, in the upper part of its courfe at leait, is erteemed a facred river by the Hindoos; that is, ablutiona performed in its Itream have a religious elficacy, fui>erior to thofe performed la ordinary ftreams. After crofling Dow- latabad and Golconda, from w to i, it turns to the SE, and receiving the Bain Gonga, about 90 miles above the fea, divides into two principal chan- nels at Rajamundry; and tbele fubdi- viding again, form altogether leveral tide harbours, for veflels of moderate burden, at its different mouths in the bay of Bengal. Ingeram, Coringa, Yalam, Ban- darmalanka, and Narfapour, are among the places fituate at the mouths of thi« river, which appears to be the moft con- fiderablc one between the Ganges and Cape Comorin. Extenfive forefts of teek timber border on its banks, withia the mountains, and fupply flup timber for the ufe of the aboveir.entioned ports. GoDMANCHESTER, a large village in Huntingdonfiiire, parted from Hunting- don by the river Oufe. It is feated in a rich and fertile foil, which yields great plenty of corn; and is inhabited by aj great number of yeomen and farmers. \Vhen James I came through it fioiu Scotland, the inhabitants met him with 70 new ploughs, drawn by as many teams of horfes ; for they hold their land by thit tenure. Here is a fchool called I'he irce grammar-fchool of queen Eli- zabet't. Godwin Sands, famous fandbanks Oil: the coaft of Kent, lying 'between the N and S Foreland ; and, as they run parallel with the coaft for three leagues together, at about two leagues and a half diftant from it, they add to the fecurity of the capacious road, the Downs. Thefe fands occupy the fpace that was formerly a large tra61; of low ground be- longing to Godwin earl of Kent, father of king Harold; and which being after- ward given to the monaftery of St. Au- guftin, at Canterbury, the abbot neg- !■ 'f'\ G O L COM Icfllnrj to keep m ripalr the whH that tlrtVud.'d it from the ll-ti, the whole tr^.ck was diuwiK-d in the yi;ii iioo, leavl.'^; thelc lands, upon which lb many /hips have been wrecked. Go IS, or Tf.r (loi'S, a ftronj; town of the United l*rovii>ces, in Zeahmd, and capital of the ilhmd of S Beveland. It conimnnicati-s with tlie Schehl by a canal, and is 20 miles E of Middleburg. Lon. 3 50 E, lit. SI 33 N. GOGMAfiOG Hills, thiee miles near Cambridge, remarkable for the intiench- ments and other works talt up here j whence fome luppol'e it was a Konian camp 5 and others, that it was the work of the Danes. They are covered with a fine diy cari)et of turf J and the people, near thci'e hills, tell Itrange Itories about th^ni. GoGRA, or SooRjEW River, a large river, which rifes in Lake .Lankee Dhe, in Thibet, and forcing its way through Mount Himmaleh, takes a SL direftion, and unites with the Ganges, above Chuprah, in the province of K:,har. GoMUD, a tenltc.iy of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Agfa; fubje5l to a rajah, who is tributary to the Poonah Mahrattas. Gwalior is the capital. Gu ITO, a town of Italy, in '.he Man- tuan,fcated on the river Mincio, between the lake of Mantua and that 0'' Garda, 1 5 miles NW of Mantua. Lon. 10 40 t:, kt. 45 16 N. GolcOinda, a country of the Dtccan of Hindooltan, between the lower parts of the rivers Kiftna and Godavery, and the principalpartof Dowlatabad. It was for- merly called Tellingana, or Tilling, and is 'rubje(5l to the nizam of the Deccan. It is moft remarkable for its diamond mines, the molt eonfideral>le in the world. Here are alio mines or lalt, fine iron for fword- biades, and curious caliccjs and chintfes. Ilydrabad is the capital. GoLCONDA, a celebiatod fortrefs, in a country of the fame name, fix miles \VN\v of Hydrabad, and joined to that city by a wall of con^.munication. It wccupies the i'ummit of ? conical hill, and is deemed impregn;\bk When Au- rungzebe conquered tlie kingdom of Gol- conda, in 1687, this fortrefs was iaken pofleirion of by treachery. Goldberg, a town of Silefia, in the duchy of Lignltz, 36 miles w of Brcllaw. Lon. 16 23 E, lat. 51 3 N. Gold Co.'\.st, a maritime country of Guinea, where the Europeans have iirve- ral forts and fetdemcnti. It reaclies from the Gold River, iz miles w uf A (Tine, and ends nt tiM: village (>f Pcnn:, eight milis k of Acraw. It include* flvcral dillrlt^s, in which aio two or three town, or viilages, lyiiig on tlic fti- /hore. Sivin of thelc diltricts are digni- fied with the title of kingdoms, though they contain hut a fmall trait of land : lor the whole Ct(jIi[ Coalt is not above 180 miles in length. The negro inhabitants are generally very rich, as they carry on a great tiade with the Europeans for gold ; and m:iny of them are employed in filhing, and cultivating their rice, which grows in incredible (piantities. This they exchange with others for Indian corn, yams, potatoes, and palm oil. Molt of the inhabitants go naked ; and thole who ?rc bell cloth d have (»idy fome yards of Itutf wrapped '.ibout their middle. GcLDi-rj Island, a barren illand at the mouth of the river or gulf of Darien, where tlie Sects attempted to make a I'ettlement in iG. There are about lOo churches, Ami 'A'.c'iv patri- arch depends on that of Altxaudria. The rainy ibafon begins in Apiil; and docs not ceaie till the enci of tjcptembcrj whence the Nile, and other rivers thai have th'.'ir fource in Abvihuiri, overflow their banks every ye-r. The iivuibii-tKfs are tall and comclv, and tlieir complexion a. dun, or olive colour. I'he h;iint of the b^tltr forts is made of filks ai;d roito!i3 ; but the common people have only drawer* to hide their nakednei's. It is j 80 milei SE of Sennar. Lon. 37 33 t, lat. la 34 N. GoNDEGAMA, or f J ONDLACOMM -V, « river i>f the peniniula of Hindooftan, which rifes near Combam, forms the no- minal boundary of the Carnatic on the N, and enters the bay ot" Bengal, at Moota- pilly. GoN'p RE COURT, H town of France, In the departtiicnt of Meufe and late ducliy ot Bar, I'eated on the Orney, 20 miles s of St. Michel. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 48 30 N. GoNDREViLLE, a town of France, in the department of Memthe and late pro- vince ot Lorrain, with a caftie, and a magnificent hofpital. It itands on a hill, on the river Mofelle, 4;ight miles from Nanci. Lo , 6 9 E, lat. 4S 40 N. GoNEsSE, a town of Fiance, in the department of Seine and Oiie and late province of the Ifle of France, remark- able for the g(^odnei's of its bread, which i-: Tnought twice a week to Paris. It is tiK birthplace uf king rhiiip Augultui j G (3 O and is feated on the Crould, 10 miles Jte,i on the liVel, fight miles nr of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 41 £, lat. 5V1, IN. GouniiTTRsT, a town in Kent, with :i market on ■U'cdnclday, iz mileo s\v of Maidltone, and 44 SE ol London. Lon. O 31 E, lat. 51 8 N. GOVERNOLO, a town of Italy, in th.e Mantuun, feated on the Mincio, 12 miles 5E6f' Mantua. Lon. 10 56 e, lat. 45 4N.' ■ ■ GoiiRA, or GuRA, a town oi" Poland, in the palatinate of Mafovia, belcno-ing to the bijhop of Pofnunia. Lon. zi 50 t, lat. 51 '1 N. ' OoiiDO.N, a town of France, in the d'j- G R A partm^tit nf Lot and late province of Querci, iS miles Nvv of Cuhurs. ilou. 1 24 £, lat. 45 43 N. Go'j'fiNAY, a town of France, in thft departmen*: of Low;.r Seine and late j.to- vince of Non-iav^dr, remarkable lor its fine butter. It. \i feated en the ICpti, 52 milts N\v of Paris. Lon. o'^6 \\, lat. 4y 32 N. Go u ROCK, a town in Renfrewiliirc, on a bay of r!ic fiith of fivii''. In u$ neighbourhood, a copprr nune vvai lately wo-ked . GowEii, the peninfulated extremity of Glamorganitilrc, to the W of the bay oi Svvanley. It has verv lofiy liiiielloni; cliifj next the lea, whtncv large quantities of lime are exported 10 the Eiiglilh coun- ties acrOiS the Jirilto! Channel. The coaft abounds with oyiters. The land la a fertile traA of arable and pallure. Go\VER,or Gever. SeeGoAR, St. Goz/,1, or GozEf), an illand of the Mediterranean, to the s of the die ot Cavi- dia, J 2 mijes from fort Selino. CJo/,/(), a toriified idand of the Me- diterranean, five miles N\v of Malta, and belonging to the knights of that illand. Grabow, a town of Lower Saxony, iii the duchy of Meclenburg, 18 miles s of ochvvcnn. Lon, 11 44 E, lat. 53 •26 N. (jraciosa, one of the Azores, ct Welti.™ Iliarids. Its inliabitar.ts are •about 300, and its piodiice is wheat, vxine, butter, and cheeje. Lon. 27 cS \v, lat. 39 2 N. GRACiOSA, a rocky, barren, uninh;'.- hited iihmd, one of the Canaries, to the iN ot Lancerota. It is tlnxe ndles loiitr, and two broad. Gradiska, a town of Sclavonia, on the rrontiers of Croatia, takeit by tlic 'I\n'ks in i6()i. It is feated on the Save, 20 miles s\v of Poliga. Lou. i^ 39 E, lat. 45 21 N". ■ C/raDi3:hnR, betwem the Car- nm VVcrks and lalkirk, in Scotland,- ;i JKld iei-.brutvd Ivr beiu^ th^; fp«t whtrtj G R A G R A Tir William Wallace, in 1J9S, cut his way throuo-h the inidit of his vidorioiis Gram MONT, a town of Aultrim Fhnders, li.at<.-.l on the Dcndev, 18 mik-s Nl of Touriiay- I.on. 3 59 E; lut. 50 4.7 N. GsiAMMONT, p. town cf Fiance, in the di-nartment of Upper Vicinic and l-.ite province of Limolin, remarkable for its late abbey, which w;Aa the chief of the order. It is 15 miles ne of Limoges. Lon. 1 30 E, lat. 4.(1 I N- Grampovnd, a borough in Corn- wall, with a market on S;uurd;iy. it has a confulerabis manur'acTtvirc of gloves, is governed bj- a inayor, and lends two members to parlian;ent. It is leated on the Valies, 4.0 miles sw of Launcelton, and 24.4. w by s of London. Lon. 4. 49 w, iat. 50 2a N, Gran, a town of L.iwer Hungary, with an archbifhop's fc,.. ft fias been fevcral times taken uud re aken, but lait of all by the Aultrians, iu 16^3. It is feated on the Danube, S? miles k by s of Vienna. Lon, iH 6 E, lut. 4.7 46 n. Granaoa, a province (ftamerly a kingdom) of Spain, bounded on the N and vv by Andalulia, on the E by Mur- cidj and on the s by the Mediterranean Sea. It is 175 milt;s in length, and 75 in breadth. Though a mountainous, coim- try,» the foil is good ; but it has not been well cultivated hnce the Moors were ex- pelled in I491. However, it pradiices corn, wine, oil, fugar, flax, hemp, excel- lent fruiti, honey, wax, ar.d mulberry- trees, which ieed a great U'linber of hlk- wonns. The foreits produce gall-nuts, palm-trecS) rmd oaks. G R A N ADA, a conllderable city of Spain, capitsl ot the province of (.Tranada, with an arclibilhop's lee, and a iiniverfily. It is built on four hills, and divided info four parts, in one of which is the large churcli, contr.ining the tombs of Ferdi- nand and Ilabella, vvlio took tliis pljce from the Moors in 1493.. In anothtr !,v the palace of the ki'.igs of Spain, and an ancient palace of the NIoorifh kings, with lb many rooms, that it is like .; labyrinth. In the third, is the unlverfity ; the fourth has nothing conliderable : but all the public buildings are magnificent. It is Ifated ne.ir the confluence of the Oro with the Xenil, 125 miles SW of Murcia, and i'. 5 s of Madrid. Lon. 3 30 vv, Iat. 37 8 N. Granada, an land in the W Indies, the principal of the Ciranadincs, iituate in 6 1 40 w, lon. and between n 55 and IX z3 N \U' It is the lalt of the Wln-Jward Caribbecs. and 50 ler^gu?? nw of lobago. I'he chief port, cilled i-ewis, is on the w iide, and is very lp;u:ions. This iiijud is im:.-ly wooded; and the ioil i;, luitcd to proaiice lugar, tobacco, anU if.digu. It was taken li a town of F' ranee, in the department of Ardvnnes and litt pro- vince of Champagne, feated oii the Aj're, 32 mil'jij E of jKlieinis. Lon. 4 55 Kj hit. 49 21 N. Granic, or Granicus, a fmall river of Natolia, which has its fource in Mount Ida, ntai- the ruins of ancient Troy, and falls into the iea of MiuTuora, to the E ot Li'n;pfaco, On its barks was ioaght tho celebrated battle, in which Ali xander the Great, witih 30,000 Macedi/nians, dt- fe;ited Darlvus and 600,000 Perilaus. Gr ANSON, a town of SwiflVrland, in the Pays de V.risd, capital ot a bniSr.vie r>f die lanK naiue. wirb a caltie. Clnrles the Bold, duke of i'»urgundyj took it by Horn:; but, in a b.utle near it, in t47f'«, he WU.5 totally defeated. i tor itc> high fplrc, which ii-ems to l-ian on oiie fide. It is icatcci on th'j Withairu ?.o milts s b\' w of i incoliij and no N by w of London. Loii. o 3 6 w, la I. 52 59 .V. Gs.AMS£?.i: Water, a fmall lake of Wc!im.-)jlanvi, to thi; w of Amhiviidc. It'j rrurgin h hollowed inlo fmall bays, with bold cmin'?ncesj iome of rock., iome of turf, that half codvajs! and vary the figiiie oi' tile lake. Frojn the ihore, a low proiiionlory projcii'ts far in.o the water; and on it: llands a white village, with the parif}) chuich iif.ng in ihe niidlt of iK G.'i.wviLl :■, a feaport of France, in the dcp:;) tniojt of the Chiannei and late jirovince of Normandy, par;iy feated on a rock, ami partly on a phdn. It is 15 Ki-ilK-s s by K oi" Coutanccs, and 185 W of Paris. Lon, 1 32, \v, lat . ^.Z 50%'. Grassk, a f(,vvn of Franc-.-., in the rfepartmenr of Var and late province of Pjovtnce. It was luiely a bi!iSon':i fee; i(rm !s .(ei'ted on an eiviinence, 15 milt'S W of Nice. Lon. 6 5.'^ '■:, lat. .v? 3;,; N. GR.'viir'i:, a town of Fi-.ince, i)i the de- partment of Aude and late province of Lantniedoc, fcuted on !;he liver Othieu, at the foot of the mo-antain of Coiubiere, jS mlie^ SE of Carc'.dTonne. G:;. ATE LEY, a viihuTt in Hampfi\ire, on the 6E iide of Quarley hill, in the road fron'i Andover to Sal i(l)ury, where, in <;^6, king Alhelllan held a gi'and council of (i./j nobility. Near it is a great Roman camp, and on Quarley liill is a large Brititli camp. Gratz, a town of Germany, capita! cfStiua, with a caUle, and a univtifity. Here are n'latjy p-ilaces, and a fine arknal. '^I'he cahle llands on a rock, and commu- nicates with the river, by means of a deep well. It is feated on the Muchr, 85 miles s\v of Vienna. Lon. 15 30 f, lat. 47 4 N. Gr.iudentz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Culm, with a caitlc ; feated on the Viftala., 30 miles, h of Thorn, and 110 Nw of Waii'aw. Lon. J 8 5^ E, lat. T3 36 N. Grave, a Itrong town of Dutch Bra-, bant, feated on the river Maei'e, beyond which there is a fore. Iv was taken by the Spaniards in i 51:6, by the Dutch in l6o^, by the Fiench in 1671, by the Ltitch In U)74, and by the French in j?y. .. It is eight miles s of Nimtgutn. on, 5 45 E, hit. yi 47 N, Or.-iVELINEs, a firong feaport of F'rance, in the department of the Noith and late l-'rench Flanders. It was ceded to France, by the treaty of the Pyrenees, and iS feated on the Aa., 1 z miles £ of Calais, Lon. z 13 e, lat. 50 59 N. Gravenac, a. town of Snabii, capi- t'l of a county of the lame nane, 30 mileo w of Ulm. Lon. 9 zS E, lat. 48 22 ;;. (jiiAVEN Mac ME REV, a town of Liix- emhur^:^, on the Mofelle, 18 miles enk of Luxemburg, It wa!^ lacked and Inirni, in i5 5i, by the marcpiis of Erandeu- bu:-|. Gkavesande, a town ot Hclbnd, where the ancient counls of Holland re- sided. It is liiven mile.s w of Deltt, Grave.seno, a town in K>nt, with a niaiket on Wednefday and Satmday. ifc is feated en the 1 hames, and a place of OTtat refort, being the common landin^-- place for Jeamen and Grangers in their paiTage to London. It has a blockhoiiii* over ag.xinff Tilbviry fort, A great part of it was burnt down, wdth the chui'ch, in 17?.; ; the latter was rebuilt as one of the 5'j new churches. It is called tit* corporadon of Gravefend and Miltcn, theie two places being united under tlia government of a mayor. They were in- corMorated by que;,a Elifabelli ; but, lonj-if before, Richard II had granted them the exclufive pj'ivii'-gc of conveying palTen- geis to LondoTi in boats, at two -pence a Iiead, or a whole boat's fare at four niillings. They ftill enjoy this privilege j biit the fare is now nme-pmce a head. Gravtiiend is famous ior aiparagus; and the chief employment of the iahcmring people hi fpinning of hemp, to make nets for fillunif, and ropes. It is ?.j miles SE of London.. Lon. o 27 E, lat. f VV Gri^enland, but U now difcovered to be an aflcjuililage of illands lymg lietween 9 and 20'"- ji Ion. and 76 46 and So 30 N lat. It was di;covercd, in 1533, by hr Hugh Willoughby, who ctlitd it CJieenland, uippofing it to be a part of the wjltern continent. In 1595, it was vifited by Barentz and Cornelius, two Dutclnrien, vs/ho pietended to b. the original dilcovtrers, and called it Spitz- bergcn, or fliarp maunialns, from the many (havp-pointed and rocky mountains, with which it abovnids. The only quact- rupeds of either W or E Greenland, are dtcv, white bears, and foxes. To its trozen leas, the Englifn and other nations lepair annually, in the proper Ic-aion, to fifh f?,r wjialey. See Spit'-'-BEKok N. Gkfenlaw, the / Kiinty tOvvn of Ber- n'ick'lisue, feated on a river that joins tlie 7\vefd, before il reaches Berwick. It is 17 milea w by s of ihit town. Lon. •2 jX \v, lat. 5? 43 N. Greenock, a conlitlerable fciport in Rentrewfhire, at the mouth of th( Clyde. Ir is a place of great relbrt for rtiipping, and a;, a great (hare in the htoing filh- C!-"-. Heie is a fugu -hoult:, 1 lopi uni\ iaii inanufaihiKii tind Ji ftnail tort for tlie d_r"ence of the harljour. It iw ai miles w of Gla.'gow. J, 01) 4 19 w, lit. 55 5+ 5f. GRtENSnuRGH, the county- town of WtUinoiiiUiJ, in IVmlylvuiua, i7i>mlltii w !)y N of Philadelphia. Lon. 78 3/; w, lat. 40 8 N. Grkf.nsted, a village in Killx, one mile w of Chipping Ongar, remarkable for its littL- church (built prior to the Concju..it) t'le walls of which are formed of the folid trunks of trees placed in lows. Greenwich, a town in Kent, with a market on VV'ednelday and Saturday. It is famous for a magnificent hofpital lor decayed feamen, and a royal oblervatory in a delightful park. The hofpital is thought to be the iineft lhu(5fure of the kind in the wor.dj and its noble hall is finely painted by fir James Thornhiil. rilie chapel was deltroyeii, in 1779, by a dreadful iiie, which likewiie confumed the dining-hdl and eight wards ; but the whole is rebuilt. '1 he oblervatory was built by Charles 11, en the lummit of a hill, called l- lumltead Hill, from the great alirononer of that name, who was here the iirll altronomer royal. The Engl i flu compute the longitude from the meridiaa of this place. Here was once a royal palace, in which Edward vi died, and cjULen Mary and queen Elifabeth were borji. It has been long pulled down, and on part of the fite of it )iow Itands the iioufc belonging to the ranger of the p.u-k . Here is a college, called the Duke of Norfolk's College (tl)ough founded by Henry carl of Northajnpton, father of tlie celebrated earl of Surry) for the mainteiiarice of 20 decayed houiekeepers j and an hofpital, called Queen Elifabeth's College, founded by Mr. Lambard, the firit erecfed by an Engli/h proteftant fubjeft. Greenwich i» fi;ated on the Thames, five ndles e Ot London. G R E N o B I. n , an ancient town of Fiance, in the departnunt of Here and late pro- vince of Dau[)hiny, with a bilhop's fee. It contains a great numiicr of handlbme ffrucfures, particulai'y churches. The tallieilral is a fine anci. -it building in the Gothic ta(te ; and St, Andrtw's church is adorned vviili a ruriou* Ipiie. The leather and gloves thai aie made here are higlilyeiteemed. It is feated on the Iieie, over which are two bridges to pal's into t'.iat part called IVrreiie, a laige Itaet on the lide of the river. It is ly mihs & of rdomberry, and 105 w by N of Turin, Lon. 5 49 E, laC 45 TIN. GR£rN.\, a village in DumfViesfhire, nerir the mouth of the Elk, and on the borders of ( umberlund, nine mdis NW of Carllfle. It has been kng noted as the rclort of the young per oBs in England, vvhu (,hc)olc (.0 U; mutiicd QOLwiihiUuding ^■m G R 1 C R O f I I ^.f prohibitions of flirir parnifs and jpj-.iuii.ina. 'I'hc ceremony is jK-ilorimd hy 3. blatklrnith. CiHIlKKNUAKPN, a fowii of rivifli;ui Ponu v,ini.», in ihc dmliv of ^tctin, iKiU*! «n tl>c Ddi'i , opjioliic (.j.iiti. i.oii. J4 4x Fr l-.ir. 5^ ? s N. CfRJMui Ri;i,N', .1 town of v\uthi.in Bi;ih;ivu, with .in :ihli(ry .nul .i falllr, l";x milr* N of Uailfcls. l.on.4 .'7 t:, l;il. s<' 57 N. Grimm, a town in tlv tU-c^oniic of SiTKMiv, with a cil.idil, liiiiid on tlu- Mrxildaw, 10 miles si- of l.eipfick. Ion. li ;5 K, Lit. 51 15 N. GuiMMtN, ^ town of Swtdlfti To- rccr.mi.i, five nnlcs s of Sir.illimd. Loii. zj 27 V, lat, 54. J 2 N. Grimi'krc;, a town in tlic elc>Ilorati- «f Trcvt's, with a bifliop'-s fee, 1 ■' miles »t of I'leve*. Lou. 6 59 E, lat. 49 35 N. Grimspv, Grkat, a fe.ipoit anel boroiisrh in J.ireohi.'hiie, ^ifli a marltet «n W'tiiuehlav and Satiinfu . It had fonntily a cattle, and two chtnche.^, but has now only oxk' ehurch, a 1 n^e thuc- tiirt, like a eathedi ai. It fe:uls two meni- fccrs to pailiiinunt , and is i.A->veintii liv a mavor. The harhour, at the mouth of th.. Humher, is but inditiVrkiif, beii-.s; al- moin choaked up. It is ;•; miles M' of Lincoln, and i?o n- of Loiuion. Loti. o 6 E, lat. 5^, *4 N. Grixdon-Rigc, a rWcv in Northmn- Kt>rl.md, rear Ktrwiek, tanuws for the vidoiy gained owr the Scots, iw 155S, by the earl of Northumberlaml, and liis brother, when manv of the Scots wwre rirewned in this rrwr. On :". rifinp; ground jKar Giindon, are torn* upri^vht itoiie pil- lars, funeral nionumenis of the chieftains ilain in that av'-f ion. iiMNS rj; \p. r.\sr, a borough in Sul'- ft'N, with .1 market on Thurlday. The afiues are I'ometimes held here, ajid it fends two membeis to jiarliament. It is so miles N of Lewes, and nj s of Lon- don. Ion. o 2 E, lat. 51 12 N. GRirswAin, a ibonp, town of Swe- dilh Pomernnia, formerly imperial, with a s-11 \l harlnni!', anf Hints, Coiie, and Davos. The comi- tiv ol the (iiilon.s is about S7 niiles in leiii^th, and \erv popidous ; bo\uided on thi- s by thr durhy of Milan and the ter- ritories of the Venetians, liy Tvrol on the V and N, and by the Swil's cantons on the w. They arc partly papilU and partly pioteftants. Th-y polli li; the Val- telitie, and the counties ut r>ornuo and Chiavenna. (.iROt'NO, the prineinal town, thouv;h not the capital, of Litnuauia. It is :i la rye and ilrapi',ling pLice, hnt contains no more than ",000 Chriliians, exclulivc ol the pcrltnis emploveil in the manufac- tures, and 1000 Jews. It has the ap- pe.uapce of a decayed town ; cinitainirg a mixture of wretched hovels, falling houles, and ruined palaces, with ni.igni- ficcnt gateways, remains of its ancient Iplendour. A tew ha'.jitations in good repair make the contrail more Urikiri;. Here is a colle;.;e ami phyfic ?;arden ; the king ot' Polind havins^ eltablilhed a royil aeaitemy ot phyfic for Lithuania. In the new palace, built, but n.ver inhabited, by Aui^ultus III, arc tli« apartments where the diets are fometim.es heM ; par- ticularly the lalt, in 171)^, which was compelled, at the point of the bayonet, to content to the fecorK,! partition ot Poland : and here, in 1791;, the unfortunate Sta- nilhuis jii tormally reli;j;ned his crown. Grodno is feated partly in a plain, on the river Nienien, and partly on a moun- tain, 125 miles NE of Wariaw. Lon.24 15 K, lat. 53 2S N. CtROI.i,, a town of Dutch Gueldcr- derland, in the county of Zutphen. It was oiten taken and retaken in the wars between llie l")utch ^nd Spaniards. Th« FreiKh took it in 1^72, and demoliflud tlie fortifications. It is ieated on the Slinghe, 15 miles SE of Zntphen. GROMNOtN, a populous city of the United Provinces, capital of a lordthip of the fame name, with a citadel and a univernty. It is feated on the rivers Hunes and Aa ; has a conmnmication, by a canal, with a bay ot the German Oeean, at the diltance of 10 miles; and is 85 miles NK of Anilterdam. Lon. 6 31 e, lut. 53 10 N. GRONiN(;tN, one of the United Pro- vinces, bounded on the f by E Fri^'i md, on the \v by Friellaud, on tin- N by the lit* G U A G J A do not in- cy ot (he c^lion bi:- icitis ot an flu- tovna Thi- co\i«- 7 miles in OAuulod on 11(1 till' tfr- Tyvol on Is rnntnns ripilli \nci h llv Val- oiniio and .•n, thpuv;h . It is a Tt contains ., excUilivc c m.inuiac- las the ap- anilaining Is, falling ith inagni- ils ancient ts in good e Uiiking. ;rirden ; the lu-d 3 voyil lia. In the inhabited, ap;ntnicnt$ hiW 5 jvar- which was bayomt, to ot Poland : unate Sta- lis crown. plain, on n a nioun- Lon.24. Gucldcr- phcn. It |n the wars ids, Tha llemoliflud [d on the kn. |ity of the kndihip idel and ;i jhe fiver*; lent ion, by Ian Ocean, Ind is 85 6 31 E, lirtd Pro- iFri'-'i and, N by the Caiiran Occ;ui, and on the s by Overyf- iv[. It is dividid into two parts, ot which the trtwn ot tTioningen aiul its dil- triH are oiu-, and the Oinincrlands the other. Tlie excelliauy <>1 this covmtry C()nlilts in paltuics, which teed a ^leat niinbv r of lar;';e horlis, tit lor the coach. CJkossa, an illand of Dabnafia, in the i^iilt oi' \i nice, nt-ar the cualt oi the cuuu- tv ol Z,ua. If is 50 miles in circviin- I'crencr, and lu'l'iis'/j to the Venetians. GR(^se!h r TO, a town oi Tuicany, with a laltlr auil a bllhop's lef; fituate near the lea, 30 miles s\v ol Sienna. I.on. n J K, lat. 41 40 N. GROTMCAW.atownoFSilefia, cni>italot' a province of the lame name, 10 miles NF. iji CAwxT. Lon. 17 25 k, lat. 50 ■]■; n. GrotskaW, a town of Snvia, where the Turks defeated tlie Germans in J 7 39. h>.^n- 11 10 li, lat. 45 10 N. Grovne, a river of Spain, in Galicia, which eutejs the bay of Bifcay, at Co- lunna. (jRur.ENHACEN, a town and caftle of Lower Saxony, und the chief place of a principality of the fame name, belonging to the houle of Hanover. In the moun- tains near it are mines of filver, iron, cop- per, and lead. It is +<; miles s of HanovcV. Lon. 10 J E, lat. 51 31 N. Gruckfei.dt, a town of Carlnthia, with a cattle, on the river Save. Lon. 1 5 45 E, lat. 40 7 N. GiiuNnH, a town of Germany, in the thichvof Brunlwick, and in the mountains vt' Jlartz. Lon. 13 35 E, lat. 5?. 10 n. G RUN INC EN, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the principality of Halberftadt, on the river Felke. Lon. 11 41 E, lat. 5i 4 N. Gruningen, a town of Swifierland, in the canton of Zuric, capital of a baili- wic of the fame name. Tlie cattle, which Jtands on an elevated rock, commands an exttnfive prol'peft. Lon. 8 43 e, lat. 47 »4 N. Gruyires, a town of SwitTerland, in tlie canton of Friburg, with a cattle, whci e the bailitf refides. It is famous for chcefe, and is 15 miles sw of Friburg. Lon. 6 43 F, lat. 46 35 N. GuAcocKiNGO, a town of New Spain, -^o miles se of Mexico. Lon. 99 45 w, kit. 19 36 N. Guadalajara, or New Gamcia, one of the three audiences of New Spain, bounded on the N by New Mexico, on the V. and s by the audience of Mexico, and on the w by the gulf of California and the N Pacific Ocean ; extending 800 |i>ilei> in iciJ^ih, and 5«o iu bicadih. It is divided into the provinces of Guada- lajar.i Proper, '/acatecas, New J^iliay, Cinaloa, Culiacan, Chamrtiin, and \a, lil'co. It is cili'lirated for its fertility* and the richnef, of its lilvir niinLS. Guadalajara, or G u adalaxara, tin cajiital of the province and audience ot (Miailaiajara, in New Spiiii. It i> a bifhop's fee, and iifuate on tlu- Maieinja, 11 7 miles w of Mexico. Lon. 104 49 w^ lat. 7.0 50 N. ( lu ADA I, A jar A, or GUADAI.AXARA, a town (if Spain, in New Caltile, leated on the ileraics, 30 miles Ni; ot MadiiJ, Lon. :. 47 \V, lat. 40 36 n. Cix;ADAi,.\viAR, a river of Spain, wliich riles (^^ the confnu s of Arrat^oTi, crotfes the province ot Valencia, and Tail* into the Mediterranean, l)elow Valt;iicia. Guadai.ouhi;, a town of Spain, in Eftramadura, with a celebraltd convent. It is I'eated on a livulet of tlie la^ne name, 34 miles E by N of J ruxlllo. Lon. 4. 45 w, lat. 39 17. N. GUADAl ou PK, one of the* Leeward Caribl)ee Illands in the VV Indies, be- tween Antigua and Dominica, in lon. 6:^ o w, and lat. 16 ao N. It is divided into two parts by a narrow ttrait, called the Salt River. At this place the land on each tide is not al)ove t(nir miles bi(jad, and by this ttrait the ti^a on the Nw c(jm- municates with that on the .se. The sw nart is 60 miles in length, and 24 in breadth ; and the ne part is much the fame. The foil is exceedingly good, and well watered near the tea, by liviilets whicti tall trom the mountains. On this ifland is a volcano, called the Mountain of Sul- phtn- ; and on the E tide of it are two mouths, which open into a pit of fulphur: the negroes who fell brimftone fetch it from this pic. The French fet'led on this itland, in 1632. It was taken by the Engiifh in 1759, '^"^ reltorcd in 1763. It was again taken by the Fnolini, April 22, 1794, bur retaken, DceemlK-r 11, the lame year. Bafli^terre is the capital. GuADALQirivi R, a river of Spain, which riles in the .s part of New CalHle, Hows through Andaluli,', and falls into the bay ot Cadiz. Gu ADARAMA, a town ol Spain, in Old Caltile, remarlcable for its great trade in cheeie. It is feated on the Guadaram, 25 miles NW of Nhidrid. Lon. 3 48 w, lat. 41 45 N. CiUAOiANA, a river of Spain, which rifes in New Caltile, crofies F.ltramadura into Portugal, and leparating Algarv« iro,,> vVnduhiliii, tails into the bay of Cadiz. ivr, G U A GuADlXi a town of Spiin, in Gra- ■atla, with a bifliop's fee, 30 miles t of Granatla. Lon. ^ 47 w, lat. 37 4. n, GuAi,l)d, a town of Ituly, in Ancona, eight miles NW of Noctra. In 1751, it was almoit dcfh-oyed by an earthquake. I^on. 12 43 E, lat. 43 ^ N. Guam, the chief of the Ladrone Iflands, in the N Pacific Ocean, 100 miles in ciicumfeicnce. It is iubjeiiil to the SpaniiU'ls, who have a garril'on Iutc, but the inl\al)itants are alniott all natives of tlie country, and reputed to be viry IkiUul in building boats. It abounds with excclki t fruit, and the air is v/liole- ibnie; notwuhltanding which the n.itives are lubjt^l to a kind of leproi'y. Lon. 145 15 E, lat. 13 5 N. GuAMANGA, a town of Peru, capital of a province of the ihme name, with a bifhop's Ite. It is jtmarkable for fweet- ireats ; and near it are inims of gold, fil- vcr, loadllorie, and ([uickillver. It is «oo miles SE of Lima. Lon. 74 15 W, lat. 13 20 s. GUANAHAMI, or CaT ISLAND, One of the Bahair.a Ulands, the firll land of America dilcovered by Columbus, in 1491, and named by bim St. Salvador. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 24 20 N. Gt AKur.o, a town of Pe™, capital of adirtrii!;\of thefamenume, that abounds in all t'le neceflaries of life. It is 172 miles N\c of Lima. Lon. 75 15 w, jat. 9 55 s. GuANZAVELC ., a rich town ot Peru, in a country abovudiii':; vith mines cf quickfilver. It is 1 59 milcb liNii ol Pilca. JLon. 74 39 w, lat. 12 36 s. GuARDAFUl, a c;ipt of Africa, at the entrance of the flrait oi' Babelmaudel. Lon. 52 5 E, lat. 11 46 N, GuARDiA, or GuAKOA, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a bifhop's fee. It is ^rtiiied both by art and nature, and has a ftutely catliedral. It is 130 miles EofLiibon. Lon. 6 37 \v, lat. 40 22 N. Goardia-Alferez, a town of Na- ples, in the Molife, with a bifliop's lee, feven miles NW of Larino. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 41 39 N. GuarMa, a feaport of Per- 120 miles Nvv of Lima. Lon. 77 ., w, lat. 10 10 s. GuASTALLA, a town of Italy, in ll.e Mantuan, ceded to the duke of Parma, lii 1748. Here the Auitrlans attacked the French in 1734, and were repulTed With the lofs of 5000 men. It is leated near the river Po, 1 5 miles n of Reygio. Lfiu. 10 38 E, lat. 44 56 N. GuASTo, or VAiio, a town of Na- , G U E pics. In Abruzzo Ciferiorc, rn the gulf of Venice, i 5 miles si; of Lanciano. Lon. 15 6 t, Ut. 42 1 5 N. CiiJATiMALA, onc of the thrtc audi- ences of N'ev.' Spain, bounded on tlie N'.v by the audience of Mexico, on the NE by the gulf of Mexico, on the se Ijy the ifthnius of Darien, and on the s\v by the Pacific Ocean. It is computed to bv," 750 miies long, and 450 bioadj and is fubdi- vlded into the provinces of Cjuatimala Proper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Nicarag\ia, Colta Rica, and Veragua. The Indigo ol this countiy is fuperior in quality 10 tliat of any other in Amtrica, and is* cul- tivated to a coniiderable extent. GuA'riMALA, New, the capital of the audience and province of Guatimala, in New Spain, with a bifliop's fee and a imiveifity. It is fituate not far from the fite of St. Jago de Guatimala, the for- mer capital, which was deftroyed, June 7, ^77 3) '^y ^ dreadful earthquake, attended by an eiviption from a neighbouring vol- cano. By this earthquake 120,000 per- ibns are luppofed to have perilhed. New Guatimala is 600 miles sw of Mexico. Lon. 90 30 w, lat. 13 40 N. GuaxaCa, a province of New Spain, bounded by the gulf of Mexico on the N, and by the Pacific Ocean on t]ie s. It is fertile in wheat, Indian corn, cochineal, and calfia ; and contains mines of gold, filver, and cryltal. Guaxaca, a town of New Spain, ca- pital of a province of the fame name, with a bifliop's lee. It is nottd for fine iVeetmeats and ciiocolatc ; and has feve- ral rich convents. It is 160 miles E of Acapulco. Lon. 100 o w, lat. 17 25 n. GuuEN, a town of Germany, in Lower Lulatia, feated on the Neiil'e, 62 miles NEofDreiden. Lon. 1439 E, lat. 51 55? N. GuBlo, orEuGUBio, atown of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, vnth a bilhop's ft-e, 82 miles N of Rome. Lon. la 38 E, lat. 43 16 N. Guelderland, or Gueldres, a territory of the Netlierlands. The town ot Gueldres and its diftricit belong to the king of Prufiia; Ruremonde and its de- pendencies to the houll; of Aultriaj and Venlo and Steveni'waert to the United Provinces. Gueldres, a town of the Nether- lands, in the territory of the fame name. In 1 587, the governor betrayed this fbong place to the Spaniards; and the Dutch endeavoured in vain to recover it in 1637, 1639, and 1640. It was taken, in 1702, alter a long blockade, and a bt, \bard- ment of 14 days, by the king of Prulfiii j •I G u r an.\ by the peaci' of Utrecht, in 1713, the l^rcncli ccdi'J ir lo that princt, in exciuingc t. r the piliu:iualUv of Oian^'-. . It Uir- rcaJcrcd to t',.c Kicuch m i7<;4. It is 10 niil-is Ni: of Vctilo. Lon. 6 o E, lat. 51 2') N. GuERANDE, a town cf Franc*-*, in the t!epnrtincnt of Lower Loire :ini Ja:e pro- vince of Brctagne. It carries on a ccn- fiJornlilc tiade in white liilt, and h three miles fioni the Atlantic, and 250 vv hy N ot Nantes. Lon. 2 zo w, lat. 47 ao N. Goer FT, a town of p'rance, in the department of Creufe and late province of Marche, {eated on the Gartanijie, J 5 miles N£ of Limoges, and 170 s of Paris. Lon. i 56 E, lat. 46 10 N. Gi'ERNSEV, an ifiand off the coaft of France, fubje-4 to Great-Brit:an. It is naturally Itreng, being fitrrounded by high rocks, and of a round form, 30 miles in rircun^.terence. The natives fpeak French, ii iiaving been a p;ut of I^Jormandy, and is (fill governed by the Nonnan Laws. Lon. 2 37 vv, lat. 49 32 N. GuETA, a town of Spain, in New Caf- rile, 60 miles E of iVIadrid. Lon, i 56 W, lat. 40 2 2 N. Guiana, a country of S America, on the coalt of the Atlantic, between the rivers Oroonoko and Amazon, and to the N of Amazonia. The Portuguefe pof- fefs the part adjoining the liver Amazon ; the French, the fmall colony of Cayenne ; the Dutch, Surinam, Bernice, Demeraiy, and Iflequibo ; and tlic Spaniards, the part next the Oroonoko. The greateft heat takes place in Odobtr, and contiiiucs to March : this is I'uccecdtd by viclcn' uninterrupted rain till Jxnie, when parch- ing heat again takes place tiil July, wnich ii again followed by iiicelLnt rain tiil 0£tober. Dutch Guiana, is every where level, and !b low, that, during tlie rainy llalbns, it is ufually covered with water near two feet in height. This renders the foil fo rich, that, on the llirface, for J 2 inches in depth, it is a Itratum of per- Icif manure, and, as fuch, has been tranf- pcrted to Barb.adoe^. On tlie banks of the Hrequiho, 30 crops of ratan canes luive been raifid fuccefiively ; whereas, in the W India Illands, not more than two are ever expected from the richelt land. The interior parts of the country aie inhabited by lavages, who have dif- ferent languages and cnltoms ; and fome •f them build their houfes on trees^ to be fecure from tiie inundations of the rivers . GuiAquiL, one of the nine j\nifiic- nons Qt the province cf Quuo, in Fviu. G U I Chocolate is one of its principal pro- duils. GuiAouiI., acnmmercial city of Peru, capital of a juriulictioii of th.e l.mu' )ia;;ie. It is large and populous, and fctted on ttie river Gnaquil, at its entrance inuj the bay of Gaiaqull, 140 miL^ N by i- of Paita. Lon. 81 11 \v, lat. 211s. GuiARA, a leaport of Teira Firma, on the coait of Caracca. Lon. 66 5 vv, lat, 10 35 N. GuiENNE, a late province of France, which now forms the department of Gi- ronde and that of Lot and Garonne. Guilford, a b(,rough in Surry, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Wey, on the declivity of a hill, and had a caifle, now in ruins. The fummer al"« fizes are alternately held here and at Croy- don ; but the tlei5f ion of members for the county is always I'.eld here, and it fends k wo for the borough. It is a well-built t iwn, with two churches, and governed by a mayor. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and much timber and corn are carried upon it. It is 23 miles wsv/ of Croydon, and 30 sw of London. Lon. o 29 w, lat. 51 15 N. GuiLLAiN, St. a town of Auflriaa Halnault, feated in marfhy land, on the river Haifne, fix miles vvof Mons. Lon. 3 53 E, lat. 50 27 N. GuiLLESTREE, a town and caftle In the Alps, once belonging to Dauphiny, in France. It was taken by priiice F',ugtne in 1692, and is nine miles NE of Embjun, Lon. 6 36 E, lat. 44 41 N. GtJiMARAENi, an ancient and coa- nd'.rable town of Portugal, in the pro- vhice of Kntre-Douero-e-Minho. It has formerly been the refidence of their kings, and is divided into the Old and New, The public buildings are magnificent. It is 165 miles NE of Lilbon. Lon. 8 zi w, lat. 41 35 N GuiiNEA, a country of Africa, of which little is known except the coalt. It liea within the tropicof Cancer, between iz*^ vv and 80^ E lon. and is divided into the Lower and Upper. This lafi compre- hends the Grain Coaft, the Tooth Court, the (5old Coalt, the Slave Coalt (which includes VVhidah and Ardrah) and Be- nin. The lower part is commonly called Congo. It is very unhealthy lor Euro- peans, though the negroes live a conlider- able time. The natives in general s;o al- iiioit naked, and there feems to be little religion or hondb/ ano'-.g them, 'i he coinino-:'ities purchafcd here, are gum- leneca, at Ser.t;;.-,! ; grain, 'upon the Grain C'ia'.t ; eis-pha/Ko' tvctti, upon the i'uocii I'-jp m ••il !i ti'C GUN G Y F f: 'ifl I Coaft; the great eft nienty of gold, upon tliu Gold Coaft; ami all, in general, iur- •illi llavcH. The Engliih, Dutch, French, Danes, and other nations, hive failoriea upon this coalt, and pvirchafe (laves, and ether commodities. Thci'e are many little ftatcs, whole chiefs the ihilurs dignify •with the name of king; but very lew del'ervc that title. They are often at war with each other, when the people taken. neo; flavt on both lides, are fold for flaves j and it is not uncommon for thr nearclt of kin to fell each other. Guinea, Nnw, an ifland of the S Pacific Ocean, to the N of New Holland, from which it is feparated by Juulcavoiir Strait. The land in general is low, but covered with fuch luxuriance of wood and herbage, as can fcarcely be conceived. The cocoa-nut, bread-lruit, and plantain- tree, befide molt of the trees, /hrubs, and plants, common to the illands in the S Pacific Ocean, are found here in the t;rcatelt perfe(5lion. The inhal>itants maJce much the lame appearance as tiie New Hollanders. This illand, which is long and narrow, extends se from the equator to iz° s lat. and from 131 to 155" E Ion. GuiNCAMP, a town of France, in the department of the North Coalt and late province of Bretagne, feated on the Trieu, 13 miles s of Treguier. Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 48 36 N. GuiPuscoA, one of the three diviaons of the province of Bifcay, bounded on the N by the bay of that name, on the E by Wavarre, on the w by Bilcay Pio- per, and on the s by Alava. Tolofa is the capital. Guise, a town of Franci', In the de- partment of Aifne and late province of Picardy, with a caftle, feated on the Oife, 25 miles E of St. Qu^entin, and 95 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 42 e, lat, 41^ 54 n. GuNTOOR, one of the Northern Cir- cars, in the peninfula of Himlooltan. It is alio called Mortinazagur and Conda- vir, and occtipies the fpace between Con- dapilla, the Ibuthernmolt of the foiu' Fng- lilh Circars, and the N piiit of the Car- natic J extending more thim 30 miles along the bay of Bengal. The maritime parts of this circar are Hat and open, but the interior parts contain Ibme very ilrong fortrellcs and, polts. It is fubjcd to the ni/am c the Deccaii. GuNT7,BERG, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Biirgaw, with a caltle, feated on the Danube, 16 miles NE of Ulm. L.n. 10 25 E, lat. 48 35 N. GuNTZENHAusEN, a town cf Iran-. conia, five tnlles from WetlTembur^. It is feated on the Ahnnil, near a fort-ll, and liibjeit to the king of Pruflla. GuRK, a town oi Cariiuhia, with .i bifhop's lie, icated on the river Gurk, 55 miles E of Saltzburg. Lon. 14 li l, lat. 47 12 N. GusTROW, a city of Germany, in the duchy of Mccklenburg-Schwerin, and capital of the circle of Wcndcn. The chief courts of judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it has an elegant palace, in which the dukes fomeiimes refule. It is 35 miles ne of hchwcrin. Lon. iz 1 3 E, lat. 53 57 n. Gui'iA, a town of Hungary, feated on the E lide of the Danube, oppoilte the illand of Schut, 25 miles e by s of Prelburg. Lon. 17 47 E, lat. 48 10 N, Gui SKOW, a town of Swedilli Pome- rania, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on the Peene, 14 miles w of Wolgalt. Lon. 13 39 e, lat. 54 o n. GuzERAT, a peninfula of Hindooltaa Proper, 100 miles long, and 140 broad, formed by the Arabian Sea and the gulfs of Cambay and Cutch. The w part is mountainous and wootly, inhabited by a wild haicly race, and governed by raj.ilis of their own. But the largelt and fiiielt part is included within the exttrfive em- pire of the Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capital. GwALiOR,an ancient fortrefs of Hin- dooltan Proper, in the province of Gohud. It Itands on avalt rock, abovit four miles in length, but narrow and of unequal breadth, and nearly flat on the top. The lides are lo Iteep as to appear almoft per- pendicular in every partj for vhere it was not naturally lb, it has been ("craped away j and the height from the jdain be- low, is from 200 to 300 teet. T. he ram- part conforms to the edge of the precipice all around ; and the only entrance is by fteps running up the (ide of the rock, de- fended on the (ide next the counvry by a wall and baltions. The area v/ilhin is full of noble buildings, refervoirs of water, wells, and cultivated land ; Co that it is a little diltrift within itl'elf. At the NW foot of the mountain is the town, pretty large, and well built, th? houles all of Hone. This place is con- fidered as the Gibraltar of the Eaft j but, in 1780, major Popham took it by an unexpCiSied nodurnal ei'calade. It is 80 miles s of Agra. Lon. 7S 3» E, lat. 26 9 N. Gyfhorn, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Lunenbxu'g, feated on the riv^^rs Alki and Ii'er> 25 iraics HAD >i of Brunfwkk. Loii. lo 49 £» lat. 52 49 N, H. HAAO, or Hac, a town of Bavarln, Itiited on a hill, on the rivci Inn, \o iniks E of Munich. Luu. 12 15 E, In. 48 iS N. Hacha. See Rio-nE-LA-IlACHA. Hackney, a populous village to the NE of London, and the liilt that was ac- ATomniodated with carriages for occafionul piilTfngers : hciKe the oriirin of the name •f the l\ackney-coachcs of London. Hadamar, a town of Germany, in Wetcravia, with a calHc, Hated near the KHs, 11 rniles NW of Mentz. Lon. 8 o E, lat. 50 23 N. Haddinoton, ahoiwigh of Scotland, in a co\inty of tlie fume name. Part of a monulKry here i$ occapii.d as a parifh Ciuuch J and at a linall diftance are the rii.ns of a nunnery. Haddington is !«.••«. ' on the Tyne, 18 miles E of Edin- b»v .'■, Lon. 3 39 w, hit. 55 58 N. Il.iDniNGTONSHIRE, Of F.AST LO- THIAN, a county of Scotland, bounded on the \v by Edinburj^hlhire, on the N hy the iVith of Forth, on the li by the Ger- man Ocean, and on the s by Bc-rwick- fhire. It is 25 miles from K to W, and 15 where broadelt. The foil is, in many places, doubly produtHive : rich crojxs arc raifed on the I'urface ; and the mines of coal are inexhauftible. The Ibulhtrn part is very ino\mtainous, comprehending tlie N hile of Lammermuir Hills; but thcfe hii;h grounds iced many Hicep. Hadurslfben, a feapgrt of Den- mark, in Slffwick, wiili a itrong citadel, on a linall illand, in a b:ty of the Baltic, 25 miles E of Ripen. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 55 lE N. Had LEV, a corporate town in Suffolk, with a market on Monday. It is go- venied by a m;iyoi-, and has a very hand- fome church. I-ar^^e quantities of yarn are I'pnn here for the Norwich manufac- ture j and it had a conhderable woollen manufaflure, whirh jr, now decayed. It is leated on 'he Br.t, 20 miles SE of Bury, and 64 >; e ol London. Lon. i 6 E, lat. 52 10 N Hadley, a Villagi, in EiTcx, five miles £W of Rochford. Here are fome confi- dcrable ruins of a caltle, on the brow of a fteep hill, on a channel of the Thames between Canvey Iflnnd and the fhore. Had LEY, a village in Middlefex, N of BiiQct. Over the W door of th^i church H A I Is the date 1498, and on the top of tht lleeple is an iix)n pitch-pot, origixiaUy placed there as a beacon. Haggi;rstown, a rtouiilhing inland town of Maryland, in the fertik valley of Conegoclicague. It carries on a coo- fiderable trade with the weltern country. Haciar, a town of Arabia Delertii, 87 miles N of Medina. Lon. 39 25 £, lat. 25 30 N. Hague, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Holhiml, which may coinpars with the handlbnieft cities In Europe, in extk.'nt, the beauty of its palaces, its ihvets, its agreeable walks, :\nd its great trade. It is feated two mdes fiom tbc fea, and there is a pavement acroU the land hills, with trei'a on each lide, which leads to Schcveling, on the Jealhojc. The ancient counts of Holland rclided here; and it is the court, though not the capital, of the United Provinces. As it is not walled, and lends nu deputies t» the Hates, it is called a village only. The French took polllinon of Hague Jimuary 23, 1795. -1* i'* '° miles NW of Rotterdam, and 30 s\v of Amlkrdam. Lon. 4 23 E, lat. 52 4 N. Haguenau, a town of France, in the depai'tment of Lower Rhine and late pro- vince of Al ace. It was formeily a fa-c Imperial city ; but it was taken by the French in 1673. It was feveral times taken and retaken in fubfequent warsj the lalt time by the French in 1/06. It is feated on the Mottcr, which divides it into two parts, 12 njiles N of Strafburg, and 255 E of Paris. Lon, 7 53 £, lat. 4847N. Hailbron', a free imperial town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirttinburg. The inhabi trail s, who ai-e proteftants, de- rive a great advantage from the baths near it, whence the town has its name, v/hicli fignifies the fountain of health. It ii feated on the Neckar, over which is a Hone bridge, %$ miles ne of Stutgai'd, Lon. 9 ^5 E, lat, 49 19 N. HAUiBURG,a town of Lower Auftria, on the Danube, 10 miles vv of Preflnug, and 25 E of Vienna. Lon. 16 58 e, iat. 48 12 N. Hain, a town of Upper Saxony, la Milhia. It has a inanufaclure of cloth, and is feated on the Rhedar, 12 miles Nw of Drefden. Hai-nan, a confiderable IHand of the China Sea, to the M of the gulf of Cochin-China, and to the s of thi' province of Quang-tong, from which it is 12 milea diitant. ft is 4^00 miles in circumference. The foil of the II part 1$ level j but iu th>c ,/■■■ 'I'l i I m m ii IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k './ "^,-% /. ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 l^ilM 125 |jo ^^ n^i 2.0 Hi BS U 11.6 Photograpkc Sciences Corporation 93 -^eST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4S03 \ V m ^ HAL HAL M Hi! t dnd E are moiintains, among which are valHei that prcnluce two crops of rice every year. There are mines of gold and lapiii lazuli, which laft is carried to Can- ton, To paint the porcelain, It produces the fame fruits as China, belide fugar, tobncco, cotton, and indigo. Among the animals is a great black ape, with features rel(;ml>ling thole of the human face; but the common fort of apes aie gray, and very ugly. The inhabitants ai"e moltly a wild fort of people, fhon and deformed, and of a copper colour : they ai'e clothed fvom the wailt downward only, and paint their facts like other fuvages. Hiun- tchtou-fou is the capital. Hainault, a province of the Nether- lands ; bounded on the N by Brabajtt, on the NW by Flanders, on the w by Artois, on the s by Cambrefis, Picardy, and Champagne, anil on the E by the ter.tito- ries o^ f ,ei»e and Namur. It is divided into Auftrian iiainault, of which the ca- pital is Mens i and French Haina ult, which is included hi the d«'partment of the North, Hainault, a foreft in Eflex, se of Epping Foreft, fuppoled to be fo cal led from fomp of the deer, with which it was ftocked, havir.g been brought from the p ro- vince of the fame name in the Netherlan>ds. In this foreft is a rtlebrated oak, kno kvn through many ccnttiries by the name of Fairlop. Beneath its Hiade, which ovor- fpreads an area of 300 feet in circuit, an annual fair has been long ht Id on the z ad of July. A fociety of juchcrs, called the Hainault Forefters, conlifting of foi jie of the principal gentlcmai and ladies of the ctunty, march round tjiis tree, at c »r- tain ftated timej, drefted in elegant uni- forms, and attended by a band of mulic. Hainburg, a town uf Auftria, on the Danube, J5 miles E o:f Vienna. Lon. 17 18 E, lat. 48 14. N. Haleerstadt, a ti v-vn of Lower Saxony, capital of a pri ncipality of the fame name. It was forr nerly capital of thebiftiopric of Halberftadt, now fecu- larized. 'I he cathedral iis a Tuperb ftruc- ture; and here arc three rcginlar abbies, and two iiunneries. Thu Jews are tole- rated, and carry on a g.reat trade ; and the inhabitants brew e\i:ellerd: beer. It is fubjeft to the king of l^rulfia, and feated on the Hotheim, 32 miles se of Bninfwick. Lon, 11 a.4. e, I it. 52 6 n. Haldenstein, a fiee an d indepen- dent barony of the country of t. he Griibns. It confifts of a fcmlcipcular ^ plain, be- tween the Rhine and tht." foot of Mount Caleodafj about fivt mi^cs in k rgth, and fcarcely one in breadth. It occupies alfe part of the mountain, which is lb ftecp as not to be inhabited. It contains only two villages, Haldenftcin and Sewits ; and the whole number of the baron's lubje.:>& does not exceed 400. The ancient ca/Ue is now in ruins. Halen, a town of Auftrlan B^bant, on the river Geet, 24 miles w of Mae- ftricht. Lon. 5 4 E, lat. 50 58 N. Hales-Owen, a town in Shropfliire, inclofed by Worcefttrfliire, fix miles E of Stourbridge. The pnet Shenftone was born and buried here ; and near it is the much admired feat of Leaiowes, in tht decoration oi which his whole fori'.urie was ipcnt. Halesworth, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Tuefday. It has a trade in linen yarn and failcloth, and about the town is railed a gi^eat deal of hemp. It is feated op a neck of land, between two branches of the river Blyth, 28 miles ne of Ipfwich, and loi of London. Lon. i 40 e, lat. 52 25 N. Halibut Isla-md, an idand in the N Pacific Ocean, lb named by captain Cook on account of the nun ber of fine fifti of that name caught here. It is leven leaguea in circimi Terence, and very low and bar- ren. Lon. 164 15 w, lat. 5448 N. Halifax, a feaport of Nova Scotia, on Chebudo Bay. The harbour is large enough to Ihelter a fquadron of men of war through the winter. The town has an entienchment, and is ftrengthened with forts of timber. It is 789 miles ne of New York. Lon. 63 30 w, lat. 44 45 n. Halifax., a town in the W riding of Yorklhire, with a market on Saturday, It is a very large paiilh, containing i2 chapels of eafe, and upward of 12,000 inhabitants, who are principally employed in the woollen manutafturt. This town is the great mart for fluffs, fuch as fhal- loons, calamancoes, everlaftings, &c. It has a large market-honfe, called the New Piece Hall, and various others for parti- cular gootls. It is feated in a hilly coun- try, near a branch of the Calder, 40 miles wsw of York, and 197 n by w of Lon- don. Lon. I 45 w, lat. 53 45 N. Halitz, a town of Poland, capital aF a territ.ory of the fame name, in Red Ruffia, with a caitle. It is feated on the Dniefter, 46 miles s of Lemburg. Lo|i> 25 19 e, lat. 49 20 N. Halland, a province of S»veden, pn the w coaft of Got.iland. It is 60 jnilj: j along the coaft, but not above 12 in,, breadth. Halmftadt is the capital. HallatoNi a t&wn In LeicdtcvfliirCfi . 'V I HAM HAM with a market on Thurfday, la mUer se of Leice^er, and 90 N by £ of London. Lon. c 50 Ei lat. 51 3% n. HALLE,adifmantled town of Auttrian Hainault. The church contains an image of the Virgin, held in ^reat veneration. It is feated on the Senne, eight miles ssw of BrufTeU. Lon. 4 zo E, lat. 50 46 N. HalL£> » confiderable town of UpjHtr faxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg, with a famous univerfity, and falt-works. It is leated on the Sale, 40 miles E of Magdeburg. Lon. ii 8 E,ht. 51 36 n. U.'tLLE,a free imperial city of Suabia, famous fur its falt-pits. It i:> iieated on the Kocher, among rocks and mountains* 37 miles NE of Stutgard. Lon. 9^1 e, lat. 49 20 N. Halle, a town of Germnny, in Tirol, fix miles Ne of Infpruck. Lon. 11 33 E» lat. 47 i« N. Hallein, a town of Germany, in the Archbiihopric of Saltzburg ; leated on the Saltza, among mountains that abound in mines of fait, which are the chief riches of the town and country. It is feven miles SE of Saltzburg. Lon. 13 he, lat. 47 33N. Halmstadt, a ftrong feaport of Swe- den, capital of Haliand, fituate on a bay of the North Sea, 80 miles SSE of Go- theborg. Lon. iz 48 e« lat. 56 39 K. Halstead, a town in Eikx, with a market on Friday, and a manufa^are of bays and fays. It is feated on the decli- vity of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Coin, 16 miles N of Chelmsford, and 47 NE of London. Lon. o 45 E, lat.. 51 59 N. Halteren, a town of Germany, in the biOiopric of Munlter, feated on the Lippe, 25 miles s\v of Munfter. Lon. 7 27 E, lat. 51 40 N. IlALTONr a town in Chefhire, with a market on Saturday. It has an ancient caftle, which, with the baiony, belongs to theTduchy of Lancalter, and maintains a large jurildi6lion round it, by the name of Haiton Fee. It is feated near the Merfey, 13 miles NB of Chefter, and 184 NN wof London. Lon. 247 w, lat. 53 23 N. Halva, a town of the kingdom of Fet, feated on the Cebu, eight miles s of Fcx. Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 33 32 N. Ham, a ftrong t( im of Weftp'.iaiia, capital of the county of Marck, feated on the Lippe, 24 miles s of Munlter. Lon. 7 50 E, lat. 51 s6 N. Ham, a town of Prance, in the depart- ment of Somme and late province or Pi- cardy, with a ftrong caftle, in which ibme members of the French national soavcatign Ju>e been cgnfincd. It U feated on tke Somme, 48 miles N of Pariiiir . Lon. 3 6 E, latr49 45 N. ' •* Ham, a village in Surrey, one mile from Kipgfton. Near it is Ham. Walks, celebrated by Thomfon and other poets. Ham, West, a village in Elfex, where are the remains of an opulent abbey, tbunucd in 1 1 3 5 . It is feated on the river Lea, four miles E by N of London. Ham, East, a village in Eflex, ad- joining to Weft Ham. In this parifli it a fpring called Miller's Well, the water of which has never been knovyn to 'reeze, or to vaiy in its height. Hamah, a large town of Syria, leated among the hills. The beft houfes, the molbues, and the caftle, are built of black and white ttones. The river Afli, formerly called Orontcs, runs clofe by the caftle, and fills its ditclies, which are cut deep into the lolid rock. The inhabitants have a trade for linen of their own manu- faAure. It is 78 miles sw of Aleppo. Lon. 34 55 £, lat. 36 15 N. , Hamami^t, a town of Barbary, on a gulf of the i'aine name, 45 miles s of Tunis. Lon. 10 15 E, lat. 36 35 N. Hamar, a town of Norway, in the government ofAggerhuys, 60 miles nb of Chviftiaqia. Lon. ix 5 e, lat. 60 30 n. Hambledon Hill, near Sturminfter, in DorietHure. Here was a Roman camp, and ma. y Roman coins have been dug up. It is the antagonift camp to that of Hog Hill, and extends £ and \v three quarters of a mile. Hamburg, a free imperial city of Germany, in the duchy of Holftein, con- fitting of the Old Town and the New Town J both nearly of an equal fize. Moft of the houfes are built after the manner of the Dutch, and richly fur- niftied vithin. I'he principal ftreets of the Old Town have long and broad canals, which are fille<'. by the tide. It is feated on the rivers Elbe and Alfter ; the latter before it enters the town by iluices, forms a fine bafin. Hamburg is well fortified, and on the ramparts are handfome walks. The burghers noount guard themfelves^ and are divided into leveral companies. The feiiatc of this town is compofed of four burgomafters, of whom one only is a ti-adefnian j four fyndics \ 24 fenators, of whom 1 1 are men of letters, and the reft tradefmen ; fgur feg^etaries, one of whom is a prothonotary, and anotlier be- longs, to th; archives } lb that the whole fenate confifts o£ 36 perfons. The town is divided into five porifties ; and euV of each are fonned feveral colleges, or com- panies, svli9 take care of public aft'^irS) -«- - - -. — ' ';i;ir i' w :• HAM .VRlefi there is any thing too high for their (ietermination, and then it is judged by a fort of general ailembly. Hamburgh, from its fituation, has ail roflible advan- tages for foreign and doineftic ti'adc ; par- ticularly from its communication, by tlie Elbe, with feme of the principal navi- ga'nle rivers of Germany 5 and hence it is one of the mott commercial places in the >vorld. There are not leisthun 200 fliips at a time, belonging to f'^rcign mcr- chnnts, at anchor before (he city; and there is a handlbrnc exchange. The In- habitants arc Lutherans, and none but the Englifh have the liberty of perform- ing divine fervice in a chapel of thtir own. Other religions are tolerated at Altena, « large town neai* the harbour of Ham- burg; except the Jfws, who have no fyna- grtgue. Bende the five princijpal churches, there are 1 1 fmaller ones ror particular •orcafions, Ibme of which belong to hofpi.. tals. The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine Itrufture. Hamburg is 55 miles I c of the mouth of the Elbe in the German Ocean, and 55 Nc of Brcmrjn. Lon. 9 55 E» lat. 53 34- N. Hamelburgh, a town tf Franconia, \n the teiritoiy of the abbey of Fulde> feated on the Saab, 28 miles SE of Fulde. Lon. 10 xaE>lat.'5o i6'N. Hamflin, a ftrong town of Germany, iu the duchy of Calenlierg, at the extre- mity of the duchy of Bnml'wick, of which it is the key. It is fituate at the conflu» ence of the Hamel and Wefer, z 5 miles sw of Hanover. Lon. 9 36 E, lat. 52 6 n. Hamerstein, a calHe and village of Germany, belonging to the eleflor of Trtves. The cattle is feated on a lofty mountain, on the E fide of the Rhine, two miles N by w of Andemach. Ha-mi, a country fituate to the ne of China. Though furroundcd by deferts, it is accounted one of the moft delightt'ul countries in the world. Its rice and fruits, particularly the melons and dried raifins, are in high efteem in China. It !i a kingdom, tributary to that country ; uid its capital U of the fame name. Hamilton, a to>^ in Lanerkfhire, with the ruins of a collegiate church, founded in 14.51. Near it is Hamilton Houfe, the magnificent feat of the duke of Hamilton. The town ia fituate on the Clyde, xo miles sb of Glalgow. Lon. 4 16 w, lat. 55 58 n. Hammbr$mith, a |arge village in .^iddlefex, feated on the Thame8> four miles w of London^ Here is Branden- burg Houfe, the magnificeat feat of the nla<|j^are uf Anfpach. HAM Hammerstein, a fbrtrefs of Ger- many, upon the Rhine, oppofite Coblentz» belonging to the eleAor of Treves. Hamont, a town of Germany, in th« bifliopric of Liege, 17 miles w of Rurc- monde. Lon. 5 31 e, lat. 51 17 N. Hampshire, HANTSHiRE.orHANTS, a county of England, bounded on the N by Berks, on the E by Suriy and Sulfex, on the s by the EngliHi Channel, and on the w by Dorfetfhire and Wilts. It extends, exclufive of the Ifle of Wight, 4s miles from N to s, and 3V from e to w. It contains 39 hundreds, one city, 20 mar- ket-towns, and 353 parifhes ; and fends* with the Ifle of Wight, 26 members to parliament. It is one of the moft agree« able, fertile, and populous counties in England. The air is pure and piercing, efpecially on the downs, of which a ridge runs almolt acrofs the county feeding plenty of fheep. Befide wheat, barley, and hops, it is famous for bacon, honey, and limber ; the lalt in particular, on ac- count of its great woods, of which the principal arc the New Foreft, and the f 01 eft of Ealt Bere. The principal river* are the Avon, Teft, Itchen, and Stour. Southampton is deemed the county-town, b^jt the affixes are held at Wincheftn-. Sec New Forest. Hampshire, New, une of the United States, bounded on the M by Canada, on the ne by the diftriil of Main, on the SE by the Atlantic, on the s by MafTa- chufets, and en the w and NW by the river ConneAicut, which fepai-ates it from Vermont. It is divided into the five counties of Rockingham, Stafford, Hilf- borough, Che/liine, and Grafton. The land near the fea is generally low, but* advancing into the country, it riles int« hills. The air is ferene and healthful} the weather not fojubjefl to variation a» in the more fouther^ climes. From the vicinity of fome mOUlitains, whofe fum- mits are covered with fnow moft of the year, this country is intenfeiy cold im winter. In fummer the heat is great, but of fhort dnration. The capital i» Portfmouth. Hampstead, a village in Middlefez, four miles nnw of I^ndon, fonnerl3F famous for its medicinal waters* It Is feated on the declivity <^' a hUl, on the top of which is a fine heath that com* mands a delightfy prolpeCl. - Hampton, orMiNCHiNoHAMPTONf a town in Gloucefterfhire, with a market on Tuefday. It is feated on the Cotef- wold Hills, 14 miles s of Gloucefter, and yg wof JLondoiki^a. a 15 w> 1st. 51-36 »• HAN ft Af Hampton, a feaport of Virginia, near the mouth of* Jameii River, 24 miles SE of Williamlburgh. Lon. 76 28 w, lat. 37 5N. Hampton, a feaport of New Hamp- fhire, 40 miles N of Bolton. Lon. 74 o w, lat. 43 5 N. Hampton, a village in Middleftx, famous for a roval palace, called Hamp- ton Court, huik ny cardinal WoHl'y, who gave it to' Henry vm. The build- ings, gardens, and parks, to which William iii made mr.ny additions, are four miles in circumference. It is Icated on the N fide of the Thames, 14 miles sw of London. Hanau, a county of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Khine, which belongs to its own prince. It is 45 miles in Icngrh, but »lie breadth is (rnall; bounded on the E by the county oi' Rhelnec and the territory of Fulde, on the w by the co\mtits of Weillemburg and Solms, and on the N and s by the territories of Mentz and Francfort. Its foil is very fruitful. Hanau, a ftrong town of Germany, capital of a county of the fame nauic. It is divided into two towns, the Old and the New, and is feated near the Maine, 18 miles NEof Darnilladt. Lon. 8 55 E, lat. 49 56 N. Hang-thfou-fou, the capital of the province of Tche-kiang, in China. It IS four leagues in ciicumferirnce, cxclu- five of its liiburbs, and contains more than a million of inhv.bitants. It is leated on a fmall lake, called Si-hou ; has under its jurildiftion leven cities of the iecond and third clafs; and is 225 miles se of Nan-king. Lon. 120 20 e, lr.t. 30 21 N. Hanover, an cledlorate of Germany in the circle of Lower Snx^ny. It com- prehended, at firif, only the county of Lawenroauj but now it contains the duchies of Zcll, Saxe Lawenburg, Bre- men, Lunenburg, and the principalities of Verden, Grubcnhagen, and Ovcrwald. George i of Great Britain, was the firlt that gained poflelfion of ail thele ftates, which lie moltly between the rivers Welbr and £lbe, and extend 200 miles in length; but the breadth is various, being in fome places 150 miles, and in others but 50. Their produce is timber, cattle, hogs, mum, beer, and bacon ; a littli.' filver, coppery lead, iron» vitriol, brimKo:te, quickiilver, and copperas. Hanover, a city of Germany, capi- tal of the king of Great Britain's Gennan dominions. The eleiHors refuied here before George i afc^ded the BrkiAi throne ; and the regency is now aBmU niftercd in the fame manner as if the Ibvcreign was prclent. It is a well built town, and well fortified. Theeftablilhed ««ligion is the Lutheran; but the Roman catholics ait tolerated, and have a hand*^ fome church. 'I he French took it in *757> but were foon alter expelled. It is leated on the Leina, whicn divides it in two, 25 milts wof Bruniwlck. Lon. 10 5 E, lat. 52 ?.5 N. Hanover, a town of Virginia, on York River. Ha.s'over, New, a large ifltnd in the S Pacific Ocean, oppofite the Nw ex- tremity of New Ireland. It is high, and covered with trees, among which are many beautiful plantations. Han-tchonc-fou, a large and po- pulous city of China, in the province of Chenfi. It has 16 cities of the Iecond and third clal's under its jiirii'diflion, and is ieatcd on the river Han, 845 miles sW ofPckin. Lon. 106 55 E, lat. 32 45 N. Hants, bee Hampshire. Hanuye, a town of Aulhian Bra- bant, 20 miles se of Louvain. Lon. 5 16 E, lat. 50 41 N. Han-yanc-fou, a populous and com- mercial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang. It has one city under itt juriidind even leather and grafs. The church* .which is the Urge/^ '*' Holland j is adorned H A R with the fineft organ in Europe. It con* flits of 8000 pipes; the largeft 38 feet long, and 16 inches in diameter; and there are 68 ftops, of which the moft wonderful is the vox humana. Harlem is feated near a lake of the fame name ; and to the s of the town is a wood, cut into delightful walks andviftas. This place claims the invention of printing; the firft attempts in the art being attributed to Laurentius Colia, a magiltrate of. the city. It is fituate 10 miles W of Am- fterdam. Lon. 4 38 E, lat. 52 34 N. Harlem Mere, a lake of HoUajid, near Harlem, 14 miles long and the fame broad. It lies between Leyden, Harlem, and Amfterdam ; and is naviga- ble, but fubje£l to dangerous ftorms ; on which account, the canals from Leydeti to Amfterdain were made, as a later paftage. Harleston, a town in Norfolk, with a market on WedneiUay, feated on the Waveney, 16 miles s of Norwich, and 100 NE of London. Lon. 1 ao e, lat. S» 26 N. Harling, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Tuefday. It manufaftures a little linen-cloth, and is 24 miles sw of Norwich, and 88 ne of London. Lon. o 58 e, lat. 52 27 N. Harlingen, a leaport of the United Provinces, in Frielland, of which, next to Lewarden, it is the largeft and moft populous. It is 1 3 miles w of Lewar- den. Lon. 5 14 E, lat. 53 9 N. Harlow, a town in Efiex, feven miles NW of Chipping Ongar. On a common, two miles from the town, is .a famous annual fair on the 9th of Septem- ber, called Harlow Burti Fair, much- fre- quented by the neighbouring gentry. Harmondsworth, a village in MW- dlel'ex, two milts e by N 01 Colnbrook. It is remarkable lor one of the largeft barns in England, whofe fupoorting pillars are of Itone, and luppofcd to be of great antiquity. Haro, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, feated on the Kbro, and the chief place of a county. Lon. 2 23 w, lat. 22 40 N. Harris. See Lewis. Harrisburgh, the ' capital of the county of Dauphin,. tin Pennfylvania, on the e branch oi the Sufiquehanna. Lon. 7* 55 w, lat. 40 15 N. Harrodstown, a town of Ken- tucky, in the county of Mercer, on the head waters of Salt Kiver. Harrogate, a village in the W riding of Yorkfliire, two miles w of Kfiarc(ber«ugh« It is famous for medi- HAS HAT #?nal fpiinjrs ; one of which is the ftrongeft miles iW of Guilford and 4s of London. fulphur water in Great Briuin, and Lon. o 38 w, lat. 51 6 n. is litccefsful in dropfical, fcorbutic, and Haslinden, a town in Lanca(?jire, fouty cafes. 1 he leafon is iVum May to with a market on Wednefdav, 16 rnilef lichaelmas; and the company afTemble N by w ot Manchefter, and 196 NNW and lodge in five or fix large mns, each houl"e having a long room and an ordinary. It is 206 miles N hy w of London. HarroWi a village in Middlelex, on the higheft hill in the county J on the fummit of which is the church, with a lofty fpire. Here is a celebrated free- fehool, toundcd by Mr. John Lyons, in the reign of ^uten Elifabeth. It is 10 miies WNW of Londop. ' Hartford, a commercial town of the United States, in ConneAicut, feated on the w fide of the river Conne£licut, 50 miles from its entrance into the Sound. It is divided by a fmall river, over which is a bridge. It is 50 miles w of Bollon. Hart LAND, a town in Devonlhire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Briftol Channel, near a promon> tory, called Hartland-point, 18 miles w of London. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 53 ifo n. Hasselt, a town of the United Pro« vinces, in Overyflel, feated on the Vt!Cht, five miles n of ZwoU. Hasselt, a town of Germany, ia the territory of Liege, feated on ths X>emer» 14. miles NW of Macilricht. Hastings, a borough in SuflcXi with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Ports, auid lends two merabei-s to parliament. Here Wii. liam the Conqueror landed, in to66, and Harold ii was (lain in battle. It had unce a ftrong caftle, now in ruins, and its harbour is maintained by a fmall river. It is feated between a high cleft towanl the feu, and a high hill towani the land tide, Z4. miles e of Lewes, and 64 SB of London. Lon. o 46 Ej lat. 50 5x N. Hatfield, a town in Herts, with % of Barnftaple, anu 313 w by s of Lon- market on Thurfday. It formerly belonged don. Lon. 4*31 w, lat. 51 i« N. to the fee of Ely, but was alienated to the ilARTLEPOOL, a feaport in thecounty crown in the reign of Elifabeth. It of Durham, with a maiket on Monday, had before been an occaiional royal re« It is commodioufly feated on the German lidence, notwithitandinf it was the pro* Ocean, pai'tly furrounded by rocks and perty of the church. MHlliamof Hatfieldt hills, 16 mUes SE of Durham, and 154 fe«ond fon of Edwai\i iii, was bom here; N by w of London. Lon. i 4 w, lat. 5+ +7 N. Hartley, a town in Northumberland, NW of Tinmouth, where lord Delaval has conftru6^ed a haven, whence coul is (hipped to London. A canal is cut and hence Elifabeth, on the death of Mary, was condu6^ed to afcend the throne. James i exchanged this royal demefne with fir Robert Cecil, afterward earl of Salifbury, for Theobalds ; and on the fitc oi' the epifcopal palace, that no* thiough a folid rock to the harbour; and bleman built the pre lent magnificent- feat here are alio large fait, copperas, and glafe works. H;tiwiCH, a feanort and borough in Efiex, with a market on Tuefday and Friday. It is governed by a mayor. called Hatfield Houl'e. It is leited oH tlie river Lea, lo miles nnw of London* Lon. o 10 w, lat. 51 48 n. Hatfield-Bkoad-Oak, or Hat- pibld-Keois, a town in Eflfex, with fends two members to parliament j and it a market on Saturday, 30 miles nnb of feated on a tongue of land, oppofite the united nK>uthi of the Stoiu: and Orwell. Here the packet.boats are flationed that go to Germany and HoUoud. It has a capacious harbour, and a dock for the t)uilding of men of war. The entnmce into the harbour i| defended by a ftroiuj; fortrefs, called Landguard Fort, built on a famfy point on the SuiFolk fide of the water, Imt within the jurifdiAion of London. Lon. o so E, lat. 51 48 N. Hatherly,- a town in Devonfliire> with a market on Friday, %6 miles NW of Exeter, and »oi w by s of London. Lon. 4 9 w, lat. 50 52 N. HattBm, a town of Dutch Guelder- land, taken by the French in 1674, who demoliflied the fortifications. It is feated en the YefTel, five miles sw of ZwoU. Hattenoen, a town of Weftphalia, Eflex. Harwich is 4* miles E by N of in the county of Marck, feated on the Chelinsford, and 7* ene of London. Lon, I 25 e, lat. 52 o n. Haslemerb, a borough in Surry, with a market on Tuefday. It fends tW9 membcri to ^Uame&t» and it 11 Roer, 17 miles ene of DuiTeldorp. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 5-1 17 N. Hatuan, a town and fort of Upper Hungan-, feated on a mountain, z8 milqe NB of BuJa. ' w! I !»■ ;«i'i! ■i HA V HaVannah,. a r«aport on th« n\v part of Cub.', oppofite Florida- It is two miles in circumference, and famous ;for its large harbour, that will hold looo veircls, an'i yet has a nKutn lb narrow, that oniv cue Aiip can enter at a iime, which entrance i» well detiended hy forts. This is the place where all the /hips that come from the Spanifli iettle- ^nitnts rcndc'voiis on their return to Spain.. Tluf buildings arc elegant, built of ilone, and fome or tkem iujhfrbly fur- fi'iihed i and the churches are rich and magnificent. It is the capital of the ifland, where the governor ahd captain- genciai refides, and alio an ailedbr for the alllitaijce of tlie gfwcrnor and cap- tajn-gentrai of the W indies. It was taken by .the £ng)i/}i in 1762, but re- Aored to the Spaniards in 1763. It is featcd on the w fide of the harbour, and MWUcred by two branches of the river ^ae;iji-*. Ion J i'a 13 w, lat. 23 11 N. c Havant, a town in Hampfliire, with a market on Saturday, feven miles ne of Portlipo.uth, and 64. w by s of London. toft. 58 p, lat. 50 5% N. TiAVELBERG, a town of Germany, in the elec\<>i'ate of Brandenburg, with a fecularized biihop's I'ee. It is leated on the Havel, 37 miles NW of Brandenburg, ^on. la 26 £, iat. 53 5 n. Havekfobdwe9t, a borough in t*en)brokefhire, with a.«iaiket on.Tuef*. day and .Saturday. ' Ii is a town and .founty of itfelf, governed by a mayor, Vid leated on the fide of a hill, on a ^eck of Milford-Haven, over which is & lloae' 'bridgef It is a .arge handiome plaice, inhabited by many genteel fa^ p a lake in Weftmor. land, 6 of Penrith, three miles Tong, »nd half a mile over in fome places. It is almoft divided in the middle by a pro<. roontory of inclofufes, that it confifts of two iheets of water.- Hay, a town in Brecknockihire, with a market on Saturday, i'eated between the Wyll and Dwias, 15 miles NE of Brecknock, and 151 w by $ of London. Lon. 3 4 w, lat. 51 59 I*. Have, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre and Loire and late pro- vince of Toui-aine. It is the birthplace of Des Cartes, and feated on the Creufe, 25 miles s of Tours, and 135 sw of Paris. Lon. o 46 e, ht. 46 5$ n. Haylsham, a town in Suffex, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles e of Lewes, and 58 S£ of London. Lon. o,ao £, lat. 50 55 N. Headford, a town of Ireland, in the county of Galway, 12 miles N ot-Galway. Lon. o 3 w, lat. 53 29 N. ..' Hbad of Elk, a town pf th«. United States, in Maryland, fituatf^, near the head of the bay of Chefapeak, on a finall rivtr of its pwn name. It enjoys great advantages fromlhocairyinff trade between Baltimore iiAd, Philadelphia, being about 50 miles front.^^ch. ': Hean, a town of TonquiQ, on the river OomM, 20 miies s of Caphao, and 8d n of the bay-of Tonquin. > <> . Hebrides, or Western Isi.and3, numerous iilands on the w coaft of Scotland, the principal of which are Skye, St. Kilda, Lewis and Harris, Uift, Can* nayj Staifft^ MuU> Jur»> and K^^jf . . H El H E L HElUttty Nsw, inands in the S Pacific Ocean, difcr/veFed by Quirot in i6o6» anLi (-;>nridered m part of a great foutiiern c ntinsnt, under the name of Tierra AuKrnlia del Efpiritu Santo. They v.cre n.xt vifued by Bougainville in 176X, w 10 Jid no more than dii'cover that the land wa« not conne£led, but compoled ol idands, y/hich he called the Great Cyclades. Captain Cook, in 1774, afctrrtained the extent anu lltuation of the whole group, and gave thein the name they now bear. They lie between 14. 29 and 20 4. s lat, and 166 41 and 170 21 E Ion. extending 125 leagues. The principal illands are Tierra del Efpiritu Santo and MalicoUo, befide I'e- veral of leis note, Ibme of which are from 18 to 25 leagues in circuit. In general, they are high and mountainous* abounding with wood, water, and tlie ufual proiiudions of the tropical iilands. The inhabitants are of very different ap- pearances at different iflands;but aie chiefly of a flender make and dark colour, and moft of thejTi have frizzled hair. Their canoes and houles are imall, and poorly conftru6ted j and, except their arms, they have fcarcely. any manufacture, nut-even for clothing. I'hey are, however, hoi- pltable and goodnatured, when not prompted to a contrai'y condu6l by the jealoufy, which the unufual appearance of European vifitors may naturally be Aippofed to .excite... Hecla, Mount. See Iceland. < HedamoRA, a town of Sweden, in Weftmania, (bated on the Dahl) 55 miles Mw of Upfal. Lon. 17 7 E, lat. 60 14 N. ■ ; Heidbnhbim, a town of Suabia, with a palace belonging to the houfe of Wur.. temburg. It was taken by the French in Auguft 1796, and is xi miles N of Ulm. Lon. 10 9 B. lat. 48 47 N. Heildelberg, a city of Germany, capital of the palatinate of the Rhine, with a celebrated univerllty. It is noted for its great tun, which holds iioo hogl- heads, generally kept full of good Rheni/h wine. It ftands in a pleafant rich countryi and was a famous lieat of learning ; but it has undergone fo many ^ calamities, that it is nothing now to yhat it wrai formerly. . ilt wat reduced to a heap of rains in 16^1^ by the Spaniards) and the rich) library, was traniix)rted, partly to Vienna, and partly to the Vatican at Rome. It was burnt by the French in 1674. The protcftant cleAoral houie becoming extinft, in 1603, a bloody war cji^ttcdy ia whick urn caftle was ruined} and the ele^or moving his Ye-' fidence to Manheim, carried mofl of th« Eeople of diltinC^ion with him. Heidci- erg is fcated on the Neckar, over which is a briJee, i% miles ne of Spire. Lon. 8 48 E, fat. 49 »o N. Hbila, a town of Weftem Pruflia, at the mouth of the Viftula, on the Baltic Sea, II miles N of Dantzic. Lon. 19 25 E. lat. 54 53 N. Heilegen-Have, a feaport of Hol- ttc'n, featcd on the Baltic, oppofite th^. iiiand of Fcineren. Lou. 10 57 E, Ui;* 54 30 N- Hfiligeland, an ifland of the Ger- man Ocean, between the mouths of th« Eyder and the Elbe. It belongs to the king of Denmark. Lon. 8 20 E, lat, 54* 21 N. Heiligenstadt, a town .of Ger- many, capital of the territory of Etchfet, belonging to the eleftor of Menti. It is lifated at the confluence of the Geifland. and Leina, 30 miles NW of Eiienach.. Lon. JO 14 B, ht. 51 22 N. Helena, St. an iAand in the At- lantic Ocean, 20 miles in circumference* belonging to the Englifli E India Com- pany. It has Ibme high mountains, par* ticularly one called Diana's Peak, which is covered with wood to the very top.; There are otUer hills alfo, which bear evi-. dent marks of a volcanic origin} ami fome have huze rocks of lava and a kind of. half vitrihed flags. The eountiyi however, is far from being barren, the in- terior vallics, and little Iiills, being co^ vered with rich verdure, and interfperfcd with gardens, orchards, and various plaor tations. There are alfo many paflures» furrounded by indofures of ftone, and filled with a £ne breed of finall catik> and with Englifh fheep. Every vaiUey is watered by a rivulet, and the iilatid can fupport 3000 head of itsfmall cattle. Thf beef is juicy, delicious, and vc»7 fat. The number of inhabitants does not ex^ ceed 20001 includii^g near 500 roldier»> and 600 flaves, who are iiipplied with all forts of manufactures by the company'^ /hips, in return for reii'cfliments. Ihe town is fmall, fltpatc in a yallcy» at tbt; bottom of a bay on tne $ fide of the ifland« between two fteep dreary mountains ; and is well defended by forts and batteries. This ifland was diicovered by tl;e Portu- guefe, in 1502, on St. Helena's Day, whence it had its name. Afterward, th/i Dutch were in poflefiion of it till 1 600, when they were expelled by the Englifh. In 1 6731 the Dutch retook it by fur- prife } but it w^s foon after recovered* R4 , ;4' H E L It lies l)etween the continents of Africa aind S Anuiica, about iioo miles w of the former, and 1800 B of the latter. Lon. 5 4.9 w, lat. t^ 5S s. Hblier, St. the capitiil of the ifland of Jerfey, in the Englifh Cmnnel, feated Mi the bay of St. Auoin, where it hat a harbour, and a Itone piir. The inhahit- antt are computed to be aooo. At the top of the n-ai'ket-place is the ftatue of GwM-m ij, in broiuc, gilt. In the church) where prayers arc i-<'aj alternately in EngUfh and French^ it u monument to ^he memory of major Fierfon, who fell here in the monient of viAory. Lon. z 20 u, lat. 4.9 II N. See Jersey. Hklier, St. a little ifland» near the town oi the fame nanie> in the bay of St. Aubin> 0:1 tl.c s fide of Jerfey. It took itt name from ELriui;, or Heiier) a holy man, .vho lived in this ifland many cen- turies ago, and was (lain by the pagan Mormans. His cell, with the fton« bed, is ftill fliown among; the rocks ; and, in memoiy of him, a noble abbey was founded ort thii ifland. On the fite of this abbey now ftands Clifabeth Caftle, a very large and ftrung fortification, and the refidence of the governor and gar ri lon of Jerfey. It occupies the whole ifland, which is near a mile in circuit, and is furroufided by the fev :ry half flood j and hence, alt low w? - a paflage to the town of $t. Helier, ci.iied the Bridge, jiJf a mile long, and formed of fand and {tones. Hell-Gatb, a celebrated ftrait of N America, near the w end of Long Ifland Sound, eight mile* E of New York. If is remarkable for its >)vhirlp(>ol8, which are eccafioned by the r.uri'ovvnefs and crookednefs of the pais, and a bed of rocks extending quite acrofs it; but,*at prc^r times of the tide, \ Ikilful pilot may conduft a ihip of any burden through this flrait. Helmsdale, a river in Sutherland- ihire, which defcends from the mountains bordering on Caithnefsfhire, and rolling over its rocky bottom tovvard the Ch-d of Caithnefs, becomes, at that place, deep, rapid, and dangerous. At its mouth, in the German Oceani is a good falmon ijfhery. Helmoi(JT, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a flrong caflle, feated ort the Aa, if mi|es sE pf Bois-le-Duc. Lon. 5 37 E, lat. 51 31 N. Helmsley, or Helmslev-Black- MORE, a town in the N rl«Jing of York- ihire, with a market on Saturday. It hdd formerly a caftle, and is feate(| pn the Kye, zo miles n of York) and ^to HEN N by w of London. Lent r ro w, lat. 54. 19 N. Hblmstadt, a towns of Germany, in the duchy of Brunfwick, with a univerfityi %% miles N e of Brunfwick. Lon. 11 1 6 E» lat. 51 16 N. Hllsinburo, orELSiNBVRG, a fea- port of Sweden, in the province of Scho. nen, feated on the opuoflte fide of the Sound, feven miles E of EUinore, and 37 s of Halmfiadt. Lon. 13 a e, lat. 56 2 N. Helsincpors, a town of Swcdifh Finland, feated on a lifing fhore, near ie- veral rocks and huge fragments of gra- nite. It has a commoilious harbour in the gulf of Finland, and is 1 50 miles B of Abd. Lon. 15 o e, lat. 60 sp n. Helston, a borough in Cornwall* with a market on Monday, feated on the Coher, near its influx into Mountfl>av. It is one of the towns appointed for tne coinage of tlie tin, and a little below it is a harboiu*, where feveral of the tin fhips take in their lading. It is governed by a mayor, fenils two members to parlia- ment, and lias the largefi: mark^t-houfe in the county. It is 11 miles sw of Fal- mouth, and 274. w by s of London. Lon. 5 15 B, lat. 50 a N. Helvoetslvvs, a feaport of Hol- land, on the ifland of Voom. Here fomp of the Dutch men of waf are laid up in ordinary; and it is the regular ftation of the Englifli packet-boats from Harwich. It f'urrendered to the. French in January 1795; and is five miles s of the Brief* Lon 4 23 e, lat. 51 45 N. HeMPSTED, or HbMEL HEMPSTEOf a corporate town in Herts, with a market on Thurfday ; feated among the hills, on a- branch of ^ the Coin, 18 miles sw of Hertford, and 23 n W of London. Lon. o 15 w, lat. 5t 47 N. H E N B u R Y , a village in Gloucefterfhire, near Briftol, two miles from St. Vincent's Rock. In this pariih i^ a camp, with three rampires and trenches, fuppofed to have be^h Britiih. In digging up thif hill in 1707, great numbers of Roman coins were found. ' HENLEY, a corporate town in Oxford- fliire, with a market on WedneiHay, Friday, «n4 Saturday. It is feated on the Thames, over which, is a ftone bridge, and fends malt, corny \vood, &c. to Lot\- don, by barges. It is 24 miles »^ of Oxr ford, and 35 w of'Lofiddn, Lon, q +6 w, lat. 51 35 Mr Henlby, a town in Warwickshire, with a market qn Tuefday, feated on the Aine, 10 m^Ies NW of Wtfwick) ^ HER HER 101 WNW of London. Lon> > 50 ^1 lat. 5* 13 N, HiNNEBEROf a county of Franconia, bounded on the N by Thiu'tngia, on the yv by HtlUit on the t by the bifliopric of WurtzburK> and on the B by that of Bamberg. It abounds in nwantaiot and wuodtf but is populous and feitile. It U divided among I'even different tove- reigns. Mainungen is the capital. Hennebero, a town oi Franconia, in a county of the fame nume, with a caf- tle, 34 miles N«v of Bamberg. Lon. 10 3S E, lat. 50 40 N. Hbnneuon, a town of France, in the department of Morbiian and late pro- vince of Bixtagne, lieated on the Blavet, ax miles nw of Vannes. Lon. s 4- w, lat. 47 50 N . H9MRICHBMONT, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late pro- vince of Jtterry. It was the capital of a diltrict which Hemy iv gave to his mi- piiter the duke of Sully. lis original name was Bois-Belie } but Sully gave it the present name, in gratitude for the privileges which the king had annexed to it. As the Ibil in the environs is not cxceiK-nt, the town i«, in a manner, de- ierted j and the family alienated it to Lewis XV, in 1767. It is feated on the Saudre, 15 miles nne of Bourges. Henry, Cape, the s cape of Virginia, »t the entrance of Chelapeak Bay. Lon. 76 5 w, lat. 36 56 N. Heppenhum, a town of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz, with a caftle and an abbey ; feated between Heidelberg and Parmftadt, about. 14 miles from each; Lon, 8 41 E, lat. 49 19 N. . Heraclea, an ancient feaport of Ro- mania, with a Greek archbiihop's feie. It wa9 formerly very famous ; and there 4re ftill confiderable remains of antiquity. )t is 50 miles w of Conftantinople. Lon. 27 58 E, lat. 40 59 N. . Herat, a town of Periia, in Korafan, 160 mUes SE of Mefched. Lon. 61 o £, Jit. 34 30 N. HiRAVLT, a department of France, fo named from a river which falls into the gulf of Lyons. It includes part of the late province of Languedoc } and the capi- tal is Montpellier. HERBEMONT,>a town of Atiftrian Luxei^burg, virith a caille on a mountain, near oie river Seitioy, three miles Nw of Chincy. Herborn, a town of Germany, in the ciixle of the Upper Rhine and territory of Naffaii, with a famous univerfity and woollen m^ufa^re, eight miles s\v of Pillenburg, |.onf 8 20 u» l^tt 50 ^q n. Hbrbpord, the capital of Herefix^. fliire, with a market on Wedncfday, Fri^ day, and Saturday, and a bifliop's lee. It if almoll encompafTcd by the Wye and two other rivers. It had fix parifli churches, but two of them were demolifli- in the civil wars. In 1786, the w toweir of the cathedral, with a part of the body of the church, tell down; but it has been fince rebuilt. The chief manofa^ure of Hereford is gloves. It is governed by a mayor, and lends two members to pariitf. raent. It is 14 miles wsw of Worceftert and 130 WNW of London. Lon. % 35 w, lat. 5a 4 N. Herefordshire, a county of Eng^ land, 47 miles long, and 35 broad j bounded on the E by GlouceAedhire and Worcefterlhire, on the w by KadnorAire and Brecknocklhire, on the N by Shiop. flilre, and on the s by Monmouthihire. It contains ji hundreds,. .one city, eigitt market-towns, and 176 pariflics j aiWI fends eight members to paniahient. Tli^ air is temperate and healthy ; and the ib21 exceedingly rich, producing excellent corA and fruit, as is evident from the Leominr- fter bread, Weobly ale, and Herefordfliiiib cider i the laft of which is ftnt to all part* of England. The applet producing thb cider grow in greater abundance here, tl^ in any other county, being plentiful tftk in the hedge-rows. Of thefe are rario^ kinds, but the moft celebrated is the red:- ftreak, which is faid to be. peculiar tft this county. The (heep of Herefordfhiiife are fmall. affording a fine filky wool, ill quality ^proaching to the Spanifli. The pdncipal rivers are the Wye, Mynnow, and Lug. r HEREMtHALS, a town of Avfbriaii Brabant, feated on, thd Netl^, ao miiei NE.o(< Louvain. Lon. 4 54 b, lat. 5k IJN. r Herpord, or HbRvordbn, 1 a fireie imperial town of Wcftphalia, capita} df the county of Ravenfburg, with a famous nunnery, belonging to the proteftants of the confeflion ot Augfburg, whofe abbefii is a princefs of the empire. It is featedi on the Aa, 1 7 miles s w of Minden. Liont 8 47 E, lat. 52 9 N. Hergrundt, a town of Upper Hun-; gary, remarkable for its mines of vitriol| whidi are extremely rich. The miners^ who are numerous, have built a fubter- raneous town. It is 65 miles N of BudSf Lon. 18 15 E, lat. 48 30 N. Hbri, an ifland in the Indian Oceani two miles NNw of Temate. It is no| more than two miles in circumference, and appears to be in a perfeA ftatc or cultivation, and well inhabited, I«l Mf i|' n if 'I V HER .' ItfTiTi^AU, a confidemhle <:ominfrc::il ♦own ol Swiflcrlaiid, in the canton of Ap- ver/.el, noted for itn mamifaAurcs of very tint itnei) and nniHin. It it feven miles •w of St. Gall- Herk, " town of Germany, in the biftiopric ot Liege, feared on a river of the fame name, near its confluence with the Dcmer, two miles v/ of Maellricl:'. Lon. 5 3S E| lat. 50 51 n. Uermanstadt, a large and ftrong town, thecapinl of Traniylvania, with a biftiop's fee. It is ieated on the Cehen, «5 miles e of Weiflfemburg, and 205 •E of Buda. Lon. t^ 40 e, lat. 46 •5 N. Hernhut, a famous place in Upper Lufatia, in the territory of the eleflor of Saxony, between Zittaw and Loebau. tiere, in 1 711, fonie perfecuted Moravian brethren (defcendants of the church of the ancient United Brethren, e(tabli(lied in Bohemia and Moravia, as early as the jear 1456) fettled in the fields of the village of fieithelfdorf, belonging to count Zinzendorf, and began to build another ▼illage. They were joined by fome pro- teftants, who had been bred in other fb- cieties. They all agreed in adopting the confefllon of AugAurff, and lived as bre- thren, without quarreliing about particu- lar lentiments ; and when, after fome time, the number ,of thofe admitted from other proteftant churches, became greater than the number of the Moravian brethren they took the name of Evangelical Bre- thren, or The Brethren's Unity of the Augfburg Confeflion. They con(ider«d count Zin^eodorf as their biftiop and f«u ther, and were, for fome time, called Hern- hutters, as this place continued their pfin- cipal nurfery^. They were afterward ex- tended into ipaiiy 'difTcrent countries } were introduced into America, in 1741, by count Zinzendorf, and fettled at Beth- knrm in Penniylvania. Their focietiea, which are now jiumerous in that country, afford the moft pleafing examples of piety and virtue^ of decency aiid good •rder. See Bethlehem, LitiZ| and Nazareth. Hernosand, a /eaport of Sweden, on the w coaft of the guli' of Bothnia. Lon. 17 58 E, lat. 6t it N. HsjisTAL, a town of Germany, in the biihonric of Lieze, with an ancient caftle, feated on the Maele, three miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 40 e, lat. 50 40 N. Hertford, the county town of Herts, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Lea, wluch is here navigable tor barges, as it was once for Ihips. Jn ijy, Mimmi ■ H E S the Danes ere^wl two fort s here, for th< ftcurity of their Ihips ; but Alfred turned the courk of the river, io that their vef- ft;ls were left on dry ground. Edward,' the cideit Ibh of Alfred, built a calH* here, which has been often a royal refi- dence. The town lends two members to parliament, is governed by a mayor, and nad formerly-five cliurches, but now only two. It is two miles w by s of Ware,- and ai N of London. Lon. o i s, bt, 5< 50 N- Hertfordshire, ur Herts, a coun- ty of England, 36 miles long and zt broad ; bounded on the n by Cambridge- fliire, ou the E by Efl>x, on the Nw by Bedfordfhire, on the w by Bucks, and on the s .by Middlesex. ' It contains right hundreds, 1 9 ntarket-towns, and 1 74 pa-' riihes ; and fends fix members to parlia- ment. The N part is hilly, forinibg a fcattered par', ot the c!>alky ridge which extends acrol's the kingdom in thin di- reflion. A number uf clear (titams take their rife from this fide. Flint ftones are fcattered in gitat piofufioA over the face of this county ; and'be^.s of chalk are frequently to be n>et v/ith» It is found, however, with the aid ot proper culture, to be extremely favorable to wheat and barley, which come- tu as great perfe^ion here as in any part of the kirg- tlom. The w^ part ig, m general, a toler- able rich ibil, and'iinder excellent cultiva- tion. The air is vvholelouie { and the principal rivers are the Lea, Storti and Coin. •' Hertzbbro, a confiderable town in the elefiorate of Saxony, 35 miles Niv oi" Drefden. Lon. 13 17 e, lat. 51 41 ff. HERZEcaviNA, a town of Turkifh Dalmatia, capital ol' a diitri£l of the fame name. ' - i v .j- Hesoin, a ftrong town of France, in the depai-tmcnt of the Straits of Calais and late county of Artois, feated on the Canche^) 25 miles -ssw of St. Omer, and 16.5 N of Paris. Lon. z 6 e, lat. 50 a4 N. ■ > ■ ' Hesse, a country of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded on the N by the bilhopric of Paderbom and duchy/of Brunfwick, on the B by Thu- ringia, on the s by t\tf the tour principal towni» This cc.rcry S;.;.; / <^ HIE fi too miles in length, and 50 in hrea4th) and lunoundcd by woods and mountains, in which are mines of iron and copper. In the middle are Ane plains, fertile in com and paftures { r^nd there is plenty of honey and all fortt of fruit. Hops arc likewiie cultivated, which lerve to make excel- lent beer j and birch-trees c >'e verv com- mon, from the Tap of which a deal of wine is made. Hevkblum, or Hoekelun, a town of the United Provinces, in Holland, IJE^atcd on the Linghe, ftve miles nb of Gorcum. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 51 55 n. H£USDBN,a ftrong town of the United Provinces, in f ioUand, feated on the Maefe, with a ca:tle. It was taken by the French, in 1795 i and is eight miles Nw of Bois- le-Duc. Lon. s 3 e» '^t. 51 44 n. Hexham, a town in Northumberland, with a market on I'uflUay. It is feated on the river Tyne, and was formerly fa- mous for an abl)ey. Near this place, in 1463, was fought a battle, between the houle^ of York and Lancailer, in which the latter was defeated. Hexham has a raanufa^uie of tanned leather, fhoes, and gloveu { and is la miles w of Newcaftie, and 184 NNW of London. Lon. 2 i w, lat. 55 3 Nt Heydqn, a borough in the E ridin<; of Yorkfliire, with a market on Thu:.- day. It is feated on a river, which foon falls into the Humber j and was formerly a confiderablc town, but is now much decayed. It ia fix miles w of Hull, and lii N by w of London. Lon. o 5 w, lat. S3 45 N. Heylesem, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant, 14 miles SB of Louvain. Lon. 5 7 e, lat. 50 45 N. HeytesburY) a borough in Wilts, that fends two members to parliament, but has now no market. It is %o miles vw of of SaliHiury, and 93 W by s of 'London. Lon. * $ w, lat. 51 12 n. . Hiamen. See Emouy, ;. Hieres, a town of France* in the de- partment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, feated near the Mediterranean Sea; but its harbour being chojiked tip, it u WW much decayed; In no other part of France is nature fo uniformly beautiful : during great part of the winter, the ver- dure is as fine as in the fpring) and. in many gardens, green peas may be gr.!iier- ed. This town is the birthplace of Maf- fiilon, the celebrated French preacher. It is. I* milfs E of Toulon, -and 350 8 by B of Paris. IfOn. 6 10 E, lat. 43 S V- Hieres, i^Rpdf of France, on the HIM coaft of Pravence. They Are fotir it- number ; namely, Porquerollos, Portrrosp Bagueau, and Titan, which iaft is tha largef.. Between thefe iflands and tht continent, is the road of Hieres, which i« fo capacious and excellent, that it has af- forded Ihelter for the largeft fquadrons* and no inftance of a fhipwreck has ever occurred here. It is defended by thi-ee forts. Hiero. See Ferro. Hiesmes, a town of France, in thf department of Otne and late province of Normandv, feated on a barren moutain, 10 miles from Seez, and 90 w of Paris. Hicham Ferrers, a borough in Northamptonshire, with a market on Sa- turday. It had fbnnerly a caftle, now ia ruins ; is governed by a mayor, and fends one member to parliament. It is feated on an afccnt, on tjie river Nen, 25 miles E8E oi Cnventiy,' and 66 NNwrof Lon. don. Lon. o 40 w, lat. 52 19 N. Hi HOATE, a village in Middlefcx, feated on ii hill, e of that of Hampftead, and foui miles N by w of London. Here lord chief baron Chdmondely built it freefchool in 1 562, which was enlarged, in 1570, by Edwin Sandys, bilhop of Lo^uon, who added a chapel to it. High WORTH, a town in Wilts, with a market on Wednelday. It is feated on a hill, which (tands in a rich plain, 36 miles N of Saliibury, and 77 w of Lon- don. Lon. 1 40 w, lat. 51 36 N. HiLDESHEiM, a free imperial city of Lower Saxony, in a bifhopnc of the iamo name. In the cathedral is a ftatue of Herman, the celebrated German chief. It is divided into the old and new towns, each of which has its feparate council ; and its inhabitants are Lutherans and pa- pifts. It is feated on the Imelte, if miles SSB of Hanover. Lon. 10 10 e, lat. 52 10 N. HiLDBURCHAUSBN, a town of Fran* conia, in a duchy of the fame name, and principality of Cobourg. It is feated om the W^rra, and is fubje£l to the duke of Saxe-Hildburghaufen, wha has a palact here. It is 22 miles N by w of Cobourg< Lon. II 3 B, lat. 50 53 N. Hi).LSBOR0UGH, a town of N Caro- lina, .180 miles w by,N of Newbern. H1M.MALEH, Mount,- a vaft chain of mouiuiuns in Aiia, which extends from Gabui along .the N of Hindooftan, anc( is the general boundary^ of Thibet, through the whole extent from the Gan- ges to the river Teefta} incloiing between it and Hindooftan, a tnA of co\xntrj, from too to )8o miles in breadth* du i m m. H I N f (dcd into a nuiAftfcr •£ fmall dates, none of which are underftood to be either tri. batarie» or feudatories of Thibet ; fuch M Siiinagur, Napaul, &c. I'his ridge If precilely that deligned by the ancients, nnder the names of Imaus and the Indian Caucaius. The natives now call it Hin- doo-ko (the Indian mountains) as well as llimmaleh} which Iso is a.banfcrit word, Bgnityxng ffionvy i its fummit being co- vered with fiiow. . HiK'CHiNBROOK Island; one of tlie Kew Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean, ^on. i68 33 E, lat. 17 25 s. Hinckley, a town in Leicefterfliirc, with a market on Monday. It has a large church vnth a lofty fpire, an! it;» nioft ex- tenfive fignification, ccunprifes all the Countries between the mountains of Tar- tary and Thibet on the N, the river Bur- rampooter and the bay of Bengal on the E,,the Indian Ocean on the s, and the fame ocean and Perfia on the \v. But this country muft' be conlidered under the thi^ grand divifions of Hindooftan Pro^ Er, the Deccan, and the Peninfula. indooftan Proper includes all the pro- vinces that lie to the N of the river Ner- budda, and the foubahs of Bahur and bengal. The principal of which are Agi- inere, Agra, Caihmere, Delhi, Guaerat, Lahore, Malwa, Mou'tan, Oude, Rohil- cund, Sindy, &c. The Peccan has been extended to the whole region s of Hin- dooftan Proper; but in its moft proper fenfe, it means only the countries lituate between Hindooftan Proper, the Camatic^ the W^ftem Sea, and Orifla. The traft ^ of thffe, or the river Kiftna, is gene- rally ciJled the Peninfula ; although its iform is far from authoriziag that appel- lation. To give an idea of the modem revolutions in the empire of Hindooftan, it is proper to obiervci that frora a pure H IN Hindoo' government, it became, at Taflf, a Mahometan ftate, and continued to be fo, under various dynalHes, till the begin- ning of this century. The firft irruption of the Mahometans was in the year 1000. From this period the provinces of Hin- dooftan were held rather as tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of the liinie empire j and the conqueft of the Deccan, in jruticular, was tor ages ah objeft of confiderable importance, to the emperoi's. In 1^98, the Mogul Tartars, under the conduct of Timur, or Ta- merlane, invaded HUndooftan ; but the conqueft of the country was not eftefted till 1525, by Sultan Baber, one of his defcendants, who, from this circumw ftance, was, in reality, the founder of the Mogul dynafty; and hence Hindoo- ftan has been called the Mog\d Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul. The il- luftrious Acbar, his fon, failed in his attack upon the Deccan ; an attempt, in which many of his lucceflbrs wweeoually unfortunate, and which tended, n\ the fequel, to the decline and diflfolution of the empire. In 1615, the emperor Jehan- giure, his fon, received fir Thomas Roe, as the firft Englifli ambaiTador'; and the Portuguele had, by this time, acquired confiderable fettlements in Bengal and Guzerat. In thfc reign of his graridfon Auiamgzebe, *vhich laftctl from 1660 to 1707, the empiric attained its full extent j his authority reached from 10 tb 55*' lat. and nearly as mitch in lon. and his re- venue exceeded )i,obo,oool. fterling. But, in the courfe of 50 years after his deatl], a fucceflion of weak princes, and wicked minifters, reduced this aftoniftiing empire to nothing. In a word, inftead of finding the emperors attempting now the conqueft of the Deccan, their empire was attacked by the powerfid nizam ef that country, through whofe contrivance. Nadir Shah, the Perfian ufuiper, invsided Hindooftan in 1738. The weak em- peror, Mahomed Shah, threw himfelf on the clemency of tlie invader, who entered Delhi, ami demanded thirty mil- lions fterling by way of ranfom. Nadir, afterward, evacuated Delhi, and left the nizam in poflefHon of the whole remain. ing power of the empire, which he facri- ficed to his own views in the Deccan, wlwrc he eftablifhed an independent king* dom. Mahomed Shah died in 1747, hav- ing feen the Camatic and Bengal become likewife independent, under their re- (pe^ive nabobs } an independent ftate tdo formed by the Kohillas (a tribe from the mQuntains b«tw^«n Ilndia and Pcrfia) on HI N H I N At R of the Ganges, within So milea 6f a compuKive allhnce Is at leaft a dqiend- Delhi ; and the kingdom of Candaliar ent, it not a tributary fituation. Tl» crefled by Abdalla* one of the generals Britifli pofleinons are Bengal, Bahar, Be of Nadir Shah. Ahmed Sliah, thefon of Mahomcdj iucceeded ; in whofe reign, the initire divifion of the empire took piac. ; nothing remaining to the houfe of lamtrl i^e hut the city and fmall ter- ritory of Delhi. The latt imperial army wt; fi;'icition conlpicuous in many ot the Indidn manu- fa£lures $ and though veneration for the practices of their anceftors may check the Ipirit of invention, yet, by adhering to thefe, they acquire fuch an expertnels and delicacy of hand, that Europeans, with all the advantages of fuperior icience, and the aid of more complete inltruments, have never been able to equal the execution of their workmanftiip. To this circum- ftance alfo is aicribed a ftriking peculia- rity in the ftate of Hindoollan, the neriiia- nence of its inltitutions, and the immu- tability in the manners of the inhabitants. Hence it is, that the Hindoos admit no converts, nor are themlclves ever con- verted, whatever the Roman miffionaries may pretend. The Hallachores may be here excepted, who are glad to be admit- ted into any Ibciety where they are treattd 9s fellow creatures. The Hindoos vie with the Chinefe, in r«^pe£l to the anti- quity of their nation; and the doJlrine of tranfinigration is one of their diftinguifh- ing tenets. Their inftitutions of religion form a complete fyftem of luperftition, upheld by every tjbi::^ which can excite the reverence of the people. The temple* confecrated to their deities, are magnifi- cent ; their religious ceremoines fplendid ; and the abiblute dominion which the Bramiils Ivave obtained over the minds af the people, is fupported by the command of the immenfe revenues, with which the libe? ality of princes, and the zeal of pil- grims and devotees, have enriched their pagodas. The dominion of religion ex- tends to a thoufand particulars, which, in other countries, are gjvenied by the civil laws, or by tafte, cuftom, or famion. Their drefs, their food, the common in- tercourfes of life, their marriages, and profelfions, are all under the jurildiftion of religion. The food of the Hindoos is fimpTe, confifting chiefly of rice, ghee (a kind of imperfeift butter) milk, vege- tables, and oriental i'pices. The wanior call may eat of the Itelh of goats, ftieep, and poultry. Other fuperior carts may eat poultry and fifn j bnt the inferior cads are prohibited from eating flefh or fifli of any kind. Their greateft luxury con- filts in the ufe of the richeft fpiceries and perfumes, of which the great people ai*e very lavifli. They efteem milk the pureft oi' food, becaule they think it partakes of iome of the properties of the neftar of their gods, and becaufe they efteem the cow itlelf almoft as a divinity. Their manners are gentle. Their happinefs ccnfirts in the folaces of domeftic lite j and they are taught by their religion, that matrimony is an indifpenfable duty in every man, who does not entirely feparatc himl'elf from the world, from a principle of devotion. Their religion permits them to have feveral wives ; but .ney feldom have more than one ; and their wives are diftinguifhed by a decency of demeanour, a iolicitude in their families, and a fidelity to their vows, which might do honour to human nature in the moft civilized countries. The cuttom of wo- men burning themfelves on the death of their hufbands is ftill prafiifed in Hin- dooftan. In ibme parts of India, as the Camatic, it is aflerted, that they dig a pit, in which is depofited a large quantity of combuftible matter, which is fet on fire, and the body being let down, the viftim throws herfelf into the flaming mafs. In other places, a pile is raifed extremely high, and the botly, with the wife, is placed upon it, and then the whole is fet on lire. In the Code of Gentoo Laws, tranftated by Mr. Hal- head, is the following pp.lTage concerning this practice : " It is pivper for a v/omr.n, after her hulband's itc?.th, to bum herlclf :h I N H I N ia the fire with his corpfe. Every woman, who thus burns her&lfV Ihall remain in paradife with her hulband three crores and fifty lacks of vears, by deftiny. If /he cannot barn, ftie muft, in that cafe, pre- ferve an inviolable chattity : if Ihe re- main always chalte, flie goes to paradile j and if ftie do not prdisrve her chafUty, ihe goes to hell." This code of laws, with their facre< books, the Veidam and the Shaltah, wcr^ ritten in the Sanfcrit language, which i. very copious and nef- ▼ous, although the lt;.'le of their beft au- thors is wonderfully concife. Hindoolian, toward the N is pretty temperate j but hot toward the s, and it rains almoft con- ftantly for three months in the year. Its products, and various other particulais, will be found under the different names of its provinces, cities, to^"ns, mountains, and rivers, defcribed in the courle of this work. See India. HiNGHAM, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, i% miles sw of Norwich, and 97 NE of Londoh. Lon. i 4 E, lat. 52 43 N. HiNZUAN, or Joanna, one of the Comora Iflands, between the N end of Madagafcar and the continent of Africa. It has been governed, about two centuries, hy a colony of Arabs, and exhibits a cu- rious inftance of the flow approaches to- ward civilization, which are made by a fmall community, with many natural ad- vantages. This ifland is a proper place . of refrefliment for the India fhips, whofe crews, when ill of the fcurvy, foon re- cover by the ufe of limes, lemons, and oranges, and from the air of the land. The town where the king rcfides is at the JB fide of the ifland, dofe to the iea, at the foot of a very high hill ; and though it is three quarters of a mile in length, it does not contain above zoo houfes. The better kind of houfcs are built of ftone, ■within a com't-yard, have a portico to fliield them from the i'un, and one long lofty room where they receive guefts j the ^ther apartments being facred to the wo- olen. The fides of their rooms are co- vered with a number of fmall mirrors, bits of China ware, .and other little orna- ments that they procure from the fhips : Che moft fuperb of them are fumimed with cane fofas, covered with chintz and 'iatittmatrailes. The homed cattle area kind of buffaloes, which are delicious «ating ; but there is not one hocic;, mule, or ais, in all the ifland. The original •natives, in number about 7000, occupy the hills, and are gtaierally at war with the Arabku iiuwloperij vh« <;llabliih«4 tluju- felves on the feacoaft by conaueft, aui are about 3000 in number. Tnough Jo«. anna is not tlie lar^ett, it may be reck- oned the principal of the Comora ifland*, for it exaiSls tribute from all the othtrtt but thefe pretentions it is fometimet ob. liged to aflert by the fword. They get their iupplies of arms and ammunition from fliips that touch here } and it is cuf- tomary for all to make prefents of armt and powder to the prince when he pays a vifit on board, which he djes to everf one. When any fliip touches here, it it furrounded by canoes, and the deck ia crowded by natives of all ranks, from the kich-born chief who waflies linen, to die half-naked flave who only paddles. Mott of them have letters of recommendation from Engliflimen, which none of than are able to read, though they fpeak En- gliih intelligibly ; and fome appear vain of titles, as lord, duke, and prince, which our countrymen had given them in play, according to their fuppofed ftationt. They have a regular form of govermnent, and exercife the Mahometan religion ; both being introduced by the Arabs. Tho colour of thele two races of men is verr different : the Arabs have not fo deep a tinge as the others, being of a copper complexion, with better teatares, and a more animated countenance. They con- fider a black flreak under the eyes as or- namental , and this they make every day, with a brufli dipt in a kind of ointment. The cufiom of chewing the betel-nut pre- vails here,a8 in molt of the eaftern co\mtries j and anfwers to the fafliion of taking friufF with us, except that with tliem it is mora general. Their religion licenics a plurality of wives, and likewife concubines. They are extremely jealous of them, and never allow any man to fee the wc.nen ; but female ftrangers are admitted into the haram ; and fome Englifli ladies, whofe curiofity has led them there, make favor- able reports of their beauty, and richneft .of apparel, difplayed in a profufion of ornaments of gold, filver, and beads, i^ form of necklaces, bracelets, and ear- rings. The men feem not to look with indifference on our l^ir countrywoixieii, notwithftanding they are of fuch a dif- ferent complexion. One of the firft rank among them being much fnrutten with 1^ young En^liftj lady, wiihed to make a fiurchafe or her at the price of 5000 dol- arr, } but on being informed that the lady would fetch at leaft 20 times that fum in India, he lamented that her value was io far luperiov to what he could afford to give. They ars ytrv tcmpeiai^ and» ahr ■«"/^7 ' -tr^jf^V: — •'***•. ...I. * ■ .0 s H I R ttoMfnu, wine being forbidden them by the law of Mahomet) and are frequent in prayer,, attending their mofques three or four time* a day. Thefe people pro- fefs a particular regard for our nation, wad are very fond of repeating to you, that Jofuma-man and Engliihman all brothers : aait never fail to aJk How king George do i In general, they appear to be a cour- teous and well-dirpolcd. people, and very fair and honeit in their aealines, though there aiT aqjong them, as in all other na- tions, fome vicioufly inclined ; and theft is much pra^iifed by the lower clais, not- withltanding the punifhment of it is vei'y cxempliury, being amputation of both hands ot the delinquent. The climate here promotes vegetation to fuch a degree as requires little toil, but that little is denied; fo that, beyond orar^es, bana- nas, pineapples, cocoa-nuts, yams, and imrflain . (all growing fpontaneoufly) few vegetables are met with. The face of the country is very pifturefque and pleaf- ing. Lofty mountains, clothed to their very fummits ; deep and iiigged vallies, adorned by frequent catarafls, cafcades, woods, rocks, and rivulets, intermixed, form the landlcape. Groves are feen ex- tending over the plains to the very edge of the Tea, formed principally by the palm and cocoa-nut trees, whofe long and naked ftems leave a clear and unin- terrupted paflage beneath; while their tufted and ovcrfpreading tops form a thick fliade above, and keen off the icurch- ingrays of the fun. In tne interior part of the idand, furrounded by mountains of a prodigious height, and about 15 miles from the town, is a facred lake, half a miie in circumference. The adja- cent hills, covered with lofty trees, and the folitude of the place, feem more cal- culated to infpire religious awe, than any fan^lity that is to be difcovcred in a par- cel of wild ducks inhabiting it, which are deified and worihipped by the origi- nal natives. Lon. 44 15 e, lat. 12 30 s. Hio, a town of Sweden, in W Goth- land, feated on the lake Wette;*, 145 miles sw of Stockholm. Lon. 14 o e, lat. 57 53 N. HiRCH-HoRN, a town of Germmy, in the palatinate of the Rhine, with a caftle. It is feated on the fide of a hill, on the Neckar, near Eberbach. HiRCHFELO, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, capi- tal of a principality of the fame name, depending on a famous abbey, which was fecularized in favour of the houfe of Hefl«-Can*-K It is feated on the Fulde, HOE . ■, 16 miles NE of the town of Fuldr» and 3a SE of Cafi*-*!. Lon. ^ 50 e, lat. 50 56 N. HiRSBERG, a town of Silefia, famous for its mineral baths. It is feated on tb« Bo far, 44 miles sw of Breflaw. HisPANiOL.\. See Domingo, St. HiTCHiN, a town in Hertfordshire, with a market on Tuefijay. The inha- bitants make great quantities of malt; and the market is very confiderable for wheat. It is I $ miles nnw of Hertford, and 34 r. v of London. Lon. o 10 W^ lat. 51 58 N. ^ HiTHE or Hvthe, a b6rough in Kent, with a market on Saturday. It is one of the Cinque Poits, governed by a mayor, and fends two members to par- liament. It had formerly four pariines, but now only one ; . and the harbour is choked up. It i^ 10 miles w of Dover, and 68 se of London. Loa. i ]o E, lat. 51 8 N. HOAi-NGAN-FOV, a populous city of China, in the province ot Kiang-nan. It is feated in a marfh, and is incloled by a triple wall. The fuburbs extend to the dittance of a league on each fide of the canal, and fonn, at their extremity, a kind of port on the river Hoang-ho. HoANG-HO. See Yellow River. HoANG-TCHEOu-FOU, a populous and commercial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang. Its difirifl contains one city of the fecond and eight of the third clafs. HocHBERG, a marquifate of Suabia, in Brifgaw, belonging to the prince of Baden Dourlach. HocHSTET, a town of Suabia, re- markable for the great battle gained near it by the duke of Marlborough, in 1704, and which the EngiiHi call the battle of Blenheim, from a village three miles sw of this place. It is feated on the Danube, 22 miles NE of Ulm. Lon. 10 33 E, lat^ .38 48 N. HoDDESDON, a town in Herts, yirith a market on Thurfday, feated near the Lea, three miles s of Ware, and 17 N by E of London. Lon. o 5 E, lat. 51 '49 n. HoEi-TCHEOU, a city of Chba, in the province of Kiang-nan, famous for its tea, vamiih, and engravings. It is one of the richelt cities in the empire, and has fix cities of the third cbfs de-. pendant on it. HoEi-TCHEOV-FOV, a commercial city of China, in the province of Qiiang» tong. Its jurifdi£l:on contains ix citie* of the fecond and third clafs. .> '■■* HofiKELVN, S«9 JtiEVKIliVM^ -^^ H O L H O L HoENZOLLERN> a town rof Suabia, capital of a county of the fame name, as miles s of Stutgard. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 48 23 N HoESHT, a to.vn of Germany, in the electorate of Mentz,' feated on the Maine, three miles from Franc tort. HoGUE, Cape La, on the Nw point of Normandy, near which admiral Rooke burnt 13 French men ot war, in 1692. Lon. I 52 w, lat. 49 45 N. Ho-KIEN-Fou, a city of China, in the province of Pe-tcheli. It has two cities of the ftconJ and 15 of the third clafs in its diltrift. It is 125 miles s of Pekin. HoLBEACH, a town in Lincolnshire, with a market on Thuri'day, 11 miles s by E of Bofton, and loX N by E of Lon- don. Lon. THE, lat. 52 z? n. HoLDERNESS, a divifio 1 of the e riding of York/hire, which has a very rich foil, and is remarkable for its large breed of horned cattle and horics. HoLDSWORTHY, a town in Devon- fhire, with a market on Saturday. It is i^ted between two branches of the Ta- mar, 43 miles ene of Exeter, and 215 W by s of London. Lon. 2 42 w, lat. 50 50 N. Holland, the moft confiderabie of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. It is bounded en the w and N by the German Ocean j on the e by the Zuider- Zee, Utrecht, and Guclderiand; and on the s by Zealand and Dutch Brabant. It is divided into S and N Holland j which laft is alio ci.ikd VV Friedand, to diltin- guifli it from FrlcUand on the E fide of the Zuidcr-Zec ; ?nd the Jlates are called the States of Holland and W Friefland. The Ye, a fmall bay, which is an txten- fion of the Zuidv'r-Zee, feparates S Holland from N Holland. This province is not above 1 80 miles in circumi'erence j but is fo populous, that no country in the world, of luch a imall extent, can e4ual it. The land is almoft every where lower than the lea ; and the water Is kept out by dikes. It is crofled by the Rhine and Maefe, by feveral fmall rivers, and by a great munbcr of canals, on which they travel day and night at a fmall expence. The paftures are fo rich, that it has plenty of cattle, butter, and cheeie, and the feas and rivers abound with fi(h. There are 400 large towns, and 18 cities, which make up the dates of the province, and Several others that have not the fame privilege. The houfes are well built, and extremely neat and . clean. It has •onCderable lineo and woollen rouiufac- turee, apd numerous docks for the build- ing of fliips. The French effeaed, by the aid of a fevere froft, the entire con- quelt of this province in Januaiy 17951 and till the era of a general pacihcation, no account of any permanent government can be given. The eftabliftied religioa is Calvinifm ; but all religious fefts are tolerated. Amltcrdam is the capital. Holland, a diftrift In the se part of LincolnHiire, divided into Upper and Lower, and lying contiguous to the /hallow inlet of the German Ocean, called the Wa/h. In nature, as well as appel- lation, it refembles the prorince of the fame name in the Netherlands. It confifta entirely of fens and marfhes } fome in a ftate of nature, but others cut by num- berlefs drains and canals, an^ crofled by cauleways. The Wer, or s divifion, is the molt watery, and is preferved froni conftant Inundations by vaif banks, raifed oil the feacoaft and rivcrs. The air is un- whqlefoir.e, and the water, in general, i'o brackiflx, as to be unfit for internal purpofcs ; en which account, the inha- bitants are obliged to make refervoirs of rain-water. In iiimmer, vaft (warms of. inlL'vTis prove a great nuil'ance. Yet eve^ here industry has produced comfort .ind opulence, by foniiing excellent pafture land out of the fwamps and bogs, and even making them capable of producing large crops of corn. The ftns, in their native ftate, produce vaft quantities of rteds, which make the bcft thatch, ami are annYially haryefted in great quantities for that purpofc. Prodigious flocks of geefe arei breu among the undrained fens, forming a confiderabie objc6l of com- merce, as well for their ..qvills and feathers, as for the biixi itlelf. The principal decoys in England for wild ducks,, teal, wigeon, and other fowls of the duqk kind, are 11^' thefe parts. Wild geefe, godwits, coots, reeves, and a great variety -of other fpecies of vyaj:erFowl, breed |iere in amazing numbers} and ttarlings refort during winter. In my- riads, to rooft on the roeds. Holland, IIew, the largelt known land that does not besr the name of a continent : it extends from 1030 to 43 42 s jat, and from 1 10 30 to 1 5 3 30 E lon, fo that its fquare furface confiderably exceeds that of Europe. When this vaft ifland was firft difcovered U uncertain. In the be- ginning of laft centuiy, the N and w coafts were ttaced by the Dutch : the s extremity was difcovered by Tafinan, in 1642. Cuptain Cook, in 1770, ex- plored the E and ne from 38* s, and S -. 1 i," i;!' f H O L aftertained its reparation ffom New Gui- nea,; and} in i773» captain Fumeaux, bv conne^ing Talinan'u difcoveries with Cook's, completed the circuit. In that part of it, wh.cU Tafman diftinguiOled by the name of Van Dieman's Land, and which was vifited by Fumeaux in i773» •and again by Cook, in i777» the land i«, for the moft part, of a good height, diverfified with nills and vallies. See Wales, New South. Holm* a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is fometimes called Abbey-Holm, *rom an abbey that formerly ftood herev It is ieated on an arm of the fea, i* miles N of Cocker- mouth, and 310 NNW of London. Lon. 3 19 w, lat. 54 53 N. Holm SCALE, a rough and woody traft in Siury, lying immediately beneath the hills to the s and E of that county, and extending into Ktnt. Rcl deer are ftill found here} and it abounds with the holm oak. HoLSTEiN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, fubjeft to the king of Denmark. It is 100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth; bounded on the N by Sieiwick, on the e "by the Baltic and the duchy of Saxe Lawenburg, on the s by the duchies of Bremen and Lunenburg, and on the w by the German Ocenn. It is a pleaf:mt fruitful country, and is well feated for trade ; having lome confiderable harbours, particulaily thofe of Hamburg and Lubec. There are fome imperial «ities> which , are governed by their refpeilive magif- trates, but the religion of the whole country is Lutheran. The king of Penmark, as duke of Holftein, is a Srince of the empire. The diftrift of ael, in this counti7, was formerly in the poffeflion of the line of Holftein Gottcrp, and belonged to the late ezar Peter iii ; but, in 1773, the prefent emprefs ceded it to his Danifh majefty, in exchange for the counties of Oldenburg and Delmen- hoift, which lh« gave to the bifhop of Lubec; fo that fhe king of Denmark now poflefTes the whole duchy } the im- perial cities excepted. Holt, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles nnw of Noi-wich, and laz N£ of London. Lon. I 6 £, lat. 53 5 N. Holy Kland, an ifland on the coaft of Northumberland, fix miles se of Berwick. It is two miles lon^ and one bixjad : the foil rocky and full of ftones. It hns a town and a caftly, under which Is a commodious harbour, defended by a %{ockhotife. On thh i|^iui« wiUch h HON Hkewife caljrd Lindisfame, arc the rtrtna of a ftately monaftery ; and heri was an- ciently a biihop's fee, removed, with tht body of St. Cuthbert, firft to Chcfter-U Street, and aftCi-ward to Durham. Holyhead, a feaport and cape of th« Hie of Anglefea. It is the moft ufuat place of embarkation for Dublin, there being packet-boats that fail for that city every day, except Tuefday, wind and weail\er permitting. On the adjacent rocks the herb grows of which kelp is made; and in the neighbourhood is a large vein of white fuller's eaith, and another of ytUow. On the ifle of Skerries, nine u;ilcs to the M, i» a light- houfe. Holyhead is 93 miles WNw of ClK'fter, and 269 NW of London. Lon. 4 Z2 w, lat. 53 19 N. Holywell, a town in Flintfhire, with a maiket on Friday. Although iit great part a new town, it is become, from Its vicinity to the mines, the moft flour ilhing in the county. It takes its namt from the famous well of St. Wini- fred, concerning which fo many fablci^ and fuperftitious notions have prevailed. It is a copious ftream, burfting out of the ground with great impetuofity, at the foot of a hill. Befidc the cold bath, ce- kbrated for wonderful cures, formed at the fpring-head, and covered with a beanti- fill Gothic ftirlne,' it is now applied to the purpol'e of turning feveral mills for the working of copper, making braA wire, paptr, and fnuff, and Ipinning cotton. It is 10 miles e of St. Afaph, ana aia NE of Lorulon. Lon. 3 ar w, lat, 54 »3 N. HoMBURc, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Helfe Caflel, 60 miU^ NW of Francfort. Lon. 9 at e. lat. 50 45 N. Ho M BURG, a town of Gennany, in the duchy of Detix-Ponts, 50 miles SB ttf Treves. Lon. 7 3* e, lat. 49 16 N. Ho- NAN, a province of China, bounded on the N by the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chan-£, on the £ by Kiang-f> and Chan-tong, on the s by Hou-qnang, and on the w by Cheu-fi. As every thing that can. contribute to render a country delightful, is found in this province, the Qiinefc call it Tong-hoa, The middla Flower. It is, indeed, lituate iilmoft in the centre of China. Befide Cai-fong. fou, its capital, it contains fevien citiea of the firft clafs, and loa of the fecoul and third. HoNAN-FOV, a city of China, in the provirice of Honan. It has under it«. jurlfdiSUon ai« city of tb» A^^ond chiiV» HON HO ft. UiA It of the thirti. It it 500 n>>^* *^ <^"''a» »• Vr.lladolid. Sec MoiqyiTO of Pekin. Shore. Honduras, a large province of New Honfleur, a confiderable feaport of Spain bounded on the N by the bay of France, in the department of Calvadot Honduras, on the E by the Mofqaito and late province of Normandy. Th« Shore on the s by Nicaragua, and on harbour is very rapacious, at the mouth ' ^ ' *- ■^^-' of the Seine; and its principal trade U in lace. It is eight miles n of Pont I'Eveque, and 110 NW of Paris. Lon. o 15 E, lat. 49 24 N. HoNiTON, a borough in Devonfhire> thew by Chiapa and Guatimala. This province, and the peninfula of Juc;;tan, on the other (ide of the bay ot Honduras, do not, like the other tenitories ot Spam, in the New World, derive their value either from the fertility of their foil, or with a markei on Saturday. A dreadful the richnefs of their mines; but they fire happened here in 1747, which coh- produce, in greater abundance than any Turned three parts of the town, and the paitof America, the logwood-tree, which, damage was computed at 43,oorl '- •ndying fome colours, is fo far preferable *- *" "^ to any other material, that the conJ'umpiion of it in Europe is confiderable, and it is be- come an article in commerce of great va- has a chinch, half a mile from the town, and a chapel wirhin it ; and at the end of the town is a hill, which commands one of the raoft beautiful profpefts in lue. During a long period, no European the kingdom. Honiton lends two mem- nation intruded upon the Spaniards in theie 'bers to parliament, and has a large ma- ' " " nufafture of white thread and bonelace. It is feated on the Otter, 16 miles E of Exeter, and 156 w by s of London. Lon. 3 12 w, lat. 50 45 N. Hood Island, an iiland in the S provinces, or attempted to obtain any Ihare in this branch of trade. But, after the conquefl of Jamaica by the Englifh, one of the firft objefts of the fettlers on that ifland, was the great profit arifing from the logwood trade, and the facility Pacific Ocean, the moft northern of the of wi-efting Ibme portion of it from the Spaniards. Their firil attempt was made at Cape Catoche, the se promontory of Jucatan. When moft of the trees near this cape were felled, they removed to the ittand of Trift, in the bay of Cam- peachy; and, in later times, their prin Marquefasj difcovered and named by^ captain Cook, in i774» Lon. 1 38 47 w, lat. 9 26 s. HoOGLY, a fmall but ancient city of Hindcoftan, in Bengal. It is now nearly in ruins, but poffefles nrany veftiges of former greatnefs. In the beginning cipal ftation has been in the bay of Hon- of this century, it was the great murtoF duras. The Spaniards endeavoured by the export trade of Bengal to Europe. It negociation and open force, to prevent the Englilh from obtaining any footing on this part of America. But, after ftruggling againft it tor more than a rtntury, the difafters of an unfortunate war extorted from the court of Madrid, in 1763, a confei\f to tolerate- this fet- is I'eated on an arm of the Ganges, called I'oogly River, 26 miles N of Calcutta. Lon. 88 28 E, lat. 32 30 N. HoOGLY River, an arm of dl« Ganges, formed by the uniorxof Its two weftcrnmoft branches, named the Cof- fimbuzar and Yellinghy rivers. It is the tlement'of foreigners in the heart of its port of Calcutta, and the only branch of territories. This privilege was confirmed the Ganges that is conunonly navigated by the definitive ti-eaty of 1 78 3 ; by which by Ihips. it was ftipulated, under certain reftric- Hoocstraten, a town of Dutcit tions, that the English ihould confine Bi-abant, capital of a county of the famf thcmlelves within the dilhi6t, lying be- name, 10 miles s of Breda, tween the rivers Wallis, or Bellize,' and Hope, a fmall river in EfTex, which Rio Hondo, taking the courle of thefe two rifes near Laindon Hills, waters Staitford- rivers for unalterable boundaries, fo as le-Hope, and entering the Thames, be- fhat the navigation of them be common low Mucking, gives name to a noted reach to both nations. And, by a convention of that river. (igned in 1786, the Englifh were not only permitted to cut logwood, but ma- hogany, or any other kind of wood, and to carry away any other produce of the country; and alio to occupy the fmall ifland called Cafma, St. George's Key, HOREB, a mountain of Arabia Petreat at the foot of which is a monaftery» where a bifhop of the Greek church re- fides. There are two or three fin« fprings, and a gieat number of fruit-trees, Horn, a confiderable town of the or Cayo Caiiwii jb9 9^f^^ 9C JifA" Vf^i^^ Provinces, in N Holland, with a *;*4.v»H„ »»'*<»»>'^*-» HOT HOT m:' good harbotif . Here they fat cattle that come from Denmark and Holftein. It is feated on the B fide of the ZAiidei*.Zce, 13 miles NH of Amfteidam. Lon. 4. 59 E| lat. 5z 38 N. Horn, a town of the Auftrian Ne- therlands, capital of a comity of the fame name, in the bidiopric of Liege. Lon. 5 55 E, lat. 51 14 N. HoRNDACH, a town of Germany, In the duchy of Deiix-Ponts, on the river Horn, with a Bcncdiftine abbey, five miles SE of Deiix-Ponts. Lon. 7 36 e, lat. 49 10 N. HoRNBERG, an ancient town of Sua- bia, in the Black Forcft, and in the duchy of Wirtembcrg, with a fortrefs on a mountain. It is fcatcd on the Gutiafli, 21 miles NE of Friburg. Lon. i 27 E, lat. 4I? li N. Horn, Cape, the mod fouthem part of Tierra-del-Fuego, in S America, roimd which all (hips now pafs that fail into the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 67 26 w, lat. 55 58 s. H0RNCASTI.E, a town in Lincoln- fliire, with a market on Saturday. It was a Roman ftation, and part of the wall of the caftic is ftill remaining. It is (bated on the Bane, ao miles e of Lincoln, and 136 N of London. Lon. O 2 w, lat. 53 14. N. HoRNCHTJRCH, a village in Elfex, two miles E by s of Rumford, of which it is the mother church. A large pair of horns is affixed to tl^ e end of the church, for which tradition affigns a i%afon too idle to be repeated. HoRNDON, a town in EfTex, with a market on Saturday. It is ieated on a hill, which commantls a beautiful profpeft, J 6 miles 3 by w of Chelmsford, and 19 £ of London. Lon.o 35 e, lat. 51 32 N. Hornsey, a town in the E riding of Yorkfhire, with a market on Monday, 40 miles E of York, and 188 N of Lon- don. Lon. o I w, lat. 53 56 N. Horsens, a feaport of Denmark, in Jutland, feated en the bottom of a bay, that opens into the Categate near the ifland of Hiarnoe, 125 miiks w by N of Copenhagen. Lon. 9 40 £, lat. 55 57 n. Horsham, a borough in Suifex, with a market on Saturday, noted for fine poultry. Here is the county goal, and the alTizes are ibmetimes held here. It fends two members to parliament, and is 36 miles 8 by w of London. Lon. q 12 w, 51 8 N. Hottentots, Country of the, a laige region in the s extremity of Af- fica/ext»mling n by w, from the Cape a of <70od Hope, beyond the mouth o( Orange River, and from that cape, in an ene dircAton, to the mouth uf the Great Fifh River, which parts it from Cuffraria. It lies between the tropic of Capricorn and 35^ s lat. and is boundeil on the \v, s, and E by the Atlantic, Southern, and Indian Oceans, and on the N by regions very little, if at all explored. TheHot- tentots are as tall as moft Europeans, but are more (lender; and the chiu'acteriftic mark of this nation is. the fmallnefs of their hands and feet compared with the other parts of their body. Th«ir (kin is of a yellowifh brown hue, refembling that of nn Eui-opcan who has the JAundice in a high degree. There are not luch thick lips among the Hottentots as among their neighboxirs the Negi'o«s, the CiUfres, and the Mozambiques ) and thdr mouth is of the middling fize, with the fincft list of teeth imaginable. Their heads arc covered with hair, more woolly, if pof- fible, than that of the Negroes. With refpe^l to (hape, carriage, and every mo- tion, their whole appearance indicates health and content. In their mien, moreover, a degree of careleflhefs is ob- fervable^ that di (covers marks of alacrity and relblution; qualities, which, upon occafion, they certainly can exhibit. Not only the men, but the women alfo arc clothed with flieep-(kins ; the wool being worn outward in fummer,, and inward in winter. They wear one ikin cjver their fhoulders, the ends of it croffing each other before, and leaving their neck bare; another is faftened round their middle, and reaches down to tl eir knees. They befmear their bodies all over with fat, in which a little foot is mixed : and this is never wiped off. They are like- wife perfumed with powder of herbs, Jobbing it all over them, when they be- fmear themlelves. The odour of this powder is rank and aromatic, and comes nearelt to that of the poppy mixtd with fpices. The women who ^re ambitious to pleafe, not only greafe all the naked pai'ts of their body>.mall Nimiqua Land, in the NW part of the countiy : it confiltcd of 1 9 huts and about I 50 inhabitants. The enfign of autho- rity, worn by their chief, was a rane with a brafs top, given to him by the Dutch E India Company, f he Hotten- tots amiifed iheiii,' part of the night, with mvuic and dancing: their vifitors, in return, treated them with tobacco and dacka, or her;ip leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their mulic was pro- duced from flutes, made of the bark of trees, of difFeitut fizes. The men form thcmfelves into a cji cL-, with their flutes t and the women dance round them. Among other tribes of Hottentots nrethe Bolhmans, who inhabit the mountains in the interior part of the country, ne oi the Cape, and are enemies to the paftcral life. Some of theii maxims are, to live by hunting nnd plunder, and never to keep any animal alive for the fpace of one night. On this account, they themlelves are purfued and exterminated, like the wild beafts whofe manners they have afllimed. Some of them, when taken, are kept alive, and made flaves of. Their weapons are poilbned arrows, which, fliot from a ftnall bow, will hit a maik, with a tolerable degree of certainty, at the diltance of 100 paces. Their habitation* aie not more agreeable than their manners and maxim j. Like the wild bealts, bufhes and clefts in rocks ferve them by turns for dwellings . Many of thbfe favages are en- tirely naked J but Ibme of them cover their body with the flcin of any fort of animal, great or fmall, from the Ibeulder down- ward as far as it will reacii, wearing it. till it fall oflF their back in rags. As ig- norant of agriculture as apes and monkies, they ai"e obliged, like them, to wander over hills and dales, after certain wild roots, berries, and plants, which they eat raw. Their table, however, is compofcd of feveral other difhes, among which are caterpillars, termites, locufts, grafljop- pers, fn^kes, and fpiders. Another tribe of Hottentots, near the mouth of Orange River, were obferved by lieutenant Pater- fon, in his journey to the NW in 1779.' Their huts were loftier, and thatched with grafsj and were fumilhed with (tools made of the back, bones of the HOT H O U ferampui. Their mode of living is in the nigheft degree wrttched, and they are apparently the moft dirty ot uU the Hot- tentot tribe*. - Their drcfs is conpofed of the (kins of feals and jacluls, the tielh of which thsy eat. When a grampus is caft •fljorc, ihcy remove their huts to the ' place, and I'ubAft upon it as long as any part of It remains ; and, in ♦•his manner, It icmetimes affords them fuftenance for out; but the induftiiuiis Dutch ha^e overcome all natm-al dlHiculties, and it produces, not only a fufhciency of all the necetVaries ot life for the inhabitants, but alio for the reireihment of all the Eu- ropean fhips that touch here. The Dutch cunfider the year as divided into two leaions, which they term monfooni { the wet moonfoon, or winter, begins in March ; and the dry one, or fummer, io half a year, thouch in a great me^iluie de- September. Among the quadrupeds of c;iyed and putreTitd by the lira. They this country are antelopes, which go in fineartlieir Ikin with the oil, the odour of herds of ao,ooo each} buffaloesf came- which is fo powerful, that their approach Icopardilifes ; the gems-boch, a fpeclea may be perceived fonic time before they of antelope, which has remarkably long app6ar in view. They carry their water Iharp hoins, and, when attacked by dogs, in the (hells of odrich eggs, and the will fit on its hind quarters, and defend bladders of feals, which they (hoot with itfelf ; wild dogs, which travel in herds, arrows. With refpe6Ho the Hottentots, and are very deftruftive to (heep; ele- in general, nvone of them feem to have any phants ; elks ; hyenas ; the koevio, an ani- rejigion, nor do they appear willing to mal of a moufe colour, rather larger than """ ■ any in(tru£Vion. All of them, our deer, with thiee white ftripes over the receive any in(tru£Vi'on. All of however, have the firmcft opinion of the power of magic ; whence it mif;ht be in- lerrcd, that they believe in an evil being; but they p;iy no religious worfhip to him, though from this Iburce they derive all the evils that happen ; and among thefe they reckon cold, rain, and tiiunder. So ynpnilroudy ignorant ai'e they that the Bofhmans will abufe the thunder with back, and the male having veiy large twilled horns; lions; jackals; tigers; the quacha, a (pecies of the zebra, but more tra^lable ; rhinocerofes ; hories j domeitic horned cattle; common (heep, and a peculiar (pecies of (heep covered with hair inilead of wool. The hippo- Eotamus or river-horfe is frequently ieen ere. Among the birds are vultures} many opprobrious epithets, and threaten oftriches, whofe eggs are excellent foods to alTauIt the lighthine. Even the moft intelligent of them could not be convinced by Dr. Spanman, that rain was not al- ways an evil, and that it would be an unhappy circumftance were it never to rain. They feem, howcvc:, to have fome idea of a future ftate, as they re- proach their friends, when dead, with leaving them fo foon ; admoni(hing them to behave henceforth more properly : by which they mean, that their deceafed friends (hould not come back again and haunt them, nor allow themielves to be made ufe of by wizards, to bring any n^ifcbief on thofe that furvive thenii. The Hottentots (leep promifcuoudy in and the loxia, a (pecies of gregarious bird: thefe latter build their curious neft in the miraofa tree, where they form a kind of thatched hoxife, with a regular ftreet of ne(ts on both (ides, at about two inches diftance (rom each other, and containing under its roof, in one that lieutenant Paterfon faw, upward of 800 birds. Among the infe£ts are, the ter- mires, or white ants, which do no injury to wood as in the £ Indies, bur, by raifmg a number of hills, they impede the progrefs of vegetation. The Hot- tentots eat them; and lieutenant Paterfon, who tailed this food, found it far from diiagreeable. The locults alfo are efteemed the fame hut, and are neither acquainted excellent food by the Bofhmans, by whom with the difference of age, nor with that invincible horror which feparates beings conneftefl by blood. The country pof- fefkd by the Dutch is of pretty confider- able extent, comprehending not only the large traft bptween Table Bay and Falfe Bay, but that which is called Hot- tehtot Holland, extending from Falfe they are dried and kept for ule. The black, or rock fcorpion, is nearly as venomous here as any cf the I'erpent tribe, of which there are numerous kinds. HOUAT, an ifland of France, between that of Beileifle and the continent. It is 10 miles in circumference. HouDAH, a town of France, in tbe^ Say to the Cabo dos Agulhas, or Cape department of Eure and Loire and late of Keedles, and the country farther e province of Beauce. It has a manufa£lure beyond St. phriftopher's River, called of woollen ftockings, and is feated on the Terra de Natal. The whole of this Vegre, 32 miles sw of Paris. Lon. | 1K>untry is i^^urallybafriinj^d mountain- 41 £, lat. 48 4.7 fi» , _ „ HOY Il0VNtL0W,atown in Mtddlefex, with a market on Thurfday. It is fituate on the edge of a heath of the fame name, on which arc I'ome jM)wder-miJl»» on a branch of the river Coin. On this heath, James il formed ac encampinent, after the fup- prcliion of th« duke of Monmouth't rebellion, in order the more effe^ually to enliavc his lubietls. HoiuiUow is xo mile* w by s of London. Hov-^UASa, a province of China, which occupie* ntarly the centre of tb« empire, and is divided into two paits, the N and s, by tlie river Yang- tic kiang. It is a flat, open country, watered by Jakes, canals, and river« ; and has plenty of wild fowl and cattle. The foil is re- markably fertile; gold is found in the fands of the rivers ; and there is fuch a variety of all Ibrts df commodities, that it is called by the Chinele, the ftorehoule of the empire. It contains 1 5 cities of tlie firft clafs, and 1 14 of the fecond and third. Vout-chang-fou is the capital. Hou-TCHEOU-FOU, a city ot China, in the province of Tchc-kiang, featcd on a lake of the fume name. The quantity of filk manufadured hext Is al- nwft incredible. Its dlltrift contains one city of the lecend, and fix of the third dais. It is 160 miles NE of Nan king. Lpn. 119 45 E, lat. 30 35 N. ||uwDEN, a toxirn in the E ridine of Yorkfliirc, wlfh a market on Saturday. It gives riam^ to ;i fmall diftri^ called Jiowdenfhire, and has a large church, like a cathedral. It i$ feated near the Oufej 15 piiles se of York, and 179 n by w pf J^ondoij. Loij'. 9 5* \v, lat. 53 a6 ji. HoxTER, a town of Weftphallfi, feated un the Wefer, 27 miles NE of Padcrborji. Lon. 9 39 E, lat. 51 50 N. Hoy, one of the Orkney Iflands, fitu- ate between tlie iHand of Pomona and the N coaft of Cailhnefsftiire. It ia. 10 miles long. On this illand, beiide the great conic hill of Hoyhead, which is a feamark, there is a ftupendous rock, called the Beary, where a bird, named the layer, fupppfed to be a fpecies of penguin, is found. It is about the fire of a fmall duck, remarkably fat, and efteem^ by many a great delicacy. Thefe birds burrow in the rabbit holes ; and the Eerfon employed in taking the young is It d^wn by a rope from the top ot the precipice. In a gloomy -valley W this iflancl, is a large ftone, 36 feef'Iong and iS broad, called the Dwarfic ftone. It^ is hollow within, having the form «t' a bed and pillow cut in tb^ ^'^^Jk riu D a])d is ftippofed to have been the habltt* tlon of a hermit. Lon. 3 to w, lat. $% 56 N. Hove, a townofWeftphalla, caultah of a county of the fame name, lubjtft to the eleAor of Hanover. It is feated on the Wefer, 43 miles Nw of Zell. Lon. 9 6 E, lat. 5a 57 n. Hradisch, a town of Moravia, on nn illand in the river Morava, 30 mile^ SE of Olmutz, and 30 e of Brinn. Lon. 17 53 £i lat* 49 N. Hua, or Kahua, a hvgt town of Aila, capital of Cochin Chma, with % royal palace. It is feated in a beautiful ftlain, and divided into two parts by a argc river. The inhabitants blacken their teeth, thinking it a -jat^-.-i«-4*-- 'f HUD of froll and fnow, he ftaid here till the cnfuing Tprin^, and then prcpnred to purl'ue his difcovirien i but his crew, who fuffered equal hurdfhips, without the fame fpirit to lupport them, mu- tinied, fei/ed him and leven of thrfc who were moft faithful lo him, ami com- mitted them to the icy ftas in un open boat. Mudfon and his companicms wire nivcr hcai'd of more j hut the fliip r.nd the reft of the men returned home. Other attempts toward a difcovery of that pal- faee have been fmce made, but hitherto v^ithout efFe6t. The entrance ot this bay, from,, the ocenn, h between Rt!b- lution Ifles, on the N, and Button's Ijles ©h the Labrador coaft to the s, forming the E extremity of the ftrait, diftinguiflied by the name of its great dilcovercr. This bay communicates on the N, by two itraits, with Baffin's Bay : on the i fide it is bordered by Labrador, on the sw by New S Wales, and on the w by New N Wales. Thefe countries are included under the name of New Britain, and abound with animals whofe ikins and furs are far fuperior in cjunlih' to thofe foimd in lets northerly regions. The natives are called Elquirnaux, and Northern Indians j and are materially di.- ferent from all the fouthern tribes. In 3670, a charter was granted lo a com- •pany, which does not confilt of above ten perfons, for tlie cxchilive tra:Ie to this bay. This company poficis three forts on the s coaft of James Bay, by which the s termination of Hudlon's Bay is diftinguilhed. Thefe faflories are called Rupert, Mocfe, and Albany, and they lie from 51 to 52° N lat, and firom 75 to 79° w Ion. On the w fide of Hudfon's Bay, confidcrably up Hayes Hiver, is a faftojy called Flamborcuojh ; and beyond this is York Fort, on Nelfon River, in Ion. 9a 30, and lat. 57 25: but the moft northern fettlement is Prince of Wales' Fort, at the mouth of Church- bill River, in Ion. 94 7, and lat. 58 48. ' In December 1770, Mr. Hearae, in the fervice of the Hudfon's Bay Comp:iny, ' fet out from Prince of Wales' Fort to explore a river, that the Elquirnaux, who cam.e to the company's factories to ti*ade, had brought tothcir knowledge j and which, on account of much cop^icr being J found near it, had obtained ti)c name of .' Copper-mine River. Under the convoy of thofe Indians, he arrived at tliis river ■in June i77i» and traced it till he came 'in fight of the Pacific Ocean, finding it encumbered vvith ftpals and falls to its momhi which is in lat. 7*° n, and Ion. H U L i»9® w. In 178a, the fettlement, Sec. of the company, valued at 500,000!. were deftroycd by a French tiquadronj but the damage has been repaired, and the com- merce is again in a flourifhing fituation. Hudson's River, one of the fineft rivers of the United States of America. It riil-s in the mountainous country, be- tween the lakes Ontario and Chaniplain, waters Albany and Hudfon, and enters the Atlantic Ocean, at New York, after a courie of 250 miles. It is navigable for (loops to Albany, and for fhips to Hudlbn. HuEN, an ifiand of the BaUic, three miles fr»m the coaft of Sweden, and fubj<:£l to the Swedes, to whom it was ceded by the Danes in 1658. It has one fcatterect village, and produces h.iy and corn, more than fufficicnt lor its own conl'umption. In this iliand was the ob- lervatory of the ctlcbrarcd Tycho Brahe. ''.tn is fix miles in tiicimfercnce j nine 11 i s by E of Elfinore, and 14 N by E of ( nhagcn. Lon. 12 38 E, lat. 55 54 N. HuESCA, an ancient town of Spain, in Arragon, with a bifliop's fee, and a univerfity. It is feated on the lifuela, 35 miles N£ of Saragolla. Lon. o x w, lat. 4'. 18 N. HuEs>CAR, a town of Spain, in Gra- nada, wih a caflle, 60 miles nk of Granada. Lon. 2 20 vv, lat. 37 45 n. HuESSEN, a town of Dutch GueU derland, leatcd on the Rhine, three miles s of Arnheim. HuETTA, a town of Spain, in New Caftilc, 67 miles £ of Madrid. Lon. i 55 w, lat. 40 22 N. Hull, or Kingston upon Hull, a borough and feaport in the E riding of Yorkihire, with a market on Tueiday and Saturday. It was built by Edward I, who called it Kingfton, and it is feated on the river Hull, on the N fide of the Humber. It is a large town with two parifh-churches, and is a county of itfelf, governed by a mayor. It is for- tified, and is the firft town that ftiut its gates agiinlf Charles i; but its fortifi- cations are now inconfiilerable, while its r inmerce is incrcaled lb much, that it is deemed the fourth poit in the kingdom. Its fituation is extremely advantageous ; for, befide its communication' with the Yorkfhire rivers and canals, it has accefs alio to the Trent and all its branches: hence it has the import and export trade of many of the northern ana midland counties. The foreign trade is chiefly to the Baltic: but it has regular traffic^ with the fouthern pai'ts of Europe, and . »-.vi'---.-«iiniiii I ^i^»,^ HUN HUN with Anwrica. More ^\p» are fent htncc to CJmnland than from any other ix-it, that of London excepted. The huii)oiir is artificial i and here are docks tor buil.ling and repairing fliips. Among the public buildings, are the Tnnity Hoalc, for the relief of feamen and their willows ; a cuitoinhouli:, an cxch:mge, and a town hill. The (tone bridge, over the river, to Hokkrnds, was rcbuili in 1787, and conlilts of 14- arches. Hull lt:nds two members to parliaimnt, and is ^'i miles SE of York, and 173 N of London. Lon. o 14 w, luf. SI 45 n- HuLHEN, a town of AuUrian Brabant, nine miles se of BrulTels. Lon. 4 37 E, lat. 51 44 N. HuLST, a ftrong town of Dutch Flan- ders, ftated on a plain, which may be overflowed. It was taken by the French in 1747, and 1794. It is 15 miles NW of Antwerp, and 17 ne of Ghent. Lon. 4 6 E, lat. 51 i3 N. Hum BE"!., a river of England, formed by the Trent, Ouie, Derwent, and leveral other (treami. It divides York/hire from Lincolnshire, and falls into the Gennan Ocean, at Spurn Head. HuMMOCH, an illand of Afia, in the Indian Ocean, about fix miles long. Mere is a rajah, fupported in his autho- rity by the Dutch E India Company. 'I'he iiland is exceedingly fertile, and produces moit of the tropical fruits ; hut the principal articles of trade with the Dutch :u'e bees-wax and honey. It lies five leagues s of Mindanao. Lon. 115 12 E, lat. 5 27 N. HuND»FELD, a town of Silefia, feated on the Wide, eight miles NE of Breflaw. Lon. 17 18 E, lat. 51 9 N. HtJNGARY, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N by Poland ; on the w by the circle of Auftria j on the s by the Drave, which feparates it from Sola- vonia, and by the Danube^ which parts it from Turkey in Europe ; and on the e by Walachia and Tranfylvania. It is di- vided into Upper and Lower Hungary; and to thel'e may be added the Bannat of Tcraefwar, incorporated into the king- dom of Hungary m 1778. Hungary for- merly included Tranfylvania, Sclavonia, Daimatia, Servia, and Wakichia. The principal rivers are, the Danube, Save, Drive, Trefle, Maros, Raab, and Waag. The air is very unhealthy, occafiohed by the hkes and bogs, infomuch that a fort of plague vifits them every three or four years. It abounds in all the rtecelfaries of life, and the wine, elpecially thvit c!^ed Tockay, is excellent. There are mines of gold, filver, copper, and iron ) and they have fuch plenty of gjine, that hunting is allowed to all. The inhabi- tants are well-fhaped, brave, haughty, and revengeful. Their horfemtn are culled Hudars, and their foot Hcydukes. Almolt all the towns of Hungary have two names, the one German, and the other Hung.nri m j and the language is a dialeft of the Sclavonian. The govern- ment is hereditary in the houfe of Aultria, and the eltabliflied religion is popery, though there are a great number of pro- teltants. No country in the world it better lupplied with mineral waters and baths } and thole of Buda, wUen the Turks were in pofTeiTion of it, were reckoned the fincft in Europe. Buda is the capital of Lower Hungary, and Prefburg of the Upper. HuNGERPORD, a town in Berkfhire, with a market on Wednelday, leated on the Kennet, and noted for the belt trout and crawfiHi in England. It is 64 miles w of London. Lon. i 16 w, lat. 51 a6 N. HuNNiNOUEN, a fortified town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late province of Alface, feate4 on the Rhine, five miles N of Balle. Lon. II 40 E, lat. 47 40 N. HuNMANBV, a town in the E riding of Yorkshire, with a market on TuciUay, 34 miles NE of York, and 209 n of London. Lgn. o 12 w, lat. 54 12 N. Huntingdon, the covmty-town of Huntincfdonfhire, with a market on Satur- day.' It is feated on a rifmg ground, oo the river Oule, over which is a ftone bridge to Godmanchelter ; and was once a large place, having no lefs thin 15 churches, which are now reduced to two. It fends two members to parlia- ment, and is governed by a mayor. Huntingdon is the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell. It is x6 miles w by N of Cambridge, and 65 N of London. Lon. o 5 w, lat. 52 17 M. Huntingdonshire, a county of England, 25 miles in length, and 20 in its broadert pait ; bounded on the N and NW by Northamptonftiire, on the E by Cambridge/hire, and on the sw by Bed- fordfhire. It contn. 69 30 E, of France, nd late pro- anal crofTes 1 miles, artd water. An )l:ants to a le viaticum, the edift of >od fort, and iv its iburce, . O 4. £, Ut. ilefia, in tht miles SE of t.4.9 4-1 N. >f Spain, in and a fort. fame name, a, wliich are es N of Hu- 36 N. rt of Sicily, . Lon. 1 5 Andalufia. ItlUe. It i$ kg excellent juie foot of laeza. Lon^ s, formerly \en from its liles NW of 32 16 N. Ceylon, at: 100 miles }k. it froiti : was taken )5, H«j^wc ,M JAG are exported great quantities of tobacco, and fome elephants, vtrhich are accounted the molt docile of any in the world. Lon. 80 45 B, lat. 9 47^ J. . . , Jaoarnaut, a famous pagoda, in the pehinfula of Hindooftan, and province of Oriffa. It is one of the firft objefts of Hindoo veneration, and an excellent fea- mark. It lies on the bajr of Bengal, a few miles E of Lake Chilka, and 3x1 swof Calcutta. Lon. 85 40 £, lat. 19 35 N- JaOERNDOHF, a town and caftle of Silella, capital of a province of the fanre name. It is feated oa the Oppa, 65 miles s by E of Breflaw. Lon. 17 24 £, lat. 50 4 N. Jaghire, {I traft of land, in the Carnatic, fubjeft to the Englifh E India Company. It extends along the bay of Bengal, from Madias to Lake Pullicate on the N, to Alemparve on the s, and to Conjeveram on the Wj being io3 miles along the ihoie, and 47 inland in the wideft part. It contains 244P i'quare mile!>, and its annual revenue, is about 150,000!. Jago, St. the largeft and moft fertile of the Cape de Verd lilands. It lies 13 miles w of the ifland of Mayo, and abounds with high barren mountains j but the air, in the •riny flafon, is unwhole- fome to dangers. The animals are beeves, hories, afles, mules, deer, goats, hogs, civet-cats, and monkies. Here are fowls and birds of almoft all forts; and Indian corn, plantaii.a, bananas, pompions, oranges, lemon*, tamarinds, pineapples, cocoa nuts, guavas, tar, apples, and fugar-canes. It iias alfo fome cedar-trees, and plenty of cotton. Kibeira-Grionde i» the capital. Jago, St. the capital of Chili, with a good harbour, a bilhop's fee, and a royal ^adience. It i» I'eated in a beauti- ful plain, abounding iu all the nece{faries of life, at the foot of the Andes, on the river Mapocho. Here are feveral canals, and a dike, by means of which they water the gardens and cool the ftreets. It is fubjeil to earthquakes, and the inhabi- tants are native Americans and Spani- ards. Lon. 71 5 w, lat. 34 10 s. Jago-db-Cuba, S-^ a town on the s coaft of Cuba, with a good harbour, at the bottom of a bay, and on a river of the fame name. Lon. 76 10 w, lat. zo 5 N. Jago-de-los-Cavalleros, St. a town of Hifpaniola,on the river St. Jago, in a fertile foil, but bad H^, Lon. 70 38 W, lat. 19 21 1^. JAM Jago-del-Enter.0, St. a town of 5 America, in Tucuman, and the ufuai relidence of the inquifitor of the province. It is feated on the Duke, 475 miles sss of Potofi. Lon. 6x o \v, lat. aS ^5 s. JaoodeGuatimalajSt. SeeGuA. TiMALA, New. Jago-de las-Valles, St. a town of' New Spain, in the audience of Mexico, feated on the river Panuco. Lon. 100 o w, lat. 13 o N. Jago-de-la-Vega, St. or Spanish Town, a town of Jamaica, where the aflembly and the grand courts of juftite are beld. It was once a populous place, containing two churches, a monaltery, and feveral chapels; but it isnowreuuced to a fmall compai's, and has only one church, and a chapel. It is feated in a pleafant valley, on the Kio Colne, itven miles NW of Port Palfage, on the bay of Port Royal. I^n. 76 49 w, lat. xS 6 N. Jago-de TtON, St. the capital of the diftrift of Caraccas, in S iimerica. Lon. 64 48 w, lat. 9 3x N. Jagodna, a town of Turkey in Eu. rope, in Servia, feated on the Morava, 70 miles SE of Belgrade. Jaicza, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Boihia, with a Itrong citadel, feated on the Plena, 50 miles NE of Bofna-Se* rago. Jakutskoi. See Yakutsk. Jamagorod, a town in the Rufllia government of St. Peteiiburg, with a, itrong foi t, feated on the Jama, 1 1 mile* NE of Narva. Lon. z8 3 £, lac. 59 as N. Jamaica, an ifland of the W ladies, difcovered by Columbus, in 1494. It lies in the Atlantic Ocean, 30 leagues w of Hifpaniola ; nearly the fame diftance s of Cuba, and 145 leagues N of Car* thagena, on the continent of S America. It is of an cval figure, 150 miles long, and 40 broad in the middle. It contain* upward of^4|000,ooo acres, and is di> vidcd by a ridge of hills which run length- wile from E to w. Here numerous fine rivers take their rife from both fides, yet none of them are navigable, even for barges } but fome are fo large, that the fugars are carried upon them ih canoes from the remote plantations to the leafide : fome of them run under ground for ai^ confiderable fpace, particularly the Rio^i Cobre and the RioPedra. The moun- tains, and great part of the illand, are covered with woods, which iook green at all times of the year } for here is an etcr> nai faring. There are many different i'iii Mi; if JAM kinds of trees adorning the luow of every hill, and forming groves and cool retreats. Among thefe are the lignum vita;, the' cedar, and the mahogany- trees. In the vailies are fiigar-canes, and I'ucb a variety of fruit-trees, as to make the country look like a paracVil'e. But to balance this, there are alligators in the rivers j guianoes and galliwaips in the iens and niarflies ; and Ihakes and noxious ani- mals in the mountains. The longeft day is about 1 3 hours ; and about nine in the morning it is lb intolerably hot, that it would be dithcult to live, if the fea- bree/es did not arile to cool the air. Sometimes the nights are pretty cool, and there ai'e great dews, which are deemed unwholefome, efpecially to new comers. The year is diftinguiflied into two lea- fons, the wet and ury ; but the rains are not fo frequent as formerly, which is I'up- pofed to be owing to the cutting tlown of the woods. The months of July, Au- gult, and September, arc called the hur- ricane months, bocauf>; then tht-y are the molt frequent j and there is lightning al- molt every night. There is not above a third part of the idand inhabited, for the plantations are all by the feafidc. Here and there are favhnnas, or large plains, where the original natives uled to plant their Indian corn, and which the bnani- ards made ufe of for breeding their cattle. The belt houfes are generally built low, being only one (lory, on account of the hurricanes and earthquakes j and the ne- groes huts are made of reeds, and wiii hold only two or three perfons. The common drink is Madeira wine, or rum punch. The common bread, .or that which ferves for it, is plantains, yams, and caflava-roots : but, iii 1793, a great mimber of the bread-fruit trees were brought here from Otaheite, and intro- duced into the different plantations. Hogs and Iheep are plentiful; but the Icrvants generally feed upon Irifh lalt-beef, and the negroes have herriijigs and lalt-fifh. The general produce of this ifland is lii- gar, rum, ginger, cotton, indigo, pinun- ta> chocolate, Icvcral.kin'is of woods, and medicinal drugs. It has ibme tobacco, but not good, and ul'td only by the ne- groes, wh<),,c;^i fcarce live without it; alio Indian corn, Guinea corn, and peas of various kinds, with variety of roots. Fruits ajc in.grcat plenty, fuch as oran- ges, lemons, ihaddocks, citrons, pome- granates, mammtes, fweet-l'ops, papaws, piiieappKs, Ifaj apples, prickly pears, meloiis, poiupioiis, guavas, and many other lor IS. There are four mgtocs to a J a:n white man; and of the' former th«r« are about 100,000, befide a mixed breed, be- tween the blacks, whites, and mulattoes. This llland was taken by the Englifh in 1655, and is now the moft valuable of their W Jndia colonies. In June i795» the Maroons, or original natives, who inhabit the mountains, role againft the Englifh, and wer« not (juelled till March 1796. The principal town- is Kinglton j but St. Jago de la Vega, or Spaniih Town, is the feat of government. J AM AN A, the capital of a principality ,in Arabia Felix, feated on the river Allan, 1 50 miles \v of PJcatif. Jambi, or Jambis, a feaport and fmall kingdom, 0:1 the E coall of the ifland of Sumatra. The Dutch have a fort here, and export pepper hence, with the bed fort of canes. It is 160 miles N of Bencoolen. Lon. loa 35 E, lat. o 59 N. James, St. an hofpital and burymg- ground, near Bafil in Swilferland, cele- bi atcd for a battle, fought by 3000 Swifs againlt an army of 30,000 French, in wliicii only 32 of the former remained alive, del'perately wounded, on the field of battle. Sixteen that efcaped from the field, were branded with infamy, for not having facrificed their lives in defence of tlieir country; and the conquerors thtm- ieive» were compelled to retire into Al- face. James Bay. See Hudson's Bay. James Island, an ifland of Africa, 30 miles up the river Gambia, and three miles from its neareft fliore. Here the Engiirti have a fort and faftory. Lon. 1 ( o w, lat. 13 15 N. . James Island, an ifland of S Caro- lina, oppoilte Charlefton. James Island, an ifland of N Ame- rica, in Baffin's Bay, between Davis' Straits and Baffin's Straits. Lon. 6t 35 w, lat. 70 o N. Jami-s RiVEK, a fine river of Vir- ginia, which enters the bay of Chefapcak, near Hampton. James Town, a town oi the United States, once the capita] of Virginia, feat- ed in a peninfula, on the N fide of Jame& River. Lon. 76 39 w, lat. 37 3 N. James Town, a borough of Ijeland, in the county of Leitrim, ieated on the Siicmnon, five miles s by e of Carrick, and 73 N\v of Dublin. Lon. 8 29 w, lat. 53 51 N. Jamets, a town of France, in the de- partment of Meufe and late province of Barrois, iz miles s of Sttnay. Jan»;a, a province of Turkdy in Eut -^i- l# ' 1 j A P rope, bounded on' the N by Macectenhi, .on the s by Livadia, oAthe w by AU bani«» and on the e by the Archipelago. It is the Theflaly oi tlie ancients, and . Lariflk is the capital. . ■ • - J ANN A, i town of Turkey in Europe, in. a province of the fame name, Qi milva W ot ifliiiifa. "Lon. 41 36 e, lat. 39 , Ja-NOWITZ, a town of Bohemia, inthe . circle of Kauftiim, famous for a battle, in 164.5, between the Swedes and Auftrians, when the latter were defeated. It i- 48 miles SE of Prague. Lon. 15 slfE, lat. 49 45 N- Jao-tchieou-fou, a city of'China, in the'provinccof-Kiang-fi, Itated on the river Po, which, at a Imall diitancc, en- teis the lake^Po-yang. It convraands levcn . cities of the third clal's. Japan, a large empire in the moft •altern part of Alia, compoled of feveral irtantt-s, theprincipaLof which is Niphon. The whole' empire is divided into feven principal countries; which ure fubdivided . into 70 provinces. It is the richeft coun- . try in the world ibr^gold, and the air and water are very good. It produces a great . deal of rice, which is reaped in Septem- ber; millet,' whejit;f rmd barley, which is got in in May. Gedaci-ane common, and ib large that they arepfbpei* for the malts : of fhips and coluinnsibr temples. Here are large quantities of porceiain, filk, and ikins, as alio red pearls, which are not in ; Icfs efteem -than the white. The Japa- nefc are naturally Ingeniousj and have a happy memory j but their manners are diametrically oppofite to thole of the Eu- ropeans. Their common drinks are all hot ; they uncover the feet out of relpcft , are fond of black teeth, aiul get on horle- back on the left fide. They have neither tables, beds', nor chairs, but fit and lie on carpets and, mats in the manner of the Turks ; and ihey have a language fo pe- culiar, that it i&f imderftood by no other nation. The fciences ane highly efteemed among-thein, and tiiey have levcral Ichools at dilftrcnt places-, in' which, are taught withmetic, rhetoricv poetry^ hiftory, and altronomy; .Somsof their (ithcols at \fe- aco have eadh above 3000 fcholars. They .treat the women with gieat feverity, and punifK adultery witlji death; 'yet a' man may take as matiy -wives . as he ploafes. The Japanefe are naturally good Ibldiers, and flcilful at iHooting with a bow : how- ever, aa they inliabit nothing but^'iilands, they are fcldom at war with their neigh- bours. They formei-ly carried on a trade with the neighbouriaig countiies j but JAR now all communication is forbidden, exi cept with the C! .nefeand Dutch. Their emperor is called dairo ; and in the mi- nority oi one of them, in 1 1 50, wlien they had. civil wars, one of the competitors for tlie crown aflumcd the ecclefiaitical go- vernment, retaining the Cime title ; while the other, who nilcd in civil alfairs, was called Cuba ; and things have remained on the fame footing to this day. The dairo is the chief emperor, and confers the dignity upon the other, as if he were his valihl. The religion of the coimtry is paganifm ; but there are two difFereot lerts. There was once a great number ot Chriftians in different parts of the empire; but, in 1638, thev underweftt great perlecutions, inlbmuch, that thty were air extirpated. The only Euro, peans that trade with Japan, are the Dutch ; and whenever their ftiips arrive, they take away their guns, fails, and helms, and carry them on fliore till they are reatiy to return back. In the abfcnta of, the fhips, the failors aie fhut up in a fmall peninlula, andr are not futfered io much as to have a lighted candle in their houlijs in the nighttime. The merchaA- dife which the Dutch carry to Japan are fpices, fugar, linen and woollen- cloth, elephants teeth, and haberdaflieiy wares j for which tlicy receive gold, fdver, cabi- nets, and other japanned and lackered wares. The capital of the empire is Jedo. ■'.'.; , ■ ■."'•■; ' Japara, a fvaport on the N Coaft of the illand of Java, with a good harboUr, It was the capital of- a conliderable king- dom, till the Dutch made them (elves maf- ters of it ; sind now they hare a colony here, and a confiderable trade. It Is 255 miles E by s of Batavia. Lon. 1 10 45 e, lat. 6 20 s. Jargeau, a town of France, in the department of Loiret and late province of Orleanois. It was taken by tne Eng- lilh in 1438, and retaken by Joan of Arc the next year. It is 10 miles SE of Or- leans, and 70 sw of Paris. Jarislau. See Yaroslaf. Jarnac, a town of France, in the de- partment of Charente and late province of Angoumois. It is remarkable for a vic- tory obtained by Henry m (then duke of Anjou) over the Huguenots, in 1569. It is ftated on the Ciiarcnte, ao miles w of Angoultfme, and 235 s by w of Paris. Lon. o 4 w, lat. 45 43 n. Jaromitz, a.towm of Bohemia, feated on the Elbe, 17 miles sw of Glatz, and 52 NE of Prague, hvn. »S 57 t, lat. 5* --.^...utit uM^ fci!' )?■ J A V JAkostoW) a town of Auftrlan Po- lind, in Red Ruflia» , with a ftrong cita- ^1. It is remarkable for its great fair, and a battte gained by the Swedes, in 1656, after which they took thcrtown. It IB O eyes, ind large eyebrows . The men are very robuft aid ftrong4imbed j but th« women are ihull. The men wear a piece of calico wrapt two or three time^ ^ round their middle j and the women l»ear Is fcated on the Sai'ne, 55 miles w of >hcm from their armpits down to their I^emburg, and 100 e of Cracow. Lon. a» knees } but all other parts are bare. The 4} B, lat. 50 4 N. men have two or three wives, and fever&l J ARROW, a village in the biihopric of concubines, according to their circum. Purham, near S Shields. In 1763, a ftances. Thele that live near tlie iSea- ftone was dug up in the church, import- fide are generally Mahometanti j but with- ing that the foundation of that building in land they are Gentaoe, abftaining from was begun in 6^74, in the reign of Egfrid, fleih of all kinds. This ifland has very king of NorUiumberland, by Ceolfxid, its high mountains, particularly the Pepper abbot. mountain on the s fide ; it has likewife Jasenitz, a town of Pmflian Pome- impaffablc forelts and wildernefTes ; bwt rania, in the duchy of Stetin, feated pn to the v^ between Batavia and Bantam, the Oder, eight miles N of Stetin. is a very populous country, full of rice- Jasque, a feaport of Perfla, on the fields,, and plenty of fait and pepper, be- Eilf of Ormus, and in the province of fide moft forts of fruits proper to the cH- erman. Lon. 5915 E, lat. 2610 N. mate. Here alfo is plenty of hogs, Jassexmere, a town of Hindooftan beeves,, and iheep, with other tame ani Proper, in a fmall territory of the fame name, fubjeft to a petty rajah, in the pro- ■vince of Agimere. It is 680 miles N of Bombay. Lon.yjoE, lat. 27 34 n. Jassy, the capital of Moldavia, and refidence of the hofpodai of that country, who is a vaffal of tne grand fignior. In *753» til* whole city was deitroyed by mals ; and likewife fowl, both wild and tame, in great abundance. In the woods are large tigers, rhinocerofes, and other wild heafts ; and in the rivers are croco. diles. The air is as temperate and heal- thy as in any part of the E Indies. The ferene fealbn is from May till November { and then the rains begin, which lay the fire; but it is now a well-fortified place, low gi-ound« under water, kill the infefts. defended by a caftle. It has been ieveral times taken in the wars between the Turks and the Ruffians or Aultrians*, the I'aft time by the latter in 1788, who reftorcd it by the peace of Keichinbach in 1790. It is feated on the Pruth, 125 miles w of Bender. Lon. 27 35 e, lat. 47 «H. and continue till May. In March they begin to low^ and in July the fugar and rice begin to ripeh; but September and Oflober are the beft months for all forts of fruits. Java has a river which rifes in the mountains, and, dividing itfelf into many branches, waters the circumjacent country : thefe afterward reunite, and Jats, once a powerful Hindoo tribe, pafs through Batavia, dividing it into in Hindooftan Proper, to whom all that two parts. This ifland is moftly under now remains is the fmall territory of the dominion of the Dutch ; and, befide £hartpour, 45. miles w of Agra. the native Javanefe, it is inhabited by Java, an illand of the £ Indies, lying Chinefe, Malayans, Amboynefe, Topafles, Jo the s of Borneo, and feparated at its BugafTes, Timoreans, and many other w end from Sumatra, by the ftrait of people, brought iiromdiftant tountries by Sunda. It is fometimes called Great the Dutch. In 1 740, the Dotcn pretended Java, to diftinguilh it from Bali, by fome that the Cl^inefir were going to imakfb an named Little Java ; and is 420 miles in infmtrefthm, and Vg m that account diC length, and of various breadth, extending from- 10 5 to 118° E lon. and 6 to S*' 8 lat. The N coa(t has a great many commo- dious creeks, bays, harbours, and to%vns, armed them ; and yet, after that they barbmiQufly mafiactied them, to the num- ber m 10,000 men, women, and children, and^ feizcd their efl^<. Batavia is the with many little iflands near the fhore. capital. In former times, it had as many petty Jawer, a ftrong toym of Sllelia, capi- kings as there were large tovms ; but tal of a province of ^e fame name, with now it has two kingdoms only ; one of a citadel, and a large fquare, furrounded which is under the kin? of Mataram» and by piazzas. It is 12 miles 8 of Lignitz, the other under the King of Bantam, and 88 e of Prague. Lon. 16 36 9, The Javanefe are a barbarous, proud, lat. 50 58 N. and fierce people, of a brown complexion, JayvouA. See jxtvovK. fhoit coal-black hair* large f^9Jf^ igill toORC* «r IbirOx^ 4 town of Weft> '1% G U A JT E A ans 5 but vrith- fi phalia, in the biaiopric of Ofnaburg, to miles siv of Oinaburgh, and 30 NE oi Munlter. Lon. 8 20 e, lat. 5a i+N. Iceland, a large ifland to the wot Norway, 300 miles in length, and 1 50 in breadth, lying between 64. and 66° N lat. for two months together the fun never lets ; and in the winttrr it never riles for the lame fpace, at leaft not entirely. The middle ot this illand is mountariious, ftony, and barren; but in ibme places there are excellent paftures. Mount Hecla IS the molt noted mountain, and is a vol- cano, which Ibmetimes throws out ful- hureous torrents. The inhabitants be- ieve that lome of the fouls of the damned go to this mouiritain, and that others are confined to the ice near tl.is illand. Their houfes are at a diltance from each other, and many of them Ueep in the ground ; but they are all miferablc huts, covered with fkins. Many of the inhabitants profeft Chriftianity j but thofe that live at a diltance are pagans. They are moft- ly clothed with the Ikins of beafts. The Panes trade with the natives for hides, tallow, trainoil, whalebone, and feahorfes teeth, which are as good as ivory. Ice- land, which was coniidei-ed by the ancients as the Ultima Thule, or the extremity of tlie world, and byutas Icarcely habitable, •nee abounded in learning and fcience, at a time when great part ot Europe was in- volved in darknefs. Their language was the old Gothic or Teutonic, the verna- cular tongue of the Swedes, Danes, and Norwegians, before it branched into Che leveral dialefts fince fpoken by the natives of the.'e three kingdoms. IcKWORTH, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Friday. Here are the ruins of »n ancient priory, and feveral Roman coins have been dug up. It is 23 miles Nw of Ipfwich, and 74 nne of London. Lon. I o E, lut. 52 22 N. IcOLMKiLL, fonnerly lONA, a famous little ifland, one of the Hebrides, near the afled with moimuins, ro that it fecmi JE R to ftand !n the middle of an amphitheatre. It is about three miles in cii'cumference* and includes Mount Calvary, which was formerly without the walls. What ren- ders it confidcrable is the great refort of pilgrims ; for the inhabitants accommo- date them with lodgings and provlfions* which is their chief bulmefs. A bafliaw, with a guard of janiflaries, always refide^ here, to protcft them from the Arabs. The church of the Holy Sepulchre, which the pilgrims come to vitit, is a large ftniciure, with a round nave, and has no light but what comes through the top, like the Pantheon at Rome. In the middle of the nave, and direftly under the opening of the dome. Is the Holy Sepulchre, which is placed in a chape), whole door is three feet high and two broad. It is fo fmall, that it will hold but three perlbns on their knees at a time. At the entrance, on the right hand, is the place where the body of our Saviour was laid. The table on which he was faid to have been laid at firft is two feet and a half high from the pave- ment, which is now covered with white marble, becaule its vifitors were all for carrying away a fmall bit. This chapd is cut out of the rock, and there are three holes in the roof, to let out the fmoku of the lamps, which are 44 in number, and always kept lighted. The whole is covered with white marble, both within and without; and on the outfide there are 10 fine columns of the fame. It is covered with a platform, the middle of which is exactly above the three holes, and forms a fmall dome, fix feet in height, covered with lead, and fupported by i» columns of porphyry, placed by pairs oa the platform, and fo making fix arches, having three lamps under each. Before the gate of the fepulchre is a filver lamp, fo large, that two men cannot fathom it. Every year, on Good-Friday, all the parts of our Saviour's paflion areu>lemnized and afted here. They have firft a fermon, and then every one takes a lighted taper in his hand, with crucifixes, See. to begin the proceflion. Among the crucifixes is one as large as |^ife, being crovtmed with thorns, and bfefmeared wiui blood. They vifit firft the pilbr of flagellation; next the prifon; afterward the altar of the di- vifion of Chrift *s garments *. then th«y ad> vance to the chapel of derifion, and thence tb Mount Calvaiyi leaving their (hoes at the bottom of the ftaii'S. Here are two altars ; one where our Lord was fuppo(ed to be nailed to the crofs; and another "vvfaerc it wat er^atdt licre tb)^ fet up i 4'' J 10 th« crucified image, then pull out the nails, taRe down the body, and wrap it in a windlng-flieet, which finiAies tlie •ceremony, Jcruralem is 112 miles sw of Damafcus, and 175 ne of Suez. Lon. 35 -5Ei l^t. 31 55 N. Jesi, a town of Italy, in Ancona, with a bifhop's fee. It is leated on a mountain, near the riv?r Jefi, 17 miles few of Ancona, and iia ne of Rome. Lon. 13 16 E, lat. 43 30 N. Jeso, a group of iflands on the E coaft of Afia, lyinj between thole of Japan aiid the Kuriles. The iouthermoft, called Matmai, lies N of Niphon. It is governed by a tributary prince, dependent on the empire of Japnn, and fortified on the fide toward the continent. It is full of woods ; and the inhabitants, who live by firtiing and hunting, are ftrong, robult, lavage, and flovenly, when compared to the Ja- panele. The two iflands to the ne of Matmai, Kvnachir and Zellany, and likewife the three ftill further to the ne, called the Three Sifters, are perfefliy in- elependent. The Japanefe give the name •f Jefb to the whole chain of iflands be- tween Japan an on a hi^h ^an.kjgCjpi^^ipj; I L F ' the bridge over the Goomty. It is now c. J in ruins, although, formerly, it commanded the country from the Gange* 'to Lucknow. This place was, at one time, the feat of an empire. Chaja Je- han. Vizier to fiiltan Mahummud Shah, during the minority of his fon, Mamood Shah, aflumed the title of fultan Shirki, or king of the Eift, took pofleflion of Bahar, and fixed his refidence at Jion- pour, where he built the ^reat rnufjud, or maufolcum, which is fttU remaining, for himfelf and family . The (tone bridge over the Gooraty confifts of 16 pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many little fliops on both fides. It was built in 1567, upon fuch found principles, as to have witbftooti, for fuch a length of time, the force of the ftream, which, in the time of the rains, is very gi«-at. The inundations have been known to rile fre- quently over the bridge, infomuch that in 1774, a brigade of the Britifti army pafled over it in beats. Jionpour is 49 miles Nw of Benares. Lon. 84 7 £, lat. 1545N. Ila. See Islay. IlanA, a town in the country of the Gri/bns, capital of the Grey League. It is partly furrounded by walls } being the only walled town, except Coire, among the Grifons. Here the general diet of the three leagues aflembles every third year. It is feated on the Rhine, 1 7 miles sw of Coire. Ilc HE STER,a borough in Somerfetfhire, with a market on Wednefday. It is of great antiquity, as appears by the Ro- man coins dug up, and once had fixteen churches, but now only two. It fends two members to parliament, and here the county gaol is kept. It is feated on the Ivel, 16 miles s of Wells, and 123 w by s of London. Lon. 2 37 w, lat. 50 56 n. Ildefonso, St. a village of Spain, In New Caftile, five miles N of Uzeda, on the river Cogolludo. Here is a mag- nificent palace, built py Pl^ilip v, which l^as veiy fine waterworks and gardens. Ildefonso de los Zapotaco% St. a town of New Spain, feated on a a mountain, 50 miles N£ of Anteqyicra. Lon. 27 30 w, lat. 1,7 5N. Ilderton, a village in Northumber- land, four miles s of Wooler. .On J^Jjill near 4^ i^ a feinlcircylajr encampment, defertded by two higH.rampire?, of, earth, ' fnd a, ^ttv (oRey ,w»th- An inner circle of ,.Ij;oaes[, wnich appear ungeip^nted. The ""ai'^ii; jTs aWut' ibo yar.4s diameter, and <;ontainji many remains of build mgs. .. Jlfjlacomb, af^|>gft and corporate W". r. .It i« now , foimciJy> it n\ the Ganges was, at one I. Chaja Je- uinmud Shuh, fon, Mamooci fultan Sbirki, : poflcffion of ence at J ion - cieat mufjud, ill remaining, te ftone bridge oF 1 6 pointed f it are many- It was built principles, as h a length of ,m, which, in ly girat . The wn to rile fre- infomuch that Britifti army Jionpour is 49 m. 84. 7 £, lat. country of the Grey League. \f walls } being except Coire, ire the general iflembles every on the Rhine, iSomerfetlhire, fday. It is of rs by the Ro- [ice had fixteen :wo. It fends t, and here the s fcated on the and 123 w by r, lat. 50 56 N. lage of Spain, s N of Uzeda, lere is a mag- ^iiip V, which nd gardens. ZAPOTACOk feated on a if Anteqyicra. i •ft I L ,5 , town In Dcvonfhire, with a market on .Saturday. It is governed by a mayoi, and has a fpacioiis bafin, formed by a good pier proje^^ing into the Briftol Channel. This port employs a number of bfig? and (loops, chiefly in carrying oi'e from CornNvall, coal from Wales, and corn from Briftol ; nlfo a number of filhing flciffs, which, with thole of Mine- head,'^filh on a bank otf the coaft, and take a number of foles, turbots, & . for the Brlltol market. It is leated almolt o])pofite Swansea, in Glamorganlhire, 49 milts NNW of Exeter, and 181 W by s of London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 51 14 N. Ii.HEOS, a feaport of Brafd, capital of Rio los-Ilheos, 150 miles ssw of St. Sal- vador. Lon. 41 20V, lat. 15 5 s. Ii.KUCH, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Cracow, remarkable for its fil- ver mines mixed with lead. It is feated in a barren country, at the foot of feveral mount-.'.ins, 15 miles NW of Cracow. Lon. 19 40 E, lat. 50 20 N'. Ille, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of Roufdlon, 10 miles SE of Per- pignan. Lon. 3 5 E, lat. 42 35 N. Iller, a river of Germany, which rifes in Tirol, runs N through Suabia, paffing by Kempten, Memmingen, and Kirch-" berg, and falls into the Danube, at Ulm. Illinois, a river of N America, which rifes in the Weftern Territory, near the s end of Lake Michigan, and taking a sw courfe, falls into the Mif- fiJfippi. Between the Illinois and the Ohio, is the country of a noted Indian nation, called the Illinois. Illock, a ftrong town of Sclavonia, feated on the Danube, 15 miles from Petei-waradin, and 55 N\v of Belgrade. Lon. 20 6 E, lat. 45 36 N. Il m e n, a lake of Rulfia, in the govern- ment of Novosjorod, which has a communi- cation with the lake Ladoga, by the river Volkhof. Lon. 34 o e, lat. 58 o N. I L minster, a town in Somerletfhire, with a market on Satuarday. It i$ feated in a dirty bottom, among the hills, 26 milts sw of Wells, and 137 w by s of London. Lon. 2 54 w, lat. 50 55 N. Ilsley, East, a town in Berkftilre, with a market or. Wednelday. It is feated in ^ pleafant valley, between two hills, and exceHent downs for feeding Iheep. It'is 14 miles NW of Reading, am' ^3 w of Lohdon. Lon. i ix'w, iat. 51 32 N. ' IlsTi atpwnof the United Provljices, in Friefland, feated on the ^ytyiller, I2 rftlles iB ot' Lewardjen. Lon. 5 24 JE, hi, 5 j 1 u. I,M E, Ilstadt, a town of Bavarla» feated at the confluence ofthe Danube and IlJs,op- ' pofJttPaflau. Lon. 13 37 e, lat. 48 27 n. Imenstadt, a town of Suabia, 20 miles E of of Lindau. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 47 35 N. Imeritia, acotmtryof Afin, between • the Black Sea and the Cafpian ; bounded on the s by Turkey, on the w by Min- grelia, on the N by Ofl'etin, and on th» E by Gtorgia, of which it is, properly I'peaking, a part. The revenues of the" lovercign, vvho is ftyled czar, aiife from a contribution of the peafapts in wine, grain, and cattle^and from the tribute of the neighbouring princes ; and among the ' extraordinaiy fources of revenue, coniifca-. tions have a confiderable ftiare. But as all this is infufficient for the fubfiltence of the prince, he ufually travels from houfe to houle, living on his vafTals, and nevet' changing his quarters till he has con- fumed every thing eatable. The court of Imeritia is, therefore, not remarkable for fplendour, nor the prince's table fumptuoufly ferved. His ufual fare con- filtsofgom (a fpeciesof millet, ground, and boiled into a pafte) a piece ot roafted meat, and fome prefled caviare. Thefe he eats with his fingers; forks and fpoona being unknown in Imeritia. At table he is frequently employed in judging caufeS, which he decides at his difcretion, there being no law but his dwn will. He ufually wears a coarl'e drefs of a brown colour, with a muflcet on his flioulder j but upon folemn occaiions, he puts on a robe of rich gold brocade, and hangs rcrund his neck a fdver. chain. He is diltinguilhed from his fubjefts by riding ujv i an afs, perhaps the only one in Imeritia, and by wearing boots. He has no regular troops, but caa colleft an undifciplined army of 6000 men ; nor has he any artillery. His civil ordi- nances are illlied every Friday, which is the market day, when one ctf hi^ fefv'ahti ai'cends a tree, and with a loud voice pro- claims the etli6l, which is communicated to the people, by each peribn, upon his return to the place of his abode. The inhabitants, eftimated at 26,009 families, are not coUefted into towns or villap-es, but Icattered over the country in fmall hamlets. They lend yearly confiderable quantities of wine to the neighbouring parts of Georgia, in leathefn bags, car- ried by horfes : but they are wlthotit ina- rrafaftures, veryjpopr and miferable, and cruelly opprefl'cdW their landlords'. TJfi Imeritians are OT the Greek religioi^. Their^^atriarch,' who i« generally 0? (he Tojfat family, c^ii feldom read or wfltet ■ ■■.'J' ... '. ' *> ''T- i'- -•■''■ '----- IN D IN D Jte:!' ij: ■ :■ K and the faint*. and the infeiior clergy are not better in- between which are fevcral rew larga ftrufled. Their churches are wretched ones» at Ceylon, Sunutra, Java, Borneo, building!, fcarcely to be diftinguiflied and Celebes, befide many others of con« from common cottages, but from a paper fiderable tntportanee at to riches^ though srofs over the principal door, and fome much inferior in extent. Their produce and other particulars, are dcfcribed under their feveial heads. Indies, West, the name given to a great number of iilands- in the Atlantic Ocean, which extend acrofa the entrance of the gulf of Mexico, from the NW extremity of the Bahama iHands* off the coaft of Florida, in lat. 27 45 N, in a SB direiHon, to the ifland of Tobago,, izo miles from the coalt of T:rra Firma, ia lat. IX 30 N. Cuba is the molt weftern, and Batbadoes the moft eaftern •f thele iflands. When Columbus dif covered them i« 1491, he confidered them paintings of the virgin Cutais IS the capital. Imola, a populous town of Italy, in Romagna, with a bi(hop's fee ; feated on the Santcmo, 45 miles n by e of Flo- icnce. Li»n. 11 45 e, lat. 44 a8 N. Inchcolm, an idand in the frith of Forth, near the coaft of Fife, but within the county of Edinburgh. Here arc the fine ruins of a monaftery, founded in 1 123, by Alexander I, in gratitude, it is faid, /or his efcape, when driven on this idand in a tempeit, and for the hol'pitable treat- ment he received here, for three days, from a hermit, who entertained him with the milk of his cow, aivl a few (hellfiOi. It was of the order of Auguftines and dedicated to St. Columba. Inchkeith, a defulate little ifland in Edinburghlhire, in the frith of Forth, as part of thole valt regions in Afia, com- preliendcd wuder the general name of Irulia, to reach wliich, by a w courfe acrol's the Atlantic Ocean, had be'.-n the grand objet^l of his voyage ; and this opinion was fo general, that Ferdinand lying midway between the ports- of Leith and IfabeUa, king and queen of Caftile and Ktnghorn. Here is a iuinou* fort. Inchmarnock, a beautiful little ifland of Scotland, sw of the ifle of Bute» It is one mile long ; and on the w fide are vaft ilrataof coral and fliells. It had a chapel dedicated to St. Marnoc, the ruins of which are flill to be feen. India, an extenfive region in Afia, wluch lies between ^^ and 93° E Ion. and 7 and 35° N lat. Under thi» name, the Europeans have included all the countries which lie s of Tartary, and extend from the eaite^n frontiers of Perfia to the eaftern coafta of China. But the name of India can be applied, with propriety, to ihat country only, which IS diftinguiflied both in Alia and Europe, by the name of Hindoottan^ The couo- in theiv ratificatiua of an agreement, granted to CoUunbus, upon his return, gave them the name of Indies. Even after the error which gave rili; to this opinion was detefled, and the tiue po- fition of the New World was afcer- taincd, the name has remained, and tlie appellation of the Weft Indies is given by all the people of Europe to thefe iflands, and that of Indians to the inhabitants, not only of thefe iflands, but of the continent of America. They are like- wife called the Caribbee Iflands, from the aborigines of the country; and the fea in which they lie is called, the Carribbean, Sea. By the French, they are called the Antilles; and nautical men diftiogruifli them, from the different tries ta the B of the river Burampooter courfes taken by fhips, iirtd the Leewaid (namely, Aracan, AfFam, Ava, Burmab, and Windward Iflands, which fee. The Cambodia, Cochtn-China, Laos, Mat- name of Caribbee fhould properly be lacca, Pegu, Siam, and Tonautn) which confined to the fmaller iflands, lying be* geographert have hitherto diftinguiiked tween p<)rto Rico and Tobago. Thefe by thenameof the Peninfulaof India be- were inhabited by the Caribs, a fierce yond the Ganged, aie no more to be con- race of men, newife refemblinff their ildered as belonging to India, than the timid neighbours in the larger ifhmds* border! n&r countries of Perfia, Tartayy, Colttmbtts was a witnefy to their intrepid and Thibet. See Hindoostan. valour. The fame charaftec they have Indies, East, the name given by maintained invariably in all fubfequent £iUY>pean3 to a great number of iflands contefts with the Eurapeans. The Britiflt in the Indian Ocean^ extending from the iflands are Jamaica, Barbadoes, St. ^nihfula of Htndoofta^ as far e as New Guinea, and from the ^y. of Bengal and the China Sea as far a as New I&IIand. The.m^ weftem of them., are the Maldi- ves, ana the moft eaftcprn the Molluccat j Chriftppher» Aaitigua, An^ada, Nevis, Montfetlaty A^W'Huda, Anguilla, Domi- nicia, St. Vincent, Granada, the Ba- hama Iflands, and pOt^ iht Virgin Iflands i with '^obago^^imUi^cea ^4 »m>M ne given to a. I the Atlantic 1 the entrance; From the Nw (lan^s, off the 7 45 N, in a 1 of Tobago,. ■ T:rra Firma, L is the molt ,e raoft eaftern (Jolumbuii dii* lonfidered them i in Afia, cora- lecal name ot' )y a w courfe , had be'.'n the age i and this that Ferdinand Liten of Caftjle, an aereement, pon his return, Indies. Even ive rile to this idi the Uue po- rid was afcer- nainvd, and tlie dies is given by o thefe iAands, he inhabitants, s, but of the 'hey are like- Iflands, from intryj and the lis called, the French, they and nautical the different ;d the Lcewaid hich fee. The properly be inds, lying be- ibago. Theft ibs, a fierce liemblini^ their larger ilhrn^s* their intrepid ;er they have all fubfequent it. TheBritiflt jarbadoes, - St. i^ada, Nevis, [guilla, Domi- fada, the Ba- the Virgin ^0, S&A ifc ►•• •»'■ .• .-4 V •*t* 'f\ '\' u;! 'rt1 ; > ,- •• ■' ' ^1 I M • I ■ V • .,rt. » M. <■>■ ..■ ,r -^ T.) ■ 1-i ..• V t .-,'' •4 . il! .^•>\ i^ \''i< :: •■ *jmitcy'in.^^m^ -*'^' 'A- I- t Jrr^ i r*'$^ ^itjsm r '^ ilJil I > i^taKMkv* ^-ts«*>4t*tf||t%;^:< \^ •^jMk«it«^ - vi>-J,i|»»^j '•■^kv-.-'i -w.y 4 14^ . •.-■..;-|«V'«,j»j*r>. ••••"!<« and th« tnfe ftrufled. buildings^ from comm srofs over t! paintines d* Cutais IS thi ) Imola, || Komagna, i\ the Santemi* icnce. L«Q iNCHCOli Forth> near! the county «, fine ruins of j. byAlexandil,,^ for his efcafi t in a tempelt j nent he rei; iromahermj the milk of [ "It was of ■ dedicated tc ' , iNCHKEf . Edinburghi) lying Tiiidw^ and KtnghQ inchma: ifland of Sq ' It is one li > are vaft ilra a chapel dt; ruins of wK I India, : wtuch lies,! vi and 7 and j' the Europr countries y extend froii to the cad the name t pro^nety,)! ; by the nan tries t» tltt (namely,^ Cambodia^ lacca* Pegi geosraphef by the nam yond the G lldered as . bordering and Thibel Indi&s^ Europeaiis in the Indii j^rtitifula o Guinea* ai the China | The-xnoJ^v ves, and tH .."'■*' 'r ^ *' ■ -V.V- ( ;.;►-!; ;, *<.»' ■■t* V^ ^t s^' :'> ■ ,«.r/> 1.. t» ' » t - :«jet sX - tl ♦ .1 i i i^- ■ 'ttkMMWiV*^ \ '■"murryr I J i ^ f^- ./2t'^'J*!^« [a^fltftti. JI O JV n U R A '^ I .1'' >•' I'll !'.'» ^ Hf 1 oiUrtvagTiii ( liMnwlut IDURAS pl*^ 1^ ' ^..>ff,>rl J'S ' I'rtiiuiii Rirf' TillU/ll/llH' , % ,>i,>r,MM^ ®M'.,^iia,.^ 'OtA OR B B E "if'' Urt Qilii-iiit ifirti I. * Ki///* Si>iuul 4 J ^ (J.Ot' 1'*IJKI| P.^.ff luthtriiit CHI .iioJkr J U* V ' o s TA % J^ j> S' Sj t.utiu'itiitli' Wril rroni I<(inilan ^ Ci^l/ A ^nes. MoroHqi • fiiAmfi/iiiu / PlttTnvPf Tiumiliininiuf S i r' j*\^ 1 I N D I N D fit. Lucitt eonqoered from the French> the firft in t793> and the other two in S794. Cuba, Porto ftico, Trinidad, and Margarita, belong to the Spaniards, who have the eaftem |xart of Uiipaniola. The French have Guadaloupc, Mariga- lante, Defeada, and the weuem part of Hilpaniola, fome places of which laft, however, have provifionally fubmitted to the EnrrliOi. The Dutch have St. Eu- ftatia, v.kira^ao, Saba, and St. Martin; the. Danes, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and part of the Virgin Iflaods } and the Swedes, St. Bartholomew. Indians of North and South America, the original natives of theie two vaft continents ; of whom It is ob- servable, that there is a natural diltin^ion between the inhabitants cf the temperate zones and thofe of the torrid; and that accordingly, they may be divided into two great dalles. The one comprehends all the N Americans, from the river St. Lawrence to the gulf of Mexico, together with the people of Chili, and a few fmall t;:ibes towara the extremity of the fouthern continent. To the other belong all the inhabitants of the iflands, andthofe lettled in the provinces, which extend from the 'ifthmus of Darien ^Imoft to the fouthein confines of Brafil, along the e llde of the Andes. In the former, which coospre- hends all the regions of the temoerate zone in America, that are inbaoited, the human fpecies appears maaifeitly to be more perfe£l. The natives are more robuft, aaive, intelligent, and courageous ; and have defended their liberty with \yef- ievering fortitude aguinft the Europeans, who iubdued the other rude nations of America with the greateft eale. The natives of the temperate zone are the •only people in the new world who are indebted for tlielr freedom to their own valour. The N Americans, though long encompaffed by three formidable Euro- pean powers, retain part of their original poiTellions. The people of Chili, though xarly invaded, ftill maintain a gallant contelt with the Spaniards, and have iet bounds to their encroachments ; whereas, in the warmer regions, men are more feeble in their frame, lei's vigorous in the efforts of their mind, of a gentle but daliardly fpirit, more enflaved by plea- fure, and inore funk in indolence. Ac- cordingly, it is m the torrid zone that the Europeans have moft effe£lually efta- blifhed their Aomlnton over America; and, if feveral tribes there ftill enjoy in- dependence, it is either becaufe they have fiever been attacked by sm enemy already fatiated with conqueft, and poflelTcd of larger territories than he was able to occupy, or becaufi hey have been faved from oppreflion by iieir remote and in- accelfible Htuation. This diftinclion, however, although fo confpicuous, is not univerfal. Of the maimers of the N American Indians, a general idea may be formed, by an account of thofe who inhabit the countries to the E of the Miinifippi. Thefe confiil of a8 different nations; the principal of whi.cb are the Cherokiu:!:, Chickafaws, Choctaws» Creeks, Delawares, the fix Nations, the (hawaneie, Hurons, Illinois, &c. Allow- ing about 700 to a nation or tribe, they will contain, in all, zo,ooo fouls, and may furnilh between 4 and 5000 war- riors. Thefe Indians take a great deal of pains to darken their complexion, by anointing themfelves with greafe, aiui lying in the fun. They alfo paiqt their face, breaft, and fhoulders, of vai'iou« colours, but generally red ; and in many parts of their bodies they prick in gun- powder in very pretty figures. Their features are well formed, efpecially thoie of the women. They are of a middle ftature, their limbs clean and ilraight, and fcarcely any crooked or deformed perfon is to be found among them. They fhave, or pluck the hair off their headf » except a patch about the crown, which \a ornamented with beautiful feathers, beads* wampum, and fuch like baubles. Their ears are bored, and ftretch^d by a thong down to their fiioulders. They zvc wound round with wire to expand thema and adorned with filver pendants, rings* and bells, which they Ukewiie wear in their nofes. Some of them will have a large feather through the earti^age of the noie ; and thofe who can afford it, wear a, collar of wampum, a filvcr breaftplate* and bracelets on the anus and wrifts. A bit of cloth about the middle, a fhirt qf the Engli/h make, op. which they beftow iniuimerable Ititches to adorn it, a fort of cloth boots and mockafons, which are fhoes of a make peculiar to the Indians, orna^ mented with porcupine quills, with a blanket thrown over all, complete their drefs at home ; but when they go to war* they leave their trinkets behmd. There is little difference between the drefs of the men and women, excepting that a fhort petticoat, and the hair, which is ex- ceedingly black and long, and clubbed be- hind, diftin^ifh fome of the latter. Their warhke arms are guns, bows and arrows, darts, fcalping knives, and tomahawks: the laft is one of th(;ir B'! :)1 ihoft ufeful pieces of field -fumltiire, fcrv- ing all the offices of the hatchet, pipe, and Iword. Tlicj^ are exceedingly expert in throwing it, and will kill ataconfideiablt diftance. The wovld has no better markfrnen with r.ny weapon. They will kill birds flying, fifties Iwimming, and wild bealts i-unning. They are not fo ig- norant as fome i'uppofe them, but arc a very intelligent people, quick of appre- henCon, fuaden in execution, fubtle in bufinefs, exquifite in invention, and induf- trious in aftion. They are of a veiy gentle and amiable dilpofition to thole they think their friends, but as implacable in their enmity; tlieir revenge being completed only by the entire deftnifticn 6f their enemies. They are veiy h?rdjr, bparing heat, cold, hunger, and thirrt, in a furprifmg manner j and yet no people are more addi6ltd t6 exceis in ieatjng and drinking, when it is in their jjower. The follies, nay mifchief, they commit, when inebriated, are entirely laid to the liquor ; and no one will rtjvenge any injtiry (murder excepted) received from one who is no more himfelf . Among the Indians ill men :irc equal, perfoniil qualities bein^ moll elkemed- No diltinc- iio;i of birth,' or rank, renders any man capable of doing prejudice to the rights of prrvate perlbnsj and there is no pre-emi- nence' from merit, which begets pride, and which makes others too fenfinle of 'their owjj Inftriority. Thpir public conferences fliow them to b: men of genius J and tjicy tave, in a high de- gi'ee, the talent of natural eloquence. They live difperfed in villages, either in the woods, or on the banks of ri\'ers, where they have little plantations of Indian corn, and roots, not enough to Aipply their families half the year; and they fubfift, the remainderbfit,by hunting, fiftiing, and fowling, and the fruit? of the earth, which grow fpontaneoufly in great plenty. Their buts are generally built of ihnall logs, and covered with bark, each having a chipiney, and a door, on which they place a padlock. One of their town?, called Old Chelicothe, is built in the form of a parallelogram ; and fome of their houfes are fhirgl.ed. A long council- hdufe extends the whole length of the town, wbere the king and chiefs of the nation fregjuently meet, and cpnfulton all matters of importance, whether of a civil or military nature. Some huts are built by letting up a frame on forks, and placing bark againft it ; others of reeds, and fur- i'fiuhded with clay. The fire is in the middle of the wigwaijn, and the fmok? 'I N 6 palTes through 'a little hole. They join reeds together, by cords run through them, which lerve them for tables and beds. They mbftly lie upon Ikins of wild beafts, arid fit on the grourid. They have brafs kettles and pots to boil their foud. Gourds or calabalhes, cut afurider, fcrve them for pails, cups, anddifiies. The ac- counts of travellers, concerning their re- ligion, are various ; and although it can- not be abfolutely affirmed that they have r>one, yet it mult be confeflTed very diffi- cult to define what it is. All agree that they acknowledge one Supreme Gpd, but do not adore him. They have not fepn him, they do not know him, believing him to be too far exalted above them, and too happy in himfelf to be concerned about the trifling affairs of poor mortals. They feem alfo to believe in a future Itate, and ' that after death they fhall be removed to 'their friends, who have gone before thern^ to an elyfium, or paradife. The Wyan- dotts, near Detroit, and fome others, have the Roman catholic religion introduced among them by miffionaries. Thefe have a church, a miniftei', and a regular bury- ing-groulid. Many of them appear zea- lous, and fay prayers in their families. Thele, by their acquaintance with white peopk', are a little civilized, which mull of nectllity precede Chriftiaijjty. The Shawanefe, Cherokees, Chickafaws, and fome others, are little concerned about religion. Others continue their former fuperftitious worlhip of the obje6tr of their love and fear, and eCpecially thofe beings whom they moft dread; though, at the fame time, it is allowed they pray to the fun, and other inferior be- nevolent deities, for fuccefs in their un- dertakings, for plenty of food, and other- nccefTaries of life. They have their feftj- vals, and other rejoicing-days, on which they fing and dance in a ring, taking hands, having fo painted and difguifed theinl'elves, that it is difficiilt to know any of them ; and after enjoying this diver- fion foi- a while, they retire to the place where they have prepared a feaft of filh, flefh, fowl, and fruit; to wliich all are invited, and entertained vnt\\ their country fongs. They believe that there is great virtue in feaffs for the fick. For this purpofe, a young buck m'lft be killed and boihd, thtf friends and near neigh- bours of the patient invited, and havnig firft thrown tobacco on the* fife, and cq- vered it up clofe, they all fit down in a ring, and raife a lame"ntabje cry. They then uncover the fire and kindle it; and the he^ of th« buck is firft fcnt aboutj^ I N D I N D ereiy one taking a bit, and giv ing a loud croak, in imitation of crows. They after- ward proceed to eat all the buck, making <■ molt harmonious, melancholy fone ; in tvhich ftraln theii' mufic is particularly ex- cellent. As they approach their towns, when fome of their pepple are loft in war, they make great lamentations fftr ' their dead, and bear them long after in remem- brance. Some nations abhor adulteiy, do not approve of a plurality of wives, and are not guilty of theft j but there are other- tribe$ that are not (o fcnipulous. Among the Chickafaws,ahufband may cut »fF the nofe of his wife, if guilty of adul- tery ;.but men are allowed greater liberty. This nation defplfes a thief. Among the Cherokees they cut olf the nofe and ears of an adulrrels j afterward her hulband gives her a difcharge; and from this time (he is not permitted to refule any one who prefents himfelf. Fornication is un- noticed j for they allow perlbns in a fingle (tate unbounded freedom. Their form of marriage is Ihort: the man, before wit- nefles, gives thfe bride a deer's foot, and (he, in return, prefents him with an ear of corn, as erabJems of their feveral du- ties. The women are very flaves to the men; which is a common cafe in rude, unpolifhed nations, throughout the world. Their king has no power to put any one to death by .his own authority ; but the murderer is generally delivered, up to the friends of the deceafed, to do as they pleafe. When one kills another, his friend kills him, and fo they continue until much blood is (hedj and at lalt the quarrel is ended by mutual pre- fents. Their kings are hereditary, but their authority extremely limited. No people are a more ftriking evidence of the miferies of mankind in the want of govern-, ment than they. Every chief, when of- fended, breaks off with a party, fettles at fome diftance, and then commences hofti- lities acrainft his own people. They are generally at war with each other. When they take captives in var, they are ex- ceedinly cruel, treating the nnhappy prifoners in fuch a manner, that death would be preferable to life. They load them with burdens, and when they arrive at their towns they mull run the gauntlet. In this, the favages exercife fo much cru- elty, that one would think It iinpofiible theyihould furvive their fnfFerings. Ma- ny are killed; but if one oiithves tlils trial, he is adopted into a family as a fon, and treated with paternal klnd- nel's. But fometlme.'