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THE FIELD CL WITH WHICH IK IKtORroRATEU •^f- THE GARNER, B fl>ada3inc of General Vlatural l^idton^ 4for ^dentilfc nnl itnedcnttffc l^eabece. CONTENTS. PAGE 8l BioLOGicAi, Recreations. By R. Lavvton Roberts, M.D. Some Notes on the Sandgate LANnsLip. By E. A. Martin 83 Scorpions Feeding their Young. By I. Grierson 85 » Bird-Life ok the Norfolk Broads. By the Rev. M. C. H. #4> Bird, M.A., M.B.O.U 87 '^ Notes on the Indians ok British Columbia. By Al ice BopfHWoN 7. ..7rr. 89 A Rare Fish. By A. Pat son 9a Meetings of Societies 93 Correspondence 94 Notabilia 95 Review : 9* Edited bv =lev. THEODORE \A/^OOD ELLIOT STOCK, SRNOSTER ROW, LONDON. [Price Threepence.! 93070 I0.7. June, 1893.1 The Field Club. In crown %vo. , tastefully Printed and bound in (loth, price ^s, 6d. , post free. BENEATH HELYELLYN'S SHAD! 'iflotes an6 ^kctc()es in tt)c '^all«fi of ^fit^burn. By SAMUEL BARBER. "The general reader will find much in the way of custom, tradition, folk-lore, in its nicely printed pa);e Nature .Ai " To I.akeland tourists the lxx)k should prove especial y intere^ting, as well as to all those who delight J study of folk-lore and local cusioms. Notes upon i aturai history are not wanting, ai.d one chapter is al entirely devoted :o the record of observations upon bird-life." — h'itid Club. I " Mr. Barber is a man of strong natural history tastes and kern habits of ol»ervation : he is also a nil sympathetic nature, and pifted with good literary tastes. He can haroly huve gone anywhere to have IJ studied the birth, life, and death of clouds, or ihr habits o< wild mountain- birds, or the strange tricks of gl geology. His charming little book includes all these subjecis, as well as notes on the folk-lore, habits! customs of the natives, local archaeology, etc. ; and three valuable chapters on clouds. It Is an rminf readable little book, which we strongly recommend." — Hardviickts Scituct Gossip, ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.C. THE POPULAR MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD & JOURNAL OF VARIATK Edited by J. W. TUTT, P.E.3. ^Tol. XV. o^xxxxia.exi.oecS. Jouex. IB, 1B03. Vol. I., 360 pp., price Ts. 6d. unbound. Vol. II., price Is. 6d. Vol. I. is illustrated by three Chromo-litho, and one Litho Plates, with Woodcuts, and contains, he: Scientific and Popular Articles by leading British entomologists, notices of all additions to the British Fai and Records of the principal captures of larities during 1890, Practical Hints to collectors, and Scientific N It also contains more Notes on Variation, including records, probable causes, etc., than all the other enti logical periodicals combined. Lord Wai.sincham, M.A., F.R.S., in his Presidential address' to the Fellows of the Entomotoi Society of London, says; " Already we have to welcome a new publication, 'The Entomologist's Record Journal of Variation, edited by Mr. Tutt An especially interesting line of enquiry as connei with the use and value of colour in insects, is that which has been been followed up in Mr. Tutt's serie: papers in 'The Eniomo'ogist's Record.'" To be obtained post free by annual subscription (for twelve current numbers), payable in advance, 6s, be forwarded to Alubrt J. Hodobs, a, Highbukv Pi.*cs, Lonuoi!, N. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ESTABLISHED 1851. SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. TWO-AND-A-HALF per CENT. INTEREST allowed on DEPOSITS, repayable on demand. TWO per CENT, on CURRENT ACCOUNTS, on the minimum monthly balances when not drawn be /lOO. STOCKS, SHARES, and ANNUITIES purchased and sold. SAVINGS DEPARTMENT. For the encouragement of I'hrift the Bank receives small sums on deposit, and allows Interest monthly each completed £i. BIRKBECK BUILDING SOCIETY. BIRKBECK FREEHOLD LAND SOCIE' HOW TO PUBOKASB A KOVBB FOR TWO GUINEAS I'KR MONTH. ^ HOW to FVBOKABS a V&OT of ZJUT j KOK FIVE SHILLINGS PRK MONTH. THE BIRKBECK ALMANACK, with full particulars, post free. FRANCIS RAVENSCROFT, Monagtrl Piv ^liHAM* . VICTORIA, B. a lfo.7. 1 1 iiJm4i,i|wwiP»P"pp^*^w"?iBi ^., post free, SHAD i nicely printed pag. Nature X 11 ihose who delight i >.d one chapter is al ition ; he is also a nil ■ anywhere trs, and Scientific N m all the other ent( s of the Entomoloi omologist's Record of enquiry as conne. in Mr. Tutt'sserie; able in advance, 6s, E.C. L LONDON. on demand, when not drawn bel s Interest monthly LAND SOCIET P&OTof&AV •"Kk MONTH. CROFT, Managtrl FIELD CLUB WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE GARNER, a fl>a0a3(nc of General "Matural 1bi0tori? 4iOr ,§irientifc anb 8;n0rifnti:ffc l^fHliew. CONTENTS. PAGE Bird-Life of the Norfolk Broads. By the Rev. M. C. H. Bird, M.A., M.B.O.U 97 Notes ok a Naturalist in thf. Far East. By the Rev. Hii.ueric