- heir prifoners a/€ deftined to be u vired to di-.ith, In order to fatiate the revenge of their conquerors. While their lot is in fuf- penfe, the prifoners appear altoj;ethel' unconcerned about what may befal them ; they talk, they eat, they (leep, as if there were no danger impending ; and when the fatal fentence is intimated to them, they receive it with an unaltered countenance, raife their death-fong, and prepare to fuffcr like men. The viftors allemblc as to a folemn feftival, refblved to put the forti- tude of the captives to the utmoft proof. A fcene cnfues, the bare defcription of which is enough to chill the heart with horror, wherever men have been accuf- tomed, by mild inftitutions, to refpeft their fpecies, and to melt into tendemefs at the light of human fufferings. The prifoners are tied naked to a Itake, butr fo as to be at liberty to move round it, Allprefent, men, women, and chil- dren, ruui upon them like furies : (ome burn their limbs with redhct irons, fome mangle their bodies with knives, others tear their fiefh from their bones, pluckout their nails by the roots, and rend and twift their finews ; and fucb is their cruel ingenuity in torturing, that, by avoiding to touch the vital parts, they often prolong this fcene of anguifli for feveral days. In fpite of all their fufferihgs, the viiStims continue to chant their death-fong with a firm voice, they boa/t of their own exploits, they infult their tormentors £of their want of (kill to avenge the death of their friends and relations, they war^ them of the vengeance that awaits them on account of what they are now doing, and excite thdr ferocity by the moft pro- voking reproaches and threats. To dif- play luidaunted fortitude in fuch dreadful fituations, is the nobleft triumph of a warrior: to avoid the trial by a vo- luntary death, or to (brink under it, is deemed cowardly and infamous. Ani- mated by thefe ideas, they endure, with- out a groaji, what it Icems almoft im- poflible that human nature fliould I'uftain. Weary, at length, of contending with men, whofe conihncy they cannot van- quifli, fome chief, in a rage, puts a period to their Ihtferings, by difpatching them with Ills dagger or his club, The people of S America gratify their revenge in a manner Ibnicwhat different, but with the fame unrelenting rancour. Their prifon- ers, after meeting, at their firft entrance, with the Himc i-ough reception as among the N Americans, are not only exempt from injury, u t treated with the greatest kindnefs. They are feafted and carefled* and fonw beautiful young wOmen al"c ftp- T 4. I- ^-'l 'H 1 N D I N G 1! II I ¥■ ' f pi • !i: r i;ii Mi \ olntcd to attend and folace them. Butf y a refinement of cruelty, while they feem ftudious to attach their captives to life, their doom is irrevocably fixed. On an appointed day, the victorious tribe af- fembles, the priloner is brought forth with great folemnity, he meets his fate with undaunted firmnefs, and is difpatched by a fmgle blow. The moment he falls, the women feice the body, and drefs it for the feaft. They befmear their children with the blood, in order to kindle in their bo« foms a hatred of their enemies, and all join in feeding upon the flefh with amaz- ing greedinefs and exultation. Wherever this pra6lice prevails, captives never cfo cape death) but they are not tortured with the fame cruelty as among tribes which are lefs accuCtomed to fuch honid feafts. The Indians of S America, im- mediately under the Spanifh government, although the moft deprcfled order of men in the country which belonged to their inceftors, are now far from being treated w ith that rigour and cruelty which wuk laid to the charge of the firft conquerors of that continent. They are no longer confidered as flaves : on the contrary, they are re- puted as freemen, and entitled to the Erivileges of fubje^s. A certain tri- ute is, indeed, tmpofed upon them, and certain fervices required; but the fe are all under the due regulations of policy and humanity. The Indians who live in the principal towns are entirely fubjeA to the Spaniin laws and magiftrates ; but, in their own villages, they are governed by caziques, feme of whom are the defcend- ants of their ancient lords; others are named by the Spanifh viceroys. Thefe regulate the petty affairs of the people under them, according to maxims of juftice, tranlmitted to them by tradition. To the Indians, this jurifdiftion, lodged in fuch friendly hands, affords Ibme con- folation ; and fo littlt; formidable is this dignity to their new mafters, that they often allow it to defcend by hereditary right. For their further relief, the Spanifh court has appointed ati officer in every dillricft, with the title of Protestor of the Indians, whofe duty is to aflert the rights of the Indians ; to, appear as their defender in the courts of juftic^ ; and to fet bounds to the exactions of his coun- taymen. A portion of the annual tribute is deftined for. the falaries of the caziques and protectors ; another pait is appropri- ated lo the payment of their tribute in years '* famine, oi* when a particular diftri6l is afhiCted by any extraordinaiy local cala- mity. Provifion too is made> by various laws, that hofpitals fhould be founded In every new fettlement, for the reception of Indians. Such hofpitals have accord- ingly been ere^ed, both for the indigent and infirm, in Lima, Cufco, and \Iexicoy where the Indians are treated with ten- dernefs and hummity. See £s(^imavx ; Indies, West; Patagonia; and Vin- cent, St. Indrapore, a Dutch fettlement oq the w coaft of Sumatra, in the £ Indies, 1 60 miles nw of Bencoolen. iNDRb, a department of France, in-i eluding the late province of Berry. It has its name from a river, whicn rife$ in tliis departntent, and paffrng into that of InJre and Loire, falls into the Loire, between Ciiinon and Saumur. Chateau- roux is the capital. Indre and Loire, a department of France, including the late province of Touraine. Tours is the capital. Indore, or Enpore, a modern city of Hindoollan Proper, capital of a ter- ritory in the province of Malwa, fubje£l to one of the Poonah Mahratta chiefa. It Is 30 miles s of Ougein. Lon. 76 5 £» lat. 1^ 31 N. Indus, a great river of HindooftaQ Proper, called by the natives Sinde or Sindeh. It is formed of about ten principal ftreams, which defcend from the Peruaii and Tartarian mountains. Froi^ the city of Attock to Moultan, or to the confiux of the Chunaub, it is commonly named the river of Attock. Below the city of Moultan, it proceeds in a sw dire£lion, through the province of that name, lind that of Sindy, and enters the Arabian Sea, by feveral mouths, NW of the gulf of Cutch. ' " Inglesheim, a town of Geimany, in the palatinate of the Kliine, remarkabiti for liaving been the rcfidence of tlie em- perors. It is feated on the river Salva, on an eminence, five mile^ iw of Mentz. Lon. 8 15 E, lat. 49 4.8 n. Incolstadt, a Itrong town of Ba- varia, with a famous univerfity, and a fine church. The houfes are built of ftone, and the Itreets are large. It was taken by the Auftrians in 1 742 ; and was bombarded by. the French, but re- lieved by the Auilrians, Sep. 11, 1796. It is feated 'on the Danube, five miles NNE of Neuhurg^ and 45 n by w of Munich. Lon. ir 10 e, lat. 48 46 n. Ingria, a province of the Ruffian empiie, which novr form:? the gevern- nient of St. Peteriburgh. It is 130 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded onthe n by the river Neva and the gulf of Finland} I N G I N N «yn the t and s by the goverament of Novogorod, and on the w by that of Livonia, The czar Peter the Great wrefted it from the Swedes, and it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nyrtadt in 17x1. At this time, the in- habitants of the flat country were a Fin- nifli people, but little different from the Fins of Carelia as to their language and manners. They were called Ilchorki, and Ifchortzi, from the river Ifchora, which runs into the Neva. Ingriadidnot retain its ancient Swedilh privileges: on the contrary, Peter made a prefent of one part or the Ifchortzi to certain Rulfian nobles ; who, on their fide, were obliged to people the lefs-cultivated cantons of In- gria, with colonies of Rulfians from their eftates ; and thence it is, that a village of Ruflians is often furrounded by vil- lages of Fins. Thcfe Ifchortzi have long followed agriculture. Their econo- my is an iU-chcuen mean between that of the Ruffians and that of the Fins. They aifemble in fmall villages, of five or ten farms each i and live miferably in fmall dirty huts. Their inclination to idle- nefs and drinking leads them often to fell their ftock, and the very com they have faved for fowing the nelds. Some of them, however, imitate theRuifian vil- lagers, who are better managers, more at their eafe, and * abetter circumftauces. The Ingrians are a ftupid, fufpicious, thievifli race, and dangerous from their phlegmatic and pilfering temperament. They refemb^e the gypfies, are vaga- bonds like them, calculate ' nativities, and tell fortunes. The drefs of the men 15 exadly like that of the Fin boors ; but the habit of the women betrays a vanity, which, confidering the poverty of this peo- ple, and the tyranny which their hulbands and fathers exercife over them, may pals for luxury. The lower part of their drefs rcfcmbles that of the Fin country women. Their ftifft reaches down to their knees,has a neck and clofe wriftbands, both of them pinked or wrought : the body and ileeves are large } the latter whiinfically worked, and the body puffed with numberlefs plaits. Inftead of a petticoat, the In- grian women tie on two aprons: thefe are fbmetimes of cloth and fomctimes of linen worked' with different colours. That behind is much thr wiueft, and the fraaHer one in front is generally adorned ^Arith glafs beads and little /hells. Se- veral nrings of thefe beads are wore round the neck, and fall upon the breath. They carry, rather than wear* heavy ear-rings, w*th the addition generally of firings of beads. The girls wear their hair looie and uncovered : the married women, on the contrary, conceal. their hair, like the Finnifh women, with a long piece of linen, folded toward the middle int^ a kind of cap, while its extremities fall upon the back, and are fupported \jf the girdle in fuch a manner that the whole nukes a kind of fpread fail over the Ihoulders. When they drcis themfelvcs to go to town, they conunonly put on the Rul's cap, which is ornamcnte4 with a peak in front, is lined with fur, and laced round the edges : with this ther w«ar a long gown, made of ooarfe fhifl^ and fattened down the breaft with but- tons. Before the Ruffians conquered this country, the Ingrians had Luthei-an mi- nifters for every canton ; but numbers of them have been fmce converted to the Greek faith. They are full of abfurd no- tions and pagan fuperftitions, which thcf mix with the ceremonials of Chriftianity. They carry the figures of the faints inta the woods in procefhon, and tl)er<: paj them a formal worfhip. When a man is inclined to many, ne buys himfelf 31 girl, and celebrates his nuptials. All the way to the church they are accompanied by two women in veils, who flng com- pofitions. No fooner is the marriage ceremony performed, than the hufband begins to treat his wife with the utmcft feverity, and thenceforward keeps her under Itri^ difcipline, though not always with the greatdt attention to juftlce. She is often beaten for the faults of the children, and fometimes for thofe of the fervants. The dead are buried by the Erieft of the profefTion to which they elong. Their general opinion is, that they continue to live in the fubterranean world in the fame manner as they did on the furface of the earth; and that the nave is little more than a change of habitation : for which reafon^ they bury their money, that they may have it to ufe in the other world. Ingushi. See Kisti. Inn, a river of Germany, which ha» Its fource in the country of^ the Grifons, at the foot of the mountain Septimer- ber^. It runs ne through Tirol, by Infpruc, and continuing its courfe ne through Bavaria, paffes by Kufstein, Vaffeburg, Braunaw, and other towns, and falls into the Danube, between PafTau and Inftrdt. Innaconda, a fortrefs of the Deccan of Hindooitan, in the Guntoor Circur» • I'.'i J'l m '1 m i-» ill ■■*' m m ■^''it m n Di 7,.*' ['■ , ' ' i I! i I N V ffruate on a MH, 46 miles nw «f Oi;goie, and lubjcil to the ni/am of the iX-ccan. I' Innerkeithtnc, a village in Pceblef- Iffiiit, on the n fide nf the river Tweed j bear which is a medicinal Ipring, riling into celebrity. ' iNNiSKiLtiNC, a town of Ireland, in ¥tte' county of Fcrmnnach, with a (hong *fort,' it being a pafs of the grcafcft im- ^r^Unce from the N to the s of Ireland. It made an obftinate defence againft «jueen Elifabeth's army, in i595» and eg:»in in 1689, againft James 11. It is feated in the middle of Lough Earne, wfhere that great lake is contrafted, tor about fix miles, to the breadth of an ordinary river. It is 20 miles E of Ballyihannon. Lon. 6 50 w, lat^ 54. •«^ N. lNNTHAL,'a dIftriiJt of Germany, in the Tirol, watered by the fiver Inn. Infpruc.-is the capital. iNOWSLADlsLOW, a town of Poland, capital of Cujavl.^, with a fort, and a palace where the hifhop of Cujavia refidcs. It is 39 miles NE of Gr.efna, and 90 w of Waifaw. Lon. 18 50 E, lat. 5a ' Ii^SPRUC, a populous town of Ger- many, in the Tirol, capifal ofthe diilrift of Innthal, with a ftroin^J caftlc It was krmerly th^ place where the archdukes of Anftrla refided 5 and is feated in a plea- fant V3-Vy, on the river Inn, 17 miles •NW of Brixen, and 60 s of Munich. Lon. II Z7 E, Irtt. 4.7 10 N. / ■ 'In5Tai>t. Sce'PASsAU. -^ '. ■'■'■ ^ ' Inve'rarv, a royal borough in Ar- fjylefliire, feated on the nw fide of J.'och Fync. In tfif nei^hbomhobd of this place is a cortiult-nv' le iron work. It is 75 milts N\V of r.dinbm-gh and 4.5 of Glafgow. Lon. 5 o w, lat. 56 16 Ji. Inverbervie. See Bervie. Imveresk, a village in ifedinburgh- (hire, fituate on the E fiJe of the mouth of the river Eflc, on the frith of Forth. In 1783, the fv.bterraneous remains of a Komun hypocauft, or hot bath, were dif- covcred hej*e. Invhrkeithino, a borough in Fife- ihire, fituate in a beautiful bay of the frith of Forth. ' It has a confiderable trade in coal and other articles ; and is J 8 miles NW of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 25 \v, lat. 57 6 N. Inverness,' a royal borenagh of Stot- lantl, capital of a county of the fam^hame, fituate on the s bank of the river Nefs, and overlooking the frith of Murray. It haa a fafc and convenient harbour. J OH and a good deal of fhipplnsr. Several larire buildings have been evcilcd on the N fide of the town, in which.a confiderable manufaijlure of ropes and canvafs is tar- ried on. On art eminence above the tmvn arc the ruins of the old cafUe, de- moli/hccj by the rebels ih 1746 i and over the Nefs is a bridge of leven arches. The falmon fiflieiy in this river Is very confiderable. Kear this town, on the wide heath, called Cullodcn Muir, the duke of Cumberland gained a decifive viftory over the rebels in 174.6, To the w of this town is the remarkable vitrified fort called Craig Phadrick j the ftdne*', compofing its walls, appear to have been partly melted by fire. Invernels is 50 miles NE'of Foft William, and 106 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 10 w, lat. 57 34 N. Inverness-shire, the tuttft exten- fiye coun'ty of Scotland, bounded on the N by Rofsfliire} on the E by the counties of Nairne, , Murray, and Aberdeen j on the s by thofe of Perth and Argyle, and on tht w by the channel called the Minlh. Its extent, from N to s, is 50 miles,, and from E to w, go. The N part is moun'- tairtous and barren. The s part of the Ihire is alfo very mountainous, and is fuppofed to be the moil elevated ground in Scotland. This county has leveral confiderable lakes : being divided, in a manner, into two eqtial parts, by Loch Nel's, Loch Oich, Loch Lochy, and Loch Eil ; all which might.be united by a canal, th.it would form a communication be- twec^i r'lri t\W iciis. Tlie e'xtenfive plains whiciifurround tHc lakes, are, in general, fertile; and the high groimds fetd many ftecp and black,-tattle, the rearing and /elling of which is the chief trade of the inhabitants. Limeftone, iron-ore, and fomc traces of different minerals have been found in this county, with beauti- fol rock cryftals of various tints ; but no fnines have been worked hitherto with much fucccfs. The principal river is the Spey j but there are others of inferior note, as the Nefs, Fyers, Glafs, Lcchy, Sec. The common people in the high parts of the country, and on the weftern ihore, f^Tcak Gaelic ; but the people of fafhion in Invernefs, and its neighbour- hood, ufe the Englifh language, and pro- nounce it with propriety. . Inve'hurv, a boroygh in Aherdeen- fhire, fituate on the fertile banks of the Don,' jrift"abt3Vf it^ confltience with the river called Uric Water. It is 15 miles NW of Aberdeen. ' ' ' \ [' Joanna. See His7uam. '*■'■'."'*'' Johannesburg, a towiicrf Eaftera I JON I P ^ frunia, NvitTi n cltidfl, featec! on the river Pvch, near the hkc Spirding, <;5 nulu:; tE of KoningPoerg. Lon. 22 39 E, lut. 53 16 N. ' John-O-Groat's House, the re- mains of a noted' houle, reckoned the molt northerly dwelling In Scotlaad, and fituate on Dungfbay Head, which forms the NE point of Great Britain. John's St. one of the Philippine Ifl- ands, E of Mindanao. Lon. 126 32 e> lat. 9 30 N. John's, St. an ifland of N America, in the bay of St. Lawrence, having New Brunfwick on the W, and Cape Breton on the E^ It was taken by the Engiifli in John's, St. a river of N America, in New Brunfwick, which, running from N to s, enters the bay of Fnndy, at the city of St. John's. John's St. a city of N America, in New Brunrwick, fonncrly called Pjiir Town* It is fituate at the mouth of the river St. John's, in the bay of iFundy. Lon. 65 15 w, lat. 45 12 N. John's, St. a town on the e fide of the ifland of Newfoundland. It has a good harbour, entirely landlocked, and defended by feveral forts, in one of which the governor of the ifland rcfides: Lon. 52 21 w, lat. 47 32 N. John's, St. the capital of Antjgua. It is one of the moft regullr towns in the W Indies, and has the moft conjmodious harbour in the Leeward Iflinds. Lon. 62 4 W, lat. 17 4 N. JoHNquERA, a town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, featcd at the foot of the Pyrenees, 20 miles s of Perpignan. Johore, Jor, or Ihor, a town of Malacca, in Afia. It was deftroyed by tiie Portuguefe in 1603, ^"t ^^^ ^^^^ ^^' built, and is In the poflcifion of the Dutch. Lon. 93 55 e, lat. 1 15 N. JoiGNY, a town of France, in the de- partment of Yonne and late province of Burgundy. Its red wines, though not of tlie firlt quality, have a great demand. Here Is a caftle, which would be a mag- nificent one, where It finiflied. It is f'eated on the Yonne, 1 7 miles s s e of Sens . Lon. 3 36 E, lat. 4.8 o N. JoiNViLLE, an ancient town of France, in the department cf Upper Marne and late province of Champagne, with "a large magnificent caftle. It is i'catcd on the Marne, 25 miles sv/ of Bar-ie-Duc, :ind 125 SE of Paris. Lon. 5 20 e, lat. 48 20 N. , : lONA, See ICOLMKILL. JONKi6riNC, a town of Sweden, ca- pital of the province of Smoland, atifl lent of the parliament, or fiincrinr conrt cf jiiltlce for Gothland. 'J'lie homes ait chiifly of wood, covered with tuif or mofs ; no thatching being ulcd, as botli too dear, and too t'.angcroiit, in caie of fire. In order to keep out the rain, large laver* of birch baik ai? fprtad over the timbcr- v.ork of the roof, \indcr the coveiing of turf or niofs. The!"e tvirf root's nrake a fingul;ir appearance, many cf tliem pro- ducing herL:iee, which u occajionaiiy cut for the ule ot the cattle j ancf a few ;ur ornamented with flowers. The town is featcd on the s fide of Lake Wetter, with a ftrong citadel, 50 miles nw of Calmar. Lon, 14 46 E, lat. 57 12 N. Jordan, a river of Palcftinc, which riles in Mount Libanus, and runs from N to s, forming two lakes, the one for- merly called the fea of Galilee, or the Jake of Tiberias, and the other, the DeaA Sra. Josselik, a town of France, m thr! department of Mcrblhan and late pro* vince of Brctagne, 25 miles KEX)f Van- ncs. Lon, 2 23 w, lat. 48 o N. JouARE, a town of France, in the de- partment of Seine and Marne and l-^te pro- vince of the Ifle of France, with a late magnificent Benediitine abbey, 10 milc« SE of Meaux, and 35 E of Paiis, ' JouD., SeejEHUD. JotJ!x, VaLley and Lake 'bp. See Jura, Mount, ' JoYEUSi^, a. town of France, In the department of Ajdeche and late province cf t)ruphiny, feated on the Baune, 27 miles sw of Privas. IpsALA, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, with a Greek archbilhop's fee. Near it are mines of alum. It is feated on the Larif'a, 20 miles sw of Trajano- poli,and 118 w of Conftantinople. Lon. 26 10 E, lat. 40 57 N. Ipsera, a linall ifland in the Archi- pelago, in the form of a heart, 1 5 mile* N\v of the illand of Scio. To the w^ is another fmall ifland, called Anti-Ip- fera, Ipswich, a borough and feaport in Suffolk, with a market on Weduelclay, Friday, and Saturday. It Is a place of great antiquity, and was once furroundcd by a Xvall, traces of which are yet to be fcen. It contains la parifh churches, a guildhall, two hofpitals, a freelchoel, and a cuftomhonfe, with a good quay. It is popidous and well- inhabited, though ir- regularly built } but it has declined i'rom its fcrnicr coniequcnce. Its maimfac- tuies oi bioad cloth and canvas are at an ' X. i .i^ f«l ii fh !i I K I'' W''i\ ij "■■ '>■ , 11 ^'--i: 1 t ,,'' 1 I R £ mi ; apd its prefcnt commerce chiefly depend* upon the malting and exporta- tion of corn. It has a connderabit coaU- ing traule, a fmaJl fliare of foreign com- incrcc» and fends Ihips to Gu-enland. VefleU of large btirdcn ai« obliged to ftop at fome diAance below the town. It is noted for being tlic biithulace of car- dinal Wolleyi and is feateu on the Or- vrtU, 26 miles SE of Bury St. Edmuxuls, and 69 Nib of London. Lon. 1 16 £, lat. 52 8 N. Irac-Arabia, 01* Babylonian- Irac (the ancient Chaldea) a province «f Turkey in Afia ; bounded on the w by the defert of Arabia, on the N by Curdiftan and Diarbeck,on the E by Irac- Agcmi and Kufiftan, and on the s by the gulf of Peifta. It is watered by the Eu- phrates and Tigi'is ; and is almoll uH un- der the dominion of the Turks. Bagdad is the capital. Irac-Agemi, or Persian-Irac, a province of Perfiaj bounded on the w Dy Irac-Arabia and Kufiftan, on the N by Aderbeillan and Ghilan, on the e by Couhellan, and on the s by Farfiftaa. Ifpahan is the capital. Ire BY, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated in a valley, at the fource of the river Elian ; and many Roman antiquities have been dug up here. It is 10 miles ne of Cockerfnouth, and 299 nnw of London. Lon. 3 iS w, lat. 54 50 N. Ireken, Jerkin, or YarkaNi a rich and populous town of Tartary, the ca- pital of Bochaiia, with a caftie. It is the ftaple town of all the trade carried on between India and the N part of Afia. The Kalmucks are matters of itj and never dilturb any one on account of their religion. It is eight miles N of Ca/hgur. Lon. 73 25 E, lat. 4f 40 N. Irelanp, one of the Britiih iHands, lying to the w of that of Great Britain. It is bounded on the E by .St. George's Channel and the Irilh Sea, which feparate it froTO' England and Wales} on the ne by a channel, called the North Channel, 34 miles broad, which feparates it from Scotland ; arid on every other , fide by the ocean. It is 278 miles in length, and X55 in breadth. It is divided into four grovinces j namely, Ulfter to the N, Lein- er to the e, Munfter to the s, and Con- naught to the w; and thefe are fubdi- vided into counties. The air is mild and temperate, but more humid than in Eng> land. In geneial, it is a level country, well watered with lakes and rivers ; and the foil, in molt parts, is very good and 1 R E fertile : even in thofe places, where the bogs and morailes have been drained, there is good meadow ground. It pro- duces corn, hemp, aind flax» in great plenty { and there are fo many cattle, that their beef and butter are exported irito foreign parts ; and not only tbe Engliilh, but other (hips, tiequently come to be vii^ualled here. The other commodities arc, hides, wool, tallow, wood, fait, ho- ney, and wax. The principal manufac- ture of (.reland is fine linen cloth, which is brought to great pcrfc6lion, and the trade in it is vaftly incre^fed. This country is well fituate for foreign trade, on account of its niany fecure and com- modious harbours. The laws differ but little from thole of England ; and the eftabliOied religion i« the fame. The members of parliament ufually fat foi- life, unlefs upon the demife of the king i but, in 1768, the parliaments were made oAennial. Formerly, this kingdom was entirely fubordinatc to that of Great Britain, whofc parliament could jmke laws to bind the pi.-ople of Ireland } and an appeal might be made from their courts .of jultice to the houfe of lords in England ) but, in 1781^ it was declarec* . that although Ireland was an imper' crv-xvjt, infcjparubly annexed to tlxat Great Britaui (on which connexion *.^^ intereit of both nations elfentiaily de- pended) yet the kingdom of Ireland was diltin^, with a parliament of its own, and that no body of men were competent to make laws for Ireland, except thi: king* lords, and commons thereof. And, fome time after, this declaration being thought infufficicnt., tlxe Britifh legiflature, by an exprefs ;i^ of parliament for that pur- pole, relinquifhed all claim of right to in- terfere with the judgment of the IriOi courts, or to make laws to bind Ireland in time to come. The lore, lieutenant of Ireland, as well as the council, are ap- pointed, from time to timi;, by the king. There arc a great numbei of Roman ca- tholics in this country, whofe religion is tolerated, and to whom, in 1793* the Irifh legidature granted many important conceflion. The common people were fo poor, and it y/is fo hard for them to .get a livelihood, that they frequently went into other countries.tofeek their fortunes } and, particularly, great num- bers went over to the plantations in Anie- rlca. That part of the inhabitants, cal- led the Wild Irifh, were formerly as'fa- vage as the native Americans ; and, like them, lived in huts, making a fire in the middle of them i b\ft it is to be hoped* .^S'SV I R W IS I ^t atl the i*udc and barbarous cuftomi , as wrll as every other trace of wrctched- neis and degradation, will vaaint intimei Ancc the emancipation of the country has removed the ancient reftriftions on their commerce and manuta^ures. Ireland contains )t counties, four archbifhoprlcs, and 1 8 bifhoprics. Its princiual rivers are, the Shannon, Boyne, Liffey, Sure, Blackwater, and Lee. Dublin is the capital . Ireland, New. See Britain, New. Irkutsk, the largell and lead popu- lous government of KufFia, coinprifing all the E part of Siberia, from thi* Northern Ocean to the frontiers of Chinefe Tar- tar/, and from the boxmdaries of the go- vernment of Tobollk to the Eaftern Ocean . This large territory was gradually con- 4j^ered and appropriated by the Kullians in their dcfultory cxcmfioni from To- bollk. It is divided into the four pro- vinces of Irkut/k, Nertfhiuik, Yakutfk, and Okatlk. Iron-acton, a village in Gloucef- ter/hirc, at the conflux of the Staure and Laden, which form the river Frome, three miles from Briftol. Much iron has formerly been dug up, and many iron works and great heaps of cinders are to be feen here. Irromanco, an ifland, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 169 10 £, lat. 18 48 s. Irronam, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ocean, near Tanna. Lon. 170 26 E, lat. 19 31 s. Irtysh, a large river in Siberia, which running from the s to NE falls into the Oby, near Tobollk. The nw fhore is low palture ground ; on the other fide, are a prodigious number of black bears, wolves, red and gray foxes, and gray fquirrels. This nver abounds with fifh, particularly ftiurgeons aixl delicate fal- mons. Irvine, or Irwin, a river of Scot- land, in Ayrfhire, which defcent^ing from the mountains on the e, paifes by Derval, Ne'vmills, Galfton> and Riccarton, and falls into the frith of Clyde, at the town of Irvine. iRviKiy dr Irwin, a royal boroueh and feaport in AyrAtire, feated at the movth of a river of the fame name» on the frith of Clyde, 15 miles e of the !fle of Arran, and 60 w by S of Edin- burgh. Its chief trade is the exporting of coal to Ireland. Lon. a 41 Wt lat. 55 38N. Irwell, a river in Lancdhire, which rlfcy above figlt«n, flows thence to Maa* chefter, and falls into the MerCcr, below Flixton. SeeCANAL, Dukeof^riocc- water'8. Isabella, Fort, a fort of Aufh-ian Flanders, ftated on the w fide of the Scheld, oppofite Antwerp. There is an- other fort of the fame name, two miles sw of Siuys, in Dutch Flanders. I sc HI A, an ifland of Naples, 15 miles in circuit, lying three miles off the coafl of Terra-dj-Lavora. It is full of aRree- abh: vallies, which produce excellent fruits } mountains, on which grow vines of an ex^uifite kind j rivers, and fine gardens. I sen I. \, a city of Naples, capital of an ifland of the fame name, with a bifhop's fee, and a ftrong fort. Both the city and fortreCs ftand upon a rock, which is joined to the illand by a briJgc : the rock is about feven furlongs in circum- ference. The city is like a pyramid of houles pued one upon another, which makes a veiy fingular appearance. At the end of the bridge, next the city, are iron gates, which open into a fubterra- nean paflage, through which they enter the city. They are always guarded by foldiei-, who are natives of the ifland. Lon. 14 a E, lat. 40 41 u. Iselstein, a town of the United Provinces, m that of Utrecht, feated on the Iflel, four miles s\v of Utrecht. Isenarts, or Eisenarts, a town of Germany, in Stiria, famous for its iron mmes, 30 miles nw of Gratz. Lon. le 4 E, lat. 47 15 N. IsENBURc, a town of Germany, ca- pital of a county of the fame name, in the eleftorate of Treves, with a cattle { feat- ed on a river, eight miles N by B of Coblentz. Lon. 7 34 e, lat. 50 31 N. isER, a river of Germany, which rife« on the confines of Tirol and Bavaria, and paffing by Munich and Landfchut, falls into the Danube, between Straubina and PafTau. " Is ERE, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Dau- phiny. It is fo named from a river which rifes on the confines of Savoy, and falls into the Rhone, above Valence. Grenoble is the capital. Is£RNiA, atowhof NapleSjinMolife, with a bilhop's fee. It is feated at the foot of the Appennines, 11 miles w of Molife, and 46 n of Naples. Lon. 14 24 E» lat. 4t 36 N. IsiGNi, a feaport of France, im the department of Calvados and late province of Normandy, noted for its fait works, cider, and its butter. It i$ 15 miles w l.;i ^^r^ip IS L I S N M^- ll ': 1;'^ m' 1^ N of Bayeu>. If^". o 59 w, lat. 49 zo N. Isis. See TH.^^rl s. Islands, IJav of, a bay of New Zealand, 3f- the N extren-iity of the inoft Bortheni ot the two illands that go under that iijinc. In 1772, M. Dufrelne Ma- rion, with two French floops, put into tiiii bay, ami, v/ith 28 of his crew, was murdeircd by the natives. Is.'. AY, or Ila, an ifland of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, to the sw of Jura. Its great*. ft length is 25 miks ; its breadth 18 » The principal village is Bowniore, which has a convenient harbour. The f:ice of the country is hilly. Several mines are wrought to great advantage, particulaily iron and Itad ore. Here likewife are copper, emery, native quick- filver, and black-lead 5 with immtnfe flores of limeftone, marl, coral, and flidi- lUnd, for manure. Much corn and flax is raifed here, and a great number of cattle exported. Intuis. ard fome of the neigh- bouring iflands, r.mltitudes of adders in- feft the heath. On tl.e NW llde of the ifland ic the cave of Sanegmcre, which is a grotto, divided Into a iiuirber of far- winding pafl'ages, fometimes opening into fine expanles } again ciofmg, for a long Ipace, into galleries, and forming a cu- rions fubterraneous labyru; h. There are alfo many other caverns, the haunts of ninrerous wild pigeons, that lodge and breed in them. The goats that feed among the rocks are fo wild, that they are obliged to be fliot like deer. Some velfigis of aJitLquity are on this Khmd ; particularly, the remains cf a circular dry ftone building, on the hill of Lolfct, aear the found of Iflay. Isle-Adam, a town of France, in the «Jepartment of Seine and Olle and late province of the Iflc of France, with a caftle, ftated on th; Oife, ao miles u by w of Paris. J.on. 2 1 3 e, lat. 49 '/ n. Isle of Beeves, an ifland of N America, in the bay of Campeachvj 17 inlles long, and eight broad. It is •fertile, ami abounds in cattle and fivilts. IsLF-DlEt', a fmal! ifland of Franc-, 14 miles from the coait of Puitou. It was taien by the Engllfh in 1795, but i'ocn after evaciated. Lon. 215 W, 'iat. 46 45 N. Isle-de-France. See France, Isle OF. ■ IsLg'-JouRpAtN,' a town of France, in the department of tJirs and late pro- "vince of Armagnac. It is ieated in an illand of tht river Savj, tlglit miles N of Xon^^ez. Lon, t H, lat'i 43 40 n« IsLE-RoussK, a tcvvn cf Coifiea, on the feacoaft, 36 miles sw of Baftia. IsLii AND Vii,;.:ne, a department of T'-ance, containing part of the late province of Bretagne. Kennes is the capital. ' - , Isleben. SceFiSLEEEN. Isle WORTH, a village »n rviiddlerex, feated on the Thames, nine miles w of London. Near it is Sion Houfe, the magnllicent feat of the duke of Northum- berland. Islington, a large village, v of Lo men . ;ighclt in cold to the place brutal N fide w of its ancient fplendour but an aqueduft. The Jews iiUiabit the greater part of it j anJ it is (eatetl iii a country fertile in corn and excellent wim-, 75 jnile> SE of (^onftantinople. Lon. 30 9 u, lat. 40 13 N. IsoLA, a feaportyof Naples, in Cala- bria Ulteriore, with a bi(hop's lee, 18 miles SE of St. Severlno. Loh. 17 26 e, ht. 39 i N. Ispahan, a celebrated city, capit:}! of Perfia, in the province of Irac-Agenii, and thought, by fome, to be the fineft city in the Eaft. It itands in the middle of a pbin, furrounded on all iides by mountains at eight miles difcan'^e, and on a linall river, called Sandenit, which fupplies almoft all the houles with water. It is 20 miles in circumference, with weil- built houfes and flat roots, on which they walk, eat, and lie, in I'ummer, for the fake of the cool air. Here are a great number of magnificent palaces j and that of the king is two miles and a half in circumference. There are 160 molques, i8oolai"ge caravanfaiies, above i6o public baths, a prodigious number of coffeehoufes, and very Hne ftreets, in which are canals, planted o^ each fide with trees. The ftreets are not paved ; but always clean, on account of the dry- nels of the air: for it feldom rains or fnows here. The inhabitants were com- puted at above i,ooo,opo ; but this king- dom baving been long dillraded by civil wars, tlve principal towns are greatly de- populated. Ispahan has three large iub- urbs, called Juifa, Halenbath, and Ke- brabath. Though at a diftance from the fea, it carries on s great trade, people of feveral nations reforting there for the fake of traffic It is 265 miles UE of Bulfarah, and 1400 sE of Conftautinople. Lon. 52 55 E, lat. 3* z5 N. IssEL, or Ys':el, a river of the ITnlted Provinces, which branches off fiom the Rhine, below Hueirtu j and running by Doeibui-g, Zutphen, Deventcr, and Campen, falls into the Zuider-Zee. IssEL, or YssEL, Little, a riva of the United It'rovinccs, which waters YlTclftein, Montfort, and Goudaj and falls into the Merwe, above Rotterdam. IsSEL, or YsSEL^ PLP, a rivei- which riles in the duchy of Ckves, and enters the Iffel, at Doelbmg, IsSEtyjiio, a flouriftiing fcttlemcnt of tjie Dutcli in GuIa^lJ^i on a river of the fame name \nd conUguous to tV 't of 'Dciiitfrary. It was not affeded by the froft. It is feated on the Ignon, near the Tille, i z miles N of Dijon. IsTRiA, a kind of peninfula of Italy, lying on the NE part of the gulf of Venice. It is bounded by Carnioia on the ne, and on all other fides by the lea. The air is imwholefome ; but the foil produceg plenty of wine, oil, and pafture : theiT are alio quarries of fine marble . One part of it belongs to the Venetians, au''. the reft to the houfe of Auftria. Capo difbia is the capital. Italy, one of the fineft countries of Europe, lying between 7 and 1 9" e lon. and 38 and 47° n lat. On the n and ne it is bounded by Swlflerland and Ger- many, on the e by the gulf of Venice, on the s by the MediteiTanean, and oil the vv by that lea and France. Its figure bears fome referablance tq that of a boot i its length, from Aoufta, in Savoy, to the utmoft verge of Calabria, is 6co miles; but its breadth is' very unequal, in fomo places near 400 miles, in others not above 15, It is the moii celebrated country in Europe, having been formerly the feat of the Roiiian empire, and, afterward, of that aftonifhiDjj univerfal uiurpation, tlie Hnritual de'i^iniou iji the pope. Italy is divided into a great number of Itjus, which differ much in extent and impcr- tancjp. Between the confines. of France and Svvifierla^l, x;n the w and N are the •continental dominions of the king of Sar- dinia, nutneK-, Piedmont, Savoy, Mont- terrat, part ' he'Milanefe, and OntgUij. "To the NE ar. tne territories of Venio^, which aie enumerated under that aiiicle. Sduch of thefe, are the dojninions of the eniperov of Gennany, namely, part of the Milanele and the Mantuan j and s of ii)s^y iU'i^ Madtu^4 Aliraod&ta,, and Ji^ i. 'J rjf V :^^ ««^/ii!»i^iRPB!V'-i"»>vi»wtiH", i.i.j,",,]iyfii«-^pi li i Ir'l IT A viOt belonging to the duke of Kfodena. Weftof thel« are the duchies of Panna, Placentla, and Guaftalla, whofe fovereign it of the hoiil'e of Bourbon. To the s of Parma, lies the republic of Genoa ; and SE of this, that of Lucca. Hence extends, along the coaft of the Mediterranean, the ffrand duchy of Tufcany. The Eccle- Safticai State, or territory of the jpope, lies WE and E of Tufcany, between the gulf of Venice and the Mediten-anean ; and all s of this, is the kingdom of Naples, with its dependent iilands, of which Sicily is the principal. The air of .Italy is very different, according to the different fitua- tions of the countries it contains : in thofe on the N lide of the App«mines, it as more temperate ; but on the ^ it is •very Warm. The air of Campagna di iRoraa, and of the Ferrarefe, is laid to be rinwholefome } which is owing to the lands not being duly cultivated, nor the marlhes drained : that of the other parts as generally pure, dry, and healthy. The principal rivers arc the Po, Tiber, Amo, Adige, and Yar ; and there are feveral £ne lakes, as the Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Perugia, Bracciano, and Celano. The foil, in general, is very fertile. It produces a great variety of wines, anv\ the belt oil in Europe ; ex- cellent filk in abundance ; com of all Ibrts, but not in fuch plenty as in other countries ; oranges, lemons, citrons, pome- granates, almonds, raifins, fugar, figs, peaches, apricots, pears, apples, filberts, cheftnuts, «c. Moit of thele fruits were at firft imported by the Romans, from Afia Minor, Greece, Africa, and Syria, and were not the natural produfls of the foil. The tender plants are fheltcred, in winter, on tlie N fide of the Appennines ; but on the s fide, they have no n(:ed of that precaution . This country alio yields good paflure, and abounds with cattle, tfheep, goats, buffaloes, wild boars, mules, and horfes. The forefts are well ffored with game ; and t\k mountains have, not only mines of iron, lead, alum, fulphur, marble of all forts, alabaflei', iafper, por- phyry, Sec. but alfo gold and filvcr ; with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees, ftirubs, and evergreens. Wine, oil, per- fumes^ fruits, and filks, are the principal articles of exportation; and great fums of money are expended by travellers in the purcnafe of piftures, curiofities, relics, antiquities, &c. The Italians are gene- rally well proportioned; but of their complexion they cannot boa|l> With re- fpeft to drefs, they follow the fafhions of 'ue countries on vtrhich they borderi or to J U A iwhich they are fubjev*l j namely thofe cf France, Spain, and Germany. No country has produced better politicians, hiftorians, poets, muGcians, painters, and fculptors ; that is, fmce the revival of the arts and fciences, exclufive of thofe of ancient times. The Italians are very affable, courteous, ingenious, fober, and ready- witted} but extremely jealous, vindiftive, laicivious, ceremonious, and i'uperftitious. In their temper they feem to be a good medium between the French and Spani- ards ; neither lb gay and volatile as the one, nor fo grave and I'olenm as the other. Boiled Inails, fervedup with oil and pep- per, or fried in oil, and the hinder parts of frogs, they reckon dainty diflies. Kites, jackdaws, hawks, and magpies, are alio eaten, not only by the common people, but by the better fort, The women aftt6t yellow hair, as did formerly the Roman ladies and courtezans : they alio ufe paints and waflies, both for their hands and face. The cftablifhed religion is the Roman catholic. Their language, a corruj)tion of the Latin, is laid to be fpoken in its grcateft purity at Florence. See LOMBARDY. ITCHEN, a river In Hants, which rifcs in the centre of the county, arid watering Winchcfter, enters the bay of Southamp- ton, at the town of that name. Itzehoa, an ancient town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holftein, feated on the Stocr, 15 miles NE of Gluckftadt, and 30 N\v of Hamburg. Lon. 9 30 E, lat. 53 58 N. Juan de la Frontera, St. a town of Chili, in the province of Chiquito, near the lake Guanacho. The territory of this town is inhabited by 20,000 native Americans, who are tributary to Spain. It contains mines of gold, and a kind of almonds that are very delicate. It is feated at the foot of the Andes, 98 miles NE of St. Jago. Lon. 65 55 w, lat. 33 25 s. Juan de Puerto Rico, St. anifland of the W Indies, 50 miles E of Hifpa- niola, and ufually called Porto Rico. It is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and belongs to the Spaniards. It is full of very high mountains, and extremely fer- tile vallies, interftjerfed with woods, and well watered by Iprings and rivulets. It produces fugar, rum, ginger, com, and fruits, partly proper to the climate, and partly introduced from Spain i and there are fo many cattle, that they often are killed for the fake of the Ikins alone. Here are a great number of uncommon trees, and ther^ is a little gold in the fi I'iMtWBw } t J U D part of the ifland. It is commonly faid, that the air is healthy, and yet, in the reign of queen Elilabeth, the earl of Cumhcr- Jand, when lie had taken this ifland, Io(t jnoit of his men by fickncls, and, on that account, was forced to abandon it. It is fubjcft to ftorms and hurricanes, like the reft of thefc iflands. The capital is of the fame name. Lon. 67 4 w, lat. i S J 7 N. Juan de Puerto Ricq, St. the ca- pital of an ifland of the fame name, with a good harbour, defended by feverai forts. It is a bifhop's fee, and leated on the N coaft of the ifland. Lon. 69 i w, hit. 18 29 N. Juan Fernandez, an ifland in the S Pacific Ocean, lying in 83® \v lon. and 35" s lat. 300 miles w of Chili. It is uninhabited, but having Igme good har- bours, is found extremely convenient to touch at, and water. Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman, having been left on fliore, in this folitary place, by his captain, lived here fome years, till he was dif- covcred by captain Rogers, in ^1709- When brought on board, he had for- gotten his native language, and could I'carcely be underftood. He was dreflfed in goat fliins, would drink nothing but water, and it was fome time before lie could relifli the fliip's viftuals. During his abode in this ifland, he had killed 500 goats, which he caught by running them down. From this remarkable cir- cumftance, Daniel dc Foe derived the hints which gave rife to his celebrated piodudion. The Adventures of Robinlbn Cruibe. Juan de Ulhua, St,, an ifland of New Spain, lying in the gulf of Mexico, near Vera Cruz. It was tiifcovercd in 1518, by Giijelva. Lon. 97 25 \v, lat. 19 iz N. JucATAN, or Yucatan, a large pen- inlula of New Spain, oppofite the ifland of Cuba. It pioje6>s iiojn tl)c continent 100 leagues, but does not extend above *5 in breadth. It contains a great quan- tity of timber, proper for the build- ing of ftiips, as ahb fugai-, taifia, and Indian corn. It is an exicnfive plain, not only without mountains, but almoll without any inequality of ground. The inhabitants are fupplied with water from pits, and, wherever they dig them, find it in abundance j but in all Jucatan, there is not a river or ftrcam. Merida is the capital; but fome give that appellation t« the town of Camp<:achy. Sec Hon- duras. JvooA, » fcaport of Arabia f «lix, JUL with a fort, feated on the Red Sea, 54 miles sw of Mecca, to which it is the port. Lon. 39 xi e, lat. xi 19 N. Judenburo, a confiderable town of Germany, the capital of Upper Stiria, with a handfome caftle. 'J: he public buildings, with the fquarc, are magnifi- cent. It is leated on the Muehr, 45 miles w by-N of Gratr, and 100 sw of Vienna. I.on. 14. 26 E, lat. 47 10 N. Juooicne, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant, near which the duke of Marlbo- rough gained that fignal viftory, in 1706. called the battle of Ramillies. It is feated on the river Gecte, 13 miles si of Lou- vain, and 16 N of Namur. Lon. 5 a E, lat. 50 45 N. IvEs, St. a feaport and borough in Cornwall, with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It is feated on a bay of the fame name, which being unfafe, is frequented by fiflicrmen only, for the taking of pilchards. It is governed by a mayor, fends two n-smbers to parlia- ment, and is eight miles NE of Penzance, and 277 w by s of London. Lon. 5 3* w, lat. 50 18 N. IvES, St. a town in Huntingdon/hire* with a market on Monday, confiderable for cattle. Here was a priory, which is. now in ruins. It is feated on the river Oufe, over which is a ftone bridge, fix miles NE of Huntingdon, and 59 M by w of London. Lon. o 20 w, lat. 52 20 N. JuGON, a town of Frnnce, in the de- partment of the North Coall and late province o*' Bietagne, feated on the rivu- let Arqm 12 miles from the Engliih Channel. IviCA, an ifland of the Mediterranean, 56 miles sw of Majorca. It is about 60 miles in circumference. It is moni- tainous, but fertile in com, wine, and fruits; and is remarkable for tht great quantity of fait made here. The c pital, of the fame name, has a good h. ^jour. Lon. I 25 £, lat. 38 52 N. I viNcHO, a town in Buckinghamfliire, with a market on Friday, fix miles sw of Dunltable, and 32 NW of Lc''id< ., Lnn. o 35 W, lat. 51 54 n. Julian, Port St. a harbour of Pa- tagonia, where fliips ufualiy touch that arc bound for the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 62 44 w, lat. 49 los. JuLiEN, St. a town of France, in the department of Upper Vicnne and late province of Limonn, 1 3 miles w of Li- iTMgci. Lon. I 4E, lat. 45 50 N. JuLiEN Du Saultj St. a town of France, in the department of Yonne and Utf pr«vi(icfi of Burgundyi iipatf^ ¥c- U 'Vi;: 'I f!! ■ v;:i >■ i- i{ vt j'- ,iv:''V' "WT npfcSE«IPiTO«Wf!n«r»iE,i»"i.«> w»)j« ■' I I I m.' UHi!"' ■ ' .$ ■ '' i li' 1;" Hi; tl'^ J U R tween two mountains covticd with vines, fiear the river Yonne, live miles from Joigny. JuLiERS, a duchy of Weftphali.n, 68 miles in length, and 30 in hreadtli j bounded on the N by Guelderland, on the E by the archbimopiic ot Cologne, on the s by lAixembiu'g and I'reves, and pn the w by I^inibtng. It is lubjeiSl to the eleflor palatine, and is remarkable for the quantity of wood it produces. JULIERS, a town of Gennany, capital •f a duchy of the fame name, with a ftrong citadel. It was taken by the French in 1 794. It is flated on the Roer, 15 miles E of Aix-la-Chapellc, and 18 v/ of Cologne, Lon. 6 40 e, lat. 50 56 n. JULPHA, once the capital of Armenia, in Afia, now in ruins, the inhabitants having been tranfjilanted to a fubxuh of Ifpahan, called New Julpha, wh».re they have fcveral churches. This colony was fo flourifliing, that, before the civil wars, which have defolated Perfia during this centuiy, they were fuppofed to be the molt confiderable merchants in the world. • JuMiEGE, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a late celebrated Benediftine abbey. It is feated on the Seine, 12 miles sw of Rouen, and 77 Nvv of Paris. Lon. o 55 E, lat. 49 24 n. Jumna, a river of Hindooftan Proper, which rifes to the NW of Deliii, waters that capital and the city of Agra, and joins the Ganges, 100 miles below Be- nares. JuNSALAM, a fcaport of Siam, to the N of a large ifland of the fame name. Lon. 98 30 E, lat. 8 56 n. Jura, one of the Weftern Ifles of Scc'and, NE of Irtay, 10 miles long- anu feven broad. Here aix three moun- tains of a conic form and ftup>;nilous height, called the Paps of Jura. The Jcrt of the illand is flat, and generally covered with heath. Jura, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Franclie Comte. It contains miins of iron of a fiqierior quality, mines of cop- per and lead, and many quarries of black marble, jafper, and alabaiter. It takes }ts name from Mo\mt Jura. Jura, Mount, a chain of m()"ii- tains, which begins in the canton of Zu- Tic, in Swiflerfand, extends along the Rhine into the canton of Soleure and the ]'rincipality of Neuchatel," branches out ^toward the Pays (le Vaud^ feparates that country from France, and continues be- Vouii tJ.e fronticis of the Gcnsvois us far z ■ IX w as the Rhone. In various parts of the Pays de Vaud, this chain forms many elevated vallies j j>articularly the valley of the lake of Joux, upon the top of that part called Mount Joux. This valley is beautifully checkered with Wood, ara- ble, and palture ; and is watered by two pifturel'que lakes j the largeft of which is called the lake of Joux, and the other, lake Brenet. This vale is very populous, containing 3000 inhabitants ; fome em- ployed in making watches, but the greater part in poliftiing cryftals, r ranites, and marcafites. Thefe parts aic much in- felted with bears and wolves. The def- cent froni this delightf\d vale, through a variety of hill, valley, wood, and lawn, affords a very extenfive profpcft of great part of the Pays de Vaud, the lake of Geneva, with its mountains, and tli« lake of Neuchatel. IVREA, a ftrong town of Piedmont, capital of Canavez, with a bilhop's fee, a fort, and an ancient cattle. It is feated on the Doria, between two hills, 20 miles N of Turin, and 32 E by N of Sula. Lon. 7 48 E, lat. 45 22 N. IvRY, a town of France, in the de- partment of Eure and late province of Nor- mandy, with a late Benediftine abbey. It is feated on the Eure, 10 miles N by W of Dreux. Lon. i 28 E, lat. 48 54 N. Jutland, a peninfula, the principal part of the kingdom of Denmark, i8« miles in kngth, and 50 in breadth j bounded on the SE by the duchy of Hoi- ftein, and on the other fides by the Ger- man Ocean and the Baltic. The air it very cold, but wholefome. The (oil is fertile in corn and paftures, and feeds a great number of horles and beeves, which are lint to Gvrmany, Holland, &c. It \yas anciently called Cimbrica Cherfone- fu9, and is fuppoied to be the countjy whtnte the Saxons came, that conquered England. It is divided into two parts, called N and S Jutland 5 the laitev being the duchy of SltlWick. I\^ Bridge, a village in Dcvonfhire, 1 1 miks NE of Plymouth. It is remark- able for its nw-J and pi61urefque I'cenery; having, on tiie .\ the rude barren moun- tain:', of Dai'tmot)r, and on the s one of the belt cultivated countries in the king- dom 5 while the river Arme, which runs tlirough the vill.^,e, forces its way through hu^e ma (lea 01 granite, with great noWii and impeluofit , and, when fwelled with heavy rains, ixhibits a very romantic appearance. A little above the. bridge, is a cohfideiLihlo paper minufaflure.' UwORTH, » t«NVtt in SMffoUc^ withl ^^''.ym.'-.-jsimsmmaasatSiaiiui K A L K A L m ukct on Friday. Several Roman coins Kalkas, a tribe of the Mogul Tar« have been dug up here. It is i'even miles tars, in Chinefe Taitaiy. They inhabit NK of Bury St. Edmunds, and 79 nne the countiy N of the Mogul Tartars. ot London. Lon. o 51 E, iat. 52 10 N. properly fo called, which Itretches as far Jyepour, a city of Hindooftan as the kingdom of the Eleuthes ; ahd i« Proper, in Agra, capital of a teiritory of near 300 leagues in extent from e to W. the lume name, and iubjeft to one of the They live in tents, on the banks of their J<:»jj)oot princes. It was built by the numerous rivers. Tliey adore a lama of celebrated rajah Jefllng, who alio creeled the fecond order, who is held in fuch ve- an oblervatory here, in 1734-. It is a neration, that bonzes fi' ti China, Hin- place of great wealth and confcqiience, dooftan, Pegu, &c. come to pay their d<- bcing the Itaplc for goods that are brought vorions at his refidence in Ibcn Pira. fioni evtry quarter of India. It is 136 iiilks w by s of Agra. Lou. 76 9 e, Iat. 26 56 N. I/.QUINTENANGO, a town of New Spain, in the province of Chi:ipa. The countiy about it protUices cotton and a great number of pineapples. Lon. 93 45 w, lut. 16 o N. K. ^ Words that fometimes begin ivith K, and are not found under that lifttr, may he fought J or under the letter C. AFFUNGEN, a town and monaf- tcry of Germany, in Hefl'e, near Caflel. Lon. 9 30 E, Iat. 51 15 N. Kafiua. See HuA. Kalmucs, a nation of Tartars, in- habiting that part of the Ruffian govern- ment of Caucalus, which lies between the Volga and the Yaick, toward the Cafpian Sea. In all this immenfe traft there is not one houfe to be leen, as they all live in tents, and remove from place to place In queft of pafturage for theiir numerous catti?, confiding of horiiJs, camels, cows, and flieep. They neithek- low nor reap, nor make hay lor their cattle, fo that they live withotit bread, or any Icrt of vegetable j and, in winter, their cattle fare like the wild beafts. Their food is flefh (efpecially that ot* horfes) fifli, wild fowl, andvenifon; ahd K AFFUNGEN, a town and monal- they have great plenty of milk, butter, tcry of Germany, in Hefl'e, near and chetfe; bx' mare's milk is the moft erteemed among chem, and from it they make a ftrong ipirit, of which they are KairvaN, a city of Africa, in Tunis, very f&nd. They are divided into a num- •apital of a government of tlie lame ber of hordes or clans, each imdcr their name. It is the fecond city in the king- own particular khan, and all acknow- (lom for trade and population j is ccle- ledging the authority of one principal brated for the ino(t magnificent and lacred khan, who is called orchicurtikhanj or molque in Barbary j and Is 20 miles w the king of kings, who derives his pedi- ct'.Sufa. Lon. 10 25 E, Iat. 35 40 N. gree from the great Tamerlane. All of Kalaar, a town of Perfia, in Chilan, them, however, have fubmittedto the go- with a coniiderable maiiu1a.i\ure of filk. vcinment of Ruffia, or to live tinder its " Lon. 58 45 E, Iat. 36 23 N. proteflion. They are pagans. In perfon Kalimburc;, a town of Denmark, they are of a low ftature, and bow-legged, in the Ifie of Zealand, the capital of a occufioned by their being lb continually coniiderable bailiwic. Lon. 11 11 E, on horfeback, or fitting with theii* legs Iat. 55 47 N. below them. Their faces are broad and IVAMR, a town of Suabia, in the du- flat, with a flat nofe and little black: chyof Wirtemburg, with acaltle. Lon. eyes, dittant from each other like the 9 45 E, Iat. 48 38 N. Chinefe. They are of an olive colour, Kalisch, a palatinate of Poland, and their faces full of wrinkles, with ho\mcled on the W by that of Pofnia, oa very little bcai'd : they (have their heads, fhc E by Slradia, on the N l>y VVettern leaving only a tuft of hair on the crown. Prui'lia, and on the s by Silefia. It wps The better fort wear coatsof (tuflfor filk, forcibly ftized by the king of PruHia, in witii a wide fuicoat of Iheep-fkins, and a 1793. cap of the fame. Their only weapons ai* Kamsch, a town of Poland, capital the ciiTiitar, lance, and bow and arrow j of a palatinate of the fame name, where but they are coming into thf ufe of fire- the Jefulti had a magnificent college. It atins; vvhich, in time, will make them more is idated on tl« river Profna, in a itiorafs, which renders it difficult (.f acccfs* 110 miles w 6f Wwfaw, t*)a, i^" 5 W, Ut. .v-$t ON,. formidable. In wirrtelf ihey ' le" bbligt J to crofs the rlvei*, arid live on the bare plaihs oV Aftfadan, whcie their quiy firing is the dried dung ©I' ihc tiiitlc, U % ' i\'i ' i> ,: ^ I < ma K A L K A M ; ! ihiii I'r : m hi"' -t i'li ml amd the cattle themfdves ftai vlng on the icanty produce of a bam-n deieit. Here they remain rill i'pi'ing, when their former habitation, on the ealt Hde uf the river, IS overflowed, for near a month, to a vaft extent, by the melting of the (how, and th^r countiy appears one continued I'ta. overgrown with trees. As ibon as this fublulet, they return with great joy, fwimming their loaded camels and cuttle •vcr the river, where the intervening idands make their pafiage eafieft. When they go upon an expedition, eveiy one takes a flieep with him for his provifion, and three borfes, which he lides alter- nately } and when any one of them fails, they kill it and divide the fleOi, putting pieces of it under their faddle, and after riding fome time upon it, they eat it with- eut any further preparation. They ge- ticrally return from their excurfions with only one horfe, having eat all the reft. Their kibbets, or tents, are both warm and large, having a fire in the middle, and a hole at the top to let out the fiuoke. They are *4 feet diameter, and capable •f being enlarged or contra^kd at plea- Ture : they are all round, the fides being made of a kind of checkered wicker- work} and the crolis fticks neatly jointed for folding together or extending. When they ereft a kibbet, they join as many of them together as will make a circle, of the diraeniion they choofe j and having fixed the outfide, which is fix feet high, they raifc, with their lances, a round board , three feet diameter, with a hole in the middle of it, and fmall holes all round the edge. The large hole ferves for the chim- ney ; the fraall holes receive tlic ends of fo wany ftraight ratters j and the other ends being fixed to the fides, the roof is formed, whicn is both ingenious and pretty. Hav- ing thus erefted the frame ot the kibbet, they cover it over with thick felt, more or iefs, according as the fcafon is cold or %varm, beginning at the bottom and pro- ceeding to the top, where they place a Jcrine, which they can turn at pleafurc againft the wind, to prevent (hioke. Kalnick, a ftrong town' of Poland, in the palatinate of Bracklaw, izo miles fe of Kaminiech. Lon. 29 18 e, lat. 4.S 57 N. Kalo, or Kaloo, a town of Upper Jlimgary, feated in a lake, zt miles se of Tockay. Lon. zi 54. E, lat. 47 56 N. Kaluga, a government of the RufTian empire, formerly a province in the go- vernment of MoicoW. Its principal town, of the hmt name/ U fcatcd on the Kamakuaa, aft ifland of Japan, threi miles in circumference, lying on the » eoaft of Niphon. It is here they con* fine their great men, v*^n they have committed any fault ; and the coail is f» fteep, that they are forced to be lifted up by cranes. Kambaua, Mount, a ridge of moun« tains in Thibet, between Lake Pake and the Burramp'H>ter. From the top of this rtdee may be feen, to the N, a n.'nge of ftill higher mountains, covered with fnow. Tlie foot of Mount Kambala k 31 miles s of Lafla. K a M I N I E c K , a (trong town of Poland v capital of Pedolia, with a caftle and a bilhop's fee. It was taken by the Turks in J 671, who reftored it« in 1690. When the Ruffians feized part of th« Polilh territories in 1793, this forti-efs held out a long time, but at laft furren- dered to their arms. The caftle is feated on a craggy rock, S5 miles w of Brack- law, and 100 SE of Lembvirg. Lon. si 30 E, lat. 4S 58 N. Kamtschatka, a peniafula on the E coalt of Afia, extending from 5a to 61* N lat. The ifthmus, joining it to the continent on the N, lies between the gulfs of Olutorfk and Penihink ; and its ex- tremity to the s is Cape Lopatka. Tlw greateft breadth is 240 miles, being from the mouth of the river Tigril to that df the river Kamtfcbatka ; and toward each extremity it gradually becomes nar- rower. On the N it is bounded by the country of the Koriacsy on the B and s by the N Pacific Ocean, and on the w by the Tea ©f Okotfk. A chain of high mountains from N to s exteiids the whole length of the peninfula, and almoft equally divides it } whence feveral rivets take theii' rife, and purfue their courfe into the ocean and the fea of Okotik, The foil, in general, is barren and (leathy, with ftunted trees thinly fcat- tered over the whole face of the country ; but fome parts are faid to prodtice tolera- bly good hav. The feverity of the cli- mate is equal to the fterility of the foil j for in computing the I'eafons here, fpring ihould certainly be omitted. Summer may be faid to extend from the middle of June till the middle of September. OAober may be confidered as an autumn j from which period to the nuddle-of June, it is all dreary winter. Some whelefome vegetables grow here in a wild ftate» fuch as chervil, garlic, onionSf angelica, and wild celery. Here are alfo lome excel- lent turnips, and tumip-i'adilhes, upon n few ipoi* of gr«uii4 ia tb( vaiUcs} a% KAN KAY ihU IS tbe ntinoft extent of tlieir garden cultivation. They have a variety of wild berries, which are gathered at proper reafi)ns» and prefe'^ed by mafhrng titem into a thick jam : thefe conftitute a con- fiderable part of the winter provifions, ferving i^s a geai-ral fauce to tneir dried Afli. Tbe inhabitants may be faid to confift of three forts, the Kamtfchadales, the Ru/Eans and Coflacc, and a mixture produced by their intermarriages. Their habitatioDs are of t\u*c dif&rent forts, which they caU jourte, balagans, and lo^houlet. They iahabit the Srlt in the wmter, and the fecond in the fummer: tn the third, introduced by the Rufllans, •nly the more wealthy people reftde. The external appearance of a jourt refem- bles a round fquat hillocic ; a hole, ferving for a chimney, window, and door, is left in the centre; and the inhabitants go in and out by the alilftance of a long pole, having notches ydeep enough to afford a little feicurity for the toee. The upper garment of thie Kamtfehadales refembks a waggoner's frock. If for I'ummer wear, it is made of nankin ; if intended ibr winter, it is made of a ikin, having one fide tanned, and the hair preferved on the other, which is worn mnermoft. A clofe jacket of »ankin, oi- other cotton ItufF, is tlie next under this ; and beneath that a (hitt made of thin Perllan lilk, t^ any colour. They wear long breeches, ana boots, made of flcjns, with the hair innermoft. They havf alfo a far cap, with two flaps that are utually tied up clol^ to the h^, but ar^ permitted to fall round the (houldqrs in bad weather. They are lubjefl to tke RulHatts, and their trade confiUs In furs and ikins. Kanem, a city of Africa, in the em- fire of Bomou, capital of a fertile pro- vince of the fara^ name. The inhabi- tants wh«ar« composed of muffuhnans and pagans, bivaed multitudes of cattle, and raile inniunei'abje horfes for the fervice pf the king. Jt is 156 miles NW Of Bornou, Kaniow, a ftrong tswn of Poland, in the palatinate of Kiow, feated near the Dnieper, 6z miles s by E of Kiow, and 100 NE of Bracklaw. Kanisca, a ftrong town of Lower Hungary, capital of tbe county of Sala- war. It was taken by the Auitrians in 7690, and is feated on the Drave, 100 miles s by E of Vienna. Lon. 17 40 E, iat. 46 43 N. Kan-tcheou-fov, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-fi, celebrated *«r its river8> poiti riches« and pupula- tlon. Its diftria contains 11 cities of the third clafsj and it is Z50 miles N by £ of Canton. Kao-tcheou-foU, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong. In its vicinity is found a kind of marble, that repreients, naturally, rivers, mountains, landl'cupes, and trees: it is cut into flabs, and made into tables, &c. Kao-tcheou- fou has one city of the fecond clafs, and five of the third, under its jurifdi^flion. K^foswar, a fort of Lower Hungary, on the river Kapos, which waflies its walls. It is 55 miles w of Tolna. Lon, iS 13 E, lat. 46 31 N. Kareck, an iHand in the Perfian GuU; lying nearly in the middle of it, about feven leagues from each fide, and . 30 from Bulfarah River, where all the' fljips bottnd for that port muft call for pilots. It is five miles long, and two broad. Here baron Kniphaufen, about the middle of this century, formed a' Dutch fettlement} but on his quitting their fervice, it became fubjeft to its former matter, the fheick of Bundaric. Karlscruhe, a city of Suabia, in the niiirgravate of BadT»i Darlach, with a magnlfKcnt palace. The city is built on a regular plan, and the houfes are all a« uniform as tii? ftreets. It is tz miley N b y E of Baden, Ka«an, a country of the Ruflian em- pire, lying on both fides of the Volga. It was formeriy an independent kingdom, fayelonging to the Kalmucs, to whom the great dukes of Mofcow, with other f>etty principalities of Ruffia, were tri- )utaiy. But in 1552, Ivan yafTilievItch II, conquered Kaian, which now forms the three Rufilian governments of Kafan, Simbirik, and Fenza. Kasan, the capital of the Ruflian government of the fame name, feated on the rivulet Cafanka, where it falls into the Volga, 414 miles E by N of Mofcow. Lon. 49 8 E, lat. 55 43 N. KAt;FFBEUREN, a free imperial towa of Suabia, in the territoiry of K^pten, feated on the Wardech, 18 miles NE of Kempton, and 30 s by w of AugA>urg« Lon. 10 43 E, lat. 47 58 N. Kaye's Islanp, an ifland ta the N Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captun Cook, in 1778. Its NE poiqt is % naked rock^ confiderably elevated above the land within it. Some parts of the fhore arie interrupted by fmall yallies, filled vritb pine-trees. Thefe alfb abound in other parts of thft ifland, which is covered, in a manner, with a broad girdle rf woods but the tre«9 «U€ far from being of % 1 extra* U3 I • 1 ,:.J till III i 1':i!l I? I M. i! ' ;;f ! ^ ■ 'i li 211'' : 'i ;. Elf K E M ordinary grovvth. Lon. tji 48 w, lat. 39 51 N- Kaysersbero, a town of France, in the department of Uj)per Rhine amt hite province of Alface, five miles nw of Cplma-, and 25 nw of Bafil. Lon. 7 23 £, lat. 4.8 10 N*. Kayserslautern, a town of Oer- manv, in t'le palatinate of the Rhine. . I» the picfent war it was taken by the this catavaft, is the only port of Well French, then by the Prufllans, and again morland. by the French. It is featcd on the Ken, a riy^r in Kirkcudbrlght/hire, Lauter, ai miles $w of Worms, and 38 that flows to New Galloway, below s by w of Meniz. Lon. 7 51 £, lat. 4.9 which it expands into a lake, lour milc» ab N. long and one broad. The Itream that Kayseivstuhl, a tovm of Swifter- ilFues from this lake, falls into the river lapd, in the county of Baden, with a Dee, and their united waters meet the bfidge ov^r the Rhine, and a caftie. It Iriili Sea, at Kirkcudbright. KEN The inhabitants are protcftants. It la leafed on the Illcr, 45 miles s by w of Auglburg. Lon. 10 a i E, lat. 47 49 N. Ken, a river in Weltmorland, which flows by Kendal, and empties itl'elf into the faixly wafli of Lancaihire, called Morcambe Bay. It has a cataraft Bear its mouth, which obftrufti* th? naviga- tion j to that Mikhorp, fituate below belongs to the bifliop of Condance, and i& eight miles se of Zurzach. Lon. 8 24 r^ lat. 47 8 N. Kayserverd, or Keisewert, a to^vn of. Wcftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, feated on the Rhine, eight miles N or DiiflTeldoiT), and a» NW of Cologne. Xon. 6 45 E, lat. 51 14 N. ', KEiiL, a ftrong fortrefs of Suabia, feated on the Rhine, over which is a liridge to Strafljurg, and to that city, when an imperial one, it belonged. It was Kendal, a corporate town In Well- morland, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on thp Ken, over which are two ftone bridges, and one of' wood, which leads to the caftie, now in ruins. It has a fpacious church, with 12 ichaptls of cafe ; and a freelchool well endowed,- having exhibitions tp Queen's College in Oxford. Kendal has be^n long noted for its woollen manufa^lures } particularly, woven and knit Itockingsj a thick (tuff, calleil' cottons, for failors jackets, and ^ongly fortified by the French, who took liniey-woolfey. There is likewife a con- jiofltffisn of it in 1684. . Being ceded to '' ' • ' , m i t „ the empire, at the peace of RyTwick, in 1697, the emperor configned it to the lioufe of Baden. Some of the ancient forti^cations are in ruins, but it is flill an important pafs, between France and fuierable tannery ; ' and iiOi-hooks, wafte fillc, and wtiol-cards are manufaftured here. It is governed by a mayor, and has feven trading ^ampanies, who have each a hall. So early as the reigns of Richard 11 and enry iv, fpecial laws Oermany. It was taken by the French were «na6led for the better regulation of in June 1796 j retaken by the Auftrians the Kendal cloths, &c. and fuch has been W Sept. 18 following J but t'le bridge the induftry of tlic inhabitants, that they Bot being deftroycd, the Fr<>nch regained have continued to flourifli ever fnice, pblTeirion of it the fame day. Lon. 7 notwithftanding the difadvantage of its 15^ St lat. 48 34 N. river for wa'.cr carriage. Ker»dal is 46 JCjLSO, a populous town in Roxburgh- milts 9 ot Carlifle, and 259 NNW of ^we,t with a good market for corn, and London. Lon. 25 2 w, lat. 54 15 N. a bridge of fix arches over the Tweed, Kennebek, a river, which rifes in the jiear ita confluence with the leviot. The diftriot of Main, in New England, and ^bey, magnificent ruins of which Itill fe^in».ri'M founded by David i, in il^i' Much wheat is raifed in this neigbl^oiu'hood, and the fleeces of the flieep arc rennarkably fine. K^Ub is zr miles' |\ir oi Berwick, and 338 nnw of Lon- don. ^ J:^n. 51 1 8 w, lat. 55 ^6 n. falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between thf bays of CnTco and Penobfcot. Ken NET, a river," which riles among the chalky hills in Wilt^, and flows to Newbury, in Berks, where it becomes navi;j;;ibie ; it is then augi'.Tented by the Laiiihorn, and runs to Readinf^, below ^e^MT^Ni s^■town of Germany, in the which it niiitglcii with the Thames ^£^oia^e of Cpilogne, 'Icatcd on the N vrs, ^' • n • » ,. < %Q miJ(e8'N\y cif C^Vis^ne, L^n. 6 36 t, m- s\ ;8 s,. .i:.:-.' 'A-y. : .' |CEMrTEK, ai fvc^ ^njpcrisl town of Su^bua, in the terriKi; y of the abbot of EiwiptcPi viho i« a |uince vf the «nipiiie. Kensington, a village in Middlefex, two miles w of Lontltth- Here is Ken- fiiiigton palace, foitmerly a 'feat of the lord chancellor Finch, afterward eail of Nortiiampton, but purchafert of that no-' i)ki|ia(^ bv WiUiaan iii. The extciilivo i;LL KEN KEN gaidins, of late years, have become a vi'iy iiifhionable walk, particularly on Sunday. Kent, a county of England, bounded on the N by the Thames and the German Ocean, oti the e and se l)y th:it ocean and the ftraits of Dover, on the s by Sudbx artd the Kngltfh Channel, and on the w by Swrry. From E to w it is 58 miles, and irom N to s 36. It is di- vided into five lathes, containing 6t hundreds, two cities, 29 market-towns, and 408 parilhes ; and fends 1 8 members to parliament. In the foil and face of the country, there is great diverfity. The banks of the Thames are low and marfhy, but backed by a range of chalky eminences, Ibmetimes riling to a mode- rate height. This kind of hard chalky foil, inclining to barrennefs, extends to the NE extrtmity of the coimty, and thence round t« Dover, exhibitmg its nature in the lofty white cliffs, which here bound the idand, and produce that ftriking appearance at fea which gave it the name of Albion. The s part of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat, woody tra6l, of a clayey foil} fertile, but un- wholefome on account of its moifture. The midland and weftern diftri6ls are a mixture of hill and vale, arable and pafture, equal in pleafantnefs to any part of England. This county produces, befide the ufual objefts of agriculture, large quantities of hops j fruit of va- rious kinds, efpecially cherries and apples, of which there aic large orchards for the London markets; madder for dying; timber in the wootly j^arts j and birch twigs, for brooms, which form no incon- fidcral)le article of commerce for the me- ti-opolis. The country inland from Dover, confining chiefly of open downs, is excel- lent for the feeding of fheep j and many bullocks are fattened to an extraordinary fize in Romney Marfh. The mincipal rivers, befide the Thames, are tnc Med- way, Darent, Stour, Ciay, and Rother. Maidllune is the county town. Kentaiffe, Mount, a ridge of mountains, in the s part of Thibet, bordering on Hindoofl;m Proper. On the w fide of this ridge are the two heads cf the Ganges, and trom its e fide itfues the Bunampooter. Kentsinguen, a town of Siiabia, in the Brifgaw, feated on the river Elz. Lon. 7 57 E, lat. ^S 18 N. Ken'Tucky, one of the Unitetl States of America, bounded by Great Sandy Creek on the N, by the Ohio on the NW, ky N Carolina on the s, and by the Cum- berland mountain on the e. It is upward of 250 miles in K-'trth, and 200 in brcidf h J and is divided . te feven counties, Lincoln, Fayette, Bourbon, Mercer, Jef- ferlbn, Nellbn, and Maddilian. The prin- cipal rivers are the Ohio, Kentucky, LickingRiver,KedKivcr,Elkhcrn,Dick''8 River, Green River, Cifinberhnd River, and Great Kenhaway or New River. Thefe are all navigable for boats almott to their fources, without rapids, for the grcateft part of the year. The foil is amazingly fertile, and fcarceiy any luch thing as a marfli or fwamp is t6 be found. The air is more temperate and healthy than the other fettled parts of America ; and fnow fcldom falls deep or lies long. The country, in general, may be confidered as well-timbered, producing large trees of many kinds, and to be exceeded by no country in variety. Thole which are peculiar to Kentucky are the fugar-tree, which grows in great plenty, and fur- nifties excellent liigarj and the honey- locuft, which is lurrounded by large thorny fpikes, bearing broad and long poils in form of peas, has a fweet tafte, and makes excellent beer. Here are alio the coflpee-trce, the papwa, cucumber, black mulberry, wild cherry, buck-eye, and fbme other kinds of trees not common elfewhere. Here is great plenty of fine cane, on which the cattle feed, and grow fat : it grows from three to twelve feet high, with joints at eight or ten inches dillance along the ftalk, from which pro- ceed leaves refembling thole of the wilU)w. Where no cane grows, there is abun- dance of wild rye, clover, and butfalo- grufs, covering valt trafls of country, and aflbrding excellent food for cattle. The fields are covered with abundance of wild herbage not common to other countries j and all the year, excepting the winter months, the plains and vallies aie adorned with variety of flpwers. Iron ore and lead are found in abundance; and there are many large caves, fome of which, extend leveral miles under a fine lime- ftone rock, fupported by curious archeSi and pillars. The waters produce plenty of fiili and fowl, anfl efpecially on the Ohio, the geele and ducks are ama7ingly numerous. The land fowls are turkies; a Ipecies of ^roufe, which the inhalntants call pheafants; and quails, to which they give the name of partridg^fs. Serpents are ho«^ numerous, and are fuch as are to be found in other parts if the ccmti- nent, except the bull, the horned, and the mockalbn Inakes''. Amoiig the native aninuls is tiic buffalo, whole flefti is U 4 ■r¥rh 'i^l K E R K E S excellent meit } and there are ftill to be found many deer, elks, and bears. Htre are alfo panthers, wild cats, wolves, beavers, otters, minks, foxes, rabbits, fquirrels, racoons, ground-hoes, pole- cats, and opoHums. Mod of t^e fpecies of the domeftic quadrupeds have been introduced fmce the fettlement, fuch as horfeSy cows, fheep, and hogs. Ken- tucky, in 1784, was computed to contain 30,000 fouls, and has been fmce rapidly iiicreafing in population. Lexington is the capital. Kentucky, a river of N America, which rifes with three heads from a mountainous part of the count 17 of the fame name. Its N branch, which inter- locks with Cumberland River, falls into the Ohio in lat. 38 27 N. It is ama- zingly crooked for upward of 100 miles in length j and its banks may rather be called precipices, for, • almolt every where, they confift of three or four hvm- dred feet of a folid perpendicular lime- ftone rock.} in fome parts of a fine white marble, curioufly arched, pillared, or blocked up into fine building ftones. It is on!y at particular places that this river can be croflcd, the beft of which is near Leeftown. KERCpLANG, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, between 80 and 100 miles in cir- cumference. The face of the country ieems to be fteep hills and extenfive vallies, and every part to be covered with trees and verdure, with fome pleafant cultivated grounds. The houiies ftand on polls, and appear to be well-built, and neatly thatched. The inhabitants are Malays, and are a mild and appa- rently quiet people. Their clothing, in general, is made of a coarfe kind of ca- lico, though fome wear filk, and moft of them have a kind of turban round their head ; and a few have been feen with a Chinefe pointed hat. Lon. ia6 31 e, lat. 4 28 N. ' Kercuelen's Land, an iiland in the Southern Ocean, vifited by captain Cook, in 1779. ^^0^ its fterility, it might properly have been called the Ifland of Defolation; but captain Cook was un- willing to rob M. Kerguelen of the ho- nour of its bearinghis name. The appear- ance of verdure upon it, when at a Imall diftance from the ftiore, was occafioned by one fmall plant, refembling faxifrage, which grew upon the hills in large fpreading tufcs, on a kind of rotten turf, which, iC dried, might ferve for faely and was the only thing feen here that could be applied to that purpoiSr* Lon. 69 37 E, lat. 49 3 8. Kerman, a prdvince of Perfta, lying on the gulf of rerfia. Here are iheep, which, after grazing from January to May, caft their fleeces and become as naked as fucking pigs ; and the inhabi- tants drive a great trade in their wool. Kerman, a town of Perfia, capital of a province of the fame name. It is 110 miles NNW of Gombroon. Lon. 55 15 £, lat. 29 zo N. Kerpen, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Julicrs, 14 miles sE^of Juliers. Lon. 6 56 e, lat. 50 o N. Kerry, a county of Ireland, in the province of Muptter, 57 miles long and 45 broad; bounded on the e by the counties of Limerick and Cork, on the w by the Atlantic Ocean, on the N by the Shannon, which feparates it from 'I"homond, and on the & by Defmond and the ocean. It is a mountainous country, hut in many places are good corn-fields. It contains S4 pariHies, and fends eight members to pailTam^nt. Ardfert is the capital. Kertsch, a forlrefs, fitiiate on the F. coaft of the Crimea, nejr the N en- trance of the Itraits of Cafta. This, fortrefs, and that of Vemkale, aire of the greateft importance, a$ they command the paffage which forms the communication between the lea of Afoph and the Hlack Sea. Kesroan, a chain of mountains, on the coalt of Syria, which makes a part of Mount Lihanus. Kessel, a town of Pruflian Guelder- land, with a handfome caftle, feated 011 the Maefe, between Rureinond and Venlo. Lon. 5 49 E, lat. 51 16 N. Klsseldorf, a village of Germany, in the ciicle of Upper Saxony, three miles below DreRlen, remarkable for a vi6lory fained by the king of PrulRa, over the axons in 1745. Kesteven, one of the three divifions of Lincoln fliire, containing the w part of the county, from the middle to tbft s extremity. Part of the fens of Lin- colnfhire are in this diftriftj the air of whichj however, is more falubrious than that of thedirtria of Holland} and the foil is more fruitful. Keston, a village in Kent, eight miles NW of Wefterham, and 14 se of London. On Helwood Hill, • in this parifh, is Holwood Houfe, and in its grounds are the remains of a large fortifi- cation (probably a Roman one) of an ob« KEY K I D lon^ form; the area of which ii partly in< doled by rampires and double ditches of a great height and depth. It is two miles in circumference, inclofingficar loo acres of ground. A path delcends from the camp to the fprinehead of the river Ra- vcnfbourn. Of tnis Ibring aa excellent cold bath was formed, iurrounded by pales and trees} but it has been long neglc£led. This river flows hence through Bromley and Lewi(ham> and falls into the Thames, at Deptford. Keswick, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Saturday. It is I'eated in a vale furrounded by hills, near the rapid river Greeta, %$ miles NW of Kendal, and 287 nnw of London. Lon. 3 16 \v, lat. 58 35 N. Keswick, Vale of, a diftrlA in the 8 part of Cumberland, lately much vifited by the admirers of nature. Here is the lake of Keiwick, or, more pro- perly, the lake of Derwent-water. To the N of this romantic piece of water, ibars the lofty mountain Skiddaw, one of the molt diftinguifhed in England; and to the s is the dreary region of Borrowdale. See Borrowdale, Der- went-water, and Skiddaw. Kettering, a town in Northampton* /hire, wjth a market on Friday. It is feated oq an afcent| iz miles N£ of Northampton, and 75 nw of London. Lon. o 59 E, lat. 52 ao N. Kew, a village in Surry, feveq miles w by s of London. It is I'eated on the Thames, over which is a ftone bridge of feven arches ta Brentford. Here is Kew Houfe, a royal palace, celebrated for its fine gardens, and his maje(ly''s exotic garden. The laft has been brought to |;reat perfection by the introduftion of many new plants from Africa and New S Wales. Kew gardens are open to the public, every Monday, from midfummer to the end of autumn. Kexholm, a town of the RuflHan government of Wiburgh, feated on two iflands of the river Woxen, which here falls into Lake Ladoga. It is well fortified, and has a flrong caftle. The houfes are built of wood. Near it is a confiderable falmon fifhery. It is 60 miles NE of Wiburg, and 67 n of Pe- terfburgh. Lon. 30 15 E, lat. 6i 3 n. Keynsham, a town in Somerletihire, with a market on Thurfday. It has fome trade in malt, and is feated on the Avon, five miles se of Briftol, and 115 vv of Londgn. Lon, z 34. Vf, lat. 51 HN ,.. Kiiarkof, a government of the Ruf- fian empire, formerly comprifed in tho. government of Ukrania-Slovodfkaia. It» capital, of the fame name, is I'eated oa the Uda, which falls into the Donetz. KiA-KiNG-FQV, a city of China, ia the province of Tche-kiang, remarkable for its ftreets, ornamented by beautiful piazzas, that fhelter pafTengers from the fun and rain. Seven cities of the third claCs are dependant upon it. Ki A NO- NAN, a province of China, bounded on the w by Honan and Hou- miang, on the s by Tche-kiai^ aui Kian-fi, on the e by the gulf ot Nan- king, and on the n byChan-tong. It it of vaft extent, and contains 14 cities of the firft rank, and 93 of the fecond and third, which are very populous, and of tho greateft note for trade in the empire. It is full of lakes, rivers, and canals ; and their fdks, japanned goods, ink, and paper, are in high efteem. Nan-king 1$ the capital. Ki A N G- SI, a province of China, bounded on the N by ICiang-nan, on the w by Hou-quang, on the s by Quang-tong, and on tile e by Fo-kien and Tche- kiang. The mountains that lie to the s are almolt InaccefTible ; but there are fine vailies among them. It is watered by lakes and rivers, and there are mines of gold, filver, lead, iron, and tin. It con- tains 1 3 cities of the iirft rank, and 7S of the lecoud and tdhang-fou is the ca- pital. KiBURc, a town of Swifferland, in th; canton of Zuric, with a caftle, feated on the Theoff, 14 miles ne of the town of Zuric. Lon. 8 46 e, lat. 47 28 N. Ki DD E R M I N ST E R , a corporate town In Worceflerfhire, with a market on Thuif- day. It is feated under a hill, on the river Stour, and is the principal manu- fafturing place in the county. Its former trade of Ituffs is much declined, on ac- count of tlic general ufe of cotton goods j but its carpet manufa^ure has greatly increafed. It is the firft market in Eng- land for pile or plufh carpets, which, for beauty ot colour and patterns, exceed any other. Thele are frequently called Wilton, fVom having been firft made at that town. The worfted fhag trade has alfo been in- troduced here, and employs many looms. It is 14 miles SE of Bridgenorth, and 125 NwofLondont Lon. z 18 w, lat, 5* z8 N, i;^'^.-. .l'^) ■ < ■!', \ w «l ''. 1' 1 i i s; :\ iii M ' h't ■■ ^ .W' t ' K I L KiBWiLLY, a town in Cannartlicn- #[iii» with a inarkct on Tuelciny. It is icuted on a creek of the Briftul ChaniicI, mar the month of the To a canal has been cut to lome coUieiics, whence coal is broneht down ami cxjporttil. It is eight miles s of Carmarthen, and xi4 W by N of London. X,on. 4. 20 W, lat. 56 44 N. KiEl',, a' ftrong town of Germany, capital of Holftcin, with a ca(t!c, and a univerfity* It (tands on a peninAila, in a bay or the Baltic, and has a commo- dious harbour for fliips of the largeft file. It is already one of the moft com- mercial' places in HoUtein; and its trade will be further augmented, when the inland navl^tion acrofs the peninfulu is finifhed. This navigation is to unite the Northern Sea witli the Baltic i and is to he foimed acrofs Holftein, by the canal of Kiel, and the river Eyder, which palTes by Rendfburg, and falls into the German Ocean at Tonningci. This c.iu«ii was btjgun in i777» and is almoft finilhed. Kiel is 37 miles NW of Lubec, and 46 N by E of Hamburg. Lon. xo o £, lat. 54 »o N. See Holstein. KtEMA, a promontory of Swiflerland, on the W ihore of the lake ©f Zug. It is remarkable, that the ground belongs tQ the canton of Lucern, the timber to that of Zug, and the leaves to that of $chweitz. K EN-ning-f6u, a city of China, in tliv- province of Fp-kien. At the time of the conqueft of China by the Tartars, it fuftained two fieges, in the laft of which it was takeii, and all the inha- bltaoits were put to the I'word. It was afterward ie-eftabliflied by the fame Tartars that de(troyed it, and has ^'i^ht cities of the third clafs under its ju- riulit^ion. It is 260 miles se of Nan- king. KiLBARCHAN, a village in Renfiew- fliire, NW of Loch Winnoch. It is a manufaciuring place, and has extenfive bleaching grounds. It ia five miles sw of ReuiVew. KiLBEGGAW, a borough of Ireland, in WefL Meath, feated on the Bofna, 44 miles vv of Dublin. KiLBURN, a village in Middlefcx, ^wo miles NW of London} famous for a fine well of mineral water. KiLDA, St. a fmall iflrnd of Sc^t land, one of the Hebridc, 18 leagi.io to the w of N Uiit. A ^reat number of the poor people in this ifland live chleHy by fifhing and catching wild fowls. In the latter employment, they are . K I L Incredibly adventurous; being often let clown by a ro^e from the lumtnit of high prcclpitoiis rocks, where they clam- ber among the Jugged cliffs, in fcarch of the eggs and nefts 6f viuiouii birds. But the more fafe and common methcd of catching tbefe fowls is, by lpre;u)ing i large ntt over the face of tlie rock where they lodge, in which great numbers are at once entangled, ami lowered down into a boat. St. Kilda is the molt wefterly illand of Great Britain. KiLPARE, a county of Ireland, in tht piovince of Lcinlter, 37 miles long and 24 broad ; hounded on the E by Diiblin and Wicklow, on the w by King's Comity anil Queen's County, on the N by E Meath, and on the s by Caither- loiigh. It is a fertile country, contains 100 pariflies, and fends lo'members' to parliament. KiLDARE, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the fame name, with a bi- fliop's fee. It is 27 miles sw of Dublin. Lon. 6 37 w, lat. 53 9 n. Kii.GARRFN, a town in Pembroke- /hire, with a market on '.Vednefday. It had formerly a caitle, now in ruins j and near it i^i a remarkable falmon-leap, where thatnfli is caught in great 'abun-> ifancc. Above this place, arie large W9rks for fabricating tin plates. I: is feated on the Tyvy, 30 miles N of Pem- broke, and 227 WNw of London. Lon. 4 40 w, lat. 52 4 N. KiLHAM, a town in the E riding of Yorkfhire, with a marVet on Saturday, 36 miles NE ''f Vork, and 200 N of London. Lon. o j.<> w, lat. 54 5 N. KiLiA., a fortified town of Turkey in Europe, in Bcifarabia j feated in an Uland, at the mouth of the Danube. It was taken by the Ruffians in 1790, but reftored at the fubfequent peace. It is 86 miles sw of Bialogorod, and 290 NE of Condantinople. Loh. z^ 46 £, lat. 45 a^ N" Kilkenny, a county of Ireland, In the province of Leindcr, 40 miles long and 20 broad ; bountled on the E by Cather- lough ami Wexford; on the w by Tip- perary, on the N by Queen's County, and on the s by Waterford. It is one of the heft counties in Ireland, contains 96 parities, and fends 16 members tu parliament. Kilkenny, a town of Ireland, capital of a county of the fame name. It is one of the moft populous and commercial towns of Ireland ; and confifts of the Irifh and Entrlifli Town, the laft of which is the principal. It once had a bifliop, mmmmmt K I L K I L :apital is one icrcial )f the which ifliup, ^itd thr cathedral i« yet ftanding. It !i »6 miles N of Watcrtord, and 54 sw of Dviblin. Len. 6 55 w, Int. ji -^6 N. KiLLALA, a feapoit of Ireland, in the county of Mayo, with a bifliop's fee. It is 21 miles N of Caltlcbar. Lon. 9 11 w, lat. 5^ 15 E. KiLLALOE, a city of Ireland, in the county of Clare, with a bifhop's fee, It'Htcd on the Shannon, over which in a bridge of 19 afclies. here is a • on- fiderable falinon and eel Aihtry, It is 10 miles NNE of Limerick. Lup. 8 17 W, lat. 5« 50 N. KiLLARNEY, a town of Ireland, in file county of Kerry, on the fide of a Jake of the fame name. Within half a mile of this place are the ruins of the cathedral of A^hadoie, an ancient bi(hopric united to Ai'dtert. It is 14.3 miles sw of Dublin. Kill ARNEY,abeautifullake of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, otherwife called Lough Lean, from its being fuirounded by high mountains. It is divided into three parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Upper Lake. The noythein, or lower lake, is fix miles in length, and from three to four in breadth. On the fide of one of the mountains, is O'Sul- livan's Cafcade, which falls into the lake with a roar that ftrikes the timid with awe. The view of this flieet of water is uncommonly fine, appearing as if it were defcending from an arch of wood, which overhang? it above 70 feet in Jieight f|;om th». |:».»nt of view. The i (lands are not lb numerous in this as in the upper lake } but there is one of un- common beauty, called Innisfallen, nearly oppofite O'SuIHvan's Cafcade. It con- tains 18 Irifli acres; and the coaft is formed into a variety of bays and promon- tories, fkirted and crowned with arbutus, hoUyj and other /hrubs and trees. The promontory of Mucrufs, which divides the upper from the lower lake, is a perfeft land of enchantment^ and a road is cairied through the centre 6i' this promontory J which unfolds all the interior beauties of the place. Among the diftaiit piountains, Turk appears anobjefl of mag- nificence; and Mangerton's more lofty, though lefs interefting funinnt, Ibars above the whole. The palTage to the upper take is round the extremity of Mucrufs, which confines it on one fide, and the ap- proaching mountains on the other. Here is a celebrated rocki called the Eagle's Nelt,\vhich produces wonderful echoes : the le^'irt of a fui^le canaou is anfwercd bj a fuccefTion of peals refcmbling the loudeft thunder, which feems to travel the fur- roimtling I'ccncry, and dio arvay among the diltant mountains. The upper l:i':e i» four miles in length, and from two to three in breadth, ft is almolt lurroundeil by mountains, from which defccnd'a num- ber of beautiful cafcades. The iflands in this lake are numerous, and afford an amazing variety of pidturefque views. The centre lake, which communicate^ with the upjKr, is fmall in comparifbn with the other two, and cannot boatt of equal variety} but the Hiores are, in many places, indented with beautitu! bays, iurrounded by dark groves of tree?- The E boundary is formed by the bafe of Mangdrton, down the fteep fide of whichdefcends a cafcade, vifible for 1 50 yards. This fall of water is liipplied by a circular lake near the fummit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch Bowl ; which, on account of its immenlis depth, and the continual overflow of water, is confidered as one of the greateft curio-, fities in Killamey. One of the belt pro- fpoAs which this admired lake affords, it frpm a rifing ground near the ruined ca- thedral pf Aghadoe. KiLLEVAN, a town of Ireland, in the county of Monhagan, eight miles sw of Monaghan. Lon. 7 a6 w, lat. 54 10 n, KlLLiCRANKiE, a noted pafs in Perth- fhire, near the junftion of the Tumel with the Garry. It is the giand en- trance into the Highlands in thole parts, and is formed by the lofty moun- tains impending over the Garry, which lufhes thioiigh in a deep, darkfome, and rocky channel, overhung with trees. In Lhe laft century, this was a pafs of much difficulty and danger: a path hanging over a tremendous precipice threatened de(tni6lion to the leaft falle ftep of the traveller. At prefent, a fine road gives an eafy accefs to the remote liighlands j and the two fides are joined by a fine arch. Near the N end of this pafs, in its open and unimproved ftate, king William's army, un.ier general Mackey, w-is defeated, in 1689, by the High- landeis, coBimnnded by vifcount Dundee, who WIS killed in the moment of vi6lcry. KiLLiLEAGH, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Down, leated on an arm ot Strangfbid Lough, where Hiips may be /heltered t'rom ail winds. It ftifftred much in the war of 1641 ; but it is now a thriving place, with a linen and thread lUHnufuclure Here is a caltte, ibrmerly the leat of the fanjlly of Hamilton, iipw m ■.•■•■■I- 1 ;i.. f: ' >' i^ iivii' iii I": K i M «arl« of Clanbraflil } and the celebrated fir Hans Sbane was born in this town. It is 80 miles N by E of Dublin. Killinat;le» a town of Ireland, in the covnty of Tipperary, 14 miles n of . Clonmell. Lon. 7 z6 w, lat. 52 17 n. KiLLOMY> a town of Ireland, in the county of Sligo, fix miles s of SUgo. Lon. 8 Z5 w, lat. 54. 11 N. KiLLoycH, or Pojit St. Ann, a feaport of Iixland, in the county of Down, fituate on the N of St. John's Point, in the Irifti Sea. A rock ftands in the middlp p( the entrance of its harbour, covered ,at half flood} to the E or w of which is a iecure paffage, the injlet lying, s by E, and N by W. Here is a ruafiu- fafture pf fait. It is 76 mUes N^ by e of Dublin. KiLLYBEGS, a borough of Ireland, in the coijnty of jponegaj, with a fpacious harbonr op the N iule of DontgAl Bay. It is 12 miles N w of B^llyihannon. Lon. 8 6w, lat, 54. 4.0 N. Kilmac-Thomas, a town pf Ire- land, in the county of Waterford, 1 z miles sE of Waterford, Loi^. 7 ipw, la^ 5Z J4.N. KiLMAiNHAM, a town of Ireland, about half a mile from Dublin. It has a feflion-houfe and 3 gaolj and here the quarter feflions are held for the county of Dublin, and the knights for the ihirp defied. It was fometimes the feat of government, before the CalHe at Dublin was appropriated to that purpofe. KiLMALLOCK, a borough «t Ireland, in the county of Limerick, |8 miles s of Limerick. Lon. 8 34. w, lat, 52 24 N. Kilmarnock, a populous town in Ayrfhire, noted for its manufadure of gloves, carpets, (lockings, nightcaps, bonnets, and other woollen good*. It is J 5 miles sw of Giafgow. KiLMCRE, s. town of Ireland, Jn the county of Cavan, with a bifliop's lee, three miks sw of Cavan. Lon. 7 1 1 w, lat. 54 2 N. ■ ^ KiLWORTH, a town of Ireland, In the covnty of Cork, at the fost of Kilworth mountains. L^'low the town runs the river Funcbeon, on which ftands the cjftle of Cbugh-leagh, which has llo:,a ftven fie^es. Kilworth is loS miles sw ef Dublin. Kim BOLTON, a town in Hvmtingdon- ffiire, with a market on Friday. The caftle (the feat of the duke of Manchefter) has been nxuch improved. Queen Catha- rine, after her divorce from Henry viii, rtfided fome time in this caftle. It is eight miles nw of St, Ncct's, and 64 n K 1 N by w of London. Lon. tS w, lat. 5^ 13 N. KiMi, a town of Sweden, capital of a province of the fame name, in £ Bothnia, at the mouth of the Kimi, which here falls into the gulf of Bothnia, 10 miles SE of Tornea. KiNBURV, a fcrtrcfs of the RulHaQ empire, at the mouth of tlie Dnieper, op» ppnte Oczakow. In the laft war with kuflia, the Turks mace feveral attack^ upon it by land and fea, but \yerc finally repulfedf Kincardine -0-NiELj a village In Aberdeenfliire, feated 9n tht; rlyer Dee» 13 miles w of Aberdeen. Kincardineshire, or Mearns, a county of Scotland, bouqd^ on the n and NW by Abeixleenflii|-|, on the e by the Germafi Ocean, and on. the sw by An- gusHure. Its 4ength along the coait i$ 30 miles J its great? ft breadth 20, The oiily borough in it is Inverbt:rvie. Kin ETON, a tow|^ in Waj-wifkfhire, MVtth a market pn Tucfday. King Johji kept his court in a caftle We. It is 10 mijes SSE of Warwicl^, and i$ NW of I^ondoi). Loo. I ?4- w, lat, 52 11 N. King George's Sound, the name given by captain Cook, in 1778, to the harbpujr which he difcovcred on the W coaft of N Amprica, at the mouth of a great river, in lop. 126 48 w, and lat. 49 33 N, But the natives call it Nootka j the name now generally adopted by the EngUft), The woods are compofed of the Canadian pine» white cyprels, and two or three other foj-ts of pine ; and, in ge- neral, they are of a large fize. About the rocks and borders of the woods, were iepn Ibme ftrawberry plants, and rafp- beiry, currant, and goofeberry bufties, all in a flourifhing ftate. The principal animals feen here wei*e racoons, martens, and fquirrels. Birds are fai* frpm being numerous, and thole that ai-e to be feen are remrukably fhy, owing, perhaps, to their being continually harraifed by tba natives, either to eat them, or tP wear their feathers as ornaments. The que- brantahueftbs, ihags, and gulls, were ieen off the coaft j and the laft two were alfo frequent in tlie Sound. Thr ftature of the natives is, in general, below the common -ftandard ; but their perfons are not proportionably ^nder, bemg ufually prt" tty plump, though not mufcular. The women are of the Tame ftze and form as the men; nor is it eafy to diftinguilh them, as they poflefs no natural femmine graces. Their bodies are always covered with red paint } but tktfir fac«8 »*£ ora^- 1,1,^ K 1 M K I N >, were ral'p. )ufties, incipal artens, being >e feen . to y the wear que- (ecn re alfo lire of the B)s are fually The rm as i^ui/h ■iinine verecj orftSk- mented with a vaiicty of colours, a black, a bright red, or a white colou.. j the laft of which gives them a ghaftly appearance. They arc docile, coutteoiu, atid good- jjatured } but quick in relenting injuries, and, like moft other palUonate people, as quickly forgetting them. A rattle nnd a Imall whiftle are the only inftruinents of mufic that were feen among them. Their houles csnfift of very long broad planks, tefting upon the edges of each other, tied, in different parts, with withes of pine- bark. Their furniture conlifts principally •f chefts and boxes of various fizes, piled upon each other, at the fides or ends of their houfes, in which are dtpofited their garments, and whatever they deem valu- able: they have alfo fquare and oblong pails, bowls to eat their food out of, &c. The irregularity and cpnfufion of their hoafes is far exceeded by their naftinefs and ttench. Every thing about the houfe Itinks of trainoil, H(h, and Imoke ; and every part ot it is as filthy as can be ima- gined. In 1786, a fmall affociatinn of Sriti/h merchants, refident in the E In- dies, fonnc-d the projeft of opening a trade to this place, tor fupplying the Chi- oefe market with furs, and took meafures, in 1788, to iecure themfelves a permanent fettlemcnt ; but the Spaniards being jea- lous of the intrufion of the Englifh into a part of the world, which they had long regarded as their exclufive property, fent a frigat«i from Mexico to put an end to this commerce. The frigate arrived in Nootka Sound in May 1789, and, in July following, captured two Englilh veflels, at the fame time taking porfeflion of the iJettlement that had been formed upon the coaft. The BritHh miniftry, on receiving intelligence of this tranl'a^ion, imme- diately ordered a powerful armament tv> jive weight to their demand of repara- tion ; but the affair was amicably termi- ;Qatcd by a convention, in 1790. KiNCHORN, a feaport in Fifcftiire, . on the fritl f Forth, nine miles N of Leith, on the oppofite fide of the frith. KiNCSBRiTiGE, a town in Devonftiire, with a market 0.1 Saturday. It is feated at the head of a fmall inlet of the EngliHi Channel, 34. miles s by w of Exeter, and 118 wsw of London. Lou. 3 48 w lat. 50 zo N. Kingsbury, a village in Herts, to the N of St. Alban's, once famous for a palace of the Saxon kings. KiNCSCLEAR, a town in Hampfbiie, with a market on Tuefday. It was the refidtnce of fome of our Snxon kings, and uomexmlc} nw of fiafinglloktf, aod ^6 W by s of London. Lon. i 9 W, lat. 53 to N. King's County, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter, 38 miles long and 30 broad ; Ipunded on the N by W Meath, on the E by Kildare, on the s by Queen's-County and Tipperary, and on the w by the Shannon, which divides it fi'oni Rofcommon, Galway, and anotlier part of Tipperary. It contains 56 pariAies, and fends fix members to parlia- ment. It is not fo rich as fome of the other counties, nor is it fo well inhabited. The capital is Philipftown. King's LanclY, a village In Herts* five miles w of St. Alban's. It received its name from a royal palace built by Henry iii, the ruins of which are to be feen. Richard n was buried in its mo- naltcry, but removed, by Henry v, tit Wcltminfter. King STEIN, a ftrong fortrefs of Noi- way. See Fredericstadt. Kingston, the county-town of Ulfter, in the (tate of New York, feated on the Eulbpus Kill, or creek, the mouth of which is nearly two miles w of Hudfon's River. Kingston, a town of Jamaica, on the N fide of the bay of Port-Royal. It was buUt after the great earthquake in 1692, is a place of good trade, and is much relorted to by merchants and iea- men, motl of the fliips coming to load and unload their cargoes here. Lon. 76 5* W, lat. 17 50 N. Kingston UPON Hull. See Hull. Kingston upon Thames, a corpo- rate town in Surry, with a market on Saturday. A great national council was held here in the year 838, at which Eg- bert, the filft king of all England, and his fon AtheKvolf, were prelent j uid fevcral of the Saxon monarchs were crowned here. This town lent members to parliament in the reigns of the fecond and third Edward ; but it ceaffd after- ward, in conliquence of a pet: ..; from the corporation praying to be releafed from the burden. Queen Elifabeth founded here a frecfchooi ; and the Lent aflizds are coultantly held at this place. The wooden bridge, over the Thames, is the moft ancient on that river, except London Bridge ; and the corporation have a revenue for its fuppoit. It is 1 1 miles sw of London. Lon. o iz w, lat. ft 47 N. Kii,g-TE-tchinc, a town of China, in the province of Kiang-(i and diftriii of Jrio-tchcou' fou. It is famous fcr iti bcautitiil porqciaift, i« computed to cwr - ' "I' : ,; jtv^ s ^m -. «■■ m'i :.x ilt* ^•t1 K I O KtK ClM .€11 ,H I ^'^l : ka'n a mlUicn of inhabitants, and extfhda In 1664, the natives, difcontented with » league and a half along the banks of a John Cafimir, king of Poland, fubmittcd river, which here forms a kind of har- to Ruflia, and have ever fmce remained bour, about a league in circumference. fubjeft to that impire. The vail privi- KiNROSS, a borough in Kinrofsfhire, leges that they enjoyed have been gradually feated on a plain Ikreeried on the N by the aboliflicd, and they are novsr reduced to Ochil Hills, and not far w of Loch the fame (tate as the other provinces of the Leven. Its manufaftures are Ijnen, and Rulfian empire. This government con- fome cutlery ware 5 and it is zonules N tains eleven diftrifts ; and its principal of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 ax vv, lat. 56 15 N. K1NROSS-8HIRE, a coimty of Scotland, furroundcd by the fhircs of Perth and I'ile. It is about 30 miles in circuit, its length and breadth being nearly equal j ,, and lends one. member to parliament, al- rivers are the Dnieper, Deiha, Oltcr, Udai, Sula, Pfol, and Trubefli. KiOF, or Kiow, a palatinate of Po- land, in that part of the Ukraine whick lies on the w fide of the Dnieper. It contains only two diflri feated on its n coaft, oppofite to the nrovince of Qu4i)fe-tong, in China. It ftands on a promontory, and fhips often anchor at the bottom of its walls. Its diftrift contains three cities of the lecond, and jo of the third clafs. Klattaw, a town of Bohemia, 4.6 miles sw of Prague. Lon. 14. 6 E, lat. 50 30 N. Klettenberg, a town of Swiffer- land, feated on the Aar, three miles from "Waldfchut. The fpiritual jurifdiaion belongs to the biftiop of Conftance ; the fovereignty to the cantons. Lon. S iz E> iat.47 35 N. Klundert, a ftrong fortrefs of the United Provinces, in Holland, near the arm of the fea, called Hollands Diep. It was taken by the French, in 1793, afteK a gallant re'Cftance j but they were obliged to evacuate it Toon after. It is nine miles SE of Williamftadt. Knapdale, a mountainous diftrifl in Argylefliire, adjoining to Argj'le Proper, and connefted on the s by a narrow neck of land, to the peninfula of Cantyre. Knaresborough, a borougn in the W riding of Yorklhire, with a mai'ket on Wednefday. It is feated on a rugged rock, where there was a caftle, and almoii cncompalTed by the river Nid. Here is a famous fpring, called the Dropping Well, which falls In drops from the top ot a rock« and the water is of a very ftrong petrifying <)uallty. Knarciboi'ough fends two mem- bers to parliament, and is 18 miles w by » of York, and an N by w of London. Lon. I 26 w, lat. 54. 5 N. Knighton, a commercial town in Radnorfljire, with a market on Thurfday, ieated on the Tend, 14 miles w of Here- ford, and 135 Nw of London. Lon. z 46 W, lat. 5z 13 N., KnichtsbridgEj a village in Mid- dlefex, the firft from London on the great weftern road. Here is an infirmary for the fick and wounded, called St. George's Hofpital J and a confiderabie manufafture 4)f painted floor-cloths. Knotsford, a tovyn in Chefliire, with a market on Saturday. Thete are two towns of this name pretty near toge- ther, called the Higher aiul Lower. In the higher is the parifli church, and in the lower a chapel of eafe. They are ft. yen mites NE of Northwich, and 173 NNW fof London. Lon. x z8 w, ht. 53 20 n. K.OANG-nN-FOXl» a city ofChina, in the province of Kiang-fi. Its juiifdiftion f owtains fe^'cn cities of the third clafs. |CoD), calkd by Ui« Qmtk ChamO} K O N a vaft defert of Chiuefe Tartary, which occupies alrnoft all the s extremity of the counti-y of the Kalkas. It is more than 100 leagues from E to w, and almolt as much from N to s. KOKI-TCHEOU, one of the fmalleft provinces in China, bounded on the s by Quang-fi, on the E by Hon-quaHg, on the N by Se-tchuen, and on the w by Yun-nan. It contains lo cities of the firft rank, and 38 of the fecond and third, and is full of inaccelfible mountains. It is almoft a defert: and may juftly be called the Siberia of China. The inhabi- tants are mountaineers, accuftomed to in- dependence, and who fecm to form a fepa- rate nation : they are no lefs ferocious than the favagc animals among which they live. This province produces the belt horfes In China. Befide Koei-yang, the capital, it contains nine cities of the lirll, and 38 of the fecond and third clafs. KoEi-TCHEOU-FOr, a commercial cityof China, in the provinceofSe-tchucn. Its diftri6l contains one city of the fecond clafs, and nine of the third. KoEi-YANG, the capital of the pro- vince of Koei-tcheou, in China. The remains of temples and palaces ftlU an* nounce its former magnificence. It is 420 miles Nw of Canton. Kola, a town of the Ruffian govern- ment of Archangel, capital of Ruflian Lapland. It has a good harbour on the river Kola, near a bay of the fame name in the Frozen Ocean. Lon. 32 26 e, lat. 68 34 N. KoLYVAN, a government of the Ruf- fian, empire, comprehending a part of Welicrn Siberia, and formerly included in the government of Tobollk . Its capital, of the fame name, is feated on the Oby, near the mouth of the Berda, and was known, before the in(Htution of this go- vernment, under the name of Berdlkoi Oftrog. This country has very produc- tive ulver mines, wliith have been called the Potofi of Ruflia. They lie between the Oby and Irtylh, near the mountains which foim tiie frontiers of Siberia, and feparate that country from Chinefe Tartary. KoNGSBERG, a town of Southern Norway, celebrated for its filver nines. It lies on both fides of the river Lowe, and contains, including the miners, 6000 inhabitants. Thefc mines, which lie about two miles from the town, were firft difcovercd and worked, during the ireign of Chriftian IV. Kongftcrg is 45 miles sw of CtuilUwia. L^a,^ 50 e^ lat. 59 4«N, •y^tl'JTJtyjSCTKSlS^gS K O N K O R KoNGSWiKcER, a town of Norway, on the frontiers oi* Sweden. It is feated near the river Glomme, at the foot of a iteep rock, on which ftands an impregna- ble citadel; at lead, Charles xii, who reconnoitred it, thought it prudent to decline the attempt. KoNC-TCHANC-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Chcn-fi, It is fur- ruunded by iiiacceHible mountains, where a tomb i« feen, which the Chtnefc pre- tend to be that of Fo-hi. Its diitri^l contains three cities of the fecond, and leven of the third clafs. It is 700 miles sw of Pekin. KoMNGSBERC, a town of Franconia, biilonging to the houfe of Saxe- Weimar^ tliree miles NE of Schweinfurt. Lon. lo 4+£, lat. 50 5 N. KONINGSBERC, a town of upper Saxony, in the marquifate of Branden- burg, 47 miles s of Stetin. Lon. 14. 40 jE, lat. 5* 50 N. KoNiNcsBERG, the capital of PrufHa, with a univcrfity, and a magnificent palace, in which is a hall 274 reet long, and 59 broad, without pillars to fupport it, and a handfome library. The town- houle, the exchange, and the cathedral, are fine ftruftures. The tower of the ctiltle is very high, and has 184 fteps to the top, whence there is an extenfive profpeft. Here are 18 churches, of which 14 belong to the Lutherans, three to the Calvinifts, and one to the papifts. The town is five miles in circumference, and, including the garrifon of 7000 nr;cn, con- tains 60,000 inhabitants. It (tands on the Pregel, which here falls into the Frifche Haf, an inlet of the Baltic. No (hips drawing more than leven feet water can pais the bar, and come up to the town J lb that the large velTels anchor at i'illau, a fmall town on the Baltic, which is the port of Koninglberg ; and tlit mer- chandile is fent in Imaller veflels to this place. The trade of Koningfberg is very confiderable. It is 6i miles KE of Eibing, and 115 N of Warfaw. Lon. 20 55 E, lat. 544.1 N. KoNiNGSCRATZ, a town of Bohe- mia, with a biihop's fee, feated on the Elbe, 35 miles sw of Glatz, and 1x5 n by w of Vienna. Lon. 16 8 e, lat. 50 «N. KoNiNCSHOFEN, a ftroDg town of Franconia, with a biihop''s fee, 25 miles NNw of Bamberg. Lon. 10 46 s, lat. 50 24 N. KONiNGSTEiM, a town of Upper Sax- ony, in the territory of MiCnia, with an impregnable fort. It is a place of con^ finement for ftate prlfoners, and is feated en the Elbe, 10 miles se of Pyma, and 10 sw of Drefden. Lon. 13 43 e, lat, 51 IN. KoNiNGSTEiN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Uie Lower Rhine, and archbifhopric of Mentz, with a ftrong fort, 12 miles NK of Mentz. It furren- dered to the French, July 22, 1796. Lon. 8 25 w, lat. 50 5N. KoNiNGSTUTER, a town of Ger- many, with a celebrated abbey, in the territory of Brunfwick - Wolfenbuttle. Lon. II 7 E, lat. 52 25 N. KoNiTz, a town of Weftem Pruflia, 10 miles NW of Culm, and 50 sw o£ Dantzic. Lon. 18 16 e, lat. 53 36 n. KoPYS, a fortified town of Lithuania, feated on the Dnieper, i8 miles N of Mo- hilef. Lon. 31 2 e, lat. 54 32 N. KoRiACS, a nation of Aiia, tributary to the Ruflians. There are two forts of Koriacs. Thole who are properly called by that name have a fixed reudence : the others are wanderers, and are known by the appellation of Raindcer Koriacs. Their flocks are numerous, and they maintain them by conducing them to thofe cantons that abound with mofs. When thefe paflures are exhaufted, they feek for others. In this manner they wander about, encamping under tents of flcin, and fupporting themfelves with the produce of their deer, which arc as fer- viceable for draught to the Koriacs, as the dogs are to the Kamtfchadales. There is, in many refpei^s, a great refemblance between the fixed and the wandering Ko- riacs : yet the little cordiality, or rather the mifimderftanding, that fubfifts among them,' caufcs them to be confidered as two different people. Their country, however, is the fame, and tak?8 in a vaft extent, teniiinated to the s by Kamtf- chatka and the gulf of Pengina, to the B by the country of the 01uterlan«, to the N by that of the Tehcukchis, and to the w by the Tongoufes, the Lamouts, and the Yakouts. The number of fixed Koriacs fcarcely exceeds nr .; hundred ; and though it is not eafy to calculate that of the wandering Koriacs, it is ima- g^ed that they do not much furpafs this amount. The manners of the former are a mixture of duplicity, miftrult, and avarice. They have all the vices of the northern nations of Afia, without their virtue^. Robbers by nature, they are fufpicious, cruel, incapable either of bene- volence or pity. Nothing but prefents can excite their attention, or roul'e their ac- tivity. From this perfidi6ui» a^4 favage 4 k^ 'I .'1 t r' \ ■>*: "•p^""*?!**!;" VWfFfiaS' •^f Jii'V S'f m\ K O R. dlfpofition, it would not be cafy for tliem td live in peace, oi* form any durable ties With their neighbour** Hence their con- tinual, infune^iion^ againft the Rullians, their atrocious robberies, their daily in- cnHtons on the people >^ho furround them i %*nce the refpeflive animofitie» and re- venge that inceHantly fpring up. Thru ftate of war foments in every individual a fer^ieus fpirit. The praf^ice of attack- ing, and of defending themfelves, creates in them an inflexible courage, that de- lights in perpetual combats, and glories in a contempt of life. Superftition lends its aid to ennoble in their eyes this thirll: of blood, by impofmg a law that obliges them to conquer or to die. Neither the bravery, nor the nwmber of their adver- faries, can at'uli intimidate them: it is then they fwear to Uejhoy the fun. They difcharge this terrible oath by cutting the throats of their wives and children, burn- ing all their jwfleffions, and ruftiing madly Into the midft of their enemies. The combat cannot' terminate but by the total *le(truftion of one of the parties ; for the vanquifhfd never feek their fafety by flight, and not a Koriac will furvive the ilaughter of his countrymen.* Their re- gular occupation is hunting and fifliing ; bdt every Icafon will not permit them to follow it. During thefe intei^vals, Ihut up in their de&p habitations, they fleep, fmokt, and get drunk. Thoughtlels of the future, without regret for the paft, they come not out of their yourts till.the Kioft urgent nccelfity compels them. Thefe yourts are larger than thofe of the Kamtl'- , chadales, and arc diftributcd nearly in the fame manner; but thtir "filthinefs is more difgulting, for there is neither door, nor ▼ent-hole for the fmokc. They live, like the Kamtfchadales, upon dried fifh, and the flelh and fa( of th; whale and feawolt^ The whale is commonly eaten raw, and the feawolf dried and cooked in the lame maimer as their fifli, except the fnicws, the marrow, the bmin, and now and then a flice of the flefh, which they devour raw with extreme aviiiity. Rain- deer is their favourite difJ».. Vegetables alfo fonn a part of their iood : they ga- ther in autwinn various fort of berries, oi a part of which they make a rcfrefting bevei-age, and the reft is bruifed to powder, and kneaded with the ©il of the whale or feawolf. Their paiiiun for itirattg liquors, increafed by the ditficult)r;^ 'procuring brandy, has led thein to invent a drink equally potent, which they extrafl from a red mufhroom, knbvtrit in Rlifllia as a ilrong poifon by thi nttraeof moukham«n-. K O R The features «f the majoritv of the Ka- riacs are not Afiatie ; and tney might be confidered as Europeans, but for their low ftature, their ill fhape, and the co- lour of their flcin. The other Koriae» have the fame charaflerifUc ovtlines as the Kamtfchadaks. Among the women, particularly, there are very few who have not funk ey^&, flat nofes, and prominent cheeks. The men are almoft entirely beardlefs, and have fliort hair. The women carry their children in a kind of neft or balket arclied over, in which th« infant is placed in a fitting polture, and ftiekercd from the weather. Amot^ their ftrange cuftoms, i» the probation to which a young man fubjeft* himfolf when he is dirfirous of marrying.- As foon.as he has fixed his choice, he waits upon the rela- tions of his miitrefs, and offers to drudge for them. The woman is. immediately enveloped in a multiplicity of garments, which conceal her to I'uch a degree, that the face itlclf is fcaroely vifibk. She is not left alone for a fingle inftant ; her mother, and a number of old matrons., accompany her wherever fhe goes. The aim of tlu^ lover, is to touch her naked body, the only way by which he ©an ob- tain her. In the mean time, he executea, with real and fubmiifion, all the funftiona that the relations ihipele upon him. Be- come, as it were, the Have of the family, he-is employed in all the domeftic labours^^ to cut wood, fetch water, provide ice, &c. In his leifure moments, at liberty to fee and approach his miflreJs, he en- deavours to merit her afFeftion by fome fly attempt to obtain a touch; but, from the number and thitknefs of her. garments, and the refiftance of her relations, it i& frequently not till after the expiratton of two or three years, that lie obtains his end. Elate with his victory, he flies to inform the relations of his I'ucccl's. The witnelTes are fuinmoned, r. d the young lady interrogated. Her confeilion is ne- ceflhvy, as well as fome proof that flit was taken by furprife, and made fruitleis efforts to defenil herlelf. The conqueror being now freed from his labours, he makes his court without reftraint to his fu- ture wife, who. is not perhaps forry to find ^herlelf delivered from her cumberfome atttre. This fecond ftage of courtfhip is feldom very long; the damfel, in the prefence of the family, foon gives her confent, and nothing more i$ tequifite t« entitle him to all the claims of 9. nufband. A plurality of wives is not allowed among the ICbriacs ; although there have bc^« iuftancefi of its being pia:ftiV«d %vlthuut Jt>m K O R (kruple. Their funeral rites have a ftrik- iiu; fimilarity to the ancient inUitutions ot pagan if m, ftill oblcrvod by various uncivilized people of the new hemifphere. When a Koriac dies, his relations .and neighbours aflemble to pay bim their hit refpcfts. They ere^l a funeral pile, upon which they place a port^ion of the wealth of the deceafed, and a llock of provifi- ons, confifiing of raindcer, H/h, brandy, in fhort, whatever they conceive he will want for his great journay, and to keep him from (tarving in the other world. If it be a wandering Koriac, his deef con- duit him to the pilej if a rtfident Ko- riac, he in drawn by his dogs, or carried by liis relations. The body is exhibited, clothed in his beft attire, and lying iu a kind of coffin. There it receives the adieu of the attendants, who, with torches in their bands, conHder it as an honour fpeedily to reduce their relation or friend to aflics. They feel only tlie regret of a fliort abfence, and not of an eternal feparation. They wear no mourning; and the funeral pomp terminates in a fcene of intemperance, where the fumes of their liquor and tobacco gradually efiace the remembrance of death. Tiiey a<;know- ledge a fupreftie being, the creator of all things. He inhabits the fun, whole burning orb they conlldei as the throne or palace of the Lord of Nature, whom they probably confound with that celeftial £re, which is fuppoied to be \ih dwel- ling. They neither fear nor worftiip him : goodnefs, they fay, is his? eflence j all the good that exifts in the world pro- ceeds from him; and it ts impodlble he ftiould do an injury. The principle of evil they condder as a malignant ipirit, who divides with the good being the em- pire of nature. As the one is intent on the happinefs of mankind, the other en- deavours to render them unhappy. Di;'- cafes, tempefts, fiimine, calamities of every kind, ai-e his work, and the inftruments of his vengeance. It is to pacify his wrath, that they facrifice their perfonal intereft, and have recourfe to devotion. They offer to him various animals, the firft- fruits of their hunting and fifhing, and whatever they poffefs that is moft valu- able i but there is no terople fet apart for his votaries, who conceive that they ren- dered him propitious by pioufly getting Ui-unk ia their yourts j for drunkennelji is become with thefe people a religious praflicc, and the baiis of all their folem* nities. KoRSiyw, or Kosoa, a town of Denmark, m the iflf of Zeal^d^ witb a K R E fort, 4s »n>le» w by 3 of Copfrfiagen. Lon. II 10 E, lat. 55 19 n. KoSAL, or KosTA, a fortified town of Silefia, near the river Oder, 17 miles N of Ratilbon. Lon. 17 54.' k, lat. 5^ 26 N. Kostroma, a government of the Ruf^ fian empire, formerly included in that of Mol'cow. It is divided into the pro- vinces of Koftroma and Unlha. Th« capital of the former is Koftroma, featetf at the mouth of the Volga ; the capital of the lecond is Makarief, fituate on the Unfha. KouBi-TE-FOV, a city of China, in the province of Ho-nan. The inhabi- tants are remarkably mild, and treat ftrangers with uncommon fcofpitality. This city is feated between two larg^ rivers. KowNO, a town of Lithuania, feated on the Wilna and Niemen, 40 miles w of Wilna. Lon. 24. 12 e, lat. 54. 5/i N. Kraanenberg, a town of the duchy of Cleves, feated on the declivity of a hill, bet^ween Nimeguen and Cleves. Its name, which fignihes Crane-hill, is de- rived from the number of cranes that ufed to alfemble round the caftle, when the adjacent plain was a morafs. It is celebrated for an image of the Virgin, pretended to b^e miiT^cuTous. KRAiiNBURG, a town of Bavariajf feated on the Inn, 35 miles E of Munich. Krainburg, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Camiola, feated on th^ Save, 18 miles NW of Laubach. Krai NO WIT z, a town of Upper Sllefia, between Ratibor and Troppaw. Lon. 17 49 E, lat. 50 7 N. Krainslaw, a town of Poland, i|^ the province of Red Ruflla and palatinate . of Chelm, no miles SE of Waj-faw. Lon. 23 oE, lat. 51 15 N. Krekith, a corporate town in Car- narvonfhire, with a market on Wednef- day. It is feated on the Irifh Sea, near Traeth-Amawer Bay, where a caiUs formerly ftood, now in ruins. It is ij miles s by E of Carnarvon, and 237 NW of London. Lon. 4 t8 Wt lat. 5:^ 57N. Krempen, a ftrong town of Pen- mark, in Holftein, with a caftle. It is five mile^i N of Gluckftadt, apd 30 nvf of Hamburg. Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 53 5S n< Kr£M3, a town of Auftria, feated on the Danube, 35 i^ilet wof Visnna. Lon. 154^2, 1^1.481811/ , KR9UZEIIACH, a tovtm of Germany,, , in the circle of the Lower Rhine, with^» ciifiJe. on an eminence. Jt rf^i owt M X % iul B*i ^I'InJ 1 ' r^' H; i^pllll i« ■iiui I »;>'■•, •||M^»»|)1 ni«.4i«^,'pn > : . ■: 1 jjti j I '^3i! ■i'-, ' Uii 1 1 :| ■V ' i 1 W^ Ji Kwi 1 K U B imperial city, and is feated on the Nahe, ao miles sw ot'Mentz. KrumlaWi a tpwn of Germany, in Moravia, 50 miles sw of Olmutx. Lon. i6 49 E, lat. 48 4.6 N. Krut/ow, a itrong town of Lithu- ania, feattd on the Sotz, 30 miles sw of MozdHaw. Lon. 33 4 R, lat. 54 8 N. Krylow, a Itrong town of Poland^ in the palatinate of Kiof, feated on the Dnieper, 140 miles se of Kiof. Lon. 33 50 E, lat. 48 5« N. KvBESHA,' aftrongtown of AHa, in the country of the Lefgiiis, fituate on a hill, between high mountains. Its inha- bitants call themfelvrs Frank! (Frank;), a ngine common in the e to all Euro- peans) and relate, that their anceftors were brought hiflier by Ibme accident, the particulars .>.f which are forgotten. The common conjeclure is, that they were caft away upon the coalt ; but others fay, that the Greeks and the Oenocfe carried on, durnig feveral centuries, a t onfiderable trade, itot only on the Black i5ea, but on the Cafpian, and were ac- *]uainted with the mines contained in tilde mountain?, from whicli they di'ew, by their trade with the inhabitants, great quantities of filvcr, copper, and other metals. In order to work thefc upon the Ipct, they fcnt hither a number of work- men, to cftablini maniifaftures. I'he lubftquent invafioh of the Arabs, Turks, and Moguls, durinz which the mines were tilled up, and the manufactures ubanduned, prevented the ftrangers froia cfitfting their return ; lb that they Con- tinued here, and foimed arepnblic. VVIiat renders this account tlieinore probable is, that they aie ftill excellent artilts, and make \xvy good firc-aims, fabres, coats of mail, and feveral arricles in gold and iilver, for exportation. They have, like- wife, for their'own defence, fniall copper cannons, of' three pounds calibre, caft by themjfelves- They coin Turkilh and Perfiaa filver money, and even rubles, which readily pafs turrent, becauie.they are of the .full, weight and value. In their vallies, tliey have pafturc and arable landf as well as gardens ; but they pur- <:hafe the greater part of their corn, trufting chiefly for fupport io the fale •f their manvti^wesv^ which are much admired in Turkfey, rPerfia, and the Cri- 4tiea> They are 'generally in good cir- icumftances, and are .a quiet inofFenfive' M«ple, buthi{(h-f{nrited aiid independent .~ rheir town is canfidercd as a' neutral fjtoti vvhcre the neighbouring princes ^air ^pofit their t^pafure with SuKty, They K U R eleft yearly twelve maglftrates, to whom they pay unlimited obedience ; and, a* aU" the inhabitants are on a footing of the moft perfc(l equality, each individual it fure to ha e, in his turn, a (hare in the government. In ijiSt their magiftratesr acknowledged the fovereignty of RtiiTia, but without paying any tribute. Lon. 67 59 E, lat. 41 30 N. KuFSTEiN, a ftrone town of Ger- many, in the Tirol, with a caftle, on a rock. It is leated on the Inn, 46 miles s by E of Munich. Lon. iz 5 £, lat. 47 a6 N. KUNACHIR. See JesO. KuR, a river df Perfia, which rifcs in mount Caucafus, and, pading by TeifliS) falls into the Cafpian Sea. Ku RILES, a chain of illands, extend- ing from lat 51 to 45° N, running from Cape Lopatka, the s promontory of Kamtfchacka, to Japan, in a sw direc- tion. The inhabitants of the neighbotu'- hood of Cape Lopatka, who were called Kuriles, gave theie iflands the fame namej as foon as they became acquainted with them. They are zi in number, exclu- fire of the very fmall ones. The noithern- moft, called Shoomfka, is three leagues from Cape Lopatka. The next, named Paramouiic, is confiderably larger th?.n ShooniJka. Thofe two iflands were firlt vifited by the Ruffians in 171 3» and at the fame time brought under their domi- nion. The others, in order, are alf» made tributary down to Oolhefheer, in- clufivc. The natives are all reprefented as hofpitable, generous, and humane; excelling their Kamtfchadale neighbours in the formation of their bodies, and in docility and quicknels of underftanding. Though Oolhefheer is the fouthemmoft ifland that the Ruffians have yet brought under their dominiot: they trade to Oo- rdop, which is the eighteenth, and the only one where there is a good harbour /or fhips of burden. Beyond this, to the s, lies Nadeegfda, which was reprefented by the JRulfians, as inhabited by a race of men remarkably haiiy, and who, like thofe of Ooroop, live in a ftate of entire^ independence. Spanberg places this ifland in 43 50 N lat. In the fame direftion, but Inclining fomewhat more to the w. He the illands of Jxso ; a name which the Japanefe give to the whole chain of iflands between Kamtfchatka and lapaa. KvR5ic» a government of the R)E of SomertoR. It is -naturally paved, for half a mile, with one fniooth lock, which looks like iffe« L. ■ ; LAA, Laab, or Lahab, a town of Auftria, feated on the Teya, *7 miles NW of Vienna. Lon. 16 9 e, lat. 4S 48 N. Labadia, a ftrong town of Italy, in polefmo dl Rovigo, lubjeSl to the Ve- netians. It is featfd ^t miles sw of Nida. Labiau, a town of Weftern Pruflla, at the mouth of the Deime, near the CuriichhaiF, with a itrong cafUe, 30 miles NE of Koningfberg, Lon^ zi 40 E, lat. 54 57 N. L4BOURD, a late territory of France, sari of that of BaTqiies. It abotinds in iruit, and t))e inhabitants are faid to be the Rrii that went to fi(K for wbaies. It Is ndw included in the department of the Lower Pyreiises. Labhaoor, a countj:y on ihe e fide of Hudfon's Bay, in N America. The climate, in only lat. 57° N, is exceifivcly cold during winter. Wine free7ts in a folid mafb; brandy coagulates j and the vtry breath falls on the blankets of a bed, in the form of a hoar-froft. The Ice begins to dirapi>ear in May ; and about the middle ot' June, commences hot weather, which, at times, is fo violent, as ts) fcorch the faces of the hunters. Mock funs and halos are not unfrequent : they are very bright, and richly tinged with all the colours of the rainbow. I A D The fiin rifes ind fets with a larffc cone of yellowii.i light; and the night is enlivened by the aurora boreuUsy which fpreads many different lights and colours over the whole Iky. The ani- mals are moofedeers, ftags, rainnieers, bears, tigers, buffaloes, vuolvet, foxes, beavers, otters, lynxes, maitens, fquir- rels, ermines, wild cats, and hares. The feathered kinds arcgeele,buftards, ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowls. The ftfli arc, whales, morfes, iieals, cod/jfh, and a white fifli preferable to herrings} and in their rivers and fi-elh waters are pike, perch, carp, and trout. In fummer, there it here, as in other places, a variety in the colour of the fe- veral animals: when that feafon is over, which holds only for three months, the/ all afTume the livery of winter, and every fort of bealls, and moft of their fowls, W of the colour of the fnow: every thing animate and inanimate is white. But one of the moft ftrikin^ things, that draws the moft inattentive to an admi. ration of the wifdom and goodnefs of Providence,' is, that the dogs and cats from Great Britain, that have been car- ried to Hudfon's Bay, on the approach of winter, have changed their appear- ance, and acquired a much longer, Ibfter* and thicker coat of hair than they origi- nally had. See New Britain, Es^i- MAux, and Hudson's Bay, Lack, or Bischofs-Lack, a rownof Germany, in Camiola. Here is not only a great deal of iron, fteel, quickfdver, and corn j but a large quantity of linen is made here, and lent to Fiume and Trieft. It is x6 miles w by n of Laubach, and 35 n of Trieft. Lon. 14 7 E, lat. 46 31 N. Ladenburch, a town of Germany, In the palatinate of the Rhlne^ feated on the Neckar, eight miles NW of Heidel- berg. Lon. 8 4% E, lat. 49 30 N. Ladoga, a lake in Ruflia, between the gulf of Finland an^ the lake of Onega, It is 150 miles long, and 99 broad } and is efteeined to be the lai^eft lake in Europe. Among the fifli with which it abounds, are Icals. It is full of quickfands, which, being moved from place to place, by the frequent ftorms, caufe ieveral fhelves whjeh often prove fatal to the flat-bottomod veflelg of the RufTians. This induced Peter the Great cut a canal 67 miles in length, from th ts w extremity of this lake to the river weva, by which, it has a communicatloq Nilhthe gulf of Finland. Ladoca» Niw, a town in the RttfTm X3 m m (!' .1 t A H ! Ion., and They were 1 521. He government of St. Peter(buigh, feate«l on the Volkhof, between the lake ami canal of Ladoga. It is 70 miles e of St. Pcterf- bmgh. Lon. 30 jz e, lat. 60 o n. Old Ladoga, an inconfiderable place, is higher tip the Volkhof. Ladogna, or Lacedoona, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bifhop's fee, 60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 46 E, ht. 41 I N. Ladrone Islands, lAands of the N Pacific Ocean. They are 1 1 in number, exclufiv; of the fmall iflcts and rocks, and lie in about 140^^ e between 11 ind 28° n lat. difcovered by Magellan, in touched firft at the ifland of Guam, where •the natives ftole fome of his goods, which cauled him to name thefe idmds' the Ladrones, or Iflands of Thieves. Befide the other fruits natural to the foil and cli- "mate, here is tht bread-fniit tree in abun- dance. The names of the principal rflands are Jaypan, Tinlan, Guarti, and Rota. Lagny, a town of France, in the de- ■partment of Seine and Nfarne and late ^province of the Ifle of France, with a late nmous Bcnediftine abbey. It is feated on the Marne, 15 miles e of Paris. Lon. •3. 45 E, iat. 48 50 N. Lagos, a feaport of Portugal, in Al- ■parva,. with a caltle. Here the Engli/h fleets bound to the Straits ufually take in frelh water. Nejfr this town is Cape La- gos, off which, in 1759, admiral Bof- cawen defeated a French fle«;t. It is 120 =niiles SE of Lifbcn. Lon. 8 33 W, lat. 37 *■ N. ' Lacuna, a town of the ifland of Teneriff, one of 'tne Canaries. The governor has a palace here, but generally j-efides at Santa Cruz. The lake from ivhich it has been fuppofed to derive its name, is now a ve)y inconfiderable piece of water. Xon. 16 13 w, hat. 28 30 N. LaguiNe* ot' Venice, the marflies or lakes in Italy, on which Venice is fcated. They commonltate with the lea, ?.nd are the i'ecurlty cif the city. There are about 60 iftands in thefe Laguncs, whicii toge- ther majce a bifhop's Ice. E\irano is the moft confiderable, next to thofe on which Venice ftand's. " Lahn, a riyct- of Germany, which rifes in Hefle Caffel, and flowing by Marpurg, W^tzlar, and Nkflau, falls into the Rhine, above Coblefttz. Lahom, a' feaport of Sweden, in the province of Halland, feated near the Bal- tic, with a caltle, 50 mjles N of Copen- hagen. Lon. 12 40 E, l^t. 56 31 N. Xahcre, a mavjnce tf Hindooftan 4 LAM Proper, bounded on the w by Candahir, on the N by Caflimere, on the e by Sirinagur and Delhi, and on the s by Moultan. It is often called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers. It is very extenfive and re^naikably fertile ; afford- ing, in addition to all the neceflaries of lite, wine, fugar, and cotton wood. In the traft between the Indus and the Chelum are fait mines, wonderfully prd- du6live, and affording fragments of rock fait, hard enough to be formed into veffels, &c. See Panjah. Lahore, a city, the capital of a pro- vince of the lame name, in Hindooftan Proper, fituate on the s bank of the RauV' .. It is a place of high antiquity, and was the refidence of the Mahometan conquerors of Hindooftan, before they had eftabliflied themfelves in the central parts of the country. It owed its modern improvements, however, to Humaioon, the father of Acbar, who made it his refidence during a part of his troublelbme reign. Lahore is now the capital of the Seiks, a new power, whofe name, even as .a fefl, was hardly known till the rapid decline the Mogul empire, in the prefent t^.itury. Here they have manu- fa6hires of cotton cloths and fluffs of all kinds, and of veiy curious carpets. It is 210 miles s of Caflimeie, and igfe NW of Delhi. Lon. 73 45 E, lat. 31 15 N. Laino, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, near a river of the fame napie. Lon. 16 II £, lat. 40 4 N. LAi-TCHEqu-FOU, a city of Chinai, in the province of Chan-tong, with a convenient harbour on the Yellow Sea. Its jurifdiftion contains two cities of the firft, ai^d five of the third' clafs. Laland, a fmall illand of Denmark, in the Baltic, lying S of Zeiland, from which it is feparated by a narrow channel. It is fertile in corn, with which it fupplies Copenhagen. Naxkow is the capital. Lambale, a town of France, in the department of the North Coaft and late province of Bretagne. h is the chief town of the late duchy of Pcnthievre, and gave the title of princefs to the unfortunate lady, who \Vas mafiacred at Paris, in September i/ 92, for her inviolable at- tachment to her unhappy mjftrefs, the late queen of France. Lambale has a good trade in cattle, linen, and parch- ment, and is 37 miles NW of Renne§, Lon. i ai w, lat. 48 27 N. Lambesc, a town of Fr»r.cc, !n tliie department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, nine milea N of Aix. Lgn, $ ji £, lat. 43 40 n.' tl i.'V'wMfc» LAM L A K "Lambeth, a village in Sxirry, dh the Thames, oppofite Weftminder. Here the iirchbifliops of Canterbury have an ancient palac«. By the valt incrcafe of buildings, Lambeth ik now joined to the metropolis, in a dire^ion to each of the three bridges. Here i» a manufacture of artificiu (tone, which an.'vvers every furpole of Itoiie carving, and extends, not only to ftatues from the lineft models, but to overy kind of architectural orna- menitii. Here likcwifearc extenfivc works for vinegar and horue-made wine, a patent ihot raaaufaChire, and numerous timber yard«, Aipplied with almoft incredible Itores of foreign timber. Lambo«N, a town in fierks, with a markgt on Friday, leated on a river of the lame name, wluch falls into the Kennet, bdiow Newbury. It is fevrn jniles ^ by w of Hungerford, and 6i w •of London. Lon. i z6 w, lat. 51 30 N. Lam£co, a town of Portugal, inBtira, with a bifhop's fee, and a ftrong citadel, 50 miles N of Liibon. Lon. 7 30 w, iat. 41 12 N. Lammermuir, a motmtainous ridge in Scotland, which divides the county of JBerwick from that of Haddington for above 20 miles. Thefe mountains are, in general, very bleak and barren, afford- ing but I'canty |)afture for the Hieep tliat &ed on them. Scoutra Hill is the moft elevated of this ridge. Lamo« a kingdom and ifland of Africa, on the coall of Mellnda, between tl^ iHand of Pate and Cape Fermol'a. Its -capital of the fame name, is well fortified. The king and government, being Maho- metans, are frequently at wai- with the relt of the inliabitants, who are pagans. In 1589, the king of this illand, being accuied by the Portuguefe of having ivetraycd the governor of tl»e coalt, was feized, with four of his fiibjcfts, in his own capital, and carried to Pat^, vVhere they were publickly executed, in the pixl'ence of the king of that ilLand, and of leveral kings of the neighbouring illandsj «ver Imce which, Lamo has been tj ibutary to the Portuguefe. Lampedosa, a delert illand on the coaft of Tunis, iz miles in circum- feritnce. It is 50 miles from Tunis, and III from Malta; .and has a good harbour, w^iere fhjps water, Lon. 11 o E, lat. 36 20 N< Lampsaco^ an aiQcient town of Na- tolia, with a Greek archbishop's fee. It is now an inconfiderable place, feated on the fea of Marmora, fix miles from the DardanelleSt itW* %719£» iatt 4.0 ii N* Lancashire, a covmty of England, bounded on the K by Cumberland and Weltmorland, on the E by Yorkshire, on tke s by CheHiire, and on the w by the Irifh Sea. It is 74 miles irom N to s (including a detached hundred «n the Nw, called Furnel's, which is feparatcd from the reit by a creek, at the head of Morecambe Bay) and its greateft bi-eadth is 4.2 miles. It is divided into fix hun- dreds, containing 27 market-towns, and 63 p-trifhes} and lends 14. members (o parliament. It is a coiinty-palatim:, ujider the title of the Duchy of Laii- calter j the only duchy of England (that of Cornwall excepted) which is not merely titular. The air, in general, is very healthful. This county ooiapril^^ a variety of foil and face ofcoutttryj but, upon the whole, is onC' of thole which are the leaft favoured by nature. The hundred of Furnels is a wild arid rugged region, ftored with quantilies of iron ore and ilate, and covered with a growth of underwood, which is cut in luccelTion, and made into charcoal. The £ part, between the Ribble and the Merfey, comprifing th» ancient forefte of Wyreidale and Bowland, is moun- tainous and generally barren; but the 's part of the traft between theie two rivers is flat, quite from the iea to tKe commencement of the ridge called Black- ifon-edge, that feparates the county from Yorkfhire. Much of this is a fertSe country, though occafionally deformed by the black turf bogs, here cttHed mofifes ; fome of which - are of large ex- tent, and inipatrable in wet feafoifs. In the NE pait of this divifionare {bine lofty hilLs, the moft noted of wkich is Pendie Hill. The remaining part is varied with hill, dale, and moor. ARiotig its produ6ls is a fpecies of coal, called cannel, far exceeding all other, not only in making a clear fire, but for^J>eiBg capable of being raanufa^ured into can- dteiUcks, cups, ftandifhcs, ihuflf-boxes^ &c. and of being poliflied, fo as to k. prefcnt a beautiful black marble. Lah. cafhire is little adapted for a corn country, not only from the nature of its •foil, bat from the remarkable wetnefs of it« cli- mate; the land, however, is fingulatly fitted to the growth of the potato^. As a commercial and raanufa^uring county, it is diltingui(hed beyond arty other in the kingdom. Its principal ma- nufaclures are linen, filk, and cotton goods; fuiUans, founterpanes, fhaloons, bays, ferges, tapes, fniall ware, hate, iaikbU)* facku4> pins, iion goods, X4. • >i m $ hi MM ■:li 'j , M if«i*fS^ t li ) ■ii I I r kj ^L V \ i r '.m t Wi|,' I III .1;. LAN 30 miles Nw of Briftol, and 166 w of Liondon. Lon. 3 10 w, lat. 51 24 N. Land AW, a ftrong town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded to the French in 1648. It fuftained a fevere bombardment by the allies, in 1793} but they were compelled to raife the fiege. It is feated on the Queich, nine miles s of Ncwftndt, and 270 E of Paris. Lon. S |2 E, Int. 49 12 N. Landen, a town of Auftrian Brabant, famous fur a battle gained by the French, over the allies, July 29, 1693, and for a battle fought March 18, 1793, between the Auftrians and French, by which the latter were compelled to evacuate the Aullrlan Netherlands. Landen is feated on the Becke, 17 miles NW of Huy, and 18 NE of Namur. Lon. 5 5 £» lat. 52 41 N. See Neerwinden. Landernau, a town of France, In the department of Finifterrc and late pro- vince of Bretagne, feated on the Slhorn, 20 miles N£ of Breft. Lon. 4 20 w, Jat. 48 28 N. Landes, a department of France, in- cluding the late territory of Marfan. It takes its name from a di(lri£t, called Landes, extending along the coaft of the bay of Bifcay. It is a barren fandy country, covered with fern, pines, and the holm-tree, of the bark of which corks are made. Mont-de-Marian is the capital of this department, and Dax the epifcopal fee,. Languard Fort» a fort on the Su*Folk fide of the harbour of Harwich, l-Jt within the limits of ElTex. It was erefted for tbe defence of the port of Har- wich, the entrance of which it com- mands. Landrepy,, a town of France, in the department of the North and late province of Hainault. It was befif ged in vain by pfince Eugene in 171a. It was taken by the allies, in Apci) 1794; but retaken in July following. It is feated on the 3ambre,i8 miles swo£Maubeuge,and 100 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 47 E, lat. 50 7 N. Landscroon, a fort of France, in the department of Uppec Rhine and late pro- vince of All'ace, leated on an emii^ncei LAN LAO t}irce nllet n of Bafil. Lon. 7 ]i i, iM. 4.7 36 N. Landscroon, or Landscrona, a fciiport of Sweden, in Schonen, fctted on the Baltic, within the Sound, ix milet N of Copenhagen. Lon. i» 51 E, lat. 55 5* N. Land's ICnd, a promontoiy of Corn- wall, the muft wt'tttrly point of Great Britain, and a vaft aggregate of moqr- (tone. Lon. 5 40 w, lat. 50 6 n. Landschut, a town of Silcfta, In the duchy of Schweidnit7, fcated on the Zelder, la miles w of Schweidnitz. LANDSCHtxT, a town of Lower Ba- varia, with a ftrong cafile, on an adjacent hill. It is feated on the Her, 35 miles NB of Munich. Lon. la 10 E, lat. 48 30 N. Landschut, a tuwn of Moravia, feated on the Morava, on the couHues of Hungary and Auftria. LANDSPERG,a town of Uppcj' Saxony, in the marche of Brandenbur?, feated on the Warta, 31 miles KB of Francfort on the Oder. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 5* 50 N. Lanosperg, a town of Bavaria, near the river Lech, 43 miles s of Augfburg. Lanerk, a borough in Lanerklhire, feated on the Clyde, «o miles se of Glafgow. Lon. 3 49 w, lat. 55 40 w. Lanerkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N by Dumbarton/hire; en the e by the counties of Stirling, Lin- lithgow, Edinburgh, and Peebles } on the s by Dumfriesfhire 5 and on the w by the fliires of Ayr and Renfrew. Its ex- tent from N to 8 is 40 miles, and from E to w 36. The fouthern part of this county is generally called Clydefdale. See Clydesdale. Langeac, a town of Fiance, in the Je{)artment of Cantal and late province of Auvergne, feated near the Allier, among mountains, 1 7 m'les E of St. Flour. Lon. 3 35 E, lat. 45 5 n. Lanceais, an ancienttov^n of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, feated on the Loire, ji miles w of Tows. Lon. o ^x E, Jat. 47 26 N. Langeland, an ifli id of Dehmark, in the ftrait called the Great Beit. It ia 33 miles long, but fcarcely five in breadth, and produces plenty of cor*. The principal town is Rutcoping. Lon! II o E, lat. 55 4 N. Langione, a city of Afia, capital of the kingdom of Laos, with a magnifkerit royal palace, i'eated on a fmall river, 140 miles SE of Ava* Lon. iqi 15 E; Ut. La NO ON, a town of Prance, in the 4p- rartmrnt of Gironde and late province of Uuienne. It it noted for excclienc wine, and feated on the Gar«nnc, 1 5 miles n of fiaras. Lon. o 10 w, lat. 44 33 n. LaNOPOUT, a town in Somerietfliire, with a market on Saturday, It is feated on a hill, by the river Parret, which is navigable for barges (0 Biidgewater. It is 10 miles SK of Biidgewater, and xiS w by s of London. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 o N. Lanores, an ancient town of France, in the department of Upper Maine and late provmcc of Champagne, with a bifhop's iee. It is feated on r\ mountain, near the Iburces of the Mame, and its cut- lery wares art in high cfteem. This town is thought to itand the higheft of any in France J and the prolpeft trom the towers of the principal churcli is beyond con- ception. It is 35 miles NE of Dijon, and 100 t by E of Kheiras. Lon. 5 24. E, lat. 47 51 N. LANGUSDOC,a late province of France, bounded on the N by Qg^enri, Rouergue, Auvergne, and Lyonis; on the E by Dauphiny and Provence j on the w by Gai'cony ; and on the s by the Mediter- ranean and Rouflillon. It is 2.1 5 mites in length, and 100 where broadeft. It now forms the departments of Aude* Gard, Upper Garonne, and Henralt. Lanion, a town of France, in tHe department of the North Coaft and late province of Bretagne. Its trade confiits in wine and hemp, and it has fome mineral waters. The inhabitants of Lanion, Guin- gamp, and the environs, fpeak the Welfti language, which was probably brought hither by the Britons, who took refuge in theft parts, in the fifth cehtmy. Lanion is X 5 miles w of Treguier. Lannoy, a town of France, in" the depaitmait of the North and late province of Fr^hf h Flandei-s, five miles se of Lifle. LaN5;nbvrgh, a to\vfi in the ftate of York, formerly calleil the Nevr New City; it' ftandson the E fide of H\idfon't River, oppofite the 6 bran<5h of Mohawk River, nine milek N of Alljany." LaNzVo, a^ town of Piedmont, on the river Sture,,i2 miles NW of Turin. Lon. 7 28 E, lat. 45 9 N. " • Lao'n, a town of France, iii the de- partment of Ailiie and late province of Stfiflbhnois, r/lth a caftk^ " and lately a bifliop's fee. . Its principal trade'conOfti in corn ami winej and it is noted for ex- cellent artichokt/s. It is feated on a mountain, 77 miles NE of Fai'i»* Lon. ;, 43 f , lat, 49 'J4 N. r!„n i-;l 1^ i ' ■■ i.U f hi ■ ■ ' M ri|i It ii':'^ I m ' LAP ' Laos, a kingdom of Afia, bounded cm the N by Cliin^, on the £ by Tonquin and Cochin Cbina> on the s by Cambo- idia, and on the w by Bnnnah. It is full uf foreits, and abounds in rice and fruits. The inhabitants are, well made, rohuft, of an olive complexion, and mild; but very fuperftitious, and much addiv^ed to women. Their principal occ .pation is tilling the ground and fiftiing. The king is abfolute, and has no other law than his own wilj : he fhows himfelf but twice a year, and has a Lrge revenue from elepharts"' teeth found in his domi- nions. Their religion is much the fame as in China. Xangione is the capital. Lapland, acountry ot Europe bound- ed on the N by the N Sea and the Frozen Ocean, on tlie E by the White Sea, on ti.^ s by Sweden and the gulf of Bothnia, and on the w by Norway. It. is fituate between 69 and 75^ of N lat. comprehend- ing, on tlic moft northern lide of it, the Frozen Alps, or Alps of Snow. Thel'e Alps compole the lummit of that chain of mountains called Severnoi, whole de- clivity toward the E and s confilts of lower mountains, deferts, forefts, fens, and lakes. Swcdilh Lapbnd occupies die s divifion of this country, which is the largeft j Ruffian Lapland is fituate in the E part J and Danifh Lapland, which is the linalleft, extends the whole length of the Severnoi, on their northern fide. The Laplanders are of a middling ftature. They have generally a iiatti^ face, fallen cheeks, dark gray eyes, thin beard, brown hair, areftout, ftraight, andofayellowiih complexion, occafioned by the weather, the fmoke of their habitations, and their habitual filthinefs. Their manner of life renders them hardy, agile, and fupplc, but, at the fame time, much inclined to lazineis. They are peaceable, obedient to their fuperiors, cheerful in company, but miftruftful, cheats in commerce, and fo proud of their country and conltitution, that, when removed from the place of their nativity, they uiuuUy die of the noftalgia, or longing to return. Their women ar^e fliort, often well made, com- pbifant, chafte, and of weak nerves j which is alfo ohfcrvable fomctimes among the men. The language of the Laplanders comprehends 10 many dialefts, that it is with difHculty they underltand eacli other. Tl .. men arc divided intoFiihers andMoun- taineers. The fomicr make their habita- tions in the neighbourhood of fome lake, whence they draw their I'ubfiftenre. The ethers feek their fupport upon tiie moun- tains, poflefling herds of raindecr^ which LAP they ufe according to the ftaion ; h^ they go generally on foot. They are very induftrious herdfmea, and are rich in comparifon of the Fiihers. Some of them poflefs fix b^mdred ov a thou land raindeer ; and they callrate the fuperflivo^is mules by crufliing the tefticle with their teeth. The Lapland fiihers, who ave alio called Laplanders of the woods (be- caufe in fimuner they dwell upon the bor- ders of the lakes, and in winter in the forefts) live by fifliing and hunting, and choofe their fituation from its convenience for .either. Befide looking after tlitir raindeer, the fifhery, and the chafe, the men einploy themfelves in the confliruc- tion o( their canoes, which are little, light, and compa^. They alio make lledgej>, to which they giye the form of a canot. ; harnefs foi" the raindeer ; all forts of utenfils in wood, fuch as cups, bowk, Sec. which are Ibmctimes prettily carved, fonetimes ornamented with bones, bralk, or horn : it is the man's bulinefs, like- wiie, to Look after the kitchen. The employment of the women confifls in making nets for the fifnery, drying fifh and meat, n.ilking the raindeer, making cheefe, ^nd tanning hides. They prepare the nerves of th^ raindeer in fuch a man- ner as to make them lerve for thread; and draw brafs wire by the help of the horns of the raiiideer pierced, initead of a drawing iron. They embroider theij: clothes with brafs wire, filver, fliam gold, or wool, which they have the art of dying in all forts of colours. Th«fe people live in huts in the foiTn of tents, covered with briars, bark, linen, turf, coarfe cloth, felt, or raind«;er flcins j and the door is of felt, made like two curtains, which open afunder. They are not able to ftand upright in thefc nuts, but con- ftantly fit upon their heels round the fire. At night they lie down quite naked ; and, to feparate the apartments, place upriglit flicks at imall diflances. They cover themfelves with their clothes, and in win- ter put their feet into a f»U' bag. Their houfiiold furniture conflfts of iron or cop- per kettk's, wooden cups, bowlsj Ipoons, and fbmetimes tin, or even filver bsfinsi : to thefe may be added their implements of fifhing and hunting. That they may not be ob]i;-cd to carry fuch a number of things with them in their excuilioi^, they build, at certain distances, in the fo- refts, little huts made like pigcon-houiis?, and placed upon the trunk of a tree cut otf'at about the height oi fix feet from, the root. In thel'e elevated huts they ke«p theu' goods and provifitinsj and, thou jj;h m LAP LAS tliey are never Ihut, yet are they never plundered. In their drels they ufe no linen. The men wear dole breeches, reaching down to their flioed, wliich are made et untanned fltin, pointed, and tu. ned up before; and, in whiter, they put a little hay in them. Their doublet is made to fit their fhape, and open at the breaft; over this they wear a clol'e coat, whole jkirts reach down to the knees, and it is faftened round them by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of tin or brafs. To this gii-dfc they tie their knives, their inftiuments for getting; fire, and their fmoking apparatus. *l''heir clothes ai'c made of fiU', leather, or cloth ; always boidered with fur, or cloth of different colours. Their caps are edged with fur, pointed at top, and the four i'tams adomed with lifts of a different colour. The Ruf- fian Laplanders generally border their caps with rat-lkins. The women wear breeches, (hoes, doublets, and clofe coats, like the men; but their girdle 's com- monly embroidered with brafs wire. Be- fide thefe, they wear kerchiefs, and lit- tls aprons, made of Ruflian painted cloth, rings on their fingers, and ear-rings, to which they fometimes hang chains of fil- rer, which pafs two or three times round the neck. They fometimes wear caps folded after the manner of turbans \ and fometimes caps to the Ihape of the head ; but all are ornamented with the em- broidery of brafs wire, or with lift; of dif- ferent colour.;-. The raindeer lupply the Laplanders with the greateft part of their provificus ; the chafe and the fifhcry fur- nilh the reft : but the flefti of the beai- is their moft delicate meat. Their common drink is water, fometiraes mixed with milk : brandy Is fcarce with them j but they are very fond of it. Their moft con- (iderable traffic is with the Norwegians, and the balance is always in favour of the Laplanders ; becaufc they tan furnilh more lli;vi and furs, than they buy flour, tloth, and hardware goods. All the money, which they have not immediate occafion for, they bury in the earth, as Well as thei-. plate, and whatever they think of value. Nor even at the point of death do they declare the fpot where it Is hidden, imagining that they ftiall want it in the other world. Sterility is a reproach among the women. They are generally delivered without difficulty ; the huft)and afTifts at the labour, and affords his wife the neceflary help. Their cradle is Irnail, light, and made in the fliape of a canoe ; and, in their journies, the women carry it at their bucks* Theiv wcddino;* are kept at the bride's houfe, who appear* v/ith her head quite uncovered, which, at other times, is never the cultom with either women or maidens : the feaft is a kind of club-mefs, to which each of the guefts brings meat and drink. Their diverfion, at weddings and other mejry. makings, is the game of fox and geele : t'ley wrettle and jump over a hick ; and are fond of giving grotefque accounts of different adventiues. They likewlfe dance and ling, or rather howl in dilagreeable mealures. All the Swedifti and Norwe- gian, as well as the greateft number o£ the I^uflian Laplanders, bear the came of Chriftians ; but their religion is a com- pound of Chriftian and pagan cei-emonles. L.\R, a town of Perfia, in the province of Lariltan, with a caltie. It carries on a great trade in filk. Lon. 52 45 e, lat. 17 30 N. Laracha, a ftrong town in the king- dom of Fez, featcd at the mouth of a river of the lame name, with a good har- bour. It was once in poflclfion of the Spaniards, but the Moors took it from them. Lon. j 59 w, lat. 35 40 N. Laredo, a Icaport of Spain, on the bay of Bilcay, with a larf^c lafe harbour. It is 30 miles w of Biiboa. Lon. 3 53 W, lat. 43 23 N. Larino, a tov/n of Naples, in the Molile, with a bifliop's fee, 60 miles nk ofNaples. Lon. 15 oe, lat. 41 33 n. Larissa, an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in the province of Janna, with a Greek archbifliop's fee, a palace, and fome handfome molques. It was famous as the reiidence of Achilles, and retain* Its ancient name. It carries on a large trade, and is leated on the Peneus, ^ miles s of Salonichi, and 120 N by v/ of Athens. Lon. 22 47 e, lat. 39 48 N. Laristan, aprovinceotPei-fia, which lies N of the gulf of Perfia. It abounds in oranges, lemons, and x^ery large tama- ruids. La'" is tlis capital. Larrybundar, a Import of Hin- dooftan Proper, at the mouth of a branch of the Indus called the Larrybundar, with a harbour capabie of receiving (hips of 200 tons burden. Lon. 67 37 e, lat. 24. 44 N. Larta. See Arta. Lassa, or Lahassa, a city, the capital of Great Thibet. It Is not large, but the houfes are ot ttone, fpacious and lofty. Seven miles on the E fide of the city, is the mountain of Putala, on the fummlt of which is the palace of the grand lama, the high prieft and fovereign of Thibet. LaiTa is 850 miles n by s ■ ■ 1 i ; : ■'{ ' i •^' '1 1 V" il 1 *■' il p' ■1 4 ^1 I ;• ■* ■S LAV L>f C^alcutta, Lon. jj 40 E, lat. 50 34 N. Latakia, formerly Laodicea, an ancient and confiderable town of Syria, with a harbour, a bifliop's Ice, aiicl beau- tiful remains of antiquity. It is 75 miles swof Aieppo, and 24.<; n of Jciui'aii.m. Lon. 34 30 L, lat. 35 40 N. Latton, a village in EfTcx, between Epping and Hailow. It hak its "ine$ and fruits. There are alfo i"nineral imings, and mines of fulphur. Naples is the capital. Laus.^nne, an ancient town of Swif- ferlmd, capital of the Pays de Vavid, with a famous college, and a bifhop's fee. ft contains 7000 inhabitants. It is built on i'lch a lUep aicent, that, in fonie places, the horles cannot, without great (jirticnlty, draw up a carriage; and toot- pafTengers alcend to the upper part of the (own by ft'ps. Its lofty fituation affords the molt fubliinc \iews in nature, com- nianiJlng th<" lake of Geneva, the Pays de Vaud, and '^he rugged coalt of Chab- lals. The chuivh, the townhoufe, and other public build'ngs, are magnificent. It is I'eated between three hilis, 50 miles .sF of Geneva, and 50 sw of Ban. Ion. 6 s^. E, lat. 46 3T \-. Lauterburg, h t)wn of Wtftern Pniifia, in the palatinivte of Culm, 50 jniles NE of 'I'horn. Lauterburg, a. town of (3eim:iuy, in the circle of the Uppvi Rhine, but fubjtft to the French. It is to miles 5e of VVeilTc:nburg, Lon, 8 :.6 F, lat. 4S 4? s. Lawenburg, z duchy of Germany, Ml the circle of I.owti Saxony, Aibjeci to thi elector of Hanover. It Is 35 miles in length, and lo in bitAdth. LaweSBUrGj a conUderable town of Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the laiTie name, with a caltle on an eminence. It is kated on the Elbe, 40 miles se 10 the Atlantic. It is navigable for Inrge Ihips of war, as far as Ouebec, which is above 4C50 miles ; but beyond Monuej.i, it is fo full of fhoals and rocks, that it ni!l not admit large veflels without danger. It is hora called the Iroquois. Lawrence Kirk, a to\%'n in Kincar - dinefnire, with A flourifliing manufacture of lawn, cambric, linen, arid other ivO- ticles. It is fix miles W of Inverbervie. Laxenburg, atoAvn of Auftria, with a palace, where the ;"incps of the houlc f f A»ritria go for pi -alu.re , It i^ f';.'*t^d «n afmallriver, 10 miles s of Vienna. Loa. 16 2R E, lat. 48 3 N. Laytonstonh. See Low Layton, Lba, a river, which rites near Luton, in Bedfordlhire, flows to Hertford and Ware, and dividing Efiex from Hertford- flure and Middleiex, falls into the Thames, below Blackwall.' By this river laige quautltles of corn and mak ari* brought out of Hertfordlhire to London. Leaohills, a village in Lanerklhire, fituatc among the monntuins of Clydtj- dale, and iiiid to be the higheft huraaji habitation in Great Britain. Here reWc* many hundreds of miners, with their families. Theie miners, thoughi in a great meafure, excluded from I'ociety by their fituation, pay great attention to tijc cultivation of the mind, and have pro- vided a circulating library for the in- ihudHon and amufement of the little com muuity belonging to the village. Lhao-tong, or Chen-yang, ona of tilt three departments of E Chinefe Tai' tary, or coimtry of the Mantch^^^* Tartars, who hence entered and cun- tjuered China. It is bounded on the s l^y the great wall of China and the gulf of Lea-tongi imd inclofed on the £^ n, and w, b) a palliade, conftrucled of Itakes feven feci high, without cither, bank of earth or ditch. Chcn-yang, or Mougden, is the* capital. Leather. he AT), a town In Sun-y, which had formerly a matket. Here is a bridge of many arciies over thcr rivet Mole. It it; 18 miles,; ssw of London. LeaTHXS water, called J!l(<)\VVTJ,l.. BURN, or IKlRLMEKE WATER, d fine lake oi Cumberland, which iie> s by j. of Kefwick., Ir. begins at the foot of Mount HeUvellyn, which it .(kirrs for the lp.ice of foiir miless, receiving numerous !:orreuf.s that d(;fcend from ~f he moun- tains. The fmgular beauty of this bk-c . is its being almoll interleaved in tli;; mid- dle by two peninfula*., that are joined by a bridge. Its outlet joins the rapid river Greela. at New Bridge, ar;d thus has a. co.mmunicat ion with the lake uf I^rwent- water. ' LtAV/AVA, a. feapovi- an tl.u» E ccafl of ths ill.md of Ceylou, whii^h yields a great deal of fait. Lcn. .Sj 15 E, lat. 6. 40 N. ^ Ll^IDa,^, i^n ancient feaport cf the. kingdom of Tripoli, wiih a gooti har- bour, .rid aa old caftle. It Is featcd oa tlic Meuiterr.anean, 85 miles E of Tripoli, , Lon. 14 50 B, lat. 51 JO N. LEBRJ..TCA, aft aiickinr. towm of Spain, Jn AlAJr/iu?;.'*, ft^ttjd In » tmitory ab(.ui;\4-^ rWm ir^- n :' \ .1- - ■*! 1 > t If H ■ i :.fc,^ X« K £ LEE Si f II ' r\ ^^' ' ' ' ■ m J! I' V fji' it :i '^'1 ing in corn, wine, and olive-trees, which produce th« bed oil in Spain. It is .f% miles NE of St. Lucar. Lon. 5 44 w> lat. 37 8 N. LsBVs, a tovm of tJpper Saxony in tine marquifate of Brandenburg, with a bifliop's fee, fecularized ixi favour of the houfe of Brandenburg. It is feated on the Oder, 10 milts N of Francfort, and 4.% £ of Berlin. Lon. 14. 37 k, lat. 5s Lecce, a popuioiis town of Naples, in Otranto, with a bKhop's fee, 10 miles w of the gulf of Venice, and X95 ese of Naples. Lon, 18 20 k, lat. 4.0 36 n. LkC'CO, a town of Ttiily, in fhe Miiatiefe, feated on the lake Como, z6 rnlles N of Milan. Lon- 9 ti jE, lat, 45 Lkch, a river oi Gei'many, which nfes in Tirol, dividv;s Siiabia irorn B-ivaria, and falls into thi- Danube, below Donawcrt- Lechlade, a town in Gloucefterthlre, with a market on Tuefdny, feated at the coafliif-nce of the L.ch with ihi.; Thau^cs, ii miles E by sot Gioucclier, and 77 w by N of London. Lou. j 35 w, lat. 51 4.0 N. Lechnich> a town of Germany, In the cltiSktrafe of Cologne;, 10 miles sw of Cologne. Lon. 7 8 t, lat. 50 46 n. Leck, a river of ihe United Provinces, which brancjhes off from the Khinc at Wyck." by-Deuritcde, and enters the Merve, 10 milei e of Rottcvhrn. LEX:TOURt, an ancient ami itrcng t»wn of France, in tlie department of Gtrs and iate province of Annagnac, with a c-jkllh. It was lately an epifcopal fee, and is fituate on a n)0untain, at the loot of which runs the river Gtrs, 12 miles K of Condom. Lon. o 4.2 E, lat, 4.3 56 N. Ledburv, a town in Heieforclfnirc, with a market on Tueiday. h is inha- bited by many clothiers, who carry on a great trade,. It is 13 miles e of Hereford, and 11 6 WNW of London. Lon, a 17 W, lat,, 52 3 N. Levesma, a ilrong town of Spain., in Leon, I'eated on the Tome, 20 nfiies 5w of Salamanca. Lon. 531 vv, lar. 41 o N. Lee, a river of Ireland, whlcl^ rifes eft the confines of Kerry, and flows E to Cor,k, below which city it forms a fine fc'Arbour,ancl enters St. George's Channel,. Lee, a village in .Kent, in the church- yard of which Dr., Halley, the great attronomei", is interred. It is (ix miles 98 of London. L&atis, % corporate town In th<: w riding of Yorkfhlre, with a market 09 Tuclday and Saturday, It is fituate in a vale, winch trade has rendered one of the mo(t populous fpots in England, and is the principal of the clothing towns in Yorkfliire, Jit is particularly the mart for the coloured and white broad cloths, of whith vaft Cjuantities are fold in its cloth- halls. Th.at called the Mixed-Cloth- Hall is a building of anrizing extent, in which the cloth i,s pl.iced on benches, for fale, every market-day ; and the whjik bnfmels is tranfaeied within the fpace of an hour, without the leruT; confufion. The Wliite-CIoth-Hall is a fimilar build- ing. TliL' manufafturcM that liipply tlwfe two hall.s extend about ten miles to the s, 1 5 to the .-iw, and eight to tlie N and Wj the mixed cloths being molUy madt; in the ntighb urhood of the river Aire, aiul the white cloths in that of the CaUttr.. Leeds has a majiufai'^ure of candei's, which hu.s declined, and a flouriHiIng one of carpets reicml^ling thoit.' oi' Wilts and Scotland. Here are alio lome mills for the cutting of tobacco, and a great pottery. Within three miles of the town are numerous collieries. Leeds has a magnihcent itone bridge over the Aire, which is navigabls for boats, that carry much coal from hence to York, and Hull. Itis 11 miles wsw of York, and 192. n by w ot London. Lon. i 49 av, lat, 53 48 n. Leefoogia, one of the Friendly Illands, in the' S Pacific Ocean, vifited by taprain Cook in 1776. Many parts of the country, near the fea, are landy an J b.arrcn ; but in the internal parts, the marks of coniiderahle population, and of an improved itate of cultivation, are confpicucws. Many of the pLTntattons are indoied In fuch a manner, that the fences, running parallel to each other, form ipacious pviblic loads. Large fpots, covered with the paper mulberry-tree, were obferved, and the plantations in ge- neral were abundantly ftccked witli plants and fruit-trees. To ihcl'e captain Cook made; lome addition, by fowing the iceds of melons, Indian corn, ^c. rhe ilhmd is fi'ven miles in length, and its breadth, in {bnie placsi, not above three,, Leek, a town in Slaffoaifhire, with a ma.'-ket on Wednefday, 18 miles K of Statfoi'd, and 1 54 tiKw oi London. Lon. 155 w, lat. 53 16 N. Leerdam, a town of tht. United Provinces, in Holland, feated on the Lingiie, 17 miles ne of Dort. Lon. 5 .13 E, lat. 5r 56 N. LfEROT, a fortrefs of Germany, InE FiiciduAd, liAiiiX »t the confii^Qce of 'ki I iM > "-r.liL., LEI LEI tc« with the Embsj lo miles E by s of Embclen. Leestown, a flour I/hing town of the Itate of Kentucky, in the county of Fayette, leated oii the B b:mk of the livor Kentucky. As the banks of the river are remarkably high, there are few croKing places ; and the belt being at Lcfltown, is a circumftance which con- tributes to its increale. It is a few miies w of Lexington. See Kentucky River. Leeward Islands, that part of the Caribbee Iflaiuls, in the W Indies, coin- ineiicing at Dominica, and extending to Foito Rico. Lee WE, a fortified town of Auftrian Brabant, leated on the Geete, la miles M of Lou vain. Lon, 5 7 H, lat. 50 53 N. Lkcuorn, a ftrong and conliderable city of Italy, in Tufcany. It has one «r the molt famous harbours in the Me- ilKerrancan; and, being a firee porV, its tommerce is prodigious. The Jews have ■A. h;ii\ LEI aasrket is now difufed. It is feven miles MNE of Warrington* and 191 nw of London. Leichton-Buzzard, a town in Bed- fordftiire» with a market on Tuefday, confiderable for fat cattle. It is fcated «n a branch of the Oufe, 18 miles s of Bedford) and 41 NW of London. Lon. « 35 w, lat. 51 55 N. Leiningen, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, I'even miles sw of Worms. Lon. 8 %z E, lat. 49 30 N. Leima, a river of Germany, which flaws through Brunfwick-Limcnffurgh, and palling by Heiligenftadt, Gottingen, Caieuberg, and Hanover} falls into the AUer. Leinster, a province of Ireland, 112 miles Lung and 70 broad; bounded en the E and s by St. George's Channel, on the w by Connaught and Munfter, and on the n by UHter. It contains 12 counties and 858 pariflits. The counties are Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's County, Longford, Louth, E Meath, Queen's County, W Meath, Wexford, and Wicklow. The chief rivers are, the Barrow, Bovne, LifFey, Neuc, Urrin or Slane, and the Inny. The air is temperate, and the foil fruitlul in com and paltures. It is the inoft level and bed cultivated province in the king- dom. Dublin is the capital. Leipsick, a ftrong city in the elec- torate of Saxony, with a caftle, and a tamous univerfity. It carries on a great trade J and has three great fairs every year, which are celebrated throughout all Germany, and lalt a fortnight each. There are fix handlbme colleges belonging to the univerfity, befide the private col- leges } and the exchange is a fine firu6lure. Lelpfick wa$ taken oy the Auftrians in 163a, and in 1641 by the Swedes. In 1745 and 1756, it was taken by the Pruilians. The Auftrians in 1756 be- iieged it in vain ; they took it two years afterward, but were loon obliged to give it up. It was reftored to the eleftor by the peace of 1763. It is feated in a plain, between the rivers Saale and Alulde, near the confluence of the Pleyfle, the ElAcr, and the Barde, 40 miles nw 9f Drelden. Lon. ii 25 £, lat. 51 19 n. LsiTH, a feaport in Edlnburgihire^ on tke frith of Forth, two miles N of Edinburghi of which it is the port. It {• large and populous, and being fituate «n both fido >n ah emi- nence, 10 miles E of Maid(tohe, and 47 ESE of Ltndon. Lort. o. 45 £, lat. 51 18 N. ■■;■ ' • ■ ■ Lennox. See Dumbartonshire. Lens, a town of France, in tlie de- jpartmeut of the Straits of Cal.-iis and LEO late province of ' rtois, eight miles Ng of Arras aud 95 < . Paris. Lentini, or Leontini, an ancient town of Sicily- in the valley of Nolo. It V. as greatly damaged by an earthquake in 1693, and is (eatcd on a river of the fame naii'u, 17 miks sw of Caranii. Li'NZBURG, a town of SwilTerland, in the canton of Bern, feated on a (h)aH rivi.r, eight miks w ot Baden. laiocANE, a town and fort of the W Indiis, with a gootl harbour, on the wr (idt. of St. Domingo. It was taken by the Englifh and the French royalilts in January 1794, but retaken by the repub- licans in October following ; and it wa» unfuccefs fully attacked by the Englifli in March 1796. Lon. 72 37 w, lat. 1838 n. Leominster, a borough in Hereford- fliire, with a market on Friday. It is famous for its (ine woci, fends two mem- bers to parliament, and is feated on the Lug, 35 uiiles \v by N of Worcelter, and 137 WNVV of London. Lon. 2 35 w, lat, 52 20 N. Luc, St. a (trong town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a bifhop'« fee. It is leated on a mountain, near the river Marrechia, eight miles sw of San Marino, and 15 NW of Urbino- Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 43 55 N. Leon, a fertile province of Spain, form.erly a kingdom, bounded on the tt by the Afturias, on the w by Galicla and Portugal, on the s by Eltramadura, and on the e by Old Caltile. It is 125 miles in length, and 100 in breadth, and is divided into almoft two equal parts by the river Douero. Leon, a city of Spain, capital of a province of that name, built by the Romans in the time of Galba.' It is a biftiop's fee, and has the fineft cathedral in all Spain. It was' formerly richer and more populous than at prefent 5 and boa(ts the honour of being the capital of the firfl: Chrillian kingdom in Spain.' " It is leated between two fources of the rivet ElVa, 50 miks se of Ovicdo, and 165 N by \v of Madrid. Lon. 5 13 \y, lat, 42 4-^ N. •' • ' ■ Leon, New, a kingdom of N Atne- rica, lying between l^evf iVfexico on the n, the gulf of Mexico vi\ the'fe, Pafuico on the s, and New Bifcay on the W. Leon de Nicaragu;l, a town of New Spain, in Nicaragua; the rifideixce of the governor, and a bifhop's. ft'e. It was taken by the buccaneers \n 1^85, iu fight of a SpaniiTi army, w'ho j^efe fix t^ one. It is feateA vt the' foof of a vcfjl Y 1 1:-! It ■ . -•i il.f i r ii»i.u..|yt.^irniifT j»iiiT.'»<»'ii, i^ji||wi|jy I \\,i^im'pfrTnm\'.v*'i '" yiMf 'i m f l: ! I 'i :l'l w L E R if fsne, »t tht NW extremity of the lake Kicaragu;r, 30 milca from the Paciiic Ocean, and 104 NW of Niajjura. Ion. 8S 10 w, lat. II 25 N. Leonard le Noblet, St. an an- cient town of France, in the Hepartnunt of Upper Vienna and late lenitory of Limoiin, with a coniidcrable inanufatture <)f paper, and another of cloth for clothing the army. It Is ftattd on the Vienna, 12 milts NE of Limoges, and 195 s of Paris. Lon. 1 yz E, lat. 4.S 5+ n. LeONHART, 3 town of GerinuHy, in Carinthiai 42 miles- £ of Clagenlurt. l^on. 15 33 £, lat. 46 57 n. Leon-tini. S«e Lenhni. Leopold. SccLemuurg. LEOroLD'STADT, a Hrong town of Upper HungiJry, built by the emperor Leopold' in 1665. It is leated on the Waag, 36 miles NW of Neuhaulll, and $z E of Viitnna. Lon, 186 1:, lat. 48 35 N. LfiPANTO, a eonllilerable feaport of Livadla, with arv archbilhop's lee. It is- built on a mountain* in the form of a fugar-Ioaf!, and is divided into four towRs» furruunded by as many walls, and com- Sianded by a ealtle. The harbour is Irnajl, and maybe fhut up by a chain; ihc entrance beino; but fifty feet wide. It was tttken by the Venetians from the Turlts, in 1687, bur was evacuated, in j6()9, in confcquei^ct: of the treaty c and 60 N of Lif- Jbon. Lon. 8 46 w, lat. 39 37 n. Lerici, a feaport of Ita on the E coaft of the gulf of Specia, n the tcj-ritory of Genoa. Lon. 9 55 l. lat. 44 5 N. Lerida, an ancient and iftrong town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a biAiop's ^t a vnivg:£ty, an^ % ca&k* This L E S plaee declared for Charles 11 1, after th, t tr • ••■ % Am ■if -»'+.- I»JII1 . LEW LEX Ml n !1 •*j |i r n -!,, fometcr to all the country people. A fog, at the entrahci; of tli'u glacier, is an in- fallible fign oi' rain the next day. From the roof, which is 50 feet liigh, defccnds columns of ice, of a prodigious fize. The brook, which runs through a part ^f this grotto, is frozen in fuinmer, but flows in winter. Leuk, a town of Swiflerland, in the Upper Vallais, fcated on an eminence, near the Rhone. It is one of the inde- pendent commonwealths of the Upper Vallais, and is re iarkubie for its fprings, whofe water is fo hot, that it will boil «n egg. Leuk is much frequented in the fummer, on account of thcle fpritigs, which nearly relemble thofe of Bath; "but the accommodationii are inconve- nient ; formerly they were tolerably good ; but, in 17 1 9, a vaft body of Ihow fell with fuch inipetuofity from a neighbour- ing glacier, as to overwhelm the greateft part of the houfes and the baths, and to dcftroy a number of the inliabitants. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 46 IS N. Levroux, a town of France, in the department of Indrc and hte province of Berry, with a caltle, 35 miles sw of Bourges. Lon. i 40 £, lat. 47 o n. Leuse, a town of Auftrian Hainault, feated on the Dender, ^4 miles Nw of Mons. Lon. 3 45 e, lat. 50 35 n. L?utkirk, a free imperial town of Suabia, feated on a rivulet that falls into the Iller, aa miles ne of Lindau. Lon. JO 11 E, lat. 47 S3 N. Leutmeritz, a town of Bohemia, capital Of a circle of the fame name, *vith a bifliop's fee. It U feated on the Elbe, 3.0 miles NW of Prague, and 40 se of Drefden. Lon. 14 30 e, lat. 50 31 N. LewardeN; a populous and ftrong fown of the United Provinces, capital of 'Friefland. The buildings, as well public as private, are magnificent. It has fe- 'Veral canals in the ftreets, which are a great afliftance to its trade; el'pecially as they are continued not only to the fea, but to the moft confiderable towns in the province. It is 27 miles w of Gro- ningen, and 65 N by E of Amilerdam. Lon. 5 33 E, lat. 53 II N. Lrw en STEIN, a town of Franconia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a fortrefs, 10 miles E of Hallbron, and 30 NNE of Stutgard. Lon. 9 38 e, lat. 49' 18 N. '~ Lewentz, a town of Uppe^- Hungary, in the coilhty of Gran, and on a river of the fame namci whec^ the Turks were defeated in 1644. It is 15 miles ne of Gran. Lon. :8 31 E, lat. 48 21 N. Lewes, a borough in Suflfex, with a market on Saturday. It contains fix parifh churches, and is fcated on the Oufe, which is navigable here for barges. The a/Iizes are fometiines held here ; and it lends two members to pai-liament. Near this town was fought a battle in 1263, when Heaiy iii, and his fon prince F.dward (afterward Edward 1) were made prilbners by the earl of Leiccfter. Lewes is fituate at the edge of the South Downs, on the declivity of a hill, on which are the remains of an ancient caftle. It is 30 miles E of Chichelter, and 49 s of London. Lon. o 5 £, lat. 50 55 N. Lewis, one of the moft confiderable of the Weftern Iflands of Scotland, which being connected by a narrow ilthmus with Harris, forms but one ifland, which is about 60 miles in length, and of confiderable breadth toward the middle and north end. It is greatly interfered by arms of the fea, by which it may be faid to be divided into five peninfulas. 7^he country, in general, is wild, bleak, barren of wood, and little fitted for cul- tivation : the hills are covered with heath, which aflTords ftielter for various forts of game. The lakes and ftreams abound with falmon, large red trout, &c. and there are good fifiieries on the coaft. Stornaway is the only town in Lewis. This illand belongs to Rofsfliire. There are feveral inferior illes and rocks, com- prehended under Invernefsfhire. The whole lies 10 miles nw of the ifle of Skye. Lewisburgh, the county-town of Mifilin, in Pennfylvania, feated on tlie Juniata, Lon. 77 39 w, lat. 40 35 N. Lewisham, a village in Kent, on the river Ravenfbourn, five miles se of London. The church is an elegant nevr edifice. Lexington, the capital of the ftate of Kentucky, and county of Fayette. Near this town are to be feen curious Icpulchres, full of human fkeletons, which were thus fabricated : firlt on the ground were laid large broad ftones; on thefe were placed the bodies, feparated from each other by broad ftones, covered with others, which ferved as a bafis for the next an-angement of bodies. In this order thev are built, without mortar, growing ftill narrower to the height of a man. This method of burying appears to be to- tally different from that now praftiled by LEY L I G I com- The ifle of tlie Indians. In the neighbourhood tlfo, are the remains of two ancient fortifi- cations, with ditches and haftions ; one containing about fix acres of land, and the other nearly three. Pieces of earthen veflels have alfo been ploughed up near Lexington ; a maufaflure with which the Indians were never acquainted. Thefc, with the fortifications, and tlic Icpulclires, have been urged as an argument, that this country was formerly inhabited by a people different from the prelent Indians, and further advanced than tliey in the arts of fife ; and Mr. Fillon, in his ac- count of this country, has advanced arguments to prove, tliat thefe people were, in all prohabiiiry, an ancient colony from Wales. Lcxinn;ton (tands at the head of the river lUkhorn, 470 miles w of Walhington. Lon. 85 10 \v, lat. 38 20 N. Leyden, a city of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland, four miles and a half in circumference. It has eight gates, and contains 50 iflands, and 145 bridges, l^e greatelt part built of freeltone. The . I- iicipal church is a fuperb Itrufture, >nofe high roof is fupported by thiee rows of columns j and the reft of the public buildings are very handfome. There are feveral large holpltals, and a univerfity, which has generally 200 Itu- dents, though there are but two colleges ; for the fcholars board in the town, and have no drefs to diftinguilh them. The fchool confifts of a large pile of brick building, three ftories high ; in the up- permoft of which the famous Elzevir had his printing-office. Adjoining to the fchool is the nhyfic-garden, where ^he profeflbr reads Iei5lures in botany. The library contains curious manufcripts ; and the theatre for anatomy is one ot the fineft in Europe. Here are manufaftures of the beft cloths and ftuffs in Holland. Leyden is famous for the long fiege it fuftained in 1573, againft the Spaniards. It is leated near the ancient bed of the Rhine, four miles e of the German Ocean, and 20 sw of Amfterdam. Lon. 4. 33 jE, lat. 51 10 N. Leyte, one of the Philippine Iflands, about 40 leagues in length, and 95 in circumfen nee. its foil, on the E fide, is very ; trtile ; but there are high mountains iir.\t cut it almoft through the middle from e to w, and occahon fo great an alteration in the climate, that when the inhabitants of one part of the ifland reap, the others few j and they have two plentiful baiveils la tl^e yeara to whicli the rivers defcending from the mountains not a little contribute. The idand contains 9000 inhabitants, who pay tribute to the Spaniards, in ric«, wax, and quilts. Lon. 125 o e, lat. II o N. Lkzina, a town of Naples, in Capi- tnnata, Anted on a bay of the gulf of Venice, 75 miles ne of Naples. Lon. 15 14 E, lat. 41 44 N. LlBANUS, mountains of Turkey iij Afia, which lie between Syria and Palef- tine, extending from vv to e from the Medi- ttrnuiean Sea as far as Arabia. Thefum- niits ot thefe mountains are always covered with Ihovv; but below are very fruitful yallies. They were formerly famous lor cedar-trees 5 but now fcarccly any remain. Geographers diltinguifh them into Libanus and Anti-Libanus : the latter lies on the s fide of the valley, rlfing near the ruins of Sidon, and ter- minates at others in Arabia, in lat. 34. They are fcparated from each other at an equal diftunce throughout, and form a country, called by the ancients Coelofyria. LiBAU, a feaport of Courland, on th# Baltic, 45 miles N of Memel. Lon. 21 40 E, lat. 56 31 N. LiBOURNE, a populous townofFrance, in the department of Gironde and late province of Guienne. It is One of the Itaples of the commerce of Bourdeaux^ and is feated on the Dordogne, 20 miles NE of Bourdeaux, and 205 s by w of Paris. Lon. o 12 w, lat. 44 58 N. LisH, or LiCHA, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of Hefle, and county of Solms, 21 miles n of Francfort. Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 50 15 N. Lichfield, a city in Staffordfliire, with a market on Tuefday and Saturday, It is a county of itfelf, and unites with Coventry in forming one epifcopai fee. It has three parilh-churches, befide the cathedral, a freefchool, and two hofpitals^ Lichfield fends two members to par- liament, and is feated in a fine champaign country, 14 miles SE of Stafford, and 119 Nw of London. Lon. i 44 w, lat* 52 54 N. LiCHTALLEN, Or LlESTAL, a tOWll of SwilTerland, in the county of Bafil* feated on the Ergetz, eight miles SE of of Bafil. Lon. 7 39 E, lat. 47 29 N. LiCHTENBERG, a caftle of France, in the department of Lower Rhii^e and late province of Alface, feated on a rock, near the Vofges mountains, and confidered as impregnable, li is 12 miles NNW 0i Haguenau V3 J .1 I t :^' m* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k // ^z «* >.^ 4^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 itilM 125 ■^ iii2 |Z2 L£ 12.0 US u I Photographic Sdences Corporation •a ^C; s <>1AIM STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80 (716) 872-4503 V sV 4' •1>^ \ c\ n^v L IE i: IE i II ^ Ljchtinburo, a town of Franconia, in^ the inargravate ot' CuUembach, to miles NE of Cullcmbach. Lcn. ii a E. ht. 50 25 N. _ tiCHTENFELS, a town of Franconia, in the hjftiopric of Bamberg, leatcd on the Maine, 15 miles^NE of Bamberg. Lon. 11 la E, lat. 50 16 N. LiCHTENSTEiG, a town of Swifftr- land, capital of the county of Tock- enburg, fcated on the Thur, 31 miles E of Zuric. Lon. 9 8 e, lat. 47 1 5 n. LiCOLA, a lake in the kingdom of Naples, formerly famous for excellent fiih; but, in 153S, an earthquake hap the fatloe name, with a caAle. Here tht river Maefe is divided into three branches, which, after having paflfed through tht city, under feveral bridges, unite again. Liege is four miles in circximterence, anJ has 150 (Irccts, and 16 gates t it has al'.o 10 large fuburbs, in which are a great number of religious houfes and churcnes j which lait, with thoie in the city, makjf 10 in all. The cathedral contains fnany relics ; and the other public ftruflures are the bidiop's palace, the townhoufe, and the arfcnal : here is alfo a famous nniver* fity, and a convent of EngliHi nuns. At this pbce is made a great quantity of pened, which changed one part of it into fire-arms, which are exported to diHiercnt a mountain of aihes, and the other into countries. It was bombarded in 1691, a morafs. It was anciently Jtnown by the and delivered up to the French in 1701. name nf the Lucrine Lake. The allies retook it in 1701, and the LiDA, a town of Lithuania, in the pa- French hefieged it again in 1705, but latinate of Wilna, 56 miles s of Wilna. were obliged to raife tlie fiege, on the ap- Lon. 25 34. E, lat. 53 50 N. prouch ot the duke of Marlborough. In LidPord, -.. village in Devonlhire, 1734, a fire happened here, which con- on the river Lid, i«;ven miles N of Ta- fumed the bilhop's palace, with all the Viftock. It was once a borough, with furniture and writings. In 1789, the a caftle ; and its parifli may now compare inhahiiants having complained of the op« for lands and liberties with any in the preiTion which they experienced under tnc kingdom, the whole foreft of Dartmoor govcmmeut of their bifhop,at lait infifted being in the verge of it. The bridge upon a cliarirer of privileges. As the is thrown over a part of the river that is bifhop and chapter did not comply with pent between two high rocks i and near their demands, they had recourfe to arms ; It is a fine^catarafl. and the bilhop, apprehenfive for his fafe- LiDOEL, a river in Roxburghshire, ty, left the city, and appealed to the im- sffiA the only one in that county that perial chamber of Wetzlar. That cham- £ows fouthward. It falls into Solway ber ilfued decrees in his favour : the king Frith, n- r the mouth of the £(k. of Pruflia, in 1790, feemed to aft as a L1DDISDAI.E, a difti'ift in Roxburgh- mediator for the citizens : the fentences, Aire, comprehending the ibuthern angle however, ilTued by the imperial chamber of that county. It admits of little ag^aintt the infurgents, were followed by cultivation, and is chiefly employed in requifitorial letters, addrefTed to the go- |>afture. ' vernment of the Auftrian Netherlands, LiECHTENAU, a town of Franconia, defiring that his imperial iiiajefty's troopr in the margravate of Anl'patch, 17 miles would aOlft thole ot the ele6to;al princtSi 8 of Neuremburg, and fvrtyeft to that in enforcing their decrees: in confequence city. Lon. 11 12 E, lat. 49 10 n. of which, the Auftriuns 'entered Liege in LiEGE, a bifliopric of Weftphalia, i79i,r'eftored theold magiitracy that had |>ounded on tlie N by Brabant and Gutl- been expelled, to their tunrtions, and re- derland, on the E by the duchiv-s of inftated the bifhop and chapter. In jLimburg and Jiuliers, on the s by Lux- 1792, the French took the city, and cf- jamburg and the Ardennes, and on the fefted another revolution ; but being dri- W by Brabunt and the county of Namur. ven thence, in 1793, ^^e citizens were Xt is fruitful in corn an^ fruits, and contains mines of iron, lead, and coal, Ijefide quarries of marble. The bifljop /5s defied by the chapter, compofed of 60 canons; he is one of the moil con- £derable ecclefiaftical princes of Ger- xnany, tuul ba» an annual revenue of jocjopp Uvcats. . - LiEOE« an ancient igid jMpufous city l^f'ftpiulia, capital of a biihopric of once niore abliged to iubmit. Liege is 15 miles sw of Maeftricht, and 62 sw of Cologne. Lon. 5 40 £, lat. 50 37 N. LiEN-TCHEOU-FOU, a city and fea- port of China, in the province of Quang- tong. Its territories border on the king- dom of Tonquin, f.om which it is fepa- rated by inaccdfible snountaint. It w 325imte» aw of Camoa. LI G LiEOU-KiEOVt the general name of 36 jflands lying between Corea, Pormofa,and Japan. They t'onn a poweitul empire, the inhabitants of which are civilized, and ought not to be confounded with the other i'avage nations dii'perfed throughout the illandt of A£a. Each idand has a particular name j the largclt and principal, called Lieou-kieou, extends 146 miles fr'>m N to s, and 38 from E to w. They hare a fcinjj, who is tributary to China. Kint-ching, the capital, inCheciili, the s jiartof Lieuu-kieou, lies in ion. 127 30 £, Jat. z6 ^ -N- Lie KB-, a town of Auftririn Brabant, at the jun&ion of the Great and Little Nethc, nine miles nne of Meclilin, and i£ 8E of Antwerp. Lou. 4. 16 E, lat. 51 9 N. Lie SIN A, an illand of Venetian Dal- matia, in the gulf of Venice. It is 58 miles long and 1 2 broad, and abounds in corn, olives, faft-on, and wine. LIE6INA, a leajwrt of Dalnaatia, capi- tal of an illand of the lame name, with a hifhop's fee, and a fort on an inacceffibie mountain. It was attacked by the Turks in 1 500, but they were defeated. Lon. 16 23 E, lat« 43 30 N. LiESKENSHOECK, a (ortrefs of Dutch iFlanders, on the w fide of the Scheld, opjiofite Fort Lillo, and feven miles aw m Antwerp. LiESsE, a town of France, in the dt- pajrtmer.t of Ailhe and Jate province of Picardy, famous for aa image of the vir- jgin Mary, to which a great number of pilgrims ul'ed to refort. It is fix miles E •of Laon. Loa. 3 51 E, iat. 49 35 n. LlESTALfOrLlECHST^VL. iifieLlCH- TALLEN. LiFFEy, a river of Ireland, which aifcs in the county of Wicklow, runs vv tikence into Kiidare, and then turning ne paH'cs through the county of Dublin, and by rlie city of that name, below which it julls into the Irilh Sea. LiFFORJ), a town of Ireland, in the county of Donegal, 24 miles ne of Do- uefal. Lon. 5 45 w, lat. 54 47 n. LiGNE, a town of Aul^rian Uainault, on the river Dender, 12 miles nw of Mons. Lon. 3 45 e, lat. 50 35 n. LloNiE»ES, a town of France, in the department oi Jber asd late province of JBeny, with a cnJJiegiate church aud a caftk, t2 milos c&w of Bourges. Lon. % %4ttt iat. 4< 47 N. JLiONiTC, a town of Silefia, capital of • principality of the fame name, witli » saftifi feated 00 tb« mulct Cct| jo L I M miles s of Glogaw. Lon. 16 36 s, lat. 51 to N. Lie NY, a town of France, in the de- Eartment of Meufe and late duchy of >ai', with a caitle, a collegiate church, and a handibme pai'k. It is feated on the Orney, eight miles se of Bar- le- Due and 125 of Paris. Lon. 5 26 E, lat. 48 39 n. LiGON, a feaport in the peninfula of MaL-icca, capital of a finall territoiy of the fame name, with a magazine belung- ing to the Dutch E India Company. It is i'eated on ihe E coatt. Lon. 100 5 £, lat. 7 40 N. LicuEjL, a town of France, -n the department of Indre nnd Loire and late province of Tourainc, leated on a brook, 25 miles SSE of Tours. Lon. • 52 e, lat. 47 3 N. LiLLERs, a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, feated on the Na- v«z, 17 miles nw of Arras. Lon. x 35 E, lat. 50 30 N. LiLLO, a fort of Dutch Brabant, on the E fide oi the Scheld, Heven miles N of Antwerp. It was taken, in 1793, by tlie French, who foon after evacuated it, retaking it, however, in X794. Lon. 4. 18 E, lat. 50 30 N. Lima, a city, capital of Peru, with an archbifhop's lee, and a univerfity. In »5J4» Pizarro, marching through the country, was ftruck with the beauty and fertility of the extenfive vaHey of Rimac. There, on a fmall river of the iame name with the valley, at the diltance of five miles from Callao, the molt commodiout harbour in the Pacific Ocean, he founded a city, and gave it the name of Ciudad de Icxs Kcycs. This name it retains among the Spaniarxls in all legal deeds, but is belter known to foreigners by that of Lima, a corruption of tne ancient ftppeU lation of the valley in which it is leated. Lima gives its name to the principal audience of Peru, and is furrounded by brick walls, with ramparts and baltioos. The Ifrects are handfome and ftraight: the houifj art generally only one Itoiy high, en account of ihe eaithquakcs. One part of the ro»ft is covered with coarle linen cloth, and the o.thvrs only with reeds, which is not inconvenient, becauie it never rains here ; but the rich inhabitants cover theirs with fine mats, or beautitul cotton clo;hs. There arc trees planted all rcund their houfes, to keep off the heat ot the fun. What the houfes want in height they have in lenc^U and depth ; Ibr f* , f « I ,« >< ;» kti. n L I M LI M .I* .longi and proportionably broad, Co that they have jo or iz large apartments on the ground floor. The river forms canals in the itreets, which run to moft of the )ioufes> and ierve to water their gardens, Sec. The churches and convents are e;c- tremely rich ; and many images of the faints are of gold, adorned with jewels. The city is four miles in length, and two an breadth, and is divided into eight pa- rifhes. It is the feat of the viceroy, and contains feveral courts, as that of the viceroy, of the archbi(hop, of the inqui- fition, of the crufado, and of the wills. £arthquukes are very Irtquent, and fome have done the city much damage, parti- cularly that in 1746, by which it was al- moft deftroyed. The inhabitants are fo rich, that when the viceroy, fent fiom Spain in 1682, made his public entrance ii)to this city, they paved the llreets he was to pafs through with ingots of filver. They aie alfo very debauched, but, at the fame time, extremely fuperftitiousj and they have a ftrong belief in the power of charms. Lima is^o miles s oi' Quito. Ion. 76 44 w, lat. 1;. I s. Lima, an audience of Peru, lying on the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the N by * the audience of Quito, on the E by th^ Andes, on the S by the audience of Los Charcos, and on the w by the Pacific Ocean. LiMALE, a town»*of Auftrian Brabant, feated on the Dyle, 13 miles se of Bruf- fels. Lon. 4. 42 E, lat. 50 42 N. LiMAVADY, a town of Ireland. See Newtown Limavady. LiMBOVRG, orLiwPURG, a town of Germany, in the eleftorate of Treves. The Auftrians defeated the French on the heights near this place, September 16, 3796. It is Icated on the Lahn, 10 miles E of Naflfau, and 20 N of Mentz. Lon. 7 5» £» laf* 50 *4 5^- , LlMBVRO, a fertile province of the Netherlands, fubjcft paiily to the Auf trians, and partly to the Dutch. It is bounded on the N by the duchy of Ju- liers, on the E by that duchy and the ter- ritory of Aix-la-Chapelle, and on the s and w by the biflioprjc of Liege, from which it is feparattd by the Maefe. It is 42 miles long and 30 broad, and con- tains fome of tns beft iron mines in the Netherlands. LiMBiJftG, the capital of Auftrian Limburg, It was taken by the French in KS75, and by the allies in 1702, but afterward cedca to the Auftrians, the fortifications having been fiift demoli/hed . Here is a maouiaiSiure cf wQolIen cloths> and it is famous forexcellent cheefe. It is feated op a mountain, near the river Verle, 15 miles s^ of Liege. Lon. 6 5 e, lat. 50 38 N. Lime, a town in Dorfetflii.e. See Lyme Regis. Lime, or Limen, a village in Kent, three miles w of Hitlie. It was for. merly a port, till choked up by the fands, and is now a poor town, but it has the horn and mace, and other tokens left of its ancient grandeur. It ufed to be the place where th» lord warden of the Cinque Ports was Iworn, at his entrance upon his office. The Roman road from Canter- bury, called Stane-ftreet, ended here ; and from the brow of its hill may be fc«n the niins of the lioman wall*. |Iere was formerly a caftle, now converted into a farm-houfe. Limerick, a county of Ireland, in the province of Munfter, 48. miles long and 2 3 broad j bo^mded on the N by Tipperary and Clare, from which laft it is feparated by the Shannon j on the w by Kerry ; on the s by Cork, and on the e by Tipperary. It contains 1 30 pariflies, and fends eight members to parliament. It is a fertile country^ and well inhabited, though the w parts are mountainous. Limerick, or Lough Meath, a city of Ireland, in the county of Limerick, and the metropolis of the province of Munfter. Within a century, it wasteck* oned the fecond city in the kingdom; at prefent it has loft its rank j not becaufe It flouriflies lei's, but becaule Cork flou- riflus more. It is flill a commercial and populous place j :tnd confifts of the Irifh and Englifti Town ; the latter fituate on an ifiand, formed by the Shannon, and called King's Iftand. Limerick is thrcfc miles in circumference, and has a market on Wednefday and Saturday. The liren, woollen, and paper mantifaftures are car- ried on here to a great extent ; and the export of provifions is confiderable. Be- fidethe cathedral and other churches, here are many hofpitalsi and feme handfome public ftrui^ures. Ardfert and Affhadoe, in the county of Kerr^-, are united to the ice of Limerick. King William was obliged to laife the fiege of this city in 1690; but, in 1691, the garrifon furren^ dcred on a very honorable capitulation^ It is 40 miles s of Galway, and 94 s»v of Dublin. ' Lon. 9 34 w, lat. 5* 42 N. ■ LiMMAT, a river of Swiflerlandi form- ed by the jun£lion of the Mtit and |he Linth i th^ former ifluing. (^^v^ ^^^ ^^ extremity of the lake ^ W((llenftadt| • > 6 L I N L I N jkod the latter flowing from th« 8. The Lintima^ continuing its courfe Nw, flows through the lake ot Zuric, and falls into the Aar, below Baden. Limoges, an an'cient town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne and late territory of Limofm, with a biOiop's fee. It is a trading place, the capital of the deparment, and its horfes are in great elteem. Ii is ieated on the Vienne, 50 miles NE of Perigueux, and no E of Bourdcaux. Lon. i 10 a, lat. 4.5 50 N. LlMOSiN, a late pn«vince of France, bounded on the N by Marche, on the e by Auvergnc, on the s by Querci.and on the w by Perigord and Angoumois. It has forelts of cheitnut-trecs, and contains mines of lead, copper, tin, and'ironj but the principal trade confifts in cattle and horles. ft is now the department of Upper Vienne. Li M o u X , a commercial town of France, in the department of Aude and late pro- vince of Languedoc. It has a manufac- ture of cloth ; and its enviroriS produce an excellent white wine, called the Perry of Limoiix. It is Ieated on the Aude, 37 miles w by s of Narbonne, and 50 SE of Touloufe. Lon. z 16 E> lat. 43 4 N. LiMPURG. See Limbourg. LiNCHE, or LiNiCE, a Itrong town of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, feated on a river, 10 miles sw of Dun- kirk. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 51 o N. Lincoln, a city, the capital of Lin- colnihire, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the lide of a fteep hill, on the Witham, which here divides into three ftreams. It had formerly' 50 churches, now reduced to 1 3, befide the cathedral ,* and is a bilhop's lee, the laigefl diocefe in England. The cathedre' is admired for its interior architeflure, which is in the richeft and lighteft Gothic Ityle; nnd its great bell, called Tom o(, Lincoln, re- quires la men to ring it. Lincoln is a county of itfelf, governed by a mayor, and fends two members to parliament. The chief trade is in coal brought by the Trent and FolTdike ; and oats and wool, which are fent by the Witham. Here Is a fmall manufacture of camlets. It is 32 miles NE of Nottingham, and 133 N of London. Lon. o 25 w, lat. 53 1 5 N. ' Lincolnshire, a county of England, f>ounded on the N by the Humber, which divides it from Yorkfliire } on the e by the German Ocean ; on the se by the Waih and part of Norfolk; on the 8 by CarnVridgolurc and ^orthMnptonflurc | on the sw by Rutland/hi w; and on the W by the counties of Leicefter and Not- tingham. It is 77 miles from N to s, and 45 in breadth, where wideft. It is divided into tlu-ee parts ; namely, Hol- land on the SE, Kefteven on the sw, and Lindl'e^' on the N. It contains 30 hun- dreds, one city, 31 market-towns, amd 630 pariihes; and fends 12 members to parliament. Its principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Witham, and Welland. The air is various, according to its three grand divifiohs, which fee. The foil, in many places, is very rich, the inland part producing corn in great pLnty, and the tens cole-leed, and very rich paftures j whence their breed of cattle is larger than that of any other county in Eng- land, except Sbmerfetfhire ; their hor^a are alfo excellent, and very large j their humting hounds and hares are noted for their fwiftnefs; and their fheep are not only of the largeft breed, but are clothed with a long thick wool, peculiarly fitted for the worfted and coarfe woollen manu- ractures. LlNDENFEI,S,OrLlNDENFELD,atOYm of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, 1 7 miles N of Heidelberg. Lon, 8 47 E, lat. 49 42 N. LliNDISFARNE. See HoLY ISLAND. Linokofing, a town of Sweden, ca- pital of W Gothland, with a biftiop'a iee. It is l£ated on the lake Weimer, 12 miles NW of Skar, and 178 sw of Stockholm. Lon. 13 5 E, lat. 58 25 N, LiNDAU, a free imperial town of Sua- ble:. Here is a celebrated abbey of ca- nonefles, whofe abbefs is a princefs of the empire, and a Roman catnolic, though the inhabirants of the town are protef- tants. The French' to»k poflelHon of this town in July 1796. It is a trading place, feated on an ifland of the lake of Condanice, 12 miles SB of Buchom, and 75 s by w of Auglburg. Lon. 9 50 E, lat. 47 38 N. LiNDSEY, the largeft of the three principal divIfiohS' of Lincolnfhlre, in- cluding all the county that lies N of Lincoln, and the FolTdike, which (lenr}- i cut between the Witl^am and the Trenc. It 18 the moft elevateil part of the coun- ty ; and the air is generally efteemed healthy, efpecially on the w fide. To the VE is a large trafl df heathy land, called the Wolds, the s piart of which is well inhabited^ but the n is thin of peo- ple : eieat flocks of iheep are bred throughout this traft. See Axholm. ■ LiNGEN, aftrongtown ofWeftphalia. capital of a county of the fame name. It i'lft' i , ft". **. il^ 'I L I N belongs to the king of Pnifllia, and is fcattvi rn the Emhs, 30 m.ies w of Oiha- burgh, and 37 N of Munfter. LiN-KiANG-FOU, a City of China, in the province o( Kiang-fi, fcated on the tiver Yn-ho. It has only four cities of the third clafs in its diltrif^ } but is of fomc not«| on account of one of its vil- Iz^cs being the eeneral mart for all the drugs fold in the empire. It is 410 miles N by E of Canton. LiW-rciN-TCHEOir, a city of China, in the province of Chan-tong, feated on the Great Canal. Among the edifices admired here, is an o5lagonal tower, di- vided into eight ftorics, the walls of vrhich are covered on the outfide with porcelain ; and near tliis are fome temples of beautiful architeflure. It is 225 miles S of Pekin. Linlithgow, a borough, the county- towB'Cf Linlithgownure. It ftands on a rift g ground, overlooking a lake at its S end. Here the kings of Scotland had tone of their nobleft pahces,now in ruins; but here is ftill Hiown the room in which iMary queen of Scots was born. Lin- lithgow is 16 miles w of Edinburgh. Ion. 3 34 w, lat. 56 o N. Linlithgowshire, or Wtsr Lo- thian, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N by the frith of Forth, on the £ by Edinburghfhirc, on the sw by La- nerkfhire, and on the w by Stirlingshire. It extends near zo miles from ne t(j sw, and its breadth does not exceed 1 2, ex- cept on the fliore of the Forth. Linos A, an iiland of the Mediterra- hean, on the coaft of Africa, 1-- miles from Lampedcn : it is 12 miles in cir- cumference. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 50 N. LiN-TCHEOu-FOTT, a city of China, in the province of Ki.ing-nan ; including, in its juriiai5tic>n, two cities of the le- cond, and fix of the third clafs. LiNTz, a town of Germany, capital of Upper Auftria, with two caftles, the one upon ahill, and the other below it. Here is a hall, in which the ftates affemblc, a bridge over the" Danube, and fevcral ma- nufadures. The French became matters ff it in 1 741, but the Auftrians retook it in 174-i. Jt is feated at the confluence of the Eanube and Traen, 42 miles e af PaHau, and 100 w of Vienna. Lon. 14. 3 E, iat. 48 16 N. LiNTZ, a town of Germany, tn the deflorate of Cologne, feated on the Rhine, 1 5 miles nw of Coblentt, and iS 8 of Cologne. Lon. 7 10 e, lat. 50 37 N. Linton, a town in Cambridgeftiire) with a marJcct on Thurfday, tz miles LIP 8E of Cambridge, and 46 n by c of Loa- don. ' Lon. o 22 £, lat. 52 8 n. LiPARl, the largeft, mott fertile, ana populous of tlie Lip:ui Illands, about 1 5 miles in circiunftrence. It was cele- brated among the ancients ; and, by the delcription or Ariftotlc, it appears to have been confidered by the lailors in hi» time, what Stroinbolo is in ours, as a lighthoule, as its fires were never extin. guifiied. ft has not fuffered Irom ftibter- rtneous fires for ages paft, though it every where bears the marks oi' its former ftatc. The form of this iliaud is reiy irregular; and in this volcanic fpot Inch a number of fjiiracles have been opened, that the grcatelt part of them are confounded with each other. It .ibounds with the currant grape j cotton alfo grows here ; and great quantities of pumice aie gathered. LiPARi, an ancient town, capital of the iHand of Lipari, with a bilhop's fee. It viras ruined in 1 544, by Barbaroffa, who canitd the inhabitants into flavery, and demolifhed the place j but it was re- built by the emperor Chaihs v. The principal trade of the inhabitants is iu the exportation of the products of the iiland ; but the chief neceffaries of life are imported from Sicily- This town has a garrifon, nnd ftands" on the s fide of the ifland. Lon. 15 30 e, lat. 38 35 n. Lipari Islanbs, iflands in the Me- diterranean, which lie to the N of SjciJy, and formerly called ^olian Iflands. They are r j. in number ; and nearly as follijws, in the ofder of their fize j name- ly, Lipari, Strombolo, Volcano, Salini, Ftliculi, Aliciidi, Panari, Volcanello, Vachelufe, Lifca, Dattolo. and Tila Navi. They are fubjeft to the king of Naples, and bring in a good revenue. They pro- duce great quantities of alum, fulpnur, nitre, cinnabar, and moft kinds of fruits, particularly raifins, currants, and figs in great perteftion. Some of their wines arc .much eiteemed ; jiarticularly the Malvafia, well known ail over Europe. The(e iflands are of volcanic origin. See Strombolo, Volcano, &c. LiPPA, a town of Hungary, in the bannat of T«mefwar, with a caftle. It was taken by the Turks in 1552, by the Auftrians in 1688, and by the Turks again in 1^91, who abandoned it in 1695, ai'ter having demoliihed the forti. ^cations. It is feated on a mountain^ 22 miles NEof Temefwar and 75 of BcU grade. Lon. 22 45 1, lat. 45 51 n. LiPPB, a river of Weftphalia, which wafties Paderbom, Lipftadt^ahd Hani} and falls into the RhiM* above Weiei. L rs LI T LiriTADT, a confiderable town of Weftpballa, capital of the county of l^ippe. It was once free and intperial j afterward fubjc£l to its own counts, and now to the king of i'luina. It rairies on a good trade in preparing timber for building veflels on the Rhine, with which it has a communication by the river Lippe. It is ieated in a moraft, 17 miles wsw of Paderboru, and 30 se of Munfter. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 51 41 n. Lk^US) a town of Prance, in the de- partment of the Straits df Calais and late province of Artois, 12 miles W cH' St. Omer. LoA. a o E, lat. 50 4.5 N. Li(^EO or LiKEO Islands. See iJEO-f-KIEOU. LiS} a river of the Netherlands, which has its iburce in Artois, and running ne into (landers, pailes by Aire, Si. Venanf, ArmcniiereS) Menin, Courtray, and Pcyni'e, and then falls into the Scheld, at Ghent. Lisbon, a confiderable city, the capi- tal of Portugal, with an archbifhop's &e, a univerfity, a tribunal of the inqui- fition, and a Arong caftle. It was almost totally deftroyed by an earthquake, Nov, I, 1755. The harbour will contain ic,Ov.o fail of ihips, which ride in the greateft fafety ; and the city, being view- e«i from the fouthem fhorc of the river, atfords a beautiful profpe^l, as the build- ings gradually rife above each other. It is lea'ted on the Tajo, 10 miles from its mouth, 178 w by N of Seville, and 255 s by w of Madrid. Lon. 9 5 w, lat. 38 42 N. LiSBVRjf, a borough of Ireland, in the county of Antrim. It has a large ma- niifadure of linen cloth, and is ftated on the Liggan, eight miles sw of Belfalt. Lon. 6 o w, lat. 54 41 N. Lis'^A, one of the Llpari lAands, three miles sw of Strombolo. It is a I'mall delert fpot. LisiER, St. a town of France, in the department of Arriege, lately an epif- copal fee in the province of Couferans. It has a chapel, which has been famous for the refort of pilgrims. It is feated on the Satat, 50 miles se of Auch, and 390 s by w of Paris. Lon. i 15 e, lat. 42 56 N. LisiEVX, an ancient town of France, in the department of Calvados, and lately an epifcopal fee in Normandy. The churches, and the late epifcopal palace and convents, are handfome ftniftures. It Kas a good trade, particularly in linen cloth, aid is ftatecaufe it was for- meily furrounded by marihes, which arj now drained. I''s citadel is luppofed to be the fineft in Eurone next to that of Turim The ftreets, particularly thole of the New Town, are adorned with noble buildings. 7'he Great Square and the Little Square, are both dii^inguiflied i^ this refpeft; and among the public Itrudures are the exchange, a magazine of vail extent, and a general hoipilal very lately built. Here are manufac*^liirc8 of all ibrts; but the principal ti*ade is In camlets. Liile was taken by the allies, after three months fiege,. in 1708 j but was reftored by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, in confideration of the demo. litlon of the fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1792, it lulKi.ined a bombardment from the Auftrians. It is feated on ih« Deule, 14 miles w of Tournay, and 130) N of P.iris. Lon. 3 9 e, lat. 50 38 N. Li SMC RE, one of the Weftern lilandr of Scotland, in a fpacious bay, between. Mull and the coalt of Argyieftiiie. It is a fertile iAand, nine miles long and two broad ; and was the refidence of tht biftiops of Argyle. Li soNzo, a river, which rifes in Ca- rinthia, nnis through part of the re- public of Venice, and falls into the gulf of Venice, at the harbour of the iame name. LiRSA, an iflaml in the gulf of Venice, on the coalt of Dalmatia, belonging to the Venetians, wlio have here a iiihery of pilchards and anchovies. It produces excellent wine, and'is 70 miles w of Ra- guia. Lon. 17 E, lat. 42 52 N. Lissa, a town of Poland, in thepala^ tinate of Pofnia, 50 milts w of KaUich. Lon. 16 50 E, lat. 52 o N. Lissa, a village of Silefia, fix miles NW of Breflaw. It is feated on the Weiftritr, and remarkable for a great vi6lory gained by the PrufTians over the Auftrians, in 1757. Lithuania, a large country of Eu- rope, anciently governed by its grand dukes, but, in 1569, united to Poland, under one elective king. It is bounded on the s by Volhlnia j on the w by Lltde Pohuidj Polachia, Frufna, a;^d Saincgltlaj J :■ ■■' *ti Mi i'''.. ■ !P^ L I V L I V >i ilii «p the N by Livonia and RulHa, which lail; bounds it on the E. It is 300 miles lon^ a^ £50 broad. lis principal rivers arc, tbc Dnieper, Dvvinii, Nitsinan, Prioecz^ atfid Bog. It is A flat country ; and the toil is not only fertile in (Corn, but it produces honey, wood, pitch, and valt quantities ot' wool: licit are alio ex- cellent little hori'cs, which are never ihod, their hoofs being very hard. There are yaA forelts, in which are bears, wolves, dies, wild oxen, Ivnxes, beavers, wild cati, Sic. and candles and vultures are very common. In the forefts, .large pieces of yellow amber are frequently dug up. The country fwarms with Jews, who, though numerous in every other part of Poland, leem to have fixed their headquarters in this duchy j and this, perhaps, is the only country in £urope, where Jews cultivate the ground. The peafants are in a ftate of the inoft ■bjeel vafTalage. In 1771, the emprefs Catharine compelled the Poles to cede to ber all that part of Lithuania bordering upon Ruliia, and including at leaft one third of the country. This ihe erefVed into ^he two governinents of Polotlk and lUohilef. In 1793, in conjun£lion with the king of Prulfia, (he eife^led another partition o^ Poland, in confequence of which (he extended her dominion over almott the whole of Lithuania. LiTiz, a town of the Itate of Penn- iylvania. Here is a flourifliing lettlcment of the Moravians, begun in 1757. It is eight milf s from Lancalter, and 70 w of Philadt^lp.liia. I.IVADIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, boiuidtcl on the ,«i by Janna, on the E by the Archipelago, on th'; s by the Morea, and on the \v by the Mtditer- vanean. It includes ancient Grtece pro- perly fo called, and its capital is Sctines, the once celebrated Athens. LiVADiAj an ancient town of Turkey in Europe, in a province of the fame same. It carries on a tiade in wool, com, and rice, and is 58 milts nw of Athens. Lon. 23 26 e, lat. 3?? 40 n. LiVADOS TA, a to\Vn of Livadia, feated on the gulf of Lepanto, in the ifthinus of Corinth, to the N of the city of that nume, with a bifhop's fee. LiVENZA, a river of Italy, in the ter- ritory of Venice, which runs on the con- fines of Trevii'ano and Friuli, and falls into the gulf of Venice, between the mouth of the Piava and the town of Caurlo. LivERDUN, a town of France, in the de^nrtiiKnt of Meurthe and late province <^f Lorratn,' leated oa a mountain, near the river Mofelle, eight miles NE of Toul. Lon. 6 5 E, lat. 48 45 N. LivpapooL, a confiderable borough aiKl fcaport in Lancafliire, with a maiket on Saturday. At the commtncemtnt of this century, it was only a hamlet of the parifii of Walton, a village three miltj off. Its rife and incrcitle was principally owing to the falt-works ; and it is row become, with rdpeft to commerce, the fecond port in the kingdom. It is leattd on the Merfey, and hat an excellent liar, hour, formed with great labour and ex- pence, fhlps being admitted into noble wet docks, fecured by large flood gates. Since the completion of the duke of Bridgewater's canals, a new dock has been I'ormed by the duke, above tlie town. Cne very confiderable branch of its trade, is that of procuring (laves on the coaft of Africa, and difpoling of them in the W Indies and America, The trade to Ireland is very confiderable ; many (hips are fent to the Greenland whale-fi(hery ; the coafting trade to London employs a great number of Hiips ; and many good (hips are built here. Liverpool communieates, by the Merfey, with Warrington, and with a canal, called the Sankcy Canal, running to (bme coal-pits and other works, a little way up the country; by the Irwell and the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, with Manchefter; by the Weaver, with the Cheniire lalt-works; and by the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, wi(h the Staf. ford(hire Grand Trunk and all its com- munications. The exchange, a handfome edifice of (tone, was burnt down, Jan. %2, 1795. Here is an alTembly room, an elegant theatre, and a large borough gaol on Mr. Howard's plan. Befide the two parochial churches, there are ten other churche s for the e(tabli(hed religion ; there are alfo Roman catholic chapels and dilTenting meeting-houfes. Among the charitable foundations, are almshoufes for the widows of mariners killed or loll at fea, or decayed feamen, and a new afylum for lunatics. Liverpool is iS miles w of Warrington, and ioj NW of Londoti. Lon. % 54 Wt lat. 5^ 23 N. Livonia, a province of the Ruflian empire, which, with that of Elthoniaj has been reciprocally claimed and pofleffed by RulTia, Sweden, and Poland, and, foe more than two ^entufies, l^as been ^ perpetual ffene pf the taoA bloody wars^ It was finally wrefted front the Swedes by Pet.r the Creat, and coi^finned t? ik'i LLA to A RuflUmi by tlie peac« of ^lyftadt| In 1791* It now forms the srov^mment of Kiga» or Livonia, oH which Riga is the capital. It is bounded on the N by the government of Ellhonia^ on the e by that of Pflcof, on the s by that of Polotflc and part of Poland, and on the w by the gulf of Livonia. It is 250 miles from n to s, and 150 from e to w. The land is fo fertile in corn, that it is called the Granai-y of the North ; and it would produce a great deal more if it were not (o full of lakes and forells. In the forefts are wolves, bears, elks, raindeer, ftags, and hares. The Ao- sicltic animals are numerous ; but the fteep bear very bad wool. The houfes «t' the inhabitants are built with wood. The principal articles of export arc flax, heini^, huney, wax, leatlier, (kins, and potafli. The czar Peter, perceiving the inhabitants did not like the change of forereigns, compelled them to' abandon their country, and drove many of them as iar as the Cafpian Sea: but being per- fuaded to recill them, moll of them perifhcd before the edicl was pnblifhed j ib that he- was obliged to repeople their untry with other nations. Lizard, the moft ibuthem 'promon- tory of England, whence ihipi< ufually take their departure, -wh'tin bound to the westward. Lon. 5 10 w, lat, 49^ 57 n. Llanarth, a town in Cardiganshire, with -a -market ' on Tuefday, I7 miles E by N of Cardigan, artd 212 w by n of London .> Lon. 4 20 w, lat. ja 13 n. . Llanbbder, a town in Cardigan/hire, with a market on TuelUay. It. is feated on the Tyvy, over which is a bridgfe into. Carmarthenftiire, 24 miles E of Cardigan, and 197 v(r by Nof Lonuon. LoQ. 48 w, lat. 52 9 N. Llandilovawr, a town in Carmar- thenfliire, with a market on TuefUay and Saturday. It is feated on an afcent, on the river Towy, over which is a bridge, ij milea E by N 'of Carmarthen, and 194 w by N of London. Lon. 3 58 w, lat. 51 i55 N. Llanelly, a town in Carmarthen- fliire, with a market on Tuefday. It trades much in coat, and is feated on a creek of the Brifiol Channel, 1 3 miles s by B of Carmarthen, and 216 w by N of London. Lon. 4 10 W, lat. 51 43 N. Llangadoc, a town in Caimarthen- lliire, with a market on Thurlday. It is feated between the rivers Brane and Sawthy, which foon join the Towy, li miles JB by N of Carmarthen, and 135 w by N of London. Lon; 3 4S w, lat* jk 54- N. Llanqollbn, 1 town in D^blgh- Ihire, with a beautiful bridge of four arches over the river Dec, feven miles s w of Wrexham, and 184 nw of London. LlangunnKR, a village in Carmar. thenftiire, a mile and a half from Car- marthen, noted for being the urivate leat of fir Richard Steele, who died here ily 1729- ; LlaNROOST, a town in Denbishfhire, with a market on Tuefday, feated on the Conway, 15 miles svy of^ Denbigh, and 222 N\v of London. Lon. 3 58 W, lat. 53 6 N. Llantrissent, a town In Glamor. ^anfliire, with a market on Friday. It IS an ancient place, governed by a pw-- trceve, who is Iwom by the deputy condable of the caftk that (lands near it. It is 10 miles NW of Landaff, and 166 w of London. Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 51 28 N^ Llanwilling, a town in Montgo- mery/hire, with a market On Tuelday. It is feated in a f!at, among the hills, nrur the river Cane, 1 5 miles N by vf of Montgomery, and 179 NW of London. Lon. 3 8 w, lat. 52 40 n, LtANYDLOS, a town in Montgomety- fhire, with a great market on Saturday, fur woolleii yarn. It is 18 miles sw of Montgomery, and 180 WNW of London. Lon. 3 28 w, lat. 53 1 9 N. Llanvmddovry, a town in Car- marthenlhire,with a market on Wednefday and Saturday. It had once a caftle, novr in ruins ; and is feated near the Towy, 26 miles ENE of Carmarthen, and 181 W by N of London. Lon. 3 4a w, lat. 51 56 N. Llaugharn, a town In Carmarthen- ftiire, with a market oft Friday. It is feated at the mdutli of the Towy, tiear the ruins of two cafties, fcven miles sw of Carmarthen, and 233 w by N of London. Lon. 4 28 w, lat. 51 48 N. Lo, St. a town of France, in the de- partment of the Channel and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a good citadel. It has confiderable manufaftuies of fcrges, fhaloons, ribands, and gold and filver lace. It is feated on the Vire, 12 miles E of Coutances, and 125 w by N of Paris. Lon. o 53 w, lat. 49 6 N. LoANDA, a town of Congo, capital of Angola, with a good harbour, a fort, and a biftiop's fee. It is lj(rgc and band- fonie, confidering the coimtry,' containing 3000 houfes, hyilt of ftone, artd covered with tiles. Belide thcfe, there are a vail: If/* m fs ml I ^iii Ml ! iW I! i: V LOG of necroet* hut« roadt of draw and earth. It belongs to the Porttiguele. Lob. 13 15 i» Ut. 8 30 s: LOAKGO, a kingilom of Africa, in Coi^, 150 miles in length, and 188 in Ibreaidth ; bounded on the N by Benin, on the E by. parts unknown, on the s by Congo Proper, and vn the w by the Atbntic Ocean. The land is i'o fruitiul, that it yiekls three crops of millet in a year; and there are a great number of trees, whence palm>wine is drawn. The women cultivate the giound, low, and fet in the harveft. The inhabitants are lack, well-made, mild, and tra(5lable. LOANGO, a town of Congo, capital «if a kingdom of the fame name, with a lurbour, at the mouth of the Quiila. The principal trade confifts in eleplTantv teeth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and Uavei>. Lon. II 45 E, lat. 415 s. LOBAW, a towfl of Weftem Pruflia, with a caftle, where the bifliop of Culm reiides. It is 25 miles £ «f Culm. Lon. 19 o E, lat. 53 X5 N. LoBOA, a town of Spain, in Eftra- paadura, feated on the Guadiana, ii miles B of Badayoz. Lon. 6 ax w, lat. 38 32 N. Locarno, a town of Swiflerland, ca- pital of a diftricl of the fame name, which M one of the four tranfalpine bailiwics. It ■"' 'ns 1 500 inhabitants. Part of the ' is built ' on, piazzas, in the foil. V ^ crefcent, witit v."o wings; and, in tlie front, is a row of trees, and the public walk. The old part of the town IS dirty, and the ih'eets are narrow. It Contains three convents, and a iinall Francifcan monaliery, perched on a rock overhanging the valley, and com- manding a view of the lake of Locarno and its magnificent boundaries. The canopy, in tne church of the Capuchins, dffeives to be mentioned for its beautiful execution ; it is of ftraw work, and almoft rivals velvet or gold fringe. Locarno ^as once fituate on the lake, and had a port capable of receiving large barks: at prei'ent it (lands at the diftance of a quarter of a mile, which is owing to the accumulation of fand brought down by the torrent Maggia. It is 46 miles N of No vara, and 55 N by w of Milan. Lon. 8 31 E, lat. 46 10 N. Locarno, Lake of. See Magci- ORE. LocHABER, a bleak, barren, moun- tainous, and rugged dillri^l, in the svr part of Invernefsmire. Loch EM, a town of Dutch Guelder-- land, in the county of Zutphen. It was LOG taken by the French ia 167a, who aban- doned it in 1674, ^^ter having demoliihtil the fortifications. It is feated on the Borrel, 10 miles E oi Zutphen. Lon. 6 13 E, lat. 52 IX N. LocHLR Moss, a morafs in Dum- friesHiire, 10 miles in length, and three in breadth. Here vaft oak trees, and alfo canoes and anchors have, been fre- quenUy dug up. LocHEs, a town of Franc?, in the de- partir.cnt of Indre and Loire and late pro, viiicc of Touraine. It has a (trong caitle, the prolpeft from whivh is very extcnfive. Here was one of thole horrid dungeons, built by the cruel Lewis x», the walls, rtoors, cielings, and doors of which were lined with plates of iron faittned to bars of the fame metal. The unfortunate Ludovic Sforia* duke of Milan, taken inbaitle, under Lewis xii, ended hi« days in one of th; m. In the choir of the late collegiate church, is the tomb of the celebrated Agnes Sorcl, miltrefs of Charles vir, to whofe pa- triotic exhortations that monarch owtd ahnoft all his glory. Loches is feated otv, the river Ir.dre, near a foreft, 15 miles s of Amboife, and xo sE of Tours, Lon. o>5i E, lat« 47 10 n. LocHMABEN, a bprough in pum> fi-iesfl)ire, fituate on the w fide of the Annan, nearly oppofite the place where it receives the united ftreams of Yei and Kianel, 1.0 miles ME of Dumfries. Lon. 3 ^9 w, lat. 55 19 N. LocHRiDA, or OcRiDA, a larpetoui of Turkey in Europe, in Albania, feated on a hill, near a lake of its iovvn tnme, with a Greek anchbilhop's , lee. It. is well fortified ( and is 6x miles SB^ of Durazzo. Lon. 20 40 E, lat. 41 4» N. LocHTA, a feaport of Sweden, in E Bothnia, feated on xiit gulf of Bothnia, J'o miles s of Tornea. Lon. x4 16 c, at. 64 xo N. LocHWiNNOCH, a lake in Renfirew. fiilre, called alfo Cattle Semple Loch, near three miles in length. On an ifianii in this lake, is an old fortrefs, called the Peel ; a name frequently given to old fortreflies in Scotland. From this lake iffues the river Black Cart. LocHY, LocH, a lake in the sw part of Invemefsftiire, 10 miles in length, and from one to two in breadth. From the NW the waters of Loch Arkek defcend into this lake. Out of it runs the river Lo^hy, which, about a nile below, re- ceives the Spean, and after flowing through the diftriA of Lochaber» falls into Loch £il, at Fort William. L O I L O M LODDON, a town in Norfolkt with a market on FiiJay, eight miles 5£ of Norwich, onii 113 NE ot Loudon. Lon. 1 18 E, lilt. 5* 36 N. Lode:. AN, a diltii£l of Italy, in the tlie duchy of Milan. It is very fertile and populous, and its chcc-lc* axe in high iltccm. Lodi is the c:\pit;iU LouEVE, a town of Frahcc, in the department of Hcniult and liite province of Laiii^'.iedvC. It was lately a bllhop's ftcj and has nvinu.'acUnc.; uf hats and of cloth for tht anny. It is I'cated In u dry baricn country, tu the river Logue, at die fnot of tlw Ccvcmics, a; nnks NW of MontpelUer. Lon. 3 30 K, lat. 4s 47 N. Lo&i, a ftrcng town of Italy, In the Milaucfe, aitd caplcil of the Loilefan. The French defeated the Aultrlana near this place May 11, i7 bounchry. Puy is the capital. LoiRET, a department of France, htt the province of Orleanuis. It hu« its nnmc from a fmall river that falls into th« Loire. Oikauii is the capital. LoMOARDv, a part of Italy, whidi comprehends almoit all the ancient CilaU pine Gaul. It lies towiu'd the N, an4 IS divliied into the Upper and Lower, Upuer Loinburdy> the weftem part, com- prehends Piedmont, with its depeiidcii« cies, and the duchies of Montferrot ami Milan. Lower Lombardy, the eaftera pait, contains Parma, Modena, Mantua, Ferrara, the Bolognele, the territories of the Church, the Paduan, Vicentino, Ve- ronefe, Brefclano, Cremafco, and Ber« gamo. In the prefent war, nearly th« whole of tbefe provinces were overni* by the French republicans, who not only levied exorbitant contributions on tM inhabitants, but alfo demandsd many of their finelt piAures~ and Itatues, whidb they tranfported to Pai'is. LoMBEZ, a town of France, ,in th« department of Gers and late province of Gafcony, lately a bifhop^s lee. It U feated on the Save, 27 miles sw of Tou<» loufe. Lon. i o £, lat. 43 29 n. Lomond, Ben, a great mountain, iiy the N of Stirlingflure, about 3200 feet above the level oi the lake, at its bottom. It ftrctches along the £ iidc of Loch Lomond 'i:veral miles } and its broad bale extends fo far into the country, that the afcent of this mountain, though Aeep, is computed to be fix miles. Ptarmi- gans, and other heath-fowls, frequent its upper regions: its lower arc the haunts of the roebuck j and herds of cattle fieed in the irrieuous vallies at its baie. From this ^fty mountain are ieen Loch Lomond, the Clyde, the Forth, Edin- burgh, the ealtcrn coall as far as the Cheviot Fells, the Iflcs of Bute and Arran, the rock of Allfa, Ireland, the niount&in of Plynlimmon in Wales, the Skiddaw in Cuiuberland, and the lulls far beyond it. Lomond, Loch, a beautiful lake iu Dumbartonfhire, 28 miles long, and its. breadth, from tht^e quarters of a mile, incteafing to fcven miles. It contains 33 iflands j feveral of which are inhabite4, and adorned with antique ruins, concealed among ancient yews ; and others rife Into high rocky clins, the habitation of the ofprey, oi- fea eagle. The duke of (•« «.:( !i:'M li'' I \\\ Montrofe hat a feat on the se corner of it, where terminate the Grampian moun- tain! j and on the w fidet where it is broa creek, over which is a narrovy (tone bridge. They fend together as many members to parliament as London. The market, held at Eatt Looe, is on Satur- day. They are i6 miles vv of Plymouth,, and 232 w by s of London. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 50 23 N. Lookout, Cape, a cape of N Caro- lina, s of Cape Hatttjras, and pppofue Core Sound I • LOR LOR LoOT^, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the fame name, in the bi- ihopric of Liege, 16 miles w of Maef- tricht. Lon. 5 19 E, hit. 50 52 N. LoPATKA, Cape, the s exiiemity of the pLninlula. of Kamtfchatka. See Ku- RILES. Lor A, a town of Spain, in Aiulahifia, on the river Guadalquiver, 28 miles ne of Seville. Lon. 5 4 \v, lat. 37 46 N. LoRA, a town of Upper S:ixony, in the county of Hohenilein, 30 miles N of Saxe Gotha. Lon. 10 55 E, lat. 51 30 N. Lore, a town of Spain, in Granada, 19 miles N of Malaga. Lon. 4 35 w, I,ir. 36 50 N. LoRBUs, a town »)f the kingdom of Tunis, with a caltle, and fine remains of antiquity. It is feated in .a phin, ilrtile in corn, 150 miles svv of Tunis. Ix.ii. 9 o E, lat. 35 35 N. LORCA, an aiicltnt town ©f Spain, In Miircia, fcatal on -^n eminence, near the ilv(.r Guadalantiu, 30 tulles \v of Car- tiuigcena. Lun. t 37 w, lat. 37 44. N. LoRCA, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wii temburg. It had fornierly a very rich abbey, wnofe revenues now belong to the univerfity of Tubingen. It is Hated on the Remms, 20 miles Nw of I.ilingen. Lord Howe's Group, an extenfive group of illands iq the S Pacific Ocean, dilcovered, in 1791, by captain Hunter, who diltiniSlly dti'cried 32 of them, fome of confiderable extent. They appeared thickly covered with wood, amonsj which the cocoa-nut was very diitlnguirtiable. Nine of the natives came near the fliip, in a canoe, which was about 40 feet long, l)adly made, and had an outrigger. They were a (tout, clean, well-made people, of :i dark copper colour j their hair tied in a knot on the back of the head j and they appeared as if clean-lhaved. They had :in ornament, confifting of a number of fringes, like an artificial beard, which w;is faftencd dole under tlie nofe ; and to this beard hung a row of teeth, wh'ch yave them rhe appearance of having a mouth lower than their natural one. They had holes run through the fides of the nofe Into the palTage, into which, as well as through tne feptuni, were thruft pi^'ces of reed or bone. The arms and thighs were tatfowed, and fonic were pinted with red and white ftreaks. r'ey wore a wrapper round their mid- dle. Lon. from 159 14 to 159 37 E, lat. 5 30 S. „ ^ LodD Howe's Island, an iHand of the S Pacific Ocean, difcover.d. In t7?8, by lieutenant King, in his voyage from Port Jacklbn to iSorfolk lUund. Mauy excellent turtle have been caught here on a I'andy beach j and it -abounds with a variety of birds, which were lb unaccuf- tomcd to be dlihirbed, that the Icamen went near enough to knock down as many as they wanted with a (tick. At it« s end are two high u-.ountalns, nearly per- pendlcidar from the lea ; the louthcra- molt named Mount Gower. About 14 mil^s to the s is a remarkable rock, named Ball's Pyramid, which had much the apnearance of a Iteeple at a diltance. The illand is three miles and a half Lng, and very narrow. Lou. 159 o E, lat. 31 36 s. LoREDO, u town of Italy, in Pokfino di Kovigo, feated on the Atlige, 20 niiLs £ of Kovigo. Lon. 12 50 e, lat. 45 5 N. Loretto, a fortified town of Italy, in the marquifate oi Ancona, with a bi- (liop's lee. It contains the Cala Santa, or Iloule of Nazareth, in which it is pretended Jefus Chrilt was brought up ; and that it was carried by angels iiitq Dalmatia, and thence to the place vvheie it now (lands. The inner part of this houfe or chapel is very old j but it is j'unounded by a marble wall, and witiiin is a church, built of freeftone. The famous lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jefus in !ier arms, (tands upon the principal altar: this llatue is ot cedar wood, three feet high, but her face can hardly be leeu, on account of the n\\- merous lamps around her. She is clolheJ with cloth of gold, fet off with jewels, and the little Jefus is covered with a fliirt. He holds a globe in his hand, and is adomed with rich jewels. There arc prodigious nuiubers frequently go in j)il- grlmage to Loretto j and every pilgrim, alter having performed his devotion, makes the Virgin a prefent proportion-. able to his ability} whence it may be concluded, that this chapel 'n imirienfely rich. Chriltina, queen of Sweilen, made the Virgin a prefent of a crown of gold, worth 1 00,000 crowns j and Ifabella, in- fanta of Spain, fent her a garment which colt 40,000 ducats. Lewis xiii of France, and bis queen, lent her two crowns of gold, tnrlchtd with diamonds, and an angel of malTy lilver, hclding in his hand the figure of t.e dauphin, of folid gold. The town itfelf, exclufive ot the chapel, Is neither confiderable noir agreeable j nor does it contain above 300 kUi'^bitanjs, who are £iltr>ult all ihok- i,v .■ i-i Vi'V v,-!.tS ml ^ t :l'^. \ ■ mi LOT makers, tailors, or fellers dF cr rpiets. It is i'eated on a mountain, tlnce rnilcs from the gulf of Venice, 12 sk of Ancona, and iiz NE of Roint. J-m. 13 38 e> lat. 43 27 N. LORGUES, a populous town of France, Agen is the capital LOU its name from the river Lot. Cahors Is the capital. Lot and Garonne, a department of France, including part of the late province of Guienne, and fo called from two rivers. in the department of Var mid late pro^ vince of Provence, feated on the Argens, live miles w by s of Draguignan, and 360 s hy F. of Paris. Lon. 6 27 E, lat. 43 30 N'- Lorn, a diltrift in the N part of Ar- gyleOiirc, between Loch Etive and Loch Awe. Lothian, East. See Haddington- shire. Lothian, Mid. See Edinburgh- shire. Lothian, West. See Linlith- gowshire. LoUANs, a fmall town of France, in tilt department of Saone and Loire and LoRRAiN, a late province of France, late province of Burgundy, fiiuate in j. bounded on the n by Luxembtu'g and Treves, on the e by All'ace and Deux- Poitts, on the s by Franche Comtc, and on the w '^v Champagne and Bar. It is 100 miles in length and 75 in breadth, and I'.bounds in all forts of corn, wine, hemp, tlax, and rape-feed. There are fine meadows and large forefts, with mines ot iron, filvcr, and copper, and falt-pits. The principal rivers are the Maeie or Meufc, the Moielle, the Seille,the f^ Icurthe, and the Sare. In 1733, the French con- quered Lorrain ; and, at the peace in 1735, it was agreed, that Stanillaus, the titular king of ]*oJand, father-in-law to the king of France, fhould poflefs this duchy with that of Bar, imd that after his death they (hould be united to France. It was alfo agreed, that Francis Stephen, duke of Lorrain, and the emperor's Ibn- in-law, fhould have the grand duchy of Tufcany as an equivalent for Lorrain. After the death of the ^rcat duke of Tufcany, in 1737, king Stanillaus and kind of ifland, between the rivers Seillts, Salle, and Solnan, 18 miles SE of Cha- lons. LounuN, a town of France, in the departnitnt of Vienne and late province of Poitou. It is remarkable for the tra- gical end of its reiSlor, Urbain Granditr, who, in 1634, was burnt alive for having caufed certain Urfulin nuns to be pwl- fefled with devils ! It is feated on a moun- tain, 30 miles Nw of Poitiers, and 155 svv of Paris. Lon. o 17 E, lat. 47 2 N. Loughborough^ a town in Leicef- ter/hire, with a market on Thuriday. It is feated near the foreft of Charwood, among fertile meadows, on the river Soar, 18 miles N of Luicetter, and 109 nnw of London. Lon. i 10 w, lat. 52 48 n. Louisa, a town of Swcdifli Finland, with a fortrefs, on a bay of the gulf of Finland. The houfes are all ot wood, two ftories high, and painted red. Louisbtjr'gh, a town of N America, capital of the illand of Cape Breton. It the duke of Lorrain took polftirion oi was taken by the Englilh i.* 1745, rc- their refpeftive dominions} and the cef- Itored to the,French in 1745, taken again fion was confirmed and guarantied by a by the Englifli in 1758, and ceded to treaty in 1738. This province now them in 1763; fmce which the fortifica- forms the three departments of Meurthe, tions have been deftroyed. It has an cx- MoCelle, and the Vofges. cellent harbovr, near four leagues in cir- LORRicH, a fmall tows of Germany, cumfercnce. Lon. 59 48 w, lat. 45 54 N. in the diltrlct of Rheingau, :b:i:ed on the Louisiana, a large country of N E fide of the Rhine, eight miles N\v of America, bounded on the e by the Mif- Bingen. fifllppi, on the s by the gulf of Mexico, LoRRis, a town of France, in the de- on the w by New Mexico, and running partment of Loiret and latv; province »)f indefinitely N. It is agreeably fituatc Orleannois. It was the refidence of Plii- between the extremes of heat and cold; Up the Long, in 1317, and of other kings its climate vaiying as it extends toward ot France. It is 15 miles vv by s cf the n. The timber is as fine as any in Montargls. the world j and the quantities of oak, Lot, a river of France, wliich rifes in aih, mulberry, walnut, cherry, cypreli, the department of Lozere, and water- and cedar, are aftonifhing. The neigh- ing Mtndc and Cahors, enters the Ga- bourhocd of the Miflitfippi, belides, tur- ronne, below Agen. It begins to be na- nifties the richell fruits in great variety, vigable at Cahors. The foil is particularly adapted for hemp, Lot, a department of France, includ- flax, and tobacco ; and indigo is a ttaple ing the late |»roYinc« of Querci. It takte commodity, which commonly yiekls the LOU LOW planter three or foui cuttings a year. It IS interlefted by a number of fine rivers, among which are the Natchitoches, and the Adayes, or Mexicano. This coim- try was difcovered by Ferdinand de Soto, in 1541 J traverfed by M. de la Salle, in i68z ; and fettled by Lewis XIV, in the beginning of this century. In 1763, it was ceded to Spin. Louisville, a wn of Kentucky* in the county of Jeftei m. Its unhcalthi- nefs, owing to ftagnar.d waters at the back of the town, has hitherto retarded its growth. It is fcated on the Ohio, oppofite Clarkrville, 95 miles sw of Lex- ington. Lon. 86 30 \v, lat. 38 3 N. Loui-TCHEOU-FOi;, a city of China, in the province of Quang-tong. Its ttr- ritory is fcparaied, by a narrow Itrait only, from the ille ol' Hai-nan. It is 315 miles sw of Canton. LouiTZ, a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, 55 miles E of Gnelha. Lon. 19 o E, lat. 52 26 n. Lou-NGAN-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Chan-fi, fituate near the fource of the Tfo-tfang-ho, and cojitain- ing eight cities of the third ciai's in its juriidtclion. It is 375 miles sw of Pekin. LouNC, Loch, a great arm of the fea, in Argylefhire, which communi- cates, on the s, with the frith of Clyde. LouRDE, a town of France, in the department of the Upper Pyrenees and late province of Bigorre, with an ancient caftle, feated on a rock, on the Gave de Pau, 10 miles NW of Bagneres. Lon. o 5 w, lat. 43 8 N, Louth, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leintter, 29 miles long and 13 broad ; bounded on the N by Ar- magh and Carlingford Bay, on the e by the Iri(h Sea, on the w by Monaghan and E Mcath, from which laft county it is parted, on the s by the Boyne. It is a fruitful country, contains 50 pariHies, and fends 10 members to parliament. Drogheda is the capital. Louth, a town of Ireland, in a county of the fame name, 19 miles N by W of Drogheda. Louth, a corporate town of Lincoln- ftiire, with a market on Wedncfday and Saturday. Here is a noble Gothic church, with a lofty fpire, and a freefchool found- ed by Edward vi. It has a new naviga- tion, by means of its brook, the Lud, to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek. It is 28 miles ne of Lincoln, and 14.8 N of LondoH. Lon. • 10 e« lat. 53 2i N, LOUVAIN, a city of Aultrlan Bra- bant, with an old caftle, and a cele- brated univerfity. Its walls are nearly feven miles in circumference, but within them are many gardens and vineyards. The ))ublic buildings are magnificent, and the univerfity coniifts of a great num- ber of poUeges. Large quantities of cloth were foiineily made here, but this trade is greatly decayed, awd it is now chiefly remarkable for good beer, with which it lerves the neighbouiitig towns. It was taken by the French in 1746, 1792, aiid 1794' It ia feated on the Dyle, 14 miles £ by N of BrulVcls, and 40 NE of Mons. Lon, 4 31 E, lat. 50 53 N. Louvestein, a tortrefs of the United Provinces, in Holland, on the w crlU of an iiland, called Bommel Waeit. In this calllc, the patriotic chiefs were imprilbned by prince Maurice ; whence that party has ever fmce been called the Louvcf- tein party. It is 16 miles E of Dort. Lon. 5 13 E, lat. 50 40 N. Lou viERS, a fortified town of France, in the department of Eure and late pro- vince of Nonnandy. It has a confider- able manufaiElure of fine cloths, and is feated on the Eure, in a fertile plain, 10 miles N of Evreux, and 55 NV/ of Paris. Lon. I 15 E, lat. 49 ON. I.ouvo, a populous town of the king- dom of Siain, with a royal palace, 50 miles N of the city of Siam. Lon. 100 50 E, lat. 15 8 N, LowDORE, a fine cataraft In Cimiber- land, on tlie E fide of the lake of Der- went- water, in the vale of Kefwick . It is formed by the rulhing of the waters of Watanlath through an awful chafm made by the contiguity of two valt rooks ; but it fails entirely in adryfealbn. Lowes roFFE, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Wednefday. It is built oji a cliff, the molt ealterly point of Great Britain ; partakes with Yarmouth in the mackerel and herring fifherie«; is much frequented for fea-bathing ; and has a manufacture of coai'le china. It is 10 miles s of Yarmouth, and 1 17 ne of Lon- don. Lon. 1 55 E, lat. 52 35 N. Lowes-Water, a lake in Cumber- land, one mile long and a quarter of a mile broad. It is of no great depth, and witlijout char ; but it abounds with pike and perch. In oppofition to all the other Ir.kw's, it has its courfe from N to s, and, under the lofty Mellbreak, falls into Cro- mack-water. Lowicz, a populous town of Poland, in the palatinate of Rava, with a lironjf lortrefs^ leated on the Bzura, zi nii«g • fsMS 11 \j L U B LUC i ^ : !,! n i i '■i II i' I of Plockflco, anr^ 30 n of Rava. Lon. 19 29 E, lut. 52 24 N. Low-Layton, a village in F.fiex, which, with that of Laytonltonc, forms one pariHi, on the flcirts of Ep|)ir.[jf Forcit. Here ire fome reinairik of a Roman Na- tion : feveral foundations, with Roman bricks, and coins, having been founii near the manor houfe ; and fome urns, with afhes In them, have been duij \i\t iu the churchyard, and other parts. It is fix milts NE of London. LoxA, a confiderable town of Spain, in Grannda, feated in a feftile comitry, on the river Xenil, 18 miles w of Gra- nada. Lon. 3 5a \v, lat. 37 15 N. LoXA, a town of Peru, in the province of Quito, ioo miles ene if Paita. Lon. 77 10 w, lat. 4 50 s. LovTZ, a town of, 'Pomerania, in the eotmty of Gutzlcbw, ftated on the Pene, 30 miles above the city of Gutzkow. LozERK, a department of Fr.ance, in- cluding the late province of Gevaudan. It is a mountainous barren country, and receives its n mie fn)m one of its princi- pal mountains. Mcnde is the capital. LuBAN, a town of the Ruillan govern- aiient of Livonia, 70 miles e of Riga, ion. 26 36 E, lat. 56 55 N. Lubansken-Sea, or the Lake of LuBAN, a lake in Livonia, toward the confines of Couvland and Lithuania. The river Kofitta falls into this lake. LuBBEN, a town of Germany, in Lower Lufatia, capital of a diftri6l of the fame nai.ie. It has leveral churches, with a noble hofpital, and a landlioule, orhoufe where the dicrs^iirembie. It is feated on thi: Spree, (^>o miles SE of Berlin. Lon. 14 z5 £, lat. 52 o N. LUBEC, a free imperial city and fea- port of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of HoUtein. It was the head of the fa- mous hanfeatic league, formed here in 1164, and the molt commercial city and powerful republic of the North. Her neet fet the northern powers at defiance, and rode miftrefs of the Brdtic. But it now retains not a fliadow of its former power, and has lolt great part of its trade. The houCes are built in a very Hncient Ityle 5 the doors being fo large as to udniii; carriages into the hall, which frequently fervcs for a coachhouie ; and the walls of many houfes bear the date of the 1 5th century. The townhoufe is a fuperb ftruf^nre, and has feveral tow- ers. Here is alfo a fine exchange, built in 1683. The inhabitants are ail Lu- •tjicrans, and the chiel' preacher has the ink oi buperiiitendaut, Therg- are five large churt.ies, one of which Is the ca- thedral, whofe body is of an extraordinary kngth, containing feveral curiofities ; fuch as a handfome ftatue of the vir^^ln Mary, a curious clock, and a prodigiotis l.uge orgnn. There were tonnerly lo\ir c( nvents ; and in tliat of St. John, thtic are ftill Iwi.ie prote'tant ^,\rh, under ihv govcinnient of an alihcis. That of St. N I ary Magdalen is trrned into an hoijii- tal • that of St. Ann ib made a hoxife of correftlon j and the monaltery ot St. Ca- therine is now a handfome college. Lu- bec is feated at the confluence of fome rivers, the iargtft of which is thv; Travc, 14 miles sw of the Baltic, and 30 ne of Hamburg. Lon. 10 44 E, lat. 53 52 K. LuBEC, Bishopric of, a fniall blfhoprlc, in the duchy of Holftein. It has been enjoyed by proteftant princes of the houit of Holftein, ever fince is^Ji, when Lutheranilm was eftabllfhed heie. LuBfC, an illand of the Indian Ocean. Lon. 113 22 E, lat. 5 50 s. LUBEN, a town of Silefia, capital of a circle of the fame name, in the principa- lity of Lignitz, 22 miles Nwof BrelluH. Lon. 16 2S E, lat. 51 20 N. Lublin, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate of the fame name, with a cita- del, a biftiop's fea, and a Jewifli fyna- gogue. It is feated on the Weiprz, 75 miles SE of Warfaw. Lon. 22 45 e, lat. 51 14 N. LuBOvv, a town of Poland, in the pa- latinate of Cracov', 50 miles SE of Cra- cow. Lon. 20 36 E, lat. 49 36 N. Luc, a town of France, in the depart- ment of Var and late province of Pro- vence, 25 miles NE of Toulon. Lon. 6 25 E, lat. 43 28 N. Luc, a town of France, in the de- partment of I fere and late province of Dauphiny, feated on the Drome, 32 miles s of Grenoble. Lon. 5 48 Ej, lat. 44 40 N. Lucar-de-Barameda, St. a fea- port of Spain, in Andalufia, with a bi- fliop"s fee. It has a fine harbour, well defended ; and is feated at the mouth of the Guadidqviiver, 44 miles s by w of Se- ville and 270 of Madrid. Lon. 5 54 W, lat. 36 58 N. Lucar-de-Guai>iana, St. a ftrong town of Spaiji, in Andalafia, with a fmall harbour on the river Guadiana, 39 miles NE of Faro. Lon. 8 16 w, lat. 37 18 N. LucARi a-Mayor, St. a town of Spain, in Andalufia, leated on the Guadi- ana, 10 miles Nw of Seville. Lon. 5 33 >v, lat. 37 36 N, LUC LUC Lucca, a republic of Italy, lying on the Tufcan Sea. It is 20 miles in length and 10 in breadth. The foil does not produce much com ; but there is plenty of wine, oil, filk, wool, and cheftnuts. Their oil, in particular, is in high efteem j and the common people ufually cat cheft- nuts inftead of bread. It is under the proteclion of the emperor, and the goveni- ment is ariftocratic. The head of this republic has the name of gonfalonier, who has the executive power, together with a council of nine members, who are changed every two months j but the le^tilative au- thority is lodged in a fenate of zoo of the principal perfons, who ballot for the choice of all officers. LuecA, a fortified city of Italy, ca- pital of a r^oublic of the ran*e name. It IS three miles in circumfe* c'nce, and an archbifliop's fee. Here aij confiderable manufactures of filk, and gold and Hlver ftuffs. All travellers are obliged to leave their arms at the city gate, and none are fuffered to wear a fword in the town. Lucca Is feated In a fruitful plain, near the river Serchio, 10 miles NE of Pifa, 37 w of Florence, and 1 55 N by w of Rome. Lcn. 10 35 E, lat. 43 50 N. Luce, a great bay in Wigtonfliire, ly- ing to the E of the promontory, called the Mull of Gajloway. LucERA, an ancient to\vnof the king- dom of Naples, in Capitanata, with a bi- /hop's fee, 30 miles s\v of Manfredonia, and 65 NE of Naples. Lon. 15 34E, lat. 41 28 N. LucERN, one of the cantons of Swlf- ftrbnd, and the moft confiderable except Zuric and Bern. It is 30 miles in length and ao In breadth ; bounded on the e by the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zug, and on all thejother fides, by the canton of Bern. The inhabitants are Roinan catholics ; and they can fend T 6,000 men into the field. The govern- ment of this republic is entiicly arifto- cratical, or rather oligarchical. The fo- vereign power refides in the council of one hundred, comprifing the fenate, or little council. The former is the nominal fo- vereign; but the whole power refides in the latter, confifting of 36 perfons, who are formed Into two divifions, which ex- ercifr the oflice by rotation. The divi- fion which retires at the end of fix months confirms that which comes Into office; and as the vacant places in the I'enate are filled up by Its own body, the power rts- nuins In the poflelHon ot a few patrician families. The fenatorial dignity, more- over, may be confidered, In fome degree, as hereditary ; the Ion generally fucceed- ing his father, or the brother his brother. The chiefs of the republic are two ma- giftrates, callcil advoyers, who arc cho- ien from the lcn:\te by the fovereign, and annually conluiiv-d. LucERN, the capital of the canton of Luceni, in tiwineil md. It is divided Into two b) a branch of the Rf ufs, which falls into tlie lake, on which the town is Icat- ed. It fcarcely contains 3000 inhabi- tants, has no manufactures of confe- tjuence, and little commeice. The pope has always a nuncio refident here. In the cathedral is an organ of a fine tone, and of an extraordinary fize ; the centre pipe is 40 feet in length, near three in breadth, and weighs iioo pounds. The biitlgcs which ikirt the town, roimd the edi'c of the lukt, are t!ie fa/hionable walk of the pKice, and ren-.arkable for their length. Being covtKd at tit- top, and optn at the fides, they afford a con- ttant view of the delightful and romantic country. They are decorated with coarfe paintings, reprefenting the hiftories of the Old Teltanunt, the battles of the Swifs, and the dance of death. Lucern is 30 miles sw of Zuric, and 3_ e of Bern. Lon. 8 6 E, lat. 47 5 N. LucERN, Lake of. See Wald- ST^TTER See. Lucerna, a town of Italy, in Pied- mont, 15 miles sw of Turin. Lon. 7 38 E, lat. 44 52 N. LucHEN, a town of Spain, In Valen- cia, 30 miles s of the city of that name. Lon. o 10 E, lat. 38 53 n. Lucia, St. one of the Windward Caiibbee Ifiands, in the W Indies, z% miles in length and 21 in breadth. It confirts of plains well watered with rivu- lets, and hills furnilhed with timber; and has feveral good bays, and commodious harbours. George i granted this ifland to the duke of Montague, who fettled it j but the colony was not prolperous ; and difputes arifing betwten the French and liiiglifh, it was agreed that the ifland fhould be abandoned, and confidered as one of the neutral illands. By the peace of 1763, it was Itipulatcd, that the neu- tral ifiands fhould be divided between the two crowns, and St. Lucia was allotted to I'rancc. In 1779, it was taktn by the Englifli, but reftoied by the peace of 1783; was taken again In 1794; evacu- ated in June 1795, and again taken in May i79'>. There arc two high moun- tains, by which this ifland may be known Z4 \k '■m ■Jf'V 1 III 1 ,m '1 I 1 1 i ', 1 Is t Wmt, j ij aUjll i wKat I 1 'Ji< :)!■ LUC %t * eonfiderable diftance. It i« ii miles 6 of Martinico. Lon. 6o 45 w, lat. 13 »5 K. Lucia, St. one of the Cape At Vtrd Jflands, 400 niiloi iv of the conti- jifnt of Africa. Lon. 24 31 w, lat. i6 45 N- LuciGMANo, a town of Italy, in Tiif- cany, 10 miles scf bienna. Lon. 11 he, lat. 43 o N. Luck NOW, an ancient and extenfivc city of Hindcoft.'.n Proper, capital of Oiide. It is meanlv built ; tlic huul'ts are chiefly mud walls, covered with thatch j many are entirely of mata and hamboos, thatched with leaves of the cocoa-nut, palm-tree, and ibmetinies with Itraw j and very few are built with brick : the ftreets are crooked, narrow, and worle than moft in India. In the diy fealbn, th.c dul^ and heat are intolerable ; in the rainy feafon, the mire is fo r* tep, ao to be fcarcely paflable ; and there is a great number of elephants, belonging to the nabob and the great men of his court, which are continually pafling the ftreets, either to the palace, or to the river, to the great danger and annoyance of the foot paflenger, as well as the inferior clafs of jhopkeepers. The comforts, cohveniency, or property of this clafs of people are, in- Iaples, in Abruzzo Citeriorc, ftated on the w bank of the lake Celano. LugoN, or Luzon, a town of France, in the department of Vendee and late pro- vince of Poitou, and lately an epilcopal fee. It is feated in an unwholelome mo- rals, 17 miles N of R chelle, and 50 s of Nantes. Lon. i 5 w, lat. 46 27 n. LucoNiA, or Manilla, thi- chief of the Philippine Illands, in the N Pacify, Ocean, 400 miles in length and i©o in breadth. Jt is not lb hot as may be ex- { jelled, becauTe it is well watered by large akes and rivers, and the periodical rains. L U D which inundate all the plains. There art J(.ver;d volcanos in the mountains, which occafinn earthquakes ; and a variety of hot baths. The produce of this illaiid is, wax, cotton, wild cinnamon, fulpliiir, co- coa-nuts, rice, gold, horl'eu, buffaloes, and game. Philip ll, of Spain, tormaj a fcheme of planting a colony in the Phi- lippine Idandb, which had been negle6lcd fmce the diicovei-y of them by Magelbn, in 1 52 1. Manilla, in this illand, was the Itationchofen for the capital of the new eitabliflnnent. FJence an aftive commer- cial intercourfe began with the Chinefe, a eonfiderable number of whom fettled in the Philippine Iflands, under the Spanifli pioteRion. Thefe fupplicd the colony fo amply with all the valuable productions and manufaflures of Afia, as enabled it to open a trade with America, by a direft courfe of navigation, the longeft from land to land on our globe. This trade, at Hrft, was carried on with Callao, oq tl'.e coaft of Peru ; but it was afterward removed to Acapulco, on the coaft of New Spain. From this jiort annually fail one or two (hips, which are permitted to carry out filver to the amount of 500,000 crowns, in return for which they bring back from M: »!Ua fpices, drugs, China and Japan wares, calicoes, chintz, muf • lins, filks, &c. The inhabitants are a mixture of feveral nations, beHde Spani. ards J and they all produce a mixed breed, diftir..Tl from any of the reft. The blacks have long hair, and good features ; and there is one tribe, who prick their Ikins, and draw figures on them, as they do in moft other countries where they go na. ked. See Manilla. LuDERSBVRC, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Lawenbuig, feated on the Elbe, five miles above the tpwn of Lawcnburg. LuDGERSitALL, a bsrough in Wilt.- fliire, that lends two members to pailia.. ment, but has now no market. It i$ 15 miles N of Salifbury, and 71 N by w of London. Lon, 1 43 \v, lat. 5; 17 N. LVDLOW, a borough in Shropfhire, with a market on Monday. Hwe a court is held for the marches of Wales j and it is encompaffed by a wall, having fevcn gates. It has likewise a caftle, where all bufinefs was fonnei ly traufafled for the principality of Wales ; and a ftately church, formerly collegiate. It fends two members to parliament, and is feated on the Tame, 29 miles s of Shrewlbury, and 138 NW of London. Luo. a 42 Wj Ut« 5a 23 N. L U N L U P Lugano, a town of Swifll-rland, capi- tal of a bailiwic of the iUme name, which js the principal of the four tranfalpine bailiwics. It is built round a gentle curve of the lake of Lugano, and backed by an amphitheatre of hills. It is the emporium of the greatejf part of the jncrchandife, which pufl'es irom Italy over the St. Gothard, or the Bernardin. It contains 8000 inhabitants ; and on an eminence above the town, is the principal church, which has a delightful proljK:(5l from its terrace. Molt ol the houfcs are built of tufstone j and the refidence of the governor is a low building, on the walls of which are the arms of 1 2 can- tons to which this bailiwic is fubjefl j for the canton of Appenzel has no jurildic- tjon over it. It is 17 miles NW of Como. Lon. 8 48 E, lat. 45 54 N. Lugano, a lake of Swifll-rland, on the Italian fide of the Alpsj It is 25 niiles in length and from two to four in breadth; its form irregular, and bend- ing into continual linuofities. It lies about 190 feet higher than the lakes Como ^nd Locarno. Lugo, an ancient city of Spain, in Galicia, with a biftiou's lee. There aie fprings in this city boiling hot. It is feated on the Minho, 32 miles SE of M-jndonnedo, and 60 s w of Oviedo. Lon. 8 52 w, lat. 4; 46 N. LuLA, a town of Swedifl) Lapland, at the mouth of the Lula, on the W fide of the gulf of Bothnia, 42 miles s w of Tor- ;iea. Lon. 22 10 e, lat. 65 29 N. Lund, the molt ancient town of Swe- den, capital of Schonen, with an arch- bilhopric, and a univerfity. It contains fcarcely more than 800 houfes, carries on but little trade, and is principally funport- ed by its univerfity, tounded by Charles XI, and from him called Academia Caro- lina Gothorum. Here likewife is a Royal Phyfiographical Society, incorporated by the king in 1778. The cathedral is an ancient irregular building. It is 20 miles SE of Landj'crona, and 225 s\v of Stockholm. Lon. 13 26 e, lat. 55 35 n. LuNDEN, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holfteiti, ftiated near the Eyder, 36 miles NNW of Gluckftadt. Lon. 9 20 E, lat. 54 26 N. LuNDY, an ifland in the mouth of the priftol Channel, near the middle, between Devonlhiie and Pembrokefliiic. Lon. 4 13 w, lat. 51 ^s N. LuNE. See Lon. LuNEL, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard and late province of Languedoc* near the river Ridourle. It produces excellent mufcadine wine, and is 16 miles E of Montpellicr. Lon. 4 19 e, lat. 43 38 N. Lunenburg, a duchy ef Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, fubjecl to the cleftor of Hunover. Including Zell, it is bounded on the n by the Elbe, wljlch leparates it from Holllein and Lawen- burg, on tlie E by the marquilate of BrandenlMUg, on tlie s by the ducliy of Brunfwick, and on the \v by the duchies of Bremen and Weitphalia. It is 100 miles in length and 70 in breadth; wa- tered by the rivers AUer, F:lbe, and II- menau. Part of it is full of heaths and forefts, which abound with wild boai'sj but near the rivers it is pretty fertile. Lunenburg, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the lame name. The chief public edifices are three parifii churches, the ducal pa- lace, three hoipitals, the townhouie, the fait magazine, the anatomical theatre, the academy, and the conventual church of St. Michael, in which are interred the ancient dukes ; it alfo contains a famous table, eight feet long and four wide> plated over with chaled gold, and the rim embelli/hed with precious Rones, of an immenfe value, which was taken from the Saracens by the emperor Otho; but, in 1698, a gang of robbers ftripped it of 200 rubies and emeralds, a large diamond, and moft of the gold. The fait fprings near this place produce great quantities of fait, which bring in a good revenue to the fovereign, and chiefly employ the in- habitants. Lunenburg is feated on the Ilmenau, 31 miles SE of Hamburg, aid 60 N of Brunfwick. Lon. 10 31 e, lat. 53 *6 N. LuNERA, a mountain of Italy, between Naples and Puzzoli. It contains much fuiphur and alum.; and the fprings that rili; from it are excellent for curing wounds. LuNEViLLE, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Meurthe and lute duchy of Lorrain, with acaftle, where the dukes formerly kept their court, as did afterward king Staniilaus. It is now converted into barracks. The church of the late regular canons is very handfome; and here Staniilaus founded a military fchool, a large library, and a fine hofpi- tal. It is feated in a plain, on the rivers Vezouze and Meurthe, 12 miles sE of Nanci, and 62 w of Stralburg. Lon. 6 35 E, lat. 4S 36 N. Lupo Glavo, a town of Auftrian Iftria, feated near the mountains of Vena, i^ miles w of St. Veit. \'.l ' ("■•■■■■ i«3t S,f fl it L U T Lurk, a town of France j In tl-.c depart- Dciit of Upper Saone anJ late province ot Fi:\nclic Comic, remarkable on(y for a late abbty of Bencdidlncs. convertal, iu 1 764, into a chapter of noble canons. It is 30 miles NE of Befan9on. Lon. 6 33 K, lit. 47 38 N. Ltjri, an ancient town of Corfica, be- tween Cane Corl'e and the town* of Baltia and St. Fiorenzo. Lusatia, a marquifatc of Germany, boundtil on the N by Brandenbvrg, on the E by Silefia, on the s by Bohemia, and on the w by Miihia. It is divided into the Upper and Lower, and is fubjeft to the eleJtor of Saxony. LusiGNAN, a town of France, in the department of Vienna and late province of Poitou, leated on the Vonne, 15 miles ssw of Poitiers and ioo of Paris. Lon. o 10 E, lat. 46 2^ N. Luso, a river ot Italy, which rifes in the duchy of Urbino, crofles part of Ko- in:'.gna, and falls into the gulf of Venice, 10 miles w of Rimini. LuTENEtJRG, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, feated on the Muehr, 34. miles S£ of Gratz. Lon. 16 10 £, jat. 46 46 N. LuTKENBVRG, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Holltein, feated near the Baltic, 13' miles irom Ploen. LuTOiN, a to\^•n in Bcdlbrdfliire, with a market on Monday, leated among hills, 18 niilcij s of Bedford, and 31 N by \v cf London. Lon. o 25 w, lat. 52 27 n. Lui scHiNEN, a river of the canton of Bern, in SwiiTtrlnnd, formed by the Junilion of two Itivams; ;he one called the Wcifs Lutfchiren, flowing through the valley of Lautcrbiunnenj and the oilier called the Schwartz Lutfcl)i)icn, xvhich comes from the valley of Grin- delwalde. In a rainy feafbn, the river forms a torrent, which nillies imj)etu- tMifl}' tlirough the great malles of rock tiiat obltrurt its courfe, and, with in- conceivable violence, forces from their beds the moft enormous fragnients. The rrad to Zwey Lutlchincn and Lauter- fcnnmen is over thi> roaring torrent, by « kind 01 bridi;e, which is fixed againtt t\\t lldes of rocks, that are almolt in a Jtivning pofition. A huge vertical ftone, railed in the middle of the river, fiipports ibme thick planks, l"o badly joined, as to be neither tteady nor folid } and theie form the wretched bridge, over which the inhabitants daily pais, with a firm ftep and undaunted ♦ ye ; a palfage, which tlH' tiavellcr, v.natcultoniedto fuch ftrange ccrmuunicaUviiS, would tremble to at- LUX tempt. Hence the Lutfchincn flows till it falls into tlie lake of Brientz. LuTTER, a town of Lower Saxcr.v', in the duchy of Brunfwick, remarkalilc for the battle gained here over the Aiif. trian-i, by the Danes, in 1626. It is eight n'.iles Kw of Collar, and 13 sp, of Hildelheim. Lon. 10 25 e, lat. 52 4 N. Lutterworth, a town in Lelcefter- (hire, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the river Swift, in a fertile Ibil, and has a large handibme church, with a fine lofty fteeple. Here Wickliff, tlie firft reformer, was reftor, who died in 1 38 5 J but was dug up and burnt for a hei-etic 40 years after. Lutterworth is 14 miles S of Leicefter, and 88 nnw of London. Lon. 1 10 w, lat. 5a 26 n. • LuTZEN, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, famous for a battici in 1632, in which Guftavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was killed in tlie moment of vi(J>oiy. It is feated on the Ellter, la miles NW of Leipfick. Lon. iz 7 e, lat. 5j 24 N. LuTZENSTEiN, a town of Fnince, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of Alface. It has a ttrong caftle, and is feated on a mountain, 30 miles Nw of Strafburg. Lon. 7 17 E, lat. 48 55 N. Luxemburg, a duchy of the Aiif- trian Netherlands ; bounded on the E by Treves, on the s by Lorrain, on the w by Cham'pagne and Liege, and on the N by Liege nnd Liraburg. It lies in the forelt of ^irdennes j and, in fome places, is covered with mountains and woods, but in general, is fertile in corn and wine j and it has a great number of iron-mines. The principal rivers are the Molelle, the Sour, the Ourte, and the Semoy. It belongs paVtly to the houfe of Auftria, and partly to the French. Luxemburg, a city of the Auftrian Netherlands, capital of a .-luchy of the fame name. It was more than once taken and retaken in the wars of the i6th cen- tury. In 1684, it was taken by the French, who augmented the fortifications fo much, that it is one of the Itrongeft places in Europe. In this condition, it was reftored to the Spaniards in 1697; retaken by the French m 1701 ; given to the Dutch, as a barrier town in 1713; but ceded to the houfe of Auftria in 1715. In the prelent war, it furrendered by capitulation to the French Jime i, 1795. It h divided by the Alfitz into the upper and lower towns j the fonrrer, almoit (^uite funouoded by rocks, but the lowe riitUs s\ Mentz. Luxe depart mi vince of its minei urns, me it is fup place in dcftroyei town wa Luzerne, a county cf Pennlylvanb, So miles long and fii broad. In 1790, Wiiker- L Y N the lower feated In a plain. It is z$ iiitUs sw ot" Treves, and 100 w or Mcntz. Lon. 6 17 t, lat. 4.9 37 N. LuXEUiL, a town of France, in the tlepurtmeiit of Upper Saone and late pro- vince of Franche Comte, remarkable for its mineral waters. From the number of inns, medals, and infcriptions, found here, if is I'uppofed to have been a confiderable place in the time of the Romans. It was ckftroyed by Attila, in 450. Near the town was a late celebrated abbey, founded by St. Columban, an Irifliman. It is feated at the foot of the Volges, 1 5 miles w of Vefoul. Lon. 6 24. E, lat. 4.7 50 N. ;nty cf ii broai it contained 4,904. inhabitants, borough is the capital. LuzzARA, a Itrong tov^rn of Italy, on the confines of the duchies of Mantua and Gualtalla, near the confluence of the Croftolo wiih the Po. Here a battle was fought between the French and Spaniaids, in 1702, when each fide claimed the viflory. It is to miles s of Mantua. Lon. 10 50 E, l,;it. 45 o N. Luzzi, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, near the river Crate, three mile s of Biiignano. Lycham, a town in Norfolk, whofe market is dilufed. It is 24 miles w Uy N of Norwich, and 92 nne of London. Lydd, a town in Kent, witii a market on Thurlilay. It is a member ot the cinque port of Romney, and I'eated in Romney Marfh, 26 miles s of Canter- bury, and 71 sE of London. Lon. 1 4 E, lat. 50 58 N. Lydsinc, a village in Kent, near Gravefend. Here 600 young Normans, who came over with Alfred and Edward, the fons of Ethelred, after the death of Canute, to take pofleflion of their father's fhujue, were maflacrcd by Godwin earl of Kent. Lyesse, a town of France, in the de- partment of the North and late province of Hainault, 15 miles E of Landrccy. Lon. 4 10 E, lat. 50 6 N. Lyme Regis, a borough and feaport in Dorl'etihire, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the declivity of a craggy hill, on the river Lyme, at the head of a little inlet ; and its harbour is formed by a noble pier, called the Cebb. It has a Newfoundland and coaftjng trade, and is noted for fea-bathing. Here the duke of Monmouth landed, in 1685, for the execution of his ill-judged defign ogaintt James 11. Lyme is governed by a mayor, and lends two members lo par- L Y O liament. It is 28 miles e by s of Exeter, and 14] w by s ui: London. Lon. 3 o W, lat. 53 40 N. Lymington, a borough and feaport In Hants, with a market on Satuiday. It Is feated about a mile from the channel called the Needles, that runs between the mainland and the Kle of Wight ; ami the harbour will admit velfels of confiderable burden. It feuLU two members to par- liament, and is govtrned by a mayor. It is 12 miles ssw of Southampton, and 90 sw of London. Lon. i 42 w, laf. 5045 N. Lyndhurst, a village in Hants, with a feat, which belongs to the duke of Gloucefter, as lord warden of the New Forelc. It is feven miles N of Lymington. Lynn Rigis, or King's Lyms, a borough and Icaport in Norfol.k:, with a market on Tuelday and Satuiday. By the Oufc, and its aflbciated rivers, it fupplies moil of the midland countie;. with coal, timber, and winej and, in return, exports malt and corn in great quantities: it alfo partakes in the Green- land fifliery. Lynn is governed by a mayor, and fends two members to par- liament. It has two churches, a large chapel, and a good market-place, witli an elegant crofs. It is 42 miles WNiV of Norwich, and 106 N by E of London. Lon. o 24 E, lat. 52 48 n. Lyonois, a late province of France, which, with that of Forez, forms the department of Rlione and Loire. Lyons, the fecond city of France for beauty, commerce, and opulence. It is the capital of the department of Rhone and Loire, and is ieated at the conflu- ence of the Rhone and Saone. It was founded, about the year 42 B. C. by the Romans, who made It the centre or the commerce of the Gauls. About the yc^ar 145, it was totally deftroycd by fire, but was rebuilt, by the munificence of Nero. Many antif^uities are ftill ob- fcrved, that evince its Roman origin. Lyons is the fee of an archbifliop, and before its recent calamities contained 100,000 inhabitants, upward of 30,000 of whom were employed in vai"ioua ma- nufa£lures, purticularly of rich ftufts, of the mo(t exquifite workmanfliip, in lilk, gold, filvcr, &c. Hie quays were adorned with magnificent ftruflures. The Hotel-de-ville vied with that of Am- Iterdara; aitd the theatre was not fur- pafled by any in France. Tlie other principal public buildings were the Hotcl- Dieu, the Hofpital of Chaiity, the Ex- change, the CuHoinlwuie, the Palace of •I'l'^ 14 • tM I MAC Juftice, the Arfenal, a public library, and two colleges. The bridge* which unites the city with the I'uburb Ue h Guilloticrc, is 1560 fret lon^i and there are tluce other principal luburbs, fix gates, and litvcral fine churches. Such was Lyons before the fatal year 1793, when, in June, it revolted againft the National Convention. Being obliged to furrender, in Of^ober,the convention decreed, tliat the walls and public buildings of Lyons fliouid be deftroyed, and the name of the city changed to that of ViLLii AFrRANCHiE. The chiefs of tiie inliirgcnts had fled, but feveral of them were afterward taken ; and of 35*8 ptrlons, that were tried before the revolutionary tribunal, i63» were either Ihot or beheaded. In 1 794, however, on the deftruftion of the fajlion of the Jacobins, the convention decreed that the city Hiould rel'uine its ancient name, and that meafures Hiould be taken to rettore its manufaflures and com- merce; and, in 1795, *^^ Iriends of thofe who were fo wantonly put lo death in 1793, avenged their fate by a general maffacre of tlie judges of the revolu- tionary tribunal, and of all the Jacobins who were then confined in the prifons of Lyons. This city is 15 miles N of Vienne, and 220 se of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E, lat. 45 46 N. ■ M ■ MABRA, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, leated on the gulf of Bona, w of the town of Bona. Macao, a town of China, in the pjovinte of Canton, in an illand, at the entrance of the bay of Canton. It is defended by three foits. The Portu- guefe have been in ponUfion of the har- bour fiuce 1640. 1 hey pay a tribute of 100,000 ducats for the liberty of chooling their own niagiftrates, exercifing their religion, and living according to thtir own laws ; and here, accordingly, is a Portugueie governor, as well as a Chi- nele mandarin, to take care of the town •Jid the neighbouring country. Lon. 1 1 3 46 E, lat. 22 12 N. Macarsca, a feaport of Dalmatia, with a bilhop's fee, leated en the gulf of Venice, 25 miles se of Spalatro. Lon. 18' 7 E, lat. 43 49 M. Macassar, a kingdom of Celebes, whence that ifland is called Macalfar. See Celebes. MacassaR} a large town of th« ifland MAC of Celebes, capital of a ktng^dom of the fame name. The houfes aie all ^f wood, fuppoited by thick poits, and the roofs covered with very large leaves; they have laddcri to afcend into them, which they draw lip as foon as they have entered. It is i'eatcd near the mouth of a large river, which runs through the kingdom from N to s. Lon. 117 a8 E, lat. 50 s. Macclesfield, a corporate town in Chefliire, with a market on Monday. It is feated at the edge of a foreft ol the fame name, near the river Bolin, and governed by a mayor. It has manufactures of mohair, twift, hatbands, buttons, and thread; and mills for the winding of filk. It is 36 miles E of Chefter, and 171 Nw of London. Lon. » 17 w, lat 53 »5 N. Macedonia, a province of Turkey in Europe ; bounded on the N by Servia and Bulgaria, on the e by Romania and the Archipelago, on the s by Livadia, and on the w by that country and Albania. Salonichi is the capital. Macbrata, a populous town of Italy, in the marquifatc of Ancona, with a bilhop'a fee, and a univerfity. It is feated near the mountain Chiento, it miles sw of Lorctto. Lon. 13 27 e, lat. 43 *o N. Machecou, a town of France, in the department of Lower Loire and late province of Bretagne, feated on the Tenn, 20 miles sw of Nantes. Lon. i 11 w, lat. 47 2 N. Mac HI AN, one of the Molucca Iflands, 20 miles in circumference, and the moft fertile of them all. It produces the belt cloves; and tlie Dutch have here three inaccelfible forts. Lon. 126 55 E, lat. o 2 s. Machicaco, a promontory of Spain, in the bay of Bil'cay. Lon. 3 o W, lat. 43 37 N. Machynleth, a town in Montgo- merylhire, with a market on Monday, leated on the Douay, over which is a Itone bridge leading into Merionethfhire. It is 37 miles w of Montgomery, and 198 Mw of London. Lon. 3 45 w, lat. 52 24 N. Mack er AN, a province of Perfia, bounded on the N by Segeltan and Sablef- tan, on the E by Hindooltan Proper, on the s by the Arabian Sea, and on the w by Kerman. It is tributary to the king of Candahar : and the capital, of the fame name, is loo miles nw of Tatta. Lon. 66 o E, lat. 26 o N. Ma coco, a kingdom of Africa, to the £ of Congo, and s of the equator. The Port inhabitan and copp Maco in the de\ lite orovi jt bifnop'f MAD MAD The Portuguefe cairyon a trade with the for the men and women cohabit together inlubitants for flaveit) elephants teeth, tor fonre time, and then leave each uther and copi>er. as freely again. Here are a great num- MacoN) an ancient town of France, ber of lociiitit, crocodiles, canielions, and in the department of Saone and Loire and other aniinals common to Africa. The late province of Burgundy. It was lately country produces corn and grapes, and abifnop's fee; is remarkable for its good ieverul furts of excellent huney; as alfo Wine; and is leatcd on the declivity of a minerals and precious (tones. The hill, near the Saonc, 35 miles N of Lyons, French have attempted to fettle here, but iuid 188 SE of Paris. Macres, a river of Africa, which runs acrofs the kingdom of Tripoli, iin.l falls into the Mediterranean, a little to the E •f Lebeda. Mac'Ri, an ancient town of Samos, in (he Archipelago. Macro, or Mackonisse, an idand •f the Arcliipelago, nc-ir the coalt of Livadia, 20 mitles E uf Athens. Macuna, one of the Navigatori Illands, in the S Pacific Octan. Here M. de la Peyroufe, commander of thu have always been repelled. There are only Tome parts on the coali yet known. Lat. from IX to 26° s. Madeira, an ifland of the Atlantic Ocean, no miles in circumference, and 240 K by E of TenerifF. In 1419, when the Portuguclc, under the patronage of prince Hcniy, had made their fccond voy;ige to their recently-difcovered iiland of Porto Santo, they obfervrd toward the s, a Axed fpot in the horizon, like a fmall black cloud. By degiees, they were led to conjecSlure that it might be land, and French fliips, the Boullole and AUrolabe, (teering toward it, they anivcd at a con- on a voyage of" difcovery, met with his fiderable iiland, uninhabited, and covcied firft fatal accident; M. de Lungle, the with wood, which, on that account, they captain of the Aftrolabe, witii ei_^ht offi- called Madeira. Prince Henry, the neyt cers and five failqrs, being inaliucred by year, fettled a colony here, and not only thenatives. Lon. 169 o w, lat. 14 19 s. luinifheil it with the li?eds and plants, Maczua, a fmall -iiland on tlic Ked and domeltic animaJs, common in Kurope, Sea, near the coalt of Abex. but he procured (lips of the vine from Madagascar, a large ifland of Cyprus, the rich wines of which were Africa, dilcovered by the Portuguefe, in then m great requelt, and plants of the 1492. It lies 40 leagues E of the con- I'ugar-cane from Sicily, into which it had tincnt of Africa, from which it is icpa- been lately introduced. Thele throve rated by the (trait of Mol'ambique. It fo profperoufly, that the fugar and wine extends 900 miles from N to s, and is of Madeira quickly became articles of from 200 to 300 broad. The natives ar ; lomo confequrnce in the commerce of commonly tall, well made, of an olive Portugal; buc its wine, in particular, complexion, and Ibme of them pretty is in the higUeil eltimation, cfpeci- black. Their hair is not woolly, like nlly Cuch as has been a voyage to the E that of the negroes of Guinea; but it or VV Indits, for it matures belt in the is always black, and for the molt part hotteil climate. The fcorching heat of curls naturally s their nole is linall, j'uminer, and the icy chill of winter, are though not flat, and they have not thick here equally unknown; for fpring and lips. They have no cities or towns, but autumn reign continually, and prctluce a great number of villages a Ihiall diltance flowers and fruits throughout the year, rom each other. Th«ir houles are pitiful The cedai" tree is found in great abun- hutSjwithout windows or chimnies, and the dance, and extremely beautiful : moit of roofs covered with reeds or leaves. Tliofe the ceilings and furniture at Madeira arc that are dreft in the belt manner hav« a made of that wood, which yields a very piece of cotton cloth, or filk, wrapt round fragrant fmell. The drJii,on tree is a their middle ; but the common Ibrt have fcarce fufficient to hide their nakednefs. Both men and women are fond of brace- lets and necklaces, and they anoint their native of this ifland. Flowers nurfed in the Engliih gfeenhoufes grow wild here in the rieids ; the hedges aie moftly formed of tlie myrtle, role, jafmine. bodies with (tinking greafe or oil. There and honeyfuckle ; while the larkfpur, are a great many petty kings, whole fleur-de-lis, lupin, &c. fpring up ipon- riches confift in cattle and (laves, and taneoufly in the rheadows. There are they are always at war with each other, very few reptiles to be feen in the iiland ; It is hard to fay what their ixJiglon is, the lizard is the moft common. Canary for they have neither chui'ches nor pi lefts, birds and goldfinches are found in the They have no rule* relating to marriage 3 mountains; of the former, numbers are -i- :i.. MAD MAD fent n'Cty year to Fngliiml. This ifiund is well wnlcral and |)0|>ulous. Funchal is the capital. XfAOiA, or Macgia, a town, river, valky, and hailiwic of SwiHtTluml, in Upper Vall.iis. Tht vall it«i fuurce in the M A H MAI riountains which feparate Loititiant fr»m prlnti^al thlnnol, neai- Falfc Point, is % mint antt., oooj o thtf liiles lam- New Mexico, «nd falU into the Pacific Ocean, to the «w of the bay ot* St. Lewis. Maxjellan, affttnous itrait of S Ame- rica, difcovered, in 15.0, by Magellan, a PortugHefe in the fei vice of Spain, fince which time it has been Tailed through by fortified ifland, named Catjung or Codf jung. Mahrattas, two large and power- ful Itates of Iftdia, M^hich derive their name from Marhat, an ancient province of the Dcccan. They are called tht fevcral navigators ; hut the paflage being Poonah, cr Wtftern Mahrattas i and the il:ingerous aiut troiihklbme, they now fail to the Pacific Ocean round Cajrve Horn. The Spaniards caH the countn to the M ot this ttrait I'iena Magellanica, and reckon it a part of Chili. Macgia. Sfc Madia. Maggiore, or Locarno, a lake «f Italy, par.'ly in the duchy of Mii'n, and partly in the country of the Gri- Berar, or Eaftern. Colleftively, they occupy all the s part of Hindooftan Pro- pci, with a large proportion of the Dec- can. Malwa, OriHa, Candeiftj, and Vifia- pour ; the principal pasts of Berar, Gu- 7erat, and Aghnere } and a fmall part of Dovvlatab.ad, Agra, and Allahabad, are coinpriled within th»fir empire, which ex- ter.cli flora fta to fea, acjx>ft the wideft Ibns. It is 35 miles in length lud fix in pai t of the peninliila 5 and from the «on- breadth. MAGLiANO,a fmall but populous town of Italy, in the territory ot the pope, and diftriil of Sabina, leated on a mountain, near the river Tiber, 30 miles sw of ^poletto, and 30 N of Rome. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 4.1 25 N. Magnavacca, a town of Italy, in the Ferrarefe, with a fort, ll-atea at the mouth of the lake of Comachio, in the gulf of Venice, 18 miles n of Ravenna. ',on. 12 4. E, lat. 44 52 N. Magnesia. See M/iNachia. Magnv, a town of France, in the fines of Agra northward to the nver Killna foutliwarJ j forming a trail of 1000 miles long and 700 broad. Th« weltern ftate, the capital of which i« Poonah, is divided among a number o£ chiefs, or orinces, whole obedience t» the painiwah, ,. head, like that of th« German princes to the emperor, is merely nominal at any timej and, in fome cafes* an oppofition of interelts begets wars, not only betwe.-n the members of the empire themfelves, but alio between the members ar-d the head. Nagpour is the capital ot* the Eaftern Mahrattas. Both thefe ftateS)* department of Seine and Oife and late pro- with the nizam of the JDbccan, were in vince of the lUe of France, 31 miles NW alliance A-iih the Englilh E India Com- «f Paris. Lon. 1 54. e, lat. 4.9 10 N. pany, in the late war againft Tipjpoo SuU Maora, a river of Italy, which rifes tan, regent of Myfore, from whofe ter- in the Appennine?. m the valley of Ma- ritories, on the teimination of the war» ~ ~ '' ' they gained fome confiderabieacquifitions. Their aitnies are principally compojed of light horCe. Maidenhead, a corporate town in Berkshire, with a market on XVednelday. It has a good trade in malt, meal, and timber j and is governed by a mayor. It department of Hei*ault and late orovince is llated on the Thames, over which is a of Languedoc, near a town of tne iame bridge, 12 miles E by N of Reading, and name, which ia leated on the coalt of the 26 w by N of Loadon. Lon. o 40 W» Mediterranean, into which the lake en- lat. 51 32 N. Maidstone, a borough, and the county- town of Kent, with a market on Thurfday. It is Itated on the Medway, Mahaleu, a town of Ejypt, capital by virhich it enjoys a brilk trade in ex- gra, wames Pont-Remoli and Sarzana, below which it falls into the Mediter- ranean. Magra, a valley in the duchy of Tulbany, 27 milts in length and 1 5 in breadth. Maguelone, a lake of France, In the ters by a canal, the beginning of the famous canal of Languedoc. Mahadia. See Elmadia. tf Garbia. It carries on a coafiderable Trade in linen, cottons, and ial-nmnnniac ; und the inhabitauts hav ovens to 'latnh chicken. Loo. Jo 31 E, latl 31 30 N. ■ MAHANUDDV,or Mahanadv, a river of Hiiulooltari, which rilirs in the NW part of Berar, Jind falls by feveral mouths uito the bay f Bengal, at Cattack. Thefe mouths form an alleinW%ige of low \vaydy iifondi j itfid at the- mouth 9f ^^ porting the commckiities of the county^ particularly its hops, of which there ^re numerous plantations around it. Here ar-- likcwife paper mills, and a manufac- ture of linen thread. It has a bridge over the MeJway, is governed by % mayor, and iends two members to parlik- meat. It is '4b mJles w of Canterbury* and 3S^ ESE of London. JLon. o 3S s> lat. 51 x^ M. A« i\ i hL\ li ii 4 TjIaillezajs., 3 town^^9f France, in frit- dcparrtnent 'of Vertdee ancl late pro- twice of Pbitou, featedlA ah ifland formed by the S^ure and Autije, 22 {wks ne of Rochelle, and aib'SAV of i*,aijs. Lqn. o 4.0 w, laL 46 17 N. , ■ ■ M'AfN, a diftria in the ftate of Mafla- fhiifets, 300 miles long and ^04. broad j lyin^ bet\veeh 63 ana 72** w Ion. and 43 and 46* N lat. It is bounded on the NW hy tlrt hi^h laviids, which icpnrate thii' fn'ers 'iliat tall into the St. Lawrence from*' tliofc. that full into the Atlantic ; on thfr^'E By the rfvcr St. CrQix, and a line d^l^vn'dlle N frdih its fouri^e to the faid kighliinds, which divides this territory from Novar Scotia; Oi} tl\e se by the At- laiitrc J and oil the W by" jlew Hampfliire. It'-ft divided into three'counties. The heaf in fimime; is intenfe, and the cold in Vinter extieme: dll the lakes and rivers ireufuallypalfablcon ice, from Chriftmas till the middle of March. Portland is the capital. '""Maina, a country of Turkey in Eu- ifope, in the Morca, between two chains ill mountains which advance into the fea. The inhabitants could nevev beXubdued fjjrthe Turks, on account of their va- Rwrandthttir mountains. Their greateft trifHc confifts in flaves, which they take irtdifFerentiy from the Turks and the Chnttians.' They have a' hai'bour and a t6wn of the fame name, and their lan- guage is bad Gi'eek. . ■ • Mai N E , a river of Germany, which rtfes'-th the circle of Franconia, runs by Bamberg, ' Wurtzburg, Afchaffenburg, Hanau, and FrancTort, and falls into the Rhir», atMentz.- MAiNE, or Mayenne, a department of Frahcei which includes the late pro- vince of the famq name. It takes its tiame from, the river Maine, which, foon ^fter Its junction with the Sarte, falls into the Loire. Laval is the capital.' "iVf aiWe and I,oir^» a department of 'Fia'hce,*^ w^-'-h includes; the late -jnovi nee rf Anjou. I,t .has its narhe from two rivers. ' Angers is the capital. ICIainLand, the principal of the Shcf- %iu!i^Jiksl6Q miles lon^,' from N to s, "But if s hi-eadtli feldom ejfceeds fijc.., The ;^ce <»f the count^-y exhibits a profpeft of iihck ■ craggy ^TJouij!;airis, and^, marfhy ^p'li'ns, in1«-ij^erled vitll. jCoipe verdant foiS;^ wJiich'^aiMpear fniodtb and fertile. 9i?;h«ii-'^t»:e<;;,jj>pri^irub is tp be feen, ex- Kj^pi the' 3yi)i|fK, apif tti«,'heath. The 'mountains- a Dound with .various kinds of W^jne;' %9fty'Gl|iffs^, impending over t^e #c«an/are'thc liauiiu oi eaf'- ^»i-^.,^ unng ove: MA J and ravens. The deep • caverns undriv. neath ihelter fes\s and otters ^ and, to ths winding bays refort fwuijji, ge^fe, fcarfs, and other - aquatic bii'ds. ,The ft as abound with cod, turbot, and haddock-; andy. at certain .fealbns, with flioals of herrings of incr^dihle extent. They ai^ vifited, at the fame time, by whales, and other voracious fifties. Lobfters, oyfters, mufcles, &p. ,a;e alfo plentiful. I'he hills are covered with (heep of ,a fmal] breed, the wool of which is commonly very loft and fine. Their horfes are of a diminutive fize, Ijut remarkably llrong and handlbme, and are well known by the name of Shelties, from the name oi the country. The rivulets and lakes abound with falmon, trout, &c. A niiiTt of copper, and one of iron, near the s extremity of the ifland, are faid to be extremely productive. There is an inex- haultible ftore of peat, but no coal. Ler- wick is the capital. Mainland, or Pomona, the princi- pal of the Orkney Iflandsr 14. miles long and i}ine broad. The general appearance of the country is not very different from the Mainland of Shetland. The foil, howevei*, is more fertile, &nd ia fome parts better cultivated. Kirkwall is the capital. See Orcades. Maintenqn, a town of France, ia the department of Eur^ and Loire and lat« province of Beauce, Mvi;th a caftle, a late collegiate church, and a fete pripfy. It is feated between two inpuntains, on ths river Eure, five ipiles N by E of Chartres, Lon. I 36 E, lat. 48 31 N. Majnu^igen, a town of Franconia, capital of a fmalldiftrift belonging to th* hpuie of Saxe-Gotha. It is eight miles N of Heimeberg. Lon. 10 39 e, lat. 50 46 N. Majorca, an ifland fubjeft to the king of Spain, and fituate in the Mediterranean Sea, between Ivica and Minorca. It 'n 60 miles in length and 45 in breadth; Is a mountainous coijiUry, but produces good corn, plive-trees tij, delicate wine. It has no rivers, thou^.i tliere are .a. great many line fountains and wells. The in- habitants are vobuft;, lively, and very good ikilors. ' Majorca, a ftrong city, capital of an ffland of the lame name, with a bifliop's fee. The public fquares, the cfithsdral, and the royal palace, are magnificent* It contains 6000 houfes, b/iilt after the an^- tique manner ; a univerfity, more ancient than cebU'ated i an^za cnurche;;, heiivifi the cj^edv^ T^ harbQur is extreip,ely J&^9 J.li wa»-talM;a b^ th« £iig^iiki& '^ M A L M A L 1706, and retaken in 171 5. It Is feated on the SW fide ot the iHaiid. Lon. 21^ £, lat. 39 30 N. Maire, Lm, a ftrait of S America, between Staten Ifland and Tierra d«l Fuego, in lat. 55" s. Ships Ibmetimes Tail through this itrait in their jjaflage to Cape Hum. Maixant, St. an ancient town of France, in the department of the Two Sevres and late -province of Poitou. It liad lately a Benedictine abbey, and is one of the new bifhoprics created (ince the re-, volution of 1 789. It carries on a trade in corn, ftockings, and woollen (luffs j and is feated on the Sevre, a 6 miles sw of Poitiers. Lon.o 7 w, lat. 4.6 24 N. Makran. See Mackcran. Malabar, the w coaft of the penin- fula of Hindooltan, lying between 9 and 14° N lat. It is divided among feveral petty princes and ftates ; but as thefe ^e mentioned in their proper places, they need not to be enumerated here ; efpe- cially as the cuftoms and manners of the inhabitants are very different, as well as theproducUons. However, it may be obferved, in g.-neral, that the inhabitants are all blacks, or, atleaft, of a dark olive complexion, with long black hair, and to. lerable features . In ibme places, they are di(tingui(hed into tribes, all of whicn are brought up to the fame employments as their parents. Thefe are the Gentoos, of whom fee an account under the article HiNDOOSTAN. Malacca, a peninfula in Afia, containing a kingdom of the fame name ; bounded on the N by Siam, on the e by the ocean, and on the s w by the ftraits of Malacca, which feparate it ^rom Sumatra. It is 600 miles in length and 200 in breadth. It produces tew commodities for trade, except tin and elephants teeth j but there are a great many excellent fruits and roots. The pineapples are the beft in the world ; and the cocoa-nuts have /hells that will hold an EngliHi quart. Tlhere is but little corn, and flieep and bullocks are fcarce ; but hogs and poultry are pretty plentiful. The religion of the natives is a mixture of Mahometanifm ; and they aie addided to juggling. The inland inhabitants are a favage, barbarous people, who take delight in doing mif- chlef to their neighbouri. Malacca, a feaport, and the capital of a kingdom of the fame name, in the peninfula of Malacca. The Dutch have a faftory here, which they took from the Portuguefe in 1640 j and it = waa. tak«;n from them by the Engiilh, in Au^^uft 1795. Malacca in feated on the ftraits of its own name, 480 miles SE of Acheen. Lon. loi, 50 £, ht. 2 30 N. Malaga, an ancient and ftrong town of Spain, in Granada, with two calHes, ^ biftiop's fee, and a good harbour. Its commerce is principally in fruits and wine. It is feated on the Mediterranean, at the foot of a craggy mountain, 1 5 miles s of Cordova and 235 of Madrid, Lon. 4 10 w, lat. 36 35 N. Malamocco, a fmall ifland and town in the Laguncs of Venice, five miles s of that city. Malathia, an ancient 'town of Turkey in Afia, capital of Leffer Arme- nia, ieated on the Arzu, with an arch- biihop's fee. Lon. 43 25 e, lat. 39 g N. Malchin, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, feated o» the river Peene, where it falls into the lake Camrow, 10 miles N- of Wahren. Lon. 13 12 E, lat. 53 o N. Malden, a borough in EfTex, with a market on Saturday. It has two parifh churches; a third church, which it had formerly, having been long converted ini» a frecfchool. It is faid to have been the feat of fome of the old Britiflj kings ; and was the firfl Roman colony in Britain. It was burnt by the Britiih queen Boadicea, but rebuilt by the Romans. It is feated on an eminence, near the confluence of the Chelmer with the Blackwater. Vef- fels of a moderate burden come up to th? bridge over the Chelmer, but large fhips are obliged to unload at a diftance be- low, in Blackwater Bay. Maiden fends two members to parliament, and carries on a confiderable trade, chiefly in corij, coal, iron, wine, brandy, and rum. It is 10 miles E of Chelmsford, and 37 ne of London. Lon. o 41 e, lat. 51 46 n. Malden, a village in Surry, two miles SE of Kingfton. Here are fome gunpowder mills, on the flrearn that flows from Ewel to Kingfton. Maldives, a clufter of fmall iflands sw of Ceylon in the E Indies. The northernmoft, called Head of the Ifles, or Kelly, is in lon. 73 4 E, lat. 7 5 N ; and Maldiva, in which the king rcfides, ii in lon. 75 35 E, lat. 4 T5 n. They are above 30 in number j all low, fandy, and baiTen, having only a few cocoa-nuts, Th» inhabitants are partly Mahometans ami pai'tly pagans ; and their chief trade is in couries, a fmall ftiellfini, whofe fhella ferve inftead of money. Malestroit, a town of France, in the depf^rtrncnt of Moirbihan and late pro- vlnc<(; of Ikctague, feated on ths Ouft, 37 A a % ^'I 'An ll* V, I ':■:' '.k • : r - lii M A L M A L fhilcs E of Port I'Oricnt. Lon. » *3 w, lit. 47 45 N. Malicom.o, one of the largcft of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, ly- ing in i6 i 5 s lat. and 16745 € lon. It extends zo leagues from n to s. lu inland mountains are vtvy high, and clad with forefts. Its vegetable productions are luxuriant, and in great variety j cocoa> nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, liigar-canes, yams, eddoes, tiimuric, and orar.ges. Hogs and common poultry are their do- melHc animals. The inhabitants apiK-ar to be of a race totally diftin£t from thole of the Friendly and Society lUands. Their form, language, and manners, are widely different. They feem to corre- fp«nd in many particulars with the natives of New Guinea, particularly in their black colour and woolly hair. They go almoft quite naked, are of a (lender make,, have lively, but very irregular ugly fea- tures, and tie a rope fait round their belly. They ufe bows and arrows as their principal weapons, and the arrows are faid to be fometimes poilbned. Their keeping their bodies entirely free from punflures is one particular, that remark- ably dlftingulHies them from the other tribes of the Pacific Ocean. Malio, Cape, or St. Angelo, a cape of the Morea, at the s entrance of the gulf of Napoli, 1 5 miles e of Mal- Valia.. Mallinc, West, a town in Kent, with a ma)kct on Saturday, fix miles w «>f N'iaidltone, and 30 E by 5 of London. Lon. o 33 E, lat. 51 20 n. Mallow, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, (pared on the Blackwatt-r, J 7 miles N or Ccik. Lon. 8 32 w, lat. 52 10 N. Malmedv, a town of tiic Netherlands, in the blfhopric «f Lcige, with an abbey. Jt was taken by the Trench in 1794. It is featal on the Rccht, nine miles S of Limburg, and 40 N of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 a E, lat. 50 18 N. Walmist^ia, an ancient town of Na- tolia, with an an hbiihop"s lee, lluttd at the month ot a rivtr ct the fame n.ime, wliich divides it into the OKI avul Niw 'J'own. It is 30 milts SE qt .Icial'.o. Lgji. 36 15 E, lat. 36 50 N. Malmoe, a fcnpoit of Sweden, in the j'Tovince of S^honcn, feate^ on the Sound, V. itha large harbour and a ftrong citadel. Jt. is 15 Miiles SE of Copenhagen. Lon. t3 7 E, lat. 5', 38 N. MALNfSBURY, an ancient borough in VViltflilie, with a market on Saturday, h ii> kated oA a Kill, .alm«ft fuixounded 6 by the Avon, over which it has fi« bridges. In the church, which was for^ merly an abbey diurch, is the lepulchral monument of king Arthur, who was bu- ried under the high altar. Malnilbury has a confiderablc trade in the woollen manufac- ture, and lends two* members to parlia- ment. It is ifi miles E by N of Briilol, and 95 w of London. Lon. 2 o w, lat» Malo, St. a ftaport oi France, in tha department of Morbihan, a;nd lately an epifcopal lee of the province of Bretagne. It has a large harbour, difficult of accefs, on account of the rocks that furround it j and is a trading place, of great import- ance, defended by a ftrong caftle. It was bombarded, by tlie EngliHi in i693» but without fuccefs. In 1758, they landed in Cancalle Bay, went to the harbour by land, and bm'ut above 100 ihips. St. Malo is feated on an iiland, united to the mainland by a caufeway, 1 7 miles N W of Dol, and 205 w of Pans. Lon. i 57 Wy lat. 48 39 N. Maloria, a fmall ifland of Italy, on the coaft of Tufcany, 10 miles W of Leghorn. Lon. 10 4 E, lat. 43 34 N. Malpartipo, a town of Spain, in Eftramadura, 14 miles s of Placentia. Lon. 5 30 w, lat. 39 36 N. Ma LP AS. a town in Chefhire, with a market on Monday. It is feated on a high eminence, near the river Dee, 15 miles SE of Chefter, and 166 ilwof Lon> don. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 53 2 N. Malpla^uet, a village ©f Auftrian Ilainault, feven miles s by e of Mons. It is famous for a viftory gained over the French, by the duke of Marlborough, iu 1709, and ibmetimes called the Battle of Blaregnies, from an adjacent village. Malta, an illand of the Mediterrar ncan, between Africa and Sicily, 20 mile^ long and 12 broad. It was fci'merly reckoned a part of Africa, but now be- longs to Europe. It was anciently little elle than a barren rack ; but fuch quan- tities of foil have been brought from Si- cily that it is now become a fertile ifland. Here are cultivated large quantities of le- mon trees» cotton trees, and vines, whioii produce excellent wine. The heat is Ut exceflive, that the water breeds great numbers of gnats » which are the plague of the country. The number of the in- habitants is faid to be 90,000. The common people fpeak Arabic, but the better fort Italian. The emperor Charles v gave this illand to the grand :aafter of the order of St. John of Jenifalem. It is ex. tremely well fortified } the ditch^Sj of t liK-y rori'ai^ jird'i M A L Kid fi/e, are ail cut out of the foliil rock, jiiil txttml many miles. It was attacked in 1566 by the Tuiks, who vvtre ol)ligei.l ,?() alxmdcn the tnttrprire, with tht lo.s of -,0,000 men. The knights of Malta for- merly confilted of eight nations ; but now ihcy aie hut Icveu, the Englifli having rorliiken them. They arc obliged to liip- juoli all pirates, and aae at jx;ij)ctu:il war witli the Turks and other Mahonutans. They aic all under a vow of celibacy and chaftity j and yet ihey niake no Ici uple vf taking Grecian women for miitiellls. Alalia ii 60 miles s of Sicily. VaLtta is ihe capital. Malta, Melita, or Citta Vec- CHIA, aa aiitient and Itrongly foitilied <.ity of the illand of Malta. It is i'ei.ted on a hill in the centre of tb*- iihmd, and was formerly twice as large as at pre^en'. Jt is the refidence of the bifliop, and the cathedral is a very fine lU'utUue. Neai this city parliament, and is ao miles ne of York, and ai6 N by w of London. Lon, e 40 \v, Lat. 54 9 N. MALV.4SIA, a finall iflantl of Turkey in Europe, on the E coall: of the Mo- rea, remarkable for its excellent wines. The rich wine, called Mahnley, is brought hence. The capital is Napoli-di-Nlal- valia. Malvern, Great, a village In Wor- celterlhire, eight miles w by s of Wor- tettcr. It had once an abbey, of which nothing remains but the gateway of the abbey, and the nave of the church, now Kax-ochial. Between this place and Little lalvern are two noted chalybeate fprini'is, recommended as excellent in fcrofuluus and cutaneous complaints ; and one of them is called the Holy Well. Malvern, Little, a village inWor- cefterftiire, feated in a cavity of Malvern Hills, three miles from Great Malvern. Henry vii, his queen, and his two fons. Were fo delighted with this place, that tVy a^arot;lgf»^. Lon. I 56 E, lat. .,.'1 36 N. ' .^-,.j ..-^■f Mans, ah ancient town of jFrip^c,^*;*- pitat .of tlie department, of .Mjjine^ ' If was formei'fy veiy pdpuldus ; outi theyt- habitauts now Ica'i^ccUr ^jrioynl to i4,,qQ^. It has excellent pouTtryj and its jiyjix Mjd ftirffs are faraoi/s.''.^'li js fea jed' on a li^ hni, on the ^arte, neai; .jjts'coMijejtiQe \yith the HUifrie, 20 miles 5, of„./\Ieii^On, and 75 W by ^ of Orleans. LonJ.t^ 14. s^, lat. 4.1 'sVn.''' ' „' . ; , j,^ ; MaN|arq.aR, ajakeof Thibet, from Hi^lfttlillie ToutHefnmuKl'head of "the Gau- ges is^lujij^gd tjp ini|e,_,ttris 115 nwlc^s *" ,<^.i>f;y'.Pieryice, _^d ,lle^, in, abput , 7.^° fs •lo^. -.^iid: 34°' M «v*t: ; . , : . ;,,; * ; ' M>rtj 4 F'tljl?, .^ tciyvn pf" tipper Saxotiy, capital 0?" a^a),untY ot the fvime name, 35 miles s\v dr'Magdeburg. Lon. iz 5,1^ lat. 51 41 N. Mi /hire, has a gresU trid'e ifi corn and. n^alt; '^jiui participates in tHe.ftocking manufaftuf^. It is feated on the edge of the forefl .9f ShIrvyood, i i' miles ' N, of Nottingham, and 140 N lay W of London. Lon, i 9 Mf , laf. 53.iO:N-, _ , . , , . ... ■ ^ M ANsijLpAj V tpwn'of Spain, in Le®n, i<; miles svV'of the.cify of Leon.. Lon. 4 55 w, lat. 4» 3o'n, ,: -,„ Mantaca. See Mataca. MANTcyiE\y Tartars, a br^ch of the Mogul Tartars, whofe an.eftors con- quered China in. the 13 th' century, but V'ere expelled .by the Chinefe iii 1,368. They inhabit the three department* of .p Chinefe Tartaiy, called Leoa-toftg, Ki- rin,^apd Tcitcicai". They retain the cuf- toms they brought. fron\ China, Mantes, a c^nfideraWe , town of France^ i'l). the .(^epartqient of Seine and Oiffe and late province of ,^he, Ifle of Frapce, King. Pfiilip 'Auguftn*? died liere in.12,23 j'ari^ Eejfe is.t^*rtomb of king Jo^n, ^]k tl^c^ii^ch of a late chap- tei- which he Tounded. 'the win«s from the vineyard of tl^'e late Celeftip^,. gutof the town, are famous, Mante^ la feaited in the Seine, and over it is a crldgei Aa 4 lANs^.Et:i),;|toTifp in Nottiaghanj- J, vvrith a, Market on Thurfday..>^j(t 4 i'l ¥ W %i it I 'ij - '' iW MAR MAR li M^l the ^eat irch of >K^icb, although elHp- tic, IS 110 feet wide. It U 31 miles N w of Paris. Lon. i 51 e* iat. 49 i (i. Mantua, orMANTUAN, a duchy of Italy, lying along the river Po, which divides it into two parts. It is bounded on the N b/the Verorpfe, on the s by the duchies of Regsrio, Modtna, and Muah- dola; on the e by the Ferrarele; and on the w by the Cremon».re. It is 50 mlli.>s iong and 17 broad, and fruitful in corn, rica> in Brafil, whicK compishencls a fty- "patftires, flaX, fruits, and excellent wine, tile populous iflanJ, j 11 miles in circuni- Charlcs rv, duke of Mantua, a piir.cc of fergnce. The Fwich fettled here in ..jARACAYBO, a ctnla'.wablc townc/ S America, capital of 'itht . province of Venezuela. It carries on a great trade in fl'-ins and chocolate, which is the belt in America i and it has very fine to- bacci). It was taken by tlie French buc- caneers in 1666 ami 1/178. It is feated near a lake of the fame name. Lon. ;« 45 c, Iat. 10 o N. Maragnan, a province of SAme- the empire, having taken part with the Fnnch, in' the difpute relating to the Aicceilion of Spain, was put under the Ittn of the empire, and died in 170S. Haying no heirs, the emperor kept the 'A^tuan, and the duke of Savoy had Montferrat, which were confirmed to tliem hj fubfequent treaties. After the death or the empei^or in 1740, hiseldcll daugh- ter, the queen of Hungary, kept polTef- fiota of the Mantuan; and the governor of the Milanefe had the adminiftration of affairs. The ,Mantuan eomfirehends the duchies of Mantua and Sabioneta i the principalities of CaftlgUone, Solforina, and Bofolo; likewife the C(Funty oj No- formerly a city, 10 miles from Athens, vellara. The principal rivtm of this It is famous tor the vi(ftpry obtained by 'country are the Po, the OgUo, and the Miltiades, v'ith 10,000 Athenians, over 'Minchio. 500,000 Perfi^n*, who loft a^ve iqa,ooo Mantua, the capital of a duchy of men. the fame name, in Italy, with anarch- Marawina, a river of Guiana, which ••bifhop's fee, and a xtniverfity, feated on feparaies Siuinam from th«; French coloh an ifland in the middle of a lake. The ny of Cayenne. It is npted for a cu»-ious 'ftreets are broad and ftraight, and it has eight gates, »i parifhes, 40 convents and nunneries, a quarter for the Jews to live iii, and above 16,000 inhabitants. It is verv IVrong by fituation as well as by art, ' aho there is no coming at U but by two caufcways, which crofs the lake} for duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the 16 1 a, and built a town ; but they were foon expelled liy the Povtuguefe. It haa a caltle, a harbour, and a bifhop's fee. Lon. 54, 55 w, lar. i 20 S. Marano, a town of Italy, in Vciif- tian Frluli, with a Itrong citadel. It i> feac'ed in a madh, which render** it diH\- cult of acceis, and at tlie ])uttom of the fulf of Venice, 27 miles 5 by E of Udina. ,on. 13 5 £, hit. 4.5 5% N. Marasch, a populous town of Nafo, lia, encompafled by tlie mountains of Taurus and Anti-tavrus, and the river Euphrates. Lon. 38 25 E, Iat. 38 1 5 n. Marathon, a -village of Livadia, pebble, known by the najne of the Ma,- rawina diamond j which, wheja, polifhed. is often fct in rings, Sec. It tails into the Atlantic in Ton- $j 48 w, Iat, 5 58 N, Marbach, a town of Suabia, in the which reafon, it is one of the moil ccn ^Ijdcrable fortrcffes in Europe. It was greatly noted for its ^Iks, and filk maim- wftures, which are now m\ich decayed. The air in the fummer is very unwhole- ibme J and the lake is formed by the in- lindations of the Mincio. Virgil was ■ born at i village near this city. Mantua was almoft continually in a Itate of fieg^. Neckar. It was burnt by the French in 1693. It is 12 miles s of Hailbron,and 13 N of Stutgard, Lon. 9 25 k, l^t. 4.8 59 N. Marbeha, a town of Spain, in An* dalufia, feated at the mouth of the Rio Verde, 28 miles swof Malaga. Lon. 5 55 w, Iat. 36 29 N. Marca, a fmall iiland in the gulf qf by the French, the latter half of the year Venice, five miles from Rag\ifa, on which ^796, It is 35 miles NE of Parma, »« it depends. It had formerly a biihop's 9w of Verona, and aao N by W of Rome, fee j but the town is now in ruins. Lon. 10 jo E, tat. 45 10 n. KfAKACAYBO) % lake, or arm of th« Tea, in Terra Firma, lying in »bdut 70° w ion. and lo*' N tat. it opens into the rarribbean Sea, is defended by ftrong'forts, and has feveral Spaniih towns 'ieatel'oh thoco^* MARCi^J'LlN, St. a town of France, in the department of Ifere and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, feated on the Here, at the foot ,of a hill, in a country that produces excellent wine. It is five miks from St. Antoine, and 15 3 s by £ Qf Vui*. Lon, 5 jx E| Iat. ^S; 14. N« MAR Marcellino, a rmall river of 8icilv» in the Val-(ii-Noto, which falli into tite lea, two miles from Augufta. Marche, a late province of Fran^ef bounded on the N by Beiry, on the E by Auvergne, on the w by Angoumois, and 0X1 the S by Limoiln. It is 55 miles in iength anci 25 in breadth, and is pretty fertile in corn and wine. It now forms die department of Creufe. Marche, a town of France, !• the departanent of the Voiget and late pro* vince of Lorrain, 10 miles s of Neuf- chateau, and 40 s by w of Toul. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 48 6 N. Marche, or Marche-en-Famine, a town of Luxemburg, feated on the Marfette, 45 miles nn w of Luxemburgh. Marche N A, an ancient town of 6pain, in Andalufia, with a liiburb as large as the town; feated in the middle of a plain, particularly fertile in olives, though dry for want of water. If is i S miles W of Seville. Lon. 5 44 w, lat. 37 34 N. Marchiennes, a town of the Auf- trian Netherlands, in the>county of Na- mur, feated on both fides of th^ Sambre, four miles w of Charleroy, and la sw of Namur. Lon. 4 ax e, lat. 50 20 K. Marchiennes, a village of France, in the department of the North and late province of French Flanders, with a late abbey, feated in a morafs, on the river Scarpe, between Douay and St. Amand. Marchpurg* a town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, with a ftrong caftle, feated on the Drave, .18 miles w of Pet- taw, and 25 ssw of Gratz. ^Lon. 15 19 E, iat. 46 44 N. Marcigliano, a towti of Naples, Jn Terra di Lavora, feven miles B of Na- ples, betvteen Nola and Aiceira. Lon. 14 30 E, lat. 40 51 N. Marck, a territory of Germany, in the circle of Weliphalia, bounded on the N by the biihopric of Munftcr, on the e by the duchy of Weftphalia. and ©n the s and w by that of Berg. It is pretty fertile, ana belongs to tlie Icing of Pruf- |ia. Ham is the capital. Marco, St. a town of Naples, In C?labria Citeriore, with a bi(h^'s fee, feated on the benito, a2'tniles N of C6- fwza. Lon. 16 to E, lat. 39 41 N. Mardike, a village of Ffaiice, in the department of the Norths and late French Flandtrs, feated on a celebrated canal, to which it gives name, four miles W by S of Dunkirk. ' • Ma REE, Loch, a frefli- water lake in Rofslhire, 1 8 miles long, and, in fome partsi four broad. It contain* many MAR finall idands, and abounds with Htlman^ cb.tr, and trout. Marbnnes, a town of France, in tho department of Lower Charente and late province of Saintonge, remarkable for the green-flnned oyfters found near the coalt, and its laif . It is feated near the Atlan- tic, 31 miles NW of Saintcs, and 270 SW of Paris. Lon. o 49 w, lat. 46 1 5 n. Maretimo, an illand of Italy, on the W coalt of Sicily. It is 10 miles in cir- cumference, has a callle, with a few fann- houfes, and produces much honey. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 38 5 N. Margaretta, an idand of S Ame^ rica, near Terra Firma, difcovered by Columbus in 1498. It is 40 miles ix\ length and 15 in breadth. The conti- nual verdure renders it pleafant; but it is not confiderable fmce the Spaniards re- tired thence tp Terra Firma. The pre- fent inhabitants are mulattos, and the original niUives. It was taken in 1626 by the Dutch, who demoliihed the cattle. Lon. 63 12 E, lat. 10 46 N. Margate, a feaport in Kent, in the iHe of Thanet. It has much Increafed of lat^ yeiirs, by the great refort to it for fea-bathing. Great quantities of corn are exported hence, and veffels arc Aequently palfing to and from the coaft of Flanders. There are alfo regular paf- fage boats, to and from London^ fomc of which are elegantly fitted up. It is 14 miles N of Deal, and 72 E by s of Lon- don. Lon. I 28 E, lat. 51 24 N. Margentheim, a town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, fubjeft to the grand matter of the Teutonic order. It IS feated on the 1 uber, 16 miles sw of Wurttburg. Lon. 8 50 e, lat. 49 30 N. Marian Islands. See Ladrones. Maria, St. an ifland of the Indian Ocean, five miles e of Madagafcar. It is 27 miles in length and five in breadth ; well-watered, and furrdunded by rocks. The air is extremely moitt, for it rains almoft every day. It is inhabited by about 600 negroes, but feldom vjfited by ftiips paffing that way. Maria,"St. the moft fouthern of the Azores, or Weftem Ifiands . It produces plenty of wheat, and, has about 5000 in- habitants.^ Maria, St. 'a confiderable town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a fmafl caftle. It was takeh by the Eng^lifli and Dutch in 1702; and i^ feated- on the Guade- leta, at the mouth of which is ' a lower, and a batteiy, 1 8 miles N of Cadit. Lon. 6 6 Wy lat, 36 39 N, "1 1*i • M 'film If 'fxi ! ' llf ^^ (' * km ^'4 U (I P K /n al"'" ""l' m^^ i b hi li'i MAR Maria, St, a confiderahle town of Terra Fiima Proper, iii the aiid,ience of Panama, ^uilt hy tiie Spaniards -after ithey had dil'covered the gold nunc* that ar« ntar it, ,and foon alter taktn by the Englifli. It is fcatcd at the bottom of the guh'of St. Michael, at tiic mouth of a r ivci' of the fame nam^, Lon. 78 i z w, lat. 7 43 N. MARiE-Aux-M;?Jiis,atownofFr3nce, in the departmvnt of the Voi'ges and hue province of Lorrain, divided in two by the river Leber. It is faniovis for its filver mines, and is 15 milts N\v of New Briikctv. Lon. 7 14 E, lat. 48 16 N. Marienburg, a town of Upper Sax. ony, in Milnia, . remaikabie for its rich filyer mines. J« is ftated among the mountains, on the coniines of Bohemia, 28 miles S6W of Drefden. Lon. 13 35 £, lat. 50 49 N. . Marienburg, an ancient and ftrong town of Weftein,Pni{fia, capital of a pu- latinate of the faniename, with a caltje. It is feated on a branch of the ViUuLu 30 miles. sw,of Llbing, and 30 ss of Dantziqjf Lon. 19 1-5 e,. lat. 54 9 N. Marienburg, a town of France, in the department of the North and late French Hainault, fprmq^iy a ftrpng place* but difmantled by tj>e French, after it was ceded to them hy the treaty of th« Pyrenees. It is iq miles s,w of Chariet- mont. i^Xoiu 4t 28; £, lat. 50, » N., Mar^ENStadt, a town of Sweden,.** W Gothland, feated op the lake Wenneii 35 inile$ SE ,(^ C^lftadt, and i6x s,w of Stockholm. Lop. 14 25 e, lat. 58 z8 n; Marjen WERDER, a town of Western Pjnilfia, with a cattle, feated on the Vifr tula, zo ipiles ssw of Marienbui'g. XoUk 35 5 E, lat. 53 49 N. Mariagalante, one of thf Leeward Caribbee lUaiuls, in the W Indies, . fiib- jeft to the French. It extends 16 milies from N to s, and four from e to w. It is full of hills, and along , the E fhore are lofty perpendicular rocks, that fhelter vatt numbers of tropical birds. It has feveral large caverns, with many little ftreams, and ponds of frcfh water. It is covered with trees, and particularly abounds with tobacco and the wild cinrxa- mon-tree. It is 30 miles N of Dominica, and 40 E of Guadaloupe. Lon. 61 ji w, lat. 15 51 N. Marignano, a town of Itajy, in the duchy of Milan, remarkable tor the de- feat of the Swifs, by the French, in 1 515. It is feated on the Lambro, la miles SB of Milan. Marino, St. a ftrong town pf It^Iy, eafMtal of a fnull republiG» furroundcd by the diicWy:of'W«ibi»io, under the pio. tn^lioa af the p^pf, vTdHi three caltlcs. It i:. hit-.: I on d u^ountain, lo milcR >s>v of J;iiiiini, and 14 Nw of UiUino. Lc:;. It 33 a, lat. 43 54 N. Marino, St. a town of Italy, in Campagna di Koma, with a calUe, 10 »iiic» E of Rome. Lon. 12 46 E, lat. 41 54 N. Mark, St. a feaport on the w fide of St, l^oniingo. 'I'he hoiilcs.arc all built of frcefione, vvhich is abundant in the neighbour in p{ country. It w;is taken by the Engliih {ind royaiills in January 1794., and Is 45 miljs susyoU Port-au-Prir.ce, Lon. 71 40 w, lat. 1^ *o N- MARKr;T Jew. See Mbrazion. M A r L D o A u a }i , a borough in Wi}*«, with a market on Saturday. In 1*67, !< parliament was held in the cattle, which t;n:t^ed feveral iippprtunt laws, called the Sfatutcs of Markbridge. Of the walls and, ditqh of this cattle there are ftill foiue remains ; and the i'^it of a Roman caltruin, \vith Ro.nan coins, prove it to have been a Rouian'ftation. Tliis'town lias often, fuffered by {ivi, particulai-iy in 1690. ■ It cQiitains itvo churches, and about 500 houfes, is gpverned .by a mayor, and fends two meml^ers/toi parliaihent. It is leat^d on thb Kenneth 43 miles e of Biilfto),; and 74. w of Londoii* Lon. i •ft6 W,,lat, 51 28 N« .. /.i >■'■' Ma R.L BO rough, FTo&t, ah E^glifh ;f?6l.ory, on the wooaft.of the iiland of Sjqm^trak three miles .£1 of Bencoolen, itQd 3oarvNWof hitscwAi, . Lon^ ioz^e, h^' 3 49 N* ■ • r Marlovv, a borough in BuckSnghami- (hire, with a maiiketon Saturdayi It ie))df t^Q members tQ'parUatnant,and has a n\anv^^ure of. bonelacci It is ftmCeft on the Thames, aver which is a bridge iptp Bei'kffaire, .17 miles s of AiUft)>hich conununicates with the Ai- MAR MAR r the ^iv,. niilrs .sontls. Marmora, the name of foui illands in the lea of the fame name. The laigeil it about 30 n:iies in circumttn iice, and they all proi.uce corn, wine, and liuits. Marmora, a cclehrated ca.'cade of Italy, in the duchy of Spolctto, three miles from Tcrni. Marne, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Cham- pagne. It takes its name from a river which riles near Langrcs, and flowing NW joins the Seine, a little above Paris. Rheims is the archiepifcopal fee, but Cha- lons is the capital. Marne, Upper, a department of France, including part of the late pro- vince of Champagne. Chaumor.t is the capital. MarnhulL, a village in Dorfetfliirei on the Stoiir, five miles sw ot Shaftl- hiirv. The church is an ancient lofty buifding ; the tower of whic^ ft 11 down in 1710, in time of divine fervice, but was handfomely rebuilt. Maro, a town of Italy, on the coaft of Genoa, in a valley of the fame name, eight miles NW of Oneglia, and 48 wsw of Genoa. Lon. 7 4.1 E, lat. 44 55 n. Marocna, a town of Romania, with a Greek archbiftiop's fee, feated near the Mediterranean, 70 miles sw of Adria- nople. Lon. 25 41 e, lat. 40 59 N« Marotier, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late province of Alface, with a late Benedic- tine abbey, 18 miles NW of Straiburg. Lon. 7 33 E, lat. 48 38 N. Marpurg, a Itrong town of Ger- many, in the landgravate of Hcffe Caffel, with a univeriity, a caftle, a palace, a Jiandfome fquare, and a magnificent town- houfe. It is leated on the Lahn, 1 5 miles s of Waldeck, and 47 s>v of Caflei. Lon. 9 o E, lat. 50 35 n. Marquesas, a group of iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, oi which the molt con- Cderable are, St. Chriftina and St. Pedro. Captain Cook, in his fecond voyage, lay feme time at the firft of thelt'» which is fituate In lon. 139 9 w, and lat. 9 55 s. It is high and fteep, but has many vaU lies, which widen toward the fea, and are covered with fine forefts to the fummits of the interior mountai|hs. The products of thefe and the other iH^nds are bread- fruit, bananaS) plantains, cocoa-nuts> icarlet beans, |^|per-mulbefries> of the bark of which tht-Ir cloth Is made, cafti. arinas, with other tropical plants and trees, and hogs and lovvi». The native* are well made, Itrong, and ailivc j ot a tawny complexion, but look alinolt black, by being punMured over the whole body. 'i'hey go almolt naked, ha\ ing only a fmall piece of cloth, perfectly lexmblinjj that made by the yteo^Ae of Otaheite, round their waift and loins. Their beard and hair are ol a fine jet black, like thoi^j of the other native:, of the ton id zon^. Their arms aro clubs and lpear;i,and their governiiiciit, like that of the Society Illands, monaichicai. The drink of tho Marquefans is v\'atcr only, tocoa-nut» being rather (carce. Their muiic, njuli- cal inftrumcnts, dances, and c uioes, very much rtlemble thoJc of Otaheite. la fliort, the inliaoiiants of the Marqucfus, Socie;y, atid FiienJiy Illands, iiafter Ifland, and New Zealand, leem to have all the I'aiue criyinj their language, man- n.rs, culloms, 6cc. bearing a great af-» finity In many rcipefts. Mar-Forest, a diltrift in Aberdecn- fhire, conlilHng of valt woodland moun- tains, which occupy the weltern angle of the county. T:.e river Dee rili:s amonf thele mountains. Mars A L, a town of France, in th^ department of Meurthe and la'e province of Lorrainl It is remarkable for its lalt-works, and feated on the Selle, in a marfh of difficult accefs j which, with the fortifications, renders it an important place. It is 17 miles ne of Ninci. Lon. 6 41 E, lat. 48 49 N. Marsala, a populous and ftrong town of Sicily, In the valley of Mazara. It is built on the ruins of the ancient Lily- baeum, 53 miles sw of Palermo. Lon. 12 29 E, lat. 38 4 N. MARSAquivER, or Marsalquiver, a ftrong and ancient town of Tremefen, in the kingdom of Algiers, with one of the belt harbours in Africa. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1732} and is^ feated on a rock, near, a bay of the Me- diterranean, three miles from Gran. Lon. o 10 w, lat. 36 I [*. Marseilles, a ftrong city of Franccj^ In the department of the Mouths of thq Rhone and late province of Provence. It^ was lately anepilcopal fee ; and the inha- bitants are computed to be 90,000. It* was lb celebrated in the time of th^^,Rp- mans, that Cicero ftyled it ti j;,j.4,th*'ns of, the Gauls, and Pliny callcfi it: the Mif- trefs of Education. It is ieatedj on the, Mediterranean, at the upper end ojf a gul^ covered suid defeiule4 by ma^y im^A. rti? ■m •' ■ •AVi m a Sir i.t.i MAR MAR in.»n^s; ami it is partly on tlie diclivlty i%i :i liill, ami jniitly in a |)l:iih. It is di- viiinl xnto the Old Town, or the City, iind the New I'own. I'hc firit ii|)j)c:iis like an uinphithcatre to the vclVJs wliicli «ntiT the pwit i l>ut tlic houles ait mean, and thi- Itivrt* dirty, narruw, and lU'cp. in this pan i» the nrir.cipal dunch, built ky the C/uths, «n tue ruiii« of the ivniple ©r Diana. The New Town is a perlect contialt to the City, with which it h;»s a communication by one ot' the fmell (tiect^ imaginable ; and its other ftreets, the I'quarcs, and tlic public buildings are bcautitul. With rerju.'i\ to coniinfict, Warlcillesjias been c;illcd Europe in Mi- niature, on account of tlie variety of tlrrifes and languages which are httc I'etn |ind heard. The port is a balin of an 4)Val form, 34.80 feet long, by yfto in its wiileft part, with 18 or 20 feet depth of water; and is defended by a citadel and a fort. In 1649, the plagiie raged witit great violence, and with Itili greater in ijiOi when it carried off 50,000 cf tlvc ■ inhabitants. TTae memory of this grciu calamity is prefers ed by two pitlures, Einted by Serrc, in the fealJ of tlic town- tife. In 1793, Marlicilles revolted againft the French National Couveation, Init was very loon reduced. It is 1 j iniles Nw of Toulon, and 36a s by e of Paris. Lon. 5 a/ e, lat. +J 18 N. ' Mars.ander.xn, a i>i oviiure of Perfi.i ; boumleu on the n by the Cafpian Sea, on the w by Ghilan, on tiie s by Irac Agt- xni, ajul on the E byAltrabad. Ferabad is the capital. MaR'shfield, a town in Glouceftef- ftirc, with a market on Tuefday, feated on the Cotci'wold Hills, 11 miles e of Brilfol, and 10a w of London. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 51 30 N. Marsico Nuovo, a town of Naples, in Printipato Citeriore, with a bllhop s i-j'. It is leated at tl>e foot of the . Vp- pemiints, near the river Agri, 73 miles &E of Naples. Lon. 1 5 4.9 e, lat. 40 aS N. MarstraND, a rocky ifland of Swe- den, in the Categate, lying nw of the mouth of the Gotha. It is two miles in circumference ; and, on account of it$ Itrength, is called the Gibraltar of Swe- den. The town, which lies on the e fide, contains about 1 100 inhabitants ; and the harbour is i^cure and commodiotiS| but of difficult entrance. Since the peace of 1783, its trade has declined j and the inhabitants fubiift chiefly by the herring iWhery, by the number of fhips which in had weather take refuge in the harbour* ii«l by. a contraband tirade." It is »3 miles NW of Gothebo:g. Lo:i. ti '^z c^ lat. 57 59 N. Maria, a town in Italy, in t!,p patrimony of St. Peter, and duchy uj" Caltro. It is Icutetl on a lake of tin- fame n.mie, c.illed alio Bolfena, 35 mik, N of Kiinie. I. on. la 40 e, lat. 42 zC :,. Mariaha.n, a pro\ iiue ill tlie st pait. of Pegu, on the bay <;!' Bengal. The foil is fertile in riet, fniits, and wines of all kinds. It is iubjed t» the kin; of J^urnlal^ who, in 1754, Aibdued t!;'c kingdom of Pegu, and rendered ii a ile pendent pruviitie. M ARiABAN, the capital of a province of the f line name, in Pegu. Ft w.is arir;. trading place before diipswcre ir.nk a; ili^; entrance of the harlwur to choke it npj It lb leat.d on t,\\t bay of jlengal, So mil.;, s of tile city of Pe^u. Lon. ij^ 56 f , lat. 15 30 N, MARTiii,, a town of Franc, in tin; d.jKU-tnuut of Lot and lite province cf Qu^tici, l«aud n«;ar the Dordogne, li nliles 1: of Sarlat. Lon. i 44 F, lat. 44 51 n. Martha, S'l . a province of Terra, Fiima, bounded on the N by the Carib- bean Sea, en tht* e by Venezuela, on the s by New (.iranath, and on the w by Carthagcnu- It is 300 miles in Kngthj and aoo jn breadth; is a mountainous country, and the land very high. Here the famous ridge of mountains begin, calJid the Andi-'s, which run the whubt length of 8 Anuriea, from N to s. It abounds with fruits proper to the climate, and there are mines of gold and precious ftones, and ialt-works. Martha, St. the japital of a province of the laiTu; name, in 'I'erra Firma, with a bifhop's lee, and a harbour furrounded b^ bigji inountains. It was once flou- rifhing and populous, but has much de- clinecT iince the Spanifli fleets no longer touch hpre. The houfes are built of canes, and covered moltly with palmcto leaves. It has been frequently pillaged and r^iin^d by the Englifh, the Dutch, ajiil tbt' bupcaneers. It is leated on ont: of thp niouths of the Rio Grande, 100 milps w by s of Rio-de-la-Hacha. Lon. 73 .S'J vv, 'lat. II a4 N. Martha's ViNEVARn, an ifland of N America, near the coaft of Maflachu- lets, 80 miles s of Bolton. The inha- bitai}t$ apply themfelves chiefly to their f!fherles, in which they have great fuccels. Lpn. 70 22 w, iat. 41 16 N. Mart HAL EN, a confiderable town of Swiilerland, in that part of the county of Ky burg, fubjeA to Zuric . It is feated near thoKnine, fix ixiUc» s of Scaffhsil'ciii tluclly „j- a: ot till- » 35 iiiilc, iiid wiiits the kin.r )dijal t!;c il ii u dc Ivl A R M.\Rricveif a li-.»port of Fiance, In • 1,1. department of the Mouths of the f(lnmc aiul l.iU: province of Provence. It \» (crated neur a lake, iz miles long iiul five broad, which is twenty timen li-l's cordideiahle than it was formerly, l,iit wht-nce they eet very fine fifli and excellent fnlt. Martigtics is so miles NW of Marll-illi's. Lon. 5 z e, lat. 4.} H) N. Martin, Cape, a promontory of Va- ftncia, in Spain, which ftprarates the jjulf of VaKncia from that of Alicant. ton. ■^6 E, lat. 38 54 ■<. Martin, St. a town of France, in the irte of J;lu miles from the lea, and 15 s of 1-olenra. L'm. 16 as E, lat. 39 fi N. Martorei,, a town of Sp;un, in Ca- talonia, leated at the confluence of the Noya and Lobragal, 18 miles NW of Barcelona. Lon. i 56 i:, lat. 41 36 N. .\1artos, a town of Spain, ii; Anda- lufia, with a fortrefs leated on a rock, eight miles s of Anduxar. MarvejoLs, a commeiciU town of t^rarce, in the clepr.rtnicnt of I..o/ere and late province- wf Gevaudan, leaicj in a MAS valJey> on the river Colange, 10 mllet NW of Mtnde, and 300 t ot Paris. Lon. 2 2) E, Ut. 44 36 N. Marville, a town of France, in the department of Mexife and late duchy oC Bar, lieatcd on the Olhein, three miles 1^ of Jametz. MARVBOROUGH,aboroughofIrelanil, capital of Queen's C»unty, 17 miles 6 06 Philipltown. Lon. 7 o w, lat. 53 t s. Maryland, one of the United State* of America, 174 miles long and no broad j bounded on the N by PennfyU vania, on the E by the ftate ol Delaware, on the SE and s by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the s and \v by Virginia. It i« ifivjded into i3 co\inties, 10 of which are on the weltern, and eight on the eallem fhore of the Chelapeak. Wh»*r aiul tobacco aie the Uaple commoditit. of this ftate, which, in moft rel'pefts, rc- fembJes Viiginia. Anapolis is the capital. Marv's River, St. a river of the United States, in Georgia. It is navi-r gable for veffels of conliderable burden tor ninety miles j and its banks afford immenfe quantities of fine timber fuited to the W India markets. It forms a jnrt of the fouthem boundary of the United States, and enters Amelia Sound, in lat. 30 44 N. Mary's Strait, St. a Itrait in S Ameiica, which forms the communi- cation between Lake Superior and Lake H\iroiT. It is about 40 miitrs long ; and at the upper end if a rapid fall, which, when condu6led by careful pilots, may be defctnded without danger. Mar7,a Sirocco, a gulf on tlie s fide of the ille of Malta. The Tuik* landetl here in 1565, when they went ta behcge Valettaj for which realbn the giaiU mailer ordered three forts to be built, two at the entrance of the a«. Ma:. BATE, one of the Pbilippijic Illands, almolt in the centre of the relt. Ir is 75 miles in circumfer-jnce, and the naiivfs art tiibulaiy to the Spaniaids. Lon. ii2 25 E, lat. II 36 N. M.iSKRouGH, a flourilhing village, In Yorklliire, on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Rotherham. Htrr arc conftderable iron works, beg\iu, .about forty years ago, by three brothers, Aaronj Jonathan, and Samuel Walker. Here ate fuiqaccs for melting the iron out o^ tlv: ore, forge* for making it raalkable r: ill M !N:'.ii% ]'Ci'- 1 % i MAS MAT 11 m,^' J i ind converting into fteel, and mills for flatting iron plates, which are alio tinn*d here. All lorts of hammered and calt Aron goods are made here, iVoin the moft trifling aiticle to a large cannon, of which great quantities are exported. Mascate, a town on the oaft of Arabia Felix, with a caltle on a rock. Jt is leated at the bcttom of a I'mall bay, and is very ftrong both by nature and art, though the bullc!im\s are mean. It was lortificd, in 1650, by the Portuguefcj but afterward taken by the Arabs, who put all the garrilon to the fword, exctpt 18, who turned Maho- jnetans. 1 he cathedral, built by the Portuguefe, is now the kings palace. There are neither trees, ihrubs, nor grafs to be ieen on the leacolt near it, and only a few date-trees in a valley at the back of the town, though they have all things iii plenty. The weather is fo hot irom Jvlay t» September, that no people are to Re feen in the ttreets from :en in the morning tiJl four in the afternoon. The bazars or market-places are covered with the leaves of date-trees, laid on beams which reach from .he houle-tops on one fide to thofe on the other. The religion of the inhabitants is Mahonietanifm, and yet, contrary to the cul^om of the Turks, they fufter any one to go into their molques. The produ6ls of the country are horfes, dates, fine brimftone, coffee, and ruinofs, a root that dies red. Lon. 57 26 E, lat. 24. o N. Mas-d'Asil, a town of France, In the department of Arriege and late county of Foix, witt a late r-ch Bcnediftine abbey. It is Icated on the rivuiet Rile, eight miles sw of Pamiers. Maskelyne's Isles, a group of fmall but beautiful Iftands, in the S Pa- cific Ocean, lying off the se point of MalicoUo, one of the New Hebrides. \fASSA, in GT-cient and populous town of Tul'cany, capitL-l of a fmall princi- pality of the lame name, whofe fove- reignty is independent of the grand duke. It has a ftrong caftle, and is famous for its quarries of finsf marble, it is ieated on a plain, th\xf miles from the lea, and 55 v/ by N ot Florence. Len. 10 o E, lat. 44.0 N. Mass A, a town of Naples, in Tcrra- di-Lavcra, with a bi-'hop's fee, ieated near the fea, 20 miles S of Naples. Lon. I > iS E, lat. 40 ^i N. Mass.\, a iown of Italy, in the Sien- nefe, with a bifhop's fee, featcd on a mountain n*ar the lea, 25 miles sw of Sienna. Lon. 10 4-S E, lat. 42 40 N. Massachusets, one the United States •of America, 150 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the N by New Hamp. /hire and Vermont, on the w by NVw York, on the s by Conne£licut, Rhode Ifland, and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the E by th;.L ocean and Mafliichiiltiii Bay. It is divided into 14 count its; {)ioduces plenty of Indian corn, iiux, I'-iiip, copper, ail'', ironj and they have nianuia^lories of leather, linen, and wool, len cloth. Bt^fton is the capital. Massachusets Bay, a bay of N America, which fprcads eaftward ot Bolton, and is comprehended between Cape Ann on the N, and Cape Cod on the s. It is fo named, as well as the whole ftate of Mallachufets, from a trihe of Indians of the lame name, that for- merly lived round this bay. Massaira, a ftrong town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a biihop's lee. Hated at the foot of the Appennines, 16 miles NNW of Tarento. Lon. 17 ao e, lat. 40 50N. Masserano, a town of Piedmont, capital of a imall principality of the lams name, held by its prince as a hef of the church. It is Ieated on a mountain, 40 miles NE of Turin. Lon. 8 14 £, lat. 45 38 N. Mastico, or Capo Mastico, a cape on tht.' s fide of Scio, one of the iftand^i of the Ajxhipelago. Ma^uah, a tcwn of Abyftinia, fitt:- ate on an illand on the coaft of the Rei Sea. The houfes, in general, are built of poles and bent grafs, as in the towns in Arabia j and a few are of ftone, fome of them two ftories high. Lon. 39 3S E, lat. 15 ;5 N. MaSULIpatam, a populous and com- mercial feaport of Hindooftan, feated near the mouth of the Kiltna, on the coaft of Coromandel, 200 ^Jies N of MadiFs. J.on. 81 12 e, lat. 16 8 N. Mataca, or Mantaca, a commo- dious bay on the N coatt of the iiland of Cuba, 3 5 miles e of Havanua. Lon, 8t^ 16 w, lat. 23 12 N. Matagorda, a fortrefs of Spain, at the entrance of the harbour of Cadiz. KIatalona, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, eight miles NW of Capua, and 19 w by s of Benevento. Lob. 14 14 e, lat. 41 12 N. Matam AN, acountyof Africa,bounded on the N by Bcnguela, on the E by parts unknown, on the s by the country of the Hottentots, and orvrhe w by the Atlantic Ocean. There is no town in it, and tht iaiiabitutii live in nuferAble huts, it MAT Veing a defert country, littU irifitcd by the Europeans. ■.:.-■"> Matan, or Mactan, cfne of the Philippine Iflands. Here M%^Uaii was killed in 15x1; and the inhabitants Ifeve lince thrown off the yoke of Spain. Matapan, Cape, the mcit louth^rn promontory of the Morea, befwcen tht gulf of Coron and that of Colochlna. Lon. az 4.0 E, lat. 3<> 25 N. Mat A RAM, a large town, formerly the capital of an empire of thot name, 1 the ifland of Java. It is ftiong by fituation, and fcated in a fertile and po- pulous countiy, furroimded by mountiiihs. Lon. Ill 55 E, bt. 715 s. Mataro, a town of Spain, in Cata- lonia, reiparkabl« • for its glafs works. It is featcd on -the Mediterranean, 1 5 miles NE»f Barcelona. Loa.iz^ E,'iat. 41 36 n. Matcowitz, a ftrong town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Scepus, feated on a mountain, 185 miles ne of Prei- burgh. Mate Lie A, an ancient town of Italy^ )B the marquifate of Ancona, 15 miies^ s of Jeft. Mater A, a confiderable town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a Wlhopi's fee, leated on the Canapro, 35 milU N\v of Tarento. Lon. 16 54 £"> lat. 4.0 59 N. Matlock^ a jrillagc in Derbyffiire, iituate on the D«rwent, four miles K of Wiritfworth. It is an extenfivc ftraggling pUice, built in a romantic ftylt?, on the ileeo fide uf a mountain, the houles riilng rtf,';!'arly one above another. A little to the 8 is Matlock Bath, famous for two warm baths, called the Old and New Bath, which are much frequejited in the bathing feafon. Taere are good accom- modations for the company who refort to the baths j and the poorer inhabitants are fupported by tlie lale. of jietrifaftlons, ciylbls, &c. The cliffs ot the rocks produce a great nuiub^r of trees s whofe foliage adds greatly to the baauty of iae place. Matmai. See Jeso. Mattheo, St. a town of Spain, iti Arragon, 10 miles from the Mediterra- nean, and 55 N of Valencia. Lon. o 36 \v, lat. 40.1Z. N. Matthew, St. an ifland- of Africa, 4*0 miles S' by w of CapcPalmas on the coall of; Guinea. It was planted- by the Portuguefc, but is now deferted. Lon. 6 io w, lat. i 34 s. Matthew, St. a fttiall illand in the XQtiianOdean'l-Lo]l.'>t3ist E)4at. 5 13 &. M&Tu.MAY> a fcaport in tUe illand of MAW J.re driven from their pofitioa, in the follow- ing month. It is feattd on the Sambrc, 12 miles s of Mons, and 40 sw of Bruifels. Lon. 4 5 E, lat. 50 15 n. Mau^dah, a city of Hindoofta* Pr«j«;r, in Bengal, fituate on a river that communicate) witli tire Ganges. It arofe out of the ruins of Gbur, which are in its neighbourhood j and is ai pldCe of trade, particularly in filk. ft is 190 miles N of Calctta. Lon. 88 z8 £, lat. 25 10 N. Maul EON, a town of France, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees and late province of Beam. It is fituate oti tht frontiers of Spain, 20 miles sw of Pau, and 40 SB ot Dax. Lon. o 31 w, lat. 43- 10 N. Mauleon, a town of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou, with a late famous Auguftinc abbey. It is' feated near the river Oint, 51 miles NE of Rochelle, and 52 nv/ of Poitiers. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 46 54 it, Mai^Ra, St. an illand of the Medi- terranean, near the coaft of Albania, 1 5 miles NE of the iiland of Gephaionia' Lon. 20 46 E, lat. 39 2 It. Maure, St. a town of France, in the department of Indre and Lo'-e and late province of Touraine, 17 miles s of TourS; and 148 3 w of Paris. Lon. 4* E) lat. 47 9 N. Mauriac, a trading town of France, in the department of the Cantal and late province of Auvergne, iamous for ex- cellent horl'es. It is featcd near the Dordogne, 27 miles SE of Tulles. Lon. z 16 E, lat. 45 15 N. Maurice, St. a town of SwiiTer- land, in the Vallais, iituate on the Rhone, between two high mountains, 1 5 miles N w of Mditigny. It guards the entrance into the Lower Vallais. Maurienne, a village of Savoy, 50 miles in lengtii, extending to Mount Ccnis, which fepai.nes it from Piedmont . St. John is the capital town. Mauritius. See Is^e of France. Maurua, ofneof the Society Klands, in the S Pacific Occafi, T4 itiiles w of Bolabola. Lon. 152 32 w. lat." 1 6 25 5. MaVVs, St. a borough in Cornwall, 9 W^ •' t. M I!j2i,, Li M'i -\ « ' 1 V, ■•, M AZ M E C il&hlch fends two members to parliament* but has no church, chapeU nor market. Henry viii built a ca(tle here« oppofite Pendennis caftie, on the E fide ot Fal- mouth haven, for tlue better fecurityof that important port« It is three miles E of Falmouth, and 250 w by s of London* Lon. 4. 56 w, lat» 50 8 n* Maximin, St. a town of France^ in the department of Var and late provmce •f Provence. Before the revolution, here was a convent for Dominicans, who pretended to preferve in it the body of Mary Magdalen, which brought them great riches by the refort of I'uperltitious vifitors. It is ieated on the Argens, ao miles N of Toulon. Lon. 5 57 £, lat. 43 30 N. May, a fmail iHand of Scotland, at the mouth of the frith of Forth, feven miles SE of Crail. The furrounding rocks render it almoit inacceinhie. It has a lighthoufe, of great benefit to veffels en- tering the frith. May, Cape, a cape of N America, on the N fide 01 the mouth of the Dela- ware. Lon. 75 4. w, lat. 39 o n. Mayence. See Mentz. Mayenne. See Maine. Mayo, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 6z miles long and 52 broad; bcjnded on the e by Kofcommon, on the s by Galway, on the w and N by the Atlantic, and on the ne by Sligo. It is a fertile country, and abounds in cattle, deer, hawks, and honey. It contains 75 pariihes, and fends four members to parliament. The principal town, of the fame name, is much decayed. Lon. 9 39 w, lat. 53 40 N. Mayo, or the Isle of May, one of the Cape ile Verd Iflands, in the At- lantic Ocean, 300 miles from Cape de Verd in Africa. It is 17 miles in cir- cumference. The foil in general is very ban-en, and water fcarce} but there are plenty of beeves, goats, and alTes ; as alfo fome corn, yams, potatoes, plantains, i&gs, and watermelons. The chief com- modity is fait, with which mnny E'ngli/h (hips are feighted in t'le fum.racr time. Pihol'a is the principal town, and has two churches. Tlie inhabitants are negroes, who fpeak the Portnguefe lan- fuagc, and many of them go naked, ,on. 13 o w, lat. 15 10 N. Mazac an, a ftrong town of the king- dom of Morocco, feated near the At- lantic, eight miles w of Aaamor, and 110 N of Moceccv. Loo* 8 15 W| lat. S3 ^» «• MxtAtA, a §[ood ftaport of Sicily Capital of % fertile valley of the iunia name, witb a bifhop*s lee, 25 milts svv of Trapani. Lon. la 30 Ef lat. 37 53 n, Meaco, acltvof i^e iiland of Niphon, in Japan, of which it wat formerly tho capitaL It is the great magazine of all the manufa6lures in Japan, and the prin- cipal place for trade. The inhabitants are faid to be 600,000. Lon. 134 25 e, lat. 35 30 N. Meadia, a town of Hungary, in the bannat of Tcmefw.ir, ieated on the n fide of the Danube, 1 5 miles e of ifelgrade. It was diiinantled by the Turks in 1738c Lon. 12 O £, l'4t.4.5 ON. Meao, a fmall iiland, one of the Mo- luccas, in the Indian Ocean, with a good harbour. Lon. 127 5 e, lat. 1 12 n. Mearns. Sri Kincardineshire. Meath, or East Meath, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter, 36 miles long and 35 broad $ bounded on the J! by Cavan and Louth, on the e by the Iri(h Sea and Dublin, on the s by that county and Kildare, and on the v b^ Welt Meath. It contains ij^ ^rltl. and fends 14 members to paiiiumciii. Trim is the capital. Meath, West, a county of Ireland, in the province of Leinfter j bounded on the N by Cavan, on the ne and e by Eaft Meath, on the s by King's County, on the v/ by Kofcommon, from which it is feparated by the Shannon, and on the NW by Longford. It is one of the moft populous and fertile counties in Ireland, contains 62 paiifhes, and lends ten mem- bers to parliament. MuUenger is the county-town. Meaux, an ancient town of France, in the dep?' tment of Seine and Marne and iate province of the Ifle of France, with a biihop's fee. It is large and populous; and the fine market-place is a peninfula contiguous to the town, which was for- merly well fortified, and, in 1421, ftood a fiege of three months againft the £n- glifli. It is feated on the Marne, iQ miles NW of Colomicrs, and 25 NE of Paris. Lon. 2 58 e, lat. 48 58 N. Mecan, a large river, which rifes i« Thibet, and flowing se through Laos and Cambodia, falls by two mouths into the Eattem Ocean, forming an ifVnd be- low the city of Cambodia, which here gives name to the t^aftern branch. Mecca, an ancient and famons town of Arabia Delerta, /eated in a barrca valley, furr^^unded by msny little hills, ^nfifting of a blackifh ro«k, The builii- M E C M £ C ings ar« very mean, and itt ^pport is the annual refort of pilgrims at a teitatn Cn- fon of the year j for, at other titncsi the fliops are licarcely open. On the top of one of the hills is a cave, where they pre* tend Mahomet ulu; Uy retired to periorm his devotions; and hither, they atfirm, the greateft part of the Koran was brought him by the angel Gabriel. The town has plenty of water, and yet little garden- ituft'; but there are feveral forts of good fruit,* as grapes, melons, watennelons, and cucumbers. Numbers of flieep are brought hither to be fold to the pilgrin^s. The temple of Mecca has ^* doors, and its form refembles the Royal Exchange in London, but it is near ten times as large. It is open in the niiddle, and the ground covered with gravel, except in two or three places that lead to the Beat-Allah through certain doors { andthde are paved with fliort ftonest There are cloifters all round, and in the fides aie cells for thofe tha*- live a monaftic life. The Beat- Allah, in the middle of the temple, is a fquare ftru£lure, each fide about ao paces long, and 14. feet high ; covered all over from top to bottom with a thick fort of iilk, and the middle embroidered with large letters of gold : the door is covered with iilver plates, and has a curtain be- fore it, thick with gold embroidery. This Beat is the jH'incipal object of the pil- grims devotiMi, and is open but two days :n the fpace of fix weeks, one day for the men, and the next for the wcmen. Within there are only two wooden pillars in the middle to fupport the roof, vtAh a bar of iron fattened thereto, en which hang three oi' four filver lamps t the walls rre marble, and covered with filk, unlefs n ':■ t n the pilgrims enter. About i a paces o i (.he Beat, is the fepulchre of Abra- > m ^s they pretend } atiid they affirm that ! ': .icaed the Beat-Allah. When the Jikigii. js havfc performed their devotions heie, they repair to a hill, which, how- evrer, is not large enough to contain them ail at on^ for there att no lefs than 70,000 pilgrims every year. When cer- tain ceremonies are over, Aey receive the title of hadgies or faints ; and the next morning they move to a plfact abue the ftory of its being i'ufpended in the air hy a load- fione is known to be a ii^on. Medina is called the City of the Prophet« becaufc here he was prote^led by the inbabiianta when he ded from, Mecca } and here he Vras fii'ft inyefted with regal power. The time of his death was in 637 ^ but the Mahot:[\etan epoch begins in 622, from the time of his flight. . Jt is feated on a ^lain, abounding \n palm-trees, 200 miles tiWofMtccz. I.on. 3933 e, lat. 2410 n. Medina-Celi, a town of Spain, ir Old CaftHc, capital of a duchv of the iamenamej ft-atsd mar the Xalong, 10 miles Ne of Sigaenza, and 75 sw of SaragoHa. Lon. z 24 w, lat. 41 iz n. . Meoina-de-las-Torres, a town of iSpaln; in £flramadura, with an old caftle, ieated at tl(e foot of a rtiountaln, near ^adajot'. MediMa-DXL-Campo, an ancient apd ,oommercial town of Spain, in Leon. It eiipy^ grc^t privileges, and is feated in a country abounding with corn and wine, [3 7 miles 8E of Zatnorgt, .and; 7,5 ^vv of 'Madrid. Lon. 4 24 w, Mt..4i 20 n. j Medina-del-Rio-Segco, an-ancierit ^town of Spain, in Leon, feated on a tjplaiii. where there ire fipe paftures, 35 IntUes MW :joi V^iado^Id, and 50 se of ^jbffiin. -I'On. 4 i^tf iat. 42 6 n. Medina-Sidonia, an ancient, town of jSpa^, in Andalufia, with a caftle, 36 ^iiiiLt;sNNw of Gibraltar, and 10 NE.pf ^jcfe.,' ion. 5.36E, l^t.,36 40 N. ,rt* .a Africa, and I^rope« communicating wkh the Atlantit Ocean by the ftraits of Gib- raltar j and with the Black Sea by the ftrait of Galiipoli, thi^^ fea of Marmora, and the Itrait of Conftantinople. It is of very great extent, but has no tide, and 3 conftant current fets in from the Atlantic through the llraits of Gibraltar. It con- tains many iilands, feveral of them lar^e, ?s Majorca, Corlica, Sardinia, Sicily, C'andia, and Cyprus. The eaftern part of it, bordering on Aiia, is fometimes (Silled the Levant Sea. Lon. 6° w to 72° £, lat. 31 to44^N. MEDNiKt, a town of Poland, in the provinceof Samogitia, with a bi(hop's fee ) Ieated on the Warwitz, 40 miles E of Memel. Lon. 21 49 e, lat. 55 42 n. Me SUA, a town of the kingdom of Algiers, feated in a country abounding in corn, fruits, and flocks of flieep. It Is B75 miles sw of Algiers. Lon. o 13 E, lat. 34 45 N. Medway, a river which rifes in Afli- down Foreft, in Suflex j entering Kent, it waters Tunbridge, and at Maidftone is navigable to Roehefter ; below which, at Chatham, it is a ftation tor the real navy. Dividing into tw« branches, the weltern one enters the Thteies, between the ifles of ,, Grain and Shepey, and is de- fended by ,the fort at Sheemefs. The eastern branch, called the Eaft Swale, pafles by Que^.iborough and Milton, and falls into tiie German Ocean, below Feverfliam. Medwi, a town of Sweden, in the province of £ Gothland, called theSweditfi Spi, on account of its waters, which are vitriolic and I'ulphureous. The lodglng- houles form one flreet of uniform wooden buildings painted red. The walks and ildes are delightful, particularly on the banks of the Wetter. It is three miles fr»m Wadftena. Medziboz, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Volhlnia, feated on Uie river Bog, 20 miles s of Conftantinow. Meg A R A, a town of Livadea, for- merly very large, but now inconfiderable. Jt has ^me flne remains of antiquity, and is 20 miles w of Athens. Lon. 23 30 .£, lat. 38 6 N. |k|i'ECEN, a town of Dutch Brabant, feated on the Maefe, 1 5 miles sw of Ni- megUen. Lon. 5 26 e, lat. 51 49 n. Megesvar, a town of Traniylvania, capital of a county of the fame name, remarkable for its good wtncs. |!t is feated on the river Kol;^. Lon. %$ 20 £, li^t. 46 5ft N. MEL MEL it RiUes N of Hermanftadt. Lon. 14 41 S, lat. 46 53N. Me H Ran, the principal of the chan- nels into which the rivci' Indus divides iffclf, near Tatta, in Hindoortan Proper. Mehun-sur-Yevre, an ancient town of France, in the department of Cher and late province of Berry. Here are ruins of a caitle built by Charles vii, as a place of retirement ; and here he ftarved himlelf, in the drijad of being poifoned by his JtK, afterward L^wis xi. It is Tinted in a fertile plain, on the river Ycvre, 10 miles NW of Bourges, and 105 s of Paris. Lon. a 1 7 E, lat. 47 10 N. Mehun-sur-Loire, a town of France, in the department of Lolret and late province of Orleanois, feated on the Loire, 10 miles svv of Orleans. Lon. 1 48 E, lat. 47 50 N. Meillerie, a village of Savoy, in Chablais. It is feated on the s fide of tSe lake of Geneva, in the nccefs of a fixiall bay, and at the foot of impending mountains, which in fome parts are gently Hoping, and clothed to the edge of the water with dark forefts, and in others are naked and perpendicular. Thefe darjc and gloomy rocks lie sw of Clarens, which place and Meillerie are both in- terefting fcenes in the Eloifa of RouHeaii. Meinau, an ifland in the bay of the Bodmer See, or middle lake of Conftance, one mile in circumference. It belongs to the knights of the Teutonic order, and produces excellent wine^ which forms the chief revenue of the commander. It is five miles N of Conftance. Meissen, or Misnia, ti marg«-avate of Germany, in the eleftorate of Saxony j bounded on the N by the duchy of Saxony, on the e by Lulatia, on the s by Bohemia, and oa the w by Thurlngla. It is 100 miles in length, and 80 in breadth 5 and is a very fine country, jiro- tiucing corn, wine, metals, and all things that contribute to the pleafure of life. The inhabitants fpeak the pureft language in Germany. The capital is Drefden. MeisSew, a coniiderable town of •Saxony Proper, in the margravate of Meiffen, with a caJlle, and a famous ma- nufafture of porcelain. It is leated on the Elbe, 10 miles nnw of Drefden, and 57 ese of Leipfick. Lon. 13 33 £y lat. 51 1 j N. MelazzO, an ancient town of Na- tolia, with a bifliop's fee, and fome cu- rious monuments of antiquity. It is feated on a bay of the Archipelago, 60 miles s of Smj'rna, Lon. 27 »s e> lat. Melck, a fmall, well-fortifipd town cf Germany, in the circle of Lower Auftria, with a celebrated Benediftine abbey, feated on hill, 47 miles w of Vienna. Lon. 15 io E, lat. 48 ii n. Melcomb-Regis, a borough in Dor- fetfhire, with a mirkct on Tuelday and Friday. It is leated on an arm of the fea, and joined to Weymouth by a timber bridge, which has a drawbridge in the middle, to admit the paflage of rt'.ips into the welt em part of the harbour. Melcomb is feated in a flat, and has 3 market-phce, with good ftreets and yards for their merchandife. The two <.owns being incorporated together, are governed by a mayor j and each fends two members to parliament. Melcomb is eight miles s of Dorcelter, and 129 wsw of London. Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 50 37 N. See Weymouth. Meldela, a town of Italy, in Ro- magna, belonging to its own prince. It is eight miles svv of Ravenna. Lon. it 48 E, lat. 44 22 N. Meldert, a town of Auftrlan Bra- bant, 10 rniles SE of Louvain. Lon. 4, 41 e, lat. 50 45 N. Meldorp, a confiderabic town of Lower Ssxony, in the duchy of Holftein, feated near the Milde, 15 miles s of Tonningen, and 45 w of Hamburg. Lon. 9 6 £, lat. 54 10 N. Melfi, a confiderable town of Naples* in Bafilicata, with an ancient caftle feated on a rock, and a bilhop's fee, 16 miles ne of Conza and 72 of Naples. Lon» 15 52 E, lat. 41 2 N. Melida, an ifiandof Dalmatia, in the gulf of Venice, and in the republic of Kagufa. It is 25 miles in length, and abounds ia oranges, citrons, wine, and fiih. It has a Benedicline abbey, fix villages, and feveral harbours. Melilla, an ancient town of. the kingdom of Fez. It was taken, in 1496, by the Spaniards, who built a citadel herej but it was reftored to the Moors. It is feated near the Mediteiranean, 75 n)iles w by N of Tremelen. Lon. » 57 w, ht. 34 48 N. Melinda, a kingdom of Africa, on the coalt of Zanguebar. It produce* gold, ilaves, elephants teeth, oftrich feathers, wax, aloes, fena, and other drugs 5 alfo plenty of rice, fugar, cocoa- nuts, and other tropical fruits. Melinda, a town en' the coaft o£ Zatiguebar, Capital of a kingdom of the fame name^ f^ted at the mouth of the Quilmanti. Here the Portuguefe have 1 7 cbureh^s, Drine conVORts, and waiCM ii,ij, m WM '''•til I. i sma 'm MEL MEN ktuiei well prcrvidcd with European goo:l». it is lurroundcd by ^-.iyt ^"^rdeus, and has a good harbour, defended by a fort; but the entrance is dangerous, on account of the great number of IhoaU, and rocks under water. The inhabitants are Chriitians and Negroes, which kfl have their own king and religion; and the number of both is faid to amount to 300,000. Lon. 39 38 E, lat. z 15 s- Melita-. See Malta. Mel-it&liuO, a town of Sicily, in the Val-di-Noto, eight miles w of Leontifli. Melito, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a biftiop's fee, 40 mile* N of Regglor Lon. ^6 30 E, lat. 38 40 N. Melle, a town of Weftphalia, ia the bilhopric of Oihabusg, r.o inile» e of Oibaburg, Ijon. 8 35 e, lat. 51 25 N. Melle, a town^ of France, in the de- paitment of the Two Sevres and late province of Poitou, 13 miles s of St.. Miiixcnt. Meller. SeeMAELER. Melljnoen, a town of SwiflerlanJ, in the bailiwic of Baden, which, iinco 1712, depends on the cantons of Znric and Bern. It is ftated in a fertile country, on tl)e river Reufs, five miles s by w of ^aflen. Melnick, a town of Bohemia, feated at the confluence of the Elbe and Mulda';v, 38 miks N ot Prague. Lob. 14. 50' e, lat. 5a «z N. Meloub, a town of Upper Egypt, leatcd on 'the Nile, with a remaikable molque. Lod. 31 55 £, lat. 27 30 K. Melrose, a town in Roxbnrgh- fl)iye, clofe by which are the mag- Tvificent remains of Melrofe Abbey, founded, in 11 36, by David i. Part of it is ftill ufed tor divine lervice. Alex- ander II, it is laid, i& buried under tht great altar ; and James earl of Douglas, llain at th« battle of Otterburn, in 1388, and whofe death is lamented in the ce- lebrated ballad of CiieVy Chace, is alfo buried here.. Melroie is feated near the Tweed, 28; miles SE of Edinburgh. Lon. « 42 Vfy lat. 55 38 N. M^LiviCUSTAPT, a town of Fran- CjOxua> in the billiopric of Wurtzburg, remarkable tor a battle fought near it» between rhe emperor Henry 4v, and Rodolph duke ot'Svabia. It is feated t>n the Strat, 20 Biilefr N of Sfhwsinfurt, Meltok Mo^WBRAY, a town in Lei- celteiihire, with a mat'Mt on, Ta«rday» cunfiderahik tor cattle,, hogi, and dieep. 1 he fine cheefe called Stito^n,.)^ chiefly m$M in its n«»gbb«achoedn Xt i« i«»ted; on the Eye, over which are two tlo'St. bridges, 15 miles s by e of Nottingham, and 106 N by w of London. Lor., o 50 w, lat. 52 48 N. M EL-UN, an ancient town of France, in the department oT Seine and Marnc and late province of the ille of France, feated on the Seine, 25 miles SE of Paras. Lon. a 35 E, lat. 48 30 H, Mi-mbrillo, a town of Spain, in Eftramadura, 14 miles s of Aicamara» Lon. 6 o W, lat. 39 vz N. Me MEL,, a ftrong town of Eaftern Pcuifia, with' a caitle, the fineft harbour In the Baltic, and an cxtenfive commerce. It is leated on the N exti'emity of the Curifche Haf, an inlet of tlu: Baltic 70 miles in length, which is here joined ts the fea by a narrow Itrait. On the nb fide of the entrance into the harbour is a lighthouli;, ere in ic, beiide crocodiles, which are commoa in thele parts. Menancabo, a town in the ifland of Sumatra. It ,is the capital of a itasSi kingdom of the fame name, and feated. on the s coaft, oppofite the iile of Nafl'au, 250 miles from the ftrait of Sunda. Mende, an ancient town of France^ capital of the department of Lozere a.i)d. late province of Crevaudan, with, a biihop'» fee. Tho fountains^ and one of the flecples of the cathedral, are remarkable. It is very populous ; has man^fa£lures of ferges und other woollen ftuffi; and is leaudon the Lot, 35 miles sw of Puy, and £10 s by £ of Paiis. Lon. 3, 35 £, lat. 44 31 N. Mehdip-Hills^ a lofty traf);, in the KE of Somerletniire, abounding in coal,, calan^ine, and lead;, the latter faid to be of a harder quality than that of other countries. Copper, manganele, bo)e» and red ochre, are alio found hv thele hills. On their iummits ar? large fwampy flats, dangei'ous to crpls* Mendlesuam, a town in Suffolk^ wUK a^ maxkct on Friday, 18 mil«»9:0^. MEN Bury St. Edmunds, and 82 Ne «f Lon- don. Lon. I 12 E, lat. 5% 24 n. Mendrah, a province of the king- dom of Fezzan, with a town of the fame name, 60 miles s of Mourzook. Although much of the land in this pro- vince is a continued level of hard and bar- ren foil, tiie quantity of trona, a Ipecies of fofni alkali, that floats on the fur face, or lettles on the banlcs of its numerous fmoking lakes, has given it a higher im- portance than that of the molt fertile diltrifts. Menehovld, St. an aticieot and^ron- fiderable town of France, in the depart- ment o( Mame and late province of Cham- pagne. It is feated ia a morafs) on the river Aifne, between two rocks, wi^h a caille advantageoufly fituate; but its other fortifications have been demolifhed. It was almoft totally deftroyed by a con- flagration in 1 71 9. It was here, on September 20^ 1792, that the French gave the firft check to the progrels of the victorious Pruflians, winchf in the end, compelled them to a difgraceful retreat. St. Menehould is 20 miles ne of Choloiu, and 1 10 £ of Paris. Lon, 4 59 E, lat. 49 2 N. Mbnie. See Munia. Menin, a town of Auftrian Flanders, feated on the Lis. In 15S5, it wsis «Imoft entirely deftroyed by fire. It is deemed the Joey of the country; and in every wari from the middle of the 1 7th centurVf the poflTeflTioii of it has been deemed of the ntnkoft confequence. It has, therefore, been often taken and re- taken; the lail time by the French in April 1794, when the garrilbn (in order to ^e the unhappy emigrants) bravely ^ forced their way through the enemy. It is eight miles sb of Ypres, and ion of Lifle. Lon. 3 9 E, lat. 50 48 n. Menton, a city of Italy, in the prin- cipality of Monaco, with a caltle. It has a confiderable trade in fruit and oil ; and is feated near the fea^ five miles ENE of Monaco, and eight wsw of Ven- timiglia. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 43 46 N. Mentz, an archbifhopric and elec- torate of Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine, and lying upon that river. It it bovnded on the N by Weteravia and HeiTe, on the e by Franconia, on the s by the palatinate of the Rhine, and on the w by the ele£lorate of Treves ; it 50 miles in length, and 20 in br^ idth ; and is very fertile. The ele^^lor it alfo fove- reign of Eichsfeld, Eisfeld, or Eifeld (» country fuiToiinded h" H^tk, Thurihgia, Gritbenhageni ai^ ienberg) ft&d «f M E Ct the city and territory of Erfort, in Thai ringia. Mentz, or Mayencb, a eonfi^erabfc city of Germany, capital of the elec- torate of Mentz, with a univerfity, and an archbifh«p's fee. The archbidiop ik an eicaor of the empire, arch-chancellot of the empire, keeper of the archives^ and direftor of the general and pariicolalr aficmblies. This city is built in an irrew gular manner, and plentifully providdl with churches. In the cathedral, which is a gloomy fabric, is what they call i treal'iu-y, which contuins a nuihber ct clumly jewels, feme relics, and a rich waidiohe of facerdotaJ vellments. Menti is one of the towns which claim the in- vention of printing. The French took this place by furpriic, in Oftober 1792 } and they ib greatly Itreagthened the forti- fications, that, the next year, it ftood 4 long blockade and fiege againft the king »f Prulfia, to whom, however, it fur- rendered in July 1793. It was re- attaclced by the French in 1795, but they were defeated before it, both in April and Oftober, by the Auftrians, who alf6 relieved it from a bbckade of tw^ months, in September 1796. Maify oJF the churches, public buildix^s, and pri. vate houfes, were defbt)yed, or gft^ injured, during the fiege, as v*ett ^ fbme fine villages, vineyards, and couhtnf' houfes. Mentz is feated on the Rhi^^ juft below its confluence with the Mai^ t and oppofite to it, on the i fide, is thi ftrong town of Caffel, conneAed with it by a bridge of boats. It i« 1^ miles x^ of Francfort, and 7 5 e of Tretts . Ltfa, 8 10 E, lat. 49 56 t(^ M£phen, a town of Weftcihalia« which depends on the bilhop of Munfter. It is feated on the EmbS) 15 miles n of Lingen, and 50 nw of Munlfaer. ton. 7 36 E> lat. 52 45 N. Me<^inenza, an ancient tovim of Spain, in Arragon, with a caftlfc. It is feated at the confluence of the Ebro and Segra, in a fertile country, 39 miles m vv of Tortofa, and 180 NB of Madrid. Lon. o 29 E, lat. 41 36 m. Mb<^ikez, a city of the kiiigdoih of Fez, and dow the capind of ^e whoU empire of Morocco. It is felted in 1 delightful plain, having a ferene aaA cleai- air; for which reafon the em- peror refides in this place in prderencc to Fez. In the mid^ of the city, tht Jews have a place to lihemrclve's, thi ^es of V Wch are locked every nieht 5 and thcte t« an alcayd to prated then againft th^ «*jBtiion peopk, Who •thcr* B b I ^* ' 1 ' -1 1 \ i ( i ! ( Pii !i n M E R M E R wife would plunder their fubftance. It is death tor them to curfe, or lilt up a hand againft the meancft Moor ; and they are obliged to wear black clothes and paps, and to pull off their Hues when- ever they pal's by a mofque. Clol'e by ^Iequinez> en the nw lide^ is a large jiegro town, which takes up as much ground as the city, but the houles are not i.o high, nor 16 well built. The inhabi- tants aie all blacks, or of a dark tawny colour i and thence the emperor recruits the loldiers for his court. The palace fiands on the s fide, and is guarded by leyeral hundreds of black eunuchs, who are cleanly dreffed, and their knives and cimitars arc covered with wrought filver. "The houles of Mequinez arc veiy good, lut in ftreets exceedingly narrow, and hardly any of the windows to be feen j for the light comes in at the back of ihe houfes, wheie there is a fquare court, |n the middle of which is a fountain, if the houlc belong to a per fon of any rank . They are flat at the top j fo that in many places they can walk a great way upon them. The women live in the upper apartments, and often vifit each other from. the tops of the houfes. When they go abroad, they have their heads covered witl^ their outward garment, which comes ^wn" dole to their eyes} and underneath tliey tie a piece of white cloth, to hide the iowerpar^tof ^heir face. They are quite covered all over, except their legs, which are generally naked j but within doors they appear in their hair, and have only a jGnsfle fillet oyer th«ir foreheads. Their cuftums and manners are much the fame as thole of other Mahometans. Mequi- nez is 66 ipile^ w of Fez. Lon. 6 6 w, lat. 33 i6 N. ; Mer, a tpwp of France, in the de- partment of Lpir.^d Cher and late pro- vince of BlaiVois, JO milts NE. of Blois. Meran, a trading town of Germany, in the Tiro], capital of Erfchlaml. It is feated on the Adige, it. miles N w of Bolzano. Lon. ii iS e, lat. 46 44 n. Merazion, or Market Jew, a feaport in Cornwall, with a market 0x1 Thiufdayi iibatitd on an arm of the: Tea, called Mountn)ay, three miles e of Pen- zance, and 283 w by s of London. Lon. Vf 30 w, lat. 50 la N. Mere, a town in" Wihlhire, with a market on Tuefday, z^ miles w of Salilbufy, and 100 yv by. s of Lo^donl ]Lon. a ij; w, lat, 51 6 N. MERpjN,a town of Turkey, in Diar- bcck, with a caftle and an archbifliop*i ie«. The counuy about i( produces a great deal of cotton. It is 45 miles it or Diarbckar. Lon. 39 59 E, lat. 34 50 N. Merecz, a town of Lithuania, featcH at the confluence of the Berezino and Merecz, 30 miles N of Grodno. Lon. 24 10 £, lat. 50 o N. Merida, a ftrong town of Spain, in Eftramadura, built by the Romans, before the birth of Chrift. Here are fine re- mains of antiquity, particularly a trium- phal arch. It is feated in au extenfive and fertile plain, 45 miles s by e of Alcan- tara. Lon. 6 4 W, lat. 38 4a n. Merida, a town of New Spain, ca- pital of the province of Yucatan, with a bilhop's lt:e. It is inhabited by the Spaniard > and native Americans ; and is 30 miles s of the gulf of Mexico, and 120 NE of Campeadty. Lon. 89 58 w, at, 20 45 N. Merida, a town of S America, ii^ New Granada, feated in a country a- bounding with all kinds of fruits, 130 miles NE of Pampeluna. Lon. 71 o w, lat. 8 30 N. Merionethshire, a county of N Wales, bounded on the N by Carnarvon* fhire and DenbighAiire, on th& E by the latter county and that of Montgomery, on the 5 by Cardiganfliire, and on the w by the Irilh Sea. It extends 36 miles from V to s, and is 34 wide in its broadeft part. The face of this county is varied throughout with a romantic mixtuie of all the peculiar fcenery be> longing to a wild and mountainous region. The principal rivers are the Dec and Dovy ; and it hat a ereat moun- tain, the Cader Idris, one or the higheit in Wales. Merion;thAiire contains fix hundreds, four market-towns, 37 pariflies, ^nd fends one member to parliament. Harlech is the capital. Merit;, Meritch, or Merrick, an important foftrefsi and city of the Deccan of Hindpoftan. Jt was taken by Hyder Ally in 1778 j and is fituatc near the J4 bank of the river l^iftna, 70 miles sw of Vifiapoiu*. Me^k, a river of Auftriaifl Brabant, which nmning n by Breda, afterward tur/is w, and falls into one of the mouths of the river Maele, oppofite the ifland of Qveriiackee, in Holland. MerP, a ftrong town of the kingdom of Pegu, I4« n^ites sw of the town of Pegu. Lon. 98 36 £, lat. 1,6 o N. Merov, a tovm of'Perfia, inKorafan, feated in a fertile coyntry, whicH pro- duces folt, 1X2 miles sw of Bokhara* Loa, $^ z^ i, lat. 37 40 N* M E R MET I lia, featcil zino and ■no. Lon. Mers. Sec Berwickshtrf. MeRSBURC, a town of the elcfiorafe of Saxony, in Mifnla, with :i biftiop's fee. It is feated on the Sab, lo miles 5 of Halle, and 56 Nw of Ba-rden. Lon. iz 6 E, lat. 51 28 n. Mersey, si river, which rifes in the j» extremity of the Peak in Derbyfliire, i-feceives the Tame^ at Stockport; and lower down, the Irwell ; it then partes by Warrington, and receives the Weaver, at Frodniam, where it forms a broad eftuary, that contracts on its approach to Liverjiool, below which it enters the Iriin Se^. This river not only affords ftlmon, bvit is vifited' by annual (hoals of fmelts, here called fparlings, of a re- markable fize and flavour. Mersey-Island, an ifland in Eflex, t/etween the mouth of the Coin and the entran«e of Blackwater Bay. In the reign of Alfred, it vVas leized by the Danes for their winter quarters. It had once eight parishes, now reduced to two, called E and W Merfey. ' Merspurg, a town of Suabia, in the blfhopric of Conitancei and the bifhop's ufual place of lefidence. It is feated on the N fide of the lake of Conflance, 1 1 miles from the town of that name. Lon. $ 26 E, lat. 4.7 45 N. ' Mertola, aftrong town of Portugal, in Alentejo, fer .d near the Guadic.no, 7; o miles s of Evora, and io« s£ m{ Liibon; Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 37 30 N. Merton, a village near Oxford, £tuate near two military waysi There tvere intrenchments in the neighbouring woods, fuppoled to be thrown iip by king Ethelred, or the Danes, whom he defeated m S71. Merton, a village in Surry, feated on the Wandle, fevert miles sw of Lon- don. It had a celebrated abbey, founded in the reign of Henry I, in which ieveral important tranfa^ions took place j par- ticularly, at a parliament held here, in 1236, were cnafted the Provifions of Mer- ton (the moft ancient body of laws after Magna Charta) and the barons gave that celebrated anfwer to the clergy, Notumus leges Angli^emutare — We will not change the laws of England. Nothing remains of this abbey, but the e window of a chapel ; and the wralls that furroxmd the premifes, which are built of flint, iare nearly entire, and include about 60 acres. Upon the fite of this abbey are two calico manufactures, and a copper-mill j and about 1000 perfons ate now employed on a fpot once the abode of monailic indo> jfjue. ' Merve, the north branch of the rlvtr Made, in Holland, on>hich the city of Rotterdam is Icatcd. Merville, a town ef France, in the department of the North unj lute French Flanders, feated on the'Lis, 10 miles SQ of C'afTel, and 24 sw of Mcnin. Lon. % 43 E, lat. 50 57 w. Mesched, a;confidctabIe town of Pec- fia, in Korafan,' ftimouii fbr the magrifir cent fcpulchre of Iman Uife, of tbelam'ily of Ali, to which "the ^erfians pay great devotion. It is fortified with fever%l towers, and feated on, a mountain, in which are found fine Turcols itones, lop miles E of Aftiabad. Lon. 57 45 e, jat* 37 o N, Me SEN, a feaport of RufCa, in tlv go- vernment of Archangel, capital of a dif* tri^l of the fame name. It is feated on the river M«fen, on the e coaft of the White Sea, 160 miles. N of Archangel. Lon. 44 25 E, lat. 65 50 N. Meskirk, a town of Suabia, in the the county lat. 46 zti. Metro, a river of Italy, whichrlfes in the territory of the CUurcn, runs into the duchy of Urblno, and falls into the gulf of Venice, near Fano. Metz, an ancient and ftrong town of France, in the department of Mofelle and late province of Lonain, with a bilhop's fee, whofe biftiop had the title of a prince of the empire. The cathedral is one of the flneft in Emope. The Jews, about 30O0p live in a part of the town by them- fclves, where they have a fynagoguc. The fweatmeats made here are in nigh lefteem. Metz was formerly the capital of the kingdom of Auftrafia ; its fortifi- cations are excellent, and it has one of the ftiongcft citadels in Europe, "il^he inhabitants are computed at 40,000, be- fide a numerous jpnifon, who have noble '' irracks. It is leated at the confluence of 'C\e Mofelle and Seille, 25 miles NW of Hanoi, 37 s of Luxemburg, and 190 ne of Paris. Lon. 6 1$ e, lat. 49 7 n. Meulan, ai^ ancient town of France, jn the department of Seine and Oife and late province of the IHe of France. It is 'built in the ' jrm of an amphitheatre, oa the river Seine,, over which ai'e two bridges, so mlks Nw of Paris. Lon. i 57 E, lat. 49 I N. Meurs, a tOMvn of Germany, in the ducliy of Clpves, feated on the Rhine, z 5 miles NW of Diiffeldorf. Lon.4^.i£, lat. 51 25 N. Meurthe, a department of France, Including part of the bte province of Lor- rain . It Is fo called from a river that rifes in the department of the Vofoes, and uatering Luneville and Nanci, falls into the Moielle. Nanci is the epifcopal fee of this department. Me USE, a department Jp France, in-r eluding the late duchy of 'Bar. It taloes its name from the river Meufe, or Maefe. Bar-le-Dtic is the eapitaJ. See Macse. MbWARij a confideiahle town of Ja- pan, in the iiland of Niphon, with a royal palace. It is feated on a hill, at the foot of which are vaft field* of wheat and rice, with fine orchards, full of excellent plums. Mewat, a hilly and woody traA of Hindpoftan Proper, lying on the sw bf Delhi, confining the bw country, along the w bank of tne Jumna, to a compara. tively narrow flip, and extending \ eQ. ward 130 miles. From n to s it is V9 miles. Although fituate ia the heart of Hindooitan, witliin as miles of its former capital (Delhi) its inhabitants, the Me- watti, have been ever charaficrlzed as the moft favage and brutal ; and their chief employment has been robbery and plunder. In 1265, 100,000 of thefe wretches were put to the fword ; but they are itill fo i'amous as thieves and robbers, that par- ties of them arc taken into pay by the chiefs of Upper Hindooitan, in order to diftrefs the countries that are the feat of warfai'e. Mewat contains fome ftiong fortrefl'es on fteep or inaccelfible hills, and was almoft entirely fubje^ to the late Madajee Sindia, a Mahratta chief. Mepat-Ali, a town of Petfia, in Irac-Arabia, not fo confiderabk as for* merly, but famous for the fuperb and rich moic^ue of Ali, to which the Perfians go in pilgrimage from ail parts. It is 100 tniles swofBagdad. Lon. 42 57 E, lat. 3a ON. Mexat-Ocem, a confidaable town of Periia, which takes its name fixMn a mofque dedicated to Ocem, the fon of Ali. It is feated in a fertile country, on the river Euphrates, 70 miles n of Mexat- Ali. Lon. 4a 57 E, lat. 33 o N. Mexicano, or Adayes, a river of N America, in Louifiana, which empties itfelf into the gulf of Mexico. Mexico, a town of N America, ca- pital of New Spain. It was a floxuriibing place before the Spaniards entered the country, and was feated on feveral iilands, in a fait -water lake, to which there wa^ no entrance, but by three caufeways, two miles in length each. It contained about 80,000 houfes, with feveral large tem- ples, full of rich idols, and three palaces where the empoior of Mexico reiided. The abbi Clavigero fays, that when the Mexicans were iubjeJled to tJue Cdhuan and Tepanecan nations, and confined to the miferable little iflands on the lake of Mexico, they cea&d for fome years to cultivate the land, becaufe they bad none* until necefiity taught them to form move- able fields zr^i gardens, wliich floated on the waters of !tA6 Jake. The mtthcd M E X fthich they p^rfved to malLe thefi:, an<) which they ItiU pra£lil«, is extrftncly i'lisplc. llkcy pl:ut and Cwilt wiUows and ruots ot maiib plants or other mate- rials to{^ether> which are light, but capa- ble of iupporting the earth ot* the garden Armly uinted. Upon this ioundation they iiiV thu ligiu ^vUl^es which hoat oa th« lukej slnd uver all, the mud and dirt which they (kaw from the bottom «f the I'aiue ^ke. Their regular Hgure is quad- raogular i iheir lengtn and breadth vari- ous i but generally they kie about eight perches loiig, and not more than three i^ breadth, and have lei's than a foot of ele- vatiou above the furface of the water. Thefe wac the firft fields which the Mexicans OMirned ai'ter the foundation of Mexico; and there they firit cultivated the roaUe, great pepper, and otl^r plants nectrffary for their iupport. In progreis of time* as theie fields grew numerous iVom the ijoduitry of the people, there wtre among them gardens of- flowers and odoriferous plants. Every day, at lun- rife, innumerable veflels, loaded with va- rious kinds of flowers and herbs culti- vated in thefe gardens, are ieen arriving by the canal, at the great market-place of the capital. The mud of the lake is an extreviely fertile foil, and requires no wa- ter from the clouds. In the iargeft gar- dens there is commonly a little tree, and even a hut, to /helter the cultivator and detend him from rain or the fun. When the owner of a garden wiihes to change his fituation, he get« into his little vefiTel, and by his own uren^i^ alone, if the gar- den is fmaU, or with the afliftance of others, if it is large, he tows it after him, smd conducts it wherever he pleafes. Mexico was taken by Cortez, in 1521, after a iiege of three months. As the Mexicans defended themfelves from ftreet to flrcet, it was almoft ruined, but after- ward cebttilt by the Spaniards. It is now the capital of the province of Mexico Proper, of the audience of Mexico, and of all New Spain. The fkreets are fp ftraight, and fo exa£Uy difpofed, tliat, in point of regularity, it is the finelt city in the world i and the great cauie^^ays leading to it, with the want of walls, gates, and artillery, render Mexico ex* tremely remaurkable. The gfeat fquare in the cenfire of tHe oit^, and the public buildingB, ace magnificent. There are 29 cathedirals and churches, and at con* vents, of the^ riches of which an idea may be fortned ftPtn the revenues of the grand cathedral amounting to ^o,oeQi< ft 7ear,«f wjiajch the accbl^i&op has t^cool. M E X There is alfo a tribunal of the Inquifi. tion, a mint, and a univeifity. I'he goldlinitlu here are immcnlely rich, and it carries on a great trade to Europe bjr St. Juan de Ulhua, and to Afia by Aca> pulco. This {dace wa« overflowed by an inundatioi) in OAober 1619, in which 40,000 pcrlons were drowned. This obliged the Spaniards to make a great conduit through a mountain, in order to empty the lake ; which being done, part of the town became fcated on dry land. Mexico is fuppliud with frciliwata* by an aquedu<^k thiee miles long. It is xoo miles KN£ of St.' Juan de Ulhua, and »5* NE of Acapulco. Lon. 100 34 w, lat. zo a N. Mexico, or New Spain, an exten- five country in N America, bounded on the N by New Mexico, and on tlie SE by the ifthmus of Darien, where itf breadth is not more than 60 miles; its weltern coaft being waihed by the Pacific Ocean and the gulf of California, and its eartern by the gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It lies between 83 and 110° w ion. and extends from 7 30 to 30 40 N. lat. being aooo miles long, and, in its wideft part, to the N) above 600 broad. In general, it is a moun- tainous country, intermixad with many rich valliesj but the higheft mountains are near the coait of the Pacific Ocean, many of which are volcanoes. The ealtern fhore is a flat country, full of bogs and moralTes, oyerdowcd in the rainy fea- fon^ which is at the lame time as our fummer. Although Mexico is within th" torrid zone, the climate is temperate and healthy. No country aboundi> more with grain, fruits, roots, and vegetables j many of them peculiar to the country, or, at ieaft, to America. It is celebrated for its mines of gold and filver, and has quarries of jafper, porphyry, and exqui- fite marble. Cochineal is almolt peculinr to this country; its indigo and cucoa nre luperior to any in America ; and its 1 )g- wood has been long an important article of commerce. Among the quadrupeds are the puma and jaquar, bears, elks, wolves, deer, &c. The puma and jaquar have been inaccurately denominated, by Europeans, lions and tigers ; but they poiTels neither the undaunted courage of the fornver, nor the ravenous cruelty rf the latter. The domdtic animals of Europe, particularly homed cattle, have multiplied here, abnoft with incredible rapidity. Numbers of thefe having been iutfered to run wild, now range over the vaft plains, inberds of from 30 to 40,000 ; i'.i 'lip :' nm ' 1 ^'. ',;wP \ 'N in k M E Z M I D M Ifc'fjkf! they are killed merely for the fake of Hheir hides, and the Haughtefy at certain fealbns, is fo p;reat, that the ftench of the carcifesi which are left in the field, would infeA the air, if large packs of wild dogs, and va(t flocks ot gaUinaxost €r American vultures, the moft voracious of birds, did not inltantly devour them : thefe hides are annually exported, in raft auantities, to Europe. New Sjiain is ivided into the three audiences of Gua- dalajara, Mexico, and Guatimalaj fub- divided into provinces; the principal of which, m each audience, being Guada- iajara Proper, Mexico Proper, and Guati- MBala Proper. The whole country is go- verned by a viceroy, the extent or whole jurifdifiaon, however, has been wifely circumfcribed, in the courfe of this cen- tury, by the ereflion of the four remote provinces of Sonora, Cinaloa, Califor- nia, and New Navarre, into a feparate government. Mtxico, New, a large country of N America, bounded on the w by the gulf of California, on the s by New Spain, on the £ by Louifiana, and on the N by unknown countries, fo that its extHit cannot be afcertained. Gnat en- comiums have been lavi(hed on the ferti- lity of its ibil, the richncls of its mines, »nA the variety of its valuable produfts ; iind with refpeft to the favorabjcnel's of the climate, it may be fufficicnt to lay, that this country lies within the tempe- rate zone. It is chiefly inhabited by na- tive Americans, hitherto unfubdlied by the Spaniards. 9anta Fe is the capital. Mtxico, Gulf of, that part of the Atlantic Ocean, on the coaft of N Ame- rica, bounded on the s and w by Mexico, and on the N by W and E Florida ; the entrance lying to the e, between the s coaft of £ Florida, and the ne point of Yucatan. Meyenfeldt, a town in the country of the Grilbns, feated on the Rhine, in a pleafant country, fertile in excellent wine, 15 miles NE of Coire. Lon. 9 36 e, lat. 4.7 2 N. Mezieres, a town of France, in the department of Ardennes and late province oi Champagne, with a citadel>'leated on the Meufc, la miles NW of Sedan, and 127 NE of Paris. Lon. 4 4S e, lat. 49 46 N. Mezin, a town of France, in thede-. partment of Lot and Garonne and late province of Guienne} feated in it coun- try that abounds in wheat ; with vines, fvom which is principally made brandy ; and with the cork-tree, which is fold both in its natural ftate, and in corki. It !« nine miles nw of Condom. Mia, or Mijah, a large" town of Ja. pan, feated on the s coait of the iflc of Niphon, with a fortified palace. Lon. 135 40 B, lat. 35 50 N. MiCHA, a cape of Dahnatia, which advances into the gulf of Venice, pear th« town of Zara. Michael, St. the moft fertile and Populous of the Azores or Weftem Iflands. ts two principal harbours are Ponta Del. gada and Villa Franca : the former is the capital of the ifland. Lon. 15 41 W| lat. 37 47 N. Michael, St. a borough in Corn, walli which has neither market nor fair, but fends two members to parliament. It is eight miles sw of St. Columb, and 249 w by s of London. Lon. 4 5a w, lat. 50 S3 N. Michael, St. a town of France, in the department of Meufe and late duchy of Bar, remarkable for its hoipital, and the rich library of a late BenedifVine ab- bey. It is feated on the Meufe, 20 miles NE of Bar-le Dxic, and lij E of Paris, Lon. 5 38 E, lat. 48 51 N. Michael, St. afeaportof NewSpain, in the province of Guatimala, {t "d on a Imall river, 180 miles SE of N 'uati- maia. Lon. 87 45 Wi lat. 12 Michael, St. a t»wn of Peru, in the province of Quito. It was the firft Spaniih colony in Peru, and is featsd near the mouth of the Piura, 235 miles s by W of Quito, Lon, 80 50 w, iat. 50 s. Michael de Ibarra, St. a town of Peru, in tlie province of Quito, 6(j miles NE of Quito. Michael, Gulf of St. to the e of Panama, that part of the Pacific Ocean, which was firft difcovered by the Spani- ards, after their march acrois the ifthmvis ofDarien. Michelohia, a country of Pruflia, which is part of the circle of Culm, and feparated fronr the bvher part by the river Dribents^ It take:; its name from th; caftle of Michelow. Michigan, a ccnfidei-able lake of N America, wholi n e extremity communi- cates with the N w end of Lake Huron, by the ftrait of MichiHimackinac* • Michilumackjnac, a ftAit of N America, which unites the lakes Michi-;' gan and Huron, and lies in 85° w lon. and 46" N lat. - * ' Mi^DLEBVRG, a large and' ftrong commercial city of the United Provinces, capital of the iiland of Walcheren, and of alt Zealand, The fquiures and ^ublid M I D M I L II ^uildinj;8 are magnificent. The Dutch New York. Mltldlctown is v'mlki sw took it from the Spaniards, ini574, after ot New York, .nul 50 t Wy n of i ronton, a fiege of a» month*. The inhabitants Middlbwich, a town ift Chelhirc, are computed at 16,000. The harbour with a market on Tuciilay. It is Jcated is large and commodious, and has a com- on the Crokc, and nutt J tor its I'alt-pits, munication with the Tea by a canal, which and making fine i^tit. It is 24 niilcs s will bear the largeft vcirels. It is ao of Chclter, and 167 .Nw of London. Lon. miles NE of Bruges, 30 uw of Ghent, a 30 w, lat. 53 13 n. and 7% »»w of Amfte;:dam. I'Js two MiDDLEBURO, a town of Dutch Flan- members to parliament, anil is leated on ders, which belongs tq the prince of the Arun) 11 miles n by e of Ctiichef. Iflenghein. It is five milw SE of Sluys. X,on. 3 *6 E. lat. 51 15 N. MiDDLEBVRG. See EAOOWEt M1DDI.EUAM, a town in the N riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Monday, feated on the Ure, 10 miles s of Rich- mond, and Z5S nnw of X;' f •45 nW a' T"frr;nce. Lon. 9 16 E, lat. 45 28 N. Milan, or Milanese, a duchy of Italy, 150 miles long and 78 broad; bovnded on the N by SwiHerland and the country of the Grilons, on the E by the republic of Vt-nice and the duchies of Parma and Mantua, on the s by the duchy of Farma and the territory of Genoa, and on the w by Piedniort and Montterrat. The foil is every where fertile in corn, wine, fruits, rice, a*Mi •lives. The rivers are the Secchia, Te- /in, Adda, and Ogllo ; and it has feveral lakes, the principal of which arc tholi: of Maggiore, Como, ard Lugano. This country having formerly been pofleflfed by fhe French, next by the Spaniards, ar' afterward by the Germans, the troops of thofe nations have produced a. ftylc of manners, and ftamped a chara^r, in the inhabitants of this duchy, dil&rent from what prevjtils in any other part of Italy j and nice obfervers imagine they perceive in the m^unner f of the Milanefe, the po* iitenefi, formality, and honeftv imputed lO thofe three natios?, blended with tht natural ingernity of the Italians. This duchy is fubjefl to the houfe of Auftria,. and governed by a german nobleman, re- fidsnt at Milan, und'^r; the chara^ler of minifter from Vienna. MiLAZzo, a ftrong feapbrtiof Sicily^ in the Val-di-Demona. It is divided into the upper and lower town; the u^ev is very ftrorig, and the lower has a Hne fqiiare, with a fuperb fountain. It is feated on a rock, on the w fide of a bay ci the fame name, i j mixes w of Meflii^a.' Lon. 15 34- £, lat. 38 12 N. MiLBORN-PORT, a borough in So- mcrtletfliire, which has no market, but fends two members to parliament. It is leated on a Sranch of the Paxret, two miles E by N of Sherbern> and 115 w by s of London. Lon. z 38 w, lar. 50 53 N. MiLDENHALL, a populous town in Suifolk, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the Larke, a branch of the Oule, 1 3 miles N by E of Newmarket, acd 69 NNE of London. Lon. o z6 £, lat. 5a MiLEro, an ancient town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a bilhop's fce. five nr iles from Nicotera. MiLFORD, a town of N America, in the ftate of Delaware, and county of Sulfex, feated at the fource of a finall river, 1 5 miles from the bay of Delaware, and 1 ^o s of Philadelphia. Mir.FORt> I^AVEV, a deep inlet of the Iriih Sea, on the ccaft of PcruOirokefhirc. It branches off into fo many creek i, fecured from all winds, that it is e;. teen'ied the fafed and moft capaciouji harbour in Great Britain ; but its remote fituation greatly impairs its utility. At the entrance, on the w point, called St, Ann's, is :m old lighthouie and a block- houie. Here the ean of Richmorid, af. terward Heniy vii, landed, on his enttr. prife againlt Richard i i. A packtf- boat fails from hence every day, ex-x^t TuelHay, for Waterford, iu Ireland. MiMANE, a town ot the llate of J.I- giers, in Tremefcn, with a calHc. It it leated in a country fertile in oran^re^, ciuons, and other fruits, the belt in all Barbary. Lon. z 35 E, lat. 35 15 k. MiLHAUD, a town of France, in the department of Aveiron and' late province of Rourrgue. It was difiiiantled in 1629, dnd is feated on the Tain, 50 miles nw of Montpciiicr, and i4.» s of Paris. Lon. 3 xi E, lat. 44 3 N. MiLO, an ifland of the Archipelago, 50 miles in cu'cumference, with one of the bell and largeil h'trbours iqiihe Medi. terranaan. It produ.es excellent fruits and Wine ; abounds in v4ry gbod cattle, efpecially in goats } and has jdiines of iron and lulphur. In the Ipringi the fields are enamelled with anemonies of all fortt. In this ifland are curious lubter. raiiean g^leries, formed of ancient ftone quarries. The walls on each r.de, which are fix feet high, are covered with ahim, foimod by the itpuntaneous operations of nature. It is the fine and genuine capil- lary or plume alum. I'his beautiful fubftance, wiiich is here found in a ftate of cryffallization, riiest in threads or fibres like thofe of a feather, whence it derives its name. Heie arc two bilhops ; one of the Greek, iuid the other of the Latin church. On £ the fide of the ifland is a town of the iame name, wh'' 1 con. tains 5000 inhabitants. It is 6c mil 3 N of Candia. Lon. 25 6 £, Idt. 36 41 n. MiLTENBERG, a town of Franconia, in the ele6lorate of Mentz, feated on the Mainej 20 miles se of Afchaffenburg. Lon. 9 19 E» lat. 49 46, N. MiLTHORP, a'village in Wellmorlanif, feated on a river, near the mouth df the Ken, five lailes s of Kendal. As the navigation of the Ken is^ftrvf^fd by a catarai^ near its mouth, Milthorp is the only pen in the county ; and hence the fine Weflrnorland Hates are exported to Liverpool, Loiidon, Hull, &c. MiA-TOH, a town in Kent* with a market on Saturday. It is featdd ou the £ branch of th« Medway, sind noted i'vt M I N M I N »ny creek i, It it is e!. capacious t its ranote tility. At called St. ><1 a block- niorid, af. » his entfr. ^i. packet- ay, ejt-f_nt rtland. ate of Al iHc. It u 1 oranges, belt in alj 15 K. ce, in the e province i in 1619, nii'les Nw oi Paris. :hlpelago, th one of Ihe Medi- snt fruitj oA cattle, liiines of •ing, the lies of all s lubter. (ent ftone ie, which ith ahim, at^ons of ne capil. beautiful n a itate ■eads or '^hence it bilhops ; I' of the heifland irith a ou the c4 i(ft excellent oyfters. It is 14 miles NB of Maidftone, &nd 4% e of London. Lon. 5% E> lat. 51 22 N. Milton, a town in Kent, one mile E of Gravelend, incorporated with it, by queen Elifabeth, by the name of the por- treeve, jurats, and inhabitants of the towns of Giavefend and Milton. Henry v/ii railed a blo<:khoiiJe here, for the dcfeftce of Gravelujd. MtLTON- Abbev, a town in Dorfet- fhire, with a n^arkct on Tueiday. It is famous for a fiunous abbey, built by king AtheUtan, and for a magnificent Gothic church. It'^ji 14 miles ne of Dorchefter, and iiz W by s of London. Lon. z 32 w. lat. 50 50 N. MiNCH, a great found, or channel, on the w coaft of Scotland. It has the inlands of Lewis and Harris, N and S Ullt, and Bara, on the w ; and the ifle or Skye on theE. MiNDANOA, the largeft of the Philip- pine Iflands, next to Lucotua. It is 180 liiiles long and izo broad, and is governed by a fultan, who is ablblute. It is » mountainous country, full of hills and. vallies ; and the mould is generally deep, black, and fruitful. The fides of the hills and vallies are ftony, and yet th«ve are tall treet, of kinds nut known in Eu- rope } fome of the mountains yield Very good gold) and the vallits are well watered with rivulets. The libby-trces produce the fago, which the po lat. 41 8 N^ Minorca, an ifland oi' the Mediter- ranean, lying 50 miles to the ne of Ma- jorca. It is 30 miles in length, and iz in breadth ; and is a mountainons country, "with fome fruitful vallies, where there are excellent mules. Cittadella is the capital i but the town of Mahon claims greater confcquence, on account of its excellent haibom-, called Port Mahon, ■which is defended by Fort 8t. Philip, cne of the ftrong;eft fortrelfes in Europe, and on the fate of which the whole ifland depends. Minorca was taken by the Englifh in J 708, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Utrecht. The French took it in 1756} but it was reftored in 3763. It was retnken by the Spaniards in 1782, and confirmed to them by the peace of 1783, Port Mahon lies in ion. 348E, lat. 39 50 N. MiNORl, a iown of Naples, in Prln- cTpato Citeriore, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated on the gull" of Salerno, between the town of that name and Amalfi. MiNSlNGEN, a town of Suabia, in the diuchy of Wirtcmburg, with a caitie. ion. 9 35 Er lat. 48 32 N. MiNSKi, a town of Lithuania, capital mf a palati^^ate of the fame name, with two citadels. The country is pretty fertile, and has forcfts containing vaft numbers *f bees, whofe honey makes part of its riches. Minflci is 6.-; miles » of Sluczk, and 100 se of Wilna. Lon. z6 48 E, lat. 54 II N. MiOLANS, a fortrefs of France, in the department of the Lower Alps and late province of Pro\'ence. It is leated on a craggy rock, in the valley of Baixelo- netta, fix miles NE of Montmelian. Lon. 6 10 E, lat. 45 35 N. Mi OSS, a lake of Norway, in the pro- vince of Hedemarke, 80 miles in circum- ference. It is divided by a large penin- fula, and contains a fertile iiland 10 miles in circumference. Mic^ELON, a fmall defert ifland, s\v of Cape May in Newfoundland, ceded* to the Fr«nch by the peace of 1763, for drying and curing their fifli. They were diljpollefled of it by the Englifh in 1793. Lon. 56 10 W, lat. 46 4a N. MiBANDA-DE-DouERO, a fortified town of Portugal, capital of the province of Tra>ios-Montes, with a bifliop's kc* It Is feated on a rock, near the confluence 9f the Doucro and Frelha, 37 miles NW of Salamanca, and 208 N by Eof Liibpn* Lou* 6 w> lau 41 4.0 N» JV1I9 MikANDA-bt-EBRO, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, with a ftrong cafixe. It is feated in a country that produces excel- lent wiiie, on the river Ebro, over which is a bridge, 34 miles s of Bilbea, and 160 N of Madi-id. Lon. 3 low, lat. 43 49 K. MiRANbP, a t6wn of France, in the department of Gers, and late province of Gafcony, feated on an eminence, near the river Baife. Wool, dowrf, and the feathers of geefe, dre its pi'incipal arti- cles of commerce. It is 15 miles sW of Auch, and 340 sw that they have three fynagogues. ft was taken by the Venetians in 1687 ; but the Turks retook it. It is feated on the Valili[)otamo, 100 miles sw of Athens, and 90 N by E of Lepanto. Lon. 22 30 E, lat. 37 6 N. MisNiA. See Meissen. Mississippi, a river of N America, which receives the waters of the Ohio and and Illinois from the E, and of the MifTouri, and other rivers, from the w. Its foui'ce is unknown; but its length, to its entrance into the gulf of Mexico, is fuppoied to be upwaid of 3000 miles. It is the E boimdary of Louiilana. Jn this river, in lat. 44. 30 N, aie the falls «f St. Anthony, where the dream, more than 250 yards wide, falls perpendicu- larly about 30 feet. Missouri, a river of N America, Tvho!e fource is unknown. It joins the MiflTiiTippi in lat. 39° N, but is a longer, bi'uailer, and deeper river, and is, in »6l, the principal fiream. It has been af- ctnded by the French traders upward of 1100 miles, and from its depth and breadth at that diftance, appeared to be navigable much highju*. MiTCHAM, a village in Surry, eight r^les s w of London. It is leated on the Wandle, on which are fome fnuff-mills, and two calico-printing manufactures. MiTTAU, a llrong town, the capital of Courland, remarkable for its large dacal palace. It is feated on the Bolde- rau, 45 miles Kof Gol^ingen, and 270 N N E of Warliiw. Lon. 23 50 £, lat. 56 40 N. Mocha, or Moka, a conliderable town of Arabia Felix, fiuroundtd by walls. It carries on a great tr;idc, efpe- cially In toftee j and the inhabitants are computed at 10,000, withou> including the poor Armenians, or the Jews, who inhabit the lubxirbs. The women, ex- cept a rmali number of the common lort, jipver appear in the {treets in the day time, but viflt each other in the evening. \Vhen they meet any men in the way, th.y (tind clofe up againlt the wall to let rh.m pals. Their drefs is much like that of ojiher women of the Ea(t, and over all they wear a large veil of painted calico, lb thin that they can fee through It without being fcen. They have alfo little bulkins of Monocco leather. Mo- ,cha is I'eated In a I'andy country, near the ilralts of Babelmandcl, 240 miles ssw of Sanaa, and 560 sse of Mecca, Lon. 44 ^i fi,.lat. HQ**^. .... M O G MoDBVRT, a town in OevonfHifv, with a maiket on Thurfday. It is leatcd in a bottom, between two hills, 36 miles ssw of Exeter, and 208 wsw of Londoiu Lon. 3 5+ w, lat. 50 23 N. MODENA, an ancient city of Italy, capital of the Modenefe, with a bifhop's fee. The cathedral, feverai of th , churches, and fome of the monafteries 41-e handfome ftruftures ; and the ducal pa- lace is richly fumiflied, and contains fine paintings. The citadel is very regular^ but has been often taken, particularly hj the king of Sardinia in 1742. The in- habitants are faid to be 40,000; and thev make here the beft malks for mafqueradea in all Italy. It is feated between the rivers Secchia and Panaro, 22 miles w by n of Bologna, 34 s by e of Mantua, and So NNw of Florence. Lon. hoe, lat. 44 34 N. MoDENA, or MoDENESE, a duchy of Italy, bounded on the w by that of Par- ma, on the N by the duchies of Mantua and Mirandola, on the e by the Bolog- nefe and Ferrai'efe, and on the s by T«f- cany and the republic of Lucca. It is 50 miles in length and 40 in breadth 5 and the foil is very fertile In corn, wine, oil, and fruits of different kinds. It alio feeds a great number of cattle. Modica, a town of Sicily, on a river of the fame name, 25 miles s\v of Syri- cufe. Lon. 15 9 e, lat. 36 48 n. MoDON, a ftrong town of the Morea, with a fate harbour, and a bilhop's fee. It is feattrd on a promontory, projefting inr rhe lea of Sapienza, 1 5 miles E oi Coi a, and 95 sw of Napoli-di-Roma nia. Lon. ai 35 k, lat. 36 56 n. MODZiR, a town of Lithuania, capital of a dillrid of ' the fame nai.e. It is leuteJ on the rivti Prypec, in a fertile country, 85 miles SE ot Sluczk. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 52 5 N. Moffat, a town In Dumfrlesfhlr«, near the river Annan. It as a manufac- ture of coarfe woollen ItufFs; and it» mineral fprings attract much genteel company. It is 20 raiJes N oy e of Dumfries. Moffat Hills, the higheft moun- tains in the s of Scotland. They occupy the » part of Annandale ; and from thefe defcend, in different directions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whole fources are but little diftant from each other. MocAOOR, an ifland and jcaftle of Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco, near Cape Ozem. There are mines of gold and fiiver in one of the mountains. Lon. 9 iSW, lat, 3t 38 iN. ! • Y*--' -I 1 >il''i « 1 4 {# " 4 'I i4 M O G M H 'i :'i MocuLS, Country or the, or Western Chinese Tartarv, is botuuled on the n by Siberia, on the E by Esiitern Tartary, on the s by the great Wall and Lcao-tong, and on the \v by Independent Tartary. The Mogul Tar- tars have neither towns, villages, nor hoiifes: they form themlelves only into wandering lu>rdes, and live under tents, which they traniport from one place to another, a.ccordiiig as the temperature of the different fealbns, or the wants of their ilocks require ; they pais the lum- mer on the banks of their rivers, and the winter at the foot of fome mountain, or hill, which fhehei'S them from the cutting K wind. They are naturally clownifli, and dirty in their drels, as well a^ in their tents> where they live amid the dung of their flocks, which when dried, tliey ufe for fuel inftead of wood. Ene- mies to labour, they choofe rather to he iatisfied with the food with which their flocks fupply them, than take the trouble of cultivating the earth : it even appears that they ncgleft agriculture from pride. During the iummer, they live only on milk} which they get from their flocks, ufing without diltinftion that of the cow, mare, ewe, goat, and camel. Their or- dinary drink is warm water, in which a little coarfe tea has been infufed j wirh this they mix cream, milk, or butter, according to their circumftances. They have alio a method of making a kind of fpirituous liquor of four milk, efpecially «f that of the mare. The Moguls are ^c^ open and fincere. They pride them- felves chiefly on their dexterity in hand- ling the bow and arrow, mounting on Iloweback, and hunting wild bealts. Pp- Ivgamy is permitted among them ; but l..ey generally have only one wife. They burn the bodies of their dead, and tranf- port the afhes to eminences, where they mter them, and cover the grave with a heap of Itoncs, over which tliey plant a great number of Itnall Ibndards. They are unacquainted with the ufe of money, and trade only by barter. Although the Moguls might appropriate to themlelves the fpoils of a great number of animals, the fkins which they ufe for clothing are generally thofe of their fliccp. They wear the wool inmoft, and the Ikin on the outfide. Th^; religion of the Mogul Tartars is confined to the worfhip of Fo. 'l"hey have the molt fuperftitious venera- tion for their lamas, who are clownifh, ignorant, and licentious pricltj, to whom they attribute the pow^er of calling down luui cr iciin : to tLcie IJUfM th«iy give tlic 9 moft vafuable of their tlFefls in return for prayers, which they go about recitin;*^ from tent to tent. Thefe people are very devout, and continually wear hanging at their necks a kiftd of chaplet, over which they fay their prayers. All the Moguls are governed by kafts, or particular princes, independent 6( each other ) but all fubjeft to the emperor of China, whom they confider as the grand kan of the Tartars. When the Mantchews fub- dued China, they conferred on the njoft powerful of thti Mogul princes the titles of vang, peile, peizt, and cong, which anfwer to our titles of king, duke, count, and marquis ; each of them had a revenue afTtgned him, but far inferior to the ap- pointments of the Mantchew lords at Peking : the emperor fettled the limits of their refpeftive territories, and appointed them laws, according to which they are at prefent governed. All the Mogul na- tions under the Chineft government, may be divided into four principal tribes, which are the Moguls, properly fo called, the Kalkas, the Ortous, and the Tartars of Kokonor. MoHATZ, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Bataniwar, featcd at the confluence of the Danube and CorafTe, 17 miles Nw of Bifeck. Lon. 19 56 E| lat. 45 46 N. Mohawk River, a river of N Ame- rica, which rifes to the N of Fojt Stan- wlx, in the ftate of New York, paflei by that fort and Skeneflady, and empties itlelf, by two mouths, into Hudlbn's River, eight miles above Albany.^ About two miles above its junction with that river it has a cataraft, where the ftream, 100 yards wide, falls perpendicularly about 70 feet. Mohawks, a once powerful tribe of Indians, in N America, living on the Mohawks River. Only one family arc left of them in the ftate of New York, the lelt having, in 1776, emigrated, with llr John J(jhnibn, into Canada. MoHiLLA, or Mohima, one of the Comora Ulands, between the N end of Madagafcar aud the continent of Africa. The inland parts are mountainous and woody, and there art villages ficattered here and there, whole houfes arc made of reeds and Itr v-. The people are blacks, with great head*, large lips, flat nofcs, fliarp chins, md f^rong limbs. They 50 quite naked, except only a few leaves. Their fkiiis are cut and pricked, fo as t» make fevtr;il figures on all parts of their bodies. Some of the inhabitants are MahoiOfiUnts^ who have a few wretched M O L mofques, built of wood and ftraw with- out, and matted neatly within. This iiland abounds in animals, I'uch as butfaloci, goats, tortoifes, hens, large bats, and ca- melious ; and here are a great number of birds, whole names are not known in Europe. It produces plenty of rice, ptas, honey, cocoa-nuts, plantains, oranges, Itinons,' citrons, pineapples, cucumbers, tamai'mds, and fugar-canes. There are feverai fine ftreains, and the frafs and trees are green aJl the year, on. 45 oE, lat. ii 5SSi. , MoHlLEF, a government of the Ruf- fian empire, part of Lithuania, difmem- bered horn Poland, in 1772. MoHiLEF, a populous town of Lithu- ania, in the RulFian goverament of the iiime name. It has a conftderable trade, and is feated on the Dnieper, 35 miles s of Ortza. Loa. 31 * E, lat. 54. 1 5 N. MoissAC, an ancient town of France, in the department of Lot and late pro- vince of Querci, It has a great trade in com and flour, and is feated on the Tarn, near the Garonne, 1 3 miles nw of Mont- auban. Lon. i 17 E, lat. 44 6 n. MOLA, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, feated on the gulf of Ve- nice, 14 miles £ of Bari. Mold, a town in Flintfliire, where the alTizes are held. It is five miles s of Flint. Moldavia, a province of Turkey in Europe, 270 miles long and aio broad; bounded on the N by Poland, from which it is alfo divided on the TE by the Dni- eHer 5 on the E by New Ruflia j on the SE by Beffarabiaj on the s by Bulgaria, from which it is parted by the Danube ; on the sw by Walachia j and on the w by Tranfylvania and Hungary. The other principal rivers are the Pruth, Moldau, and Bardalach. The foil is rich, and it abounds in good naltures, which feed a great number of horics, oxen, and flieep: it alfo produces corn, pulle, lioney, wax, fruits, with plenty of game und fowls. The fovereign, who is ityierf iKjlpodar, is tributary to the grand ieignlor. The inhabitants are Chiiftians ot the Greek church, and Jaffy is the piincipal town. .- Mole, a mountain of Savoy, which, from its height and fine (loping peak, is an cbjeft of great beauty, when liien from the lake of Geneva. At its foot is the town ot" Bonne^'illc, ao miles s of -Geneva. Mqle, a river in Surry, which runs to Darkiag, and palfing beneath Box Hill, is believed to dilappear in its vici- nity, and to rife again near Leatheihead. Hence it is fuppofed t<> derive its name : M O L "but the f&Si is, that a traft offoft ground, two mittts in length, called the Swallows* in very dry feafons ablbrbs the walte water in caverns in the fide^of the banks { but not fo as to prevent a conftant Itream from flowing in an open channel above ground. The Mole, proceeding from Leatherhead to Cobham, enters the Thames at E Moulfey. Mole St. Nicholas. See Nicmo- L.\s, St. MoLEK, a ftrong town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Lawenburg. It belongs to the city of Lubec, and is feated on the Stekinefs, 12 miles e of Lawgn- burg. Lon. 10 50 e, lat. 53 38 n. Molfetta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a biOiop's fee, feated on tlie gulf of Venice, 10 miles NW of Bari. Lon. 16 52$, lat. 41 28 N. Molina, a ftrong town of Spain, in New Cafti'.e, feated on the Gallo, in a territory abounding in paftures, 33 miles SE of Siguenza, and 88 £NE of Maddd. Lon* I 53 w, lat. 40 50 N. MoLiSE, a territory of Naples, lying between Tena-di-Lavora, Abruzzo Ci- teriore, Capitanata, and Principato Ul- terioie. It is in the form of a triahgle, whofe fider are 39 miles long j and is a raountainot 1 country, but, fertile im corn, wine, ikftrc.i, and lilk. MoLisE, a town of Naples, capital of a territory of the fame, name, but. not populous. It is 50 miles N of Naple»» Lon, 1443 E, lat. 41 36 N. MoLSHEiM, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late pr<^- vince of Alface, feated on tlie Brtifch, 10 miles \v by s of Straiburg, and aag E of Paris. Lon. 7 35 E, lat. 48 32 N. Moluccas, of Spice Islands, a clufter of iflands in the rlndian Ocean, lying E of Celebes. The principal are Tcrnate, Amboyna, Tydore, Machian,. Motyr, and Bachian. They produce neither corn, rice, nor cattle, except go:its J but they have 9ranges, lemons, and other fruits 5 and are moft remark- able forfpices, efpecially cloves. They have large ihaket, which are not veno- mous} but very dangerous land croco- diles. The natives are idolaters j but there are many Mahometans. They were difcovered, in 1511, bythe Portugucfe, who formed foitJo- frtilements ; but the Dutch drove them away. See Band a, MOLWITI, a town of Silsfia, in the province of Grotika, remarkable for a bat- tle gained by the Prulfiui.s over the Auf- trip.ns in 1741. It is 40 miles s of Brcllaw. Lon. 17 14 g, Ut. 59 13 n. Cc .'•A' ~H -i- s M i J? J» < I I, " tt t%\ \ , M6ii Mo N IM m MOMBATA, a town of Africa, with 1 citadel, ftated in an ifUnd of the lame .name, on tlie coatt of Zangiiebar, 75 miles ssw of Meliada, and Itibjeft t6 Portugal, Hence the Portuguele export flavcs, gold, ivory, riee, ht. 3 '5 s. MoNA, an iiland of Denmark, in the lialtic, to the'sW of the ille of Zealand, from which it is feparated by a narrow channel. Lort. 12 30 E, lat. 55 20 K. Monaco, AftnaU, but hand (bme-tdwR «f Italy, capittil of a territory of th*' fum^ tiame, with a caitlc, a citadel, and a good harbour. It J» naturally very ftrong, being feated on a craggy rock that pro- jefts into tlw fea. It has its owii prince, under the proteftion of France, ami is eight miles wsw of Vintimi^Ua* and la -INE of Nice. Lon. 7 36 e, bt. 4.3 48 n. MonacmaNi a bounty of Ireland, in -the province of Ulfter, 32 miles in length and 22 in breadth; bounded on the * ^ Tyrone, on the e by Armagh, on "the SB by Lovth, «n the sw by Cavaix, and on tlie w by Fermanagh. It is full «f Mraods and bogs, and a third p«rt of it taken up by Lough Earne. It contains •±4. parinies, and fends four members to parliament. Monaster, an ancient town of Afri- ca, In the kingjdom of Tunis, feated near the fea, 78 miles se of Tunis* Lon. ii £e, lat 35 50'H. MoNTCAiiLH^R, a town of Italy in Piedmont, feited on the Po, five miles SE of Turin. • Lon. 7 48 e, lat. 45 2 n. MoKCAtvO, a ftrong town of Italy, -in Moiifferrat, feated on a mountain, 12 wiles bw.of CW'at. Lbh. 7 15 E> lat. 45 -30 It* ■' '■■] - " 'MOKCA*!