Frienp, F.L.S loo TJnipf; ON the Indians of British Columb ia. By Alice Codington '.... ~ 104 Red"'A!s'B White Butterflies, and •' Protective Colour- iNCi." By M. R. EwoR 107 Correspondence 109 Notahilia no Meetings of Societies in Review 112 Edited by ^ev. THEODORE \A^OOD. ELLIOT STOCK, fERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. [Price Threepence.] July, 1893.!' The Field Club. In crown 8to. , tastefully printed and bound in cloth, price 4J. W. , post free. BENEATH HELVELLYN'S SHAD "Slotcs an^ ^kctci)es in i^e '^aXUji of ^fiti)bum. By SAMUEL BARBER. " The general reader will find much in the way of custom, tradition, folk-lore, in its nicely printed pag Nature ii\ " To lakeland tourists the )x)ok should prove cspecial'y interesting, as well as to all those who delight 1 (tudy of folk- 'ore and local customs. Notes upon I'alural history are not wanting, and one chapter is tl entirely devoted to the record of observations upon bird-life." — Held Club, ' " Mr. Barber is a man of strung natural history tastes and keen habits of observation ; he is also a ni sympathetrc nature, and gifted with good literary tastes. He can hardly have gone anywhere to have | studied the birth, life, and death of clouds, or the habits of wild mountain-birds, or the strange tricks of t geology. His charming little book includes all these subjects, as well as notes on the folk-lore, habiti customs of the natives, local archaeology, etc. ; and three valuable chapters on clouds. It is an emij readable little book, which we strongly recommend." — Hardivicke's Science Couip, ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, E.G. THE POPULAR MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD & JOURNAL OF VARIATK Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. 'XTol. XV . oox]cu3Ckeia.oeca. JTcbSx. IB, 1B03. Vol. I., 360 pp., price 7s. 6d. unbound. Vol. II., price 7*. 6d. Vol. I. is illustrated by three Chromo-litho, and one Lilho Plates, with Woodcuts, and contains, b< Scientific and Popular Articles by leading British entomologists, notices of all additions to the British Fi and Records >f the principal captures of rarities during 1890, Practical >'ints to collectors, and Scientific ^ It als contains more Notes on Variation, including records, probable \uses, etc., than all the other ent: logics, periouicals combined. Lc"D Wai.singham, M.A., F.R.S., in his Presidential address to the Fellows of the F.ntomolo,; Society .if London, says: " Already we have to welcome a new publication, 'The Entomologist's Record Journal cf Variation, edited by Mr. Tiitt An .■specially interesting line of enquiry as conne with the u'ie and value of colo-jr in insects, is that which has been been followed up in Mr. Tutt's seriti papers in ' .'"he Entomologist's Record.'" "To be o.itained post free by annual subscription (for twelve current numbers), payable in advance, 6: be forwarded to Aluekt J. Hudobs, a, Highoi;kv Place, London, N. ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. ESTABLISHED 1851. SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. TWO-ANOA-HALF per CENT. INTKRE.ST allowed on DEPOSITS, repayable on demand. TWO per CENT, on CURRENT ACCOUNTS, on the minimum monthly balances when not drawn bi| ijioo. STOCKS, SHARES, and ANNUITIES purchased and sold. SAVINCJ DEPARTMENT. For the encouragement of Thrift the Bank receives small sums on deposit, and allows Interest monthl;^ each completed £1. BIRKBECK BUILDING SOCIETY. BIRKBECK FREEHOLD LAND SOCIE' KOW TO PUB0BA9S A KOVBB FOR TWO GUINEAS PER MONTH. HOW to FUBOKABB a PLOT of] FOR FIVE SHILLINGS PER MONTH. THE BIRKBECK ALMANACK, with full particulars, post free. FRANCIS RAVENSCROFT, Manage I ,"««:^! .Vi-H fid,, post free. SHADI Us nicely printed pag Nature i\ all those whodelighi ! and one chapter is s 1 rvation ; he is also a r 1 me anywhere (o have : the strange tricks of { ' '11 the folk-lore, habit clouds. It is an emi: NDON, E.C. NTOMOLOGY. IF YAWATK S, Xa83. s 78. 6d. jUts, and conuins, be / ions to the British Fa j ctors, and Scientific N ) than all the other ent » ?ws of the Kntomolo I ■ntomologist's Recorci ' Je of enquiry as coniu , JP in Mr. Tutt's serit ayable in advance, 6; V, E.C. LONDON. lie on demand. :s when not drawn bi >ws Interest monthlj D LAND SOCIEI laF&OTofL&a is PER MONTH. SCROFT, Manag, BIRD-LIFE OF THE NORFOLK BROADS. 