*, OP MONZOK, a tovWi of Pdrtugal, in Etitrc-DoScfo-c-Miliho, with a fti-ong caftle. ' The Spaniards have often attcmpteja to take it, but in vain. It is ■ei]^ht hnles SE of Tuy, and 26 N of Br^ga. JLon. 8' 18 w, lat; 44 8 n. MoNCHABOUj a cifcjrof Afia, in the kingdom of Burmafa, Which, in 1755, was the rcfidence of the kihg. It is 39 mlks N of A^'ii the prefent capital. MON^ON, oi^MoN70N» a ftrong town •if Spaih, in Aitagbn, feated at the con- tinence of the Sofa and Cinca, fix miles 6 I loince near tjruaraa, ana croiiing paflfes by Goimbra, and falls into tfantic, near a cape of the fame •! of Balbjftro, and 50 ne of SaragoiTu^ Lon. 28 E, lat. 42 2 N. MoNCONTOUR, a town of France, ir> the department of Ille and Vilaine and hte province of Bretagne, 39 miles sw of St. Malo. Lon. 2 36 e, lat. 48 15 x, MONDEGO, a river of Portugal, wluth hasi its fomce near Guai'da, and croffing Beira, J "" ' ~ ' * the At! name. MoNDiDisi^, a town of France, in the departnjent of Somme and late province ot Prcardy, whei'e the kings of France foi- WJtrly had a palace, ft is feated on ^ mountain, 24 miles SE of Amiens, ami 57 N of Paris. Lon. 2 34 W, lat. 49 39 n. MoNi>ONSEt)0, a towtt ©f Spain, in Galicia, with a biihop's fee. It is leated in a fertik countrj', on a frnall river, Cq «fiile« NE of Conijwttclla. L»n. 7 10 vv, lat. 43 30 N. MoNrrouBLEAV, a"'town of Franc*^, in the department of Loir and Cher ar, la'«45 3* "I"* Lon. 11*30 E, lat.43 7N^ MoNTDAUPHiNy a town of France,in. MoNTAtTO, an cpifcopal town of the department of the Upper Alps a.»d Italy, in the marquifate of Anoona, late province of Dauphiny. It is feated ftatetl on- the Monacio, 10 miles N of on a craggy mountain, almoft fuiTounded AfcoH, and 45 s of Ancona. Lon. 13 by the Durance, eight raijes^ NJ.ol Em- 30 Gr lat. 42 54 N. bum. Lon. 6 45 £, lat.- 44 40 N« MoNTARGis, a confidei^able town of MoNT-EiE-MAR.SA»,atownof France* France, in the department of Loiret find i : the department of Landes and late late province of Orleanois. Its multard province of Gafcony. It is the capital and cutlery are excellent j and from the of the department, and feated on the Mi- river Loirtg Is u navigable canal hence t6 doufe, 30 miles Ng of Dax. Lon. o 30 the Seine. It is feated near a fine fcrelt, w, lat. 43 55 N. 15 mifes £ of Nemours, a«d 62 s by e of MoiiTE-CASSiMO, a mountain of Na- Paris. ' pies, in Tevra di Lavora, on the top of MonTauban, a coir.mcFcial town of which is a . nediftine abbey. Lon. 13 France, In the dt:rartment of Lot, lately 44 E, bt. 41 39 N. the epvfcopal fee ot theprovinee of Querci* Mostecchio, a town of Italy, in the The inhabitants amount to 40,000 ; and duchy of Reggio. The French defeated have manul'aflures of fdk ftcckings and the Auftrians neap this place, Auguft 3» ftuffs, ferges, flialoons, &c. This town 1796. It it eight miles N\v of Reggio. was taken from the Huguenots in 1629, Lon. »5 54 E, lat. 38 8 N. and the fortifications were demoliflied. Monte-Fajuco, a townof Italy,in the It is feited on an eminence, on the river duchy of Spalatto, feated on a mountain, Tarp, 20 miles N of 'Touloule, and 30 near the river Clitunno, iz miles w of A oi'Cahors. MoNTBAZON, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and hfe province of Touraine, I'cated at the foot of a hill, on which is anancitnt cadle, 135 miles s\v lat. 47 I N. MONTBELLiARD, a ftrong toWaTof wlih a billiop's fee. It is feated on a France, capital of » principality of. the mountain, near the lake Bolfena, 12 miles German empire, of the fame nainP; be- s\v of Orvietto, and 45 NW of Rome. tween the depaatment of Doubs and that Lon-. 12 4 E, lat. 42 26 N. of Upper Rhine. It is kated at the t«ot Montego, a kaport, on a bay of the ©f a fockj on which is a citadel. It was fame name, on the n fide of the ifland of tp.ken ill' 1674 by the French, who de- Jamaica. In June 1795, afire confumed molKhcd the fortiricatioixs j but it was art iromenfe quantity of ftores, and great ;:eib>.c-.l t9 the piiucv. It :s kat«d lisai; part gf thu tQwsu JLQiu78 5W,.iat.iS4oN> Spalatto. Lon. 12 40 E, lat. 42 58 N. Monte-Falgone, a town of Italy, in Venetian FfiuU, with a caltle, near the rivtv Vonzofuf, 12 miles NW of Trieft, Lon. 13 o e, lat. 46 4 a-. of Paris. Lon.o -^^^Ih Monte-Fiascohe, a populous town ftfT ef Itiily, in the territory of the Church, M O N M O N MoNTFMMAR, a tommcicial town of Trance, in the department of Drome anil bte province of Dau|»hiny, with an an- cient citadel. Its inhabitanrs, in the 1 6th "century, were the firft to embrace the re- formed religion. It is leated in a fertile plain, 15 miles s of Valence, and 325 5 by £ of Paris. Lon. 4 55 e, lat. 44. 33 N. Monte-Marano, a populous town of Naples, m Principato Ulteriote, ftattd on the Calore, i S miles s of Benevento. Lon. 15 o E, tat. 40 48 N. MoNTE-MoR-«-Novo, a town of Portugal, in Eltramadura, 50 miles e by b of Lifljon. Lon. 9 jfw, lat. 38 42 N. Monte Mor-o-Velho, a towH of Portugal, in Beira, w-tth a-caftle, 10 miles sw of Coimbra, and S3 N of Lifbon. Lon. 8 9 w, lat. 40 5 N. Monte-Pel-oso, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Bafilicata, fcated on n mountain, near the river Bafiento, 14 miles E of Cirenza. Lon. 16 28 e, ht. .40 46 N. MoNTE-PuLsiANO, a town of Tuf- cany, with a bifliop's fee. It is leated on a mountain, near the river Chiana, in a country note4 for excellent wine, 25 miles SE of Sienna, and 50 s by E of Florence. Lon. II 49 E, lat. 43 10 N. MoNTESA, a ftrong town of Spain, in Valencia. It is the ieat of an oi-der of knighthood of the fame name; and is five miles NW of Xativa. Lon. tj 10 w, lat. 39 o N. Monte-Sancto, formerly called Mount-Athos, a moruntain of Turkw in Europe-, on the gulf of ContefTa. It is called Monte-Sanfto, or the Holy Mount, 4)ecaufe there are *2 monaftcries thereon, in which are 4000 monks, who never fuf- fer a woman to come near them. It is 77 miles s of Salonichi. Lon. 24 39 e, lat, 40 27 N. ■ Monte-Verde, a town of Naples, in Principale Ultei-iore, with a bifliop's fee, 60 miles E of Naples. Lon. 15 42 e, Ut. 40 51 N. Mont-Ferrand. ' See Clermont. Montferrat, a duchy of Italy j bounded on the e by the Milanefe and the territory of Genoa, on the N and w by Piedmont, and on the s by the territory of Genoa, from which it is feparated by the AppenhinsB. It^is very' tertllfe and well cultivated* abounding in corn, wine, bll, ^nd nik; ^hd iiiiibyea to the. king of Sardinia. Gafal' is the capital. ' MoNtPoAt, a town of France, 'in- th.e department of Seine and Oife and; late fKoviiice o^ kt. 50 MOiNTiEVlL-BELLAT, a tOWU of ^trpartmtnt of Hei;auH: and Isrte igfovince .Fr^e, i^ the df^p^tmcmt of Maine and '4#Xap^udQf ; wi^acitftd^j fibifhop's Jrf>ife 4p4-kteppQviapq.,fi^ ApJQUb fe^te4 * n ^, ^j^e^U3f»45i W%^ '* a:<;(alej)ratt;d on thV.Tpwet, i» poi^s sjpw of SaMmtiff ^itvtmi>iFu»af '» M O N MO N tlie department of Loir and Chei' and late province of Bla*bis, with a cattle. It u Seated near tlic Cher, ii miles se of Ain- huiic, and 1 1 2 »w uf Paris. Lon. i ax e, lat. 47 2?. N.. Montrose, a borough »nd feaport In AngtHslhire, neru' t!ie eltu.try of the iouth Elk. Over tins river, a new bridge was erected in 1795. At high water the t»\\'n is alnioii lurrounded by the lea ; and the harbour is a fine rcinicircular balui, with a ftone pier. A gteat number of trading veffels belong to this port« Tlie buildings are neat ; and the moft remark- able are the townhoufe, the church, aad an elegant epilcopal chapel. A great quantity of ni^t is nnade here ; and there rire conuderabie inanufa(^iu.(:!i of faiklotU, linen, and thread. ,The falmon fisheries on the N and S £ik tonn a valuable branch of conimeroe. Montroi'e is 48 miles NE of Edinburgh* Lon. x 3Z w, lat. 56 40 N. Mont St. Michel, a- ftrong town of France, in the department of the Chan- nel and late province of Normandy, built «n a rock in the.ica, wiilck is ai'cendecl at low water. Its late behediAine abbey I'erved at once for a caftle of defence, asd a Itate prilbn, and was alfo much fre- quented by pilgiims. The prior of the abbey was governor of the town, and the Jceys were brought to hira jcvery ev^ing. This {^ace gave name to the late military order of St. Michel* founded by Lewis XI, in 1479. It is 16 m'des sw of Av- ranches, and 180 w of Faris. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 48 37 N, MoNTSAUjfON, a town of France, in the depaitment of Upper Manie and late province of Champagne, 15 miles ssw of Langres, and 145 se of Paris. Lon. 5 i6 £, lat. 47 36 N. MoNTSEJtRAT, a moufttaiii of Spain, in Catalonia, on which is a famous mo^ nailery and chapel, dedicated to the Vir- gin, reforted to by numbers of pilgrims^ It is inhabited by monka of feveral na*- tjons, who entertain all that come out of devotion or curiolity, tor three days, gra- tis. This mountain is laid to be 10 milef in circumference, and Hve high. It i^ 25 miles NW of Barcelona. MoNTS£RRAT, one of the Leeward Caribbee Ifland«, in the W Indies, dif- corered. In 1493, by Columbus, and fo named by him hx>m its rei'emblance to the mountain mentioned in the preceding ar- ticle. It is about nine mike in length and br»adrth) and 'the hills are. eovcik-ed with cedar aad oibcr trees. It belong^ io riic ]Ej>gltni> jtni is 39 mite? sw of Anilgm. Lon. 6a 34 W, hi. ii 54 N. MoNKA, a town of Italy, In the Mi- lanel'e, icated on the Lambro, eight miles NE of Milan. Lon. 9 to t, lat. 45 33 a. Moon, Mountain* op the, moun- tain* of Africa, extending between Abyf- finia and Monomotapa. . They are Ijighet than tholfoi Atlas. MooRSHEDABAD, a {itv of Hindoo- ftan Proper, the capital of Bengal befor* the eitablifhment of the Englilh power. It is feated on the wt-ltern arm of th(^ Ganges, I xe miles N of Calcutta* Lon. a 28 E, lat. 24 15 N* MooTAPiLLEY, a towK «f tfie f«nin>- fvila of Hindooftan, in the Ount'oor Cir- car, at the mouth of the Gondrgama. Lon. 80 «o E, lat. 15 45 N. JMoRA, a town of Spain, in New Caf- tile, 18 miles se of Tokdo. Lon. ^ 4 w, lat. 39 36 N. MoHANT, Point, the moft eaftcrly f>romoi.'ory of Jamaica^ Lon. 75 56 \v, at. 17 56 V. MoAAT, a commercial town of Sv/lC- fierland, capital «f a bailiwic of the fame name, belonging to the cantons of Bern and Friburg, with a cadle. It is cele- brated for the fiege it luftalned agairiit Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, which was followed by the battle of Mo- rat, in 1476, in v(4)Ich the duke was to- tally routed. It is 10 miles vr of Bern> and 10 ME of Friburg. Lon. S 5.\ Ey lat. 46 52 It. MoitAT, a lake of SmiTerkn^, ii a bailiwic of the fame name. It is fi:^ miles long .nind two broad, lyiAg ^rallci with the lake of Neruchatel, in^ which it emptjps itfelf by the rivtr Broye; MoRAVA, dr MaRAW, a rirer of Germany, which has its foiKce on the conHfics of Bohemia and Silefii. It crof- ts Mora^ ii:, wliere it wafers Oln^ttz anJ Hradifch, and peteiVing the Taya, from th(i confines of Lower Hungary and Up- per Aullria, feparates thefe two countries as far as the Daliitbe, into which i: falls. MoRAVf, a river of Turkey in Eu- rope, which liles in Bulgaria, and nin- ning through. SSrvia, by Niffa;, falls itita the Danube, at Semendriah. Moravia, a niarqtiifa'te aiUriejt'cd to Bohtttiia, by which it is bcnihdetl oinithV w, by that kingdom and Silefja orftncUr; by Silefia and IltAgkry on the t', and hf Auftria on 't\yi W. ft is a itfouAtaitidii? country, yet very fertile and pop^^ufef and watered by a glreat tiurhb^ ot' riVcrs C c .^ ' < ^ 4-^ M O R M O R li and br^gki. It takes Ita name fr. m Mie river Morava, which runs through it ; and hence the feft ot* Chriltians, call "1 Moravians, take their name, thtlr dic- trines iuviug been Bril taught here. Ol- iiuitr was the capital, but now Brinn claims that honour. MoRBACH, or MvRBACii, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhini and late province ol: Allace, 41 miles SF. of Sirulburg. Lon. 8 95 £» lat. 48 o N. M0R8EGNO, a town of the country cf the Giilbns, in the Valteline, where the govejnor and the regency rcfidc. It is the haiuiromclt and molt commercial town in the Valteline, and (eated on the Adda 12 miks S£ of Chiavcnna, and xo »£ of. Lecco. Lon. 9 31 £, lat. 46 JO N. MoRBiHAN, a department of France, including part of the late province of Bretagne. Vannes is the capital of this department, which takes its nam • from a fmall bay htrtwcen that town u-.d the ifland of Bclleifle. Its entrance is nar- row} but it expands within, and con- tains about 30 little ilhiiids. MoREA, formerly called Peloponne- sus, a penini'ula on the s part of Greece, to which it is joined by the ilHnnns of Corinth, lying lietween the gulfs of Le- {tanto and'Engia. It is 180 miles in ength and 130 in breadth. The air is temperate, and the foil fertile, except the middle, -where there are many moimtains. It is watered by feveral rivers, of which the Alpheus, the Vafjli-Potamo, and the Stromio, are the chief. It is divided into three large provinces. The fangiack of the Morea re;fides at Modon. It was taken by the Venetians from the Turks in 1687, and retaken in 1715. Mo R ELL A, a town of Spain, in Va- lencia, which was almoft dcllroyed, in 170^, by the army of Philip v. It is f.ated among high mountains, 80 miles N of Valencia. Moresby, a harbour,, a little above Whitehaven, in Cumberland ; in and about which many remains of antiquity have been dug up, fuch as altars and ftones, with infcriptions on them ; and feveril caverns have been found, ciUed Pias' Holes. Mo RET, an ancient town of France, in the department of Seine and Marne and late province of .he Ifle 0^ F*-nce, w|th a" caftle, L-^*xd on the Loire, 35 sni)es S£ of Paris. Lon. z 5» £, lat. 48 X5 N. MORCES, acomm{»rcial town of Swif- frrlind, in the canton of Bern, and capi- tal of a bailivvic, with a critic. By itn cr.nal, merchanilile is tranfported jrom the lake of Geneva toother purts. If n, kated on a beautiful bay of the lake ot Geneva, five miles wsw of Laulannc. Lon. 6 41 E, lat. 46 29 n. MoRliANGE, a town of France, in the department t)j), and tohacco. It is leattd on a livci' of :!•■.' liiiue nrjuiL, 30 mlUs nk ot' B\xi\, and ^5 w ot St. iJ'itiix. Lou. 3 46 \\ , ht. 48 3^ N- Morocco, an empire of Africa, com. prtlunding a conUdcral)!*- part of the aii- ticnt Mauritania, lyinj; hctwein '8 and •(6° N lit. It is boum'cd on t!ie w hy the Atlantic } on the e by the river Miilvla, v/liich ft-paratts it from Alj,;Iers ; cii the N by the Mediterranean j -in.l c.i tiic s by mount Atl:^s. Its i>i-atelt length, from Nu to s\v, is alidve t.;-? vn\ki, and, where \vi>.!e!t, n.jt moie lii.m a6o broad. The s part of the empire c( ntalny the kingdoms of Sus, Tanidan, Morocco Propel-, Tafdet, and Siigclinel'- fa; and the N part thofe of Fez and Me- (juine?. The air of this country is pret- ty temperate, elpccially near moimt At- las. The foil, though iandy and d:y in Ibme places, is fertile in others ; and tlie fruits, as well as the paftures, are CAcei- lent, but the country is not properly cul- tivated. The inhabitants are Mahome- tans, of a tawny complexion, robult, and very Ikilful in managing a horfe, and wielding a lance; but they are jealous, deceitful, fuperftitious, and cruel. There are two forts of Inhabitants ; the Arabs, who dwell in moveable villages, com- pofed of about. 100 tents, and the Bere- btries, who .','■ *he ancient inhabitants, and live in cities and towns. There are a great number of Chriftian flaves, and fouie merchants, upon the coaft, befide a multitude of Jews, who carry on almo.t all the trade } efpecially by land with the Negroes, to whom they fend large cara- vans, which travel over valt defer ts, almort deftitute of water. They carry with them woollen goods, filk, fait. Sec. and, in return, have flaves, gold, and elephants teeth. They alio lend large caravans to Mecca every year, partly out «f devotion, and partly for trade, con- fiHing of Itveral thoufand camels, horfes, jind mules. Befide woollen goods, their commodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochineal, and oltrich feathers ; in return for which they have filks, muflins, cali- ches, coffee, and drugs. In the deferts are lions, tigerS) leopards, and ferpents of feveral kinds. Tne fixiits are dates, figs, almonds, lemons* oranges, pome- granates, and many others. There is ^Ifo flax, and hemp, but little timber. H^ frnpcror :s »t)fo1^te^ hi» will being a law, and he often cxt-rcifes j»i'rnt cm- cities. }Ii:i naval f.ntc ronliUs chietly cf r.ivcri, who n'/.v :;nd th'.n take Luge pii/es. He can bring 100,000 men into t;ie ti;.!d, half of wl.itlj arc toot and h.Uf lierle ; bvit they are puorly armed, ;ini know little of the art oi' war. Mouftcco, a city of the kingduin ot Moiocco, iealed in a beautiful valley, loriueil by a clialn of mountains on the N, a!i(l tlioli; of the All is on the s and F. 'I'hci.gh cue L)i t\vj capitals of t!\e em- pire (t(;r tlierc are ihive, Montco, Mc- quine/, and Fe?) it has nothing to n;- ciMunieud it but its great extent, and the royal pahice. It is ir.clofvd by Itrpng ' walls, the circumference of which is ci«;lit mihs: they are lianked by lijr.are towirs, ami fiuTouuded by a wli'.c and deep ditch. The moicjues are more numerGUs than magnihceiit. Tlie belt houles are incloled in gardens J but the generality of the.*ii Icrve only to iinprefs t!ic traveller with tlie idea of a mllt;rai)le and delbrted city. The Je.vs, who are prclty numerous, have a Icparato town, v.-alled in, and under the charge of an alcaid, appointed by the emperor. It has two gates, which I'.re regularly fhut every evening at nine, after which no perfon can enter or depart, till they are openetl the next morning. They have a market of their own j and when they enter a Moorifli town, market, or palace, tliey are compelled to be bare- footed. Morocco Is 90 miles e of Mo- gador, and 400 s of Gibraltar. Lon. 6 45 \v, lat. 31 iz N. Moron, a town of Spain, In Anda- lufia, in the neighbourhood of which is a mine of precious ftones. It is 30 miles SE of Seville. Lon. 5 10 w, lat. 37 10 N. ' MoROTOi, one of the Sandwich Ifles, feven miles WNW of Mowee. Yams are its principal produce; hut it has little wood. The coaft, on the :; and w fuK s, forms feveral bays. Lon. 117 14 w, lat. 21 10 N. Morpeth, a borough in Northum- berland, with a market on VVednelday. It is fcated on the N bank of the Wentfbeck, and on the oppofite fide is the church, and a caftle in ruins. It fends two members to parliament, and has a free- I'chool founded by F.dward VI. It is i«; miles N of Newcaltle, and 287 N by w of London. Lon. i 28 w, lat. 55 15 N. MoRTAGNE, a town of France, in the department of Orne and late province of Perche, famous for its ferges and tan- neries. It Is 19 miles e of Stez, and 70 w ofParis; Lon. o 40 e, lat, 48 ; i k. i- ■ i 1 w - Mis *■■ r. f fill-.'. J. i-V 'tjiJ % m m m It M O S MORTAGNE, a town of France, in the department of the North and late provinct; of Frencli Flajiders, feated at the conflu- ence of the Scarpe and ScheKl, eight rniies sE of Tournay. Lon. 3 30 li, lat. £o 29 N. MoRr.MN, a (own of France, in the «1epartnient of the Channel an.l late jiro- viiicc of Normandy, IcatLd on the rivulet Xances, almolt iurroiinded by c■rag^y rocks, zo miles k of Avranchcs. Lon. o 54. w, lat. 48 37 N. MoRTARA, y Itrong town of Italy, in the Milanele, AibjeiSl to the king of Sar- dinia. It is 15 miles se of Cafal, and az sw of Milan. Lon. V 40 e, lat. 4.5 MORTLAKE, a village in Surry, feated on the river Thames, fix miles \v of London. Great part of this parifti is in- doled in Richmond Park} and hi? majcHy Jv'.s a farm here of 80 acres in hij> cAvn oc- cupation, and in excellent cultivation. MoRTLicn, a vilhgc in Banffshire, fix miles sw of Keith. Here Malcolm Ji, ill memevy of a vifiory gained over the Danes, ionnded a bifhopric, which was tranllated to Aberdeen by David i. Morton, or Morton Hampstead, a town in Dcvonfliire, with a noted mai ket for yuni on Saturday. It is feated on a hill, ntar Purtinoor, 14. miles sw of Exeter, and 185 w by s of London, Lon. 3 46 w, lat. 50 39 N. MoRT«N, or MokroN in Marsh, a town in GloxKelterfliire, with a market on Tuefday, feated on a foflway, 29 nik's LiE oV Worcftter, and 553 w'nw of London: Lon- i 36 w, lat. 52 o n. Morvedro, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on the file cf the ancient Sa- srxmtnm, with the ruins of a Roman amphitheatre. It is ieated on a river ot the fame name, 15 mlifs bi of Vaiencia. Lon. c 10 )-:, lat. 39 38 n. MoRVEN,' a dlltriit In Argyleflijre, who.'.e mountains are celebrated in tlie ibngs of Oflian. MosA, a town o- Aiabja Felix* 25 fnilcS NE of Mocha. Mv^SAMBjqi/E, a ftralt or channel of il'e Int?v.m Oceaii, lying between tlve E fcoa^ of Al'rica and the iflan*' of Mada- ga((:ar, afid between xi and 23° S bt. It is narrcwelt in the middle, where it iji 54.0 miles over} and in this part, on the coalt of Zanguebai*, is a kingdon*, ifland, ,and town of the fame name. M0SAMBIQUE3 a kingdom of Africa, on the w fide of a channel of the fame jiame and on the coaft of Zanguebar, conljfting of three iflaadSi The priji- M O S clpal I/land, called Mofamblauc, is tiot more than three miles in length, and halt' as much in breadth, and is about two miles from the i-jntinent. It was feized by the Fortuguele in 1497, and they have kept pofleflion of it ever fince. MosAMBiquE, the capital of an ifland of the iiime name, on the E coall of Africa, it is lar^e and well-fortifid, having a Itrong citadel to defen.l the harl):.ur. It belongs to the Portugueie, ^v!^o have gf-neially a ^'ooil garrilon here, and trade with the natives lor gold, ele- phants teeth, and llaves. 'lliey have built feveral churches and monafteries, and a large hofpital for fick failors. Their fhjps always call here in going to the K Indies } and tlie harbour is lb com- modious, that whole fleets lijay anchor lure, and refit their veflTels, as well as provide themlelves with all netelfaries, Lon. 40 10 E, Jat. 15 5 s. MosBACfi, a town of Germany, ja. the palatinute of the Rhine, with a caltle, ic:ated on the Neckar, x6 miles ENE of Heidell)erg. Lon. 9 21 E, lat, 49 28 N. MosBjjRa, a town of Germany, i% Bavaria, ii;attd at the confluence of tin? Iler arid Ambert, nine miles w of Landlchut. Lon. 11 55 E, lat. 48 30 n, Moscow. See Ku^.&ia. Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now one of the 4J governments of Ruflia} bounded on the N by the government ot 1 ver, on tlie E by that of Great Volo- dliiiir, on the s by the govtrnmertts of Kuhigo and Refan, ai>l on the w by thofe ■of Tver and Smolenlko. Its capital i« of the iiime iiamc. Moscow, a largo city of Ruflia, ca- pital of the government of Mofcow, and formerly of the whole empire. It may be coiiluicred as a town built upon the Afiatii: model, hut gradually becoming more and moie European} exhibiting, in its prefpnt (tatp, a ino;ley mixture of dii'- corda))t aicliitetfture. It is diftributed into the following divifions t. Kvemlin, which is in the ceutrnl and higheft part of the city, fuifoundtd by high walls of ilone and brick, t\^o miles in circum- fererrf. This divilion is uot deformed by wooden houll's. It contains the ancie»iit palace of the czars, now only remarkable for bjeing the birthplace of Peter the Great} alio feveral churches, two convents, the patriarchal palace, and frhe arcfmiJ now in ruins. 2. Tlio Khitaigorifl, which is much larger than theKremlm: it. contains the iinlverfity, th^|)iinti»g-hi6uft; and many ttthcr public M O S M O S builcUngs, with all the tradcfmen's iheps. Tiie houles are mollly itnccoei) jr white- wafhedj and it has the only ftreet in Moicow in which the houles ftand dole to each other. 3. The Bielgorod, or White Town, which runs round the two preceding divifions: it takes its name from a white wall, by which it was formurly rurrounded. 4. Semlainogorod, v/hlch environs all the other three quar- ters j and is lb denominated from a circu- lar rampart of earth by which it is en- co.Tipaired. The hft two divifions ex- hibit a grotcf-^up group of churches, convents, palaces, brick and wooden houles, and mean hovels. ^ 5. The Moboda, or fuburbs, which forin a valt exterior circle round all the parts alfeady delcribed, and are invefted by a low ram- part and ditch. Thefe fuburbs contain, bdide buildings of^all kinds, corn-fields, much open palture, and fome fmall lakes, which give rife to the Neglina. The Moikva, fioni which the city takes its name, flows through it in a winding chan- nel ; but, excepting jn fpring, is only na- vigable for rafts, It receives the Yaufa in the Semlainogorod, and the Neglina at the weftem extremity of the Kremlin; but the beds of both thefe latt-mentioned ri- vulets are nearly diy in furamer. Mofcow exhibits an aftonilhing degree of extent and variety, irregularity, and contraft. The ftreets, in general, are very long and broad. Some of them are paved; others, particularly in the fuburbs, are formed with trunks of trees, or are boai'ded with planks like the floor of a room. Wretched hovels are blended with large palaces; cottaces of one ftory ftand next to the moft ftately manfions ; many brick fliniftures . are co- vered with wooden tops : fome of the wooden houles axe painted ; others have iron doors and roofs. Numerous churches appear in every quarter, built in a peculiar liyle of architeflure ; fome with domes of coppers, c rs of tin, gilt or painted peeii ; and many are roofed with wood. la a woid, fome parts of this vatt city have the appeal ance of a fequeftered de- fert ; other quarters, of a populous town ; i'oinc, of a contemptible village; others, of a great capital. Mol'cow is the largeft city in Europe ; its circumference, within the rampart, that indoles the fuburbs, being z6 miles; but its population cor- reiponds, in no degree, with its extent. It contains within the ramparts 250,000 fouh, and is ftiJl the moft .populous city in the empire, notwithlt-adiug the refi- drnce qf the court ii« at Vttcrfbaigh, Th« places of divine worfliip, including chapels, amount to above 1 000 : of thefe, 484. are public churches ; 1 99 of which are of brick, Ituccoed, or white walued ; and the others of wood., painted red. Some of their bells are of a ftupendous ilze: they hang in belfries detached from the church, are fixed invmovcably to the beams, and nmg by a rope tied to the clapper. It has alwayc been efteemed a meritorious aft of religion to prefent a church with bells; and the piety of the donor has been nicafured by their magni- tude. Accordingly, Boris Godunuf, who g.we a bell of 288,000 pounds to the ca- thedral of Mofcow, was the moft "pious fovereign of Ruflia, till he was furpalfecl by the emprefs Ann, who prefented a bell that weighs 432,000 pounds, and is the largeft in the known world. In the cathedral of St. Michael, the fovereigns of Rulfia were formerly interred: their bodies are depofited in raifed fepulchres, moftly of brick, in the Ihape of a coffin, above the pavement. Each tomb has, at its lower extremity, a fmall filvcr plate, upon which is engraved the name of the decc-afcd prince, and the era of his death. Upon great feftivals, all thefe fepulchres are covered with rich palls of gold or lilver brocade, ftudded with pearls and jewels. The cathedral of the AiTuraption of the Virgin Mary is the moft magnificent in the city, and has been long appropriated to the coronation of the Rullian Ibvereigns. Mofcow is the centre of the inland commerce of Rulfia, particularly connefling the trade between Europe and Siberia. The navi- gation to this city is formed lolely by the Moikva, which falling into tiie Occa, near Colomna, communicates, by that river, with the Volga. But at the Mofkva is navigable in the fpiing only, upon the melting of the fnows, the prin- cipal merchandile is conveyed uponfledgesi in winter. This city is 555 miles SSB of Petcrlburg, and laoo l 'y E of Conftantiuupie. Lon. 37 31 £, lat. 55 45 N. Moselle, a department of Francej including part of the late province ©f Lori'ain. It takes its name from a river, which rifcs in the Vofges, waters Epinal, receives the Meurthe below Nanci, and palling by Mi:tz, Thionville, and Treves, tails into the Rhine, at Cobicntz. Metz is the capital. Mjskoe. See Maelstroom. Mosc^iTO Shore, a country of New Spain, in N America, lying on the At- lantic Ocenn. It extends eaftward from i'M>' li : i 'I 'I i^." I' '"!r| i {•"f'l I I'/ m 'I Pi 'I * .-f •'I'^k. mi' It ,41 I I M OS Point Cadlle, the bi^ndary dividing it from the bay of Honduras, to Cupc Gra- cioi-a-Dios, 87 leagues} ancl fouthward, irom Cape Gracios-a-Dios to St. John's Rivci , 94 leagues. The interior part of tlie country is bounded by the lake Nica- ragua, and fenced by mountains (hctiU-' ii\g to the weft. In magnitude it exceeds Portugal ; is well-watered by navigable rivers and lakes ; abounds in fifl), game, and prcvilions of all forts 5 furniflies every ncccflary for railing cattle and itock, on plantations of every kind and to any extent: and is clothed with woods, pro- ducing tinibe/ for every purpofc at land or fea. The foil is fuperior to that of the W India jflands*. the air and cli- mate are more falubrious; and the ile- flruiSlive ravages of hunicajies and earth- tjuakes have never b«en known heie. The Molquito Indians are ib fituate be- tween morafles and inacceiTible mountaias, and a coaft full of rocks and (hoals, that no attempts againftthem by the Spaniards, whom they mortally hate, could ever liicceed. Neverthelefs, they are a mild and inoflfenfive people, of great probity, and will never trult a man who has once deceived them. They had fo great a ve- neration for the Englifh, that they fpon- tancoufly put themlelves under the pro- tertion of the crown of Great Britain. This was firft done, when the duke of Albemarle was governor of Jamaica ; and the king of the Mofquitos received a commiinon from his grace, under the leal of that ifland 5 fince which time, they were not only (teady in their alliance with the EngliOi, but warm in their affection, and very ufeful to them on many occafions. When the king died, the male heir went to Jamaica, to certify that he was next in blood, and received a cofnmiffion in form from the governor of Jaifiaica, to be king of the Mofquitos; till which, he could not be acknowledged v» • fuch by his countrymen. So fond were they of every thing Englifti, that the com- Bton people were proud of every Chriltlan cr lurnanie given them by our feamen, who confei'red on their chief men the titles of feme of our nobility. But the connexion between the Engltfti and the Mofquitos no longer fubfifts. By rt con- vt'ution with Spain, in 17S6, the Englifh, in confideration of certain ccflions on ?he coaft of Honduras, agieed to tvacTiate tiiis country totally; and it is now a province of Sp:iin. See Honduras. MosTAOAN, an ancient town of the klugdonv of Algiers, with a caftic and a M O U good harbour, 50 miles NE of Ornn. Lon. o 30 E, bt. 36 io N. MosTAR, a lonfiderable town of TurkiHi Dalniatia, with a Greek nicl.. bifhop'3 fee, 20 miles n£ of Martnu. Loii. 18 37 E, lat. 4.3 4.8 N. Mosul. See MousL'l.. Mot ALA, a town of Niiples, in T','irct d'Otranto, with a b if hop's fee, isniiici Nw of Tarauto. Lon. 17 14. E, lu,4o MoTYR, an ifland of Afia, one of the Moluccas, of great value to the' Dutch, on account of its fpices. Lon. 128 20 t, lat. o 10 s. MoTKiLj a fcaport of Spain, In Gn- nada, \Vith a good liarljour, I'cated on t!.e Mcditen-.ine:m, 37 miles SE of Gran-.'.da. Lon. 3 2U w, ht. 36 }2 N. MouAE, a town of Arabia Fdif, capital of Yemen, fcated in a fcitil* country, 80 miles s of Sanaa. Lm. 4.6 35 E, ht. ii4 ao N. MoUDON, :m ancient town of Swl/Ier. land, capital of a bailiwic of the faire name, in the Pays de Vaud, and formerly of all that part of the •country which hi- longed tcvthe duke of Savoy. The bniliff, app »inted by the canton of Bern, nlidts in the caftle of Lucens, built on the I'um- mit of a mountain. It is 12 miles n by E of Lanfanne. Lon. 6 58 E, lat. 4.6 4.1 NT. MouG-DEN, or CllEN-YAN, the ca- pital of the country of the Mantchew Tarrars, in E Chincfe Tartary. It is 44.0 miles NE of Pckin. Lon. 122 45 e, lat. 41 55 N. MouLiNS, an eplfcopal town of France, in the department of AUier and late province of Bourbonnois. It is fcated on tne AUier, over which is a modern bridge of 1 3 arches ; takes its name fiom the great number of mills [moulins] that were formerly in its neigbbtmrhood ; and contains nbove 16,000 inhabitants. Tiie houfes of the late Chartreux, and of the Vifitation, trre magnificeTit. Its manu- fafture of cutlery is in great efteem. It is 30 miles s oif' Nevers, and 55 N oi' Clermont. Lon. 3 25 f, lat. 46 34. n. Moulins-Engilbfrt, a town of Franfce, in the department of Nievis and late province of Nivcmois, feated -it the foot of the mountains of Morvan, five miles s\v of Chateaii-Chirion. MoirLTAN, a province of Mindooftan Proper, boimdc'd on the N by Lahoifi on the E by Delhi and Agimef-e, on ihf s by Gu7t;i*it, and on' tl^e w-by Ptiiia and Caiidahar. Its produfts are ciottoh, M O U MOW [,;gar, opium, gail«, fulpluir, &c. U was imtd- to the Selks ; but its capital,. Moultan, has been garrifoiied by the ItliijT of Candahsu', cvtr lince 1779* Moultan, one of thj; uwlt ancient lities of Hlivlooltan Proper, capit;^! of a njovlnce of. the fame ^lairie. It is of I'mall extent for a capital, but Ih-origly toitific'lj and has a Hindoo ftmplt of great celebrity. K*re is a panlGul.ir left of Hindoos, called Catry j a tribe o{ warriors, iuppofed to be the Catheri ,;r Cathei, vvi^h whom Alexander warred on the banks .of the Malli. Moultan is katcd on one of the branches of the Indus, 2 10, miles s\v of Lahore, and 310 S£ of Candidly. Lon. 70 40 e, lat. 29 Moui.TOiN, South, a corporate town in Devuijfhire, with a market »i\. Satur- day. It was anciently, with. North Muulton, a royal demeliie, and font raeai- i>ers to parliament in tiie reign of Edward I. It is gtiverued by a mayor, and has r.ianufadturfcs of itrges, fhaloons, and felts. It is ftated on the Moul, 12 ir.iles SE of Barriitaple, and 177 w l>y s sf London. Lon. 3 55 w, ht. 51 5 n. Mount Edgkcumbe, h prodigious high peak, on the w fide of tlie entrance of Cook's Strait, in New Zealand. Its lielght is fuppofed not to be much infe- rior to tliat of the peak of Tcneriif. MOUNTSBAV, a Ixiy on tlic s cgaft gf Cornwall* between the Land's Ecd and the Lizarci Point. It Is i'o named from a lofty peninfulated rock, called Mount St. Michael, which rifes within it. Among the rocks, on this part of the coaft, breeds the Cornifh chough, or red legged crow, noted for ftealing and carrying away v.'hatevtr it finds. In Mcuntlhay Is a confiderable pilchard fifhery. MouNTsoRREL, a tow'n in Lclcefler- flilrc, at the fcot of a high mount or rock, of a iorreUcolouied ftone, extremely hard. Of rough (tone.'?, hewn out of this rock, the buildlni's are erected and tlie ftrcet IS paved. It luis a market on Monday, and is featcd on the Stoar, 20 niiks SSE of Derby, and 105 nnvv of London. Lon. i 9 w, lat. 52 4.5 N. MouRA, a town of Portugal, in Akn- lejo, with an okl clfllc; feated at the con- fluence of the rivers Ardita and Gaadi;ma, S7 miles SE of Lifbon. Lon, 5 59 vv, lat. 38 o N. .MouRzOOK, the capital of Fc/zan, in Afiica, fituatc on a Imall river, and iupplied with water from a multitude of firings and wells. The medh-y which it prcl'cnts to the eye, of the valt ruins of .indent buildings, and the lui nible cottages of earth and fand that form the dwellings of its pre fen t Arab inhabitants, is fmgu- larly grotelquc and Itrange. It is iur- j'ounded by a high wall, with three gates, at which is colle^ed a tax on all goods (provifjoHs excepted) that aie brought lor the fupply of its people. A caravun arrives annually from Mcffurata at this place 5 and hence the Fezzaners dii'paich* every year, a caravan to CaiTma, and another to Bornou. Mourzook is 2 6'2i miles s of McflTuiata, 650 N\v of Boracu, and 710 N by E of Caflina. Lon. 155 E, lat. 27 20 N. MousTiERJr, a tewn of France, in the department of the Lowei* Alps and late province of Provcnce. It is noted for a maniifarture of fine porcelain, and for a once famous pilgrimage, ta^lled Out- Lady of Bcauvezer, feated between twu lofty and craggy mountains. It is five miles NE of JRii;/, and 4.7 WNW of Nice, Mou!>i;l, or Mosul, a town oC Turkey in Afia, in DIarbeck, leatcd on the Tigris, It is fiirroundcd by high walls, and defended by a caftle aiid ci- tadel j but the lioufes are in Ibveral places gone to ruin. It has a great traJi:, par- ticularly in cloth, and all forts of cottons and fdks. At fotne diftunce from Mou- ful is a mofque, in which they pretend the propliet Jonah lies. The inhabitants are Mahometans j but there are a great number of Chriftians. In 1743, it was be- fiiigeA by the Perfians, but to no purpofe. In 1758, this city and tlie adjacent coun- try were vifited by a dreadful famine, in confequence of the preceding hard winter, and of the innumerable locufls by which the fruits of the earth were deftruyed. It is 130 miles sE of Diarbckar, and 150 Nw of Bagdad. Lon. 41 15 E, lat. 35 4c N. Moutier, or MoNSTiEa, a town of Savoy, capital of Tarentefia, with an archiepifcopal palace. It is fcat'.vl ou the Ifere, 62 milts nw of Turin. Lon. .6 23 F, lat. 45 30 N. MouzoN, an ancient town of France, in the department uf the Ardennes and late province of Champagne, with a late rich Benedi^line abbey. It is feated on the Meufe, eic;h.t miles sE of Sedan, and 110 NF. of Purls. Lon. 5 10 E, 'at. 49 37 N. MowEE, wnc of the SrmJv/Ich lilands^ 162 miles in circumtcrence. A low il'ihnius diviihs it into two ciicular pe- iiirjulas, of which the taltcrn is dr.ible the fize of the v>e(tcrn. I'he mouutains in both fiiV to a great heighi., but the .^^ * , .1 If i \>i (^' 1 ^ f ' Mr 'f j-'Pi ^', %:■ t^ i f'r f* 'si . BU'^ M a L M U N \ .'.'\ ill m '.:;'$'■ hi- f- \m. country prefcnts an appearance of Ver- a river of J^jhemja, which rifes on the confme* of Moravia, and riiit. ning by Budweis and Prague, falls into the Elbe, at Melnicfc. MuLDORE, a toAvn of Germany, Jn the archbifhopric of Saltzburg, I'eated on the Inn, 37 miles nw of Saltzburg, »nd 40 E of Munich^ Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 48 ION. Mulhausen, an Imperial and han. featic town of Germany, in Thuringia, under the proteftion of the eltx^br of Saxony. It is feated in a fertile country, on the Unftrutht, 15 miles NE of Eilc nach, and 45 E by s of Caffel. Lon. 10 49 E, lat. 51 13 N. Mulhausen, a town of Alface, whicii, though intireiy inclofed -Vvitliii the dominions of France, is not only in alliance with the Helvetic confederacy, but is confidered as a part of it, and en- titled to all its privileges. The walls of the town indole a circumference of not more thaft two miles: and its whole ter- ritoiy is confined within a precinft of eight miles. The town contains 6000 inhabitants, who are proteftants; and there are 2000 fxibje6ts in its adjacent villages. It owes its prcfent ilourifhing flate to its manufaftures, which are chiefly lat. 48 8n. MUNSTERBURG. SiC MONSTER, BERC. MuNSTER-MriNFELD, a tov^n^ of Germany, in the elecioratie of Treves, li miles sw of Coblcntz. Lon. 7 j8 E, lat. 50 19N, MtiRANO, an idand and town of Italy, a mije from Venice, foimerly a very fiouilililng place, and has ftill fome palaces tlut bear thi; marks ef former magnificer;cc, though now in a ftate of de- cay. The illand is laid to contain 20,000 inhabitants. The frcat manuta^urcs cif looking-glafs are L.ie only inducements for ftrangers to vifit this place, which formerly ferved all Europe with looking- glalTes. Lon. 12 5 £, lat. 45 26 n. MuRCX.^, a province, formerly a king- dom of Spain J bounded on the n by New Caftlle, on the £ by Valencia, on the w by Andalulla and Granada, and on the s by the Mtditcirancan. It is 6x miles long and 58 broad ; and the prin^ cipal river is Segura. The foil is dry, and it produces little corn ot wine : but I'' ; .^ .' ., t-Ai Uf ' \n tc n '^^L' > •:•»' m '-k M U S MY S 11 I I m i there Is plenty of oranges, citrons, lemons, olives, almonds, miilhenleii, rice, pulle, and fugar. It has alio a great deal of" lllk. MuRciA, 3 populous city of Spain, capital of a province of the lame name, with a bifhcp's fee. It has a fujei b ca- thedral, the ibirs of whofe Iteeplc are fo contrived, that they n;ay be afcendtd tlther on horfcback or in a coach. There aie fine gardens about the city, in which are the beft fruits in Spain. It is feated on the Segura, 47 miles N of Carthagena, and 2ia s£ of Madrid. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 38 2 N. ivIuRET, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne and late pro- vince of Ga(cony, feated on the Garonne, 10 miles s of Touloufe. Lon. 1 18 E, lat. 43 a6N. MuRO, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Bafilicata, I'eated at the foot ot the Appennines, 12 miles be of Conza. Lon. *S 45 E> lat. 4-0 46 N. Murray Frith, a confidpyable inlet of the fea, on the E coaft of Scotland, between Tarbetnels, in Rofsfliire, on the N, and Brough Head, in Munaylhire, on the s. • MURRAYSHIRE, Or ELGINSHIRE, a county of Scotlaiid, bounded on the N by the frith of Murray, on the E by Banft- /hire, on the s by Aberdeenfhire ami In- vernefsfliiie, and on the w by that county and Nairneflure. It extends 50 miks from sw to NE, and 20 along the coalt. Its foil, for the greatelt part, is rich, and produces wheat, barley, oats, and flax. The principal rivers are tlie Spey, Find- horn, and Loij'.'.-. The county town is Elgin. MuRRHART, a town of Suabia, In the rfuchy of Wiitemburg, with a Benedi<5line abbey. It is Itated on the river Mur, ti^ht miles s of Halle. Lon. 9 51 E, lat. 49 14 N. MussELBURG,a fe^ipoit in Edinbiirprh- fliire, on the frith of Fortii, at the mouth of the river Efk. Here a victory was obtained by the Englifh over the Sco;s, in the reign of Edwaid vi. It is fix miles E of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 5 w, lat. 56 ON. MuswELL Hill, a village in Middle- frx, five miles N of London. It takes its iiamc! from a famous well on the hill, which belonged to the fraternity of ijt, John of Jerulalem, in Clerkenwell ; and, as this was deemed a miraculous cure for all Icrolulous and cutaneous dlforders, tluy ht-re built a chapel, with an image of cur Lady of Mufv.-ell, to which there 9 n: was a great refort of patients. This well ftilf belongs to the parifli of Clerktn. well. MusTAGAM, a feaport of the klngduin of Algiers, with a caltjc, 140 miles w of the city of Algiers. Lon. o 3 w, lat. 36 30 N. MusACRA, a feaport of Spain, in Gra- nada, with a Itrong caftle, feated on u mountain, 27 miles ne of Almeria, and 62 s\v of Cavthagena. Lon. i 36 \v, lat. 37 UN. Ml'vden, a town of Holland, feated on the Vecht, on the s coalt of the Zuider. Zee, fcven miles E of Amfterdam. Lon. 5 1 E, lat. 52 22 n. Mycene, formerly the capital of a famous kingdom in the Morea, but now reduced to a fmall village. MvcoNt, an ifland of the Archipela- o, 30 miles in circumference. The arbour is very open, and deep enough for the largeft fhips, where they may ride fecure from the N wind. The foil is dry, and the mountains are of a great height. Water is very fcarce in Aunmer ; but in the town is a large well, the only one in the ifland. Here are plenty of partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rabbits, and wheateai's ; alfo excellent grapes and figs. Almoft all the inhalntants are Greeks, who have 50 chiyches in all; but many are chapels j and fome monaf- terles. Lon. 25 51 E, lat. 37 28 N. Mysore, a kingdom in the peninfula of Hindooftan, fubjeft to a celebrated prince, named Tippoo Sultan, who flyles himielf regent of the country. His do- minions comprehend, generally, the pro- vinces of Myfbre Proper, Bednore, Colm- bettore, Canara, and Dindigul; befide the conquefts of his father Hyder Ally (who ufurped the throne) to the north- ward, which are Meritz, Soonda, Chit- teldrocg, Harponelly, Sanore, Banca- pour, l 10 miles SE of Aniberg. Lon. 12138, lat. 59 23 N. NaDHEGSDA« SefcKURtLES. Naerden, a ftrong town of Holland, at the head of the canals of the province. It has experienced many calamities j par- ticularly in 1572, when it was taken by Fernando de Toledo, fon of the duke of Alva, and all the inhabitailts, without diftinftion of age or fex, were maflacred. It is feated oh "the Zuider Zee, 14. miles E of Amfterdam, and 15 N of Utrecht. Lon. 5 9£, lat. 51 zon. Nagera, a town of Spain, in Old CaitilCi with a fort, three miles N\v of Calahorra, and 138 N cf Madrid. Lon. a low, lat. 4.2.14 N. . Nag OLD, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wu'temburg, with a Itrong caftle, 10 miles w of Tubingen. Nagpour, a city of the Deccan of Hindooftan, capital of that part of Berar which is fubjeft to a chief of the Eaftern Mahrattas. It is extenfive and populous, but meanly built ; and, excepting a f nail citadel, is open and defencelels. It is 560 miles w by s of Calcutta. Lon. 79 46 E, lat. 21 S'n. Nahe, a river of die palatinate of the Rhine, which flows by Birkent'eld, Ober- ftein, Kreuzenach, -and Bingen, and falls into the Rhine. <; Nairne, a borough and feapoift^ the county-town of Nairnefhire } feated at the Entrance of the frith of Murray, 10 miles S of Invernel's, and 104 N of Edinburgh. Lon. 3 51 w, lat. 57 33 N. Nairneshire, a county of Scotland, 15 miles long and 12 bruad; bouiidi.'(l on the N by the frith of Murray, and incioied on every other fide by the counties of Inver- nel'j and Murray . The foil, tliough rocky, it rich, and, in general, well cultivated. Naksivan, a city of Armenia, capital ^f a province of the fame name, with an uchbi&op's iVe. It is feated bfitw«n tht towns of Erivan and Tatirls. I on. 45 30 K, lat. 38 40 N. Namari, a mountain of Sicily, in th« Val-di-Demona, between Medina, Taor- mina, and Melazzo. Namptwich, a town in Chefhire, vith a market on Saturday. It is well built, and has a large church, in the form of a crofs, with the tower in the middle. Here are I'alt fprings, on the banks of a frefh-water ftream, trom which are madfe great quantities of white fait. The principal dairies of Gliefliire are about this town, and it has a confiderable trade in cheele and fait. It is feated 011 the Weaver, 26 miles se ofChefter, and 162 NW of London. Lon. 2 25 \v, lat. 53 6 N. NaMur, a county of the Auftriart Netherlands, 30 miles long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N by Brabant, on the e and s by the biftiopric of Liege, and oa the W by Hainault. It is pretty fertile j has feveral forefts, marble quarries, and mines of iron, lead, and coal. Ihe rivers Maefe and Sambre divide it into three parts, nearly of equal extent. Namur, a city of the Auftrian Nether- llnds, capital of the county of Namur, and a bifliop's fee. It has a cattle, in the middle of the town, on a craggy rock» and feveral forts. In 1692, it was taken by Lewis XI v» in perfon, alter a ficge of fix days onlyj and in 1695, it w.s re- taken by king William, after a long and bloody fiege, although defended by 1 6,000 men, and an army of 100,000 more, in the neighbourhood. On the death of Charles n of Spain, the French feized this city ; but it was ceded to the houle of Auftria by the peace of Utrecht. In 1715, it was allovired to be garrjibned by Dutch troops, as one of the barrier towns of the United Provincts. In 1746, it .was taken by the f rench, but reltored in 1748. In 1781, the emperor Joleph de- itroyed the fortifications of all the barrier towns, except thole of Namur, from which, however, he expelled the Dutch garrifon. In 1792, it was again takea by the French, who were compelled to evacuate it the following year, but they retook it in 1794. It is leated between two mountains, at the confluence of the Maefe and Sambre, 24 miles ws.w of Liege, and 32 s£ of BruflwU. Lob. 4 50 2, lat. 59 29 N. Nanci, a famous city of France, in the department of Meurthe and late duchy of Lorrain, with a bifliop's fee. Ft contains 34,000 inhabitants, and is di« vidcd, ]»r a caoal, into lYx oU tcwu and u it i ,f^ U > 1! it NAN titvr. Th« firft, though ii regulaviy built, ]» ^Ich and populouii, aud contuiuii the palace of the uncicnt dukes of Lftirain } and their t(Hubs arc ia a rich faloon, which adjoins the church of the lute Cordeliers. The new town, wliofc itrects are ptvtedly ftraight, wa» already otie of the fineft. in £iirope, before the magnificent works with which Stanidaus i, titular king of Poland, and duke of Lorruin, enriched it. The cathedral is a fui^erb ftruclure. Nanci is 15 mi'es s by e of M!etz, and aiz £ of Paris. Lon. 6 17 E, lat. 43 41 N. Nanpio, an idand of the Archipelago, a little to the n of that of Santortnl. It is 16 miles in circumference, and abounds with partridges, but has no harbour, nor fprings fuflicient to water the fields. The inhabitaniS' are all Greeks, and their trade is in onions, wax, and honey. The ruins of the temple of Apollo are yet to be feen, and coniilts chiefly of marble co- lumns. Lon.z6 10 E, lat. 36 15 n. Nangasacki, a city of Japan, in the illand of Ximo-f ifen, with a well-fre- quented harbour. The inhabitants carry on a great trade with the Chinele and Dutch. The latter aje never I'utftred to come into the city, unlefs when their fhips arrive, and then they deliver up their guns, helms, and fails, as pledges of their good behaviour. Lon. izg 51 £, lat. 32 3» N. Nang-kang-fou, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-fi, feated on lake Po-yang, and containing four cities of the third clafs in its dillrift. Nan-king, or Kiang-ninc-fou, a city of China, capital of the province of Ki:mg-nan. It is the largeft in China, being 17 miles in circumference, and three diltant from the river Yang-tife- kiang, from which canals are cut, I'o large, that veflels may enter the town. This place is greatly fallen from its an- cient fplendour; tor it had a. magnificent palace, which is quite deltroyed, as well as many ancient momnncnts ; and a third part of the city itfelf is delolate. The .itrcets are narrow, but handlbme and well paved. The public haildings are mean, except a few temples, the city gates, and a tower of porcelain, 200 feet high. It is 500 miles SSE of Pekin. Lon- 119 25 £, lat. 32 4.6 N. Nan-ngan-fou, a beautiful and po- pulous city cf China, in the province of Kiang-fi, containing, in its diftrict, four ri'ics of the thii"d dafs. It is loo miles • N by E of Cattton. . Nan jctt/iMc-FOx;, a city of China, .* NAP capital of the province* of Kiang-fi. It is the rciidence of a viceroy, and compre- hends eight cities in its diltric^. NaNTES, ijin ancient and flourifliing commtrcial town of France, in the de- partment of Lcwcr Loire and late pro- vince of Bretagne, with a bifiiop's ice, and a univerfity. It was formerly tht reCdence of the dukes of Bretapne, wh» built a ftrong caftk on the fide of the river, which ftill exitts. The cathedral contains the tombs of the ancient dukes. The bridges over the Loire, in which are fome illands, are almoft a league in length. The fuburbs are fo larg«r,' that they ex- ceed the city. The inhabitants are com- puted at 6o,ooa. Since the peace in 1783, Nantes has had a confideru.ble (hare in the commerce with the United States. A great quantity of fait is made in the territory of Nantes, both at the bay of Bourgneuf, and in the fait marfhes of Guerande and Croific. Large veflels can come no higher than Port Launai, which is II miles from Nantes. It was in this place that Henry iv promulgated the famous edift, in 1598, in favour of the proteftants, which was revoked in 1685, by Lewis xiv. In 1796, the theatre here took fire, during a time of perform- ance, aiMl leveral perlbnft loft their lives. Nantes is 58 miles s by E of Rennes, and 217 sw of Paris. Lon. i 43 w, lat. 47 13N. Nantva, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Breffe, C^tuate at the extremity of a gieat lake of the fame name, 18 miles S£ of Bonrg. Nantucket, an ifland of N America, in the ftate of Maflachufets, of which it is a cotmty. It lies to the s of Cape Cod, and had once the moft confiderable whale fifhery on the ccaft; but it was al- moft ruined by the civil war. As the ifland is low, landy, and barren, the in- habitants depend almoft intirely on the watry element for fubfiftence. It has but one town, called Sherburne, which is So miles s of Bofton. Lon. 70 30 w, lat. 41 o N. Napaul, a province of Hindooftan Proper, bounded on the s by Bahar, on the w by 6ude and Rohikund, on the Nw by Sirinagur, and on the ne and E by the ridge of mountains called Himma- leh, by which it is feparated from Thi- bet. Catni^ndu is the capital* Na.^'les, a kingdom of Italy, bounclv'd bathe NW by the Ecclefiaftical State, or> the s and w by the Mediterranean, and «n tl» E by the guli" of Vemcc. Its cs^ NAP NAP in the vince of a gleat s"e of Lmerica, vhich it of Cape 'devable was al- As the the in- on the It has which is 30 w, joundv.'(t itate, on ;an, and Its cx^ tent frotn NW to se is 180 mltes> and fioin NE to sw iVoin 96 to 100. It is diviiled into twelve provinces; namely, Terra tli Lavora (the ancient Cainpania Ftlix) "Principato Citeriore and Ulteri- ore> Mnlife, Balilicata, Cabbria Citeri- ere and Ulteriore, Abruzzo Citeriore a}id Ulteriore, Capitanata, Terra di fiari, and Terra d'Otranto 5 the laft three foiTning the ancient Apulia, now called Piiglia> on the e fide of the kingdom. After many revolutions, the Normans became matters of this country, in the eleventh century ; and the fovereigns were called counts, then duices, and afterward kings of Puglia: but, in 1182, Peter iii, king of Arragon, caufed all the Nomians in the iftand of Sicily to be niailacred; and this mallacre wa^ called the Sicilian Vefpers. After this, Puglia was joined to Sicily ; and hence the i'overeigns took the title of King of the Two Sicilies. It has aifo been called the kingdom of Naples^ from its capital. France and Spain contended for the fovereign):y in the fequel, and bloody wars and, revolu- tions. were the coofequence. The French being defeated by the Spaniards in 1 504., Lewis xri foimaliy renounced all preten- lions to the crown, and the country was goverjied by Spanifli viceroys. In 164.7, happened the dreadful infurre^ion of Mallaniello in the city of Naples, by which the Spaniards were nearly expelled. The people, however, returning to their allegiance, on the aflalfinatian of Mafia- niello, the' Spaniards continued in peace- able poiTeiUon of the kingdom till 1707, when it was conquered by prince Eu- gene, and ceded to the emperor by the treaty of Kaltadt in 17x4.. It was reco- vered, however, by the Spaniards in 1 734; and the eldelt fon of the king of Spain is row king of Naples and Sicily. The title of ;hc king's, eldelt fon is Prince of Cala- bria. The climate is extremely hot, ef- pecially th'Jaiy, Auguft, and September; and is liiid to be one of the moik incon- ftant and unfavorahlifto. valetudinAVians: in Ibnie feajbns it rains every day for fix er I'eytn weeks together. But tke moft diliagreeable part of the climate is the firocc, or- se wind, whtch is vei-y com- mon in. May,, and is infinitely more re- laxing, and gives the vapours in a much higher degree, than the wortt of the rainy, month of November, in Great Bri- tain. In winter t-bere tSjlSttdom any ice or ihow, except on the ihouritaJns. Tht •ountry, on account of its fertility, is termed a teireltrial paradlfe: it abounds Vfith gr^n, th< finelt fruits and v«g^trt»- Wrt, rice, iax, oil, wine, faffron, an4 mannai and .rffords alum, vitriol, fulphur,* rock-cryftal, marble, minerals, and fine wool and filk. Bcfide the manuiafturcs noticed in the account of the city of Na- ples, waiftcoats, caps, Itockings, and gloves are alfo made of the hair or fila- ments of a flicUfifh, which are warmer -than tholis of wool, and of a beautiful glofly green. The principal mountains are the Appcnnincs, which trawrle this country from s to N j and the celebrated volcano, Mount Veluvius. One of the greateft inconveniences to which this kingdom is expofcd is earthquakes (liie Calabria) which the eruptions of Mount Veluvius contribute, in Icme mta- fure, to prevent. 7 he eftablilhed reli- gion is the Roman catholic j and the clergy and convents poliefs two tliirds of the whole kingdom j but the Jews are allowed to lettle here. The inhabitant! of this country have, at all times, bom but an indifferent tharacler among other nations : gluttony is here a predominant vice, while inftances of ebriety me com- paratively rare. In the female fex, the pafiion for finery is almoft luperi^r to any other ; and though chaltity is not the cha- rafteriftic virtue of the country, yet a Neapolitan woman would, for the moft part, prefer a prefent to a. lover. That furious jealoufy, for which the nation was one J fo remarkable, is now greatly abated. The breach of the conjugal vow fometimes ocjafians quarrels and affalTma- tions among people of an inferior rank { and, in the metropolis, aflfaflinations are often perpetrated from much lefs cogent motives. Of thefe vices, many are doubt- lefs owing to the flavery and oppi-elfion under which they groan, and to a radical defe mile; ne of Pembroke, and 229 w by N o'. -^London. Lon. 4 46 w, lat. 51 50 i, Narbonmb, an ancient city of France, in the department of Aiide and late pro>- viiKc of Languedoc. Before the revo],i> tioa of 1789, it was an archiepiiicapal fee. In the time of .tlic Romans, it was the capital of that part of Gaul, called Gallia Narbonenfis ; and here the em* peror -Marcus Atirelius was born. Some Roman infcriptions, in different parts of tjhc city, arc (UU vifibU ; and Che caOal) N A R isr A V frnm the river Awde, through the city, to the Molite? rantnti, • was cut by tlie Komani. N.irbonne is famous for its Inonty, and tlw cathedral is remarkable for its noble choir. It is five miles from the Mediterranean, and 75 t by s of Tou- loufe. Lon. 3 6 E, lat. 4.3 11 n. Narborough, an ifland of S Ame- rica, on thecoaft of Chili, where fir John Narborough refrefhed his men, wlun lent to the South Sea in the reign of Charles II. Lon. 7+ 3y w, lat. 45 o n. Nardo, a populous town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bifhop'j lee, »o miles Nw of Otranto. Lon. 18 16 E, lat. 40 18 N. Narenta, a town of Dalmatia, with a bi/hop's lee, leated on a gulf of the fame name, 46 miles ne of Ragufa. Lon. x8 27 E. lat. 43 3S N. Narni, an ancient town of Italy, in Sabina, with a bilhop's fee. Here are the ruins of a marble biidge, built by Au;.;uftus, one of whole arches was 1 50 feet high, and aoo broad ; as alio of an aqutduft that brought water from a ipring at the diitance of 1 5 miles'. It contains a great many noble familes, .^nd is leated «n the Nera, ao miles iW of Spoletto, and 40 NE of Rome. Narova, a river of the Ruflian em- pire, which iffues from the lake Peipui, and watering Narva, flows into the gulf of Finland, eight miles below that town. It is noted for two catara£ls, pompoully defcribed by travellers, but they are far inferior to that of the Rhine, at LaufFen. Narsingapatan, a town of the pe- piniula of Hindooltan, in the territory of Bifnagur. It was the refidence formerly of a king, and is fituate 400 miles se of Bombay. Lon. 76 10 e, lat. 15 30 N. Narva, a ftrong town of the Rullian empire, in lugria, or the government of Pettrlburgh. The houfes aic built of brick ftuccoed white j and it has more the appearance of a German thati of a Ruflian town. In the fuburbs, called Ivangorod, aie the (tupendous remains of an ancient fortrefs, built by Ivan Vaflilivitch the Great, which impend over the ^teep banks of the Naro\a. In 1700, Charles xii of Sweden obtained a great viftoiy here over Peter the Great. Five years after, the czar took the town by aflault j and, notwithftanding his na- tural favage charafter, faved the town, by his own perfonal exertions, from pil- lage and maflacre. The principal ex- ports from Narva are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. It is fituate on the Narova, %ki milet from its mcuth,^ and i«o w of Pcterfburgh. Lcn. »7 51 i. In 59 li N. Narwah, or Narwha, a town of Hiiidooltau Pioper, in the province of Agra, li;ated iuar,the Sinde, which falls below it intj the Jumna. It is 117 niiK'! cil iigii. Ltin. 79 r? E, lat. 15 40 N. Naseby, a village in Nort ampton- ftiire, famous for the decifive vidory gain- ed by the army of the parliair.ent over that of Cha]!;s 1, in 1645. It i^ 1% ir.iles N of Northampton. Nassau, a county of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine ; bounded oft the N by Weltphalia, on the e by the county of Solmes, on the s by the terri- loiy of Mentz, and on the w by tlie elec- torate of Treves. It is very fertile, and contains mines of iron, copper, and lead. Nassau, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the fame name, the houl'e of whole fovereign is divided Into leveral branches. It is feated on the river Lahn, 12 miles SE of Coblentz. Lon. 7 41 £, latt 50 18 N. Nata, a leaport of S America, in the government of Panama, feated in a fertile country, on the bay of Parlta, 70 miles sw of*^ Panama. Lon. 81 15 w, lat. S 10 N. Natal, a coimtry on the £ coaft of Africa, laying ne ol the Cape of Good Hope, inhabited by the Bolhman Hotten- tots. See Hottentots, Country or THE. Natchitoches, a river of Louifiana, which falls into the MiirilTippi* at Point Coupee. Natolia, a country, formerly called Alia Minor. It is the molt weftcm part of Turkey in Afia, extending from the Euphrates as far as the Archipelago, the ftrait of Gallipoli, the lea of Marmora, and the (trait of Conftantinople. It is bounded on the N by the Black Sea, and on the s by the Mediterranean. I'he air is tcmperaie and wholelbme, and the Ibil generally tertlle. It Is crofled by a chain of mountains, formerly called Taurus, from E to w, and watered by a great number of rivers. NavaAino, a ftrong '■nd populous tbwn of the Morea, with an excellent lal'ge harbour, defended by two forts. It is leated on a hill, near the lea, eight miles NE of Modon, and 17 NW of Co- ron. Lon. ii 40 E, lat. 37 2 N. Navarre, a kingdom of Europe, ly- ing between France and Spain, and di- vided into the Upper and Lower. The Upper belongs t9 Spain, and is 75 mil9s Dd 3 '"> l' i'in '4* r_ IHft.sl i HHH^ffi^ ; ■ l| i H: 1^ N A X in 1 ngfh and ^o in breadth. The air U niore nill, temperate, and whildbme, than in the neighbouring pioviiuxs of Spiiiii and, though a mountainous coun- try, it is j-retty tuiiliu uhcuniUng in all forts of game, ami in iron minus. It it divided into five diiirids, whole capital towns are Pampi'luni, Ellclla, Tudcla, Olita, and Ht. Ouel'ci. Lower Navarre l)elongs to France, and ih includ d in the territory ui' Bal'ques and department of the Lower Pyrenees. It is feparattd from Spauilh Navarre by the Pyrenees, and h a mountainous, barren country, ao miles in length and iz m breadth. From this country, the late king of France took his other title of king ot' Navauv. See Palais, St. Navarreins, a town of France, in the tiepartinent of the Lower Pyrenees and late territi^ry of Beam, feated on the Cave d'Okron, 26 miles sii of Bayonne. Lon. o 45 \v, lat. 4-5 i.; n. N A VI DAD, a leanort of New Spain, feated on t!ie Pacihc Ocean, 350 miles w of Mexico. Lcn. 106 o w, lat. 19 o N. Is'avigators Islands, a clufter of jflaudo in the S Pacific Ocean. The in- habitants ure a llrong and handfome race ; fcurcely a man to be lecn anions; them lefs than fix tect high, and well propor- tioned. The women are delicately beau- tiful J their canoe., houfes, &c. well conftru.-'ed; and they are much more ad- vanced in internal policy, than any of the iftands in this ocean. Lon. 169 o w, lat. 14 19 s. See MaCUNA. N AUMBURG, a town of Upper Saxony, capital of the dnchy of Saxe Naumbmg, leatcd on the Sala, 37 miles ne of Er fort, and 60 w of Drefden. Lcn. la 20 e, ht. 51 12 N. Naxkow, a town of Dennurk, in the ifle of Laland, with a harbour commo- dious for tiade, and a plentiful filhery litre. It is 60 miles sw of Copenhagen. Loji. II 31 E, lat. 54 52 N. Naxos, or. Naxia, a corf^derable ifland of the Archipelago,. 25 miles in length and 88 in circumference. It abounds with orange, olive, lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fig, and mulberry- trees ; and, though it has no harbour, carries on a confuierable trade in barley, wine, oil, figs, cotton, filk, flax, cheefe, ialt, ox.-n, fheep, and mules. It is inha- bited bj!.h by Greeks, and Latins, has four archiepifcopal fees, and a great many villages j but the whole ifland does not contain above 8000 inhabitants. Tl)e ibigheft mountain is Zia, wbiclv fignifies the mountain of Jupiter; But there are N E A no antiquities, except foitie final! jTmnIm of a temple of Bacchus, Th lat. 52 15 N. Needles, two rocks at the w end of the Ille of Wight, lb called from their fliarp extremities. hlEEHEEHEOW, onc of the Sandwich iflands, five leagues w of Atooi. The £ coaft is high, and rifes abruptly from the lea j the reft of it confifts of low ground, except a round bluff held on the SE point. It produces plenty of yams. Neerwinden, a village of Auftrian Brabant, a little N by w of Landen. Hence the two celebrated battles of Lan- den are fometimes called by the name of Neerwinden. See Landen. Nefta, a town of the kingdom nf Tunis, 250 miles s by of Tunis. Lon. 9 25 E, lat. 33 o N. Negapatam, a city of the penlnfula of Hindooitan, on the coaft of Coroman- de). It was firft a colony of the Portu- guefe, but was taken by the Dutch. The latter were difpolieffed of it by the En- glifhmi782j but, by the peace of 1783, it was agreed to be reitored to the Dutch, whenever they fhould give an equivalent for it. Negapatam is 183 miles s of Madras, Lqr, 79 56 i, lat. 10 .^6 n. Neoambo, a feaport on the w cOaft of the iile of Ceylon. It has a toit built by the Portutjuele, which was taken, in 1640, by the Dutch, who evacuated it to the Englilh in February 1796. Lon, 83 45 K, Ifit. 7 30 N. Net, rajs, a Icaport on the E fide of the bay of Bengal, 240 miles wuw ol Pegu. Lon. 94 4 B, lat. 15 50 N. Neoril- Point, the molt wcUerly promontory of the iHand of Jamaica. Negro, Cape, a promontory of Af- rica, on the \v coatt of Angola, being the moft foutherly country to which tlur Europeans uiunlly rclort to purchalie Haves. Lon. 10 40 e, lat. 15 54 N. Negro's-Island, one of the Philip- pine Klatids, between Panay and Zebu. Necroland, or Nigritia, a country of Africa, tln-ough which the river Niger is fuppoied to run. It has the great de- fert ot Zahaia on the n, and Itrctches far to the s, but the inland puits are very Utile known. The Europeans have many lottlcinents on the coaft, where they barter European goods for Haves, gold duft, and elephants teeth. Negropont, an ifland of Turkey in Europe, the largeft in the Archipelago. It was anciently called Euboea, and in near the n coaft of Livadia, ieparated from it by the ftrait of Negropont, over which is a bridge. It is 90 miles in ' length, and 25 in breadth, though in fome places much narrower. It abounds in corn, wine, and fruits. Negrotont, a Itrong city, capital of an ifland of the lame name, and a Greek archbilhop's lee. It has a good harbour, which is commonly the ftatiou of the Turkifli fliips. The walls of the city, in which the Turks and Jews reiide, are two miles and a half in circumference j but the fuburlw, where the Chriftiana live, are much larger. It v*ras taken, in 1469, ♦rom the Venetians, who attempted to reta.'<:e it in 1688, without effect. It is featv-d on a ftrait of the fame name, 30 miles ne of Athens, and 260 sw of Con- ftantlnople. Lon. 24 8 e, lat. 38 30 N. Nehavand, an ancient town of Per- fia, in Irac Agerni, famous for a battle fought near it, between the calift* OmajT and Yez Degerd, king of Perfia, in 1632^ when he loft that kingdom. It is 179 miles NW of Ifpahan. Lon. 47 10 £, lat. 34 20 N. Neidenburc, a town of Pruifia, with a caftle on a mountain, 75 miles £ of Culm. Lon. 20 20 e, lat. 53 22 N. Neilston, a viUage in Renfrcwfbirp, to the s of Paifley. It is noted tor 4k cotton manufaflure. . . ' n i"i<' )i -^ mm I N E P NET 'i''] iM'^: i i Neisse, a tcwn of Siiefia, fnrroundcd by thick v nlh :.;:d 4ei;p ditches. The biihop of lircdaw gentrally refides hurt, and has a magnificent paiacc. The in- habitants carry on a confiderable trade in linens and vine. This place iuffcicd greatly In 1729, by an inundation and a fire. It was taken by the Pruirians in 1 74 1, who, after the peace, in 17+t, built a c'tadcl, to which they gave thi name of Pr u/Tia. It is featcd 0:1 a river of the ;ame name, 27 niiks ne ot Glatz, and ;?5 st; ot Jirellaw. Lwi. 17 35 E, kt. 50 31 N. Nellenburg, a town of Suabia, ca- p'.;al ot a .andgravate of the fame name, 2 2 milcs N of C'onltance, and 20 ne of Schafiliaui'er,. Lon. 9 8 E, hit. 4.7 59 N. Nklson, an Rngllfh lettlem.ent in N Aniaic.i, on the w tide of Hudton's Bay, at the mouth of the river Nelion, a 50 miles sr. of Churchill Fort. It bclGUgs to tiie Huiir-^n''s B".y Company. Lon, 52 35W, lit. 57 7 N- . NiM/EA, a village of the Morea, fa- mous for tlie Kcinxan gamea aucicntly cclibra'cd h.re. Nl;.!Ours, a town of Fiance, In t'f. tlepartinent of Seine an.l Marne and late province of the !• e ot France, with an old calHe, between two hills, on the fpot where ftcod the town of Grex: in the time of Cefar. It is feated on the Lolng, xo miles s of Fontainblcau, and 15 se of Paris. Lon. 2 37E, lat.48 16 N. Nen, the principal river of Northamp- tonthire, which riles in the vv part of the county, and is made navigable at Nortk- ampton. It leaves the county at Peter- borough, and crolfing the Il!e of Ely, forms part of the w boundary of Norfolk, and falls into the Line Inlhlre Walh. Jt likewifc cemmunlcates, by feveral channels, with the Great Oufe. Neocastro, a fort of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Romania, where the Turks al- w.iys keep a good garri'on. It Ls feated in the middle of tne itrait of Conftantl- rople, 12 miles from- Conftaatinopk. Lon. 29 4E, lut.41 -"0 N. Neots,St. atowninlluntingdonflilre, vf;th a market onsThurldsy. It is well built, has a handfome church, with a fin': Iteeple, and a confidcrahle trade in . coal. It i.s Icated on the Out, over v'hich i!( a iloue liridge, 20 niiks wsw 01 Cambridge, and 56 nnw of London. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 5a 7 N. Nepean Island, an Ifiand of the S Pacific Ocean, opnofjte Port Hunter, rn • the 5 coaft of Norfolk Ifiand. It conilfts . iiititel'y of am niafs of fand, held together .i?y the i'urrcunding clitfs, which jutjC a border of hard rocks. The furt'acc was covered with a kind of coarle gra:a and upward ot 20c hr.; ^)inci were grow, ing on it. Nepi, an ancient town of Italy, in the patrimony of St, Peter, with a bilhop's lev, fcLttcd 00 tiic Triglia, 20 miles N ot Rome. Lon. 11 34. e, lat. 42 14 n. N2RAC, a town of France, in tiie de- parlmcut of Lor and Garonne and ltti» province of Guienne, divided by the rlvir Baiie into grear and little Nerac. In the fvudal times, this was the refdcnce and capital of the lords of Albiet. Their Itupcndovis caftle is r\ow in ruins ; but, betore the aboii'ion of royalty, no true Frenchman could viut it without lenti- mentj of vcniratinn} !or here their onte favourite Henry iv, Iptnt part of his. youth. Nerac is 20 miles sw of Agcn, and 380 s by w of Paris. Lon. o 13 t, lar.44 2 N. NtRBUDDA, a river of India, which ili'ues from a lake en the Ibuthcrn confines ot the province of Allah.diaKl, forms the boundary between. Hindoolian Proper and tiie Deccan, and falls into the gulf of C:i)nl)ay, beiow Baroach. Nericia, apjovinceof Sweden Proper; bovmded on the n by Weftmania, en the a by Sudermania, on the s by E Gotli- land, and on the w hy W Gothland, Orebo is the capital, and the only ccn- fiderah\i place in it, Nero, an Kland in the E Indies, the fecond of the Kanda Illaiids, where th> Dutch have a fort called Fort N.itlaa. Here are large terpents, but not venomous, ':nd ihe mountainu r.re covered with treis, in which are birds (J'a very fingularkind. Lon. 129 45 e, laf,4. 4aN. Nertchinsk, pr.tj of the four pro- vinces of the Ruffian government of Ir- kutzk, Its capital, pi the fame name, :s feated on the Neitcha, v/hich falls ir^to the vSehilka, Nesle, a town of France, in the de- partment ofSomme and late province of Picardy. It is feated on the Liugoi), eight miles NE of Royes, and 66 n by E ot Paris. Lon. a 59 e, lat. 49 51 N, Ness, I.och, a lake in Invemefsfhire, 22 miles in length, and, for thei^ioft pwt, one in breadth. It is Iheltcredon the N\v by the high moinitalns of Urquhart and Mealfuurvoiity, and edged with coppigcs. oi birch and oak. NesS; a river of S(;ot[and, which 1$ the outlet of Loch N*;!;;, ajid fall? into the frith of Murray, below Ij;iveruefs. NETHtRLANDS,0rL0\vC0VN'TRIE.'», a large country of Europe, ;iincie»tly tailed Gallia Bcig^ica. Ju t,\\e ijimli cvjj • A NET N E tr Audi is into the tui j'f tlie Tens of the emperor Lewis the Pruffia. The late emperor, Jofeph it, Pious having divided the dominions of liaving proiefled many innovations, and their father, who poifelTed Germany, entoicinj theui with viokuce, a univErliil France, and Italy, a new kingdom was fpirit o^ revoh broke out ; an ai'my of formed, comprehending Germany and 4.0,000 men role, a* if by magic, to I'up- France J and a part of the Netherlands. It port the j-cnunciation or all ailegiancr, %vas called Lotharia, hut did not long wiiichleveralot'the provinces openly made; lubfift; for it was foon divided into two j ;i congrels was fi.Tmed from the uitfcrent snd that featcd near the Moditurrantan Hates, in whom the tupreiue government was called the kingdom of Bingundy ; was ve^ed ; and by the end ot 1790, ti)e while the other, to the N, had the .'anie Aui'iiians were expelled. Tiie new go- of Auitrafia. Neither did this luft conti- vernnient, however, was not of long du. nue long,„it being divided into 17 pro- ration, for Leopold Ii (the luc.:fc!ior of vinces, under different names, which lliil Joleph, who died in the early part of 1790) depended on the empire of Germany, and was enabled, partly by lorce, partly by were called Lower Germany. In pro- conciliatory mea. ires, and partly by ihe cei's of time, the Uoiile of Burgundy pur- mediation of Grear Britain, Pruiiia, and chafed many of them, and was about to Holland, to recover the entire poU'eflion form tliem, with Burgundy, into a king- or' his authority ; the mediating courts dom J but Charles the Bold, the laft di.'kr 01' Burgundy, beii.g killed by the Swil's ir 1477, his part of the Netherlands devolvtu on Mary !iis only child; by whofe mar- riage with the emperor Maximilian, the Netherlands were an ucquifition to the houieof Auftria. Theemperor Charles v, king of Spain, in 1555, abdicated the ioverelgnty of the Netherlands, and. havuig guarantied the reftoration of the ancient Belgic conititution. In 1792, i.he iM-ench overran the Aultrian Nether- lands : they were ilriven out of the coun- try in 1793 ; but they returned in 1794., and lubdued every part of it. The Ne- therlands, in general, are 360 miles long and 260 broad ; lying between z and 7° K Ion. and 49 and 54.° n lat. They are icon alter, the Spanilh crown, in favour boiuided on the w and n by the German of his Ion Philip. The tyranny of this Ocean, on the E by Germany, and on the cruel bigot, Philip ll, who endeavoured s by France. Tliey once conltituted a to introduce the inquifuion into the Lov/ part of the German empire^ unJer the CounLries, with the barbarities exerci.ed name of the circle of Burgundy. The by the duke of A>a, exafpcrated the principal rivers are the Sciield, Rhine, people to luch a degree, that they threw Maeic, Molelle, Sambre, and Lis ; and off the Spanifh yoke, and, under the con- there are many fine navigable canals. du6t of William i, prince of Orange, The air is temperate ; but the moviths of formed the famous league of Utrecht, m the rivers and harbours are frozen in I 579, which proved the foundation of the winter. The foil is extremely fertile; republic ot' the Seven United Provinces, and there are tine mamifacfures of lace. After a long war (with the interval of a lawns, cambrics, tapeltry, ice. Brullels, truce of 12 years) Philip IV exprefsly the capital of Brabant, is the capital, acknowledged the independence of tliele likewile, of all the Auflrian Netherlands, provinces, by the treaty of Weilphalia, See United Provinces of the Ne- in 16+8. The other jo provinces, how- therlands. ever, returned under the dominion of Nettuno, a town of Italy, in Cam- Spain, but with very favorable ftipula- pagna di Koma, feated in a fertile ibil, lions with refpeft xa theiv ancient liber- at the iT\outh of the Loracina, 24 miles s ties. On the acceflion of a branch of the home of Bourbon to the Spanifti monar- chy, it w'ls ftipulated, in 1714, that the Spanifh Netherlands fhould return to the German branch of the houfe of Aultria ; but fome coniidcrable parts wercobtainud by conqueft or celHon, by the French atid Dutch. The Dutch have pait of Brabant, Limburg, and Flanders. The French have Ariois an^l the Cambrefts ; with part of Luxemburg, Flanders, and Hainault. On the other hand, part of Guelderland, one of the United Provinces, Itiong? tp Aullria, a^d ar,Qlher part tu of Rome. Lou. 12 29 e, la^. 41 32 N. Neva, a river of Rullia, which ill'ues from the lake Ladoga, ?nd fails into the gulf of FinJlaivJ, below Peterlburg. Neuburc, a town of iSualiia, in the Briigaw, lubje'H to the iioai'e of Aidfria. It is featcd near the Rhine, 12 miles N of Balle and 12 s of Brifach. Lon. 7 35 B, lat. 47 47 N. Neuburg, a town of Lower Auftria, with a fauious munaltery, ieated on the Danube, five miles irom Vienna. Lon, 16 2OE, lat. 48 13 N. NtVXiURO, a town of Gcunany, in m ti wf ,'!i: m N E U N E U i J 1 > ■/^■hj. : the Juchy'of Wirtemburg, %vltli a caftle I'eated on the Entz, 25 miles w of Stut- gard. Lon. 8 3+E, iat. 4-8 51 N. Neuburg, a town of Germany, in the ciide of Bavaria, capital of a duchy of the fame name, fubjeft to the t*kC:lor palatine. It is i8 miks NE of Auglburo^, and 40 sw of Katilbon. Lon. 11 10 £, lit.^^ 45 N. N^EUCHATEL, a territory of Swiller- land, v/hich,vvi;hthatof Vallcngin, forimi one principality, between the lake of Nciichatcl and the borders of France; extending 36 mik-s from N to s, and 18 in its grcateft breadth. By the death uf the due hefs of Nemours, in 1707, the fdvereignty of Nenchattl and V'allengin was claimed by F'reaeric i ol Pniffia, as heir to the prince of Orange; ard iiis right was acknowledged by the Itates of the coimtry. The conftitution is a kind of limited monarchy. The inhabitants aiT proteltants, except in the twodillriils of Landeron and Cjeliier, wheie the ca- tholics are predominant. In 1529, this principality entered into an alliance with the cantons of Bern, Friburg, Soleure, and Lncern. The air is healthy and temperate ; and it is watered by feveral lakes and rivers. The foil is not equally fertile, but there are large vineyards that produce white and red wine, which laft is excellent. The paltures on the mountains feed a great number of all ibrts of cattle, and there are plenty of deer in the forelts. Neuchatel, a town of Swilkrland, capital of a principality of the fame name. It contains not more than 3000 fouls, and is fituatc partly on the plain between the take of Neuchatel and the Jura, and partly on the declivity of that mountain. 'I'he chief article of exportation is wine, produced from the neighbouring vine- yarris, and mucli eiteemed ; and it has manufaflurts of printed linens and cot- tons. Many public works have btei^ J;iU ly executed, among which are the new townhoufe, and a fuperb caufeway Icadino- toward the valley of St. Imier. Neuchatel has a great and little council; the firit is competed of 40 perfons ; the fccond confifts of 24 members, compre- hending the mayor, who is prelident. It }„ -": miles NE of Laufanne, and 25 w of Bern. Lon. 7 o E, lat. 47 5 N. NfUCHATtL, or YvKRDUN, a lake of Swifferland, which ftretches about ao miUs in length from the town of Yvtrdun to that of Neuchatel, in a dircflion from sw to NE, at which extremity it has a communication with the lake oftBitinic by a narrow outlet. Nevf.rn, a village in Pembrokcfliir.-, near a river cf the iamc name, one niil<; NE of Newport. In the churchyard, on the s fide, itands a fingle Itone, of a iiquare fonn, 1 3 feet high and two broad ; the top is circular, charged with a croi.->, and all the fides are neatly carved with knotwork of various patterns. There are feveral other ancient tnonununts in the pari ill. Nkvers, a confidera'.)le town of France, in the department of Nievre and late pro. vince cf Nivcniois, with a bishop's ice. It is built in the form of an aniphitiieatre, and co!Hain:j iirvcral fine biiiklings ; par- ticulaiiy the ancient ducal palate, in which John CiJiiner, kii-;g of Poland, ex- pired in 1672. It is ftattd on the Loire, over which is a hancUbme hridg- , 15 miles NW of Moulins, and 145 se o» Paris. Lon. 3 14 e, lat. 46 59 N. Neufchatil, a town of France, in the department of Lower Seine and latf f>rovince of Normandy, noted for excel- en*- cheefe. It is leated on the Arques, 20 rhiles se of Dieppe, and 75 NW of Paris. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 49 46 n. Neufchateau, a town of Auftriati Luxemburg, 27 miles WNW of Luxeui- burg. Lon. 5 30 e, lat. 49 53 N. Neufchateau, a commercial town of France, in the department of the Vol'- ges and late province of Lorrain. It is leated in a loil fertile in corn and good wine, on the river Mouzon, 25 miles sw of Nanci, and 1 50 E by s of Pari*. Lon. 5 47 E, lat. 48 24 N. Neuhaus, a ftrong town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, with a caltlc. Lon. 15 30 e, lat. 49 8n. Neuhausel, a ttrong town of Uppir Hungary, feated in a mar(hy plain, on the river Neytracht, 1 5 miles >* w of Co- mora, and 40 SE of Prelburg. Lon. 18 10 e, lat. 48 I N. Nevin, or Nevvin, a town in Carnar- vonfhiie, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the Lifli Sea, 20 miles s by w of Carnarvon, and 149 wnw of London. Lon. 4 25 \v, lat. 52 51 n. Nevis, one of the Leeward Caribbee Iflands, in the W Indies, divided from the E end of St. Chriftophtrs by a narrow channel. It has but one mountain, which is in the middle, very high, and covered with large trees up to the top. Here is a hot b;ith, much of the fame nature a^ thofe of Bath, in England. It is a imar i lat. 47 NeUmark, a town of Bavaria, 30 miles NNW ot' Ratifbon. Lon. ia25E, ht.49 18 N. Neomark, a town of Silefia, in the jirincipnlity of Breflaw, X5 miles w by N ov Bfeflaw. Lon. if> 4z E, lat. 515 n. Ntus, a river of N Carolina, which en- ters Pamlico Sovnid, below Newbcru^ wliere it is a mile and a halt broad. Neui TADT, a town ol Lower Saxony, in the ttuchy of Holltein feated on the Baltic, 32 miles nne of Lubec. Lon. II oE, lat. 5.J. 10 N. Neustadt, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 15 miles s ol Schweiin» Loi;. 11 50 E, lat. 53 24 n. Nevstadt, a town of Lower Saxony, In the duchy of Br mfwick-Luntubmg, with a calHe, 15 iniles NW of Hanovei-. Lon. 9 55 K, lat. 5a 54- N. Neustadt, a town of Lower Anftrin, with a bilhop's lee, a Ciftle, and an arft- nal, 30 miles s of Vienna. Lon. 16 a; e, Jat.47 48 N. Neustadt, a town of Franconia, in the bifhopric of Wurtzburg, leated on the Sale, 12- miks ne of Schweinfiirt. Lon. 10 25 E, iat. 50 24 N. Neustadt, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the Kocher, 12 miles nne of Hailbron. Lon. 9 20 c, Jat.49 17 N. N."-:usTAUT, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, nine miles N by w of Landauv Lon. 8 7 e, iat. 49 20 N . Neuwied, a flcurii'hing ccnnmerciai city of Germany, in the circUr ot t:he Upper Rhine, capital of the principality of Wied. I'he nurriber of irhabitan<:s is bt.tv/een 6 and 7000 i the Calriniit is the ellabliflied religion, but ail others are tolerated ; and the Moravian^!, in particu- lar, have here a very relpeftabit leitiement. Neuwied is 10 milts NNW of Cobientz. Lon. 7 25 E, lat. 50 32 N. Newark, a flourifliing town of the United States, in New Jerfey, with one epifcopal and two pref[)ytcTian claaxhcs. It has the reputation ot making the htii cider in the world, and is nine miles w of New York. "■ Newark upon Trent, a borough in Nottinghamshire, with a raarket ou Wtdnelilay. It is feated on the T ent,, over which ig a bridge, and once had a handlbme caitle, now in ruins. Here, in the midit of troubles, died the inglori- oiw king John j ad here the unfoi tunate Charles r, after bi« defeat at Nal'eby, put bimfelf into A« luuMk of the Scotch »Tmy, N E \V who aftenvard gave him up to his '.vorft eneiiiies. Newark has a good trade, is governed by a m.iyor, and iLmls two members to parliameiU. It i;. 17 miles NE of Nottingham, and 1:14 N by w of Lon.lon. Lcin.o45\v, lat. 5} 6 n. Nkwbern, thecounty towuof Craven, in the llate of N Carolina, fituate at the confluence of ihc Neus and the Trent, 499 miles s by vV of Philadelphia. Lon, 77 5 w, lat. 35 20 N. Newburoh, a corporate town in the li]c of AnglelL'y, with a market on Tuef- day. It is governv'd by a mayor, and feated on ;he Brant, 1 5 miles s\v of Beau- maris, and 257 iS'W of London. Lon. 4 27 w, lat. 53 10 N. Newkvrn, a village in Northumber- land, on the w fide of Ntwcalfie, inha- bited chiefly by colliers. Here, a part of the army of Charles t, under ioid Con- way, was defeated by the Scotch in 1640. Newbury, a corporate town in Berk- fhire, with a market on Thurfday. it i« governed by a mayor, has a manufaduji' of drugget;;, and its poor are chiefly em- ployed in fpinning, Two battles were fought near this town with dubious fuc- ceis, between the forces of fJharles 1 and tlie parliament, in 1643 and 1644. New- bury is feated on the Kennet, z6 miles s of Oxford, aitd 56 w of Londo:;. Lou. 1 12 w, lat. 51 25 N. Newbury-Port, a town of the- United States, in Mailachulets, where the bufmefs of ihip- building is carried on largely. It is fitua<-e on the river Merrimak, iv/o miles fro:!-; the fca, and 45 E of Bodon, Lon. 71 5 w, l.-u. 42. 45 *^- Newcastle, a town, in Carmarthen- fl:ire, with a market on Friidihire, with a market on Monday. It h.d four churches, now reduced to one; a\id the cartle, whence it had its r;ame, is quite deniolilhed. It has a m-mufav-fure of hats, is governed by a mayor, and lends two members to parliameHt. It is itated on a rivul'.ir, j i; miles N of Stafford, an4 149 NNW of London. Lon. 2 2 w, lat. 53 I* N. Newcastle, or NEWcAPTt,F. t.vpom TvNF, a huge boioiigh and fcaport in Northumberland, fituate bet^vecn the Px6ls Wall aa«l the Tyne,. The river is f« I ,i).- ■::.v.(.' -I 1 :: m )"v i ■ y^'i N E W NEW m m^ Hetp, ihnt (hips under 400 tons h\irdefi may co.iiu up to the town, though the. iargc colliers aie ftationed below, at Miiiiiils., The town may be conrulered as divided into two parts, of whiah Gates- luad, on the Durham fidi;, is one ; and V)Oih were joined hv a (lone 'oridpi:, which orsgin-tny conlUted of 1 z arches j hut hy the tiiibankrncnt cf the river to form ihc qu^ys on the N fide, the.y were re- duced to nine. In X771, a dreadhil fiocd carried away four of thefi* archui-, with ihmc houies that (tood upon them ; and tJMS part of the bridge; was rebuilt in 1779. Through thiK place went part of tliut wail which extended from fea to lea, and was built by the Romans to dcrrend the Britons a'c-ainit the incurfn/ns of the l-'ifts. The town is defended i)y a lirong wail, in which are feven gates, and as m;u)y turrets, with feveral cafe- inents liomb- proof ; but the caftle l.s old and ruinous. Here is a noble exchange i and the wall of the town, running pa- rallel with the river, leaves a ipatioT.is piece , and is .on. 75 3 5 the United n the Pa, River, 40 Surry, five is> a niedi.. rc as th;it ^y point of coall of N emity of a which tlie boundary. Cook iij 8 41. K. cclitrrtiirc, :cd near a. iltS NW of F London. Hungary, and ao s biTipfhIre, My which ithaniptiai i J^ngiiilj igih, and ntagfs of ;yance by ihe dock'- ert^ hav. i'al places )rtnfed by lelkd the- and was now. d in tris Wnlta, giivviced ,ur.<:d out lb,nd on Nvecji 4T ini.'ii.iiai ; ■abrador cwu rhia ■.he baie, }. moi-n. NEW Istiing covered with fnow five months in the y«ar. It Items to have no inhabitant* oi its own, but in the rumiirer-time n vifited by the ElqiJiniaux Indians. It has leveral bays and harbours, and there aie about 500 Englifh families who con- tinue htrc all the ytiJf, belide the garri(bn of St. John's, Placentia, and other forts. In the fifhlug f«albn, which begins in May and ends in Septcnibe; , it iv refortetl to by at leaft 10,000 people, on account of the great fifliing-banks to the SE of tills iiland ; for here they cure the cod, vvlilch is carried not only to England, but to all parts of Europe and the VV Ijidi^. In winter, the chief tinploy- nieiit of the inhabitants is to cut wooowii, /iruatr on the lid>/ cf a Ueep hill, at the foot of which is Ntwry- water, having over it two Itone bridges; and there is a thiid bridge over a navi-. g-ibie canal, by whi'.h it iias a commu- nication with Lough Naagh and Carling, ford Bay. It has iuifercd gt«--:ly by the reheiUons in UUter, and was oumt by the duke of Berwick in 1689; but it is now to mucl' improved in trade aui buildings, tlat it is the I;trgv^ St^-^u .a -1^ !V V'' N E W. tfic bounty. It 13 49 miles N of Dnhlui. Lou. 6 20 w, lat. 5+ 15 N. Nkwry-wai i:R, a river of Irelniul, which kparatcs the touiuits ot ArnuuTh and Down, ami watering Newiy, enters Cariiiigt'ord Bay. Newsh AM, a village in Durham, fituafe on the Toes, hve miles from Darlington. This being the ufiial rorcl over the river ironi the s, the bilhop of Durham is met here, at his Hrll: coming to the lee, when tlie lord of S toe k bourn, jult below it, being at the head of the country gentle- men, advances into the middle of thC/ river, with his truncheon, and prefents it to the bifhojj, who returns it, and is then conduiled along amid the acclama- tions of the populace. Here was formerly a, nunnery. Newsoi», a town of Upper Hungary, with a large caftlej in which is a church, coveretl with copper. Neai' it are the greatcll copper-mines in all Hungary. It is i'cated on the Gran, 10 miles N of Chieninitz, and 50 ne of Leopolftadt. Lob. 19 29 E, lat. 49 9 N. Newton, a borough in Lancalhire, with a market on Saturday. It lends two members to parliament, and is five miles N of Warrington, and- 190 N\V of London. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 5-3 2S n. Newton, a borough in the Ifle of Wight, which fends two members to par- liament, but has no market. It is 14 miles s of Southampton, and 93 sw of London. Lon. 1 16 w, lat. 50 43 N. - Newton, a tovi'n in Montgomery- Ihire, with a market on Saturday, leated on the'Severn, leven miles sw of Mont- gomery, and 169 WNW of London. Lon* 3 14 vv, lat. 52 a 1 N. Newton-Bushel, a town in Devon- fiiire, with a market on Wednel'day, leated on the Teign, 1 5 miles s by w of Exeter, and 188 wsw of London. Lon. 3 38 W, lat. 50 32 N. Newtonstewart, 3 town in Wig- tonftiirc, fituate on the Cree, which is navigable for Imall veflels to within two miltki of the town. I'here is a hafidlbme bridge over this river, whofe month, In Wigton Bay, affords a valuable falmon- fifhery. Several manufai^ures have been commenced with fuccefs in this town, which is indebted for its rile and name to the family of Stewart earl of Gal- loway. It is 26 miles E by N of Port Patrick. Newtown, a village in Renfrewshire, to the s of Paifley. It is noted forieveral L'lrge print- fieldsj. ■ n. TJ I A Nkwtcvvn, fhe capital of the of Bucks, in Fenniylvania, county five miles i'roin the DeUiw v., and so NNt of Phi- iad(.li)hi;i. L- . 7? i w, lat. 40 14 n. Newtown Limavady, a boroxigh of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry, leattd near the e coalt of Lough Foyle, 15 miles ENii of Londonderry. New-Year's-Harbour, a part of Staten Land, in S America. Lon. 64 II w, lat. 54 48 s. New-Year's-Islands, fmall iflands of S America, en the N fide of Staten Land. Neylanu, a town in Sufiblk, with a market on Friday, and a manufa6\ure of fays and bays. It is feated on the Stoui-, over which is a bridge, 16 miles sw of IplWich, and 57 ne of London, Lon. I 5 e, lat. 52 1 N. Neytracht, a town of Upper Ilun- gaiy, capital of a county of the fame n nne, with a birtiop's fee. It is feai:cd on the Neytra, 40 miles ne of Prelburg. Lcr 17 49 E, lat. 48 28 N. NfjAN-KiNG-FOU, a rich commercial city of China, capital of the w part of the province of Kiang-nan. It has fix iities of the third clafs under its jmif- di«5tion ; is governed by a viceroy ; and is defended by a fort, feated on the river Yang-tfe-kiang, 175 miles Sw of Nan- king. Lon. 116 45 E, lat. 30 35 N. NoAN-LO-POU, a rich and populoui city of China, in the province ot Hou- quang, contabiing, in its diftriift, two cities of the fecond and five of the third clafs. It is 425 miles w by S of Nan- king. Niagara, a river of N America, which forms the communication between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and runs from s to N nbout 30 miles. At the entrance of this river, on its eaftern lliore, is Fort Niagara; and 18 miles N of this are thofe remarkable falls, which are reckoned among the greateft natural cu- riofities in the world. The waters that fupply the river Niagara, rile near 2000 miles to the N w, and after palfing through the l:ikes Sui>erior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, they rufti, with aftoniftiing grandeur, down a ftuptndous precipice ot 140 feet perpendicular; and in a ftrong rapid that extends to the diftance of nine miles below, fall near as mvith mere. The riwr then Idfes itfdf in Lake On- tario. The noife of the Niagara Fallsr, ia a clear day and fair wind, may be heard above 40 miles. When the water Itrikes xijft bottom, it rebounds to a grcsit # N I C Jieif^tj and caufes a thick, cloud of yupours, on which the I'un, when it fiiines, p:iints a beautitiil rainbow. NiBANO, u town of Itniy, in the duchy of Paiina, 57 miles \v of Paima. Lon. JO E, lat. 45 5 N. NiCARAOUA, a province of New Spain, ill the amliencc or Guatimaia, bounded en the N by Hondiiias, en tiie ?. by the Atl:intic Ocean, on tlu.- SE by CcllaKica, ami on the s\v by tlw Pacific Ocean. It U +00 miles from e to \v, and 120 from N to s. It is one of tlic moil fj-ultfvil provinces in Mexico, and i^ well watered by lakes and rivers. The ?,Ir is temjic- jate and wholeiome; aiu! the country produces plenty of fiigar, cochineal, and tin;; chocolate. Leon de Nicai'agua ib the eapttal. Nicaragua, a lake of N America, in a province of the lame n;ime. It is aoo miles in circumference, has foiiie Ulands in it, and ifretching from the city ef Leon Nw to sE, curamunicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the river St. Juan. NiCARiA, an iliand of the Archipe- kigo, between Samos and Tina, anciently tiilkd Icaria. It is 50 miles in circum- ference, and full of rocks; the caverns ef which, the inliabitants, wlio are very poor, make their abode. Thty are of the Greek religion, about 3000 in number, and apply themfelve$ to fwimming and iliving for fponges, and for toods loft by fcipwreck. Lon. a6 30 E, lat. 37 40 N. NiCASTRO, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Ulterlore, 17 miles s of Coftnza. Lon. i6 21 E, iat. 39 3 N. Nice, a county of Italy, bounded on Ibe w by the river Var and the Mari- time Alps, which divide it from France ; on the N by Piedmont; on the E by the territories of Genoa; and on the s by the Mediterranean. It was anciently an appendage of ProveBce> in France, but has, for many years, belonged to the king of Sardinia. In 1792, it was con- quered by the French. It is 60 miles long and 30 broad, and contains about 125,000 inhabitants. Nice, an ancient and confiderable city ef Italy, capital of a county of the fame name, wiih a citadel and a biftiop's lee. It is of a triangular form, and confined in its htuation, having a high rock on tlie E, the river Paglion on the w, and the Mediterranean on the s ; from which lalt it ib feparated by a beautiful and exten- five terrnce, ufed as a public walk. The harbour is on the E fide of the rock, and callud Litnpia, from a Ihiall river that iiAi ittto it. The exports are filk, lvv>iet K I C oil, wine, cordl ' rice, oranges, kmons, and ail forts of (t itd fruits. It has liecrt feveral times taken by the French, ami laft of all in '791. It is four miles e of the mouth of the Var, arul ?5 s by w of Turin. Lon. 7 23 e, lut. 43 4a N. Nicr, a ciiy of Alia. See Isnic. NicHABURG, a city of Perfia, the largell and iich'.ft in Korafan, famoin for a mine of turcols-ftones in its neit^h- bourhood. It is 37 mileii s of Mclched. Lon. 57 48 L, lat. 36 30 N. Nicholas, St. a town of France, in the depai-tment of Meurthe and late pro- vince of Lorrain, with a handlbme church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, to which pil- grims formerly relorted. It is featea on die i\Ieurthe, five miles SE of Nanci, and 265 E of Paris. Nicholas, Sip. a feapoit of Ruflla, In the government of Archangel, feated at the mouth of the Dwina, on tlxe White Sea, fix miles s of Archangel . " Nicholas, St. or Mole St. Ni- cholas, a town, harbour, and cape of the W Indies, at the nw extremity of St. Domingo, commanding the ftrait called the Windward Paffage. The har- bour is nine furlongs broad at the entrnnce ; and fhips of any burden may ride at anchor in the bafin, even during a hur- ricane. It vf&s taken by the Englifh, aided by the French royalills, in 1793. Lon. 73 20 w, lat. 19 15 N. NiCKLESBtJRG, a town of Germany, in Moravia, with a caftlc, 27 miles N of Vienna. N1CO8AR Islands, feveral Iflands at the entrance of the gulf of Bengal. They are almoft entirely uncultivated j but the cocoa-nut, the mellori or lerum (a kind of bread-fruit) and other tro- pical fruits, grow fpontaneoufly to the greateft perfeftion. Dogs and hogs are the principal animals. The inhabitants are few, and their indolence extreme. They are tall, and well proportioned, with black eyes, black lank hair, and dark copper- colon red Ikins. They live in little huts, having no towns, and go quite naked, except a cloth about the vi^aift. They have neither temples nor idols ; nor does there feem to be any great fuperlority among them. Thefe iflands extend north- ward, from the N point of Sumatra. The largeft of them, which gives name to the relt, is 40 miles in length, and 15 in breadth. Its s extremity is in lon. 94 23 E, lat. 8 o N. Nicolas, St. rne of the largeft of the Cape de Verd Iflands, between St. Lucia and St. Jago. It is 75 miles in mm \'\ N ID N 1 G lengthy and the land is (lony, nioui>* tainous, and barren. Lon. 14 10 w, lat. i6 3a N. NicoLO, St. the moft confiderable of the ifles of Tremeti, in the gulf of Ve- nice. It has a harbour, iletencled by a forti'efs, in which i« an abbey and a church. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 4.1 lo N. NicoMEDiA, a town of Natolia, now called Il'chmich, or Schinit. It was formerly much larger, as appears by the tine ruins } but is Itill a pbce of confe- qutnce. It cairies on a trade in fillc, cotton, glafs, and earthen ware ; and con- tains 30,000 inhabitants, who confilt of Greeks, Armi nluns, and Turks. It is the lee of a Greek arclihilhnp, and is 50 miles s\v of Conftantinople. Lon. 29 30 E, lat. 40 30 N. NicoroLi, a town of Bulgaria, fa- mous for the firft battle fought between the Turks and the Chriltians in 1396, when the emperor Sigilmund lolt the day, and had 20,000 men killed. It is ieattd on the Danube, 130 miles NW of Adrianople. Lon. 25 33 E, lat. 44. a6 n. NicopOLi, or Glanish, an ancient town of Armenia, built by Pompey the Great, in memory of a vidlory gained ovei" Mithridates. It is feated on the Cerauna, 165 miles sw of Erzerum. Lon. 37 55 E, lat. 38 15 Ni Nkosia, a ftrong town, capital of the ilUnd of Cyprus, feated between the mountain Olympus and a chain of other mountains. It was formerly well fortified bv the Vemtlans, but now the works are n ruins. It is three miles in circumference j and there are plantations of olives, almonds, lemons, oranges, mulberries, and cyprefs-trces, interfperfed among the hoult^s, which give the town a delightful appearance. The church of St. Sijphia is an old Gothic itru6lure, which the Turks have turned into a mofqiie. It is 100 miles w of Tripoli, and 160 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 34 45 E, Uit. 34 54 N. NicOTEKA, a feaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with a bi(hop"s fee, 35 miles NE of Keggio, and 185 SE of Naples. Lon. 16 30 e, lat. 38 34 N. NicoYA, a town of New Spain, on tlie Pacific Ocean, at the liottom of a bay> 4,5 miles SE of Leon i.. Hccragua. Lon. 88 o vv, lat. 10 15 N. KiDAW, or NiDOW, a handlome town of Svvifllrland, capital of a bailiwic of the lame name, in the canton of Bern, with a catUe. It is lituate on the lake «f Bienne, 15 miles NW of Ben)> aud 60 bvv of Zurk. NiKBLA, an ancient town ofSpalrt, in Andalufia, feated on the Rio Tinto, 40 miles w of Seville. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 37 a6 N. NiEDERBiEBER, a village of Ger many, in the principality of Witd, three miles from Neuwied. Many va- luable antiquities, and the traces ot a Roman city, were dilcovercd here ia 1791. NiEMECZ, a ftrong town of Moldavia, between Soczoway and BralTaw, beirc 25 miles from each. Lon. 26 16 e, lat. 46 58 N. NiEMEN, a large river of Poland, which riles in Lithuania, and pafles hy Bielica and Grodna : it afterward runs through part of Samogltia, and Eaficni Priiinn, where it falls into the arm of the fea, called the Curifch-haff, by feveral mouths, of which the molt northern is called the Ruls, being the name of the town it pafles by. NiENBURG, a town of Lower Saxony, In the duchy of Brimfwick-Lunenhiug', with a flrong caftle. It carries on a confiderable trade in corn and wool, and is feated on the Wefer, 30 miles nw of Hanover, and 37 SE of Bremen. Lon. 9 26 E, lat. 52 45 N. NiEN Closter, a town of Lower Saxony, in the birtiopric of Schwerin, three miles E of Wifmar. NiENHUis, a town of Germany, in the bifhopric of Paderborn, feated on the Lippe, 20 miles e of Lipftadt. Lon. i 55 E, lat. 51 50 N. NiEPER. See Dnieper. NiESTADT, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, 1 5 miles S of Schwerin. Lon. 11 46 £, lat. 53 59 N. NiESTADT, a town of Germany, in the middle marche of Brandenburg, feaied on the Fuyhre, 25 miles NE of Berlin. Lon. 14 I E, lat. 52 49 N. NiESTER. See Dniester. NiEUPORT, a feaport of Auftrlari Flanders, feated on the German Ocean, at the mouth of the Yperlee. In 1383, it was burnt by the rebels of Ghent. In 1583, it was taken by the prince of Parma. In 1606, prince Maurice gained here a. great viftory over the Spaniards. It has been taken and retaken in the lubl'equent, wars; the laft time by the French in 1794. It is nine miles sw of Oftend, and 16 NE of Dunkirk. Lon. 2 4^ E, lat. 51 7 N. Niger, a river, fuppofed to be one of the largelt in Africa. Its rife and tenni- natioii are unknown; but its courfe i>> I M' N I L N I O fifnti E to w, running s of the em- pire of Caflina, toward TombuiScu, on rhc s of which country it is fuppoled to be loft in the fands. The Africans have two names for this river j namely, Nfvi il Abced, or River of the Negroes, and Netl il Kibeer, or the Great River. They alfo term the Nile, Neel Shem, or the Egyption Riverj fo that the term Neel, whence our Nile, is nothing more than the appellative River, like Ganges or Sinde. So great is the rapidity with which the Niger travcrfes the empiri. of Caflma, that no veffel can afcead the Itream ; and in the rainy feaibn, it fwells above its banks, floods the adjacent lands, and often Iweeps before it the cattle and cottages of the inhabitants. NiGRITIA. See Negroland. NiKOPiNc, a town of Tenmark, ca- pital of the ifland of Fr»liier, or Hulfter, in tlie Baltic, with a ftrong fort, 55 miles sw of Copenhagen. Lon. iz 7 E, lat. 54 50 N. NiKOPiNG, a town of Sweden, m Su- (iermania, 60 )niles sw of Stockholm, ton. 16 40 E) lat. 58 40 N. Nile, a great river of Africa, which rifes at the foot of a high mountain in Abylfinia. It runs firft through the great lake Dambia, and tlien makes a long circuit toward its fource, which it leaves 25 miles to the E, fornaing a fort of pe- ninl'ula; after this it runs through the remaining part of Abylfinia into Nubia, and then into Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo; a little below which it divides itfelf into two great branches, which, with the Mediterranean Sea, form the illand called Delta. The ancients reckoned 1 1 mouths of the Nile, of which feven were confideiable ; but at prefent there are only two that are navigable at all times ; and thole are at Rofetto and Damietta. In the middle of this river, between Old Cairo and Gize, is feated the ifland of Rodda, which is almoft as long as Old Cairo, and 500 paces in breadth in the middle; and the front of the Mokias takes up ail the breadth of the fouthem part. This is the work of the Saracens, and derives its name from ifts ufe, for it fig- nifies meafure. In reality they obferve there every day, by means of a graduated cohimn, the increal'e or decreafe of the waters of the Nile; and thence the public criers regulate the prociamations they nuke of ^thefe events, at different hours, through the city. On fome places of this river there are reeks, -whence the water falls fcvcral feet, and thel'e arc ©alltd the catarafts of the Nik. It over- fliAvs ngulaily every year, from the i ^fh of June to the 17th of Sept. when it begins tu dicrealb. The fertility ci Egyjit depends up(;ii the ovoi flowing of tlie Nile; and they r-ckon it will be a bad year when it is lefs than 14. cubits, and above 18, but 16 cub;(s is the proper lieight. During th6 inundation, the li.tie towns, i^anding upon eminences, h.ok like 16 many illands; and they go uom one to the other by boats. In Cairo there is a canal culled Khalis, which is opened when the water is high cnoi:..;.; thence it is conveyed into relervoirs and (litems, and is afterward diftributed into the fields and gardens, as occafion requires. This inundation of the Nile is caufed by the periodical rains which fall every year between the tropics, and more particu- larly in Abyflinia, which is full of high motmtains. See Niger. NiMEGUEN, a large and commercial city, capital of Dutch Gueiderland, with a citadel, an ancient palace, and fcveral forts. It is noted for the peace concluded here in 1695; and has been often takea fmce, the laft time by the French in 1794. It is feated on the Wahal, 35 miles se of Utrecht, and 70 ne of Antwerp. Lon. 545 E, lat; 51 ss N. NiNG-KOUE-FOU, a cityof China, in the province of Kiang-nan, noted for its manufaftures of paper, made of a fpccics of i-eed } and containing, in its diftritl, fix cities of the third clafs. NiNG-PO-FOcr, called by the Europe- ans LlAMPO, "an excellent feaport of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. The filks manufaiJlured here are much eftcemed in foreign countries, efpecially in Japan, where they are exchanged by the Chinefe for copper, gold, and filver. NIng-po-fou has ionr cities under its ju- rildiftion, befide a great number of fcr- Irefibs, and is feated on the e coaft, op- pofite Japan, 850 miles se of Pekin. Lon. 120 18 E, lat. 29 57 N. Nino VE, a town of Auftrisya Flanders, on the rirer Dender, with an abbey, 13 miles w of BruflTels. Lon. 4 5 e, lat. 50 $i N. Nio, an ifland of the Archipelago, to the s of Naxia, anciently called Ics. It is 35 miles in circumference, and fertile in corn, but has very little wood or oil. The regular manners, and the behaviour of the inhabitants to eacli other, revives an idea of the fimplicity of the piimitive sges ; and their kind trea:;ment of (tiamjeis, appwirs to be the genuine remains ot an- cient hofpitaiity. Lon. 25 35 w, lali 36 43 N. E " 'I -m ) ^lU(iiA N I T N O I m 1 ' NiORT, n town of p'l-ancc, in the de- }iai tiiicnt of the Two tJevrts and lute pro- vi\ice oi i'oitou. }Ieic arc i) aniuailurtd rl: u^gets, I'ci gcs, and oth.v co.irle vvoolltn t^oods; and Us dry fweetnicuta are much titcumed. It is 28 miles ne of RochcUe. Lt'H. o 3-5 \\, lat. 46 zo N. NiPlioN, the Lugtft ifland of Japan, 6co niilfs long and 150 broail, contain- ing 55 provii'CfS. It VIS diicD^ertil, in J 54i, bv the Portvguel'e, who wtre caft on lliovc liy a tDiipert. 'Jlic chief town ib Jcdo. NiSHNEi - N0VOGOR.OD, a town of Riilfia, in a govcinnient of the fame n.imc, with a citiulel, and an archicpifcopal fes. It is ftated on a mountain, at the confluence of the Voig.i and Occa, 2•J^o nilks E hy N ot Moicow. Lon. 46 30 E, lat. 56 34 N. NisiBEN, or Nes.tin, a vei-y ancient and celebraied town of Diarhecit, now only the ihadow of what if was,- and I'eated in a valt pb.in, 70 miles sw ot Diarbekar. Lon. 38 zd E, lat. 36 10 N. NisiTA, a fniall iiland on the coaft of Naples, very fertile, and would be more fo but for the great number, of rabbits. It has a, harbour, called Porto Pavone. NisMES, a fiourllhing city of France, in the departintnt of Gard and late pro- vince of Languedoc, with.a bifhopls fee. Here are feveral monuments of antiquity, of which, the amphitheatre, iuilt by the Romans, is the principal, 'I'he Mailbn Quarree, or the Iquare. houfe, is a piece of architee Gairne, and ihclr united ifrcams form a ^ine eftuary in Sol way Frith. KiiRiA. a famous defert of Egypt, 37 i miles in length, on the coaft of the Me- diterranean Sea. It !wd formeiiy a griul number of munalteries, which arc now reduced to four} and it takes its name from a fait lake, out of which is got tiie natruin of the ancients. NiVELLE, a town of Auftri.m Brn- bant, remarkable for its abbey of noble canoneiVes, whole abbess is /tylcd princefs of Nivellj. Here ;dlo is Jch;i ot Nivdle, fo tnucii admireil by the cuinnion peophj wliich is the figure of a m.'n in iron, Itauding on the top of a tower near the clock, who ftrikus the hours with a ham- mcr. The place enjoys great privili^es, and has a manufacture of camlirics.' It is 15 miles SE of BrulTels. Lon. 436 E, lat. 50 35 N. NivERNOis, a late province of France, between Burgundy, Kdurbonnois, and Jierry. It is pretty fertile, contains minis of iron, and is Watered by a great nuinbtr of rivers, of which the Loire, AUier, and Yonne, are tlit,- principal. It now forms the department of Nievre. NiXABOUK, a town of Perfia, in Korafan, 80 miles SE of Mefched. Lon. 61 32 B, lat. 35 40 N. NiXAPA, a confiderable town of New Spain, with a rich Dominican convent. The country near it produces a great deal of indigo, cochineal, and fugar. It is 30 rniles SE of Antetiuiera, Lon. 97 15 w, iat. 16 42 N. Nizza-della-Paglia, a town of Italy, in Montferrat, feated on the Belbo, 15 miles sw of Alexandria. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 45 15 N. NoANAGUR, a town of Hindooilan Proper, capital of a diftrift, on the s coaft of the gulf of Cutch, inhabited by a pira- tical tribe, called Sangarians. It is 300 miles Nw of Bombay. NocERA, an ancient town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto, with a bilhop's fee ; leated at the foot of the Appennints, 18 miles NE of Spoletto. Lon. 12 49 e, lat. 43 I N. Nogera-di-Pagani, a town of Na- ples, in Terra di Lavora, 15 miles s of Naples. Lon. 14 20 E, lat. 40 36 N. NoGENT-suR-SEiNE,atownof France, in the department of Aubc and late pro- vince of Champagne, feated on the Seine, 25 miles NW of Troyes. Lon. 3 40 E, lat. 48 30 N. NOGENT-LE-ROTROU, a town of France, in the department of Ji)ure and Loire and late province of Bcauce, feated on the Huifne, 35 miles NE of Mans. Lon. o 50 E, lat. 48 26 N. NoiR, Cape, a promontory of S Ainei lueg< No near i miles or bo I'ht i on it the 1.1 No Terr; iUik'S ( I'Oud 111 NOR NOR w America, at the s extremity of Terra del R Gothland. It covers a large fpnce of lueLja. Lon. 7 :; 3 w, hit. 5+ 31 s grouinl, being lomilrs in circuniiirtnci NoiPMOTiiR, [\i\ illand uf France, hut the hovilts arc Icatteiod, and the m- iiiui' t !ie mouth ol the i iver Loire. It is 1 7 n'lki in length and eigiht in breadth, lull or" bogj, and yet tlieie uie gooil palliues. The Knglilii n'.ade an unluceelst'iii attaci: oil it in 1795. J he prineipal town is of the la;iic naiuj. Loi. z 10 \v, hit. 47 o N. NoLA« an ancient tuwn of Naples, in Tcri I di Lavora, wiih a liiiIio)rs lee, 10 wnki M' of iSaples. Lon. 14 a8 t, hit. +0 56 N. Noli, a town of Italy, in the tcrri- r^;y ot (/i.n;;a, Vvltli a billion's I'te, and u I'ood harbour. It is nve mdes Nu ot Fi- 1 il, and 30 s\v or Genoa. Lon. 8 41 e, 111. 44 J 8 N. NoMBRH-DE-Dios, a lown of Terra Fivinu, in t.'te province of iJarlen, a little 1: ot Por;o-ijefloj to which its once flou- niliing trade is now transferred. Lon. yi! Vt W, lat. 9 4c M. i\oMENV, a to-.v;-) of France, in the ...Dannient of iVIeurthe and late pro- ' 'i. ■)t Lorrain, icated on the Selle, 15 I? ■„ ;■ N ci Nar.ci. Lon. 6151:, lat. 48 56 . . NoN, Cape, a promontory ot Africa, oppolite the Canary Illands. The Por- t»igu>.*lt;, iu tiicir firlt attempts to explore the \v coalt of Al'rica, loni; confideied this promontory as an impatlable boun- dary. 'Ihis its name imports ; but they liuubled it, at iait, in 14 12. Lon. 10 30 w, lat. 28 30 K. Nona, a ftrcng town of Hungarian Dalm:'.tia,\vith a bilhop's lee. It io Hat- ed near the lea, leven miles N by w of Zaia. Lon. 16 10 E, lat. 4.4 35 n. N00R.DEN, a corliderable town of Wdtphalia, 1 2, miles N of Lmbdcn. Lon. 7 5 i^y lilt- S3 3'^ w- KooTKA. bee King George's Sound. NoRCiA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto. It is a kind of republic, and leated among the- mountains, ;o miles SE of Spoicito.. Lou. 13 4 E, lat. 41 36 N. NoRD. See North. NoRDBURc;. a town of Denmarkj at ♦he N extreiniry ol the ilie of Alfen, with a caltle, nine miles ^^sw of Sundeiburg. NoRDGAw. bee Bavaria, Upper PALAflNATE OF. NoRDHAUbEN, an imperial town of Lower Saxony, under the protection of the eledor of Saxony. The inhabitants are pioteltants. It is 2,5 miles sw of Halberitadt. Lon. 11 3 E, lat. 51 45 n. NoROKiopiNG, a town of Sweden, in habitants do not exceed 10,000. The river Motala flews through tlie town, iuims a leiies 'if CataratHs, and is divided into lour principal (ticams-, which encir- cle itvtial rocky iflands, covered with buik'llngs: at the extremity of the town it is navigable for fmall vefiels. Hera :Me iiiaLutadtui-es of cloth ; fomc Aigar- lAHiles, and a brafs foundry. Corn is exported hence in great quantities j ar.d a lahncii-fifliery gives employment and ilthes to rtcMiy of the inhabitants. It ij 90 miles sw of Stockholm. Lcn. ij 50 R, lat. 53 -8 N. NoRor./vNn, a province of Northed Norway, included in the government of Drontlitim. NoKni.iNCEN, a commercial and free imptrinl town of Suabia, fcated en the Aigre, 38 miles n,v of Augfburg. Lon. II 49 E, lat. 48 57, K. NoRDSTRAND, an iilanc! of Denmark, in the duchy of Slelwick, which was entiiely oversowed in 1634.' Lon. 9 15 E, lat. 54 40 N. Norfolk, a coiin'y of England, jr miles long and 45 br;;ad 5 bounded on th Hiotographic ^Sciences Corporation id WEST MAIN STMIT WEBSTER, N.Y. I4SS0 (716) •72-4503 O^ ^ NOR K R I Norfolk, a town of the Unite4 States, the moft populous in Virginia, feiitcd on James Kiver, 105 miles se of Hicbinond. Lon. 76 25 w, iat. 35 40 n. Norfolk Island, an illand in the Pacific Ocean,' lying E of New S Walts, and fettled by a colony of cunvifls, fub- ordinate to that government. It is very hilly, but ibine of the viUics are tolerably large. Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 11,000 feet high. The whole idand is covered by a very thick forcft, choked with underwood, and tlw princi- pal timber tree U the pine, which is very ufcfnl in buildinjr, and leenis to be du- rable. The foil, wh«n cleared, mav be rendered very prodkicllve ; and the air is very wholelbme. The fpring is percep- tible in Augufi: ; but the trees are in a conftant fucccffion of flowcjing and fruit- ing the year round r In fummer, the heat is exceffive} fioin February to Au- guft may be called the rainy leafon ; and the winter, from April to July, is veiy pleafant. This iiland is fupplied with many dreams of good water, which abound with very hne eds. The cliffs round the coaft are 240 feet high, quite gerpendicular ; and the want of a fate arbour is a great inconvenienc. The fetlement is formed in Sydney Bay, on the S fide of the iiland, in lon. t68 12 B, Iat. 29 4 s. Norland, one of the five general di- vifions of Sweden, comprehending the provinces of Geftrikeland, HeWlngland, Medelpadia, Hiemtland, Herjedalia, On- germania, and Well Bothnia. Normandy, a late province of France, bounded on the \v by the Atlantic, on tlie N by the Englifli Channel, on the E by Picardy and the Ifle of France, and en the s by Perche, Maine, and Bretagne. It is one of the moft fvrtile in France, and abounds in all things except wine, but tliat defe^ is fupplied by cider and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great number of rivers and harbours. This province now forms the departments of Calvados, Eure, the Channel, Ome, and Lower Seine. NORRiSTOWN, a town of the Uaited State*, capital of the county of Montgo- mery, in rennfylvania. It i» feated on tlve river Skuykill, 12 miles HW of Phi- ladelphia. LoN. 75 24 w, Iat. 40 7 N. North, or Norp, a department of France, including the late French pro- vinces of Hainault, Flajiders, and the • Cambrefls. North Cape, the mofl northern pro- montory of Europe, on the coaft of Nor- M-^), Lon. jj 57 £, ht, 71 zc a. North Coast, a department ot France. See Cotes dv Nobd. Northallerton, a borough in the N riding of Yorkfhire, with a vnaikct on Wednelday. It fends two n-^fmbers to parliament, and is feated on a fmaH brook, which, a mile below, runs into the river Wifk. It is a well-built trad- ing place, 30 miles NNW of York, and 223 N by \v of London. Lon. i 20 w, Iat. 54 -23 N. Northampton, a county of Pennfyl- rania, 1 1 1 miles long and 35 broad. In 1790, it contained 24,250 inhabitants. Eafton is the capital. Northampton, the county-town of Northamptonfliire, with a market on Sa- turday. It is feated on the Nen, which is navigable to Lynn, and its principal manufa^ure is that of boots and fhoc«, of which many are made for exportation. The horfe fairs of this place are greatly relbrted to. It is a handfome town, has a fpacious market-place, and had feven churches, which are now reduced to few. It was almoft intirely deflroyed by fir« in 1675, but was loon rebuilt. It fends two members ,:o parliament, is governed by a mayor, and has a good freefchool, and' a county infinnary and gaol. la the meadows below the town, a battle was fought, in 1460, between Henry vi and the Yorkifts, in which the former was defeated and made prifoner ; and near it is a fine Gothic ftrufture, called Queen s Crofs, crefted by Edward i in memory of his queen Eleanor. Tliis town is 30 miles SE of Coventry, and 66 Nv/ of London. Lon. i 11 w, Iat. 5% 11 n. Northamptonshihe, a county of England, 60 miles long and 22 where hruadefl; bounded on the s by Bucks and Oxfordfhire, on the w by that county and Warwickfhire, on the NW by Leiceftei- fhire and Rutlandfhire, on the N by Lin- colnfhire, and on the E by the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Bedford. It lies in the diocefe of Peterborough ; contains 20 hundreds, one city, 12 mar- ket-towns, and 33oparifhes; and fends nine meml)ers to parliament. The air is very healthy, except in the NE part near Peterborough, which is the com- mencement of a fenny traft extending f the Lincohifhire Wafh. With this fin- gle exception, NorthampCosAiii'e is faid to contam lei's wafte ground^ and moic feats of the nobility and gentry', than any other country. Its greateft bcfefl is a fcarcity of fuel, which is but Icantily fupplied by its woods j and though coal is brought by the river Nen»^ it is at a very dew rate, TM$ county, b»wcvej> NOR fofTcflcs fome confiderable remains of its old forefts, particularly thole of Rock- ingham on the NW, and of Salcey and Whittlcbury on the s. Its nrodufts are, jn general, the fame with thole of other farming counties ; out it is peculiarly celebrated for grazing land. Horned cattle, and other animals, are fed to ex- traordinary fizcs ; and many horles of th»* large black breed are reared. Woad for tlie^ diers is cultivated here ; but the county is not difttnguifhed for manufac- tures. Ihe principal rivers arc the Nen and Wei land j befide which it is partly watered by the Oufe, Leam> Chei-wel^ and Avon. NoRTHCURRY, a town in 5omerftt- ihiie, with a market on Tueiilay and Sa- turday. It is feated on the Tone, lo miles SW of Wells, and 134 W by s of London. Lon. 3 o w, lat. 51 o n. NoRTHFLEET, a Village in Kent, fcatcd on the Thames, one mile w of Gravefijnd. The church is very large, and contains fi-agraents of monuments as ancient as the fourteenth century. Vaft quantities of lime are made, and great numbers of extraneous folHls have been dug up here. NoRTHEiM, a commercial tows of Lpwer Saxony, in the duchy of Brunf- wick, ieated between the Khume and Leina, 4.5 miles s of Hanover. Lon. 7 10 E, lat. 51 4^ U. NoRTHLECH) a corporate town in Glouceilerfhire, with a market on Wed- nefday, feveral almAioufes, and a free grammar-fchool. It is feated on the Lech, 25 miles E of Gloucefter, and 80 y,' by N of London. Lon. i 43 w, lat. 51 4.6 N. Northumberland, a county of England, which received its name from being fttuate N of the Humber. In the Saxon heptarchy it was a part of the kingdom of the Northumbrians, which contained alfo the counties of York, Lan- cafter, Durham, Cumberland, and Weft- tnorland. It forms the N extremity of England, and is bounded on the E by the German Ocean, on the s by the bifliopric of Durham, on the sw and w by Cum- berland, and on the NW and N by Scot- land, from w' ich it is feparated by the Tweed. It extends 70 miles from n to s, and 50 from E to w. It lies in the dio- cefe of Durham; contains 11 market- towns, and 460 parishes ; and fends eight members to parliament. The air is ex- tremely healthful ; and, from the fitua- tion ot the county between two feas, in {he nairowelt pm of Great Sritain, it ii NOR not fo cold as might be imagined from the latitude in whi"ch it lies. The foil is various j the E pirt fiuitfal in moft forts of corn, with rich meadows on the banks of the rivers ; but the w part is mofUy heathy and mountainous. The se part abounds with coal ; and the sw angle hag rich lead mines. The principal rivers are the Tyne, Tweed, and Coquet. Aln- wick is the county-town j but the largeft is Newcaltle. Northumberland, a county of Pennfylvania, 180 miles long and to broad. In 1790, it contained .7,161 in- habitants. Sunbury is the capital. Northumberland, a town of Penn- fylvania, ieated in the angle formed by the junaion of the w and e branches of the Sufquehannah, j«ft above Sunbury* and 138 miles N\v of Philadelphia. Northwich, a town in Che(hire|wirh R niarket on Friday. It is feated on the river Dane, and noted for its falt-works. Vaft pits o*' Iblid rock fait have been dug hei-e to a gieat depth, from which immen bitants to be 750,000. They maintain their own army, which conlifts of 24,009 foot and 6000 cavalry. Their troops aie much cj^ecmed for their bravery, a^d» Ee 3 I *t*| NOR NOT h I If like the Swifs mountaineers, are exceed- ingly attached to thi.ir country. Nor- way U blefled with a particular coile, called the Norway Law, compiled by GriefFclkld, at the conunaiiJ ot' Chril- tian V, ibe great legill;itor of his coun- try. By this law, pealants are free, a few only excepted on fome nohle eftates near Frcdericrtadt ; and the bmefits of this code areviiible in the great diHerence, in their appearance^, b-twcen the free pea- sants in Norwr.y and the enilaved vallals of Denmark, though both living under tlie faiiie government. The Norwegian peufawts pofTels much fpiiit and fire in tht;ir manner. ; are frank, open, and un- rlncipal fifli, which, dried and. failed, iurnifli a confidcrable article cf expor- tation, are cod, ling, and whiting ; their livers alio yield trainoil } and the fmallelt nre giveri as winter fodder to the cattle. The extenfive foreds of oak and pine produce timber, fpars, beams, and planks, befide chaixoal, turjtutine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the birch (tlie jiark of which is uied as a covering for the roofs of houfts) not only iiipplics fuel, but alfo a kind of wine. 'J'he gc- reral exports are tallow, butter, fait, dried ^fli, tiinber, planks, horlcs, horned cattle, fdver, alum, Frulfian blue, copper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers j the former i'o huge, that they ap ear like inlets of the leu. Norway was formerly governed by its own hereditary ibvireigns. On the dcniiie of flagcn v, in 1 3 1 <;, with- out male iirue,his grandl'un in the female linj, Magnus Smck, united in his p^rfon the kingdoms of Sweden and Nc,r\v;;y. MaQ;niis \vas fuccctdcd in the kingdcm cf Norway by his fon Hagen vi, luii- band of the celebrated Maigaret; and, at his dcceafp, in 1^80., Norway was vnited to Denmark by tlieir ion Okf v, who dying witlj^ut illue, Marg::ret hcr- ielf was raifed to the throne by the una- nimous yoice of the nation. On. her death, it dclceijded, with Denmark and Swvdtu, to her nephew Eric. Sweden was afterward ; feparated liom Denmark by the valour and addrtls of Gullavus Vafa; but Norway continues united to Denmark. TJie capi al is Chriltiania. Norwich, an ancitn*- and populous ci:y, the capital of Norfoiic, with a mar- kel on Wedneiday, Friday, and Satur- day. It is furroundcd by a wall, now much decayed, and feated on the Yare, which runs through it, and is navigable to Yarmouth, without locks. Although of confiderable extent, vke population is not lb great as might be cxj;e(!:"ted, as it contains a number of gardens and or- chards within the walls. It is a county of itiielf, governed by a mayor, and iends two nie.iiljcrs to parliament. 'I here aie, befide the cathedral, 36 parifli churchts, fome of which were tonntrly cov^ red witli thatch; two diur<;hes for the Flemings, fome dirt'enting meeting- houfis, and a Roman catholic chufitl. It has a (tattly caitie, on a hill, which is the (iiiro-houie aiid the county gaol ; the alilz'^s for tin- city being l;cid at the Guild'.iall. Kcie is alio a city and county hoipital, a tlit- atre-royal, an elegani airembly-room, and a lofty market- houle of freeltone. Th,e ancient dukes of Norfolk had a palace here, which is iiill in exifttnco as a work- houi'c. Here alio is a freelchcol, tctinded by Edward vi, and fevtral other chiri- tahle foundations. Near this city are the ruins of the caltle cf Kctt, the tanntr, by whofe rebellicn, in the reign of Edr ward vt, the city was reduced to a nin- ous ft;il.e. Norwich long took the had, in point cf confequcnct, among the in- l-.n^.d towns : for tlilo it was indebted t'j its great nianufa6'tu:es of crapes, boni- bi/ines, and itufTs of various kinds, which are ft ill confiderable, though fomewhat declined, on account of the rivah.:ip of the cotton brandus. It is 4.;; miles N of Jpiwich, and 109 sz of J-oiuion.^ ' Lon. 1 20 E, lat. 51 4.0 N. NoRwtfH, a town of the Unite! States, jti CcnnfCfifUt, feated at«the hind of the Thames, i:'- miles N of Ntw London ; at v.-hlc'i place anil Norwich the ex>;cutive co'irtK of \:.\\ a;-e held alternate- ly. Here ait- made paper of all kirds, ftockings, dnc butters, (lone and earthen ware, and all kinds of Targe work. NoTtBLRGH, a town of Ruflla, in the governn-.tnt of Feteifljurgh, leated cii an ilLuivl ia the lake Ladoga, at the place w'.iere tlie river Neva proceeds from this lake. It h.s a good citadel, and v/a^ capital of Ingriu, before I'tterfi)urgh was built. It is 15 miles e of Peterjburgh. Lon. ■^i 9 £, lat. 59 56 N. NoTO, an ancient town of Sicily, ca- NOT NOV pital of Val-di-Noto. It was ruined by an earthquake in 1693, but another town was built at Ibme diltance from it, called Noto Nuovo. It h 22 roil^s sw of 6y- racule. Lon. 15 19 E| lat. 36 50 N. NoTTiNr.HAM, the county-town of Nut tinghamfliire, with a market on Wed- oelciay and Saturday. It is fltuate on » rocky eminence, crov/ned by its caftlej a magnificent modern lb'u£lure, belonging to the duke of Newcaltle, and built on the lite of an anci<;nt fortreiis, celebrated in Englifli hillory. It is a populous and handlome town, didlnguiihed by its ipa- cious market-place, and noted tur its ex- cellent ale. It is one o( the principal feats of the (tocking manufa(5liu'e, par- ticularly of the finer kinds, as thole of fiik and cotton; and has ahb a manufac- ture of coarfe eaithcn ware. It has three parifh churches, and fevtral meetings for the dilTenters. It is remarkable fur its vaults^ or cellars, cut into the rock ; and in the neighbourhood are many coalpiti>, which afford plenty of fuel, at little ex- pence. At this^ town Charles i let up bis ftandard, at tUe commencement of tiie civil war, which terminated in his de- ftruftion. Nottingham is governed by a mayor, fends two members to parliament, and is feated on a river, which comn.u- nicates with the Trent, one mile to the s. It is 16 miles e of Derby, ana 1x3 N by w of London. Lon. i 2 w, lat. 5* 58 N- Nottinghamshire, a county of England, 48 miles long and 20 broad; bounded on the N by Yorkfhire and Lin- colnfhire, on the e by the latter county, on the s by Leiceltcrihire, and on the w by Derbyfhire. It lies in the diocele of York ; contains eight hundreds, nine mar- ket-towns, and 168 parilhes} and fends cigiit members to p rliament. It enjoys I'uch a temperature of foil and cliir.atc, as 10 render it one of the molt fertile and pleai'ant counties in England. The prin- cipal rivers are the Trent and Idk-. Al- niolt the whole of the middle and weftern parts of the county were formerly occu- pied by the extenlive forelt of hhirwood, which is the only roy;d forcft N of the Trent ; but the wood has in many parts been cleared, and tlie ej^tent of the. t;inhabitant;i^ gene- rally lay the Aoofs pf tUcir upper ruuins, inftead of boarding them : its other crm- modities are mult, wool, licoiice, and wooil. The nianufaiitures chiefly ccnfilt of f I amework knitting, ^lais, ar.d earthen- ware. NovALLE, a fmall town of Italy, 10 miles NE of Padua, and iz sw ot Tre- v^ib. Lon. 12 ICE, lat. 45 19 n. No VARA, an ancitnt and ftronij town of Italy, in the duchy ot Milan, capital of the Novarele, wi;h a bilhop's fee. It is feated on an eminence, 12 miles ne of Verceil, and 25 w by s of Milan. Lon. 8 35 E, lat. 45 25 N. Nova Scotia, or Arcadia, acoim- ti7 of Eritl/h North Anieric), bounded on the w by th.e United State j, on the N by the river St. Lawrence, on the e by the gulf of that name, and on the S l^y the Atlantic and bay ot Fimdy ; bein^ lb indtnted by the latter, that its ealteru part foiuis a peninfula. It extends from Cape Sable, its molt Ibuthern point, in lac. 43 23 to 49 30 N, and from 60 15 to 67 o w lon. In 1784, part of this country was formed into a new province. See New Brunswick. Tlic atmo- fphere, ior a great part of the year, is clouded with a thick fcg, which renders it unhealthy , and, for four or five months, it is intenlely cold. A great pan of the country lies in foreft ; and tie foil (ex- cept on th.- bunks of the rivcrs) is thin .aiid barren. Hali:ax is the capital. Novellara, a town of Italy,. capi- tal of a iinall dilhiff of the lame name, witii a cattle, where the ibvereign retides. It is 17 miles E by n 01 Parma, and 20 s by w of Mantua. Lon. a 4 e, lat. 44 48 N. Noyi, a town of Italy, in the terri- tory of Genoa, zz miles NW of Genoii. Lon. 8 29 E, lat. 44 45 n. Novi Bazar, a coniidcrable town of Turkey in Europe, in Servia. In 1788, the iVuftrlans were repullcd at this place, but they afterward took it at a lecond afliiult. Novi ii ieateJ near tht; Oreico, 72 miles w of Nilla, and 103 s of Bel- grade. Lon. 21 I E, lat. 45 35 N. NoviGRAD, a Jtrong town of U" «|. Ilungary, capital of a CGun;y of' tne fame name, with a caltlc. It is leated on a mountain, near the Danube, 25 miles N of Buda. Lon. 18 20 e, lat. 47 56 n. NovioRAD, a Itrong town of Turkifh Dainiatia, with a calllc, leated on a lake of the. fame name, near the gult of Ve- nice, 17 miles E of Nona, and 25 NW of Zara. Lcn. i6 35 e, ht 44 36 n. NoviCRAD, a Itrong place of Turkey F e '4 ll^'il NOV T^i: U M in Europe, in Set via, feated-near the Di- nube, ^5 miles n ot Nifla. Lon. sz 31 u, litt. 44 6 N. Nou-KiAN, a river of Afia. See AVA. NovoooRon, once a powerftil inde name, feated in a vaft i>lain, 70 miles 8 of Wilna. Lob. *6 8 E, Jat. 53 35 n. NOYA, an ancitnt town of Spain, in Galicia, fcattd oh the Tamara, 15 iniies w of Compottella. NOYERS, a town of France, in the pendent republic, finally reduced by Ivan dcpartnwnt of Yonne and late province Vaffilivitch ji, in 1570, and united to the of Burgundy, feittd on the Senn, in a Rulfiuii empire, of which it now forms a valley furiounded by mounuins, 17 miles goveinment. SE of Auxerre. Lon. 4. » E, lat. 47 NovofJOROD, oneof themoft ancient 39 n. eitiesi of Ruflia, capital of a government NoYOM, an ancient town of France, «f tUe fame name, and formerly called in the department of Oife and late pro- Great Novogoroil, to diftin^uifli it from vince of the I(le of France. It gave other Rufium towns of the lame appella birth to the famous Calvin ; and was tions. U was, for a long time, governed lately an epifcopal fee. It is feated near ' / it., own dukes i and was, in faft, a the Oife, a* miles NW of Sotflfons, and republic, under the jurifdiftion of a no- 60 N by t of Paris. Lon. j 6 E, lat. minal ibvercign. Its territory extended 49 35 N. to the N as far us the frontiers of Livonia NozEROY, a town of France, in the and Finland j comprifing great part of the department of Jura and late province of province of Archangel, and a large dif- Franche-Comte, with a caftle. It is leat« triil beyond the nw limits of Siberia. It was the gre:it mart of trade between Ruf- fia and the hunfeatic cities, and made the molt rapid auvances in opulence and po- pulation. Its power was fo great, and Its fituation fo impregnable, as to give rife to a provci'b. Who can refill the gods and Great Novogorod ? But, in the 15th century, this independent republic was ob- liged to fubmit to Ivan VuiJilivitch I, grand duke of RulTia. It continued, neverthe- lefs, the largeft and moit commercial city in RuHla, and contained at ieaft 400,000 fouls. It was firft defolated, in a man- ner, by the cruelties of Ivan Vaffilivitch 11 ; bat its fplendour was not totally eclipfed until Peter the Great built Peterfljurgh, to which he transfeued all the commerce of the Baltic that had before centered here, it now contains fcarce 7000 fouls; but a vail number if churches and convents ed on a nrxumtain, lo miles se of Salines, and 30 s of Befan^on. Lon. 6 1 3 e, lat. 46 47 N. Nubia, or Sennar, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N by Egypt, on the E by the Red Sea, on the s by Abjrf- fmia, and on the w by Bornou. The Nile runs through it; on the banks of which, and of the other rivers, it is fruit- ful, but in other places barren^ fandy, and deftitute of water. The inhabi- tants make their bread and drink of a final 1 round feed called doca, or feif, which is ve'y ill tailed. Their houfes havQ mud walls, ai^ very low, and covered with reeds. The dreft of the better ftrt is a veft without fleeves, and they have no coverings for their heads, legs, and feet. The common people wrap a piece of linen cloth about them, and the chil- dren go quite naked. They are a fhipid (land melancholy monuments of its for- debauched people, but profefs to be Ma- mcr magnificence. The town (Iretches hometans. Tnepi"oduclionsof thecoun- ©n both fides of the Volkoff, a river of try are gold, elepnants teeth, civet, and confidcrable depth and rapidity, which fandal-wood ; and a great many (laves are It'paratrs it into two divi lions ; namely, lent into Egypt. I'he principal towns the Trading Part and the quarter of St. known to the Europeans are Dangolaand Sophia: in the latter is a cathedral of Scnnar. the fame name, in which feveral princes NuiTZ, a town of France, in the de- of the ducal family of Ruifia are interred, partment of Cote d'Or and late province Novogorod is fituate near the lake Ilmen, of Burgundy, famous for its excellent 125 miles ssE of Peterfburgh. Lon. 31 wines. It is feated at the foot of a moun- ts E, lat. 58 ao N. Novogorod Severskoi, a town of the Ruffian empire, in the government of Kiof, feated on the Defna, 140 miles nne of Kiof. Novogorodeck, a town of Lithua- tain, 15 miles sw of Dijon^ and 150 se of Pais. Lon. 50 E, lat. 47 ion.- Numancia, anciently a coniiderable town of Spain, in Old Caftile^ celebiated for the long fiege it maintained againft the Romans, who Onall/ (bbdued and de- jxia, capital of a palatinate of the fame ftroyed it> in the year 133 B. C. Th« N U R ruins of it are ftill to be feen, near the Ikad of the river Douero, four miles above the town of Soria. Nuneaton, a town in Warwickfhire, with a muixet on Saturday. It has a nismifafture of woollen cloth, was for- merly noted for its nunnery, and is feated on the river Anker, eight miles N by e •f Coventry, and 99 nnw of London. Lon. I 25 w, lat. 52 36 n. NuNEHAM, a village, five miles E by s of Oxford i remarkable for its Spinning Feait, an annual feftival, inftituted by lord and lady Harcourt, for the encourage- ment of virtue and induftry. NuREMBURC, or NuRENBERG, a free imperial city of Germany, capital of the circle of Franconia, with a univerfity. It is fix miles in circumference, furrounded by high walls, flanked with 365 towers ; and tlie river Pegnitz, over which are 1 2 ftone bridges, runs through the middle, and divides it into two parts. The govern- ment is ariftocratical ; and the townfmen are divided into eight quarters, each of which has a captain. The burge^Tes are very induftrious, and the beft workmen in arts: their maps and prints are in high efteem, as well as their mufical and mathematical inftniments; nor are they lefs curious in clockworic, and in the feveral manufaflures of iron, Iteel, ivory, vraod, and alabafter. The beft toys are made here, which are commonly known in England by the name of Dutcii toys. Here is a famous academy for painting, an anatomical theatre, and a public librarv. The ancient and fuperb caftle or palace, which the inhabitants bought of the burgraves, is flill ftanding at tne extremity of the city; and the arfenal is one of the heh in Germany. The houfes are built of freeftone, and are four or five flories high. Though their religion is the Lutheran, the church of the Holy Ghoft has a variety of relics, as alfo the imperial crown and fceptre, the globe of the empire, the fword of St. Maurice, the imperial mantle, the white robe of the emperors, called the dalmatic, the golden furplice, the mantle of the choir, and the gloves, flippers, and he- reditary crown ot the emperor Rodolplt ii. All thefe rarities are placed in a cheil, which is fufpended by a rope in the dome, and they aie never talcen down but at the coronation of an emperor, or when any per- fon of high diflinf^ion wants to fee them. No Jews are fuffered to lodge a fmgle nijght here; nor can they enter the city at all without paying a certain tax. Nu- remburg, in procdfs of time, has obtained OAK a conHderable territory, 100 mlKs In clr^ cumferencc, in whfch are two large for'.-fts^ It is 55 miks Nw of Ratifbon,' 6» n of Augfburg, and 150 w by n of Vienna, Lon. II itE, lat. 4.9 17 N. Nuvs, a t» ■!; of Germany, in the elertorate of Cologne. It was taken hy the French in 1794.; and is (eatcil on thu Erftt, five miles siv of Duirddorf, and 20 NW of Cologne. Lon. 6 51 e, lat. 51 11 N. NvBC iG, a town of Denmaik, in the ifle of Funen, with tin- vcmains of an old fabce, in which Chrittian li was born. t is feated on a commodious bay, 10 miles E of Odenfee. Lon. 10 ^m e, lat. 55 30 N. Nylano, a province of Sweden, in Finland, lying on the gulf of Finhnd, to the w of Carelia. NvoN, a commercial town of SwilTer- land, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic of the fame name, with a caftle. Here are a gieat many Roman infcrip- lions. It is feated near the lake of Ge- neva, 10 miles NNE of that city. Lon. ^ 12 E, Iat.46 21 N. Nyons, a town of France, in the department of Drome and late province «f Dauphiny, feated at the foot of a chain of mountains, on the river Aigues, with a lofty bridge of one arch, the work of the Romans. Here is a mineral fpring, named Pontias, and fome manufaftures of - foap and wodlled Itufts. It is eight miles NwofBuis. Lon.sifE, lat.44.26N. Nyslot, a ftiong town of Ruflia, in the government of Livonia, v/ith a caftle. It it: feated on the Narova, amsng large marfhj^s, 20 miles sw of Narva, and 60 NofWiburg. Lon. 29 10 E, lat. 61 56N. "Nystadt, a town of Sweden, in Fin- land, noted for a peace concluded here, in 1 72 1, between the emperor of Ruffia and the king of Sv^eden. It is feated on a bay of the g^xilf of Bothnia, 55 miles nw of Abo. Lon. 21 i £, lat. 61 ion. O OAKHAM, or Okeham, the county, townof Rutlandfhire, with a market on Saturday. Near the church remain the decaying walls of an old caftle ; and four filver pennies of the later Mercian kings were found here in 174.9. ^^ >< feated in the centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of Catmofe, 2S miles s by E of Nottingham, and 98 n by w of London. Lon. 4.6 w, lat. 5 s ^2 n. m ■A i m I f .r,| .* if O G H O E L P! Ml Oakhampton, or Ockhampton, a borout^h in Devonfhire, with a market on Saturd^ay. It lends two nicuibers to par- Uamcnt, is governed by a mayor, and has large r«niaii)s of a caftle, dll'mantled by Henry viii. It is feated on the river Ock, 24 miles w of Exeter, and 195 w by s of London. Lon. 4 5 w, lat. 50 48 N. Oaks Crkfk. Sec Caniaderago. Oban, a village In Argyleflilre, ftattd on the feacoaft, to the s of Loch Etive. Here is an excellent fifhing flation, and a cuftomhoufe. Obdach, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, feated at the confluence of the Achxa and Tiaun, three miles below the lake Chienzee, and 35 w of Gratz. Lon. 1443 E, lat. 47 3 N. Oberkirch, a town and caftle of France, in the department of Lower Khine and late province of Alface, three miles fi'om Straftiurg, to whole late arch- biHiop it belonged. Lon. 7 50 e, lat. 48 3SN- Oberndobf, a town of Suabia, in the Black Foreft, fiibjeft to the houfe of Aui"- tria. It is divided into the Upper and Lower Tow»i, and leatcd on the Neckar, 14 miles N of Rothweil. Lon. 8 45 e, lat.4S 22 N. Obernperc:, a town of Bavaria, with a caftle, feated on the Inn, 15 miles s of P:iirau, to whofe bifhop it belongs. Lon. 13 36 E, lat. 48 15N. Oberstein, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on the Nahe, 30 miles E by s of Treves. Lon. 7 z6 E, lot. 49 42 N. Oberwesei* a town of Germany, in the eleftorate of Treves, foimerly impe- rial. It was taken by the French in 1794, and is feated on the Rhine, 40 miles EME of Treves. Lon. 7 48 e, lat. 50 1 N. Obollah, a ftiong townof Perfia, in IraC'^Agemi, feated on a branch q{ the Tigris, near Buffarah. Lon. 45 15 E, lat. 30 15 N. Obskaya, a bay of the Frozen Ocean, in Afia. Lon. 72 15 e, lat. 70 o n. Oby, a river of Ruifia in Afia, which riles in the defert of Ifchimfka, and run- ning n joins the Irtylh, near Tpbolfk, and falls into the bay of Obfkaya. OcANO, a town of Spain, in New Caiiile, feated on 9 plain, 18 miles e of Toledo. Lon. I 50 >v, lat. 39 52 N. OcusENEURT, a ttiwn of Franconia, tn the bifliopric of Wurtzburg, feated on fhe Maine, 10 miles se of TVurtzburg. Lon. so 10 E, lat.4g 35 n* OcCa, a river of Ruflla, which fall* into the Volga, near NIflinci Novogoiod. Ocker, a river of Lower Saxony, whtct) liks in the s part of the duchy of Brunrwick, runs by (^oflar, Wolfeiibut- tle, and firunfwick, and falls into the Aller, EofZell. OCRIDA. SeeLOCHRIDA. OtZAKOW, or OczAKOFF, a town and fortreis, iiuAy of Turkey in Europe, but now included in the Rulfian govern, ment of Catharinenflaf. It has been fre- quently an obje6\ of conteft between the I'urks and tlie RuffianS) many thoufands of whom, on both fides, have fallen in the different fieges it has undergone. It was taken by Itorm by the Ruffians, in 17S8, and was confirmed to Ruifia, by the fuljfequent peace. It is feated at the mouth of the Dnieper, oppofite Kinbui-n, 50 miles w of Cheribn, and 190 N by e of Conftantinople. Lon. 30 50 E, lat. 46 50N. On EN SEE, an ancient town of Den- mark, capital of the ifle of Funen, with a bidiop's fee. It is leated on a fmall river, two miles from the bay of Stegei- trand, and 75 w of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 17 ii, lat. SS 30 N. OdeK, a river of Germany, which has its fource near a town of the fame name, in Silefia. It runs N by Ratibcr, Oppelen, Breflaw, Glogaw, and Croffen, in Si- lefia; Francfort, Lebus, Cuftrin, and Frinwalt, in Brandenburg; and Gartz, Steiin, Cammin, Wollin, Ufedom, and Wolgaft, in pomerania. Below Stetin it forms a large lake, afterward falling into the Baltic Sea by thrc* mouths j be- tween which lie the illands of Ufedom and Wollin. Oder, a town in the sw extremity of Silefia, at the foivce of the river Oder, 1 6 miles s vv of Troppaw. Lon. 17 30 e, lat, 50 46 N. Oderburg, a town of Sllefla, near the confluence of the Oder and Ella, 10 miles s of Ratibor. Lon. 18 10 E, lat. 50 2N. Odernheim, a town of Germany, In the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on the Seltz, 20 miles s of Mentz. Lon. 8 20 E, lat, 49 31 N. Odiham, a corporate town in Hamp- shire, with a market on Saturday, 24 miles Ng of Winchefter, and 42 w by ; oi Lon- don. Lon.o 56 w, lat. 51 18 N. Oelanp, an iflaiid of Sweden, in the Baltic Sea, feparated from the coaff of Gothland, by a ftrait 10 miles in breadths It is 84 miles long, but not more than liine bi'oad, and v^iy fvrtik. Sorl^oto O H I OLD ji the cliief town. Lon. J7 5 E, lat. 56 44N. Oi-LFELDT, ri towivof Lowef Saxony, in tlic tluchy of Magdeburg, featecl un the Aller, 15 milts E of Biunfwick. Loll. II 20 E, bt. 5% 27 N. Okskl, an iflund of the Bnltic, on the cos(t of Livouia, at the entrance of the gulf of Kiga, It is 74 miles long and 50 broad, and defentled by two forts. It fonntrly belonged to Denmark, but now to Rudia. Arenlburgh is i e capital. Oetinc, a town of Upper Bavaria, with an old chapel, to which there is a refort of jiilgrims. It is divided into the Upj)er and Lower Town, and feated on the inn, eight miles Nw of Burkhaulen, LC'n>i2 44.£, lat. 43 14 N. Oeiing, or Oetingen, a town of Suabia, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on the river Wiinjtz, J 2 miles NNW of Donawert, and 35 wNvv of Ingolftadt. Lon. 1040H, lat. 48 58 N. Offa's Dike, an entrenchment c^ft up by Offa, a Saxon king, to defend £nglaii.-i againft the incurfions of the WtUh. It runs through Herefordshire, Shropftiire, Montgomeryfliire, Denbigh- fliiie, and Flintflme. Offanto, a river of the kingdom of Naples, which rifes in the Appennines ; pafles by Conza and Monte Verde j fepa- lates Capitanata frpm Bafilicata and Ter- ra-di-Bari; and falls into the gulf of Venice, near Bai'letta. It is the ancient AuHdus. Offenbach, a town of Germ; ny, in the circle of Franconia. It was taken by the French in July i79'6, and is feated on the Maine, five miles E of Francfort Lon, 8 45 E, lat. 4^ 54 N. Offenburg, an imperial town of Suabia, under the proteftion of the houfe of Auftila. It is feated on the Kintzig, 12 miles se of Strafburg, and 28 s of Ba- den. Lon. 8 1 E, lat. 48 ji N. Offida, a town of Italy, in the mar- quifatf of Ancona, z6 miles S of Loretto. ton. 1346 e, lat. 4a 53 N. Oheteroa, an ifland in the S Pacific Ocean, 13 miles in circuit. It h^s no harbour, and is neither fo populous nor fer- tile ar; the irtands to the N of it; yet its manufaftmvs are of a fuperior kind. The cloth is of ^. better die, and the fpears and clubs are better carved and poliQied. The people are lufty and well made, and rather browner than thofe of the Society lilands, Lon. 150 47 w, lat. 22 27 s. Ohio, a river of N America, which has its iburce in the Allegany mountains, and is callcil the Allte;any, till Its junflJon with t'lie Monongaheia at Fort Pitt, whcu It fij'lt receives tlic name of Ohio, It bounds the Ibtt of Kentucky in its whole length} and tlie only diladvantage it has, h a rapid, one mile and a half long, in lat. 38 3 N, aoout 400 miles from h% mouth. In tliis place the river rvns over a rocky bottom, above looa yards broad, und ti»c dektnt is lb gradual, that the fail does not probably in the whole ex- ceed ten feet. When the Aieain is low, empty boats cn!y can pafs this rapiSj but, when high, bouts of any burden Hiay pal's in fafety. The Oliio carries a great unifonnity of breadth, from 400 to 600 yard.;, except the lait 150 miles, where It i> from Fco to looo yards. Atter a cotuie of near laoo miles from Pittfburg, ia which it receives numbers of large and imall rivers, it enters the MifTillippi in lat. 36 43 n. OiGH, Locii, a lake in Invemefsfliii*, extending four miles from c to w. It contains fonie little wooded iflands; and its waters flow through Loch Nefs int« Murray Frith. OiRA, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with a bifhop's fee, and an old caftle. It is feated at the f«ot of the Appennines, 20 miles ne of Ta- rento. Lon. 17 54 e, lat. 40 38 N. OisANs, a town of France in the de- partment of Here and late niovince of Dauphlny, 28 miles se of Grenoble. Lon. 6 25 £, lat, 45 on. OiSE, a department of France, inclu- ding part of the late province of the Ifle of France. It takes its name from a river, which has its fource in the Arden- nes, and lalls into the Seine, near Pon- toiie. Bcauvals is the capital. Okeham. See Oakham. Okjnoham, or Wokingham, % town in Bcrkfliire, with a market on Tuefday, eight miles se of Reading, and 32 w of London. Lon. o 59 w, fat.ff 25 N. Okotzk, a piovince of the govern- ment of Irkutzh, in Kulfia. Its capital, of the fame nan^e, is leatcd at the mouth of the Okota, in a bay of the Eaftera Ocean. Oloenuuro, a town of Weftphalla, capital of a county of the fame name. The church of St. Lambert contains the tombs of the lait counts of Oldenburg, which are very curious. It is noted for Its horfes ; and is feated on the Hunta, ?2 miiei w of Bremen, and 45 se of F.mbden. Lon. 8 8 t;, lat. 53 7 n. Oldenburg^ a town of Lower Sax« m t m. O L I O M E eny, in tlie duchy of (lolltein, fcated near the Baltic, 30 miles N of Lubec. Lon. le 47 E, lat. 54 IS N. Oloendorf, a town of Lowrr Snx- •ny, in the duchy of Lunrnhurg, fcated nn the Wtnaw and Elca. Loa. 10 35 e, kt. 53 16 N. Oluendokf, a town of Weftphalia, in the territory of Schawenbur^, feated on the NVeCer, »8 miles sw ot Hanover. Lon. 9 31 E) lat. 51 16 M. Oldf-NZeel, a town of the United Provinces in Overyflel, 30 miles E of Dtveuter. Lon. 6 57 E, lat. 51 10 N. Oldeslo, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of HoUtein, Icated on the Trave, 17 miles w of Lubec, and 25 ne •f Hambuig. Lon. 10 iS E, lat. 53 OleRON, an tile of France, five miles from the coalts of Aunis and Saintonge. It is i£ miles long and five broad; is populous and fertile, and defended by a caftle. In the reign pf Richard i, this >{Iai\d was part ot the poHeflTtons of the crown of England } and here that monarch compiled the code of maritime laws, called the Laws of Oleion, which are received by all nations in Europe, as the ground and iubllruilion of all their marine coniti. tutions. Lon. I zow, lat. 46 3N. Oleron, a town of France, in the '" tment of Lower Pyrenees and late 'xce of Beam, with a bi/hop's fee. .... ieated on the G^"e, 10 miles sw of Pau. Lon.o 14 w, lat. 43 7N. Olfsko; a town of Poland, in Red Rnllia, 38 miles ENE of Lemburg. Lon. i.$ 10 E, lat. 50 »3N. Olika, a town of Poland, in Volhi- nia, with a citadel, 20 miles E of Lucko. Lon. 26 8 E, lat. 51 15 N. Olinda, a town of Brafil, feated on the Atlantic, with a very good harbour. It was taken by the Dutch ni 1630, but retaken by the Portuguefe. Lon. 35 o W, lat. !i 13 s. Olita, a town of Spain, in Navarre, where their kings formerly refided. It i« ieated in a fertile country, 20 miles N •f Tudela. Lon. i 46 w, lat. 42 22 n. Oliva, a celebrated monafteiy of Weltern Pruflia, three miles W of Dant- zic. It contains feveral tombs of the dukes of Pomerania, and is remarkable for the peace concluded in 1660, between the emperor of Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland. Olivenza, a ftrongtown of Portugal, in Akntejo, feated near the Guadiana, X 3 miles s of Elvas, and 40 E of Evora. Lon. 7 4W, lat. 38 30 N. Olmedo, a town of Spain, in 0)4 Calhle, feated on the Adaja, 30 milrs :, of Valladolid. Lon. 4 29 w, lat. 41 20 N. Olmutz, a commercial town of Mo. ravia, with a bifhop's fee, and a famous univerfity. It was taken by the king of Piuflia, in 1741. In 17S8» he befiet^tii it again; but was obliged to rail'e the flcge. It is feated on tlie Morava, 80 miles N by e of Vienna, and 97 s of Brellaw. Lon. 17 35 E, lat. 49 26 n. Olney, a town in Bucks, with a market on Monday, and a confideruble manufafture of bonelace. It is feated on the Oufe, 12 miles, se of Northampton, and 56 NNW of London. Lon.o 54 w^ Lit. 52 5 N. . Olone, an Idand, town, caftle, and harbour of France, in the department of Vendee and late province of Poitou, 30 miles NW of Roclielle, and 258 sw of Paris. Lon. i 43 w, lat. 46 30 N. Olonetz, a government of Ruflia, included formerly in the government of Novogorod. In this diitrift are fonie confiderable iron works. Oloketz, a town of RuiTia, in a go- vernment of the fame name, famous for its mines of iron, and its mineral water. It is fituate on the river Olonza, which falls into the lake Ladoga. Lon. 34 20 £, lat. 6 1 26 N. Olse, or Oelse, a ftrong and con* fiderable town of Silefia, with a caftle, where tiie duke generally refides. It is 17 miles ne of Breftaw. Lon. 17 26 e, lat. 51 19N. Olsnitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the territory of Voigtland, feated on the Elfter, 60 miles sw of Drclden. Lon. 12 27 e, lat. 50 40 N. Olten, a town of Swiflerland, capital of a bailiwic, in the canton of Soleure. It is dependent on the bifliop of Bade, and is feated a little to the N of the Aar, be- tween Arberg and Araw. Lon. 7 45 e, lat. 47 16 N. Olympus, a mountain of Natolia, one of the higheft and moft confiderable in all Afia. The ancients fuppofed its top reached the heaves ; and, from that cir- cumftance, placed the refidence of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter. Ombrone, a river of Italy, which rifes in the Sicnncfe, and falls into the Mediterranean. Ombronk, a town of Italy, in the Siennefe, between the river Ombrone and the lake Caftigliano, three miles s ot Groffetto. Omegna, a lown of the duchy of Mi- ONE k)fi, in the Novarefe, with a tnHle, five iiiilci N of Oiia. Omer, St. a fortified, lirge, nnd po- puluus town of France, in the dtparttiicnt •f the Strait* of Calais and late province of Artois. It was anciently a villugc, lallcd Sithleu, and cwck its prelcnt name and importance to a faint, who built a niinalteiy here in the leventh century, 'j he piincipal church, und that of St. Bcrtiii, arc magnific;:nt, as is ttie lute ubbcy of that laint. In 1677, it was taken by the French, and confirmed to them by the treaty of Nimegiien. About a league from St. Onier, is a great morats, !o which are iome Heating iliands, that may be dircfled at plealiue, nearly like a boat. They produce good palture; and the trees that grow upon them are kept low, that the wind may not have too much power over them. St. Oiner is ieated on the Aa, on the fide of a hill, light miles riw of Aire, and 135 n of Paris. Lcn. a »oE, lat. 54 45 n. 0mm EN, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Overyffel, feated on the Vtcht, 17 miles NE of Deveutcr. L«a. 6 10 £, lat. 52 "Hi N. Ommenburg, a ftrong town of Ger- innny, in the eleitorate of Mentz, feated •n the Otbem, nine miles ss of Marpurg, and 45 N£ of Francfort. Lon. 9 13 £, lat. 50 30 N. OmmirabiHi a river of Africa, which rifes in Mount Atlas, iep.'U'ates the king- «loui of Morocco from that of Fez, and entering the Atlantic, forms a capacious bay on the E fide of Azamor. Onandaco, a lake> and river, in the ftate of New York. The river flows w from the lake till it meets the Seneca, when its courfe turns N, to Oiwego, where it enters Lake Ontario. It is beatable from its mouth to the head of the lake, except one fall which caufcs a portage of 20 yards. See Oneida. Onano, a town of Italy, in the pa- trJriiony of St. Peter, ieated between Ac- (^tiapeiidente and Petigliano, five miles from each. One, a cape of Baibary, in Africa, near the mouth of the leaver Muivia. Oneeheow, one of the Sandwich IHands, in the N Pacific Ocean, five leagues w of Atooi. Its eaftem coalt is high, and rifes abruptly from the fea, but the other parts confift of low ground, except a round bluff head on the se point. It produces plenty of yams, and of the Tweet root caliea tee. Lon. 161 ow, iat.ui 50 N. Oniqa, a rirw and lake of KufTu, in O O D the goTcrnment of Olonctz. It U iso miles long and 40 bread, and has a cuiu- munication with lake Ladoj^a, and cun- liquently with Peterlburg. The river gives its naint to a country, full of woods» and fnlls into the Wliite Sea. Oneglia, a principality of Italy, fur- rounded by the territory of Ccnua, but lubjcct to the king ot Snrdinia. It. abounds in olive-trees, fiuit^,* und wine. Oneglia, a leaport uf Italy, in a principality of the fame name. Surdiiiia» as well as the province, abounds iu olive-trees, fruits, and wine. It has been often taken, being an open place ; the ia(t time by the French, in 1 794. It is feated on a iVnall rivvr, 30 miles se of Cogni, and 50 w by s of Genoa. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 43 58 N. Oneida, orONoNOAGO, a lake of N America, in the itate of New York. It is 2o miles w of Fort Stanwix, and ex> tends wettward about 25 miles, where its •utlet, the Onondago Kiver, nms into Lake Ontario, at Oiwego. At the s ex- tremity of the lake is Wood Creek, on the banks of which live a tribe of Indian.^t, called Oneidas } and the On?.ndagOk, another tribe, occupy the cotintry s of' the lake and river. Ongar, or Chipping Onc ar, a toK-.n in Elfex, with a market on Saturday, 12 miles w of Chelmsford, and 21 bne of London. Lon.o 16 e, lat. 51 43 N. Oncole, a town of Hindoollan, in the Carnatic, Ieated on a river, not far from its -ntrance into the bay of Bengal, 829 mile., sw of Calcutta. Lon. 80 5 fi, lat« 15 30N. Onore, a feaport of Canara, on the coaft of Malabar, 398 miles s by £ uf Bombay. Lon. 74 45 E, lat. 14 20 N. Onoth, a town of Hungary, 50 miles N£ of Buda. Lon. 19 22 e, lat. 48 ION. On RUST, a fmall ifland, at the ipouth of the harbour of Batavia, wher« the Dutch build and careen their ihips. Ontario, a lake of N America, fituate between 71 and 74*' w lon. and 41 and 45** N lat. On its sw part it receives the waters of Lake Erie (by means of the river Niag^ara) and near the se the Onon- dago River; and on the »£ its waters enter the river Iroquois. It is 600 miles in circumference, and abounds with fHh of an excellent flavour, among which are the Ofwego bafs, weighing three or four poimds. Oodooanullah, a town of Hindoof- tan Proper, in Bengal, feated on the w bank of the Ganges, at the loot of a chain Hi <;!;' 4 !i mV "Jm l^ *:|' o o s O R A fir: rtf hills. The fitu:ition is cftecmcd urv- hc'.ilthy> on account oi the fort-its in its vicinity. It was tlie (tat of the govirn- nicnt of Bengal, un'.Ur lult:in Sujah, till he Itrll in the conteff tor einiurc with his brother Auriinp;zebe. The numlteilcli* niins here, sind in the ncii^lil)oi;rhood, attord a proof of his mngnilictnce; ami there Hill remains a part of the palace, which, in his time, wus nt .iily ileltroyeil by fire. Here is an ele£j.'tnt l)rid;<,e over the Ganges, built hy the Ihnic prince, famous tor the viiflory t>;iini.it over Mter Coflim, in 1764, by iinjor Adams. Oodooumillah is 8» miles N hy w of Moor- fliedabad. Lon. 87 55 e, hit. 24 58 N. OONALAsiiKA, one of the Kfmds of the Northern Archipelago, vilited by cap- tain Cook in his lalt voyage. The natives appeared to he very peaceable, having Deen much polifhed by the Kutfians, who now keep them in a Itate of lubjeftiou. As the ifl.nnd furni/lies them with ftib- fiftence, fb it does, in feme rr.e:ilurc, with clothing, which is chiefly comj'o';.'d of flcini. The up-,.er g:ir;nent, which is made iike a w.-.g-poncr's frock, reaches down to the knees. Befide this, ^hey wear a waiilcoat or two, a pair of hietches, a fur cap, and a pair of boors, the legs of which are fomitd of Tome kind of ffroiig gnt ; but the Toles and upper leather are of RuHia leather. Fifli and other lea ani^ mals, birds, roots,- terries, ami even fea-' weed, compofe their footl. They dry quantities of fifli during the fummer, which they lay "up in linall huts for their ^ili; in winter.- 'Phey did not appear to be very defirous of iron, nor to want any other inftrument except fewin^ neeiliei, their own being formed of bone. With theie they few their c.moes, and make their clothes, aiKl alio work very curious embroidery. They u!e, inltead of thread, the fibres of plants, whicii tliey iplit to the thickncfs required. All lowing is performed by the females, who arc Ihoe- niakers, tailors, and boat-bulklevs. They manUfafturc mats, and bafktts of grals, which are both (trcng and bt-autiful. There is, indeed, aneatnti's andptifeiilion in moft of their works, that Ihows they are deficient neither in ingenuity nor per- feverance. Lon. 165 ow, lat. 55 5 n. OOROOP and OOSHESHEEK. SceKu- RILES. OOSTBORCH, a town and fort of Dutch f landers, in the ifle of Cadland, four miles NE of Sluys. Lon. 3 29 £, liU. 51 22 N. OoSTENBY, a town of Swed«n, in the ifle of Ociand, 27 miles s of i>odLi;olni, Oporto, oc Porto, a flourifliinp feaport of Portugal, in the puivince ot Kntre-Duuero-e-Minho, with a bilhop's fee. It is by nature :diMo(^ impregnable} and is noted for its Itrong wines, of •vhith large quantities are exjiorttd to lingl.unl ; whence all red wines horn bpain or Poi. tugal are called Port wines. It is Icaial on the declivity of a mountain, near iiic river Douero, which forms on excclkiit harbour, and is 147 miles N by e of Lifbon. Lo.^. 8 21 w, lat. 41 10 n. Oppet-en, a ftronK town of Jjilcfia, capital of a duchy of the lame name, with a caftle. The chief tribunal of juftice, and the firft confiltory of Silefia,' wcic fettled here in 1742. It is leated on the Oder, in a pleafant plain, 35 miles sk of Breflaw, and 40 N of Troppaw. Lon. 17 50 E, lat. 50 41 N. OppENHEiM, a town of Germany, in the palatinate c/ the Rhine, capital of a bailiwic of the fame name. It is leated on the declivity of a hill, near the Rhine, eigiit miles s of Ment?, and ix N of Worms. Lon. 8 20 E, lat. 49 43 n. OpplDO, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, featcd at the foot of the ApJ)ennine8, 25 miles ne of Reg- gio. Lon. 16 21 E, lat. 38 19 N. Orach, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bofniaj near the river Drinoi 60 miles 8W of Belgrade. Orak, a ftrong and important feaport in the kingdom of Algiers, and province of Tremelen, with leveral forts, and an excellent harbour. It is leated partly on the fule of a hill, and partly in a plain, almoft oppofite Carthagena, in bpain. It w «i> taken by the Spaniards in 1 509, and retaken in 1708. In 1732, the Spaniards became mafters of it again, and have kept it ever fmce. In 1790, it was deltroyed by an earthquake, nothing but the ex- terior walls being left ftanding ; and 2000 ptrfons perifhed. The bey of Mafcaii took advantage of the dilfrelTed Itate of the garrifon, to attack it with a confide- rable force, but was compelled to retire, af;er three obltinate attacks. It is 12^ miles w by s of Algiers. Lon. o 8 w, l-it. 3r» a N. Orangi;, an ancient city of France, in the department of Drome and late pro- vince of D.iuphiny. It was an important place in the time ol the Romans. A tii- umplial arch. 200 paces from the town, was forn>trly within its limits ; and here are alio th«s remains of a fine amphitheatre, iome aqucduds, &cc. whicli efcaped the fury of the Goths and S:i','.\:i->. 'ibefci'- tificutions were deiHoiiih': a t-iy Lewif.XlVi ORG ORE \n i<)^>. Orange is the capitnl of a prin- cipality of the lame name, 17 miles long antl 1* brond. It was given by Ch;»rlc- ma^c, in 79^, to William an Comet, M a reward for his uiilltary fVrvices. FofTrded IvccoHively by the hou'es of Baux nm? Chalons, it d(.volved, in 1531, on that of Nall.iu ; and w^s polfcircil hy VVilli:im ill, king oi' £ni;Urd, who dying in 1701, FrcHeric- William, king of Pruflla, claimed this princijiality as his heir. Lewis xiv had Icizcd it during the war with king William. He ex- changed it, however, in 171 3. with the king ot Pruflia, for the town of Gutldre* j but liibjcil to a compenfation to th^ prince of Nartau-Dietz, whom king William had named his heir. Tiie city of Orange was an epifc pal lee bcibre the late revo- lution. It is feated in a fine plain, on the river Aigues, 1* miles N of Avig- nun, atld 50 ne of Montpellier. Lon. 4 49 k, lat.^ 9 N. Oratavia, the capital of Tcneriff, one of the Canary Ifiands, i 50 miles w of the conft of Africa. Lon. 16 20 w, lat. a8 z3 N. OrBalsan, a town of Piedmonr, be- .veen Turin ^nd Pignerol. Lon. 7 30 e, lat. 45 2N. Or BE, an ancient town of Swiflcrland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of the h^'ll- wic of Echallens, the fovereignty of • hich is divided between the cantoris -of Bern and Friburg. Its romantic fitt>aticn, and the boldnefe 'of ifts fingle-arched bridge pro- jeftihgover the Orbe, arc- the admiration of air travellers. It is '24 tnilcs' w of Friburg, and 40 w by s of Bern. Lon. 6 43 E, ht.46 49 N. •• '■ '■ Orbitello, a ftrong feaport 6f Tuf- cany, in the Siennei'e, defended by fcvcral forts, and ieated near the Albegnn, 58' miles 8 by w of Sienne, and ^5 s of Flo- rence. Lon.' II 10 E, lat. 47. 18 N. Orbre, a' fiver of France, which riles in the Cevennes, waters Bcziers, and falls into the gulf of Lyons, five miles below that town. Orcades, or Orkneys, a clutter of iflands to the N of Scotland, from which they are feparated by Pentland Frith. They are 26 in number, of which one greatly exceeds the other in extent. This, like the principal one of Shetland, is dig- nified with the appellation of Mainland : it is alfo frequently called Pomona. See Mainland. Beyond this ifland, to the NE, ai-e feen, among others, Rowl'ay and Weftra, Snappinlha and Edda, Stronl'a, Sandfly and N Ronalfha; and to the s ^HHfitoy} and S Ronallhaj with others of inft-rior rote. The currents anJ tide* which flow bftwten thele illands arc ex- tremely rupiil ind dangciouj; and, near the fmuU ille of Swinna are two whirl- Eovls, that have been known to ihaith in oats and light vcirds, which weie in- liantly fwalldwtd up. S;iiitigs of puic water arc found in all the mountainous parts of thel'e iftands ; and there are nu- merous lakes and rivulets :i')oandiug in fifli. The heath, on thcle mountains, (heltcrs groult-, plovers, (nipes, Sec. but here are neither partridges, hares, nor foxes. Thcfe are numbers of flicep and (mail black-cattle. The produils of the vallies and plains are big and oa^i, but no other Ibrt of grain. In {;encral, the air is moift j and they arc often vifited by dreadful Itorms ot wind, rain, and thunder. For about three weeks in mid- fummer, they enjoy the fight of the fun, almoft without in'.ermilfiwn : but, for the laiviL Ipace in winter, that luminary hardly rifes ajove the hori/on, and is commonly o'^'cuied by clouds an with a bIfliop''s fee', and famous for its hot baths. It is feated at the foot of a mountain, on the river Minho, over which is a bridge ©f one arch, 47 miles SE of Compoftella. Lon. 7 36 w, lat. 42 19 N. Orfa, a confidfrable townof Afia, in Diaibeck. It formerly belonged to Ptr- ila, but Is now in the Turkifh .dominions, and has a good trade, particulaily in car- pets of feveral Ibrts, foiue of vwiich are made here. It has a ftately caftle on a hill, and is feated on the Euphrates, €3 miles NE of Aleppo, and 100 svv of Diar- bekar. Lon. }8 20 E, lat. 16 50 n. -Orford, a feaport and borough In Su^lk, with a market on Monday. It is i'aid to have had twelve churches, but now only one, whofe (teeple is a feamark ; and near It are the ruins of an old caftle, a prior)', and St. George's chapel. It is governed by a mayor, fends two members to parliament, and Is feated on the Ger- man Ocean, between two channels, 18 miles E by N of Ipfwich, and 88 NE of London. Lon. < 40 E, iat. 52 ji n. Organford, a village, near Poole, in Dorfetftiire, remarkable for the prodigi- ous quantity of pennyroyal, here called organ, produced In the neighbourhood. Orgaz, a town of Spain, in NewCaf- tile, with a caftle, 1 5 miles s of Toledo. Lon. 3 22 w, lat. 39 36 n. Orgelet, a town of France, in the department of Jura and latr province of Franche-Comte, feated at the fourceof the Valoufe, 30 miles N by E of Bourg. Lon. 5 39 E, lat. 46 36 N. Orgiva, a town of Spain, in the pro- vince oi Granada^ 25 miles s of Granada. Lon. 3 50 W, lat. 36 43 N. Oria, a decayed town of Naples, In Term d'Otranto, with a citadel, and a bifliop's fee. It is feated at the foot of the App;:nnines, 40 miles NW of Otranto. Lon. 17 48 E, lat. 40 39 N. Orient, or Port l'Orient, a re- gular and handfome town of France, in the department of Morbihan and late province of Bretagne, built in 1720, by the Flench "E India Company, who made it the exdufive mart of their commerce. The harbour, which Is defended by a ci- tadel, oppofite Port Louts at the bottom of the lame bay, can contain but a fmall number of men of war. The EngUfti at- teniptc(l to become raafters of it in 1746, but mifcarried. It is five miles sw of Henne^on. Lon. 3 20 w, lat. 47 46 n. Origuela, a town of Spain, in Va. lencia, with a bilhop's fee, a univerfity, and a citadel built on a rock. It is feated on the Segura, 33 miles N of Car- thagena. Lon. i 3 w, lat. 38 10 N. Orio, a town of Spain, in Guipufcoa, at the mouth of the Orio, eight miles sw of St. Sebaftian. Lon. z 19 w, lat. 43 23 N. Orissa, a province of the peninfula of Hindooftan, bounded on the N by Bahar and Bengal, on the w by Berar, on the s by Qolconda, and on the e by the bay of Bengal. The dilirift of Midniapour, in this province, is fvbjeft to the Engllfli £ India Company ; but all the* reft be- longs to the Berar Tii-'^rattas. Oristagni, an ancient town of Sar- dinia, with a good larbour and an arch- biftiop's fee. It is laige, and well forti- fied, but thinly inhabited, on account of the unhealthy air. It is feated on the w coaft, on a bay of the fame name, 42 miles NW of Cagliari. Lon. 8 51 E, lat. 40 a N. Orkney Islands. See Orcades. Orlamund, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, belonging to the duke of jSaxe-Gotha. It is feated on the Sala, oppofite the mouth of the Orla, 50 miles sw of Leipfick. Lon. 11 24 E, lat. 50 53 N- ' Orlando, a cape on the n r aft of Sicil) , I j miles w by N of Patti. Lon. 15 4E, lat. ii ^4N. ORLEANOis^alate province of France, now forming the department of Loiret. It is divided by the river Loire into the Upper and Lov^^r, and is a very plentiful country. Orleans, an ancient city of France, capital of the department of Loiret and late province of Orleanols, with an epii copal fee. It is feated on the Lmtk,. in O R M fhe form of an oval, ahd Is Aippofed to contain 4.0,000 -fouls. Under the fons of Clevis, it was the capital of a kingdom. It ftood a memorable fiege in 1418, againft the Englifti, which was railed by the cclebi-ated Joan of Arc, called the Maid O R T dioufnefs of the hai.>our. It Is almoft deferted: for it produces nothing but fait, which Ibmetimes ia two inches deep upon the furface of the earth. Lon. 56 25 E, lat. 27 aoN. Ornans, a town of Prance, In th« of Orleans. The ftreets of Orleans are department of Doubs and late province of fpacious and pleafant, and that of the Franche-Comte. In its vicinity it a well, huxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious which, during the time of great rains, length. Its commerce confifts in wine, overflows in luch a manner as to inundats brandy, com, grocery, and particularly the adjacent countiy ; and the fifties that lugar, which is brought raw trom Nantes |t dilgorges are called umbres. Ornans and Rochelle. Sheep Ikins, and ftockings, is leated on the Louve, eight miles S£ of both knit and woven, form alfo a conlider- Belan^on. able article of trade. The fauxbourg or Orne, a department of France, inclu- iiiburb of Olivet, on the left fide of the ding the late province of Perchc and part Loire, has a communication with the of that of Nonnandy. It takes its nam* city by a bridge of nine ai ches, the centre from a river, which falls into the Engliflk one 100 feet wide. Near the city is a Channel, eight miles below Caen. TU« forcft, containing 100,000 acres, planted capital is Aren»,t)n. with oak and other valuable trees. Or- Oronoko, 2^ river of S America^ leans is 30 miles N£ of Blois, and 60 which riles in Popayan, and, after a ssw of Paris. Lon. i 59 JE, lat. 47 54 n. courfe of 755 leagues, enters the Atlantic Orleans, Canal of, commences at Ocean, in ful tides, and preferves the frefhnefs of its waters to the diftanct of i» league* out at fea. Oronsa, a fmall fertile ifland of Scot- land, one of the Hebrides^ feven miles W of Jura. Here are the ruin* of an abbey, with many fepulchral ftatues, and foin« America, a little to the £ of Quebeck. curious ancient fculpture Lon. 69 50 w, lat. 47 oN. Orleans, New, a city of N America, capital of Louifiana, built during the re- gency of the duke of Orleans. In 1788, leven eighths of this city were deftroyed by file. It is feated on the £ fide of the MidiflTippi, 105 miles from its mouth. Lon. 89 S3 w, lat. 30 » N. Ormond, the northern divifion of the county of Tipperary, in Ireland. Ormskirk, a town in Lancaihire, with a market on Tuefday, 30 miles S of Lan- ca/ter, and 206 NNW of London. Lon. 3 3W, lat. 53 37 N. Ormus, a imall ifland of Alia, in a Ihait of the fame name, at the entrance of the gulf of Perfia, nine iriles s of Gcn/broon. It was taken, in » 507, by the Poi'tnguefe, who fortified it j and it was altenvird frequented by a number of rich niei chants. In 1622, the Perfians, by the affiltance of the Englilh, conquered this place, and demolifhed the houles, which were 4000 in number, containing 40,000 inhabitants. Some time after, the Perlians rebuilt the fort ; and though they could never bring it to be a place of Oropesa, a town of Soain, in New Caftile, 22 miles E of Placentia, and 50 w of Toledo. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 39 50 N. . Oropesa, a town of Peru, feated at the foot of the moufltains, 150 miles nm ofPotofi. Lon. 63 30 w, lat. 18 o s. Orr, a river in Kirkcudbrightftiire, which rifes near New Galloway, waters the town of Orr, and enters the Soiway Frith. ' Orsova, a town of Upper Hungary* in the bannat of Temel'war, feated en the N fide of the Danube, almoft oppofitc Belgrade. It is fubjeil to the '1 urks. Lon. 22 o E, lat. 45 30 N. Ok SOY, a town of the circle of Weft* phalia, in the duchy of Cleves, taken, ia 1672, by the French, who demoliflied th« fortifications. It is 20 miles ss of Glevee* Lon. 6 43 E, lat. 51 28 N. Orta, a town of Italy, in the patri* mony of St. Peter, with a bifhop's fee* It is feated on the Tiber, 10 miles e of Viterbo, and 30 N of Rome. Lon, is 37 w, lat. 42 22 N. Ortegal, a c.ipe and caftlc on the N trade as before, it is Itill the key of the coaft of Galicia, in Spain, 30 miles NN| (uifjlPcriia, oa accouat of tb« commo- of Ferrvl, Lon. 7 30 w, lat. 43 46 n. i ■«3 i AM .mm ■ipl m .■i m i^i .# i I O 5> M> O S T il w ORTEiJBURC, a t 'Vi. of Auftrla, and is feated on the Douero, 80 miles n feated on the s bank of the Drave, op- by E of Madrid. Lon. a la w» lat. 41 {^ftte its confluence with the Lifer. Lon. 30 N. ty 38 E, ht.+S 55 :;. OsNABURO, a bifhopric of Germany, Orthez, a town of France, in the de- in the circle of Weltphalia, 4.0 miles long partnlent of the Lower Pyrenees and late and 30 broad. It is remarkable that this province of Beam, feated on the declivity biftiopric is polTeflfed by the papiih and of a hill, on the river Gave de Pau, 17 protcftants alternately, according to th« miles sw of Pau. Lon.o 24- w> lat. 43 5R. Orton, a town in VVeftmorland, with a market on- Wednefday, 12 miles sw of Appleby, and 271 nnw of London. Lon. 2 40 w, lat. 54 28 N. ()RTZA, a town of Lithuania, in the ]^alatinate of Witepflc, with a caftle. It is^feated at the confluence of the Orefa arid Dnieper, 50 miles w of Smolenfko. Lon. 31 SE, lat. 5445 N, treaty of Wcftphalia. The proteftant bifliop i$ always chofen by tlie houl'e of Bruni'wick Lunenburg, and the catholic by the papifts. The preftnt biihop is Frederic duke of York, fecund fon of the king of Greai Britain. The inlpe^tion and adininiltration of eccleiiafticai affairs, however, belong to the eleftor of Cologne, as metropolitan. OsNAEURG, a city of Germany, ca- pital of a bifhopric of the fame name. Orvieto, a tov/n of Italy, capital of with a univerfity, and a caifle. It is re- a territory of the fame name, in the pa- markable lor a treaty of peace, concluded trimony of St. Peter, with a bifliop's between Germany and Sweden, in 1648, fee, and a magnificent palace. In this in favour of the proteftant religion. The f(.kce is a deep well, into which mules proteft^nts have two of the churclies, defeend, by one pair of ftairs, to fetch \t^> The beei- of this place is liighly efteemtd Water, and afcend bv another. It is in Germany. It is feated on the Haze, feated on b craggy rook, near the conflxi- ence of the rivers Paglia and Chiuna, 10 rtllles WW of Viterbo, aftd ^q'n by w of Kome. Lon. 12 20 B, iat. 4s 42 N. Orwell^ a river in Suffolk, which runs SE by.Ipfwich, and uniting with the Stour, forms the fine harbovr of Har- wich. Above Iplwich, it is called the Gipping. 35 miles NK of Munfter, and 75 w of HanoVer. Lon. 8 20 e, lat. 52 24 N. •OasMtVKGt an ifland in the S Pacific Ocean, difcovei'ed and named by captain Wallis, in 1767. It is called Miatea by the natives. Lon. 147 30 w, lat. 17 51 s. OsoRNO, a town of Chili, feated on Rio-Bueno, in a territoiy where thtie OSAQA, a large town of the ifland of are mines of gold. So miles s of Baldi Niphon, in Japan, with a magnihcent via. Lcn. 73ao\v, lat. 40 58 s. caftle. It has a harbour, and is one of Ossetia, thecountiy oi the Ossi, 01 the moft commercial pbces of Japan. OssETi, onie of the fevcn Caucafian na- The hours of the night are proclaimed tions, between the Blac': Sea and the Cal- i)y the found of difiercnt inltrnments of pianj bounded on the N by Great Ca- mufic. Lon. 1 33 45 e, lat. ^5 20 N. baida, on the E by the Lefguis Tartars, • OsERO, or OsoRO, an ifland in the and oh the s and w by Imeritia. It gulf of Venice, belonging to the Vene- contains 19 diifrids, of which one is fub- tians, having that of Chcrfo to the n, to jed to Imeritia, and the others to Georgia. tivbich it is joined by a bridge. The ca- Thel'e diftri6ls are of veiy unequal fize ; :pital is of the fame name, with a bifhop's fome containing only five, and others 50 lee. Lon. 1530 E, lat. 45 on. villageSf tach of which comprifes from 10 OsEV, an iiiand in Blackwater Bay, to 100 ^milies. Their language has fome •near Maiden, in Elfex. It is covered iDfrith wild fowl, at certriin lealbns; and llicre the conl ftiips for Maiden unload their cargoes. OsjMO, :'n ancient town of Italy, in ihe marquilatc of Ancona, with a rich analogy with that of the Perfian. Their hiltory is intirely unknown. T'le Cir- cafTians and Tartars c«iil>thera Knfha. O s s o R V , t he weftern divifion of Queen's Counfy, in Ireland. Ossut)A, an ancient and confiderable bifliop's (ee, aiul a magnificent epifcopal town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a uni- palacc. It is feat«.d on the Mulone, 10 verfity, 40 miles E of Seville. Lon. 4 31 miles s of Anrona, and 1 10 NE of Rome, w, lat. 37 24 n.' Loi. 13 3.1- E, lat. 43 19 N. OsTAGio, a town of Italy, in the ter- ■ OSMA, an ancient town of Spain, in litoiy of Genoa, 1 5 miles NW of Genoa. Old Caftiic, with a bifhop's fee, ahd a Lon. 8 31 e, lat.44 36N. univtr&ty. It i« almoiV sejie to ruin, Ostauric; atow^of £^>u%iKCat»- 6 - *♦• o s w OTA I.^nla. Tt had a Ihong caftle, taken by the Freik'h, aiid denioliihtd in 1695. It is iiatetl on ibe Tordeia, 38 milL-s ne of Barcelona. Lon. x 55 £, lat. 41 41 n. OsrcND, a tbrtifttfd icaport of Am- ti Ian Flanders, iamous for tht lon(»- liege it fiiltaihed agaijitl the Spaniard*, troni July 5» i6oi, to Scpteinlier az, 160+, when it (urreiidwed, by a honorable ca- pitulation On the death of Charles 11, of Spain, Ft ench lei^ed Oltend ; but, in 1706, aitv ihe battle of Kamtliies, it was retaken by the allies. It was again taken by the French in 1745, but rc- ttored in 1748. In the war of 1756, the French garriibned this town for the em - prei's-qaeen Maria Therei'a. In the lalt war, as a neutral port, it became a great mart for trade ; and it was greatly aug- mented both in pop 'iation and buildings. In 1792, the French once more took 6i- tend, which they evacuated in 17931 and repofleiled. in 1794. Oltend is leated among a number of canals, aad is ai- moft liirrounded by two of the largeft of them, into which ihips of great burden may eater with tlie tide. . It is 10 miles w of Bruges, 22 NE of Dunkirk, and 60 NW oi' Bi^u^els. Lon. 3 i S> lat. 51 14 N. •'.■ .'• .. . • • .. s . OsTiA, .a' once celebrated but decayed feaport of Italy, in Conipag»a>di Koroa, leated at the mouth of the fiber, with a biftiop's fee : the harbour is choaked up. It is 12 miles sw of Rome. Lon. iz s4 E, lat. 41 44 N. OsTianA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mant-a, iVated on th^^ Po, 1 5 miles E of Mantua. Lou. 11 ii K, iat. 45 7 N. OsTROGOTHiA, the eaftern part of Gothland, in Sweden. OsTUNi, a town of Naples, in Terra dOtranto, with a bifliops fee. It is leated on a mountain, near the gulf of Venice, 16 miles NW of Briiidici, and 24 NE of Tarento. Lon. 17 59 E, lat. 40 51 N. Oswald, St, a village in Northum- berland, on the Pifts' wall, N of Hex- ham, by tome called Heavensfield, on ac- count of Olwald's total defeat of Ced- wall, a Britilh ufurper, who was killed on the firft onfet. Here Ofwald, who was afterwai-d fainted, fet up the firft crofs in the kingdom of Northumberland. Oswego, a fort of N America, feat- ed on the s fide of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of a river of the fame name, 156 miles wNW of Albany. Lon. 76 15 w, lat 4^ 15 N. OlWJSiczfiN^ % town of PoUnd, in the palitinate of Cracovia. It has a great trade in I'alt, and is feated on the Vif- tula, 15 miles sw of Cracow. Lon. 19 44. E, lat. 50 o N. Os WE STK.V, a corporate town in Shrou-« iliire, wi: h a market on Wedncfday. It had a wall and a caltie, long ago demo> liihcd ; and has Ibme trade from Wales in ilannels. It is 18 miles Nwof Shrewf- bury and 174 of London. Lon. 3 3 W» lat. 52 52 N. OsvTH, St. a village in EfTex, nine miles SE of Colchetter. Here are the re- mains of an ancient monaftery, now the leat of the earl of Rochford. Otaha, one of the Society Klands, In the S Pacific Ocean. It lies n of Ulitea ; and is divided from it by a Itrait, which, in the narroweft part, is not more than two miles binuad. This ilUnd is fmaller and more barren than Ulitea, but has two very good harbour;. Otaheitee, one of the Society Iflands, in the S Pacific Ocean, lying in 18° s lat. and 150° \v lon. and firft difcovered, in 1767, by captain Wallis, who called it George the Third's Ifiand. Captain Cook came hither, in 1769, to obferve the tranfit of Venus; failed round the whole illand in a boat, and ftaid three months: it was vifited twice afterward by that celebrated navigator. It confift* of two peninfulas, great part of which is covered with woods, confiitin'g partly of bread-fruit trees, palms, cocoa-nut trees, plantains, bananas, mulberries, fu- gar-canes, and others peculiar to the cli- n)ate, particularly a kind of pineapple aiwl the dragon-tree. The birds moft: common are two Ibrts of parroquets, one of a beautiful fapphirine blue, another of a green ifh_colour, with a few red ipcts ; a king s fiftier, of a dar!: green, with a collar of the iame hue round his white throat ; a large cuckoo ; levera! Jbrts of pigeons or doves j and a biuifli heron. The only quadrupeds found on the ifland are hogs, dogs, and rats, which Ire fuf- fcrcd to run about at plealure. The peo- ple have mild featuiej, and a pleafirtg. countenance. They are about the ordi- nai-y fize qi £uro;>eans, of a pale maho- gany brown, with fine black V.air and eyes, and wear a piece of cloth round their middle, and another wrapped about- the head, like a turban. The women wear a. piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, througli which they pals their heads, lb that one part of the garment hangs down behind, and the other before, to the knees ; a fine white clolh, like muflio» pa(re» «ver this in various elegant 'Mm ..*..• O T R O U D il I h turns round the body, a little below the breaft, forming a kind of tunic, of which one turn fometimes falls gracefully acrofs the fliouldcr. Both fexes are adoitied, or - rather distig;ured, by thole black Itains, occaTioned ny punfluring the ikin, and . rubbing a black colour into the wounds. Their houfes confift only of a roof, thatch- ed with the long prickly leaves of the , palm-nut tree, and fupported by a few pillars made of the bread-fruit tree. As a roof is fufficicnt to flielter the natives from rains and nightly dews, and as l'ac climate is one of the happielt in the world, the houfes have feidom any walls, but are open on all fides. Their cloth is , made of the fibj-oua bark of the mul- berry tree, which is beaten with a kind of mallet } and a glue, made of the hi- biicus efculentv.,, ,is employed to make the pieces of bark cohere. Some of thei'e pieces are two or three yards wide, and , 50 yards long. Though the natives far excel moil of the Americans in the know- ledge and praAice of the arts of inge- nuity, yet tney had not invented any me- thod of boiling water ; and having no veflel that could bear the fire, they had no more iJea that water could be made hot, than that it could be made folid. Long nails on the fingers are a mark of diftin£lion among them, as among the Chinefej for they imply that fuch per- fons only as have no occafion to work, could fufter them to grow to that length. The two fexes here eat feparately, as in many other countries. Their provifions are chiefly fifti, pork, cocoa-nuts, bread-, iruit, and bananas ; and they employ fea- water as a fauce both to filh and pork. Nothing can exceed their agility in fwim- tning, diving, and climbing trees. Mr. Forfter is lavlfti in his praifes of the gen- tienefs, goodnature, and hofpitality of this people ; and alio of the beauty, ele- ' gance, and gracefulnefs of the air, fea- tures, and perfons of many of them, ef- pecially of the better fort. The hiftory of Omai, a native of this ifland, who was brought over to England, and cai-- rled back by cnpta.n Cook, in his lait voyage, is well known. Otley, a town in the w riding of Yorkfliire, vvith a maiket on Friday. ft is feafed on the Wharf, under a high craggy cliff, 25 miles w of York, and aoi NNw of London. Lon. i 4.8 w, lat. S3 54 N. an ifland of S America, in Panama. Lon. 81 10 w Otoque, the b' 7 of lat. 7 50 N. Otranio, or Terra ^'OtrantOi a province of Naples, bounded on the n b^ Terra-di-Bari and the gulf of Venice, on the E by the fame gulf, and on the s and w by a great bay, between that and Bafilicata. It is a mountainous country, abounding in olives, figs, and wine. Here is a kind of fpider, called a tarantula, whofe bite is venomous j and the country is often vifited by locufts. Otranto, a city of Naples, capital of Terra d'Otranto, with a commodious harbour, an archbiftiop's fee, and a cita- del, where the archbiftop refides. It was taken, in 1480, by the Turks, who did a great deal of milchief, but it has fince been reftored. It has alfo fuffered greatly by the Algerine pirates. It i$ Itrated on the gulf of Venice, 37 milts SE of Brindici, and 60 SE of Tarento. Lon. 18 35 E, lat. 40 20 N. Otricoli, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto, feated on a hill, two miles from the Tiber, and 3a N of Rome. Lon. 12 23 E, lat. 4z 26 N. OsTBGO a narrow lake of N America, in the ftate of New York. It is nine miles long, and lies at the head of the river Sufquehannah. Ottsry, or Ottery St. Mary, a tovtrn in Devonfliire, with a market on Tiiefday. It is feated on the fmall river Otter, 10 miles e of Exeter, and 162 w by s of London. Lon. 5 18 w, lat. 50 44 N. Ottona, or Ortona, an epifcopal town of Naples, in Abruzzo Citeriore, feated on the gulf of Venice, 10 miles N of Lanciano, and 43 E of Aquileia. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 42 28 N. OuDE, a province of Hindooftan Pro- per, fubjeA to a nabob, whofe domi- nions lie on both fides of the Ganges, oc- cupying (with the exception of the dif- trift of Rampour) all the flat country between that river and the northern moun- tains, as well as the principal part of that fertile traft, lying between the Ganges and Jumna,' known by the name of Dooab, to within 40 miles of the city of Delhi. Oude and its dependencies are eftimated at 360 miles in length from E to w, and in breadth from 1 50 to 180. The nabob is in alliance with the Britifti ; and a brigade of the Benp al army is conltantly Rationed on his weften frontier} which anl'wers the purpofe of covering Oude as well as Bengal, and of keeping the wef» tern itates in awe ; and, in confideration of this, the nibob pays an annual fuhfidy of 420,0001. His capital is Lucknow. Oude, an ancient city of Hindooftja Proper, in the province of Oude> ^re* OUL mains of which arc feated on the Gogra, nearly adjoining Fjrzabad. It is faid to have been the firft imperial city of Hin- (iooltan, and to have been the capital of a great kingdom, iioo years before the Chriftian era ; and it is frequently men- tioned in the Mahaberet, a famous Hin- doo work in Sanfcrit, under the oame of Adjudiah. But whatever may have been its former magnificence, no traces of it are left. It is confidered as a place of lanftity ; and the Hindoos frequently come hither, in pilgrimage, from all parts of India. OuDENARD, a ftrong town of Auf- trian Flanders, in the middle of which \i a fort. Here is a manufa(5ture of very fine linen and of curious tapeftry. This towr was befieged by he French in 1708, but tney were obligee to raife the fiege by the dnke of Marlbokough, who intirely routed their army. It is feated on both fides the Scheld, 12 miles s of Ghent, 15 NE of Tournay, and 27 w of Brulfels. Lon. 3 49 E, lat. 50 51 N. OuDENBURG, a town of Auftrian Flanders, eight miles SE of Oltend, and 10 w of Bruges. Lon. 3 o e, lat. 51 9 N. OuDiPou^. See Cheitore. OvERFLACKEE, an ifland pf the Uni- ted Provinces, in Holland, between the mouths of the Maefe. Melifand is the principal town. OvERYscHE, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant, feated on the Yfche, fix miles ne of Bruffels, and nine sw of Louvain. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 50 53 N. OvERYSSEL, one of the United Pro- vinces, bounded on the e by the bifhopric of Munfter, on the N by Friefland and Groningen, on the w by the Yflei, and on the "s by the county of Zutphen and blfliopric or Muntter. It is divided into three diftrifts, called Drente, Twente, and Saljand. There are many morafTes in this province, and but few inhabitants, in comparifon with the reft. It» greateft riches confift in turf, which itedug up here, and fent to the neighbourftig pro- vinces, particularly Holland. OucEiN, a town of Hindooftan Pro- per, in the province of Malwa, capital of one of the Weftern Mahratta chiefs. It is a place of great antiquity, 452 miles sw of Poonah. Lon. 75 56 e, lat. 23 26 N. OviEDO, a town of Spain, capital of Afturia d'Ovledo, with a bifliop's lee, and a univerfity. It ii feated at the con- fluence of the Ove an^ Deva, which form the Mib 50 miles Nw- of Leon and O W H 208 of Madrid. Lon. 5 44 w, lat. 45 25 N. OuLz, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles w of Sufa. Lon. 6 46 e, lat. 45 20 n. OuNDLE, a town in Northampton- ftiire, with a market on Saturday. It is ieated on the Nen, over which are two bridges, 26 miles ne of Northampton, and 8 3 N by w of London. Lon. o 42 w, . iat. 52 26 N. OuREM, a town of Portugal, in Ef- tramadura, with a caftle, on a mountain, between tlje rivers Leira and Tomar. Lon. 7 40 w, lat. 39 34 N. OuRK^E, a town of Portugal, in Alentejo, remarkable for a vi'lory ob- tained by Alphonfo, king of Portugal, over five Moorilh kings, in 1139. The heads of thefe five kings are the arms of Portugal. It is 32 miles s£ of Lilbon. Lon. 8 49 w, lat, 38 26 n, OusE, a river in Yorkfliire, the pa- rents of which are the Ure and 8wale, rifing near each other in the romantic traft, called Richmondftiire. Thelc, after coUeiting all the rills from this moun- tainous region, unite at Aldborough, and thence take the name of Oufe, which nov/ forms a large river. It flo /s through York, where it is navigable tor conlider- able veflels ; and afterward receiving the Wharf, Derwent, Aire, and Don, it falls into* the Humber. OusE, a river in Suffex, rifmg from two branches, one of which has its fpring in St. Leonard's Foreft ; the other, in the foreft of Worth ; but they unite near Lewesj and entering the Englilh Chan- nel, form the harbour of Newhaven. OusE, Great, a river, whJch rifea 1 in Northamptonfliire, near Brackley, and waters Buckingham, Stony Stratford, Newport-Pagnel, Olney, and Bedford, where it is mivigable. Thence it pro- ceeds to St. Neots, Huntingdon, St. Ives, Ely, and Lyun, below which it enters the Lincolnihire Wafh. OusK, Little, a river, which rifes in the s part of No."folk, and dividing that county from Suffolk, as it flows weftward, becomes navigable at Thet- ford, and fails afterward into the Great Ou/e. OwERRA, or OvEiiio, a town and territoiy of Guinea, in the kingdom of Benin. The air is unwholefome, and the Ibil dry and lean ; but there are feve- ral kinds of fruits, fuch as bananas and cocoa-nuts. Lon^ 6 o e, lat. 6 o M. / OwHYHEE, the eafternmoft and largeft of the Sandwich Inlands, in the N Pacii- fie Ocean... Its length from ^ to :> is I' i" 3 Li! c • I Mi O X F OX P) 'iis ,1 ill. at leagues, and its breadth 24. It is di- vided into fix diitrifls, two of which, on the NE fide, are leparated by a inoun- The colleges are, Univerfity, Baliol, iVIer. In the halls, the ftudents live, either wholly, or in part, vt their own expencL', ton, Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, New, Lin- coln, All bouls, Magdalen, Brazen Nole, Corpus Chritti, Chrift Church, Trinity, St. John Baptitt's, Jei'us, Wadhim, Pem- broke, Worcelter, and Hertford. Of ihele, the molt ancient is Univerfity Col- tain, that rifes in three peaks, perpelu ally covered with Ihow, and may be iecn clearly at 40 leagues diftance. To the N of th'.s mountain, the coait con- fifts of high and abrupt clitis, down which fall many beautiful calcades } and the whole country is covered with cocoa- le{;e, foundai bifore the year 872; and nut and bread-fruit trees. The peaks to Chrilt Church College, l)cgun by cur- of the. mountain on the NE tide appear dinal Wollly, and fmiflied l)y Htnry viii, to be about half a mile high. To the belongs the cathedral. The halls are s of this mountain, the coatt prefents a Alban, Edmund, St. Mary's, New Inn, prolpeft of the moft dreary kind, the and St. Mary Magdalen. Among the U, whole country appearing to have under- braries in the univerfity, the molt diftin- gone a total chan.;e, from the efFefls of guiihed is the Bodleian, founded by fir ibme dreadful convulfian. The ground 18 everywhere covered with cinders, and jnterfefted in many places with black ilreaks, which feem to m.uk the courfe of a lava, tiiat has flo'ved, not many ages back, from, the mountain to the ihove. The fouthem promontoiy looks like the mere dregs of a volcano. The projecting headland is compoied of broken and crag- gy rocks piled iiregularly on cne another. Thomas Bodley ; thofc of All Souls Col- lege} Chrilt Church, Queen's, New, St. Johns, Exeter, and Corpus Chriiti. Among other public buildings, are the Theatre, the Alhmolean Mufeum, the Ck- rendon Printing-houie, the RadcliiF In- firmary, and an Obfcrvatory. Magdalen Bridge, befide the beauty of its architec- ture, has this fingularity, that more than half of it is on diy ground, ancl the reft and terminating in (harp pohits ; yet, amid covers two iinall flripes of the Cherwel ; theie ruins, are many patches of richlbil, this bridge is 526 feet long. At Oxford, carefully laid out in plantations. 'Jhe kin^j Johr, compelled by his barons, fum- £elds are inclofed by ftone fences, and moned .1 pat-iiament to meet, in 1258 ; are interfperfed with groves of cocna-nut the procetdhigs of which were i'o difor- trees. There are fuppoied to be 150,000 derly, that^it \"as known afterward by the inhabitants. Here captain Cook, in name of the Mad Parliament. Charles i 3 779» ^'^1^ * viftim to the fury of the na- tives, with whom he unfortunately had a difpute. Lon. 156 o w, lat. 19 »8 n. Oxford, the capital of Oxfordlhire, •with a market on Wednefday and Satur- «lay. It is a bifliop's A e, and a univer- fty, and, befide the, cathedral, has 13 pa- ri/h churches. It is ieated at the con- fluence of the Thames and Cherwel, and, ^with the fuburbs, is of a circular form, thi-ee miles in circumference. The uni- verfity is faid to have been founded by the great Alfred, but is generally fup- pofed to have been a feminary of learning before his time, although it owed Its re- vival and confequeflce to his liberal pa- 58 w> on. 19 10 E, lat. 50 10 N. PACEM, a town in the N part of Sumatra, in the £ Indies. Lon. 97 15 E, lat. 5 o'^. Pachamac, a valley in Peru, cele- brated for a magnificent temple, built by the incas, in which the Spaniacds, when they conquered Peru, found immcnfe riches. It is 10 miles s of Lima. Pachsu, a fmall ifland in the Medi- terranean, near the coatt of Albania, s of Corfu, and w of the gulf of Arta. It is fubjeft to Venice. Pacific Ocean, otherwife called the South Sea, lying between Afia and America, and upwai^d of 10,000 miles in breadth. When Magellan entered this ocean through the dangerous ftrait that bears bis name, he faUed three months PAD and 20 days in a uniform direflion to the NW, V >hout dilcovering land. In the dirtrels iie fuffered in this iroyage, befr gold, according to the gratitude or wealtn of the patient. Near this church is a place, called the School of St. Antonio, where many of the actions of the faint are painted in frefco J fome of them by Titian. The church of St. Juftina, built from a defign by Palladio (one of the moft elegant he ever gave) is remarkable for its rich Mo- faic pavement. The hall of the town- houfe is one of the largeft in Europe, and contains the cenotaph of Livy, the hiftorian, who was a native of. Padua. Th mold, which appeared to be produced from rotten vegetables. With re("j)ecl to the animal creation, the moft fingular that captain* Cook obferved, were fome large eels, beautifully fpotted, which, when followed, would raife themfelves out of the water, and endeavour, with oj)eii mouth, to bite their purfuers. There was alfo a bfown-fpotted rock fifli, about the fize of a haddock, (b tame, that, in- ftead of fwimming away, it would re- main fixed, and gaze at them. Lon. 162 57 w, lat. 18 o s. Palmyra, formerly a magnificent • city of Afia, m fl;e4fcferts of Aiabia, oi" P A M PAN Lit. xcted tk-- cor:: 1 CXifl) uce that large whtii It ot o])eii . here ibout M in- re- i6z icent which Zenobia was queent who held it feft, of N Carolina, loo miles long and out a long time agaitUt the Romajis, but tVuin lo to 20 broiiJ. It is iisparatrd, in was at iengtii talscn captive, and led in iis whole Itnj^th, fro r ihe Atlantic, by triumph through tht ftieets ot' Komc. :i beach o( land, hardly a nulc wide, ge- The Itupendous ruins of th^i city were ncrallv covered by .mall trees* or bufhes. vifited by meifievu's Wood and Dawkins, It has iLvcrd inlets j but tl.al ol Ocre- in i7S* » and Mr. Wood publifhcd a cock is tlic only one tl-.at will admit vef- I'plendid account ot them, iilultrtie.t by lets of burden. This inlet is in lun. 76 jjatcs, in 1753. This place is li!s.ewiie 20 w, lat. -^s 10 N. called Tedmor in the Dclert. The pre- Pampelonne, a town of France, in lent inhabit.ints, confiiting of 30 or 40 the ikpartr.cnt ot Tarn ;tnd late province families, have creftcd their nmd cott.igcs of Lanpiadoc, 15 miles n by a of Alby. witiiin the fpacious court of a m:igiiiH cent temple of the fun. Palmyra is 200 miles se of Aleppo. Lon. 38 50 E, lat. 33 »o N. Palnaud, a diftrift of the pcninfula of Plindoultan, belonging to the Canux- tic, but fituate toward the river Kiltna, to the w of the Guntoor Circar. Palos, a town of Spain, in Andalu- fia, with a pretty good harbour; remark- able for being the place whence Chrltlc- Lon. 2 17 E, lat. 44 10 N. Pampeluna, a town of Spain, capi- tal of Upper Nsvarre, with a iirong ci- tadel, ami a rich bifliopric. Its Iquares are han.'.lome, and adorned with ihops full of rich merchant. 4IC. It is leated on the Ary;a, 42 miles s of Bayonne, and 167 NE of Madrid. Lon. i 35 w, lat. 42 47 N. Pampeluna, a town of S America, in New Granada, famous for its minei pher Columbus failed on his firlt advtn- of gold, and numerous Hocks of Hieep. turoiis voyage in 1492. It is ll.ited nt " ' . - . the mouth of the Rio Tinto, 46 miles sw of Seville. Lon. 6 39 w, lat. 37 14 N. Palos, Cape, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia, to the s of a town of. the It is 150 miles n by e ot St. Fe-de- Bagota. Lon. 71 30 w, lat. 6 30 N. Pan, or Pah ANG, a t(.w:i of Afia, on I'he E coaft oi the peniniiili of Malacca. It is the capital of a kingdom of the lame name, remarkable for the ereat lame name, 20 miles E of Carthagena. number of elephanrs, and for the plenty of pepper it produces. Pan is 140 miles NE ot' Malacca. Lon. 103 20 E, lat. 3 55 N- Panama, a city of S America, the capital of Terra FIrma Proper, and the feat of a royal audience and of a bifhop. It was built in 1517, and was facked and burnt by the Englifli buccaneers in 1670. Before the abolition of the trade by the gaieons, in 1 748, the Spaniards of Chili and Peru, in order to be fup- plied with the produfls and manufa6lures of Europe, were obliged to repair to Porto Bt'Uo or Panama; but, fince that period, the commercial intercourlie has been carried on by lingle veflels, called regifter ihips, which tail round Cape Horn, and convey direftly to the ports of Chili and Peru the merclandile, which was foinierly conveyed acrofs the ifthmus of Darlen to Panama. In the harbour of Panama is a fine pearl fifliery. This city is feated on a bay of the fame name, 70 miles s of Porto Bcllo. Lon. 80 35 W, lat. 8 48 N. ■ Panari, one of the Lipari Iflands, in the Mediten'anean, between Lipari and Strombolo. It is barren, and only five miles in circumference. Lon. 15 41 E, lat. 38 38 N. Favay, one of the Philippine Iflandt, Lon. 6 39 w, lat. 37 37 n. Palota, a town of Lower Hungary, in the county of Alba Regalis, taken from the Turks, in 1687. i^ is 40 miles sw of Buda. Lon. 18 o £, lat. 47 ON. Palte, a famous lake of Thibet, ly- ing to the s of Lafla, about three days journey, and 12 miles s of the river San- poo or Burrampooter. It is 1 50 miks in circumference ; and in the middle of it is one large ifland. On the w fhore of this illand, or congeries of iAands, is a mo- naltery, and the i'eat of the Lamilfa Tur- cepamo, or the Great Regenerate, in whom the Thibetians think that a divine ipirit is regenerated, as it is iathe Grt •: Lama. The word Lama fignifies a prielt, or miniller of religion, and LamiJJ'a is the feminine of Lama. Pami'Ers, a town of France, in the department of Arriege and late territory of Foix, with a bilhop's fee. . It is not fo confiderable as formerly, nor peopled in proportion to its extent. Near it is a mineral fpring> faid to cure the gout and ebftru6tions. Pamiers is {bated on the Arriege, eight mijea N of Foix, and 30 s of Touloufe»...i.op. Jli.3» E* lat. 43 ■J"N. .. ■,., cr] v.: ^VBti ^ A' !,"'■' ■T<«P4Muco SoTJUDiwa kuait: o£ uiland I !H:i-,i •i[* -A PAN PAR' III V«twcen tliofe of Paragoa and Negro. It is 250 miles in circumteience, ami the mod popiilouH and fertile of them all. It is watcitcl by a great number of rivers and brooks, and produces a jjreat quan- tity of rice. Iloiia is the capital. Panc ras, St. a village in Middle- fex, a little to tli-: N\v of London. It has a church didicatcd to St. Pancras j and the churchyard is remnrkable for be- ing the principal place of interment for the Roman catliolits. At a public houfe rear the church is a meilicinil fpring. Here is the Veterinary C«>lkgc, i(tabli(hed in 1791, for the improvenient of far- riery, and the treatment of cattle in ge- neral: the noble ftahlcs, and anatomical theatre, are finifhed 5 but the pnlent col- lege is only a temporary building. Pang A, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Congo, capital of the pro- vince of Bamba. Lon. 14 15 r lat. 6 30 s. Panjab, a country of Hinc* an Proper, being that watered by t » rive eaftern branches of the Indus. It wag the fcenc of Alexander's laft campaign, and the termination of his conviueftu. It Ibrms a fquare of 250 miles, and includes the whole of Lahore, and a great part of Moultan Proper. To the fewer part of Moultan it is flat and mru-lhy, and inun- dated by the periodical rains which fall between May and Ot^ober. Pannanach Wells, a village in Aberdecnlhire, fituate a little below the waterfall, called the Lin of Dee, in the valley of Glenmuick. It is noted for its mineral waters 5 and a lodge has been ereiEled for the accommodation of the company that frequent this place in fum- mer. Panniput, a town of Hindooftan Proper, fituate in an extenfive plain be- tween the cities of Delhi and Sirhind. This plain is celebrated for an obllinate battle fought, in 1761, between an army of 200,000 Mahrattas, and Abdallah, king of Candahar, at the head of 1 50,000 Mahometans, when the former were to- tally defeated. Panniput is 72 miles NW of Delhi. Lon. 76 45 e> lat. 29 15 N. Pantalaria, an ifland in the Medi- terranean, between Sicily and the coaft of Tunis. It is 17 miles in circumfe- rence ; abounds in cotton, fruits, and wine ; and is l'ubje£l to the king of Naples. Lon. 12 31 E, lat. 36 55 N. Pan u CO, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico. The capital, of. the fame name, is a bifliop's fee, and is fituate on the river Pamico, 170 miles N by £ of the city of Mexico. Lon. 9H 5 E, lat. 23 o N. Pa-oom, one of the New Hebrides, in the S Pacific Ucean, to the s of Malicollo. Lon. 168 28 w, lat. 16 30 s. Pao-ting-pou, a ci»y of China, fl.e molt confiderable in the province of Pe- tcheli, next to that of Pekin. Its dif- tri£l contains three cities of the fccond, and 17 of the third clals. It is 60 miles s by w of Pekin. Papa, a ftrong town of Lower Hun- gary, in the county of Velprin. It was taken from the Turks, in 1683, after the railing of the ficge of Vienna. It is I'eated on a mountain, near the river Mar- chaltz, 45 miles w of Buda. Lon. 18 20 E, lat. 47 26 N. Papoui, St. a town of France, in the department of Audc and late province of Langucdoc, feated on the Lembe, eight miles E of Caltlenaudary, ml 35 SE of Touloufe. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 43 21 N. Pappenheim, a town of Franconia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a caftle, where the count refides. It ii feated near the Altmal, 17 miles NW of Neuburg, and 32 s of Nuremburg. Lon. to 51 E, lat. 48 58 N. Para, a fort of Brafd, feated near the mouth of* the river Amazon, and to the E of the eaftern branch of it. Lon. 50 o w, lat. 20 s. Paraco, or Pala\/an, a large ifland in the Indian Ocean, between the Philippines and Borneo, which has a king, tributary to Borneo. The Spa- niards have a tort here. Paraguay, a large country of S America, bounded on the N by Amazo- nia, on the E by Brafd, on the s by Pa- tagonia, and on the w by Chili and Pe- ru. It contains fix provinces 4 namely, Paraguay Proper, Parana, Guaria, Ura- guay, Tucuman, and La Plata, from '••hich the whole country is alio called La Plata. It has numerous lakes and rivers : of the latter, the three principal are the Paraguay, Uragua, and Parana ; the united ftreams of which form the ce- lebrated Rio-de-la- Plata. Thefe rivers annually overflow their banks j and, on their recefs, leave them enriched by a llipie, that renders the foil extremely fertile. This valt country is far from ^beii>g wholly fubdued or planted by the Spaniards ; many parts being (till unknown^ The-'prmcipal province of which we have any knowledge is that called £ia Plau, toward the mouth of liie PAR R lo-de-la- Plata. This province, with all the adjacent parti, i% »ne continurd plain for IcVf ral humlred milci j extremely fer- tile, and producing cotton in great abun- dance, tobacco, and the valuable herb called Paraguay, which is peculiar to this country, and the inf^ifion of which is drunlc, in all the Spanifh provinces of S America, inflead of tea. They have alio a variety of fruits, and very rich paftures { but the country is deftitute of woods. The air is remarkably fweet and ferene. The Spaniards difcovered this country, by failing up the Rio-de-la-Pla- ta, in 131 5, and foumled the town of Bue- nos Ayrcs. In 15?©, the Jefuits were admitted into thcfe fertile regions, and in the next century, founded the famous miflions of Paraguay } which were a number of colonies, each govenied by two Jefuits, one of whom was rertor, the other his curate. They undertook, not only to make profelytes, but to open a new Iburce of wealin to the mother coimtry. To this end they reprefented, that they ought to be independent of the Spanish governors ; and that, as the vices of the Europeans might contaminate their new converts, and deltroy the great objefls of the miflions, no other Spaniards fhould be permitted to enter the coimtrv. To thele terms the court agreed; the holy fathers confenting to a certain capitation tax on the natives, and two other ftipula- tions in favour of the crown. In procefs of time, merely by the moft wondertui addrefs, they acquired an abfolute domi- nion, both fpiritual and temporal, over the natives. In 1757, Spain exchanged the colonies on the e fhore of the Ura- guay, for the Portuguefe colony of St. Sacrament, which caultd that river to be- come the boundary of the relpeftive pof- feifions of the two crcvims. In 1767* the court expelled the Jefuits, and the natives were put upon the fame footing with the ether Indians of tlie Spanilh part of S America. Paramaribo, the capital of Surinnra, in Guiana, and the chief place of the Dutch colonies in S America. It has a fmall but ftrong citadel ; and a noble road for ihipping, where there are feldom lefs than 80 veflels loading cotfee, fugar, cot- ton, and indigo for Holland. The Itreets are perfeftly ftraight, and lined with orange, Ihaddock, tafnarind, and lemon trees, in everlafting bloom. It is fituabe on the E £de of the rivtr Surinam, a 6 jniles from its month. JLon. 55 25 w, Jat. 5 48 »j. Pwui AiB4« a x^ «n a xi vcr PAR of the fame name. The Dutch frnt pof- fcflion of it, in 1655, and fortificJit viith a flight rampart j but the Pcrtu^uefe re- took it foon after. The foil Is pretty fertile, and produces fugar-caius, and a E-eat number of trees uf Brafil wood. on* 49 53 W, lat. 6 50 S. Paramousic, one of the Kurile iflands, lying s of that of Shoomlka. SeeKuRiLEs. Parana, a province of Paraguav, fo named from ?. 'arge river, which unitin, with the Paraguay, and aftei-ward w ith the Uraguay, form's the Kio-dc h-Plata. P ARC HIM, a town of ^ower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, feated on a fmall river which falls into the Elbe. It is 10 miles SE of Schwerin. Lon. i« E, lat. 55 34. N. Pakenzo, a Itrong town of Venetian Iftria, with a bifliop's lee, and a good harbour, on the eult of Venice, 65 mi lea E of Venice. Lon. 13 56 E, lat. 45 24 N. Paria, or New Andalusia, a pro- vince of Teira Pirma, on the bunk» of tlte Orojnoko, near its mouth. Parilla, or St. ParillAi a town of Peru, in the audience of Lima, feated at the mouth of the river Santa, 50 mites SB of Truxiilo, and ajo NW of Lima* Lon. 77 50 w, lat. 8 36 s. Paris, the capital of France, one of the iargeft, finefl, and moft populoos cities of Europe. The river Seine, which crofles it, ionna two linail iflands ; and it is fix leagues in circumference, includhi|r the liiburbs. The inhabitants are com- puted to be 800,000. There are nine princijpal bridges in Paris, two of which, and the molt diifingui/hed, occupy the whole breadth of the Seine j namd]r« Pont Neuf and Punt Royal ; to which may be add^d, the new bridge, begun ia 1787, and called Pont de Louis Seht. fint it is here to be obl'erved, that all tiie names of buildings, fquares, ItreetSj tec, in compliment t^ royalty, have beem changed, fmce the abolition of monarchjr, in 1791. The other bridges are, Pont St. Michel, Pont au Change, Petit Pent* Poni Notre Dame, Pont *ie Ja Toiv- nelie, Pont Marie, and Pont Kong*. This laft, which is a timber bridge, painted red, is the point of commiiTuca- tion between the Ilic du Palais and ifle St. Louis. Among a great number of public fountains, two only merit notice; thtt of the Innocent's, in which, among otiter fine pieces of Icnlptnre, is a Gala- tjca, lay Goujeon j and th-^t of Grenell?, •the peixi>nnance of the cclclrated fiou^- ii; PAR PAR W.'l< W T Ta cliarJon. There are three triumphal arches, ereOed to Ltwis xiv, anil known by the .names ot Porte St. Bernard, Porte Sf. Denis, and Porte St. Martin. Of the fquares in Paris (once adorned with the ftatues of thetr monarchs) theiineit is the Place de Louis Quinze, of aji oc- tagon form in whi'cli was ^j equdtrian ilatue, in bronze, of that monarch. This fquare, now called the Place de la Revo- lution, was the fatal fcene of the execu- tion of the untortunute Lewis xvi, of his conibrt Marie Antoinette, and of His fifter the princeis of filifabeth; the king being executed on the 21ft of January 1793} the queen, on the 1 6th of OSio- ber f(41owing ; and the princefs, on thr 10th of May 1794. Bdide many hun- dreds of viftims of revolutionaiy def- potiiin, who likewife perifhed oii this fatal fpot, it is remarkable, that many of the members of the French convention, who voted for the death of the king, fuf- fered, in the I'equel, on the lame I'caffo^d; suid amon? thel'e, was his infamous rela- tion, the d\ike of Otleans, who hail afTumed the ludicrous name of Philippe Egalite. Befide the cathedral of Notre Dame, one of the largelt in Europe, Paris has many fine churches. 'Ihe new church of Si. Genevieve (now called the Pan- theon) was deftini-d by the national ajl'era- bly, in 1,791, to receive the rcm:un» of fuch.gneat men as had merited well of their country. The remains o- Roitffeau, Voltaire, and Dcfcartes, have accordingly been removed hither. Tlie celebrated orator- Mirabeaii, and the fanguinary Marat, were interred here; but their bodies have been fince removed; and it has been decreed, that no perfon fhnll re- ceive the honcurj of the Pantheon, until he has been dead ten years. The fineft college in Paris is that of tjje Four Na- tions, called alio Mazarin, from the car-- dinal, its founder. Among the public librai'ies, that lately called the king's, holds the firlt rank, in refpeft both to the extent of the buildings, and the number of volumes. The Royal (now National) Obfervatory is built of freeftone, and neither iron nor wood has been employed in the ere^ion. The Botanical Garden is -worthy of its late appellation of Royal. The four principal palaces are the Louvrs j the Tuileries, now the Palais National; the Palais Royal, now the Palais d'Ega- lite ; and the Luxemburg, which has been recently converted into a revolu- tionaiy prifon. The garden of the Tui- leries, in front of the palace, and on the banifts Qt the Seine, is tli,« fio«tt pubiic walk in Paris. Fiom this p^ece, when attacked by the eniaged mob> on the loth of Auguft I79»j Leyvjsi xyi;;vv!tnt for an aiylum to the hail of thenatioiul aflembly, thence to a prifon, and thenct to the Icaffold. The Palais Royal w.in U>ng the pj'opKrJy 0/ ihc late dukes ot UjLJ^an»; and the interior courts h:ivt been embellift»ed with many heai^tifiil buildings, with (hops, cofFeehp^f^s, and a garden,, which render it likeiape^p^tual t dr. The Hotel-des-Invaijdt*, for the wounded andluperannuated fpldiery, is a magnificent tti-ucture, b\uh by Jt-ewj? x,j v ; as is the Military Schoql, .in tjv Chamji de Mars, founded by Lewis xv. The tv»o principal theatres are the Theatre de la Nation and. the Italian Theatre ; which, in pbint of elegance and conveni- ence, are worthy of the capital of a great nation. The Monnoie, or Mint, is alio a noble buildings fituate on that fide of the Seine* <»ppoftte the Louvre. The Hotel-de-Ville is an ancient ^rufiure, in the Place de Greve, wh>ch was the com- mon place of execution, till lately, when the Place de la Revolution, and afterwavd the iite of the Bjaftile, were apjpropriatrH to that purpofe.. The moft interefting of the juanufaclures of Paris is that of the Gobelins :(fo. called from a family of cele- brated diers, lettled here in >45q) in which tapeUrks are made after ^icr pic- tures of the greatcft ma^rs, to fu«h fier- ff^tion, fhat one, reprefenting L^^is xv, a.whple.length, fvamed, and placed aipong the malterpieces of painting, was taken, for many days, by multitudes of vifitors, for a fintfhed piece. Th? manijfaduie of plate-glafslifcewife merits attention. Paris is an axchbifliopric, and the feat of a univcrfity. It is fituate in the late pro- vince of the Ifle of France, and now forms, wieh a fmail diftrift round it, one of the depaitraents of France. It is 70 miles s of Rouen, 265 SE of London, 62^ NW of Vienna, and 630 ne of Ma- drid. Lon. 2 20 E, lat. 4.8 50 N. Parma, a duchy of Italy, bounded on the N by the river Po, on the ne by the Mantuan, on the e by the Modenefe, 011 the s by Tufcany, and on the w by Pla- centia. The air is very wholefome; and the ibil is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and hemp ; and the paftures feed a great num- ber of cattle. There are fonie incon- fiderabk mines of copper and filver, and plenty of tioiffles. The celebrated Par- mel'an eheefe is no longer made in this country, but at Lodi in the Milanefe, at Trino, Bologna, and tome other places. pACJL^i an ancient and populgus city PAR of Italy, capital of a ducHy o( the fame name, with a citadel, a biihop's Ice, and i univ'eiiity. It lias a magniUcent cathe- dral, and the largtit opera-h(>uie in Eu- rope. The cu, oia of" the cathedral, and the church of St. John, are paiL;twd by the lamoiis Correggio, who was a native i;f this piac^*. In 1734-, a bloody battle was fougut here between the Aultrians vnd the French anil Sardinians, in which rb; former were dcffated. In 1748, by the treaty of Aix la-Chapelle, the duchits 4)f Parma, Placcinia, aiui Guaitaila, were jrivcn to don Philip, brotiier to don Carlos, king of the Two Sicilies. Parma io 40 miles NW of Modcna, and 60 SE of Miirin. Lon. 10 30 E, lat.44. 50 N. Parnassus, now called i'AB.NASso, a mountain of Livadia. It has two htads, one of which was famous for being ronl'ecratcd to A^kjUo and the Mufes, and the otiicr to £acchus. It is the higheit in Greece, and from the top is a prol'jKii^l ns far as Corinth. Hero alio is a tine ftnintain, fuppofed to be the ancient Cai'- talia. Paros, an iAand of tlic Archipelago, one of. the Cycladcs, to the w of Naxia. It i:> ten miles long and eight broad, and »iie foil is well cultivated. The trade -onfilts in wheat, barley, wine, puUe, ?nd only a liihurb. It is leated at the confluence of the Inn and Jltz, 6i miles E by s of RatiA}on, and 135 w of Vienna. Lon.13 37 E, lat. 48 28 N. Passero, Cape, anciently called Pa- chinus, the moft linithtrly point of Sicily. It is a barren illand, al)out a mile ro\ind, fepaiated from the re(t of Sicily by a Itrait, half a mile broad. It has a fort, to protc£l the country Irom the incurfions of the Barbary corfairs, who are often very troublefome on the coaft. Off this" cape, fir George Byng, ii) 1735, dcfeati;d a Spanilh fquadrcn. Lon. 15 22 £> lat. 36 35 N. Passigniano, a town of Italy, in the Ecclefiaftical State, fcated on the lake Ferugia, 17 miles NW of Perugia. Lon. 12 5 F, l'.it. 43 16 N. Pasto, or St. Juan de Pasto, a town of S America, in Pepayan, fcated in a line valley, 120 miles N by e of Quito. Lon. 76 55VV, lat. i 50 N. Pastrana, orPATRANA, a town of Spain, in New Caftilc, leated between the Tajo and Tajuna, 32 miles e of Madrid. Lon. 2 46 w, lat. 40 26 n. Patagonia, a country, the moft fouth- cm part of S America. It is inhabited by a race of men, who long afforded a fubjeft of controverfy to the learned. They are fuppoied to be one of the wan- dering tribes, which occupy that vaft, but leaft known region of America, which ex- tends from the Rio-de-la-Plata to the Itraits of Magellan. Their proper ftation is in that part of the interior countiy which lies on the river Negro j but, in the hunting feafon, they often roam as far as the ftraits which leparate Titrva del Fuego from the mainland.* The firlt accounts of this people were brought to Europe by the companions of Magellan, who de- icribed them as a gigantic race, above eight feet high, and of ffrtngrh in pro- portion to their uncommon fize. Though feveral perfons, to whole telHmony great j'efpe£lisdue,havevifitcd this part of Ame- vica fmce the time of Magellan, and have had interviews with the natives ; though fome have affirmed, that fuch as they law were of gigantic ftature, and others have formed the fame conclufion from meafur- ing their footfteps, or from viewing the Ikeletons of their dead ; yet their accounts vary from each other in lb many elTential points^ aiui are minj;led with fo many cir- cumflanccs manifeftly falfe or fabulous, at detraft much from their credit. On the other hand, Ibme navigators, and thole among the moll eminent of their order, for dilcernment and accuracy, have aflert- ed, that the natives of Patagonia, with wliom they had intercourle, though ftout and well made, are not of fuch extraordi- nary fize as to be diltinguilhed from the reft of t'lie human fpecies. Dr. Robert- Ion has collefted the various teftimonies on this fubjeft, which, upon the whole, appear to ftrengthen the alfertion of cap- tains Wallis and Carteret, who aftuaily mealurcd fome of the natives in 1766, and found them to be from fix feet to fix feet five and leven inches in height. Tlieir colour is a kind of bronze. They are all painted, and clothed nearly in the fame manner: the circles round the two eyes are, fome white and red, and fome red and black. Their teeth are as white as ivory, remarkably even and well let. They have no other clothing than Iki nis, which they wear with the hair inward ; and a piece of leather covers the private parts. Patan, a town of Afia, on the ne coalf of the peninl'ula of Malacca, capital of a kingdom of the lame name, with a well-defeBded harbour. The inhabitants are partly Mahometans and partly Gen- toos J and they have Ibme trade with the* Chinele. It is 300 miles N by w of Malacca. Lon. 100 40 e, lat. 6 30 N. Pat AY, a town of France, in the de- partment ef Loiret and late province of Orleanois, remarkable for the defeat of the Englilh in 1429, by Joan of Arc. It is 1 5 miles N\v of Orleans. Lon. i 49 E, lat. 48 5N. Patehuca, or Patioca, a town of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico. Near it is a filver mine. It is 70 miles N of Mexico. Lon. 99 55 w, iat. at ON. Pat II head, a confiderable manufac- turing village in FifeHiire, a little to the E wf Kirkcald" Patmos, a . .Hand of the Archipelago, now called Patino, fituate on thf coalt of Natolia, between the ifles of Samos and Nicaria. It is twenty miles in circum- ference ; and being one of the moft bar- ren heaps of rocks in the Archipelago, it might have continued for ever unnoticed, but for the book of Revelation which St. John compofed here. A few vallies only are capable of fome cultivations. It abouncls, however, with partridges, rab- bits, quails, turtles, pigeons, and fnipasi. In th« midlt of the uLand rifcs a moun- PAT P A V tain, terminated by the convent of St. Johni which, with its irregular towers, and mafly appearance, one might well imagine to be a citadel. The 'inhabitants oi this convent are in reality the love- reigns of the country ; but their domains would be infutficieut for their main- tLiiance, were it not for the poni-fHon of Ibine lands in the neighbouring ifles, and the certain tribute tney derive from the fuperltition of the Greeks. Thele monks, called Caloycrs, are fpread over all Greece. Scarce any of them can read, and yet they all underftand how far the empire ot fuperftition can extend over ignorant minds. They keep their credulous coun- trymen in the moft ablolute fubjeftion. They are even accomplices in their crimes^ the profits of which they fliare, and fome- times engrofs. Not one .of the piratical vellels is without a caloyer, in order to give them abfolution in the very inftant of committing the moft dreadful crimes. The hermitage of the Apocalypic is fituate on the declivity of a mountain between the convent and the port of Scala. It leads to the church of the Apocalyple, which is fuppoited aglinit a grotto in the rocks, and, if we may believe the in- habitants, was the afylum of St. John» during his exile at Patmos. Here, they fay, he wrote the Book of the Revelation ; and they pretend to Ihow the very chinks in the rocks, thi'ough which the Holy Spirit breathed his ini'piration. The fragments of this rock they affirm to be a certain fpecific againft a thouiand dif- orders, and particularly againft evil fpi- rits. The Greek monks vend "this re- medy as well as the abfblutions. Tourne- fort, who vifited the Archipelago in 1 700, reprefents the women of Patmos as natu- rally pretty, and with vanity innocent enough to render them agreeable to Jtrangcri, were it not for their exceffive ule of paint, with which they perfe(5lly disfigured themfdves. A merchant of Marieilles having mamed one of them, tor her beauty, they imagined that not a Itranger could land in their ifland but with limilar views i and when this great botanift declared, that he came not in iearch of wives, but of plants, they ap- peared exceedingly furpriled. Their be- iwviour to itrangers is now the reverie of wh:it it was in the time of Tournefort. The Iprightly alHduities of vanity have given place to a favage ihynel's; and a itranper j;o Iboner appears in a itieet, than fvery tluor i;> ciofely fluit aguiult him. LwH. .iO 2f E, lat. 37 24. N. I'ai.VA, t l;».c-t cit:y of Hludooll^ I^oper, capital of Bahar, feated on the 9 bank of tl;-. Ganges, and fortified in the Indian manner with a wall and citadel. In the citadel were confined the prilbntrs taken in 1764, by Meer CofTun, nabob of Bengal, by whole order they were maffacred. The buildings are liigh, but the fheets are narrow. It is a place of conflderable trade, 400 miles N \v of Cal- cutta. Lon. 85 o E, lat. 25 35 n. Patomac. Sec Potomac. Patrana. See Pastrana. Patras, an ancient and flourifhing town in the Morea, with a Greek arch- bifhop's fee. The Jews, who are one third of the inhabitants, have four fyna- gogues, and there are feveral handibme mofques and Greek churches. The Jews carry on a great trade in filk, leather, honey, wax, and cheefe. There are cy- prefs-trees of a prodigious height, and excellent pomegranates, citrons, and oranges. It has been taken and retaken feveral times } but the Turks are now matters of it. It is feated on the declivity of a hill, near the fea, 20 miles s\v of Lepanto. Lon. 21 4-5 £, lat. 38 17 n. Patrica, a town of Italy, in Cam« pagna di Roma, eight miles e of Oftia, About a mile from this place is a hill, called Monte-di-Livano, which fome have thought to be the ancient Laviiiium. Patrimony of St. Peter, a pro- vince of Italy, in the Ecclefiaftical State. It is 35 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded! on the N by Orvleto, on the E by Um- bria and Sabina, on the s by Campagna- di-Ronia, and on the sw by the lea. Viterbo is the capitd. Patrington, a town in the e riding of Yorkfhire, with a market on Saturday. Here the Roman road from the Pi6t&' WjII ended. It is feated at the mouth of the Humber, 50 miles SE of York, and J 91 N of London. Lon. o it, hi. S3 49 N- Patti, a town o# Sicily, in the Val- di-Demona, with a bilhop's fee, feated on the gulf cf Patti, 28 miles w of Mef- fina. Lon. 15 22 E, lat. 38 11 N. Pau, a town ot France, in the de- partment of the Lower PvTenee* and late province of Beam, with a caftle where H^nry iv was born. It is leated on an eminence, at the loot of which runs the G.'AT, 97 miles s of Bourdeaux. Lon. o 4 vv, lat. 4^ I 5 N. Pa VI A, a lort-fied town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a celebrated uuiverfity, and a bifhop's fee. It i» f^-.(tcd on the Tclino, over whiclvis »> bii^kej wiin the ccnuvjf^ ^<^tOW4l i& if ■ 'mi ' ' n' m.t .'1, P T P A U PEE H^ t caftle, where the ancient dukes of Mi- lan refided. It has been often taken and retaken, the laft time by the Aulhians in 1746. Il is 1 5 miles 8 of Milan. Lon. 9 iSE, lat.45 13 N. Paul, St. a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, 16 milrs WNW oi' Arras. Lon. 2 30 E, lat. 50 24 N. Paul, St. a town cf Brafil, in the province of St. Vincent. It is a kind of independent republic, comjM)red of the banditti of feveral nations, wiio, how- ever, pay tribute to the Portuguefe. It is furrounded by inacceflible mountains and thick forefts. Lon. 45 52 w, lat. 23 »5S. Paul-de-Fenouili.edes, a town of France, in the department of Gard and late province of Langucdoc, leated among mountains, on the river Egli, 30 miles N of Montpellier. Lon. 3 58 e, lat. 44 7 N. Paul-les-Vence, St, a town of France, in the department of Var and I^te provinct of Provence, five miles w of Mice, and 450 SE of Paris. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 41 N. Paul -TROis -Chateaux, St. an ancient town of France, in the department of Drome and late province of Dauphiny feated on the declivity of a hill, 16 miles s of Montelimar. Lon. 4 57 E, lat. 44 21 N. Paula, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, feated near the fea, in a fertile and well-cultivated country, iz miles w of Coienza. Lon. 16 g E, lat. 39 »4N. Pavoasan, a feaportof Africa, in the iileof St. Thomas, v/ith a fort, a bifliop's fee, and a good harbour. It belongs to Portugal, anrt lies under the equator, in lon. 8 30 w. Pausilippo, a mountain of Italy, five miles troni Piizzoli, celebrated for a grotto, which is a lubterraneous paiiage, through the mountain, near a mile in length, about 20 i'eet in breadth, and 30 to 40 in height. People of fa(hion ge- nerally drive through this paflage with torches; but the country people find their way, without much difRculty, by the light which enters at the extremities, and at two holes pierced through the mountain, near the middle of the grotto, which admit light from above. On this mountain alio is the celebrated tomb of Virgil, overgrown with ivy, and fhaded writh an ancient bay tree, fhrubs and buftic*. f AVr.MCtf^:( to\vB of Wriiem PrulTia, in Pomerellia, 25 miles NW of Dantzick. Lon. 1 8 41 E, lat. 54 44 N. Paz, a town of Peru, in the audience of Los Charcos, with a biftiop's fee. h is feated at the foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding in wine and fruits, 350 miles s£ of Cuzco. Lou. 68 50 w, lat. 17 OS. Pazzv, a town of Turkey in Europ*, in Romania, near Gallipoli, with a bi- Ihop's fee. Lon. 26 59 E, lat. 40 33 n. Peak, a mountainous country in the Nw part of Derbyftiire, which •'bounds in lead, milllfones, and whetftoncs. It is much vifited on account of its extraor- dinary caverns, perforations, and other curiofities. The '« Wonders of the Peak" have been celebrated both in prole and verfe ; and th?y are noticed in this vv-ork under the articles Buxton, Caftlcton, Chatfworth, and Tidefwell. Pearl-Islands, iflands lying in the bay of Panama, in S America. The in- habitants of Panama have plantations in them. Peaths, or Peese, a vaft chafm in the mountains of the NE part of Ber- wickfhire. It is more than 160 feet deep } and over it is a noble bridge of four .arches. From its vaft height, u greatly refembles an ancient Roman aque- dua. Pecquencour, a town of France, in the department of the Nbrtti and late province of Haiiiault, feated on the Scarpc, Ave miles £ of Douay. Lon. 3 16 £, lat. 50 23 N. Pedee, a river of the United States, which rifes in N Carolina, and is here called Yadkin River ; on entering S Ca- rolina, it takes the name of Pedee, and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, la mile* below George Town. Pedena, an ancient town of Italy, in Venetian Iftria, with a bilhop'% fee, 25 miles SE of Capo d'Iftria. Lon. 14 30 E, lat.45 34 ^« Pedip- a town of Sumatra, in the E Indies, 40 miles E of Aclien. Lou. 96 36 E, lat. 5 22 N. Pedro, Point, the moft northern point of the ifland of Ceylon, oppolits j-'oint Calymere on the continent of Iidia. Lon. 80 27 E, lat. 9 52 N. Pedro, St. one of the iflands in the S Pacific Ocean, called Marquesas. Lon. 138 51 w, lat. 9 58 s. Peebles, an ancient borough, capital of Peeblefliire, feated on the Tv^^eed, over which is a bridge. It has manufaftures of carpets and ferges, and a weekly maiket for corn and catUe. Before the prelent 3 <•■>*. PEG P E K church was erefted, divine fervice was nertbrnied in part of an ancient monaf- tcry, in which I'everal kings of Scotland are I'aiJ to have rei'ided. It is a» miles b ol;' Edingburgh. Lon. 3 7 w, lat. 55 36 N. Peebleshire, or Tweedpale, a county of Scotland, 2S miles long and 18 bioad ; bounded on the N by Edinburg- fliire, on the e by Selkirkmii'e, on the s by Dumfriesihire, and on the w by Lnnerkfhire. In tiiis county there is not much arable land. Its hills (among wliich are thofe of Twecdfmuir) abound with falubrious fyu'ings, and feed numbers of ftieep and cattle. The principal rivers ai'e the Tweed and Lynne. Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in the biiliopric of Liege, 24 miles NNW of MneUricht. Lon. 5 20 B, lat. 51 8 N. Peese. See Peaths. Pegnafiel, a town of Spain, in Old CalHie, remarkable for its palace, caftle, auii fortifications } and its cheefes are iaid to be the bell in Spain. It is I'eated on the T)ouerQ, 1,0 miles S£ of Valladolid. Lon. 40 w, lat. 41 41 N. Pegna-Macoji, a town of Portugal, in Beir^,,,with, a caftle, 40 miles Nw of Alcantai-a. Lon. 6 32 w, lat. 39 50 N. Pegnaranda, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, 30 miles sw of Qlmedo. Lcn. 4 8 w, lat. 40 59 n. Pegu, a kingdom of Afia, lying to the S£ of Bengal. It is bounded on the N by Burman, on the w and s by the ocean, and on ^he E by Laos and Siam. l!s produfts are timber for building, triephapts, elephants teeth, bees'-wax, lac, Caltpetre, iron, lead, tin, petroleum, veiy f^ne rubies, fmall diamonds, and plenty of lead, of which they make their money. . It is very fruitful in corn, roots, pulfe, and fruits. The government is aibitrary, for the king's will is a law; and yet he does not often abiife his power. '1 he inhabitants are but thinly clad, and the beft among them wear neither (hoes j.or ftocUngs. The women are much Iniici' than the men, fmall, but well pro- pui'tioned. If the wife proves falfe, the hufband may fell her for a flave ; and if he go aitray, flie will give him a dofe of poiion. There are a vaft number of temples in this country, but moftly of wood, which are vamiftied and gilt. The priefts have grcund allowed them, which they cultivate for their fubfiftencej and they are faid to be ftrift obfervers of mo- rality. They are called Talapoins, and inculcate charity as the highcft virtue; aftivming that religion to be. the belt which teaches men to do the raoft good. They have idols in their temples, in a fit- ting pofture, like tailors, and with very large ears. They have various Ibrts of mufic, but the pipe and tabor are efteemed the beft. In the low flat part of the country, which is liable to be overflowed, the houies are built upon ftakes, arfd in time of inundations, the inhabitants com- municate with each other by boats. Pegu was an independent kingdom, till i75<» when it was reduced, by the king of Bui-mah, to the ftate of a dependent pro- vince. Pegu, a town, in a kingdom of the fame name, in Afia. It is above 20 miles in circumference; but not ona twentieth part of it is inhabited, for it was ruined by the king of Burraah. It is feated on a river of the fam*i name, 5x0 miles s of Ava. Lon. 96 30 E, lat. 18 ION. Peine, a town of Lower Saxony, ia the duchy of Brunlwtck ; famous for a battle fought in 1553, when Maurice^ eleftor of Saxony, and the margrave of Brandenburg were killed. It is 17 miles w of Brunfwick. Lon. 10 19 b, kt. 5% »SN. . , . Peipus, a large lake of Ruflia, in the government of Livonia. Therivus Narova. ifliues from this lake, by which it has a communication at Narva, with the gulf of Finland. Peishore, or PiSHOUR, a confider- able city of -Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Cabul. It is fubjedl to the king of Candahar, and is 50 miles Nw o£ Attock. Lon. 69 54 E, lat. 32 44 N. Per IN, the capital of the empire of China, feated. in a fertile plain, in the province of Pe-tcheli, 50 miles jrom the great Wall. It forms an exaft fquare* and is divided into two cities; the firft inhabited by Chi'icfe, the fecond b/ Tai'tars. Thefe t ^o cities, exclufive o^ the fuburbs, art computed to be fix leagues in circumference. The height* ana thicknefs of the walls of the Tar- tar city excite admiration : 1 1 horfemen might eafily ride abreaft on them; and there are fpacious towers, a bowihot dif- tant from each other. The gates of thi» city are high and well arched, fupporting buildings of nine ftories high j the loweft of whic'i is for the foldiers when they come off" guard : they are nine in number, and before each is an open fpace, which lerves for a parade. The ftreets are per- feftly ftraight, moft of them three miles in length, and lao feet wide, with (hops on both fide? ; but the houfes are noorly G g z ff!:;.-.|^: I I : .ii- irf PEL PEL mm W)^ E^M Vuilti and have only a ground-floor. It is iurprifing to fee what numbers of people theye ire in the ftreets, and not one woman amonz them. There i» always ft great eonfulroni occafioncd by the vaft numbers of horfes, camels, muks, aflfea, waggons, carts, and chairs, without reck- oning the feveral mobs which gather about ^ jugglers, ballad-nngers, &cc. Per- x^hich is tlie image of St. Rofoli^, whj is faid to have died here j and round tlie cave of this faint (who is the patronels of Palermo) a church is built, wheiij prieits attend, to watch the precious relics, and receive the offerings of the pilgrims. Pelew Islands, a clufter of iflands in the N Pacific Ocean, lying between fons ot diltinttion have always a horfe- 130 and »36° E Ion. and 5 and 9° N lat. man who goes before them to ckar the way. AU the great Itreets are guaided by loldlers, who patrole night and day vrith fwords by tlicir fides, and whips in thtir hands, to chaftife thofe who make any difturbance, or take them into euftody. The little ttreets have lattice-gates at their' entrance into the great Itreets, whie)i are fhut up at night, and gnanted by foldiers, who fuffer no affemblies in the llrcets at that time. The emperor's pa- lace and garden is furrounded by a brick wall, two miles in length, with pavilions at each corner, encompaffed by galleries fucported by columns: the architecture of the ftupcndous pile of buildings of which the palace confifts, is intirely dif- ferent from that of the Europeans } and they are covered with tiles of a fhining beautiful yellow. The temples, and the towers 1 this city, are fo numerous, that it is difticult to count them. The country about it is fandy, and not very fruitful ; yet provifions oi all kinds are exceedingly plentiful, they being, as well as the mer- chandile, broirght* from other parts by canals cut from the rivers, and always crowded with velfels of diiferent fwes. An t-titthquake. which happened here in i73i» bnried above 100,000 perfons in the ruins of che houfes. The inhabitants of Pekin are eftimated at a,ooo,ooo. A Kuifian church is eitabliflied here with a feminary, in which the ftudents are permitted to rcn.lc fcMP the purpofe of learning the (Ifimefe language. Since thii ertablilh- nK-i\t, many inteiefting publications have appeared at Peterlburgh, relative to the l;i.-v$, hitilory, and geography of China, Trar.llated from the originals publiihed at iVkin. This city is 500 miles N by w of Nanking. Lon. 116 14.E, lat.39 Pti.KGRiNO, Mount, a promontory «n the N coall of the ifland of Sicily, nearly two miles w of Paleimo. The piofj«6l from this mount is beautiful and rxtenfrrt : mraft of the Lipari Klands are tiiuoveretl in a clear day, and alfo a large portion of Mount Etna, although at tht tii'^anct' of aluielt the whole* length of Sjftiy. On th.'s pwunt is a tavern, in Captain Wilfon, of the Antftlope E In- dia packet, who was wiecked here in 178 J, found the natives Irniple in their manners, delicate in their fentiments, friendly in their difpofition, and, in fine, a people that do honour to the human rate. The aftonifliment which thole, who firft difcovered the Englifti, .nani- fcfted on feeing their colour, plainly (bowed, that they had never before feen a white man . The clothes of the ftrangeis ahb puzzled them exceedingly; for it feemed to be a matter of doubt with them, whether thcfe and their bodies did not form one fubftance. When the captain's brother wa» deputed to wait upon the king, who refided on an tfland at feme diftance from that on which they had favid their lives, he accidentally pulled off his bat, at which the gazing fpectators were all ftruck with aftoniihment, as if they thought it had formed a part of his head. They had no idea of the nature of powder and fhot, and weie exceedingly amazed on feeing its effects. Their principal arms coniiit of bamboo darts, n'om five to eight feet long, pointed with the wood of the betel-nut tree ; but there are fhort ones for diltant marks, which are thrown by means of a ftick two feet long. The chiefs wear a bone round one of their wrifts, in the form of a bracelet, which being a mark of great honour conferred by the king on officers of Itate, command- ers, or pcrlbns, who by valonr, or other- wile, have greatly diftinguifhed them- lielves, is never to be parted with but with life. They are not all c* the fame degree, as appeared from a difference in the bone they wore. Captain Willbn was invefted with the bigheft order of the bone. With rcfptct to property in thefe illands, a man's houi'e, or canoe, is conftdered as hi& own, as is alfo the kind allotted to him, as long as he occupies and cultivates it) but whenever he removes with his family to another place, the ground reverts to the king, who gives ittowhom hepleafes. The country is- well covered with timber trees, the tnmks of which furnilh the natives with canoes, fome large enough to cany 30 men, Th<;re wc but ftjW other tKcs PEL P E M 4>f much ufe to the natives. Yams and i.ocoa-niits, bein^^ their chief articles of itiblidence, are attended to with the ut- inoli care. From the fcauty produce of rjie cQimtry, no luxury can reign ainong the inhabitants in their diet, and the miljc ot the cQcoa-nut is their commpn drink. On particular occafions, they add to their ordinary faie, xrertain iWeclmeats, and a Iweet beverage, obtained by the aid of a fyrup, exyac^ed either from the palin- nx-e or the lugar-cane. The h'/ufe.s are railed about tlu'ee feet from the ground, the foundation bcutns being laid on large Jtones, whence Ipring the upright liip- purts of their fides, which are croiCed by other timbers grooved together, and fatt- ened by wooden pins,, the intermediate l^)ace being ciofely iUkd up with bamboos and palm-tree leaves, platted together. The taps of the houfes arp thatched with bamboos and palm leaves j and the infide is without any divifion, ibrming one great room. As to donieftic implements, they have little bafkets, very nicely wovenfrom (lips of the plantain-tree, and woudi^n ibaikets with covers, neatly carved and iu- {aid with /hejls. No one ever ftirs abroad without a balket, which ufually contains fome betel-nut, a comb> knite, and a little twine. The heft knives are made of a piece of tl>e large mother-of-pearl oyller, ground narijpw, a^d the outward fide a little polinied. The combs are made of the orange-tree, of which there are a few of the Seville kind ; the haijdle and teeth are fattened in the foiid wood. The fifl|i,ing-hpoks axe of toi-^oife-fliell ; 9nd twine, s^dt and fiOiing-nets, ^re well manufa^ured from the huik« of the ico- coa-nut. Of the plaintain leaf are formed mats, which ferve the people as beds. They alfo u(e a p/aintai^ leaf at mea,ls, inliead of a plate ; and the (hell of a cocoa- nut fupp.lies the place of a .cup. There Ve vefleis of a kind of .earthen ware, of a ceddifh brown colour, in which they boil their fifti, yams, &c. A bundle of ^ocoa- out huiks, ferves th.em for a broom ; and thick baipboos, with bores five or fix inches in diameter, are the^r buckets or cilterns. The fhell of the tortoife is here remarkably beautiful; a^d the native^ have difcovered the art of moulding it iiito little trays or diflies, and fpoons. Some of the great ladies have alfo brace- lets of the fame manufacture, and ear- rings inlaid with Ihells. The natives, in general, are ftout and well made, rather above the middling ilature, and of A deep copper colour. Their hair is long, 'Mid fcneriuly forqaed int9 of)e large looif curl round their heads. The men are intirtly naked j but the women wear tvvo little aprons, one before, the other be- hind. Both fexes are tattowed, and have their teeth made black by art. They are very expert at Iwimmiug; and the mea are iuch julmirable divtrs, that tijey wijti readily fetch up any thing from the bot- tom of the lisa. Snch an opinion had the king of the i(land entertained of the Englifh, that, on their departure, he fuf- icrei. bis liicoiid ion, Lee Boo, to accom- pany them to XnglanJ, where this hope- ful youth unhappily died of lhclinall{iox in 178^. Tihe E Intiia Company ereiled a monument over his grave in Rothcrhithe churchyard. Thefc illands ai:e encircled on the w fide by a reef of coral. Pelissa, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated near the Danube, 1 5 miles n of Buda. Lon. 18 20 e, lat.4.7 40 N* Pel LA, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Janna, 5p miles WofSaJonjchi. Lon. 21 5^ £., lat.40 4.1 K^ Peloso, a town of Naples, in BafiJi- cata, j5 miles w of Bail. Lon. i6 20 1;, lat.41 26 K. Pemba, a town of Congo, capital of a province of the fame name. Lon. 1$ 15 E, lat. 7 30 s. Pembbidge, a town in Herefordftiire, with a market on Tuefday, feated on the Arrow, 12 miles Nw of Hereford, and 145 wNw of London. Lon. z 42 w, lat. 52 14 N. Pembroke, the capital of Pcmbreker ftire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the inner molt creek of Miltbrd Haven, oyer which are two bridges, hut t^ie nav\gatio^ to it is become injured by the rubbifh of the limeftpne quarries near it. It iiB furfoundfid by a wall with three gates, has a paftle on » rock, and twa churches. Jt jis governed by a mayor^ lend; Qne Q\ember to parli^meiit, and is i o miles SE of Haverfoidweft, and 237 w by N of London. Lon. 4. 55 w, lat. 51 43 itf. Pembrokeshire, a county of S Wales, 37 miles long and 28 bro#d j fur- rounded on all fides by the ^a, ex«cept on the E, where it U bounded by Car- marthenfliire, 9^ Cardiganfhire. It contains five market-towns and 145 pa., rifhei, ai|4 i^nds three members to par- liamentf The principal rivers are the E and >V p^edheu. A great part of the county is plain, and tolerably fertile, con- £ftii^ of rich meadow and arable land. The NE part alone is mountainous ; which, however, yields ^good paftjire fpir ibeep and f attle, Gff J • 't\A \'\ I ii' * m PEN PEN iim Ml Pena Garcia, a town of Pari ,..i, in Beira, with .1 caftle. It was taken by Philip V in 170+j but he retired from it at the approach of the allies. It is Tix miles E of Idanha Velha. Lon. 6 6w, lat. 39 40 N. Penal VA, a town of Portugal, in Bcira, lieattd on a hill, with a caltle, eight miles s of Coimbra. Lon. 8 17 w, lat. 4.0 4.N. Penautie.i, a town of France, in the depar<^ment of Aude and late province of Languedoc, four miles N of Carcaflbnne. X'On.2Z5E, 1.11.4.3 18 N. Pend£NNis, a cadle i> Cornwall, on a hill of the fame name, on Falmouth Bay. It was built by Henry viu for the fecurity of the coalt ; and on the op- pofite fide of the bay is another called St. Mawes. It is a littk to the SE of Fal- nioiitli. Pf.nemunder, a fortrcfs of Germany, in Pruflian Pomerania, Icated in the iUe of Ufedom, at the mouths of the Pene and Oder, in the Baltic Sea. Lon. 14. 10 E, lat. 5+ 16 N. Penguin Isi.and and Bay, on the coaft oF Patagonia, i8z miles N of Port St. Julian. Lat. 47 4.8 s. Penichb, a Itrong town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, wltli a good harbour and a citadel, 34 miles N of Liibon. Lcn. 9 5 E, lat. 39 16 N. Penick, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mifnia, bt;longing to the tleftor of Sax- ony. It is Itatcd on the Multe, eight miles E of Altenburg. Lon. iz 44 E, lat. 50 59 N. Peniscola, a town of Spain, in Va- lencia, Icated on a high point of land, on the Mediterranean, 60 miles N of Valen- cia. Lon. T o E, lat.40 29 N. Penkridge, a town in Staffordftilrc, vvith a market on Tuefday. Jt was Ibr- jnerly a luge pl»ce, but now greatly re- duced, and principally noted for its horle fairs. It is fix miles s of Stafford, :ind 129 n\v of London. Lon. a o w, lat. 52 54 N. Penmaenmawr, a once tremendous precipice in Carnarvonlhire, overhanging the fea j but now fafely crolfed by a good road. . It is four miles sw of Abercon- way. Pennaflor, a town of Spain, in Afturias, f'eatcd on the Afta, 14 miles sw of Oviedo. Lon. 5 56 w, lat. 4J 15N. Pennatlor, a town of Spain, in Andalufia, feated near the Xeriil, jo miles MofEcjia. Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 37*44 li. Pennar, a river w the peninfula x>f Hindooftan, which flows by Gooty, Can- dicotta, Cuddapah, and VcUore, and tn ters the bay of Ikngal, at Gangapatnani. Pennon, a fort of Africa, leated on a fmall ifland before the harbour of Algii is. Pennon dk Velez, a very inipurtanf feaport of Baibary, feattd on a rock in the Mediterranean, near the town 01 Velcz. It was built by the Spaniards in 150;?, taken by the Moors in 15*2, ami retaken in 1664. It is 75 miles e ot Ceuta. Lon.4ow, lat. 35 25 N. Pennsylvania, one of the United States of America, 290 miles long and 156 broad j bounded on the E by the river Delaware, dividing it from W Jerley an.l New York} on tin.- s by Virginia, Mary- land, and Delaware; on the w by Vii- ginia and the Weftern Territory 5 and cu the NW by Lake Erie, on which it has a confiderable fronf, and a good port, lying within 200,000 acri's ot land pnr- chaliid of congreis by this ftatc. It i divided into ao counties ; and is well watered by the Delaware, and other 111- vigable rivers, on which large (hips eome up into the heart of the province. Ic protluce is corn, cattle, timber, pot;tf]i, wax, (kins, and fur.< i and they export to the W India idands falted beof, pork, fifh, and pipeftaves. Philadelphia is the capital. Penobscot, a hay of N America, in the didrift of Main, at the mouth ot tiie river Penoblcot. It is long and can-iri- ous } and its E fide is lined with a cluUc: of fmall iilands. Pen rise, a feaport in Glamorgar. (hire, with a market on Thurlday. hi; feAted on the Briftol Channel, ao itiilej SE of Cai'marthcn, and 2 19 w of London. Lon. 4 12 w, lat. 51 37 N. Penrith, a town in Cumberland, with a market on Tuefday, feated umltr a hill, near the rivers Eymotand Lowther. It has a fpacious market-place, ami i caftle; and i'everal remains of amitiuity are feen in its neighbourhood. It is iS miles s of Carlifle, and aSo nnw of Lon- don. Lon. 2 52 w, lat. 54 40 N. Penryn, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Wednefday, Friday, and Saturday. It is feated on a creek of Fal- mouth Haven, has a great trade in the pilchard and Newfoundland fiiheries, is governed by a mayor, and fends two memliers to parliament. It is three miles NW of Falmouth, and 266 w by s ot London. Lon.4 50vv, lat. 5010 N. • PensaC6la, the capital of W Flo- rida, leafed on a bay of the gulf of Mex- ico, which forms a very commodious PER PER harbour, where vcflcU may ride fccure from every wind. Lon. 85 24 w, lat. 30 Pensance, or Penzance, a feaport in Cornwall, with a market on Thurliiay. It is I'cated on a creek of Muuntibay, and WHS burnt by the Spaniards in 1593, but has been rebuilt, and carries on a con- f.i -rible trartic in /liipping. It is one of" the tin-coinage towns, and a corporation, governed by a mayor. It is 12 niiks t of the Land's End, and 281 w by s of London. Lon. 5 35 w, lat. 50 tin. Pknsford, a town in Somerlctfliire, with a market on Tuefday. It is noted fur its hats and bread, and I'eated on the Chew, feven miles w of Bath, and 117 w by s of London. Lon. z 30 w, lat. 51 23 N. Penza, a government of RufTia, for- merly a province of Kafan. Its capital, of the fame name, is feated on the Sina, where it receives the rivulet Penza, 220 miles 8W of Kafan. Pentland Frith, a (trait which divides the Orkneif Iflands from Caith- nefsfhire, in Scotland. It is 20 miles long and 10 broad, and very dangerous to thole who are not well acquainted with its tides and currents; efpecially in paHing the Pentland Skerries, a clufter of rocks at the E entrance of the frith. Pentland Hills, a ridge of moun- tains, in Edinburghlhire, extending about ten miles from sw to ne. Pequiony, a town of France, in the departinent of Somme and late province of Picardy; remarkable for the interview between Lewis xi of France and Ed- ward IV of England, in 14-75, o" ^ bridge built for that purpofe. It is feated on the river Somme, 15 miles se of Abbe- ville. Lon. 2 5 E, lat. 49 58 It. Per a, a fuburb of Conltantinople, where the fortign ainbalfadors ufually re- fide. It is inhabited by Chriltians of feveral denominations} and wine is fold there as publicly as in any other part of Europe, which is not allowed in the city. Peray, St. a village of France, in the department of Ardtche and late pro- vince of Daup&ihy. It is noted for its wines, ari is 21 miles NW of Privas, Percaslaw, a town of Ruliia, in the government of Kiof, 44 miles, se oi Kiof. Lon. 31 50 E, lat. 5.0 o^., Perche, a late province of France, in Orieanois, 35 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded on thb li.hy Normandy* on; the w and s by Maan6> and on the e by ^auce. it tft^es 'nt^ jiaine frrm ^ fQreft, and is pretty fertile. It now formsj with part of Normandy, the department ofOrne. Perekop. SeePRECOP. ' Perecza.s, atownof Upper Hungary capital of a county of the lanii name, 50 milts E by N of 'lockay. Lon. zz 16 e, lat.4H 30 N. Perca, a town of Turkey In Europe, in Albania, oppolitf the illand of Corlu. Lon. 20 191;, lat. 39 ."^o N. Perc;.\mo, an amicnt town of Nato- lia, with a bifhops Ice} now half ruined, and inhabited by about 3000 Turks, and a few familits of poor Chriltians. Here parcluneut was invented. It is li;atcd on the Germatti, 15 miles from its mouth, and 37 n of Smyrna. Lon. 27 27 e, lat. 39 SN. Perigord, a late province of France, 83 miles long and 60 broad; hcunded on the n by Angoumois and Marche, on the E by Querci and Limolin, on the s by Agtnois and Bazodois, and on the w by Bourdelois, Angoumois, and Saintonge. It abounds in iron-mines, and the air is pure and healthy. It now forms the de- partment of Dordogne. pERiGUEUX, an ancient town of France, capital of the department of Dor- dogne and late province of Perigord, with a bifliop's fee, the ruins of a temple of Venus, and an amphithtatie. It is feated on the river Hie, 50 miles sw of Limoges. Lon. o 48 E, lat. 45 11 n. Perm, a government of Rufila, for- merly a province of Kal'an. It is divided into two provinces : namely Perm, the capital of which is of the lame name, feated on the river Kama, where it re- ceives the Z>, -chekha; and Catharin^n- burgh, the capiml of which is of the fame name, lisated near the fource of the river Illiil, Pernambucq, a province of Brafd, 200 miles long and 1 50 broad ; bounded on the N by i'air.ara, on the e by the the Atlantic, an ihc s by Sciegippe, and on the w by I'lipuytrs. The Dutch be- came matters of il in 1^330 ; but the Por- tugufcle retook ir. It produces a great quantity of fiigai- and Bralli wood. Perne, a town of I'rance. in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhoiie and late ])rovinci' of Piovence. It is tht biith- place of tlic ceiclnateci ()rator Flechier, birtiop of NilnicR, r.nd a little to the \v of Apt. Perneau, a town of Ruffia, in the government of I^ivonia, with a caftl^. It is I'eated neatftfte mouth of a riveraif the fanle name, .55 mile& N of Riga. Lo^ »3 37 E> lilt. 58 7.6 N. G g 4 ii^ PER PER PcRNES, a ftrong town of France, In the department ot the Straits of ("aluis and late province of Artois, i'eatcd on the Clarence, 17 miles NW of Arras. Lon. a ^i E, lat. 50 19 N. Peronsh, a ftrong town of France, in the ilepartmcnt of Somnie and late pro- vince of Picardy. It is called the Virgin, becaule it has never been taken, thoiip^ often bdicged. The cjltle is remarkable tor the imprifonment of Cliarles the Sim- ple, who here mill-rably died; and in this caltle the duke of Burgundy detained Lewis XI three days, tillTie confented to lign a dii'advantageouft treaty. It is feated on the Somme, 17 miles sw of Cambray, and 80 E by N of Paris. Lon. 3 i E, lat. 49 55 N. Perousa, a town of Piedmont, the chief place of a valley of the fame name. Jt is leated on the Clufon, 16 miles sw of Turin. Lon. 7 iS E, lat. 44. 59 N. Perpionan, a town of France, ca- pital of the department of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of Roulfillon, with a good citadel, a univerfity, and a bifliop's fee. It is feated on the Tet, over which is a bridge, 100 miles se of Bourdeaux. Lon. 3 o E, lat. 42 41 N. Persspolis, anciently the capital of the Perfian empire. It was taken by Alexander the Great, who laid it iri ruins, being irritated, according to Diodorus, at the light of 800 Greeks, whom the Per- fians had cruelly mutilated. Othefs fay, that being intoxicated, he was inftigatcd by the courtezan Thais, to fet it on fire. lis magnificent ruins are 50 miles ne of >chiras, and zoo se of Ifpahan. Lon. 56 zo E, lat. 30 10 N. Pershore, a town in Worcefterihire, with a market on Tuefday, feated on the Avon, nine miles ESK of Wwcefter, and 102 wNw of London. Lon. i 44 w, lat. 52 4 N. Persia, a large kingdom of Afia, con- fifiing of feveral province, wliich, at dif- ferent times, have had their particular kings. It is bounded on tne n by Georgia, the Cafpian Sea, and Uft)ec Tartary; on the w by Turkey and Arabia'j 0:1 the s by the gulfs of Perfia and Onnus<, and the Arabian Sea'} and on the E by Hindooltan Proper. It is 1120 miles frbm E to w, and 900 from U to s. The chief rivers are the Tigris and Amuc. ' In the N and E parts it is moun- tainous and cold; in the Aiddle and se tarts fandy and defertf in >the'S and w, ivel and extremely fwtile, though for ieveral months very hot. Th^ A>il pro- duces all forts of pulfe and com, except oat» and rye. In feveral places, napthu, a fort of bitumen, rifes out of the groimu; ^nd there are mines of gold, filver, iron, turcois flones, and fait; but the firit two of thefe are not worked, on account of the fcarcity of wood. Among t^e pro- dufts of Perfia that are peculiarly ex- cellent, are dates, piitachio-nut>, aid poppies, that produce the fineft opium. They have extenfive plantations of mul- berry-trccs for filkworms; and lari;e flocks of Iheep and goats. Their camels, hories, mules, ail'es, oxen, and buffaloes, are the belt of their kind, and are indif- ferently ufed for carrying paU'engeis or bvirdcns, the horfes excepted, which ar«; only uled for the faddle. The principle manufafhires are filks, as fatins, tabbies taffetas, and filk mixed with cotton, or with camels or goats hair; brocades, gold tilTues, and gold velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. Their dying is preferred to any thing of the kind in Europe. During almolt the whole of this century, P ifia has been defolatetl by competitors for the Ibvereignty. On the alTaifination of the ul'urper. Nadir Shah, in 1747, Ahmed Abdalla, one of his generals, founded the kingdom of Candahar, to which he annexed the provinces of Ko- raian and Segeftan, in the E part of Perfia, and thofe provinces of Hindooltan Proper^ w of the Indus, that had betu ceded by the great mogul, in 1737, to Nadir Shah. Kerim Khan, another of Nadir's officers, obtained the fovereignty of all the fouthern provinces. He transferred the leat of go- vernment from lipahan to Schiras. He refufed the title ot- Shah, or king, being fatisfied with that of Proteftor of Perfiai He was beloved by his fubjeils, and re^ vered by foreign powers. On his death, in 1779, new competitors for the throne fining up; and have almbft ever fince con* tmued to I'pread' fiaughter and defolation over this unhappy covinti-y. The Perfians are generally Mahdmetansi of the feft of AH. Ifpahan is the capital. Persia, Gulf of, a gulf between Perfia and Arabia Felix. The entrance near Orntus is not above 30 miles over } but within it is 180 in breadth, and the length front Ormus to the mouth of the Euphrates is '420 miles. Perth, thecapitalof Perthftiire, feated on the Tay, over which is an elegant bridge of nine aiches'. ■ It has two churches, or*^ of whith belonged formerly to a fine abbey. Perth has-been the re- fidence of the ibvereigns of Scotland, and PER PER t.he feat of the parliament and of the fiiprcme ciiurts of julticc. The tide comes uj> lo riiis place, and the river is navigable fur rmall velleU. Here is* a great linen and cotton niannfacture. Perth ii 30 in*le!i N of Edinburgh. Lon*w 3 27 w, lut. 56 -il N. Perthshire, a county of Scotland, bounded on the N by the flilrcs of In- vcrnefs and Aberdeen ; on the F. by Angus(l>ire and the frith of Tayj on the s by the counties of Fife, Kiru'ofs, Clackmannan, and Stirling; and on the w by Argylcihire. It extends 60 miles from E to w, and nearly the fame from t^ to 8. The oo)'therndiftri(5t, called Athol, is mountainous, and contains fome lakes. Pei^th Amboy, a feaport of the United States, in New Jerfey, feated on k neck of land, between the river Raritan and Arthur Kull Sound. It lies open to Sandy Hook, and is one of the belt har- bours on the continent. It is/25 milts sw of New York. Lon. 75 o w, lat. 40 35 N. Pertuis, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, 1,0 miles N of Aix and 27 of Marl'eilles. Lon. 5 3b E, lat. 4.3 44 N. Peru, a large country of S America, bounded on the N by Popayan, on the w by the Pacific Ocean, on the s by Chili', and on the E by the Ande^. It is X500 miles from N to s, and 115 from £ to \v, but in fome places it is much broader. It never rains in the fouth parts; but in thq north, where the moun- tains are not fp hieU, it often rains excef- fively. There are large forefts on the fides of the mountains which advance near the fea i but none of the trees are like thofe in Europe. Peru has been long celebi'ated fur its mines of gold and filver, all the quickfilver ufcd in the refining of which is extrai-fed from the famous mine of Guancabelica. Quinquina, or Jefuits Bark, the virtues of which are lb well |;nown, Is found only in this country. The fierceft bealts of prey in Peru are the puma and jaquar, inaccurately called lions ^d tigers by the Europeans, but pofielT- jng neither the undaunted courage of the former, nor the ravenous cruelty of the lat- ter : they are hardly formidable to man, and often turn their backs on the leaft appear- ance of refiftance. A quadruped, called the lama, peculiar to this country, was tamed to domellic purpofes by the ancient Peru- vians. In foifn it beats ibme refemblance io a deer> stai fome to a camel, mi is of a {lie fomewhat larger than a fhcep. Id vyoolfurnifliid the Peru viauswiti»cl(nliing, its flcHi with food. It was even employed us a i)ea(t of burden, and carried a mo- derate load with much patience and doci- lity; hut it was never uled for draught. Among the birds, the molt remarkable is the condor, which is entitled to prrcmi- ntncc over the flying tribe, in bulk, Itrength, and courage. The river Guya- quil abounds with alligators, and tht neighbouring country I'warms almoll as much withfnakes and vi|)ers as that round Porto Bello docs with toads. When the Spaniards landed in thi;* country In 1530* they found it governed by fovtreigns called Incas, who were revered by their fubjetJls as divinities ; and the inhabitants were found to be much more polilhed than the natives of other parts of America, thole of Mexico excepted. Thefe were foon fub- ducd by a few Spaniards, under the com- mand of Francis Pizarro. Peru is inha- bited by the Spaniards, the native Ame- ricans, and a mixture arifing from hoth» called Meftlcs. The native Americans, who live among the forelts, form, as it were, fo many fmall republics, which are direded by a Spanilh prielt, and by their governor, aflifted by the original natives, who icrve as officers. Tliey have no diftruft, for they leave the doors of their huts always open, though they have cotton, calaba(hes, and a iort of aloes, of which they make thread, and feveral other fmall matters that they trade with, which might be eafily Itoleiw They go naked, and paint their bodies with a red drug, called rocu. The fame man is of all trades, for he builds his own hut, con- ftrufts his own canoe, and weaves his own cloth ; but if a large houfe is to be built for common ufe, every one lends a helping hand. Their ikin is of a red copper colour; and they have no beard nor hair on any part of their bodies ex- cept their heads, where it is black, long, and coarfe. Thofe that are not much ex- pofed to the weather, are of a lighter colour than tte reft. The natives who live at Quito feem to be of a different temper; tor they are exti'emely idle, and fo ftupid, that they will fit whole days to- gether upon their heels, without ftirring or fpeakmg. Their garment is a fort of a fack, with holes to put their arms through; and this is given them by their mailers as part of their wages. The Meftics, though illegitimate, have all the privileges of a Spaniard, and are the perfons who carry oa all trades } for the •I i- 1 ' 'i ■ \4-^^ ■•^PiS PES PET Spaniardi think it beneath them to meddle with any thing ot this ("oit : they behave in a more tyrannical manner over tlie real Americans, than even the Spaniards them- ielveit, iniomuch that the governor is obliged to rejjreis their inloLnce. Peru is now divided into three great audience^, which arc Qmro, Lino or Los Keyes, and Los Cluiicus; the whoL under tile govennnent of a viceroy, whole authority ■once exfi udod over all S America pol- fcfl'cd by the 'jjjaniHrds : but as lome ot the countries in this v;ill jiirlidittion are above ?.ooo milcj diitam rom the lupvcme feat of jultice at Lim.i, the inhabitants were fubjeit to the gieatof^ inconveniences; to remedy which two new viceroyalties have been dialiliflied. i he firlt, is fixed at St. Fe de Bogota, the capital of the new kingdom of Granada, and extemls over the whole of Te.rn Firma, and the audience of Quito. In the juriuliilion of the lecond, eliablifhed in 1776, arc the provinces of Plata, liuenus Ayres, Paraguay, Tucuman, Potofi, St. Cruz de la Sierra, and the towns of Mendo7a and St. Juan. Lima is the capital. See Andes. Perugia, an ancient and populous ci^^y of Italy, capital of Perngino, with a (trcng citadel, a univerfiiy, and a bifhop's fee. The churches, and many other buildings, public and private, are very handfome. It is feated on a hill, 75 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 20 E, lat. 43 6 N. Perugia, a lake of Italy, eight miles from the city of tluit name, in the pro- vince of Perugino. It is ahnoft roimd, five miles in diameter, and in it are three illands. Perugino,- a province of Italy, in the Eccltfialtical State, bounded on the w by Tufcany, on the s by Orvietan -, on the w by the duchies of Spcleto ar.d Urbino, and on the n by the county of Citta Calttllana. It is 35 miles in kngth, and prar as much in breadth. The air is pnre, and the Ibil fertile in corn and good wine. The capital is Perugia. Pesaro, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Urbino, with a biftiop's lee. It is a ji large place, and the Itreets are pnved with biicks. The caltle is well fbrtified, the harbour excellent, and the cathedral magnificent. The environs are remark- able for producing good figsj of which large qfiarjtltles ait: fent to Venice. Il is ieated on an eniinence, at the mouth of the Fogiia, on the gulf of Venice, 17 miles tlJK of Urbino, and 13-0 of RoitY(^ Lon. T3 2 E, lat. -^3 52 N. Pescara, a ftrong town of N-ipW, in Abniizo Citeriore. It i« feated at the mouth of a river of the fame name, on the gidf of Venice, eight miles E by u ofCivita-di-Penna,and 100 NEof Naplesi. Lon. 15 2 E, tut. 4.1 27 N. Peschitra, a town of Italy, in the Vcroncfc, with a caftle, and a ftrong fort. It was taken by the French in July 1796. It is feated on the Mincio, which proceeds from the lake Garda, 16 milts w of Ve. rona. Lon. 11 4 E, lat. 45 26 N. Pesrnas, an ancient town of France, in the department of Herault and late province of Languedoc. It is delightfully feated on the river Pein, i» miles ne of Be/icrs. Lon. 3 34 E, lat. 43 28 N. Pest, a town of Upper Hungary, ca- pit.il of a covmty of the liime name, feated on the Danube, oppofite Buda, 85 miles SE of Prelburg. Lon. 18 25 E, lat. 47 24 N. Petaw, an ancient town of Germany, in the duchy of Stiria, feated nn the Drave, 109 miles s of Vienna. Lon. 15 36 E, lat. 46 40 N. Pe-TCHELI, TCHELIjOr Li-pa-fou, the principal province of China, bounded on the N by the g»eat Wall and part of T.irtary, on the E by the Yellow Sea, on the s by Chang-tong and Honan, and on the w by the mountains of Chan-fi. It contains nine cities of the firlt clafs, which have feveral others under their ju- rilUic^ion. The temperature of the air in this province does not feem to agree with its latitude ; for, although Pc-tcheli extends no further than the 42nd degree N, yet all its rivers are fo much frozen during four months in the year, that waggons with the heavieft loads may fafely pafs them. The foil is fandy, and produces very little rice ; but it abounds with all other kind of grain, and with the greater part of the fruit trees we have in Europe. Pekin is the capital. Peter and Paul, St. or Petro- PAWLosKoi, a feaport of Kamtfchatka, in the Rufliarv government of Irkutzk. The town confilts of fome mvferable log- hotiles and a few conical huts. Captain Gierke, who fucceeded captain Cook, and died at lea, was interred here. Lon. 15^ f3 E, lat. 53 o N. Peterborough, a city in Northamp- tonfbire, with a bifl»op's fee, and a market on Saturday, It is feated on the Net>, over which is a'hridge'into Huntingdon- (hire. It has biit one church, befide the cath^dml, which was fbvmerly a. mo- ^taftery f but th« Aiatdkbt'^aoe-is lipic'vo^t and the ftreets regular. It has a trade PET PET 111 com, coal, and timber, i> governed by a mayor, and fends two memhrrs to narliamet,t. It Is 41 milcD NK ot Northampton, and 81 N of London. Lon. o 10 w, lat. 51 30 N. Phterhead, a town in Abenletn- rtiirc, fituate near the mouth of the Ugie. It has an excellent harbour, defended by a new pier 5 a confulerable trade in the Hdiery, and to the Baltic ; and a manu- tadure of fewinur thread, A mineral l*l)ring, of a powerful diuretic quality, and the fea-bathing bring a great ref'ort of company, for wliol'e accommodation there is a ball-room and many elegant houfes. It is a little to the w of Bu- clnnnefs, the moft eaftem promontory of Scotlnnd, and 54. miles ne of Aberdeen. Lon. I 28 w, lat. 57 28 N. Petersbxjrch, a town of the United States, in Virginia, on the s fide of the river Appamatox, 15 miles s of Rich- mond, Petersburcii, or St. Peters- Bi'RGH, the metropolis of the empire of Ruflla, in a government of the fame name. It is Seated on the Neva, near the gulf of Finland, and is built partly on fome iflands in the' mouth of the river, and partly upon the continent. At the beginning of this century, the ground on which Peterfl>urgh now ftands was only a vail moral's, occupied by a few fifliermen's huts. Peter the Great firft began this city by the ereftion of a citnue) with fix balUons, in 170;;: he built alio a fmaJI hut for himfelf, and fome wooden hovels. In 1 710, count Golovkin built the firlt houi'e of brick ; and the next year, the emperor, with his own hands, laid the foundation of a houfe of the fame mate- rials. From thefe fmall beginnings rofe the i^nperial city of Peterftjurgh j and, in lefs than nine years after the woo fome buildings. On the N (Ide are the fortrels, the academy of fcicnces, and the academy of arts. On the 8 fide are the imperial palace, the Admiralty, the man- fions uf many Ruflian nobles, and the Knglil]\-iine, I'o called, becaule (a few houfes excepted) the whole row is occu- pied by Engli(h merchants. In the front of ihne buildings, on the s fuic, is the quay, which extends three miles, except where it is interrupted by the Admiralty; and the Neva, during the whole of that fpace, has been embanked, at the expence of the late emprcis, by a wall, p;uaper, and pavement of htwn granite. Peterf- burgh, although it is more compact than the other RuTfian cities, "".d has the lioui'cs in many Iheets contiguous to each .^ other, yet ftill bears a refemliUnce to the towns of this country, and is built in a very Itraggling manner. It has been lately incloled within a rampart, the cir- cumtercnce of which is 14 miles. The inhabil.uits are computed to be 130,000. The oppofitc divilions of Peterlbugh, fituate ou each fide of the Neva, are con- ne(^ted by a bridge on pontoons, which, on account of the large inafles of ice driven down the Itream from the lake Ladoga, is ufualiy removed when they firft make their appearance 5 and, for a few days, till the river is frozen hard enough to bear carriages, there is no com- munication between the oppofite parts of the town. Among the noblelt ornaments of Peterfburgh is an equcftiian Itatue of Peter the Great, in bronze, of a coloflal fize J the pedeftal of which is a huge rock, brought to the I'pcjt at a great expence : by this contrivance the great legiflator and civilizer of his country appears in the attitutte of afcending a precipice, the fum- mit of which he has nearly attained. It was erefted by Cathtrrine ii, in 1782, Within the walls of the fortrefs is the cathedral of St, Pet;.r and St. Paul, in which are depofited the rer,i.;ins ol Peter the Great, and of the fuccefllve foveieigns, except Peter n, buried at Mofcow. Peterfburgh is 425 miles NW of Mofcow, 400 e l)y N of Stockholm, 750 ne of C()penh:;gjn, and icoo NNE of Vienna, Lon. 30 ly E, Int. 39 56 N. PETEasFiKLD, a boroueh In Hamp- fhire, with a market on Sa' ;irdav. It is governed by a mayor, fends two members to parliami^nt, and is feated on the Lodclon, 18 miles ne of Portfmouth, and 53 s\v of London. Lon. o 58 w, lat. . 51 2 N. Peter SHAGEN, atowmtf Germahy, in the principality of MinJen, feated on the ii.<'i^l ■^.^ 1* F I V II I Wf :>r, ^hree miles from MInden, and j7 W tf Hanover. Lou. 961, ]at. 5-i •.. c n. Peter WARAniN, a town ot'St 1 ivoniu, Ofle ot tht: Itrungelt frontier places the koufe of Aultria has againlt the rnrks, over whom, io 1716, prime Eu;.',ene here gained a great viiftory. Ii is iealecl on tl>e Danube, lietwecn the Sivi' ajul Drave, •J <; miles N\v of Belgrade. JLon. zo 30 E, III. 45 26 N. pETHf RTON, a town in Somcrleffhire, with a market on Tiielday, leatid on tht P^irret, 18 miies s by w of Wells and t;}) w by s of Loudua. Lon. 2 41 k» bt. 50 56 N. Petigljano, a town of 'lufcany, in the Sienneli;, eight miles w ol' Caliro, and 45 SE of Sienna. Lun. 11 4% £> lat. 42 2] N. Petit Guave, .1 fcaport of the W Indjes, in St. Domingo, lealed on a bay at the w end of the illand. It is 200 miles E of Jamaica. Lon. 72 52 w, lat. 18 27 N. Petcune, a city of Plaltern Chinefe Tartary, in the department of Kirin. It hns fcarcely any inhabitants but Tartar £bldiers, and Chmelie corKlenmed to exile. It is liated on the Songari, 112 miles n by E of Kirin, and ^00 NE of Pdcin. Lon. 124 55 E, lat. 4S 3 N. Petrikow, a town of Great Poland, in the palatinate of Siradia, 80 miles sw of Warfaw. Lon. 19 46 E, lat. 51 12 N. Petrin'a, a ftrong town of Auftrian Croatia, leatcd on the Petrina, 27 miles E of Carlltadl. Lon. 16 o E, lat. 46 v N. Pettaw, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Stli ia. It belongs to the biihop of Saltzbvirg, and is I'eated on the Drave, 28 miles s h'/ e of Gratz. Lon. 15 37 E, lat. 46 46 N. PETTAPOi.LY,afeaportof Hindooftan, on the coalt of Coromandel, where the Dutch have a faftory. Lo u 80 46 E, lat. 15 41, N. Pettvcur, a harbour in Fifefliire, one mile from Kinghorn, in the frith of Forth. It is the xifual landing-pl.ice of patlengers from Leith, on the oppofite ftjore. A bafin has lately been conltruihK'd here. Petworth, a town in SuflTcx, with a market on Saturday, feated near the Arun, 12 miles NE of Chic^efter, and 49 sw of London. Lon. o 34 iV, lat. 50 58 N. Pfafenhoffen, a town of Germany, in Upper Bavaria, with a Bencdic'^Uixe monalteiy ut a fmall diftanC'C. It is ieated on the Ilm, 19 miles Nw of Ratilbon. L'^i. I* 3 E, lat. 49 27 N. Pfxrt, or f orette, a to ,vn of France, in the (I'paifnicnt of Upper Rhine ,i!>(i lat«' pvoviiite of Alface, 10 miles \v M Bafd. Lon. 7 20 1;, 1:U. 47 ^7 k. PfortshI'IM, a town of Siiabia, in the marquirafe of Baden- Dvirlach, with a caltic, ft itedon tlie Knti, 15 miles :;k ot Durlach. L«.>n. 9 46 y., lat. 4!^ 57 n. PfBEIMB, a t'-wn of Gerjnany, in Upjicr Bavaria, with a calth., fenfed at the coiiiUieiice il the I'freint and Nab, lo niilcs NF. of Anibtig. Lon. 12 21 e, lat. 49 i I N. Pfullenoorf, au imperial town of Suabia, Ieated ou the Aiidalipatcli, 37 milt-s »\v of Ulm. Lon. 9 27 w, lat. 48 8 N. Phanagoria, a fmall and beautiful illand of AGa, •n the £ fide of the itrait of Caffa. Pharos, a fnnll iflaiid in the Medi- teiTancan Sea, oppofire Alexandria, in Egypt, the Ipace between which and the continent forms an extenlive harbour. It has a communication with the continent by a ftouc caul'eway and biidge. It for- merly had an exceedingly high tower upon it, called the Pharos, an-' on tlie top of it were lights for the direition of fhip*. Lon. 31 II e, lat. 30 24 N. PhAr7.a, anciently Pharsalia, a town of Turkey in Eiu'ope, in Janna, famous for the decifive viiloiy gained by Julius Cefar over Pompey, in 48 B. C. Hence Inican's poem on the civil wars between thele- two great rivals was called Pharfalia. This town is an arjchiv'pii-. copal lee, feated on the iinipeus, and is TO miles s of Larifla. Phasis, a river of Afia, which crofle* Mingrelia, and fails inbg the Black S^a. Pheasants Isle. See Faisants. pHiLADELPHiA, an ancient city of Natolia, liiated at the foot of the moun- tain Tmolus, in an extenfivp plain, i he Greeks retain its ancient : ^^me, but the Turks: tall it AUahijah. It contains 1 1000 inhabitants, among whom are 2000 ChrilHans, who have four churches, and a Greek archbifhop. It is 40 miles ESE of Smyrna. Lon. 28 15 e, lat. 38 28 N. PHii.ADELPHlAjthe capital of Pennfyi- vania, and, at prefent, the metropolisot tlie United States of America. It is fituatf in an extenfive plair on the w bank of the river Delaware. The length of the city from E to w, that is, from the Delaware to the Schuylkill, upon the original plan o( Mr. Penn, is 10,300 feet, and the breadth, N and s, is 4837 feet. Not half of the plot covered by the city charter is yet isuilt. The inhabitants* however, have P H I P H 1 not cortfincd themfelves within the origi- nal limits oi the city, but have built N and s along the Deluware, two miles in length. The circumference of the part winch is built| including Kenlington on the N and Southwark on the s, i* about rive miles. < Market Street is loo ffttt wide, and runs the whole len-gth of the city from river to rivi-rj a.id, near the middle, it is interlicited at right angles by Hroad Strict, 113 feet wide, running nearly H and s. The ctlwr ltr«ets are 50 feit wide, except Arch Street, wliich ii 65 feet, and they interleit each other at right angles. There are iour Iquares of eight acres each, one at each forner of the ciiy, originally rtliirved tor pnhlic Hies ; and in the centre, at the iikerieClion of Market Street and Brond Street, is a fquare often acres, reierved in like man- ner, to be planted with rows of trees for public walks. Philadelphia was founded in 1682, by William P*nn, who, in 1701, granted a charter, inco'-porating the town tinder the govenvaent of a mayoi-, recorder, eight ••Idennen, »» •ummon cc.ncil men, a OieritF, and clerk. It contains 5000 houles, in general hand- Ibmely built of brick, and 40,000 inha- bitants, compofed of ulmoft all nations and religions. Here are 24 places of pub- lic worihip for Chriftians of various deno- minations ; one of which is for the free- tjuakers, fo called, btxftufe they took up arms in defence of their country, in the lati' '.var, contraiy to the cltabliflicd prin- ciples of the' friends. Here alfo is a fyna- gogue for the Jews. '1 he German Lu- theran church, one of the fineft in Ame- rica, was deltroyed by fire in 1794. The ftatehoufc is • magnificent building erefted in 1735. In 1787, an elegant courthoufe was built on the left of the liatehoule j and on the right a philoiupliical hall. Here, likewife, is 1 j-ublic ob(ervatory, and feveral other puin'.c buildings. A univeriity was founded litre (lini>»g the war : its funds were partly givsn by tl>e Itate, and partly taken from the old col- lege. A malignant fever raged here in 1793, which, in the courfe oi' Auguft and three lucceeding months, carried off 4031 of the inhabitants. Philadelphia is 97 miles sw of New York, and 130 ne of Waftiington, the intended metropolis. Lon. 75 13 w, lat. 39 56 n. Philippi, an ancient town of Mace- donia, enlarged by Philip, fu'hcr of Alexander the Great, who gave it his •\vn name. It was near this place, com- monly called the plains of Philipj>i, where Caiiius and BnituBi two of the alfailinAtor* of Cefar, were defeated by Auguft as and Mark Antony, in 4» B.C. It is an arch- bifhop's lee, but greatly decayed. An amphitheatre, and feveral other monu< mtnts of its ancient grandevir remain. Ir in 67 miles £ of Salonichi. Lon. 34. 25 E, lat. 40 o N. * Phiufpina, See Samar. PuiLtppjNE, a ftrong town of Dutch Flandi rs. It was taken by the I-'rench ic 1747, rtltorcd in 1748, and again taken in 1794. It is iuMvd on an arm ot the Schcld, ti miles se of Fluiliing. Lon. 3 51 E, lat. 51 16 N. Pun.ippiNE Islands, iflands in the Indian Ocean, dilcovered by Magellan, in 1521. The principal are, Luconia, Min- danao, Samar, Malbate-, Mindoro, Lu* ban, Panay, I -evte, Bohol, Zebu, Negro'8> St. John's, Xolo, and Abyo. Th-jy are chiefly lubject to the Spaniards. The air is very hot and moift, and the fwil fertile in riie and many other ufeful vegetables and fruits. The tn;es are always green, and there are ripe fruits all the year. There are a great many wild beafts and birds, quite unknown in Europe. The- inhabitants are not all of one original. Lon. 113 13 to 120 50 £, lat. 6 30 to 18 15 N. Philippines, New, otherwife called Palaos, and Carolinas, illa'vds in the N PaciHe Ocean, to the E of the mo.'l fou*hein of the Philippine lAand:. There are about 32 in all, between thv equator and the Ladrones ; but they are very little known to the Kuropeans. PniLiPPOl.i,a town of Romania, with an archbifliop's lee. It is chiefly inha- bited by Greeks, aivl is u-ated on the Mariza, 8z miles N.W of Adrianople and 188 of Conitantmople. Lon. 24 50 i>, lat. 42 I? N. Phimp's, FoRf St. a rtrong citadel of Minorca, which defends the harboui of Port Mahon. It '.vas taken by tlic Eng-litli in 170S, and in 1756 by the French, who rello/ed it in 1763. The Spaniards retook it in th^ lait war. Lon. 3 48 t, lat. "59 50 N, Philips-Norton, a town in St^mer- fetftire, with a market on Thurlday, feven miles s of Bath, and 104 w oi London. Lon. z 16 w, iat. 52 16 N. PimiPSi'uaG, a town of Gennany, in the ciicle of the Uj>pe<- Phi'.c. It ii very ftrong, and conlldered > one of the bulwarki of the empire. Th^ town hc- longs to the bifhop of Spire, but the for- tifications to the empire. It has bectn feveral times taken and retaken, ^tarticu- larly by Uie French ia 1734, when th<; 3i ti 1 St - - V I c P I G duke of BerDi'ick was killed at the fiegej but it was reftored the year following, by the treaty of Vienna. It is feated on the Rhine, leven miles s of Spire, and 40 NE of Stran}urg. Lon. 8 33 E, lat. 49 I? N. Philip ST ADT, a town of Sweden, in Wermeland, fealed in a hilly and rocky count) y, abounding in iron i.ines, be- tvv-een two lakes, and wateied by a rivu- let. It was built by Charles ix, and called after his fon Philip. In 1775, it was delhoyed by fire, but has been fmce rebuilt. It is ao miles NE of Carldadt, and 140 NVV of Stockholm. Lon. 14 JO E, lat. 59 30 N. . Philipstown, a borough of Ireland, capital of King's Countv, 40 miles w of Dublin. Lon. 7 3 w, lat. 53 18 n. Philipville.u fti-ongtcwnof Fr.nnce, in the department of the North ?nu late province of Hainault, feated on, an emi- nence, 25 mile* SE of Monji, ami 115 N by E of Paris. Lon. 4 24 Ji, l^^t. 50 7 N. Phillip Islands, two lllaivls in the 5 Pacifc Ocean, difcovered by captain Hunter in 1791, and named after Arthur Phillip, «fq. governor of New S V^'aics. Thcv are five miles afunder, but almoft joinetl together by a long ftmly fpit, above water, which reaches, for about two tbiixis of the dlftancc from the eaft- trnmoft, or largeft illand, to the moft wefterly, which is the Imalleft. They are coveied with fhrubs, have few tall trees on them, and th;' land is low. Lon. of the eaitern ifland 140 ^ E, lat. 8 6 s. PiANEZA, a town and caftle nf Pied- mont, leated on the Dora, tight miles from Turin. PiANOZA, an ifland of Italy> off the coaft of Tuicr.ny, fix miles s «f that of Elba. It is level and low, as the name imports. Lon. lo 34 E, lat. 42 46 N. PiAVA, a river, which rifes in the mountains of Tirol, and falls into the gulf of Venice, by two mouths, a little N of Venice. PiCARDY, a late province of France, bounded on the N by Hainault, Artois, ar, the (traits of Dover j on the e by Champagne j on the s by the Ifle of France j and en the w by Normandy and the Englifti Channel. It now forms the department of Somme. PiciGHiTONE, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, with a caftle, in which Francis i of France wa.^ impriibned. It was 'taken by the Fr^ch i*^ 1733 and in 1 796. It is feated ch the Seiio; lo miles NW of Cremona, and 36 SE of Milan. Lon. 10 4 E, lat. -45 16 N. Pickering, a town in the n riding of Vorkftiire, with a market on Monday. It has an old caftle, in the ruins of which they keep their courts for the hearing of all caufes under 40 ftiillings, in the dif- trl(?t called the Honour or Liberty ot Pickering. It is 26 miles NE of York, and 223 N by w of London. L»n. o l^ w, lat. 54 15 N. Pico, the largeft and moft populous of the Azores, or Weftem Iflands. It produces a great deal of wine. Lon. 2? 21 w, lat. 38 29 N. PiCTS Wall, a famous barrier againft the PItSts, of which ibme fmall remains are left. It began at the entrance of Sol- way Frith, in Cimiberland, and i*unning by Cariide, was continued from w to e aa-oi's the ifland to Newcastle, and ended at Tinmouth. Piedmont, a princi) ality of Itu'y, ijS miles long and 40 broad; bounded on the N by Vallais, on th ; ]i by the duchies of Milan and Mo. It fer •■ on the s by the county of Nice li ' ':' ritory of Genoa, and on the w by i*Vance and Savoy. It was formerly a part of Lom- bardyi but now belongs to the ktog of Sardinia, and lies at the foot of the Alps. It contains many high niountains, an?^ng which are rich and fruitful vallies, a$ popu- lous as any part(|f Ital/. In the moun- tains are mines of feveral kinds, and the forefts afford a great deaj of game. This country has a gr^s^t trade in raw (ilk ; and it produces abb com, rice, wine, fruits, hemp, flax, aad cattle. Turin is the capital. PiJBNZA, a populous town of Tuftany, it: the Siennefe, with a biftjop's fee. T is 25 miles SE of Sienna, and 56 s of J*.^ rence. Lon. xi 42 e, lat. 43 o m. Pierre le Moutier, St. a town of France, in the department of Nievre and late province 01 Nivernois. It is feated in a bottom, furrounded by moun- tabis, and near a lake, which renders the air unwholefome, 15 miles NW of Mou- lins, and 150 s of Paris. Lon. 3 13 £, lat. 46 48 N. Pierre, St. a fmall defert ifland neav Newfoundland, ceded to the Frciu, iu 1763, for drying and curine- tht^ !i;». They were difpo(re(red of it by the hn^ - lifti in 17^3. Lon. 56 o w, lat. 46 39 N. Pierre, St. the capital of Martinico, on the w fuie of the ifland. Lon. 61 zi w, lat. 14 44. K. Pigeon Island, a fmall iiland> eight miles from 1 lat. 14 Pie terrane French Pig the ent P I N ft miles from the coalt of Malabar, and 1 5 from the towu of Onore. Lon. 74 6 E, iat. 14 I N. PlETRO, St. an ifland in the Medi- terranean, near Sardinia, uken by the French u 1793, but retaken loon atter. PiGNEROL, a town of Piedmont, at the entrance of the, valley of Pcrufa. It was in pofTeflion of the French, who had tortified it, particularly with a caltle built on a rock j but being rcftored to the duke of Savoy, in 1696, the French de- moiinied the for titicat ions. It is feated on the Chiufon, 15 miles sv; of Tmin, Lon. 7 30 £, lat. 45 o N. PiGNEV, a town of France, in the de- partment of Aube and late province of Champagne, 22 miles ne of Troyes. Lon. 4 25 E, lat. 48 20 N. PiLLAU, a feaport of Pruffia, on the Baltic, 20 miles w by s uf Koninglberg, ot which, it is the port:. Lon. 30 20 fi, lut. 54 jB N. Pi L SEN, a Itrong town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of the feme name. It has often been taken and retaken, and is i'eated near the confluence of the Miia vind Watto, 47 nults. w by s of Prague. Lon. 13 55 £> lat. 49 46 N. PiLsNA, PiLSNO, or PiLzow, atown of Little Poland, in tlie paiatin;ite of San- domir, feated on the Willake, 50 miles £ of Cracow. Lon. 21 10 E, lat. 50 o n. PlLTEN, a town of Courland, capital of a fertile territory of the lame nauie. It is feated on the river Windaw, between Goldingen and Windaw. .Lon. 22 10 E, lat. 57 15 N. Pines, Isle of, an iiland in the S pacific Ocean, off the s end of New Ca- ledonia. It is 14 miles over in a SE and Nw direftion. It is hieh and remark- able in the middle, being quite a pomtcd hill, floping toward the extremities, which arc very low. The low land has many tall pine-trees upon it. It was dilcover- ed by captain Cook in 1774. Lon. 167 3S E, lat. 22 38 s. T'ing-leano-FOU, a city of China, one of the nioft conGderable in the vv part of the province of Chen-fi. It con- tains three cities of the I'econd, and leven of the third clafs in its diltri£l, and is feated on the river Kin-ho, 480 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. 106 25 E, lat. 35 30 N. PiN-HiANG-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Chan- *n coiicuixence, al- inoit unammoullyi r» withgut any fo» rcIgn intervention, eftabli/hed another conftitution. By this the evils of an ele£tive monarchy were avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in thd houfe of Saxony. The rights and privi- leges of all orders in the republic (die king, the nobles, the citizens, and the pealiants) were alike equitably confulted. In a word, it was not, on the one tuind« the haughty defpot dictating a conftitu- tion to his people; nor, on the other, a proud ariitocracy, or a mad democracy, that wrefted from their fovereign his juft prerogatives; but it was the univerial wifli of the nation, the fentiment th^t in- ijpired which, was univerlial happinef&4 A few of the nobility, however, difcon- tented at the generous facrifice of fome of their privileges, repaired to the court of Ruflia } ana their reprefentationa con- curring with the ambitious views of the empreis, fhe fent an army into Poland* under pretext of being guarantee of the conftitution of 1772. Her interference was too powerful to be relifted ; and thit new conftitution was overthrown. But the principal objeft fcr which the Ruffian ai'iny entered Poland was not yet attained. The emprefs had planned, in conjun£liod with the king of Prulfia, a fecond parti» tion of this countiy, which took place in 1793. By this, the emprefs obtained nearly the remaining part of Litliuania, with the palatinates of Podolia, Kiof, and Biatzlaw; and the king of Prutfia ob- tained the provinces of Pofen, Gnefen, Kalifli, Siradia, Wielun, Lentfchitz, Cu- javia, Doorzyn, Rawa, part of Plotfk, &c. with the city and monaftery of Czentfto- kow (the Loretto of Poland) and its rich treafures, and the cities of Dantzic and Thorn. Such multiplied oppretfions, at laft roufed the fpirit of the nation. Gene- ral Kofciufko appeared, in 1794., at the head of a PolKh army, to alTcrt the inde- pendency of his country, and to recover the provinces wreited fiom it. He was fucccfsful, at firlt, againft the king of* Pruflia; but was defeated and taken priJbner in the fequcl, by the Ruffians, who ibon after took the capital, Warfaw. What will be the future fate of Poland is uncertain. The king, who formally re- figned his crown at Grodno in 1795, Is a kind of ftate prifoner; and all Poland is in the pofTeffion of a foreign force. By the conftitution of 1772, the Roman ca- tholic religion it declared the eftabliftied ) but slthongh the diffidents continue ex- cluded frou. the diet, the fenate, and (h« ptnUuient council, they enjoy the fret excrcife of theii' religion : arc p«rttitte4 '■■ii if ' l^f'CT r Pol PON to have cSiirchcs without belli, and fchools and feminaries of their own. The air of Poland is generally cold ; but the foil is (o fertile in corn in many places, that it fupplies Sweden and Holland with large quantities, and it has extejifive paf- tures. Here is much leather, fur, hemp, flaXy faltpttre, honey, and wax ; and there are mines of I'alt, of a great depth, out of which is dug rockfalt. The principal rivers are the Dnieper, Vilhila, Bug, JJiemen, Dniefter, and Bog. Warfaw is the capital. POLERON. See POOLOROON. Pol ESI A, a name given to the palati- nate of Brzefcia, in Lithuania. PoLESiNO-Dl-RoviCO, a province of Italy, in the republic of Venice ; bounded on the N by the P iduan, on the s by the Ferrarefe, on the e by the Dogado, and on the w by thi Vtrontle. It is 4.2 miles long and 17 I /road, and is fertile in corn and nallures. Rovigo is the capital. Pol, St. a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois. It is noted for its mineral waters, and is 16 miles NW of Arras. PoLiCANDRO, an ifland in the Archi- pelago, one of the Cyclades, 20 iviiles in circumference. Here ;ue a few villages, B caftle, and a hai-bourj but it conhlts, in general, of barren rocks and moun- tains. It lies between Milo and Pares. Lon. 25 31 E, lat. 36 32 N. PoncASTRO, a decayed town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated on a gulf of the fame name, 68 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 15 4.0 E, lat. 4.0 15 N. PonGNANO, a populous town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a biflicp's fee. It is feated on a craggy rock, near the fea, 16 miles e of Bari. Lon. 17 24 E, lat. 41 25N. PoLiGNi, a town of France, In the department of Jura and late province of Franche Comte, feated on a rivulet, 32 miles sw of Befan^on, ' Lon. 5 55 e, lat. 46 SON* PoLiNA, an ancient town of Albania, with a Greek archbifhop's fee. It was formerly a confiderable place, but is now almolt in ruins, and is 1 2 miles s of Du- razzo. Lon. 19 20 e, lat. 4.1 42 N. PoLiTO, or PoLizzi, a town of Si- cily, in the Val-di-Demona, at tKe foot of the mountain Madonia, 30 miles se of Palermo. Lon. 13 53 E, lat. 38 4 N. PoLLOCKSHAWs, a confiderable ma^ nufeAuring town in Renfrewfliire, feated dn the river White Caftt - Polotsk, a government of the RufTun empire, foitned of part of a palsitinate of Lithuania, difmemDered from Poland by the treaty of partition in 1772. Its pro- duds are chiefly grain, hemp, flax, and pafture ; and the foreds furnifh great abundance of maits, planks, oak for Hiip- building, pitch, tar. Sec. which are chicily fent down the Dwina to Riga. Polotsk, a ftrong town of Ruflla, capital of a government of the fame name, feated en the Dwina, at the mouth of the fmall river Polota, 50 miles svv of Vi- teplk. Lon. 27 50 E, lat. 5543 n. POLTEN, St. a town of Lower Auf- tria, leated on the Drafarn, which falU into the Danube, near Holmburg, eight miles from Vienne. PoMECUE, an ifland in the Mediter- ranean, near Marfeilles. PoMCRANiA, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony j bounded on the N by the IJaltic, on the e by Weftern Pruifia and Poland, on the s by Brandenburg, and on the w by Mecklen- burg. It is watered by feveral rivers, of which the Oder, Rcckenitz, Pene, Ucker, Rcga, Perfanet, Wipper, Ihna, Stolpen, and Lebo, are the moft confiderable. The air is pretty cold, but compenfated by the fertility of the foil, which abounds in pallures and corn, of which a great deal is exported. It is a flat country, con- taining many lakes, woods, and forefts, and has feveral good harbours, particu- larly Stetin and Stralfund. It is 250 miles long and 75 broad, and divided into Hither and Further Pomerania. The latter and part of Hither Pomerania be- long to the king of Pruflla j the remainder to the king of Sweden. Stetin is the ca- pital of the Prullian part, and SaaUund of the Swedifli. • PoMERELLiA, a diftritt of Polifli or Weftern Pruflia, forcibly feized by the king of Prulfia. Dantzic is the capital. PowESANiA, a large county of V/eft- ern Prulfia, which extends from E to w from the PaflTerge as far as the Vi[taln, between E and W Pruiiia. It is full of lakes and morafles. Pomona, the principal of the Orkney Iflands. ..Sue Mainland. PoNDESTURiA, a town of Italy, in MontfeiTat, feated on the s fide of the Po, 33 miles E of Turin. Lon. 8 25 e, lat. 45 2N. Pondicherry, a town of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Coromandel. It was fiii't fettled by the French in 1674. Previ- oufly to the war of 1756, it was, perhaps, the fineft ci^y u^ India. It extended alpng 3 the Tea quarte well b ings, kind i the Er razed, dufl It was Englifh again is 100 lat. II PONI of tite A near the PoNl Leon, Leon. PON( Sea. r kien, ar the pai't Formofa rocks ; t not a fhr harbour and fhell nefe gaiT PON th« feacoaft above a mile, and wa- three quarters ot' a mile in breadth. It was well built, and, bcfide many public build- ings, had a citadel, then the belt of its kind in India. This city was taken by the Englifli, in 1761, and innrcdl'ttly razed, in retaliation of M. Lilly's con- tluft towaul Fort St. David, in 1758. It was reltored in 1763 j takew hy the Englifti in 1778; rellored in 1783 ; and again taken by the Englifh in 1793. It is 100 miles s cf Madras. Lcn. 80 o E, lat. 11 56 N. PONDico, a fmall uninhabited ifland of the Archipelago, in the gulf of Zeiton, near the coaft of Ni^gropont. PonPerrada, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the river Sill, 40 miles sw of Leon. Lon. 6 6 w, lat. 42 30 N. PONC-HOU, iflands in the Chlnefe Sea. They lie E of the coaft of Fo- kien, and form an archipelago between the part of Emouy and the idand of Formofa. They are only fand banks or rocks : there is biit one Iblitary tree, and not a (hrub is to be feen upon them. The harbour in the principal ifland is good, and fheltered from every wind. A Chi- nefe gairifon is kept here, with one of the mandarins called literati, whofe chief em- ployment is to watch the trading veflels to and from China and For^nofa. Lon. J2I 25 E' ?at.23 30 N. Pons, a town of France, in the de- partment of Lowtt Charente and late province of Saiht?>ft,|^, famous in the time of the Huguerfi^'^" It has a mineral fpring, and is feated on a hill, near the river Sevigne, 10 miles s ofSaintes. Lon. o 30 w, lat. 45 36 N. Pons, St. a town of France, In the department of Herault and late province of Languedoc. It was a biftiop's lee be- fore the revolution, and is feated in a valley biiTounded by mountains, in which are fine marble quarries. It is 24 miles N of Nar bonne. Lon. a 47 E, lat. 43 29N. PONTAFELLA, See PONTEFA. Pont- A-MoossoN, a coniiderable town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late province of Lorrain, with a univerfity. There were lately feveral religious houfes, and the premon- ftrantes had a magnificent church here. It is feated on the Molellc, which divides it into two parts, two miles NW of Nanci. I,on. 6 16 e, lat. 48 43 N. Pont-Arlier, an ancient town of Fmnce, in the department of Jura and late province of Franche Comte, feated on the river Doubs, near Mount Jura. It is a eonungdieus paiTage into SwifTer* PON l.ind, and is defended by a ftrong caftte. Lon. 6 a6 e, lat. 46 55 N. Pont Audemer, a town of France, in the department of Eure and late pro- vince of Normandy, lifated on the Rille, 13 miles, e cf Honflcur, an,! 85 Nw of Paris. Lon. o 35 E, lat. 49 21 N. PoNT-DC-C'E, a tmvh of France, in the dep-.irtmcnt of Maine and Loire aiki late province ot An ou, feated on the Loire, three miles from Angers, ajxl 178 sw of Paris. Lou. 29\v, lat. 47 25 N. Pont-de-l'Arciie, a town of France, in the department of Eure and late pro- vince of Normandy, with a caftle. It is feated on the Seine, over which is a bridge, five miles N of Louvters, and £2 NW of Paris. Lon. 1 15E, lat. 49 5N. PoNT-nE-VAUx, a town of France, fti the deprirtnient of Ai.i and late province of Brelfe, Icated on the Reflbufle, eight miles s of Macon. Lon. 4 55 s, lat. 46 28N. - Pont de-Vesle, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late pro- vince of Brefle. It has a manufefture of ftuffs called AugUftines, and alfo of ta- peftry for the coverings of arm-chairs and fofas, of the fame kind as thofeof Ambuf.. fon. It is feated on the Vefle, 12 mile* w of Bourg. Lon. 5 4E, lat. 4^ 16 N. PoNT-DEvLiMA, a towH of Portugal, in Entre-Douero-e-Minho, with a palace. It is feated on the Lima, over which is k magnificent bridge, 13 miles NW «f Braga, and 1 90 N of Lifbon. Lon^ 8 44 w, lat. 41 51 N. ' 'i;<~ Pont-du-Gard. See Gard.' • " PoNTEFA, or Pontafella, a town of Germany, in Carinthia, feated oh the Fella, over which is a bridge that leadi to the beft paflhge over the Alps. It is 20 miles NW of Friuli. Lon. 13 oE, lat. 46 25 N. Pontefract, a borough in the W riding of Yorklhire, with a market on Saturday. It is fituate in a very rich foil, and noted for its large plantations of licorice. Its cattle, now in ruins, has been the fcene of various tragical events in the Englifli hiftory } particularly, the murder of the unfortunate Richaifl 11. It is governed by a mayor, fends two members to parliament, and is 22 miles SW of York, and 175 NNW of Londbn. Lon. I 18 w, lat. 53 42 n. Ponte-Stura, a town of Italy, ii| Montferrat, feated at the confluence of the Stura and Po, three milfn sw of Cafal. Ponte-Vedra, a town of Spain, ia Hh 3 < i -A m flP h J* PON POO I'll m Otlieli, fcated on the Leris, and fa- vous for iti fifhery of pilchards- It is to miles B of Porto Nova. Lon. )i 27 W, lat. 4z lo N. PoNT-GiBAUTj a town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome and ]ate province of Auvergne. Near this iplace i« the village of Rore, with a filver mine, and a vinous fountain of mineral watfr. It is 10 miles WNW of Clermont. X.on. I 58 E, lat. 45 51 N. PoNTivy, a town of France, in the depaitment of Morbihun and late pro- vince of Bretagne, feated on tite river Blavet. It was the firft town, after the revolution of 1789, that fet the example of national confederations. PoNT-L'EvEquE, a town of France, in the department of Calvados and kte province of Normandy, feated on the Xouque, 10 miles NW of Lifieux. Lon. p 6 B, lat. 49 17 N. PoNTOisE, a town of France, in the department of Seine and Oile and late province of the Ille of France. It is feated on an eminence, on the Oile and Vienne, with a bridge over the former, whence it takes its name. In 14351 the Englifh took it bv a fmgular itrataeem: the ground bemg covered with mow, the aiTailants drelTed themfelves in white, with ladders painted white, and fcaled the walls before the centinels could per- jpeive their approach. Charles vii re- .took it by ftorm in 1442. The parlia- ment of Paris was tiansferred to this place in 1652, 1710, and 1753. It is 43 miles SE of Rouen, and 27 nw of Paris. Lon. « II E, lat. 49 3 N. Pont-Orson, a town of France, in the department of the Channel and late ?rovince of Normandy, feated op the 'oef' on, 2o miles e 01 St. Malo. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 48 30 N. Pont-Remoli, fk town of Tuicany, with a ftrong caftle, feated at the foot of the Appennines, 40 miles e of Genoa, and 66 NW of Florence. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 44 25 N. Pont St. Esprit, a town of Francp, in the department of Gard and late pro- vince of Languedoc. It is feated on the river Rhone, over which is one of the iineft bridges in Europe, confifting of 19 great and 4 fmall arcnes. To facilitate the paflage of the water in time of floods, apertures are made through each pier, fix fe^t above the common level of the river} and to ftem the extreme rar pidity of the Rhone, the bridge is not puilt ijOi a tigj^t liqe» but iii th^ fcfip of a curve. This paflage'it defended by a citadel, within wiiich is the church ot' the Holy Spirit, projecting into the river. As the bridge is lb Uight, the goods are conveyed over in Hedgcii, by way of |>re- caution. Pont St. Efprit is 17 miles s of Viviers, and 55 NE of Montpellier. Lon. 4 46 E, lat. 44 13 N. Pont St. Maixence, a town of France, in the department rf Seine nnd Oile and late province of the Ifle of France, feated on the Oile, five miles n of Senlis. Lon. 2 40 e, lat. 49 18 n. Pont-sur-Seine, a town of France, in the department of Auhe and late pro- vince of Champagae, with a caftle, feated on the Seine, 17 miles nw of Troycs, and 55 SE of Paris. Lon. 3 40 e, Ut. 48 28 N. Pont-sur-Yonne, a town of France, in the department of Yonne and late pro. vince of Burgundy, feated on the Yonne, eight miles Nw 01 Sens. Lon. 3 14 e, lat. 48 16 N. PoNTVPOOL, a town in Mcnmouth- fhire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated between two hills, on the river Avon, which turns leveral mills for the working of iron plates that are ufed in a manufac- ture of japanned ware, now on the (ie- cline. It is 15 miles sw of Monmouth, and 146 w by N of London. Lon. 3 6 w, lat. 51 42 N. Pont-v-Pridd. See Taafe. PoNZA, or PoNTiyV) a fmall ifland in the Mediterranean $e;|, ' to which many illuflrious Romans were formerly banilhed. Lon. 13 10 E, lat. 40 53 N. Poole, a borough aitd feaport in Dor- fct/hire, with a market on Monday and Thurfday. It is fituate on a penmfula projefting into a capacious bay, branching into many creeks, and forming feveral iflands. The harbpur admits irefTels of moderate fize only; but for them it is very fecure. Poole rofe into fome conl'e- quence feveral centuries ago, when the ancient town of Wareham k\\ into decay) and its trade and population are rapidly increafine. The principal branch of bufineis ner^ is the Newfoundland fifheiy. It has alfo a large importation of deals from Norway, a general commerce with America and various parts of Europe, and a fine coafting trade, particularly in corn find coal. Near the mouth of the harbour is an oyfler ban}w, from which vafl quan- tities are carried, to be* fattened in the creeks of ElTex and the Thames. Poole is a county of itfelf, goveme4 by 2. mayofi an4 fcnd| tvro members to POP piiTiamenf . It is 40 miles wsw of Win- ilielter, and 105 w by s of London. Lon. i o w, lat. 50 41 N. PooLOROON, or PoLERON, one of the Banda Illands, from which the Dutch expelled the Enelilh, not for any advan- tage it afforded, it being a barren fpot, but to Ic-cure the monopoly of the I'pice trade, by preventing the Englilh from having any iettlement in thel'e parts. It is 100 miles $E of Amboyna. Lon. 130 E, lat. 4 2o s. PooLOvvov, one of the Banda lilands, on which the Dutch have a regular pen- tagon, called Fort Revenge. Here nut- megs and tlve mod delicious fruits were unce abundant. PooNAH, a town of the Deccan of Hindoollan, in Vifiapour. It is the capi- tal of the Weltern Mahratta empire ; but it is not large, and lies open and defence- leis. It is 100 miles SE of Bombay. ^on. 73 55 E, lat. 18 30 N. PooROONDER, a fortrefs of the Deccan of Hindooltan, in Vifiapour, feated on a , mountain, li miles ese of Poonah. It is the place of refuge for that capital in cafe ot an invafion ; and here the archives of government are kept. PoPA-MADTvii, a town of Terra Firma, where there is a convent and chapel of the Virgin, to whofe image the Spaniards in thofe parts go in pilgrimage, efpecially thofe wh» have been at Tea. It is feated on a high mountain, 50 miles E of Carthagena. Lon. 74 32 w, lat. 10 15 N. POPAVAN, a province of Terra Firma, 400 miles long and 300 broad ; bounded on the N Wy the province of Carthagena, on the E by New Granada, on the s by Peru, and on the w by the Pacific Ocean. A chain of barren mountains nms through the country from N to sj and the wealth which lies ulelels in theie convents and in the churches ; the inquifitiqn, and the rigour of the papal government. Hence it is, that in no part of Europe are to be found people more wretched than the pope's temporal lubjefls. The pope, according to the ancient canon law, is the fupreme, univerfal, and independent head of the church, and invelted with fove- reignty over all Chridian Ibvereigns, com- munities, and individuals. His arrogant pvetenfions are fo well known, that it ia necdlefs to expatiate upon them. Happily, the Reformation begun by Luther dif« pelled the delufjon in many parts of Eu- rope; and the progrefs ot learning, and the fpirit of free inquiry, has enlightened many even of the Komnn catholic coun- tries, vvhere the papal politic^il fyltem isi, treated with contempt. The pope has the title of Holy Father and Holinefs ; and he is elefted, at evrry vacancy, from among the cardinals, each of whom U ftyled His Eminence. Their number was fixed by Sixtus v at 70, in allufion to the number of the dil'ciples who were ient out by Chrilt to teach the world j an allufion, without any fmgular pro- priety, as no two claflcs of people could be more unlike. But this number i& feldom complete. Every nation of the Roman catholic religion has a cardinal foe its proteftor. Beiide the Ecclefiaftical State, the pope is pofleffed of the duchy of Benevento, in the kingdom of Naples j and, before the late revolution in France, he had the territories of Avignon and Vcnaiflbn in that country. The annual H b4 If: t ■' li P O R P O R I Pi' revenue of the pope is computed to he 8i7oo»ooofcuiii,or upwaulol i,ooo,oool. fttrling. liiii military force is incniirhi(.r- able : Win body guard is 40 SwiU, 75 cuirafliers, and 75 Uglit \\ov:e. Hi" naval force conlill* of a few galliss, (la- tioncd at Civita Vccchiu. Koine is tl\e capital. POPERINGUEN, a town of Aiiftri;«n Flanders, en a river of the lame name, fix miles w of Ypres. Lon. % 38 k, lat. 50 S« N. Popo, a kingdom on the Slave C ^ft of Guinea. The inhabitants have I'caicely any houfes to dwell in, bcfidc the king's village, which is in an iHand in the m'ldii of a river. Their chief trade is in ilavcs. PoRCA, a town of Hindocitan, in Travancorc, taktn from the Dutch by the Eneliflt in 1795. It is 140 miles s of Calicut. Lon. 74 35 E, lat. 8 11 N. PoRCHEST£R, a village in Hamp- shire, at the upper end of the harbcur of Portfmouth, between Farcham and Portfea lAand. It hus an ancient caitie, which has fervcd, of late years, lor the reception of prilbners of war. PORCO, a town of Peru, in the audi- ence of Los Charcos, a little to the w of Potofi. Lon. 64 50 w, lat. 19 40 s. PoRENTRU, a town of Swilferland, capital of the dominions of the bidiop of Balle (by the proteftants called prince of Porentru) and the principal place oF his refidcnce. It is feated on a terpentine rivulet, near Mount Jura, 22 miles s of Balle. Lon. 7 2 e, lat. 47 34 N. PoRLOCK, a town In Somerietfliire, with a market onThurfday, ieateci on the JBriftol Channel, 14 miles N by w of Pulverton, and 167 w of London. Lon. 3 32 w, lat, 51 14 N. Port au Prince, a leaport of St. pomineo, feated on a bay on the w fide of the ifland, of which part it is the ca- pital. It was taken by tlie Englilh and. rpyalifts in 1794, Lon. 72 10 w, lat. 18 45 N, Port Desire, a harbour of S Ame- rica, where (hips fometimes touch in their paflage to the Pacific Ocean, It is 100 miles ne of Port St. Julian. Lon. 65 40 See GiAbooWf See Duke of V/} lat. 47 50 s PcfiT Glasgow. Port, Port Hunter Pay, York's Island. Port Jackson, a large bay on the coait of New § Wales, three leagues and a half N of Cape Banks. The capes that form its entrance are high, rugged, and perpendicular cliff's. On proceeding >vithin, in i;8g, governor Phillip di^ covered a 1 ir|»e branch i-xterdinp; to s, a>id ioiind hiinklf jxi tuvlly land lock,.., wi.'h a giH)d i!i-|ith ot water j and (iniiirp; alio, tint ihe country was jj;icatly I'lipc- rioi to that louud liutany Hay, he dettr- niimd to fix tlie culony oi coiivii!:U hcit, which had bcin oiif^;inally intendul tor Botany IJay. The name oi* Tort Jnckloa had been i;iven to it l)y cu|lor;.'; the coait. Lnn. 151 18 E, iut. 33 50 s. Port l'Oriunt. Sec Orient. PoK r Louis, a llrong town of Frsnce, in the department of Moi bihan and lat.: province of Brctagne, witJi a citridel, and a good harbour. It is a llaiion for part of the French navy, and the E InJia Company's lhij)Si and is feated at the iriouth 6f the Bl.met, 27 miles w of Vannes. Lon. 3 i8 w, lat. 47 40 n. Port Louis, a French tortrcfs, on the svv coalt of Ililpaniola, deinoiifiitd by admi-al Knowlts in 1747, but fincc rebuilt. Lon. 73 i5 w, lat. 18 18 N. Port Louis, a town and harbour of the llle of France, in the Indian Ocsan, (tron^y fortihed. Lon. 57 »8 e, lat. 20 9 s. Port Mahon, an excellent haibour in the ifland of Minorca, defended by one of the ftrongelt citadels in rope. Near it is the little trading of Mahon. Lon. 3 48 E, lat. 39 50 . .^- Philip's, Fort St. Port Paix, a town on the N coatt of St. Domingo, in the W Indies, with agood harbour. Lon, 71 55 w. lat. 19 58 N. Port Patrick, a feaport in Wigton- (hlre, confined by the lea on one fulc, and on the other by over-hanging rocks and hills. It is noted for its ferry to Donag- hadee in Ireland, from which it is only 20 miles diltant ; and a packet-boat faib from l>ence lor that place, eveiy day. The harbour is good ; and has one of the fineft quays in Great Britain,, with a re- flefling ligluhoufe. It i,s 107 miles sw of Edinburgh, and 487 NW of London. Port Koseway. See Shelt.urne, Pokt .Royal, a feaport of Jamaica, once one of the fineft towns in America, abounding in riches and trade. In 1692, it was deltroyed by an earthquake, in ?702 by a fire, in 1722 by an inundation ot the li;a, and in 1 744 it fuffered greatly by a hurricane. It ftill confilts ot three bandlbme ftreets, built on a fmall neck of land which juts out feveral miles into the fea, and is guarded by a ftrong fort. The harbour is one of the beft in the world, and 1000 fliips may ride therein, fequre from every wind. It is fix mile* £ of Spanifh Town; and as much by water | lat. Poi Kland ' Pierrel Poi States! hanno«| Poi of SCI and th| of the 1 parts, town 100 m| 10 w, PorI Anna( PorI PorI POR in And fcent h« fiege C: miles P O R P O R water se of Kingdon. Lon. 76 45 w, lat. 18 o N. Port Royal, a town and iurt of the Illand of Martinico, 11 milt:!* se ot bi. Pitne. Lon. 61 9 w, lat. 14. ^ N. Port Koyal, a town of tlie United States, in Virginia, on the river K.'.j^pa- hannoc. Port Royal, an ifland on the coaft of S Carolina, the Ipice between wl.ich ami the neij;hbouring continent forms one of the moit cummodiouti harbours in tholL* parts. It iu 15 miles in length} and the town on the n fhure, called Beaufort, is 100 miles sw of Charleiton. Loa. 80 10 w, lat. 31 40 N. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. See Annapolis. Port St. Ann. See Killouch. Port St. Julian. See Julian. Port St. Mary, a feaport of Spain, in Andalufia. The Englifh made a dc- fccnt here in 1702, with a dtfign to be- fiege Cadiz, but without fuccefs. It is 10 miles N£ of Cadiz. Lon. 6 o w, lat. 35 37 N. Port Sandwich, a harbour in the iiland of Mallicolo, in the S Pacific Ocean. Lon. 167 53 E, lat. 16 ^$ s. Port Vendre, a feaport of France, in the department of the Ealtern Pyrenees and late province of RoufiUon. It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but re- taken the next year. It is 25 miles s by E of Perpignan. PoitTALEGRE, a ftrong town of For- tugal, in Alentcjo, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated at the foot of a high moun- tain, in a pleafant country, 30 miles NW of Elvas, and 90 NE of Lifbon. PoRTici, a village four miles ese of the city of Naples, fituate on the fea- fide, near mount Vefuvius. Here is a palace of the king of Naples, enriched with a vaft number of fine &i' ues, and other remains of antiquity, taken out of the ruins of Herculaneum. Portland, a peninfula in Dorfetftiire, funoundcd by inacceflible rocks, except at the landing-place, where there is a ftrong caftle, called Portland Caftle, built by Henry viii. It lies on the sw fide of Weymouth Bay; and is chiefly noted for its ftone, which is ufed in London for building the fineft ftruftures. Its s ex- tremity, called Portland Point, is in lon. » 49 w, lat. 50 79 ti. Portland, a feaport of the United States, capital of Cumberland county, in the diftrift of Main. It is feated on a peninfula, and has an excellent har- bour, 150 miles NNE of £oitozx« Lon. 69 30 w, lat. 44. xo N. Portland Islands, a clufter of inaiicis in the S Piicific Ocean. They ate low, and covered with wootl} auj the centre one is in lon. 149 8 E, lat. a 38 s. Porto. Sec Oporto. Porto Bf-llo, a leaport of S Ame- rica, on the N coatl ot the ifthmus of Darien, with a h\y,e and commodious h.irbiHir. It is a very unhealthy place} and the country around it fwarms with toads in fuch multitudei. as hide the ■ furface of the earth. Before the abo- iition of the trade by the galeons, in 1748, and the introduction of rcgiftcr Hiips, Poi'to Bello was the great mart for the rich commerce o! Peru and ..Chili. At the fealbn when the galeons were ex- pc'Red, the produ6\ of all the mines, and other valuable commMities, of thoft countries, were lent by fea to Panama, and thence conveyed acrol's the ifthmus, partly on mules, aud partly down the river Chagie, to Porto Bello. This paltry village, the refiuence of a few negroet and mulattoes, and of a wretched gar- rifon relieved every three months, wai then fuddenly crowded with the moft opulent merchants } and a fair was opened which lafted 40 days, durine which was begun and finilhed the richeS tratfic on the face of the earth. Porto Bello was taken, in 1742, by admiral Vernon, who demolilhed the fortifications. It is 70 miles N of Panama, and 300 W of Carthagcna. Lon. 80 45 w, lat. 9 33 N- Porto Cavallo, a feaport of Terra Firma, on the coaft of Caraccas. Hers the Englifti \yere repull'cd, when they attacked it in 1743. Lon. 64 30 e, lat* 10 20 N. Porto del Principe, a feaport on the N coaft of Cuba, with a good harbour. It is feated in a large meadow, where the Spaniards feed a great number of cattle. Lon. 78 15 w, lat. it 52 N. Porto Faring, a feaport of the kingdom of Tunis, to the w of the ruinji of Carthage, and 30 miles N of Tunis. Lon. 10 16 E, lat. 37 12 N. PoRTo Ferrajo, a town of Italy, in the Ifle of Elba, with a good citadel. It is feated on a long, high, fteep point of land, \v of the bay of the lame nan.e, which has tv/o forts. In July 1796, the Englifh threw a Itrong garriibn Into it, on the French having entered Leghorn. It is 40 miles NW of Orbitello, and 60 s by E of Leghorn. Lon. 10 25 E, lat^ 42 78 N. PoRTO Galleto, a feaport of Spain, in the bay of Bifcay, feated on a iiuall m >% P O R P O R riv/r, <:'sht miles N of Bilboa. Loii. 3 ji \v, Int. 4 J 12 V. Porto Gruak.0, a town of Italy, in' Venetian Friuli, with a biihop's lie. It is iirtited on the Lena, 1 5 miles w ot Marano. Porto Loncone, a town of Italy, in the ifle of T^ba, with a good harbour, and a fortrefs upon a rock, almoll inac- ceflfible. It belongs to tlie prince of Pi- oinbino, and is I'eated on the E end uf the iftand, eight miles s\v of Piombino. Lon. 10 10 K, lat. 42 52 N. PoBTO Nova, a leaport of Spain, in Gallcia, feated near the mouth of the Leris, 54 miles w of Orenfe. Lon. 8 36 w, lat. 42 19 N. Porto Pedro, a feaport in the ifiand of Majorca. Lon. a 41 E, lat. ''9 37 N. PoRTO Pray A, a town and bay of St. Jago, one of the Cape de Verd lllands. Lon. 25 2.9 w, lat. 14 53 N. Porto Rico. See Juan de-Pu- ER' o-Rico. I'OKTO Santo, an ifland of the At- lantic, the Icaft of the Madeiras, 15 miles in citctuiiference. In 1418, a Por- txigutfe fliip, y the Atlantic, and on the E and n by Spain. It is divided into fix provinces, Eftramadura, Beira, Entre-Minho-e-Dou- ero, Tra-los-Montcs, Alcntejo, and Al- garva. Though Spain and Portugal are in the fame climate, the air of the latter is more temperate than that of the former, on account of the neighbourhood of the fea. inhabit bandry from A inllead bcr of is plent nuts, is fam fait is el'pecial a great trade co the pro( merchan foreign baccu, and othe cellent filver, ftones fr Portugal but now horned c ward tht P o s fea. Corn is not plentifiil, becaufe the inhabitants do not attend much to huf- bandiyi and they import Indian corn from Africa, which is ufed by the peafants intlead of wheat. There is a great num- ber of barren mountains, ana yet there is plenty of olives, vines, oi-an^es, lemons, nuts, almonds, figs, andrailms} and it is famous for excellent wines. Much fait is made alfo from the fea-water, el'pecially in the bay of St. Ubes, whence a great deal is exported. The foreign trade confifts either of the exportation of the produce of the country, or in the merchandife which is received from its foreign fettlements; fuch as fugar, to- bacco, rum, cotton, indigo, hides^ Braiil and other woods for dying, and many ex- cellent drugs. Befide the.(e, it has gold, filver, diamonds, and other precious ftones from America. The horfcs of Portugal were formerly in great eiieem, but now mules are preferred; and the hoined cattle are fmail and lean. To- ward the frontiers of Spain there are mountains in which was formerly got gold and filver ; and the river Tajo, the Tagus i)f the ancients, was celebrated by their pcets for its golden fands. There are mines of iron, tin, leau, quarries of marble, and fome precious ftones. The principal rivers are the Tajo, Douero, Guadiana, Minlio, and Mondego. The Portuguefe are indolent, and lb fotui of luxury, that they fpend all their wealth in the purchafe of foreign merchandife. The women are addinarchical, but the royal authority is limited; for the fovereign cannot raile any more taxes than were fettled in 1674. The eftabli/hed religion is the Roman catholic, and there arc three archbifnops and 10 bilhops, befide a patriarch; alfo three fevere in- quifitions, and yet there are a great number of conceale-l Jews. The autho- rity of the pope is fo great, that the king cannot confer any benefice without his confent. In 1580, there was a failure in the royal line, and then Philip 11 king of Spain, fubdued the country j but, in 1640 there was a great revolution, and the crown was conferred on John duke of Braganza (king John iv) whofe de- fcendants ftill enjoy it. Li(ton is the cppital. ?osEOA, a ftrong tov.n of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the fame name. It was taken from the Turks by the Auf- triuis, in 16S7. It is feated in a fertile P o u country, on the river Orlana, tio miles w by N of Belgrade. Lon. 18 59 e, lat. 45 36 N- PosNANiAy or PosEN, a commercial town of Great Poland, in a palatinate of the fame name, with a good caftle, and a bilhop's fee. The cathedral is magni- ficent. By the late partition of Poland, it became fubje6l to the king of Pruiiia. It is I'eated in a pleafant plain, on the river Warta, zj miles \v of Gncfna, and 127 w of Warfaw. PoTENZA, a town of Naples, In Ba- filicata, with a bifhop's fee. It was almod ruined by an earthquake in 1694.. It is leated near the fource of the Ba- fiento, eight miles SB of Naples. Potomac, or Patomac, a river of N America, in Virginia, which falls into the bay of Chefapeak. On the banks of this river is now ereifling the city of Wafhington, the intended metropolis of the United States. See Washington. PoTOSi, a rich and populous town of Peru, in the audience of Los Charcos. Here is the beft fdver mine in all Ame> rica, in a mountain in the form of a i'ugar- loaf. Silver was as common in this place as iron is in Europe ; but it Is almoit ex- haufted, or at leail Ilvtle is got in cora- parifon of what was formerly ; and the mountain itfelf is faid to be little better than a fhell. The country around is Co naked and barren, that the inhabitants get their proviiions from the neighbom*- ing provinces. It is feated at the bottom of tb. mountain of Potofi, 300 miles SE of Arica. Lon. 64. 25 w, lat. 19 40 s. Potsdam, a city of Upper Saxony, in the middle marche of Brandenburgb, with a palace belonging to the king of Pniliia. It is feated in an ifland xo miles in circumference, formed by the rivers Spree and Havel, and is the inoft elegant and fingular city in Europe. Many new houfes, on the nneft ancient and modem p.' ms, were railed by the late king, Fre- deric III, and prelented to the inhabi- tants ; and the various public buildings difplay at once great magnificence and talte. In 1795, the beautiful church «£ St. Nicholas, in the Palace- fquare, was dcftroyed by fire, together with the fur • rounding houl'es, toward which the wind ■ Vefted the flames. It is 12 miles w of J. lat. 5Z from Spain) and are the mod celebrated 46 N. in Europe, except the Alps. They reach Quang-pinc-fou, a city of China, from the Mcdirerranean to the Atlantic, in the s part of Pe-tcheli, between the and are about »ia miles in length. They province* of Chnng-tong and Ho-nan. Its have different names, according to their diftri^ contains nine cities of the third different fituations^; and the paffages over clafs. them are not lb difficult as thole of the QuAKO>si,aprovinGeof China, bound- Alps, ed on the N by Koei-tcheou and Ho\i- PyreNees, Eastern, a department quang, on the w by Yunnan and the of France, <»ntaining the kte province kingdom, of Tonquin, on the s by the of Roufillon. Although great part of . gulf of Tonquin and the province of the country is mountainous, it is feitile ; Qu^ang-tong,. and on th« E by the lame producing corn, excellent wines, ©lives, ami Hou-quang. The fouthern part is a oranges, and leather of a fuperior quality, 'flat country, and wdl cultivated} but the Perpignan is the capital. northern is full of mountains covered Pyrenees, Lower, a department with trees. It is watered by feveral of France, containing the late provinces liirge rivers, and products lo much rice, of Bafques and Beam. Pau is the capi- as to liipply the inhabitants of Quang- tal. See Navarre. tong for fix months in the year. Its nu- Pyrenees, Upper, a department of mtrous mountains abound with mines of^ France, containing the late province of gold, filver, copper ^ and ♦tin. In thi^ Bigorre. Here are excellent horlcs and province grows a lingular tree, which, in- ^ood partridges. The vallies are very Itead of pith, contains a foft pulp, that fertile j furnifhing rye, millet, Spanilh yicUls a kind of flour; and the bread com, and flax. The mountains have made of it is laid to be exceedingly good, mines of lead, iron, and copper, and Bcfide paroquets, hedge-hogs, and the rhi- quan'ies of flate, marble, and jafper. noceros, a prodigious number of wild Tarbcs is the capital. animals, curious birds, and uncommon Pyrmont, a town of Weftphalla, in inle capital of a principality of the fajv.e name, fubjefl to the prince of Saxt-WtillcnfeU. It is 12 miles SE of Mansfeldt. Lon. iz lOE, lit. 51 27 N. Q^ERCUENEcy, an ifland of the Me- diterranean, on the coalt of Tripoli. It has a fort, and llveral villagt>. QirtsNOy, a town of France, in the department of the North ani late pro- Vince of French Hain ult, with an old calUc. It was taken by the allies in 1 7 j i , and retaktn. the fame year. In 1793, it was taken by the Aii(trians, and retaken the next year. It is feated in an txttn- fivc plain, on the little river Ronelic, nine miles SE of Valmeitunes, nnd 122 NE of Paris. Lon. 3 +0 F, hit. 50 15 n. QuiEERON, a pcninfnla of France, in the department of Morl-'ian and late pro- vince of Brctagne, to the n of Eelleiilc. •Tt has a villa!>e of the lame name, and a fort, on the bay ot Quil)eion. In July I795» i^ was taken by.'imne French regi- hntnts in the pay of Great fhiiain; but owing to the defertion aiid treachery of fonc of the folcliers, the reuublicans re- took it by Ajrprife foon afterward. QuiBO, an illand of the Pacific Ocean, lying on the coaft of Veragua, in New Spain. Heic arc a great nuniber of monkles and fallow deer. QuiI'.LF.BOEUF, a town of France, in the department ot Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, feared on t he- Seine, eight miles s\v of Caudebec, and »a \V of Houen. QojLMANCi, a town on the coaft of Zanguebar, in the kingdom of Meliuda. It is fituate at the mouth of a river of tlie fame name, and belongs ti^i the Portuguefe. Lon. 39 40 E, lat. 3 30 ;>. QuiLOA, a fcaport on the' coaft of Zanguebar, with a fmall citadel. It is tributary to the Portuguefe j and is feated in a fertile country, 300 miles N of Mo- fambique. Lon, 39 9 E, lat. 9 30 s. QuiLON, or CoYLON, a Dutch fac- tory, on the coalt of Malabar, in 1 ra- vancore, 14. miles NNW of Anjengo. It was taken by the Englilli in 1795. Lon. 76 32 E, lat. 9 i N. Q^UJMPER, a town of France, In the department of Finirterre and late province of Rretagne, with a bifticp's fee. It is feated at the confluence of the Oder and Bcnaudet, 30 miles se of Brelt, and 332 I w by s of Parii. • Lon. 4 a \v, lat. 47 58 N. QuiMPEHLAY, a town of France, in the dep.utment of Finillcrre and late province ot bret;igne, feated on the Ifotte, fevcn miles from the lea, and 10 E by s of Ouiuiper. Lon. 3 33 E, lit. 47 52 N. Q^JINOEY, a town of France, in the department of Douhs and late province of Frinche Comte, li-ated on the Louve, 12 mil.i ^w of Befan*,on. Lun. 6 j t, lat. 4-7 5 ^' , . , O^iNTEN, a town of France, m the department of the North Coalt and late provnice of Bietagne, v/ith a calllc. It is feated in a vall;;y, near the river Ooy, and a large forelt cif the lame name, eight iiiilii ssw oi St. Biitux, and xoo w ot Paris. Lon. 2 40 \v, lat. 4(5 s6 N. QuiRiEU, a town of France, in the do- partinent of Rhone and Loire and late pro- vince of Lyonois, feated on an eminence, near the river Rhone, iz miles S of Ly- on^. Lon. 4 55E, lat. 45 35 N. QuiRiMBA, the name of Icveral ifiaiids on the coaft of Zangucbar. 'Ihcy are all ftrtile in fruits and paihnes. CiuisAM.\, a maritime province of Africa, in the kingdom of Angola, lying along the river Coanza. It is a momitahi- ous country, and very little cultivated, but the Portuguefe get abiuuhince of fait theie. QuiTEOA, a town of Morocco, in the province of Drafs, with a cafile. Lon. 5 o w, hit. 2S 6 N. OuisTHLLO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, feated on the Seccia, three miles from its ciiiifluence with tlie Po. It is famous for an action between the Frcncii and Aulbians in 1734, when marflial Broglio was furprifed in his bed. It is 15 miles SB of Mantua. Lon. 111 i', lat. 45 o N. Quito, an audience of Peru, lying between two chains of the high rpountains called the Andes. The lands are gene- rally well cultivated, and there are a great number of towns and villages inhabited by the Spaniards or native Americans. Kvery village is adorned with a large fquaie, and a church on one fide of it. The fireets are generally ftraight, and re- i'ptti the four quaiTcrs of the world ; and all the roads are laid out in a line, crofFing each other, that the ai'pefl of the covmtry. has the appear.ance of a large garden. Al- though this countiy is. fituate on both fides the equator, yet it lies lb high, and ib near the mountains coverect with iiiow, that the air is very temperate. There are no noxious animals }. tor the tigers and fer» pcntil diftrii mo(f il Quito! 60, oof is the [ thar cl K R A B penfi are KpIow in the forefts. Several dKtiifts of this country are occupud al- molt intirely by Indians ; and the city of Quito alone contains betwtw.i 50 and 60,000 of all the different races. Tliis is the only province in Spanifh America Thar can hv called a manufafturing coun- try. Hits, cotton-ftufFs,' and co.Tife woollen cloths, are made here in fuch quantities, as to he fufticient, not only for the confurrptlon of the provinc;.-, l)ut to furnifti a confuknihlc article f(jr txpor- tation to other parts of S;i;uii/h America. This province was under the jurildic>inn of the viceroy of Peru, unril the prc!'c:it century, when a new viccroyalty was crtabliftied at St. Ft-dv-^-Bogota, the ca- pital of the new kingdom of fJranada; the jurlldiftion of which includes the whole of Quito and all the provinces of Terra-Firma. Quito, a city of Pen, in an audience of the fame name, and a bifhop's iee. It is feared in a pleafant valley, between high mountains, and on much higher ground than the relf of Peru that is ha- bitable, beint!^ 50^ yards above the level of tl)e Tea. Here are feveral relieious conununities, and two colleges, which are a fort of univerfity. It is Sao miles N of Lima. Lon. 7750VV, lit. 013 s. Quixos, a province of Peru, in the audience of Qu^Ito. QuiziNA, a chuin of mountains in the kingdom of Fez, 100 miles In length, ex- tending from the defert of Gret to the river Nocor. QuojA, a kingdom on the ccaft of Guinea, which re^iches from Sierra Leone to the Grain Coaft. R RAAB, a town of Lowtr Hungary, capital of Javerin, with acaftle, and a bifliop's fee. It is a ftrong frontier bulwark againft the Turks, and has twa bridges, one over a double ditch, and p.nother that leads toward Alba RegaKs. It is feated at the confluence of the Raab and Rabnitz, not far from the Danube, 55 ipilessE of Vienna. Lon. 17 252, lat.47 48 N. ' Rabasteins, a town of France, in the department of Tarn and late province of Languedoc, with a decayed cattle, feated on the Tarn, 18 miles w by s of Alby. Lon. I 5* E, lat,43ij.6N. Rabat, a feaport of Africa, in Tre- meien, with a calUc. It aus hne mofqu«s RAD and handftm; palaces, and Is feated at the mouth of the Burjgrig, between Fer and Tangier. Lcn. 5 28 \v, lat. 34.40 N. Rachore, or Adoni-Rachore, a city of (lie penlnAila of Iliui! jolian, ca- pital of a diltriifl of the fame nar::c, fub- ;c't to tile r.iznni <,f the Dcccan. It is leafed cu the s bank of the Killnn, r.ear its cojifmence with the Tungebadra, 31 j miles N by e of S^riiigaj)ataiu. Loii.7i I5E, l-.lt. I'. 30 N. R a c k 1: r e n u R c , a rtrong town of Ger- many, in Stiiia, with a callL-on a moun- tain. It is iVated on an iiland, fonuttf by thj' jMuehr, 7.2 miks SE of Cfrat?, and 100 :; of Vicnn:i. Lon. .15 f8 e, lat.4(^» 54 N. R AC LI A, a fmall uninhabited iiland of tlfP Arclilptlago, near that of Nio. KACONf, a populous town of Pied- mont, feated in a p'.eal'ant plain, on thf rivers Grana and NIacra. It belongs t« the prince of Carlgnano, who has a caftle h.!V. It is fix miles from Caiignano. Lon.7 46E, lat.44 39N. Radicofani, a town of Tufcanv^ feated on a mountain, and defended by'» citadel on an adjacent hill, 56 miles Sfi of Sienna. Lon. 11 401:, lat.42 4a N."* RADMAS'DOiiF, a town of Germany, in Carniola, near the fource of the river Save, 16 miles w of Crainhurg. Radnor, New, a borough in Rad- norfhirc, with a market en Thurfday. It was formerly the county-town; but the ain^es are now held at Prefteii n. If is feated ne:n- the fource of the Soi lerwil, in a pleafant valley at the foot of a hill, where a caltle formerly flood. It fendst one n.embcr to parliament, ?ind. is a4" miles NW of Hereford, and" 156 WNvv of London. Lon. 2 45 w, lat. 52 10 N. Radnor^shire, a county of S Wales, 30 miles lon* and 25 broad; bounded oil the e by Shrbpfhire and Herefordfliire, on the NW by Cardig;in(hlre, on the s r.nd sw by Brecknockfhire, and on tKt; n by Montgomeryfhire. " Its principal rlv«r%, are the Wye ancT the Tend, the foirner dividing 11 from fefecknockfhire, "and ^he' latter from Shroplhire. It contains 51 parifhes, four market towns, and .lends two members to parliament. The E and s parts are tokrably level, and produftive of corn. The otht?r parts are rude an4 mounrainous ; devoted chiefly to the rear-. ing of cattle and fheep. Prefteign is the county-town. Radom, a town of Little. Poland, in the palatinate of Sandomir, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feateti on a brook that falls into the Viltula, 39 li 3 1 if ll Kf mW^ jIHr,. ■ ■ m ■Mi R A K RAM •w miles N of Sandomir, and 50 s of War* Uw. Lon.ii I Ei lat. 51 15 N. Ragivolo, a town of Italy) in (he Mantuan, fcatsd between Mantua and Reggio, 41 miles from eacli. Ragusa, an ancient town of Sicily, in the Val-di-Noto, near the river Maulo. la miles N of Modica. Lon. 14 59 £» lat. 370N. Ragusa, a city of Dalmatia, capital of the Ragul'en, and an archbifhop's Ite. It is two miles in circumttrcnce, and ftrcng by fituation, having an inacceflTible Qiountain on the land nde, and a ftrong fort on the gulf of Venice. It is a re- public, and has a doge Hke that of Venice, but he continues a month only in bis oflice. It carries on a confuierahle trade with the Turks, and is 60 miles NW of Scutari. Lon. 18 10 £, lat. 42 410 N. RAOUSEN.orRAGUsiAN Dalmatia, a territory of Dalmatia, lying along the coaft of tiie gulf of Venice, about 55 miles in length, and 20 iii breadth. It is a republic, under the prote^ion of the Turks and Venetians, to each of whom it pays an annual tribute. Kagula is the capital. JRajapour, a town of Hindooftan, on the coalt of Malabar, feated on a river of the fame name, 50 miles N of Goa. Lon. 73 50 E, lat. 17 19 N. RajeMal, a town of Hindooftan Pro- ]^er, in Bengal j formerly a place of great trade, but now in a ruinous ftate. It is feated on the w bank of the Ganges, 190 miles N by w of Calcutta. Rain, a town of Upper Bavaria, feated on the Acha, near the Lech, five miles £ of Donawert. J.on. 11 12 £, lat. 48 50 N. Rain, a town of Germany, in Stiria, capital of a county of the fiune name, with a callle. It is -feated on the Sa\ e, ^8 miles s of Gratz. Lon. 15 32 £, ht. 46 SON.. Rain Lake, or Long Lake, a la.k.e 4)f N Aftierica, lying t^ the £ of the Lake of the Woods, with which it communi- cates by a river, and to the w of Lake Superior. It is nearly 100 mjles long, • l^ut in no pait more tha^ 20 wide, Rakka, a town of Turk?:y in Afia, Sn Diarbeck, feated on the Euphrates; It has a caftle, going to decay, and is an indifferent place, but old Rakka, whofe ruins are near it, was a ma^jnificent city. Jt is 100 mile':, sw of Diarbeka* . Lon. 38 55 E, lat. 36 I Ni Kakqnipic; a town of Bohemia, capi- tal of a circle of the fame name. It is feated on a river, which falls into the Miza, 30 miles w of Prague. Lon. 14 5£, lat. 5» 4M. Rama, an ancient town of Paleftine, now called Ramula by the Turks. The ftreets are narrov/, and the houfes con- temptible ; but there are many fine ruins of Chriftian churches and other buildings, which fliow what it has been formeily. It is 20 miles w by N of Jerufalem. Lon. 34 55 E, lat. 3a o N. Ram AD a, a feaport of S America, in New Granada, 100 miles E vf St. Mar- tha. Lon. 72 20 w, lat. II ion. Ramanancor, an itland of Afia, lying toward Cape Comorin. It is »j miles in circumference j is very fandy, and has only a few villages and a temple. Lon. 79 45 E, lat. 9 25 N. Rambert-le-Joug, St. a town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of BreUe. It is feated n< : 1 a brunch of Mont Jura, called Le Jong, 18 miles NW of Belley. Lon. 5 30 E, lat. 45 53 N. Rambervilliers, a town of France, in the department of the Vofges and late province of Lorrain, 30 miles se of Nanci. Lon. 6 44 E, lat. 48 21 n. Rambouillet, a town of France, in the department of Seine anH Oife and late province of the Ifle of France. Her.' was a palace, in which Trancis i dicJ,. a 1547, and |:he late T^^wis xvi made it a niagnificejit royal refidence j but it was dcmolifhed in 1793, by order of the Na- tional Convention. It is 27 miles 5W of Paris. Ramehead, a promontory of Corn- wall, svv of Plymouth, at the entrance oi Plymouth Sound. On its funimit is a chapel (a feamark) belonging to the vil- lage of Rame. Lon. 4 20 w, lat, 50 18 N. RAMERAj^a town of Frarvce, in the de- partment of Aube and late province of Champagne, feated on the Aube, 18 miles NE of Troyes. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 48 32 N. Ramm-lies, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant, reiparkabie for the great viftcry ob- tained by the duke of Marlborough, over the French, on Whitfunday 1706,. It is 10 miles N of Namur, and H. ^' °^ BrufTcls. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 50 39,n. • Rammekens, a feaport of the ifle of Walcheren, in the Dutch province of Zealand. It was one oi the towns put into the hands of the Englifh, as a fecu- rity for a loan in the r^ign. of queen RAN RAP EHlabeth. It is four mile* 8 of Middle burg. Lon. 340E, lat.51 19 N. Kammelsberc, a \ofty, fteep. and extcnfive mountain of Germany, m that part of the Hartz Foreft which lies within the principality of Grubenhagt-n. On this m'^imtain are xx filver ntmcs; and at the foot cf it is icatcd the city of Gortar. Rampano, % town of Turkey in Eu- .roi^e, in the Morca. Lon. 20 17 £> lat. 36 54N. Ramsbury, "* t"wn in Wilrfhirc, noted for it! fine beer, i* is 46 miles e of Briftol, and 69 w of Lcndon. Ramsey, a town in Hun.'ingdonfhire, with a market on Saturday, i^ is ferred in the fens, neai' the meres of Ramfiy and Whitlefey ; and had formerly a rich and celebrated abbey. It is 12 miles ne of Huntingdon, and 69 N of London. Lon.o 19W, lat. 52 26 n. Ramsey, an hfland on the coait of Pembrokefhire, two miles long and one and a half broatl. Near it is a group of dangerous rocks, frequented in the breed- ing feafon by vaft multitudes of feafowl, and known by the name of the Bifhop and his Clei'ks. This idand is four miles w of St. David's, and 17 NW of Milford Haven. Lon. 5 to \v, lat. 51 55 N. RAMSGATE,*a feaport in Kent, in the Irtc of Thanet, where two very fine ftone piers have been built, for the fecurity of fliips, the harbour being near the Downs, between the N and S Forelands. Thefe piers h? e coft immenfe fums ; and al- though the harboiu" which they foi-m is ftill an indifferent one, on account of the accumulation of mud, it has been un- qiieftionably the means of laving i great number of ftips, that have been driven in bere by ftrefs of weather, when they could make nt) other port. Ra'mfgate has Ibme tiade to the Baltic, and is frequented as a bathing-place. It is four iniles s of Margate, x o E N E of Canterbury, and '7 3 £S£ of London. Lon. i 30 £, lat. ^i 22N. Rana-i, one of the Sandwich lilands, in the N Pacific Ocean, lying sw of the paffage between Mowee and Morotoii about three leagues from each. The s part is high and craggy; but the other parts have a better af^ft, and are well inhabited. It produces very fe'w plan- tains and bread-fruit trees, but abounds in yams, fweet potatoes,' and tara. RANDERsdN,orRANDERS, an ancient town of Denmark, in N Jutland, feated near the nnouth of the Gude, 25 miles t of Wiburg, L lat. 56 20 N, Ranonitz, a town of Eaftcrn Pruf- fia, on the river Nicmen, 55 mil-« e of Koniagiberg. Lor^. tx 40 E, lat. 55 6 n. Rannoch, Loch, a lake in the n part of Pcrthlhire, i x miles in length. It receives the waters of Loch Ertcht, from the N, and communicates with Lech Tumei on the B, and Loch Lidoch on the w. On its s lide is an ancient foreft of birch and pine. R ANTA M PO UR, a fortrefs of Hinclooftan Proper, in the E quarter of Agimere". It is very celebrated in the Indian hilto- ries, and is tzo miles from Agra. Rantzow, a tbwn of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of rioiitein, 24 mllcji N of Lubec. Lon. 10 41 e, lat. 54 16 n. Raolconda, atown of the Deccan of Hindoo(tan, in Gblconda, ne^ which is a rich diamond-mine. It is 270 miles sw of Hydrabad. Lon. 76 40 E, lat. 14. 30 N. Raon, l'Etape, a town of France, in the department of Meurthe and late province of Loirain, feated at the fdot of the Vofees, at the confluence of the Etape and Marte, 30 miles SE of Nanci. Lon. 6 47 E, lat. 48 z6 N. RaPaxlo, a town of Italy, in the ter- ritory of Genoa, feated on a gulf of the fame name, 20. miles e of Genoa. Lon. 9 II E, lat. 44 26 N. RaPperschwyl, a republic of Swif- ferland, on the confines of the canton of Zuric. It is under the prote6lion of the cantons of Zuric, Bern, and Glarue, and is governed by a great and little council, confifting of 4S members. Its territory is fix miles long and thiee broad» and contains three parifhes. Rapperschwyl, a town of Swifler- land, capital of a republic of the fame name. It is Itrong by fituatioh, being feated on a neck of land which advances into the lake of Zurir, over which is a wooden bridge, 1850 feet long. The inhabitants, 5000 in number, are all ca- tholics. The harbour, an excellent one* is within the circuit of the walls. Rap- perfchwyl is iz miles SE of Zuric, and 6z ne of Bern. Lon. 8 42 £, lat. 47 ION. Rapolfstein, or Ribau-Pierf'^, a town of France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late province of Alface» eight miles N of Colmer. Lon. 7 10 z, lat.48 13 N. Rapollo« a tovtm of Naples, in Ba- filicatay with a biftiop's fee, 56 miles w of Barl, and 70 E' of Naples. Lon. 15 51 e, lat. 40 56 N. RaffahannoC, a river of Virg nia, Ii4- i t 'if'- J. .1 . i:\ ?:M H 't m.^ , ( ..*;■ ' i ■ i. :i ; I-.- I m-.i flifv n^ ^ I- m R AT R A V whicli.rifes in the mountains, called tlie Blue Rid;je, an.l running ese falU into the Chelapeak, in lat. 35 30 n. . ., RARitAN, arlver of Ntw Jerfty, which pairing bv BrunTwick and Ambojr, enters ■^♦rthUj- lituil Sound, and helps to, ioim the 'fine harbour of Arahcy. '■. Kascxa. SccRatzia. ;^ ' KASEBipRC. 'a fcaport of Sweden, ca- pltil di' a canton in Kyland. It is ieated on the gulf of Finland, similes se of Abo. £on.23 18 £, lat. 6p j6n. Rasen, or Market Rasin,> town in Lincolnllure, with a market en Tuef- day. it is f*atcd oa a branch of the Ahkam, 14 miles ne of I^incoln, and '150 f} of London. Xon.o 10 w, lat. ,53 . Rasocalmo,, a cape oi[^ the n coaftof Sicily, near a town ot the fame nunc, w of Cape Faro, and N of Mcinnii. '^ ' Rastadt, a liQivn of Germany, in th« arclibifliopi ic of Saltzburg, ieated on ihc Eris, 48 miles i> by s of Saltzburg. Lon. .J4-" lOE, Jgit. 47.31 N. ,, ■ ^AStaPT, a town of Suabia, in the mftrdjuifate of ^^^deh, wjth a caftie. In if 14-, a' treaty 'was concluded here be- tween the Fren&h and' Atiltridns 5 and the former defeated the latter, near this place, in Jiily 1796. It is feated on the Meig, near the Rhine, four miles Nof Badtn, and 24 sw of Philipfljurg. Lon. '8 14 e, fe.t.43 54 N. ' Ratenau, a town ofGermany, in the middle niarche of Brandenburg, ledted'on the Havel,' 1 5 niiles Nw of Bivindenburg. Loh. 1 3 49 e, hit. 53 4*) N. Ratu t^BURG, a town of Germany, in the Tirol, with a caftle, feated on the r'lver Inn, 15 niiles S by w of JCufftein. ton. 12 5.£, la*-.47 30N. RATi:\ilNES, a rei-narka.b1e pluce irj Ir-iland, licar two miles froni* Dublin, where the' duke of Onnond was defeated by the pa ilia men t forces in 1S49. Ratibor, a town of Si!cfi:i, capital of a duchy of the faiue name, widi a.ciftlc. It has 'be^;i t\.'ice' taken by the Swedts ; and is.lei'ted on tht Oder, in a country fertile in corn and fruits, 15 miles NEof Troppawj and 142 e of Prague"*. I.on. 17 54 e, lat. 50 II N. [ RatiSboi^, an. ancient and Hrong city of Bavaria, leaded on the Danub**, ovtr lu-hich is a bridge of 15 arches. It is free and imperial, and an epifcopal fee, whofe.bifhop is a prince of 'the empire. It is full of gentry, and there are very handlbmfe ftru£lures, particularly fix mo- infteries. Thetown-houfe is magnifi- cent, and in its hall, the g'.ncral diets of the empire meet. The inhabitants, in general, are proteftants, as. all the magii'. tiates mult be* It is 55 miles se of Nvi- rembur^, 6a|N by E of Munich, and 195 w by N of Viennji. Lon. iz 5 E, lat 48 58, V. Ratolfzel, a ftrong town of Suabia, op that part of the lake of Conftance called Bcv'tn Get;. It belongs to the hou;e of Auftria, and isj 12 miles w of the city ot Conftance. ,, . v Rattan. Scj Ruattan. Ratzekurg, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in thtduchy of Saxe-Lawtnbuig, with a bifliop's lt:e, and a calile. It is feated on an ifland, in the inidllof a lake 30 miles in circumference. The town belongs partly to the duchy of Meckkn- burg Strelitz, and partly to that of Saxe- !Lawcnbuig. The buildings are of b»lck, and almolt every houfe is ihaded with a tree. From the l;ike of Ratzeburg iflues the river V/aiinitz, which joins the Tiave near Lubec, and thus facilitates the :oui- munication by water between Lubec and thefe parts. Ratzeburg is noted for its ex- cellent beer, and is iimik,, se of Lubtc, and IX N of Lawenburg. Lon. 10 49 e, lat. 53 43 N. Katzia, or Rascia, the ealtern di- vifion ot Sclavonia, fubjeft to the houfe of, Au(b;ia. tt takes iis n-ime Irom the river Ral'ca, which falls into the Moiavej and its inhabitants are called Raicians. Rava, a town of Great Poland, capital of a palatinate of the lame nair.e, with a fortiheu caltle, where ftate p/ilbners are kept. The town is built of wood, and feated in a niorai's covered with water that proceeds from the river Rava, by which it is liirrounded. It is 55 milts sw of Warfaw. Lon. 19 55 e, lat. 51 ^i N. Ravello, a fea ort of Naples, in Prinqipato Citeriore, and a bifliop's lee. It, has ,n]agfiifitent palaces and fine hoiiic\s, and is lo miles vv of Salerno, and 25 SE of Naples. Lon. 1441 e, lat. 40 3frN. ' Ravengeass, a feapoit in Cumber- land, with a market on Saturday. It is ft-ated on an inlet of the Irifh Sea, be- twetn t!ie Mite and E/k, which, with the Irt fall into this inlet, and form a good harbour. It is 24 miles s of Cock- enncuth, and 284 NNW of London. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 54 20 N. Rave.nna, an ancient city of Italy, capital of Romagna, and an archbi (hop's fee, with feveral colleges, a great number of religious houfes, and a ruinous citadel. It kid a very Aouriilung trade, but has R E A greatly fuffered fr vC the fea has with- drawn two miles troin it. It ijt now chiefly noted tor the excellent wine pro- duced in its neighbouihood. Theodoric king pi;' the Goths relidcd here, and after- ward the exarchs of the Greek emperors. In the lixth century, when there were three popes at the fame time, one lived at Ravenna. The maulbkum of Thtudoi ic is Itill to be feen, and is remarkable for being covered by a fingle Itone, 28 feet in diameter, and 15 tuick. Ravenna is feated near the rivex Mantone, -57 miles SE of Fenara, and 162 N of Rome. Lon. 12 5 E, bt.44 25 N. Ravensberg, a county of Weftpha- 11a, lying s of tlie biflioprics of Minden and Oinaburgh. It is i'o called from a caftle of the lame name, and is fuhjeft to the kingof Pndiia. Hereford is the capital. Ravensburc, a free imperial town of Suabia. The public itruitur^s are hindlbme, and the inhabitants are partly proteilants :lnd partly papiils. it is leated on the Cheufs, 15 miles N by w of Lindau. Lon.g+oE, lat.47 59N. Ravensthin, a town of Dutch Bra- bant, capital of a county of the fame name, with an ancient and Itrong calU?. It belongs to the elector palatinate, but has a Dutch garrifon. It is feated on tiie Macfe, 10 miles s\v of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 35 e, lat. 51 46 N. R A u V E e , a river of Hindooftan Proper, one of the five E branches of the Indus, into which river it falls, about 20 miles \v of Mjultan, after having received the united waters of the Chelum and Chu- iiaiib. The Rauvee is the HydraoLes of Alexander. Rayleigh, a town in EHex, with a nVirket on Saturday, 13 irrlcs se of Chelmsford, and 34 E of London. Lon. 40 E, lat. 51 37 N. Reading, a borough in BcrkAiire, with. a market on S::turday. It is lt;ated 01^ 'le Kennet, near its confluence with ti.^ Thames, and is the capital of the county, with three churches. It has the ruins 0+' a rich abbey, built by Henry i, wliu wLiS interred here in 11335 anil, in 1787, in digging ihe foundation for a houle of correilion, the remains of that pi i nee were found in a vault, in a leaden tofhn. Reading is governed by a mayor, und lends two members to parliament. Its chief trade is in malt, and in the con- veyance of commodities to and from Lon (lon, by means of the Thames. It is 26 miles bSE of Oxford, and 39 w of Lon- don. Lon. o 52 w, lat. 51 2SM. Reabing, the capital of the ccuuty of RED Berks, in Penfyl/ania, feated on the tJchuykill, 46 miles NW of Philadelpia. Lon. 75 54 w, lat. 40 22 N. Realmont, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne and late province of Languedoc, 31 miles ne of Touloufe. Lon. 2 oE, lat. 43 50 N. Rebel, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, leated on the lake Muritz, 30 miles S£ of Gultrow< Lcn. 12 36 E, lat. 53 32 N. Re B NICK, a populous town of Turkey In Europe, in Walachia, with a bifliop'» lee, leated on the Aluta, 45 miles sw of Targowifco. Reccan. See Aracan. Reckanati, a town of Italy, in the marquilate of Ancona, with a bifliop'g fee. It is a trading place, and lias a great fair in September, which continues 1 5 days. The tomb of pone Gregory vii is in the cathedral. It is leated on a mountain, near the river Munlbne, 14 miles s of Ancona, and 110 NE of Rome. Lon. 1 3 34H, lat. 43 24N. Recklinghausen, a town of Ger- many, in the archbiftionric of Cologne, capital of a county of the* lame name, with a itrong citadel, and a chapter of noble ladies. It is feated on the Lippc, 20 miles w of Ham. Lon. 8 ^/^ e, lat. 51 27 n. Reculver, a village in Kent, the Regulbium of the Romans. It is leated clofe by the feafide, near the mouth of the Thames; artd is noted for its church, which was anciently collegiate, and has two fpires, which lerve for a feamark, and are called by mariners, the Two Silters. It is 12 miles \V of Margate. Redburn, a village in Herts, which once belonged to the mnnaltery of St. Albania, and was greatly famed for the pretended relics of Amphibalus, who con- verted St. Alban to Chriltianity. It is five miles NW of St. Alban's. Redhead, a promontory in Anguf- fliire, on the Germu ^.>;cean, lying s of Montrofe. Here are the ruins of a caille, almoit furronnded by the iea. Till tlie year 1793, tiiis cape was the point br- yond which coal was not permitted to pals without paying a heavy duty, which was taken ofl^" by a commutation duty on spirits. Redon, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ifle and Vilaine and late pro- vince of Bretagne. It lierves as a mart for the commerce of Reancs, and is feated on the Vilaine, ?o miles E of Vannes, and 225 e by s of Paris. Lon. % low, lat. 37 48 N. Redonda, a town of Portugal, inBei- ;ii„iii «ii?l m:} «t m iiii' REG REM ra, with a eaftle. It has a manufafture of cloth, and is leated at the mouth of the Mondego, 17 miles sw of Coimbra. Lon. 8 34 w, ]at.4o 4N. Kedondella> a commercial town of Spain, in Gaiicia, with a caitle. It was pillaged by the Eugliib in 1 702.. There IS a fi(hery for anchovies on the coalt. It Is feated at the bottom of a bay of the Atlantic^ eight miles s of Ponte Vedia. JLon. 8 15W, lat.4z iSn. Red Rus&ia. See Russia, Red. Redruth, a town in Cornwall, whofe market is difuied* It is iz miles nne of Helftone, and %6z w by « of London. Lon. 5 1 3 w, lat. 50 X 3 N. Red Sea, a lea celebrated in holy writ. It extends x 300 miles from N to s, divi- 4ling Africa from Arabia, and is aoo broad, in the wideft part. It is feparated from the Mediterranean Sea on the N, by the ifthmus of Suei, and communi- cates, by tht (traits of Babelmandel, on the s with the Arabian Sea and the In- dian Ocean. Rees, a ftrong town of Germany, in the duchy of Cleves, feated on the Rhine, 10 miles SE of Cleves, and 10 Nw of Wefel. Lon. 6 4E, lat. 51 40 N^ Regensberg, a town of Swiflerland, in the canton of Zuric, capital ©f a bailiwic of the fame name, with a ftrong cattle. It is ieated on a rock, called the Lagerberg, 10 miles Nwof Zuric- Regcio, an ancient and populous town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, with an archbifliop's fee, and a woollen manufafture. It is feated on the ftrait of Meflina, la miles se of Medina, and 190 s by e of Naples. Lon. 16 oe, lat. 38 4N. Reggio, a duchy of Italy, included in that of Modena. It produces a great deal of fiik, and belongs to the duke of Modena, except the m;irq«i)ate of Jit, Martin, wliich is lubiett to a prince of that name. Reggio, an ancient city of Italy, in a duchy of the lame name, with a cjtadeJ, and a bifhop s fee. It has been ruined feveral times by the Goths, and other nations. In the cathedral are paintings by the greatell raaHers ; and in the fquare is the ftatue of Brennus, chief of the Gauls. The inhabitants are about 21,000, who carry on a great trade in filk. It was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and by the king of Sardinia in 1742- It is ff3ted in a fertile country, 15 miles NW of Modena, and 80 se of Milan. Lon. 11 5 E, lat. 44- 43 N. Regina, a town of Naples, in Cala- bria Citeriore, 14 miles N of Cofenita. Lon. 16 21 e, lat. 39 34N. Regnano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, feated near the Tiber, 17 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 36 E, lat. 4a II N. Reichenau, an ifiand of Suabia, in the Zeller Zee, or lower lake of Conftance. It is three miles long and one broad ; contains about 1600 inhabitants, all •catholics ; three parifties, and a rich ab- bey, of which the bilhop of Conftance is abbot. In tiiis convent was interred Charles le Gros, who was emperor, and king of France, but was depoied in 887, and died in extreme want and mifery. This ifland is three miles w of Conftance, and belongs to the bifhop of that place. Reichenau, a town of Swiflerland, in the country of the Grifons . It is feated in a rich and fertile valley, at -the conflux of the two branches that fonn the Rhine. Here are two curious bridges. One of theie is thrown acrofs the lower branch of the Rhine, and is 105 feet in length. The othei*, btiilt acrofs the Rhine, below the point of union, is a wooden one, of a fingle arch, covered like that of Schaff- haufen, atid conftriifted upon nearly the fame plan: the I'pan of the arch is 220 feet in length. Reichtnau is feven miles sw of Coire. Reichknrach, a river of Swiflerland, which has its fource at the foot of Mount Wetterhorn, and rolls its numerous cata- racts down the fteep fiiks of Mount Shei- dec, till It unites with the Aar, near Meyringen. It conveys into the Aar the gold duft that is found in tlie bed of that river. Reich ENB AC H, a town of Silelia, capital of a circle of the fame name. It is fimted on the little river Peil, and noted for the peace concluded, in 1790, between the emperor Leopold ii and the Turks. Rejchenberg, a c: lat. 48 3 N. Remy, St. a town of France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence. A trium- phal arch, and a maufoleum, in the neigh- bourhood, dilplav the tafte of the Auguf- tanage: the firit is not intirej but the fecond is in the beft ftate of prefervation. St. Remy is 10 miles ne of Arks. Rendsburg, a town of Lower Sax- ony, in the duchy of Holftein, with a caille. It is feated in an i/land fonned by the river Eyder, 1 a miles se of Slef- wjck. Lon. 106 £, iat. 54 30 N. Renfrew, the county town of Ren- frewftiire. Robert n had a palace here, of which nothing remains but the ditch that encircled . it. It is feated on the Clyde, neai- the mouth of the Cart, 10 miles E by s of Port Glafgow, and 45 \V oi" Edinburgh. Lon. 4 36 w, lat. 55 51 N. Renfrewshire, a coimty of Scot- land, bounded on the w and N by the frith of Clyde, on the E by Lanerkfliire, and on the sw by Ayrlhire. This county was the paternal inheritance of the Stuarts bi;fore they afcended the throne, and it itill gives the title of baron to the prince of Wales. Rennes, an ancient city of France, in the department of Ille and Vilaine and late province of Bretagne. The inha- bitants arc computed at 35,000. Its Ibeets are now broad and llraight; but they were veiy nan'ow before tlie fire in 1 7 JO, which iafted fevcn days, and con- fumed 850 houfes. In the great fquarc, is the Palace of Juftice, and the Hotel de Ville. Rennes is an archbifliopric, and the capital of the department. It is feated en the Vilaine, which divides it into two parts, 58 miles N by w of Nantes, and 4.2 se of St. Malo. Lon. i 36 w, lat. 4.3 7 N. Renti, i. town of France, in the de- partment of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois. It is feated on the river Aa, la miles sw of Aire, and 50 Nw of Arras. Lon. x zo e, lat. 50 36 N. Reole» a town of France, in the de- partment of Gironde and late province of Guienne, feated on the Garonne, zo miles S£ of Rourdeaux. Lon. o 4 w, lat. 44 30 N. Repaille, a town of Savoy, in Cha- Uais, feated oa a river which fail« iuto the REV lake of Geneva, and famous for the «• treat of Amadeus, duke of Savoy, in 1440, where he went to enjoy the plea» lures of a country life. Here is a Car» thufian monaltery, remarkable for its ex* tenfive profpeds. It is three miles from Thonon, and 20 ne of Geneva. Lon. 6 ■ 21 E, lat. 46 26 N. Repeham, a town in Norfolk, with a market on Saturday. It has two churches in one churchyard, and is feated in a valley, 15 miles nw of Norwicli, and 109 NE of London. Lon. i 7 e, lat. 57. so N. RfiquENA, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, with a caftle. It was taken by the Englifh in 1706, and retaken by the French the next year. It is feated on the Oliana, 40 miles w of Valencia, and 130 E by s of Madrid. Lon. o 40 w» Icit. 39 24 N. - Resht, a town of Perfia, capital of Ghilan, feated on the sw coait of the Cafpian Sea, no miles N of Calbhi. Lon. 52 16 E, lat. 37 18 N. Resolution Island, a imall Hland in the Pacific Ocean, fo called from the ftiip Refolution, in which captain Cook made his fecond voyage to that ocean. Lon. 141 45 w, lat. 17 23 s. Retford, East, a borough in Not- tinghamlhire, with a market on Saturday, It fends two members to parliament, and is leated on the Idle, 30 miles n of Not- tingham, and 144 N by w of London. Lon. o 48 w, lat. 53 22 N. Re thel, an ancient town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and late province of Champagne, feated on a mountain, near the river Ailhe, 20 miles ne of Rheims, and loS ne of Paris. Lon. 4 26 F., lat. 49 30 N. Retimo, a ieaport of Candia, with a bi/hop's fee, and a citadel, where the balhaw refides. It was taken in 1647, by the Turks, who have kept it ever lince. The filk, woolj honey, wax, lau- danum, and oil, are preferred to all others. It is feated on the N coalfc of the ifland, 45 miles from Candia. Lon. 24 45 e, lat. 35 22 N. Revel, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne and late pro- vince of Languedoc, nine miles n or St. Papoul. Lon. 2 10 E, lat. 43 26 n. Revel, a government of Ruflia. See Esthonia. Revel, a ftrong feaport of PuflTia, ca- pital of the government of Efthonia, with a bifliop's fee. It is furrounded by high walls and deep ditches, and defended by a caitle and good baftions. The houftt iili'lp '1! 1!:! II II •'i lii 1^ '■'ii'ii fllfs I 4. .r '!%] ■: } :! i. t 5 M ^m 1 W' Si 1^^; R H E R H E ■r* well hxnUi atul have very fine paidcns. There is a collcc^e, with four proMfors; «nd, in irz'^t two churches were allowed to thu proteltants. It is become a pl;!ce of gieat trade, finre the Rufllans obtjlred pofieJiion cf it} mauy coniider- able cities aiid towns, itid recrive;; ibine lirgc rivers, ii\ its courle to; the United iVoviaces. Belo'.v F.mmfTlck, in the djuliy pf C'lfves, it divides into two Ureams. That which bends to the vv, md liuws ky Nim«;guen, i$ vali^d :;*« R H I Wahal, but lofes that n.imc on it« junction with the Maeie, at iirorarael. Below Worcmn, it divides into tour principal branches, forming the iilcs of Yllelmonde, "Voorn, and OverWackee: the liioll northern branch is called the Merwe, and palling by Rotterdam and iicbicdam, is joined by the brai d\ from the s fide of Ylfelmonde, and enters the German Ocean, below the Briel: the other two branches make their exit at He.voetlluys and Goree. The other Itream which had branched off to the N w below Emmerick, retains its name ; but another loon branches off to the N, takes the name of Yilel, and enters the Zuider See, below Campen. The old river proceeds w by Rhenen to Wyck-by-Duerltede, when it again di- vides into two ftreams : that to the left Is called the Lcck, and enters the Merwc above Rotterdam. The branch to the right, which retains its name, but is now an inconllderable ftream, palUs on to Utrecht, Wo.rden, and Leyden, and is literally choked up by mountains of land, near the village of Catvvyck. Rhine, Lower, a circle of the em- pire of Germany, which extends irom lire circle cf buabia, on the s, to that of Wettphalia, on the N. It contains the ele6turates of Ment/, Treves, and Co- logne, and the palatinate of the Rhine. Rhine, Lower, a department of France, containing the late province of Lower Aliace. Stralburg is the capital. Rhine, Upper, a department of Fiance, containing the late province of- Upper Alface. Culmar is the capital. - .•• ?.HINK, Upper, a circle of the em- pire of Germany, which includes the ter- ritories of HelTe-Cr-dlei, Heire-Darmftadt, HeiTe-Rheinfeld, rmd Heife-Hoinburgi ttie counties of tNallati, Solm's, Hanau, Spanheim, Wied, Wo'terburg, and Wal- dcck, with the abbies of Fiiide and- I-lirfchfeld, the imperial towns of Franc*- foit, Fridbsrg, and Wetriar ; the biihoprics of Spire and Wcrms, and the' duchy of Deux "fronts. 1 Rhine, PaIvATINate of th:;, zn- electorate ot GvTmany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine; bounded on the w by the archbiQioprics of Mentz and Trieves,T on the E by Franconla and Suabia, -.md ' on the w and s by France. It is 100 • miles in length," and 70 in brea.irh, arjd the principal rlvtrs arc the Rliine and Nec.Kar. It has furfered more by the wars with France, than all the provinces of. GeriJiafiv put together; for, in the lalt' centuiy, lewis XIV triered tt)c -vholc' wuunrry to be. laid waits by fire &n4> it ii II, ' iir pi il r .r ^fSi 1 1 \ V u f (1 V R H O R I C it'-'} m P m m fword. Heidelberg is the principal townj but Manheim is the ele£lorate refidence. This deflorate is alio called the Lower Palatinate, to diftinguiih it from the I/pper Palatinate of Bavaria. Rhode Island, one of the United States of America, bounded on the N and E by Maflachuiets, on the s by the Atlantic, and on the w by Connefticut. Thefe limits comprehend what has been called Rhode Illand and Providence Plan- tations. It contains five counties, and 29 townlhips. It is as healthful as any part of N America, and is principally a coun- try for pafture. Providence and Newport are the chief towns. Rhode Island, an ifland of N Ame- rica, in a ftate of the lame name. It is 13 miles long and four broad, and di- vided into three townfliips. This illand is a noted refort of invalids from the Ibutheru climates, being exceedingly plea- fant and healthful, and is called with propriety the Eden of America. Rhodes, an iAand of the Mediter- ranean, on the s fide of Natolia, 40 miles long and 1 5 broad. The air is good, and the Ibil pretty fertile, but badly culti- vated. The principal town, of the fame name, is an archbilhop's it:e, and has a good harbour, with a narrow entrance betv/een two rocks, on which are two towers to defend the pafiage. Here, in all probability, Itood the tamous Coloffus, a itatue of bronze, 70 cubits high, reckoned one of the leven wonders of tlie \world : it was thrown down by an earth- quake; and when the Saracens became mafters of this ifland in 665, they knocked it to pieces, with which they loaded 900 camels. The knights of Jcrui'alem to'ok Rhodes from the Sanicens in 1309, and kept it till it was taken from them by the Turks, in 1513. It is looked upon as set impregnable fortrefs, being furrounded by triple walls and double ditches. It is inhabited by Turks and Jews j for the Chriltians are obliged to live in the luburbs, they not being fuffered to be vrithin the walls in the nighttime. Lon. 18 25 £, lat. 36 24. N. Rhone, a large river of Europe, which rifes in. SwifTerland ; ilPung from the gla- cier of Furca,' between the two rocky mountains called theGletcherbergand the Satzberg. Croffing the Vallais, it runs througii the lake and city of Gereva', and feparating France from Savoy, it flows to Lyons, Viehne, Tournon, Valence, Vi- viers, Pont St. Efprit, Avignon, Beau- caire, Tarafcon, and Ai'les, and falls tate the Mediterranean} by fevcral mouths. Rhone, Mouths of the, a depart- ment of France, containing part of the late province of Provence. Aix is the capital. Rhone and Loire, a department of France, including the late provinces of Forez andLyonois. The capital is Lyons. Rhvaidergowy, a town in Radnor- fhire, with a market on Wednefday. Its name lignifies the Fall of the Wye, that river being here precipitated in a catarafh It is 20 miles WNW of New Radnor and 177 of London. Lon. 3 27 w, lat. 5* 17 N- Rhynds or Rinns of Galloway, the w divilion of Wigtonlhire, almolt cut off fiom the other parts of the county by Loch Ryan and the bay of Luce. Khynev. See Rumney. RiALEXA, a town of New Spain, in Nicaragua, leated on a Imall river, five miles from the Pacific Ocean, where there is a good harbour. The air is unwhole- Ibme, on account of the moraflcs. It is 60 miles w of Leon de Nicaragua. Lon. 89 10 w, lat. 12 25 N. RiBADAViA. See Rivadavia. RiBAS, a town of Spain, in New Caf- tile, on the jriver Xarama, eight miles from Madrid. RiBAU-PiERRE. See Rapolfstein. RiBBLE, arivei", which riles in the w riding of Yorklliire, runs acrofs Lanca. fliire, and falls into the Irilh Sea, below Prelton. RiBEMONT, a town of France, in the department of Aifne and late province of Vermandols, leated on an eminence, near the river Oife, 10 miles w by s of St. Qu^entin. Lon. 3 21 E, lat. 49 48 N. RiBERiA Grande, a town of St. Jngo, the principal of the Cape de Verd lUands, with a good harbour and a biihop's let. It is leated between two higli mountains. Lon. 23 24 w, lat. 15 o N. RiBNirz, a town of Lower Saxony, In the duchy of Mecklenburg, with a nun- nery tor noble women. It is leated on a bay of the Baltic, 12 miles N of Roltock. Lon. 12 55 E, lat. 54 10 N. Richelieu, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, with a fine palace and extenfive park. It was built by. cardinal Richelieu in 1637. The (Ireets are as itraight as a line, and it contains a handfome fquare. It is feated on the Amable and Vide, 27 miles N of Pditiers, and 152 svi^ of Paris. Lon. 20 E, lat. 47 a N. 'Richmond, the capital of the ftate R I £ R I N of Virginia. It has an elegant ftate- houfe* on a hill in the upper part of the town, and is I'eated on the N fide of James Kiver, at the foot of the falls, 60 miles W by N of William(burg. Lon. 77 30 w, lat. 37 »5 N. KiCHMOND, a town of Staten IHand, in the (late of New Yorks and county of Richmond. Its inh'uibitants are chiefly Dutch and Fr<:nch ; and it is nine miles svv of New York. Richmond, a borough in the n riding of Yorkfhire, with a nwrket on Satur- day. It was incloled by a wall, with three gates, now In ruins; and it has a c;iltl«, on an inacceifible mount, and two churches. It fentls two members to par- liament, is governed by a mayor, and has a manufacture of woollen Itockings, eaps, &c. It is; feated on the Swale, over vviiich is. a, bridge, 40 miles N w of York, and 230 NNW of London. Lon. i 35 \v, lat. 54. 28 N. Richmond, a village in Surry, with a bridge of five arches over the 'I'hame&» nine miles wsw ot London* It was anciently called Sheen ; but Henry vn culled it Richmdnd, on account of his having been earl of Richmond in Yor-k- ihire. Here was a palace, in which Edward in, Heniy vn, and queen Eli- I'lbeth expired. Richmond is itill dil- tinguiftied by its beautiful royal gardens, which, in fumraer, are open evf ly bunday $ and in thele is a noble obfervatory. Here h an extenfjve royal park, called Rich- mond, or the New Park. ; iiirrounded by 'i brick wall built by Charles I. RicHMONDSHiRE, a diitrlft in the N riding of Yorkshire, formerly a county of itieU. It abounds in romantic fitu- itlons, and is noted for the neatncis and indultry of its inhabitants, who manufae- tuie knit ftockings and other coarfe goods. Many lead mines are wrought in this diltri^, of which Richmond is tlie chief town. RICKMANDSWORTH, a town in Hert- iordfhire, with a market on Saturday, leated on the Coin, eight miles sw of St. Alban's, and 18 WNW of London. Lon. o 16 w, lat. 51. 42 N. RiETi, an ancient town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, with a biftiop's fee. It is leated on the river Velino, near the lake Rieti, 27 miles s by E of Spoleto, and 37 NB of Rome. Lon. 13 5 £, lat. 4J 23 N. RiEUX, a town of France, in the de- partment of Upper Garonne and late pro- vince of Languedoc. Before the revolu- tion in 1789, it was a bilhop's fee. It is ieatedon the Rife, 25 miles sw of Tou- loufe, and 83 w of Narbonne. Lon. i 17 E, lat. 43 16 N. RiEZ, a town of France, in the depart- ment of the Lower Alps and late province of Provence. Before the revolution of 1789, it was a biihop's fee. It is a po- pulous place, though fmall, but was fior* merly much larger than it is at prefent. It is feated in a plain, abounding with good wine and excelknt fruits, 35 mile* NE of Aix, and jo ne of Toulon. Lon. 1 6 Z2 £, lat. 43 51 N. Riga, a government of Ruflia. See Livonia. Riga, a ftrong and populous town of Rulfia, capital ot the government of Li- vonia. Next to Peteiiburgh, it is the molt commercial place in the Ruf- fian empire. The trade is chiefly carried- on by foreign merchants, who aie refident here, and thofe belongiruf to an Engli/h faftory enjoy the greatelt fliare of the commerce. The principal exports are corn, hemp, flax, iron, timber, mafts, leather, and tallow. Within the fortifi- cations are 9000 inhabitants, and in the i'ubiu'bs 15000, belide agnrrifon of 1000 men. Here is a floating wooden bridge* over the Dwlna, 2600 feet long and 40 broad : in winter, when the ice fets in, it is removed; and in fpring it is re- placed. Riga is five miles from the mouth of the Dwina, and 250 se of Stockholm. Lon. 24 25 E, lat. 56 53 n. Rimini, an ancient and populous town of Italy, in Romagna, with a bifliop'* fee, an old caftle, a ftrong tower, and many remains of antiquity. It is feated ai a fertile plain, at the mouth of th» Marrechia, on the gulf of Venice, 20 miles SE of Ravenna, and 145 n by e of Rome. Lon. 12 39 e, lat. 44 4 n. RiMMEGEN, a town of Weftphalia, ia the duchy of Juliers, feated on the Rhine, and remarkable for feveral Roman an- tiquities. RiNcoPiNC, X town of Denmark, in N Jutland, feated on the w coaft, 50 miles N by w of Ripen. RiNGsTED, an ancient town of Den- mark, in the ifle of Zealand, where the kings of Denmark formerly refided and were buried. It is 30 miles sw of Cor penhagen. Lon. 12 10 e, lat. 55 28 n. RiNGWOoo, a town in Hampfliirey with a market on Wednefday, ancT a con- fiderable manufadure of worlted knit hole. It is feated on the Avon, 30 miles sw of Winchefter, and 91 w by s of London. Lon. I 4x w, lat. 50 49 n. KiNTLEN, a town of Weftphalia i» ill, 'I III!..- li- m ryilb ' '-X !''■'■' ;'■''■ li ■■■ V ^} 'ij'y 'MA £ 5u !- li .:-i.f mn:'M '! I R I P R 1 V f.-fr ^1 |..i the county of Schawenburg, with a unt- verfity. It is lubjtil to the landgrave ot' Hcflc-Caffel, and icated on tlie Wefcr, 15 miles SE of Minilen, and 35 sw of Hanover. Lon. 9 ao e, lat. 52 13 n. Rio-de-la-Hacha, a imall province of Terra Firma, in S Anieilca. It is in the form of a peninfub, betwcfu the gulf of Venezcula on the E, and a bay of the Caribbean Sea on the w. Kio-de-la- Hacha, the capital, is feated at the mouth of a riviT oi the fame came, 100 miles E of St. Martha. Lon. 72 34. \v, lat. zi 30 N. Rio-de-la-Madalkna, a river in Terra Firma, which riles in the moun- tains N of Popayan, and running v, falls into the Caribbean Sea, between Cartha- gena and St. Martha. It is alio called Kio Grande. Vio-de-la-Plata. See Plata. Rio-DE-MiRANDO, a river of Spain,, which rifes in the mountains of Afturias, and feparating that province honi Cialicia, enters the bay of Bil'cay, at Rivadeo. Rio-Grande, a river of Africa, which runs from E to w through Negroland, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, in ii>^ N latitude. Rio-Grande, a river in Brafil, which rifcs near the Atlantic Ocean, and runs w into the Parana, being the principal branch of that river. Rio-Janeiro, a river of S America, which rifes in the w mountains of Bralil, and running E through that country, falls into the Atlantic Ocean, at St. Selialtian. Rio-Janeiro, one of the richelt pro- vinces of Brafil, lying near the tropic of Capricorn, on a river of the lame name. The Pcrtuguele annually export hence gold, fdver, and precious (tones. St. Se- baiiian is the capital. RiOM, an arKient town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome and late province of Auvergne, feated on a hill, in a pleaCant country, eight miles ne of Clermont, and 115 s of Paris. Lon. 3 13 E, lat. 45 54. N. RiONS, a town of Fiance, in the de- partment of Gironde and late province of Guienne, leated en the Garonne, j8 miles SE of Bourdeaux. RiPA Transone, a populous and ftrong town of Italy, in the marquiiate of Ancon^a, with a bilhop's fee. It is five miles w of the gulf of Venice, and eight s of Fermo. Lon. 13 50 E, lat. 4a 59 N. Ripen, a feaport of Denmailc, in N Jutland, capital of a diocefe of the i'ame name, with a biftiops lee, a cattle, two colleges, and a public library. The tomb', of feveral kings of Denmark arc In the cathedral, which is a very handlonie (tru^'Uire. Ihe harbour is at a fniall dif. tance, at the mouth of the river Nipta:i, in a country which fupplies the belt beeves in Denmark. It is 55 miles >:\v of Slefwick, and 60 s by w of Wibui ij. Lon. 9 o E, lat. 55 15 N. RiFLEY, a town in the w riding of Yorkfhire, with a market on Mondav, feated on the Nyd, a3 miles WNW of York, and 221 N by w of London. Lon. 1 30 w, lat. 5+ 4 N. KiPPON, an ancient borough in the w riJiiig of Yorkfliire, with a market on 'I'hurlday. It was once famous for its religious houies, and has now a collegiate church, adorned with three lotty fpires. It is noted for its nianufaolure of hard, wares, particularly fpurs, and the market- place is one of the finelt fquares of the kind in England. It is governed by a mayor, fends two mendiers to parliament, and is feated on the Ure, a8 miles Nw of York, and 218 nnw of London. Lon. I 29 w, lat. 54 1 1 N. Riquier, an ancient town of France, in the department of Somme and late pro- vince of Picardy, feated on the Cardon, five miles ne of Abbeville, and 95 N «f Paris. Lon. i 59 E, lat. 50 lo n. RisBOROUGH, a town in Bukingham- rtiire, with a market on Saturday, 20 miles s of Aylefljury, and 37 WNW of London. Lon. o 4a w, lat. 51 40 N. RxTBERG, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weltphalia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a cattle. It is feated on the Embs, 12 miles nw of Paderborn. Lon. 8 42 E, lat. 51 $z N. RiVA, a ftrong town of Germany, in the bilhopric of Trent. It was taken by the French in 1703, but foon aban- doned. It IS feated at the rrouth of a fmall river, on the lake Garda, 17 milca sw of Trent. Lon. 11 7 W, lat. 46 4 N. RiVADAViA, a town of Spam, in Ga- licia, feated at the confluence of the Minho and Avia, in a territory that pro- duces the beft wine in Spain. It is 15 miles wsw of Orenfe. Lon. 7 55 w, lat. 42 13 N. RiVADEO, a feaport of Spain, in Ga- licia, feated on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio-de-Mlrando, 45 miles nne of Lugo. Lon. 6 47 w, lat. 43 38 n. RiVALLO, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, leated on a mountain, 20 miles from Naples. RiVESALTES, a town of France, in:'-; department of the Eailcrn i"yi;::vi.i :";:". bte pre wine. miles n| Riv< nu.jjnifi| Lon. 7 Riv( 1-onefe, luilifs ti\ +5 H N| ROA,| Caftile, Doriero, | wine, i( of Madrl ROANI town ofl Rhone ai| onois. ROC K O (? late province of Roufillon^ famous for fine wiiie. It is I'eated on the Egl/i eight miles N ot Perpignan. RivoLi, a town of Piedmont, with a ni:.^nificent caftle, nine miles w of Turin. Lon. 7 32 E, lat. 4.5 4 N. RivOLO, a town of Itnly, in the Ve- (•onefe, leated on the lake (Jarda, 20 milrfs Nw of Verona. Lon. 11 1 k, lat. 45 ^4- N. RoA, a ftrong town of Spain, in Old Caftile, with a citadel. It is leated on the Dor.ero, in a countiy fertile in corn and wine, 10 miles sw of Aranda, and 70 n of Madrid. Lon. 3 az w, lat. 41 35 N. Roanne, a populous and commercial town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of Ly- onois. It was a village only at the com- mencement of the prelent centuiy ; and is leated on the Loire, where it begins to l>e navigable for barks. Hcace the mer- chandile of Lyons, Marieillfs, and the Levant, is conveyed down the Loire, and hy the canal of Briare, into the Seine, and thence to Paris. Roanne is 50 miles ne of Clermont, and 210 SE of Paris. Lon. 4 12 E, lat. 46 13 N. Roanoke, an idand on the coaft of N Carolina, in Albemarle County. Lon. 76 o w, iat. 35 50 N. Roanoke, a rapid river of N America, formed by two principal branches ; namely, Staunton River which rifes in Virginia, and Dan River which rifes in N Caro- lina. This river is liibjeft to inunda- tions, and, on account of the falls, is na- vigaisle for fhallops only, about 60 or 70 miles. It enters, by leveral mouths, into the sw end of Alberraarle Sound, RoBBEN Island, fometimes called Penguin Ifland, a bajren fandy ifland, near the Cape of Good Hope. Lon. 18 21 E, lat. 33 50 s. KoBiL, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, leated on the river Muretz. Robin-Hood's-Bay, a bay on the coalt of the N riding of Yorkfliirc, to the tE of Whitby,, about one mile broad. Here is a village of fifliermen, who fup- ply the city of York, and all the adjacent country, with herrings, and all forts of fi(h in their feafon; and they have well-boats, in which are kept large quantities of crabs and lobfters. Loi). o 18 w, lat. 54 25 N. Rocca-d'Anfo, a ftrong town of Italy, in the Breftiano, feated'on tht lake Idro, 25 miles iE of Trent. Loh. 11 40 E, lat. 45 50 N. Rocca-d'Annone, and Rocca- d'Abbazze, two forts of Italy, in Montfwat, each o' wh'clf Is /Vated on X m.ouMfe.n, in the road from Aft i to Afex-' iindria< - ' " * Rochdale, a town 'In Ldhca/Mre'^ with a market on Monday-and Satiuday, It is lijated in a vale, oft ifte rivc^r ROch,; at thj foot of the Yorklhiri/HlHsj.^iid na« flourifhing manufactures o« bays, " lefgles^ and other woollen goods, which ixteni 10 miles N of the town. It is 55 miles wsw of York, and 195'.nnvv of Ldn^ don. Lon. 2 18 w, lat. 53 38 N. Roche, a town of Sv«riirerland, fub- jeft to the canton of Bern, which tias hcri a diie^or of the falt-works. Roche in memorable for the refidence of tie cele- br^ted Haller, who. filled that olflce froni 1758 to 1766. Roche, or Roc:'E-EN-4iLftDEN'WES,aa ancient town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemberg, wii h a llnorig caftle, leated on a rock, near the tiver Ourte, i* miles s of Liege, and 32 NW of Luxem- burgh. Loh. 5 40 e, lat.' 50 15 n. Roche Bernard, a town of France, in the department of Morbihart «nd late province of Bretagne, fcmed on the river Vilaine, 23 miles E of Vannes. Roche Chourt, a town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne and late province of Limofm, with a caftls on the top of a mountain, on the declivity of which the towa is featec^} near a final] river that falls into the Vienne. It is do miles s by £ of Poitiers, and 189 s by w of Paris. Lon. 53 e, lat. 45 46 N. Roche Mach£ran, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, with a ftrong caftle, 15 miles ne of Luxemburg. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 49 46 n. Roche Posay, a town of France, in the department of Indre and Loire and late province of Touraine, retriarkable for its mineral waters. It is feattd on the Creufe, 25 miles s of Loches. Lon. o 50 E, lat. 46 45 N. Roche-sur-Yon, a town of France, in the dcpaitnient ot Vendee and late pro- vince of Poitou, feated near the Yon, 20 miles NW of Lu^on, and 202 sw of Paris. Lon. i 31 w, lat. 46 40 n. RocHEFORT, a ieaport of France, In the department of Lower Charente and late territory of Aunis, with a commo- dious haibour, one of the moft famous in France. It was built by Lewis xiv, in 1664, t; iniles from the mouth of the Charente, the efttrance of which is de- fended by fevei'al forts. The ftreets are broad and ftraigUt ; the houfes low, but regul;u' j md it is fuppofed tg contaia Kk " 1 1 III \:tm 1 .'I' fJ ■'•'•'"-ftU, ROC ROD m IfVis n ')■■' I k id,e«o vibabitwitt. It !»• a magni/icent with fourpenet to carry them fu» ward on Korpital, vaft barracks, the finefthall of their journey { but theyare to Itay no longer arms in France, a noble arfenal, a rope- than one nipht j and an inUnpttun ovtr yard, a foundiy for cannon, and all tlie the door intimatest that r«guet and ptoc- othtr magaiines ncccflary for the con- tori are excepted. The corporaiiin h»» ftruftion and c(|utpment of fliips of war. It it it miles •$£ of RochvUe, and 117 •W of Paris. Lon. o 54. w, lat. 46 3 n. HoCHiroBT, a town of the Nether- lands, in the duchy of Luxemburg, with a caftle, faid to have been built by the Romans. It is furrounded by rock&, and is IS miles aE of Dinant, and 50 n\v of Luxemburg. Lon . 5 1 o E , lat. 5 o i x N . RocHEVOVCAVLT, a to'vn of France, in the department of Charcnte and late jurifdiftion over the great oylter-tiOiery in the feveral creeks of the Medway. Rochefter is parted from Stroud on the w by its bridge, and it is contiguoui tg ChAtham on the E. It is a? |'>»lcs .\w •f Canterbury, and jo se of London. Lon. o 36 Et Ut. 51 13 N. Rochester, a village in Northiim- land, on the Watling-ftreet, nw ot Ot- terburn, and near the Iburcc of the Read. It has fome Roman altars, inl'ci Iptions, province of Angoumois, with a caltle. It and other antiquities IS feated on the Tardouere, ix miles ne of Angouleme, and loS s by w of ** iris. Lon. o X9 e, bt. 45 46 N. RocHELXE, a fortified town of France, Ia the department of Lower Charcnte and late territory of Aunis, with a commo- RocHFORD, a town in Eflex, with i market on Thurfday, 16 miles se hH Chelmsford, and 40 B by N of Loiidun. Lon. o 41 E, Lat. 51 36 N. RociiiLZ, an ancient town of Saxooy, in the territory of Leipfic, with a caiUe, dlous and fafe harbour. It was lately copper-mines, and a handionie bridge ovtrr ir biihop's fee, and coiUains s6ooo inha- the Muldaw. bitants. It has five gates; and the houl'es Rockbridge, a county in the ftate of are i'upported by piazzas, uAdcr which Virginia, between the Allegany Moun- perfons may wnlk. in all weathers, tains and the Blue Ridge, wiiich receive); Lewis XIII took this place from the Hii- its name from a curious natural bridge, guenots, in 162,8, atter s^ fiege of T3 See Cedar Creek. months, during which the inhabit, .ts Rockincham, a town in Northamp- fuffered all the horrors of famine, only ton(hiie, with a market on I'huriday, and 4000, out of i5>ooo, iiirviving the iiege. formerly of note IW iti caftle, long ago To prevent the Englilh throwing in I'uc- demolilfied. It is feated on the Welland, cours by feu, cardinal Richelieu con- 1 z miles s of Oakham,, and 84 N by w oi' ftrufted a prodigious mole, 4482 feet in The inhabitants carry on a confi extent. derablc trade ; efpecially in wines, brandy, fugar, fait, paper, linen, and ferges. Rochelle is feated on the bay of Bii'cuy, fi7 miles N by E of Nantes, and Z2o sw of Paris. Lon. i 4 \V, lat. 46 9 n. RocHtSTiR, a city in Kent, with a market on Wednefday and Friday, ft i« feated on the Med way, over wnich is a itone bridge. It is governed by a mayor, and fend^ two members to ciarliament. It is au ancient place, and was formerly much larger than at ^relent. Its caltle, now in ruins, once rendered it of great impurtanci: ; and here altu .u« fome reniains of a priory. Ro^ «heftcr is a bifhop's fee, and has, beftde Itic cathedral, three parilh churches. Jt London. Lon. o 46 w, lat. 52 32 n. RocKiNCHAUSEN, a town of Geimj. ny, in the palatinate of the Rhine, li miles w of Worms. Roc Ki SAW, a town of Eohemia, in the circle of Pillen, 1 1 miles E of Pillen. Rocoux, a village of the Netherlandi, ne;ir Liege, remarkable for a vii'^ory gained by the Fitrnch. over the allies, in i7"40. RocROV, a town of France, in the de- pai'tmeut of Ardennes and late province of Cham}):works, which make its principal revenue. Ravenna U the capital. ROMAIN-MOTIBR, a tOWH 6f ^VfK' ferlund, in the Pays de Vuud, capha) of a bailiwic, with a caftle. It it leated at the foot of a high mountain, in «^flarrd«r valley, through which flowt the rirer Diaz. Romania, a province of Turkey in Europe, 200 miles long and 1 50 broad ; bounded on the N by Kilgaria, on the s by the Black Sea, on the s by the Archi- pelago and the Tea of Marmora, and on the w by Macedonia and Bulgaria. It wat formerly called Thrace, and is the largeft of all the Turkilh provinces in Europe. It it fruitful in com and paf* tures ; and there are mines of filver, lead, and alum. It is divided into three governments or fangiacates; namely, Kirkel, of which Philipoli is the capital; Galipoli, whole capital is of the fame: name ; and Byzantium, Byzia, or Vira^ of which Conltantinople is the capital. Romano, a ftrong and populous towii of Italy, in Bergamofco. It carries on t great trade in com, and is feated on a river that runs between the Oglio and Serio^ Romans, an ancient town of France^ in the department of Drome and late pro- vince of Dauphiny. It is feated in a fine plain, on the river Ifere, 22 miles sw of Grenoble, and 30 s of Vienne. Lon. 5 12 £, lat. 45 2 N. Rome, a famous city of Italy, for- merly three times as large as it is at prefent, but (till one of the largeft and handlbmeft cities of Europe. It is com- puted to contain 170,000 inhabitants^ which, though greatly inferior to what it could boait in the days of its ancient power, is more than it has been able to number at fome former periods fmce the fall of the empire; there being reafon to think, that, at particular times fmce, it has been re- duced below 40,000. The numbers have gradually increaled during the whole of this prefent century. Some of the prin- cipal ftreets are of conliderable length, and pert'eflly Itralght. That called the Corfo is the moll frequented. Here the nobility difplay their equipages during the carnival, and take the air in the even- ings, in fair weather. The fhops on each fide are three or four feet higher than the ftreet ; ahd there is a path for the convc- nlency of foot paflengcrs, on a level with the /hops. Tlie palaces, of which tl:ei« K k 2 !'i f 1- ;:' « iii: V }i ^f\ V' '■ M lc Ureets. There are no l'ani|)s lighted iu the Itreets atl^ight; and all Koine would l«; In utter darknel's, were it not for the candies which the dnjvotlon ot' imlividuals i'ometirae;! place before the (tatucs ot' the Yii-gin: thele appear glinmcrin^, at valt intervals, like Itars in a cloudy night. The footmen carry dark lanterns behind the carriages of people of the Hrlt diftiue- tioii. This darknels, it may be fuppolld, is not unfavorable to aflignations among the inferior people: and when a carriage, with a lantern behind it, accidentally comes near a couple who do not wifti to be known, one of them calls out, lat. 4.6 50 N. RoMORENTiN, a town of France, in •the department of Loir ami Clur anil 1 itc province of Hhiifois, witli u ciiitle, «n the brook Morentin, which loles itielf in the Saudre. On one of its gates is infcrihed Homa Minor i but there is notliing to jul- tify this appellation. On the contrary, were it not for its nuunifailures of leri',es and cloths, which arc vu-ry good, this place would be icarcelv known. t It i* 45 miles E of Tours, and 100 fl by w of Paris. Lon. I 47 E, lat. 47 It N. KoNciGLiONE, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, capital of a fmall diftrif^ of the fame name, It is J<;atcd on the Tereja, near a lakt^ of the lame name, ii miles -s of Viterho, ami 24 NNvv of Rome. Lon. it 31 E, lat. 42 18 N. RoNDA, a ftrong town of Spain, in Granada, with a calUe. It wrs taken from the Moors in 1485, and is feated on a craggy rock near the Riq Verde, io miles nw of Gil>raltar, and Qz &£ of Seville. Lon. 5 la w, lat. 36 40 N. RoquEBRUNE, a town of Italy, in the principality ol Monacojwith a cattle, leated neair the iia, thtee ; jiles from Monaco. RoquE-DE M/vUbAN, a town of France, in tlit dtp irtment of Landes ami late province of Marian, feated on the Oouci'e, 10 miles NE of Mont de Marian. RoQUEMAURE, a town of France, in the ucpai iivxnt of Card and late province of Lansjuaioc, feated on a craggy rock, near the Rhc-iie, ^^ miles NE ol Nifmes, Lon. 4 48 E, lat. 44 2 N. RosANA, a. to^vn of Lithuania, in the pHJ;' • irate oi Novogrodcc, feated near the Zolva, 20 miles sw of Novogrodec. Lon. 25 45E. lat. 55 -53N, R 1SBACH, :■ own of Saxony, famoiis for a vi6lorv obtained by tiie king of Pruflia, over the Irench, and the arrriy of the enipi:.* in i7,S7- RoscH AD, a populous commercial town of SwiiTcrland; in a l)aiUwic of tlv abbey of St. Gallcn, wi'. a caltle on a mountain. It is feated on the lakeof Conttance. RoscHiLD, a town of Deninajk, in the i 'e of Zealand, with a bilhop's fee, an'l a univerfity. It is famous for a treaty concluded here in 1658; and in the great church are I'everal tombs of the kings of Denmark. It is feated at the bottom of a Imall bay, 15 miles w of Copenhagen. Lon. 12 25 E, lat. 55 42 N. Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in the province of Connaught, 50 miles lon^ and 28 broad; bounded on the £ by Longford and W Meath, on the n by Sligo and Leitrim, on the 3 by Galway, and on the w by Gal way and Mayo. It is a level fruitful country, and by the help t»f good hiUbandry yields excellent corn. It contains 59parifhes} and fend* eight members to parliament. Roscommon, a borough of Ireland, in a county of the fame name, with a felFions-houfc and a jail. It is 80 miles w of Dublin. Lon. 8 z W, lat. 53 34. ^. Roseau. See Charlotte-town. Rose Castle, in Cumberland, a feat of the hiftiop of Carlille, iltuatc on the river Caude, near Ingiewood Forett. It was burnt down in the oivil'warsi but has l.nce, by leveral of i|« bifliops, b^en rtll(;red, tliougli perhaps not totljat mag- nificence whith it had vvhen Edward | lodged here, in his expedition to $(ajt* land. ' ■■ Roses, a feapovt of Spain, in CaU- Ionia, with a citadel, leated on the bay of Rofts, in the Mediterranean, 1 5 milp* NE of Gironna. It was takejj by. the French in 1695, and on January jj ^79^. Lon. 3 1 E,- ldt.,4z 16 ^^, , ' . RosETTQ, a town of Egypt, jfeattd on the w branch of th^ Nue. '.'^X^le Egyptians call it R^lichid, and accountdt one of the pleafanteft places in the country. It has a great manufaflure 0/ ftriped and other coarfe linens j.^but its cjai^f bulinefs is the carriage of goods Hence ,-to Cairo ; for all European raefchandlfe' is brought iiither from AlexSindria bylia, and carried hence by boats- to CJairo. I^e Europeans havie theii' viceconliils aiid iadors here,,. It is 15 piifes NE of Alex- andria, and. 100 N\v of Caiiv, ' X>on> 39 45 E, lat. 31 30N. RosHAAN,a country qf Afi^,, lying to the w of ihe kingdom of ipurmal^, tf) v/hich it is fubje(!^. RosiENNE, a town of Samogitia, feat* '.d on the DubifFe, 70 mHes s of, Mitta^ij and a 88 Np of Warfaw. Lon. »} ft5 £> lat. 55 30 N. : Rosiehs-'^ux-Sa^inbs, a town of Franc.', in the department of Meurtkc and late^irovince of Lorrain, famous ^^ its falt-w^orks. Itis leated on the MeurtKCf pine miles S£ of Nanci, and 170 £ of Paris. Loni 6 27 E, lat. 48 35 N. Rosoy, a town of Erance, in th? de- paitment of Seine a^d Manic and h:t<; province of ^h.e Ilie of France, v' 1* ^ magnificent cattle, i 5 miles s of MeaiiX. Lon. 2 59 E,. lat. ^8 40 N. Ross, ar^feapprt of ItelantJ^ in the county of Cork. It is united to Cori^ast K.k 3 i# - H., :(« " , u n i . ROT ROT «■«■! ■m J' ■■ in epifcopal fee» and' is featca on a bay of tne Atlantic, ^o miles sw of Kinfale. Lon. 8 58 w, lat. 51 jz.N. Ross, a town in Heretprdlhire, with a market on Thurfday, feated on the Wye, II miles SE of Hereford, and 115 w by N of London- Lon. i »5 w, lat. 51 56 N. Ross-shire, a county of Scotland, 70 miles long and 5S broaJ j boundtd on the N by Suthcrlandflilre and the frith of Cornoch, on the w by the Minch, on the » by Invei-nel'kfhire, and on the e by the frith of Murray and the county of Cro- marty, which la(: it almoft inclofes. The NW part is mountainous and dreaiy; that to the E variegated with woods, lakes, and rivers. The hills feed black-cattle, Aeep, and goats. In the woods are (tags, rocs, and the beautiful bird, called the Capercail/ic, or Cock of the Wood ; it is of a bright azure colour, and almoft as !arge as a common turkey. On the tops of the high rocky moimtains is found the ptarmigan, a fimple bird, iVJt quite the iize of a pr»: tiidge. It is oltcn indebted iov its fafety to its gray colour, which re- fembles. the ftones aitiong which it lodges. In Printer its colour r.hanges to a pure • white, like the fnow, in which it often buries itlelf. The inhabitants of the w and 5 parts fpeak the Erfe language, which is alfo undtrftood on the e coaft, where, however, English is generally fpoken. RossANO, a ftron^ and populous town of Naples, in Calabria Citcriore, with an archbilhpp's lee. It is feated on :in cmi. ■ nence,' furrouuded by rocks, three miles from the gulf of Venice, and 136 se of Naples. Lon. 16 38 e, lat. 39 48 n. Rostock, a fortified town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg, ■ with a univwfjty, a good harbour, a rtrong citadel, and an arl'enal. Here are feveral handfomc churches, and it was formerly • ©ne of the h^infeatic towns. It is divided into three parts, the Old, the New, and . the Middle Town. It is ftiil imperial, iinder the proteftion of the duke of Meck- lenburg, and is feated on a lake, where the river Vame falls into it, three miles from the Baltic, i» N of Ouftrow, and 60 E of Lubec. ^on. }a 15E, lat. 54. RosTOF, a larce town of RulTia, in tfje government of Yaroflaf, with an ar- ehicpil'copal fee. It is feated on the lake rJero, or Roftof, which communicates vith the Vol^a by the river Kotoroft, 95 miles NE ot Mol'cow. Lon. 40 25 £, lat. ^7 5 N. ' Rota, a town and caftle of Spain, in Andalufia, at the entrance of the bay of Cadiz, fieven miles N of Cadiz. Lon. 6 16 w, |at. 36 35 N. Rota, an ifland of Afiaj one of the principal of tlie Ladrones. RoTENBURC, a free imperial town of Germany, in the circle of Franconia, feated on the Tauber, 15 miles N\v of Anfpach. Lon. 10 13 k, lat. 4.9 7,3 n. ROTENBURG, a town of Suabin, in the county of Hoenburg, with a caftle. It belongs to the houfe of Auftria, and is remarkable for its mineral waters. It is (eatcd on the Neckar, feven miles w of Tubingen. Lon. 8 55 e, lat. 48 z% n. RoTEWBURG, a town of Germany, in the landgravate of HefTe-Calfel, with a caftle, feated on the Fulde, 25 miles s of Ca/Tel. Lon. 9 30 e, lat. 50 55 n. RoTHBURY, a town in Northumber- land, whofe market is difcontinued. It is nine miles sw of Alnwick, and 302 n by w of Lonticn. RoTHER, a river which rifes in Suf- fex, forms the boundary between that county and Kent, for. a fiiort fpace, and enters "the Englifli Channel, at Rye. RoTHERHAM, a town in the w riding of York,fhire» with a market on Monday. It has a large church, and is famous w confidei-able iron-works in Its neighh&ur- hood: fee Masbrouch. Rotheiham is feated on the Don, over which is a ftone bridge, 31 miles N of Nottingham, and 160 N by w of Londoi). Lon. i 24 w, lat. 53 24 K. ROTHSAV, a borough of Scotland, the capital of the iflt of Bute. It is fituaic on the E fide of the ifland, and has an excellent harbour and pier. Here is an ancient caftle, once a royal palace, which gives the title of duke to the prince of Wales, as it long did, before tne union, to the huir-apparent of the ciown of Scot- land. It is 70 mil-s w of Edinburgh. Lon. 5 17 w, lat. 55 50 N. RoTHWELi , a town in Northampton- Ihlre, with a market on Monday, I'eated on the fide of a hill, 15 miles nne of Northampton, and 79 knvst of London. Lon. I 7 w, lat. 52 21 n. ROTTEJIDAM, a city of the United Provinces, in Holland, with one of the fineft hai+jours in the Netherlands. It is the nioft confiderable plate In Holland, for fire, beauty oi its buildings, and trad^^^, next to Anifterdam. There are fo niany deep canals, that ftiips m:ry unload at the very doors of the warehouies. The town- houfe, the bank, and the arlenals are mu'^- nificent. It i^ more frequented by tiic m^ R O U R O U Biitifli merchants than Amft«rdam, be- caule the ice goes away Iboner, anti a fmgle tide, in two or three hours, will carry a veflfcl Into the open iea. Some of the houl'es are built in the old Spanifh ftyle with the gable ends embattled in freut ; but there is a great number of modern brick houfcs, which are lofty and Ipucious, jjarticularly on that magnificent quiy called the Bomb Tees . On this qyay. is a liandfonie Jcwifli iynagogue. Erafmu* was born in this city, and his ftatue in brunze itands in an open place, at the head of one of the canals { and in a nar- row ftreet, leading from the Itatue to the great church, is ftill fticwn the houl'e in which Ik was born, with an inl'cripiion, in front, to his honour. Rotterdam re- ceived the French troops J Jan. aj, 1795. It is Icated on the Merwe (the nioi't nor- thern branch of the Maefe) 13 uiiles SE of flague, and 30 ssw of Anilttrdam. Lon. 4. 28 E, iat. 51 56 N. Rotterdam, one of the Friendly Iflands* in the S Pacific Ocean, difcoveitd by Taliuan in 1643. Lon. 174 30 w, Iat, ao 16 s. RoTWEiL, a free imperial city of Sua- bi;i, in alliance with the Swils cantons tince the year 1513. A mile and a half from this place is a famous abbey, where they receive none but noble women. It is leatcd on the Neckar, near its fource, and alio near the Danube, 27 miles ssw of Tubingen. Lon. 8 44 E, Iat. 48 9 n. !l?.OUEN, a city of France, in the de- pajtment of Lower Seine and late pro- vince of Normandy, with an archbiftiop's -^irf. It is the capital of the department, and i'eated on tiic i: Hde of the Seine. I'he Itreets art narrow, crooked, dircy, »nd confUt of wooden houfes ; notwith- ftanding which, it is one of the moll opu- lent and important places in France. It ii> two leagues and a half in circtiit, and (its fix fuburbs included) is computed to contain 73,000 jnhabit.-'nts. Among the public buildings,, the moft diftinguifhed are, the (vreat Hall of the Palace, in which the late parliament of Rouen met ; the s/ld caltie ; and the principal church, ornanjented with three towers, in one pf which is the great bell, which bears the name of cardinal George d'Amboifc, a minider, whole memory is n)uch rvipefipd in France. It weighs 40,000 lbs. and Is one foot thifk J its cirtsuraferpnce is 32 feeti and its height ^nd breadth 10 feet: the clapper ajone weighs 710 Ibij. Near thi? church, which is not the only re- markable one, is the p\iblic library. The ftcepje of the latt JJsucdii'tinvifQt" ^^ Qwpn ii an elegant Gothic ftruftun?. The linens of Rouen, particularly what ara called the Siamoifi, are much elteeirru. There are alio manufaftures of cloth, andl a manvtfaAurv of oU of vitriol, the onif one in France. The iuburb of St. Sever, fituate on tiie other fide of the Seine, coinmiinicRtcs with the city by a bridg« of boars, which rifes and falls witli the tide, and is m:>de to open, ib as to ad* mit the palfage of ftjips. It is pared, and is ^Jo paces long. Rouc-n is the birthplace of the two Corneilles, and of Fonttnelle. It is 50 miles sw of Amiens, and 70 Niw of Paris. Lon. i 10 fi, Iat. 49 27 N. RovERE, or RovERDO, a town of Gerinany, In the circle of Auftria, .ind in the Tirol, ieated on the Adige, at the foot of a mountain, and on the fide of a Itrcam, over which is a bridge, defended by two large towers and a Itrong cattle. The Aulirians were defeated near this place, in September 1796, by the French, who took pofleflion of the town ; but they were obliged to abandon it in November following. It is eight miles s of Trent. Lon. II 27 £, iat. 46 o N. RoutiRGUE,a late province of France, in the government of Guienne, 75 miles long and 50 broad ; bounded on the £ by the Cevennes and Gevawian, on the w by Querci, oh the N by the fame and Au- vergne, and on the s by Langucdoc. It is not very fertile, but feeds a numbei' of cattle, and has mines of copper, iron, alum, vitriol, and fulphur. It iww forms the department of Aveiron. RoviGNO, a iK)pnlous town of Vene- tian Iftria, with two good haibours, and quaiTics of fine Hone. It is feated in a territory which produces excellent wint, on a peninfida, on the wetlern coait, ciivit miles s of Parenzo and 32 of Capo d'll- tria. Lon. 14 2 E, Iat. 45' 16 n. RoviGO, a town of Italy, capital of the Poafino di Rovigo, feated on the Adige, II miles s of Padua, and 37 5W of Venice. Lon. 1.2 14 E, Iat. 45 38 ^. Sec POLtSlNO Di Rovioo. RoujSEI.abt, a town of Frtpce, In the department of the North antl late province of French Flandprs, 10 miles \b of Ypres, ajid 20 H of Oltend. Lon, 3 p E, Iat, 50 58 If. RoussiLL,ON, a late province of France, 50 milts long and 15 brqad; bounded on the E by the Mediterranean, on the w by Cerdagna, on the N by l,ower Languedoc, and on the s by Ca- talonia, from which it is Icparaled by tlje Pyreotcii' See PYRENEjk* t.vsr^R.N. I! 1^1 1 "J m ■fl , 'i 1 #■1.^ '''.''p X.-J 1 i.H w»awi.wr"i<''" R: U D^ R. V r IS 1 , r R f kT . RoxBTTRRHskiRE, a cotinty of Scot* land, romt:time.> caii«d Teviotdale ; bound- ed on the N by Bcrwickfl\ii-e, on the E-and S by Northumbwland and Ciimberiand, and on the w by the ftihci of Dumiiits and Selkiik. Ficim N to s it extends 30 ni Its, and nfearly the fame fro;n e ti> W. The> principal rivers are the Tweed, Te- viot, and Liddel. The face of the coim- t-iy exhibits a roogh, Irregirtar appearance marjy, In Carniola, with an abbey. If is feated on tire Qiirck, in a country fer- tile in good wine, 45 miles SE of Lau- bach. Lon. 15 aO E, iat. 46 % N. Ruff AC, a town of France, in the d<;- partincnt of Upp^r Jihine and late pro- vince of Alface, fealed on 'he Roibich, feven miles s of Culmar, and 17 Nw of Balie. Lon. 7 t.7 E, Iat. 47 58 N. Rv;ffec, a town of France, in the de- qi' rrqllci, hills,^ arid 1 mountains, inter- partmrnt of Charente and late province o{ fperfed with narrow Vallies, well watered, and ferille in com. The hills feed great numbers of ifieep and cattle. RoxENT, Cape, or Rock of Lisbon, a remaikahle mountain and promontory In Portugal, lying at the N entrance of the Tajo, a* mi'.s w of Lifbon. Lon. 9 35 w, Iat. 3? 43 N. RoYAN, once a large town of France, in the department of Lower Chari.'nte and Angoumois, feated on the Anche, 24. mik'3 N of Angouleme. Ruf;BY, a town in Warwickfliire, with a market on Saturday, and a famous free- fchool. It is 11 miles SE of Coventry, and 85 NNW of Lontlon. Lon t 12 w, Iat. 52 24 N. RuoLEY, a town in Staffbrdfbire, with a market on Tuefday, feated on the Trent, Id miles SE of i^taffurd, and iz6 NW of late province of Saintonge, famous for a London. Lon. i 48 w, Iat. 51 57 N. ficge maintained by the Hugenots againft Rug en, an ifland of the Baltic, on Lewis xiil, in i6aa. It is now almolt the coaft of Swedifh Pomerania, oppofite in ruins, and is feated at the mouth of Stralfund, 23 miles long and 15 broad, the Garonne, 30 miles s of Rochelle. It is ftrong both by art and nature, and Lon.'O 57 w, Iat. 45 38 N. abounds in corn and cattle. The chief RoYES, a ftrong town of France, in town is Bergen. Lon. 14 40 E, Iat. 54 the department of Somme and late pro- 23 n. vince of Picardy. Some mineral w'atei's Rugenwald, a town of Germany, Awcre difcovered here a few years ago. It in Pruflian Pomerania, the chief place of is 12 ttiiles Kw of Noyon, and 60 N. the duchy of Wcnden, with a caftlc. It by E of Paris. Lon. 2 51 E, Iat. 49 46 n. is feated on the Wipper, eight miles from RoYSTON,ia town in Herts, part of the Baltic, and 35 NE of Colberg. Lon. which ifr' htnate in Cambridge (hi re. It 16 27 e, Iat. 54 35 N. has a great n^arket for corn on Wcxlnef- Rumford, a town in Eflex, with a day; and under the inarkut-place is an market for hogs on Tuefday, anc' Torcorh ancient fubterranean chapel, iuppofcd to on Wednefday. It is 12 miles £NE of be of Saxon conrtruftion. Roylton has given its nameto a fpecies of crcAv, called alfo the Hooded or Gray Crow, which is a bird of pafllige in this neighbourhood, and alio on the whole eaftern coaft. -It is 35 miles s by e of Huntingdon, and 37 N of London. • Lon. o x £, Ift. 52 6 N. RuATAN, an ifland of Ntvv Spain, in the' bay of Honduras, with a good har- boui . ' It liei^fio miles' from the coaft of Honduras. •* " '' London. Lon. o 13 e, Iat. 51 36 n. RuMiLLY, a town of Savoy, feated on an elevated plain, at the confluence of the Seram and Nepha, five miles from Anntcy. Lon. 6 10 E, Iat. 45 56 N. RuMNEY, or Rhyney, ariver, which rifes in Brecknockfl;irc, ar.d fcparating the counties of Glamorgan and Mon- mouth, enters the Briftol Channel to the SE of Cardiff. . Rumsey, a corporate town in Hamp- Rubiefa, a fmall 'but ftrcng town of fhire, with a market on Saturday. It i Italy, one of the kt ys of the Mc^denefe, feated on the Seccia, eight miles NW of Moden'a. Lon. x 1 14 t., lot. 44 39 n. Rudelstadt, a lownol Upper Sax- ony, in the landgravate of Tfluiingia, and county of Sthwnit/burg, with a caf- tle, near t)\e river Sala. governed by a mayor, has a manufafture of fhaloons, and feveral paper and corn mills. It is eight miles nnw of Southampton, and 74 w by s of London. Lon. i 31 \V, Iat. 51 2 N. RuNNYMEAD, a celeV-ated mend, near Egham in Surry, where king JoHn was RuDfesffEiM, a town of Germany, in compelled to 1/gn Magna Ch; .1 and the el'j(5l crate of Mentz, three miles From Charta de Forefta. See WraysburV. Bingen. Lon. 7\c6 e, Iat. 49 49 N. On this mead are annual horfe- races. ' RuDisTO*. Set Roi>ESTO. RuPEL, ariverofthe AuifrianNether- RuDOLFWERD, a ftrong townof Gcr- lands, fwraicd by the junilion of the 6 thd Fh the of 4 U 5 with a Tjr com £NE of 36 N. [y, I'eated lUence of lies from 56 N. .'r, which bparatiiig lid Mon- [lel to the Hamp- It is [aftureof Irn milh. pton, and II 31 V/, aii, near ''^1 was I and IbBURV. [es. iNether- oi the R U S Senne and Demer, below Mechllrit After receiving the canal from Brvsftels, it joins the Scheld, at Rupelmonde. RuPELMONDE, a town of Auftrian Flanders, feattd on the Scheld, oppohte the mouth of the Rupel, eight miles sw of Antwerp* and aa N E of Cihent. Lun. 4. 23 E, lat. 51 7 Nf. Rupert, Fort, a fort in N Ameri- ca, belonging to the Hndlon's Bay Com- pany, leated on the e iide of tiie s end of Hudibn'sBay. Lon. 80 o w, lit. 51 3 N. RuPiN, or Rapin, a town of G«r- maiiV; in the marquifate of Brandenburg, capit'c>l of a duchy of the fame name, with an ancient caftie. It is become a con- fiderabie place of trade, has n manufac- ture of cloth, and is noted for brewers. It is fcated on a lake, 35 miles Nw of Berlin. Lon. 13 6 E, lat. 53 3 N. RuREMONDE, a ftrong town of Auf- trian (}ueldfc"land, with a hi/hop's fee. It fuffered gr< itly by fire in 1665, and has been taken ind retaken feveral limes ; particularly in 179';, by the French, who were obliged to evacuate it loon after, but took it again the next year. It is feateti near the confli»ence of the Maefe and Roer, IX miles s of Venio, and 70 ne of Mechlin. Lon. 5 50 e, lat. 51 S N. Russia, a large empire, partly in Ada, and partly in Evirope; bounded on the N by tlie Fro/en Ocean,- on the s by Great Tartary, the Caipian Sea, and Pcrfia; on the E by the lea of Japan ; and on the w by Sweden, Poland, and the Black Sea. Ti)ere were three countries th.V: Iiad the name of RuHia; namely. Red Rulfia, which i'ee; While Ruffxa, which com- prehends Lithuania; and Black RuiHa, which comprehends the goverriniencs of Kaluga, Moicow, Tula, Rezan, Volodi- mir, and Yaroilaf ; and hence his s.npe- rial m,ajefty takes the title of empeioi of all the Ruilii.s. Tins empire, exctuiivc of the lue acquifitions from th.e Turks and from Poland (itc Po!..'*md') foi-n-.s a fcjuare, whole fides are aooo mik-s cac!i. The feas of Ruftla are, the Baltic, tho White Sea, the Frozen Ocean, the Black Sea, and the Cafpian Sea. There aij alio five large rivers ; namely, the Dnie- per, Volga, Don, Dwina, and Oivy. A country of luch vail extent mult lie in difftient climates, and the foil and pro-. tlufts muft be as diHPerent. Tlu' molt fertile part is near the frontiers of Po- land J inlbmuch that the inhabitants are able to liipply their neighbours with corn : the N pu: t is not only more cold, but very marlhy, and overrun with forefts, uiiubited chiefly by wild bealls, Ueliidc R IT S domeftic animals, there are wild beeves, raindeer, martens, white and blick foxes, weafels, ermines, and iables, wiiojii lkin» make the belt turs in the world. Thofe that hunt the.i- creatures for their fkins, ul'e no fire-arms, for fear of fpoilingj tht-m. They had very few vines before Peter the Great cauled them to be planted in different places. In RullTa, aie large quantities of cotton and fiik (with which they make all forts of huffs) ikins, furs, Ruifia leather, talc, tallow, hemp, Ruf- iia cloth, honey, w^x, and almolt all the merchandile of China," India, Perfia, Turkey, and ibir.e European countries. Tills v;'rt empire was divided by the iate empreis into 4.1 govei'nments ; Fiamcly, Peter!burg!i, Olonetz, VViburg. Revel, Riga, Pikof, N'jvogorod, 'Tver, .Smo- hnlko, Polctik, Mohilef, Orel, Kaluga, Moicow, Tula, Rezan, Volodimii, Va- roilaf, Vologda, ArchangtJ, Koltioma, Niihnei-Novogon.d, Kalaii, Simbirfk, Penza, Tambof, Voronevz, K.urlk, N<>- vogorod-vie.verikoi, Tchernigcf, Kiof, Kharkof, Catharinenllaf, Caucaliis, Sa- ratof, Ufa, Viatka, Perm, Toboiik, Ko- lyvan, and Irkutzk; all whic!; !ee. The inhabitants, in general, are rcbuft, well- ihapsd, and of pretty good complexion. Thev are p-rtat eaters, aiid very tond of brandy. They u!"e batlung, but linoke no tobacco, Jelt the iViioke flvouid diijjonour the images of the faints, which they have in great veneration ; however, they take a great de.i)' of fnuff, uiade of the tobacco lMoug;ht from the Ukraine. 'Thiry were formerly the molt ignorant, bruiiih people in the world, and many ot tiv:m are now little better. Formerly no Rullian;* wen: iecn in other countnesv and they feldom or never lentl amballadors to foreign courts j but now the gentlemen are more polite, and ftudy the interetls of different nations. Their armies are always very numerous. They had no men of war, nor merchant ibips., beicre the )-eign of Peter ilie Great ; but, in the late reign, powerful Ruffian Iqurtdrons appeared, not only in the Baltic, hut in the Black Sea, and in the Mediterranean. They have images in their churciies ; and the prieitc [jive a pallport to thoie that arc dying, ad.lrtifed to St. Niciioias, who is detired to entreat St. Peter to open the gales of heaven., a;* they have certified that the bearer is a good Chrittian. The church is governed by a patriarch, under whom are the archliiihopb, and bi(hop'i» Every pricit is called -i-popa, or pope, and of theft there v^rerc .^.ooo in Moicow only. formeiiy he was tliou^^ht a leavned man \ 'M V: W m ^4l R tr s RUT ^oHo to\M read and write } but Peter the of jnuflin, or other fine ftufts ; and the Great nnilcirook to introduce tke arts and plaid is exchanged for a filk or fat in cloak» ilci«nc«»j and, in 1714, the firlt unlverfity in the cold fe.ifon, lined with fur. The was founded that ever was in Ruiila j ami better clafs of females wear velvet boots. tijicje ih also an academy of fclences at The drels of the higher ranks »» after the yeterAjurgh, fupplied with fome of thf beft French and Engliftj faflhion •, and all muft |UX)fielTors, in Europ«. With relpe6> to have a covering of fur fix months of the dreis, a long beard is in high eftimation year. Thus equipped, the prince and the ar»\ong the fair nymphs of Kvilfia. Tht; peaiiant are (uirltd in their chailcs and comnronaity have itilJ a. gre;'.t vtno-ation fledges, through the dreary Scj'thian win- tor this fringe of hunvuu hair, noivvith- ter. The fovtrcign ot Kullia is ahfo- Itanding the efforts of their monaichs to root it o«t ; and it is only i:holc depending vvj^on government, in the aiiny and navy, \«ho have yet complied with the cidtom and the wifli of the court. Thole who retain their beards, retain likewife the an- cient diefs } tt-ic long; IwaddlinL', coat, either of flciiiSj or of coarie cloth Hncd with iklns, in winter } and in lunnnrr, of cloth only. lute. He was iormwly called grand duke, which is now the title of the heir apparent; he afterward afiumed the title 01 czar, and, iin the fequel, that of em- peror. The nativea pronounce the word cznr^ like /a^r, or »a«r, and this, by curruption from Cefar, emperor; from fume iasicied relation t» the Roman env- perors ; on account of which they alfo About their nnddle thty have a fafh of bear the eagk as a fymbol of their empire any colour j bvit what they moilly atftu'-L is green or yellow. They wear trowfors inltsiad of breeches and i'tockjngj j their limbs ai'f, befides, wrapped in iviafty folds of woollen Ittifts to keep them waim, a.iid The firft who bore the title o{ czar, waa Bafil, fon of Bafdides, who freed his country fi onx its fubjeiHon to the Tartars, about the year 1470. Perhaps no coun. try ever exhibited, in Co /hort a time, the above all they wear boots. Their fhiris wondersthat may V)eetfeAed by the genius a!t fafnioned as women's; tlieir necks and excrtionij of one man. Peter thcGrcat cspofed to the cold, which are h-vrd and im- at his accelhon to the throne, found his |-*€neti-able}. fron> this prat^Vice. Govern- iubjects of all ranks involved in the jT:ent continue to exert every nerve to giofleft ignorance and barbarifm; his nu- compel the ilibjeils to adopt the German mejous armies ferocious and undiici- drefs. The clergy alon« excepted, none plined ; and he had neither merchant can procvu'e any place, any favour from court, Upon other coiidition than bauiJh-- ing the Afjatic iheep-fkin robes. The wom-out veteran retires with a peniion, Ihips nor men of war; which, added to t!\e reniiotenets of her fituation, rendered tiiv.' influeiice of JiulHa in the politics of Europe of little conl'ideiatJon. Peter vpon tiie txprels terms of never again cjviiixed hi<> barbarous fubjefts, diici- aiunning tht habit of his fathers. But plined his armies, hullt cities avid for- fo jealoudy attached are the muititvide to treffes, and created a. navy. Thefe na- fosTiicv manners, and io honorably do tionai impiovcments have been continued they efteem them, titat a Rufiian drefled fmce i\!s tim«, and Ruj'fia npw holds a in his beard and gown, fdls you by his rank among the nations of Europe, of looks that he has not proftituteu the which human forehght, -at the commence- weniorj of his ancellors. The drefs of ment of the prcfent century, could have the -Jvomen is the rcverfe oi the men, formed no conception. Peterfijurg is the both in falhion and coleur; every part of capital of the vv!\ole empire. it being as Ihort and tight as decency Russia, Red, Sec Red Russia. will aUow, and very gavidy. It is ex- aciiy the i'arne wi«h that of the High- l;;nd women in Scotland; both have the ihort jacket, the ftviped petticoat, and the tnrtan plaid ; and both too, in general, have a napkin rolled about their head. ']')ic Rufhan women are, however, far more elegant: nml rich in their attire; RuTCHESTER, a village in Northum- berland, !;he Vimiobala of the Romans. Sevcrus' wall runs on the middle of the E ramp;ut, and Avirian's vallum '^■■(^tt about die diltxnce of a chain to t'.. s oi It. This fort has b.ten very conCdiiiable, and the ruips of it ar*?, rtmarkabie. It ii tlx miles N o.t' Hexham, Ruthin, a town in Denbighfcirc. nor is gold lace wanliug to let off their rhnrms, any more than the ^rt of p^tint- with a market on Monday. Ir is featt: iug. The young gcnc'aiion arc modern- in a valp, on the river Ciwyd, ajul Jiad - izmg thetc antic \e)tmeuts, ilie liitf euv- ftrong cafUcj now m rums. It is i5nilk» broiik'jvd napkin is hipplanved by one oi s\y oJ Molywcll, -md za6 NW of Loiulop. fli.A\'ing filk j the jacket and petticoat arc I.on. ;, 73 w, iat 53 " n. ; and tht tin cloak, ur. The vet boots. » afttr the d all muft ths of the ce and the tahes and ;hian win. I h ihCo. led grand >t' the heir i the title lat of em- ; the v^ord \ this, by ror; fj'om loman eni- they alfo eir empire. czsrf was freed his je Tartars, s no coun- a time, the f the gtniu* r the Great 1 found his ed in the nj his mi- d undilci- merchant added to , rendered politics of n. Pefcr kits, dslci- |s and for- Thele na- continued |\v holds a virope, of ommtnce- ;ould have lurg is tkc (SSJA« iNorthum- Romans. Pe of the t t'... s ot Jtf/diJi able, ?ie. It ii uirc. is i'eatc:. Isiul .Had . Is J 5 miles 'Loiuiop. R Y S T^UTLANOSHIRE, the rmalleft county «f England, being only 1 5 miles iouj; and II broadi It is fuppolVd to huvc re- ceived its name from the red coloni" of the foil, which, in fome parts, is a fort of ruddle. It is bounded on the w and NW by Lcicelterihire, on the N and ne by Lincolnftiiie, and on the s and st by Norlhamptonfhirc. It lies in the diocelc of Peterborough, contains 4.8parUhes and two market-towns, ;md fends two mem- bers to parliament. The air is very good, and the foil rich. The principal rivers are the Wclland and the Gua(h, or Wafti. Oakham is the county- town. RuTiGLiANO, a town of Naples, in Terra di JBari, five miles se of Bari. RuTTUNpouR, a city or the peninfula of Hindooltan, in Oriila, and the capital of one of the Weftern Mahratta chiefs. Lon.^7. 56 E, iat. 41 16 N. Ruvo, a populous town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, with a bifliop's lee, x6 miles w of Bari. Lon. 16 4.VE, lat. 4.1 Ryan, Loch, a lake in the nw angle of VVigtonfhire. The fca flows into it through a narrow pafs ; and it was for- m«'ly crowded, in tiie feafon, with Oioals of herrings. RvDAL-WATER, a lake in Weftmor- bnd, a little to the w of Amblefide. It is one mile in length, fpotted with little iJiands, and cotsnmuviicates, by a narrow channel, with Grafmere- water to the vv, and, by the river Rothay, with ,Windei- iiR'te water to the s, RvE, a borough in Suflex, with :: mariiet on; VVedntulay and Saturday, ii is an appendage to the cinque ports, go- verntd by a mayor and jurats, and fends two members to parliament. Its port is ih choaked up with land, that it can admit fmall vcffels only. It exports corn, malt, hops, and other produ6iii of the cc\)nty } and its fijhernien litad conliderable iuppliis to the London markets. It is »8 miles ssE ot Mnidltone, and 6^ se of London. Lon. 45 f., lat. 51 on. Ryeoate, a baiough in Snrry, with a ni.jket ou I'mithy. It is leated in a Viillty cnl)al |"loi!iie((l.il«, .i/id li.id a caftir, f<.'nie ruins of which are lltill to be i'tvn j } iificularly a long vault, with a room .it f!(e errti, large tnough ta old 500 perfons, where (■irturdlng (<» tradition) the barons, wh'ifookijp arms againd king John, held till ir priv;Ut; meetings. It i.^ 16 miKs e iif (iuilfurUi ar)(l *i sw of London. Loii.o 1 5 w, I It. 51 16 N. Ryswuk,, a village in IJolhiiKl, feat»:d bttwctii JLiguc and Dcltt, where tbc SAB prln«e fcf Orange has a palace. It Is re- markable for a treaty concluded here ui 1697, between England, Germanv, Hol- land, France, and Spain. Rzeczica, a town of Lithuania, ca- pital of a territory of the liaiiie name. It is featcd at the confluence of the Wv- edfzwck and Dnieper, 125 miles N of Kiof, Len. 3i 5 £, lat. 50 3ZN. SAADAH, a ftrong and populous town of Arabia Felix, where the Turkey leather is made. It is 14.0 miles WNw of Sanaa. Lon. 44 55 e, lat. 17 50 N. Saba, a fertile ifland of the W Indies, 14 miles in ci'-cumference, inhabited by a few Dutch families from the illand of St. Eulbtia, almolt all fhoemakers. It lies a little to the \v of St. Chriftoi>lier. Lon. 6317 \v, lat. 17 39 N. Saba, atownof Perfia, in Irac-An;eml, on tl)e road from Sultaniato Kom. Lon. 52 15E, lat. 34 56 N. Sab I A, a kingdom on the e coaft of Africa, bounded on the N by Sofala, on the e by the Mofambique, on the s by unknown regions, and on the w by Ma- nica. It has mines of gold, and many elephants. Sabia, a cape of Africa, in the king- dom of Tripoli, at the bottom of the gulf of Sidra. S A BIN A, a province of Italy, in the Eccleiialtical btate ; bomided on the N by Umbria, on the E by Naples, On the s by Campagna di Roma, and on ihe w by the patrimony of bt. Peter. It is 22 miles in L'iigth and almolt us much in Ln-adlh, watered by fcveial linall riv«rs, and abounding in oil and wine. Magiiano is tht capital. Sabioncello, a peninfula of Dalma- tia, in tlie re|>ublic ol Ragufa. It lies to (he .s of the gulf of Narenta, and to the N of a channel which I'cparates the iilands of (lu/ola and Melif'a. SABiONti I A, a Itrong- to\\-n of Italy, in the Milanele, capital of a duchy of the fame name, with a caltle. It belongs to the hinifs of Aia'ria, and is 20 miles e ol Cremona. Lon. 10 30 E, lar.45 on. Sable, an ancient and '|>opulous town of France, in the departr.Kiit ot Sar e and late province of Maine, wi'h a c.tltle. In fhe neighbourhood are lon:e quarries of black marble. It is fcated on tiie Sarte, 25 miles NE of Anpirrs, :ind 135 sw of Paris. Lon. o i\ w, lat ^j ^^ N. ■;■'-' I 1j llli '■rir: I .^ ilfp S A H SAL Mi ' i'l' Sable, Cape, the moft fotitherly poin': rif Nova Scotia, in N America, near which is a fine cod-filhery. Lon.65 39 W, lat.43 »3 N. Sables d'Olonne, a commercial town of France, in the depaitment of Vtmk'f and late province of Poitou, with a port caivahle of containing veifels of 1 56 tons. It is leated on the bay of Bifcay, 31 miles vvofLu(,on. Lon. i 36 w, hit. 46 30 N. Sablestan, a province of Perfia, boiintled on the N by Cand;ihar, on the f. by Hindoortan, on the s by Makran, and on the w by Segeftan. It is a mountain- ous country, little known to Europeans. Sacca. See Xacca. Saccai, a (trong city and fcapi>i'tj one of the molt famous in Japan, with feveral caltles, temples, and palaces. It is leuted on the Ita, an.i has a mi-iir.tain on one fide, wiiich ferves as a rampart. It is .300 miles sw of Jedo. Lon. 134 5 E, lat. 35 ON. Safia, a trading town of Morocco, with acaftle. The Portuguele were long in poifcnion of it, but they forlcwk it, in 1641. It is iuiroundcd by ieverai emi- nences which command the town. Lon. i 58 w, lat. 32 zXN, Sagan, a town of Silefia, capital of a principality of tlie fame name, belonging to prince Lobkowitz. Ii has double walls, a caltle, and a priory- of the Au- gultine order. By permilhon of the em- peror, in 1709, a Lutheran fchool was founded here. It is feated on the Bolnr and Quels, 62 miles NWofBicllaw. Lon. 15 22 E, l;it. 51 42 N. Saghalien-oula, a rivtr of E Chi- nefe Tartary, which enters the fea of Kamtfchatka, oppofite the illand of Sag- baliep-otila-hata, Saghalien-oula-hata, an ifland in the lea of Kamtfchatka, in about 145° e lon. and from 50 to 54° N lat. It belongs to the Rufiians. Saghalien-oula-hotun, a city of E Chinefe Tartary, in the department of Tcitcicar, on the s fide of the Saghalien- oula. It is rich and populous, and very important on account of its lituation, as it fecures to the Mantchew Tartars the poffellion of extenfive de.'erts covered with woo, . Salberg. See Sala.: ( Sa;.cey, a forell in the 6 part of Nor- thonipton/hire. SaI-EM, a leaport of th^ ftate of Maffa- chulets, caprtal of the comity of Eflex. It is the oklelt town in the Uate,. except Plymouth ; and tho\igh its harbour is in- fei ior to that of Boltbn, it carries on a large foreign trade. It is 15 miles ne of Bofton. Lon. 71 30 vv, la;. 42 i6 n. Salem, a town of N Cai>;!:na, in the county of Surry. It is the prinjtipal Itt- tjement of the Moravians in this itate, and 170 miles \v of Edenton. Salenche, a town of Savoy, in Up- per Faucigny, liiated on the Arvc, near a Ihiall lake, 12 miles s of Cluie. Salerno, a leaport of Napks, capital of Principato Citeriore, with an arch- bifhop's lee, 11 caltic, and a univerlity, principally for medicine. It is ieated at the bottom of a bay of the lame name, 27 miles SE of Naples. Lon. 14 53 E, Jat.40 35 N. Salers, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Cantal and late province of Auvergne, Hated among the moun- t^ms, nine miles N of AuriUac. Salies, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Pyrenees and lati province oi Bcarn, remarkable for its Iprii.gs of fait water, from which the white lalt is mad*;. It In f^vcn miles w - «f Oitbez. .,ir ;. /r ,. . . SAL Sal ..nac, a town of France, In the department of Upper Vienne and la!e pro- vince ol Limofin, io milis s by w of Limoges. Lon. i iS r., lat. 45 42 n. Salignas, atownof Spuin, in Biicajr, feated on the Deva, at the lout of a moun- tain, eight miles N by E of Vittoria, juid zi SSE oi Bilboa. Lon. 2 54 w, lat. 43 5 n. SaliivI. one ol the Lipari liiamls, in the Mediterranean. It coniilts ol two higii mountains joined tugtihtr at the ba;e, and lies NW oi the iLand of Lipari. Salins, a conliderable town c' Prance, in the department of Jura ..nd late pixj- vince of Franche C^onite, with a Itrong fort. It is remarkable lor its fait-works, the largeft of which is in the middle of tlic town, and is like a lit/le fortified place. It is feated in a fertile valley, on a (treain that has its iburce in the town, zo rnilcs s of Bcnlan^on, and aoo se of PiU'is- L<:)n.6 51.;, lat. 46 56 n. Salisbury, or >;i.w Sarum, a city in Wiltlhire, of whitii it is tlie capital, with a mmket on 'I ueiitay and Satuiday, and a bi/hop's fee. It is lltuate in a chalky ibil, almoft furrounded by the Avon and its c with a harbour and leveral torts. Its harbour is one of the bell in the country, anil yet, ©n account of a bar that lies acrttfs it, Oiips of the linallelt draught are forced to unload, and take out their guns, before they can get into it. I'here are docks to build Hiips, but they aie ieldom ufcd, for want of fkill and materials. It is divided into the Old and New Town, by the river Guero} and has long been famous for its pirates, which make prizes of all Chriltian (hips that come in their way, except there is a t*eaty to the contiviry. It is loo miles W of Fez, and 150 s of Gibraltar. Lon. 6 31 w, lat. 34. oiN. Salm, a town of France, in the de- partment of Mcurthe and late province of Lon ain, with a caftle, feated at the fource ot the Sar, 20 miles w of Straf- burg, and 55 se of Nanci. Lon. 7 15 E, lat. 48 34 N. Salo, a town of Italy, in thcBrefcia- no} taken by the French in Auguft 1796. It is feated on the lake Digarpa, 1 7 miles NE of Brefcia. Lon. 10 49 £> lat. 45 38 N. Salobrena, a feaport of Spain, in Granada, >yith a caltle. It carries on a great trade in fugar and Afh, and is feated on a rock, near the mouth of a river of the fame name, la miles E of Almunecar, and 36 s of Granada. Lon. 3 30 w, lat. 36 31 N. Salon, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, iiiated on the canal of Craponne, 20 miles NW of Aix. Xon.5 5E, lut.43 38 N. Salon A, a feaport of Venetian Dal- matia, ieated on a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly a confiderable place, and its ruins ihow that it was 10 miles in circumference. It is 18 miles n ef Spalatro. Lon. 17 29E, lat.44 ion. Salone, a town of Livadia, with a biftiop's fee. The inhabitants are Chril'- tians and Turks, pretty equal in number; and Jews are not lufFered to live here. It is Ieated on a mountain, on the top of which is a citadel, 20 miles NE of Le- panto. Lon. 23 i E, lat. 38 50 N. Jjalonichi, the a .nt Thefl'alonica, a (eaport of Turkey iu T^^Irope, capital of Macedonia, with an :u iibifhop's fee. It is 10 miles in circumference, and a place of great traile, carried on princi- pally by the Greek Chriltians and the ;^ws, the former of which have 30 churches, and the latter as many fyna- gogues s the Turk» alfo have a few mofqiies. It is funounded by walls, and defended on the land fide by a citadel, and near the harbour by three forts. It was taken from the Venetians, l)y the 1'urkb, in 1431. It is Ieated at the bottom of a, gulf of the fame name, p.u-tly on the top, and pnrtly on the fide of a hill, near the river Vardar, 50 miles N of Larilfa, and 240 w of Conftantinople. Lou. 23 8 E, lat. 40 4i N. Salop. See Shropshire. Salsks, a Itrong caltle of France, in the department of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of Roufillun. It is feated on a lake of the fame name, among mountains, 10 miles N of Perpignan. Lon. 3 OB, lat. 42 53 N. Salsette, an ifland of the Deccan of Hindoollani lying off the coatt of Concan, to the N of Bombay, from which it it, fcparateil by a channel half a mile over, fordablc at low water. It is about 15 miles fquare, and fertile in rice, fruits, and fugar-canes. It has fubterraneous temples cut out of the live rock, in the manner of thofe of Elephanta. In 1773, the Engl.ih conquered it from the Mah- rattas ; and it hat proved a valuable ac> quifition to BombaV) which formerly depended on foreign iupplies for its fiib- fiftence. Salsonna, a town of Spain, in Ca- talonia, Ieated on the Lobregat, 44 miles Nw of Barcelona. Lon. 1 38 e, lat. 41 56 N. Salt ash, a borough in Cornwall, with a market on Saturday. It has fome trade, efpecially in mak, is governed by a mayor, and lends two members to parliament. It is feated on the fide of a Iteep hill, fix miles NW of Plymouth, and 220 w by s of London. Lon. 4 17 w, lat. 50 25 N. Salt Hii l, a village in Berks, noted for its fine fituation and elegant inns. It is on the road to Bath, 22 miles \v oi London. Saltza, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Magdeburg. It takes its name from the falt-pits, and is 1 2 miles SSE of Magdeburg. Lon. 11 54£, lat. 5»3N. SALT7BURG, an archbifliopric of Germany, in the circle of Bavaria, 70 miles long and 60 broad ; bounded on the N by Bavaria, on the E by Aultria, on the s by Carinthia and the Tirol, and on the w by the Tirol and Bavaria. It is a mountainous country, but pretty fer- tile, and contains mines of copper, fiiver, and iron. S A L 1 7 B V R G , an ancient a&i populous i SAL SAM trails, and :ad(-l, and It was ttoin ot a, 11 the top, near the rilia, and luzz 8 E, ■ranee, in Pyrtnees n. It is ne, among 'erpignan. Deccan of >i' Concan, rhich it it, mile over, . about 15 cc, fruits, terraneous )ck, in the In i773i I the Nhh- iluable aC' 1 formtrly or its fub- lin, in Ca- |t, 44 miles E, i3t.41 Cornwall, X has fome iverned by [embers to the fide of Plymouth, iLon. 4 17 frks, noted inns. It lilts w oi >axony, in takes iti 12 miles lat. 54- E» lopric of [vai'ia* 70 led on the luihia, on 1)1, and on ii-A. It is jetty fer- ler, I'liver, popu. lous city of Germany, capital of an arth- biuioprlc of the lame name. It is well built, and defended by a caltle on a mountain. The archbiOuip, who is » I'uvereign prince, has twu noble palaces; one for liimmer, and the other for winter ; the latter contains 163 apartments, all richly furnifhed, withqiit it-vkoning the halls and galleries. The univtrlity de- pends on the Bt-nedi^linc monks. The cathedral is very tine, and contains five organs. Near Saltzburg are Ibme very piod\iclive lalt-works. It is Icatcd on both tides the river Saltz. 45 miles s by w of Palfaw, and 155 w by s of Vienna. Lun. 13 5E, lat. 47 37 n. Salvador, St. one of the Bahama lAands. SeeGuANAHAMi. Salvador, St. the capital of the kingdom of Con^o, with a large palace, where the king and a Portuguelie bifhop refide. It is feated on a craggy mountain, 240 miles £ by s of Loango. Lon. 1 5 39 E, lat. 4 503. Salvador, St. a populous city of Brafil, with an archbilhop's fee, and fcveral forts. It is the relidence of the viceroy, contains ieveral religious houfes, and carries on a confiderable trade. The houii:s are two or three ftories high, and the walls thick and (Irong, being built of &one. The principal itrects are large, and there are many gardens, full of great variety of fruit-trees, herbs, and flowers. The chief commodities are lugar, to- bacco, woad for diers, raw hides, tallow, and trainoil. It is ieated on an eminence, on the bay of All-Saints, 120 miles sw of Sergippy . Lon. 40 10 w, lat. 13 30 s. Salvages, fmall uninhabited iilands, lying between the Canary Iflands and Madeira, 17 leagues N ef Point Nago in Tfncritf. Lon. 15 54 W, lat. 30 o N. SalvaterrA^ a towu of Portugal, in Eitramadu^a, with a royal palace, feated on the Tajo. Lon. 7 51 w, lat. 38 Salvaterra, a ftrong town of Por- tugal, in Beira. It was taken by th» Fitoich in 1704, and by the allies in 1705. It is ieated on the Elia, 12 miles NE of Alcantaia. Lon. 6 14 w, lat, 39 30 N. Salvatierra, a town of Spain, in Oalicia, feated on the Minho, 56 miles i of Compoftella. I«on.8 16 w, lat. 41 4SN. SaLvatieRra, ^ to'.vn of Spain, In Bii'cay, feated at the foot of Xlount St. Adrian, 30 miles K by s of Vittoria. i,on. 2 17 W, iat.42 er,«4 t9 the e.»d«. They have abvmdance ci* SfiSrfhi; SAN SAN melons, lentils, kidney beans, mufcadinc grapes, and white ligs, four times as big as the common Ibrt, but not lo well taltcd. Their lilk. is very fine, and tlie honey and wax admirable. They have iron mines, anil nio(t or the loll is ol" a rulty colour; they have alio einery iluiic,, and all the mountains .ireot wliite marble. Tile inhabitanis, about 12,00-1, an: al- nuilt all Greeks, and have a Ij'dlioi) wlio rclides at Corea, £011.27 ^i^y '^t. 37 46 N. Samo.hracia, now called Sa\)AN- OKACHI, a linall illand of the Archijuhi- go, between Stalinuni ami the coall oF Komania, and to the N ot the ilie oi Ini- bro. It is 17 miles in circumfuvnee, and pretty well cultivated. Lon.25 17 £, lat.40 34 N. Samoykdes, once a numerous and powerful nation of Tartary. They art now Ihangely diiperJt;d: Ibine of thtin are found in linall detached l)odits among the mountains to th.e w of Lake J^aikalj others are luppoied to be wltiiin the Chinefe frontiers} otliers arc Icattercd among the deierts, wliieh extend along the Frozen Ocean ; and Ibnie nearly as iar to the w as Archani;el. They have no lonp;er the ufe of horles, beciuie tlie cli- mate of their prelLnt country readers then- lubfilfence impoihble; but tluy Itiii pre- icrve the manners of a pallmal people, and retain the uie of "lovcable habita- tions, with which they v ander from place to place. Tliey neitlier have, nor appear ever to have had, any kind of regular government. 'Ihelr tiaditional longs mention only certain heroes, who, in better times, led their anceilors to battle. Theie longs form their yjrincipal a;nui|:- ments j but the exploits tlicy celebrate are never likely to be renewed. 1 iieir nerves are lb irrita'ile, that a fudclen and unexpected noife will irequently threw them into convullions. 'i'hey have a large head, a flat face, high cheek bones, Iniall eyes, a wide mouth, a yellow complex- ion, ftraight black hair, and little or no beai'd. Samso, or Samsoi, an ifland of Den- mark, on the E coall of N Jutland. It is eight miles long and three broad, and very fertile. Lbn. 10 33 e, lat, 56 z n. Samson, St. a town of France, in the department of Eure, and late province of Normandy, leated on the river Kille, live miles from Pontaudemer. Sanaa, a large and populous town, capital of Arabia felix, and in Yemen Proper. It is ieated among the n.oun- tains, and iine orchards; 2.4.0 miles a he of Mocha, and 450 se of Mecca. Lon. 46 35 e, lat. 17 28 N. Sanbach, a town in Cheflilre, with a market on Thurfday. In the market- pl.»ce are two lijuire lione crolfes, adorned with images. It is feafed on the We- lock, 26 miles e of Chelter, and 161 NNW of London. Lon. a aSw, lat. 53 8 N. Sancerre, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late province of Berry, I'he wines produced in its en- virons are fcarcely inferior to thole of Burgundy. It is (eated on a mountain, near the river Loire, zx miles NWo' Ne- vers, and no N of Paris. Lon.- j9 E, lat. 47 18 N. Sancian, an illand of China, on the coalf of Quari-tong, 40 miles in circunip leience, and iaiuous for being the bury- ing-place of St. Francis Xavier, whole tomb is to be lien on a fmall hill. Sancoins, a town of France, in the department of Cher and late province of Berry, leated on the Argent, 15 miles sw of Nc vers. Sa.nda, an ifland of Scotland, one of the Orknies, lying ne of that called Mainland. Sandecz, a ftrong town of Little Po- land, in the palatinate of Cracow. There are mines ot gold and copper in its terri- tory, and it is itrated at the foot of Mount Krapack, 32 miles se of Cracow. Lon. 20 32 E, lat. 49 43 N. Sandersted," a village in Surry, to the s of Croydon, noted for its elevation, which alFoids a delightful profpeft over the adjacent country. Sandgate Castle, a caftle in Kent, sw of Folkftone. It was built on the Englifti Chaimel, by fienry viii; and here queen Elilabeth lodged one night, when ihe came to vilit this coalt in 1588. Sando, an i%nd of Japan, on the N coalt of Nipiion, with a town of the lame name. It is 87 miles in circumference. LoYi. 139 30 E, lat. 38 35 N. Sandomir, a ftrong town of Little Poland, capital of. a palatinate of the liime name, with a caftle, feated on a hill, on the Vjftula, 75 miles E of Cracow, and 112 s of VVarfaw. Lon. 22 o E, lat. 50 21 N. Sandovvn Castle, a caftle of Kent, a little N of Deal. It .was built by Henry viii, for the fecyrity of the coalt. Sandugal, a town of Portugal, in Beira, feated on the Coa> 12 miles SSE of Guarda. ... Sanduliet, a town of Auftrian JSraban(; on the river Scheldt 12 iniks ^4 w hh in Kent, on the [II; and le night, in 1588. on the N the lame ifeience. )f Little of the w a hill, Cracow, 22 O £, Df Kent, juilt by coatt. [ugal, in Ikilcs SSE Luftrian I miks S SAN N.w of Antwerp. Lon. 1 he, lat. 51 22 N. Sandwich, a town in Kent, with a market on Wediielllay and Saturday. It is one of the cinque- ports, governed by a mayor and jurats, and lends two mem- bers to jiai liamciit. It has three churches, and about i 500 houlcs, molt of them old and built with woi^d, others with brick ;uid flints. It is walled romid j but the walls are much decayed, though four of the gates are ftill ftanding. This was once a town of confiderable trade, but it is much decayed, on account of the river Stour, on which it is leated, being fo choked up with fnnd, as to admit only fmall veflels. It is 13 miles E of Canter- bury, and 67 E by s of London. Lon. I 25 E, lat. 51 19 N. Sandwich, Cape, a cape in the ifland of Malicollo, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 167 59 E, lat. 16 28 s. Sandwich Bav, a bay of the Ifland of S Georgia, in the Southern Ocean. Lon. 36 12 w, lat. 54. 42 s. Sandwich Harlour, a port in the ifland of Malicollo, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 167 S3 E, lat. 16 25 s. Sandwich Island, a fine large ifland in the Pacific Ocean, difcovei-cd by captain Carteret in 1767. It is feparated from New Ireland by St. George's Strait, and from New Hanover by Byron's Strait. Lon. 149 17 E, lat. 2 53 s. Sandwich Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. 168 33.E, lat. 17 41 s. Sandwich Islands, a group of iflands in the N Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captain Cook in his lalt voyage. He \'o named them in honour of the earl of Sandwich, under whofe marine adminif- tration thefe dilcoveries were made. They confift of eleven. Iflands, extending from 18 54 to 22 1 5 N lat. atid from 1 50 54 to 160 24 w lon. They are called by the na- tives, Owhyhee, Mowee, Ranai, Morotoi, Tahoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeheehe- ovv, Oneehoua, Morotinne, and Takoora^ all inhabited, except the laft two. The climate differs little from that of the W Indies in the fame latitude j but there are no tra-ts oi' thofe violent winds, which render ; he llcmy months in th«; W Indies fo dreauful. Tnere is alio more rain at the Sana-.-'ch Ifles. The vegetable pro- duft ions are neaily the fame as thole of the other iflands in this ocean; but the taro ropt is here of a faperior quality. The bread-lfuit trees thrive not in fuch abundance as Ip the rich plains of Ota- iieite, but produce double Uie quantity of SAN fruit. The fugar-canes are of- a v«rf unulual fize, fbine of them meafuring eleven inches and a quarter in circumter . cncc, and having fourteen feet eatable. There is alio a root of a brown coloyr, fliaped like a yam, and from fix to tea pounds in weight, the juice of which is very fwcet, of a plcalant tallc, and is an excellent lubftitutc for fugar. The quad- rupeds are confined to hogs, dogs, and r.its. The fowls are ot the common fort ; the birds beautiful and numerous* though "not various. Goats, pigs, and Eiuopean ieeds, were left by captain Cook ; but the poUellion of the goats foon gave rife to a conteft between two diftrifts, in which the breed was dellroyed. The inh:ibitants are undoubtedly of the lame racje that poflefles the iflands s of the equator ; and in their perlbns, language, and manners, approach nearer to the New Ztalanders, than to their lefs diftant neighbours, either oi' the Society or Fj'iendly Iflands. They are, in general, above the middle fize, and well madej they walk gracefully, run nimbly, and are capable of bearing great fatigue. Many of both fexcs have fine open coun-. tenancesj and the women, in particular, have good eyes and teeth, with an en- gaging fweetnefs and fenfibiiity of look* There is one peculiarity, charaaeriftic of every part of this nation, that even in the handfomeft faces there is a fulnefs of the noftril, without any flatnefs or Ipread- ing of the nofe. The men fuffer their beards to grow, and wear their hair after various fafliions. The drefs of both men and women nearly refembks thofe of New Zealand, and both fexes wear necklaces of linall variegated fliells. Tattowing the body is praclil'ed by every colony of this nation. The hands and arms of the women are alfo very neatly marked, and they have the fingular cuftom of tattowing the tip of the tongue. Like the New Zealandtrs, they live together in villages, containing from 100 to 200 houfes, built clofely together, without any order, and having a winding path between them. They are generally flanked, toward the fea, with detached walls,, which are meant both for fhelter and defence. Thefe walla confifl: of loofe fl:ones, and the inhabitants are very dexterous in ftiifting the.r. fud- denly to fuch places as the direftion of the attack may require. In the fides of the hills, they have little caves, the entrance to which is fecured by a f^nce of , the fame kind: thefe are, places of retreat in cafe* of extremity, and nuy be defended by a iingle person againft fevei;al affailafitSi ilP' ■I '• It ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ^128 |25 jo ^^" liini 12.0 m ■12 ■luu — 1'-^ 11'-^ < 6" ► Hiotographic Sciences Corporation a W'iTfAAIH STREET WEBSTEit.N.Y. I4SM) (716) 873-4503 ^^^ V SAN SAN StfMe of their houiet are large and com- ModkHitv (torn 40 to 50 feet long, and fsom «o to 30 broad; others are mere liovi;U. The food of the lower clafs confifts principally of fi(h and vegetables, to which the people of higher rank add the flefli of dogs and hogs. The making of canoes, mats, Scz , forms the occupations of the men ; the women are employed in manufacturing cloth j and the fervants are principally engaged in the plantations and fifliing. I'hcy have various amuli:ments, fuch as dancing, boxing, wreftling, &c. Their agriculture and navt^tton bear a |;reat relemblance to thofe of the fouthem iflands. Their plantations, which are foread over the whole feacoaft, conHft of flie taro, or eddy-root, and fweet pota- toes, with plants of the cloth-tree let in rows. Tliey make fait in great abun- dance, and of a good quality. The bot- toms of their canoes are of a fincle piece m the Portuguefc in 1536. It IS feated at the extremity of Mount At- las, on Cape Aguer. Lon. 10 7 w, lat. 30 38 N. Santa Crvz, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean, one of the mcMft coniidefable of thofe of Solomon* befaig 150 .miles in sTa-i^ S A R ctt^tyiYifirttncr. Lon. ijb oW, liti^ id II s. Santa Cruz, a feaport on the i« fide of iht, lAimA ot' Cuba, 60 miles b of Ha- vannah. Lon. SI 16 w» Iat4l3 10 N4 Santa Cauz-de-la-Sierra, a lowtt of Peru, capital of a governraent of that itaime, in the audience sf Lot-Charto.'^, with a biflMi|p*s1ee. It is fcated at tht f >ot of a mountain, in a country abound- ing in eood truits, on the river Guapy, 300 mtles E of Plata. Lmi. 59 55 iV, lat. 19 468. Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, fcated among mountains, near the Rio- del-Nbrte, 950 miles n of Mexico. Lon. 106^5 W, lat. )$ 3a N. Santa-Fe'-de Bogota, the capital of the new kin^om of Granada, m S America, with an archbU?iop*s fee and a univerfity. It is the feat of^a new vice- royalty eftablifhed in the prcfent centuiy, the juriidtAion of whjch includes the whole of Terra Firma, and the audience of Quito in Peru.- It is feated on the riverMadalena, in a country abounding in com and fruit, with mines of filver in the nuAihtains, 360 miles s of Canha- gena. Lon. 73 s w, lat. 3 58 Ni Santaren, * town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, feated on a mountain, near the riirer Tajo, in a country fertile in wheat, wine, and oil. It was taken from the Moon in 1447^ and is 55 miles nb of Li(bon. Lon. t 25 w, lat. 30 a N. Santbn, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Cleves. It has a handfome church belonging to the |)apifts, ' wherein it an image of uie Virgih, which, they pretend, pcrtbrms a great many miracles. It is feated on the Mine 15 miles it of Cleves. Lcm. 6 S5 e, lat. 51 50 n. Santillana, a leaport of Spain, ca- pital bf Afttirias de Santillana, feated on the bay of Bifcay, 50 miks e of Oviedo, and soo Nw of^ Madrid. Lon. 4 3»w, lat. 43 34 N. SAntOrini, an ifland of the Archi> pelaeo, to the N of Candia, and to the 9 of Nio. It fs,ei|;ht miles in leneth, and nearly af much in breadth; and near it are three or four other fmali iflands, each of which bears evident marks of a volqi- nic origta. It^prqd«u:e8 plenty of barley, cotton, ind wi i>, arble tmder him. SarasoUTa is feafed in a large p)at«l» where the Et^ro receives two other rivers ; knd over it are two bridges, one offtoneand the other of woo4» wnich la^t w... w.. ..«..«.. ...» Spaniacd^ .^ •'i''* but It was abandoned by the aljies icon after. ' It is i ij miles w of Barcelqi^a, and 150' N£ of Mat^i^* I^^n. o %i,\Ht. life* 4« S3 N. .,o miles s ot Kafan, and 300 nW uf Albracan,. Lea. 49 15 1^^ lat, 5a Saratoga, a fort uf N ^VKrict, in the' ftate of New York, n^emorable f->r the fiuTendttr o£ an army of Britifh a^ Heffians. to the Americans, in 1777. It ii fejit^ on the e fide of I^ud|bn'^.J[^iver^ 5^ rtiiles N of Albany, , , ;SARBO|u;|tG, a town of Germany^ in tht cl^JVpratA: of l^reves, feated on the Sii'e, eight miles s of Treves. Loii. 6 4dE,'iat;4^ 37 N. Sarbourg, a town of France^ in the def^urtment of Meurthe and late province of^Lbrrain, feated on the Sta^e, at tne foot of a mountain, 1 5 miles e of Marlal, and 50 SE of Metz. Lon. 7 $ e, lat. 4S 46 N. Sarbruck, a town of France, in the. departraeht of Kfofelle and late province, of Lorraih, ieate'd on the Sare, 14. mi^es CSE of Sarlouts, and 40 B by N of Metz. Lon. 7 2B, lat. 49 14 M. Sar!dah, a.lfcaportof N Holl^ndi wh^re there are valt niagaiines'of timber fon^ b i4» miles ficvn.N to s^ ji^a. Sp tf^pin E to w. T^ ibU 19 fertile uiicffm. S, A R' the coaft i« a fiihery for uchovlet and coi-al, of which large quantities arr fent to Genoa and Leghorn. Beeves^ and ftieep aren^merp^s, ap well as horfcs, which are g9od, for labfnir ai)d the road . They are l^d in t^hfc ILti^e iflands about it, which abound in game; and in that of Afnaria are a gre^t number of turtles. The air is very^ iinhealtl^, from the marihy laiid. HcTf are mines, of fi^v^, lead, (ulphur, and aluip j and they tpi^ke a. good deal of fal^. Thfs id^nd has i^nd^gone various revolutions: in 1708 it was taken, by tlve Englifli for the emperor Cl^r^ vi | and in 1720 c^ded to the du)(jB| of,.S;iK9y, as an eqpiv^«mt fpr t^t.qf, ,$isiiy« It.ww then ereded into > ^n^pa^i. bHt hrs Sfu:dinian,iDrje% kecf s ^U cot^rt at, Tu- mi, the capita) of his. Piiaiiiionteiii terrr.. tories. £ie has a viceroy at CagUari, the capital, of tbls inland. Sardq, a,town.of Tur^ceyip A-Coip in Katplia. It was foiinfi?ly c^led Sardis, and was the capital pf Ljdifi« ui^,er th* famous l^iag Creefus. It w^s aiteiN- ward onfi ot the feven chiffches of Afia, c^ebrat^ inti^ bool^ of H^c^lf^pn, but was i^rc^/nil by ao -«^thq>|^,i^, th« rcizii ofTiberius. I^.a6w;Cqi^ins only a, jtevii( wretched' hutfv H|!)w.qrf r* hen; is a large carayanlary, where tbe^^i^rjpl)^- f(^Vl9 U 70 ipilea E of ^yrpa, Irop.,i(^ 3.9 B»>tr 3ft 44 N. Sar|, Rriyjsrwbich rifes at. Sa'lm, in France^ runs, N into Qerina|^y« and falls into the Mo^le, a little abovje Treves. ^ Sa^PAN^, a town of Swifterlandt ca^ piu4 of a.cQvnty of the, ff^, name, in, tHe canton of Zurie, with a cfU^le cn,\ rock, It fl^t q4I<> f«tcd ; 01^, tb; ff acoaft» as miUji ssfV of A^icrs^ Lon^a 15 B> lat, 36.}o)f, SARpuKK^I^X, a tpi|n» of, Fnpcf, !« the departn^i^nt of Mp^e^. aM \t^. PfP^ vince qf Lorrafn, ff ate4 ,«i) tl)^ .%CP, vm mil^s fi by e of Sawl^iNt^f Lop.? ^h lat. 49 9n. , Sark, a little iflaful beloigHig^tp Omt - ' B4;i|^, lyii)gbetwe«BOiN^^«l4 JcF* fe^^ on thf coaft of Nocmaadjo ■ 6 A R % dtfe 'fe psot of IXimfrietfUre,' add fbr many milet fbrmi the boundary .with £n|;laAd.' SaRiat^ ^ town of FraneCf {h.tf|e de- partment of Dordogneimd'hitie ]^r6Vin'ce of Perigord. It was lately a bilhop's fee, but it a poor (Aicr, feated in a o0ttom> Ibrrounded by mbuntains> 27 ■'miles se #f Perigueux» and 87 i by n 6f h6\Xt- dea;ux. Icm.j 19 B> kt.A5N. SarIquis, a Ititng to^n of France, w the department "Ji Mofelle and kte province of Lorrair , feated on the IfUi- mus of a peninfiila formed by the river Sare, it miles, e of ThioAviUe, and 32 NE of Metz. Lbn. 6 4S e, kt. 49 21 n. SahnO) a river of tjie kingdom Of Naples, ^hich rifes ntitr Sam6, and foils into Uife bay of Naplt^. SARNb* a town of Naples, in PHnet- pato Citeriore, widi a biflio^'s' AiiE'. ft 16 feated on. the Samo, near its fJtp-(^/ 12 fniles Nl of Salerno, and i'o it pf Naples. Lon. 14 49 E, lat.4b 4l>'i('. ' Saros, a ftrong caftle in Upper Ktuii- gary, in 1 cblinty of the fame name; '^Atitd on the Tariz^ at the foot of MqiUAt Kr&pi^h, fivb mites Nit w of fiWrtk. S^^Ri;AL, a toyen of Sfmin, iitPt^ti- Ibiiia, feated on the Fnuili;bU> iif tUe neie{}^#rfa(^ of #Mch are buiittcs 6f aldbaftir, 10 tranlpareilt thai;^Mt|idbws ire glazed ^ith it. Lon. soEj^U^ i^ V|. SAliiAAA, a tbwh of TtAly, inM- ma^a^ With abiibopS flb,'2f ](>utcfi FtiifMeV^. ' It has ^i lldicek, ai^ is ft-ited *bn a.caha); v^Kich coiiiifnuiii^ktes witYi dhtW, Sti^uV el^ht milek n ffoiii j(. It was blftlt by^e'li^iibibrttts vtf OheW, as a -buW^ark tb' tha*! toWni ^but >4gs taken, in 1.(44. by the 'iyAHhi^fmti m6',*«ille8 sv^ of Modei^, Lon. r« it E,' latr44. i^N. ' Sat ALIA, i rtrdrig tfeaj^rf of Nitbilsl, bn the tioaft'of C^am^ik.'; It is divided into three towns, aiid has a fdpert> IIUU3 *iui uiau^cs ybee Bar; in lat;« \t 57 n.' ' Savannah* a town pf thr United Statesi in&corgia, of which it was for* merly tKe capital. It is regularly built in tbp form of * paralielograna> and ftated , on a high fandy bluiFf on the t (ide of a uypr ojt ](|iieTanie naipe» 17 miles from it« mouthk anJ 117 sB of Augufta. 1/ov. So 10 w, lat. j» o r. SAVBf a river of Geqnanyi which has ita fource iii Carniola, runs through that ceuntjry Irpm Wto b» feparates ScTavonia from Croatb* Bbfnia, and Servia, and , falls i9tp |he, Danube, at Belgrade. SAyeNpRoaOi a ftrong foitreis of ^he ^kingd<"n of Myfore, in Hindooftan, It ^ It utUwi.e on the top of a vaft rock, rtfrng !.half a mile In perpendicular height, fropi a bafe of above, eight miln in circumfe- rence, and dlvi^fd at the fummit by a chafm, that forms it into two hills; chefe hayiftg each its peculiar defences, lerve as two j:itade)s, capable of being , maint^ped, inflependently of the lower wprks, whlich are alfi> woiulerfully ftrcAig. ' Notwithftanding this, it was takep by the •J^ngllfli, in i79f, after a iiege of l^en ;4,ays. It is 18 niiles w of Bangalore. SAViftffyNy a town of France, in* the department of Arriegc and late jNrovince of foUf fl»ted on the Arriege, 95 !inp^f ssE of Toulottfc, Lon,.,i 36 g, ^AVSR.N^i a town ptfinnft, m the ilepartment of Lower BUne and late pro- . vincp of Alfxc, with a palace, the occa- llpnal refidence of the late archbifhops of ;Stra(burgh. |t U ffated at the foot of , *Mont Vofges, in ^ fertile country, which produces piepty of wine, 18 miles Nw of 3trafl>urgn, and 110 I of Paris. Lon. ".Sj^^iqLiAtHQ, a (irong town of Pied- |nont, capital of a territory of the fame Mmtt with a rich BenediAine abbey. It is featnl on the Maira* five miles W of 'I'diflano, and s6 8 pf Turin. Lon. 7 44 |t, lat. 44 30 N. SAU^GENk a town of Suabia* capital .^f a county of the fame name, which , 'belongs to the' baron of Walburg. Savlieu, a town of Trance, in the de- jportment of Cpte d'Or and late province < f f Bt^gvmc'y* Seated on an eminence, %$ miles w pf bijon, and 14.1 Bi >A Paris. l-on. 4 f B» |a^ 47 «7 N. Savmvi^, ft confiderable town of 7'rance, in the (Ifpartment of Maine and Lo)re and late Pfoyipce of Anjeu, with m ancient caftle, Here is a famous of |» J?fifl^ pvff the toiff. '$ A'U >, . elliptic arehesi each 60 feet in diameter. It ;» %x miles s£ of Angers, and 1(0 sw of Paris. Lon. o 4 w, lat. 47 15 n, Sa^u,|!DERS, Cape, a cape of Sand- wich l^dy in the Southern Ocean* Lon. 36 57 w, lat. 54 6 s. . Saunders Isi^e, an ifland near S. Georgia in the Southern Ocean. Xv of Genoa, Loo. 8 ao £, lat. 44 l8 n. $AVQN|ERS, a towp of France j in the department of Indre and Loire and late wovince of Touraine, five miles from Tours. Near it are caverns, famous for their petrifications. Savoy, a duchy of Europe, between FnuKje and Italy, 83 miles long, and 67 broad } bounded on the, n by the lake of Geneva, which ieparatei it fnuai.Swifler- land; onthe e by the Ahps, which divides it from Pied^oont and vu|ais; qn the w by the RhbiQe, whif h parts it from Brefle ; and on the 8 by Ei^upniay and Piedmont. The air is cola on account of high moun- tains, whicn are almbft always covered with fnow} but the foil is pretty fertile. The mountains which are not covered with Iflow in winter, abound with paf- tures that feed a vaft tiuniber of cattU. There are alfo Itaes, fallow deer, roe- bucks, wild Wars, hears, maripots, white hares, red and gray partridgef, woodcocks, and pheafants. The lakes are full of fifli, and the principal rivers are the Here, Arc, and Arve. The French invaded this country in 1791, and the fame year, the National Convention decreed, that it fliculd be ZA 84th department of France, by the n^me of Mont Blanp. ^haimberry is the capital. ' Sa uvES, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard and late province of Languedof, feated on the V^doure, n miles sw of Alais. SAUVETki^RE, a tpwn of France, in the department %)i |.ower Pyrenees an(l late province of ^eam, with an ol^ ruined caftle, 10 miles wifw of Pay. Sauvbterrej a town of'Franfc, in th^ de|)aftmen( of' Aveir9P v^ lat^ pr9- SA Y S C A vioce of RouerguC) ii milef st tf ViUc* franche. Saxenhagbn, a town of Wcftphalia, 4n the county of Schawenburg, lo milct NW of Hanover. Lon, 9 36 e> lat. it 30 N. Saxmvndham, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thurlila^f leatcd on a hill, 19 miles NB of Ipiwlch, and 89 N£ of London. Lon. i 40 i, lat. 51 18 N. Saxony, Uppsr, one in the nine circle* of the German «;mpirr | bounded on the £ by Pruiila, Poland, and Silella ; on the s by Bavaria, Bohemia, and Pran- ronia; on tlie w by the circles of the Upper Rhine and Lower Saxony; and on the N by the Baltic and Lower Saxony. The elector of Saxony is the direAor. It comprehends the cleoorate of Saxony, or Saxony Proper, the principality of Anhalt, the landnavate of Thurmgia, the mai'che ^ Brandenburg, and the duchy of Po- mcrania. and thefe are fubdivided into many diftri^s, taken notice of In their proper places. ^ Saxony, Lower, one of the nine circlet of the German empire) bounded on the N by the Baltic and the duchy of Slefwick, on the w by the German Oi an and Weltpbalia, and on the & and E by the circles of the Upper Rhine and Upper Saxony. The direflqrs of this circle are the dukes of Magdcburgh, Bremen, and Bruniwlck-Lunenhureh. It comprehends the archbilhopric of Magdc- burgly the btihopric of Hildeiheim, the archbifhopric of Bremen, the bifltoprics of Halberttadt, Schwerin, Ratzburg, Lu- bcc, and Slefwic; the duchies of BrunT- wick • Lunenbureh, Lawenburgh, and Mecklenburgh i the principality of Vcrden, the counties of Reinftein ancl Blaubprg, and the free cities of Hamburgh, Lubec, Ooflar, Mulhaul'en, and Northaiiien. S iXONY, Proper, or the electorate of Saxony, in the circle of Upper Sa]i;ony, is bounded pn the N by the marche of Bran« denburg, on the E by Lower Lu- fatia, on the s by Mifiiia> and on the w b]r the principality of Anhalt. It is 75 miles long and 6z broad/ and is a very fertile and tniding country, Rbouoding in mines. It i^ cut into two une<|ual parts by the river Elbe; and divided mto three principal parts ; namely, the duchy of Saxony, of which Wittonberg is the capital ; Lufatia, of .which Bautzen is the capital; and Miihia, the capital of whi<:h (and of the whole eleflorate) is Drefd^n* Saycocki one of the Ulands of Japan* divided from Niplion by a narrow chaiine). The Dutch hSion are permitted to reiide' in the little iliand pf Dilhia, which is on the w fide of this. Lon. 13a a> e, Iri. 34- ON. SaVO. Sere SiDON. Saypan, one of the Ladrone Iflan/iS, larger and plcai'anter than that of Tinirm 1 lying between 140 and 150® £ lon. and in 15 sx Njat. SciiACEN, or ScAOEUip, a proir.on- tory of N Jutland, in Denmark, at the entrance of the paflage o^t of the ocean into the Caicgate. Lou. 10 6 e, lat. if- t6 N. ScALA, a town of Naples, li Princi- pato Citeriore, with a bithop's &c. It was a large city formerly, but if now greatly decayed. It Is 6 miler N of Ainalfi. Lon. 14 44 E, lat. 40 3^ N. ScALANovA, a toMm of Turkey in Afia, in Natolla, with a caftic and W- bour« feated on the feacoaft, eight mile* from Ephefos. Lon. ^7 3t.B, lat. 4(7 54 N. ScALiTZ, or ScALA, a town of Upper Hungary, in the county of Pofon. Tnese is a very advantageous paflage by it, from Moravia to Hun^nuy, and it is feated on the Marck, somUes M of Preiburg. Lon. 17 17 E» lat. 494 M. ' ScAi^DEROON. See Alexandrbtta*. Scania. See Schonbn. ScARO, or ScAREN, a town of Swe- den, in W Gothland, feated on the lake Wenner, 66 miles NB of Gottcnburgh. Lon. la 4» s, lat. 58 16 N. . Scarborough, a feaport 'and bprough in the N riding.of Yorkshire, with a market on Thuriday. It it feated on a thacf rock, iKar which are fuch craggy clittt that it is almoft inaccemble on every fide. On the top of this rock, is a lai^ green plain, with R Ihtle. well of frem water lpi;inging out of the rock. It it gceatfy trequenttd on account of its mineral waters, called the Scartorough Spa, itA alfo for fea-bathing ; on which account it is much improved in the number an4 beauty of its buildings. The fpring wag under the cliff, part ot which fell down in 1737, ^^ '^^ water was loft; but in clearing away the ruins; in order to re- build the wharf, it wat r^overed, to the great joy of the town.. Scarborough fends two members to parliament, has a good harbour, poffefles a confiderable trade* and is much engaged in the fiiheries. It is 36 miles nb of York, and »37 N of London. Lon. o 15 w, lat. 54 18 n, Scarborough, a town and fort oi| the ifland of Tobago, taken from the LI4 ^ -I «! 6C?ft s^cu Fmidi by ftorm, by the EngHlh, in SjC'AtooNA, a tdwA af Tiirkifli Dal- matian feated oii ilie Cheica, with a bishop's fee. It has been often taken and retaken .by the Turks knd Venetians, and thcffe laft mined the fortiiicationvy and its ?incipd buildings, in 1537} but the urkt have fince f>ut it ih a fiate of de- fence. It is 35 miles ..K\V pf Spalatto. Ion. ,17 « E, »t. 44 a9 N. ScARLiNO, a feaport of Titfcany) with H ciftle, feated ori tne feacoaft, five miles (Tsf M^ifa, and' i(^ bne of Piombino. Lon. 10 57 Ef lat. 4s 58 N. ScARo, » towii of the ifland of Santo* rini^ with a bi(hop*s f^e. Xx)n. 15 58 £> Ut. 3^10 N. -SCARPANTO, an ifland of the Archi- pelago, aa mibs loitg bnd tight broad, lying sw mf Rhodes, and nS 6f Candia. Tliere are fbveral high mountains; but it afbouhds in cattle and game, and has mmear of iron, quarried of marble, and fcver^ .good harbours. The Turks are rnaftfcri of it, but iht inhabitants are Oreeks. Lon. 17 4:0 e, lajt. 35 45 n. Scarps, a river of France, which rifes in Aftois* waihes Arras, Douay, and St. Aniand, and faUs into the Sdield. ScARspALE, a fertile trafl, in the ne part of Derbyftiire, furrounded by barren rocks and mountains. 'Sphafphausen, the fmalleft canton qf S\ndflerland, bounded on the n and w bv'Suabia, on the £ by the canton of Zuric and the bifliopric of Conftance, and on tbe s by the fame and Thurgaw. It is btit five leagues in leagth and three in breadth, aiid contains 30,000 inhiabitrints. T^e revenue^ of the ftate are not very, cohnderabie, as will appear from the fa- lary of Ae burgomafter, or chief of the li^ublic, which barely aQioynts to 1 50K aTytar.' The f tfformation was introduced lipiie in 1529. Tfie clergy are paid by the ftate } but their income is barely fujt- f^ient for their I'naintenance; the beJft Wring being only lool. and the worlt 40I. a year. The profeflbrs of literature aWb, who are taken from the clergy, are paid by government} and a fbhool is fup- pbyttid at the public expence. Sumptuair ' Jaws iire in force here, as virell as in moft f^rts of Swiflerland } and no dancing is allowed except upon particular occafions. The principal article of, trade is wine, .the cduntry »boundin|( hi vineyards ; and as the canton affbrds but little corn, it ie procured from S^iibia in exchange for wipe. . ' ^HAVrHAViEN} » town «f 8wifl«r^ land, capital of a eantbn of the fame name. It iA leated on the Rhine, and owef its origin to the interruption of the naviga- tion of that river by the cataraft at Lauifen: hvits being *t flrft conftruftcd, -for the conveniency of unloading the mei - chandil'e (Vom the'b&ats, by degrees in- crcafed tb a large town. It was formerly an imperial town, an<) 'was admitted a member of the lltivetic tonfv'deracy in 1501, and its territoi^ forms the twelfth canton in rank. iTie inhabitants are computed to be 6000 ; but the number of citizens or burgeflesi (in whom the i'u- prem« power uuimatety i-efides) is about x6oo. From thefe ar«'ele<;1ed S5 metnbers, who form theereat and little council; the fenate, or litik council of 15^ being en. trufted with the execiitiv^ power; and the great council (including the fenate) finally deciding all a^^peals, and regulating the more important concerns of govern- ment. Though a frbntier tbwn, it has no garrifon, and tUte fortification^ are weak ; but it has a famous t^ooden bii^ge over the Rhine. This rivfr dicing ex-- tremely rapid here, had already de*ftrdy6d feveral ftone bridges of tHe &ron^& con-^ flni6)ion, when lliric Grubmnnan; a car-^^ penter, offeitd to throw a'Arqoden oHdge^ of a fmgle aVch, over the riv^r, tMikhjs' near 400 feet wide. The "madttrates^ however, required that it ihould cbnfifr'Jr two arches, and that he fliould, ^rihat purnofe, employ the middle pitr' of th^ old bridge. He has done lb; but' has contrived to leave it a matter of doubt,' whether the bridge' is lupported* by the midd le pier. 'Ihl ffdes n\d top igf it are, covered ; and it is a kind of banging bridpes the road, which is almblt kVe), not being carried, as ufual^ over the top. of the arch, but (if the exprelflon tnay In; uled) let into the middle of it, and there (ulpended. Schaifh^ufen is az miles N ky E cf Zuric, and 39 E of BaPil. Lon. 3 41 E, lat. 47 39 N. S9HALHOLT, a town of Iceland, wltl^ a bilhop's lee, and a college. Lon. ii 20 w, lat, 64 40'N. ScHAMACHYA, i towii of PeHia, ta- ntal of Schirvnn. It was formerly vtiy arge, but is now decayed, above 6000 loui^s having b^en thi'cwn down by an earthquake. It hais manufaflures of filks' and cottons, and is feated on the jw fide of the Cafbian S^l, '250! miles ne of Taitrls. Lon. 37 5 e, lit. 40 50 ». Sqhant 3 STERNEr, a fbrtrefb in the Rtiiffian government of ^iburgh, feated on the Neva, a little b of Peteitburgh. X^m, 31 IS E» ^^' ^o^ W, - s <: H ScHARtliNO, n town of Ltiwer Ba- varia, ieated on the Inn, feven miles s of FalTaw. Lbn. 13 16 i:, lat. 48 11 n. SCHAftMiTZ, u fortified town of Ger- many, in the Tirol. It !■ a pafla^ of greit importance, on the confines ot Ba- varia, t»' miles H of Ihipruc. ScHAWBNBt;RC, a territory of Weft- thalia, 'XX miles long and 10 broad, V- tonffing to thi landerave of HeAe CafTel. SCHEtD, a conuderable river of the Netherlaiids,: ray , Bouchaih, Valehciennei.t^ondc, Toiimay, O^denard, Ghent, Dender- mond, and Antwerp, it divides into two branchea below Port Xillo. One of thefe, called tlve Eaftfem ^held, flows by Ber- gcn-Obtbom: tfc<< Wtlter. the Weftern Scheld, proceeds to Framing, aiVd both idnning feveral ^fluids', ehter the German Oct»h. tn 164.7, Pliilip IV of Spain acknowledjgt^l tfie ihdcpendpnltle' of the' Seven lAiif^d PlfoVlhits, zti^ ie^fefl to theitiihfe rovcrtiferi^'df the Sciielct j ftjpy-' Jartit^, i«ortii<^*P, tliitK^ large-AVpYho\i|d go diieflly t > Antwerp, 1>ut flvbuld unlade' its d}rgo if. Holland.' >^«rtVvrtMandrnff **•" '- ^'rW.^^ Wjieror jofeph iT vifCdi with the imperial /lag. ardkttAk tb*ttrt)ceHi .^..... -_.,.^ _.„.,.,., and another, .up th^^5fe]r> to that city, froiWOfl:ehdl" Bbth'thfeTc* rtfiiliW to be, detained bytllfe1>iitcliV wei-e fu-ed upcm, and ftrbelt their cor6\\h immediately. The iemperor, in purluince bf a prevfoiis declariiion tothat effeiJ^.^ (ioWidered.thls as a declaration of war, arid prbceedeo ta take meafures accordlhgly'; put, by the good ofli^es of the court of yerfaille«, he was prevailed tipon tO give up the, point,, on tWDutch lending a deputation to Vienna, to make an apology for the Ihfult to his flag, and conlenting to pay a large fum of money as an inden'.nlncaiion ror the expences he had incufVed in the pre- parations for war. In 1791, wtjeh the French took Antwei-p, they infifted upon opening the navigation of this river, oa the plea that all rivers were free, and that the confequent right of navigating it could not be ccdra by any treaty what- ever. This, with, their itivafion qj^ Holland, dtiw that counti-y and Great firitaifa into the geheraWoalition agaih(l them, at th^ tomiheiteeitnent of 1793. ScHfiLEitAtot, a ftrorig tovn p£ France, in the department of Upper Rhine and late province of Alface, feated on the river III^ 10 miles sw of Strait |)urg. Lon. 7 4^0 Kf lat. 4.8 17 N. S^iielCa, g tQWfl of Uppef Hungary^ StH ftated on tlie tV'a^rg; 15 nillf^s ki dT Prefburg. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 4.8 1* N« Sc HE LLE NBu RG, a fortrefs of BaVaHft^ remarkabk for a viAory obtained here by the allies, over the Preiifcli and Bava- rians, in 1704. It is ai miles w of Ingolftadt. Lon. 10 58 S, lat. 48 46 n. Sc HELLING, an ffland of the United Provinces, in Frieftand, lying at the'en- trance of the tZiiid«r-Zee. Loh. 5 10 B. lat. 53 20 N. ' " " ■ ' ' StHEMNiTz, a town of XJpj^lr Hih-' gary, one of the teven mouiitain-tOWntf,^ with three cafttes.'It is famourfbr milder of niver and other metals ; as alfb for itk hot baths. Nvar It is a ht^h i^dtdf, Ihininff blue ftone, mixed With gr6en UAd fohie fpots of yellJW. tt U 56 mites ttt, ot rreiburg. «ChENCK, affertrefs of Dutch ' Gitiff. ddlahd, feated On the point vAfiHi S^h^ Rhint; dividejk iritO two br&ndli^i, ' tK»' J^hihe and the Wihal. If il of gWat. iri^^oitan'ce, as.^e'^entr^ bf ' e<^itaui^-' cati9n b^twe^n ttbli^ha and- Gi^jti^yr aVid is ijinil?^ i^it^ltfiipxtii. TUbt^-§^ SdfrEAii4 ill the canibik of Bern^ rattiarkabli for its s,greei'b!:e p8fi^pn on the Aar, ait|| its tepidmbier^l wtffelrs. Neajf it, JDh 4' lofty eminence, are ^1^ ruins of th0 fiunoul caftle bf HapiStu:^..' , * , SCHJRAS, a. fsmm city of Pei1ui« ill Farfilbn, attd th^ cimttal of all PMU« It is'thr^e miW in Ifcngth, but dot fo much in breadth j and is leaftd at the c^ of a rpacious plain, furrouiided bv hirii hills, under one of which the town nands., The boufts are built of bticju dr^sd* ifc 9C H S C H. Ihr fiiB i ihe roofs ire fl»t and terraced. Tnere are ic haiidfome mofques, tiled with Ibnes of » bluifli green colour* and lined within with black poliflied marble. There are many large and beautiful gar- dcnat, furroumled by walU 14 feet high, cuiataining variou* kinds of Ane trees* with fruits almolt of every kind. The wines at' S<:hiras are nut only the belt in Perfia, but* fome think, in the whole ^rld. In 177S, the (cat of government xr^ transferred irom Ifpahan to this f'lace. It,, is %%s miles s of Ifpahan. •OR. 54 ao E, lat. 19 40 N. ScHiyBUsoNOEM, a town of Franconia, in, the province of Henneburg, feated on tltc fiver Schleus. ' ScH>;iBERG, a town of Silefia, in the duchy of Jaur. Almoft all the inhabi- tants are iiniths, whence the place takes it« name^ . It is i'eatcd at the foot of a ibountain, ^near the fource of the Bauber. ScribiiJBERO, a town of Germany« in die elqfloratc of Treve||» feated on the mbviitaln, 15 miles front Limbourg. . ^UONBCK* or 3CHQINECK, a town ^ Germany, in the cleAorate of Treves, wtth a cai^e,. (catjcd on the Nyma, 17 Aiiles Ik of Treves. Lon. 6 %6 i, lat. SotxU. ' ' ScciNEK,' Scania, or SxoiiE, a pro- vince of Sweden, bounded on the w by the Soiinid, Jwbtch feparates it from Zca. abi(. ^ ^ by Halland and Soioland ; ^ ' i and s by Bleckinaen and the BaltiK.. ^; i« 58 utiles lon^ ?Qa 40 broad, and is a ticriile country. Lunden is the capital. ScHONOAW, a town of Upper Ba- varia., feated on the Lech, 30 miles s of Augfburg. ScuooNHOVEN, a ftronz town of the United Provinces, in Hofiand, with a commodious haven, feated on the Leek, 14 miles E of Rotterdam. Lon. 4 54 e, ht. 51 58 N. ScHOENOORF, » tovm of Suabia, in the duchy o£ Wiiteroborg, with a ftrone talile. Here are fait fprings, from which a great deal of ialt is iha on the K by that of Ularut, and on the N by thofc of Zurlc and Zug. Thi« cahtont with that of Uri and Uiuier- waldeUf threw off the yoke of Auttria in 130S I and formed a perpetual alliance in 1 3151 which was the grand foundation at' tiie Helvetic confederacy. The name of Schweitxfrlaad, Switzerland, or Swif- ierlandy which originally comprelunded only thefe three cantonbf wat afterward extended to ail Helvetia. It derived that appellation, either from the canton of ^chweitz, at being the naoft dHUnguifhed by the revolution of 1308, or becaufe the Auttrians called all the inhabitants of the^ mountainous parts by the general denomination of Schweitzers. Tlie go. venunent of Schweitz and Uri is intirely democratical, and nearly the fame. They conuin, including their fubjeAs, 50,000 (miUi and, in cafe of mceffity* could ^rnifli above i a,ooo militia. The fame kind of foilt and the^lame produAions, are common to the two cannons. The whole country beinff rugged and mountainous, confifts chiefly ot paftMre* raifet little com, and hat no wine t but this (oil, na- turally barreUf has been improved by the natives to a great degree of fertility. |.uxury is fcarccly kncMm in thefc can- tons; and a purity of morals prevails, which can fcarccly be imagined by the iahabi^tf of great and opulent cities. The Roipan catholic religion is here cx- duHvely ^abliflird. Schweitz, a town of Swiflerland, capital of the cantOn of that name, (bated near the Waldftaetter See, on the Aope of a hill, and at the bottom of two high, Aarp, and nigged rocks, called the Sch^yeitzer Haken. The church is a laree m^gaiReent building. It is 10 miles ti of Lucem, Lon. S 30 t* lat. 46 55 n. ScHEWKiTz, LAicfi OF. See Wald- STATTER SbB. ScHWEEiN, a town of Lower Saxony, caMtal of the duchy of Mecklenburgh Schwerin. It is divided into four parts ; nanie'y, Schwerin, thp New Town, the iflari of Sch^lf, and th« Moor, which art all nearly encircled by a beautiful lake. The cathedral is a fine Gothic pile, with a lofty fpire. The ducal Italace and gairdens are on an illand in the ake, and hav; a con^munication witb the ffmjk by a drawbridge. |t is 35 miles w by f of Gulirow. Lon,*^ x| 4! I, lat, 53 48 N. ^ ' ScHwiNBVRC, a town of Pctnnarkf 'fm thf 8 9oal^ of ^ UhHjd pf fyn^n, s| SCI milts Ut of Odenfee. Lon. le 30 b» lat. 55 ip-«i. SciATii w Uland of the Archipelago, near the coaft ot Janna* to the n of Nc- gropoat, and almoft at the entrance of the gull; of Salonichi. It is t% miles in length, and eight in breadth. bcioiio, or SciLLA. See Scylla. SciLLY, a dufter of iflands aiid rorks,- almoH 10 leagues lying w of the Land** £od Id Cornwall, and are eafily dilicemed from il. Of tlieie^dy live or fix are in- habited. They iare ru(>noied formerly to have produced much tin, but are now ' chiefly known as a relbrt for feafowli and aplace of flielter for ftiips in bad weatlter. Tne inhabitants principally fubiitt by fifliingy burning kelp, and aAing aa , Jilots. The chief ot the iflands is St. Iaiy*s» which has a good port, is the beft cultivated, and contains mare inha- bitants than all the reft- put together. In this ifland, and in two or three others, are vaiious antiquities, particularly the remains of 'a temple of the ^vids, and ancicpt fepulchres } but the greateft oraa- roent is the lighthoul'e, which, with the gallery» is 51 feet high, and a very fine column. The Scilly rocka have bcem fatal to numbere of fliips altering the * Eaglifli Channel. One o{ the molt dif. aftrous events of this kind happmcd ia s 707* when admiral fir Cloudefley Shovel, with three men of war, periflied with all theiy crews. Lon. 6 46 w, lat. 49 56 m. SciLLY, a group of iflands Or fiioals, in the S Pacnic Ocean, dilcovered by captain ^Vallis in 1767, and defcribed as extremel) dangerous. Lou. 155 30 w, lat. 16 aS 8. Scio, anciently called Chios, a cele- brated ifland of the Archipelago, near the coaft of Natolia, Nw of Samoe. It is 31 miles long and 15 broad, and a mountainous country ; yet fruits of va- rious kinds grow in the fields, fuch a* oranges, citrons, olives, mulbeixies, and pomegranates, interi'perfed with myrtles and jafmines. The wine of Scio, u> ce- lebrated by the ancients, is ftill in great efteem} but the ifland is now principally diftinguiflied by the profiuble culture of the n^iftieh } it ha* aUb fome trade b filk> wool, checfe, and figs. The partridges are camejt beiqg fent every day into the fields tp fipedf and in thie evening are called back with a whiftle. It is com- puted that there are to,odo Turks, 10,000 Greeks, and 10,000 Latins, on this ifland. The TyrHt became mafter# pfitihf^^^, n m B C O 1$ CO tciOi « (iapoitr tlM eaphil «f «li iflanU of the fame name, and a bifliop^a •4w. It U the bdl boilt town of any in Ike Levant } the heafet'boingcommodioui, "Ibinc of th«m temecd,' and others eovered with tiles. The caflle U an old citadel butit by the Oitioc!e, in which thoTutrka have a garrifdn. Tbc harbour is b ren- ■4txvo\n for IMpt^ that ko to or come f^om 'ConUantinople, and vHrcontaih So ^^fk\». 'It is le&ted on the B fide of the i 4V wtiles w of 8myt-nai and 116 ftwtf Coti- Haminople, '' ' bciROS, an Idind of the Archipelago, JW of Metelin. It i» i5iiil)es long and eight broad, and a mountainous coontkj, but has no mines. The vines tiiike the iwaqty of the iiland, 'and the wint. H tx- ^Uont i not' do the natives want vfet*A, It contains ohly the vllla^ and coftrem •of St. OeorgVy both buiK on k'««nlear) ttxkf TO M^s> from the harbour of Bt. jG-coifgCi' The fuperfor of the convei^ vterctl^k dtfl^ic Iway oVcr the iftha'bi- lants) Whtfik fudei'ftition is ihore tutefRvh ^bm tihM lof the other Greekft is the Vlrchlpdag<»^' ri BcLAVoknA, li couiitry of Efirot>ey W - lago> five mdea Eof Sciati, an^ct t-f v of . Negittpont . It liM ?t the enltra^e tif the g«ktt' of Salt>iikhi, aind is io ttiiks lotig wid Ave bnfU. It Is Vely iFertife, ^rb- ttteeft pleUf^ of Jgood iArin«, ind cdn^alhs xa>oD» tahhbitftnfts who tire akho^ all ScdpiA, Of UsCAPiA, A toWtl of Tur^ key in Euirofie, ifi Bulgaria, With ah atxh- Iriwop's fee. * It is featcd on the Vardat', ovcc which is a bridge of i» airdke*, 6f miles lysW of Soflfk. Lon. tt a; t, ]Jf^ 4a 10 M. '; ' ' ScoTLAwliy, tit NokTH Britain, the iA)rthern of (he two kingdoms into which the ifland of Great Britain wa& fonnerly divided. It is bounded on the W by the Atlantic Ocean, on the n l)y the North Sea, on the t by the German Ocean, on the ht by Enghhd, and on the I by the Iriih Sea. To Scotland alio appeitaifi the idands oh its We^em cofcH, calkd' the Hebrides^ or Wedem Illands, and thoie to the ne called the Orkney and ^hetlahd Idands. From r< to 8 it extends 270 milt« ; and its greatcft breadth is I'jo^'but In foihe places not abovt 30. Nat\ire feems tA have pdimcd out thiree gi^^hU divifions in Scbtland. The fij-ft, of North diviiion, is formed by a chain -df lake*, which crois the cowmy, from the frith 6( Murray to the ifland of Mun> ih 1 dire^ion from Nfc to »w; thf; fekrt of Engtctfld ( atid, iii general, the air is very healthy. The ■prbduSta of tKe e6uhtry are li-ain) flax, wood* ef o^k atWl ^s cOt^ -"^i '^^^ S C Y s:e ar frecftone, limeftonc, flabe» the moft beau- Iluk out to Tea, \nd mekw tht whdli- ijftil msu'bii;, fiat rock.-ci-y(Uk, pcarU, force of the waters ai they come out of vjiiegated pebble»» &c. It fiecdn vail the narroweii part o( the ttcaite. rho herds of cattle and flocks of flKi;|f.t they hpad of this promontory is the famon* itt both fmall, but miKh valued fcr the Scyila ol the ancient poets. li does not iklMcacyof their ikHi; aod the fleece of come op to the formtdabt* deicription ibe latter emulates the tinetiSpaniih wool, that Homer gives of it, nor \f the paffaM It ia in the high f;rounds that the. cattle fo ivrondroua narrow hjvI difficult as ho 3)t fo diminutive j fort in many parts. of m^lGes it) hut it is probable that sta^ the country* the hor.es and Qoy art. tiot brea4th U grtil^T incrraled i«n«e his time» txceiled in fize and bei. jty by thore of the by the violent imitetuofity 6f the cuiTcnt| iJIngiifli breed. Among the wild animals and this violence muft alwaya have di- ift the roe, ltag» Hobi, badger, ■ otter, mixu(hcd» in proportion iu the breadth^ of hcdgethog, rabbit, wealiiU moia, and the channel tncreafed. There are many other fmull quadirupeda. Among the li^ij^U roclcs. that (bow their heads neai" feathered i^ce are the cafercailtie, or the bafe of the large. ones. Thele aie> cpck of the wood, the eagle, talcon, par- probai)ly the dog» that are defcribed aa KidgvqvtaU^ Inipe, plover« black game, ho\yl,ingxoundttbemoiifterSoylla. Thew; kc. Scotland iii divided into 33.counf are likewile many caverns that add gritatly tii's^t namely Shetland and Orkney, Bute, to tb« noife of the- water, and tendi» Caklinelii, Suihedand, Hofi, Cromarty, incfeafc the horror of the fccne. Th« Nairne,! Invcmela, Murray, Banf^ Aber- rocK,ia near too &et high} and there ia (ken* KiBpitfdine, Angus^ Berths Fife, a,kindot- cattle or fort on its fummit. Kinroft,. Claickmannai), Stirling, Dam- Scvi'.' or SciCLio,a.townof Sicily, hartoni Argyle> Ksni^tvtt J\ytt V/igtaa, fitvaie on 'u fide of the rock Scylla. Kirkcudbright, Ovrafries, Roj&urgh, In. the terrible earthc)uake ok' 17S3 (lee Selkirk, P«d»les* Lanark, >I(inlithgQw, Calabkia) awaveof thefea» which hadi Edinburgh, Haddit^gtion, and Berwick, fwdj^tthec^uiitry for three mUes, carried Tbek.lcnd one member, cath to parlia.> oif, oaks i-etum, %^7i of the inhabU meiu» ixcept Bute and Caithoefa, Cn^, taqta, with the )>rinceat their head. It muty andt Naime^ Kinnofs and Clack- is iOi.mile8 !U.of MeAlaa. q^nOao, whicbk.iiBnd membecs. in coq- Seafood, a borough and fcaport^ iii< juii^^ni' fo that the. counties &nd 30 SuAu^' which fiolda two members to a^;tnbe^l) which, with 15. ient by, the pftriiament, but haa no ndarket. It *•' b9rough^» make the 4^ met)bers fent eight miles ssb of Lewes, and 59 s ' by Scotland. The elbbltflied rriigiov is . by e of LoiidoA. .Loifa. o to B, lat; 50 the pt^ytei'ian. Witl^. reipe^ to the 50 n. v 1.., ti^deand inaauiaAuies, they.- are ootioed;^ SsATON.ror BaitT< S^aton, a leji- upiler the. refpeclive cities, and. towns. port» in H^ddingtonfliire... Her« is a E^in[)\)rgh i» the capital..' ...» ryinoua palace, in .which Mary queen of ScRivAN, a feaport of. Xerr^^Firmai Sfpts, oocahonally kept .her court, after PfTop/er* 5P ft>iles E:of Foiito Bcilp* Lon. hex jretilm foam France. . in the chapel' 7*491 ^Y» lat. 9.40 N, , ;! ..l 1 ;... - $QUTiARii .aJisi«ing.an^vpqpulaufttOMmi 0^ Turkey: in. Europe, capital (of ^Upper Albania,. wtfh a bifliopie.fee. Jt; isifeated- on the lake Zeta«. at, tJietn^quth of the. Wt< mi-SS o.N. are feveral curious monuments pt' marbfe. Se^n/has 'a/cbnfiderable trade in fait and coai»j«nd itiltuato onithe/fridi of FV>rth, nineimiles '« of Edinburgh; , Lob. % 54 river Bocan^, ao. miles , nj,. of . Antivari, and f7 N.w of AlbanppojUi iLou. .19 15 it lat, 4.1. 35 n. :^ Bift vri AM , ' Sir* a populous- leaport of - Sp/nio, in.jBiftay/- It.is featedi at ths ' foot of a mouiua^^ onkhe^tep of which- ' .S<;uTAXJr atovmoCilTjlrkey i»^fia, . ia ;a .ftrfmg^ citadel ).:ai|lthlfc. harbour ia iq Natolia, with a goc4> harbour •i.feated feovXed by'twoAKiie8»>iarid a narro\y en> oathe:E fideofConltaniUiipple, ohwhi«h< ti>Micct/or the fliiptk-'The toMvm in An'- it.is c<»:^t;red ^s a fubucb,. being dire^tfy. rqundtck byt a double vndi, and is fortiHiad;- oppofite. It conu^yah^UMUbqicinolquc*: tQyvM<^'!tlic fea. , >It' safries bn a great ai)d:is. b(}iU c^tl^.iidilAf A. ])U1^ *i<«a* trwl«>i' t^articokrlytiin .irony vfttel^ ^jnd - 39 4. S, lat.' 41, o ^;, J M ' 'U .ri J. I0W06I St^, Sel^aftuAt^was taken hy th«< SCgrLi,A,ia. rotk^ sew the/FMv of>. Fsencjh'd«;x794. itiisT5or itiiies a of Meffiaa,, «a the miJ^ «fi Calabria,, oppot* BUbo^ an< 50 ; n w of; Bitmpelnaa. IkML ^ iItetbe;Ctle]torabedC)i»r|rijNd|(t^! ItiUabo«t i.s6£W,,lat. 43 a4.i>.r-\ O ' w- a^ilf from. the «ia«raM»p£ th< F«ro» and ■> Sebastian, Sr.'aiat^ cl^^ 6r^, ^m a.fi||)i^ia[^poittiBiry« ;^ nmt a^ capit«l .of the pcoviiic« of Rio: ]sasAn, SEE «fiAa btihop^g ^. It hat t very exten- iivc md commodiotit harbour, defended hf numerout forts. The city (tands on Imrpottnd, which was formerly fwamf^, and i» furrounded by high hills, which ex^ elude the benefit of the refirefliing Tea and land breezes; lb that it is Aii^Katingly Kot, and unhealthy, in the fummer. The different mechanics carry on their bu- &iefs in diftinii perts of the town; par- ticular ftreets beme fet apart for parti- cular tradflt^ Oivthe s fide of a i'pacious Iqtisrr is the palace of the viceroy. St. Scbaftian is leated at the mouth of the Hio Janeiro, in the Atlantic, jj^. 43 II w, lat. s« 54 s. - Sebastian, Cape St. a cape at the WW extremity of Madagal'car. Lon. 46 s5 E» lat. j% 30 s. Sebenico, a ftrong feaport of Venetian Salmatia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a bifltop's fee, a fort, and a caftle. The Turks hayc often attempted it) vain to take it. It is feated near the mouth of the Cherca, in the gulf of Venice, 25 tuiles SB ojf Zara. Lon. 16 46 E, bt. 44 17 K. Sbbourc, a town of France, in the de- partment of the. North and late province of French Hainault, tx miles fi of Va- lenciennes, and 1% SB of Conde. Lon: 3 50 B, lat. 50 ax N. Seck aw, a townof Germany, in Upper Stiria, with a bifliop^s fee. It is feated on the Gayle, nine miles n of Judenburg, and 90 sw of Vienna. Lon. 14 27 £, lat. 47 19 N. Seckinoen, a town of Suabb, one of the foreft towns. It belongs to the Ivoutt of Auftria, a«d is featra oa an ifle, formed by the Rhine, fix miles $e of Rheintclden, and 27 \V of Schaffhaufen. Lon. 7 57 E> bt. 47 34 N. ' SfiCiciNGTON, a village in Warwlck- ihire, near Tamworth, famous for a battle, f<>ught in 757, between Cuthred, king of the W Saxons, and Ethelbaid, king of the Mercians. On the n iide of its church are the ruins of a tort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 feet high. Sedan, a Itronf town of France, in the department of the Ardennes and bte piovince of ChMopagne. It is one of the moft important keys in the kingdom } and has a ftrong caftle, '.an arfenal, a foundry of cannon, and i manufafluce of black cloths of a iupericr quility. The famous marihall Turenne was born in the caftle. Sedan is felted on the Maefc, x6 iDiles SB of Charleraont, and I35 Mt of Paris. Lon. 5 z e', lat. 49 4x N. Sabchinc, a town ax. NorfiaUc, wtUi -;- S E G a market on Tuelday, feated on a fmall navigable river, four miles s of Lynn and 93 NB of Londont Lon. o 24 e< lat. 5x 44 n. Sebz, an ancient and confiderable town of France, in the depanment of Orne and bte province of Normandy,, with a hifliop's lee. It is feated in a fine country, near the fourcc of the Orne, la miles n of Alen^on, and lox v^ by s of Paris. Lon. o 1 5 E, lat. 48 36 n. Segbberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holttein, with a caftle, on a high mountain conhfting of limt< itone, brge quantities of which aie car. ried to Hamburg and Lubec. I* is feated on the Trave, xx miles s of Kiel, and x8 N of Hamburg. Loq. 10 9 e, ht. Sbgedin, a ftrong town of. Lower Hungary, with a caltle, taken from the Turks in i6«6. It is feated at the confhi. cnce of the Teifle and Maltroch, 50 railei SE of Colocza. Lon. xo 35 E,bt. 46 zS n. Segestan, a province of Perfia, bounded on the N bv Korabn and Balck, on the E by Candahar aiid Sabkftan, on the n by Mackeran, on the sw by Kerman, and on the w by Covheftan and Farfiftan. Segbswar, a town of Tranfylvania, capital ofa county of the fame name. It it built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the fide of a hill, near the river Kokel, 47 miles N of Hermanftadt. Lon. 14 5^ e, lat. 47 '4 N. Seg M A, a ftrong feaport, capital of Hun- garian Dahnatia, witk & fort, and a biihop't lee. It is feated on the gulf of Venice, too miles nw of Spoletto. Lon. 15 xt fi, lat. 4$ xx N. Seoni, an annient town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma, with a bifhop's fee. It is jilid that organs were firft invented here. It is feated on a mountain, is miles SB of Paleftrino, and 32 b of Rome. Lon. 13 15 e, lat. 41 jiO N. Seoorbe, a town of Spain, in Valen- cia, with a bifliop's iec. It is leated on the fide of a hill, between two motintains, in a toil fertile in corn and wine, and where thrre are quarries of fine marb. It is near the river Morvedro, X7 miiei NW of Valencia, and 150 e of Madrid. Lon. o 3 w, lat. 39 48 n. Segovia, an ancient and populous city of Spain, in Old CaitUe, with a bilhop'i lee, and a caftle, called Alcaxar. It t» furrounded by a Ifa-ong wall, flanked with towers and ramparts ; and is fupplied with water by a Roman aqueduA, 300s paces in lengtli^ .and liipp^rted b^ i7f 'f ..?=' S E I uche« of a prodigious height, confifting of two rows, OM placed above the other. Here the beft cloth in Spain is made, from the fine Spanifti wool (o much etteemed in other countries. This is one Sart of their trade, and another is, very ne paper. The cathedral ftands on one fide of the great fquare, and contains the ftatuc of the Virgtn in malT^ fihrer. The Alcazar is feated in the highefl part of the town, and has f6 rooms richly sdorned with tapeftry, and ornaments of marble and porphyry. The royal chapel is magniHcently gilded, and embellilhed with very fint paintings. The molt re- markable ftru£lure is the Mint, ' feated in a vallev, I'urrounded by a river, on which arc mills, employed in coining. Segovia k feated on a mountain, near the river Arayadda, 45 miles sw of Madrid. Lon. 3 44 w, lat. 40 57 n. Segovia, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of Venezuela, feated on a river, near a high mountain, where there are mines of gold. Lon. 65 30 w, lat. S 20 N. Segovia, New, a town of New Spain, in the audience of Guatimala, ieated on the river Yare, on the confines of the province of Honduras. Lon. 84 30 w, lat. 13 z$li. Segovia, Nueva, a town in the ifle «f Luconia, and one of the largeft in the Philippines, with a bilhop's iee. It is feated at the n end of the ifland, near the mouth of the Cagayan, 140 miles n of Manilla. Lon. izo 59 e, lat. 18 39 n. Secra, a river of Spain, which rifj>s in the Pyrenees, and runs sw through Catakmia, pafling by Puy-Cerda, Urgel, fialapier, Lerida, and Mequinenza, where it falls into the Ebro. Segura, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a caftle on a mounuin. It is ne^r the rivers Eiia and Tajo, eight miles SB of Caftel-Branco, and 30 NW qf A!jan- tara. Segura, a toyrn of Spain, in New Caftiie and territory of La Mancha, feat- ed ainon^; the mountains of Segura, 35 miles N£ a river of Spain, which rifes in the mountains of Segura, in New Caftile, and croflinc Murcia, and the s part of Valencia, falls into the Mediter- ranean. Sk'ks, a powerful nation of Hindoof- tan Proper, confifting of feveral linall in- dcpeident ftatcs, tliat have formed a kind •f ftiilleni union. They pofliefs the whole •f Lahore, the principal part of Moultan^ . * S E I. ^ the w part of Otlhi. This traA at- tends 400 miles from NW to sB, and i« from 1 50 to soo broad, in general, buC the part between Attock and B«hker can^ not be lefs than 310. Little is known conceming^he itate of their government and politics; but the former is repre- fented as being mild. In their mode of making wai:, they are unqueftionabtf favage and cruel. Their army confifts aU moit intirely of horle, of which they are faid to be able to bring at leatt 100,000 into the field. The Seiks, like the Hin- doos, are perfeflly tolerant in nfttters of faith, and require only a conformity in certain figns a!nd ceremonies ; but, unlike the Hindoos, they admit profclytes ; al- though thofe from among the Mahome- tans are the leaft efteenged. The Seiks are now become one of the moft powtrfiil ftates in Hindooftan. Their capital it Lahore. Seine, a river of France, which rifts in the department of Cote d*Or and late province of Burgundy, and flowing by Troyes, Melun, Paris, and Rouen, falw into the Englifli Channel, at Havre 4t Grace. Seine, Lower, adepartmentofFrancr* including part of the late province of Normandy. Rouen is the capital. Seine and Marne, a department of France, including part of the late pro^ vince of the IHe of France. Meaux is the capital. Seine and Oise, a department ef France, including pait of the 'late prtf- vince of the Ifle of France. Verfailles is the capital. Seinsheim, a town ofFranconia^ with a caftle, 33 miles NW of Nuremburg. Lon. ioi8e, lat. 49 40 n. Seir, or Hor,- a mountain in Arabia Petrea, which formerly bounded Judea on the s, and feparated it from Idumea. It is now called Sardeny, and is 140 miles E of Cairo, in Egypt. Selby, a town in the w riding of YorkOiire, with a market on Monday, It is feated oh the Oufe, and is a place of feme trade, n miles 9 of Vork, and x8s n by w of London. I^n. i a w, lat. 53 47 N. Seleshia, anciently Seleucia, a town of Turkey in Ana, in Caramania, 10 miles from the fea, and jS w\ of Teraffo. Selettcia Ilber, an ancient epis- copal town of Syria, feated on the i'ea- coaft, eight miles N of Antioch. Selinstadt, or SelingvnstadT, n town of Germany, in the «le£^orate of ' i' $•. El W M^QtH fonnerly. Hngr.i^U It is fcated 9f Um conflu«n«9 o£! t^r G •jr;..'pentz ai^d Miiqfi i^ mifes, k of, fira&^tort) and 27 « of Aflqotz. Left. 8; }2 ^, k\t. 4.9 54 N. SfiViVjRBiiVt. 9 town 0'^ I'tu^y ip £u- rppe> in,Roin;M:)iii» wU^ an, ai:clil7libpp's i«4. It.wa^ 9r JargA p|af«>. but is, now much, decayed^ It i$,l(:sum4. opi tiie lea, of Mvmoiia* 35 inile« W q% Conftanti^ople. , ]^n. 2(8> >zBf lat.4.1 4N. SsLKiRiC, a borough, oi Scotland, and t^; county,•t9^Yn of Sell^irkfliire. It has ' 9, alat|U^E^)4}^e of boot* and flioes, and is f^at^'On thf; Ettrick,; ^o mji^ea s of Edin- kfir^ , X^, 2.4^ >¥• lat. 55; x6.N. •.^,9BJbK|RK&Hii^p» a (;qunty of Scotland, bounded on the n by Edlnburgbniii-e, on tiM & by BiOxbursMhi^e» on. the s by JXuQ&iftsOiirei and op the; w by Peeble- fy\tf^ 4t. extends fi:om n to s 10 miles, 9fiii icP, from; B to v^, where broadeft. The principal rivers are the Tweed, Et- tcie^a' YarrQw, and Gala. . SBsiflfBAt a town of, France, in the de- partioent of Loir and Cher and late pro- viQ^e. of Blaifois, with a caftle. It is i«iit«d on the Cher, over which is. a bridge, 11 miles SE of filois, andv 105 ,MW of "Paris* Lon. 1 36 e, lat. 47 25 n. SU^TZ, a town of jRrance, in tiie de- partment of Lower. Kbine and late, pro- vince of Atfa^e, ieated onthelRhine, 270 miks- Bof Paris, Lon. 8 i^e, lat. 48 J3N. Sbltzer Niuder, or' Lowbr Sbi»T*Bji» a, village of Germany, 10 qtii^frfrpm Francfort on the Maine; cele- .l^rAtedf for. a fpring, of mineral water, which is exported, in great quantities, toother countries. 3BM9NORIAH, a, town of Turkey, in Europe, in Serv^a, with a citadel, feated ctD^the Danube, 26,raile«,SB of Belgrade. I^l>t«l,45^ lat. 45 ON- Sbm(gal^i\, the E.partof the.ducby c^jCourJ^ndifepara^ed by the liver Maiza, from Coiuiand Proper. Mittau is the jcapitffi. , SxMiNAB,!, a town of Naples, iq C^- UWia Ulteriore, 22 miles, ne of liegj- gf.9., Lon. j6 21 £,, Int. 38, 20 N. SBffiNiOLAS, a diyifion of the.Creek Indians, which inhabit a fertile country pn.thei'riveii« Appalachikola and Flint, in. the Aatc of Georgia, in N America, StHLiN^ a tQwn of Sclavonia, on tlie XV fide of the Danube and Save) oppo/ite K^gradsj and 70, miles, SB of Eueck. Xon. 21 o e, lat. 45 ^^ N. Sempach, a lake of Swifferland, in .t)ie canton, of Lucern, three miles long wdoBcbKiaUt Tt^c banks on eacK .£« called Fort Louis, was t^ken by the Eng- liihjn 17 5t, and connrmed to them by the peace of 1763$ but, in 1783, it wis reftored to. £<^^jg««k LQn.j6 3^\v, lar. ^snti> ,..:i,:.- . , . ".,;■'..;, SBii^Bpi, a-t^jwiv of France, in the de^ j»rtnuot ol'.theil^werjilfts and late pro- vince of Provence, feated in a rough bar-; . ren coutHry, 4^.mile» N£ of Aix, and'49 N w of Nice. ionv4 4P E»^ lat. 43 59^. Senlis, an ancienitov^n of France, in the department of Cfi^ia^ late province oj tiie l4«,of,ft;a|9cf|,4a|!^y;>.V4PP> f«^ ' S E K tlie cathedral bus- one of the hlgHeft ftee- ples in iFraHce. It is feated on the fide of a hili, on the river Nbnette, alnrpit I'ur- rounded by a large fotvft, xo miks nw oi Meaux, and 27 ne of Pari*. Lon.i 40 E, lat.49 laN. Sennar, a town of Africa, capital of s kingdom of the fame name. See Nu- bia. It is five miles in circumfeiTncen and contains near 100,000 inhabitants. The houfes are ?.!' one ftory high, with flat roofs; but the ''■iburbs contain only cottages covered wit reeds. The palace is furrounded by higii walls, of bricks dried in the fun, but ii> only a confufed heap of buildings. The heats are almoft infupportable in the daytime, except in the rainy Icaibn, which begins in April, and continues three months, at which time the air is unwholefome. The com- modities are elephants teeth, tamarinds, civet, tobacco, and gold'^iuft. There is a market near the palace, where flares are fold : the females fit on one fide, the males on another, and the Egyptian mer- chants buy great numbers of tnem every year. The women of quality have flight garments of filk, and wear rinss of viari- ous metals on their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fingers. Women of a low rank, and girls, l»ve clothes wrapped round them from the waift to the knees. The men go almoft naked. The merchandife re- <|uired at Scnnar are fpices, {iaper, brafs, hardware, glafs beads, and a black drug, with which they colour theii* eyelids and eyebrows. It is feated on an eminence, near the river Nile. Lon. 30 o E, lat. 1 5 4N. Seks, an ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne and late pro- vince of Burgundy, with a bifhop's fee. The metropoUtan chuydi is a handfome Gothic ifaiiflure. The dauphin and dau- phinefs, parents of Lewis xvi, were in- terred in this church; and here was lately their monument, a mafterpiece of Couf- ton's, ci'Owned by two urns united, ex- preflive of the unalterable affe^ion of this virtitous paii . It was the laft re- «ueft of the unfortunate monarch, their ton, to the National Convention, that his ffmains might be interred with theirs ; a requeft which they refiifiK] . Sens is feated in a fertile country, at' the comHuence of tbe Vanne widl^e Yonne, z$ miles N of Auxerre, flRd6o||t of Paris. Lon. 3 t»B, lat.^t.isH. ' SsRAio, a town of Turkey ^n Europe), capital of Bofnia, 110 miles sw of Bel- pade. Lon. 18 5 B, lat. 4424 N. ^fiBAifPoua» a (Dwa of Hixutooftaa S E H Propel-, in Bengal, feated on Hoogljf River, a imall diltance above Calcutta. It is a Danifh tettlement, and carries otf a confidc-rable trade. Seravalle, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, 24. miles n of Olenda. Lon. 8 36 E, lat. 44. 44 K. Sercelli, a jeaport of the khigdpm of Algiers, a little* to the w of Algiti.t« Lon. 1 ao E, lat. 36 50 N. Serchio, a river of Italy, which ha« its fource in the Appenninctf, in Modena. It crofles the valley cf Carfagnana, in thd territory of Lucca, and fells into the Tu'f- can Sea, five miles from the mouth of th€ Arpo. Serpo, or Serpents, an ifland of th< Archipelago, 50 miles uw of Naxia. It is eight miles long and five broad, and fiill of mountains and rocks, is which arf mines pf iron and loadltone. The inlu^~ bitanis are all Greeks, anr! have but one town, called St. Nicholo, which is t poor place. Lon. 25 ice, lat. 37 19 N. Sergippy, a feaport of Brafil, capitat of a aovemment of the fame nams. It is feated at the mouth of the Rey, 120 mile* NE of St. Salvador. Lcm. 39 46 W; lat. 31 30 N. Seringapatam, acity of Hindooftan« capital of Myfore, fituate in an ifland of the river Cauvery. The maufoleum of Hjrder AU is one of the moft iragnificenC obje£ls in the place : it h on tht s angle of the ifland, furrounded by a grove ot beautiful cyprefs trees. Sermgapatam is flrongly fortified ; notwithftanding which, lord Comwallis, In 1792, here compelled^ Tippoo Sultan to fien a treaty, by which he facrificed half ofhis dominions, and a vaft fum of money, to the E India Com- pany and their alues. It is 290 miles vr by s of Madras. Lon. 76 46£}'lat. 1$ 31 N. Seronge. See SiRONC. Serpa, a ftrong town of Porttigal, it% Alentejo, 'ftated on a rugged eiiiinence^ with a caftk; three miles froth the Gua-' diana, and 83 se of Lifboh. Lon. 7 45 w, lat. 37'47N. Serrjes, a towft of France, Ih thed^ partm^nt q{ the tJpper Aljps and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, 1 5 miles s w of Gap. Se^VIa, a province of Turk«?y jh tu- rope, 196 miles long and 95 >broa(ii bounded on the N by the Danube and Savei which feparate it from Hungary, on the B by Bulgaria., on the \v,by EoC- nia and on the 8 by Albania and Mace- donia. ' It is divided into four fanylai- eates j two dfwhich were ceded, ii\ 17 1 2^ to the Avftliu^) cr, ■ the .nttC eafterly of the fiv» eattern sranches of the Lulus. About midway between its fource and the Iiwlus, it re- ceives the Beyah, and joins the Indus a great way to the Sf of Moultan. Settle, a town In the w riding of Yorkfhii«| with a market on Tuelday. It is feattd on the Ribble, over which is a bridge, a8 miles £ by N "f Lancuilcr, m&2-i$ KNW of London, juon. 2 i$w, lat. 54 5 N. S'E\'£ii Islands, iilands t.o that num- ber, in the Kronen Oceun, lying in lon. . x8 49S e, lat. 80 31 N. Among thde iflamJi captain Phipps, with che Race- horse ind v.'arca &c. and thei-e is abmi' dance of oil } for to the w of the riyer is a grove of olive-trees, 30 miles in length. Seville is 45 miles from the Athmtic. 112 w of Granada, and iia s by w 01 Madrid, Lon. 5 zx w, lat. 37 3a N. Sevres, Two, a department of France, including part of the late pro* vince of Poitou. It is ib named from two rivers^ one of which flows w by St. Maxiepf and Niort, into the bay orBilV cay, bppofite the ifle of Rhe, and the other takes a N.iv direction, pafles by Cliflbn, and enters the river Loire, oppo* lite Nantes, St. Maixent is the capital. Sewalick, Mount, a chain of mountains that borders on the level covn* try, on the N of the province of Delht^ in Hindooftan Proper. At Hurdwar, the Ganges forces its way thi'ough this ridge into the plains of Hindooftan. Seyssel, a town of France, in the department of Ain and late province of Breife. It is divided by the Rhone, which here begins to be navigable, into two parts; of which the eaftem was ceded to the king of Sardinia, by the treaty of Turin, In 1760. It is 14 miles NE of Belley. Lon. 7 45 £, lat. 46 ( N. Sezanne, a town of France, unthe depai'tment ^ Mame and kte {^ovlnce of Champagne, feat^d on a little river, li miles NW'of Troyei, and 65 SEOf Paru^ Lon.4 lOB, lat.4i IM N. ' Skaftsbury, a oN'ough In Dorfttt fltire, with a market dn'tluurda/. It ijl' Mm % sn E ieated on a hill, where water is To fcarce, that the poor get a iivin:;i by fetching it from a ^eat diftance ; but it enjoys a ieiTne wholefome air, and ha« a fine prof- pcA. It fends two members to parlia- ment, ir governed by a mayor, and had formerly 10 parifh churches, which are now reduced to three. It is 25 miles HNE of Dorchefter, and loz w by s of London. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 51 o N. ' Sham. See Damascus. ^ • Shannon, the larseft river of Irebnd, jWhich iffues from Cough Allen, in the bounty of LeitrH, and running s divides the provinces of Leinfter and Connaught ; it then turns sw, pafles by the city of Limerick, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, between the counties of Clare and Limerick. Swap, a village in Weftmorland, at the feurctf of the Loder, between Orton and Pwirith. It had once' a famous abbey, built in 1 1 19; but it is now of little note, except for fome k^eat (tones, like ^yranrids, placed aimoft in :* direil line, lor t mile together, at eight, ten, and twelve yards diftance, of fuch immenie weight, that carriages now in ufe could not fupport them. The abbey ftood about a mile w froni the church, of which little remainS) except the tower at the w end of the deftroyed church, and the ruins of an old bridge. Shappinsha, one of the Orkney Iflands, lying ne of Mainland. Sheerness, a fort in Kent, leated on •be N point of the iJle of Shepey, at the principal mouth of the Medway, three miles N of Oueenborough. It was built by Charles II, dfter the inlult of the Doteh, who burnt the men of war at Chatham. The buildings belonging to it> in which the officers lodge, make a little^ neat town, and there is alfo a yard, a dock, and a chapel, ^on. o 48 e, lat. Sh^ffieid, a ili'ge and. populous town in the W riding ^f YqrkJhir^, with i niarkd ca Tuefday. It has beeii long celiebratted for its various hardwvc iooanu- iafhires, which confilt particularly of cutlery ware, plated gpods, and buttons. i^nre are atfd Ifcad works and a (ilk mill. ^ is feattd oh the Don, which is naviga-. llik whin two bi" three mileis of the town, an4 its neighbourhood abqunds witl) coal. |t has 'two lai^ge churches^ an4 a fpAcipus, tjiacket-place> ftipiihed with neat ihop^ ibr bijtshersK ^c. It is 54. milc!* ssw o/yoirk, and'i6r Njiw of Londpn.. Lpo. 1 m'w, Iftt. S3 ap N. * ' , '^'^f^fj69,if,. a iown »..1S«df«(dfhire| SHE with a market on Frldajr, featcd between two rivulets, which unite their ftreami below the town, and fall into the Oulc, It is eight miles SB of fiedford, and 41 N by w of London. Lon.p at w, Ut. 5a 8 N. Shefnal, a town in Shropfhirc, witk a market on Friday, nine miles Ng of Bridgenorth, ^nd 136 NW of London. Lon. 2 22 w, lat. 52 4.2 n. Sheilds, South and North, two reapft>rts, one in the county of Durham, and the other in Northumberland; n. markablc for being the mart where fliipj take in their loading of coal, and where they make large Quantities of fait. They are feated on>eacn fide of the Tyne, le miles E of Newcaftle. Lon. i 13 w, lat. 55 4 N. Shelburne, a flourilhing town of N America, in Nova Scotia. It is iituatc at Port Rolbway, and extends two miles on the water ^de, and one mile bacic> waid, with wide ftrects croffrng each other at right angles. The harbour is deep, capacious, and fecure. About a mile from Shelburne, and fcparated from it by a fmall river, is the Black Town, con- taining about 1200 free blacks, that ferved on the royal fide during the late war. Shelburne is 100 miles sw of Halifax. Lon. 65 o w, lat. 43 46 n. Shepherd's Isles, a clufterof ifli^nds, part of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, to the s of Malicollo. Lon. 16S 42 E, lat. 16 58 s. Shepey, an iHand of Kent, at th» mouth of the Thames, fcparated from the mainland by a branch of the Medway, called the Eaft Swale. It yieUs plenty oT corn, and feeds numerous flocks of ilieep. It contains the burough of Queenbprough and the fort of Sheemefs. Shepfe&ton, a village in Middlefnc, feated pnthe Thames, four miles sse of Staines. It is mUch reforted to by the lovers of angling, and near it, part of a Roman camp is Bill vlfibU. Shepton Mallet, a town in Somer- fetlhire, with a market on Friday, and a confiderable manu&£lure of fecond cloths, the principal material pf which is fine Englifti wppI. It is feated under Men- dip Hills, 17 miles, ^w of Bath, and ? 14 W of Londpn. Lpn. a 39 w, lat. 54 SiiiRvoiK^v & town itt Derft^lbiit, V9xt^H maik«(,aii T^^riilay and Saturday. It was, formerly a, bifbop's fee, aitd bad tljree c^jn'rc'liMi! t^iPWgh n0W but one, vrhich was the ^aithedral, and ia. it ire ^thelberf. tt had airo a aSAt, now in ruins. Here is a famous freefchoul* founded bv Edward Vi ; two large fllk ipilU ; ana a conduit of excellent water, which is continually ininning. It is i6 miles N by w of Dorchefter^ and 1 1 8 w by 8 of London. Lon. a 41 w, lat. 50 Sherbork, a town in the w ridinzof Yoi'kihire, with a market on Friday, feated on a river, which foon falls into ^e Oufe, 1 4 miles sw of York, and 181 K by w of London. Lon. i 15 w, lat. 53 +9 N. Sherborough, a foft of Guinea, jfeated at the mouth of Sherborough River. It belongs to the Englifli, and is ico miles SE of Sierra Leone. Lon. now, lat. 6 ON. Sherburne, the only town in the ifland of Nantucket, on the coaft of Maflachufets Bay. It is 80 miles s of fiofton. Lon. 70 30 w, lat. 41 o n. Sheriff-muir, a heath in Per thfh ire, between the Ochils and the Grampian Mountains ; famotk for a bloody but un- deciftve battle, in 171 5, between the royal army and the rebel forces under the earl ok Mar. Shetland, the general name of about 40 iflands. lying too miles NNE of Caith- nefsihiie, in Scotland, between 59 56 and 61 II Nlat. The names of the principal are Mainland, Yell, Unft, and Fula or Thule. The dcfcription eiven of the largeft, or Mainland, wUl enable the reader to form an idea of the others } and as the particulars of the climate, inhabi- tants, &c. are much the fame as in the Orcaoes, we muft refer to that aiticle for them} addii^, however, fonie curi. ous particulars o? the Auroras Boreales, or Merry. Dancers, as they are called in thcfe iflands. Thefe are the conflant at- tendants of clear evenings, and prove great reliefs amid the gloom of the 'long winter nights. They commonly appear tt twilight, near the horizon, of a dun colom*, $p[»-oachihg to yellow, fometimes continuiiig in that ftate, for feveral hours, without any apparent motion ; after which they break out into ftreams of ftronger light, if reading iajto columns, and alter- ing flowly into ten thouf^nd^ ,difterent Aiapes, varying their colours from aU the tints ofyellow to.the.moft Qbiciire luiTet. They often cover the wliple jieniil'pl^re) and then make the moft brilliant. appear- ance. Th^ir motions, at thefe times, are amazingly quick ; and tliey aitoniiOi; the IpeJlator v^ith the rapid change of their form. They break oUt in places where S H O none were feeti before, flcimming brifltfy along the heavens; are fuddenly extin- fuifhed, and leave behind an uniform uflcy traa. l:h again Is brilliantly illuminated in the (ame manner, iJad as fuddenly left a dull blank. In ceitain nishts, they afliime the appearance of vait columns ; on one fide of the deepelt vellovv, on the other declining away till it becomes undi(iingut(hed fi'om the Iky. They have generally a ftrong tremulous niotion from end to end, which continues till the whole vanifhes. According to the ftate of the atmofphere, they differ iu colours i they often aiTume the colour of blood, and make a very dreadful appear- ance. Shetland, with Orkney, tonna one of the counties of Scotland. ^ Shin, Loch, a lake in the mountain^ of Sutherlandfliire, 81 miles in circuit. From this lake jiTues a rapid ftrdun^ which flows into the frith of Democh. Shifton, an fincient town in Worce'f- terfhire, though furrounded by Warwick- fhire, with a market on Saturday. It i« feated on the Stour, 14 miles' w of Ban- bury, and 83 Nw of Londm. Lon. i X5 w, lat. 5» 5 n. Shittbrton, a village in Dorfetfhirei in the parifli of Bere-Regis, near whicb is a Roman encampment, of a Jong fquare form, containing an area of about feveil acres. • *; Shoales, Isles of, in N Amertci^ on the coaft of New Hampfhire. They lie conveniently for the cod-finery, Whicn was formerly carried on hertf to great ad* vantage] but the inhabitants are now few and poor. Shoole, a town of Syria, feated oH the Aft, anciently called Ormitsfs, over which is a bridge of 13 arches. It is it miles 8 by e of Antioch, and 45 sw of Aleppo. Lon. 36 40 E, lat. 35 ao H. Shoomska, one of the Kurile Iflands, three leagues 8 of Cape Lopatka, in Kaintfchatka. Its inhabitants conilft of a mixturl; of natives and Kamtfchadalcs. S)ee KuriLes. Shooter's Hill, a village in Kent, fituate on a hill ibcallcd> eight miles ess 9.f London. The hill affords a very ex«- tenfiVe profpe^, and the Thames makes a munificent appearance from it. On the w part of this hill is a lofty tower» p-eaed by lady James, to cominethoutfe the rcduclibn, in 1 7 56, of Severndroogj *, ftrong jfort m the E Indie», by her.huf- band ftfOmmadore James. It is tailed Severndroog- Cuftle, is of a triangular form, and contains fome of the arms, 0% naments, &c. taken from the cficmy* I" ! 'i' ?;• S ri R S I B Shoreham» a borough in Suflex, with ftone, pipe«clay, bitumen, and coal. Tlit. principal riven are the Sevrin and the Tend. The capital it Shrewftury. Si AM, a kingdom of Afia, bounded on the N' by China, on the B by Laos and Cambodia, on the s by the gulf of Siam, and on the w by the bay of Bengal and Pegu. It is ^50 miles in length, and »50 in breadth, though in fome placet not abuvc 5O; and is divided into the Higher and Lower. It is a flat country, and in the rainy feafon is overflowed} for which reafon mv(k of the houfcs are a market on Saturday. It lends two iuembert to parliament, and is commonly called New Shoreham, to diftinguifh it from the Old, which lies near it, and is now of little account. It is leated on an arm of the Tea, which makes it a place 6f fome trade, and many fmall veflfels are built here. It is i« miles Nw of New- haven, and 56 8 by \v of London. Lon. o 15W, lat. 50 54 N. Shrewsbury, a borough in Shrop- fliire, and the capital of that^ county. with t market on wednefday, Thurfday, built on pillars, and have no comitiunica- and Saturday. It is featea on a )>enin- tion for fome months but by boats. lula formed by the Severn, over which are There are mines of gold, filver, tin, and two bridges, and is furrounded by a wall, copper, and plenty of pepper, rice, cot. with three gates* Here was formerly a ton, aloes, benjamin, and ^uflc. The caftle and abbey, both now in ruins. It contains five churches, is governed by a mayor, and fends two memoers to parlia- ment. It is the chief mart for a coarie tame cattle are beeves, buffaloes, and hogS} the woods abound with elepliantit, rhinocerofes, leopards, and tigers; be- ftde which there are large crocodiles, and kind of woollen cloth, made in Montgome- lerpcnts ao feet long. The Inhabitants, ryfliire, called Wellh webs, and for all forts both mciv and women, go almolt naked ; ofWelfli commodities, which are generally but the better fort wear rich garmentti. bought.inaroughftateat Welihpool, and They are well ihapM, have large fore- finimed here. It is alio famous for its ex- heads, little nofes, handfome moutlis, cellent brawn. In 1183, Edward i held a parliament here, when the lords fat in the caftle, and the commons in ^ b?.m. Ano- ther parliament was held heroin 1397, by Richard 11. Near this town, in 1403, was fought the battle between Henry iv and Henry Percy, nicknamed Hotlpur, in which th< latter was defeated and (lain. plump lips, and black fp rkling eyes. The men are of an olive colour, with little beards } but the women are ot a ftraw complexion, and fome have their cheeks a little red. The king Ihows himl'elf but once a year to the commca people. He is proprietor of all the lands m the counrry, and keeps a numerous Shrewlbury is 18 miles e of Welihpool, army, among which are 1000 elephants.. 36 w of Lichfield, and 160 nw of Lon- Though pagans, they have fome ideas don. Lon. 141 w, lat. 5a 43 N. of integrity and benevolence; for thty Shrewsbury, a town of the United think that doing good both to men ana States, in New Jerfey and county of Mon- bealts is the principal part of their duty mouth, 35 miles sw ot New Vork. '^t • - • 1 __?.* Shropshire, or Salop, a county of England, 50 miles long and 40 broad } bounded on the N by Cheihire and a de- tached part of Flintflure, on the e by Stdffordfliire, on the sb by Worccfter- ihire, on the s by Herefordshire, on the 8W by Kadnoi-ihire, and on the W by the cofunttes of Montgomery and Denbigh. It lies partly in the dioccle of Lichfield Their temples and priefts are very nu- merous : the latter are dittinguiflied from the laity by an orange coloured garment, and they keep their heads, beards, and eyebrows, clofe Ihaved. They have fchools for the education of their child- ren, and there is fcarce any among them but what can read and write. Siam, a city, capital of a kingdom of the fame name, in Afia. It is leated on and Coventry, and partly in that of Here- the Menan, near its mouth in the gulf of ford} contains 14 hundreds, 16 market* Siam, 400 miles se of Pegu. L(m.xoi towns, and 170 pariftesj and fends la 10 e, lat. 14 ion. members to parliament. The air is fa- Siara, a town of Brafil, capi^of a lubriousr and not very (harp, except on eaptainihip of tlie fame name, which lies the hills. The foil is generally fruitful, between thofe of Maragnan and Rio- cfpecially In the N and b parts, which produce plenty of wheat and barley; but the s and w being mountainous, 'are lefs fertile, vet yield fuflicient paftnre for ftieep and cattle. This county abounds with lead* copper, iron, limeftone^ free- Grande, on the N coaft.' In the neigh- bouriiood is a fort, on a mountain, near the river Siara. Lon. 39 35 w, lat. s Siberia, a country, comprehending the moft northern part of the Ruffian cm* S I c S 1 E ■in in Afis. le is boandcd on the s bj ^ Eaftern Ocean, on the s by Great Tutvj, on the w by Ruflia, and on the If bv the Frosen Ocean. It extends sooo miles from g to Wt'and 750 from n to s. The s part is fertile, producing all the neceflaries of life ; but the n part it extremely cold, almoft uncultivated, and thin of people. The printipal riches of Siberia connlt in fine fkins and furs. The inhabitants are of three foita, pa- pmtt or the natives of the country } Mahometans ) and Ruflians. The former (Mrell in forefls in the winter, and in the Aiinmer on tiie banks of rjlvcrs. Their garments are the fkins of wild beafts, and their riches conAft in bows, arrows, a knife, and a kettle. They makf ufe of raindeer and dogs, inltead of horfes, to draw their fledges. They have feveral idols, which they are fometimes dilpleafed with, and will either beat or bum them. Hiey alt live in wretched huts, which they remove from place to place. Thole in the fouthem paits are not much nvore pdire ) but they have horles with which tfaey go a hunting, and their houlev, though poor, are not fhifted fi'om place to place. Nor ai*e the Mahometan Tar- tars, who dwell in thefe parts, lb ugly as in other places. The Kulfians kttled here are much the fame as in their native country. Through this valt traft the Ruflian caravans travel every year, with their merchandii'e, to China. The prin- cipal rivers are the Oby, Lena, Irtyfli, Yenifei, and Okota. The w part of Siberia is coinpriled in the Rulnan go- vernments of Tobolik and Kolyvan ; (he I part in the government of"^ Irkutzk. Siberia is the place to which criminals, as well as perlbns under the difpleaiure of the court, are commonly baniHied from Kuflia. Tobullk is the capital. SicHEM, a town of Auftrian Brabant, to the s of which is a celebrated monal- tery. It is feated on the Demer, 18 miles E of Mechlin. Lon. 5 o e, lat. 51 6 n. Sicily, an ifland of the Mediterranean Sea, almoft in the form of a triangle, ter- minatiile in three points or capes: that which u neai'eft Italy is called Capo del Faro } that which renrds the Morea, Ca- po PalT^ro ; and tl\f third, which points to Africa, Capo di Boco. Sicily is leparated from the kingdom of Naples, by a narrow fltrait, called the Faro; but as Meflina is feated on it, it is called the Faro di MefQ- na. The two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily are under the lame climate, and the pfoduftions are much the lame; but Sicily abp^nds inuch mof« iq ^orp, p^icularly in the vallies of Noto and NTatara. The valley of Demona has more fnirrts and fruit-trees than the two others. Sicily i« 165 miles lung and iia broad, and di- vhlrd into the vallies jutl mentioned, called Val di Demona, Val di Noto, and Val di Mazara. In this iflanJ tlie ancient practice of treading out com from the ear, IS in ufe ; and here is the celebrated vol- cano, called Mount Etna. See Naples. Sid A YE, a ftiong town on the Vt coalt of the iflami of Java, with a harbour.^ - Lon. 113 15 b, lat. 6 4.0 s. '■' I SiDoiNUTON, a village in Gloucefter-* fliire, on the river Chum, one mile SE of Cirencetter. It has a handfome chapel, an unfinifhei' tower, and Ibme painted glals. SiDEROCAPSA, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Macedonia, famous for a goU mine in iu neighliourhood. It is five miles from the gulf oi' ContefTa. Lon. i j . 44 E, lat. 4.0 30 N. StDMOuTH, a Hfliing town in Devon- flurc, once a confiderable feapdrt, befora its harbour was choked up. It is 1% miles SE of Exeter, and 158 W by s of Lonrion. Lo% 3 1 5 w, lat. 50 38 K. Si DON, or S A YD, a feaport of Palef- tine, anciently a place of great ftrenp^thi and extenfive trade. It is flill of fbme note, hav a gubd cattle, and a well fre-' quented harbour, and is the refidence of a TurkiHi balhaw. It is 45 mile) w of ^amai'cus. Lon. 36 5 E, lat. 33 53 n. SiDRA, an illand of the Archipelago, between the gulf of Napoli and tqat of Engia. Lon. 14 o E, lat. 37 o N. SiDRA, a fpacious culF on the coaft of Barbary, bvtween lAipoli and Barca. which takes its nanu: from a fmail iflana at the bottom of the gulf. SiEG^URG, a town of WefVjrfiaHa, in the duchy of Berg, lubjeft to the elec- tor palatine. It is feated on the Sieg, 15 miles SE of Cologne. Lon. 7 324, lat. 50 43 N. SiEGEN, a town of Germany, in We- teravia, with a caftle, and the title of a principality, which it gives to a branc^ of the houle of NafTau. It is feated. oti the Sieg, 17 miles NW of Diilemburg, and 37 E of Cologne. I^on*8 Sth \^* 50 53 N. Sienna, a celebrated city of TufeanYf capital of the Siennefe, with an arch- bifhop's fee, a univerfity, and a citadel. It is about four miles m circumference, and furrounded by a wal|. The Gothic metropolitan church it built with black and white marble, and the pavement is of Mofaic warlLf Sienna is not yi^ P^^Vh Sl% SIX, I . lotti { but U adortcd with a grcM itumbcr pfyaltcff fouBtaini, and fuperb ch«rebe». Tne great area U round, and th« houiet «bovt it arc of the fame helgbt» fupported by piamsi under which people may walk in all wcathei's. Jn the middle ii a bafiOi which they can fiU with water &t any timc» ai\d reprefent a ftafight with I'raall velTcla. The Italian language is taught here with fuch purityt that many foreigners frequent it en that account. It is featcd on three eminences, 36 miles 8 of Florence, and 105 N by w of Rome. Loq. II II B, lat.43 34'^' Sl^NNESEt a duchy of Italy, 55 miles in length and nearly ah much in breadth } IxpuntKd on the N by the Florcntino, on the s by the Mediterranean and the duchy of Caflrp, on the e by the Pcrugino and Qryietanoy and on tlu; w by the Fioren- tinp ai^d the Tuican Sea. The ibil is prejtty fertile, efpecially in mulberry trees, which feed a great number of filkwonr.s, and there are feveral mineral fprings. Siitnna is the capital. Sierra Leone, a country on the w co^ft of Africa, fo named, according to fome .authors, by the Portm|ut:fc, on ac- «QU|it of its imountains on this coaft abounding with lions, ^me extend its limits from the Grain Coaft on the se, to Cape Verga or Vega on the n w ; that is, between ^and 10° n lat. Others, how- ever, confipe the country betwten Cap< Verg3 and Cape Tagrin. In the open and plain parts, on^the banks of a river of the fame name, the heat of the fun, before any brteze aiifes, is almoft in- tolerable; but aj^ a rcfrelhing gale con- ftant}y i'prings ^p about i^oo^)) it renders t)ie jqountry fusportable. Th^e whole trafl, on each ^ue the r^ver, i; rich in rice and jnU'et, ^vhich ik the chief fuftenance of the inhabitants ^ and, upon the whole, jt is one of the beft jqouiUries on the ,coa(t. SiKRRA Leone, a river of Africa, in f country of the fame name. Its Iburce . is tuKertain; but its mouth, in Ion. 12 10 >y, ^^t. .8 15N, is nine miles wide. In 1791, ah a^ of parliament was ob- tained, incorporaiing a company, called "tile Sierra. Leone Company, for the pur- .'pofe of cultivating W India , and other tropical product ions on the' banks of til is rivei*. TheiSr/l fettlc'rs amounted ^o aoo yhite perfojas, befide a number of free blacks frcin Nova Scotia. ' The jiatlyes appe^i'ed. ip be extremely friendly, and a few, "m 1792, had' come to work for the colony. ' .On the fetting in f>( the f»in^t abpvt the ia'ter end of May, the fame year^ a degree of iickiw^ and mortality pffctrailcdi occaiiowd chiefly kv the k, iutficiency of the tcnpanury habitations, which could not be cowpleted before the rains fet in. Thirty- nvc white pci-fons ((rf whom 14 were Ibldiers') and many (A' the blacks, dUcd of this ficknets. The next year, theftttii^ in of 4he raini was |iot produ£l)ve of the fame fatal effects. The colonifti weve in good health, were all put into poflefnon or (inall lots of land* and a new town, on a regular and extended fcale, was begun to hg built, Beiide the Nova Scotia blacks, a large party of the nati^rcs were at work for the company* and the experiAicpts in fuaar, cotton, See. appeared to be promilmg. The native chiefs and people continued to be extremely friendly } apa the corapany'i fchools were regularly, attended by '^00 children, among wliom were fome chii ren of the natives. In Sept. 1794, a French fquadtoo deftroyed the Icttleraent, and captured leveral of the company's fhips ^ but from this diiaAtr, they have iince recovered) and a factory was efta. bliflied in the Rio Pongos, in 179J, which is likely to become the means of a luci'ative trade. Sierra Leoi(e, or Lion Moun. TAINS, mountains of Africa, which dir vide Kigritia from Guinea, and extend ai far as Abylfinia. They were ftylcd by the ancients the Mountains, of God) on account of their being fubje£l to thunder and lightning. Sierra Morena, mountains of Spain, which divide Andalufia from Elhamar dura and New Caltile. Sigelmessa. See Sugelmessa. SiGETH, or Z|Gat, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. It i9 feated in a morafs, has a tf iple wall, witli ditches full of water, and is defended by a Cftadei. It was retakeji) from the Turks in 1669, after it had been blocked up two years* It is 50 miles N\y of Efleck, and 38 w by s of (Tolocza. lA>fi.it 58Ey lat.46 17 N. Sigtuna, an ancient townof Sweden, in Upland, feated on tlie lake Maeler^ between Stockholm and Upfal. SiGUENZA, a town c! Spain, in New Caftiie, with a univer(ity> an ardibilhop's fee, and a caftlc, in which t« an arftnal. The uniyerfity confitts of feverai /ooUeges ; but dbie moft confideral}^ ftrujfture. is the .cathedraf. It is feated on a hil), at the foot of "Mount Atiencai 60 miles HE of Madrid. Lon. s 41 V, lat. ff 6 H. SiLjBSiA, A duchy p{ Germany, a7^ miles long and 100 broad { bounded 01^ the N by firandeubuirg and Poland, on SIM SIN d» t by' Moravia aad Husgury, on the I by P4>land, and on the w by Lower liifsuia and Bohemia. The principal ri. vcn arct the Oder, Viftuia, Neifle, fio< ber, Qjicia» Oppa» and Elfe. A long^ chain ot mountains fiepaiates Silcfia i'rcm Bohemia: the faighett mountnin, called Zoteabergt ia in the principality of SehwcidnitCi and it 104, miles in circum> fcieoce. There are minei of gold and fjvcr, but they are not worked} alfo fome precioas ftones, but too much time ii required to obtain them. There are alio nrities of lcad» copper, and ironi and quarries of various ttoncs, befide anti« mony» faltpetrc, fulphur, alum* vitriol* (}tuckhlver» he. The principal mann- iaAure t« liiten cloth ) and there are alft Ibme woollen manufaQuret} and glafa- boulet. In this country are a great number of cattle» lar^eituds of horrea» and plenty of game m the woods. It has but few lynxes and bears, and fewer wolves, becaufe a ducat a head is given for every one that is killed. There an? many laketi, full of jMkc, carp, and 0ther good fiAi ; aUb plenty of bees, which produce nnich hooey and wax. It atfords wheat, batiey, oats, millet, Uid turnips, fufficient for the ufe of the inhabitants} and in fome places faffrou is cultivated; but its wine is bad, and ^eretbre is turned moftly into vinegar* Siielia is divided inta the Upper and Lower. In the Upper, the innabitants are generally Roman catholics, fpeaking the Poliih language : in the Lower, they are almoft all proteftants, and fpeak their mother tongue. It is aUb divided into 17 fmall duchies, and feven free ftates, exdufive of the county of Glatz. The greateft part of this country was ceded jto the kmg of Pruffia, in x74-a, by the treaty of Bredaw. SiLiSTRiA, or DoRESTRO, a town of European Turkey, in Bulgaria, with a citadel, and an archbifliop's lee. It is feated near the confluence of the Miflbvo and Danube, ^7 miles ne of Nicopoli, and 170 NE of Adrianoplco Lon. 17 31 £, Ut. 45 o N. SiLLBBAR, a feaport on the w coaft of Sumatra, a little « ^' Bencoolen. Lon. ^01 01, lat.4.~o8. 6iLLB-LE-GvfLLAVJtfE, acommcrcial lown of France, in the department of Sarte and late province of Maine, ao miles NE of Mans. Simbirsk, a government of RufHa, formerly a province of the kingdom of Kalbn. The capital, of the fame name, h (eated 09 the ¥a^s^ >oo milet i hj -w oi Kafan. Lon. 4! 34 1, lat. ;4* saN. SiMMlRBN, a town of Germany, m the. circle of the Lower Khine, capital of :i duchy of the fame name, with a caftle. It belongs tu the eleAor palatine, wd ia feated on the river Simmeren, ^6 miles w of Mentz, and 35 E of Tiiers. Lon. 7 41 B, lat. 49- SI N. .i Simon's, St. an ifland of N America** on the coaft of Georgia, oppofite the* mouth of the Alatamal». It is ^5 mUes long and four broad, aad has a good tpwn called Frederica. SiMONTHORHA, a ftrong town of Lower Huaaary, inihe county of Tolna,- wkh a caille. It was taken iroai tha Turks in 1686, aod is. feated 4>a tha Savwige, ei^t miles from Tolna. L$a» xS ijSl, lat.46 40K. 'r.^^ StNAi, a mountain of A.abia PMsca^' in a oeniafula formed by the tvra arms o^ the Ked Sea. Here ibc law waa, ajvea' to Mpics, for which reafon the Malknaie* tnns hald it ia great vcaerationj and! l>ere the Chriftians have a monafteqr, which formerly contained a great number of nonk«, tuid them were muy little chapels and sells for hermits, llie'mo- naitery is furrouoded by a high wall, and thoie i:hat go in and out, are drawn up and let down in baikets. Lon. 34 1 5 E, lat. 29 IN. SINCAPOl^R, an iiland and town at the moft Ibuthein extremity of the peninfula of Malacca, from which it is parted by the (trait of Sincapour. It is xoo milea SE of the city of Malacca. Lon. 104 la E, lat. X ION. SiNDB. See Indus and Tatta. SiNDY, a province of Hindoofhm Pro. per, bounded on the w by Perfia, on the N by the territories of the king of Canda- har, on the ne by thole of ttejSeiks, oa the B by a iandy defert, and on the sb by Cutcn. It extends along the courfe of the Indus, from its mouth, to the frontiers of Moultan, 300 miles } and its breadth, in the wideft part, is 160. In foil and climate, and the general appear- ance of the furface, it referables Egypt ; the lower pai't being compofed of rich vegetable mould, and extended into a Wide dell ; while the upper part is a nar- row flip of country, confined on one fide by a ridge of moimtains, and on the otlier by a delert ; the Indus, equal at lead to the Nile, winding through the midft of this level vulley, and annually overflow- ing it. During great part of the sw mon- ibon, or at leaTi in July, Auguft, and part of September (the laiay feafoa in laoft I fi S I N S I P ■tlicr paru of iNdis) tke atmefpherc ii htrc gciMnilly clouded { but no rain falls, akccft near tlw fea. Owing to this, and the ntighbourhood of the I'andy dei'crtR, on the I and on the Nw, the heatt arc fo viokjK. and the wtnda firom thofe quar. tcra So pcmlciout, that the houfes are contrived ib la to be occafidnaUv venti. latcd by apcrtuiei on the top» retemhling the fiuincla of fmaU chimniet. When the hot winda prevail, the windows are dofirly (hut, by which the hotteft current ot air, ncav the Anface, ia excluded) •nd % cooler part, becaufe more elevated, dcTccnda into the houle through the fun. aela. By thia $\(o vaft clouds of duft arc tsduded) the entrance of which wovld akmc be fuAcient to render the hoiiiaa uninhabitable. The roofa nre conpofcd of thick layera of earth inftcad •f tcrrscaa. Few countries are nx>re un« vAtoktamt to European constitutions, par. ticttfaurlpr the lower part of the I>'ta. The Hindoos, who were the original kabitanta of Sindy, are treated with gr rigour- by their Mahometan eovenK j, and arc not permitted to ereet anv pa- J^odas, or places of woHhipj and this KVtHry drives vaft numbers of them into other countries. The inland parts of Sin- dy produce I'altpetre, fal ammoniac, hoi-ax, bczoar, lapis lazuli, and raw filk. They have alio manufaAures of cotton and 111k •f various kinds ; and they make fine ca. binets, inlaid with ivory,' and finely lac- quered. They alio export great quanti- ties of butter, clarified and wrapt up in duppa^i, made of the hides of cattle. The ladies wear hoops of ivory, on both their arms and legs, and when thry die, they are burnt with t\vtm. They have large black-cattle, excellent mutton, and Imail haidy horles. Their wild game are deer, haves, antelopes, and foxes, which they hunt with dogs, leopards, and a fmafl fierce cieature tailed a (hiahgiilh. The prince of this province is tributary to tiie king of Candahar. He refides at Hydrab^d, although Tatta is the ca- pital. Si-NGAN-FOU, a city of China, ca- pital of tlie province of Chen-ii. It is one of the largeft and moll beautiiui in the empire next to Pekin. In its terri- tories (which contain fix cities of the fecond and 3 1 qf the third clafs) bats of a Angular fpecies are found ; they are as large as donteflic fowls, and the Chinefe prefer their flefh to that of chicken. It IS 480 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. 108 43 B, lat. 34 16 N. ']. Sin GO, a town of Tvrkejr in Europe* in Macedonia* «n the fulf of Monte Santo. Lon. 14 o b, lat. 40 13 n. SiNGOR, a town in the oeninfula (( Malacca, feated at the mouth of a linau river, in the 5ay ot Patan. Lon. 101 a5 I, lat. ( 40 N. SiNir.AOLiA, a ftreng town of Italy, in the marquiliitc of Ancona, with a caftle, and two harbours. It is leatcd at the mouth of the Nigola, in the gulf of Venice, 17 miles as of Pefaro, aid 30 ISK of Urbino. Lon. 13 a9E, lat. 4J45N. SiNori, a decayed fcaport of Turkey in Afia, in Natolta, furrounded by wallt, with dcobie ramparts ) but the cattle in much neglcAcd. The inhabitants are Turks, who will not admit any Jews, and the Greeks are oblirad to live iii the fuburbs. It is the birthplace of Dioge- nes the cvnic {khilofopher, and is feated on the ilthmu* of a peninfula, in the Black Sea. Lon. 33 55 k, lat.41 5N. SiNTKHEiM, a town of Germany, 'n the palatinate of the Rhine, feated in a merafs, la miles be of Heidelberg. Lon. 9 OS, lat. 49 15 n. SiON, an ancient town of SwilTcrland, capital of the Vallais, and an epilcopal fee, whofe bifhop is a prince of the empire. It is fituate near t. It has feveral mofques, and is the fee of a Cophtic bifliop. Here are the ruins of an ancient amphitheatre, and fome fepulchrcs of the Romans. It is furrounded by fine gardens, and palm trees that bear the befl dates in Egypt. This place is the rendezvoua of thofe wlu> go in the caravan to Sennar, in Nubia. It is a mile from .the Nile, and 185 s of Cairo. Lon. 31 a4B, lat. 27 aN. - SiPHANTO, the ancient Siphnos, one of the moft fieitiie and belt cultivated % X S IS S K E »• IflanHt of the Archipelago, to the w of I'aruv. It it %6 mil«* in circumference. The air is lb good, that mv^j of the in- habitants live to the age of iio} and the conntry abounds with marble and granitct excellent grapes, olives, capcri, uid (ilk^ LoQ. 15 15E, lat.37 9N. SiRAOU, a town of Great Poland, capital of a palatinate of the fame nanie, with a caftle. It is f«ated in a plain, on the river Watra 6« miles ne of Breilaw, and 105 NW of Cracow. Lon. 18 55 e, iat. 51 31 N. SiRHiND, an ancient city of Hindooftan Proper, in the province of Delhi. Proco- pius takes notice, that in the time of Juftioian (the fixth century) filk was brought from Serimia, a country in India. Sirhind is 195 miles NwofDelni. Lon. 75 35 B» lat'io »Si*. Sir Charles Hardy's Island, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean, dtfcovered by .'uptain Carteret in 1767. It is low, level, and covered with wood. Lon. 154 aoE, bt. 4 41s. Sir Charles Saunders' Island, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean, difcovered by captain Wallis in 1767. It is about fix miles from b to w ; and the natives .tppeareJ to live in a wretched manner. Lun. 151 4W, lat. 17 z8 s. Sirik, a town of France, in the de- partment of Molelle and late province of Lorrain, with a caltle, on a neighbouring hill. It is I'eated on the Mofelle, 25 miles N of Metz. Lon. 6 38 E, lat. 49 36N. SiRiNAGUR, a large rugged country of Afia, between Hindooftan Pi'oper and Thibet. It is hounded on the N and NE by the Thibetian mountains, on the SE by Napaul, on the s by Rohilla, on the s\v by Delhi, and on the NW by La- hore. The capital, of the fame name, is 160 miles N of Delh*.. Lon. 77 38 e, lar. 30 59 N. SiRius Island, an ifland of the Pa- cific Ocean, about 18 miles in circuit, difcovered by lieutenant Ball, in 1790. Lon. i6i 30 B, lat. 10 51 s. Sir MICH, a celebraLjd town of Scla- vonia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a biihop't fee. It is feate4. on the Bofweth, near the Save, 4a milel SE of ElTeck. Lon. 10 191 £> lat. 45 13 N. StRONO, or Sbronoe, a town of Hiodooilan Proper, in the province of Malwa, no .miles nb of Ougein. Lon. 78 4B, lat. 144 N. Sis SAC, a town of Sindflerland, in the canton of Baill, capital of the province •f Sifgow. It il 17 oiilts SB of Baiil. SissBO, « town of Auih-ian Croatit, with a monallcry, feated on the Save, at miles SB of Zagrad, and 41 F. of Cail* Itadt. Lon. 16 17 f, lat. 46 6 n. SissoroLi, a town of Turkey in En- rope, in Romania, 'with an archbifiiop's fee. It is thin of people, nnd leated oa a peniniula of the Black Sea, 15 miles a of iMctembria, and 97 Nw of ConiUnti- nople, Lon. 18 9 c, bt. 4a 30 N. SisTERON, a town and late epifertpal fee of France, in the department of tiie Lower Alps and bte province of Pin- vcnce. It is ieatcd on the Durance, at the foot of a rock, on the top of which i« a citadel, that was the uriibn of Cafiinir v, king of Pola^i. It is 45 mites nb of Aix, and 407 sb of Paris. Lod.& i e« lat. 44 UN. SiSTON, a village in Gloucefterfturr, (even miles £ of Briftul, on a rivulet- which rifes here, and runs into the Avon. It has a manufaAure of bral's, and another of faltpetre} and tin ore has been foiind here. SiTiA, a town on the N coalt of the < ifle of Candia, near a bay of the fame . name, 58 miles from Candia. Lon. a6 > 19 E, lat. 35 ON. SiTTARu, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Juliers, felted near tht Maefe, 10 miles s of Ruremoiule. Lon. 5 50 E, fat. 50 58 N. SiTTiNGBURN, a fmall corporate town in Kent, 15 miles WNW of Canterbury, and 40 E3E o( London. Lon. o 48 e, lat; 51 19N. SivR.M, a town of France, in the de- partment of Vienne and late province of Poitou, feated on the Charente, 15 miles s of Poitiers, and 100 ssw of Paris.- - Lon.o23E, lat. 46 t6n. SizuN, a fmall illand of France, on the coalt of Bretagne, eight miles from the mainland. It is almoft on a level with the water, and produces only barley. Skara, a town of Sweden, in W Gothland, with the ruins of an ancient falace, the refidenoe of the Goihic kings.' t is t'eated on the Lida, in a moiafs, 17^ miles NE of F^lkoping. Lon. 14 o St lat. 58 16 N. Skeen, a town of Norway, in the go« vemment of Aggerhuys, remarkable for its mines of iron and copper. It i^ feated near the Categate, 40 miles w of Fredc- ricftadt. Skbnbctaoay, a town of the United States, in the ftate of New York. The French and Indians furprifed and maf« fiicred the inhabitants, in 1690. It is feated on the Molawk River 16 mikt Mw of Albany. i' t\ SLA S L U ficiDDAW, a mouDtain in Cumt)er]and, •a« at' the molt remarkable in England, hemg above iiooo yards perpendicular height from the furface of the lake of Dement -water, to the n of Mi^hich it is lituate. Here eavles and other birds of prey refort. This mountain is not difli- colt of accefs, and is almoft covered with grafs, which gradually grows coarfer in the ai'cent. The whole top is coveivd tirith a loofe brown flaty Hone. Skipton, a town in the w riding of Yorkihirc, with a market on Saturday. It is feated among hills, near the river Aire, 41 miles s by e of Richmond, and aji N by w of London. Lon. z 42 w, lit. S3 55 N. Skoue. See Schome«. Skye, an ifland of Scotland, one of the largeft of the Hebrides. It ' is 50 miles long, and, in fome places, above ao broad. The SE end is feparatcd from Invemelsfliire (to which it belongs) by a narrow channel, called the Inner bound j in the jnoft narrow part of which, named the Kyie, cattle are made to fwim acrofs. This fide of the ifland fwells gradually from the fhore, in a verdant Hope, over which are leen the naked hiiU of Strath; and above theie riles the rugged top of CulUn or Cucbuilin. On the sw are feen a fei'ies of rude mountains, difcoloured black i^nd red, as by the raee of fire ; and on the E a Wg extent of Alpine hills. There is, notwithftanding, a great pro- portion of level ground, with excellent pafturage ; and it has numbers of deer and different kinds of game. It abounds with limeilone, marble, &c. but the bafaltic columns, refembling the Giant*s Caufeway in Ireland, are its gieateft cu- riofltv. A cave, at the E end of the ifland, afforded an afylum, in 1746, tp the difappointed pretender, and his faithful guide, for two nights. Many thoufands of black-cattle ate annually ex- Sorted hence. Some fmali horfes are red, and' a great quantity of kelp is manufai^lured here. Portiee is the chief {}lace. Slaguen, a town cf Germany, in Fruflian Pomerania, feated on the Wip- m;r, 10 miles B by s of Rugenwald. Slaney, a decayed town of Bohemia, with a caftle, iS miles DW of Prague, ^on. 18 27 E, ut. 50 16 N. Slate, a diftriA of the ifland of Skye, one of the Hebrides of Scotland. It is on the SB fide of the ifland, and is a pe* rinfula, ^rminating in a nigged promon- tlLiy, called the Point of Slate. 6LAWKAW> or AVSTERUTZi a tOV(Q oT Moravii, capital of a circle of the fame name. It is 10 miles e of Brinn. Lon. 16 57 E, lat.49 5N. Sleaford, a populous town in Lin- colnfliire, with a market on Monday. It had formerly a caltle, now in ruins, and has a large market-place, in the iorm of a parallelogram. It is feated in a valley, on a rapid rivulet, t8 miles s of Lincoln, and 115 N of London. Lon.* »i w, lat. 53 I N. Sleswick, or North Jutland, a duchy of Denmark, feparated from HoU ftein, by the river- Eyder. It is loo miles long and 60 broad, and a fertile and populous country. Sleswick, an ancient and confider- able town of Denmark, capital of a duchy of the fame name . It is an irregular town of great length. The houfes are of brick, and, like all the other towns in this coun- try, refemble thofe of Holland. The inhabitants drefs alfo like the Dutch ; and n^any of them fpeak their tongue, though the ufual languages are the German and IXinifli. Near to Slefwick, is the old ducal palace: fee Oottorp. Slefwick is fituate near the bottom of an arm of the Baltic, called the Sley, 60 miles Nw of Lubec, and 125 sw of Copenhagen. Lon. 10 o E, lat. 54 39 N. Sligo, a county of Ii-eland, in the pro- vince of Connaugfat, t§ miles long and nearly as much broad ; bounded on the e by Leitrim, on the se by Rofcommon, on the sw and w by Mayo, and on the N by the Atlantic. It contains 41 fiarilhes, and fends four members to par- lament. Sligo, a borough of Ireland, in a county of the lame name, and the only market town in ;t. It is feated on the bay of Sligo, 16 miles b of Killala, and 100 Kw ef Dublin. Lon. 8 z6w, lat. 5413N. Slimbridge, a village inGIoucefter- fliire, II miles 9W of Gloucefter. . In this parifh, which is ao miles in compafs, 1000 acres of land have been gained from the Severn. Slonim, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate of Novogrodeck, with i caftle. It is feated on the Sezraa, 40 m!ks sw of Novogrodeck, and 60 se of Grodno. Lon. 23 57 E, lat, 53 ON, Slooten, or Sloten, a populous town of the United Provinces, in Fricf- land, feated on a lake called Slooten-mere, three miles from the Zuiokr«Zee, and iS Nw of Stcenwick. Lon. 5 a6 e, lat. 51 55". ■ ^ SlvczK} n^a^ukrui towoof Lit)iuani3k ■\ S M O S M Y capital of a duchy of the fame name. Here Conftantine dyk? of Oftrog, gained three battles ovei- the Taitars, in the reign of Sigifmund I. It is leatect oa the river Sluczk, 70 miles SE of Novogro- tleclc. Lon. 27 44JS« lat. 53 a N. Sluttelbur.q» » town of Kuflla, in the government of Pe:erfburgh». ieaced on the s fide of the lake Ladoga, 30 miles £ of Peteribwgh. Lon. 31 xo i» lat. 60 0N. Slvy», a town of Dutch Flanders, oppofite the iilai^ of Cadfand, with a good harbour. It has its name from its fine iluices, by which the whole country cim be laid under water. It was talSen by the Spaniaids in 1597, retaken by the Dutch in 1604, and taker by the French in 1794 It is 10 miles N of Bruges. Lon. 3 35E, lat. SI \9 N. Smalicald, a town of Franconia, in the county of H' Sniatin, a trading town of Little Po- hnd, capital of Poketia, feat«d on the Pruth, ei^ht miles £ of Coloni, and 4.5 2SE of Halitz. Lon. a6 7 £, lat. 48 44 n. Snowdon, a famous mountain in Car- narvonfttire. Its name fignifies literally, the Hill of Snow, from fuow and down. Eryri, the WeKh name, is from Mynyd Eryrod, the Hill of Eagles. This is the moft noted eminence in the whole re- gion of the Wellh hills, and may, with propriety, be ftyled the Britifli Alps. It is boggy on the top, and has two lakes that abound with fifh, particularly the char and the guiniard. The height of this mountain, from the quay of Carnar- von to its Iiigheft peak, is 3,568 feet. It was held facred by the ancient Britons, as Pamairus was by the Greeks. Pieces of lava have been found on this mountain ; and, on the funamit, groups of columnar (lones, of vaft fize, lying in all dire^ions. Fron-i its fummit may be feen a part of Ireland, of Scotland, and of Cuinberland, L^icalhire, Chefliire, and all North Wales. SoANA, or SuANE, an ancient town of Tvlcany, in theSiennefc, with-^^a bi(hop's (te. The badntTs of the air has earned I it to be almoft deferted, and it is now no more than a village. It is feated on » mountain, near the river Flora, soniiUi SE ot Sienna. Lon. 1 1 46 g, lat. 41 40 n SoANE, a river of Hindooitan Proper which rifes on the s confines of Allalia* bad, iffuing from the fame lake, which is the fource of the Nerbudda; and flowing in an oppofitc direftion to that river 1 500 miles, it falls into tbe Ganges, above Patna. Society Isles, iflands In the Pacific Ocean, dilcovered by captaui Cook in 1769, fituate between 150 57 and 152 o w lon. and 16 10 and 16 55 s lat. They are fix in number; namely, Huahinc Ulietea, Otaha, Bolabola, Maurua, and Tabooyamanoo, or Saunders* Ifland. The foil, prodyaions, people, their language, religion, coltoms, and manners, are nearly the lame as at Otaheite. Nature has been equally bountiful in uncukivated plenty, and the inhabitants are as luxu- rious and as indolent. A plantain branch is the emblem of peace, and changing names the gieateft token of friendlhip Their dances are more clegam, their dramatic entertainments have fomething of plot and confiftency, and and is particularly noted for its fine aloes, known by the nam* of Socotrise aloes. The natives are MalM>- S O G SOL BCtant» with a mixture of pagamfm, and they have a king who 4ep in MoKlavia, katcd on the Seret, 3s miles sw of JaUy. Lon. %6 10 £, lat 47 16 N. SooBUBY, or Chipping Soobury, a rown in GlQUceftcr(hire» with a market on Thurfday, and particularly not,.d tor iu fine chceie. It is I'eated in a buttcm, near the downs, 15 miles ene of Brittol, and iia W of London. Loo. a i^W, Ut. 51 36 N. SoooR> a village in Icolmkill, one of the Weftern Itles of Scotland, near that of Mull. It was formerly a biihop^s 1' e, whjch comprehended all the idands, to- {ether with the Hie of Man -, for which reafon the bifhop of Man is (^ill called kifhop of So4or and Man. SOCST, a large town of Weftphalia, ia the county 01 Marck, formeviy tree and imperial, but now belongs to the king of PrutHa^ The ilr n. So FA LA, a kingdom on the £ coatt of Africa, extending s of Zanguebar, trom the river Cuama to the river Del £lpiiiito Bknto; that is, from 17 to as® s lat. It coi^tains mir^'s of gold, and is tributaiy to the Portugueie. So r ALA, the capital of a kiugdoin of the fame name, with a fort built by the Portugueie, which is of great importance tor their trade to the £ Indies. It is ieated in a lm:Ul iiland'^ neai* the mouth •fa river. Lon. 35 40 £, lat. ao ao s. SoPFA, or Sophia, a town of Turkey in Europe, capital of Bulgaria, with an archbiihop's lee. It is Ieated at the foot «f the nlouDtains of Argentaro, on thtr river Bogana, 135 miles WNW of Adria. nople, and 155 £ of Scutari. Lon. 23 58 E, l3t.4S 36 N. SoFROY, a town of the kingdom of Fez, noted for a very handibnie molqiie. It is feated on a hill, at the foot of a Biounuin of the fame name, part of Vfount Atlas, and between two rivers, I a miles £ of Fez. Lon. 4 48 w, lat. 33 40 w. SocKO, a town of the kingdom of Congo, in a province of the laipe name, which is a dry landy country, but yields a great deal of lalt. The inhabitants ar^f laid t» be Chriltians, coovtfted by the Portugueie, and the capuchincs huve a «hiir cxctpt thole of the ba>ltwic of Buckcgberg^ who profeCs the reformed leligicn. The foycreign power refides ih the great council^ which, comprifing the lenate, or little council of thkty-fix, confilts of loa members, choftn by the fenate in equal proporticHis, from the tleven tribes or companies, into which the ancif nt burghers are diitributed ; and, owing to the diliintlion between the an- cient and the new burghers (the former conftfting oi' only S3 families) the govern- ment is a complete ariftocracy. Soj:.eure, an ancient tov/n of SwiflTef- land, capital of a canton of tha lame same. It contains 4.000 Inh:«l)itants, and is feattd on the Aar, which here ex- pands into a noble river. Aniung the molt remarkable objefts, is the new church of St. Urs, Jiniflwd in 1774: it b a noble edifice of a whitifli gray Hone, drawn from the neighbouring quarries, which admits a polifh, and is a l'j)ecies of rude marble. Sok-ure is I'urrounded by regular ftone fortiivcations, and is so Htilcs NNE of Bern, and 27 ssw of Bade. I,.on. 7 zoE, ht.47 15 N. SoLFATARA, a lake of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly called Lacus Albulus: In this lake aie veirtain fubltances which have the name of floating illands. They are nothin|r but bunches of buHrufhes, fpringing from a iiiil, formed by duit and land blown from the adjacent ground, and glued together by the bitumen which fwiraa on the fur- face of the lake, aitd the fulphur with which its waters are impregnated. Some of tbofe iflands are 1 5 yards long ; and the Ibil is ftrong enough to bear five or fix people, who, by a pole, may move to different parts of the lake. From this lake ifi'ues a \v*vitifh muddy itreani, which emits vapour of a fulphureous fmell, tilt it reaches thft Teverone. . The water of this lake has the quality of covering every fubftance that is put into it for a lew days, with a hard white ftony mat- ter; but this encruitating' quality is not £0 (trong in the lake itlelf as in the rivu- let that runs from it ; and the further the water has flowed from the lake, till it is auite loft in the Teverone, the hronger is lis quality. Fifh are found in the Te- Terone, both above and below Tivoli, till it receives this lake; after which, during the re(t of its courfe to the Tiber, there are none. SoLPATERRA, a mountain of Naples, m Texrti. di Lavora, furrounded by other MiountjiUMt in the form of aa aniphi. theatre. It hat a crater above a mile in diameter, which fmokei in the day, and flames ia the night. It brings in a coa- fiderabte revenue to the king, on account of the large quantity of ful^ur and alum obtained irom it. Near it is a fnaall laka full of black thick water, which letms always to be boiling. SoLiHUL, a town in Warwick/hire, near which, to the w, is a triangular Danifli camp, en an eminence, containing about nine acres. It is la miles w of Coventry, and 107 NW of London. SoLiNCBN, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of Berg, feated near the r'lui Wipper, 15 miles SE of Duffeldorp. Lon. 7 10 E, lat.51 to N. SoLKAiyiSK, a town of Ruflia, in the government of Perm, famous for its falt- pits and good hories. It is feated on the UlTolka, which falls into the Kama, 43» miles NB of Kafan. Lon. 57 26 &, lat. 59 16 N. SoLMS, a town of Germany, capital of a county of the fama name, in the circle of the Lovver Rhine. It has a ftrong caftle, belongs to a branch of the houl'e of Nalfau, and is feated on a hill, 10 miles SB of Hetbom. Lon. i 31 E, lat. 50 35 N. Solomon's Islands. Sec Dancer, Isles or. So LOR, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, to the s of Celebes, governed by xi% owa king. Lon. 123 55 B, lat. 9 OS. SoLTWELD, a town of Gennany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, ieated on the Jetze, 40 miles NW of Stendal. Lon. II 36 E, lat. 53 6 N. SoLWAY Frith, an arm o^ the fex, between Cumberland in England and Kircudbrightfhire in Scotland. SoLW^^Y Moss, a black morafs in Cumberland, near the river £fk, on the borders of Scotland, which, ini 7 7 1 , being fwoln by rains, burft through the Hiell of tiu'f which covered it, and Ipread an inky half- fluid deluge over 400 acres of culti- tivated land in the qetghhouring valley, which it intire'v filled up. Sombrere, an ifland in the Indian Ocean, 30 mties N of Nicobar. The in- habitants are mild, timorous, and very obliging to ftrangers. Sombrero, a clutter of uninhabited iflands in the W Indies, belonging to the Englifl). The molt remarkabU of thera is a league long,' and confifts of an erai" nence, to which the Spanifli difcoverers, finding fomerclemblance to a hat, gave the nameof i^em^rfrP. It Et'iomiles ff'vf oi£u Chriftopher. Lon. 63 37 w, lat. 18 38 u. SON SOMEiiSETSHIKE, a coiuity df tiSAg- lamt, 65 tnil«8 long ami 49 bi'oad } boun- ded on the NW by the Brittol Channel, on the N by Gloucis(Verftiirc» on the £ by WittAiire, on the »E by Dorietfhire, and on the sw by Oevonfhire. It lies in the diocefesof BriHol, and of Bat hand Wells i contains 41 hundreds, ibi'ee cities, 31 mar- ket-towns, and 385 pariHies; and fends 1 8 members to parliament. Tl>e air in the lower grounds, is unlverfally mild, and generally wholelbme. The foil in the NE quarter is in general ftony, and poiiefles a lofty tnineral tra£l, called the Mendtp Hills. Toward the centre, where its principal rivers unite, are fern and mar(hy moorsof great extent. On the vf fide are the Quantock Hills, with many downs and open lieaths; and in the Nw corner is the black fteril region of Ex- moor. The s part,- toward Dorfetlhire, is high, but well cultivated ; and through- out the county, efpecially in its sw quar- ter, vales of the greateft fertility are in- terfperfed. The principal rivers are the Parret, Ivei, Thone, Brent, and Avon. The Mendip Hills afford abundance of coal, lead, calamine, copper, manganefe, bole, and red ochre. Chedder i^ celebra- ted for its cheefes. Cattle, nearly equal in fize to the Lincolnftiire, are fed in fine meadows about the head of the Parr.'t. The beft gooi'e feathers for beds coine from the marlhes. Cider is a common produfl of this county, and it has a con- fiderable fhare in the woollen manufac- tures. Briltol is the capital of this county with refpeft to fize, population, and comrtierce; but Bath is the great mait for health and pleafure. SoMERTON, a town in Sumerfetihire, with a market on Tuefday. It was for- merly a conftderable place, from which the county took its name. It is at pre- fent pretty large, and the market confider- able foi' com, iheep, and cattle. It is 1 3 miles s of Wells, and 1x3 W by 8 of Lon- don. Lon. % 40 w, lat. 51 as n. SoMME, a department of France, in- cluding the late province of Picardy. It takes its name from a river which rifes in the department of Aifne, md watering St. Qnenein, Peronne, Amiens, and Ab- beville, enters the Englilh Channel. Amiens ie the capital. SoMMiERES, a towa of Fraitcc, in the department of Card and late province of ianguedoc. It has a manufaAure of thick ferges, which bear its name; and is feated on the Vidourle, 10 miles W of Nilines. Lon. 4. 1 1 iv lat. 4.3 4J K. SoNCiNOj a^ftroi^jg; town «f Itilyi^ ^^^ ^ OP Crenionefr, issted on the Oglid, so iSiHet NWofCremona. Lon. 9 44 b, lat. 45 24 Kl SoNDRio, a town in the country of th4 Grilons, capital of the Valteline; It il built in a very romantic fituation, at the extremity of a narrow valley, and occu- pies both Cdes of the Maknco, a furiouft torrent, which frequently overflows it^ banks. On the aoth of July, i6ao, herfc was a dreadful maflTacre of the proteltants, which began at Tirano, extended to all the towns of the Valteiiiic, and UVi^ thiee days. Sondrio is 34 miles NE wf Como. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 46 11 n. SONERGON, or SV>NNSRGAUM, a Vil- lage of Hindoottan Proper, once a largfe city, the provincial capital of the eaftem divifion of Bengal, before Dacca was built, and famous for a manufacture of fine cot- ton cloths. It is feated on a branch of the Burrampooter, 1 3 miles SE of Dr.cca. SoNG-KiANo-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Kiang-nan. It is celei. brated tor the prodigious quanti,ty of cot- ton cloth which it exports to foreign coun- tries, but has only four citiee initsdiftritt. SONNEBERG. See SUNNEBIJRO. So NORA, a province of N America, in the kingdom of New Navarre, extending along the B fide of the gulph of California, in about 960 w lon. and 19* n lat. It lies in the molt delightful part of the tem- perate zone i and all its produftions, whe- ther animal or vegetable, are perfeft in their kind. The number of Spaniards fettled here is very fmallj but as rt<3» mines of ^Id and frlver were difccvcred, in 1771, m an expedition againft forae fierce tribes of hohile and ui-edatory In- dians, it is probable that the population of this province will gjeatly increafe. Sooi-oo, an ifland of the Eaftern Ocean, fituate sw of Mindanao, almoft midway between that ifland and Borneo. It is 30 miles long and 12 broad, and contains about 60,000 inhabitants. It is governetl by a king or fultan, and the na- tives are Malays, and confequently Ma- hometans. The popv ioufnefs of this little fpot is caufed by its advantageous fitti- ation, which renders it a great mart. 1 he Englifl) E. India Company have a refidcnt here. Lon. 121 7.$ e, lat. 5 58 1«. Sophia. See Sofpa. SoPHiANiA, atownofPerlia, in Ader- beitzan, feated in a valley, 25 miles l^w of Tauris. Lon. 47 251. lat. 38 35 n. SoPRA Sel VA, a valley of SwiiTerlind, in the couufiyof th^ Grilons. It extends from Me«inc ST. Gothf&rd to Reichentu« and is the moft populw* valley gf the CkcT^ttaguf. . Nn % 'ft?- J ■^ ^ sou sou Ser RO V, » ftrong town of Lower Hun- lands, which rons, from w to i, through gary, capital of a county of the lame Luxemburg, and falls into the Mofelle, a name, fcatcd on a fntall river, 27 miles sw of Prefburg, and 30 SE of Vienna. Lon. 17 of, lat.47 46 N. SoRA,, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora» with a cattle and a bifliop's fee. It is feated on the Garigliano, 65, miles MV^ of Naples. Lon. 14. 4E,lat.4.i 34.N. SoRA, a ftrong town of Denmark, in Zealand, with a college for the nobility, 9 miles w of Ringfted. Lon. 11 53 £, .bt. 55 26 N little above Treves. SousA, or SusA, a ftrong town of the kingdom of Tunis, capital of a province of the lame name, with a caftk and a good harbour. It is a place of Ibme trade, and feated on a high rock, near the lea, 65 miles SE of Tunis. Loa.i) 15E, !«. 35 S*N' Sou-TCHEOU-FOU, a city of Clilna, ihe legend in the province of Kiang nan! It is fo interledled by canals of frdh wa- SOR AW, a town of Germany, in Lufa- ter, tliat Europeans compare it to Verricc j tia, feated near the Bober, zc miles s of and the country romui it is fo deliirhtjuL Croiftn, and 32 nb of Gorlitz. Lon. >5 48 E, lat. St 40 N. SoRjA, atownof Spain, inOldCaftile, built on theruinsof the anticnt Numantia, near the fource of the Douero, 74 miles »E of Burgos. Lon. z z w, lat. 41 48 N. SOROCK, a town of Poland, i'euted on the river Dnieder, with a ftrong caftle. The Turks were obliged to raile the fiege of this place in i6oz. , Sorrento, a feaport of Naples, in Teita di Lavora, with an archbifhop's fee. It i« the birthplace of Tor^uato Taflb j that tlw Chiiiefe call this city the paral dife of tlie world. 'I'he brocades and einbroidtries made here are elteeii.cd throughout tlie whole empire. Its popu.. lation is prodigious ; but its jurilui6tioH extemis over only one city of the itcoml, and feven of tli* thiid clals, Lon. uj ao K, lat. 38 40 N. SouT£RRAiNEratowBofFvance,lntlie depaitintnt of Cieule and late province ol" Marchc, 24 miles N of Limcges. South Sea. See Pacific Ocean. SouTHAM, a town in Warwick/hire, and is fluted on a peninfula, m the bay of with a market on Monday, and noted for Naples, at the foot of a mountain of the fame name, 17 milesvSEof Naples. Lon. 14 a4E, lat. 40 36 N. SospELLO, a town of Piedmont, in the county of Nice. It has a Ciade in dried fruits, particularly figs } and is feated at the foot of three very high mountains, on the r'lver Bevera, 1-5 miles ne of Nice. Lon. 7 34 E, lat. 43 52 N. SovANt)> a town of Tufcany, in the Siennefe, *$ miles W of Orvietto. Lon. II 48 E, lat. 4a 41 N. SoUBiSE, a town of France, in the de its cider. It is 13 miles' s of Coventry. and 83 NW of London, Lon.i 13 w, lat. 5z 36 K. ■ Southampton, a feaport ami borough in Hampthire, witba market on Tuelday, Thurlday, and Saturday. It is fituatir' btjtween the Itchen and Teft, which hew How iuto an inlet of the lea, called Trii- lanton Bay, or Southampton Water. Tlie inlet is navigable almolt to the head for velTcls of cpnfiderable burden; and the two rivers admit linall craft forae way up the country. It was formerly a poj't partment of Lower Charente and late ter- of great comiiierce, ttill poffcfles a trade ritory of Saintonge, feated on an eminence, in Ficntii and port wines, and has a par- «n ):he river Charente, 22 miles s of ticiilar connexion with Guerniey and Rochellc. Lon. 1 2 w, lat. 45 57 N. Jerfey. It contains five churches j ii f'OUlLLAO, a town of France, in the lurroundcd by walls and feveral watth- de jartraent of Lot and lute territory of towers 3 and had a ftrong caftle, now in Querci, feated on the Boreie, 32 miles N ruins. It is a county of itlelf, governed oi Cahors. / Lon. i ai e, lat.44 55 n. by a mayor, and lends two members to Sound, a ftrait between Sweden and parliament. It is a faftiionable place ef Denmark, through which ftiips uiually reibi-t for iea-bathing j and it was on this fail from the Calegate into the Baltic. It beach that the Danifti king Canute gave n about four miles broad, and here the that ftriking reproof to his flattering Danes take toll of all merchant-ftiips courtiers, when the difubedient tide walhci that pafs into the Baltic. SeeELSiNORE. his feet. Two rnile^ from this town is Sour, or Sur,i a feaport of Turkey Woodmills, where is a very curious ma- in Afia, in Syria, where ftood the famous nufadure of fliip-blocks, from which all city of Tyre, of which there is now no- the king's yards are fupplied. South- thing remaining but ruins. Lon. 35 50 e, . ampton is lamiles s by w of Wincheiler, lat. 33 18 N. See Tyre. and 75 wsvv of London. Lon. x 26 w, SovRfOr SvR» a river 0f the Nether- lat. 50 55^ n. SPA Southend, New, a village In EiTex, (eated at the mouth of the Thames, 44 mile» E of London. Bein"; the nrareft place to the metropolis, for lea-bathing, it ii much reibi'tcd to, and has handlome accommodaticn ibrtbe company. SoUTHWARK, a borough in Sunv, which may be confidiTLu as purt of tne metropolis, being leated ou che oppofite fide of the Thames, and ur.dfr the jurif- diflion of the corporation of L»'ndon, who hav« an officer here called the bailiff of £outhwark. It is calltd the Borough, by way of di(lin6lion, and i,> a populous place, participating confiderably in the commerce of London. It lends two members to parliament.- It contains fix churches, a Roman catholic chapel, many places of worlhip for dlfltntcrs, and feve- j-al charitable lotmduticns, particularly, St. Thomas'* Hofpital, Guy's Hofpitai, and the Mng'aalen Hofpital; alio the King's Bench and Marlhallea prilbns, and acountygaol. SeeLONDON. Southwell, a town in Nottingham- fliire, with a market on Saturday. It is an ancient place, and hais a collegiate church. It is 16 miles Ke of Notting- ham, and 139 NNWoi London. Lon. o 51 w, lat. 53 6n. South WOLD, a corporate town and ibaport ' in Suttbtk, with a market on ThurlUay. It is lieated on a cliff, near a fine bay, with a harbour to the s, and the river Blythe, and a drawbridge on the w ; fa that it is almoft lurroundtd with water, efpecially at every high tide. Here a much efkemed fait is made, and it has alio a trade in com, be^r, and her- rings, It is commonly cialled Sowle or Sole, and its bay is named Soleray. In this bay was the great leafight between the Dutch admiral De Ruyter, and James duke of York, in which the viftory was undecided. Southwold is ao miles s of Yaimouth, and 104 se of London. Lon. I 54 E, lat. 51 14 N. SoviGNY, a town of France, in the department of Rhone and Loire and late province of Lyonoi9» leated on the Quelne, 50 miles SE of Bourges, and 167 s of Paris. Lon. 3 ai e, lat. 46 30 n. So-UTRA Hill, the moft elevated hill in the mountainous ridge of Lammermuir, in the N partof Berwickfbire. In former times it was a noted leamark. Sow, a river in Staffordlhirc) which Hfes neslr Healy Caftle, in the w part of the county, runs by EceUfhal to StafFordj, below which it receives the Peak, and foon afterwkrd falU into the Trent* Sl>A, a wim of Germany, m the bi- SPA'' fhcpric of Liege, famous for !h mineral waters. The inSiabitahts are very civil to Grangers, and ready to do them all manner of good offices, but mull be paid for their labour. It is feated in a valley furroimded by mountains. That called the Old Spa confifts of milerable cottages, and is piojicrly nothing but the fuburb to the other. The houieti of the New Spa are all wood, dark, and I'mall, and yet it is affirmed they can make laoo beds for ftrangers. The church of the capuchins, and the parifh church, "are both leated upon eminences. The inn called the Court of London, is very large, the belt in the place, and moft frequented. ' The nnmes of the five principal wells are, JHouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotx, and Tunnelet. The inhabitants are em- ployed in making toys lorltrana;ers. Sp4 was taken by the French in 1794. It- is 17 miles SE of Liege. Lon. 5 50 E* lat. 50 30 N. Spain, a confiderable kingdom of Eu- rope} bounded on the N by the bay of Bilcay; on the NE by the Pyrenees, which I'eparate it from France j on the E, SE, and s by the Mediterranean; on the sw by the Atlantic; and on the w by Portugal and the Atlantic. It is 700 miles long and 500 broad ) and contains the provinces of Old and New Caitile> Andalufia, Anagon, Eftramadura, Ga« licia, Leon, Catalonia, Granada, Valen- cia, Bifcay, the Afturias, Murcia, and Upper Navarre, fome of which have been feparate kingdoms. The air is dry and ftrcne, except during the equinoftial rains^ but exceOively hot, in the fouthem pro- vinces, iri June, July, and Auguft. The vaft mountains, however, that run through Spain, are beneiicial to the inhabitants by the refrefhing breezes that come from them in the s paits ; tliough thofe in the N and N E are in the winter very cold. The foil is very fertile ; but there are lai'ge traft s of un- C\)ltivated ground. The produce of the country is wheat,barley,faffron,honey,lilk, laltpetre, hemp, barrillas, and even fuear- canes, with the richeft and moft delicious fruits that ate to be found in France and Italy ; and its wines are in high efteem. Wolves are the chief beafts of prey that infeft Spain. The wild bulls have fo much ferocity, that buU-feafts were the moft magnificent fpeiWle the court of Spain could exhibit. The domeftic ani- mals are horfes that are remarkably fwift, mtiles, black>cattle, and fheep, the wool of which it fuperior to any in Europe. Spaih abotinds in minerals and metals t cornelian^ «gate, jacinth, loadlto&e»i txtr- -4 ---■■- ' ■ Nn a •■• '-- I i c SPA S P I cois ftones, quickfilver, copper, lead, ful- phur, alum, calamine, ciyital, maihleit Ci* iitvcral kinds, porphyjy, , the fineft iafper, and even diamonds, uricralds, and anie- thyft», arc found here, ilncicntly it was celebrated for gold and filver mines j but iince the.difcoVery of Am;.rica at leafl, no attention has been paid to them. 'I'he principal river* are tlie Douero, Tajoi Guadiaiiia, Guadalquivcr, and Ebro. Spain, fonncrly the moil populous king- dom iiv Europe, is now very thinly in- habited; to which various caufcs have contributed, as the expuUion of the Moors, the emigrations to the. colonies, the vait numbers and celibacy of the clergy, and the indolence of the natives. The perlbns of the Spaniards in general, are tall j their complexions fwartliy i their countenances cxpreiTive. The beauty; of the ladies- reigns chiefly in their novels and ro- mances; in thttir perlbns they are fmall and flender. Jealoufy is no longer the characleriftic of a Spanilh huHiand : the married ladies hav« here tht-ii' curtejo, or male attendant, in the fame manner as the Italian^ have their cicifbeos. The eftab> liflied religion is popery j and here the in^ quifition once r«igued in ail its horrors i. hxktf although it ftill exilts, it has been lately rendered, by the intervention of the xoyai authority, comparatively harmlefs. There are eight ai chbiihopi ics, 44 eprifco- ]0al fees, and 24. unirerfities. Spain, once the inoll: free, is Qpw one of the mo(t defpotic monarchies in Europe. They had once their cortes, 01; parliaments, which had great privileges j but though not abfoluttly aboliihcd, they have no part in the government. They are afleni- bl^d indeed, occafionally (as at the aeccf- iionof the monarch) but merely as aa ap- pen\':age to the royal Itatc," without power, •r any other conlieqnence thanwhat r^i'ults from their indvviduai fankr Mad«i4. is thf capital. -y Spain, New. See MEXrco, (>LP*» Spalatr», or Spalatto, a patu- lous and ttrong town, capital oif" Venetian Paimatia, with a good harbour,. a»d an aiotibifliop's fee. Here are the ruins of the palace ot Dioclefian, of which, in 1764, Afi. Robert Adam published a fplendid accoant. In 17S4, Spalati'o was nearly depopulated by the plague. It is feated on a peniniula, in the gulph of Venice, ^5 miles SE of Sehenicoj and loa NW of Ra- guia. Lon. 17 jiE, lat.44 4K. Spalding,, a 'town in Lincolofhire* with a market on Tuemav. It is ieatcd near thcmofitb ef the Welland, and from iU»eau»f«»aiuithe with a market on Monday, featid on the fide of a hillf 30 miles E of Lincoln, and 1 32 N by E of London. Lon.o 7 e, lat. 53 :2N. Spire, a biftiopric of Germany, in the xircle of the Upper Rhine, 50 miks in length, ;tnd 30 m breadth, where bi )ad- eft. It U divided into two parts by the Rhine, and is a fertile country^ Spire, a free imperial city of Ger- 4nany, capital of a bifhopric of the fame name. It was burnt by the French in 1689 i and, in 1603, tht imperial cham- ber, which was in this city, was re- moved to Wetzlar. It was taken, in 179*, by the French, who evacuated it the next year, but reentered it in 1794. It is feated on the w fide of the Rhine, fevea miles n of Philipfl>urg. Lon. :; 32 E, lat.4.9 19 N. Spirebach, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on a aver of the fame name, eight iniles n of Landau. Lon. 8 ixe, lat.4.9 20 n. Spirito-Santo, a feaport of Brafil, capital of a government of the fame name, with a cattle. Lon. 41 oE, lat. 10 1,0 s. Spital, a town of Germany, in Ca- rinthia, with a cattle. It is feated on the iiier, near the Drave, 30 miles w of Clagenfiirt. Lon. 13 37 e, lat. 46 53 n. Spital, an ancient village in Lincoln- ihire, 11 miles N of Lincoln. It was part of the Roman cauleway, leading iVom London, by Lincoln, to the Humber. Here are two fprings, one called Julian's Well, and the other Caftleton Well. Great numbers of Roman coins have been dug up in this village. Spithead, a famous road between Portlinouth and the ifle of Wight, where the royal navy frequently rendezvous. Spitzbergen, the mott northern countiy of Europe, being to the N of . Norway,, between Greenland to the w, and Nova Zembia to the B. The coaft is befet with craggy mountains, and in the v/jnter it is corrlnual night for four months. The animals are large white bears and whit« foxes. There are no fettled inha- ^itants, and it is known only to thole who , go on the coaft to fiih for whales. See Greenland. Splugen, a town of Swiflerland, in the country of the Grifons, capital of the valley of Rheinwald. It is leated neair S T A the fource of the Hinder Rhine, 41 miles sw of Coire. SpoLETTO, a duchy of Italy, 55 miles long ind 40 broad ; bounded on the N bv Ancona and Urbino, on the e by Na- ples, on the s by Sabina and tiie patri- mony of St. Peter, and on the w by Or- vieto and Perugino. It was formerly a part of Umbria, and is now fubje^l tp the pope. Spoletto, an aniiient town of Italy» capital of a duchy of the fame name, with a bifhop's lee, and a cattle. It fuflfered greatly by an earthquake in 1703, and now contains iz,ooo inhabitants. Here are the ruins of an amphitheatre, a tri- umphal arch, and an aquedu£r. It is feated in a country noted tor good wine, near the river Teifino, 40 miles E of Or- vieto, and 60 N by E of Rome. Lon. 13 6 e, lat. 41 45 N\ Spreb, a river of Germany, v^hich rifes in the mountains of Bohemia, and paiHng through Lufatia, info the marqui- late of Brandenburg, runs by Berlin, and falls into the H.^vet, oppofite Spandaw. • Springfield, a town in the ftate of MalTachufets, and county of Hampfhire, feated on the E fide of Conne£licut River» $6 miles w of Bolton. Sprottaw, a town of SileCa, in 't\\c duchy of Glogaw, with walls flanked by towers, and a ftrong cattle. It is feated at the conflxience of the Bober and Sprotta, 20 miles sw of Glogaw. Lon. 15 38 £» lat. 51 40 N. Spurn Head, a promontory in York- fhire, at the ne entrance of the mouth of the Humber, on which is a lighthoufe. Lon.o 15 E, lat. 55 38 N. S<^ilaci, a town of Naples, In Ca- labria Ulteriore, \ th a hifhop's fee. It was formerly famous, but is now a frtiali place, feated on the Favelone, near a gulf of the fame name, 30 miles sw of St. Severino. Lon. 16 40 e, lat. 39 3 n. Stablo, a town of Germany, in thC bifliopric of Liege, with a cele'brated ab- bey, whofe abbot Is a prince of the em- pire. Here is a manutaflure of leather, which is fent to foreign parts. It is feated on the Recht, nine miles s of Lim- burg. Lon. 6 5 e, lat. 50 29 N. » Stade, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Bremen, with a fortrefs, a college, and three churches. It is the principal town of the duchy^ fubjeft to the elector of Hanover } Bremen, the ca« pital, being a free imperial to\(*n. It is the feat of the regency and chief courts of juttice of the duchies of Bremen and Yerden; and is feated on the Swingel, a n 3 M mo S T A ST A near its conflilence with the Elbe, zs miles w of H^tnburg, ajid 45 NE of Bremen. ^..011.9 17E, lat. 53 36 N. Stafarda, a town of Piednionf> in the murquirate of Saluz'zo, featc-d on the Po| \yith a rich abbey. It is fiinious for a vifto>7 eaincd by the French, in 1690, pvcr the duke of Savoy. I.on. 7 15 e, lat. 44. 34 N. Staffa, a famous idnnd of Scotland, one of the Hebrides, a little to the w of Mull. It is one mile long, and half a mile broad. The whole sw end is fup- ported by ranges of pillars, nioftly above 50 feet nigh, and Ibme above 60 feet thick, (landing in natural colonnades, tiere Is alfo a cavern, called Fin-ma- coul, ox FingaTs Cave, which extends 150 feet tinder ground. Its entrance is a natural arch, more than 100 feet high, from which the cavern is lighted, fo that its furtheft extremity may be feen } it is ilipported on each fide by ranges of columns, and roofed by the fragments of others that have been broken off in forming it. This ifland i^ every where fupported by bafaltic rocks and pi])ars, fupeiior in beauty and jgrandeur to tliole which 'fonn the Giants Caufeway in Ireland. Stafford, a bprough, and the county- town of Staifordfhire, with a itia'rket on Saturday. It has two pariHi churches, and a fine fquare market-place, in which IS the ihire-hall, and under it the marke't- houfe. It is governed by a mayor, ferids two members tp parliament, and is fcated on the river Sow, 41 rallies nW of Lich- IBeldj and 1^5 nw of London. Lon. 2 4 W, lat. 51 48 N. Staffordshire, a county of Eng- land, 55 miles long and 42 broad; bounded on the W by Shroplhire, on the NW by Chelhire, on the ne and E by • JDerbyfliire, oh the SE by Warwick- shire, and on the s by Worcelterfliire. Jt lies in the diocefe of Lichfield and Coventry; contains five hundreds, one city, 1 7 market- towns, and i3opari(hesj jand fends lo member^s to p.irliament-. The principal rivers are the Trenf, Dove, Sovy, Churnet, Stour, Peak, and Maiiyfold. The air is mild and whotelome. Tne foil in the s part is good and rich, though not without heathis, which take up a large traft of ground : it abounds in cortl and iron. The middle is level and plain' } the N hilly and barren', being full of heaths and moors, and where they uTe peat for" fuel. There are alfo good ftone- quarric8,_plenty of alabafter, and Htti'e- ' ftone. This county is famous for its potteries,' and for its noble canal niviga- tion. See Caital, Grand Trunk. Stagira, a town of Turkey In Eu, rope, in Macedonia, feated on the gulf of Contefla. It is remarkable for bemg the birthplace of Ariitotle, from whencehe ii cullea the Sta^irite. It is now caIJ|ed Lyba^ Nova, and is 16 miles from Contcffa. Lon. 214SE, lat. 41 15 n. Stag NO, a feaport of Ragufan Dal- matia, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated on a peninfula, in the gulf of Venice, 30 miles NW of Ragufa. |.on. 17 50 e, lat! 43 12 N. Stain, a town of Auftria, feated on the Danube, over which is a toll-bridge, 65 miles w of Vienna. Lon. 15 oe, lat. ^8 II N. Staines, a town in Mlddlefex, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the Thijnes, over which is an elegant fton* bruige, of three elliptic arches. At fbn'ie difiance above the bridge, at Coin Ditcl), IS the London Maik Stone, which is the ancient boundary to the jurifdiftion of the city of London on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. Staines is 17 milei w by s of ^London, Lon. 25 w, lat. 51 »7 N. ' Stalbridgp, a tovrfi in Dorfetftiire, with a market on 'iTuefday, and a manu- fa^lure of (lockings. Here is ak ancient cj-ofs, "22 feet high, on a'Bafe qf eight feet. It is 20 miles N by E of Dorfetfhire, and III w by s of London. Lon.i 18 w, lat. 50 57 N. Stalimene. SeeLEMNOs. Stamford, an ancient borough ii\ Lincolnfhire, with a market on Monday and Friday. It is feated on the river WtUand, which is navigable hence, and ^ns a good trade, particularly in malt and fVeeftone. It fends two members to par- liainent, and is governed by a mayor. Met-e are fix parifh churches, and it had formerly a college, whofe ftudents reinoyed to Brazen Nofe College, in Ox- ford. It is" 26 miles N of Huntingdon, and 96 N by w of London. Lon.o 31 \y, lat. 52 41 N. ' Stampalio, an ifland of the Archipe- Ingo, 60 miles w of l^hodes, and 37 from the coaft ofNatolia. It is 15 miles long and five broad, almoft w^ithout inhabit- ants, and wants frefh water. Stanchio, a fertile ifland of the Ar- chiptlago,near the coaft of Natolia, ix tniles NE of Stampalio, and 40 Ww of Rhodes. It is the ancient Cos, the bitth- |)Iace of H ippocratek ahd Appelles ; and is Z5 miles long- and 10 broad. The capital, of the fame name, i^ feated at the foot of a mountain, at the bottom of a bay, and hear a good harbour.' ' Standon, a town in Hertfordfhire> S T A S T E with ft mftrket on Fridajr* eight mile* N oi Hertfb d and 17 of London. Lon. o j t, Iat5i 56 N. Stanemori, a dreary diftriA in tht I angle of Weftmorland. Here i« a fra)(. ment of Rerecrofs, let up at a boundary between England and Scotland, when Cumberland belonged to the latter. Stanhope, a town in the county of Durham, with a market on Tueiday, 10 miles w of Durham, atxl 164 N of Lon* dun. Lon. 1 o w, lat. 54. 48 N. Stanley, a town in Gloucefter/hire, with a market on Saturday, 11 mllrt s of Glouceiter, and 104 w of L venibire, in the EnglUh Channel) 14 miles s by wof Dartnwuth. XiOn.) 51W, la% 50 9 N. Statsn Island, «it iflaad of N Aim- rka, which forms the county of Rick- mood, in the ftate of New York. It U It miles long and fer broad, andcomaiiu upward of 3000 inhabitants. On th« s fide is a eoHfidcraUc traift ef levtl good land} but, in general, this illaa4 IS rough, aitd the hills high. Richmond^ its only town of any note, k an incottfi- derable place, aiae miiec sw vf Nd^ York. Statin Land, a barren craggy ifland, on the st fide of the iflands which form the ftraits of Magellan, in 5;* s lat. Between this ifland and Ticrra del Fuego is the ftrait of Le Maire. Stavanoir, a feaport i« Norway, in the province of Bergen, capital of a terri- tory of the fame name, with a biftiop's fee. It is feated on a peninfula, near the for- trels of Dofwick, 75 miles « of Bergen. Lon. 545 s, lat. 59 6 m. Staveren, an ancient feaport of the United Provinces, in FrieflanJ, formerly a conrideral>le town, but now much de- cayed, the harbour being choked up with fand. It is feated on the Zuider-Zee, eight miles w of Slooten, and 15 ne of Enchuylen. Lon. 5 13E, lat. 5a 34 n. Staubbach, a celebrated cataract of SwifTerland, near the village of Lauter- bruunen, in the canton of Bern. It rulhes down a precipice 930 feet hich with fuch impetuoht^, as to relblve itfelf into a fine Ijpray, which, viewed in fome particular fituations, refembles acloud of dult. Hence it derives its name ; the word Staubbach, in German, lignifying a fprtng of duft. The roaring noiie it makes is accompa- nied by a tempeft, occafioned by the vio- lent agitation of the air, excited by the rapidity of the fail. The brook which forms this torrent is named the Kupfci-- Bachlcin, or Kivi]^et of Copper. Staunton,- a town of Virginia, on the river Potomac. Ste£N.berg£N, aftrong town of Dutch Brabant, in the marquilate of Bergen-op- Zoom. It has a communication with tne Maefc, and is leven miles M of Bergen-op- zoom, and 17 w of Bi'eda. Lon. 4 18 e, lat. 51 31 N. Steenkirk, a village of Auftrian Hainault, famous for the victory obtained over William iii, in 1691, by the dxike of Luxembui'g. It is 1 5 miles N of MonSf and 16 w of Bruifels. Steenwick, , a ftrong town cf the United Provinces > in Overyflel, feated on the ,v\vtx Aa, 20 miles SE of Slooten. N n4. S T E •id Z* N •( Dcvoitcr. Lotis 5 50 B, Ut. 5* 50 N. sVtqiBVRo> » ft^port Qf Sweden* in E Gottiiuidi (cated on tlve fittltic, asmilet 8 of Nikoping, ai4 8« stv of btockbolm. Lon. 16 40B»,lf Neilenburg, feated on a river of the fame name, la miles N of Conftance. Lon. 9 10 b» lat. 47 50 n. Stockbridob, a borough in Hamp- (hire, with a market on Thurfday. It is governed by a mayor, fends two mem- bers to parliament, and is nine miles nw of Winchefter, and 67 w by s of Lon- don. Lon. I 30 w, lat. 51 on. Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, in a fituation remarkable for its romantic Icenery. It occupies^ bcfide two penin- fulas, feven fmall rocky iflands, fcattered In the Maeler, in the ftreams which iflue frwn that lake, and in a bay of the Bal- tic. A variety of contntibsd views are formed by numberlefs rocks of granite, rtfing boldly from the furface of the water, partly bai'e and partly craggy, end partly dotteid with houfes, or feathered with wood. The harbour is an inlet of the Baltic, and the water of fuch dopth, that fbtps «f the iargelt 4)urd«i can ap- S T O proAch Che quay. At the extremity of the harbour, fcvcral ftreets rile one abovs another, in the form ot nn amphitheatre | and the pabce, a magnificent building, crowns the fununit. Except In the fuburbs, where icveral houks ut of wood, painted red, the generality of the buildings arc of itone, or of brick ftuccoed. Mrhite. Stockholm is aoo miles nk of Copenhagen, and 900 NB of London. Lon. f8 9E, lat. 59 20 n. Stockport, u town inCheAiIre, with a market on Friday. It is one of the moft confiderable places in the kingdom for the manui'a<^ure of cotton and prjuu^d goods, and is feated on the Meri'ey, lix miles s of Manchefter, and 175 nnw of London. Lon. 2 x8 w, lat. 5; 3^ N. Stockton, h flourifhing town in the county of Durham, with u luarkr*: on WednelUay. It has a hrgo manufact. re of falldotli, a trade in lead, corn, and butter, and is noted for its good ale. It Is Aiated on the river Tees, not far fi-om Its mouth, 18 miles ss£ of Durham, and 244 N by w of London. Lon. i 6 w, lat. 54 38 N. Stockzow, a town of Sllefia, in the principality of Tefchen, leated on the Viltula, 12 miles se of Telichen. Lon. 18 32 B, lat. 4^ 45 N. &TOKE, a vtUuge in Dorfetflilne, nw of Wareham, commonly called East Stoke. At Highwcod, near this village, in 1750, on opening a tumulus, three urns were taken up full of decayed bones. Stoke, a village lA Moriblk, be of Downham, with a feiry on the Stoke, which is navigable to it from the Oufe. Stoke, a village in Suffolk, nearNey- land. It has a church on a hill, whofe tower is izo feet high, and is a landmark to fliips that palj the mouth of the har- bour of Harwich, at 13 miles dittance. Stoke, or Stoke Poc.es, a village in Buckinghamiliiri:, four miles nne of Windiur. Its churchyard was the fcene of Gray's celebrated Elegy. Stokbcovier, a town in Somerfet- flilre, 36 miles w of Wells, and 152 w by s of London. Stoke Dabernon, a village in Surry, four miles w by s of Epfom. Near it is JefTop's Well, a fulphureous fpring, feme- thing of the lame kind as that ofHarro- g.ite, in Yorkftiire. Stokesley, a town in the n riding of Yorkshire, with a market on Saturday, 36 miles N of York, and 139 n by w of London. Lon. i 2 w, lat. 54 29 n. Stolberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of a county of wt , ;f ■• .i M'-f S T O S T O' fkme ntxtit, with a c^ftle, where tlie ccMnt Kfides. It is leated in a valley betwcvm two mountains, lo miles K of Nordhau- Xni> and 58 nw of LeipTick. Lon. 11 $ Sy lat. 51 41 N. Stolhokfen, a town of Suabta, in ^ marquifate cf Badca, fcated in a moraisy near the Rhine, eight mi'es sw of Baden, and .12 ne of Straiburg. Lon. S 10 E, lat.4.8 41 N. Stolpen, a town of Germany, in Pruflian Pomeitinia, feated in a valley, on a river of the iaine name, 50 miles ne of Colberg, and 66 nw of £)ant£ic. Lon. 16 45 £, lat. 54 31 K. Stone, i. town in StafFordfhIre, with amarketonTuefday, feated on the Trent, fevt-n miles n by w of Stafford, and 140 MW of London. Loh. z 6 w, lat. fz 54 N. Stonebyres, a remarkable catarafl in LanerkAiire. See Clyre. Stoneham, North and South, twovillaeet in Hants, feated on the Itchen, three mil'-s ne of Southampton. In the church of the former is an elegant monu- ment, erefted in 1783,' to the memory of admiral lord Hawke. Stonehenge, a remarkable heap of ftones, on Sali(bury Plain, fix miles N of Salilbury. It confifts of feveral very large ftones, placed on one another, and is fup- fofed to have been a temple of the ancient >ruids, becaufe it is in a circular form, and fei^ms to have been much more regu- lar than it appeal's to be at prefent. It has puzzled many ctiligent mquirer" to account for the laying of thofr enormous ftonesjone upon another; for they are ib heavy, that it is thought no method now Jcnown is fu^icient to have raifed thofe that lie acrols, to that height. Stonehaven, or Stonehive, a town in Kincardincfhire, with a good harbonr fecurtd by a ftone pier. Nc ir it are theruinhof t'-'t tamouti cattle o^f Donnotyr, formerly the rtfidence ol' the hereditary carl mar/hal of Scotland : it (tands on a lofty rt'rpendiculi'r rock altnoft furrounded by the fea. Not far hence, is a precipit- ous clifF*, called Fowl's Cleugh, remark- able for the refbrt of the birdc called kit- tiwake^, the young of which are much fpuglit after in the hatching feafon. In this town i« a munufaflure of canvals, and fome trade in drill fiih and oil. This oil is obtained chiefly from the dovfifli, grfeat quantities of which are feaugnt on this cca£. Stonehaven is 14 miles s by W cf Aberdeen. Stormakia, a principality in the duchy of Hol/tcin, bounded on the n by Holftein Pj opcr, on the e by Wageria and Lawenburg, and on the s and w by Lu- rcnburg and Bremen, from which it is feparated by the Elbe. Gluckftadt is the capitsl. Stornaway, a flourilhing town of Scotland, in t' . ide of Lewig. It has a harbour called Loch Stornaway, on the e fide of the N divifion A the ifland. Stortford, or Bishop's Stort- ford, a town ir. Hertfordlhire, with a market on Thuriday. It is leated on the fide of a hill, on the river Stort, which hau been made navigable hence to the Lea. On the E fide are t&e niins of a caftle, on an artificial mount. It is ix miles ne ot Hertford, and 30 n of London. Lon. izE, lat. 51 55 N. Stour, a river which rifes on the moft northerly point of Dorlet(hire, waflies Stunr.inlfer and Blandford, then flows to the Hapipihire border, and enters the fea at Chriftchurch. Stour, a river in Kent, which rifes in the Weald, flows by Canterbuiy, and enters the fea below Sandwich. , Stour, a river which forms the intire boundary between Efle? ap-*. Surtblit, watering Clare, Sudbmy, Neyland, and Manningtree; and, being joined by the Qrwell from Iplwich, forms the poblehar- ijour of Harwich. StouRj a river in StafFordfliire, which runs through the s angle of that county in its courle to the Severn, in Worcefter- fhire. STOURBRinoE, a town in Worcefier- (hire, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the Stour, over which is a bridge, and is noted for its glafs and iron works. It is »x r.iiles N of Worcetter, and 124 NW of London. Lon. z o w, lat. 51 3zn. STOURBRiDG£,or Stvrbich, a field sear Cambridge, famous for an annual fair on the 7th of September, which con- tinues a fortnight. Th..e are many traieiinen go thither from London, as well as from other parts j and the commo- dities are horles, hops, iron, wood, lea- ther, cheefe, Sec, This fair is under the jurifdiflion of the univerfity of Cam- bridpc. Stourminster, a town in Dorfet- Ihire, with a'mar||cet on ThuriUay, aiid remarkable for , the^ ruins of an ancient caftle near it, wLich was the feat of the W Saxon kingn. It is feated on the Stour, over which ia a ftone bridge, 10 miles nb of Dorcivefter, and j 1 1 w by s of London. Lon. % 37 w, lat. 50 56 N. Stourport, a town in Wortefter- flure, whlchi from a plaiu field) is become m^m S T R within a ftw years, a very bufy and thriving ceptre of inland navigation. It ii featea oppofite the place where the Staf- fordfhire and Worcefterlhirc Canal enters the Severn, x>ver which river it has a long (tone bridge, finiihed in 1775. It is four miles S ot Kiddenninfter. Stow, a town in Gloucefterlhire, with a market on Thurfday: Some call it Stow on the Would j and it is not only Tested on a bleak hill, but is deftltute of wood and water. It is x i miles s of Campdeo, and 77 w by N of London. I^ou. i 50 vf, lat. 51 54 N. Stowey, a town in Soxnerfetfhire, with a market on Tuefday, 22 miles y/ of Wells, and 145 w by s of London. Lon. 3 9 w, lat. 51 ion. Stow-Makket, a town in Suffolk, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated between the branches of the Gipping and Orwell, and has a navigable cut to Ipf- wich. Its cherries are thought to be the fineft in England, and it has a large ma- nufafture ot woollep llufFi. It is 12 miles NW of Ipfwich, and 75 nne of Lom^on. Lon. I (S E, lat. $2 16 N. Stradella, a ilrong town of Italy, in the Milanefe, with a caftle. It is feated on the Verfa, near the Po, 10 mil?s se of Pa via, and 47 nw of Parma. Lon. 9 12 E, lat. 45 5 N. Straits of Calais. See Pas de Calais. Straelen, atown of the Netherlands, in Pruflis-n Guelderland, five miles sw of GiieWiC*. Lon. 5 57 E, lat. 51 23 n. Stralsund, a ftrong feaport of Ger- many, in Swedifh Pomerania. In 1678, it furrendered to the ele6lor of Branden- burg, after 1800 houies had been burnt in one night. Carles xii, in 1714, came hither after his return from Turkey j but Sweden not being able to hold out againll five great powers, it was forced to fubmit in 1 71 5. In 1720, i* was reftortd to Sweden, but in a very poor condition. It is almoft furrounded by the Baltic and the i.>ki: Francen, and has a harbour feparated from the ifle of Rugen by a narrow ((rait. It is 15 miles nw of Gripfwald, and 40 NE of Guftrow. Lon. 13 28 e, ht. 54 17 M. Stranqford, 4 leaport of Ireland, in the county of Down, feated on the narrow channel that conned s Lough Strangford with the Irifli Sea, feren miles E of Down. Lon. 5 3c w, lat. 54 31 n. Strangford, Lough, a deep inlet of the Tea, in the county of Down, on the e coaft of Ireland. It is 17 miles long »nd five broad, and abounds with excel* S T R t lent fifli, particularly fmelts; and ofF th« bar, about Auguft, is a periodical her- ring fiihery. The bar, or entrance into It from the Iriih Sea, is thi'ee miles below Strangford. It contains 54 tflands, that have names, and niany others that are namelefs. The burning of kelp profitablj employs a gi'eat number of hands in thew iflands. Four bJF them are called Swan Iftands, from the number of fwans that irequent them. STRANRAWf R, a borough in Wigton- ihire, fituate on Loch Ryan. It has a manufa^xure of linen, and is eight miles w of Glenluce. Lon. 5 1 5 w, lat. 55 O N. Strasbvrg, an ancient, populous, and commercial city ot France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late pro- vincs of Alface. It is fituate near the Rhine ; and the river lU runs through it, and forms many canals. There are fix bridges of commtmication between the different quarters of the city; and the inhabitants, excluUve of the garrlfon, are computed to be 46,000. The princi- pal ftni^tures are built of a red may be confidered as one of the ftrongeft places in Europe. It was confirmtd to France by the peace of Ryf- wick in 1697. The town is entered bir fix gates. Before the revolution of lySg, it was an archlepifcopal fee, but is now a biihopric. In the cathedral is a clock, Afhich fliows the motions of the conftella- tions, the revolutions of the fun and moon, the dayT of the week, the hours, &c. Ano- ther remarkable circuinfianee in this ca- thedral is its pyramidical tower, which i« ' 549 feet high, and is afcended by 635 (tcps. Here is a i'chooi of artillery, and, in one of the Lutheran churches, the mau- foleum of mnrflial Suxe. Strafburg is 55 miles N of Bafil, and 255 e of Faris. Lon. 7 51 E, lat. 48 35 N. Strasburg, aftrongtownof Weftem Pruflla, in Culm, with a caK*e. It was often taken and retaken In thfc wa: be- tween the Swedes and Poles, and is feated on the Drigentz, 30 miles froih Thorn. Lon. 18 13 £.. Isx, 53 5N. Stratfor:*, a confiderable viUace In EfTex, feparated from Bow, in MiHdkefex, by the river Lea, over which ; a bridge, faid to be the mofl ancient ftone one in England. It is feur miles emc of Lon> d«n. ' - r • . ' • - ' , r:" - - S T R S T R . 6TftATFX)RD O/N.AvoN, a coKJorate town in Warwickfljire,^with a marlcet on T^Mci'ds^y. It is governed by a mayor, and ibited on the Avon> over which is a iioAe bridg«. with 1 3 great and 6 fmall ardies. It is . memoraDle as the birth- place or' Shaki'peare, who was buried ^re in 1616^ It is eight miles sw of V(rarwLck, and 94 MW oi 'London. Lon. 144 w, lat. 51 15 N. Stratford, Fenny, a town in Buck- inghamftiire, with a market on Monday, feaitd on the Koman Watling-ftrcet, 12 miles E of Buckingham, and 45 Nw of of London. Lqn. o 42 w, lat. 51 58 N. Stratkord, St. Mary's, a confi- derable villagt: in Sufibik, which has a fliare in the woollen m^nufadure. It is iz miles sw of Iplwich. Stratford, Stony, an ancient town in Huckinghamfliire, with a market on Friday. It is leated on the Oufe, and on the Roman highway, called Watling- ftreet, and has two churches. It is eight miles NE of Buckingham, and yz N.w of London. Lc.n-o 50 w, lat. 52 3 n. Strath A VON, a town in Lanerk- ftire, to the s of Hamilton. It is iiir- roundrd by a little tertile traft, from which it takes its name. Strathearn, a vale in Perthfliire, extending many nniles to the w. It is {kieened on the N by the Grampian moun- jains, and on the s by the Ochils ; the river Earn winding through it abf)ve 10 miles. Strathmore, a valley in Kincardine- fliive, one of the fineft trafts In Scotland. It begins near Stonehaven, extending sw klmolt as far as Ben Lomund, and is fliel- tt:red to the NW by the Grampian moun- tains. Strathmore, a river in Sutherland- ihire, that falls into Loch Hope. On this xiver are the ruii.s of a curious ancient fort, called Dornadilla. Strathnaver, a diftrift in Suther- jandfhire, which comprifes the ne part of that county. It takes its name from the the river Naver. . Strathspey, a fertile valley in Mur- ifaylhire, famous for giving name to a yopulrr fpecies of Scotch mufic. Tul- iocngoium, Rothiemerchus, and feveral other places, celebrated in long, are met \vith in this vale. ,. Strath Y, a river in Sutherland/hire, •ti'hiith flow$ into an extenfive bay of the "Moit^vSca, Iheltered by a large promon- Jtcfy, to wlMch.it gives name. St&atton, a town in Cornwall, with a market on Tucfday. It is icuted be- tween two rlvuletj, which here unite and fell into the Briftol Channel at a fmall diftance. It fe 18 miles nw of Launcef- ton, and aai w by s of Loudon. Lon. 443 w, lat. 50 55 N. Straubinc, a town of Bavaria, capi, tal of a territoly of the fame name. It ij a large place, with broad ftreets, hand- fome churches, and fine convents. It was taken, in 1743, by the Auftrians, who demolilhed the fortifications ; but it was rcftored in 1745. ^t is feated on the Danube, a a miles se of Ratllbon, and 65 ne of Munich. Lon. 12 35 e, iat.48 54 N. Streatham, a village in Surry, five . miles s of London. A mineral water of a cathartic quality, was difcovered in thit parifli, in 1660. Strelit2.- Old, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Mecklenburg Strelitz. It liad a palace which wa« burnt down in the night, in 1711; duke Adolphus Frederic III, and his family narrowly efcaping. It is feated in a plain, almoll furrounded by moraffes, 3 5 nile« sw of New Brandenburg. Strelitz, New, a town v ■ y of Mecklenburg Strelitr, whicii owes its origin to the deftruftion of the ducal pa- lace in Old Strelitz; in confequence of which, duke Adolphus Frederic III, be- gan to ere6l a magnificent palace, two miles from the fite of the old one, at a place called Glieneke, whit^h was before his hunting feat} and, in 1733, he founded a new town adjoining to the palace, and ordered it to be called New Strelitz. It is regularly planned in the foim of a itar. The centre is a fpacious marketplace, and thence a number of ftreets branch out in ftraight lines. The chief ftreet leads to the palace, and the next to a pleafant lake. Strenc, or Strenoues, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, with a bi(hop"s fee, and a cullege. It is feated on the lake Maeler, 30 miles w of Stockholm. Lon. 17 40 E, lat. 59 20 n. Stroma, a fmall ifland, on the coaft of Caithnefsihire, once ufed, as a place of inta-ment, by thp inhabitants of feveral of the neighbouring iflands. In the caverns of this-ifland, uQCornipted human bodies, that had been dead fixty years, or mo)\ . were formerly to be found. STROMBOi^.Qf the JTK)tt nort)(ern of ti : Lipari Ifland . Jt is a volcano, which rifps in a cpnj^al form above the furface of the fca. G)i tl»€ E f^d«, it h?.R thrue or four little *rv.tcri.ranj»:idn',ar each other, not at the iununit, buv uu the 4ecliYi^-, S T U S^0J0 \f flii(i fmall uncef. Lon. capi. It is I hand. It Jtrians, (but it on the [nd 65 fat. 48 fiv£ , Mer of kthi« nearly at two thirds of its height. It is iahabited, notwithftanding its fires } but tare is taken to avoid the proximity of the crater, which is yet much to be feared. Of all the volcanos recorded in hillory, Strombolo feems to be the only one that burns without ceafiiig. Etna and Vefui viiis often lie qmc for ipany months, and even yeats, without ihe'leaft appearance ofHre; but Srombolo is eyer at work, and, for ages paft, has been looked upon as the great ligbthoufe of the ftlediterra- nean Sea. Lon.15 45 E, iat. 3S 4.0 n. Stromness, a town on the w Hde of the ifland of Orkney, with an excellent harbour, nine miles w of Kirkwall. . Stronberg, a town of Gernwny, in the bifhopric of Munfter, and capital of a fmall diftri£l. It is 20 miles Nw of Pa- derbom, and a 2 se of Munfter. Lon. 8 14. E, Iat. 51 49 N. Strongoli, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated on a high rock, fi'.rrounded by others, three miles from the lea, and feven N of ot, Severino. Lon. 17 26 e, Iat. 39 20 N. Stronsa, an ifland of Scotland, one of the Orknies, fituate ne of that called Mainland. Strotjd, a town in Glbucefterflilre, with a market on Friday. It is feated on a brook, whofe waters being peculiarly adapted to the dying of fcarlet, its bauks are crowded with the houfes of clothiers j and a navigable canal accompanies its progrefs to the Sevei-n. This canal has been lately extended to join the Thames at Lechlaide. See Thames. Stroud is II miles SE of Gloucefter, and t jz w by N of London. Lon. 2 8 w, Iat. 51 42 N. StroDDi a confiderable village in Kent, which joins the n end of Rochefter bridge, being parted from the city by the river Medway. It is 29 miles 9E of London. Stulingen, atownof Suabia, fubje£l to the duke of Furftenbui'g, with a caltle, 35 ralles w of Conftance. Lon. 8 24 e, iat. 47 45 N. S 1 ulweissenbvrc, a ftrong town of Lower Hungary, capital of Ekekerfdege- war. It had the title of regalis, or royal, bccaulv'; formerly the kings were crowned and buried here. It has been fevcral times taken by the Turks, but has been in the hands of the houfe of Auflria ever llnce 1688. It is feated on the Rau- fiia, ao. miles sw of Buda, and 162 V by w of Belgrade. Lon. 1 8 40 e, Iat. 47 »9^- Stvtoard, a'populvus city of Sualnx; capijtal of the-duchf of Wirtemburg. Ir is liirrounded by walls and 'ditches, ami has an ancient caftle, with a rich tabjne'c of curiofitjes, a ducal palace^ an orpHnn houfe, .and a collegt. The' ftreets are narrow in the city, and the houles gene*^ rally ot wood j but tltcre are fine houfes, and ftraight Itreets, inoneof tlie fuburbsi Stutgard was taken by the French in Jurer 1796. It is feated in a plaih among moun* tains, near the river Neckar, 36 miles E of Baden, and 5* n E of St::afburg. Lon. 9 10 E, Iat. 48 50 N. SuABiA, a circle of Germany, bounded on the N byFranconia and the c»icie of the Lower Rhine, on the w by that circle and Alfacc, on the s by Swi0erland, and on the E by Bavaria. It Contains the duchy of V/ irtemburg, the itargravate of Baden, the principalities of Hoe«-Zcdlem, Oetingen, and Mlndtlheim, the bifhopric* of Auglburg, Cbnftance, and Coire, with feveral abbies, and imperial towns. The French republicans overrun thi» country in the beginning of 1796, but were compelled to evacuate it before the end of the year. SuANE. See So AN A. SUANES, SUANI, or SUANETI, a pOOT and flm{>le people of Afia, who inhabit one of the four dividons of Iraeritia. They fubfift by raifing cattle, and by a little agriculture. SuAquAM, a feaport of Africa, in the country of Abtx, feated on a fmall illand of the fame name, on the w .ide of the Red Sea. It is the refidence of a Turkifli governor under the bafhaw of Cairo, and was once a very flourifhing place, but is now gone to decay. Lon. 37 55 e, Iat. 19 36 N. SuBBiACO, a town of Italy, in Cam- pagna di Roma, with a caftle, feated on the Teverone, J3 miles E of Rome. Success Bay, a bay of S Amerifca, in Tierra del Fuego. The s prohiontojV, at its entrance, calledCape Succelis, is m lon. 65 27 w, lat.;^ is. Sudbury, a borough in Suffolk, with a market on Saturday. It contains three ancient churches, is governed by a ma!yor, and lends two Jnenibers to parliament. It was one of the firll leats of the Flemings, who were brought over by Edward nt, to teach the Englifli the ai't of manufac- turing their own wool. Its trade is now diverted, in great part, into other chan- nels 5 but many kinds of tllin fluffs arc Itill made here, particularly fays, bunt- ing for navy colours, and burial cra,pes. It is feated on the Stour (which is navi- gable henc? to Manningtrtre) 14 miles s>. S U F SUM ^ - •f Bury St. Edmund^s, and 56 KB of Lon- don. JLon. o 50 E, lat 5» 1 1 N. ISUDBRCOPINO, a town of Sweden, in E Gothland, zo miles s of Nordkiopingi and 90 &w of Stockholm. Lon. 15 56 £, lat. 58x9 N. SyDERMANIA, Or SUDERMANLAND, a wrovince of Sweden Proper, .6* miles long and 42 broad } bounded on the N by Upland and Weftcnnania, on the e by the I>eninfula of Tarin, on ths s by the Ba! tic, and on the w^ by Nericia. It is the moft pop\ilou8 part in Sweden, and abounds in corn, and mines of divers metals. Nikoping is the capital. SuDOREE, one of the Faio Iflands, in the Northern Ocean; remarkable for a dangerous whirlpool near it, which is cc- cafioned by a crater, 61 fathom deep in the centre, and between 50 and 55 at the £des. The danger, efpecially in ftorms, is very gi-eat ; fliips are irrefliiibly drawn in, and the waves beat fo high, that an cfcape is almoft miraculous ; yet, at the lefiux, and in . ^ ftiU weather, the in- habitants venture ats, for the fake of fiihing. Suez, a feajport of i^gypt, with a caf- tle, feated at the N end of the w gulf of the Red Sea, called the gulf of Suez. This gulf is feparated from the Mcdi. terranean, by an ifthmus, 125 miles over, which joins Afia to Africa. The town is furrounded by a fandy country, and is without water. It is much crowdeii with people, when the Turkifh gallies arrive there, but at other times, is almoft de- ferted ; and the hai-bour is too fliallow to admit ihips of great burden. It is ( j miles E of Cairo. Lon. 32 4.5 e* l&t. 30 4 N. Suffolk, a county of England, 58 miles long and 28 broad j bounded on the W by Cambridgeihire, on the N by Nor- folk, on the s by Efiex, and on the e by the German Ocean. It lies in the diocete of Norwich; contains zi hundreds, 28 market-towns, and S75 pariihes; and lends 16 members to parliament. The air is clear and health v. The foil is of various qualities, but toe country in ge- neral level. That near the fliore is fandy and full of heaths, yet abounds in rye, peas, turnips, carrots, and hemp, with numerous flocks of Hieep. Copious beds of petrified (hells, called (hell-marl, which tre found in various parts between Wood- bridge and Orford, have for many years been made ufe of for improving light land. High Suffolk, or the Woodlands, vrhich is in the inland part, has a rich deep clay and marl^ that yields good paf- ture, on which feed abundance of cattle That part on the confines of Eflex and Camb-ndgefliire, affords alfo excellent pal- ture ; and to the N and Nw it is fruitful in com. Its principal produce is butter and cheefe j but as the latter is only fun, plementary to the former, it has gained, almoft proverbially, the charaftcr of the worft in England. The faimels are opu- lent and (kiltul i and have an excellent breed of draught Wrfes. The principal rivers are the Stour, Waveney, Little Oule, Larkt, Deben, Gipping, and Orwell. IplWich is the principal town; but the aflizes arc held at Bury St. Edmuml'b. Suffolk, a town of the United States, in Virginia, on James River. SucELMESSA, or SioELMESSA, a pro- vince ot Barbary, bounded on the s by the kingdom of Tafilet, and on the n by Mount Atlasi It is about 100 miles in length ; abounds in corn, dates, and other fruits, and has mines of iron, lead, and antimony. The government is a repub- lic. The capital, of the fame name, is feated on the Zig, 150 miles nne of T'.lil6t, Lon. 5 5 W, lat. 49 40 N. Sully, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loiret and late province of Orleanois, Teated on the Loire, 20 miles se of Orleans. Lon. z 26 e, lat. 47 40 N. SuLMONA, a town of Naples, in Ab- Fuzzq Citeriore, remarkable tor being the birthplace o* Ovid. It is feated on the Sora, 26 miles sw of Chieti. Lon. 14. 55 £, lat. 42 ON. SuLTANiA, a confidcrabic town of Perfia, in Irac-Agemi. Here is a very magnificent molque, which contains the tomb of fultan Chodabend. It is 50 miles NW of Calbin. Lon. 51 53 e, lat. 36 16 N. SuLTZBACH, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of Bavaria, with a calUe, fubjeft to the duke of Neuburg-lSultzbach. It is 10 miles NW of Amberg, and 32 N of Rati(bon. Lon. 11 56 £, lat. 4.9 38 N. SuLTZBURG, a town of Suabia, in the margravate of Baden-Durlach, with a fine palace. It is feated in a territory, fertile in good wine, eight miles sw of Fribug, Lon. 7 30 E, lat. 47 54 N. Sumatra, an iiland of Afia, the mof( weftem of the Sunda Iflands. Its general dire6Hon is nearly NW and se. The equator divide* it into almoft eqxia! parts ; the one extremity beiqg in 5 33 n» the other in 5 56 S, lat. afid Acheen HeaJ, its N extremity, is in Ion. 95 34 £> It is feparated from Malacca, by the ftraits oi SUM S U M that name, and from Java, by thr'Araits ot tunda. It is 900 miles in length, and iroih 100 to 1 50 in breadth. No acsounp hai been given of this iiland, by any Kngliihman, till the year 1778, when Mr. Miliar (Ion of the celebrated botanift) gave an account of the manners of a par- ticular diliri^t. Thelie were tke Battas, } people who live in the interior parts, called the Caiiia country. They differ from all the otlier inhabitants in language, manners, and cuftoms. They tat the pri- Ibntri's whom they take in war, and hang up jir (kuUs as trophies in their liuufes. He ubferves, however, that human fle(h is eaten by them in terrorem, and not as common food; though they prefer it to all others, and ipcak with peculiar rap- tures of the ibles of tiie feet, and palms oi the hands. They cxprelled much fur- priii; that the white people did not kill, much iefs cat, threlents it^ais furpaffed by few in the beautiful indulgences of nature. A chain of high mountains runs through its whole extent; the ranges, in many parts being doubly and treble : their altitude, though great, is not.fuffi- cient to cccafion their being covered with fnow during any part of thfc year. Be- tween thefe liiiges are extenilve plains, confiderably elevated above the furface of the maritime lands. In thelir, the air is cool ; and, from this advantage, they ar£ elteemed the iiioft eligible poition of the country, are the belt inhabited, and the moft cleared from woods, which elfe- where, in general, cover both hills and rallies with an eteriial Ihacle. Here too are found many lai-ge and beautiful lakes, that facilitate much the communication between the different parts. The heat of the air is far from being lb iutenle as might be exp^t^tvd from a country occu- pying the middle of the torrid zone ; and it is more temperate than many regions without the tropics ; the thermometer, at the moll lultry hour, about two in the afternoon, generally ftuftuating between 82 and 85 degrees. Mr. Mariden dividea the inhabitants into Malays, Achcnefe, Battas, Lampoons, and Kejangs; and takes the latter as his ftandard ot defcrip- VxQUt with rcfpeit to the perlbnsy man- lien, and cuftoms of die inhabltantfr. They are rather bdk>«r dK middle Itaturci their bulk t& jveportion; their ilQD^ for the fliaftfart, flight, but ttII Jinyrd. and particularly imall at tke nwrifts afid ancles. Their hair is itrong and of a fliining black. The men are beardlefk i gieat pains \yiu,g taken to render them lb, when boys, by rubbii^ their chioa with a kind of quicVUme. Their com- plexion is properly vellow, wanting tiw r«d tinge that conititutes a copper or tawny colour : thole of the fuperior claf)^ who are not expofcd. to the rays of the fun, and particularly their women of rank, approaching to a degree of fairnefs* The nuijor part of the females are ugiy« many of them even to dilgull: ; yet amon^ ' them are fome whole appearance is ftri- kingly beautiful^ whatever compofitioa of perlbn, features, and <;omplexion, that fentiment may be the refult of. Sonic of the inhabitants of tlie hilly parts ace ob— lerved to have the fwelied neck, or goiter i but they attempt no. remedy for it9 as thefe wens are confiftent with the higbeft health. The rites of marriage among the Sumatrans, confift fimply in joining the hands of the parties, and pronouncing them man and wife, without mui;h cerfr. mony, excepting the entertainnient which is given upon the occafion. But little a|»- parent court/hip precedes their marriage>i. Their manners do not admit of it i the young people of each fex being carefuUif kept afunder, and the girls bemg feldon truHedfrom under the wing of their mo- thers . The cpjportunities which the young people have ot feeing and converling wi£ each other, are at che public feuivaU. On theie occafions, the perlbns who are unmarried, meet together, and dance and fmg in company. It may be fuppofoi that the young ladies cannot be long with- out their particular'admirers. The niea» when determined in their regards, gene- rally employ an old woman as their agent» by whom they make knovtrn their Senti- ments and ftnd prefents to the female of their choice. Tne pai'ents then interfecv* and the preliminaries being fettled, a feaft takes place. At thefe feltivals, a gosit, a buitalo, or feveral, according to the rank of the parties, are killed to enter- tain,^ not only the relations and invited guefts, but all the inhabitants of the neighbouring country who choofe to re- pair to them. The ^ater the concourfc, the more is the credit of the hoft, who is generally, on theft occafions, the fad[icr of the girl. The cuftoms «6 to the inhabitants, both in their jotiniies, and even their domeilic oceu^a- ti^ns^ raoft deftrudive enemios. The niiiiibitr of people annually ilain by thefe nipMi^s tyrants of the woods, is almoft ilicredible ^ yet. froma fuperiiitiouspre- jndicei it is w'lth difficulty they arepre- >itail£d tipon, by a Iwge reward which the IlKHa Company ofters, to ui'e .methods of deftroying them, till they have fuf- taUied iom: paVti<>ular injury in their ownfafl^tly or kindred, AUigatora like- • wife oecafion the lo''- of many inhabitants, frequently deftroying the peO]^« as they • bathe in the river, according to their re- git kkr cuffore, and which tlie perpetual ^evidettte bf the ri(k attending, it, cannot •de«itr"then> from. A fiiperftitious idea of their- fan<51ity, alfo, "prelVrves thtnfi from Mokftatimt, although, with a hook of fuf- • ficiintArength, they may be taken with- ']_ cur much dilficiilty , The other animals { 'of^toffifttra are butfaloes, a imall kind of ^ . htorftsi goats, hogs, cker, bullocks, and -feog-deer. This la(t is an animal fome- wlut larger than a rabbit, the head re- • fembliiig that of a hog, and its {hanks and , feet like thofe of the deer. The bezoar- fione ^ound on this animal has been valued at ten times its weight in gold ; it is of a dAik brown colour, fmooth on the out- fide j and the coat, being taken oflF, it ap- - pears kill darker, with, ttrings running underneath th^ coat : i* will fwim on the top of the water. If it be infufed in any ' -liquid, it makes it extremely bitter : the >iBttttf nfually attVibi»ttd ^o this j^e fire S U N eleanrmg the ftomach, creaUng anawetif- and fweetening the blood. Oi birdJ thev luve a greater variety than of b.a(l," 1 he coo.ow, or Sumatraa pheafant h a bird ot uncommon beauty. They have V.W- °i P'^^^IS***"' ^' parrots, dung, hill towls, ducks^ the largett cocks in tHc world, woodpigeons, doves, and a ereat variety of Imall birds different trom our*, and diftinguifhed by the beauty of their colours. Of their reptile, thcv have lizards, flying lizards, and camelions. The ifland Iwarms with infects, and their varietiea are no lefs extraordinary than their numbers. Rice is the only grain that grows in the coiftitry : tiiey have lu- gar- canes, beans, peas, radifhes, yams, potatoes, pumkins, and feverai kinds of potlierbs unknown to Europe j and here are found inoft of the fruits to be met with in other parts of the E Indies in the greateft.perleftion. Indigo, faltpetre, fulphur, arlenic, Bcafil wood, two %! cies of the bread-fruit tree, pepper, ben- jamin, coffee, and cotton, are likewlle the produce of this ifland, as well as eaffia and camphire mentioned before. Here alfo is the cabbage tree and filk cotton tree; and the i^refts contain a great variety of valuable fpecies of wood, as ebony, pinej fandai, eagle, or aloes, teek, manchineel, and iron wood, and alfo the banyan tree. Bees wax is a commodity of great itnpm-tance heie; and they have likewife edible birds-netts. Gold, tin, irw», coppe^, and lead, are found in the countty; and the former is as plentihil here as in any pwt of Afia. The Englifh and Diitch have factories on th4s ifland; the principal one of the former being Fort Marlborough, on the sw coaft. The original natives of SunaaAa are pagans; but it is to be obferved, that when the Sumatrans, or any of the natives of the eaftern iflands, learn to read the Arabic character, and fubmit to circumcifion, they are laid to become Malays ; the term Malay being underftood to mean Mujful- man. See Acheen. SuMSRBiN, a town of Lower Hungaiy, feated in the ifland of Schut, made by the river Danube. It is i6 miles s of Prefburg. Lon. 17 »3 E, lat.48 4N. SuNART, a diliri£l in Argylefliire, in the peninfula at the nw end of that county. It is remai'kable- for numerous veins of lead, but they are not very pro- duftive. Sun ART, Loch, an inlet of the fea, in Argylefhire, which divides the ifland of Mull from the diftri^ of Morven. SuNBURY, a fejiport of the United StaieS) inQeorgla, with a fal« and con- SUN. . renient harbour. Several fmall iflands interlockins; with each other, render th« paHagc to lea winding, but not diflicult. The town being very healthy, is the re- ibrt of tbe planters from the adjacent places of Midway and Newport, during the fickly tnunths. • It is 34 miles s of Savannah. Lon.81 15 w, lat. 35 34 N. SvNBURY, the county-town of Nor- thumberland, in Penulylvania, ieated be- low the jun£iion ot the £ and w branches of the Sufquehannah. Lon. 76 50 Vf, lat. 40 51 N. Sunk Island, an ifland nine miles in circuit, within the mouth of the Humber, fepai'ated from Yoi-kfliii'e by a channel near two miles broad. It produces all Ivrts of grain, alio wood and black rabbits. Sunning, a village in Berklhire, fituate on the Thames, two miles ne of Reading. It was once an cpil'copal iee, and had nine biHiops in lucceiFion, the lalt of whom, Hermannus, removed the fee to Salisbury. Sunning Hill, a village in Berk- (hire, in Windfor Foieft, fix miles ssw of Windfor. It is noted for its medicinal wells, which are efficacious in paralytic caies. SuNDA Islands, iflands in the Indian Ocean, near the Itraits of Sunda. The chief of them are Borneo, Java, and Su- matra. SUNDERBUNDS, Of ThE WOODS, a tracl of country, confiding of that part of the Delta of the Ganges, in Bengal, which. borders on the iea. In extent it is equal to the principality of Wales, It is completely enveloped in woods, in- feited with tigers, and compofed of a labyrinth of rivers and creeks, all of which are fait, except thole that imttiediattly communicate with the principal ai'm of the Ganges. Here fait^ in quantities equal to the whole ccnfumption of Bengal and its dependencies, is made and tranfporttd with equal facility j and here alio is found an inexhauftibk Itore of timber for boat building. SuNOERBUHO, a town of Denmark, in the idand of Allen, with a Baltic. It is i«ated on a itrriif called Sunderburg Sound) 12 miles E of Flenlburg. Lon. 10 OE, lat. 54 51 N. SuN^DERDOo, or Melvndy« a forti- fied inland and ieaport vf the Dcecan of Hindooftan, on tlic Concan coait, i ed«ced by commodore James in 1756. It Js about 10 mites ne of Vingoria Rock*. Sunderland, a ieaport in the bi- /ho^)Uc of Durham. It is a jHouriftiing toviii, aimIk iiQ% the «xporcatiea ot coal. S U R fs next in confeqxience, on that fide of thcL kingdom, to Neyrcaltle. Its port, at the mouth of the Wear, though improved firom its formtr ttate, will not admit very large fliips j but veflels hence can get out to lea much more readily than from the Tyne. The coal is brought down the Wear from numerous pits near its banks. Here are feveral glafshoules; and there is an exportation of grindftones and other articles. It is 13 miles ne of Durham, and X64 It by w of London. Lon. i i^i w, lat. 54 56 N. Sundj, a province of Africa, in Con.* go, which lies along the river Zaire. Its rivers render it exti-emcly fertile, and in the mountains are mines of feveral metals* The capital is of the fame name. Lon. 17 55 B, lat. 4 509. SuNDSWALLy a feapoit of Sweden, in the divifion of Norland, and province of Medelpadia. It is feated near the gulf of Bothnia, 195 miles N by w of Stock* holm. Lon. 18 5 e, lat. 6z 45 n. > SUNNEBURC, orSONNEBERG, a flou- rilhing town of Brandenburg, in the ter-^ ritory of Stemburg, with a caftle. It is feated on the Darta, 50 roiks E by N of Berlin. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 5» ai n. Superior, Lake, a lake of N Anie« rica, fo called from its being the largelt on that continent. According to the French charts it is 1 500 miles in cirnim>- ference^. It contains many iflands } two of them very lar^e, efpecially Ifle Royaie, which is 100 mil^s long, and, in many places, 40 broad. The Indians fuppole thei'e iflands to be the refidence of the Ureat Spirit. Upward of 30 rivers enter this lake, Tome of which are of confiderablc flze. It abounds with trout and tturgeon | the former weighing from i a to 50 pounds. Storms 9.ffe& this lake as much as they do the Atknik Ocean. It difcharges its waiters from the SE corner, through the flraits of St. Marie, into Lake Huron. Sul>iNO, an ancient town of Naples, in Molil'e, with a caftle. It is feated at the lource of the Tamara, at the foot of the Appennines, 17 miles N by w of Be- nev fe fbriA as they are in Arabia, or m ^i^^ TurkifU O o t H illfi ''i .... ■Ji-C'' '■4' fin ■('(.■'■■t S U R S U S Munlclet, ndr are the diftmAieot of WaterfoHi, and faiia into St. Geoive'f trtbet among the Hindoos \«rho refide here^ Channel. ftri£tty obl'erved. Thefe Httidoott are a Surinam, a countpjr of. S America (et ot induftrious fober peopie, and of a in Guiana. It extends, about 75 ntile» moft furprifing honeity. Tiie Hindoo along a river of the fame name, and women aiiift their husbands in earning abonnds with game, and fmgular animals tlieir bread, and keep themfclves fo clean, of different kinds ; the toad, in particu. that the European women, who come to lar, being remarkable for its enormous India, are obliged to follow their ex- Hzc and ugly fui-m.. It produces fruits. amtHe, or run the riik of lofme thtir huioands affefliions. When a child is born, a branrin is to declare, by aftroio- gical rules, whether the child is tiome into the world in a lucky hour or not. This done, he hangs a thin ftring over the (hould'er of a boy, who wears this diftinftive mark of his nation all his. life> time. If a banian, or common Hindoo, intends to give his child in maniage, which is doiie when the c/iUd is about lix intligo, lugar, cotton, tobacco, gximsi and wood for dying. The wood* arc full of monkies, and it is faid there are fcrpcnts 30 feet long. The capital h Paramaribo. SuRiNGiA, a commercial town of Ja- pan, in the illand of Niphon, capit.d of a province of the fame name, with a calHe, where the emperors- formerly re- fidcd. Lon. 139 5 E, lat. 39 30 N. Surry, a county of England, 37 milts br eight years' old, a bramin is to fix the long -and 27 broad; bounded on the n by times when- the father '$ to aflc for the Middlelex, on the e by>Kent, on the a bride, and when the wedding is to be by SuHex, and on the w by Hampftiire celebrated. In the mean while, the and Berks. It lies in the diccele of children remain in the hoaliss of their pa- Winchefter; contains t? hundredii, u, rents till they arriveat the age of maturity . market-towns (including Southwark) ^n] The bramins order and announce ahb the 340 parishes } and fends 14. members to holy days. Every baniain is obliged, parliament. The air is generally tem- cvery morning after wafhing and bathing perate and licalthy. The Ibil is very himlelf, to have a kind oi feal imprefled drffereht in the extreme parts from that on his finehead, by a bramin; though in the middle, whence it has been com- tliis is the office of infnrior hmmiTii'ftmy. pared to a coai>-fe cloth with a.fine bor- The country round Surat is fertile, ex- derS for the. edge of the country on all cept toward the fea, which is fandy atod lides has a rich foil, extremely fruitful barren. Before the EnglifhE India Com* in coin and grafs, particularly ow the n pany. obtained poffefllon of Bombay, the ^fid \v toward the 1 hames ; but it is far vreudency of their affairs on. the coaft of ifinlierwife in the heart of the county, Malabar was at Surat; and they had a. and fuHers^earth. Mogul had then an officer here, who waii| The principal rivers befide the Thames ilyled his admiral, and received a revemte ' (which is the bouivlai'y of this county on called the tanka, of the annual value OT* the n). are the Mole, Wey, and Wandle.. three lackft of nipees*' arifmg from the The lent alfizes are held at Kingfton, and rents of adjacent lands^ And the tfaxes the fummer. affixes at Guilford and Croy- levied at Smat. The tyranny of this don ahtrnately.. officer toward thti merchants, induced the . Sua/ Eg, a town of Swifferland, in the E India Company, in 1759, to tit o*it an canton of Lucern, feated nearthe lakeof -armlment, which difpoffeffed the admiral Sempach, five milt s s at Luecin. of the caltle ; and, foon after, thepofleflion SUvS, a river of Morocco, which foims of this cafile was coflftrifted to them by the s boundaty of tliat empire, and enters •the court ef Delhi. They -Dbtairted,f'' the Atlantic, at Mefla.; Like the Nile, ■moreover, the appointment to the ^eff of its annual inundations enrich the country. admifal, ixid were conftitutcd receivers Sus, one of three grand divifions ot ofthetanka, by vtrhich their authority in the empire of Morocco ; boaadwlonthe this place becaine fupreme. Surat is w by the Atlantic, on the n by Mount ■ fituate on the confines of.Guzerai:, ao Atlas, en the f by Gelula, and on the s miles up the river Tapty, and 17^ N of bythe river Sus. It is a ffat country, JBombay. Lon. 71 48 b, lat. ti 10 N. abounding in com, lugar-cs^nes, and Sure, a liyer of Ireland, inTipperary, dates. The.inhabitants, who are chiefly iVhidi ffovi^'by Cbnniel and Garrich to iBereber$-» .or ancient /natives^ ar«-diffia< I .■i,'>i"w*jjn\| s us gulibed by their induftryj and mimy of tnenr» who live in towns, become opu« lent, and are much more polite than ^he natives of Fez and Morocco. In tlic mountainous part they are intirdy free, and are governed by their .own chiefs. _ SvsA, a leaport of die kingdsm of Tunis. See Sousa. SusA, an ancient and ftrong town of Piedmont, capital of a marquilate of tite lame name, with a fort. Here is a rich convent, called the abbey of St. Juft, and a triumphal arch to the honour of Au- gultus Celai . It is feated on the Doria, among pleaihnL mountains, and is called the key of Itjdy, being the principal ^uifage out of France into Italy. It was taken by the French in 1 704, but reltored to rhe duke of Savoy in 1707. It is 30 lailts NW of Turin. Lon. 7 24. E, lat.45 ■ao N. SusDAL, a town of Rufiia, in the go- vernment of Vohxlimir, capital of a duchy of the lame name, with an archbifhop's fee. It is built of wood, and feated on the Khafma, 90 miles nb of Mol'cow. Lon. 40 25 E, ht. 56 26 N. SusqvEHANNAH, a river of N Amc rica, which illues from Lake Otiego. It crofles three times the line which divides the fta^e of New York from Pennlylva- nia, and empties itfelf into the head of . the bay of Chefapeak. Sussex, a county of England, 70 miles in lerjth, and 28 whert bro'uleft; bounded on the N by Surry, on the ne and E by Kent, on the s by the Eng- lish Channel, and on tlie w by Hamp- shire. It lies in the diocefe of Chichelter ; contains 65 hundreds, one city, 16 mar- ket-towns, and 142 pariftjesj and lends 28 membeis to parliament. The air of this coimty is various : along the fea- iliore it is thought aguiib; but has a much greater efteft on ftrnngers than on the natives, who are generally healthful : in the Weald, which is a rich deep foil, it is apt to be foggy, yet not unwhole- fome ; but upon the downs it is extremely fweet and healthy. The foil is likewife various : that qX the downs, and thence to the fea, is fertile in corn and grafs, the latter feeding ftieep whol'e wool is re- markably fine; the middle abounds with meadows and rich arable ground } and the N' ilde is (haded with e'xtenfive woods, that ufed to fitpply fuel for the iron- works when they wue ii* a floUi'ifliing ftate. , Tins plentiful county, therefore, lupplies niunerous commodities, the chief of which are com» malt^ cattle, .wool, wood, iron, , jchj4k» glafS} Mx, and fowl,} and is par- SWA . t'lcularlv famous liar it|| , wheateartj a, de» licious bu-d of the fize'of ;i lark, which are taken in greaH jiumbecs, on the SE downs. Suffex is not diftinguiibed f9f any manufaflure, but that pf gunpowder at Battel, and of needles at Chicheilqr* The principal rivtjrs aie the Arjun, Advur« Oufe, and Rother. Chicheder is .thk capital. SusTBR, an ancient and celebrated, but now decayed, town of Peirfia, capitarof Kufillun. It is leated on the Cat-on, 105 miles sw of Ifpahan. Lon. 51 19$, lat. 31 ISN. . SusTEREN, a town of Weftphalia, in the duchy of juliers, two miles from the river Mael'c, and 12 s of Rureraond^. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 5056 N. SuTUERLANosHiRE, a county of Scotlard, 52 miles long and 50 broad; bounded en the N by the North Sea, on the E by CaithnefsAiire arid the German Ocean, on the s by the frith of Dornoch and Rofslhire, and on the w by the Minch. Some parts of this county, called foreftsf are tracklefs deierts, dellitute of trees; or bleak movmtains, abounding with wild roes. In thele parts, there are few inha- bitants, and no villages ; but, along the frith of Dornoch, the country is popu- lous and well cultivated. Dornoch is the county-town. SiTTRi, a town of Italy, in the patri- mony of St. Peter, with a bifliop's fee, feated on the Puzzulo> 22 miles NW of Rome. Lon. 12 25 e, lat. 42 10 N. Sutton, a village in Cambridgefliire, fix miles sw of Ely. In 1694, here were ploughed up feveral fmall old coins, three filver plates, tluee twitted rings, and a plain one. There was a Saxon infcription on the plates, but not legible. SuTTON-CoLEFiELD, a town in War- wickftiire, with a market on Monday, 24. miles NNW of Warwick, and iii NW of Londdn. Lon. i 40 w, lat. 52 39 N. Suzanne, St. a town of France, in the department aiid late province of Maine. It has a conAderable paper ma- nufaflure^ and is 24 miles w of Mans. Swaffham, a town iii Norfolk, with a market on Saturday, feated on a hill» 34 miles NNE of Newmarket, and 94 nb of London. Lon. o 46 e. lat. 52 42 n. Swale, a iiver in Yorkihire, which rifes on the oonfines of V^eftmorland, and nmning se, by Richmond and Thirik* falls into the Oufe. Swally„ a tovra of the Deccan of Hindooitan, in Cambaya. It has a har- bour, where fhips receive and deliver their cargoes £or the merchants of Surat» being O o a '.. '■"' '■ Ml? '*'V ii ,ti ^ M ivift SVf t t* miles Nw of that place, Lon. 7» »S t, bt.ii ttN. SwAMSCOMB, a Village In Kent, two mllei w by s of Oravcfcnd. Here arc the remainv of camps and forts, fuppolld to be Danifti } ana it is laid to be the 'phee where die Kentilhmen, with boughs in: their handd, like a moving wood, lur- ^pril'ed William the Conqueror, and throw- ing dowit their boughs, threatened battle, it' they had not their ancient cuHoms and franchiiLS granted to them j to which lie 'conlented. But the fatt is doubted, though it is certain that many peculiar cuftonu ftill remain in iCent ; one of tlm mott remarkable ot which is that of gavcl- ' kind, or the equal diitribution of landed prc'perty among all the fons of a family. SwANS^Y,' a leapojt and corporate town in GUmorganfhire, with a market On Wedneiduy and Saturday, an old caftle, and two churches. It is feated at the mouth of the Tawy, is governed by ' a portreve, and has plenty ot coal in its neighbourhood. Of theic it fends great ()uantities to Ireland and the s coaft of England } and it has a confiderable trade to Briftol. Here are great works for the imelting of copper and lead ore. Many fliips have been built here, and it is re- fortedto for fea-bathing. It is 24. miles WNW of Cowbridge, and 105 w of Lon- don. Lonk4 ow, lat.51 38 N. SwARTSLVYS, a town of the United Provinces, iii Overyflcl, feated on the Vecht, four wiles hom its mouth, and Ave nnW of Halfelt. Sweden, a kingdom of Europe, bounded on the N by Danilh Lapland and the ocean, en the e by Rufiia, on the s ^by the Baltic and the gulf of Finland, «nd on the w by Norway, the- Sound, and the Catenate. It extends 800 miles from N to s, and 350 from e to w. The - whole king lat.44 4aN. . SWINDON, a town in Wiltfliire, with a market on Monday. It is feated on the top of a hill, near a rich val^, aS miles n ofSaliibury, and 83 w of Lqndon. Lon. I 45 w, lat. 51 30 N. SwiNN A, a little ifland of Scotland, one of the Orknies, fituate to the nb of thct called Mainland. Here are two whirl- pools, that have been known to fnatch in boatt^nd light veflcU> whi<;h are inftantly fwallowed up. SwissBRiwiND, or Switzerland, a country of Europe, bounded, on the 9 .^y Tirol, on the w by France, on the N by Siiabia,. 9xid bii the s by Savoy and Italv. TtTs t*$ miles in Jength, and 8 3 in breadtli, feparatied fripm (|ie advent countries by hiirh mountams, ciH^ the Alps. Swii- rcrlaind is divided &)io 13 cantons, ex- dufive of. th(^r allies; namely^ Luceiti, Uri, Sphweitz, Underwalden^ Zug, Fri- Wg, ^nd Soleure, which are cj^tluJics. The proteftant cant<^s are Zuric, . Beri)» Bafle, anH Schiaiffhauren. ..Glarus and Apperizel contain both religbnsr There are four paflTages over the Alps into ItjJy from Swiflerland; ^the firft of which is b^nd d)e lake of Geneva over H^vg^t Cennts, which leads to Savoy { tht fecond' V>eerin« in thf rountry of the Ghfons, and crulfLs Mount St. Bernard, leading to the. valley of Aoufta, which belongs to Picd< mont i the third begins io the cmmtry of the Grifons, croiTes Mount Simpl^^ berg and leads to the duchy of Milan |, the foiuth croflrs Mount St. Gothard, and the bailiwics of Italy, and terminates Iq the Miianefe. The piincipal lakes are thofe of Conilance, Geneva, Lucem, Zu- rlc, and Neuchatel. The niplt confjdrr- able rivers are the Rhine^ Rhone, Aar, Arve, Rcul's, and Inn. The chief richeso£ SwilTe: land condlk of excellent paftures in whifhjiiany cattle are bredimd fattened, and the goats, and chamois, feed. on the mountniiii), and in the woods. The men are all ftrong and robuft, for vohich reafon they are preteried by ieveral nations for the military teryice-j and even the pope has his Svvils^u^rds. The women are tolerably handlume, h'ave many good qua* lities, and are in general very induftrious. The pealants r«|aii) their old mariner of drelii, and are content to live npon milk, butter/ and cheefe i. and there, are iome of the mountaineeis who never have any bre^. See Glacises, and Schwbits. Sydenham, a village in Kent, onthr declivity of a fine hill, eight miles s by E of London. It is noted for medicinal wells. SyoNEY Bay, a bay on the s fide of, Norfolk Ubnd, in the PiKiiic Oeeafl» fprmed by Point Hunter and/ Point Rofs, which are near two miles afuftder. Here is a fettlement of conviAs, from England. Lon. t6i8 iz E, lat. 2948. .0 . ;. ' Sydney Cove, the townc^ fettlement ,of conyif^s, founded at Ponijackibn, in New S Wales, in 1788. The ground about it was then covered by a thick fo- reft J \allfi, in 1 790, fpme good buildines had been erected, and greateft part of the civiland military, officers .were comfoit- ably lodged. Th^ governor's houfe Ss butlt of &one, and ha$i a viny good ap- pearance, being 70 feer In front. The lieutenant-governor's houfe is of brick, as are alfo thofe belonging to the judge and the commiflary. > The :reft of the houfes are biuU with logs and plai^red, and all the noofs are eitMr covered by Singles, or tbatdied... LoKmISI aS e» t.33 50s.. • i .,,... . . ,,:.,SY&ACiv>B> an «ncieiit and itroog city 'of Sicily* i»;tl^e Yalidi-Noto, with a .,>Uhop's ifee, anda fine harbour, defended ^y a, caftle. It was almoft ruined by an earthqu|ake in 2693. , Near this place,.in ;,}7i?£ t)»^e wp« Jt fcMight. betweeai.Ui» - 7' • o s i •„!'!: air * '4;' ■■■'■=■'»; T A 6 t A F chief riches confift in €ocoi-ntit«. The is extrenitly nfoift, and there are ^stnlardt - and Ehglifh, \a wKIch the fbrmer werebe*ttn. It is ftatcdnerrr the air fta, 71 miks fc by w of Melfiha, and no ihowers every day for nine months in the •E0fPx4«mmo. Lon.t5 30 k, ht.-jr 5N. year. \£yria, of SuRiSTAif, a province of Tabasco, an ifland of New Spain, in Turkey in Afia. hounded on the N by the province of Tabal'co, formed by a Piarbecic and Natolia on the E by Diar- river of the fame name, and by that of beck and the deferts of Arabia, on the St. Peter and St. Paul. It is 30 miles long axui 10 broad, and is 10 miles from a by the fame deferts and Judea, and on the w by the Mediterranean. Under the general name of Syria, was included the ancient Phccfnicia, lying s of S)Tia Proper. I'his province abounds in oil, eom, and feveral ibrts of fruits, as well peas, beAn>> and all kinds of pnlfe the bay of Cam peachy. Table Island, one of the New He- brides, in the Pacific Ocean. Lon. j6 77 E, lat. 15 38 s. Table-MovntaiN, a promontory af Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope. miad garden-JftuflP; but it would produce The bay at th* toot of it is called Table much more than it does, if it were well Ba cultivated ; for there are the 6nell plains and paftur«s In the world. The inha- bitants have' a trade in fi)k, camlets, and fait.; Oamafcus i« the capital. Syrian, a town of Pegu, feated near the bay of Ben^l, 6n a river 'of the fame name, which is one of the extrcnip branches of thp AvRt - Lon. 96 40 e, lat, i6 son. !i t*^*'- • 5 UT. 1..C SzvccA, a toWfi of Weftem Pruflia, in the palatinate o^'CuhA, ftated on the .ViAida, 1 1 nviles c ^ w df Culm . toh. «8 a4.e, hrt-i-s'iit*.' ' )' - - • • . ■ '^' .. \l' >v«b '^s^. n' *•»*& vif^wyB- Taboovamanoo, or Saunder'i Island, an iflihdln the SPacific Qccan, near that of Huahine, to vi'hich it h fub- jea. Tabor, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, on a rtWJimtain, whicUt the Hurtites, under their celebrated ge- neral ^iCca, fdrtified and made their pnn- cipal retreat. It i» 15 miles ,N by e of Budwpis, and 45 s by E t»f Prague. Lon, 1^ 56 E, ht,4^ ti ». TAB-RisTAf«',''a pfdVlifte 0f Perfia, on the s ftiore of the Cafplfej «fea,"bounded by Aftrahadoh'the t',M Ghtta^ on the w. • Tadcas'i'er, i~^d«^ ih IV' riding of Yorkfliirf, With k marl Thu^f- TAA^PE. a ffiA riVer f*! GhiAirt^ah; 1 flilrer which «ntfers fhe ^-iftoJ V^'^A- 1 w?e A^ne %i'iA^i nel at Caitiff, 6n-thl8viver, near Citfr If Is nliie'miles s\v olt' Yoi*k, and i%i N 4>hiUy, is a tton^ bridge' called Pont V -by w ofiLhhJoh, ' tbrt.'k raw, lat. 53 *ryddal, of one grch, 140 feet in' the fpan aAd ^ higli, planned and ekettlted by the ielf 'taught genius of a ^otrtn^ aniiron in this county. Taata, ;i ttjWrt Of Upper Y^pt';'tivtc tnile frohi" the Nilfe. ft iii 'th* i^t^kfe 'df fi -goveiindr, has many ctrtnoiis r&Wali^s 6t anVm^Uity-,' and % fcooWiiles s of Cajfd. jLon. 3* Z5E, lat. a6 5<6 N. )'"■ ,.* ■^ Tabaga, anifltindW 8 A^^Kick,' In :^ihi, in Na^rrt, with 'k taft]e. It fs Ikaitd on Wrt Cida;rto, iri'& cbuiitry pro- ducing g'ood Mtitt'^t^iUs s' fif tMiipe- lima. Lon. 1 36AV, lat.4'i49N. *f A'HLEt, .a k'irtgdbyrf bf !Barbarj', in :^«i'e%>irft Of M^itHct^i bounded ort tJie 'M %Tfei'And T'eme%, on the e by the ■ p^t'teiesj'on the ;s bf thi; dtfeff of Bar- *tii{f,Mk oAUm W by Sus, Mc;occ6, 'jind J^eii: Jt 5s dlVidett ihto three pro- tihi;es,-lJh'as, Saifi^'a^d Tuet. It is a TAhA^lt-tA, ttt>-i?(land-'oh Cat ifoafft of rrioHhtaWis lHn%' toiintry^ but produces ^arbai-y, » bfcloivgii'tg^io the Gf.-noWis, y^o wheat and K'tu'ley ^V^iliies of the riveP^. ^fti for corttl here-, -tt is 50 miksW'bf 'The inhabitants ftVe Urion camd? flcth Tunis, Lon. 9 16 e, lat. 36 jdi s.< /"' • aha diiftts, iind -Hlie]^ breed hbries to fell to rr are the T A I ^ in ' a of iki rom »pe. 5lc. TacastAi a town of the kingdom of AlgUr>i in the urovtuce of Conitantins, formerly a conmierable place, but now ^educed to a vilbge. It is famous for being the birthplace of St. Au^uftine. Taoe, a town of Arabia Felix, with a cattle on a mou|itain> 60 milet e of JMecca. Lon.^a 5 E» |at. 21 ^5N. Tago«T| the largeit. town in the prp- .vin^e of Sus, in Morocco. A geeat many Jew6 live hcre« who c;irry on a coiiilder* able trade. It is feated in a fertile plain, 37 miles s of Taiodant. Lon* S 5 w, lat. a9 a3^. Tacumadbrt, a town of the king- d«m 9f Jafilet, tii^^d on tlife river Dras, with a (Itrong caftle on a mountain. Loq. '^A%W» iat.«7 ION* Taho.orowAi one of tlu fmaUeft of the Sandwich Illandi^* ly>og ,^^ ^^^ s>v part of K^oyv,ec, from which it is dlAant three leac^ie?. . It is. deftitute of w^od, and the ioil fcems to be fandy and barren. TA|0,4ncientLy Tfcus, a river yv^ich has its iojuifce on the co^iiiifa.pf A<'>'iigQB, in Spijiitu run* t^oi^gh New C*ftiie» by Toledo, and T^Jjav^rja, ¥Khence it pro- ceeds to Akantfi^a, in ElU'amadiira ; whein entering pQrtU|g?li it waA^es ^ant^en, be- lo\^ which it £9rins the haf hour oih^^mt ^ tfa/Mi f?J4« intp.the A^l^iVticQcpap. Xbis river ytras fprjnerly i>sfif>^ iof its .golden fands. ^[i'iVi^, ? bP«>»ffh?u^d fcapflxt.in Jiofs- itixxci ^ejs^M'kable ^or a jiarge i'quare to^er, adorned with (ive fplreii, and for a C9IV:- ^iat«( cjtiwrqb, |<^U pi-fttty ifltirje. Jt is ieatt^ on tbe .frith of Dprqqch> J^* a?iks K of Cromarty. TAlNTau, a viUage in Qlou(;eftRr- lliire, feyisn miles w of Gloivceltcr.- In 1700, an ore W9is found herei frpm which was extr«l%d gold* (b,\U .flot e;novgh Xo mi^tf t.he exj)«nce of ^pa»atioin . • XA'«i j«iE» lat. 23 25 N. ...i./c Tai.^^|JC7F0,w; ja-^y ^f ^birta, in the,pi;(i^inc^ of Kianyg-^an, feated oil tihe rivcpr-lUangt dt. h»f only 4th¥ee i;Utie& in xt^iiJiSKi. Lpn. 107^15 Si :Ut. 3a aoh, Ta)j;.l«IIO^jR,g, «i^tow^ of ^rsince, in 1^ ^lepftSpipnt ,t$j 30 mil^s M^k lio JLon. o^flV* i»t>.45 4^». '^j' .. . .'hfifi TM-rTQ^OrVQVt * »ftro«|g jcitjr of ';China» in t;h» pr^vikve ,of iC'^'''^' •b'*^^^ .' n«^ th« gr^%t,w»ll. Its jurtfdi£i;ion cpn- 4m!t ffiur,c^ties^.the;^f»d| and fcven of the third dafs* T A M TAi-VUitN-FOu, an ancient city of China, capital of the prpYincc of Chan-fi* It is eight miles in circumference, but i« mwcii decayed fmce it was the refidcnce of the princes of the blood pf the laft impe- rial family of Ta^-ming-tchao. It* diftri£l contains fiy/t cities of the fecond, and twenty of the third claft. It is 169 miles sw of Pekia« Talamonb, a (Seaport of Tufcany, 15 mil«^ K of OrhiieUq. Lon. 11 6&j ,lat.v4.x 30 N. T/VLAVEfiA, a town of £ipain, in New Caftile, ^ith ? fu|t. It beloifgs to th<: aichbjdiQp of Toledo, pnd in leated on the Tajoj \n a valley abguoding iw corn, fruits, and excellent wine, 58 miles SV of Ma^id. Lpn. 4 i w, lat. 39 4.1 n. Ta;.a,v^rjj£La, a town of ^pain, in ^ftr^oiadu^a, (ibated on the Guadiarta, 14. miles E of Badajoa* luon. 6 34- W, lat. Tallard, a town of France, in the /iieparjcment pf the Upper Alps and latt province of Dauphiny, I'e^^ted on the Du- jaccf, 47 miles s of Grenoble* Lon. 6 aoE, bt.4^agN. Talmp^t, a feaport of France, in the departme^it of Lower Cluurente and late territory of iiaiotonge, feated on a penin- fuU of the Gii'onde, %9 miles sb. of S^ii>t(s, and 260 sw of Paiis. Lon. o 50 w, lat. 4.5 32U. Tamalameca* a town of Terra FAn)^9* in tiie government of. St. Maitha, jfeated on the Rio-depla Madalen^. Lon* 74-4SW, lat. 9 fin. . "i'. T A M A N . See t^ AiKAJCQRI A . TA^Ait» a, xiver of England, which A'Ai^ teoxtk N to s, divides Cbruwall from ^voQjObice, andinters Plymouth Sound. 1 T4>MAJIA, a;^poct of Afia, on the>N coaft of the illand. of Socotora, near the ftt-^itpf fiabelaiandfl. Loo< 51 15 e, lat. \j 30 ,N, •: '.r * • u ■ > Tameo^ river, whicjh rifes in SuiTord- .Ourey./nnd entcnng ^MarwickJliire, runs .firft lEk Mid ,th^ n, |itli it ix'-enters it« llfltiyi: county At TamMTorth, falling ibon j|£ter, into the Trent. 1 , K (Tame, a: jrlvulet in Q^cdihire, which JIqivs ifttditbe Thames, at Dorchefter, and has been erroneoufly fuppofedtb givenaiQC to thft Thames. .&;eTHA,ufis^ u; TAftE^'.aloum in Oitfordihire^ with x imask^t on Tuefday, a famous freefchool» And a ;f&iall ^fpital. It is &ati>d on a tfivylet of tbe'..(i^pe name, 1% milesi e of Oxford, and 45 w by N of London. Lop* o 5SiUr, lat.^'i 46 N. Tamwoiltu, a borough in StaflCbrd' >ihirc,.:vvith a.jiiarket on Satui;da]r. It O 4. i ..vs.— '*t-..i_..;.^L^. IV TK^i^ t A R fttid$ twft mei** be.'% '^^j'pkrliametil', an^ is on the Ciiiivery, 105 miles s by \yof Ceat<») oi» tKs "pBnie, iight Tnil^s 4e of Lichfield, and 114 Nw of London. Lon. 1 ji w, Idi. Si ^<}H. TaRaro, a river of Piedmont, which ri.vs in the ApbtmiUiesi aritl flows by Alevandria to €h«i»(ib^ where it (alU into the Sturhi/' ' Tanasserim, a town of the kingdom Madra»; Lon. 79116, Iat.i0 46N. Tankia, or TiNitiA-LiNG, a town and fortreis of' Thibet, at the foot of ^ount Ltng^ur, 175 miles w by s of LafTa. Tanna, a fertilp ifland, in the Pacific Ocean, one 0*" the New Hebrides, on which is a voleirib. The lnhabi':ant8 are of Stani) '•apital of • province of the fame brave and holpitable; and their arms ar? name, a»o miles sw of Siam. Lcn. 98 o E, ht. 1 1 50 N. Tanbop, a government of RufHa, for me: ronetz frated on the Z^, \«4\ith falls into the ^Ipk^ha. X nnavtyu, guvcrnmeni oi ivunia, rui- erly a part of the "-^vernment of Vo- netZp Its capital, ot the fame name, is bows andarrows, flingS, rpear8,ancl,':liibs. Lon. 1^)9 46 E, lat. i9'30 8. TanoUe, a f'eaport of Hindooflan, on the coaft of Malabar. Lon. 75 50 e, lat. 10 5SN.- TantaLlan, a ruinous cattle in Had- dingtonfhire, two miles E of N.Berwick. It Tancos, a town of Portugal^ in Ef- is feated en a high rock, wafhed on three •traixiadura, feated on thr Zerara, near its fides by the Gprman Oceaft. It was de- fa|l intp the Tt^b, 60 miles ne of Lifbon. ftroyed by the Covenanters in 16^9. Lon, 8 30W, lat, 39 zoN. TAOO,themoftfoutherncftheFriend!y Tancrowall, a town of Africa, in Iflands, in the S Pacific Ocean, about 10 Kegroland, feated on the river Oartbia, leagues in pircuit. It has f'iveral fprings where tlie EngliAi hav^ a fort, 30 miles £ inland, and a ifmall ftream o*' good water, of Jimc^ Foi't. which resrhcs the fea ^when the fpririgs Tanda, or Tanrah, a town ef Hin- aie copious. The sfi fide lifes with dooftan Proper, in Bengal, of which fou- great inequahiien immediately from the bah it was the Capital in the laft centui > . fea } fb that the pUns and meadows, df There is 'irtle t*emaining of it but tne which there are fome of great extent, lie rampart; and the period when it was de- all on the NW fide ; and are adorned with fcrfed is not certainly known. It is feated tufts of trees, intermixed with plantations, en the Ganges, I'^-j miles NW of Dacca, and int^rfedted by paths leading to every Lon. 87 56 e, lat. 23 3j; N. ^ Tawdaco. i See Samar* '^.wm:»J^* ■ Taugataboo, one of the Friendly Iflanda, in the S Pacific Oceun, the re- fid**ni;e of the fovereign and the chiefs. , Tangermvude, a town of Germany, in the old marche of Brandenburg, with a tattle. It i? feated on the Tanger, where it falls into the Elbe, 14 miles nw part of the ifle. TaOr^ina, a feaport of Sicily, in the Val di Demona, ff ated on a rock, 88 miles 8 of Meifina. Ta^Ukaa, an ifland bf the Pacific Oce:^. - Lon. 145 9 w, \it. 14 30 i. Tafloe, a v>!Irtge in Buckingham- fhiie, one mile from Maidenhead. It is feated on a hill, on the banks of tlie ef Brandenburg, and 18 ne of Magdeburg. Thames, and diftingtiifhed by its majeftic Lon. 1 3 30 E, lat. 5« 46 K. woodlands and handfonievilta^^ Tanfcier, a feiport of the kingdom Tapty, a liver of the Dr t .n of Hin- of Fez. it was tdken by the Portuguefe, dooftan, which ri and' |^#vti as a liower to the to (he nw of Nagpour, and falls into s Cathanhto^ on her marriage with th? gulf of Cambayi about 10 miles below Surat. Tar, of Pami pies, in Terra d'Otranto, with an ftrch- «ia -t.He coatft of Coromandel. It is an bifhop's foe. It i» feated on a pcninfula, 'apperdal^ of the Caniatic, but fubjefl to and defciklcd by a ftrong cattle ; but the its bwn rajah, who pays an annual fabfi«y harbour is choked up, v»liich Iiks hurt it of i6b)Oooi. tothe Bnglifli E India Com- very mucK. This t«wn gave name to the pitby* ' venomous Ipiders called tarlihtulas. It is TANjoi^e, a city of Hindooftan, m,- 55 miles nw of Otranto, and 140 e pital df a, province of the fame name, on by t of.Napl«s« Lon. 17 a9E>lat.4o tfc« coaft of Coromandel, X% is feated 3511. -- . ^^.w...; :«- v •■' TAR Taragalla, a town of the kingdonn of Tafilet, with a caftle. It is featoi on the Dras, 175 miles sw pf Tafilet. Lon. 6 3 w, lat. 17 4.0 N. Tar ARE, a town of France, in the <]L'partiiu:nt of Rhone and Loire and late province of Lyonois, featcd on the Tor- dive, at the loot of a mountain of the iame name, as miles KW of Lyons. Lon. 443E, Iat.4.j 52 N. Tarascon, an ancient and ix>pulous ' town 6f France, in the department of the Mouths of the Rhone and late province of Provence, with a caftle, .leated on tlie Rhone, oppofite Beaucaire, with which it communicates by a fridge of boats. Its commerce confi^s in mU brandy, ftarch, and ftiitffi that are much worn, one fort being of coarle filk, and the other of rite fame material and wool. It ie 10 miles N of Aries, and 375 s by £ of Paris. Lon. 4 39 X, lat.43 48 N. ' ,,p, Tarascon, a town of France, In the department of Arriege and late province of Foix, feated on the river Aniege^ feven miles SE of Foix. Tarazona, a ftrong town of Spain, in Airagon, with r bimop's fee. It is feated partly on a rock, and partly in a fertile plain, on the river Cniles, 136 miles sw of Tudella, and 127 ne of Ma- drid. Lon. I a6 w, lat.41 55N. Tarbes, a populous town of France, coital of the department of the Up^r Pyrenees and late county of Bigorre, with a bifliop's fee, an ancient caitle, and a college. It is feated on the Adour, 42 miles sw of Auch, and ixa s by e of j3ourd«miK. \Lon.o 3 c, lat-43 14 N. Tarborouoh, a town of the United States, in N Carolina^ feated an the river Tar, 40 miles NW of Washington. Ta RENTE 2^1 A, a jMTOvince of Savoy, which i» a baoren country, hiUof dreadfut mountains. Moutier is the capital. Tarca, a town of the kingdom of Fez, on the Mediterranean, with a caftle on a rack. Ic is feated in a plain fur- rounded by mountains and thick forefts, which is conftdereu as a deleft i but there are good wells and fine paftui'es. Hon. 4 56 w, lat. 35 »oN. / TAROORObk R town t>f Turkey in Eucopr, iii MoldaviR, 50 miles sly of i, JaJfy, Lon. ftfi 19E, lat.4.5 49N. : .. Tariff A, >a town of Spaoi, in Anda- iufia^ with - rida, and 60 w of Barcelona. Lon. 1 } £, lat. 41, 28 |j. Tarragon A, a ftrong feaport of Spain, in Catalonia, with .^bifhcp'sicc. and auni^ verfiiy. It was built by the Phrenicians, was very po>^erful in the time of the Ro- mans, and ha« many noble monuments of antiquity. It is furrounded by walls buih by the Moors, and if defended aifo by re- gular works. It is neither lb large nur Co populous as it was formerly,; for thou^ there is room for 2000 houles within uie walls, there is not above 500, which are all built with large fquare ftones. It carr,ie$ 'tn a gieat trade, and is feated on a hill, on the Mediterranean, 35 miles nb of Tortoia, ukI aao miles e by n of Ma- diid. Lon. I 13E, lat. 4^1 sm. Tartary, a country of AAaj which, taken in its utmoft limits, reaches from the Eaftem Ocean to the Cafpian ^Sea, and from Corea, China, Thibet, Hindoof. tan, and Perfia, to Ruflia and Siberia. It lifs betyveen 55 and 135^ c l^n. and he- ^■veen 35 and ss" ^ ^9-^* being 3600 miles in length, and 960 in breadth i but in the narrowf ft part not above 330 broad. It may be cqufi4(i%d ynder tffo grand di- vifionsi namely, Eafte>-n andvWeftem Tartary. The greateft part of the for- mer eitheTibelpngs t9 the emperer of Chi- na, is ticibutary to him> or ip. lender his proteAionj and a v#ry cooiid^rable part f Weftem Tartary has beifa;» conquered by the Ruftians. Thefe vaft countiies .include all the middle part of Afia, and are inhabited by Tartars of different de- nominations and different manners. For ;!■ < . '. ■i'll ■.I. '"('■; ':. L ii.l T A T T A U Mrriouft particulars concerning tliem, fee the articles Abkhas, Cii-cafiia> Crim«a, CoITacks, Georgia, Imeiitla} Kalinuc&t Kifti> Lefguls, Mantchews, Mingrelia, MbgMls, Ofli, Samovedesj Turcoman«i and U(b)ecs. Tart AS, a town of France, in the de- partment of Landcs and late province of Gafcony. The Micioufe runs tlirou^h k; and on on^ fide oi' this rivtr it riles in the i^rm of an amphltiieatre ; th« 6t4ief is feated on a plain. It is 1 1 -miUs N£ of Dax. Lon. 0'4S w, ilat.4}-50N. Tassacorta, a liaport of the Ifle of Palmftf one' of the- Canaries. It lion, the capital of Btiotan, m feudatoiy country of Thibet. -It is a6o miles s by w of Laflk. hotcu S9 o B, lat. *7 43 Mi ,.' p .«.7 TA6S1NG, Ml Ifiand of Denmarks be- tween Funen, Langeland> and Arroe. It Is feparated i^iro«n tlie fcM'mir- by a ftrait^, and contains a few towns and vUlagies. • TassO, «ft liland of the Archipelago, near' Romanki) at the entrance df ttlef gulf of Contefia. It Is 35 miles In' circiimffer- CRce ; and wq6^ formerly famouii for mines ef gold, and quarries of beautifui marline. "iTh^ capital, 'of the ' fame name, has ia ^M^ harbour, and livtraKcdftles. ■ '; ' Tasso, * mauntaln of Italy, bet'wetti Bergamo and Como, from whi<;h -the U- -luiMoos' family of the poet Ta(fo took ^eift namcj - w4il TatT A, or 8iND-£, a city of Hindoo- ftan Pfeper, capital «*' the prdvw -of. Tattft, are mines of iron and fak. 'The Indiis, and its 'branehes, admit- of an uninterrdpdfcd navigation froyn Tatta •to Moakan, Laihore, and Caftimere, -fur r^flfels of ^near aoo twis.j a«d a very ex- •♦eftfivet«idt:^W«6<«krn€x.i n. Tavira, or Ta,lat. 37 Tavistock^ a borough in Devon- Aiire,. ;with.a. «nark«et on SaJciU'day. Ix is featwl on the rivei: Tavy,2 and .was once famous fcjc a rtately aihbey, now dividttl inro.t«nem«ncs. .It.fend$ tenflve lake, caUed Tpng-tipg-hbUj^ fiaj .lliiles S t)^! w of ^4kin'. 'r(i.HANG-TCSj^'pu->ou, a city of China, in the pVovince' of Fo-kicn. If, is -wry cpnCdprable, on account of its Jfr^de wltln' Euipuy, Pon^f-hou^ aridJ^or*. iftoita. - , , TchaNg-te-fou, one of ifhe ina^ lorthem cities of IJons^ in Cbin^. ft s remarkabU for a^, ,^lke a crocQilil^, the fat of wl^ifh is pf fych a f euiar t^ turc, tha,. when once kindled, it caoncit be txtin^yiflKid. TcHE-i?iANGj -a jprovince of Chl9^* ope of the mofl: conliderable in that en>. pire, in e;£teot, ric'ies, ind (*opuladon. Jit is liPinnded OB thr i and w by K,mnz- nmt pn.fhe sw ^y ivi^ig-fi, on the 8 % Fo-Jtieq, and pnjne e by the ocean. J^ i;his ,proj>r^ace». \yJoole plains may be ie«i covered with djf^arf molb .y treesy, p|Ui- jpofel^ checked w tht owth; and|vro> oigious quantities of u^worms are hf»fk here. Their filk ftuffs, in which gold and filler are iAternuxed, are the jfonA beautiful in Cb^na. The tallow trft grows here, and the/ have excellenj^ bjupi« and tbe'fioaU j;9)4 i(k, with whif^ jipndt ase ftoc]|f|i^. TcHfiNjQPf , * gwreifime»t of ^ftijf* fia« formerly a part of the Ukraine, iti r tfifitalt of the lame name* in fcated on ttc Defne. TciiiNG-TOU-FOU, a citvlof China, the capital of Se-tcheuen, fornierly the rtifidenccof the emperors, and one of the largeft and molt beautiful cities in the empire i but, in 1646, it was almoft in- tirely deftroyed, during the civil wars that preceded the laft invafion of the Tar- fats. Its diftilft contains fix cities of the iecond and 25 of the third tlafs. TcHlN-KiANG-FOV, a ftrong City of China, in the province of Kiang-nah, the key of the empire on the feacoalt. Its Situation and trade, and the beauty of its walls, give it a preeminc^nce over the Other cities of the province ; but its ju- riftli^ion is confihed to three cities of the third dais. It is 25 miles e by N of KaA-king. TcHiNG-TCHEOU-FOU,acityof China, in the province of Kiang-nan, ieated near the canal through which all harks muft pafs in going from Sou-tcheou, to Kiang. Un£r it are five cities of the third clafs, in which a kind of eai'then ware is, pre^;ared, highly valued by the Chinefe, who pre- tend, that the tea prepared in thefe ▼eflet^ acquires a fuperior quality; and they prefer this plaln'eaithen ware to the moft elegant porcelain. TcHiN-TiNG-Jfdtx, a large city of China, in the prbyincc of Pe-tcheli. Its diftri^ contains iive cities of tlie fecond and ^7'of the third ciai's} and.it is no ihileS s by' w of Tripoli. Lon. 7 55 e» lat; 29 35 N. Tecui.et, a feaport of the kingdom of Morocco, with an old caftle. It is feated on the fide of a mountain, at the mouth of a river of the fame name. LoQt .9 5 W, lkt.30 45 N. TedIbington, a village in MIddlefex, feated on {he Thames, 12 miles wsw of London. The church is a perpetual cu- racy, which was enjoyed by the celebrated philofopher. Dr. SteplvA^ Hales', from the year }T^ rlvif^>rfiich riles on the con- fine8\)f Ciunberi^d, divides the county of Dwham fVoro Vorkfliire. and falls -nto the Germa»» Ocean, below StO^:kton^ TeftzAra, In ancient and ftrong ' xpwA ot Alj^iers, in the prqviucf ofXt^' ~] J , -^^. , * T E I gnefen, i» miles from the city of that ■ame. There are a great many mines of iron in its territory. Tefflis, the capital of Georgia, one isf the i'even Caucafian nations between the Black Sea and the Cafpian. It is called by the inhabitants Thilis-Cabar (warm town) from the warm baths in its neighbourhood. It contains zo,ooo in- habitants, of which more than half are Armenians; the remainder principally Georgians; The ftreets ieldom exceed feven feet in breadth; and ibme are To yarrow as fcarcely to allow room for a man on horfeback : they are confeguently very filthy. All the houfes are of ftone, wit!, flat roofs, which itxvct according to the cuilom of the Eaft, as walks ibr the women. Here is a foundry, at which are caft a few cannon, mortars, and balls ; and the gunpowder made here is very good. The Armenians have eftabliftied here all the manufaAures carried on by their countrymen in Perfia : the moft flourifhing is that of printed linens. Tefflis is feated on the Kur, at the foot of a mountain, 1x5 mile? w of Terki. Lon. 65 % E, lat. 41 59 N. Tecaza, a town of Africa, capital of a territory of that name, to the N£ of Senegal. It is remarkable for mountains of fait. Lon. 6 30 w, lat. 21 49 N. Tegerhy, a town of Africa, in the kingdom rf Fezzan, 80 miles sw of Mourzook. Teglio, a town of the country of the Gr'kfons, capital of a government of the lame name, in the Valteline. In 1610, all the proteftants of this place, and throughout the Valteline, wei-e maflfacred. It is fituate on the top of a mountain, nine miles from Tirano, and la from Sondrio. Teign, a river in Devonlhire, com- pofed of two branches, which rife in the centre of the county, and uniting, enter the EngliHi Channel, at Teignmouth. Teignmouth, a feaport in Devon - flilre, reckoned part of the port of Exeter. It has no markfit, but fends a number of veflTels to the Newfoundland filhery, and has a confiderable coafting tt'ade, efpeci- ally in carrying tobacco-pijie clay to Liverpool, whence are brought back coal, fait, earthen ware, &c. This is the place where the Danes firft landed, And where they committed feveral out- rages. It is feated at the mouth of the Teign, 12 miles s of Extter, and 280 w by s of London. Lon. 3 29 w, lat. 50 31 N. I'ii sffii • rive^ of Hungary, which '■<■»■ ¥ g N rifes in the Carpathian mountains, paf!e« by Tockay and Se|;edin, and falls into the Danube, near Titul. Telemona, a town of Tufcany, with a fmall harbour, and a (trong fort. Iti« feated at the moqth of the OlTal, at thft extremity of a point of a craggy ro^k, 10 miles from Orbtiello. Lon. 11 11 e;^ lat. 42 28 N. ' Telgein, or Telga, atradingtown^ of Sweden, in Sudermania, feated on the s bank of the lake Maeler, 12 miles svt of Stockholm. Lon. 17 24 e, lat. <• 18 N. Tellicherrv, a feaport of Hindoo- ftan, on the coaft of Malabar^ wheiv there is an Englifli faAory. It is 30 miles NNW of Calicut. Lon. f^ 50 B, lat. I f 48 N. Teltsh, a town of Germany, in Mo- ravia, Seated on the frontiers of Bohembj at the fource of the river Teya, 36 mil«s WNw of Znaim. Lon. 16 o B, lat. 49 • N. TiMENDEFUST, a town of the king- dom of Algiers, feated on the Mediter- ranean, 10 miles E of Algiers. Temeswar, a confiderable town of Upper Hungary, capital of a territory- called thebannat of Temefwar. It foi-- merly paiTed for impregnable j but it was taken by prince Eugene, in a dry feafon, in 1716. It is feated in a morafs, 60 miles NE of Belgrade, and 150 se of Buda, Lon. 22 20 E, Idt. 45 37 n. Temissa, a large tbwn of Africa, ia the kingdon) of Fezzan. Here the cara- van of pilgrims from Bornou and Nigrltia, which takes its departure from Mourzook, and travels by way of Cairo to Mecca, ufually provides the ftores of corn and dates, and dried meat, rCquifite for its dreary paflage. It is 120 miles ene of Mourzook. Temrock, a feaport of the Cuban, in Afia, Icated en the lea of Albph, 20 miles B of tht ftraits of Caffa. Lon. 37 «o B, lat. 45 27 N< Tenaserim, a river of Sia.n, which falls into the gulf of Bengal, in lon. 9I 8 w, lat. 12 i2N. Tenbury, a town in Worcefterlhire, with a market on Tuefday, feated oh the Teme, 1 5 miles w by ^ of Worcefter, and 1 30 w N w of Londortl Lon. 2 1 3 W , lat. 52 16 N. Tenbv, a feaport in Pembrokeftirp, with a market on Wcdnetday and Satur- day. Its caftie was demoliftied in the civil wars, and its trade is inconfider^blc. It is 10 miles E of Pembroke, an^ 233 Ht of London. Lon. 5 5 w, lat. 51 41 j*- •f( i": m ,.i:^''vb;„i I" *!t 1;! TEN TEN TiNcu^i Island^ an ifland in the Iftguna U the caplul. Lon. i6 ig «r l^acificOceaiif two miles mcircumfercncet lat. &ds9N. ' 7+ JS w. lutivf obferved in the canoety that ven- hy w of St. Martha. twed to come (bmewhat near the fliip* lat. 9 47 n. Were refnarkably ftout men, quite naked, Tenez, a town of Algiers, in the and of a copper colour j their hair re- province of Tremd'en, capital of a diftria fembling that of the New Hollanders, of the fame name, with a ftrong fort, and fomc of their Beaids reaching as low It is leatcd on the fide of a mountain', at the naveli with an appeaiance of four miles from tlie ica. Lcn. i o e, lat. mu£h art having been ufed to iWm them^ 39 zo N. into long ringlets. Two or three of the Te-ncaNpFOu, a populous and corn- men h^l (bmething like a bead or bone mercial city of China, in the province uf fufpendcd to a firing, which was fattened Hou-quang, with fix cities dependent oi found the neck. The largeft of their it. It is 200 miles w by s of Nan-king Vanoes appeared to be about 28 feet long, ^ "" - '-" - and made out of a large tiree, with, a ioag outrigger. Lon. 151 31 E, lat. i 39 s. TfiNpA, a town of I^iedmout, caxuul of a county of the {ame name. It is feated at the foot of a mouJttain, oa the riv'er Boga, 52 miles s of Turin. I.01). 7 45 £) lat. 4^ 10 jH. TEREDOS, a celebrated idand in the on Lon. 112 ai E, lat. 31 on. Teng-fonc-hien, a city of China, under the juriiUiftioii of Ho-nan-fou, in the province of Ho-najii. It is famous on account ef the tower, ereft«d tor an obfcrvatory by the celebrateU altronon^cr TcheoO'kong. Tenmassee, one' of the United States of America, fituate between the parallels rcliipelago, on the coaft of Natolia, and ot 35 and 36^ degrees latitude j bomideil 10 miles 8\V of the ftraits of Gidlipoli. on the s by S Carolina and Georgia, on It is II miles long and 10 broad, ai)d the w by the MillUrii^i, on the n by iti mufcadine wine is the beft in all the Kentucky and Virginia, snid on the e by Levant. On the e fide» is a large town, the Iron and Bald mountains, which fepa- leated at the foot of a mountain, with a rate it irom N Carolina, of which ftate tne h^bour, commanded by a caitle. i( was Isttely the weftern part. It is On the 5ch of June* 1794, after lome upward of 400 miles in length, and 104 fevete fliocks of an eartbquake, a fmall in breadth ; and is dividdi into three volcanic ifland was difcovercd to have diiliidls, and 1 1 counties. The diftri6Va emerged from the i«3, between this town are Washington, Mero, and Hamilton, andthe Afiatic (hore. of which Juneiboraugh, Nafliville, and Te^erifp, one of the Canary Idsnds, and the moft considerable of them for richer, trade, and extent. It lies w of the Grand Canary, is 45 miles long and 20 broad, and abounds in wine, diifercnt for;s of fruits, cattle, and game. One part of this illand is furrounded by inac Knoxville aie the chief towns ; and the counties are Blount, Sullivan, David fon, Greene, Hawkins, Jeiferfen, Knox, Sum- mer, Sevier, Teanaflfce, and Wafljingtou. Its principal rivers are tbe MiJliluppi, TennafTee, Cunriierland, HoJfton, Clinch, and Duck ; and it is abundantly watered ceffible mountains, and one in particular, by other rivers and creeks. The Cum called the Pike of TeneriflP, is 15,396 fecfl above the level of the Tea, add may be feen ixo miles off, in a clear day. This ifland isfubjeft to earthquakes -, and, in 1 704, one deftroyed feveral towns, and many thoufand people. ' The laborious works in this lAand are chiefly performed by oxen and mules, horfes being fcarce, and referved for the ufe of the officers. Hawks and parrots are natives of the berland mountains, a ridge near 30 miles broad, cut this ftate into the eaftem and weftern divifions, and the latter is the laxgeft part. The climate, foil, and pro. duce of TennafTee are much the lame as the adjoining Hate of Kentucky, which fee. Tennafiee was admitted as a member of the United State; in 1796; and on taking the cenfus in 1795, there appeared to be 77,i6z inhabitants, of whom ifland, as alio fwallows, feagulls, part- 66,649 were free perfons. Knoxville, ridges, canarybirds, and blackbirds, the capital, is feated on tke river Hoi- There are alfb 'lizards, locufls, and dra- fton, 494 miles wsw of Kichmpnd in ffonflied. The climate is rematkably Virginia. Lon. 84 8 W, lat. 35 58 n. healthful, and particularly adapted to Tennassee, a river of N America, affofd lelief in phthi&cal comp lainu. formerly called the Cherokee River. It V )' T E K ifif«s iA the Iron mountains, on the con- fined of Georgia J and* after traverling the bonkrs of the Cherokee country northward, it joined by the Hollton branch, when it is called the TennaiTeu; from thence it rtina sw, on the B fide of the Cumberland mountains, into Geor- gia^ where it makes a circuit to the w, called the Great Bend } it then reenters the ftate of 'I'cnnati'ee^ which it pall'es quite through, direilly N» into that of Kentucky; .here it loon titrns to the nw, and then talis into the Ohio, 60 miles above the confluence of that river, with the Mifniilj)pi. The Tcniiafl'ee is 600 yards broad at its nioutli, and thence navigablf by veflcls of gi^rat burden for iCo miles, to the Mufcle Shoals, in the Great Bend : here the river widens- to between two and three miles, for nearly fO miles ; :^-,d thefe IhoaU can* only be (aiTed in Ihrall hoat»: trom hence it may be navigated, by boats of 40 tons bur-^ den, at lealt 600 miles further^ I'ome tri- Aiog Iklls excepted. TsN-TCHEOU-FOu, a City of China) in the province of Chang-tong, with a good port, and eight .cities in its jurif- dijde^ai-tm«nt of Dvrdogne and Jate jirovince -•, \ T E R -,■■«( 'i ' t o( Perlgord, feated on th« Vcfttre, to miles N of Sarlat. Lon. i 29 £, lat. 45 5N. Tercera, one of the Azores, or Weftern Iflands. It is very fertile, aad contains about 20,000 inhabitants. Aa* gra is the capital. Terga, an ancient town of Morocco^ feated on the Ommirabi, 25 miles from Azamor. Tbrgovi&to, or Tervir, a com- mercial town, capital of Wabchia. It Ixas a fine palace, belonging to th« wajra wode, and is feated' on tlie Jalonitz, 3* miles NW of Buchareft. Lon. 25 zCt^ lat. 45 45 N. Ter-ki, a town of Circaflia, Vhei* • prince refidps dependent on the Ruillans, this being theii- frontier town againft Perfia. It is I'eated. on a river of tht fame name, in a madliy place, one mile from the Cafpian Sea, and 125 e of Tefflis. Lon. 47 50 «, lat. 43 2a n. Termini, a town on the n coaft of Sicily, injthe Val-di-Demona, with a ftfoi^ caiilp. It is famous for its ii^ne* ral waters, and ha» a fine aquedu<^v It is feated ^at the mouth of a river of the fame name, in a territory abounding in corn, oil, and wine, ao miles SE-of Pa- lermo. Lon. 1 3 44 e» lat.. 38 5 n. Termoli, or Termini, a town o£ Naples, in Capitanata, with, a bilhop'* A:e, featjed neaK the fea, 32 miles SE of Lanciano, and 70 ne of Naj^es. Lon* 15 10 B, lat. 41 59 N. Ternate, an ifland of the Indian Qceaiv, the principal of the Moluccas^ It is mountainous, and has a great num- ber of woods, which fumilh much game j but it produces a great quantity of cloves, and other fruits proper to the clijjiate. It lies a little to the w of Giloio, and loo miles e of Celebes* Lon. 1290 e, lat. I on. Terneuse, aftrong town. and fort of Dutch Flanders, on the w branch of the Scheld, called the Hondt. It is eight miles N of Sas-vaji-Ghent, and 25 wnvv of Antwerp. It was taken l)y the French in 1794. Lon. 3 45 £, lat. 51 20 n. Terni, an ancient city of Italy, in the duchy of Spoletto, with a bishop's fee. The cathedral is a magnificent ftruc- ture, and the place contains about- 9,000 inhabitants ; but it was much more con- fiderable formerly than it is now« The famous' catviraft of the river Velino is a mile from this city, which is feated in an .ifland formed by the river Neva, on which account it was anciently calUd Interamna, Tenai.i» the birthplace of Tadtus the Mil; L ii T E R T E T kiftorlan. It is 15 mWn s by w of Spoictto, and 40 N of Rome. Lon. 11 40 B» ]at.4x 34 N. Ternov>\, an ancient town of Tw- key inEuropcy m Bulgaria, with an arch- bimop's fee. It was foiineriy the llat of the princes of Bulgaria, and is I'eated on m mountain, near the Jenera, 88 miles MW of Adrianople, and 97 NE of Sophia. Lon. a6 xe, lat.43 1 n. Terracina, an ancient town of Italy, in Campagna di Koma, with a bilhop's fee. It IS greatly decayed from it» former ftate. It waft called Anxur, was the ca- pital of the warlike Voliici, and the piin- cipal church was originally a temple of Jupiter^ It IS feated among orange and citron groves, near the fea, on the fule of a mountain, 46 miles S£ of Rome. Lon. 13 15 £, lat.41 24 N. Terra del Fuego. See Tierra DEL FVECO. Terra 01 Lavora. See Lavora. ^ Terra d'Otranto. SeeOTRANTO. Terra Firma, or Tierra Firms, a kingdom of S America, bounded on the N by the Caribbean Sea, on the NE by the Atlantic, on the se by Guiana and Amazonia, on the s by the new kingdom of Granada, and on the w by the Pacific Ocean^ and by tlie ilthmus of Darien, which feparates it from N America. Its length, trom the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean is upward of 1300 miles: its greatelt breadth is 750; but, in fome places, toward the Oronoko, not above 1S0. It is divided into the following provinces : Terra Firma Proper, or Da- rien, Carthagena, St. Martha, Rio de la Hacha, Venezuela, Caraccas, Cumana, and Paiia, or New Andalufia. The whole country is now fubjeft to the vice- roy of the new kingdom of Granada, who refides at Sr. Fe de Bogota. Ter* A Firma Proper, another name for the province of Daiien, in America. See Darien. Terra Nuova, an ancient feaport, on the N e coaft of Sardinia, filiated at the bottom of a gulf of the fame name, 65 miles nne of SafTari. Lon. 9 35 e, lat. 41 3N. Terridon, Loch, an inlet of the fea, on the w coaft of Rolsfhire, between G'jirloch and Applecrofs. It has many creeks and bays. Terring, a town in Suflfex, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the 4owns, not far from the lea, 24 miles E of Chiccfter, and 53 sw of London. Lon.o ^1 w, lat. 50 50 N. 1 E&ROufiN, a town of France, in the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois, feated on the Lis, fix miles s of St. Omer. Te R RU E L , a confiderable town of Spain, in Arragon, with a bifhop's fee. It is feated in a large fertile plam, at the con- fluence of the Guadalquiver and Alham- bra, 75 miles SW of SaragofTa, and ii» E of Madrid. Lon. i ow, lat. 40 1511. Tbrverb, or VeeRE, a town of the United Provinces in Zealand, on the tit. coafl of the ifle of Walcheren, with a good harbour, and a fine arlenal, four miles NE of Middleburg. Lon. 3 41 e, lat. 51 36 N. TESCHBN,a town of Germany, capital of a duchy of the fame name, in that part of Upper Silefia fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. It was taken by the Pi-uffians in 1757, but reftored in r763. It is furrounded on all fides by a inoralv, and feated near the fource of the Viftula. At a little distance from it is an old cafUc, on an eminence, where the ancient dukes refided. The inhabitants carry on a trade in leather, woollen fluffs, and Hungary wines ; and make pretty good fire-arms, and excellent beer. A treaty of peace was concluded here, in 1779, between the emperor Jofeph ii and Frederic iii of Pxuflia. It is 17 miles s& of Troppaw, and 65 sw of Cracow. Lon. 18 i7£, lfat.49 52 N. Tbsegdelt, a town of Morocco Proper, furrounded by a craggy rock, which renders it impregnable. It is fcitcd at the mouth of the Techubit, aoo miles w of Morocco. Tesino a river of SwifTerland, which has its fowce in Mount St. Gothard, flows through the country of the Grilbns, and the lake Maggiore; then running through part of the Milanele, it wafhes Pavia, and a little after fall^ into the Po. Test, or Tkse, a river, which riii^s in the N\v of Hants, and watering Stock- bridge and Rumfey, falls into the bay of Southampton. Tetbury, a town in Gloucefterfhire, with a market on Wedneiday, and a confiderable trade in cheefe, yarn, and wool; It is 25 miles ene of Briilol, and 99 w of London. Lon. i 8 w, lat. 51 36 N. Tbticaco, a lake of Peru, in the jiudience of Lima and province of Cal- lao, above 200 miles in circumference. Tbtuan, an ancient city of the king- dom of Fez, with a cattle. The houles have only little holes towa^'d the ftreets, to look out at i for the windows are in the inf>de» toward the courtyaid, which TEW k furrounded by gaoler ie<; and Iq, the Liddle is generally a fountain. The bojles ar^ two ftoriea high, flat at the top, and the ftreets very narrow.. The ftumen vlfit eafh other from the tops of their hottfes : they wear hracelets oil their Lms and legS) and large ear-ringsi have very fine eyes, and fome of them beauti- I ful fkins } and their veft is open before^ from the boibm to the waift. The (hop*. [ are very fmaUi and without doors ; the laafter fitting crofs-legged on a counter, with the goods difpofed in drawers round him, and all vhe cuftomers ftand in the Itreet. It is; feated on the river Cus, three miles from the MediterraneaR, ii s of Geuta, and loS N by W Qf Fez. Lon. 5 26 w, lat. 35 ^^ N. ■' Teverone, a river of Italy> the anciept Anis, vvhich rifts in the Appen- nines, 50 ,Q>iks above Tivoli, glides tiu'ough a plain till it coi^es near that town, when it is confined ^or a fhort ipace bet\we^n two liji|ls, covered with grove?. TJ^efe were Aippefed to be the rcfidanqe of the,iiliyl Albuuoa» to whom a temple here ytas dedicated, the elegant form of wbi^h indicates it& havii^g been biylt whei> tb^ ai;tsi were in thp higheft ftjte of pprfe^ion. The river w>vi«g with au{^i- biu'ghihire-, and pafTing almo(l through the cepti'e of that county, unite;; with the Iweed, nev Kelfo. TEViQTOAtE. See Koxburoh-t SHIRE. Teurart, an g^ncient town of tb* kingdom of Fea, feated qr a inou9tAin near the rivBT 5Ja, Teus,era, an anciept town qf Bar* bary, in Biledulgerid, divided ihto two. pai-t§ by a fiver. It ftapds op the CPS'- fines of TwiSi in a country aboUDicUn^ in datC9^ Lpn. to 1$ e, lat, \x t^ n. , Tewkesbury, a borQ(»gh in Glour cefterftjirc, witb a WMkft on WedneCday and Satur4«^y* H^k 4re the ruins bif a monafteryj and \% was formerly fa- mous for mufta?d b&U9» to whicK Shak- ii)«av« &Uud.«l iq b^ ftcQAd pact ^ T H Ar Henry iv. ft has iiuuiufaauc«« of w6«U len cloths and cotton ftocking*} and ieodi two members to parliament. Here* in. 147 1, Edward iv gained a decilive vie-* tpry over the Lancaftrians. Tcwkeibury. i^ leated at the cc^^uence of the Severa and Avon, 10 mu s n of Glouc the grand Jama was an infant, who had been dif- covered fonre time before by the tayolhoo lama, who, in authority and iitndity of charufVer, is next to the grand lama, and, during his minority, a£\s as chief. The lar .as, who form the molt numerous, as yrell as tlie moft powerful body in the ftate, have the priefthood intirely in their kands { and, moreover, they fill up many nionuliic orders, whifch are held in great veneration among thenl. Befide the reli- i« at PatoU, a vaft palace, on a mountain, liear fh« banks df the Burrampooter, I'even miles from Lafla. In 1774, the EnglHh £ India Con>pany made a treaty with tii<) larhitt The religion of Thibet, thoughV in many refpeiU, it differs from that of the Indian bramins, yet, in others, has a great alKnity to iu The Thibetians bave a great veneration for the cow, and liighly rei'pe£l alfo the ^waters of the Ganges, the Iburce of which they believe to be in heaven. The lunniaffes, or In- dian pilgrims, often vifit Thibet as a koly place ; and the lama always niain- tains a body of near }oo of them in hi( pay. See Palte. TaicL, or TiF.L, a ftrong town of Dutch Guelderlderland, taken by the French in 1794.. It is feated on the Waal, 10 miles \v of Nimtguen. Lon. )5 x6Et lat. 51 56 N. THiELt, a town of Auftrian Flanders, in the chattilany of Comtray, 10 miles W of Courtray. 7*HxCRs, a populous town of France, in the department of Puy de Dome and iate province of Auvergnc. It is famous for its ftatuary, hardware, ahd cutlerv j hud is feated on the fide of a hill, 22 miles M of Clermont, and 220 s by £ of Paris. Lon. 3 38 £^ i^t. V5 51 N. Thipnvill» , allrong 1*1 wr of France, in the depai ^lent of Mofelle and late pro- *«ice of LorraiB. It was taken by the jM'iMC uf Condt in 1643. The AuJtrUuis bombarded it in 179a, but were obIice«J to raife the fiepe. It is feated on the Mo, felle, over which is a bridge defended by a hornwoik, 14 miles n of Metz, and 195 NE ot Paris. Lon. 6 15 E, lat. 49 21 N. Thirsk, a borough in the n riding of Yorklhire, with a market on Monday. It fends two members to parliament ; and was formerly noted for its Ihong cattle. It is 20 miles Nw of Yolk, and 230 n by W of London. Lon. i 16 w, lat. m- 1 5 n. Thive, or Thebbs, an ancient aiid celebrated city of Livadia, with a bllhop s lee. It is nothing now to whi'.t it was formerly, and yet is four miles in rlrcum- ference, but fo full of ruins, that there are not above 4000 Turks and Chriltians in it. It is famous for a fipe fort of white clay, of which bowls for pints are made ai'ter the Turkiih faHiion : tney are never burnt, but dry naturally, and become as hard as ftonc. Here aie twc Molqucs, and feveral Greek churches. It is feated between two rivers, 20 miles nw ( F" Athens, and 280 sw of Conftaniinoplc, Lou. t% 40 E, lat. 38 17 N. Thoissbl, a conllderable town of France, in the departinent of Ain and late }>rovincf of BrcAe, with a handfomc col. tge. It is feated in a fertile country, near tht; Saoue and Chalcrone, 10 miles n uf Trevoux, and aoo. se of Paris. Lon. 4 50 e, lat. 46 13N. Thoma, St. an iflandof Africa, lying under the equator in 8* r. lon. It v o* dilcovered in 1429, and js almoft round, about 30 miles in aiameter. The foil is ffrtile, and produces plenty of fugar- canes. On th.: fame vine are bloffoms, and green and ripe grapes, all the year round. It is a veiy unwholefome country, pof- ftffed by the Portuguefe, and few live to a great age. It confifts chiefly of hills, intcnuixed with vallies, which are con- liantly filled with a thick ftinking fogj but it agrees very well with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than on the Gold Coaft of Guinea. Thomas, St. oneof the Virgin Iflands, in the W Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort. After the capture of St. !Euftatia, in 17S1, it became the mart of that part of the W Indies. It is 15 miles in cuxumference, and belongs to the Danes. Lon. 64 51 w, lat. 18 21 N. Thomas, St. a town of Hindooftan, on-the coaft of Coromandel, with an arch- bifhop's fee. It is fubjeft to the Portu- guefe, and three miles s of Madras. Lont $0 25 E, lat. 13 2N. THOMAS, St. a town of S America, in Guiiuia),i«at9d on the Otonoko, and lub-< T H R T I B jefl to Spain. In 1618, it was taken and burnt by fir Walter Kalcigh. Lon. 63 30 Vf, lat. 7 6 N. Thomond, a county of Ireland, alfo called Clare } which lee. Thonon, a town of S;ivoy, capital of Cliahlals, with a palace, and levcral con- vent)!. It is I'eated on the lake of Geneva» It the mouth of the river Drama, 1 3 milea tw of Laufanne, and 16 ne of Geneva. Lon. 6 44. E| lat. 4.6 19 w. Thorn, a city of Weftern Pruflla, formerly a hanlcatic town. A g:t .t tu- mult happened here in 1-/14, between the Roman catholics and proteltants. on ac- count of the ftudents of the jefuit& ; upon which the Poles lent judges to try die magiftrates for not fupprefltng the .-iot, who condemned two of the principul magiftrates to be beheaded, and leven of the citizens. The protcflants have a handfpme college here. The Pruliians forcibly took potrein«n of this town, in i793> and annexed it to their dominions. It is I'eated on the Villula, over which is a remarkable bridge, 67 miles sof Dantzic, and 105 Nw of Warfaw. Lon. 18 42'E, lat. 53 6n. Thorn, a town in the w riding of Yorkftiire, with a market on WedntlUay, It Aands in a marfhy foil, near the river Don, 10 miles ne of Doncafter, and 167 N by w of London. Lon. 1 a w, lat, 53 39 N- TnoRNBiURr, a corpoi-ate town in Qloucefter/hire, with a market on Satur- day. It is governed by a mayor, and feated near ■ '.leSevern, 44 miles sw of Gloucelter, and 121 w of London. Lon. a 31 w, lat. 51 35 N. Thornhill, a town in Dumfriesfhire, where fairs are held, chiefly for woollen yarn and coarfe woollen ftuffs. It is fitu- ate on an elevated plain, on the E fide of the river Nitli, 1 5 miles N by w of Dum- fries. Thouars, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Two Sevres and late_ja-ovince of Poitou. The riftle cf it»^4uicient dukes is on a rock, fur- rounded by walls 120 feet high, which, from the whitenefs of the (tone, might be fuppofed not more than 10 years old. It is feated on a hill, by the river Thoue, 34 miles SiE of Anger?, and 161 pw of Paris. Lop.o rs^» lat. 46 59 N. Thrapston, a town in Northampton- ihire, with a market oh Thurfday, leatpd pn the Nen, pver which is a bridge, feven mil^s M of Hi^am-Ferrers, and 75 NNw <)f London. Lon.o 36 w, lat. 52 26, n, Three Hills Island, an ilii^d, Pnf . J of the New Hebrides, in the S Paclltc Ocean, lying to the s of Malicollo. Three Sisters. See Kuriles. Thvin, a town of Austrian Htinault» but fubjefc to the bi(hop of Liege. It is feated on the Sambre, eight miles sw of Charleruy, and 15 &fc uf Mons. Lon. 4 IX E, lat. 50 21 N. Thule. See FuLAw Thule.Soi/thern. SeeSANDWicil Land. Thun, a lake of Swiflcrland, in the canton of Bun, five leagues long and one broa«i. Its borders arc richly variegated, and covered with numerous villages. Tbtf river Aar paircs through it, and at tl>« NW extremity is the town of Thun. Thun, a town of Swiffer'.and, in tht canton of Bern, with a caltle, where the avo/cr rtTides. It is feated on a lake of the fame nami:, where the river Aar iflueg from it, partly in a fmall ifland, and partly on a hill, 10 miles se of Bern. Lon. 7 17 £, lat. 46 38 N. Thunder Bav, a bay, nine miJcf broad, at the nw corner ot Lake Hurpn, in N America ; fo called i'rom the cppii* nual thunder that is heard there. Thvrgau, a bailiwic of SwiflTerjasd^ which lies along the river Thur, bounded on the e and N by the lake, town, an4 bifliopric of Conftancc; on the s by thp tcrritoiy of the abbot of Sf. Gallen j and on the w by the canton of Zuric. It i$ the largeft bailiwic in Swiflerland, a| we]] as the moft pleal'ant ai}d fertile } and I» extremely populous. The fpvereign^y belongs to the eight ai^citat cantons, Frauenfield is the capita].. Thuringia, a jandgravate of Ger» many, in the circle of Upper Saxony^ bounded on the E"by Mifnia, on the s by Franconia, on the \fr by He^e, ?nd on thp N by the duchy of Brunfwick and the f>rincipalit;» of Anhalt. It is 73 miles in ength, and nearly as much in breadth ^ abounding in corn, fruits, and wood. It belongs to the el?ftors )f Saxony aai Mentz, and feveral petty fovevei^ns. Exr furt is the capital. Thurso, a borough in Caithnefsftiirc, at the mouth of the river Thurfp, on thi^ ■w fide of Dunnet Bay. It has a ftouij- derable trade, and ,a nianufaflure of wooUtn and liwpu cloth. Loft. 3 lO w, lat. 58 36 N. TiANO, an ancient town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora,, with a fi^mous. nunnery. Near it is ^a mineral Ipi'ing, faid to be ex- cellent for the ftene. It is 15 n>i|qs n\y of Capua. Lon. 148 t, lat. 41 i^M' TwER, a river in Italy, whigh ii'ijft La ??3 ' I iit ¥ 1; T I E T I E the Appentilnes, in the Florentino. It is covered with wood, or laid out in plan. pitfles into the Ecclefraltical State, waflies tations. Befide the bay of St. Philip and Borgo, St. Sepulchre, Citta di-Caltello, St. Jago, on the N fide of it, the ifle» Orto, and Rome, lo miles from which it falls into the Mediterranean Sea, between Oltia and Porto. Tivere is its modern name. TiBUROON, a cape, atthemoftwef- terly extremity of the illand of St. Do- mingo, with a tbwn, on an open road, oppofite Port Antonio in Jamaica. It wa* taken by the Englifti and royalifts in St. Jago, on the N fide of which lie along the s and E coaft, form feveral good bays and harbours. Lon. 1 6 5 oE, lat. i5 OS. TlERRA DEL FUECO, feveral Isands at the fouthern extremity of Atntrica. They take their name from a volcano on the largeft of them, and are all very barren and mountainous. U-pon the lower grounds and iflands, that were (heltered J 794, but retaken by the republicans the by the high moimtains, Mr. Forfter found next year. TlCARTE. See Tecort. TiCKELL, a town in the w riding of Yorkfliire, with a market on Friday. It had a ca{tle.and fortificitions, demolished in the civil wars, of which Ibme ruins re- main. It has a diftinft liberty, called the honour of Tickell, which is part of the^ duchy of Lancafter. It is five miles s of Doncafter, and 155 N by w of London. Lon. ill w,,lat. 5.3 27 n. TiDDENHAM, a village in Gloucefter- ihire, ieven miles s of Colford. Its parifh is bounded on three fides by the ^ye and Severn} and at the utmolt point, where the rivers divide, aie ftill to be feen on the rocks, at low water, the ruins of a chapel, which was dedicated to St. Te- cla, the firft female martyr, who luifered in the year 47 feveral Ibrts of trees and plants, and a variety of birds. Among the trees was Winter's bark-tree, and a fpecies of ar- butus, loaded with red fruit of the fize of fmall cherries, which were very well tafted. In fome places there is alfo plenty of celery. Among the birds was a fpe- cies of large duck, which ran along the fea with amazing velocity, beating the water with its wings and feet: at the Falkland Iflands it is called a loggerhead duck. There are alfo plenty of and falcons. The rocks of fome of t.ie iflands are covered with large mufde- fhells, the fi(h of which is well flavoured. The natives of this country are (hort in their perfons, not exceeding five feet fix inches, their heads large, their faces broad, their cheek-bones prominent, and their nofes flat. They have little brown geefe TiDESWELt, a town in Derbyfliire, on eyes, vvithout life ; their hair is black and the s confines of the Peak, with a market en Wednelday. It is remarkable for a well that ebbs and flows two or three times in an hour after great rains } the water gu(hing from feverat cavities at once, for the fpace of five minutes : the well is three feet deep and broad, and the water rifes and falls two feet. It is deemed one of the wonders of the Peak. Tidefwell is 21 miles NW of Derby, and 158 nnw •f London. Lon. i 46 w, lai. 53 15 n. TiDOR, an illand in the Indian Ocean, fjne of the Moluccas, to the e of Gilolo, and to the s of Ternate. It is 17 miles lank, hanging about their heads in dif- order, and befmeared with trainoil. On the chin they have a few Itraggling fliort hsirs inftead of a beard. The whole af- femblage of their features forms the mott loathfome piflure of milery to which hu- man nature can poflibly be reduced. They had no other cloathing than a fmall piece of fed-lkin, which hung from their fhoulders to the mi^ile of the back, being fattened round the neck with a ftring : the reft of their body was perfectly naked. Their natural colour leems to be an olive brown, with a kind of glofs, rcfembling in circumference, and produces cloves and that of copper j but many of them dii- Ilax, The Dutch are mailers of the ifiand, though it ha» a king of its own. The woods and the rocks that furround it, ren- der it a place of defence. Lon. 126 o E, lat. © 50 N- . V , . , TiEL, See Thiel. TiERRA DEL BsPlRlTV SaNTO, the guife themfelves with ftreaks of ^r«d paint, and fometimes, though fcldomj with white. Their whole character is a ftrange conipound of ftupidity, indifference, and inaftivity. They have no other armg than bows and arrows, and their inftru- ments for fiihing are a kind of filh-glgs. moft weftern apd largeft ifland of the New They live chielty on feals flefl), and like Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean, being 40 the tat oily part moft. There is no ap- ieagues in circuit. The land is exceed- pearance ot any fubordination among in^y high and mountainous, and in many them, and their mode of life approaches places the hills rife directly from the lea. nearer to that of brMtei} than th^t of any Except the diflfs and beaches, every part Qthet- nation. T I L T I N Tif'RiSi a liver of Tttrkcy in Afia, which has its roiirce near th.it of the £u> phrates, in the mountain Tchilder, in ruicomania. It leparatcy Jiarbeck from Erzerum, and Khuiiitan from Irac-Ara- bia, and unitine with tK^: Kuphrates> talis into the gulf of Ptrfia, under the name of Schat-el-Arab. This river pafles by Diarbeicar, Gezii'a, Moufui* Bagdad, and BulVarah. TiLBURY, East, a village in Eliex, ntar tlte inuuth of the Thames, £ of Til- bury Foit*. It is fuppoitsd to be the place where the emperor Claudius croifea the Thames, in puriuit of the Britons. ^ In this pariih is a field, called Cave Field, in which is a horizontal paflage to one of the Ipacious caverns in the neighbouring narim of Chadwell. Of thel'e Camden has given a fketch in bis Britannia ; and he dei'cribes them as in a chalk, clitf, built very artificially of Hone, to the height of ten fathoms. Dr. Derham meaiured thrte of the moft coaiiderable of them, and found the depth oi' one of them to be 50 feet, of anotlver 70 feet, and of the third So feet. Their origin is too remote for in ve (ligation. TiLBVRy, West, a village in Eflex, fituate on the Thames, n of Tilbuiy Fort. Here the four Roman proconi'ular ways trolled each other, and, in 1630, it was the fee of bilhop Ceadda, or St. Chad, who conveited tlie £a(t Saxons. Tlie marihes here, feed a great number of Lincolnfliire and Leicefterlhire Aieep, for the London market. In this parifti is a celebrated Ipriag of alterrative water, dif- covercd in 171 7. When the Spanifh ar- mada was in the Channel, in 1588, queen Elil'abeth had a camp here, which was wliere thf windmill now ftand« j and fome traces of it are vifible. Tilbury Fo»t, io Efltx, fituate on the Thames, o^ipofite Gravelend, a re- gular fortification, which may be termed the key to London. It has a double moat, the innermoft of which is 180 feet brori'^ j with a good -countericarp, a co- vert- way, raveliuo, and>.terails. '^'s chief ftrength on the land fide coiuifts in its being able to lay the whole level under water. On the fide next the river is a llrong curtain, with a noble gate, called the Water-gate, in the middle ; and the ditch is palifad/:d. Before this curtain is a platform in the place of a counter- iicarp, on which are planted 106 guns, from »4 to 46 pounders each, bdtde I'mai- ler ones planted between them ; and the baftions and curtains are alfo planted with guns. It i« z8 miles i by s of London. Tim AN A, a town of S Anierka, ifi Popayao, capital of a territory oii^' the lumt name, which abounds in fruits and pal*, tures It is feated on a river, 1 30 miles ESS of Popayaa. Lon. 73 55 w, lat. x 35N. Timor, an idand in the Indian Ocean, between Celebes and New Holland. It it 150 miles long and 37 bread, and aboimdt in fandal-wood, wax, and honey. Tht Dutch have a fort here. Lon. of the sw point 1Z3 59 E, lat. 10 23 s. TiMORLANO, an illand in the Indian Ocean, between Timor and New Guinea. Lon. of the s point 131 54 e, la^. 8 15$. Tina, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Bofnia, on the river Tis, 37 miles KW of Spaiatro. Lon. 17 9 s, lat. 442SN. Tina, anciently TiNOS, an ifland of the Archipelago, one of the Cyclades, t\> the w of Nicaria. It is 17 miles long and eight broad, and is fubjei^ to thr Venetians. The riches of tliis ifland conlilt in filk, of which they have 16,000 pounds every year; and the filk ftockings they make of it are very good j but no- thing can equal the gloves which are knit here for the ladies. The f«rtrels Italbdc on a rock ; and there is a bilbop^s fee of the Latin church, though the Greeks have 200 papas or priefts. St. Nicolo i« the principal town. Lon. 25 24 £, iat. 37 30N. TiNevELLY. See Palamcotta. • Tin IAN, an illand in the Pacific Ocean, one of the Ladrones, 1 2 miles in length and fix in breadth. The Ibil is every where dry and healthy; and, being Ibmewbat Tandy, is the lels difpofed t« rank and over-luxuriant vegetation. The land riles in gentle Hopes from the ihore to the middle ot the ifland, intermixed with vallies of an eafy defcent ; and they are beautifully diverfified with the mutual encroachments of the woods and lawns. The woods coafift of tall and well-fpread trees, and tlie lawns ."ire covered with clean uniform turf, producing fine tre- foil, and variety of flowers. There are at leaft X 0,000 cattle here, that are ail milit white, except their carst which are brown or black. There are alfo a vaft munber of fowls which are eafily caught, aad the flelh of both is exceedingly good, befide plenty of wild hogs, whofe fleih is delicate food. In the woods are prodigious quan* titles of cocoa-nuts, cabbage-trees, gua- Toes, limes, fweet and ibur orasges, and bread-trait, which the failors prefer greatly to the (hip^s bread. There arc alfo vegetables proper tor the fcurvy ; fuch at wauimcloB, dandelion, creeping p^* 1^1^''':; ''<: :i il': ir.^tJ iM **■• ^k T 1 P t I t Salii) mint, fcurvygrafs, and forrel. Here are fome ruins of a particular kind, con- fifting of two rows of fquare pyramidal ])illars« each pillar being about fix feet from the next* and the diftance between the rows is i z feet ; on the top of each there is a femiglobe, with the flat I'uriace «ipv TiRANO,' a town of the country of the Grifons, capital of the Upper Terzero It contains feveral handfome buildings* but from the narrownefs of the Itret^s' and many ruinous houfes, its general appearance is defolate./^t The river Adda divides it into two parts, which are joined by a ftone bridge of a fingle arch. There are fome remains of the ftone walls by which it was formerly fur- rounded, and which, with an adjoining fortrefs, were built by Ludovico Sforza, againft the incurfions of the Grilons, but were difmantled by the latter, when they acquired poffelfion of the Valteline. The ftaple conunerce of this town confifts in the exportation of wine and fllk. Near the town on the other fide of the Adda, is the magnificent church of the Mado- na, or virgin \Xary, mtich vifited by the catholic pilgrims. The mafl'acre of the protetlants of the Valteline, in 1620, be- gan in this town. It is 17 miles sw of Bormio. Lon. 9 46 e, lat. 46 iz n. TiREE, a fmal\ but rich ifland of Scot- land, one of the Hebrides, lying to the svv of Col, and noted for its marble quany and a handfome breed of litHe horfes. TiRLEMONT, a village of Auftrian Brabant, formerly one of the moft confi- derable places in that duChy, but ruined by the wars. It is feated on the river Geet, over which are feveral bridges, I a n)iles ese of Louvain, and 25 e of Biiiflels. Lon. 4 47 e, lat. 50 48 n. TiRNAU, a Itrong and confider'ablc town of Upper Hungar}', in the county of Neitra. It is feated on the Tirna, five miles \v of Leopoldftadt, and 22 ke of Prefburg. Lon. 17 39 e, lat. 48 24N. Tirol, a county of Germany, in the circle of Auftria, and part of the hereditary dominions of that houfe. It is 1 50 miles long and 120 broad; and although a mountainous country, it produces as much corn and wine as the inhabitants have oc-. cafion for, and has rich mines of gold, filver, and copper. It is divided into four parts ; Tirol, properly fo called, the biftiopric Of Trent, the bishopric ot Erixen, and four 'provinces of Suabia, which are imitcd to Tirol. It is bounded on the N by Bavaria, on the K by Ca- rinthia and the archbithopriCof Saltzburg, on the s by the territoj^ of Venice, and on the w by SwifiTevland. Inlpruck is the capital. Tjtak, c* Caba'ros, an iftand of France, the moft eaftern of the Hieres, iti the Mcditerra'neam • TiTiC ATA, «>» iflanU of fijru, iti the K . T I V . nidience of Los Charcos: It Is fituate in J take of the fame name, which is one of the largfcit in S America. TiTMONiNG, a town of Germany, In the archbtfhopric of Saltzburg. It was sinioft defohtcil by tiie plague in 1310, and was reduced to afhes by lightning in J571; but it has been fmce rebuilt. It is leated on the Saltza, 44 miles NW of Saltzburg. Lon, 12 46 E, lat.47 54 n. TiTcn FIELD, a village in Harapfliiie, llated on a linall river, fix miles e of Southampton. It had formerly an abbey, on the frte of which is TicUfield lloule, ere^k-d in the reign of Henry viii. At this houfe Charles i was concealed, in his flight from Hampton Court, in 1647. Srowe fays, that, when an abbey, this was the place where the marriage of Henry vi with Margaret of Anjou was fo'emnized. Great part of this ancient manfion has been taken down. TiTLiSBERO, one of the higheft moun- tains in Swrflerlund, at the foot of which is th^. greatsti: pai't of the valley of En- gelbei'g. TiTUL, a ftrong town of Upper Hun- gary, in the county of Bodrog. It is leated on the Teifie, near i^s confluence with the Danube, 23 miles e of Pcter- waradin, and 20 nw of Belgrade. Lon. 2o 34 E, lat. 45 30 N. TlVERE. See TifeER. TivFRTCN, a borough in Devonftjire, with a market on Tueiday. It is feated on the Ex, over which is a ftone bridge, is governed by a mayor, and fends two members to parliament. It has a noble frcefchool (tbimded by a clothier of this town) whitih has an endowment alio for the maintenance of eight fcholars at Ba- licl College, Oxford, and Sidney Suffex College, Cambridge. ' Tiverton has luf- fered very leverdy by fire, particularly on April 3, 1598} Auguft 5, 1612; June 5, T73i j and June 30, 1794. Be- !ide the elegant pari(h churchj rebuilt after the fire in 1731, here is a chapel of e:ife, erc^lecl by luh(cription, and n'.adc, by aft of parliament, a perpetual curacy. Thii town has been noted for its great woollen manufacture, and is 14 miles nt«e of Exeu.T, and 161 vv by s '>f Lond<4i. Xon. 3 38 vv, hit. 50 54 N.» Titr.MEN, a town of Siberia, in the province of Toboilk, on the Twra, 125 milfs w of Tcbolfk. 'I'jvoi.i, acekbratcd town of Ituly, In Cainpagna di Roma, with a bifliop's fee. It'ii now wretchedly poor: itboafts, how- c\>r, of gteates un.tiquirv than Home it- k\i', "being tht iCncieiU Tibur, which, .' T O B Horace fays, was founded by a Orecian" colony* It was the favorite count; y re- fidence of the ancient Romans, as Frefl. cati is of the moderns. Near the bcttoiia of the eminence on which Tivoli Itands, are the j\iins of the valt and magnificent villa built by the emperor Adrian'. Other illuilrious Komans had alfo their villas here i as Julius Ccfar, Caius Caflius, Auguftus, the poets Catullus .^nd Pro- peirius, Mnsccnas, &.c. Horace is thought to hav(, cenipol'ed great part of his workg in this favorite relicat. Near Tivoli are a celebrated calcade, a ternple of Vefta and another of the fybil Albunea, a mag- nificient villa belonging to the duke of Modena, called the Villa Eftenfe, and the remarkable lake of Solfatara, Tivoli is fcattd on the Tevsrone, iz miles ene of Rome, and 15 nne ol- Frefcati. Lon, ii 43 E, lat. 41 59 N. Sec SOLFATARA aixi Tev krone. Tlasc.m.a, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico, it is bounded on the N by Fanuco, on the e by the gulf ot Mexico, on the s by Guaxnca and the Pacific Ocean, ajiid oa the w by the au- ditnce of Mexico. In the w part of this province is the mountain of Tlal'cala, i* miles in circumference : it is well peopled and cultivated, except on the fununit, which is always covered with Jhow. There ai'c alfo other mountains, covered with treesi, in which are tigers and mon- kies. Tlascala, a town of New Sp;tin» capital of a province o{ the fame jianic. The inhabitants are the native Americans and Spaniards ; but it is not fo confider- able now as it was formerly. It is feated on a river, partly on a motmtain, and partly on a plain, 82 miles es£ of Mexico. Lon. 99 I w, lat. X9 30 N. Tr-EMSEN. Seel'REMESEN. Tobago, the molt fouthward of the Ifiands in the W Indies, and the moft eaftwaid except Barbadoes. It is 32 miles long and nine broad. The climate is not; i'o hot aj might be expected from its litu- ation fc near theequa:or; nor is it viiited by fuch dreadful hurricanes as frequently uelblate the other iJlnnds. It is di- IJiied with hills and vales, and is equal in ricljnefs. of produce to any idands in tlieic leas. In 174S, it wis declared a neutral iiland, Intt in J 763, was ceded to the Knglifli, It was takcti !>y the J'Vench in J7S1, and confirmed to them in 1783 ; but it was taken by the ErrjUli); in 1 793. It in T20 miles s of l^arbad 22 HH fft^nch army paHed the Rhine in 1672. |ome. SMH It is t^i^T^it inilei> E of Nimeguen. Lon. 6 E, hit. 51 56 N. ToLMEZzo, a town of Italy, in Ve- netian Friuli, 30 miles ne of Bclluno. Lon. iz 50 E, lat. 46 30 n. ToLNA, a town of Lower Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on the banube, in a country producing excellent wine, eight miles sw of Colocza, and 45 s of Buda. Lon. 19 1% E, lat. 46 33 N. ToLOSA, atownof Spain, the capital of Guipufcoa. It is not large, but is inhabited by a great number of arti(ts, who naake Iword-blades in high efteem. It is feated in a valley, between the Araxis and Oria, over which are two handfome bridges, and near them fcveral natural cafcadcs. It was taken by the french in 1794; and is 37 miles sw of fiayonne, and 47 SE of Bilboa. Lon. i 5 W, lat. 43 ION. ToLU, a towti of Terra Flrma, in the government of Carthagena ; famous for the fine balfam of Tolu, brought hence to Europe, and produced from a tree like a pine. It is feated on a bay of the gulf oi Mexico, 60 miles s of Car* thagena. Lon. 75 z* w, lat. 9 30 N. ToMAR, a town of Portugal, in Ellra- madura, feated on the river Naboan, at the foot of the mountains, where there is a caiUe belonging to the knights of Chrift. It is 40 miles SE of Coimbra, and 65 ne of Lifbon. Lon. 7 5$ w, lat. 39 30 N. ToMBEC, a town of Auftrian Brabant, eight miles s of Lou vain, and 10 E of Bruffels. Lon. 4 49 E, lat. 50 45 N. ToMBELAiNE, a fmalllAand of France, with a town of the fame name, on the coaft of Normandy, in a /mall gulf be- tween Avranches and St. Maio. This ifland, as well as that of St. Michael, in which there is a monaftery, are every day joined, at iow water, to the mainland. ToMBtiCTOU, a kingdom of Africa, in Negrolaud, which lies to the S£ of the l^reat defert of Zahara, and W of the empire of Caftina. It produces great plenty of corn, cattle, milk, and butter. The king has 300 horfemen, befide a great nunaber of foot* who frequently TON take captives, and fell them to the mer- chants for Haves. The houfes are built like bells, with walls of hurdles plaif. tertd with clay, and covered with reeds. The better fort of women have their faces covered, their leligion being Maho- nietunifm. Both men and women are very fond of dancing, and fpend a great part of the night in that exercife. ToMBUcTO, the capital of a kingdom of the fame. name, in Negiuland, with a ftately mofbiie built of Hone, and a royal palace. There is a great number of weavfrs of cotton cloth j and hither the cloth and other merchandiie are brought by caravans fiom Barbary. Jnftead of money, thev make ufe of fliells and finaU bits of gold. In the proceedings of (Sie African Aifociation, this place is men.' tioned as a luxurious, opulent, and flou- rishing city, fubjefl to a fevere police, and, as fuch, attra6ling the mercluints of the moft diilant flates of Africa. It is feated near the Niger, 270 miles sw of Mourzook. Lon. o 8 w, lat. 19 59 n. ToMEBAMBA, a town in Peru, in the audience of Quito, where was a temple of the Sun, whole walls, as the Spaniards afllrt, were covered with gold. It is i»o miles s of Quito. Lon. 77 50 W, lat. z 16 s. Tomsk, a town of Siberia, in the pro- vince of Tomfk. It contains above 2000 houfes. On the higheft pait of the town ftands a wooden caftle, defended by 14 pieces nf cannon ; and in it are a cathedral built of wood, the chancery, and an arfenal. The inhabitants carry on a great trade, this town lying on the great road through all the fi and N parts of Siberia. It is feated on the river Tom, 105 miles esb of Tobolfk. Lon. 84 59 E, lat. 5545 N. TONDEREN, or TUNDEREN, a town of Denmark, in the duchy of Slefwick,. capital of a bailiwic of the fame name, with a fort. It is feated in a fertile country, on the river Widaw, and on a bay of the German Ocean, 15 miles se of Ripen, and 30 N\v of Slefwick. Lon. 9 40 E, lat. 54 5S N. ToNOATABOo, or Amsterdam. Island, one of .he Friendly Iflands, 20 leagues in circuit. It has the bed har- bour, or anchoring-pJace, to be found among thefe iflands. It is wholly laid out in plantations, with roads or lanes for travelling j and is the leat of govern- ment for aU the other iflands, and the ordinary refidence of all the principal chiefs. Lon. 174 46 w, lat. 21 9 s. Tongres, a very ancient town in the blAopric of Liege, having b«ea one of ;»«,■,' ■! 1 ■-i Mr* '1 ■ ) M|f| 'i*' u\]. ■;' l.rf, It* I TON TON ■{he richeft and moft flourifhing cifits in "the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. "It has lieverely I'uffercd by the calamities of war; the nrft time by Attila, king ot ihe Huns, and the laft, by the Frdich, in 1673 and 1677. It is ieated on the Jcckar, 12 miles sw of Maeftricht, and iS" w of Leige. ToNG-TCHANG-FOU, a city of China, in the province of Chang-tong, contain- ing in its diftri61, three cities of the fccond, and 15 cf the third cials. It is 150 miles s of Pekin. Lon. 115*5 E, lat. 36 30 N. To^G-TCHUEN-FOU, a fortified city Vf China, in. the province of Se-tchucn. 'X'ht inhabitants are all foldiers, who have followed the profcflion of arms from father to fon. It is 867 miles sw of Pekin. Lon. loi 30 e, lat.25 56N. ToNGUSiANS, a people who inhabit the E part of Siberia, and are fubjtft to the KufTians. They are all pagans, and chiefly fubfilt by grazing, and hunting of I'ahles. They live in huts, which, wl.en they remove their dwellings, they take down, and fet up elfewhere. Thele huts are compofcd of wooden poles, covered all over with hair and rubbifli, except a ^ole left at the top to let out the fmoke. Their fire is made in the middle, and they all fit round it upon turfs. Both fexes nre very flrong, and broad-faced, and they all ride on horreback, not ex- cepting the girls. Both men and women drefs alike in a fort of frock, »;ith boots of fkins on their legs, and their common drink is water. TCNNAY BOUTON!«E, a tmvn of France, in the department of Lotver Charcnte and bte province of Saintonge, feated on the river Boutonne, 17 miles N of Saintes. Lon. o 34 w, lat. 45 56 n. • ToPTNAY Charente, an ancient and conlldcrable town of France, in the de- partment of Lower Charente and late province of Saintonge, with a caftle, and a fmall port. It is feated on the Cba- lentc, three miles from Rochefort, and 153 sw of Paris. Lon. o' 46 >v, lat. 45 56 N. To'JiTEiNS, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne and late province of Guienne. It is feated on the 'Garonne, two miles from its junftion -with the Lot, and feven E of Marmande. Tonne rr-e , an ancient town of France, in the department of Yonne and late pro- 'yince of Burgxmdy, fantotis for its goott wines. It is feated nnflre Arman^onj 27 -miles 5 of TJoy«» atid ic^z ■% Qf Paris . *Lon. 44 E, lat. 47 51 ;N.' ■ • : ToN^iNCEK, a town of Denmark, m the duchy of Slefwick, capital of a territory ot the fame name. It is ieated on a peninfula formed by the river Eyder where there is a commodious harbour, 25 miles sw of Slefwick, and 58 nw 0? Hamburg. Lon. 9 10 e, lat. "54 30 n. TONQUIN, a kingdom of Afia, bounded on the N by China, on the E by China and the bay of Tonquin, on the s by Cochin China, and on the w by Laos. It is about 1200 miles in length and 500 in breadth, and is one of the finelt and moft conliderablc kingdoms of the Eaft, as well on account of the number ot' inhabitants, as the riches it contains, and the trade it can'ies on. The natives in gcneial are of a middling (tature, and and clean limbed, with a tawny complex- ion. Their faces are oval and nattifh, and their nofes and lips well proportioned. Their hair is black, long, lank, and coarfe j and they let it hang down their (lioulders. They die their teeth black. They are dexterous, aftive, and ingenious in mechanic nrts. They weave a multi- tude of fine filks, and make curiouc lacker- works, which are exported to other coun- tries. There is fuch a number of people, that many want cniploymtnt, for they .feldom go to work but when foreign fliins arrive. The money and goods brought hithev by the Englifli and Dutch put them in aolion, for they have not money of their own liifficient to employ them- felves; and therefore one third at leaft ■muft be advanced beforehand by the merchants. They are fo addifted to gaming, that when every thing elfe is lolt, they will ftake their wives and children. Th& garments of the Tonqui- ne(e are made either of filk or cotton ; but the poor people and foldiers wear only cot- ton of a dark tawny colour. Their houfea are fmall and low, and the walls either of mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They have only a ground floor, -with two or three partitions, and each room has a fquare hole to let in the light. They have ftools, benches, and chairs ; and oq the fide of a table is a little altar, with two incenfe pots thereon, which no houfe is ivithout. The country is thick fet with villages, which coiifift of 30 or 40 hotili;s, furrounded by trees, and in fbme places are banks to keep the water from overflov«ring their gardens, where they have oranges, betels, pumkms, me. tens, and'falad lierbs. In the i*ainy fea- ■fon they carmot pafs from one houfe to anothef, mtho»t wading through the wa- terj h»t fometimes theydiavt hosts. In TOO Le capital, callal Tong-tou> are ahput. •0,000 houfes,wi[h mud waUs,and covered lwitl» thatdi; a few built with brick, Nil! I'oof^ with pantvks. In each yard ij a linall arched buildlhg, like an oven, about fix feet high, tpade of brick, v^hich ftrves to fecure tiieirr goods, in calc of fire^ The principal ftreets aie very wide, and paved with fniall ftonts. The king of fonquiahas three palaces In it, fuch as they are } and near thein are (tables for his horfes and elephants. The Tonquinele in general are courteous to (trangers ; buj the ifreat men are Ixaaghty and anibiticus, the loldiers infolent, a»d the poor thievifii. They buy all their wives, of which the great men liave feveralj but the poor ar«; itinted for wanr of muneV' In hard times the u)en will fell both their wives and children, to buy rice to maintain them- felyesi When a mfta difs, he is buried ia his own ground, and if he was maAer of a family, tlicy ni:ike a great feaft. The firit new nvoon that happens after the middle of Januaxy, is a great feiHval{ when they rejoice, for lo days together, and fpend their ttnie in all manner of fports. They have another great fea,lt in May or June, when their firlt harveit is got in. Their religion is paganifm, and yet they own a Supreme Being. Their ii^ok have human (hapes, but in very different forms. They have likewli'e lbra« refembling elephants and horfes, placed in fmall low temples built of timber. The language is fpoken very much in the throat, and Ibme of the words are pro- nounced through the teeth : it has a great refemblance to the Chinefe. They have fchools of learning, and their characters are the fame, or like thoiie'of China j sind like them they write with a hair pencil^ The commodities are goid,.mufk, filks, calicoes, drugs of many forts, woods fqr dying, lackered wares, earthen wares, fait, anifeed, ^nd wcrm-feed. The lackered ware is not Inferior to that of Japan, which Is accounted the beft in tiip world. With all their merchandife,, the people ari in general vei-y poor ; the cliicf trade being cajried on by the Chlneie, Englirti, and Dutch. This kingdom is jin abfolute monarchy. ToNSBERG, a feaport of Norway, m the province of Aggerhuys, 30 miles w of Frederlckiladt. Lon. 10 20 e, la^. 58 50 N, * ToOBOUAi, an Ifland In the Pacific Qcean, difcro^'fiKd by captain Cook. It IS not, in any dlTciStion, above fix miles 'over i but there ai'e bills in it of a con- £derable elevation; covered witL herbage, TrO % except a few rocky cliffs, with ptchc*«of trees inter fperfed to tl\cir fummits, ' ^. is plentihiUy ftocked with hogs and fowls* and produces ftvcral klmls of fnjits anj. roots. Lon. 149 23 w, lat. zj 25 s. ToPCLiFP, a town in the n riding- of* Yorkshire, leated on the Swale, on a^ condderable afcent, 24 niUcs N of York- , TOPSHAM, a town in Dcvonlhire, with a market oa Saturday'. It is I'catcd on thei Ex, five miles SE or Exeter (of which It is the port) and 170 sw of Loudon. Lon. 3 26 w, lat^ 50 39 N. Tor, or Eltor, a town of Arabia Petrea, featcd on tlw Red Sea, with a good harbour defended by a caftle. Here is a .Greek convent. In the garden, ToRMISf a river of Spaiiii which rir«t in the mountains of Avila, in Caftilej pafles by Alva, Tonnes, and Salamanca, and falls into the Douero, below Mirande- dc-Douero. ToRNA, orToRNAW, a fortified town of Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the fame name, with a caftle. It is fcated on an eminence, on the river Sayo, 21 miles w of Caflbvia. Lon. 20 43 E, Iat.48 SON. ToRN£, a river of Sweden, which rifes in the mountains ot Noi-way, forms a lake of the lame name, and flowing SE tails into the gulf of Bothnia, at Tomea. ToRNEA, a town of Sweden in w Bothnia, capital of a teiTitory of the fame name, with a good harbour. It is a place of fome trade, becaufe all the Laplanders in thofe parts come and ex- change their Ikins and things, for what they want. The houles are low, and the cold fo fevere, that fometimes people lofe their fingers and toes. It is feated at the mouth of the Tome, at the N extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 180 miles Ne of Uma, and 410 nne of Stockholm. Lon. a4 17 E, lat. 65 51 n. ToRNOVA, a town of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Janna, with a biihop's fte. It is feated at the foot of Mount Dragoniza, on the river Salempria, 10 miles NW of Lariifa. Lon.iz 36 £, lat. 39 52 N. TORO, a town of Spain, in Leon, feated on a hill, on the river Douero, in a country fertile in corn and fruits, and ■whofe vineyards yield excellent red wine, it is 37 miles N by E of Salamanca, and 100 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 2 w, lat. 41 39 N. ToRELLA-DE-MoNCRis, a feaport of Spain, in Catalonia, famous for a battle gained by the French over the Spaniards, in 1694. It is i'eated near the mouth of the Ter, in the Mediterranean, at the fcot of the Pyrenees, 1 9 miles E by fl of Gironna, and 60 ne of Barcelona. Lon. 3 18 E, lat. 41 55 N. ToRPERLEY, a town in Chefhire, nine miles E of Chefter. It was formerly a borough, and had a market. Torre-del-Greco, a town of Na- ples, in Terra-di-Lavoro, feated at the foot of Moimt Vefuvius, on the bay of Naples, five miles &e of that city. It was deftroyed by an eruption of Vefoviu* in 1631 i and in June 1794,, was over- whelmed by a torrent of lava, from that volcano. The inhabitants, however, to the amount of 18,000, elcaped with their lives, about 15 excepted j and the town is TOR now rebuilding on the lava that cover the former habitations. ToRREjo, a town of Spain, in Nen Caltile, 15 miles s of Madrid. Lon. 1 n W, lat. 40 ION. Torres, a feaport of Spain, in GraJ nada, leattd on the Med.cerranean, 4«- miles sw of Granada. Lon. 3 t6 wl lat. 36 39 N. * ^ M Torres Novas, a ftrong and conful derable luv^nof Portugal, in EftramaduraJ with a caltle. It is lurrounded by walls,! and feated in a fertile plain, on the river Almonda, 55 miles ne of Liibon. Lon. 8 8w, lat. 39 ION. ' Torres Vedras, a town of Portu-, gal, in Eftramaduia, with a cattle, feated near the Atlantic, in a country abounding in com, fruits, and good wine, 17 miles s of Lifbon. Torriglia, a town of Italy, in the territory of Genoa, xo miles K of Genoa, Lon. 844 E, lat. 44 34 N. ToRRiNGTON, a corporate town in Devonfhire, with a maiket on Saturday. It has two churches, a manufacture of fluffs, and is governed by a mayor. It is feated on the Towridge, over which is a bridge of four arches, 1 1 miles s by w of Barnftaple, and 194 w by s of London. Lon. 4 ow, lat. 51 4N. ToRSiL, a town of Sweden, in Suder- mania, feated en the s bank of the lake Maeler, 43 miles of Stockholm. Lon. 17 20 E, lat. 59 20 N. TORTOLA, the principal of the Virgin Iflands, in the W Indies, 18 miles long and leven broad. It fonnerly belonged to the Dutch, who built a ftrone fort, from which they were expelled by the Eiiglifh in 1666. It produces excellent cotton, fugar, and rum, and of late years has undergone great improvements. Its fruits, of which there are no great vari- ety, are but indiffei-ent 5 fome apples ex- cepted. The entrance into the harbour is at the E erd of the ifland. Lon.63 0w, lat. 18 33 N. ToRTONA, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy cf Milan, capital of the Torionefe, with a bifhop's fee, and a caftle, feated on an eminence. It is deemed a confiderable frontier place; was taken by the allies in 1 744, by the Spaniards in 1 745, and by the French in April 1796. It is i'eated on the Scrivia, 28 miles SE of Cafal, and 27 sw of Milap. Lon. 8 58 £, lat. 45 8n. " ■';' T0R.TOSA, a city of S;[^ain, in Cata- Ionia, with a bifhop^s fee, a uni\erfity, ancl a citadel. It is divided into the , , T O T jid and New Town, both Airroundied by Igiodc^rn tbi'tificutions. The entrance i» Lftr a targe bridge of boats, on the river lEhro, whofe head is fortified. It has a f reat nunil)er of churches and religious mifes i among which the cathedral, the Lyal college of Dominicians, and the convent of the Carmelites, are the mof^ Lmarkable. It is fituate in a country, fertile in corn and fruits, and abounding with quarries and mines of filver, iron, alabaiter, jaiper of divers colours, and ({ones with veins of gold. Here is a great ^eal of filk and oil, and very fine potters I vrarc, which refembles porcelain. It is feated partly on a plain, and partly on a hill, 55 miles sw of Taragona, and i8o I of Madrid. Lon. o 35 £, lat. 40 53 N. TdRTVGA, an uninhabited illand near the cuaft of Terra Firma, 40 miles w of the ifland of Margaretta, and about 30 miles in circumference. The E end is full of bare rugged broken rocks» which Itretch a little way out to Tea. At this end is a large fait pond, where the fait begins to kern in April ; and there have been 20 Aips here at a time for fait. At the w end is a fmall harbour with frefli water ; and it is full of low trees. There are a few goats on it } and the turtles or tor- toifes come upon the fandy banks to lay their eggs, whence this ifland has its name. It was formerly much frequented by the bucaniers. Lon. 64. 50 w, lat. 11 30 N. TORTUGA, an ifland of the W In- dies, near the N coatt of th<; ifland of Hifuaniola, where the French bucaniers nfed to fortify themfelves. It is about lo miles in circumference, and has a fafe harbour, but difHcult of accefs. Lon. 75 10 w, lat. 20 ION. TosA, a feaport of Spain, in Catalo- nia, feated at the bottom of a bay, which forms a good harbour, where veflels are flieltered irom all winds, except the sw. It is built partly on a plain, and partly on a fleep hill, which projects into the fea. On the top of the hill, nearer the Tea, is a ftrong citadel, with other forti- fications. It is 37 miles ne of Barcelo- na. Lon. 2 54.E, lat. 4.1 4.2 N. ToscANELLA, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St. Peter, 35 miles N of Rome. Lon. 12 35 E, lat. 4.2 29 N. TOTNEss, a borough in Devonfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated on the river Dart, on the fide of a hill, and had formerly, a caiile. It fends two members to parliament, is, governed by a mayor, and lins a maaufaflure of ferges. It K 27 miles sw of £xet«r, and 19$ w 9 ' ' : T o u by s of London. Lon. 3 44W, lat. 50 24 N. Tottenham High Cross, a village in Middleiex, five miles N of London. It is io called from a crofs, which ha« cxifted here frcm time immemorial. It was formerly a column of wood, raifed upon a hillock. It was taken down about 200 years ago, and the prefent ftrudlure erected in its ftead. Hue are three almshoufes ; one of them (for eight poor people) erected by Balthazar Zanches, a Spaniard, who was confeflioner to Phi- lip II of Spain, with whom he came over to England, and was the firft that exer< cifed that art in this country. In a brick- field on the w fide of the road is St. Loy's Well, which is laid to be always full, and never to run over} and in a field oppofite the vicarage houfe, is a fpring, called Bi/hop's Well, of which tlie common people report many ftrange cures. A rivulet called the Mofei, which rifes on Mufwell Hill,n^arHighgate, runs through theprincipal (treet. Totte RIDGE, a village in Middlefex, near Chipping Bamet. It was greatly inhabited by the citizens of London, lb long ago as the reign of James i. It is 10 miles NNW of London. TouLy an ancient and considerable town of France, In the department of Meurthe and late province of Lorraln. Before the revolution it was a bifhop's fee, and the cathedral and late epifcopal palace are handfome ftruilures. It was an im- perial town of Germany, till taken by the French In 1552. It is feated on the Mo- felle, in a plain, almoft furrounded by mountains, 10 miles w of Nanci, and 167 SE of Paris. Lon. 6 2 £, lat. 4S 40 N. TOULOMBA, or TuLMABtNl, a for- trefs of Hindooitan Proper, in Lahore, feated on the Rauvee, 70 miles ene of Moultan. Toulon, an ancient city and feaport of France, in "the department of Var and late province of Provence. It is the ca- pital of the department, and, before the revolution in 1789, was an epifcopal fee. The inhabitants are computed at 80,000. Toulon experienced the dreadful ravages of the plague in 141 8, 146 1, 1476, 1587, 1621, 1630, 1647, 1664, and 1720. It is divided into the Old and New Quarter. The firil, which is ill-built, has nothmg re- markable in it but the Rue aux Arbres (a kind of mall) and the townhoufe. The New Quarter contains (befule the magnificent works ccnftrufted by Lewis xiv) many iine houfes) and. a grand oblong fquaie. %: T O U T O U lined with trees, and fcrvhic as a parade. The-tiaiboiir is dlftinguifhea likcwilie by the names ot" the Old Port or Merchants' Port, and the New Port or King's Port; but this hft appellation ha« vaniihed with tic abolition of royalty, and univerlal de(tiu6^ion of all its lymbols. The Merchants' Haven, along which extends a noble quay, on which is the townhoufe, is prottiled by two moles, begun by Henry iv. The New Haven was con- ftruiled by Lewis xiv, as were the for- tifications. In the front of this haven is an arfenal j and here likewiie ai'e a rope- walk, a park of artillery, doclr yards, bafins, and every thing to be exptded in the fecond port for men of war in this country. The gallies, transferred from Marleilles, fdme years ago, occupy a bafm in the New Port. Many ol th', galley-flavesartfartifans, fome merchanu» 4nd, which is the raoft wonderful, of Icrupulous integrity. They no lort^er fleep on board the gaUtes, b^t have beea lately provided v^tR accomivodations on ihofe, in a vatt building, newly ereiled tor that purport. Both the Old and New Fort have, an outlet into the fpacious outKV road or hai'bouf, which islurrqunded by hills, and formed by natxue alm^Jtft cir- cular. Its circuit is or great extent j and fhe entrance is dtieuded, on both fides, by a fort and batteries. Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterraneaii for the re-exportation of the produ6\& of the E Indies. It was twice taken by the im- perial troops in the fixteenth century j and in Auguft 1793, it was furreivlered, by the inhabitantti, to the BritiHi adir.iral lord Hood, on condition of enabling tlicm ' toefFeit the re-eftablilhment of n^onarchy in France. It was garrifoned, for Ibuie time» by the Britifl* troops, and their al- lies J but the Frencli having laid fiege to it, they were obliged to evacuate the place in December following, after having de- stroyed the arlenal, i:c. and burnt or taken away itveral men of war. Neaj- 15,000 of the inhabitants were brought off by the Britidx fleet ; but many thou- fauds were obliged to be left to the xnercy of their enraged countrymen. The French convention decreed immediately, that the houfes fliQuld be razed, and nothing pre- 'ierved but the marine eftablilhraents. This was followed by the execution of great numbers of 'the inhabitants. It was alfo decreed that the name iliould he changed from that of Toulon to Port de Ja Montagne, but this decree was (hortly afterward repealed. Toulon is feated on a bay of the Mediterranean, 37 miles SEof Marfeillcs, and 517 sse of Parin Lon. 5 561:, lat. 45 7N. Toulouse, an ancient citv of France, m the department of Upper Garonne, ai late province of Languedoc, with ai archbilhop's fee. It contains 60,000 in,* habitants, and is the moft conlidirabl«] city in France, next to Paris and tyons J although its population liears no propor'j tion to its extent. It was the capital orf the Teaofages, who made lb many con,i quells in Alia and Greece. It was next | a Roman colony, and was fuccclfively tht | capital of the Vifigoths (who deftroytd the fuperb amphitheaue, of which there, aie ftill fome remains, the capitol, anj'^ other Roman monuments) and that oti Aauitaine. The walls of the city, as- well as the houfes, are built with bricks. St. Stephen's, the metropolitan church, would be incomparable, if th« nave were equal to the choir ; and the arehbifliop's palace is magnificent, The tQwnhouiis, a modern ftru«ure, foriua a perfeft fquare, ja4 feet long, and 66 hi^h: the principal front occupies aii iotire lide of the gtan4 fquare, lately called tlvfc if*lace Jloyale. Iq the great hall, called the Hall of ilUiftri, ous jMtn, is the (tatue of the chevalier Uaure, and the bufts of all the great icn to whom Tauloulit has gi.ven birth, qmuiunicating with.tlie Atk^tlc, on quo fide, by the river CJ^roiuie, and with tliq Mediterranean, on the pther, by the ca- nal of Languedoc, Touloufe might l^ve been a very coonrajycial city j hvu the ttfte of the inbahitanti has bcui principally for the kiences and belles-lettres, llie tittle commerce they have, confilts in jeatlxtfrj, drapery, blankets, mignuonets, oil,, iron, mercery, hardware, and books. The bridge over the G:uonne is at leatt equal to tliofe of Toms ani Orleans : it fprnib the communication between the city and fuburb of St. Cyprian. Touloule is 37 miles E of Auch, 125 SE of Bourdeaux, and 350 s by w of Paiis. Lon. % 21 e, Iat.43 35N. TouRAiNE, a lafe province of France, 5S miles long and 55 broad j bounded on the N by Maine, on the £ by Orlearmois, on the s by Berry, and on the w by Anr JQU and Puitou. The river Loire runs through the middle ; and it is, in general. To plealant and tertile a country,, that it w;.o called the Garden of France. It now forms the depactmuu: of Indre and Loire. ToTJB.-DB-RoussiLi.ON, a town of France, in the department of the Eaftern Pyrenees and late province of Roullillon, I'eated on a hill near the river Tct, tw« miles below Perpignaa. _, . . ,, T O U TouR-DU-PiN, a town of Fi-ance, in the ilepirtment of Ill're and late province of Dauphiny» feat<;d on a river of the fame name, 24. mile* s of Vicnne. TouRiNE, a town of Germany, in the bilhopric of Liege, 1 3 miles NE ot Nuiiiur. Lon. 5 o E, lat. 50 36 N. TouR-LA-Vn,LK, d town of France, ill the tltpartiTJ^pt of Charente, and lute province of Normandy, I'cpaiattid from C'licrburg by a river. TouRNAN, or TouRNANS, a town of France, in tiie department of Seine and Maine and late province of the Ific of France, z2 miles E by s of Paris. Lon. t45E, lat. 48 4.3 N. 1 OURNAY, a confiderabic city of Auf- trian Flandtrs, capital of the I'ournayfis, with a biihop's iee, and a Itrong caftle. It has ieveral fine manufactures, and is particularly famous for good ftockings, J'he cathedral, and the abbey of St. Martin, are very magnificent. It was taken by the allies in 1709, and ceded to the houle of Auftria by the treaty of Utrecht } but the Dutch Were allowed to place a garrilbn in it, as one of the bar- rier towns. It was taken in 1 745, by the French, who demoliihed the fortificati- ons, but reftored it in 1 748 . In 1 7 8 1 , the emperor Joleph obliged the Dutch to with- draw their garrifon. It was again iaken_ by the French in 179a: they were obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re- entered it again, on the final conqueft of Auftrian Flanders, in 1794. It is feated on the Scheld, which divides it into two parts, that are united by a bridge, 14 miles SE of Lifle, 30 sw of Ghent, and 135 N by E of Paris. Lon. 3 28 e, lat. 5° 33 M' TouRNON, a town of France, in the department of Ardeche and late province of Daupbiny, with a fine college, and a caftle that commands the whole town. It is feated on the declivity of a mountain, near the river Rhone, 40 miles w, of Gre- noble, and 280 s by E of Pari*;. Lon. 4 50 E, lat. 45 6 N. To URN us, an ancient town of France, in the dcp'ditment of Saone and Loire and late province of Burgundy. It is feated in the Saone, in a country fertile in corn and wine, 15 miles s of Chalons, and 202 5 by w of Paris. Lon. 5 o E, lat. 46 34 n. Tours, art ancient and confidtrable city of France, capital of the department bf Indre and Loire and late province df Touraine. From an archiepilcopal fee it has been lately reduced to a biftiopric, liifFragan to that of Bourges. It is ad- vantagcopAy ftaud oji th« Loir?} and nsar T R A / - tlie Cher. Over the former is one of the fined bridges in Europe, confuting of 15 elliptic arches, each 75 feet diameter j three of thefe were carried away by th« brcaking-up of ice in 1789. Tli€ ptin.. cijial church is remarkable for the deli- cacy of its Itrudurc, its curious clock, its mofaic pavement, and its rich library of nianuieripts. Under the miniftry o'f cardinal Richelieu, 27,000 perfons were here employed in the filk manufaAurej but now tlie whole number of inhabitants is only 22,000. Ihe red wines of Tours are much elteemcd. In one of the fub- urbs, is the late abbey of Marmoutier* reptiied the molt ancient in the Wtft. Near the city is Pleflis-les-Tours, a late royal palace, built by the profligate and fuperltitious Lewis xi, who died here, in 1483, notwithftanding he had the precau- tion to be covered all over with relics. Tours is 52 miles nne of Poitiers, 54 K of Angers, and 127 sw of Paris. Lon. o 47 £, lat. 47 24 N. TousERA, a town of Barbary, capital ofBiledulgerid,leat£d in a country abound- ing in dates, and dependent on the king- dom of Tunis. Lon. 10 55 e, lat. 3* 30 N. • ' To wc ESTER, a town in Northamp- ton/hire, with a market on Tuelday. It was once ftrongly fortified, and is Ita ed on a fmall river, 52 miles SE of Ccvent y, and 60 NW of London. Lon. i 15 w, lat. 52 4N. TovvRiDGE, a river in Devonfhire, which riles near the Iburcc of the Tamai-, hot far from the Briftol Channel, runs se to Hatherley, and then joining the OcJc from Oakhampton, turns fliort to the H and parting by Torringtcn and Biddeford, enters the Briftol Channel, at Barnftable Bay. TowTON, a village in the w riding of Yorkfliire, SE of Tadcafter. It is farcouj for that bloody battle betwfcen the forces of the houles of York and Lancafter, fo fatal to the latter, on Palm-Sunday, 1461, TowY, a river of S Wales, which rlfbs in Cardiganfhire, enters Carmarthen- fliire at it9 NE extremity, and paffing by Carmarthen, enters the Briftol Chan- nel. Trachenburg, a town oi Germany, in Siklia, feated on the Bartdi, 12 miles K'E of Wolaw, and »6 N of Brcflaw. Lon. 17 15E, lat. 51 30 N. Trafalgar, a promontory of Spain, in Ahdalufia, at the entrance of the ftraitt of Gibraltar, 30 tniles SEof Cadiz. Lon. 6 1 w, lat. 36 II N. TRAjANAPOii, a town of Tu^€y in »i! t R A T R A I f.wo^i in Romania, with a Grfek trch- bHho(»'s fee, tho\igh it is fniall and thin of people. It is ieatetl on the Marica, 57 miles sw ot" Adrianojilc, ami 111 NWof Conftuntinuplc. Lcn. z6 18 E,bt.4i 15N. Trajetto, a icw'.i of Naples, in Ten'a di I,:iv.)ia, built on the ruins of the ancient Mintxirna. Here are the rttins ot an amphitheatre and an aauedu^t, • and it is leated near the mouth of th* Garigliano, in the Med! terrain an, 25 milev Nw of Capua. Lon. 14. ^t, lat. 41 70N. Traina, a town of Sicily, in the Val di-Deirona, leated on a high mountain, at the fource of the riv«jr 'I'raina, la milts w of M«)unt Kill?., and 70 sw of MeUina. Lon. 14 30 E, ht. 37 46 N. Tra-i.os-Montes, a province of Portugal, hcyf;nd the jnountinns, with ve- 5-ard to the other provinces of this Icinij- om, whence it has its name, ft in bounded on the N by Galicia, on the w by Entie- Douero-e-Minhu, on the s by Beira, and 6n the e by Leon. It is fertile in wine and oil, and abounds in cattle. The Poucro divides it into two parts, and Kliranda is the capital. Tralee, a boruugh and fcaport of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, leated near a bay of the fame name, leven miles SSEof Ardfert. Lon. 9 36 w, lat. $i 12 n. Tranchin, a town of Upper Hiui- gary, capital of a county of tiic lame name. The caltle Itands fo high, that h may be lien at the dilbnce of near 30 miles. There are tv»ro warm baths within a mile of this' place, and a gicat number of mineral Ipnngs in the adjacent country. It is feated on the Waag, 50 miles NE of Prefburg. Lon. 17 50 E, lat. Tr,a.ncon, an ancient town ot Portu- fifal, ii^ Tra-loi-Montes, with a caltle, Jeated'in a fertile country, 14 miles w by s of Plhnei. Lon. 7 oe, lat. 40 44 n. Trani, a feaport of Naples, ir. Terra (ti Bari^ with a caltle, and an archbifiioji's ; lire. It' is the ufual rclidence of .he go- vernor of the piovince ; b^it is iinich de- Oryed fipce the harbour has been choked lip with" mud. It is leated on the gulf of Venice, ao miks w of Bari, and 125 n by B of Naples. Lon. 16 36 e, lat. 41 aS a. TkAMQUfiBAR, a town of Hindoortan, em tlte coalf of Coromand«l, with a fort and i9,£ioiy, belonging tb the Danes. It is leated at the mouth of the Cauvery, 1 65 iniles 5 of Madras. Lon. 79 57 e, lat. TRANiYLVANlA, a country formerly «BiiMuted to Hungary ; bounded on the n hy Upper Hungaiy aiul Poland, on thf 1 f>V Moldarla snd Waltchia, on the s by ^Valachia, and on the w by Upper anij Lower H»in|rary. It is i6» milts long and 150 broad, and furrounded on uQ parts by high mountains, which, howcvir, are not barren. It prtxiuccs as much corn and wine as is wanted, and thci» are rich mines of gold, filver, lead, cop. per, qtiicklilver, and alum. It has nn- difigune viiriuus rvjvolutions, but now be. longs to the houle of Aultria. 'J'he in- habitants arc of various religions, as Ro- man catholics, Luthci;ins, CalvinilU, So. cinians, Arminians, Greeks, and MhHo. jnetans. The government is condufied by 1 2 perlbns : namely, three Romaa catholics, three Lutherans, three Calvin- ills, and three Socinians. Herinanltadt is the capital. Traon, or Traw, a (hong and po- pnlous town of Venetian Dairaatia, with a bi/hojj's fee. It is leated on the gulf of Venice, in a fmall iAand, joined to th« mainland by a long bridge of wood, and to the ille oi' Bua by another of ftone, 27 iniks SE of Sebenico. Lon. 17 52 e, lat. 4.4 ON. Trapani, or Trapano, a feaport ou the \v fide of Sicily, in the VaUdi-Ma- zara, with a fort, and an excellent har- hour, in the form of a fickle, whence its ancient name Drepaiium. It is feated on a linall peninlula, contains 20,000 inha. bitants, aiul is a trading place, famous for its falt-works, and hlheries of tunnies and coral. It is 20 miles N of Mazara, and 45 w of Palermo. Lon. 12 20 e, lut. 38 »oN. Trappe, a once celebrated monaftery of France, in the department ot Orne and late province of Perche, fituate in a lai;ge valley, furrounded by mountains. Tli* monks were famous for their aufterity, and keeping perpetual filence. Trarbach, a town of Germany, in the palatinate of the Lower Rhine, and county of Spanheim, leated on the Mo- felle. Its lortrefs, which is on a moun- tain, and commands the paflage of thts Molelle, was taken by the French in 1794. It is 22 miles ne of Treves, and 28 i\v of Coblentz. Lon. 77 E, lat. 49 55 N* Travancore, a province ot the pe- ninlula of Hindooitan, extending along the coaft of Malabar fi-om Cape Comorin t» 10 15 N lat, and bounded on< the N by My fore, and on the E by the Carnatic. It is Aibjeft to a rajah, who its an ally of the Engliih E India Company, and in de« fence of wliom they engagedj in conjunc- tion with the Mahrattas and the nizam of theDeccan, in the laft war againlt; Tip- poo Sultan. Sc« CrANGANORCo T R B' T R E Tra^aNcore, the capital of a pro- vlni-e of the fame name, in the peninlula ot Htndootbn, loo milei ssi ot Cochin. Ion. 77 8k» laf-8 »5N. TRavk, s rivcr ot* Germany, in tiu* dMcljy of HoKtein, whith runs tioin w tc L , and pa^finr; by Scrcbevpr, OldcHo, and I,u- b«c. fells irto the Bultic; »t Tr.ivemuniU'. TitAVEMUSt>-r, a ttiong to »n of Gtr- niany, in the duchy of Uolltein, ftaicij at tilt; mouth of the Ti-ave. It i> the I'ort of Lubec, to which it belongs, ami iii iz milcii NE of that city. Lon. lo 55 c, lat. 54 IN. Traunotbin, a town of Germany, in Upper Bavaria, leated on the river Traun. Near it are fpring« of fait- water. Traw. Sec Tr AON. Trayoubra, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30 miles 8 of Tortofa. Lon. o 30 E, Int. 40 '26 N. Trebia, a river of Ituly, which rifts in the territory of Genoa, wnflies BoWio in the Milanefe, and fails into the Po, above Placentia. Great numbers of the Komans, commanded by the conlul Sem- pronius, after their defeat by Hannibal, were drowned in this river, which mif- fortune has rendered it famous. Trebigni, or Trbbigna, a town of Turkiih Dalmatia, with a bi(hop\4 iee. The inhabitants are partly Turks and tnitly Greeks, and there are fome papifts. t is feated on the gulf of Venice, on the rivcr Trebenflca, r4 miles N of Raguf'a. Lon. 18 HE, lat. 43 4 N. Fredissiaci, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteriore, feated on the Tarento, Ave miles E of Caffano. Trebisond, a large and ftrong fca- port of Turkey in Ana, in Natolia, with a Greek archbifhop's fee, and a caftle. It is feated at the foot of a very fteep hill. The walls are Iquare and high, with batile- mentsj and are built with the ruins of ancient ftruftures, on which are infcrip- tions not legible. The town is not popu- lous J for there are more woods and gar- dens in it than houfes, and thefe but one ftory high. The caftle is feated on a flat rock, with ditches cut therein. The har- bour is- at the E end of the town, anc'. the mole built by the G** Jefe is almoft de- Ih-oyed. It ftands on the Black Sea, 104 miles NNW of Erzerum, and 440 E of Con- Ibntinople. Lon. 40 25 E, lat. 40 45 N. Trebitz, a town of Germany, iii Moravia. It has a" mamifefture of cloth, and is feated on the felaw, 21 miles se of Iglaw, and 52 Nvr of Budweis. Lon. 16 iztt h«:;49 4W. ^.'^■■■j"':H' ' .'•"' ;" TRiBifirzfj a town oJ^'Q^rfrcKanyi fti Sileita, with a large nunnery. Ncir it is a hill confuting of a foft clay, 01' (tune, which is immediately foimid into velfrU of all kinds i and on bein^ L-xpol'ed to the air, they become as hard .m if they had hern baked. Ic in 12-niiici N uf Bicdavlr. Lon. 17 I 5 E, lat. 51 1 5 M TiiliPURT, a tawn of iJpper Saxony, in the Iand_:;rav.ite of Hefle, with a caftle. It l)Llonj;6 to the ek'iitor of Mentz, and is'leatcd mar the Virta, 2z miles w of Suxe Gotha. Lon. 10 i9fi, lat. 51 8n. Trechnnon, a corporate town in Cardiganlhire, with a market on Thuri'- day. It is governed by a mayor, and feated on the Tyvy, 15 miles se of Aberyftwiih, and 202 \v by N of Lon« don. Lon. 3 5C vv, lat. 52 i j n. TREtiONY, a borough in Cornwall, with a marke •: on Saturday. It is much de- cayed, has ur, church, and only 1 50 houfes poorly built, but is governed by a mayor, and lends two members to par*liament. It is feated on a creek by Falmouth haven, 41 miles w by s of Plymouth and 245 of London. Lon. 4 43 w, lat. 50 16 n. Trecuier, a feaport of France, in the department of the North Coaft, and late province of Bretagne, feated near the Engliih Chaimel, 22 miles nw of St. Bricux. Lon. 3 low, lat. 4S 47 N. Treileburg, a ieaport of Sweden, in the province of Schonen, feated on the Baltic, 30 miles SE of Copenhagen. Loii. r3 26 E, lat. 55 26 N. Tremesen, or Tlemsen, a province of the kingdom of Algi(?rs, 370 jriles long and 1 2 5 broad ; bounded on the m by the Metliterranean, on the E by a province called AlVica, on the s by the defert of Zahaia, and on the w by the kingdom of Fez. It is dry, barren, and mountainous, except on tht N llde, where there are plains abounding in corn, finits, and paftures. The capital, of the fame name, is furrounded by ftrong walls, and inhabited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. Lon. I 29 w, lat. 3440 n. Tpemiti, three iflands of Italy, in the gulf of Venice, 15 miles froiu the coaft of Naples. They are called Capra- ria, St. Nicolo, and St. Domino. Tremouille, a town of France, in the department of Vienne and late pro- vince of Poitou, feated on the Bennaile, 23 miles E by s of Poitiers. Lon. i 10 £, lat. 46 29 N. Tremp, a town of Spain, in Catakmia, feated on the river Nogueta Pailarcia, 85 miles nW^ of Barcelona.. Trent, a large river which rifes *• Scatfovdlhire, ifTuin^ from threw Iprings Qjl a Hir r.(£ T R E T R E %.ctwecn Congleton and Leek. Having land in Volhinia, ftjated on the Dnlefter received the Tame, it taices a NE direc- 4-S .i iles below Kiof. tion, and enters Derbyfliire, after its Treves, or Triers, an electorate of junflion with tlie Dove ; juft crolling the Geimany, in the circle of the Lower Khine, s angle of that county, and forming, for a boiinded on the n by the eleitciate of fhortfpace, its feparation from the counties Cologne, on the E by Weteravia, on of Lincoln and Nottingham, it enters the the s by the palatinate of tlie Rhine- and latter county at its sw extremity, and Lorrain, and on the w by Luxemburg, thence crolfnig obliquely to the E coalis It is loo miles in length, but the breadth along its whole e-iUern fide, forming, to- is very different ; and isfuli of mountaiiis ward the N part, the boimiary between and fortfts. Near- the Rhin',- and Molelle, that county and Lincolnshire, a coi'ner of the foil is fruitful, abounding in com which it croffes, and then falls into the and wine ; and it is more populous, there Humber, below Gainlborough. Parallel than in other parts. It£ inhabiti^nts have with the courfe of this liver runs a fiiffered greatly in the wars with France. canal, torming a communication between Treves, or Triers, an ancient :;nd it and the Merl'ey, and joining it at celebrated city of Germany, in the circle Wilden. It is navigable through the of the Lower Rhine, capital of an arch- whole of Nottingliamflure. bifliopric of the tame name, whole arch- Trent, a liver of N Carolina, which bifliop is an eleftor of the empire. It has falls into the Neus, at N.wbern, where a univerfity, feveral remains of antiquity, it is three quarters of a mile broad. and as many churches as any town in Trent, an ancient and populous for- Germany. It has greatly fuffcied in the tified city of Germany, in the Ti-entino, wars, and is now neither large nor popu wi^h a bifliop's fee, whole bifliop is a lous. " ' ' • - prince of the emjiiit, imder the proteff ion 1 794. of the houi'e of Auilria. It n as formerly a free imperir.l city, and is famous for a council held here, which began in i 54.5, and ihded in 1563. The French took f)o{rei[fion ofvListity, ifter the batlleof ilovcre, in 1796, but ^xbandoned it loon afterward. It is feated at the foot of tli6 Alps, in a fertile valley, on the liver Adige, 67'miles NW of Venice, and 260 N\v of Rome. Lon'. 11 27 E, lat. 46 8 n. Trent, or Trektino-, a bifliopric It was taken by the French ur It is feated on the Moltlle (over of Gemiany, in the cotmty of Firol, feated among the Alps wiilch divide Italy from Germany. It is bounacd on the N by Tirol Proper, ou the e by Fekrino and Bellnnefe, on the s by Vicentino and the Veronefe, and on the w by the Brei- ciano. Trent is the capital. Trenton, a town of the United States, capital of Now Jerfey, fe .ted on the Delav.are, 37 miles ne of Philadel- phia. Lon. 75 o vv, lat. 40 15 n. Treptcw, a town of Germany, in PrufTian Pomerania. It has a manufac- ture of {lockings and woollen If ufi'^, and is feated on the Rcga, near its mouth, in the Baltic, 43 ndles ne of Stetin. Lon. 15 19 E, lat. 54 ro N. Tresen, or Trosa, a feaport of Sweden, in Sudermania, feated on the Baltic, 35 miles SW of Stock "lolm. Lon. 17 29 E, lat. 59 o N. Treshanish Isles, four fertile Iflands on the w coaft of Scotland, between the ifland /^f Col and that of Mull. which is a handfome bridge) between two mountains, 20 miles NE of Luxemburg, 55 s by E of Cologne, and 450 WNw of Vienna. Lon. 6 41 E, lat. 49 45 n. Trevi, a town of Italy, in Unibria, 23 miles se of Perugia. Lcn. 11 515;, lat. 42 54 N. Trevigo, a town of Naples, in Prin- cipato Ukeriore, with a bifliop's fee, 33 miles e of Benevento. Lon. 15 20 E, lat. 41 6 N. Trevino, a ftrong town of Spain, in Eifcay, wIlli a citadel, feated on a hill, near the river Aguda, 10 miles sw of Victoria. Lon. 3 4VV, lat. 42 48 n. Trevisano, a marquifate of Italy, in the republic of Venice ; bounded on tb.e E by Friuli and the gulf of Venice; on the s by that gulf, the Dogado, and the Paduano j on the N by the I ehrino and the Bellunefe; and on the \v by the Vi'entino. The foil is fertile, and pio- duccs corn, wine, and wood ; and thi v export cattle, fdk, and woollen cloth. Trevifo Is the capital. Treviso, or Trevigo, a large and ancient city of Italy, capital of Trevi- fano, with an archbiihop's fee. It had fcrmeily a Univerfity, which was trans- ferred to Padua. It is the refidence of many noble families, aud ii;ated on the Sills, 7,0 miles N\v of Venice. Lon. is Z5E, lat. 4.5 44 N. Trevoux, an ancient town of J'rance, in the department of Ain aud late pro- Trethimrow, si Itrong town of Pq^ vince of Breile. Tlie raoft remarkab!« T R I T R I buildings are the ancient mint, the late n;irliament houie. the governor's houfe, and the printing-office. The latter is celebrated for the Literary Journals com- |)ofed by the Jcfiiits of the raliege of Louis le Grand. Trevoux is leafi on the fide of a hill, on thejiver Saone, 12 miles N of Lyons, and liZ s by e of Paris. Lon. 4 51 E, lat. +5 57 N. Treysa, a town of Germarvy, in the landgravate of Heffe, capital oi the county of Ziegenheim. It is ieated on a hill, near the river Schwalm, 17 miles n of Marpurg. Lon- 9 15E, lat. 5050 N. Trizzo, a town of Italy, in theMIla- nefe, feated on the Adda, on the fron- tiers of Bergamafco. Lon. 9 25 e, lat. 4S 45 N- Tribesers, an ancient town of Ger- many, in Swedifh Pomerania, with a callle, feated on the Trebel, 22 miles ssw of Stialfund, and 30 ese of Ro- ftock. Lon. 13 8 E, lat. 54 in. Triers. See Treves. Trie ST, an ancient and ftrong feaport of Germany, in the circle ot Auftiia and duchy of Carniola, with a biftiop's lee. The harbour is fpacious, but not good j being open to the w and svv wii\ds. The inhabitants have a good trade in fait, oil, almonds, iron, Ike. brought from Lanbach ; and they make good wines. It Is feated on the fic '." of a hill, on the gulf of Venice, eight miles N of Cape d'Iftria, and 80 ne of Venice. Lon. 14 4E, lat. 45 56 N. Trim, the county-town of E Meath, in Ireland, feated on the Boyne, 23 miief. Kvv of Dublin. Trincomale, a town on the e fide of the idand of Ceylon, with a harbour, reckoned the fineft in the E Ind'i^s. Il was taken from the Dutch, by the Eng- lilh, in January 1782; retaken by the French in Augnft following ; reltored to the Dutch by the peace of 1783 ; and again taken by the Englifh in Auguft 1795. It is feated on a gulf of the lame name, 100 miles NE of Cand^ . Lon. 81 S^E, lat. 8 45 N. Tring, a town in HertforJflure, with a market on Fliday, 22 miks w of Htrt- lonl, and 31 \VN\v of London. Lon. o 36 w, lat. 51 46 ^'. Trinidau, an ilhnd of S America, on the NE coalt of Terra Firma, I'cparateJ iVoin Paria on the s, by a Itrait about 10 miles over, and from Cymana on the w, by the gulf of Pavia, the N entrance into which is called by the Spaniards Boca del Drago (tiie Drat^un's Mouth) i'U account of the advtrie currents aiiJ tempeftuous waves encountered hete, when this ifland, with the neighbouring contiiieni, was firft difcovered by Colum- bus in 1498. It is 62 miles long and 45 broad ; produces I'ugar, cotton, Indian corn, fine tobacco, and fruit j but the air is unhealthy. It was taken in 1595, by iir Walter Raleigh, and in 1676, by the French, who plundered and left it. The capital Is Port d'Efpagne, in the gulf of Paria, near the Boca. Lon. 61 30 Vy, lat. 10 o N, 'I'rinidad, a town of New Spain, In the audience of Guarimala, feated on the Pacific Ocean. It is an open town, but very important, there being no other har- bour on this coatt. A mile and a half hence is a place which the Spaniards call one of the Mcuths of Hellj becaule it "15 continually covered by a thick fmokCf and emits flames from time to time. It is 70 miles SE of Guatimala. Lon. 89 30 w, lat. 12 50 N. Trinidad, a town of Terra Firma, in New Granada, ieatud on the Rio de la Madalena, 58 miles Nvv of St. Fe dc Bo- gota. Lon. 73 45 w, la!:. 4 45 N. Trino, a fortified town of Italy, ia Mcnfferiat, fubjeft to the king of Sar- dinia. It was taken, in 1704, by the French, who abandoned it in 1706. It is Ieated near the Po, eight miles NVV of Cafal, and 35 ne of Turin. Lon. 8 30 E, lat. 45 26 N. Tripoli, one of tbe piratical ftates of Barbary, bounded on the N by the Medi- terranean, on the L by the defcrt of Barca, on the s by Fezzan, and on the W by Biledulgerld and Tunis. It is a fertile country, except the E part, which is a defcrt. It is 925 miles along the coaft, but the breadth is various. It had the title of a kingdom, but is now a republic, governed by a dcy, elected by the foldier's. Tripoli, a confiderable tqwn of Bar- bary, capital of a country of the fame name, with a cattle and a fort. It is pretty large, and the inhabitants are noted pirates. It was taken by the em- peror Charles v, who fettled the knights of Rhodes here ; but they were expelled by. the Turks in 1 551. It was tormeriy very flourilhijig, and has now fomc irade in Ituffs, faffron, corn, oil, dates, oltrich feathers, and (kins ; but they make more of the Chriitians taken at fca ; for they eir.her fet high ranfoms on them, or fell them for fiaves. Tripoli is Ieated on the MediLCrrancan, furrounded by a wall, 275 miles SE of Tunis, and 570 ese of Ahjiv-a-i. Lon. 13 12 e, lat. 3X 34N. TRIPOLI; an ancient and CQnfid«ublc <^4? 1') !/, I In.' T R O T R XT town of Syria, od the Meditermnean, delended by a citadel. The inhabitants are near 6o,goo, confifting ot Turks, Chriftians, and Jews. Thsre is one hantirome mofque, and all the houi'es have fountains belqiiging to them. Beiore it is a.iknd-bank,, which increafes ib much, the dffpartmmt of Var and late iprovinc* i oi Provence, with a citiidel, h is reared ^ on the bay of Grimauld, in the Mediter- ranean, 13 miles sw of Frejus, andsg'ii ot Marleilks. Lon. 6 44 e, ir.t. 43 1 6 -n . ', Troppaw, a ttrong and ccniiderabie ' town ot Germany, in Upper Siklia, ca. i that it is expefted to choke up the harbour, pital of a duchy of the lame name, wiih which is two miles w of the town, and an ancient caltle. It was taken \r' the formed by p. round piece of land> united Prulilansin 1741 and 1756, but rtitond to the mainland by an ifthmus. On each ilde is a bulwark to defend the entrance. This town was anciently in Phoenicia, -whofe inhabitants were ib famous for na- vigation in the early ages of the world. It 43 Uie refidence of a bafhaw, who alb governs the territory about it, where to tlie houie of AuUria by a treaty luhic qucnt to each capture. It is leated in a] plealant plain, on the rivers Oppa and ' Mohra, 40 milc^ N by \, of 01inut.T, and! 7^ s by E of Breiiaw. Lon. 17 40 ^ I lat. 50 1 N. ' iROWBRiDcr, a town in Wilifl^jre i there is a great number ot mulberry trees, with a ninrket on Satin day. It is re and other fruits, which enable them to caiTy en a fillc nuinutuCturc iu the town. It is 90 miles N\v ot Parnalcus, and i?.o s oi' Scanderocn. Lon. 36 zo e, iat. 34 50N. Trist, a fmall uninhabited ifl.iml of ^ew Spain, on the coait c-f 1 abafto, in •the bay of Cam peachy, iepniated by a jiarrow channel, on the e> iVoin the ifle of port Royal. Lon. of the E point 92 45 w, Iat. 18 o N. Tritchinopolv, a ftrong town of Hindoofian, in the Carnatic, 20S miles ssvv of Madras. Lon. 7846 £, Iat. 1045 n. Trivento, a town cf N;n)les, in Woiife, with a bilhop's fee, ft attd on a J)ill, near the river 'I'rigno, or j rino, 1 5 jniles N of Bogano, and 62 e of Naples. JLcn- 15 37 Ej Iat. 40 50 N. Troja, a fortified and populous town -lof Naples, in Capitanata. Itated at the markabie for clothiers, awd is leite;! on 3 < iiill, 23 miles sw of Marlhoneugji, ana 98 \v ol London. Loi.. 2 6 w,iat. 51 19 n) i aR-OvEs, an ancient- and coniitierable city ot France, in tke dep:irtir:v;r.t ofj Auhe and late province of Chainp^^-ne, with a bill:op's lee. It is uirvouritied'' by good wiills, but aimort all the houfes are! ot wood, and good water is wHiring. Among the objccls of curiofity arc St. Stephen's, the principal churchy tbe' public library of the late Cordeliers 5 and the caJtle in which the ancient coun's of \ Chanij)agi)e rclided. Its commerce, once ' very riourilhing, now confifts only in iome linens, dimities, fuftians, wax-chand- lery, candles, and wine. It is leated on the Seine, 30 miles ene of Sens, and 90J ESE or Paris. Lon. 4 ice, Iat. 48 13 k. Troy, the lue of a celebra' ■! city oi' Natolia, anciently called T.oja cr foot ot the Appennines, on the river Chi- laro, 32 mile* ne of Benevento. Lon, 15 Ilium, and celebrated for a fiege which 35 E, iat. 41 21 N. it lultaiued, for ten years, before it v/as Trois Rivieres, a town of Upper taken by the Gr!.eks, in 1184 b c. It Canada, on the river Stv Lawrence, 55 was feated at the foot of Mount Ida, on itmIcs sw v^ Quebec. Lon. 71 20 w, Iat. the ieacoalt oppbfite the ilk of Tcnedos, 46 35 N. but not a lingle Itcn;: remains to point Troki, a tovvn of Lithuania, capital out its e,xa£t lituation. Lont 26 30 L, of a palatinate of the fame name. J t is Iat. 39 40 N. feated among raorafTes, 15 miles w of Wilna, and 85 nne of Grodno. Lon. 25 i J13E, Iat. 54 38 N. J Tron, St. a town cf Germany, in the bi/hopric of Litge, with a famous ^er.cditiifine abbey, ai miles WN.v of Leige. Lon,'5 22 E, lal. 50 43 N, i ROPE A, a populous town ol Naples, in Calabria Ulterion;, with a bifiiop"s /ee. It was haifioiined by an earthquake in 1638, and is feated on tlie top of a a market on Wedne-day and .fock, on the e ccaff, 10 miles Nvv of it tvas iIk- btnelit of the col;i TRUGiLLO, a town of Terra Finnn, in Venezuela, 120 railes s 0; the lake of, Maracaybo. Lon. 7 40 w, Iat. 9 46 n. TRUMPiNCTON, a village in Cam- brid^eihire, two miles trcm Cambridge, where leveral Roman antiquities have beca ibuntl j and here .are Uiil the ruins of the rr.ili, commemorated by Chaucer, in 'I'hc Millers Tale. i'RURO, a boron $r'-'- in Corf. v.-:dl, with iri.'rduy. e of till, ■-; Nicotera, and 45 N by e of lUggio. and its chief bulinefs is in Uiippini'; tin I Lon. t() 24 E, lai. 38 42 N. and copper ore, found in aboundance in , ■ Tropes, St. a fcaport of France, In i'-i nci^^ubourhood. Jtitis, after the bii- T S I T U C tic 6f Nafttby, the forces of Charles i, Hnder loid Hop«ton, furrtiidered to g«fne- rai Fairfax. Truro is iijated at the very head of F4.Imoath haven, i o niiks N of Falmouth, aiid 157 w by s of London, ion. 4. 55 w, lat. 50 i6n. Truxillo, a confiderable town of Spiiin, in Eltranv.ultjra, ftrated among fnountalnii, on the iide of a hili, at the top oi which is a Ihong citadel. It is the hirvhplace of the noted Francis Pi- tano, and frtiiate ntar the river Ainiont, (;5. miles sw of Toledo, and 117 SE of Matlrid. Lon. 5 2^5 vv, lat. 39 6 n. Truxim.0, a rich commercial ieapovt of Peru, in *he audience of Lima, Iniiic hy Francis Fizairo, in iSjjft. in its territory are abive 50,000 native Ameri- cans, wJTO are uibutary to iipain. It is lealeii in a fertile country, 011 a frnall river, -near the Pa :ific O ceaT), ^co inilt-s WW ot Lima. Lo 1. 78 55 w, lat. 8 1 s. TRUxiLi.0, a lirong icapcrt of New Spain, in the provinc of Honduras, leated on a guif of tlie faniir name, between two rivers, «nd furroundec by thick groves. Lon. 85 50 w, lat. 16 ao w, Ts CHUT SKI, a co'rntry in the E ex- tremity of Afi3, oppofite the r. w coaft of America, bounded by the Anadir on the i. The atiention of the natives is con- fined chie^y to their deer, with which their country abounds. They axe a well- made, courageous, warlike race, and are forjnidable neighbours to the Koriacs, waj often experience their depredations. The RuUxans have long endeavoured to bring them under their dominion 5 and though they have loft a gj'eat nunibpr of men, in their different expeditions to ac- compli fli this puj-poii.', tliey have never yet been able to effeft it. Lon. 168 ^ji w, lat. 66 5 K. TsHETSHrN, See Kisrr, Tsi-man-fou, a large and populous city of China, the c.ipit;!i of Chang-tong. It is nntch relpe^ted fjy the Cliinefej on account of its havingj btvn once tise reli- dtnce of a long fi.'.ries of kings, whole tombs, rifmg on the neighbouring moun- tains, afford a beautiful profpe^'i}. In its diftrift are fovir cities of the fccomi and 26 of the third clafs. .\t is feated s of the river Tfi or Tfmg-hoj .t6o miles s by E of Pekin. Lon.ii? xs^^, lat. 36 30 N. TsiMiNG-TCHEOr, a city of China, in the province of Chfliwtoiig and diftrii:i of Yen-tcheo\ufou. From its filuation on the grand canal, it is little inferior to the capita! of the province, either in rx- teut, population, riche*, or ivmir.f'cc. T.siN-TCHEOu-FOu, a commerci^r and popubus city of China, in Chang- tong. it has one city of the Iccond and J 3 of thv third dxi'a under its Juriidic^ion, and is 75 miles E of Tfin-iiang fou. Tso.\'o-MiNO, an illaad of China, on the coalt of the pruviiKe of Kian^^,nan, to v^hicli it bclcugs, and froit) which it is feparatcd by an arm of the tea, r-i milc-i broad. Ic is 50 miles long, anJ 13 broad. Jc was tormcriy a Janciy d'.'lert, to which r.ri'uinals \vcre baniflied : thole that f.rlt landed on it bcv;4n to till the ground, that they m-ghc i:oi: p^'ritti with hunger j fbme poorChmclc famiiie,* erngratcd thifher afterward , ai:d, in lots than ten ycu's, the ifiiud was peopled and cultivated. Its pri>:icipal rcvtiuie arijltrs from lait, which is made i!,i fj^icli abundance, that it caniupply nioit of fh© neighbojviug cc'.u;trifs.. Ir. tins llland is only one city of liie third tkils i but villages are jo numcioiis, that they it'era to touch each other, and to fonn one contimied city. The air h healthlul and temperate, the country delightful, and i,nterlei51;ed by mamy caoalR. Lon. of its SE end lii 55 e, laf.. jo t s N. TsuEN-TCHKOU-FOU, a city oi Q-ii- na, inthe province of Fo- k^n. .In its di!i'- tri61 are ftven cities of the third clafe j and its fituatlon, e.^tent, commerce, triumphal arches, temples, and well paved ftr«ts» /ecure it a diltinguiihed rank iunong the- moid beautiful cities in the an}>ire. Tu.\M, a city of Ireland, in the county of Galway., with an srchbiftiop's i'te ; on wliich account it is caile-J a city, though now reduced to a village, jt as .'.o miles nne of Ualway, and 2.5 wsw of Rolcommou. Lon. il 46 w, lat. 55 33 N, TvBAN, one of the ftrongcft town« in Java, with a harboui, and a king of its own. It is ieated on the N coaft of the ifland. Lon. ss v 51 E, Lit. 6 o i,, TuBiNGENj TA fortified town.of Suabia, in tile duchy of Winembiirg, with a univtrlity, and a calfle. Her« is a large houfi; caileV.(l->,i|^\t' - '" • T V E fiver, forms an exteni'ive plain, slirofl without a tree. The foil is a deep fertile TBould, watered by ujany ftrcams from the Andes, and clothid in perpt-'tual ver- dure. In this rich paiturage, the hories and cattle imported from Europe have yniiltiplied to an almoft incralibic dtgne. This has enabled the inhal>itayjt8, not cnly to open a lucrative trade v-jrh Peru, by lupplying it with criltic, bories, and mules, but to cairy en a coaiuicrce, «q\ially beneficial, hy the ejcpoitaticn of hides to Europe ; nutwithliamling which, the towns in this country aic no better than pahry viliagcs, to which the Spa- niards' have endeavoured to add tome dignity, by ersiling them into bi/liop- rics. Tucuman is under the jurildi6\iort ipf the new viccroyalty at B\ienos Ayres/ TuctJYO, a town of Terra Firnra, in • Venezuela, and in a valley of the iaine name. A river runs through the middle of the valley; the air is good; and the foil abjunds in fugar- canes, cotton, and all the ntceffaries of iiie. Lon. 69 aw,, lat. 7 31 N. / Ti4DD7NGTO!J, a tcwn in Bedford- flilie, with a Tnai'k<;t on Saturday, five miles N of Dinftable, and 38 nnw of London. Lon. o 3s w, lit. 5* o N, Tt'DEii-A, a ccnfiderable town of Spain, in Navarre, with a vcafile. It. is J'cated in a country, that produces good wine, on the river Ebro, over which is a handj'i.me bri ige, .1-5 n:-;es Kvv of Sara- goUa, and 1.^0 NE of Madrid. Lon, i ..'JO \v, lat. 4?- 9 K. ' TvfiR, a government of llulTia in Eu- rope, once an independent prirjcipailty, united to the empire by Ivan Vailiijevitch, in 1.4.90, and .-.ouipriltd in the government o!" Novogorod, tiom which it has been ftparated! I'he population Las inciea.'cd to a iurprifiDg degree ; a. circu'r.Jtiince, evincing- the advantage arifmg iroiu the new code or laws ot Catl;,un\c; U'. It was the firit province newly- mode) hd ac- cordin^r to that code; and .t has expe- ■ rr-nced the bentticial eft'ciSls ot th.eic ex- •ctiient re;>Lihittcns. Tiie country pro- duces abundantly all kinds of corn and : Vfgerabks. Its' forcits yield the nioft valuable tinibej-. The quadrupeds, and the tcatherevi race, are the jamc as in all the N of Europe j ;-nd, behde the fiJbes .comnionto molt lakes and rivers, there is a fifh, peculiar to the wa'crs of thefe Horthern regions, called the fterlet, the iicitieurr ruthifius of Linnrtu.'i, an^l is a i"pfcios of iturgeon, highly ^-Iteemed ior tl» flavour of its ficOi, and for its rot'., •1 wiij«u tiic iuieit cRviaj-e ii njaUv\ . T U L Tv-ER, a commercial city of Ruflia, j capital of a government of the iame " name, and.ieated at the conibience of the Tveraa and Volga, along which is con.. ■yeyed all the nierchaixlife lent by watu f)om Siljcria, and the s provinces, to- ward Peterlhurgh. It is divided into tii'.- oid and new town: the forniei, fituiui* on the oppofitc fide of the Volga, coniiiti almoft ii:tirely of wooden cottages ; dm latrer having brio:n deftioycd by a dv<:;idl\il conflagration, in 1763, has ril'en with luftre iioni its aflits. Catharine 11 w. dered a regular and bc-iuitiful plan of ;;, n;;w town to be made. At her own i-x- pence, llie rallied the governor's houte, the ('pik-.Qpal palace, the courts of Juftice, the exchange, the prifon, and fome other public ed'diccs; and to every perfon who engaged to Iniild a houfe of brlclc, flic ofl'tred a ioan of jool. for a year, withinit intereit. ^Fhe ftreets are broad and lonp- j extending, in llraight lint.>, from an oc- tagon in the centre j and the plai-\, when completed, is to compiife two bi^agons. The houies are of brick, ftuccoed white,, and make a magnificent appearance. Hert is an ecclefialticai feminary, v^iich admits 6rifo ftudents, ■ In 1776, the em- prels ibunded a fchool for the initrudion of 2.00 burghers children} and, in 1779, an academy for the education of ixo of the young nobility of the province. Tver is 99 Til lies NNvv of Molcow. Lon. 56 .5 f: lat. 50 7N. I'XJGGURT, a country of Barbary, lying a of Algiers, avid w of Biledulgerid, '.t'he capital, of the fame name, is uo miles 6SE of Algiers. Lon. 5 xo E, lat. 35 on. Tula, a government of Ruilia in Europe, fcrnivrly a province of the go- Vf.'rnment of Mofcow. Its capital, Kelaii, is ii-ated on tht Trubobj \t% mites 'ie of Molcow. Lon. 40 4.5 E, lat. 55 -,'.5 N. TuLLKS, a coiifiderabk comuiercial, town of .Francf.', in the department of v'.-onczc and iate territory of Limofm, with a billiop's fee. 'I'he ciuhedral is fa- mous for its lleeple, which is very high and curious. It h ievited at the consili- ence of the Correze and Solane, partly on a mountain, and pariiv belo^v it, iU a country fiarounilcd by mountains and precipices, 37 miles SE of Limcges, ' .lu 6a sw of Clermont, Lon, i .4.1 \v.. I..t. 45 2 J ^■• TuLN, a town of Auftria, near the Wienrirwnld, or wood of Vienna, with a biiiiop's iu\ It is leated near the vivtr Tuln, in a country abounding in <.. rn an. i wine, 15 miles wot Vicmu. Lon. TUN TuMBEZ, a town of Pern, in Hie au- ilitnce of Ouit.o> wliere the Spaniards fiift landed on their diltovcry of that cijunliy. 5 It was then a place of ibme note, diftin- gaiihed by a ftately temple, and a palace of the incas or fovereigns of the country. It is ftated on the Pacific Ocean, 270 miles s by w of Quito, Lon. 79 51 w, hit. 3 40 s. TuMEL, a rapid rlvi;r in Penhflilre, which, after exhibiting many beautiful cataraiifs, forms itlcU into a lake, called Loch Tumel^ and then falls into tlie Garry. TuMEN, a town of Siberia, in the province of Tobol|k, 125 miles w of Tobollk. TuNBRiDGE, a town in Kenf, with a market on Friday, feared on the Tun, one of the five bran,';bes of the Medway, ovei' each of which is a ftonc bridge Here are the rains of a large calUe, eredted ;)y Richard, earl of Clare, natuial Ton cf Richard I, duke of Norrnantiy ; and here is a famous freefchool, founded by a na- tive of the town, in the reign of Eiiiabcth. it: is 12. miles vvsw of Maidl^one, and 30 oSE of London. Lon. o to £, lat. 5.1 14. N. TuNBRiDGE Wells, a town in Kent, five miles s of Tunbrid^e. It is mucli rcforted to in June, July, and Augurt, on account of its chalybeate waters, dif- covered in 1606, by Dudley lord North. The ICAvn is leated at the bottom of threii liiJIs, called Mount Sinai, Mount Eph- raim, and Mount Pleaiant, on which are fcattered fonie good houles, orchards, and gardens ; and an the country is naturally wild, tiie effeiSl of the whole is romajitic and piftuiel(.]ue. Here are ail the build- ings reqtiinte for the acpommodafion of the nobility and gevrfry, with a chapel of eafe, a nunket, and ihops noted for their 6lvp;ant turnery ware. One mile and a half from the wells, are ibme ftupendous rocks, which, in lome parts, are 75 feet his.vh, the mean lielght 't.cing 40 ; and tliey have the appearance of thv hulks of large men of war, ra\iged cloCe togetlier. 'I'he wells are 35 m\)f.s SSE of London. TcNDERE!;. See Toy Dye.:- 1(. Tun J A, a town of Lena Firms, in New Granada, tiipiti^l of a diftri6i of the lame name. If is Jtaud i^n ;i high moun- tain, in a country where fliere arc gold and emeralds, 30 miles SW of Truxillo. Lon. 73 5 w, ht.. 5 ON, Tunis, a kingdom of Africa, bounded on the N by the M/jditeri ■mean, on the e by ih'/f ftii iMtl Tripoli, on t!>e b and s\v by Hil/,(jiilg«rid, and on the W by Algiers. It exteiKU pa imk>i from i to w, and TUN 450 from N to s. This country wa^ for- merly a monarchy ; but a difference arifmg between the father and fon, one of winch was for the protci5\ion' of the Chriltians, and the other for that of the Turks, in i574> the Inhabitants (hook off the yok« of both. From this time it became a re- public, under the protetf ion of the Turks, and pays a certain tribute to the bafliiw that relides at Tunis. The air in gene- ral is healtliy, but the foil in the e part is but indifferent, for want of water. Toward the middle, the mountains an4 vajlies abouiid in fruits; but the w part is the molt fertile, bping watered by rivers. The environs of Tunis are very- dry, upon whicli account corn is generally dear. The inroad-s of the Arabs oblige the inhabitants to low their barley and rye in the fuburbs, ajid to indole their gardens with walls. However, there are plt;nty of cltions, lemons, oranges, dates, grapes, and othei fruits. There are alfq olive trees, roles, and odoriferous plants. In the woods and mountains are lions, wild beeves, oftriches, monkies, came- leons, roebucks, hares, pheafants, par- tridges, and other forts of birds and bealts. The molt remarkable rivers arc the Guadilcarbar, Magrida, Magerada, and Caps. The form of government is ariftocratic, that is, by a council whofc prefident is the dey, not unlike the doge of Venice. Tlie members of the divan, ^r council, are choli:n by the dey, and he, in his turn, is elefted by the divan, which is ci^mpoled of Ibldlers, who have more than once taken off the dey's head. The inhabitant? carry on a great trade in linen and Wuolkn cloth. In the city of Tunis alone, are above 3000 clothiers ai^d weavers. They have alio a trade iu horfes, olives, oil, loap, and oftriches eggs and feathers. 1 he clt ibliflied religion "is Mahometanifm ; and the inhabitants con- fiit ot Moors, Turks, Arabs, Jews, and Clniitian ilaves. Tunis, a large and celebrated city of Barbary, capital of a kingdom of the fame name. It is feated on the point of the gulf of Goletta, about 10 miles from tht- lite of the famous city cf Carthage. It iS in che form of an oblong inuare, five mlleii In circumfcicnce, with a ;o'ty wall, five gates, and 35 inofcjues. The houfes (ire ail built of Itone, though but one fiory high ■ and it has a good citadel on !::'f Ix an eminence, itants ar.^ computed to he 100,000. The royal pa- lace conftfts of two magnificent (tru^hMts, joined together by a gallery, in which are feveral pi^urcs, ftatues, and antifluliies ot great value. The arftnal is a fine an.1 capacioiis b ding, including five courts • it contains .iims for iao,ooo men, and there is a cannon foundry and a chymical laboratory annexed to it. Turin is ex, ti-emely well fortified, and the citadel is a mafterpiece of architeaure. Therr are fine walks on the ramparts and walls of the city; alfo very fine gardens on the fide of the river Po ; and a charming pub. lie place called the Codx), where the nobi- lity afiemble, from five to fix in an evening, to exhibit themfelves and their equipage.* Near the city, on the banks of the Po, \'t the beautiful royal caftle of Valentin, the garden of which is applied to botanical Itudies. The French befieged this city in 1 706 ; but prince Eugene- attacked them before the walls, totally defeated their army, atid compelled them to raile the fiege. Turin is 60 miles Ne of Ge. naa, 65 sw of Milan, and 280 nw ok Rome. Lon, 7 45 e, lat, 45 5 n. Turkey, a large empire, extended over part of Europe, Afia, and Africa. Turkey in Europe is bounded on the n by Rulfia, Poland, and Sclavonia; on the E by the Black Sea, the fca cf Marmora, and the Archipelago; on the s by the Mediterranean ; and on the w by that fea, and the Venetian and Ayltrian terri- tories. It contains Beflarabia, Moldavia, VValachia, Bulgaria, Servia, Boihia, Ro- mania, Macedonia, Janna, Livadla, Al- bania, part of Croatia and Daimatia, and the Morea. Thefe countries lie between 17 and 40° E lon. and 36 and 49° n lat. extending 1000 miles in length and 900 in breadth. Turkey in Afia is bounded on the N by the Black Sea and Circaflia ; on the E by Perfia ; on the s by Arabia and the Mediterranean ; and on the w by the yVichipelago, the lea of Marmbra, and the ftraits of Conftantinople. It lies between 27 and 46° e lon. and a8 and 45<» N lat. extending 1000 miles in length and 800 in breadth; and contains the coun- tries of Irac- Arabia, Diarbeck, Cur- diftan, Armenia, part of Circaflia, Nato- lia, and Syria, v/ith Paleftine, or the Holy Lijnd. In Atrica, the Turks have ftill a precarious fovereignty over Egypt. Of thefe countries (which fee relpeftively) the climate, produ6lions, manners, Sec. mult be various. Couittur.llnople is the capital of all Turkey. In general, the Turks are very moderate in eating, lovers of reft and idlenefs, and confequently not very fit to undergo fatigues. Polygamy is allowed among them : but their wives, properly fo calkd, ai c no luore than foui T U S T W E It) number. They are charitable toward ftrangers, let their religion be w^at it will, and no nation furfers adverfity with greater patience than they. The grand fignior is abfolute matter of the goods and lives ef his lubjcfts, infomuch that they are little better than flaves. The grand vizir is the chief next the emperor; but it is a dangerous place, for he often depofes them, and takes off their heads at his pleafure; but though the grand fignior has i'uch prodigious power, he feldoni ex- tends it to perfons in private life, for thefe may remain as quiet as in any other part of the world. The baihaws, go- vernors, and officers of ftate, are, in ge- neral, the children of Chriftian parents, who are commonly taken in war, or pur- chafed. The Turks have always veiy numerous armies on foot, the chief of which are the janifaries, who have been bred in the Seraglio, and have ufcd mili- tary difcipline from their infancy. Of thefe they have always 15,000, and there may be 'about 100,000, who have that name. The Turks -believe in one God, and that his great prophet is Mahomet. TuRNAGAiN, Cape, a cape of the ifland of New Zealand. Lon. 176 56 e, lat.40 a8 s. TuRNHOUT, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant. Here, in 1596, prince Maurice of Naflau, at the head of only 800 cavalry, totally defeated the Spaniards, confifting of 6000 horfe. It is 24 miles ne of Antwerp. Lon. 5 oE, lat. 51 22 n. TuRSi, a town of Naples, in Bafili- cata, feated on the river Sino, eight miles from the gulf of Tarento, and 50 sw of Bari. Lon. 16 50 E, lat.40 36 N. Turtle Island, an ifland in the Pacific Ocean. Loiv. 177 5 w, kt. 19 48 s. Tuscany, a fovereign ftate of Italy, with the title of a grand duchy; bounded oh the N by Romagna, the Bolognele, the Modcnefe, and the Parraefan; on the s by the Mediterranean j on the e by the duchy of Urbino, the Penigino, the Or- vietuno, the patrimony of St. Peter, and the duchy of Caftro ; and on the w by the Mediterranean, the territory of Lucca, and that of Genoa. It is 1 50 miles long and 100 broad, and watered by feveral rivers, of which the Amo is the chief. There arc feveral mouhtains, in which are mines of iron, alum, and vitriol ; alfo quarries of marble, alabafter, and por- phyry, befide hot baths and mineral waters. Mfny parts of it are fruitful in com and viine, and produce plenty of citrons^ ontn^e-i, poiiitgrsnatts, wd otlitr truits. The inhabitants tc diftingutfhed by their attachment to », imerce, and have eftab- Kflied vaiTtous manufaftures, particularly of filks, ftuiFs, earthen ware, and gilt leather. Tiiey are much vifited by fo- reigners, on account of their politcnel's, and becaufe the Tufcan lanpn'-'.ge is the pureft in all Italy. This duchy is di- vided into three parts ; namely, the Flo- rentino, the Pilano, and the Siennefe. John Gafton, the lalt duke of Tufcan^, of the houfe of Medicis, died in 1737, without leaving any heiis n>ale. By the treaty of London, 1718, the emperor Charles vi, had promifed Tulcany, a-j a fief of the empire, to don Carlos, infant of Spain, as being the neareft male heir : bvt, in 1735, when the fovenngnty of Naples and Sicily was confirmed to that prince, he was obliged to renounce his right to Tulcany, in favour of Francis I, emperoi- of Germany, then duke of Lor- - rain, to whom it was ceded as an equiva- lent for that duchy, which he had given up to France. Florence is tlie capital, TuscAROTiAS, See Oneidas. Tusis, a town and community 6f Swtflerhnd, in the country of the Grifons, I'eated near the torrent Nolla, at the be- ginning of the valley of Tomliafca, 16 miles s by w of Coire. TuTBuRv, a town in Staffordfhire, with a mai-ket on Tuefday. It had a large cattle, which ftood on an alabafter hill; feveral of the towers and a fmall part of the wall ttill remain, and hence are cxtenfive profpefts. It is 15 miles E of Staffoid, and 134 ne of London. Lon. I 40 w, lat. 53 N. Tutacorin, a populous town of Hin- dcoftan, in the Carnatic, oppofite the ifland of Ceylon. Here the Dutch have a faftory. It is 60 miles ne of Cape Comorin. Lon. 7640 e, lat. 8 15N. TuxFORDj a town in Nottingham- ftiire, with a market on Monday. It is feated in a clayey foil, 13 miles NNW of Newark, and 137 n by w of London. Lon. o 50W, lat. 53 16 n. TUY, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a bifhop's fee. It isfurrounded byftrong walls and ramparts, and well furni/hed with artillery, being a frontier town toward Portugal. It is feated on the top of a mountain, near the river Minho, in 1 fertile and well cultivated country, 62 miles s of Compoftella, and 254 w of Madrid. I, ahnoft into two equal parts, croffes the N pait of Sclkiikfliire and Roxburghfliire, wid forming the boundary between Bcr- writkfhiie and Northumberland, falls into the German Ocean, at Bevwick. TwfiiDDALE. See Pt'.BLESSHIRE. Twickenham, a village in Middle- fex, ieated on the Thames, three miles 6SW of Brer,tford. It is adorned with many hand'bme villas, of which two are j>articulaily celebrated; namely, that which wus ihe favorite refidence of Pope, the gardens of which, as planted by him, are Itill kept up, with great care and ve- neration; and btrawberry Hill, the ele- gant Gothic retr.eat of the late Horacp Walpole, earl of Oxford. In the church, 1*0, ■, and his parents, are interred, and there is a monument to his memory, treclcd by bilhop Warburton. Some gunpowder and oii-rallls are on a branch of tlie Coin, which flows here into th/s Thames. TwEEDSMUiR, rugged and heathy mountains, in the s part of Peebleslhire. Tycokzin, a town of Poland, in Po- lachia, with ^ caftle and a mint. It is leaied on the Narevy, zz miles NW pf Biellk. Lon.23 4.0 E, lat. 53 oN. Tydore, one of i;he Molucca Iflands, three leagues s of Ternate. Tynk, a iiver In Northumberland, farmed -of a branch from the county of i;)urham, and another from the hills on the borders of Scotland. Thefe uniting a little above Hc.\haip, form a large river, which flowi to Ncwcaltle, and enters the German '''Cean, at I'inniouth. Tynu, a river, which rlfes in the rnouiuains iu the s of Haddingtonfhirc, waters Hadcllngion, and enters the Gcr- inan Ocean to the w of Dunbar. TyNEMOUTH. See TlNMOUTII. "* - Tyue, a Icaport of Syria, in that part j^pKnierly called Phoenicia, once a place of exceeding great tndc. It is alfo famous for a flicUfifh, which dies a fine purple, thence called the Tyrian die. Tyre was deftroyed by Alexander the Great, in the year 332 p. c. and (in exafl conformity to the prophecies in tlye Old Teftament) is now nothing but a heap of venerable ruins. It has two harbours, that on the M fide exceedingly good ; th • other choked up 'by the ruins of the c It is 60 miles s\v of Daraafcus, ani. ow called Sour or Sur. Lon. 35 50 E, lat. 33 18 n. Tyrnaw, a large fortified town of Upper Hungary, in the palatinate of Trentfchin, 30 miles ne of Prefburg. Lon. 17 33 E, lat. 4.8 23 N. Tyrone, acotuityof Ireland, in the province of Ulfter, 46 miles loiig and ir broad ; bounded on the n by Londonderry on the E by Aimagh and Lough Neagh on the sw by Fermanagh, and on the w by Donegal. It is a rough country, but tolerably fruitlul; contains 30 parifhes, and fends 10 members to parliament* The capital is Dungannon. Tysted, a town of N Jutland; in the territory of Alburg, with a citadel, ' Ieated on the gulf of Limiord, 44 m[k% NV/ of Wiburg, and 46 w of Alburg. Lon. 8 25 E, lat. 56 54 N. Tyvy, or Teivy, a river in Car- dlganfhire, which ifllies from a lake on the e fide of the county, waters Trepan, non and Llanbedcr, ^nd enters the bay of Cardigan, below the town of that name. TzADURiLLA, a town of Natolia Pro- per, near the river Sangar, or Aclu, 63 miles se of Ilhic. Lon. 31 Se, lat. 39 N. TzARiTZYN, a town of Rulfia, in the government of S^ratof, feaicd on the Volga, 120 miles NW of Attracan. Lon. 4525E, lat.48 ON,_,ii; , ,;. ,,,..,.. ^f ,- ;^ A V^»«, y V. U. VAAST, St. a town of France, m the department of the Channel and late province of Normandy, five miles from Harflcur, and tight from Valogne, Vabres, a town of France,, in thed?- Sartment of Aveiron and late province of LouergVK?. Though an epifcopal fee be- fore the revolution, it is little better than a village ; but has fome manufaclures of fcrgcs, dimities, and cottons. It is feated at the confluence of two fmall rivers that fall into the Tarn, 30 miles se ot Rode?, and 32 h of Alby. Lon. z 55 e, lat. ^3 57 N. Vac HA, a town of Germany, in the lands^ravate of Heffe-Caflel, 40 miles se of Caflel. Lon. 10 ize, lat. 50 55 n. Vache, an ifiand of the W Indies, off the s coalt of St., Domingo, oppofite St. Louis. It was formerly a rendezvous of the bucaniers, who began a fettlemei;' here in 1673. Vada, a town of Italy, in Tufcany, feated on the Tufcan Sea, 20 miles s of Leghorn. Lon. 10 20 e, lat. 43 15 N. Vado, a leaport of Italy, in the terri- tory of Genoa, with a fort ; taken by the French in 1795. It is three miles w of Savona, and 24 sw of Genoa. Lon. 3 8 E, lat. 44 15N. V.'vpsTfiiN, a town of Sweden, in,E V A L V A L to ' Gothlind, where the kings of Sweden had formerly a palace, now in ruins. It is Icated on the E fide of the lake Wetter, near the river Motala, 32 miles w of fjordkiojiing. Lon. 15 55 E, lat. 58 12 N. VaeNa, a town of Spain, in Andalu- fia, feated at the fomce of the Caitro, 23 mifes SE of Cordova. Lon. 3 50 \v, lat. 3740N. Vaihingen, a town of Suabia, in the duchy of VVirtcniburg, feated on the Ntckar, 24. miles sw of Hailbron. Lon. 9 3 E, lat. 48 58 N. Vaiseaux, a fmall ifland of N Ame- rica, on the N coalt of Louifiana, between the mouths of the MilfilUppi and the Mo- bile, with a Imall harbour. Vaison, a decayed town of France, in the VenaifTIn, with a bilhop's lee. It was lately lubjedf to the pope, and is leafed on a mountain, on ^^hich there is t a caftle, near the river Oreze, and the i-Uins of ancient Vaii'on, which was one of the largeft cities of the Gauls. It is 15 miles ENE of Orange, and 22 ne of Avignon. Lon. 5 6 E, lat, 4.4 15 N. Val, a village of the Netherlands, three miles w of Maeftricht, where, in 1744, mar/hal Saxe obtained a victory •ver the duke of Cumberland. Val-di-Demona, a province in the NE angle of Sicily. It means the valley of demons, and is fo called, hecauic Mount Etna is fituate in this province, which occafioned ignorant and lin^erftiti- t)us people, at the time of its fiery erup- tions, to believe it was a chimney of hell. 'I"he capital is Meffina. Val-di-Mazara, a province in the W angle of Sicily, lb called irom a town of the fame name. It contains Palermo, the capital of the whole ifland. Val-dx-Noto, a province at the se extremity of Sicily j io called from its capital. Val Ombrosa, a celebrated monaf- tery of Tulcany, in the Appcnnlnes, 15 miles E of Florence. Valckowar, a town of Sclavonia, feated on the Walpo, near its confluence with the Danube, between Efleck and and flcirted by forefts, corn-fields, anrf paftures. Valdai, Lake of, in the government of Novogorod, in Rullia. It is 20 miles in circumference, and is the Inrgelt iri the country round the town of Valdai. In the middle of it is an ifland, contain- ing a convent which riles with its numer- ous fpires among a clutter of furroundin^ trees. Valdai Hills, hills of Ruffia, in the government of Novogorod, which, though of no confiderable elevation, are the higheft in this part of the country. They leparate the waters which flow to- ward the Cafpian from thofe which take their courfe towaad the Baltic. ' Valdivia. See Baldivia. Valence, an ancient and ]TopuIou» city of France, in the department of Diome and late province of Dauphlny, with a birtiop's lee, a citadel, and a fchool of artillery. It is furrounded b;^ good walls, and the greatelt part of the public places, and many private honfts, are adorned with fountains. Befide tht handfome cathedral, thert- are many otbet churches, as well as late convents, that art worthy of notice. It is leated on tlA Rhone, 30 miles N by e of Viviers, aivl 335 s by e of Paris. Lon. 4 52 E, lat. 44 56 N. Valence, a town of France, in the department of Lot and Garonne and late province of Guienne, fituate on the Ga- ronne, 12 miles SE of Agen. Valence d'Alcantara, a confider- able and populous town of Spain, in Eftramadura, with an old calUe. It is funounded by walls after the antique manner, flanked by fome fmall baftions, and a few towers ; is very ftrong by fitu- ation, being bHilt on a rock, near tlie river Savar, 20 miles sw of Alcantara, and 40 M of Badajoz. Lon. 6 30 w, lat, 39 26 N. Valencey, a town of France, in the department of Iildre and late province of Berry, with a caftle, feated on the Nabor., 15 miles s of Romorentin. Valencia, a province of Spain, for- Peterwaradin, 70 miles N\v of Belgrade, merly a kingdom; bounded on the e and Lon. 19 51 £, lat. 45 35 N. Valdai, a town of Rulfia, in the go- vernm -nt of Novogoiod, on the lide of a lake of the fame name. It contains fe- veral brick buildings ; and even the wooden houfes are more decorated than the generality of Rulfian cottages. Its s by the Mediterranean, on the ne by Catalonia, on the Nw by Arragon, and on the w by New Caftile and Murcia. It is 162 miles long and 62 broad, and is the molt plealant and populous country iii Spain ; for here they enjoy a perpetual fpring. It is watered by a great number environs rife agreeably into a variety of of ftreams, which render it fertile in all the gentle eminences, and abound with beau- necefTaries of life, efpecially fruits and tiful lakes, fpripkled with wvijic 5 ar.d in the mQuntalns are mines' of \'\'r<^'::. (■\.. !■ ('». ' ,,ii;: 111 ■■«*■ V A L V A L pM, (liver, and alum. The inhablunt* are much more lively than in other parts of Spain; and the women are handfunier. Valencia, a city ot' Spain, capital of a province of the I'anic name, with an archbiftiop's fee, aiui a univerfity. The Moors were expelletl from it, in the i 3th century. It was ttiken by the earl of Peterborough in 1705, and loit again two years after. It contains 12,000 houfes within the walls, hifide thotc in tlie I'u- burbs and pleature gardens around it, which amount to the liame number. The cathedral ha., a {l««p]e 130 feet high, and one fide of the vfioir is incrulted with ala- baikr, and adorned with tine paintings of fcripture hiftory; the high altar is covered witi) fdver, and lighted with 14 iilver lamps. The palace of the viceroy, that of Ciuta, the monaftery of St. Jerom, the exchange, and the arfenal, are all worthy of notice. Here are flourifliing manufac- tures of cloth and filk, and feveral re- mains of antiquity. It is feated on the Ouadalaviar (over which are five bridges) Bear the Mediterranean, 130 miles bse of Madrid. Lon.o 10 £, lat. 39 23 N. Valencia, New, a town of Terra Firma, in the province of Caraccas, ieated on the lake Tocarigua, 57 miles sw of Porto Cavallo. Lon. 65 30 w, lat. Valencibmn^es, an ancient and con- fideiable city of France, in the depart- ment of the Nortli and lat*: province of Hainault. It contains abou> 20,000 ibuls, and the Scheld divides it into two parts. It is a \'ery important place: the citadel and fortifications were conftrufted by order of Lewis xiv» who took this town from the Spaniards ; and it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nimeguen, in i67g. In 1793, it was taken by the allies, after a fevere fiegej but it fur- rendered, without refiftanee, to the French, in 1794.. Befide lace, this city is noted for maauia^iures of woollen fhiifs and very fine linens. It is ao miles wsw of Mons» %9 S£ of LU1e» and lao nne of Parisk Lon. 3 37 e, lat. 50 21 N. Valenzo-do-Min HO, a fortified town of Portugal, in Entre-Minlvo-e Douero, feated on an emirience, near the river Minho, three miles a of Tuy. Lon. 8 XI w, kt.^i m. Valentine, a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne and Lite province cf Laugtiedoc, nine miles ::£ of St. Bcrrrand. Lon. o 57 £, lat. 43 » N. Valsnza, or Valentia, a ftrong towi^. oi' luly, in ' tW Mikinefe> eap^it»l of the Lomelinci and fuhjei^ to the kin? of Sardinia, to whom it was ceded in 1707. It ha» been often taken and re taken, and is feated on a mountain, near the river Po, la mile* B of Calal, and 35 sw of Milan. Lon. 8 56 e, bt 4.A 58 N. ■ ** Valbtte, a town of Fi-ance, in the department of Charente and late province of Angoumois, 10 miles s of Angoulemc. Lon.o 15B, lat. 4.5 30 N. Valetta, a city of Malta, the capi- tal of that illantl, and wonderfully (trong both by nature and art. It is feaied on a peninliila, between two of the fineft ports in the world, which are defended by al- moft impregnable fortifications. TKl on the se fide of the city is the lari^cft: it runs two miles into the heart of the ifland, and is fo very deep, and liir- rounded by luch high grounds, that the largeft fliips may ride in the moft ttormy weather, almolt without a cable. This beautiful bafm is divided into five diu tinft harbours, all equally lafe, each ca- pable , of containing a vaft number of fliipping. The entrance is fcarcely a qiartcr of a mile broad, and is com- manded, on each fide, by Ifrong batteries, fronted by a quadruple batteiy, one above the other, the largelt of which is on a level with the water. The harbour on the N fide, though only ufed for fiftiing, and as a place of quarantine, is likewilie well defended ; and, in an ifland in the centre of it, is a calHe and a lazaj-et. Valetta being built on a hill, none of the (treets, except the quay, are level j they are all paved with white freeftone, which not only creates a great duft, but, from its colour, is fo ofFenfive to the eyes, that molt of the inhabitants are remarkably weak-fighted. The principal buildings are the palace of the grand mader, the infumary, the arfenal, and the magnifi- cent church of St. John. The pavement of this church is the richeft in the world : it is compofed intirely of fepulchral mo- numtnts of the fineft marbles, porphyry, lapis lazuli, and a variety of other vain- able ftones, admirably joined together, reprefenting, in a kind of Mofaic, the arms, infignia. Sec. of the perlbn* wliole names they commemorate. In the mag- nificence of thefc monuments, the heirs of the grand mafters and commanders have long vied with each other. The great fource of water that fuppUes Va- letta rifcs near Mclita, and is thence con- veyed to the capital by an aq!ued»ft of ibme thoufand arches, erected at the ex- penc« of one oi the grand mailers. No% V A L withftnmling the fuppofeil higotrv of the Mnitcll', here ii u luolijue, in which the Turkilh (laves are iwrmitttrl to enjoy their religion. The Turks beliegcd this city in 1566, but, after many drodtul alliiulrs, were compdleii to mile the litge, with the lofs of 30,000 men. Valttta in fituutc uppofite Cape Palfero in Sicily. Lou. 1+ ^^E, ht.35 54. N. Valkenei/rg, or Fauquemont, a town oi Dutch Limburg. in 156^, it was lacked by the Spaniards, and, in 1671, was taken by the French, who de- molilhed the tbrtthcations. It is leared en the Geule, eight miles E of Macfhicht. Lon. 5 50 E, lat. 50 5a N. Valladolid, an ancient city of Spain, in Old Caltile, capital of a principality of the fame name, with a bishop's fee, and a univerfity. It is I'uiTovmded by ftrong walls, contains 11,000 houfes, with long and broad itreets, and is adorned with handfome buildings, iquares, and fovintains. The market-place, called El Campo, is 700 paces in circumfer- ence, furrounded by a great number of r'xivents, and is the place where the fairs k" kept. There are 70 monasteries and .'jnneries, the finelt of which is that of the Dominicans, remarkable for its church, which is one of the mod magni- ficent in the city. The kings redded a Ipng while at this place ; and the royal fialace, which ftill remains, i^ of very arge extent, though but two ftories high : it contains fine paintings of various kinds, and at one of the corners a curi- ous clock like that of Strafburg. The townhoufe takes up the intire ilde of a f^uare. The houfe of the inquiAtion is aa odd fort of a ftruftnre, for there aie no windows, but a few holes to let in the light. The onvirwis of the city are covered with gardens, orchards, vine- yards, meadows, and fields. It is feated on the Efcurva and Pifuerga, near the Douero, 52 miles s\v of Burgos, 80 $h of Leon, and 95 N by w of Madrid. Lon. 4. 25 w, lat. 41 50 N-. Valladolid, a t6wn of New Spainj in Mechoacan. See MecH'OacaN. Valladolid, a town of New Spain, in ch'e audience of Cuatimala, and province of Hoiid>2rr.$^ with at bUhpp's fee, 296 miles I; of Qoiatiniala. JLon. iSi aa w» lat. 14 'ON. Vall -DOLtD, a town of New Spain, in the pfnin/id^ a£ Yucatan, near the coaft of the bay of Honduras,. 94* mile» » hy- s of Maiidak Lon. 83 ao w, lat. «o 3-3NR. ViA4iitA»a*i&i ii tDwa o£ Peru^ la V A L th« audience of Qiiito, fituatc near the Andes. Lon. 75 5 w, lat. 6 z s. Vallais, a county of SwiiTcilaud, ex- teiuiiiig 100 miles from B to w, ami divided iijto LTpptr and Lower Vallais, The former 1 caches from Mount Furca to the river Morge, below Sionj and the latter from that rivtr to St. Gingou, ou the lake of Geneva. The Upper Valhii* is Ibvereign of tlie Lower Vallais, ajid contains ieven independent (/ixai»j, or commonwealths; namely, Sion, Goms, Brieg, Vifp, Lciik, Karen, and Siders. Of thele, Sion is aiiltocratical, and the others democratic.il. They are called (iixains, becaule the Upper Vallais being divided into feven, and the Lower iiuo three diltriifs, each tlivifion is a dixain, or tenth of the whole. Tae Vallais con- tains ioo,oco inhabitants, who all profelift the Koman catholic religion; Thebifhop of Sion was foi-nicrly ablislute i'cvereigu over thegreateft pait of the Vallais ; but his authority is now limited. The inha- bitants of the Upper Vallais aiC much fubjeft to goiters, or large excrefcencea from the throat, which often increafe to an enormous fize ; idiocy ahb remarkably abounds among them ; and the lower clalii are extremely indolent and cirty. From Mount Furci, its e bound^iry, two vafl ranges of Alps indole the Vallais. The s chain feparate^ it from the Milanefe, Piedmont, and Savoy: the N divides it from the canton of Bern. A country in- tirely incloiifd within high Alps, and con. fifting of plains, elevated vallies, and lofty mountains, mult nccefTarily exhibit a great variety of climates and piofpefliv The productions of the Vallais vaiy aiib» according to its fmgular diverfity of cli^. mates j in conl'equence of which, Mr. Coxe obferves, that (trawberries, cherries, plums, peais, and graphs (each the natural growth of the country) may be tafted in the fame day. It has more than- fufficient wine and corn for inferior confumption ; and a confiilerable quantity of both are yearly exported \ the foil in the midland and lower didri^s being, exceedingly tnch^ and fertile} but in the more elevated parts, barley is the only grain that can be cultivated with fuccels. There are no raanufaRures of any confequenec ini the Vallais ; and, indeed, the ignorance of the people isno ler» reroarkable- than-theii? ia«- dolence. ValijEMONT, a town of France^ in the department of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, with a caftle, 16 miles N by w of CaU(iebec% Loii. i 7.5 W-, lat. ^94.6 M. _. .„ ,. .,.,,.., 11 « ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^ >4 1.0 1.1 li&llB 12.5 jso ^■" MB! ■^ Ki2 |22 iM 12.0 lU 1 '-'^ II '-^ 1 J^ < 6" ► V /a Photographic Sciences Corporation 33WIST/»«Airv :'«2IT W»STER,N.Y. U5M (716)t72-4S03 i.^'' > y A E V A R Vallengin, a town of SwiAerland; Capital of a county of the lame name, in the principality of Neucliatd. It is lieatcd near the lake of Neuchatel, 25 tnile$' Nw of Bern. Lon. 6 40 E, lat. 47 ON. See Nevchatel. Vallersj a t«wn of Frahce, in thfc department of Indrd ahd Loire and late province of Tourainej noted for mineral «ratert. It li four miles nw of Tours. Lon. 04TE, lat. 47 24. N. Vallerv, St. a commercial town of France, in the department of Somme and late province of Picardy, at the nK)uth of the river Somme, whofe entrance is very dangerous. It is 10 miles nw of Abbe- ville, and 100 N by w of Paris. Lon. i 37 E, lat. 50 It N4 VaLlery-en-Caux, St. a feaport of France, in thcdepariinent of Lower Seine and late province of Normandy, 1 5 miles w by s of Dieppe, aifd 105 nw of Paris; Lon. 9 41 E lat. 49 52 N. VaLLIER, St. a town of France, in the department of Ardeche and late pro- vince of Dauphiny, h:ven miles ne of Tournon. Lon. 5 a e, lat. 49 ion. Valogne, a town of France, in the tiepart-tnent of the Channel and late pro- vince of Normandy. It is noted for cloth and leather, and is I'eated on a brook, eight miles from the lea, and 1 5S w by N of Paris. Lon. 1 »6 w, lat.49 30N. Valona, a ifaport of Turkey in Eu- rope, in Upper Albania, with an arch- biflioy>*8 fee. It was taken, in 1690, by the Venetians, who abandoned it after they had ruined the fortiRcations. It is feated on the gulf of Venice, near the mountains of Chimera, 50 miles s of Durazzo. Lon. 19 13 e, lat. 41 4N. Valfarisso, a town of Chili, with a well-frequented harbour, defended by a ftrong fort. It is leated in the Pacific Ocean, at the foot of a high mountain. Lon.7x 14 w, lat. 33 3 s. Valrees, a town of France, in the VenailTm, iz miles E of St. Paul Trois Chateaux. Vals, a town of France, in the de- partment of Ardeche and late province of Dauphiny, remarkable for mineral fprings. It is ieated on the Ardeche, three miles K of Aubenas. Lon. 4 16 e, lat. 44 48 N. Valteline, called by the inhabitants VAlLE-TELlNO,'a fertile valley of Swif* ferland, fubjeft to the Grilons. It ex- tends from the confines of Bormio to the lake of Chiavenna, about the length of 50 miles, and is incloled between two chains of high mountains. The N chain ftparatei it tnm the Grilbn*» the s fjrom the Venetian territories ; on the e it bor- ders on the county of Bonnio; and U bounded on the w by the duchy of Milan. The Valtclineshavenomanufacturts; but they export wine/ lilk, planks, chtcl ] butter, and cattle. On the loth of Ji i . 1620, there was a general maliacrt of in] prnteltaftts in this valley. Theinhabitanrs are computed to be 62, Varennes, a town oi' France, in the department of Mcufe and late province of Bar. Here Lewis xvi, his (|uccn, IjfttT, and two children, wtre anvltcd, in thtir flight fioni the I^uikTic'S, in June 1 79 1, and coiidii6ted hack, to Pari«. It is 1% miles N of Clcimont. Vain A, a coniuierablc lea port of Tur- key in Europe, in Bulgaria, capital o{ the territory of Drohiigia, witli ail arch- birtiop's Ite. It is leatttl near the mouth of the y:irna, in tl.t' Black Sea, 22 miles N of Mcllinbri^, and 14.5 uw of Con- Itantinople. Lou. 28 zS E, lat.4.z 44 N. Varzev, a town of France, in thede- irtment uf Voune and late province of Jiiigundy, with ;i caltle, 32 miles from Auxerre. VASSERBuac, a town of Ba.'aria* in the territory of Munich, with a calUe. It is furroinided by high ntountains, and kated on the river Inn, tS miles £ of «^Iunich. LoD. iz 15E, Iat.4S ion. Vassi, a town of Franct, in the de- partment of Upper Marne and late pro- vince of Champagne, feated on the Blaile, 10 miles :uv of Joinville, ^nd 115 e of Paris. Lon. 5 Jo E, lat. 4* xj N. Vatan, a town of France, in the de- partment of Indre ami late province of Berry, leated in a Ane plain, eight miles »N\v of Iflbiidun. Lon. i 56 e, lat.47 z n. Vaucojleures, aa ancient town of Fiance, in the department of Meufe and late province of Bai", leated on the fide oi a hill, on the river Meufe, 10 mil«s w of Tmdt zz £W of Nanci, and 150 £ of Paris. Lon. 5 40 £, lat. 48 36 N. Vaucluse, a village and fountain of FraiKe, eight miles from Avignon, cele- hiated byPetrar-ch. Vaud, Pays de, a countiyof Swif- krLuid, in the canton of Bern, It ex- tends along the lake of Geneva, rifing gradually fiom the edge of that lake, and is richly laid out in vineyards, corn-fields, and meadows, and chequered with con- tinued villages and towns. It was wrefted from the duke of Savxjy., by the cantOki of Bern, in 1.536. Laufanue is the ca- fital. Vaudables, a town of France, in the department of Puy de Don\e and late f>ro- vince of Auvergne, hve miles from If- ibire, and 040 s by E of Paris. Vaudemont, a. tfiwn of France, in the department of Meuithe and late pro- vince of jLoiraiiii ..with a caftle. 1| is 6-ated in the moft fertile co\|ntry for corn i.a ail Loaalo, 1 5 nulcs SE of Toul, and U B E Lon. 5 57 E » Iat.4t I? s\v of Nanci. 26 N. Vaudois, Values of, in Piedmont. They lie N of the nurquilitte of S^hatiifi, and the chief town is Lucerna. The in- habitants aic called Vaudois j alfo Wai- denlcs, f;om Peter Waldo, a merchant at Lyons, who exfolcd the fuperllitions 0^ th.: church of Rome, in n6o, ,an«i being baniiPied from France, came here with his dilciples. The Vaudois underivcnt the moft dreadful perfecutions in the latt century, particularly in 1055, 1656, and 1696. Vaudrevange, a decayed town o*^ France, iiv the department of Mcuitheand late province of Lorrain. It is feated on the Saie, tieai- the ttrong fortrefs of Sar Louis, 50 miles ne of Nanci. Lon. 6 36 E, lat. 49 z8 N. Vauxhall, a village in Surry, feated on the Thames, two miles sw of London. It is celebrated for its gardens, which, as a place of public entertainment, are the fineft in Europe. Here is an almiliouie for feven poor women, built in 161 8, by fir Noel Caron, who rcfided here, as am'- baifador from Holland, z8 years. Ubeda, a confiderable and populoqs town of Spain, in Andalufia, with a lirong caftle, feated in a fertile country, abound- ing in corn, wine, oil, and fruits, efpeci- ally figs. It is five njiles ne of Baez;^ and 158 SE of Madrid. Lon. 3 13 w, lat. 37 48 N. Uberlingin, a free impprlal tlty of Suabia, in the county of Furftcnburg. The-inhabitants, who are partly Roman catholics and partly proteffants, carry on a great trade in com, which they lend tt> Swillerland ; and not far hence are very famous baths. It is feated on a high rock, near the lake of Conltance, iz miles jj of Couliance. Lon. 9 10 E, lat. 47 50 N. Ubes, St. or Setubal, a fortlfiejl town of Portugal, in Eftramadura, with a gooj hiu-bour, defended by the fort of St. ^ago. It is built on the ruins of the aiu:icat Setobriga, at the head of a tay, near the mouth of the Zadaen. It has a fine filhery, and a very good trade, par- ticularly m fait, of which a great quan- tity is fent to the coionics in America. It is leated at the end of a plain, five miles in length, extremely fertile in com, wine, aiul fruits : the n end bounded by a unf of motinuiins, lodded with fine f orell« dr pines, and. other trees } and within ttt quairiet of jaipifr of feveral colours^ of which are made piOarc and images, that take a very fine polilh. It ii %% R r ■' t I' V E G miles SE of Lifbon. Lon. 8 54 Wi lat. 38 22 N. Ubv, or Pulo-Ubv, an ifland in the -Indian Oceani at the entraiice of the bay of Sianii 10 miles in ciixumference. It yields good water and plenty of wood. Lon. 105 56 E) lat. 8 25 n. UcKER, a river of Germany, which ifTues irom a take of the fame name, near Prenzlo, in the Ucker marche of Branden- burg, runs N through Pomerania, and being joined by tlie Rando, enters the Frifchen Haf,/a bay of tht Baltic. UcKERMVND, a town of Germany, in Pruflian Pomerania, with a calile, Icated on the Frtfchen Haf, a bay of the Baltic, 25 miles NW of Stetin^ Lon. 14 12 e, lat. S3 S3 N. Uddevalla, a town of Sweden, m W Gothhnd, fituateon a bay of the Ca- tegate. The hual'es are built of wood painted red and yellow, and the ftreets are fpaeioas s(nd airy. It contains 3000 inhabitants, has a trade ii> iron, planks, and herrings, and is 50 miles N of Gothe- bore. Udenskoi, a town- cf Siberia, in the government of Irkutzk, feated on the &ke Balkul, on the ifo \d from Tobollk to China, 1000 miles Nw of Pekin, and 1200 E of Tobolik. Lon. 96 30 e, be. 53 ON. Udina, or UoiNEf a city of Italy, capital of Venrttan Friuli, with a citadel. It contains 16,000 inhabitants, and Ls feated in a laree plain, near the rivers Taglemento and Lilenzo, 10 miles N of Aquileia, and 55 N by E of Venice. Lon.. 13 3 E, lat. 46 12 N. Vecht, a fortified town of Weltphalia, in the bifliopric ot Munfter, 30 miles n of Ofnaburg. Lon. 8 24 e, lat>5z S4-K. Vecht, a river that riles in We(tpli.i- lia, near Munfter, crofles the counties of Stenfort and Bentheim, and entering Ove- ryflll, pafles by Ommen, Haflelt, and Swarmuys, below which it falls into die Zuider-Zee, uiider the name of Swart- Water, that is, Blackwater. Vecht, a river of the United Pro- vinces, which branches off from the old channel of the Rhine, at Utrecht, and enters the Zuider-Zee, at Muydcn. VeERE. SeeTERVEHE. Vbglia, an illand in the gulf of Venice, on the coaft of Dalmatia, with a bifliop's fee, a good harbour, and a ci- tadel. It is the moft populous tdand on this coaft, abounds in wine and itlk, and has fmall hories in high ^fteom. The only town, of tKefame name, is feated V E L on the fea, on a hill commanded by t\« mountains, 17 miles nw of Arbt ana 110 SE of Venice. Lon. 14. 56 s* 1,3 45 22 N. * * -' '*'* Veillana, a town of Piedmont ii the marquilate of Suia, feated on n e'mi- nence, near the river Doria, n mileg n J of Turin, Lon. 7 34 e, lat.45 7 n. Veiros, a town. of Portugal, in Aler^ tejo, with, a c.iftle, leafed on the Anha-. loura, 10 miles, ssw of Portalegre. Lon I 7 34 w, lat. 38 57 N. *f ^ Veit, St. a ftiong town of Germanv. Ml Carmthia, with an old caftle, ftaiefl at the confluence of the Glan and W ijJ nich, eight miles n of Clagenfurt, and! and 173 sw of Vienna. Lon. 14 10 r I lat. 47 I N. *J Veit, St. a ftrong feaport of Auftriaal Iftria. See Fiume. I Vela, a cape on the N coail of Terial "Firma, 160 miles ene of St. Martha.j Lon. 71 »sw, lat. 12 30 N. Velay, a late province of Fn bounded on the n by Forez, on the wL by Auvergne, on the s by Gevaudair^l and on the e by Vivarez. It is hill of! High mountains, covered with fnow the! greater part of the year, but abounds in cattle. It now ibrins the department of Upper Loire. Veldentz, 3 town of Germany, in] the palatinate of the Rhine, capital of a county of the lame name, with a caftle. it is leatcd on the e fide of the Molelle/ »5 miles NE of Treves. Lon. 732, ht. 49 5*N. Veletri, or Velletri, an aHcitm town of Italy, in Campagna di Roina. It is the relidcnce of the bilbop of Oftia, wholi: palace il magnificent } and there are large fquares adorned with fine foun- tains. It is feated on an eminence, iiir- ruunded by hills, eight miles ese oi Albano, and 20 se of Rome. Lon. 12, 56 E, lat. 41 46 N. Vele7,,. a town of Spain, in New Caf- tile^ with a caftle, 4s miles NE of To.- ledo, and 50 SE of Madrid. Lou. a 22 Wy lat. 40 ON. Veeez-de-Gomara, a feapoct of the kingdom of Fez, with a cattlcj leatcd be- tween two high mountains, on the Me- diterranean, lao miles nne of Fez. Lon^ 4 o w, lat. 35 ION. Velez-Malaoa, a town of Spain,; in Granada, with a caitle, feated in ai large plain, near the Mediterranean, i* miles NE of Malaga, and 52 sw (^Gra- nada. Lon. 3 24 Wj lat. 3642 N. VsLiKA, a town of Sdavonia, feated, I scan V E N ■ iBtheriver Bakawa, lo miles e of Cnietz, I jod 60 N w of Pofcga. Lon. 16 50 E» lat . Veliki Ustiug, a province of Euro- Ruflfia, in the government of Vo- giia. Uftiug is the capital. Velore, a town ol Hindooftan, in jtheCarnatic. It it a poll of great iin- lportance» commanding the great I'oad I tioin Myfore into the Carnatic. It con- I Jills of three itrong forts on as many hills, and is deemed impregnable to an Indian I irmy. During the lalt war againii' Hyder I Ally» it was rdieved by fir Eyre Coote^ in the face ot the whole amy of that I chief. It is 90 niiles w of Madras. Vena, or Monti-della-Vena, mountains of Caruiola, on the confines of I Iliria, on the s.of the lake Czernic. Venafro, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with a bi(hop's fre, lirated iiear the Volturno, 17 miles w of Capua, and 1 43 N of Naples. Lon. 14. 19 e, lat. 43 31 N. Venaissin, a fmall but fertile tetritory •f France, lately depending on the pope, and lying between Provence, Dauphiny, the EKirance, and the Rhone. Carpenti-as is the capital. Venant, St. a town of France, In the department of the Straits of Calais and late province of Artois . It can be laid un- der water at any time, which is its chief defence, and is 27 miles se of Dunkirk, and zt NW of Anas. Lon. z 39 E, lat. 1 50 38 N. • Venasque, a town of Spain, in Ar- ragon, in a valley of the fame name, with I a ftrong caftle. It is leattd on the Ef- fara, in a country producing good wine, 35 miles E of Balbaftro. Lon.o 25 E, iat.41 58 N. Vence, an ancient town of France, in the department of Var and late pro- ' vince of Provence. Before the revolution, j it was a bilhop's fee. It is right miles from the Mediterranean, and 10 w of I Nice. Lon. 7 13 E, lat. 43 43 N. Vendee, a department of France, in- cluding part of the late province of Poi- tou. It is fo called from a fmall river of the fame. Fontenay-le-Compte is the I capital. Vendome, a confiderable town of France, in the department of Loir and Cher and late province of Blaifois, feated : on the river Loir, 30 miles ne of Tours, I and 95 sw of Paris, tfm, i 8 e, lat. 47 50N. Vbnezvbla, a protnnce of Terra Firma, bounded on the N by the Carlb- I heap Sea* oa the s by Caraccusj on the V E N s by New Granada, and oi> the W by St. Martha. When the Spaniards land«4 here in 1499, they obferved foine huts built upon piles, in an Indian village, in order to raife them above the Itagnated water that covered the ulain: ar^ thia- induced them to give it the name of Ve- nezuela, or Little Venice. Near the fea- coaft are very high mountains, the, top* of which are barren, but the lower parts in the valley are fertile, producing plenty of corn, rich paftures, fugar, tobacco, and fruits. There aie alfo. plantations of cocoa-nuts, which are exceedingly good ; and gold is found in the {&ms of the rivers. This province was beAowed by the emperor Charles v on the Velfers of Auglburg, the moit opulent merchants, at that time, in Europe, in confideration of large fums they had advanced to him. They were to hold it as an hereditary fief of the crown of Caftile, on condition of conquering the country and eftablifhing a colpny, within a limited time. Unfor- tunately, they committed the executioa of their plan to fome of the foldiers of for- tune with which Germany abounded in the 1 6th century, by whofe rapacity and extortion the country was fo defolated, that it could hardly aiFord them fabfift- ence, and the Velfers virere obliged to re- linquifh their property. The Spaniards immediately refumed pofleflion of it} but, notwithllanding many natural advantages, it fa ftill one of their molt languiibing and unproduAive fettlements. Venezuela, the capital of a province of the fame name, in Terra Firma, with a bi(hop's fee. It (lands on a peninfula, on the. £ fide of the gulf of Venezuela, 70 miles ne of Maracaybo. Lon. 70 15 W, lat. 1043N. Venezuela, a «ilf on the n coaft of Terra Firma, which communicates with the lake of Maracaybo, by a narrow ftrait. Venice, a republic of Italy, which compiehends 14 provinces} namely, the Dogado, Paduano, Vicentino, Veronefe, Brefciano, Bergamo, Cremafco, Polefino- di-kovigo, Trevifano, Feltrino, Bellu- nefe, Cadorino, and part of Friuli and Iftria. In the 4th century, when Attila king of the Huns ravaged the N part of Italy, many of thclnhabitants abandoned their country, aad retiitd into the iflands^ of the Adriatic Sea, now -called the gulf of Venice. As tlttfe iflands are near each other, they found means to join them, by driving piles on the fides of the canals,, on. whichjthey built houles, and thus the fupevb city of Venice had its beginning. R r * :i!' ,!.! I'l. .,} ■.I if 1 ;r i i ^, .''^ 1 1 SJK- V E N Thf fevemtnient of the t«publie of Venice imr^tocr^tic, for none c^n have any {\\:irt in it but the nohJcs. The cioge is elected by a plurality of voices, and keeps hit> dig- nity fw life, and they ma':e ule of gold aadfilverbaUs, which ai'ejj^* infoa vellcl, an4 lirrve for balloting. T bote who draw nine ||;o|den balls, firitele^ 4ocounlelloi-s. m^o inw twelve other*, and tkil z 5 in addition : of this number nine peribns,, vtho have drawn soUien balls, chooie 40 Qiore i eleven of thofc, appointed in the iknie w^y, choofe 41 counfellors, who finally proceed to the eleAion, till 25 votes or more fall Upon the lame perlbn, who is then declare^ doge. After this tleftion ^ey place the ducat cap upon his head, ttpon \ lich he takes poflfeifion of the doge's j^alace. Ur never uncovers his head to any perfon, becaulie he does not wear the «ap in his own nanw, but in that of the republic. Hi« office is to marry the Adriatic Sea, in the name of the republic ; to ^refide in all airemblies of the ftate; to have an eye over all the members of* the magiftracy ; and to nominate to all the be- nei^es annexed to the chiu-ch of St. Mark. On the other hand, his power is fc very limited, that it is faid of him ; he is a king in purple, a councellor in the coim- cil, a prifoner in the city, and out of it a private perfen. There arc five coun- cils : the fii-ft is called La Signoria, and is compored of the doge and lix counlel- tew. Theiecond is ifConfiglio Grande, or the Great Council, in which all the nobles have a voice. The third is II Con- i^li tcftants are not aUbwied the, f ee exercile of their religion { but they are not per- > flMuled'. Tile head of the clergw is tlie pMpliu-chbf Venice^ who is a noble Ve- * iktfilifi, ete^rd bf the fenate ; but» in con- ftijUence of the ^Hcy^ df the fenattt, he li«i Ivfurct any- p^cr ovw th« ftvuSn aad ' • V E N - monks. The tribimal of the inquifition* Venice is conipofcd of the pope's nuncita the patriarch of Venice, and the father in] quifitor; but to prevent any abuieof thei authority, three of the counfellors of th, republic are added, without whole conj lent nothing can be done. The Venctiai trrritories on the continent, enumerate above (and which, by way of diftinetioa are lomctimes called the Terra Fii ma) ar, dtlcribed in their refpeaive places. Th« number of people in the whole ttrritoricti of the republic, is cftimated at 1,500,000.1 Venice was once one of the moft powerfuH commercial and maritime ftates inEuropcJ For this it was indebted, at firft, to thij monopoly of the commerce of India j thel produ^s of that country being conveyed,! in the middle ages, up tne Pcrlianj Gulf, the Euphrates, and the Tigris, nA far as Bagdad; thence by land, acrofsl the delcrt, to Palmyra > and thence to tlrel Mediterranean ports : and, afterward, thel fupplying of the crui'aders with prcvilionsl and niilita) y ftores was an additional (burc»| of wonderful opulence and power. Alfl this declined, howevex', after the dil'co-f very of the Cape of Good Hope by th« Portuguefe, in i486; which, m its con^ fequences, has reduced Venice from a ftate of the higheft fplendour to compara-. tive infigniiicance. Whatever degree of liccntioulnefs may prevail among the Ve- netians, jealoufy, poHbn, and the fti-. letto have been long bani(hed fixjm their gallantry. The common people of Ve- nice difplay :bnie qualities very rarely to be found in that-fphere of life, being re- markably fober, obliging to ftrangers, and gentle in their inteicourfc with each other. The Venetians, in general, are tall and well made : they have a ruddy brown colour, with dark eyes. The women are of a fine ttyle of countenance, with exprelUve features, and a Ikin of a rich carnation. They drefs their hair in a very fanciful manner, which becomes thtni much. They are of an eafy addrels, and have no averfion to cultivate an ac- quaintance with thole Itraikgere who are mel'entcd to them by their relations, or nave been properly recommended. Venice, a city of Italy, one of the moft celebrated in the world, and capital of a republic of the fame name, with a patriarchate, and a univerfity. It; ftands on 72 little illands in the gulf of • Vsryice. The roaolv of an cn«« 0f'M Utttt the Venetians have only to nnll up the (lakes, and the enemy can ad- nnce no further. They are equally be- yond the infult of a land army, even in the midli of winter) ji* the Hux and fcflux o| the fea, and the mildnel's of the climate, prevent fuch a lirength ot' ice as cotild admit the approach of an irmy that way. Venice is fituate about five miles from the mainland, in a kind of laguna, lake, or fnialler inner gulf, feparated from the large one, called tne gulr of Venice, by fomt. iflands, at a few miles {iiftanee. Theie illands, in a great meafure, break the force of the Adriatic ftorms, before they reach the laguna ; 7et, in very hish winds, the na- vigation of the lake is dangerous to gon- dolas, and fomerimes the gondoliem do not truft themfelves even in the canals within the city. This is not fo great an inconvenience as might be imagined f for moft of the houfes have a door opening upon a canal, and another comnjunicating with the ftreet ; by means of which, and of the bridges, a perfon may go to almoft any part of the city by land, at well as by water. The numbf the great council. HeiTeagreat number of mwlkets are kept, reiidy charged, with which tiie nobles may arm themfelves, o» any fuddvn infur>ti5iiQn. Under the portico are the gaping movtHc ' of lioni, to receive anonymous loeter^^ in- formations o( treafonable pra^iees-y and accufations of magillrates fur aWea in of- fice. From the palace is a covered' bridee of cummvflication to a (tate prifon, on thi; oiher lide of the canal : prifoncrs pafs to and from the courts over thie bridge, which is named Ponte dei Soj^ri^ t\» Bridge of Sighs. The lov/er gallery, or piazza, under the palace, is called the ^Brcglio. In this the nobld Venetians w;}lk and converie: it is only here, and at couhcil, that ^ey have opportunities 6f meeting together) for they feldoUki' vilic openly, or in a family way, at each' other's houfes ; and fecret meetings would give umbrage to the lUte inquiiitors. There is an opening from St. Markka Place to the fea^ on which fland two lofty pUlara < R'J , ' 1" ''. ■• I :1 ( ¥n j.'^ -W ' V E N V E R of granite. Criminals condemned to fufter death publicly, are executed be- tween thefe two piilari. TLe arfenal of Venice is a fortification of between two and three miles in compals s it contains arms for 60,000 foot and «o,ooo hor(e, arranged in an ornamental manner^ here a 800 men are daily eirj-loyed in building Hiips, calling cannons, making- cables, fails, anchors; &c. The Vene- tians have a flourilhing trade in filic ma- nuta^ureky bonelace, and all forts of jglafles and mirrors, which make their J}rincipal employments. The handlbme tru£lure called II Fontica-di-Tedelchi, containing 500 rooms, is that where the German merchants lay their commodities. In this city is a famous carnival, which begins on New-year's-day, and continues till A/liwednefday ; all which time is employed in fports and diverfions. Then there is fcarce any dittit\£Vion between vice and virtue i for libertiniljn reigns through the city, and thoulands of foreigners fre- .^uent it from all parts of Europe, They all appear 'in malks, which no one can venture tio take off: in this dilguile they imitate the fury of the ancient Bacchanals ; and the nearer Aihwednerday approaches, tlic more mad they are. The principal ipot of themafquerade is St. Mark's Place, where there are rometimes 1 5,000 people; and it. fwanns with harlequins, jolters, mountebanks, ropeilancers, and piippet- ihows. Even the priells and monks enjt>y the diverfions of the carnival ;- but when thtit is over nothing is heard from the xrlergy bur fermons on repentance. Venice is included in the "rovince called the Dd- gado, and is 72 miles E by N of Mantua, 115 NE of Florence, 140 Eof Milan, iix Nof Rome^ and 300 N by w of Naples. Xon. I z f o E, lat, 4.5 26 N. . Venice, Gulf of, a fea between .Italy- and part of Turkey In Europe. It is the ancient Adriaiiium Alare, and is itill fnmetimes called tl'C Adriatic. The doge of Venice annually performs the ceremony of wedding this fea, in token of the fovereignty of that republic over it, On Afcenlion Day, he goes upon the water in a luperb velfcl, attended by the lords of the bignoria, foreign ambailadors, and innumerable . gondolas ; and 'throwing a fold ruig into the fea, he .'pronounces a .atin ilntence to this purport : We efpoufe tliee, oh fea, in token of true and perpetual Ibvereigntyi Venlo, a itrong town of Dutch Guel- deria rci, fornieriy in alliance with the llanieatic tpwns. It was more than once t^ken and retaken in the wars between the putch and Spaniards. In 175^1 it fur- rendered to the allies, and was confirr... to the ftates-gcneral by the barrier treat in 1715. It was taken by the French, Oft. i8, 1794; It is leated on the e fidf of the Made (on the oppofite fide of whic| is Fort St. Michael) 19 Tiiles n of Rure monde, and 35 NW of Juliers. Lon. 5 541 E, lat. 51 20 N. .. < Venosa, a town of Naples, in fiafii licata, with a bifliop's fee. It is featedi in a fertile plain, at the foot of the Apij pennines, 1 3 miles NW of Acerenza, and! 7a NE of Naples. Lon. 15 5a e, lat. 4«l 5+N- .1 Venta-db-Cruz, a tomi of Terr*! Firma, in the ifthmus of Darien, feated] on the river Chagre. Here the Spaniards ufed to bring the merchandife of Peru and Chili on mules from Panama, and embark. it on that river for Porto Bello. Lon. 79] o w, lat. 9 ioN. 1 Vera, an ancient feaport of Spain, in j Granada, with a bifliop's fte. It 'is 43 miles NE of Almer'.a, and 32 sw of Car- th.ngena. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 3715 n. Vera Cro/, a feaport of New Spain, in Tlaicula, itated on the gulf of Men. •ico. Here the flota arrives annually from Spain, to rcceiveihe produce of the gold and fdver mines of Mexico, and an an- niial fair is held here for the rich merchan- dili of the Old world . The air is fo un- healthy, that wben the fair is ovei-, there are few inhabitants befide mulattees and blacks. There are fuch cowds of Spa- niards from all parts of America, that tents are erefted -ibr them while the fair lalU. This place is famous on account of the landing of Ferdinands Cortez, with 500 Spaniards, when he u,ndertook the conquelt of Mt:xi(;o. It is loo miles e by s of Mexico. Lon. 97' 35 W) lat'. 19 11 N. V..ERACUA, a province of New Spain, in the aydienee of Guatimala ; bounded on the N'by the gulf of Me^fico, on the E by the province and bay of Panama, on . the s by the Pacific Ocean, and on the w by ColVa Rica. It is 125 miles long and 40 bioad, and is a mountainous and barren country, abounding in gold and fdvsr. Conception is the capital. V ERA-PA z, a province of New Spain, in the audience of Guatimala j bounded en the N by Yucaun, on the b by the bay and province of Honduras, on the s by Guatimala Proper, and on the w by Chiapa. It is 88 miles in length, and nearly as much in breadth, and is full of mountains and forefts ; but there are many fertile vallies, which feed a great nu nr.be r of horfes and mules. There are al many towns and villages of the natire V E R Amerkant. The capital, of the fame tame, hat a bifhop's fee, bit is inconfi- l^erable. It is lao miles nb of Guati- mala. Lon. 89 o w> lat. 15 ion. Verbbrib, an ancient town of France^ in the department of Oife and late pro- vince of the Ifle of France, ieated on the river Oife, 10 miles N£ of Senlis. Lon. s 51 1, lat. 49 zzN. Verge J. I, a (trong and confiderable (own of Piedmont, capital ot a lord- /hip of the lame 4iame, with a biihoi>'s fee, a citadel, and a calile. The town, houfe, the governor's palnce, and the hoipital, are handfome Itrucliircs. It is ieated at the cunfliwuce of the Scilla and Cerva, 10 miles nw of Cafal, and 40 ne of Turin. Lon. 8 24 E, lat. 45 31 n. Verd, Capb, a promontory on the w coaft of Africa, 45 miles nw of the- mouth of the Gambia. Lon. 27 33 w, lat. 1445N. Verd Islands, Cape« iflands in the Atlantic, above 300 mUes w of the coaft of Africa, between 13 and 19° N lat. They were dii'covered, in 1446, by An- thony Noel, a Genoefe, in the fervice of Portugal, and received their general name from their iituation.oppofite Cape Verd. The principal are ten in number, lying in a lemicirde. Their naixKs are St. An- tonio, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, St. Nicolas, Sal, Bona Vifta, Mayo, St. Jago, Fuego, and Bravo. Verden, a duchy of Germanv, in the circle of Lower Saxony, z8 miles long and neai'ly as much broad ; bounded on the E and s by the duchy of Lunenbxurg, on th^ w by the Wefer and the duchy of Bremen, and on the M by the duchies of Bremen and Ltmenburg. Itconlifts chiefly of heaths and high dry lands , but there are good niarflies on the river Weler and Aller. In i7i£, the Danes wreited this duchy from bweden, and, in 17 15^ ceded it to the eleflor of Hanover j which cef- fion, in 1 71 8, was confirmed by the Swedes. The inhabitants are Lutherans. Verden, a town of Lower Saxony, capital of a duchy of the fame name. It contains four cHwcbes, and is ieated on a branch of the Aller, z6 miles SE of Bremen. Lon. 96 E, lat. 53 ion. Verdun, an ancient and confiderable town of France, in the department of Meufe and. late province of Lorrain, witli a bifhop's fbe, and a itroug citadel. Its fortifications were co^ltruCted by the che- valier de Ville and marfhal de Vauban i the latter of whom was a native of this pl^ace. In 1755, great part of the ca- thedral was deltroyed by taghtning. Ver- V E R dun was taken by the Pruffians ia 179s* but retaken foon after. The inhabitaatk are noted for makiiu; fine fwectmeats. It is feated on the Meufe, which runs through the middle, 4» miles sw of Luxemburg, and 1 50 B of Paris. Lon. 5 is i, lat. 49 .9N. Virdvn, a fmall but populous towq of France, in the department of Uppcc Garonne and late province of Languedoc, feated on the Garonne, %i miles nw of Touloule. Lull. I toK, lat. 43 54 N. Vermandois, a late territory of France, in Picaiilyi which, with tlie late proviiKe of Soillbnnois, is now included in the department of Aifne. It abounds in cojin, and excellent flax. Vermanton, a town of France, in tlie department of Vonne and late pro- viace of Burgunay, leaded on a river, i <> miles SE of Auxerre. Lon. 3 49 s, lat. 47 40 N. Vermont, one of the United States of America j bounded on the N by Canada, on the E by the river ConaeAicut, which divides it from New Hampfhire, on the « by Maflachul'ets, and on the w by New York. It is 1 55 miles long and 60 broad, and divided into feven counties. A chain of high mountains, running N and s, di r vides the flate nearly in the centre, between the river Conneflicut and lake Champlaia. The natural growth upon this chain it hemlock, pine, fpnice, ^d other ever> greens : hence it has always a g^'een ap^ pearaxce, and obtained the defcriptive name of Vermont, from the French FerJ Mont, Green Mountain. The countryia generally hillyV but not rocky. It i« finely watered, the foil is very fertile, and there is nut a better climate in the world. The inhabitants have lately been eftimated at 100,000. The principal town is Beat ningtoa. , Vernet. See Issoire. V£RN£UiL, a town of France, in the department of Eure and late province of Normandy, feated on the Aure, tz miles sw of Evreux, and 65 w by s of Paris. Lon. o 59 E, lat. 48 41 n. Vern£uil, a town of France, in the department of AUier and late province of Bourbonuois, three miles fron> the river Allier, and 1 5 s of Moulins. Loa. 3 15 E, lat. 46 ao N. Vernon, a populous town of France, in the department of Eure and late pro- vince of^ Normandy, with an ancient caftle, and a foirtrei's at the end of the bridge, over the Seine, 17 miles sg of Rouen, and 41 nw of Paris. Loa. )i ^» £, lat, 49 6n. R r 4. VEK, V E S" Veroli, 3JH ancient and poi^ulous tov/19 •f Itnlyt in CampaKna di Roma, with % ^ifhop's fee.' h i« itated on the Cola, at Ihe foot of the AppcnnincK, 45 ixiiles SE ^f Rome. Lon. 13 15 k, ht.41 %S n. '' VcitONA, a large, ancient, and famoui «ity of Italy, capita) of the Verondc, with a bifhop's Tee,, throe forts, and an icadi^my. It i* rurroumlect by thick walk, deep ditclte«« and good ramparts. The ftretts are neither clean nor ftraight ; but there is a handfome place called the Piazza d'Aiini, in which is a marble ftu- tue, reprefcntine the republic of Venice. ^The niuft remarkable ftru£\ure is the ain- |)hitheatre byilt by the Romans, in which there are 44. rows of benches of white mar- ble, which will conveniently hold 25,000 perfons. Verona is the birthplace of Pliny the Naturali(t, and in the cathedral is a magnificent toniib of pope Lucius III. TherKiir Adige divides it into two parts, which communicate by two handfome bridges. Verona was taken by the French in July 1796. It is 17 miles nb of Man- tua, and 62 sw of Venice; Lon. i x 24 e, kt. 45 iG N. Veronese, a territory of Italy, in the republic of Venice, bounded on the K by the Trtntino, on the e by the Vi- centinb and Taditario, on the s by the MjaAtuan, and on the w by the Brefciano. It is 35 miles long and 27 broad, and one *f th- '"•4 fcrtilfe countries in Italy, aboui. in corn, wine, fmits, and cHJttK ' y fe R'N o I s , a confiderable to wn of R u f- fia, in the government of Reran, leated on a^ mountain, near a. river of the fame innri^, which a little lower falls into the ]Don« Lon 42 29 e, lat. 5,3 15^. • Versailles, a town of France, in the department of Seine and ©ifc and late'^pi'ovince ofithe Ifle of France. It contains 60,000 inhabitants, and, fince the reyolutionj htw been created a biihop's f^. In the reign of Lewis xiii, it was only a fraall village, and here this prince built a hunting feat in 1630. Lewis xiv bliilt a magnificent palace here, which was the ufuai refidcnce of the kings of Prtiici, till Oiftober 6, 178^, when th^ ifiifortunate Lewis xvi a.nd his femily, Were reinOved from it to Paris. The buiklings' and- gardens ivere adorned with a yaft number of ftatues, by the gieateft mailers, and the waterworks were magni- ficent. The gardens, with the park, aie iive miles in circumference, and fur- roimded by wallsi Verfailles is 10 miles wsw of Paris, Iton, x iz £> 191.48, 4Sn» ■ '*. ■ ■ Ye R 501, a village of France, in tb departtneot of A in, Tiat^d on the hke <_ Geneva, near the mouth of the rivir VtJ Ihi, fix miles SE of Gcx, and i^ven n oi Geneva. It goes by the name ot (,/!-fl3 fiul'j Folly, for Geneva having falleJ under the difpleafun; of Fra;>cc, the (iuktl de Choileul (then primf mmilter) tmlta.l yourinj^ to take advantage of the troubletj in 176U, formed a plan to ruin tliaf city,! and monopolize the wliole trade of thcl lake. With this view, he fixed on Veilbi as a proper fituation for a large town, and ' began to f«nk a pier, to make a harhour, &c. But when the harliour was neaily completed, and 125,000!. hail been ex- penk'd on the prcjei\, it was Aidiidily relinquifhed.^ Vertvs, a town of France, in the d»- p?rtmcnt of Marne and late province of Champagne, feated in a plain, at the foot of a motmtain, on which are vineyanis, producing vt;ry good wines, iy miles sw of Chalons, ana 78- ne of Paris. Lon. 4 2E, lat.48 53 N. Verue, oi-Verrua, a town of Pied- mont, m the county of Alti. It was be- fieged in 1705, by the Ftench, who did not can y it till after fix months, when it was reduced to a- heap of ruins, btcaufc the commander had. blown up al) the for- tifications. It WAS afterward rettored ta the duke of Savoy, if. is feated on a hill, near the river Po, 20 miles w of Cafal, and 23 ne of Turin. Lop. 8 2 e, lat. 45 13 N. Verviers, a town of the Netherlands, in the biftiopric of Liege, leated on the Weze, four miles sw of Limburg, ar,, top of tjie mountain fell in, and the m juth of Veiuvius is now little fliort of two miles in circumference. Vevay, the aucieixt VibUtum, a tQwn of SwifTei'laod, capital of a baillwlc. of the fame naine^ in th^ caatoiv of B«i'n, The famous . general Iurg|i« Ufa, a town ojf KulUa, capital of a government of the fame name. It is Icaicd on the Bielald, below the mouth oi the Ufa, 760 miles B of Mofcow. Lon. 57 o£, lat. 5440N. Ugento, afmallbut populpus towa of Naples, in Terra d'Otraiito» with « bifhop's li;e, eight miles \v of AkBSuvt^ and 20 .s\y of Utrantw. Ucocz, a town in Upper Hungry, capital of a cou^ of tne fame nane» with a caftie.. It is feated qn a CtnU^ river that falls into the NeilTe, 15 iuik» N of Zatmar. Lon. a* 34 e, lat. 48 s «. Ugocn A», a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mi!an>, feated. on the Tofa, 16 miles N of Varallo, and 45 N\v of Milan. Lon. 8 24 e, lot. 4S 51 N. Vmdana,, a town of Italy,, in tb* duchy of Mantua,, feat^edon the Po» eight miles N of Parma* and 17 s of Mantua. Lon. 10 35 Bi lat.44s8N. ViaNa, ^ town of Spain, in Navarre^ feated near liie £bro^ tnree railes, n of Logronno, and 46 sw of Pampeluna. Lon. 2 20 w, lat. 42 32 N. Via HA, a cunfiderable town of Porta-. gai, in.Entre-Minho-e Doueroj leat«d at the mouth of the Lima* vvlth a giood harbour, defended by a fortj 15 nHle* vi of Bra?a, and 36 N of Oporto. Lon. & 29 w, lat. 41 39 H. ViANDEN, a town of Auftrian Luxe emburg^ capital of a county of the fame name. It is divided into two towns by the river Uren. In th9 one i» a caftle, on an inacceflSble mountain. It is za miles N of Luxerabiurg, and ai nw of Tifves. Lon* 6 i3,Bf lat. 49 55 N. ViAJ^BN, a town,of the United Piwvin-* c«9, in Holl^d, with a caAle. It waa (aken. In 1672, by the Fcen^. who de- molidied the foitincations* It| is feated on the Leek, feven miles s of Utrecht* Lon. 5 8 E, lat. 52 oN. Vi.^^KA* » ^ovciriuneDt of Eur^a* 'iff{s|;SI if V I c V I E Ruflia, iK'kich wa» formerly a province of are mine* of filver ami iron, and nuarrie Kafan. It takes its name from the river of (tone, almott as fine u marble. Viatka, which runs throuzh it. • Vicenza, a ftrong and flourilhini ViATKA» a town of European Ruf- town of Italy, the capital of VicentinoL fia, capital of a government of the with a bifliop's lee. U is without wallil fame name, with a bifliop's fee, and a but is a large place, adorned with frvcrail caftle. It was formerly called Khlynuf, palaces, and has a fine iuuare, with! and is featcd on the river Viatka, loo piatzas under the houfei. There are alibi miles N of Kafan. Lon. 54 15E, lat. 57 feveral other iiiuares, and fine churche*. •5 N . Here is an academy, whole members meet Vic, a town of France, in t'.ie depart- in the Olympic theatre, a maHerpiece of mt of Meurthe and late province of workmanfhip by Palladio. It is Icattd >rrain, feated nn the Seille, la milc3 between the rivers Bachtglione and Ke. ment Lorrain VNK of Nanci, and 197 B of Paris. Lon. 6 38 E, lat. 48 47 N. Vic, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Up))er Pyrenees and late province of Bigorre, fituate on the Adour, I a miles N of Tarbes. Lon. o 9 E, lat. 43 14 N. Vic, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a bifliop's fee. The cathedral is •domed with a fine portico, fupporred by large pillars ; and the marketplace is very fpacious. It is feated in a fertile plain, on a fmal) river that falls into the Tar, BNB of Madrid. Lon. 2 13E, lat. 41 55 N. Vic-Fezen«ac, a town of France, in the department of Gei-s and late provihce of Armagnac^ feated on the Douze, 15 miles w of Auchi' Vic-LE Colli PTE, a town of France, in the department of the Puy de Dome and late province of Auvergne, with a pa- lace, where formerly the counts of Au glione and Ke rone, and two mountains, in a fertile plain, 13 miles Nw of Padua, 31 w of Venice, and 135 N of Rome. Lon. u 43 E, lat. 4.5 a6 N. Vic HI, a town of France, in the de- partment of AUier and htc province of Bourbonnois, famous lor the mineral waters near it. It is feated on the river Allier, 15 miles s£ of Gannat, and 180 « by E- of Varis. I.on. 3 ji e, lat. 46 ON. Vic HO, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavora, with a bifliop's fee. It was 30 miles N of Barcelona, and 165 almoft ruined by an earthquake in 1694, -r »«- I ..J T __ 1-. ^j^j j^ feated near the bay of Naples, 15 miles s by E of Naples. Lon. 14 28 £, lat. 40 38 N. VicovARO, a town and principality of Italy, in the province of Sahina, leated near the Teverone, eight miles e of Tivoli, and 40 NE of Rome. Lon. 13 % E^ lat. 42 30 N. Victoria. SccVittoria. _ _ . J _ .. _ ViDEN, a fortified town of European vergne rcTided, and about a mile from it Turkey, in Bulgaria, with an arch- are mineral fprings. It Is ieated near the Iflbire, i^^ miles SE of Clermont, and ftjo 8 of Paris. Lon. 3 aiE, lat. 45 36 N. ViCEGRAD, or ViZEGRAD, a ftrong town of Lower Hungary, with a caftle bifliop's fee. It has been often taken and retaken by the Turks and Auttrians, and is feated on the Danube, 88 miles NE of Nlfla, and 150 s£ of Belgrade. Lon. 24 27 E, iat. 44 12 N. Vienna, a city of Germany, capital on the top of a rock, where the kings of of the ciixle of Auftria, and of the whole Hungary formerly refided. It was taken German empire. The city itlelf is not from the Turks, in 1684, by the Auf- of great extent, tior can It be enlarged, trians. It^ is feated on the s fide of the being limited by a very ftrong fortinca- Danuhe, eight miles s-e of Grau, and tion; but it is populous, and contains 16 NW of Buda. Lon. 19 7E, hit. 47 60,000 inhabitants. The ftreets, in ge- 35 N.' neral, are narrow, and the houfes high. ViCENTiNO, a territory of Italy, be- Some of the public buildings ar^ magni- longing to the Veiietians ; bounded on the ficent : the chief of them are the Imperial V by Trentino and Feltrino, on the e by Palace, the Library, and the Muleum j Trevifano and Paduano, on the s by Pa- the palaces of the princes Lichtenftein, duano, and on the w by the VeroneG:. Eueene, &c. Vienna was ineifeflually It is 35 miles long and 27 broad, and Co befieged by the Turks, in 1589 and vei y pleafant and fertile, that it is called 1683. At the latter period, the fiege the garden of Venice. The wine is ex- was raifed by John Sobieflci, king of cellent, and the butter and cheefe very Poland, who totally defeated the Turkiflv good. Here are alio great numbers of army before the waHs of this p'".r«. No mulberry. trres, for fdkwonns ; and there houws without the walls are i tlo -td to be 4 '"".; -^ • *n V I E huUt nearer to the glacis than 600 yardt } fo that there it a circular field uf that breadth all round the city, which hai a beautiful and falutary effefl. The fub- urbs are faid to contain «oo,ooo inhabi- tants { but they are not near fo populous, in proportion to their fize, as the city, for many houfes ha . e extcnftve gardens belonging to them. Many families who live during the winter within the *" tifi- cations, ipcnd the I'ummer in the fuburbs. The cathedral is built of frteftone, and the Iteeple is 447 feet high. Joining to this church is the archbifhop's palace, the front of which is very fine. The univer- fity had feveral thoul'and dudents, wiio, when this city was befieged, mounted guard, as they did alio in 1741. The archducal library is much frequented by foreigners, as it contains above 100,000 printed books, and 10,000 manufcripts. The arcliducal trealury, and a cabinet of curiofities of the houle of Auftria, are great rarities. There is a fort of harl)Our on the Danube, where are magazines of naval ftores, and (hips have been fitted out to ferve on that river againit the Turk*. Vienna is an archbifhop's fee ; and in the winter fealbn is frequently vifited by dreadt'ul ftorms, which rufh through the openings of the neighbouring mountains. It is feated at the place where the river Vienna, or Wien, tails into the Danube, 50 miles w of Prefburg, 350 nnb of Home, 520 SE of Amlterdam, 565 e of Paris, and 680 ese of London. Lon. 16 a»E, lat.4S 16 N. ViENNE, an ancient and confiderable town of France, in the department of Ifere and late province of Dauphiny. It is feated on the Rhone, over which it had formerly a bi'idge, of which only ibme piers remain, that render the navigation dangerous. Under the Romans it was the capital of a colony, and the feat of a fenate. In tlw fifth centuiy, the Bur- gundians made it the capital of their kingdom. Its commerce confifts in wines, filk, and Iword-blades, which laft are highly efteemed. Before the revolution, it was the fee of an archbilhop. The ca- thedral is a handfome Gothic fti-uflure. In 1 3 1 1 > a general council was held here, at which pope Clement v prefided, and Philip the Fair of France, Edward 11 of England, and James 11 of Arragon, aJfifted. This council is famous for the fupprefUon of the order of the Knights Templars of Jerufalem. Near Vienne, on the banks of the Rhone, are produced the excellent wines of C6te-R6tie, in a foil where the grape, as the name imports » !s almoft parched up by the fun { and, a little further, are grow.> the famous her- mitage wines, fo called, becaufe a hermit had his grotto there. Vienne is 1 5 miles s of Lyons, and 765 se of Paris. Lon. 4 55 E, lat.45 31 N. Vienne, * department of France, formed of part of the late province of Poitou. It takes its name from a river which riles in the department of Correze, and falls into the Loire between Chinun and Saumur. Poitiers is the capital. Vienne, Upper, a dei^rcment of France, comprifing the late province of Limofin. Limoges is the capital. Viekarden, a town of Germany, in the niarche of Brandenburg, lieated on the Vetle, near its confluence with the Oder. Vierzon, an ancient town of France, in the department u{ Cher and late pro- vince of Berry, famous for its forges. It is feated on the Cher and Yevre, in the moft fertile part of the department, 17 miles nw oI Bourges, and 100 s\v of Paris. Lon.-.' 10 E, lat.47 iiN. ViESTi, a town of Naples, in Capita- nata, with r^n archbifhop's fee. It it ieated on the gulf of Venice, in the place called tl>e Spur of *!ie Boot, and at the foot of Moun* Garden, 45 miles NB of Manfredoniii and 117 of Naples. Lon. 16 40 E, lHt.41 51 N. Vic AN, a town of France, in the de- partment of Gard and late province of Languedoc, a 5 miles w of Alais, and »5 NW of Nifmes. VicEVANo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, capital of the Vige- venalco, with a bilhopV fee, and a Itrong caftle on a rock. It was formerly the refidence of the dukes of Milan, but is now fubjeft, with its territory, to the king of Sardinia. It is feated near the Tcnno, la miles SE of Novara, and 15 svv of Milan. Lon. 8 54 e, lat.45 ** N. ViGNAMONT, a town of the Nether- lands, in the bifhopric of Liege, two milei N of Huy. Lon. 5 *» E, lat. 50 34 n. ViGO, a town of Spain, in Galicia, furrounded by a wall, with four baftions. It has a good harbour, remarkable tor a feaiight, in 1702, between the Englifh and Dutch fleets, and a fquadron of French men of war, with 13 Spanifh f;alleons under their convoy, The Eng- ilh took four galleons and five men of warj the Dutch, five galleons and one man of war; fourteen men of war and four galleons were deflroyed. While thi« was U-anfafling, the duke of Ormond, withfome land forces, drove the Spani- V IL V I L Snh from die caftk which defended tht . arbour. Vig9 U ieatcd on a bay of tlie lame namr, iu tho Atlantic, eight miitra »w of Hettondclia, and a6o WNW of Madrid. I41U 8 aS w, tat. 4a 14 N. ViHiERs, a town of France^ in the dqutftment of Maiiut and late province of Aiijou, feated qn a lake, 20 miles $ of AJigera, atui j6% fw of Paris, Lon. o aj^iiW, lat.47 Sh. ViLAiNty a river of France, which vlfcs in the department of Maine, waters Vitre aiKt Rennes, divides the department of MorbiJb.'Ui from that of Lower Loire, and entera '.he bay of Bifcay* below Roche Seroard, When fir Edward Hawke de- feated tl^e French iUet, in 17 $9, feverai of theii- men of war took flielter in this river, in which they were obliged to lie leveral months. Villa-Aracone&e, atownof SancUr iua« 17 miles n^ of SalTari. Lou. 8:. 50 lEa 'at.40 56 N. ViLL A,.BoHiM, a town of Poitugal, in Alentejoy 10 miles sw of Elvas. ViLLA-D)£L.K£Y» a town of Spain, in £ih-amadiira»on the frontiers of Poitu^al, fakjvi by the allies in 1706. It is leated Oft the Guadiana, 17 miles NW of Bada* jos. L00.7 lO'W,. lat. 3S^43N. \LLUA(^DO^CoiiDiL, a feaport of Por- tncal, in the province of Entre-Douerp-e-^ Mmlu), at the mouth of tlw Ava» >9 loUes E of Barcclos, and 20 »w of Oporto. Near it is, an ancient. aq)»e4uiU I«o«.8 &3 w, lot. 41 14 K. ViLLA-L-o-HoRTA, the c3pUaI of the iflandr of Fayal, ouc of the Aaeres, It is feated on the w coalt, and bgs aihaAV* bom-, landlocked on. every fide except the JE and i«£, add defended by feverai forts» Lon. iS j6 w, lat. 38 s» M. Vii.Lfir-VhQ», a town of Portugal* in the province of Tra-los-Montes, feated on a. river that falls into tlie Douero. Jt is, 40 miles e of Villa Real. Villa-Franca, a feu^wrt of Italy, in the county of Kice, with a caftle and xbrt. In 1744) it was taken by the French and Spaniardsv but restored } and Was again taken by the French^ in 179a. It is! three miles E of Nacc. L.on. 7 25 £> latii 4^41 Nn , Vu*i the capital of the U^nd of 3t* ^»Iicha. Lon. 7 59 E, lat. 4) 50 H. Villa-Panda, a town of Si^iain, Iq Leon, witlv an arfenal, and a palace be- longing to th» conttable of Caftile. It is %6 miles K of Toco. Lon. 5 o w, lat. 4» S N. Villa-Rbal» a town of Portugal, in the nrovince of Tra-Io!HMonte3, and ca- pital of Comarca. It is ieated at the confluence of td^ Corgo and Ribei*a, 1 5 miles NE of Laine8(0» and>45 &Eof Braga. Lon. 7 20 w, lat.4f 9 K. Villa-Rbal,! a town of Spain, in the I>rovince of Valencia, 26 m'dw N of Va^ encia. Lon. 20 £, lat. 3.9 46 N. ViLLA-RiCA> a ieaport Qt' New Spainy in the audieiKe of Mexico and province of Tlafcala> feated on the guil' of Mexico, aoo milea B of Mexico. Loq. 97 i^w, lat. 19 »o N, ' ' VtLLA-RiCA, a.town of Chilit feated on the lake Molabaugen, 6» miles from the Pacific Oceanw Lon. jz* 41 w, lat. 39158. ViLLArViciosA, a fortified town of Portugal, in Alentejo, with an old caftle, and a palace, where th*; dukes of fira- ganza forraeriy refilled. la the iuburb is an ancient temple,, originally built to tlie honour oi' Pi-ofei-pine. The foil about this towa ia> evtimnely fertile, amd thae are quarries of fhte green oiai'ble. h. iinliaaBeda famciis liege again It the Spa- niards, in 1667 }i whifih occafioned a bat'- tie in a neighbouring plain, the e>Etnt ot wihi«b placed' ''he crdvun otfPootuga^ on the headfo^' the duke of Riaganxa. It is 16 miles svv of Elvas,, and 83, s& of Lilben. Lon. 7 16 Wr l»t' jS 3^ ti* ▼iLLA-Vici08A, a fetBOrt of Spain, in Alturia d'Oviedo, feated on the bay of Btfcay, »z miles ne of Oviedo. Lon. j S4W, lat. 4.3 IS N. ViLLA-ViciOsA, a town of Spain, in New Caftile. Here, in i7io> genrral Starember? defeated the French and Spa- niards undei- tht duke of Vendoine, al- though they were twice his number; but, from want of provilions, he was obliged «o leave to the vanciuiflitd all the advan- tages of a complete viiSloiy, which, ac- cordingly, they alcribed to themfelves. Villa- Viciofa is fix miles NE of Brihuega, and 49 NE of Madrid. ViLLAC, a town of Germany, In the duchy of Carinthia, befongiug to the biJhop of Bamberg, with a cuitle^ It carries ^n a great trade with the Vene- tians { and near it are the baths of Top- litz. It is feated at the confluence of tl« Diaye and Geil, Inrrounded by moun- tains, 12 miles sw of Clagenturt, and SS NE of Brixen. Lou. 14. 3 e, lut.46 50 N. ViLLE DiEU, a town of France, in the lati ;l 49 », ViLLENEuvE, a town of Fi-ancc, ia the department of LtJt and Garonne ami late province of Guicnne, feated on the river Lot, 17 miles N of Agen, Villhneuvf:, a town of France, in the department of Gard and late pro- vince of Languedoc,' 23 miles Nw of Nilifnes. Villeneuve-de Berg, a town of France, in the dcpartinent of Ardeche and late province of Dauphiny, 10 miles NW of Viviers. ViLLERS COTERETS, a tOWn of France, in the department of Oife and late province of the Ifle of France, with a caftle, 10 miles sE of CompiegiU'. Lon. 3 12 E, lat. 49 14 N. ViLLiNGEN, a town ot Siiabia, in the Brilgaw, feated in the Black Foreft, be- tween the Iburces ot the D:mube and Neckar, :^8 inilcs e by s of Friburg, Lon. 8 37 E, lat. 48 8n. ViLVORDE, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant, Jt-ated on the caml from BinireU t» the Scheid, feveii miles NE of BrulI'dti; Lon. 4 31 H, lat. 5056 N. Vincent, Cape St, the mofl fouth- ern promontory of Portugal, 25 miles w by s of Cape Lagos. Lon. y o \v, lat. 36 44 N. Vincent, St. one of the Windward Caribbec Illands, in the W Indi;,s, 5$ miles, w of Barbadocs. It is inhabited by Caribs, a warlike race, between whoa and the aborigines of the larger iflands there is a manifeft dIftin5\ion. Dr. Ito^ bertfbn conjei'hires that chey were origi- nally a colony from N America j their fierce manners approaching nearer to thofc of the original natives of that continent than they do to thofe of S America, and their language alfo having fome affinity to that Ipoicen in Florida. In their wars, they preferve their ancient prafticc of deltroying alt the males, and prelerving the women either for fervitude or for breeding. St. Vincent was long a neutral iflandj but, at the peace of 1763, the French agreed that the right to it fRould be vefted in the Englifli . The latter, foon after, at the inftance of Ibme rapacious planters, engaged in an unjufi war againfl the Caribs, on the windward iide of the if land, who wpre obliged to confent to a peace, by which they ceded 3 large tizSt of valuable lahd to the crown. The coo- fequence of this was, that in the next war, in 1779, they greatly, contiibutod to the redu^ton ci this ifland by the Flench, who, however, rcftored it iif 1783. In 1 795^^1ttfe French landed fbme troops, sfnd ^gaih IWliJ^^Kd the Caribs' H^, I , ■} I't ■■Up- nil V IR V I s to an infurreftion, which was not fubdued till June 1796. St. Vincent ii^. 14 miles in lenstb, and 18 in breudth. It is ex- tremely fruitful, being a black mould upon a ftrong loam, the moii proper for the raifing of fugar ; and indigo thrives here remarkably well. Here is alio a botanical garden, in which the bread- trees, brought from Otaheite, are now in a fiourifhing condition. Lon. 61 o w, bt« 13 ON. Vincent, St. one of the Cape Verd Iflands, on the coalt of Africa. It is uninhabited; but on the H\v fide of it is a good bay, where fhips may wood and water, and wild goats may be fhot. It is faid 'that more turtle is caught near this iiland than round all the reft, and that it abounds ^rlin faltpetre. Vincent, St. a province of Brafil, extt*nding along the coalt of the Arlantic, from the province of Rio Janelroin the NE, to that of Del Key in the s. The capital, of the fame name, has a good harbour. Lon. 46 30 w, lat.24 15 s. Vincent, St. a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, with a caftle. It is feated on a hill, near the river Ebro, 1 38 miles NE of Madrid. Lon. 240 w, lat.42 30 N. Vingorla, a Dutch fettlement in the peniniula of Hindooftan, on the coaft of Concan, a little N of Goa. Lon. 73 2a E, lat. 15 57 N. Vingorla Rocks, rocks lying about feven miles from the coaft of Concan, in tlie peninfula of Hindooftan, and 10 miles ssw of the ifland of Melundy; or Sun- derdoo. They are poffefled by the Mal- waans, a piratical tribe. Lon. 73 16 w. lat. 15 52 N. ViNTiMiGLiA, an ancient town of Italy, in the republic of Genoa, with a biihop's fee, ar fmall harbour, and a Itrong caftle on a high rocic. It has been often taken and retaken, and is feated on the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the Rotta, ao miles ene of Nice, and 70 sw of Genoa. Lon. 7 37 e, lat. 43 53 n. ViRE, a coniidcrable town of France, in the department of' Calvados and late province of Normandy, with feveral ma- nufactures of coarfe woollen cloths. It is feated on the Vire, 30 miles se of Coutances, and 1 50 w of Paris. Lon. o 45 W, lat. 48 48 n. Virgin Cape, a cape of Patagonia, Lon. 67 54 w, lat. 52 13 s. Virgin Gorda, Great Virgin, or Spanish Town, one of the Virgin Illands, in the W Indies. It has two food harbours, with fome other iflands epending on it (iiet VixciN Islands) and Is defended by a fort fituate In lon 64 ow, lat. 18 18 n. Virgin Islands, about 30 iflands and keys, in the W Indies, between St. Juan de Puerto Rico and the Lteward Caribbee Illands. They were called Las yirgines by the Spaniards, in honour of the 1 1,000 virgins of the legend. They aie poUefled by the Englifli aivl Danes. In the firft divifion, belonging to the Englifli, is Tortola, the principal, to which belongs Joft Van Dyke's and Little Van Dyke's, Guana Ifle, with Beef and Thatch Iflands. In the fecond divilion is Virgin Gorda, to which belong Ant- fada, or Drowned Iflc, Nicker, Prickly ear, and Mulkito Iflands, the Comiija- noes, Scrub and Dog Iflands, the FalLn City (two rocky iflets, dole together, at a diltance refembling ruins) the Round Rock, Ginger, Cooper's, Salt Ifland, Peter's Ifland, and the Dead Cheft. Of the Danifli divifion, the principal iflands are St. Thomas and St. John. Lon. fiom 63 45 to 64 55 w, lat. from 17 10 to 18 30 n. Virginia, one of the United States of America, bounded on the s by N Caro- lina and TenaflTee, on the w by the river MifliflippI, on the N by Pennfylvania and the river Ohio, and on the E by the At- lantic Ocean. It is 758 miles in length, and 224 in breadth. The principal rivers are James, York, Rappahannoc, and Po- tomac, which are full of convenient har- bours ; and there are alfo many fmall rivers, fome of which are capable of re- ceiving the largeft merchant (hips. The climate is various. The land tbwai'd the mouth of the rivers is generally low, and fit for rice, hemp, and India, corn, though at pi efcnt ftocked with many forts of trees, from 30 to 70 feet high. The land higher up the rivers is generally level, and watered with fprings ; but there are here and there fome fmall hills. That near the iea is generally fandy, and without ftones, for which reafbn the horfes are feldum fhod. The richeft lands lie near the branches of the rivers, and abound with various forts of timber, fur- prifingly large. The principal nroduce IS tobacco, wheat, and Indian com ; but the culture of tobacco has confiderably declined in favour of tliat of wheat. Vir- ginia is divided into 74 counties} and the capital is Richmond. Virtqn, a town of Auftrian Luxem- burg, 22 miles w of Luxemburg.. Lon. 5 41 £, lat. 49 3(S N. VisET, a town of the Netherlands, in the bifliopric of Liege, feated^ on the V I T Maefe* feven miles N of Liege. Lon. 5 40 E, lat. 50 44 N. ViSHNEI-VOLOTCHOK, a town of Riiflfia, in the governroent of Tver, one of the imperial villages entranchifed by Catherine 11. It has a canal, Which, by uniting the Tverza and the Matta, conne^s the inland navigation between the Calpian and the Baltic ; and the in- habitants, raifed from the fituation of flaves to that of freemen, ieem to be awakened to a lenfe c thi.-ir commercial advantages. The to\ is divided into regular Itreets. All tht !>uildings are of wocd, except the court ot jultice erefled by the late cmpteis, and four brick houies belonging to a rich burgher. It is feated en the rivtr Zua, 50 miles NW of Tver. Lon. 35 o£, lat. 57 23 n. VisiAPovR, or Bejapovr, a con- fiderable city of the Deccaa of Hindooftan, once the cap'.tal of a large kingdom of the fame name, but now fubject to the Poonah Mahrattas. It is 136 miles SE of Poonah, and 134 SE of Bombay. Lon. 75 19 E, lat. 17 a6 N. VisoGOROD, a town of Poland, in Mafovia, with a caftie, feated on the Viftula, 50 miles NW of Warfaw. UisT, North and South, two iflands of the Hebrides, on the w coalt of Scot- land ; each about 20 miles in length, and of confiderable breadth. Vistula, a large river, which rifes in Mount Crapach, on the confines of Silefia and Hungary, crofTes Poland and Pruflia, and falls by three mouths into the Baltic, below Dantzic. ViTERBO, an ancient town of Italy, in the patrimony, of St. Peter, with a bi(hop's lee. It contains 1 0,00c inhabit- ants, 16 parifh-churches, and many pa- laces and fountains. Near it is a I'pring, fo hot, that it will boll an egg, and even flefh. It is leated at the foot of a moun- tain, from the top of which, the city of Kome and the Mediterranean Sea may be feen j the latter at the diftance of near 50 miles. It is 20 miles SE of Orvieto, and 35 N by w of Rome. Lon. 12 26 e, lat. 42 25 N. ViTRE, a town of France, in the de- partment of Jfle and Vilaine and late pro- vince of Bretagne. It has a trade in Imen cloth, aiid knit dockings and gloves. It is leated on the Vilaine, 20 miles NE of Rennes, and 52 sE of St. Malo. Lon. I i3\v, lat. 48 14 N. Vitri-le-Brule, a village of France, one mile from Vitri-le-Fran.,ois. It was formerly a confiderable town, but was tMirnt (ai its nanoe Imports) by Lewis va. U L I ViTRi-LE-FRANfOis, a confiderabl* town of France, in the department of Mame and late' province of Champagne* It is well built, though the houiin are of wood i and there is a fine fqiure, in which the church ftands. It hat a great trade, particularly in com ; and is icated on the Mame, 1 5 miles ss of Cbaloni, and looEofParii. Lon. 4 38 B, lat. 4844 n. Vitteaux« a town of France, in the department of Cote d 'Or and late province of Burgundy, feated on the river Braine, among the mountains, where there are quarries of marble, 12 mile« SE of Se. mur, and 27 w of Dijon. Lon. 4 17 b» lat. 57 20 N. Vittoria, or Victoria, a confider- able town of Spain, capital of the pro» vtnce of Alava, in Bii'cay. It is fur- rounded by double walls, and in the principal Iquare are the townhouie, two convents, and a Hne fountain. The large ftreets are bordered with fine trees, which are a good defence againll the heat of the fun. It has a Igreat trade in hardware, particularly in fword-blades, which are made here in large quantities. It is feated at the end of a plain, fertile in corn and grapes, 32 miles se of Bilboa, and 155 N of Madrid. Lon. 2 56 W, lat. 42 55 N. VivARAis, a late fmall province of France, part of that of Dauphiny, and now included in the departnier>: of Ar> deche. VivERO, a town of Spain., in Galicia, feated at the foot of a (teep mountain, near the river Landrova, who/e month forms a large harbour on die Atlantic, 30 mijes N w o? Moudonnedo. Lon. 7 34 w, lat. 43 50 N. ViviERs, an ancient town of France, in the dcpartmeixt of Ardeche and late province of Dauphlny, with a bifhop's lee. It is leated among rocks (on one of which the cathedral is built) o*. the river Rhone, 20 miles n of Orange, and 70 NE of Moutpeliier. Lon. 4 46 e, lat. 44 20 N. ViZA, a town of Turkey in Europe, in Romania, with a Creek archbifhop's fee. It is Itrated at the foot of a mountain, at the fource of the river Glicenero. Ukraine, an exteafive country of Eu- rope, lying on the borders of Poland, Ruffia, and Little Tai-tary. Its nanie fignifies a frontier. By a treaty between Rufiia and Poland, in 1693, the latter remained in pofrefTion of the Ukraine, on the w fide ot the Dnieper, which conAi- tuted a palatinate called Kiof } while the £ fide was allotted to Kutlia, a::d calk4 MiifMi' JY' -' ULV Hw g6vemnient of Ki6f : but RviSilitiT- ing tfbtaitwd the Pblith pan, hy the tfeaty •Tiiartttidii, hi J79?i the tvhofe of the IJkraine> Cn both Mts of the Dnieper, WlongH iriow to thAt formtdabk po^er. ThM j^art of the Ukraine, on the w fioe «f the Dnieper, is but indifferently cul- tivated { but that on the £ fnle, inhabited by the Coffees, is in much bctttr condi- tion. The prineipal town is Kiof. See ComaCs. Uladislaw. See Inowladislaw. Vlieland. See FlIe. UlieRVeck, a town of Auftrian Bra- bant^ two miles e of LouVain, and ii se «f Mechlin. Lon. 4 52 e, lat. 50 5) N. UliETEa, oi\e of the Society Irtes, in the Pacific Ocean. Ldn.151 31 w, lat. .1645 5. UllsWater, a lake of Weftmorland, to miles N cf Amblefide, ^nd 14 sw of Penrith. It- is eight miies long, and Abounds with char, and a variety of other fiih: The navigators of thi^ lake find much amufertient by difcharging guns, or fntali cannon, in certain ftations. The report is reverberated from rock to rock, promontory^ cavern, and hill, with every variety of found ; now dying away upori the ear> and again returning like peals of thunder, and thus re-echoed leveh times didinaiy. Ulm, a free imperial city of Suabia, and the chief of that order in the circle, where the archives thereof are depofited. It is fortified ; and is leated on the Da- fiubey where it receives the Iller, with a handlbme bridge over the former. Here is a good college ; and in the cathedral, which is ^- handfome ftru£lure, are 6 3 copper veffels full of water, ready foi- thfc cxtinginfhing of fire. The inhabitants are p^teftants, and have a good ti'nde in linens, fuftians, hardware, and wool. The duke of Bavaria took it in i/oz, by ftnUa^m ; but I'urrendered it after the buttle 6? Blenheim, in 1704. It was taktttby the French, inSeptembei- 1796, but they were obliged to abandoned it the fiiiM month. It is 36 miles W of Augl- burg, 47 SE of Stutgard, and 63 N of Mafiieh. Lon. 10 he, lat. 4J 25 n. UlMen, a town of Germaiiy, in the ar«hbifliopric of Mentz, 30 miles ne of Tmres. Lon. 7 8 e, lit. 50 7 n. Ulster, a province of Ireland, ti6 nlles long and roo broad } bouildecl on the B by the Irifli Sea, on the n by tht Noifftem Ocean, on the' w by the At- lanik Ocean, on the s by the province of Xeittfter, and on he s w by that of Con •uifjtiU The principal rivers Wi tl% U N G lafm, Foyk, 5willy, Newry-water, and' Laggan } and it abounds with larjre lake< The foil, ii) gtneral, is friiitful in com and grafti aiJ there are plenty of horli;s. archbifiiopric, fix bi/hoprics, ,0 counties, and 36s partfhes. The primripal pbcc is Londonderry. * Ultzery, a town of Lower Saxony, m the duchy of Lunenbutg, feated on the Ihnenan, aa miles s of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 38 E, lat. ja 55 N. ULV^RSTONi, a town in Lancafliire with ? market on Monday. The country people call it Gufton, and it is itated at the foot of a fwift defcent of hills to tlie SE, near a ihallow arm of the Irifh Sea It is the poit of the diftriil of Furncls! The principal inns are kept by the ^uidesj who rcgillatly pal% the fands, to and liom Lancalter, every Sunday, Tuelday, and Friday. It is 18 miles KW of LaiKaftei, and a67 nnw of London. Lon. 3 iz w* lat. 54 i4N.» Uma, a town of Sweden, in W Both- nia, leated on the river Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. The houfes are built of wood ; and it was twice burnt by the Rulfians. It is the refidencc of the go- vernor of W Bothnia, and »3o miles n of Stockholm. Lon. 19 9 e, lat. 63 58 n. Umago, a feaport of Venetian Iltrla, feated between the gulf Lai'gona and the mouth of the riVer Quieto. Umbriatico, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citeriore, with a bifliop's fee, tho^igh now reduced to a fmali place. It is leated on the Lipuda, 15 miles N by w of St. Severina. Lon. 17 10 e, lat. 38a9N. UNDERS\VEN,orUNDERSEEN, a hand- fome town of ■ Swiffcrland, in the canton of Bern, ftear which is the famous cavern of St. Pat. It is feated on the lake Thun, 25 miles ssE of Bei^, and 30 sb of Friburg. Lon. 7 3a e, lat. 46 32 n. UnderwaldeN, a canton of Swiffcr- land, the fixth in rank } bounded on the N by the canton of Lucern and the Lake of the Four Cantons j on the e by high mountains, which feparate it from the canton of Uri j on the s by Mount Bni- nich, which parts it from the canton of Bern ; and on the \V by that of Lucern. It takes its name from a wood, which runs nearly in the middle of the countrj , from N to s. It is 25 miles long and i^ broad, and is divided into two pai-ts, that above the wood, and that below it, called Ober- wald and Uhderwald., Formerly the whole caifton was iindier the famejurif- diitioA i but the inhabilanti of the tw9 U N I diftriJlt now form two republiict, &bd have each their lancb-gemeind, or general aflembly, their landamman, and council of regency ; but with refpefl to external affairs, there is a joint council, choien equally by the two divifions. The in- habitants are Koman catholics. Stantz it the capital. Unghwar, a town of Upper Hun- gary, capital of a county ot the fame name, in an ifland formed by the Ungh. It is ftrong from its fituation among the mountains of Crapach, and is 47 miles E ot CaiTovia. Lon. 21 23 E, lat. 4.8 48 N. Union, the county-town of Fayefte, in Pennfylvania, 1 1 miles from the Mo- iiongohela. Lon. 79 48 w, lat. 39 54 N. Unitbd Provinces of the Ne- therlands, a republic of Emope, con- fifting of (even provmces, which extend 1 50 miles fron^ N to s, and 100 from E to w. They are bounr'^d on the w and n by the German Ocean, on the s by Brr oant and the bifliopric of Liege, and ci. the E by° Germany. They rank in the following order ; Guelderland, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friefland, Overyflcl, and Gro- ningen. Befide thefe provinces, are the lands of the Generality (including Dutch Brabant, Flanders, and Limburg) in which are the towns of Bois-le-Duc, Bieda, Bergen-op-Zoora, Maeltricht, Venlo, Sluys, iand HuHt. This republic (which is likewife called by the general name of Holland) affords a ftriking prcof, that perfeveriitg indiiiiry is capable of conquering every dil'advantage of climate and fituation. The air and water are nearly equally bad ; the foil produces na- turally icarce any thing but turfj and the poffefllon of this very foil is dilputed by tii6 ocean, which, riling confiderably above the level ot the land, i^ prevented from overflowing it, only by expenfive dikes. Y«t the labours of the patient Dutchman have rendered this fmall and feemingly infigniBcaitt territory one of the richeil i'pots in Europe, with refpcifl '" population and property. In other countries, poffeffed of a variety df natural pilxlu^ions, it is not furpriiing to find manufacturers employed in ilugmenting the riches which the bounty of the foil beflows; but to fee, in a country like Holland, Iarg«' Mroollen mwuifaflures, where there arc fcarce any flocks ; num" bet-lefs artifts employed in metals, where there is not a mine } thoufandt of faw- milli, where there is fcarce a wood j an immenfi; Quantity of Corn exported from a country wncre there is not a^rriculture fuifiw 4ent to fupport one half of Ui inhabitaKtc> lU N I is what ihuft firike every attentive ol:^ ferver with admiration. Among the moll valuable natural productions of the United Provinces mav be reckoned their excsllenc cattle ) and large quantities o^- madder are exported, chiefly cultivated in Zea. land. The mofl confiderable revenue arifes from the fiflieries ; but thefe are not lb confiderable as formerly. The number of veflcls employed in the herring fifhery» in particular, is reduced from upward of 20CO to lei's than 200 } and yet it raaiu* ^ tains, even now, no lefs than 20,000 peo. ^ pie. About 100 vefTels are employed in theGreepland fifhery, and 140 m the cod fifhery near the Dogger bank, and near the coaft of Holland. The Dutch werfc formerly in poffeffion of the cari-ying trade of almoft all other trading nations; and were alio the bankers for all Europe^ But theie advantages did not continue to be ib lucrative, when the other European nations began to open their eyes lb far as to employ their own fhippmg in thdr trade, aiid to eftablifh banks of their own. The Dutch trade, however, is rtill im- menie. In confequence of their vaft optj- •. Icnce, they ftill regulate the exchange for all Europe, and their country is, as it were, the univeri'al warehoul^ Of the commodities of every quarter of the globe. Among the monopolies of their E India Company, the ipice trade ' j the molt valuable } comprehending cloves^ mace, nutmegs, and cinnamon. Their Afiatic poflef lions are the coalls of the ifland of Java, the capital of which is Batavia, the feat of the governor general of all their Eaft India fcttleinents j Ibrac fettle^ mepts on the coafls of Sumatra, Malabar^ and Coromandel j the greatelt paft of the . Moluccas or Spice Illands ; fettlements of factories in die ifland of Celebes, at Su- ral and P-ttra, and in the gulf of Perfia) '* with Colombo, Trincomale, &c. in Cey- lon. In Africa, the Dutch have the Cape of Good Hope, with feveral forts and faftories in Guinef ; in the W Indies, St*, Suftatia, Saba, aSnd Curagoa; and in S America, the colonics of IfTequiboj De- merary, Surinam^ and Berbice. But .; they have loft fome of thefe in the prefent war^ In the United Provinces, the in- land trade is greatly facilitated by canals^ which crofs the country in every direftion* The number of then* manufaClnres is aftonifbing. Saardam, a village in H Holland,! or ihllance, containing 900 vtriiid-. mills ) namely, cornmills, faw and paper* niills, mills for the making of vvhite lead. Sec. Since the year 1579, the Seven United Provinces muft be confulcred m • 8 « {'''W^' u N r tr N f one political body, united for the prefer- ^H^ion of the whole. In confequence of tbe Union (iee Netherlands) the Seven Provinces guaranty each other'* rights ; they make war and peace, levy taxes, kc. in their joint ''apacity ; but as to internal ^vernment, each pl-uvince is independent. They fend deputies (choi'en out of the provincial itatcs) to the general afiembly, called the >tates-general, which is in- veiled with- the fupreme legillative power of the confederation. At the head of this government there has ufyally been' a prince itadtholder, who^cxercifes a conii- deiable part of the executive power. After the death of William ii (the fourth ftadtholder) in 1667, this office was abo- ixQncd by tbettates} but, in 1672, when Lewis XIV invaded Holland, the moll ■violent popular commotions compelled them to repeal the edift j to inveit Wil- liam III, .prince of Orange, with the office, and to declare it h miles in length from E Flo- rida to the NW angle of Nova Scotia } being ITtuate between 31 and 46° N lat. Umna, a town of Weftphalia, in the county of Marck, formerly a confiderable hanfeatic town. It is feated on a brook called Kottelbeck, 10 miles nb of Dort- mimd, and 35 s of Munfter. Lon. 7 49 E, lat. 51 £8 N. Unda, a river of Turkey in Etivope, which runs through Cr6atia, paffes by Wihitfch and Dubitza, and falls into the Save. , Unsha, one of the two provinces of the. government of Koftsxihia, in Kuifia; Malnrief is the capital, iesited on the nVer Unifha, zoomd^ w by s of Kol' «iona, aad 314 s«r of Moii:ow. ■ < ■ I , V OX- VOL UnsTi tht moft remote of the Shet- land Iflands, extending beyond 5t° N lat. It it eight miles long and four broad. VOBKDEN, a town of the United Pro- vinces, in Holland. It was taken by the French in 167X and 1795. It is felted on the Rhine> 10 miles w of Utrecht, and 20 s of Amfterdam. Lon. 4 58 1, lat. 5» 6 N. VoGHERA, a fortified town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan and territory of Pavia. It is feated on the Staffora, 14 miles ssw of Pavia, and 30 s by w of Milan. Lon. 9 10 b, lat. 44 59 N. Void, a town of Prance, in the de- partment of Mevrthe and late province of Lprrain, feated on a rivulet of the lame name, 10 miles from Totil. VoiGTLAND, a territory of Germany, in the circle of Upper Saxony, and one of the four circles of the marquifate oi' Mif- nia. It is bounded on the £ by Bohemia, on the N by the duchy of Altenburg, and on the w by Thuringla and Franconia. Plawen is the capital. VOKELMARK, or WOLICKMARCK, a town of Germany, in Cai'inthia, feated on theDrave, 16 miles SE of Clagcnfurt. Lon. 14 56 E, lat. 46 45 N. Vol A NO, a feaport of Italy, in the Fen areie, feated on the gulf of VeAice, at one of ^e mouths of the Po, 40 miles E of Frrrara. Lon.^ti 36 E, lat. 44 52 N. Volga, the lar^ft river in Europe, which has its fourc* in two fmall lakes, in the government of Pleflcof, in Ruffia, about 80 miles w of Tver. It begins to be navigable a few miles above that town, and is confiderably augmented here by the junflion of the Tverza, which is a broader, deeper, and more rapid river. By means of the Tverza, a communica- tion is made between the Volga and the Neva, or, in other words, between the Cafpian and the Baltic This river waters Ibme of the fineft provinces in th^- Ruffian empire, pafTes by Yaroflaf, Koroma, Nimnei-Novogorod, Kafan, Simbirfk, and Saratoi, entering the Cafpian Sea, by fe- veral mouths, below Aftracan. Volcano, one of the moft tonlider- able of the Lipari Iflands, in the Medi- terranean, lying s of the ifland of Lipari, from which it is feparated by a deep chanhel, a mile and a half broad. It is i I miles in cirtumference, and is a vol- cano, in the form of a broken cone, but row emits fmoke only. Volcano, as well as all the reii of thei'e iflands, is fuppofed to have been brlginally the work of fub- terraneali firc^ tff.the produiflion biF tlus ifland, in particular, Faszello, one of A* befl of tlte Sicilian authors, favt, that it happened in the early time of the Romaii republic, and is recorded by Pliny and otneri. VoLCANBLLO, ft fmall volcanic ifl^^id in the Mediterrancaot between that of Lipari and Volcano. VoLHiNiA, a palatinate of ^oland^ 300 miles long and 1 50 broad } bounded on the N by Polefia* on the s by Kiof, on die s by 'Podolia, and on the v^ by Auftrian Poland. It confifts chiefly of plains watered by a great number of rivers. Lucko is the capital. V0LLENUOVIBN, a town of the United Provinces, in Overyffel, and capital of a territory of the fame name, with a caflle. It is leated on the Zuider-2See, eight ir^lei sw of Steenwich, fuad la Mw of Zwtd. Lon. 5 4a B, lat. 52 44 N. VoLO, an ancient town of Turkey In Europe, in Janna, with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, and almoft ruined'» in X655, by the Venetians. It is feated on ft gulf of the ^mc name, where fhere is a good harbour, 30 miles SB of Lariflk. Lon.aa 5fB, lat. 39 21 N. VoLoiiMiR, orVLADiKftR, a govern- ment of Ruffia in Etuope, formerly a pro- vince of the government of Mofcow. Thef foil is extremely fertile, and in the ferefts are innumerable fwarms of bees. VOLODIMIR, orVLADIMfR, atbTVnof RufPi^, capital of a government of the fame name, and once the metropolis of the empire. It is feated on the Kli7.ima j 110 miles B by N of Mofcow. Vologda, formerly the largefl of all the Ruffian Eitfopean governments, coti- taining the provinces of Vologda, Areh- aneel». and Veliki-Uftiug. " It is now di- vided into the two provinces of Vologda and Veliki-Uffiug. ft is a marfhy countijr, full of forefis, lakes, and riven, and noted for its fine wool. Vologda, a town of Ruffia, ih a pro- vince of the fame natne, and the fee of an aichbifliop. It has a magnificent tathe- dral, feveral chuixhes, a caftle, and a fortrefs; and cairies on a confiderable trade. It is feated in a marfh,.on the river Vologda, Which falls into the Suk- bona, 257 miles V by E of MofloVv. VoLTA, a river of Guinea, which runs from N to s, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, e of Acra^ VOLTERRA, an ancient and confnler- able town of Tufcany, in the territory of Pifa, with a btfliop's fee. It is fbtrountkd by Wa'ils, contains feveral antiqi^tits, is noted for iu medicinal Wjiitftrt> %aA U S s a .11 V o u UPS ft»ted en a mountair), 30 milti s w of FIo> nnce, and 3* se of Pifa. Lon. 10 4tE, lat.43 %6ii. VoLTVRNO, a river of Naples,. which rifes in the Appenninei , pafles by Ifernia and Capua, and falls into the gulf of Caieta. VoLTVRARA, a town of Naples, in Capttanata, with a bilhop's fee. It is feated at the foot of the Appennine^, 20 miles w of Lucera, and 52 ne of Naples. Xy w of London. Loa^ o 45 w, lat. 53 36 N. Upsala, a town of Sweden, lA Upland, with a famous univerfity, and an arch- bifhop's fee; It contains, exclufive of the ftudents, above 3000 inhabitnntst It is divided into twb ahnoft equal parts by the river Sala ; and the ftreets are drawn it ' right angles from a central kind of ■ fquare, A few of tb« houfes ai% built af U R A brick and ftuccoed t but the gafenlity are conitruAed of trunks* fnioothed inio the |ha|>e of planks, and ^ahited red.. The roofs ahe covered in with turf; and each houle h^ its imall cov^tyaKl or garden. UpiaU wa« formody %the metropolis of Sweden, and the royal fiefulence. The ancient palace wap amagniAceBt building, until ^rest part of it .was confinned by iire, in 1702. The cathedral,, a large Oothic Itruflure ot brick, has been ieveral timei greatly damaged by fire, andas often lepaired.: .it contains the nion^ment of the famous. GuftavufVal^, Tlte ai^ch- biftiop of'Uplala is primate of S>ve4.ei)) and, tiormerly, the Swedish monaf ch« were crowned here. The un^verfiry is the meft ancient in Sweden* and is the nrit feminaiy in the North tor academical education. The Royal. Society he^e is likewiie the oldeft literary acadenw in the North. Here is a botanical garden* of which the £elebrMed Linne was Aiperintendant. ITpCala is j^ijpiiles nw of Stockholm* and IJ5 .wKW'.of Abo. Lon. 1748E, Jat. 59 5» K. Upton; 4u'rt«wB ki WorcefteHhire, with a market 'On ThuriUay. It is Seated ■«n the Sevem, n 1 miles 6 of Worcefter, and 109 wNw of London. Lon. i 55 w, lat,5< 19N> ,, V*.AL, a luyerof Afiatic JRuilla, which rifes in Mount Caucalus, and watering Orenbui-g, .Urahk, and Gurief, falls by three mouths into the Caspian Sea. See the next article. U&ALMN -Cqssacs, a Tartar tribe that inhabit th^ Rnifian province of Oren- bure, oa the « £de of the Ural. Thefe Comics arc defended ffom thole of the Don} suid-are a valiant jrace. They pu>- fefs the. Greek religion; but there are dtf- I'enters from the eftablifhed reUgioOy whom the Ruflians called RafitJaiki, ar Separa- tifts, and who ftyie themrelves,|S/tfroi|t, in i773> the-uu* p<^%or, Pugatchedft having af&imed the name of PeiKr ;ilir.fQ>peared amfun|[ thtm, and* taking SKlv^tage * of this circum- itance,- ttfUled thetoi once more into open rebellimk. . Thi» being fupprffl*ed % the defeat and execution of the impoftur, ih U R order t0 extinguish all nrnethbranceaf this rebellion, the river Yaik was called the Ural } the. Vaik Coffacs were denominated Uralian ColTacs.; and the town of Yaitflc was Aamed Ujalft. Thefe Coflkci art very rich, yi conleiiuence of their fiOieriet m the Cafpian Sea. Their principal Hfbr, try is torltnrgeone and beluga, whoferoe luppiies large quantities of caviare 1 and the fi/h, chie% Taited and dried, affi»rd a confiderabie artide of confumption in tlw Ruflian empife^ URALsr, atoKmof JUiflia, in the pre.' **"«. o; Orenburg. It was fbrmerlr called Yaitlk (fee the preceding articleV and IS leated on the river Ui-aJ, 375 miles NNE of Arfracan, Lon. 50 10 1, hit. 5* C N. Uranien BURGH, once a magnificent caltle of Denmark, in the ifland of Hiiwu Itwas built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated aftronomer, who colled it Uranienburffh. or Cattle of the Heavens, and here mSS lue a«d 117 s of Paiis. Lon. 1 371, Ut' rimiided Itjrmountains, planted with vine* 45 ^7 n. yaffil, 60 miles w of Pcrpigoan, and 75 Ushant, an ifland of France, on the M bf w of Barcelona* Lon. 1 44I1 tat. coaft 6f the dkportmcnt of Finiiterre and kfe province ©f BretacNe, oppeAte to ConqMcr. It is eight nniei in circumtcr. ence» and contains ftveral hamlets and a •oilie. Lon. 5 4 w. lat. 4S at n . Vitt a town in Monmouthihirc, with a market on Manday, feated on the river ^a 3x11 '^ Um, the moft fouthem canton «f SmAT' fiuiandi and the fourth in rank. It is bounded on tha n by the canton of Schwdta and the Lake of the Four Can - tons, on the e by thp country of the Gri^onSf and the canton of Glarus, on Uik« i« miles sw of Monmouth, and 140 the s by the bailiwics of Italy, and on w by H of London. Lon. t 56 w, lat. the w by the cantons of Underwalden and ji 41 h. Bern. It is 30 miles in length, and la Usic, a river of S Wales, which rifcs in braadth. . See Schwcitz. dn the w fide of Brecknockfhire, waters Uri, Laksof. ^eWALDSTJETTBR the town of Brecon, ayd entering Mon. SlE« inputhfliire, divulcs fhat county into two UAIzTZ, St. atoemof Swiflerhnd, in unequal nortions) paifing l>y Aberga. 4>e biihopric of Bafle, capital of an ey- venny, UJk, Caerleon* wid Newport, into tj^ve and populous^ though billy baiK- tbe Briftol Channel, wicof the lame name, in which Aeel is Ussej:,, a town of France, inthede* manufaAured with great fuccefs. The dfitment of Correze aii^kte province of Lon. t Limofiii, 31 miles NE ot Tidies. 15 e, lat. 45 3s N. UsTANio, a town of Italy, in the Cre- ihonefe, feated on the river Oglio,' i« miles NE of Cremomi. LoAi. 10 8 E, lat. town is indebted for its origin to a her- qiitage, bnile in ' the feventh century by $t. Uifmius. It is feated on the Doubs, ever which is a ftone bridge, i«v^ miles i ofPorentru. U.SBEC Tartary, a vaft country of 45 17 n. WeAernr Tartaiy, hounded on the n by ' Ustivg, a town of RuiTia,' in the eo- the country of the ICalmu53 lON. pital of the country* The Ufbecs, iii Utrecht, one of the United Pm- their perfons, are faid to have better com- yinces of the NetherlaAdi> 30 miles long plex^oas and more engaging features than and ao brofd | bounded- j^ die I* by the tbtJCalnracs. Their religion Is Maho- Zuidei-^^ ^ HollW, on the e by mot^fo; and ithey differ, in general, pueldeiland^ on die s by .the Rhine, very little from thirpeople of the northern and on the w by Holland* The air is provinces of Hindooftan.' very healthy, the foU fertile, and there UscAFiiu SeeScopiA. are nd i&tlndiitions to fear Is in the Other Us^DOaii an ifland of PrulRaii Pome- provinces •'-■..•; raoia, at themouthof thet4vtrDder,1n Utrecht, a cclc'Mtd tStyitf the the Baltic Sea, between which and t3ie Uttr^ Provinj^, capnal^'A^ R province iilattd of Wollin, is a paffage called the of tifite ifiMtte hame, with a ftttMiiisumver- ^win. It had toimeily a eonfldenibfe fity. ft is well-%rtifitd,bf'« fiiuare |oymr43£ the fame name, which ^aealnwft fbrbi^ and about thito mUea Ikicircum. iredueedlto alhcs in 1473. Lon. 14 is E> ieveiKe/<#ithcnit ita fowr fiibiirbs) which ]Rli4.54iSti. tr^eb^ifkicifible. TIieft«ei>k.dCthe ta. ■/ Us£.]^CH«9 an ancient town of Fraatee^ thedrtU la very hig)i> atod the feUMdromef |n th« department of Correze and k^epfb- in the Vnited Piieivilieea. There is a vi^ue 6f Limofm. It ii (bated on a iUsep g^^ nviiiibcr of ckurdier and ho^itah. ji f ^ ^ W A C fh<' environs are full of nrdcnSf walkti and grovMy which, added to th« purity of the air» render Utrecht one of the moit agreeable placet for rcfidence in thefe piittf and accordingly a great many peo- ple of diftin^tion relbrt hither. Here the union ot tlic feVen United Provincet was begun in 1579) and here wai con> eluded, in 1713, the peace which ter. minated the wars of queen Ann.' Uireaht funendered to the Prufliann in 1787, and to the French in i795« each time, without refiilance. It it I'cated on the Khine, 18 inilet SE of Amiterdain« 97 tin of Kot> terdam, and 35 nw of Nimeguen. Lon. 5 8 B, lat. 51 7 N. Utznach, a town of Swifltrland, iiv a bailiwic belonging to the cantons of Schweitz and Glarut. It was.alnioft in« tirely burnt in 176a, but haa fmce been elegantly rebuilt. It it three miles e from the lake of Zutic> and a9 SB of the city of that pame. UxBRiDq£« a corporate town in Mid- dlesex, with a market on Thurfday. The Colli run) through it in ^wo ftreamsf and over the main l^eara .is a iione bridge. A, treaty, was catried on here between CJMrlif I and the parliament, in iH4>} and the houfe in which the plenipotenti* aries met,-is ftill called the Treaty Houfe. Near this town are the remains of an an- cient camp. Uxbridgff is 15 miles w by N of London. Lon, 9 aj w* lat. 51 31 N, Uz|DA» a town of Spain, In New Caftilc, capital of a duchy of the fame name, with acaftle. It is feated on the CoeoUudo, ao miles N by w of Alcala, anra6 nne of Madrid. Lon. 3 13W, lat.40 46N. UzEt, a town of 'France, in the de- partment of the North. Coalt and late pro- vince yf Bretagnc, 17 miles ^w of $t. Bricux. Loa.a saw* lat. 48 16 n. lJzBt»t a town of Finance, in ths de- partment of Gard and lat«i province of Lang^edoc, Hieated in a country abounding inconit oilj.filfc, and good wine, is miles N ot NifnKs, and a« s w of OrajBge. Lop. 4 27 «, lat. 44 a N. W 'AACJ, a fix^T of KDngary,,whkh rUbs in the Caapathiaj^movultaiiv, Etifes by leopolftadt, and falls into the anube, opposite , the iUaud of Schut. >)rAf;;KOviA^ a craft of land in N Ca« rolinft, Ctuate batwecn the rivcrt Dan tai Yadkin, 10 miles s of Pilot Mountain* in the couaty of Surry. It cenfilts of io»>,ooo acres, purchaled by the Moravi- ans, in 1 751, and named by them from an ellate of count ZinzcndorPs in Auftria. In 17 5^ by an aft of aflembly, it war nuia«,#>paratc parifli, called Dobb'a Parifli, and it now contains feveral flou- riihiiig fcttleuients, of which Salem is thf principal. . Wachtekdonck, itownofPrufliaa Guelderland, I'eated in a morafs, on the river Niers, five miles 8 of Cueldnea. Lon. 6 7g, lat. 51 ajj*. Wadst&na, a town of Sweden, in the province of £ Gothland, i«markabl* for iu caltle, built by Gwltavus Vala, in 1544, and Inhabited by his ion, Magnus, who was inlane. It is feated on the ■ fide of the lake Wetter, 160 milei sw of Stockholm. Lon. 15 37 a, lat. 5I Waobninobn, atownof.Dutck Guel-. deriand, feated 01^ the Leek, 10 miles Nw of Nimeguen. Lon. 5: 31 b, lauct ON. Waoebia, or Waob&land, afertik territory in the duch^r of Holfteia, 10 mile* in length, and 15 in breadth. Lubcc ii the capital. Wahal, a river of the United Pro4 vinfes,.bf(ing the s branch from the Rhine below Emmerich. It runs firom b to W' through GueUcrland, paflos by Nimeguen, Tiel, BoflonKl, and,GQrcum{ ai^ jaSniag the Maeie, pafles |t(y Clort and Rotterdam^ and falls ¥ito thf Gennan Ocean, below Britl. Wanrbm, a town of Germany, in th« duchy of Mecklenburg, leated op thehUie Malcho, ^o milfs, s of; Malchin. ' ' Waipatp, flraUs between Nova ZenS bla and Ruilia, through wh^ch the Dutcly attem|>ted to find a ne pa0i^ to China^ and iaii^ as far as 75* e W i|i lat* 7a X5N. . Waii^flebt, a town in Lincoj^ife^ wttl^ f market m Saturday. It is . loated ne^ the ije^y it^z f«ni}y p^rt of the cOoft- My, and on the river ,VVit^^, 14 iniki ^E of Bofl»^, and 1,30 n by e of London. Lffn-o ao 8» lat. 5i3 I* N. Waxbfi^D^ a town in.the w riding^ 9f York(hira mafk«t.on.Fridayi' it has a large fc^urph. with ^ lofty tower and fpjiie I ^ another jch»»»ch is nearly finiihjKl, Here is 9^ ancieqt ftope bridge over the Calder, on which Edwainiiv erc^ed a chapdl, in i]tmembrance of tl)ofe >fho bit their lives in the hattle neaf th^ S I 4 >,ii.' l!'* I M ; 1^ ]l ll'i!' ii;^!l>- lilll!!::! W A L place, in 1460. It tra(1ei in whitf clethi and tammies, and it iK mile* sw of York, and i84NNWof London. Lon. I alw, lat. 53 41 N. Walachia, the ancient Daiia, a pro- ▼ince of Tuikey in Euroiie \ bounded on the N by Moldavia and Tranfylvania, on the B and s by the river Danube, ality of th« fame name, with a caitle, ieated on the Steinbach, 25 miles wsw of Cafl$l. Lon. 9. 4 e, lat. 5-1 ION. •' * . ■. . W A L Walden, or Safjrou Waloek, . corporate town in Eflcx, with a market on Saturday. It is leated on an afcent amonjr pleafant fields of faflfron, which IS here cultivated. It is governed by a mavor, has a fine large Gothic church and is »7 miles nnw of ChclmsFord, ami 4» N by E ot London. Lon. o so e, lat 51 4N. Walokirk, a town of Suabia, in Auftrian Brilgaw, and in an ifland formed by the river Elti, five miles from F,i, burg. Lon. 8 3 e, UU48 9 n. Waldschut, a ftrong town of Sua. bia, and one of the four Foreft Towns, fubjeft to the houle of Auitria. It is feated oppofite the plac:; where the Aar falls into the Rhine, at the entrance ot the Black Foreft, eight miles ne of Lauf- fenburg, and 17 w of Sckaffhaulen. Lon. 8 HE, lat. 47 38 n. WaldstvidTe, a name given to the Swifs cantons of Lucem, Uri, Schweitz •«nd Underwalden. It fignifies Forfjl ivMj ; thefe cuntons containing a great -mbei- of forefts. This diftrift mult not be cpnfounded with the Waldltsedte, or Foreft Towns of Suiibia, which are LauHenburg, Waldfchut, Seckingen, and Rheinfelden. .Waldstatter See, or Lake or THE Four CA>*tbNs, one of the fineft lakes in S-VilFerhind.' It confrfts of three principal branches, called the lakes of Luccrn;, Schweitzj and Uj-i. The upper branch, or lake of Lucem, is in the fonn of a crofs} the fides of which ftretch frum Kuflhatcht to DuUenwal, a village nearStanti. It is bounded toward the town by cultivated hills Hoping gradually to the water, contrafted on the oppofite fide by ftn enoriiidusnidrs of ban en And craggyr rocks { Mount Pilate, one of the higheit mountains" in < Swifierland, rifitig boldly front the lake. Toward the K of this branch, the lake contrails into a nar- row crceki fearcely a mile acrof's.' Soon after, it again widensi and forrtts the fecond' biranch, or Jake of ^hweitz; on the w fide, tiie cantoir of Underwalden, on the B that of Schweitz. Here the mountains are more lofty, and infinitely varied; fome covered to the veiy fummits with verdure, others' perpendicular and craggy 5 s; here formiiig amphitheatres of wood j there jutting into the water in bold promontories. Near Bi-uiHei:, coihineoc^s the third branch, m* lake of, Uri, which taikes a SB direction. It is deep ind nar- row, about nine miles long, bordered qn both fides by rocks imcomoionly wild and W A L rontanCtCi with forefts of beech and pine {rowing down their fides to the very edge oi the water. WalSS, a principality in the •v of England, no miki Ions and 80 broad; bounded on the N by the Iiiih Sea, on the w by that lea and St George's Chan* Del, on the s by the firilbl Channelt and uD tlitf B by the countiev of Chcftcr, Sa< lup» Hereford* and Monmouth. It is divided into 11 counties: namelyi An- gleley* Carnarvonfhire, Denbighfhire, ji'lintlhire, Mtnonethlhire, attd Mont^o- merylhire, in N Waiek) Breclcnock(hire, Cardiganfliire, Carmaithenihirc, Qlanior- ganfhire, Pembrokefhire, and Kadnorlhire, in S Wales. It is the country to which the ancitnt Britons fled, when Great Bri- tain was invaded by tlie Saxons. They are now culled Wellh, and continue to preferve their own language. It contains 751 pai'ilhes, and 58 inarket-towns. The air is clear and ^haip, the cattle (mall, and provifions, in general, good and cheap. Wales is a mountainous country^ and it particularly remarkable for goats. It is watered by many rivers, the principal of which are noted in the different counties, Wales, New North, a country of N America in New Britain, lying w pf iiudibn's Bay, and fubjeA to Great Britain. Wales, New Sovth, a country of N Ainei'ica, in New Britain, lying sw of Hudlbn's Bay, and fubjeft to Great Bri- tain. See Britain, NBW}Hin>80N*s Bay, and Labrador. Wales, New South, the b coaftof New Holland, extending from 43 49 to to 37 s lat. being the N and s extremities of that vaft ifland. This coaft was fir^ explored by captain Cook, in 1770 } and n defign was formed^ in confequeiict of his recommendation, to fettle a colony of coiaviAs at Botany Bay. Cnptain Philip being appointed governor cf the intended fettlemcnt, as well as commodore on the voyage, failed iiom Portfmouth, in May 7787, with a detachmentiof marines, and 778 coovi(^8, of which aao were women. He arrive4 at Botany Bay in January X.788 V but finding this bay very ineligible {or a cokmir, he fixed upon Port Jackfon, About three leagues and a half n of Cape £inks ; and here a fettlemcnt was begun, to which he gave the name of Sydney <^ove.. For toe fublequent proceedings of the colony, we muil refer to governor Philip's Voyage to Botany Bay, and to the publications of captain Tench and captain Hunter on tlie Dune fubjcift. With W A L refpeft to the country, i vaft chdn of loity nnountains, about 60 miles inland, runs nearly m a n and s direction further than tUe eye can reach. The general face of it is pleafmg, diverfified with gentle rifmgs and fmall winding vallies, covered, for the molt part, with large fpreading trees, affording a fucceiHon oi leaves in all fcalbns; and a variety ol flowering (hrubs, alinoft all intirely new to an European, and of exquifite fra- grance, alraund in thofe places which are tree from trees. Many of the plants have been imported into Britain, and are now flounfhing, not only in ,.he royal garden at Kew, buc in many private colleilions. With refpeft to the climate, it appears not to be di. agreeable: the Iteat has never been excefiive in funiraer, nor the cold intolerable in winter. Storms of thunder and lightning are frequent ; but thefe are common to all warm countries. The quadrupeds are priilci|)ally of the oppolTum kind, of which the molt remarkable is the kangaroo. There is alio a fpecies of dogs very different from thofe known in Europe; they are extremely fierce, and can never be brought to the fame degree of familiarity s". thofe which we aft acquainted with : fome of fhem have been brought to England, but (till retain their native ferocity. Thefe dogs, which are the only domeltic animal they have, are czlledi aingei but all other quadrupedr, without exception, they name kangaroa. There are many beautiful birds of various kinds; among which the principal are a black fwan, its wings edged with white, its bill tinged with red ; and the oftrich or cafTowary, which frequently reaches th» height of ieven feet or more. Several kinds of ferpents, large fpiders, and fco- lopendras, have alfo been met with ; and three or four fpecies of ants, particularly green ants, which build their nelts upon trees in a very fiiagular manner. There are likewife many curious fiihes; though the finny tribe I'eem not to be fo plentiful on the coaft as to give any confiiereble affiflance in the way of provifions for the colony : fome very large (harks have beat feen in Port Jackihn, and two fmalier fpecies. The inhabitants of^New South Wales are reprefented as, perhaps, tfie moft raiferable and favage race oi men exiftii\g. They go intirely naked; and, though pleafed, at ftrit, with fome orna- ments that were given them, they foon threw them away as 'ufelefs. It does not appear, howv^ver, that they are infenfible ox the benefits of clothing, or of fome of I -I'll !!(( H I 4". i, I 1 1 ill 11 .W A L W /A "-E the inmrcnicnoes of* whi«h their' new acighbotu's ai'c poiTdTed. Some of them, whom the coiouiits partly clothed, iceined to.be pleafedwUtilhexonifbrtabie. warmth They dsriveti from it j and titey all exprefs A great defive for bur irbn tools. Their cok)or is rather a deep chocolate than a tuU blackj; but. the fiitn with> which their ikin is covered, prevents its true colour iVoBi apjpeafiog. Notwithftanding their 4iliegara for European finery^ they arle fond efaMming their bodieswith i'ears} ib thct fome of tliem make a rerybideoasiigure. Onetimes, the ikin is raifed ieveral inches from the ile(h, and appears as if iiUed with wind) and all theie ieem to be reckoned marks of hoicur. Some of ibein perforate the cartilage of the noie, and thruft a large bone through it, a frightful kind of ornament, hwniorouily calicd by the Tailors thelv fprit fail yard. Their hair is generally io much clotted with a red gum, that they re!emble a mop, Tlwy paint themfclves with various co- Ipurs : . they will alio fometiines omamtnt Aheinlelyes with beads and (hells, but snake no itie of the beau^itul feathers of tb^,ir, birds. Molt of the men want one WALLiNGFOrwD, an anciei\t borough in Berkshire, with a market on Thurfday 3'nd Saturday. Ir was once fUrrouhded by- a v«^ll, and had an ancient caftla, now^ demolifhed, and four churches, of which one only is now in ufe. It is feated on che Thames, over which is a ttone bridge, 14 miles Nw of Reading, and 46 w of London. Lon. t i w, Iat. 51 36 n. WaIlkill, a river of N America. See Drowned Lands. Walloons, a name formerly given to the inhabitants of a confiderable part of the French and Auftrian Netherlands, at Artois, Hainafalt, Namnr, Luxemburg, and a part of Flanders and Brabant. Walney, an ifland on the coaft o^ Lancafhirr. It is long and narrow, and' ferves as a bulwark to the hundred of Fur- neis, againit the waves of the Iri(h Sea. Walpo, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the fanie name, with a caftle. It is feated on the river Walpo, »d miles w of Efleck, and 110 s of Buda. Lon. 19 21 E, iat. 45 35 N. Walsall, a corporate town in Staf- fbrdfhire^ with a market on Tuefday and Friday. It has feveral manufafturet iii iron, fuch as nails, bridlebits, ftirrup*; IpurSj buckles, ice. and is governed by a mayor. It is feated en the hde c. a hill, 15 miles s of Stafford, and 116 i/w of London. Lon. 1 56 W, iat. 51 46 N. Walsham, North, a town in Nor. folk, witti a market en Tuefday, lomiloa i A :i . ■' ill j t I i):' '!■ t i!i sof KonwicV zn^^z? nne of .London.' Lon, t 31 E, Ut. 5a 40 N. •iyfALs\N9HAJ«,^;a town in Norfolk,, with a market oa.Friday. It is famous^ for tfie »uin« qf..^,jp]5)na(tery, which had a (tifinc ofthie.yArffin, .^Iraolt a# much, frequented ^s tb^it^^' TJiamas |{eck(;t 9^, Cfanterbury... Among. tlteiii: ruins are tv/o,, uncovered. MreIIs« ■ one of yvhich i& cabled tne Virsin Mary'i^ or the Hpiy Well* Walfm^am is 25 miles Nwof JS[orwicb> and 1 1.6 NNJE of Loiidon. Lon. o 53 e, 2^.5* 56 N« ., \YAl.THAM4 0fPlSH0P''sWALTHAM» a towa in Hampfliire, with a market pn Friday. It obtained this laft name froni a pal^pe of the bifhop of Winch^fter, once lituate bei-e ; and here are the ruins of an abbey> called by the country people, the Biihop's Abbey. The ftaiiie 9 Oeorge I, commcjily called the Walt Lam Black A(1, was occafioned by a party of tlie inhabitants of this to\vn, who had retired to a recluie dell in the New F07 reft, whence, . being in dilguile, ,9r-wiih their, faces blacked^ they ilfued in thp nigh^, conunitting great de.precia|:,i^ns,, killing deer, (heep, Uc. for. th>ir (vb- i^ence. ^ence they were called, -the; Walthain Blacks. The place of tlieir- lajtreat was accefllble only by ^ , iubir! ^erranean pa(tage : thty dreifcd liki^ forf^li; ersi and the croisbow was their weapop.. Thuy were dliperied, at lalt, by the ac- tivity of tlje uj^ighbourii);^ gentlemen. Waltham is eight miles s of Winchefteri; and 65 w by s of I.pndon. Lon. 1 ao w, lat. 50 57 N. . i{- ': Waltmam Abbey, or W^lth^m Holy Cross^ a town in £llez» with a market on Tuefday. It received its le- cond appellation from a hplycrois, pre- tended to have been'n.iracuIou.1y conveyed hue; and it obtained its fir^ n^mt ftpm a magnificent abbey, founded, ifviiunom* of this crofs, by king Harold, ibme frag- tneiils of wliich reinaiji. l^arpld, and his two brothers, after tlie battle of Haftings, were.inten'ed here. A plain ftone is faid to have been laid over him, with tlijs in- icription, Haroldus Infelixj aud.a.ftone coflin, fuppofed to have been his, wa$ difcov'jred mthe reign of Eiifabetli. At Waltham Abbey aie feme gunpowder millsj and fome raanufa6\ures^ pi printed linens 7.nd pins. It is ieated on the river Lea, which here forms feveralii^ands, ix miles N by E of London. Lon. o 3 E, lat. 5T 41 N. WAi.THAM Caoss, or West Wal- tham, a village in Htirtfcrdfhire, which takes its firit appellation from a crofs WAN ereflcd her* by Edward i, in honour of his queen Eleanor ^ wid it has its /icond narae^ from its fituatipn w of Waltham Abt^ey. It is leated on the river Lea. I a miles N by e of London. V^ALTHAM ON THE WoULD, a tOWn »^.i^?en 1787, and two fchools fpr children ojt" that perfuafion. The tower, of, thf. church is ancient, but the <;hurch itfeif i^, a modem ftrufture. In Garret Laivt,.finjthi«,pari(b, is a mock eletlion, after every general eleflion of parliament^ 'of .a, mayoi' of Garret; to which Mr. Foot$'$ dramatic piece of that name gave no fmall celebrity. Wandf- worth is five milts wsw of London. Wamgen, an imperial town of Ger- many, in the circle of Suabia. The in- habit^tc are papifts, an'' carry on a great trade in {Kiper and hard xe. It is feated on the Overarg, 17 miles ne of Lindau^ and 30 E of Conilance. Lon. 9 56 £, lat. 47 38 N. Wan GEN, a town of Swiflerland, ca- pital of the baiiiwic of Wangen, in Up- per Argau, It is feated on the Aar, 10 miles E of SoIeure> and 13 nne of Bern. Lon. 7 30 E^ lat.47 16 n. Wangen, a town of France, in the department of Lower Rhine and late pro- vince of Aifacs, icated on the fide of a •» WA R I mountain^ and furrounded by a wail. It is eight miles NW of Strafburg. Lon. 7 4.1 E> lat.48 38 N. Wanlockhead, a village in the N part of Dumfriesfliirc. It is fituste near the lead mines, and has a conftderable number of I'melting houies. Wanstead, a vill^e in Eflex, on the the (kirts of Epping Foreit, diftinguiflied for Wanftttid Houle, one of the moft magnificent I'cats in England. The church, rebuilt in 1790, is a beautiful ltru£ture of Portland ftone. It is fix miles NE of London. Wantage, a town in Berkfhire, with a market on Saturday. It is famous for beuig the birthplace of king Alfred, and is feated on a branch of the Ock,' 12 miles s by w of Oxford, and 60 w of London>. Lon. I t6 Ey lat. 51 35 n^ Wakadin, Great, a ftrong town- of Upper Himgarj-, capital of a county of the l'an-.e name, with a citadel, aiid a bifhop's fee. .It was taken by the Turks in 1660, but the Auftrians retook it in 1692. It is feated on the Sebes Kcres, 117 miles NE of Peterwaradin, and 150 £SE of Buda. Lon. 21 50E, lat. 47 5N. Waradin, Little, a ftrong town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the fame name. It is feated on- the Drave, s8 miler wsw of Kanii'ca, aiid 34 N by e of Zagrad. Lea. 16 1 5 e, lat. 46 4JS n. Warangole (the Arinkill of Fo- riftita) once the capital of Golconda, in the Deccan of Hindooftan. The fite of it is ftill evident from the old ramparts, which are amazingly extenlive. A modern fortrefs is conitru6\ed within it, and is in the poirefllon of the nizam of tlie Deccan. It is 6% miles nne of Hydrabad. Lon. 79 30 E, lat. 18 6 N. Warburg, a feaport of Sweden, in the province of Halland, with a caftle, 30 miles s of Gotienburg. Lon. 11 46 H,,Jat. 57 11 N. Warburg, a town of Germany, in the biftiopric of Paderborn, formerly im- girial and hanfeatic. It is feated on the ymel, ao miles se of Paderborn. Lon. g 19 r, lat. 51 33 N. Warcop-, a viUage in Weftmorland, on the river Eden, near the- Roman Maidtn-way, se of Appli.-by. Hcr?\i<'as a large cattle,' which covered near an acre of ground, with walls 1 5 feet thick, the ftones of which were ufed for building the fteeple of the church. Warde, a town of Denmark, in N Jutland, near the mouth of a river of the tame name, 1 5 miles N of Ripen. ^ WardhvyS) & feaport of Danifli Lapland, on a Intall ifland of the fame name, near the continent. It has an old fort, where the governor reiides, and i» no miles 8 E of the North Cape. Lon. 3 % 6e, lat. 70 UN. Ware, a town in liertfonlfliire, with a market on Tiiefday. It is ieated on the river Lea, by v/hich 5000 quarters of malt and corn are frequently lent in a week to London, and the barges return with eoal. In- 1408, it was deltroyed by a great inundation ; and fluiccs and wears were made in the river, to preferve it from future floods. It is 21 miles N of London. Lon. 3 E, lat. 51 50 N. Warebridge, or Wade bridge, a town in Cornwall, noted for its bridge over the river Camel, which is the hand- fomett iiv the county, and fupported by 2o arches. It is 20 miles w of Launcel« fcn, and 242 w by s of London. Ware HAM, a borough and feaport it» Dorfetfhire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated between the Frome and Pid- dle, at their fall into Lechford Lake, the w part of Poole harbour. It had feveral churches, now reduced to three} alfo a wall and a caftle } but has fuffered much by the various turais of fortune* and th« . harbour is alrooft choked up. In i jSx, two thirds of the town was deftroyed by fire, but has been rebuilt. Above the bridge, over the Frome, is a good falmon ii/hery; and in the neighbourhood fine tobacco-pipe clay is dug, of which nearly 10,000 tons are annually exported ta» London, Liverpool, &c. Wareham i& governed by a mayor, fend* two members to parliament, and is 20 miles e of Dor- chefter, and 114 w by s of London. Lon. 2 16 w, lai. 50 43 N. Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Mafovia, feated on the river Piha. Lon. 21 15 k, lat. 51 35 N. Warkworth, a village in Northum- berland, five miles sii of Alnwick, feated on the river Cocker, with a caltle, iik which Is a chapel tut out of a rock. Warminster, a town in Wiltfliire, with a market on Saturday. It is feated at the fource of the Willybourh, 22 mlk» Nw of Salifbury, and 97 w by s of Lon- don. Lon. 2 15 w, lat. 51 11 n. Warnemunde, a feaport of Ger- many, in the duchy of Mecklenburg^ The Swedes had a houfe here to take toll; birt, in 1710, when their affairs were upon the decline, t!ie duke of- Meeklenburg put a garriibn in it. It itk feated on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Warne, 16 miles NE of Wifraar, too.' M 26E. lat, 54 4Nv •■'^- *^^ -* V • • •" 1: H\ m WAR . WarmitoM) a townof AufirianFIan- de»*i« on the river Lis, eight miles MW «f Lifle. Lon. 3 4 E, lat. 50 45 n. WARmNCTON, a large and populous town in Lancaihire, with a market on Wedncfidav. It has large manufadures of iailclottiy fackingy cotton, pins, and l^s. It is feated.on the Merley, over which is a bridge, 1 8 miles e of Liver- pool, 18 w by s of Manchefter, an'^ 183 NNW of London. Lon. a 45 W, lat. 53 23 N. Warsaw, a large city of Poland, the capital of that country, and of the pro- vince of Mafovia. It is built paitly -n a plain, and partly on a gentle rile from the Viftula, which is as broad as the Thames at Weftminfter, but (hallow in fumraer. This city and its fuburbs oc- cupy a v'aft extent of ground, and contain above 60,000 inhabitants. The whole exhibits the ftrong contrail of wealth and poverty, luxiiry and diftiefs, which per- vades every part of this \mhappv country. The ftreets are ipacious, but lU paved} the churches and public buildings, large and magnificent } the palaces of the ao- bitity, numerous and fplendidj but the greateft part of the houles, ^ticularly in the fuburbs, are mean and ilUconftrucled wooden hovels. In the beginning of 1794, the emprefs of Rulfia put a garri- fon into this city, in or^er to compel the Poles to acquiefce in the ufurpations (he had in view, but (his garrifon was focm expelled by the citizens. The infurrec- tiqn iMcame general throughout Poland, anid the king, of Pruflia Ir-id fiege to War- faw in July, but was comoelled to raife the fiege in September. It was under- taken, however, by the Hulfians, who, on November 4, took by ftorm the fuburb of Praga t a dreadful maflacre enfued ; ihe whole of the fuburb was nearly re- duced to aihes j and the immediate con- fequence was the furrender of the city to the Ruflians, who made their triumphant entry into it on the loth. They delivered it up to the king of Pruflia, and in January 1796, his troops, to the number of is,ooo, entered and took poifeflion. Warlaw is 160 miies SE of Dantzic, 130 NNE of Cracow, and 300 NS of Vienna. Lon. II oS, lat. 5z 14 N. Wart A, a town of Great Poland, in the patatina:e of Siradia, feated on the river Warta, ii miles NX>f Siradia, and 57 SE of PoiUania. Lon. 18 .0 e^ lat. 5t 41 N. * . -^ Wartsnburc, a town of Silefia^ capital of a lordi^p of the fame name. In i7Ai'it WM muir^.Jt^ii^^yf a|^|,. i'-^ WAS otccnt the cattle. It is zz miles m Bredaw. Lon. 174* e, lat. 51 19 n. Warwick, an ancient borough „ Warwickihire, with a market on SaturJ day. It is the county-town, fituate on a. rocky eminence, above the river AvonJ over which is arftone bridge. It was] fortified with a wall, now in ruins } but it has ftill a fine caitle of the ancient earls of Warwick, inhabited by the prcfentl pofTeflbr of that title. Warwick is go- verned by a mayor, and principally con- fifis of one regular-built ftreer, at each end of which is an ancient gate. It had anciently fix nionattertes and fix churches } of tlie latter two onlv remain : it has like- wife a handfome ihu-ehoufe, a good free- fchool, and a noted hoipital for iz de- cayed gentlemen, wlio have each zo pounds a year, and the chaplain 50. It is 15 miles sw of Coventry, and 53 Nw of Lcndon. Lon. i 30 w, lat. 5Z18N. Warwickshire, a oounty of Eng- land, 47 miles long and 30 broad ; bounded at its N extremity by a point of Derby- ihire, on the nw by Staffordlhire, on the ne by Leicefterihire, on the w by WorcefteHhire, on the e by Northamp- tonfhire, en the sw by Gloucefierihire, and on the se by Oxfordihire. It lies partly in the diocefe of Lichfield and Coventry, and jpartly in that of Wor- eefter j contains four hundreds and one liberty, one city, la market towns, and 158 parilhes; and fends fix members to parliament. The air is very mild, plea- fant, and healthy. The n part, called the Woodlands, is divided from the s, called the Feki extending about four miles up tacU, including u traiSl of territory Icaict-ly 'o be excecdeu, in point of convenience, i'ahibrity, and beauty, by any in the world. This territory, called Columbia, lies partly in Viigima and partiy in Mary- land, and was ceded by theie two Itates to the United States of America, and by them eiiublKhed to be tlie leat of go- vernment, afiier the year 1800. Tke plan combines convenience,' regularity, elegance of prolpe^^, a free circulation of air, and every thing grand and beautiful that can be introduced into a city. It is divided into Iquares or grand divifions, by itreets running due n and. s, and £ and wj which torm the groundwork. of the plan. But, trom the Capitol, the pi'eiident's houle, and.fome of the impor- tant areas in the city, run diagonal Itrects. from o|ie material obje^l to another, which not cnly produce a variety ot_chai"ming pfolpcfts, but remove .the infipid lamcneis which renders Ibme great citiesunpleafrng. The great leading Urcet!» are all 1 60 feet wide, including a pavement ot 10 feet, and a gravel walk 01 30 leec planted with trees on each lide, which will leave 80 feet of paved ftreet tcr carriages. 1 he rdt of the itreets are, in general, 110 feet wide, with a few only 90 tect, except North, South, and Eait Capitol Streets, which are 160 feet. The diagonal Itreets are named after the reipeiUvc itates Com- bofmg the Union, while thoie running n and s are, from the Capitol eaitward, /named £aft Firlt Street, £alt Second Street, &c. and thole w of it aie, in the fame manner, called Welt Firft Street, Welt Second Street, &c. Thoie running E and W are from the Capitol northward named. North A Street, North B Street, &c. and thofe s of it are called South A Street, South B Street, &c. Th« fquares, or divilions of the city, aiiiuunt to 1150! the reflangular ones contain trom three to fix atres, and are divided into iou.of from 40 to So fittet in iiront> and theti depth from iia to |o*» according to the fite of the fquare. Hie irregular' divifions produced by the dim* gonai ttreets are fome of them Imall, but generally in valuable fituations: Chcit aeute points are all to be cut off at 40 feet, lo that no houfe will have an aciite^ comer. All the houfcs muit be o( brick or ftone. The area for the Capitol (or houfe for the legiilative bodies) is on the molt beautful eminence in the city, about' a mik: from the Ealtem Branch, and not much more from the Potomac, command-* ing a hill view of every part of the city, as well as a conliderable extent of the country round. The prefident's houle will fUnd on a rifmg groimd, not iar from the Potomac, poilelling adelight> ful water profpeft, with a commaiMiin|r view of the Capitol, and fome other ma- terial parts of the city. Due s from the prefident's houle, and due w from the Capitol, run two great pie:- lure pai-ks or malls, which interieit and terminate upon the banks of the Potomac, and are to be ornamented at the fides by a variety of elegant buildings, houfes for foreigai minifters. Sec Ii>terlpcrl(;d through the city, where the mcft material Itreets crola each other, U a variety of o|>en areas^ formed in various regular figures, which in great cities are extreir.ely iifeful and' ornament a! . The Heft of rheie areas are ta be appropriated to the different ftates com- pofing the Unioii ; not only to bear their. reipedive natr.es, but- as proper places to ercft ftatues, obelilks, or coluiims, to* thr memory of thoir lavourite celebrated' men. Upon a linall eminence, where a. line due w from the Capitol, and due s from the prefident's houle, would inter- I'eR, is to be erected an equeftrian ftatuo' of general Wafliington, the firlt prc- fident of the United States. Proper places are marked out for other public buildings ; as a marine hofpital, with ir» - gardens } a general exchange, and its p«b. lie walks ; a tort, magazines, and arfenal j a city hall, churches, colleges, market- houtes, theatres, &c. The prefident of the United States, in legating the ieat of the city, prevailed up'on the proprietors of the foil to cede a certain portion of the lots in every iituation, to be ibid by his. direction, and the proceed* to be applied fdcly to the public buildings. Ihift grant will produce about 15,000 lets, and will be iiimtient, net only to ert6t the pnlJlic btiildings, hut to dig a canal, con- duit water throu^ the city, and ro pave and light ihe itreets. I'he- city being lituate on the gnat ^(t road, equidi#-a]Xt innnti>« » aM-a'ektiMMies vi^tiw \frA 1; *'f ' ! mm :!iii WA S WAT and nearly fo from the Atlantic Ocean to the river OhiO) upon the bcft navigation, and in the midtt of the richeft commercial territory in America^ commanding the moftextenfive internal relbinrces, is by far the moft eligible fituation fur the refidence of the congiefs} and it is now pi-efling forward) by the pubiic-fpirired enterpril'e, not only of the people of the United States, bf^t aU'o of foreigners. The Eaftern 4iranch is one uf the fafeft and molt com- modious harbours in America, being fiifBciently deep for the largeft fhips, for four miles above its jun6Uoii with the Potomac; while the channel lies clofc along the edge of the city, and is abun- dantly capacious. The Potomac pro- duces a communication by water between the city and the interior parts of Virginia and Maryland, by means of the Shannan- . doah, the South Branch, Opecan, Cape Capon, Patteribn's Creek, Conooche^ue, and Monocafy, for upward of 200 miles, through one ot the moft healthy and fer- tile regions in America, proiiucing to- bacco of fuperior quality, hemp, Indian com, wheat, and other iinall grain^ with fruits and vegetables in vaft abundance. The lands upon the Potomac, above the city of Walnington, all ai'ound it, and for fixty miles below, are high and dry, abounding with innumerable fprings of excellent water, and well covered with large timber of various kinds. A few miles below the aity, upon the banks of the Potomac, are inexhauftible mountains of excellent freeftone, of the white and red Portland kinds, of which the public eili- iices in the city are building. Above the city alfo, upon the banks of the river, are immenle quantities of excellent coal, limeltone, and marble, with blue llate of the beft Quality. The Tybtr, which is the principal ftream that pafles tiirough the five 9ule8 from St. Omer. . . I . an lat feate ^h ofai P53 w] Nat. 51 WEI WattoNi a town in Norfolk, with a market on Wednefday, i^ milt-s sw of Norwich, and 90 nns of London. Lun. 53 E, iat. 52 3(515. Wear, a riv^r, which rifes in the w pnrt of the county of Diuham, and di- vvies it into two parts} flowing SE by Stanhope to Bifliop Auckland, and thence NE by Durham to Sunderland, where it falls into the German Ocean. Wearmouth, a village in Durham, on the N lide of the mouth of the Wear, oppoHr-c Sunderland. It is alio called Monk Wearmouth, having, before the dilTolution^ belonged to the monks. Here is an iron bridge over the Weai*, of one arch 236 feet Ipan, ere6led in 1796, and the Hrft ever conftrufled of paits lb formed, as to unite in the manner of keyftones. Wearmouth, Bishop, a village in Durham, one mile Sw of Sunderland. It ha,s^ manufafture of failcloth. Weddenschveii., a town of Swifler- land, in the canton of 2^uric. Near it is a remarkable waterfall. It is feated on the w fide of the lake of Zuric, 10 miles SE of that city. Weert, a town of Dutch Brabant, taken by the Frenph in 1794. It is i» miles w of Ruremonde. Lon. 5 38 E, Iat. 51 7 N. Weever, a river, which rifes in the , N part of Shroplhire, runs acrofs CheChire, and receiving the Dane from the e, en« ters the eftuaiy of the Merfey. It is na- vigable to Winsford, fome miles above Northwich in Chelhire. Weibstadt, a town of Germany, in the bifhopric of Spire, »o miles se of Heidelberg. Lon. 9 23^, Iat. 49 19 N. Wbichterbach, atownof Germany, in Weteravia, and in the county of Ifen- burg, feated on the river Kintz, with a caftle, where the count refides. Weiden, a town of Germany, in the upper palatinate of Bavaria, feated on the Nab, 10 miles nw of Leuchftenberg. Lon. i2 IDE, Iat. 4.9 34 N. Weil, or Wyl, a free imperial town of Suabia, in the duchy of Wirtemburg, The inhabitants are Roman catliolics. It is feated on the Wonn, 12 miles w of Stutgard, and 20 N of Tubingen. Lon. S 50 E, lat.4S46N. Weilburg, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and county of NalTau. It is feated on the Lahn, 22 miles ne of Naflau, 21 NW of FrancfcH't, and 29 £ of Mentz. Lon. 8 26 E, Iat. 50 liu. ,W E I duchy of Wirtemburg, feated on the xivcr Laurer. W£iMAR, a town of Uuper Saxony^ in Thuringia, with a magnincent caftle, the reHdence of the duke ot Saxe- Weimar. It is feated on the Ilm, 20 miles ne of Erfurt, and ao wsw of Naumbuig. Lon. II 52 e, Iat; 51 6 n. VVeinoartin, a town of Oeimany, in the palatinate of the Rhine, feated on the Printza, four miles Ne of Dourhch, and nine s of Philiplburg. Lon. 9 30 B- Iat. 49 5 N. Wkinheim, a town of Germany, in th^ palatinate of the Rhine, 10 miles tt ot Heidelberg. Lon. 8 46 e, Iat. 49 35 N. Weisbaden, a town of Germany, in the eleftorate of Mentz, where there are hot baths in high efteem. It U 6ight miles NE of Mentz, and 15 w of Pranctort. Lon>g 20 E, Iat. 49 56 N* Weisbrain, See Vesperin. Weiselmunde, a fortrefs of Weftem PrufTxa, leated at the mouth of the Vif- tula, below Dantzic, whole hai'bour it defends. Lon. 18 40 E, Iat. 54 24 N. Weissemburg, a town of France, in the department <>f Lower Rhine and late province of Alface. Between this place and Lauterburg, are the famous lines fron^ which the French drove the Auf- trians in 1744; and, in 1793, the Pruf< fians drove the French from the fame fituation. It is feated on the Lauter, 16 miles sw of Landau, and 22 ne of Straf- burg. Lon. 8 he, Iat. 48 53 n. Weissemburg, a free imperial town of Franconia, in the bishopric of Aich- ftadt. The inhabitants are proteftants. It is feated on the Redniih, five miles N of Pappenheim, and 30 sw of Nurem- burg. Lon. II 2E, Iat. 49 4 N. Weissemburg, a town of Germany^ in the duchy of Saxony, 20 miles N by W of Wittemberg, and 20 NE <^ Deiiaw. Lon. 12 31 E, Tat. 52 8 N. Weissemburg, or Alba Julia, a city of Ti-anfylvania, capital of a county of the fame name, with a bifhop's fee, and a univerfity. It is feate*^. on the fide of a hill, near the river Oihpias, 35 miles w of Hermanftadt. Lon. 24 o e, Iat. 45 26 N. Weissemburg, or Stulweissem- burg, a town of Lower Hungary, feated at the' E end of the Platten See, 36 milejS SW of Buda. Lon. 18 30 e, lat.47 aiR, Weissenfels, a town of Upper ^^t^. ony, inMilnia, remarkable for a^viftoiV which the Swedes gained over tq|& AuT- trians.' Above the town is a fine litijdil, called AueuftulBurg. the rclidence of the '}i i J ' 'I Ml I !!' / m W E L Cilice of Sit)ce-Weiflehf:ls. It is feated on the Saale, 17 miles sw of Leipfick. Lon. la t's^., lat. 51 '9 M. • Welland, a riVer, which rifes in •Noithanjtftonfh&'e, and feparates that tbwu of Germany, in the tittle bf Auftria, leated on the Trawn, Vs iliiies s of Liritz. Lon. 13 53 s, lat. Wel SHPOOL, a to^vn in Montgomery- (b»re» vvith a market on Monday. It is tHe'pt-incip'artr'idittg town in the county, %^!hg the gteat mart for Wclfh cottons, ll^liftcls, sTc. *rhe'cttttfc, called Powis "^Slci^bViltof Wi^iih-ftone, and Is y^i^'ftatfcly fttuflXife. It is leated in Vi#%y^fe» °** the rivef 'Severn, nine mile's 'iTonWpuf^nitrjr, 19 w 6f Shrewlbxiirjrr *^ i69 N«v of Lonidon. 1:^6^2 jW* •^t, ;i"3i"K. '* .'.^-^^- ' ■ ^-^- ^ — W E R W-' VEMBURO. SeeABACH. Vv -.WVN, a village in Hertfoixlfhire. five miles n of Hatfield. Of this place the celebrated Dr. Young was reaor j and here wa« the fcerit of his Night Thoughts. Wem, a town in Shropfhire, with a rtiarket On Thurlday, feated on the Ro- den, nine nriles n of Shrewfbury, and 164. Ww of London. Lon. a 40 w> lat. 52 50 n. Wendover, a borough in Bucking, hamftiire, with a market on Thurfday. It fends two members to parliament, and is feven miles be of Ailelbury, and 35 w by N of London. Lon. o 35 w, lat. 51 46 N. Wenner, the lareeft lake of Sweden, in W Gothland, to the nw of the lake Wetter. It is 90 miles in length, and, in fbme places, 40 in breadth. Wenlock, a boiptigh in Shrop(hire, with a market on Monday. It fends two members to parliament, and is 12 miles SE of Shrewlbury, and 147 NW of Lon- don. Lon. 2 30 w, lat. 52 36 N. Wensyssel, a pen?nfula of Denmark, Which hiakes the N part of n Jutland ; boui^ded, on the s by the canal of Alburg, oh the E by the Catlegate, and on the n and w by the German Ocean. WfiNSYSSELi a town of Denmark, in N Jutland, capital of a prefefture of the fame name. It is feated on the Ryaa, 17 miles NW of Alburg. Lon. 9 40 e, lat. 57 4N. Wentworth, a village in Yorkfliire, three rriiles Nw of Rotherham. Here is Wentworth Houfe, a noble feat of the late marquis of Rockingham, built in imitation of Wanllead Houfe, in Eflex, and, in the front of the houfe, earl Fitz- william, the prefent proprietor, haserefted a maufoleum to the memoiy of the marquis . Weobly, an ancient borough in Herefordshire, with a fnarket on Tuefday, It fends two members to parliament, and is eight miles Nw of Hereford, and 141 WNW of London. Lon, a 41 w, lat. 5a 9 N. Werben, a town of Germany, in the old mal-che of Brandenburg, formerly a ftrong paflage on the river Elbe, but now all the fortifications are ruined. It is feated at the place where the Habel falls into the Elbe, 60 miles NW of Berlin. Lon. 12 laE, lat. 55 5N. WercHTeren, a town of Auftrian Brabant, feated at the confluence of the 'Demer and Dylc, Ainif miles E of Mech- lin. Lon. 449 E, lat. 51 o N. Werden, a toW» of Weftphalia, in the county of Marck, With an abbey. •Thw flf^aWttujts-are ptoteftahts, under 3 w E s r the proteflion of PnWfia. It U fcated on and 1*1 I I !: : ^ WES WES Mi the ftt and s hy the Ohio. It contains iitooolquaremiles, equal to «63, 040,000 acres } iromwhich,it' we dedufl 43, 040,000 for water> there will remain 2x0,000,000 acres, belonging to the federal govcrn- tnent, to be lolu for the dilcharge of the national debt. This count ly, wliich is intended to be divided into feveral new Itates, is affirmed to be the molt heclthy and fertile fpot in America, that i^ ytt known to Europeans. Westerwald. See Weteravia. Westerwick, a I'eaport of Sweden, in Smoland, fcated on the Baltic, 50 miles N of Calmar, and 120 sw of Stockholm. Lon. 16 oE, lat.'57 40 N. Westmania, or Westmanland, a province of Sweden Projier, between Sudermania, Geftricia, Nericia, and Up- land. It is 75 miles in length and 45 in breadth, and abounds in copper and iron mines. The face pf the country is diverfified like Wermeland. Welteros is the capital. Westminster, a city of Middlefex, the refidence of the monarchs of Great Sritain, the ieat of the parliament and of the high courts of jultice, and confti- tuting, with London and Southwark, the I'netropolis of the Britifli empire. On the diflbiution of its abbey, in i54i» Henry VIII, erefted it into a bifhopric, appoint- ing the whole of Middlelex (Fulham cx- ctpted) for the diocele. It had, however, but one prelate. Dr. 'X)hirlbye ; for Ed- ward VI, loon after, diflblved it. The abbey is now a collegiate church, the dean of which is always bifhop of Rochelter. Weftmlnfter fends two members to parlia- ment. In the city are two parilh churches, St. Margaret's and St. John's ; and leven in the liberties, namely, St. Clement Danes, St. Paul's Covent Gairden, St. \lary-le-Strand, St. Martin's in the Fields, St. Ann's Soho, St. James', and St. George's Hanover fquare. The preciniil of St. Martin's-le-giand, though within the city of London, is under the jurifdiftion of Wettminfter. See Lon- don. Westmorland, a county of England, 4-2 miles long and 40 broad ; bounded on the N and NW by Cumberland, on the e and SE by Yorkfhire, and on the s and SW by L'ancafhire. It is generally divided into the baronies of Kendal and Weftmor- land: the former is veiy mountainous, but the latter is a large champaign coun- try. Thefe are the only principal divi- iions of this county, of which the earl of Thanet is hereditary fherifF. It lies l>artly in the digc^ic of Chcft^i and partly in that of Carliflej contains eight market-towns and 26 pariihes; and fends only four members to parliament. The air is clear, (harp, and falubrious, the natives generally living to old age. The foil is various} that on the mountains being very barrtn, while that in the val- lies is fertile, producing good com and grafs, elpecially in the meadows near the riveis. In the hilly parts on the w bor- ders, fome mines of copper are worked, but moft of the ore lies fo deep, that it will not anlwer the expence. This county yields the fineft flate, and abundance of excellent hams are cured here. The prin- cipal rivers are the Eden, Lone, and Ken. It has alfo feveral fine lakes, the principal of vhich is Winnander-mere, or Windermere-water. In the foreft of Martindale, to the s of Ulls-water, the breed of red deer (till exifts in a wikl (late. Appleby is the county-town. Westmorland, a county of Penn- fylvania, 50 miles long and 40 broad. In 1790, it contained 16,018 inhabitants. Greenfburgh is the capital. Westphalia, one of the circles of Germany, bounded on the e by the circle of Lower Saxony; on the s by HelTe, Weller\yalde, and the Rhine ; on the w by the United Provinces ) and on the K by the German Ocean. The air is cold, but the foil produces paftures and (bme com, though there are a great many marches. The horfes are large, and the hogs in high efteemy efpecially the hams, known by the name of Weftphalia hams. The principal rivers are the Wefer, Embs, Lippe, and Koer. It contains the I'ove- reign bilboprics of Ofnaburg, Munfter, and Paderborn ; the princijpality of Min- den ; the counties of Ravenfberg, Teck- lengburg, Ritburg, Lippe, Lemgow, Spigelburg, Schawenburg, Hpye, Diep. holt, Delmenhorft, Oldenburg, Embden or E Friefland, Bentbeim, a^d Lingen. Theie are to the n of the river Lippe. To the s of it are the abbies of Eflen and Verden ; the town of Dortmund ; the counties of Marck and Homburgj and the duchies of Weftphalia, Berg, and Cleves. Munfter is the moft conliderable city in tliis circle. Westphalia, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, 4Q miles long and 25 broad; bounded on the N by the bi(hoprics of Munfter an4 Ofna^burgh, and tne county of Lippe ^ on the w by that of Maixk ; on the s by the territo. ries of Nalfau; and on the e by the counties of Witgenftein, Hartzfeld, Wal. de€fc|andthelaadg»ATMc«fii«ff«i It a W E X W II I IT A mountainous country, full of wood, but moderately fertile ^ and is fubjefl to the ele£loi of Cologne. Arenfbeig it the capital. Westrooothia. See Gothland. WktERavia» a province of Oermuny, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, having the palatinate of the Rhine on the w, and Heneand Fulde on tli^: e. It is divided into two parts by the river Lahn ; one called Wetcravia Proper, and the other N Weteravia, or Wefterwald. Wetherby, a town in the vv ridine of Yorkfhire, with a market on Thurl- day, feated on the Wharf, 14 miles w of York, and 177 n by w of London. Lon. 1 aow, lat. 53 57 N. Wethersfield, atownof the United States, in Conneifticut, noted for railing anions. It is four miles s of Hartford. Wettfr, a lake of Sweden, in Goth- land, se of the lake Wenner. It is 80 miles from n to s, and 25 from E to w. Wettingen, a town of Swiflerland, on the Limmat, one mile s of Badt-n. Its wooden bridge is a beautiful piece of mechanifm, 24.0 feet long, and i'ui'pended xo feet above the furface of the water. It is the laft work of Grubenman, the felf- taught architeft, and is far more elegant' than his bridge at Scauffhaulen. WtTZL AR, a free imperial town of Germany, in Weteravia, furrounded by ditches and walls flanked with towers. The inhabitants are proteftants, and have a council of 24 members. In 1693, the imperial cluir.ber was transferred hither from Spire, on account of the wars which ravaged the pil tin te. It is lieated at the confluence of The Lahn, Oi(le, and Dillen, five miles s of Soims, and 78 n by E of Spire. Lon. 8 32 e, iat, 50 26 N. Wexford, a connty of Ireland, in the province of Munder, 38 miles long and 44 broad j bounded on the N by Wick- low, on the E by St. George s Channel, on the s by the Atlantic Ocean, on the W by Waterford and Kilkenny, nnd on the Nw by Catherlough. If contains 109 parifhes, lends 18 members to parliament, and is fruitful in com and grai's. Wexford, a confiderable feaport of Ireland, capital of a county of the lame name. It was once reckoned the chief city in Ireland, being the dfA colony of the Englifh, and has a very commodious harbour at the mouth of the Slana, on a bay of St. George's Channel. It is 33 miles ENE of Waterford, and 75 s of Dublin. Lon. 63 w, lat. 52 18 N. Wexio, a feaport of Sweden, in Smo- (and| Tented on a i»ke> which contains « S-oup of woody iflands. Thoueh a bU op's fee, it is very fmall, and the houles moitly of wood, (t is 50 miles \v of Calmar, and 155 sw of Stockholm. Lon. 14 57 E» lat. 56 41 N. Wey, a river, which rife* in Hamp- fhire, flows through Surry by Gmlaiming and Guildford, and enters the Thames, at Weybridge. Weybridce, a village in Suiry, feated on the Wey, at its entrance into the Thames, two miles e of Chertfey. Here is Woburn Farm, the refiden^e of lord Loughborough, the plantations of which were the firft fpecimen in England of the ffnne ornee, or ornamented farm. Weyhill, a village in Hampfhire, three miles w of Andover, famous for ai| annua^fairontheiothofOftober,foriheep, leather, hops, and cheefe. It it one of the hrgdi fairs in England, and hat bootlia ere6Ud for the fale oi all kinds of goods. WgYMOUTH, a town in Dorletfhire, i4icorporatedwith that of Melcomb-Kegis, but a diltin£t borough. It is feateclon the \v fide of an inlet of the fea : but it9 port is injured by the fand, that its trade, which was unce confiderabe, is much re- duced, a few fhips only being fent hence to Newfoundland. This decline is, in Tome degree, compenfated by the great refort of perfons oi all ranks, for the pur- pol'c of fea- bathing, for which it is ex- cellertly fitted by its remarkable fine beach ; and their majcfties and the royal family have often honoured it with their refidence for many weeks. A few plaii^ and itriped cottons are made here. Wey'^ mouth is 1 30 miles wsw of London. See Melcomb-Kecis. Whidah, a kingdoni of Guinea, oi\ the Slave Coaft, extending about 10 miles along the Adantic, under 6 29 N lat. All the Ev.ropeans who have been in thi^ country extol it as the moft beautiful in the woild. The trees are flraight, tall, and difpofed in the molt regular order, prei'enting to the eye fine long groves and avenues, clear of all brufhwood and weeds. The verdure of the meadows ; the rich- nc.'s of the fields, clothed with different kinds of corn, roots, and fruits ; and the multitude of houfcs, with a ftream mur- muring down the declivity to the fea j form the moll delightful profpeft that fancy can conceive. Here fpring and au- tumn reign perpetually in alternate fuct cefTion, for no looncr has the huHiandmai) cut his corn, than he again ploughs and fows, and the next crop is as vigorous a| the former. NotwlthUanding its fmai^ extfnt, this kingdom is the Lfk, and has a great traffic in the huiUi- and thievifli inclinations in tiade, prevail ingof /hips, and in the carrying hufiuels. in both countries. The v-imen '\\\ the Its harbour is tiic hclt on thio coall, and land tor their hulbands, unlel's they happen has a fine pier , but it has no rivtr-com- to be vei'y beautiful ; in which cai'e tney munication with the inland country. Se- are maintained at home, with all the v( ral (hips are fent hence to the Gretnland Somp of eattcrn nations, but with the )fs ol' liberty alfo, being never pei-mitted to ftir abroaa, nor to receive vifitors ; and, on the lealt fufpicion, they are Ibid by their huibands to the Europeans. An fifliery. Whitby is the birthplace of thut great ciicumnuvigator, captuin James Cook. In 1787, a dreadful accident hap. pencd here, on the a4.th of December, at midnight : A ih'ong new-built quay, run- adtilterer is not only punifhed with death, ning pai-allel to a liighcliti^, and lupport- but his whole family are involved in the itig a pile of building. So itet above the coniequences of his gviilt. Bowti, ar- margin of the Tea, unable to fuiiain the rows, aflagnays, and clubs, are the prin- preluuc of the earth above, menaced ap. Canons: the body of it was W I B buUt, and beautifullv adorned hy tlie duke. It it eight miles nw of London. Whitehaven, a reaport in Cumber- land» with a market on Tuelilay. It is I'eated on a creek of the Jrifli Sen, on the N end of a great hill, wafticd by the tide on the w fide, where there is a large rock, or quarry of hard white ftone, which gives name to the place, and which, with the help of a ftrong ftone wall, iecurcs the hai'bour. It is lately much improved in its buildings, and noted for its trade in pitcoal aodlalt, there being near it a pro- digious coal-mine, which runs a conlidcr- able way under the lea. A good trade is alio cairied on to Ireland, Scotland, Chefter, Briftol, and to the W Indies. It is I o miles sw of Cockermoiith, and 305 sw of London. Lon. 3 34. w, lat. 54 36 N. White Mountains, the higheft part of a ridg^ of mountains, in the Itate of New Hampfhire, in N America. They extend he and sw; and their height ibove an adjacent meadow, is 5500 feet j ard the meadow is 3560 feet above the I .i^el of the fea. The ihovr and ice cover them nine or tea months in the year; and during that time they exhibit the bright r.ppearance from which they are deno:ninated the White Mountains. Al- though they are 70 miles inland, they are iteti many leagues off at fea, and appear like an exceedingly bright cloud in the horizon. Their higheft I'umrait is in lat. 44° N. White Sea, a bay of the Frozen Ocean, in the N part of Ruffia, on the e fide of which ftands the city of Ar.;har.- gel. Whitsuntide Island, one of the New Hebrides, in the Pacific Ocean. It is 12 miles long and five broad, and was difcovered by captain Wallis, on Whit- funday, 1767. Lon. 168 20 E, lat, 15 44s. Whittlebury Forest, a foreft in the s part of Northamptonftiire, nine miles in length, and, in fome parts, above three in breadth. Here the wild cat is ftill found. In 1685, the firft duke of Grafton was appointed hereditary ranger of this foreft, in which the preient duke has a fine fedt, called Wakefield Lodge, WiBURGH, a government of Kuifia, formerly Ruflian Finland, and comprlfed in Carelia. It was ceded by the Swedes to the Ruilians, partly by the peace of Nyftadt in 1721, and partly by t]hie tieaty of"^ Abp in 1743. Befide paiiWs, the coiintry produces rye, oats, a^d barley, but not tuffipi^t four the u^ab^taqts. It rctaiAS W I c its own civil and criminal courts of juf- tice j in penal cales, not capital, the jni- ni(hment« prelcvibcd by the provincial ju- dicature aie infliiUd; but whenever 4 criminal is condemned to death, the Riir. fian laws intcriMli:, and reprieving hiin from the («;ntence of beheading or hang- ing', as enjoined by the Sweilifh code, con- fign him to the knoot and tranfiwrtafioij to Sil)eria. In the govtrnor's court, bu- finels is tranl'afted in tne SweJifli, Geir man, and Ruiilan tongues. The pcaCants talk only the Finnilh d'ukSi j but the in^ habitants of the towns underftand Swedjfli alio, and many of them German. Luthe- ranilin is the eltabliflied religion j but the Greek worfhip has been introduced by the Ruliians. WiBURGH, a commercial ftaport of Rutfia, capital of a government of the fame name, with a bjftiop's fee, and ^ ftrong citadel. It contains about •»ooo inhabitants. A few hoiifes are cgnftruw 4 with brick J but the grcateft part are of wood. It is i'eated on the N fide of the gulf of Finland, 67 ihiles n by w of NortburgK, and 250 ne of Riga. Lon, 29 10 E, lat. 60 56 N. WiBURGH, ai confiderable town of Denmark, in N Jutland, with a bifliop's fee. It is the feat of the chief court of juftice in the province. In 1726, a ter- rible fire burnt the cathedral, a church, the townhouie, and the biftiop's palace j but they have all been magnificently re- built. It is feated on a lake, in a penin^ iula, 95 miles N of Sld'wick, and iiq NW of Cophenhagen. Lon. 9 50 e, lat. 56 20 N. Wick, a borough and feaport inCaith- nefsfhire, feated on an inlet of the German Ocean, s of Nofe Head. Lon. 3 a w, lat. 58 30 N, Wick, a fortified town of Dutch Limburg, feated on the Maefe, oppofitf Maeftricht, with which it communicate^ by a bridge. Lon. 5 41 e, lat. 50 52 N. WiCK-BY-DuERSTEDE, An ZLcieut town of the United Provinces, in Utrecht, with a ftrong caftle. It is feated at the place where the Leek branchem off from the Rhine, nine miles w of Rhenen, and IS SE of Utrecht. Lon. 5 22 e, lat. 5* ON. WiCKLOw, a county of Ireland, in the province of Lcinfter, 33 miles long and 2o broad } bounded on the N by Dub- lin, on the E by the ,Iri(h Sea, ,911 tl^e s by Wexford, on the w by (.^athierlouj^ and Kildare, and on the nw by kll^are* It is indlffetently fipuitful, coAtaius 5^ '^ T t 4. * .Iff ^( , } ! ' I WI G W I G piinfhes, an4 Tends jo members to parlia; by a narrow channel It is ai miles lone inent. and 13 broad, and divided nearly into WiCKLQW, the capital of a county of the fnme name, in Ireland. It is feated on the Iri(h Sea, with a narrow harbour, - at the mouth of the riyer Leitiim, over which Itands a roclc, iurrounded by a ftrong wal), 24 miles s of Dublin. L^^n. d 7W, Vdt. 51 55 N. Wick WARE, a corporate town in Gloucefterlhire, gpverned by a mayor, with a market on Monday. It is 1 7 miles KE of ]^riftol, and 1 1 1 w of London. Lon^ % 16 w, lat. 51 36 n. WiED, a fmall principality of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine. The capital is Neuwicd. WiEiuN, a town of Great Poland, In the palatinate of Siradia. It w^s ruined by the Swedes in 1656, but has been fmce rebuilt, and has a good caflle. Tt is feated on a river which falls into the Warta, 20 miles s of Siradia. Lon. 18 55 E, lat. 5T II N. WiELiTSKA, a village of Poland, lately included in the palatinate of Cra- t:"'*! parts by the river Mede or Cowes, whi?h rifing in th« foiuhern angle, enters at the northern, into the channel, oppofite the mouth of Southampton Bay. The !? coaft is edged w''h very fteep cliffs of chalk and freeltone, hollowed into ca- verns in variovis parts. The w fide is fenced 'vith ridges of rocks, of which the moft remaikablf are thofe called, from their fliarp txtremities, the Needles. Between the ilUnd and the mainland are ■fariou5 fandbanks, efpecially off the eafteni part, where is the fale road of St. Helen's. Acrofs the ifland, from E to w, nms a ridge of fine downs, with a chalky or marly foil, which feed a great number of fine fleeced fheep. Rabbits are alfo very plentiful here. To the N of this ridge the land is chiefly pafture : ^o the s of it is a rich arable country, producing great crops cf corn. The variety of profpecls whibh this ifland affords, its mild air, and the neat manner in which the fields are laid outj render it a very delightful fpot. It tbvr, but now comprifed in the Auftrian is devoted alraoft foleiy to hufbandry, and Jcingdom of Lodomeria. It is celebated is one of the principal refourc^s '-f the for its ialt-mines, which He eight miles London market for barley. Among its Se of Cracow. In thefe ixexhauftible produfts are a pure white pipe clay, mines, are feveral fmall chapels excavated and a fine white ci7ftalline fand j of the in the fait, in which mafs Is faid on cer- latter great quantities are exported for the tain days of the year. One of thefe cha pels IS 30 feet long and 25 broad; the altar, crucifix, flatues, and ornaments, all carved out of the fait. Thefe mines are of a moft ftupendoxis extent and depth, and perfeflly dry. There is, however, one fraall fpring of water, which is im- piegnated with fait, as it mns through the mine. Thefe mines have been worked above 600 years. Before the partition of Poland, in 1772, they fumiflied a ufe of the glafs-wojks in various parts, Its principal town Is the borough of Ne\v- port : it likewile contains the two fmall boroughs of Newton and Yarmouth. WiGHTON, a town in the E riding of Yorkfhire, with a mavkei. on Vvednelday. feated at the lource of the Skelfler, 16 miles SE of York, and 19* N by w of London. Lon. o 4.0 w, lat. 53 52 N. "WiGTON, a town in Cumberland, with a Market on Tuefday, feated among confiderable part of the revenue of the the moors, 12 miles sw of Carlifle, and .in average 304. nnw of London. Lon. 34 w, lat. 5450N. WiGTON, r. borough and fcaport, the county-towii of Wigtonftiire. On the ^ fide are the veftlges of" an ancient caftle j and to the ne is a great mbrafs, called the Ivlofs of Cree. It is fituate on a Hill^ which overlooks the bay of Wigton, 95 miles sw of Edinburgh. Lon. 4 43 w, lat. 55 ON. WiGTONSHiRE, a county of Scotland, fometimes called lTrPER4f)r \^est Gal- loway; bounded on the N by Ayrfhire, on the E by Kircudbrightihire, and on the s and w by the Iriflt Sea. Its greateft extent, in any direftlon, does riot exceed 30 miles. The k part, called the Moors^ i^ naked aijd mountAinous. Great nunv- kin;', who drew from thein ».. profit of about 97,0001. flerling. • V/iG AN, a borcycrh in L?^ica(hire, with a market on Monday and Friday. It is governed by a mayor, and fends two members to rarKamfent. Here the (^rongef^ checks aic made^ arid other articles of lineh and cotton riia'nufailur'e. That tf\egdnt fpecies of roal, called Cannel, is foiiud m plenty and great perfeflion in the ne'ghbourhood. The river Douglas 5s made navigable hence to the Ribble } and it is joined by a canal from Liverpool. Wigan is 30 miles s of Lancafter, and '^gtf'NNW of London. Lon. 2 jo w, lat. •S3'34K. ••,;;■' Wight, an ifland on the coaft of Hampfhire', who were obliged to raife the fiege 5 but it furrendered to them in January 1795. ^^ ^* *5 miles ne of feergeh-op-Zoom, and 12 sw of Dct. Lon. 4 30 E, lat. 51 39 N. Willis' Island, a rocky Illand at the N end of the ifland of Southern Geor- gia. It was difcovered in 1775, ^"<1 con- tained the nefts of many thoufand ftiags. Lon. 38 '29 w, lat. 54 o s. WiLLiSA\y, 9 town of Swifferland, in the canton of Lucern, feated among high mountains, on the river Wigcr, *5 talks NW of Lucern."- '*'' r^ ^^7 Wilmington, a town of the tJnitedL States, the largelt and plcalantelt in the ftate of Delawai-e. It is lituate on Chrif- tinna Creek, near two miles w of the river Delaware, and 28 of Philadv^lphia. Wilmington, a town of N Carolina, fituate on the e fide of the E branch of Cape Fear River, 34 miles N of Cape Ftar, and 85 swof Newburn. Wilna, a large, populous, and com- mercial city of Lithuania, in a palatinate of the Hime name, with a bifhop's fee, a aniverfity, an ancient caftle, and a palace. The houfes are all built of wood. It was taken by the Ruffians in 1794 ; and is feated at the confluence of the Villa and Wilna, 15 miles E of Troki, and 215 NE of Warfaw. Lon. 15 39 E, lat. 54 38 N. WiLSHOVEN, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, feated at the confluence of the Wils and Danub«, 30 miles NW of Paflau. WiLSNACTf, a town of Germany, in the margravate of Brandenburg, feated en a rivulet that falls not fai from it into the Elbe. Wilton, an ancient borough in Wilt- fhlre, with a market on Wednefday. It was formerly the capital of the county, but now a mean town, though it fends two members to parliament, and has a manufafture of carpets and thin woolleu fluffs. It is feated at the conflux of the Willy and Nadder, feven miles NW of Salifbury, and 85 w by s of London. Lon. T 52 w, lat. 51 5 n. Wiltshire, a county of England, fo called from the town of Wilton, once its cajyital. It is 53 miles long und 3S broad} bounded on the ne by Berkfliire, on the E b/ Berkftiire and Hampfliire, on the w by Somerfetfliire, on the s by Dor- fetftiire and Hampfhire, and on the nw and N by Gloucelter. The air is fweet and healthy, though fomething fharp on the hiils in winter ; but it is mild during that fealbn in the vales. The land in the N parts is generally hilly and woody, but very fertile j here being' made that kind of cheefe which is fo much elicemed as North Wiltftiire. In the s it is ri'.h and fertile. In the middle it chiefly ctnfifts of downs, that afford the beft pafture for fheep; and in the vallies, which divide tht: downs, are corn-fields, and rich mea- dows. Its chief commodities are fheep, wool, wood, and (tone j of this la there are excellent quarries on the banks of the Nadder, where fome of the ftones are 20 yards in length, and four in thicicnefs, without a flaw. Th« chief manufuclures WIN aie tl>e dlfTercnt branches of the clothing trade. The principal rivers are the Upper and Lower Avon, the Nadder, Willy, Bourne, and Ktnnet. This county lies in the diocele oi Salifbury j contains «9 hundreds, one city, 24 market-towns, and 304. pariihes ; and lends 34 members to pailiameni. Salilbury is the capital. WiMBLETON, a vilUge in Surry, on a fine elevated heath, levcn miles sw of London. Earl Spencer has a park ht e, from which may be icen 1 9 parifli churches, exclunve of thofe of London and Weft- minfter. On the s w angle of Wimbledon Common, i« a circular encampment, in- cluding feven acres } the trench very deep and perfeft. Camden is of opinion, that this was the fite of a battle in 568, be- tween Ceaulln, king of the Welt Saxons, and Ethtlbert, king of Kent, in which the latter was deteated. On the fame common, near the village, is a well, the tvatev of which is never known to freez*. At Wimbledon are copper mills, a ma- nufafture for printing callicoes, and another of japan ware. ^ WiMPSEN, ^ free imperial town of Suabia, faated on the Neckar, eight miles N of Hailbron, and 21 E of Heidelberg. Lon. 9 iS E» lat. 49 *o n. WiNBORN, or WlNBORN MiNSTER, a town in Dorfetlhire, with a market on Friday. It had a monafter/, in which weie interred tlie W Saxon kings Ethel- dred and Sieeforth, and queen Ethelburga. Its noble church, called the Minfter, is built cathedral-wife, and was formerly collegiate. It is feated between the Stour and Allen, fix miles N of Poole, and io» iw of London. Lon. z i w, lat. 50 47 N. WiNCAUNTON, a town in Somerfct- fcire, with a market on Wednesday, feated on the fide of a hill, 14 miles s of 3ath, and 108 w by s of London. Lon. » iS w, lat. 51 I N. WlNCHCOMB, a town in Gloucettcr- ihire, with a market on Sutuitlay. It was formerly noted for its abbey, whole mitred abbot fat in parliament. It is feated in a deep bottom, 16 miles ne of "loucefter, and 93 wnw of London. Lon.i ow, lat. 51 55 n. WiNCHELSEA, a town in Suflex, one, of the cinque ports. It was built in the reign of V^ .Iward I, when a more ancient town of the fanic name, which had 18 churches, and was dillant about, three miles, was fwallowcd up by the iea, in a tevriljle tcmpcft. Tliie new town being facked by the French and Spaniards, ami deferted by the fea, dwindled to a mean pLcej but it ;» jjovevncd by a mayor. W I N and fends two members to parliament ' It is feated on a rocky cliff, on an inlet ot the Tea, and had a haven, now choked up. Three of the gates are Itill ftandinff. but much decayed : they are three miles afunder. Winchelfea is two miles sw of Rye, and 71 sw of London. Lon. o 44. E, lat. so 58 N. Winchester, an ancient city in Hampfhire, with a market on Wediiefday and Saturday. It is one mile and a half in circumference round the walls, which are greatly decayed, and through them are four gates. Here aie fix churches, befide the cathedral, a beautiful ftrufture, in which were intered feveral Saxon kings and queens, whofe bones were collefted by bifhop Fox, put into fix fmall gilded cot- fins, and placed on a wall in the s fide of the choir. In this cathedral alfo is the marbl? coffin of William Rufiis, and, among other mciiuments, are thofe of William of Wykeham, cardinal Beaufort, and Benjamin Hoadly, all bifliops of this fee. On a fine eminence, overlooking the city, is the fljell of a palace, built for Charles 11, but never finifhed ; in the la:; wars it was fitted up for the reccn^io^ - * prilbners of war, but is now in '>• by a great number of the French eiiagrant clergy. Near this palace is St. Mary's College., foxmded by William of Wyke- ham, for a warden, 70 fchoiars, 10 fel- lows, three chaiilains, three clerks, a fchoolmafter, ufner, organift, and 16 chorifters: the fchoiars are educated for New College, Oxford. Near the s end of the city is the hofpital of St. Crofs, founded by a Sifhon of this fee, for a mafter, nine poor brethren, and four out- penfioners. All travellers, who call at this hoipital, have a right to demand feme breaJ and beer, which is always brought I > them. Near the E gate of the city is St. John's hofpital, in the hall of which the corporation give their enter- tainments. Winchefter wasof great note in the time of the Saxons, and here Egbert was crowned the firft fole monarch of England. Here Henry 11 held a parlia- ment, king John rcfided, Heniy in was born, Richard 11 held a parliament, and Henry iv was married, as was alfo queen Mary i. The. city is governed by a mayor, and fenJs two members to parlia- ment. It is ieated in a valley, on the river Itchen, ii miles NW of Chicheft:r, and 63 w by N of Lpndon. Lon. i z« w, lat. 51 5N. Winchester, a town of Virginia, with a gr^at manufa£li.N, a corporate town in Pem- hrokeihiie, with a market on Wednefday. It is governed by a mayor, and was for- jnerly ftrengthened with a caftle, which is novi^ a gentleinan's f^at. It is 10 miles N of Pembroke, and 235 WNW of Lon* don. Lon.4 52 w, lat. 51 53N.- > Witch WOOD, a foreft in Oxfordfhire, between Burford and Charlbury ; the only (;onriderable one now remaining in that county. WiTEPSKi, a town of Lithyania, ca- pital of a palatinate of the iame name, witli a caftle. It is feated in a morafs, which renders its approach dilhcult } and its fortifications are Co good, that > the Ruiliaas beiieged it ieverai tintes in vain. It ftands at, the confluence of the Dwina and Widflu|, 65 miles E of Polotlk, 8c WNW of Smolenlko, and 165 ens of Wilna. Lon. 29 40 E, lat. 55 43 N. WiTHAM, a town in Eiiex, with a naarket on Tuefday. Its church, an an- cient Gothic ftrufture, ftands one mile from the town, at a place called Chipping Hill. It Is eight. miles ne of CheJmi- ford, and 37 ene of London. Lon. o 41 E, lat. 51 51 N. Wit HAM, a river in Lincolnftiire, which waters Lincoln, and enters the German Ocean, be^w Bolton. From Lincoln it has a communication with the Trent, by a navigable canal, called the Fofsdike, cut by king Henry i. WiTLiSTH, a town of Germany, in the archbi/hopric of Treves, with a caftle, leated on the river Lefer. WiTMEY, a populous town in Oxford- fliire, with a market on Thurfday. It Is noted for its manufafture of the fineft blankets, and other thick woollens, called bearfkins and kerfeys. It is eight miles NW of Oxford, and 64 wnw ofLpndon. LoD. I 18 w, lat. 51 52 N. WiTSHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the iandgravate of Hefle Caftel, capital of a territory of the fame name. It is feated en the Wefer, eight miles en£ of Caflel, LoR.*$ 4-6 ii^ Ut. 5 1 74 n^ . WO B . WiTTEMBERG, a ftrdng town of Gef» many, capital of the ducny of Saxony* with a famous uoiverfity, and a caftle. It is the place where the geneial afliein- biles of the circle of Upper Saxony arc held. Mut'tin Luther was profeftbr in theunivtrftty, aiul buried in a chapel belonging to the ca. .e. It is feated on the i^l.be, 5 5 miles N w of Dreiden. Lon. 12 47E, lat. 51 49 N. WiTTLNSTEiN, a town of RuiTia, in the goyernmeot of Livonia, 40 miles se of Revel. Lon. 24 39 B, lat. 58 47 iii, : WiTTiMUND, a town of Weftphalia, in E Friefland, feated near the Gernvan Ocean, 15 miles n of Embden. Lon. j 4 E, lat. S3 41 N. WiTTLESEA-MERE, a lake in the nb p^jTt of Huntingdonftiire, fix miles long ^ and three broad. It is torn- miles 3 of Peterborough. ,. WiVLEsqoMB, a town in StMnerfet- fhire, with a market on Tueluay, 20 mile* NNE of Exeter, and 155 w by s of Lon- don, . Lon. 3 »8.W, lat. 51 4.Nw I i!:ii,i T Wlosimeitz, a town of Little Po- land, in Volhinia, capital of a duchy of the i^mie n^n^e, with a caftle. It is^ feated ; on the Lny, which falls into the figig, 3S ■ mile? w of Lucko, and 56 n of Lemburg, Lon..«4 30 E, lat. 51 3 n. ;i Wo A H o q, one of the Sandwich- Mands, feven leagues nw of Morotoi. From the appearance of the NE and nw parts, it is the fineft ifland of the group.. Nothing can exceed the verdure of the hills, the variety of wood and lawn, and i;icli cul- tivated vailies, which tlie whole face of the country difplays. A bay is formed by the N and w extremities, into which a fine river empties itlelf, through a deep valley ; but the water is brackifli for 20* yards from the entrance. It contain* 60,000 inhabitants. Lieutenant Hergift, commander of the Daedalus ftor. wo L WOO of Bedford, and 41 nUw of London. Loti'O iiw, lat. 52 aN. W00NAY1 4 town of Bohemia, in the cirde of Prach, feaiul oi. the Bianitz, t2 miles NW of Budweis, a>:d 56 's of Prague-. Lon. 14 50 E, lat. 4a 9 N. WOERivENf a town of the United Provinces, in Holland, feated on the Rhine, tS nviks s of Amlteidam. It was taken by the French in 1672 and 1794. Lon. 4 51 £, lat. 52 6n. WOKEYy or Okey, a village in So- merfcfftire, on the s fids of the Mendip Hills, two miles w of Well». Here is a Aunous cavern, called Wakey Hole, the month of which is 15 or to feet high, refembling the infide of- a cathedral ; -the roof compo&d of (pendant rocksj whence a clear -water, tot a petrifying quality, contimially drops. From this grotto a naiTow palTage defcends to arother of lefs height ; and beyoml a i'econo nairow paf- lage is a third grotto. - WoKiNp, a village in' Surry, five miles NNE of Guildford. In the manor- huvie here, died Margaret countefs of Richmond, mother of Henry vii. ^Phe AidI of t^he guard room isn. 10 42 E, lat. 52 18 N. WoLPERSOi«E, an idand of the -United Provinces, in .2^aiand, between ,'N Bevekmd and 8 fieveland. WoLFSPERO, a town of Germany, in Lower Carinthia, with a qaftle, on which the diftrifl about it depends, which is 20 miles in Uugth, and 10 in breadth. It is ieated on the 'Lavand, at the foot of a mountain covered with wood, and full of •wolves, wiwnce the town took its name. It is 36 miles Eof'Clagenfurt. Lon. 15 10 E, lat. 46 j6^N. WoLOAsT, a confiderahle town of Germany, in Swedifli Pomerania, capital of a tenitok y of the fame name, with a caftle, and one of the beft and largeft faariuMrs -on tbe Baltic. It ia Aa^ 00 the Plln, 12 miles se of Grlpfwald. lel 6E ot Stralfund, snd 45 nw of Stetin J-on. i4 4E,-lat, 54 I N. WoLKOSKoi, a town of Ruffia, :« the government of Novogorod, 100 miles 8E of Novogorod. Lon. 34 to e, lat. c, SON. •" , WoLKOWSKA, a town of -Lithuania, m the palatinate of Novogrodeck, feated on the R08, 23 miles se of Grodno Lon.»4 46E, lat. 53 4 n. WOOLER, a town in Northumberland, with a market on Thurfday. It is feated on the fide of a hill, 14 miles s of Ber- wick, and 3 1 8 N by w ot London . Lon I 4 and the houfe is now a private one. Woods, Lake of the, a lake of N America, which makes part of the N boxmdary of the Weflem Territory, of the United States. It is 150 miles long, and 60 where broadeft, but is very iritr- gular in Its fhape, , , >. t- U W O R W O R Woodstock, a borough In Oxford- (hire> Ubd, fecond ion of Ed- Vrzra i. Who was born at this palace, was hence called Edmund of Woodftock; at well as Edward, eldeft Ton of Edward III, commohly known by the name of the Black Prince. Chaucer the poet, was born, lived, and died, at Woodftock. The priucefs Elifabeth was confined here by her fifter Mary. Woodftock has a manufacture of excellent gloves, and of fteel vtratch chains. It is eight miles Nw of Oxford, and 6a wNW of London. Lon. I 15W, lat.51 52 N. WooLPiT, a town in Suffolk, fup- pofed to be the ancient Sitomagus, and noted for making the beft white bricks. It is eight miles e by s of Bury St. Ed- mund's, and 75 NE of London. Woolwich, a town in Kent, with a market on Friday. It is feated on the Thames, and of great note for its fine docks and yards, where men of war arc built ; as alfo for its vaft magazines of breat guns, mortars, bombs, balls, pow- der, and other warlike ftores. It has likewife an acadeny, where the mathema- 'tics are taught, and young officers in- ftrufied in the military art. Some hulks ai'e moored off this towh, for the recep- tion of convifts, who are employed in raifing gravel frdm the river. It is 10 miles E of London. Lono ioE,lat 51 30 n. Worcester, the county-town of Worcefter, in the ftate of Maflachufets, and the largeft inland town ia New £ng- laihl. It is -4.7 miks w of Bofton. Worcester, a city in Worcefter* fliire, capital of that county, with a market on Wcdneiday, Friday, and Sa- turday, and a biihop's fee. It contains nine churches, befide the cathedral, and St. Michael's without the liberties of the city i and has alfo three grammar-ichools} feven hofpitals, and a well-contrived quay. It is governed by a mayor, fends two members to parliament, carries on a confiderablc trade in woollen ftuffs and gloves, and has likewife a mannfa/^ure of elegant china ware. Hei-e Cromwell, ia 1 651, obtained a vifloiy over the Scotch army, which had marched into England to reinitate Charles 11, who, after this defeat, elcaped with great difficulty inno France. Worcelter is feated on a gentle alcent, on the Severn, 36 miles nne of Briftol, and 118 WNvv of London. Lon. a o w, lat. 52 9N. WoRCESTERSfHRE, a county of Eng- land, 30 miles long and 20 broad} bounded on the n by bhropfhire and Staf" fordftiire, on the e by Warwickfhire, on the w by Herefordmire, and on the SB and s by Gloucefterftiire. It lies in the diocefe of Worcefter, contains feven hun- dreds, one city, ten market-towns, and 152 parifties ; and fends nine members tp parliament. The air is very healthy» and the foil in the vales and meadows very rich, producing com and pafture, particularly the vale of Evefliam, whidh is ftyled the granary of thefe parts. The hills have generally an eafy aiicent, except the Malvern hills in the sw part of the county, and feed large flocks of fheep. The other hills are the Licky, near Bromigrove, toward the N j and tlic Bre- don- hills, toward the SE. This county had formerly two lai-ge forefts, but tlie iron and falt-works have in a manner de- ftrgyed them ; and thefe works are now chiefly c^ried on with coal. Here is plenty of fruits of moft forts, efpeci- ally pears, which are in many places found growing in the hedges. The dhief commodities are coal, corn, hops, cloth, cheefe, cider, perry, and fait. The .prin- cipal rivers are the Severn, Teme or Tend, and Avon. WoRcuM, a town of Dutch Bi'abant, feated on the s fide of the Maefe, jult below its junction with theWaliai, tight miles NNW of Htufden, and 22 E ot* Rotterdam. Lon.4 52£, lat.51 52K. WoRcuM, a I'eaport of the United , Provinces, in Friefland, feated on the Zuider-Zee, 18 miles sw of Lewardeli. Lon. s isE, lat. 53 on. WoKiac&tif a town of Gefmatiy, in i P, < 1 ■1 i'i< i i \. WOT the eleftorate of Cologne, featcd on the Khine, eight miles troin Cologne. Workington, a lea^iort in Cumber- land, Icated on the Derwcnt, over which is a ftone hr.Jge. From this port a large which may be traced in fe^reral places. Roman coins are frequently found here, but none of the Saxon, which is looked upon as a proof that it was deftit>yed be- fore their arrival, s WuRtenburg., See Wirtem- BURG. WuRTZBURG, a biihopric of Ger- jnatiyi comprehending the principal part WYE X A V ef Franconla. It ii 65 miles long and 50 broad } bounded by the county of llcnne- berg, the duchy at Coburg, the abbey of Fulde, the arcnbilhopr'ic of Mentz, the marquilate of Anfpach, the biAioprir of Bamberg, and the county of Werth.im. The foil is very fertile, and produces wort. torn and wine than the inhabitants con- Aime. The territories of the bi(hop com- prehend above 400 towns and yilla<^r!!, of which he is fovereign, being one ot" the giwf.telt ecclefialtic princes of the empire. WuRTZBURO, a large fortified city of Germany, one of the principal in Fran- conia,' with a magnificeat palace, a uni- verdty, an ariisnal, and a handfome hof- pit-J. The cattle Itands on an eminence, and communicates with the city by a itonc bridge, on which are it ftatues, repre- fenting as many faints. Wurtzburg was taken, in July 1796, by the French, who w»tre defeated here in September tbilowlngi and the city retaken. It is feattd on the Maine, 40 mites sw of Bamberg, and 300 NW of Vienna. Lon. 10 >3£, lat. 49 46 N. Wycomb, Chifpino, or High Wy- COMBt a populous borough in Bucking- hamfliire, with a market on Friday, faid to he one of the greateft for corn in this pait of England. In 1744, a Roman teflelated paventent was dil'covered in an adjacent meadow ; and in its neighbour- hood are many corn and fSaper-mills. This town is governed by a mayor, and fends two me.nbers to parliament. It is ftated on the Wyck, i« rtrriei SSfe of Ailefbufy, and 31 wnw of- Loitdbti-/ Lon.o 39lW) lat. 51 37 N. WYC0MB,-.WE«!r> a village in Bueks, two miles w of Chipping Wycomb. It is noted for the beautiful villa of the''kit(^ Francis lord Le DeCpencer,- who, *at His Ible expence, ^er65l«d the parifli thiitth, onf a lufty eminence, on the fite of th^ oW church. Wye, a town in Kent, wiih a market oil Thurfday, fea;ed on the Stour, to miles s of Canterbury, and 56 SE of London. ''.lAin.' i 4 E, lat. 51 ion. Wye, a rivirof S Wales, which iflu- ing out of Flynlimmon Hill, very hear the iburce of tne Severn, crofles the ne corner of Radnor/hire, giving name to the town of Rayadergowy, or, the fall of the Wye, where it is precipitated in a ca- taraft. Then flowing between this county and Breckr.ockftiire: it croflTes Hereford- ihire, and dividing the counties of Glou- ceftcr and Monmouth, falls into the mouth of the Severn, below Chepftow. The romantic beauties of the Wye, which flows in a deep bed, between lofty rocks clothed with hanging woods, and here and there crowned by ruined caltles, have employed the delcriptive powers of the per and petjc i 1 . WvK, a river in Derbyfhiie, whicli rifts in the NW pan, above Buxton, ani flowitig SE falls into the Dcrwent, below BakcwLll. Wyf, a populous town of SwifTerland, in a territory of the abbey of Sit. Gallen, .with a palace. It is built en an eminence, 16 miie» ssw of Conilaiicc. Lcn.9 4E, lat. 47 34 N. WvL. Ssee Wkil. Wymondham, or Windham, a town in >terfolk, with a market on Friiiay. The ItecpU of the church is very high, and on it was hung Ket; the relxl, in the reign of Edward vi. It is nine miles ssw of Norwich, and 100 nne of London. Lon. I 6 E, lat. 51 36 n.- Wynendale, a town o£ Auflrian Flanders, where general Webb, in 1708, with 6000 men only, defeated 14,000 French. It is eight miles ene of Dixmude, Wyre, a river in Lancafhire, which rifes near Wyrefdale, fix miles s|E of Lanr calter, and pafTmg by Garltaiig, t^^ri the Iriftx Sea, below Poulton. 1 ■'/', X XACCA, or Sacca, a ieaport of SJ.! cily, with an old caftle. ft is feate«i on the s coaft of the ifland, at the foot 6t a mountain, 20 m\les SE of Mazara, and 41 ssw of Patcrrfcid: !£,on. 13 i'E, lat'. 37 4iN> "^ ':f- • ■•'• :-.'-• JCAdVA, a fcajidrt' on t^e s coaft of the ifland of Cuba, ope of the fineftio Ame- rica, 84\niles SE bf Havaniia. ^ Lon. ^ 45W, 4at. aa 10 N. ,:,' ^ ' Xamsco, a town of New Spain, Hi the' province of Guarfalajara Proper, feated on the Pacific Ocean, 400 miles W of Mexico. Lon, 1105 w, lat. aa 30 N^ Xativa, formerly a flourifhing town of Spain, in Valencia. Having taken the part of Charles ni, in 1707, Philip v ofr ^ dercd It to be demolifhed', and, inltead of it, a new town to be built, called St. Philip. It is feattd on the fide of a hill, at the foot of which runs the Xucar, 3* miles sw of Valencia, and 50 Kw of AU- cant. Lcn.o 14 \v, lat. 39 4N. Xavier, or Sabi, the capital of tJie kingdom of Whidah, on the Slave Coaft of Guinea, It is noted for its great market, which is held at the diftance of a mile from the walls. The market-place is furrounded by luttlers' booths, whicl^ U u II ft ' !!i . i I ■ i U Y A R »re only permitted to (c\\ certain forts of tween N and S Holland i and U pronounced hieat, as beef, purk> and the ilelh of Ey. goats and dogs. Here Haves of both Icxes are bought and fold, as well as oxen, iheep, dogs, hogs, fiih, and birds. Here are to be found various commodities of \Vhidau manutaiSlure, and every thing of European, Afiatic, or African produ6Vion. Xavier is featcd one mile fx'om the river Euphrates. Xavier, a town of Spain, in Navarre, •'t4'< Yadkin River. See Pkdee. Yaik. See Ural. Yaic Cossacks. SeellRALiANCo^ SACKS. Yaitsk. See UitAtSK. Yakutsk, one of the four provinces of the Rufllan government of Iikutzk, in the eaftern .part of Siberia. Yakutsk, a town of Siberia, capital nnttd as the birthplace of the celebrated of a KulTian province of the lun-te n Komifh faint and miillonary of that name It is 35 miles SE of Pampeluna. Xavier, St. a town of S America, in the province of La Plata, »oo . miles w of Rio Janeiro. Lon. 50 6 w, lat. 94 o s. Xeres-de-Baoajo^» a cotifiderable town of Spain, in Eftramadura, and in the territory of Tra-la-Guadiana, feated on the rivulet Ardilla, 27 miles SE of 3adajoz. Lon. 6 32 w, lat. 38 9 n. , Xeres-de-Guadiana, a town of ing interfered by a number of canaU, Spahl, in Aridaliifvii, feated on the Guadi- it nas 14 (tone bridges, each confifting of feated on the river Lena. Lon. 1x9 53 e, lat. 6z I N. Yale, the capital of a province of the; fame name, in the iiland of Ceylon. YambOi a feaport of Arabia, with a caftle, on the coalt of the Red Sea, 60 miles sw of Medina. Lon. 40 10 e» lat. 13 40 N. Yanc-tcheov, a populous city of China, in the province ot Kiang-nan. Be- iina, 18 miles N of Ayainome I5W, lat.37 3DN.\;.,j/ ' X£Rfe's-DE-LA-FRONTERA, aconfider- al>t(e tov^«?mjS ths^t rile p^AHrid. Lon. ^ 59 vv^ lat., 3 6 42 n. in the heart (rf the county f It pafles by XERES-DE-LA;FRO^f,TERA, a town o( Norwichj.^whepce it isiyivigftljk to Yar» New Sjjain, iaj^e a^Uiei^e of Guadal^r^ jarl. ' ' X,oh . 1*64 a 5 w, fat. 2 z 3 5 N . r9j»)»th, belffW which it faHs inl;<> the Ge;"- man Ocean. It .is, noted for pl^Wy of ruffs. fTa;'Kn^ in'the lenl'toryoi Segura, with a d^y. It is feated at the mouth of the ftrong cafti . , It is iesu^cd among moun- Y^e> .^n^^^ of confideraWe confequenCe, tairts, in a country that produces excellent both as. a port and fiflung town. % wine, i 5 miles svv of Alicant. Lon. o means of its rivers, it enjoys the export ioW, lat. 38 6 N. , and import trade of yaiious places in • ' Xuc Ak, 'a river of Snain, wbich rifes Norfolk and Suffolk. Its harbour is ex- ^' l^evv Caftile, : in tl« SieiTa-de-Cuenza. tremely convenient for bufinefs, the veffels 'ft pafTes by Ciienza,' and entering the lying in the river, along a very extenfive ji^vince of Vakncia, runs into the gulf and beautiful quay. Us f^areign trade is df, Valencia, at the town of Culkra. chiefly to the Baltic, Hplland, Portugal, ^XtnJMOGROD.atownof TurkiftiCro- and the Mediterranean, It alio fends nfla, 17 miles N of Sebenico, and 37 B of Kzara. Lon. j6 51 e, lat. 40 ;i4 n. Y, an arm of the Zulf^er Zee, which (hips to the Gre nland filhery. The home filhing is carried on atHwo feafons j that for mackerel in May and June, and that for herrings in 06lober and Novem- ber. The herrings are chiefly cured here by falling, and then drying them in wood Imoke J when, under the name of red ) enters that lea, five miles E of heirings, they are either coniumed at Amfterdani. It forms the boundary be- home, or exported to fouthern counuics. 3 . Y E L V^rniemh U much frequented in the fea- fon a« a place for fea-bathing. It is go- vetned by 9 mayor, and lends two mem- bers to parliament. The market-place is very fpaclous j but the ftreets, in ^e- ncralf are very narrow, and jull wide enough tor their little carriages to pafs through. Thel'e carriages are a kind of (Icdee, drawn by one norfe, and calcu- lated intirely tor thefe narrow ftreets. Here are two churches: that of St. Ni- cholas has a lofty (leeole, which ferves as a feamarki anq whichever way it is viewed, it appears crooked. Off the mouth of the narbour is a bar, which prevents the entry of /hips of laige bur- den; and the many landbariks off the coafi, at a diftance, form the Yarmouth Roads, fo noted for frequent fliipWrecks. Yarmouth is 27 miles E of Norwich, and III NE of Loivlonr Lon. i 55 e, lat. 52 45 N. YARMOUTk, a borough in Hampshire, on the w coaft of the Ifle of Wight, \y|th a ftrone caftle. It fends two mem- hi^rs \ to parTiamejnt, and is fealed on a creek, eight miles w of Newport, and 223;sw o,f London. Lon. i 18 w, lat. 50 4*0 N. Yar'oslaf, a i^vemment of Ruflia, formerly a province of the government of Mofcow. YaROSLAF, a town of Ruflia, capital of a govemmeiit of the fame name. It is feated at the confluence of the Volga with the Kotorofl, 140 miles nb- of Mof- cow. Lon. 38 59 E, lat. 57 35 N. Yarum, a town in the N riding of Yor^dhire, "yvith" a market on Thurlday. It is feated on the Tees, over which is a ftoi^e bridge, 46 miles nnw of York, and a j8 > N by w of London. Lon. i izvf, ]at.i4 3it(. ^RLEYy a town in Huntingdonihire, ^4 iniles i4 of Huntingdo^, and 78 N by W of London. Yelu one of the Shetland Iflands, ts the N of that called Maii^and. It is ix miles long and eight broad, and has feve- ral eood harbours. Yellow River, or Hoang-ho, a larg? fiver of Afia, which, after a courfe of lieai'ly 600 leagues acrois Tartary and China, enters the Eaftern Sea, to the N of the nouth of the Yan-tfe-kiang. It is very brond and rapid, but fo ftiallow, that it is fcarcely navigable. It is called the Yellow River, becaufe the clay and fand which it wafhes down, efpecially in time of rain, makes its water appear of a yellow colour. Yellow Sea, a gulf of China, be- Y R tWMp the pro vi fees of Pe-tcheli and Chang-tong on the w, and the peninfula of Corea on the e. Yemen, a province of Arabia Felix. Sanaa is the capital. Ye NIK ale, an important fortrefs of the Crimea. See Kertsch. Yenisei, or Jenisa, a river of Siberia, which naming in»m s to N, enters the Frozen Ocean, to the E of the bay of Oby. YEfiiiSEiSJC, or Jeniskoi, a large and populous town of Siberia, in the province of Toinflc, feated on the river Yenilci. Lon. 91 35 E, lat. 57 46 N. Yen-ping-fou, a city of China, in the province of Fokien. It has in its diftriA feven cities of the third clafs, and is feated on the brow of a mountain, ac the foot of which is the river Minho. It is 175 miles s of Nan-king. Yen-tcheou-fou, a city of China, in the province of Chang-tong. Its dif- trift contains four cities ot the fecond and 23 of the third clafs ; and it is feated between two rivers, 275 miles se"' of Pekin. YfiN-TCHiNC, a city of China, in tlie province of Chang-tong and jurirdifliop of Tf^nan•tbu. Here a kind of glafs is made, fo delicate and brittle, tnat it cracks when expofed to the linalleft inju- ries of the air. Yeovil, or Ivel, a corporate town in Someri'etlhire, with a market on Friday. Here is a manufacture of cloth, but. the pi'incipal one is of gloves. It is feated on the Ivel, 20 mites s of Wells, and 123 w by 8 of London. Lon. 2 37 w» lat. 50 55 N. Yesd, a town of Perfia, In Irac Agemi, on the road from Kerman to Itpahan. |t has a filk manufaAure} and here are made the Hnelt carpets in thejkvorld. It is 200 miles e'sb of li'pahan. Lon. 56 50 E, lat. 32 o N. YoNNE, a department of France, con- taining part of the late province of Bur- gundy. It is fo called from a river that riles in the department of Nievre, and paifingby Chateau-Chinon, Clameci, Au- xerre, Joigny, and Sens, falls into the Seine. Auxerre is the capital, YoRiMAN, a province of S America, in Guiana, about 1 50 milts in length, on the river Amazon. The native inha- bitants are (trong, robult, and ad\ive, and both fexes go naked. York, an ancient city, the capital of Yorkftiire, with an archbifliop's fee, and a market on Tuel'day, Thurfday, and Saturday, It is the Eboracura of the U u X I i i ) Y O R Y O R Fomam, and many of thrir coffint, tirn«, cut, MaflTachuflets, and Vermont; on the coins, ice, have hcin found here. It has n. by the 45® of lat. which divides it always been confidered a« the capital of from Canada ; on the NW by the river the North, ami, in point of rank* as the fecoiid city in the kingdoiYii}' and, although it is now Airpafied in wealth and jjopuloui- nefs by many of the more modtin trading towns, it ftill fupports a confiderable de- gree of confequence, and is the refidence of many genteel families. The cathedral St. Lawrence, and the lakts cJntario and Erie } and on the sw and s by PenniyU vania rnd New Jerfey. It is 350 milct long and 300 broad, and is divided into 13 counties. Ntw York, in general, is interfered by ridges of mountains running in a NE and sw direction. Bevond th« of St. Peter, generally called the minfter, Allegany mountains, however, the coun- is reckoned the moft elegant and magnifi- try is quite level, of a fine rich foil, cent Gothic ftruAure in the kingilom, covered in its natural flate, with various Lincoln perhaps excepted. Befide this kiuas of trees. Eaft of thelie mountains cathedral, York contains but 1 7 churches it is broken into hills a,nd vallics : the inufe; though, in the »tip;n of Henry v hills are thickly clothed with timber, and, there were 44 yariih churches, 17 chapels, when cleared, atford fine palturc ; and the and nine religious houfes. It is divided vallies produce wheat, hemp, flax, peas, by the Oufe into two parts, which are gral's, oats, and Indian corn. Ot the united by a ftone bridge of five arches, commodities pibduc'cd from culture, wheat the centre one 81 feet wide ; dnd the river is the rtaple, of which immenfe quantities is navigable to this city for veffels of 70 are railed and. exported. The beft lands tons burden, although it is 60 miles from in this province, which lie along Mohawk the lea. York is furrounded by a itrong River, nnd w of the Allegany mountains, wall, through which are entrances by four are yet in a ftnte of nature, or jult begin- gates and five pofterns} and it has a ring to be IctlK'd. This (late abounds caftle, built by vVjlUam the Conqueror, '^which was formerly a place of great ftrength, but it is now a county prifon for debtoj^ and felons. Without Boot- ham bar ftood the magnificent abbey of St. Mary, fome ruins of which remain, and on the fite of part of it is the manor or royal palace, built by Henry viii, where feveral of our kings have lodged, though it is now ncglefted. York is a city and county of itfclf, governed by a loid-niayor, and fends two mejnbers to parliatucnt : its with Jcveral finfc rivers and bkes. ' York, New,*^ a city of the United Statfij, capital of a ftate pf the flune name. It is fituate on the sw point of an iflnnd, at the confluence of Hudfon and EaXt Rivers, and is four miles ir " -cum- ferfcnce. Surrounded on all by water, it is refrefhed by cool j in fun^.mef , and the air itt winter is more tem- perate than in other places under the fame parallel. Yorkllland is 1 5 miles in length, but hardly one in breadth »• and is joined county includes Ainfty Liberty, in which to the mainland by a bridge tailed King's are 35 villages and hamlets. The guild hall, built in 1446, is a grand ftru^ture, iupported by two rows of oak pillars, each pillar, a fincle tree. The rorpora- tion built a manlion-houfe, in 1728, for the lord-mayor; and, among the modern buildings, are a noble aflembly-houfe, de- figned by the eai*l of Burlington, and an elegant court-houfe, on the right of the calTle; here is alfo a theatre-royal, and an afylum for lunatics. York is 70 mijes s by E of Durham, 89 e of Lancafter, and 198 N'byw of London, Lon.iiw,lat. i3 59N. York, a county of Pennfylvsnla, 64 miles long and 24 broad. In J790, it contained 37,747 inhabitants. Its capital, of the fame hame, is 15 miles sw of Philadelphia. Lon. 76 43 w, lat. 39 7 N. York, New, one of the United State? of America, bounded on the SE by the Atlantic Ocean) on the £ by Connefti- Bridge. There is no balm br'bay for the veception of (hipsj but the road wh^re they lit, In Eaft River, is dtfcnded frdrt the violence of the iea by Ibme llkhd-s which interlock With' each other 5 lothat, excepf that of Ithode lilahd, the harbour of New York, which admits fliips of. any burden, is the beft of the United States. The tiumbp- of ir habitants, in 1786, was 23,614. New York is 97 miles ne of Philadelphia. Lcn. 74^ W, lat. 4o4;N. York River, a liv^r of N America, in Virginia, fbrned by the c'dnflilence of the Pamunky and Mattapony, 30 miles above York Town, below which place it enters Chefapeak Bay. York Town, a town of the United States, in Virginia, fituate on the 5 fide of York River. It has the beft harbour in the f^ate for veflTels of the largeft fue, and is 1 5 miles E of Williamfburgh. YuRK SHIRE, the largeft county in ■a-,. YOU Y V E KngUnd, hounded on the N by Weft- morlnnd, ana the bilhopric of Durhuni ; >n the E by titc Grrman Oce.iti ; on the s by Lincolnlhire, Nuttinghamniitc, mid Derbylliiiej on the sw bv Chclhiit ; on tht w by I.ancaftjiic ; and on the uw by WcitiTioiland. It extends 90 miles i'lom N to s, and 115 honi k to vv. It is di-.ldcd into three ridit.i;*, i:tUed the North, Eaft, and Welt; and lubdividcd into 26 wapentakes, which contain one cliy, 54. market- towns, and ^63 pariDirs. It li«b in the dioccle of York (except Kicliinoixifliire, whicli belongs to the diocc-iie of Cheftcr) and fends 30 members to parliament. The air -"nd foil 'of this txtcufjvc county vary extremely. The g riding is lets healthy than tne others; but this inconvenience decre.Ues in pro- portion as the county recedes from the lea. On the hilly parts of this riding, cipecially in what is called the York Wolds, the foil is generally barren, dry, and I'andy ; but great numbers of lean Hieep are fold hence* and lent into Other parts to be fattened. The w riding enjoys a ftiarp but healthy air, and the land on the weftern fide is hilly, ftony, and not very fruitful i but the intermedi- ate vallies confiit of much good arable ground, and pafture for the largelt cattle. It aifo produces iron, coal, jet, alum, horfes, and goats. Here the clothing manufa^ures principally flourifh. The N riding, in general, exceeds the other two in tlie faluL.lt; of the air. The worlt parts breed lean cattle; but, on the fides of the hills, in the vallies and plains, it produces good corn, and rich paftures for large cattle. Richmondfliire, on the NW of this riding, was formerly a coirnty of itfelf: here many lead mines are worked to great advantage. In York- shire likcwiie arc the dift'i'^ts of Cleve- land, Holdernels, and Craven. In this Jaft diitrift are two of the higlieft hills in England ; the one named Warnfide, the other Inglcborough. The princip". rivers are the OuCe, Don, Derwent, CaKier, Aire, Warf, Nidd, Urc, and Hull, all which terminate in the Humbtr, which falls into the German Ocean, between Yorkfhire and Lincolnlbire. Yo-TctiEOu-FOt;, a populous and commercial city of China, in the province of Hou-quang. Its diftricl contains one city of the fecond, and lieven of the third clafs J and it is feated on the Yang-tfe- kiang, Z75 miles sw of Nan-king. YoucHALL, a confiderable town of Ireland, In the county of Cork. It is iurrouoded by walisj has a very coinn^> diout harbour, with a wdl-dcfcudrj ynay, and lends two nicmbtrs to parlia- nu nt. It has a manufacture of earthen ware, and is Uated on the lide 0/ a iiiil, at the mouth cf the river' Blickwater, iX miles E by N of Cork. Lou. 7 4.5 w, lat. 51 59 N. YPRiis, a large city of Auftriau Flanders, with a biftiup's fee. It has a confiderable manutaii^ure of cloth and Icrges i and every year in lent ilurc is a wclMrequcnteJ fair. It was one of the barrier towns belonging to tiie Dutch, till 1781, when the emperor Jolcph 11 obliged them to withdraw their garrison. It has been often taken and retaken; the laft time by the French in 1794.. It is leated on the river Yperlec, 1 1 miles w of Courtray, 15NW of Lifle, and 130N of J|aris. Lon. 2 4S u, lar. 50 51 n. Yriex, St. a town of France, in the depaitmcnt of Upper Viennc and lite province of Limofin. It derives its name trom a faint who built a monalteiy here, and is feated on the river We, ao miies s of Limoges. YsENDiCK, a Itrong town of Dutch Flanders, in tlie ifle of CalianJ, feated on a branch of the river Schcid, called Blic, eight miles E of Sluys, and 18 NW of Ghent. Lon. 3 3S e, kt. 51 aoN, YssEL. See ISSEL. YssELBURG, a town of Dutch Gud- derland, la miles E of Clcves, and ax NE of Gueldrcs. Lon. 6 15 £, lat. ci 42 N. YssKLMOND, an ifland of Holland, fituatc between the Merwe on the N, and another branch of the Made on the s. It .has a town of the lame name, near three miles w of Rotterdam. YssELSTEi.N, a town of the United Provinces, in Holland, with a caftle, leatfd on the river Yssel, five miles sw ot Utrecht. Lon. 5 5 e, lat.. 52 7 n. YssENGEAUX, a town of France, in the department of Upper Loire and late province of Velay, 10 miles NE ®f Puy. YtHAN. See ElTHAN. Yucatan. SeeJucATAN. Yuen- YANG- Fou, a city of Qilna, in the province of Hou-quang. Its dif- tria contains one city of the fecond, and . iix of the third clafs. It is 300 miles w oi Nan-king. Yverdun, a ftrong and anc'ent ^o'vn of Swiflerland, in the Pays de Vaud, capital of a tiaillwlc of the fame name, with a caftle. It Is feated at the head of a lake of the fame name, on the rivers Orbc and Tbicle, 30 miles sw uf Bun* Lon. 6 50 E, lat. 46 ^on. *" ' tf u J ' • ^ fi! Z A B Z A M YvERDUN, Lake of. See Neu- CHATEL. YvETOT, a town of France, In the de- partment of Lower Sem4 and late province of Normandy, five miles NE of Caudebec. Yi'MA, one of theBsihama Iflands, in the \V Indies, lying to tne JJ of Cuba j 55 miles in length, and 17 in breadth. YuMETO, one of the Bahama iflands, in the W Indies, to the N of the ifle of Yuma, lying under the tropic of Cancer. It is 37 miles in length. YvN, the largeft canal in China, called alfo The Impfrial Canal. This tc- lebrated canal, which extends from Canton to Pekin, forms a communication between the N and s provinces. The traffic upon it is exceedinp-ly great, and it is, in va- rious other rer^)e£ls, an objcft of wonder and admiration to Europeans. YuNO-piNG fox), a city of China, in the province of Pe-tcheli. Its diftrift contains one city of the fecond and five of the third clafs ; and it is 87 miles E of Pekin. Yu-Ni^tj-FOU, a city of China, in the province of ho-nan. Its diRrift con- tains two cities of ti>e fecond and i z of the third clafs. It is 175 miles Nw of Nan-king. YuN-NAN, one of the moft fertile and opulent provinces in C'lina } bounded on the N by Se-tcheuen aud Thibet, on the E by Quang-fi and Koei-tcheou, on the s hy the kingdoms of Laos and Tonquin, and on the w by thofe of Burm.^h and Pegu. Its gold, copper, and tin mines j ih amber, rubies, Vapphires, agates, pearls) marble, mulk, filk, elephants, horfes, gums, medicinal phnts, and linen, have procured it the higheft I'epu- tation. Its commerce and riches are im- naenfe. " Yt;N-NAN-FOU, the capital of the provmce of Yun-nan, in China, once rjinarkable for its extent and the beauty of its public buildings, all which have b'-en deltroyed by the Tartars, in their different invafions. Its diflri6l contains four cities of the fecond and thiid clafs. It is 430 miles nw of Canton. Yvov, a town of France, in the dr- ^ttment of the Ardennes and late pro- vince of Champagne, fcated on the Cher, 10 miles s of Sedan* Lon. 54E) lat. 49 3» N. ZABSRN, a town bf bertkihy, in the palatixatelsf H^ic fi^tii^ x smile* w of Phillpiburg. Lon. 8 10 E, lat. 4,9 II N. Zabola, a town of Tranfylvania, on the confines v*' Moldavia, five miles sw of Ncumark. Zaburn, a town of France, in the de- partment of the Lower Rhine and late province of Alface. 15 miles N of Straf- burg. Lon- 7 50 e, lac. 48 50 n. Zacatecas, a city of New Spain, in the audience of Guadalajanu It is l\tr> rounded by very rich filver mines, and in 312 miles NE of Mexico. Zafra, a town of Spain, in Fftrama- di'.ra, with a caftle. It is feated at the foot of a mountain, near the river Gua- daxiera, 20 miles SW of Medina. Lon. 6 12 w, lat. 38 19N. Zagatulla, a town of New Spain, in the audience of Mexico, 200 miles sw of that city, at the mouth of a river of the fame name. Lon. 104 35 w, lat. 17 50 N. Zagara, a famous mountain of Eu- ropean Turkey, in Livadia, on the gulf of Corinth, nea/ mount Pamaflu*, and ahnoft always covered with fnow. It was .ie ancient Helicon, from which ilTucd the fountain Hippocrene, and was facred to tlie Mufes, who had here a temple. Zagrad, a ftrong and populous town of Sclavonia, capital of a county of the fame name, with a bifliop's fee. It is feated on the Save, 25 miles NE of CarU ftadt, and 137 sw of Buda. Lon. 15 41 E, lat. 46 20 N. Zahara, a ftrong town of Spain, in Andaluila, feated on a craggy rock, and defended by a citadci. It is 47 miles SE of Seville. Lon. 4 55 w, lat. 36 5aN. Zahara, or the Desert, a vaft country of Africa, bounded on the N by Barbary, on the E by Fezzan ar 1 Ca(h- na, on the s by Tombu^floo, and on th* W by the Atlantic Ocean- The air is very hct, but wholefome to the native"-. The foil is generally fandy and barren, infomuch that the caravans crofling it to and from Negroland are often reduced to great extremities. The inhabitants arc wild and ignoiant. They have a numbep of petty princes; and the Mahometan religion is profefled thi'oughout the country. ZAIRE) a large river of Africa, which, > tiling in the kingdom of Macoco, divides the kingdoms of Leango and Congo, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean, b^low Ssgno. Zamqra, 1 ftroBf;; and (^fid^iable town of Spain) in Leon, with a~blflv6p> "^ffVf Z A N 2i A T fte. In it» environs fine turcois ftones (hakes when trod upon, like a quagmire; are found. It is feated on a hill, on the and a fpring, which throws out a great river Douero, over which is a bridge of deal of bitumen, efpecially at the tin.e ot' 17 arches, 35 miles N of Salamanca, and an earthquake. This illand belongs to 150 NW of Madrid. Lon. 5 iSw, lat. the Venetians, who have conftantly a gOr- 41 41 N. Zamora, a town of Peru, in the au- dience of Quito* In its neighbourhood are rich mines of gold, and it is feated near the Andes, 230 miles s of Quito. Lon. 75 55 w, lat. 56 s. Zamora, a town of Algiers, in the province of Conftantine, 250 miles w of Hamamet. Lon. 6 25 e, lat. 36 20 n. Zamoski, a Itrong town of Poland, in Red Ruffia, now the Auftrian kingdom of Lodomeria. It has a citadel, and is 37 miles NW of Lemburg. Lon. 23 26 E, lat. 50 52 N. Zampango, a town of New Spain, in the province of Mexico Proper, aff miles N of Acapulco. Zanfara, a kingdom of Negroland, to the w of the kingdom cf Zegzeg. The inhabitants are tall in ftature, ot a very verriorrefidlng in the fortrefs; There are about 50 vlfiagcs, but no other large town than Zante, which is feated on the E fide of the illand, and has a good har- bour. It contains near 20,000 inl.abi- tants ; and the houfes are low, on account of the frequent earthquakes. The Eng- lifli and Dutch have each a fa^ory a^d conful here. Lon. 21 3E, lat< 37 53 N. Zanzibar, an ifland of Africa, on the coatt of Zanguebar, between the iilands of Pembr> and Moniia, with the title of a kingdom, tributary to Por- tugal. 'It abounds in lugar canes and! citrons, The inhabitants are Mahome- tans. Lon. 38 25 E, lat. 60s. Zara, nn ancient, (Irong, and coulr- derable city of Venetian Dalmatia, ca- pital of a county of ths fame name, with an archbiihop's lee,a citadel,and a harbour* black complexion, with broad faces, and It was formerly much more confiderablC; IS very little favage diipofitions. It known to Europeans. Zanguebar, a country on the E coaft of Africa, between 3°N and i8*s lat. It includes feveral petty kingdoms, in which the Portuguefe have fettlements. The inhabitants, except thofe converted by the Portuguefe, are either Mahome- tans or pagans, the latter much the more numerous. The pjincipal teiritories are Simeon, brought from Judea, and Mombaza, Lamo, Melinda, Quiola, Mo- in a ftrine, with a cryflal before it. lan.bique, and Snftila. The Portuguefe trade tor flaves, ivory, gold, oftrich fea- thers, wax, and di-ugs. The prodU(?lion3 are mi^ch the fame as in other parts of Africa between the tropics. Zante, an ifland of the Mediterranean, near the coaft of the Morea, 17 miles se of the illand of Cephalonia. It is 24 few Roman catholics among them; but they have a bifliop « ■■ 'vdll as the Greeks. In «»c pvx of this tflfand i« a pl&ce w^ich^ of Ratibor. Lon i;i»4 the circumference of the walls bemg now but two miles, and the iiUtabitants noC above 6000. Neai' the church, which the Greeks call St. Helia, are rwo fluted Columns of the Corinthian order, fup- pofed to liave been part of the temple of Juno. There are Arte paintings in thei churches, done by the beft matters ; and they pretend to have the body crt St. kept Zara is feated on a fmall peninfula, in the gulf of Venice, 80 miles sw of Jaicza, :uid I50SE of Venice. Lon. 16 6 e, kt. 44! ZaRnat* e, a flrong town of European . Turkey, in the Morea, feated' on 9Xk eminence, 20 miles w of Mifitra. Zarnaw, a town of Little PolaniJ, in the palatinate of Sandomir, 63 miics N of Gracow. Lof^. i^ 56K, lat. 51 13 R. Zaslaw, a town of Poland, in Vol- hinia, feated on the Horin, 15 miles s£ of Oftrog. Lon. i7 11 e, lat. 50 20 n. Zatmar, a ftrong town of Uppef Hungai-y, capital of a county, of the Jame name. It is feated on a flnaU lake form- ed by the river Samos, 50 miles £ by * of Tockay, and 1 30 a »f Bud». Lon, S3 34 E, ht. 47 50 a^ Zator, a town of Poland, in the pala.* linate of Cra<:ow, and ca|>ital of a ftarofly M' the fame name, NVith a Caftle. It is leated oh an eminence, near th» i^iycr Viltuia, io inilcs swof Cracow, and 50,88^ 19 4* Ei lat. 49 54 N. I Z fi A . V Zbara/,, a town of Polaml, in FoJo- lia, 70 miles N by w of Kaminieck. ZboroW, a town of Auftrian Poland, in the palatinate of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John Cafunir, kiiig of Poland, with 20,000 men, wa^ attacked in hi» camp by 110,000 Cofl'acks and Tartars, tor three days fucceflively, but defended bimfelf fo bravely, that the latter were Z E A found it to confift of two large iflands leparated by a itrait four or five leagues broad, to which he gave his own laine. On the w fide of this ftrait is Qiiees Charlotte's Sound, which was made a principal place of rend zvous in his fub- lequent voyages. Thefc iflands lie be- tween lat. 34. and 48OS, and Ion. 166 and i8o°E. Along the coalt many fmali glad to content to terms of accommcdsi- iflands are formed, and it is indented by tion. Zbmow is %$ miles w of Zbaraz, deep bays, affording excellent ftieltcr foe and 52 E by s of Lemburg. Lon. 25 " 46*E, lat. 49 46 N. Zealand, an ifland of Denmark, al- moft of a round form, 700 milts m cir- cumference, and the lurgett of the ilies belonging to the king ot Denmark. It lies at the cnrrancc of the Baltic, having the Schaggerach Sea on the N, the Sound on the E, the Baltic en the s, and the Great Belt on the w. It is exceedingly fertile ; pro(!ucing grain of all Ibrts, and in great plenty, and abounding with excellent pafture. It is particularly fa- .rnous for its bree'l of horfcs. Copenhagen Ihipping J and there are alfo feveral rivers capable of receiving large veflels. Of the two iflands, the fouthernmoft is for the molt part mountainous and barren. As far inland as the eye can reach, nothing appears but mountains of ftupcndous height, confifting of rocks that are totallv naked, except where they are covered with Ihow; but the land bordering on the feacoalt is clothed thick with wood, almult down to the water's edge. The northern- molt illand has a much better appearance : It is indeed not only hilly, but mountain- ous ; yet even the hills and mountains are is not only the capital of this ifland, but covered with wood, and every valley has a of the whole kingdom ZEALANb, one of the {t\tn United Provinces of the Netherlands, bounded \ on the N by the illes of Holland, on the • E by Dutch Brabant, on the s by Dutch . Flanders, and on the w and Nw by the German Ocean. It is compofed of lev ;ral iflands, the principal of which are Wal- cheren, Schowen, N and S Bevcbnd, Tolen, Diiyveland, ^nd Wolieridikc. The inhabitants are at a great exptnce r© * defend themlclvcs from the encroach- ments of the fca, and in keeping up their dikes. The rivtr Sclield forms the molt of thefe iflands; and the Ibil of them is fruittul, but tlie air unhealthy, elpccially for flirangers. The principal towns are • Middleburg and Fiufljing. Zealand, Ntw, an ifland in the rivulet of excellent water. The foil g: thefe vallies, and the plains, of which there are many overgrown with wood, is in ge- neral light, but fertile. The winters are milder than in England, and the Aimmers not hotter, though more equally warm. Thtre are forelts of vaft: extent, full of the ftraightell and largeft timber, flt for building of any kind- Wild celery, and a kind of cieflTes, grow plentifully in al- molt every cove. Yams, fwcet potatoes, and cocoas, are railed by cultiva;iun. Captain Coak, in 1773, planted feveral fpors of ground with European garden feeds J and, in 1777, in leveral of thefe fpots, although totally neglefled and overjun by weeds, were found cabbages, onions, leeks, purilain, radilhes, niuflard, iS:c, and a few fine potatoes, greatly ini- Pacific Ocean, difcovered by Tafman, in proved by change of foil. In other places 1643. He travcrfed the e coaft fioiu lat. every thing had been rooted out to make 34t6*43®s, and enteral a (trait ; but be- room for temporary villages. The only ing attacked by the natives, loon alter he quadrupeds are dogs a.nd rats : the former came to an anchor, in the place to which aie domeltic, and tor food j and the latter he gave the name of Murderers-Bay, he though not numerous, leem alfo to be did not go on flaore. He called the eaten. The birds, like the vegetable csuntry Staten Land, in iionour of the produ6tious, are almolt intircly peculiai' States General, though it has been gene- to the counti-y. Captain Cook introduced rally diftinguifhed in our maps by t!ie European poultry, and, on his laft viliti name of New Zealand. From the time of Tafmani the whole country, except tlwit part of the coaft which was fcen by him, remained altogether unknown, and had the fatist'aclion to find them incrcafed, both in a wild and dcmeftic ftate, beyond all danger of being ever exterminated. The men are (tout, well-made, and fleflw j was by many fup^fed to make part of a but hone of them corpulent, like the m- fouthern continent, ttU 1770, when it was habitants of Otaheite and the Society circumnavigated by captain Cook, who IHes y and they arc exceedingly vigoious ((* Z E A Z E L utd af^tve. The women, in general, are (haaller than the men } but pofleifing few peculiar graces of form or perfcr., and chiefly diftingulfhed by the i'oftnefs of their voices. The bodies of both ibxes ai'c marked with black ftains, called amoco, which is the fame as tattowing at Otaheite. Their diet's confifts of an oblong garment} about five feet long and four broad ; they bring two corners of it over dieir (boulders, and fallen it on the brealt with the other parts, which covers the body ; and about tlie belly it is again tied with a girdle of mat. 'I hey orna- ment their heads with feathers, pcarl- Ihells, bones, ice. The women iome- times wear necklaces of (Irarks teeth, or bunches of long beads made of bones or fliells. Their houfes are mifei-able lodg- ing-places ; and their only furniture is a few linall balkets, in which they put their fiihing-hooks and other trifles. Their food confilts chiefly of fifh ; and inftead of bread, they eat the root of a kind \>f tern, v.'hich they fcorch over the fire, and then beat with a ftick till the bark. Or dry outfide, falls oif. Belide their dogs, they alfo contrive to kill birds ; and in nioft parts of the northern illand, they have I'weet potatoes, cocoas, and yams ; but in the fouthern, nothing is raifed by cultivation. Their cookery confifts wholly in roafting a:ui baking, which latter is performed in the iame manner as at Ota- heite. The women eat in common with the men, and their method of feeding correfponds with the naltiiiefs of tlieir perfons. From Cape Kidnappers, iiv iat. 39 43, for upward of eighty leagues to the northward, the people acknowle and the clothes and carving finer, than any where elfc. In othei' parts, they are Scattered along the coaft, in fingle familiei, or in larger tribes, and each in a ftate of perpetual hoftility. Fop inch contiftiial wars, and the inhuman banquet that is the confc < quence of victory, among a people In other refpefts mild and gentle, perhaps no better reafon ca»» be adigned, th:\n that what at firit originated in necelTity, hl»s been perpetuated by habits and ex* afperated by revenge. Upon the whole* there is little room to doubt that tlieie people are canibals. Zebu, or Cebu, one of the Philip- pine lUands in the Indian Ocean, between thofe of Leyte and Negro's. It is 14.0 miles long and 30 broad. ZEGTfCy a kingdom of Negroland, lying on the river Niger, by which it is feparated, on the N, trom the empire of Caflina. On the £ it is bounded by Zan. fara, on the s by Benin, and or ^lie w by unknown delerts. It confilts partly pf plains and partly of mountains. The latter are extremely cold, while the for- mer are intolerably hot ; but abound with water, and are exceedingly fruitful. Zexghewheim, a town of Germany, in the hndgravate of Heffe Caflel, 30 miles s of Callel. Lon. 9 19 £> Iat. 5a S^ N. Zeil, a town of Suabia, capital of a county of the fame name, in the Algau, between the county of Wurzach and Leut- kircher Heath. It has a caitle, and is feated on the Iktle river Altiach, 70 miles miles s of Ulm. Zeito n, a towfli of European Turkey, in Janna, with a caitle and anarchbifhop's fee, though a fmall place, and thin of people. It is feated on a hill, by a gulf of the fame name, near the river Eaylada, 50 miles SE of Lariifa. Zeitz, a town of Upper Saxony, in the duchy of Naumburg, with a caftle, and a well- frequented college. It i% leated on the Eltcr, 25 miles sw of Ltip- fick, and 45 E of Erfurt. Lon. 12 8 £, li'- 50 59 N. Zei.l, a town of Lower Saxony, ca- pital of a duchy of the fame nime, whicli tU'volvid to the houfc of Hanover by man and cheitaut :nd lime trees. It is r. fmall town, witiiout trade 01 manufactures j but the high courts of appeal loi all the terri- tories of the ele^cral h ife of Brunf- wick-Lunenbur- jrc held hcie, and the inhabitants deri . thtir principal me;ins of fubfifttnce trom this ciicumltance. The calUe, a (lately building, luircunded by a moat, v/as form, .y tlie refidente of the dukes of Zdi od was repaired, by order of the kin^ oi Great Britain, lor the refidence of his unfortunate fitter, the quren of Denmark, who died here. In i7S7> the French reduced the fuburbs of Zeil to allies, and even fet fire to the the orphan hofpital, in which a great number of hclpltfs children are laid to have perilhed. Zeil is leated on the AUcTt age. It is lurronrided uy ditches iparts, on which ait; planted i J r 2 1 A 2 N A 31 miles NW of Brunfwick, and 4.7 s by W of Lunenburg. Lon. 10 ta £, lot. 52 Zell, an imperiul town ot Suabia, stated on the Kintzig, *< n»iles s of Aaden, and -52 wsw ot Scutgurd. Lon. S 8e, tit. 48 21 N. Zell> an imperial town of Suabia, Icated on a lake of the fame name, other- wife called the Zelier See, or lower lake of ConfVance, 14 miles NW of Conftance. , Zell, a linall town of Germany, in the ele6lerate of Ireves, feated on the Mofelle, 33 miles NE of Treves. Zbll-:n-the-Pinzgau, a town of Germany, in the archbilhopric of Saltz- bmg, feated on a lake, 37 miks sw of Saltzbuiig. - Zellin-Ziller-Thal, a town of Gennaay, in tlie archbilhopric of Saitz- burg, feated on die Ziller, 60 miles sw 4>f Saltzbnrg. , Zellany. ^ee Jeso. Zembla, Nova, a large ifland, in the Northern Ocean, to the N of Ruflia, i'rom which It is feparated by the fttait of Waigate. It has no inhabitants, except wild beafts, particularly white foxes, and bears. In 1595, a Dutch veifel was caft away on the coaft, and the crew were obliged to winter here : they did not lee the iun from the 4.th of 'November to the beginning of February, and had great difficulty to keep themf"lves from being frozen to death. Zemlin, or Zemplin, a town of TJpper Hungary, capital of a county of the lame name. It is leated on the river Bodrcg, 25 miles ' : of Caflbvia, and 8 7 NE of Tockay. Lon. 11 35 E, lat. 4? 36 N. ij- » »; Zerbi. See Gerbes. :• Zerbst, a town of Upper Saxony, '.ii tl w' principality of Anhalt, capital of a diftrlfl of that name, with a caitle, where the princes commonly rellde. The inha- bitants are partly Lutherans and purtly Calvinlfts, and are famous for buwing good beer ; but it is remarkable that the women are more concerned in brewing it than the men. It is 27 miles N\v of Wittcmberg. Lon. 12 I'jE, lat-szoN. Zeriga, a town of Perlla, in Irac- Arabia, feated in a nwnow plain, be- tween mountains. It has proelortgs to the Turks, but moit of the inhal>itants are Greeks, and have a biflion. ZiBiT, a territory in Arabia Felix, extending from the principaljty of Mecca to that of Mocha, being bounded on the E by the principality of Tehama, and on the w by the Red Sea, The Turks were formerly mafters of thi< country, but it now belongs to an Arabian prince. ZiBiT, a lai-ge trading town of Arabia Felix, capital of a territoi^ of the fame name. It is feated on the river Zibit, 150 miles NW of Aden. ZiRiczEE, a ftrong town of the United Provinces, in Zealand, and the principal of the ifte of Schowen. It was the an- cient rclidence of the coimts of Zealand, and was then a place of much more con- fecjuence, the port having been fmce filled, with fand. It was taken by the Spaniard* in 1576.. It is 12 miles NS of Middle- burg, and 18 sw of firiel. Lqa. 4. to e, lat. 51 36 N. ZiTTAW, a fortified town ofOermany, in Lufatia, fubjefl to the eltfttH: of Sax- ony. Befide the fuburbs and handibmc gardens that furround it on all fides, there are a number of fine villages that depend thereon. The principal bufmefs ot the inhabitants is brewing beerj but there are above 100 clothiers, and in the neigh- bouring villages above iogo weavers. Its merchants trade with thofe of Prague and Leipfic, and extend their commerce a:{ far as Holland. The cathedral has three organs, and two high fteeplcs. Near it is a college, where the languages, draw- ing, and other arts, are taught gratis. Joining to the cloiiters is a librai'y, the tineft in all Lufatia ; and at a fmall dif- i.uice from it, is the orphan-houfe. Zittaw being occupied by the Prulfians, in 1757, was taken by the Auftrians, who pillaged the town, and almolt intirely dertroyed it, no.withftandihg the unfortunate inha- bitants were the lubjeits of their ally, the elector of Saxony. It is feated on the Neiffe, 17 miles sw of Gorlitz, and 25 S£ of Drefden. Lon. I5 5 e, lat. 50 59 N. Znaim, I ihong town of Gttrmany, in Moravia, with art ancient cattle, in which are a 1 eat many pagati antiquities. It i3 leated on the river Teya, 24. miles SW of Brnn, and 31 N of Vienna. Lon. »6 40 5, liW..4j jlM. , .M. r'. it [The P> is the \lky. Con, 'top. "the UUx, fecca the Hon vere |it it bit, jited [ipai an- md, :on. filed, irdi Ue- in o ^OAkA, a fortified town on the c daft: of Barbary, with a good harbour> 60 miles w of Tripoli. Lon. 11 55 £, lat. 3»45N. 201-FXNGEN, an ancient town of Swif. ferland, in the canton of Bern, with an cUtgant church, and a public library, containing feveral curious manufcripts. The inhabitants, about zooo, have their own magiftrates } and, what is peculiar, their own courts of juftlee, both civil and criminal, which decide in the laft re fort. Without an appeal to Bern. It is feated near a large rorreft, which contains the- beft pine-trees in all Swiflerland, three miles from Arburg. Lon. 7 6 E, lat. 4> 5 M. ZoLNOCK, a town in Upper Hungary, capital of a county of the fjime name. ,, It was taken by the Turks in 1554, and' retaken in 1685. It is feated on the Teyfle, where the Sagelia falls into it, 61 miles NE of Colocza, and 62 e of Buda. Lon. 20 50 £, lat. 4.7 ion. ZoRNpoRP, a village of Germany, in the new marche of Brandenburg,_«tie mile N of Cuftiinr Here, In^t758, the king of Piuflia, after a dreadful conflift, totally defeated the Ruffians. ZouT Pan, a curiuus fait ^ake in the country of the Hottentcns, a few miles N o'f Pttint Padron. It is a plain, much above the level of the lea, and above three miles in circumference. At fome feafons it is foi-med into an intire mafs of fine white ialt, which has a very ftriking appearance. ZuEELA, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, fituatc in a diftrift of remarkable fertility, in which the remnants of ancient buildings, the number and iize of the cif- terns, and the confti-uiSlion of the vaulted caves, intended perhaps as repofjtories of corn, exhibit wonderful veltiges of anci- ent fplendom-. It is 14.0 miles E of Mourzook. Lon. 16 34. e, lat. 27 59 n. ZuG, a fmall canton of Swiflerland, bounded on the E and N by that of Zuric, on the w by that of Lucern and the Free Provinces, and on the s by that of Schweitz. It is rich in pafturage j has plenty of varisus kinds of ftone fruit, as well as walnuts and cheftniits ; and its wine is of a very add flavour. The in- habitants are Koman catholics, and- re- markable for their beauty, courtefy, and holpitality; yet they arc held to be the molt reftlcfs people In Swiflerland. The government is democratic, and exceed- ingly complicated. The fiiprenie power r-cfides in the Inhabitants of the four dif- tricls of Zifg, Bar, Egcri, and Nf cutzingen. Z U R ZuG, a confiderable town of Swliler* land, capital of a canton of the Tame name; feated on a beautiful lake, in a fertile valley, abounding with com, paf- ture, and wood. In 14-35, the ftreet which was on the fide of the lake, was fwallowed up, and therefore another was built on an eminence. There are feveral handfome churches, and a good town- houfe. It is remarkable, that Ofwald^ a faxon king of Nonhumberland, in the feventh century, is the tutelar faint of this placi:. Zug is la miles NE of Lu- cern, and 4z 61 of Badl. Lon. 8 16 £, lat. 47 10 N. Zuider-Zee, a great bay of the Ger- man Ocean, which extends from s to N in the United Provinces, between Fricf- land, Overyifel, Guelderland, and Hol- land. ZuiLLiCHAW, a town of Sileiia, in the province of Croffen, 16 miles me of Cronen. Lon. 16 iz e, lat. 52 iz N. Zu:.PHA, a town of Perfia, alraoft CiciL- to Ifpahan, to which it is a fort of fuburb, and ieparated from it by the river Sanderou. It is peopled by a colonjr of Armenians, who were brought into Perfia by Shah Abbas. It is an arch- bifhop's fee, and contains icveral churches and monalteries. ZuLPiCH, or ZuLCH, an ancient town of Germany, in the duchy of Ju- iiers, belonging to the archbifhop of Cologne. It is feated on the NaOel, to miles s of Juliers, and 10 w of Boniu Lon. 6 40 £, lat. 50 4.6 n. ZuRic, one of the 13 cantons of Swiflerland, 50 miles long and 30 broad j bounded on the N by the Rhine, 'whicfa feparates it from the canton of Schaff^ haufen, on the 3 by that of Schweitr, on the E by Thurgaw and the county of Tockenburg, and on the w by the can- ton of Zug and the Free Provinces. The civil war between the inagKtrates and people of Znric, in 1335, nearly reduced that cky to ruins ; but the former being baniflicd, the citizens, in 1337, eltablifhcd- a new form of government. The exiles, after feveral fruitlels attempts, were re- admitted j but, engaging lu a confpiracy againlt the citizens, were diicovered and put to death. In conlequence of this, tlic nobles In the neighbourhood took up ann»i and Zuric, for proteftion, formed an alliance with Lucern, Uri, Schweitz, ana Underwalden, and was admitted a member of their confederacy in 1351. The four cantons yiiliAtd the pre eminence to Zu- ric; a priviL'ge it ftill enjoys, being the Biit cjnton iu rank, and the nvjft tunlKler- ! -f^ It Z U R Z W I able in extent both of territory and power next to that of Bu-n. Thi6 canton, in, 1784, contained i74>57z louls, includ- ing 10,500 in the capital. It abounds in wme and excellent palture } but as there is not a iiitticient fupplv of corn, fof in- terior confuinption, the deficiency is chiefly iuj^piied i)roM\ Suabia. The lovereign power lefidcB exclulively in the burgelles uf the town, confiUing of about 2000,^ which aie divided into 1 3 tribes. The legiltativc. authority is velted by the burghers in the fovereigh council of ao6 members drawn front the 13 tribes. This council coniprifes the Senate, or Little Council (con)polcd of 50 members, including the two burgomalters) which has a junfdiilion in all civil and criminal cauli;s. The burghers, moreover, enjoy the Ible right of commerce ; all Itrangers, and even lubjc^s, being excluded troni purchafmg wrought manufaftures in any part of the canton. ZuRic, an cncient, large, and popu- lous city of Swiflerland, ca^ntal ot a canton of the lame name. It Itands at the N end of the lake of Zuric, and occu- pies both fidts of the rapid and tranl'pa- rent Limmat, which iiiies from that lake, and divides the town into two unequal parts, which communicate by three bridges. It was formerly an imperial city, and is one of the belt built in this country, but the llreets are narrow, and the houfcs high. The cathedral was founded, by Charlemagne, and is adorned with a itatue ot that emperor. Zuric was the hrlt town in Swiflerland that leparated trom the church of Rome, be- ing converted by the arguments of Zuin- glius. The two divilions of Zuric are called the Old Town and the Suburbs. The former is iurrounded by the lame anclnit battlements and towers that exittcd in the 13th century: the latter aie Itrengthencd by fortifications in the niodern Ityle. The arlitnal is well lup- plied with cannon and ammunition, and contains mukjuets fdr 30,000 men. Among the charitable toundations are an orphan- houle; an holpital ior the lick of all nations, which ul'ually contains above 600 patients J and the Allmolen-Amt, 01 foundation for the pioor, which puts out children as apprentices, and dittri- butes money, clothes, and books of de- votion, to poor perlbns, not of the town onlv, but of the eanton, to the amount ©f upward of 5000!. a year. Here are levtral nianufailures j particularly uiul- lins, cottons, linens, and filk handker- chiefs. Zuric is 35 miles $w of Con- ftsnee, 40 8£ of Bade, and 55 NE-of Bern. Lon. i 30 e, lat. 47 zo n. ZuRiC) a lake of Swiflferland, near Id leagues in length, and on^ in breadth. It is of an oblong form, and the borders are ftudded thickly with villages and towns. The adjacent country is finely cultivated and well peopled ) and the s part of the lake appears bounded by the ftupendous high mountains of Schweitz and Glarus : the fcenery Is pidurelque, lively, and diverfified. The river Lim- nfiat runs througl} the whole length of this lake to the city of Zuric. ZuRiTA, a town of Spain, in Old Cailiile, with an old caltlc. It is feated. oli the Tajo, very near Toledo. Lon. 3 17 w, lat. 39 saN. ZuRZACH, an ancient town of Swif- ferland,. in the county. of Baden, remark- able for two fairs much frequented by the merchants of Germany and France. It is feated on the Rhine, juft: above the juni5lion of the Aar with that river. ZuTPHEN, a county of the United Provinces, in Guelderland } bounded on the N by the Yffel, which feparates it from Velaw, on the w by OverylTel, on the E by the bifhopric ot Munfter, and on the s by the duchy of Cleves. ZUTPHiN, a Itrong and confiderable town of Dutch Guelderland, capital of a' county of. the fame name. It was taken, in 167a, by the French, who reftored it in 1674. It is' feated at the confluence of the Berkel and YfTel, nine miles s by E ofDerventcr,and 5'^ E by s of Amtter- dam. Lon. 60 E, lat. 52 10 N. ZuTZ, a town of Swiflerland, in the country of the Grifons. Though not the laigeft, it is the principal place of the di(tri6l of Upper Engadina, becaufe it contains the criminal court of juftice. ZuvsT, a village o-f the United Pro- vince, five miles from Utrecht. It abounds in plantations and fliady walks, and is greatly ornamented by the fpacious build- ing which count Zinzendorf appropriated to the fraternity of Herrenhuters or Mo- ravians. The brethren are employed in various kinds of manufafture; and as many of them have been either educated in , England, or have worked there, their workmanlhip far exceeds that of any other part of Holland ; but the articles are pro- portionably dearer. Zuyft is much fre- quented, in the fummer months, by a iubftantial clals of Dutch merchants (par- ticularly from Aniftcrdam) who have no countiy feats of their own. ZwiCKOW, a town of Upper Saxony, in Milhia, formerly unperisil, but now z.w o iin'iofi Z Y T fubJeSl to the eleftof of Szxottf. The Au^ftine convent, in which Thomat place where the inhabitants are buried it Kenipia lived 71 years, and died in w Voigtlandj and therefore it is com-. 147»' It was fprmerljr an imperial and munly laid, that they are Mifnians while hanfeatic town, and is I'eated on an emi- alive, (but Voigtlandert after they are nonce, on the rivers Aa and Yflel, fire dead.- Zwiekow is feated on the MvU . milessof HalTelt, and eight sB of Campen. daw, 15 miles 5 of Altenburg, and ><> Lon, 6 10 e, lat. jx 33 N. NE of Plawen.. Lon> s» 2$ fi» lat> 50 . Zyqeth, a ftrong town of Lower 45 N. Hungary, capital of a county of the ZwiNO^ENBURCailsoWti of Germany, in lam« name, with a citadel. It was be- the landgravatr of Heffc Darmftadt, eight fieged, in 1566, by Solyman 11, emperor miles »of Darmftadty and t».N of Worms, of the Turks, and taken three days after ZWOLl, a { 'V -jf (^ .^i/. i?f! *»■'■! ,')i5' {i-'WiA t«fi«;j4a$iiv4S .-.io •ci^.^ffo^S <»-'; *'«44 & eflMl cimtt.il V.v'it'ih'i 'S'h^' y"^*»9( It t..t. bs. *: .'■ '^iC'ix iv,> -,r''*r.,;.l<'.t.- '^''J|;^■*.?^ Ul tHiril' Vi 'hr Jfrirrl^H'fht *- U ,if'<-f 'x. mifAi, Aai: ■■■n j ■ f 'd^ av;':>; ii?3 tOiV-si i-J*t*;ioV cAj '^f^ ■if. J *]?^'Hsiii!:t'{f'"^f''f ^' ^.fft'f^'v^i''*''^ 'f** ■Al ■rfiKr n% ft t •. THE END* 'V-f »fij'lhtibtdf$ «jr&T*^r^fo;i'' viiii^iiv io Jila vt i" >»'/) vk- WlifiJ-iaf.'rfrii.iii . . .^' .' . 1 -•^i* »* .*V' If ^- -C" ■ *}i/j. :i^ V (TfO' «>J. ■i^%^W^^' .»4-i*-.jj^. » , ' r . .. .-*ivi**'»tnte.~*-'" Printed for the Proprietors oi6 thiy Work. * -A NeiV" General EngHfti Difttenanrj pecuUarfy calculated ftr the Ufe and ImproVeititnt of (lich At M utftkc«fdu\ti«A ^ith fhe iMarani Languagvi. 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Liturgia : or, the Book of Common Prayer, in Latin j with the Adminiitration ot the Lords Supper, the Catechifm, the Plalms of David, and the Articles of' Religion. Printed with a new Letter, on a fine Paper, in a neat, pocket Volume, Price 3s. bound ■ \ Sheep, 3s. 6d. in Calf Gilt, and 55. in Morocco, _ J. J p>- hy the King's Authority. — Ncccflkry for ifll Families. Tbu Day is puhlijbetlt Price js, and mtAfb Cuts, %s. 6d, ' The Twenty.fifth Edition, in Oaavo, of The New Whole Duty of Man : Containing the Faith as well as Praflice of a Chriftiant made eafy for the Praflice of the prei'ent A^e, as the Old Whole Duty of Man was deHgned for thofe unhappy Times in which it was written { and iuppiying the Articles of the Chriftian Faith, which are wanting in that Book, though eflentially neceflfary to Salvation. With Devotions proper ior Tcveral Occafions. Alfo a Help to reading the Scriptures. ^ Beware of fpurious Editions (I'everal being in Circulation) printed on a finaller Type and mean Paper from old Copies, and not containingthe whole oF the Book. The genuine Edition ia printed on a Type the Size as the Title above, has his Ma. jelty's Licence to W. Bent on the Back of the Titlepage, is ligned with his Name on the Back of the Prontifpiece, and is Printed only for W. Bent, at the King's Arms, in Patcmoftey Row. •«* An Edition of the above Work in Duodecimo, printed on a Type and Paper fuperior to any fpuriou^ Edition. Price 58. ! If^here may be bad, by the fame Author, The New Week's Preparation, for a worthy Receiving of the Lord's Supper, as appointed and recommenced by the Church of Enghnd. ' With Aiitable pire<^ions for a Devout Behaviour during the Solemnity, and for i'oining with the Minilter in the Office of Administration. To which are added, 'rayers for Momihg and Evening, to be uTed either with a Family, or in private. Price IS. bound, or is. 6d. neatly bound. ' As there are yjpor/M// Editions of this littleManual, be pVeafed to obferve, thatevety geuuiheCo^y is, by Aflignment from E. Wickfteed, Sprinted only for W. Bent, and iignecf with his Name. ... - .-ii:»<.j... T*he New, Week's PrejparatiOn ; |*art the Second : Conf^ft- ing or N^ditations, Praycrji, and Hymns, iuitable for every D^y in the Week, after receiving tlie Lord's Supperi In which thpfe Doubts and Scpples whi^h are apt to difturb and render the Minds of devout Communicants uniafy, are clearly ftated, and finally removed. Price is. bound, or is. 6d. neatly bound. **• The two Parts bound together, as. or neatly in'black Calf, «s. 6d. .; . ' ;, •''"' , p , "^ " ff^bere ft/Jb way be bad,, ' !Ji Tlhe Works of John Whttehurft, F. R. S. With Memoirs oS'iiii Life and Writings j and an Apipiendix to the Traft on Invariable Meafures, by Charles Hutton, L1..D;F.R?^. Ilhiftrated by feveral 'large Cuts, and a Portrait of the Author, engraved by Hall. Quarto, Price'il. 4s. in boards. V An Inquiry into the Original St^te and, Formation 1 of the Earth ; deduced from Fafts. and the Laws .of Nature. By John WuiTBHURSTi F. R. S. lUuttratcd by Seven Copper Plates. The Third Edition, revifed and cor- refted. Quarto, Price 15s. in boards; An Attempt toward obtaining Invariable Meafures of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from the Menfuration of Time, independent of the Mechanical Operations requifite to afcertain the Center of Ofcillation, or the true Length of Pendulums. By John White^urst, F. R. S. Illuftrated by Three Folio Plates. Price 5s. fewed. Obfervations on the Ventilation of Rooms, on the Conftruc- tion of Chimnejs, and on Garden Stpvcs. Principally collefted from the poftbumous Papers of the late Mr. Whitehurst, by Robert Willan, M.t). F. S. A. With a large Plate containing twcnty-leven Figures illuftrative of the different Sub- jects. Price 3s. 6d. fewed. It