89 tuted a glass egg in its place. But the old bird noticed the difference and refused to be imposed upon. Upon an average of some twenty years' observations, I should say that egg-laying is general by April lo. In 1888 there were none at Winterton before April 19. '{"he young flock fly by July 12, and foreign or more northern migrants begin to arrive here during the last week of September. The average weight of birds that I have killed during the winter has been just 10 oz., and the longest crest I ever measured was just over 4 inches. Their time 01 evening flight is regular to a moment, as two tjuota- tions from my noie-book will show: ''January 2, 187S, 4.24;" "December 2, 1888,4.20 p.m." Both observations were taken at the same spot. Sometimes these birds are easy enoujih to shoot ; at other times they twist and topple about in a most unaccountable manner. Use No. 8 shot, hold just in front, and pull directly the gun touches your shoulder ; for if you stop fiddling about to look along the barrels, shut your eye, and aim, the tv.o big eyes of the plover will twig you to a certainty, and his eccentric gyrations immediately practised will, in tile uncertain twilight, defy your best endeavours to double him up. I know it is very unorthodox, but, nevertheless, I prefer a black to a golden plover on toast. True, I have not tasted anything like an equal number of the two species ; but all I cun say is that the majority of those of the latter that have been partly discussed by me must ' have been feeding upon the sea-coast, which is proverbially supposed to impart a superfluous richness to the flesh. ( To be continued. ) '^ 'i '^ '^ '^ 'i '^ NOTES ON THE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. liV ALICK llOniNGTON. HE Indians of the northern frontier of the Pacific coast had excited little interest in my mind till, in reading Dr. Isaac Taylors "Origin of the Aryans," the thought occurred to me : " Here we are living in the midst of a people who thirty years ago had not emerged from the Stone Age. Will not their manners and customs, their imple- * ■ 90 THE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. ments and weapons, their ideas of property and mode of trading-, help to give one a hving idea of Neohthic Man ?" I had the good fortune to meet with two gentlemen, occupying positions under (lovernnient in the province, who were eye-witnesses of what they described to me. So recently has British Columbia been colonized, that the very settlers who originally gave names to places are still living, in many instances, at those places. Well, the Indians in this province some thirty years ago were still living much as the primitive " Kitchen-midden " people of Europe seem to have done ; and, in districts removed from white influence, they are still little removed from primitive ways. Enor- mous dejiosits of shells are found at the mouth of every little creek and along the shores and harbours, representing the remains of many hundred years of savage ffasting. I have seen the rings counted on a pine-tree which had been growing on one of these mounds giving a life of two hundred years. But I have read of many trees rooted on shell mounds in the forest between \ancouver and New Westminster which showed a growth of treble that time. At Hammond a flourishing nursery garden and orchard have been established by the river bank, on the site of an extensive shell mound, which has served as an Indian battle and burying ground as well. Only the skulls are found belonging to different tribes — coast and river Indians respectively ; the latter with heads of natural shape, and the former artificially flattened. Besides the skulls, all sorts of weapons are foutid ; f/wse which were likely to be presented in earefully polished stone, and those more likely to be lost left in the rough state. Flint arrow-heads, for instance, are unpolished. But the great stone mallets, stone mortars, pestles, knives, and short swords* are ver)- carefully polished. Mr. .\ndcrsont informs me that the great "clam bakes" which led to the accumulation of these mounds were managed thus. An excavation some five or six feet deep was made, stones were made red-hot and rolled into the hole ; on these were placed leaves, then the clams or other shell-fish, more leaves, and earth to cover the whole. Wild roots and vegetables were treated in a similar manner, only they were left to their subterranean cooking for a much longer period. Food thus prepared keeps all its aroma in an unrivalled manner. * The weapon I c.nll a "sword" is jibout twelve to fourteen inches long, shaped so as to form a handle in the one piece, often with the rude representation of a face. t J. R. Anderson, Esq., Statistician to the Ministry of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C. THE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 9' Likf all primitive men— at least, all I ever heard of the Indians of British Columbia depended chiefly on animal food for subsistence. Those along the c;oast and river deltas had an unlimited supply of fish, which they were most skilful in catching by all sorts of ingenious contrivances. (Ireat lines fifteen to twenty-five fathoms long were made for deep-sea fishing from a giant kelp (order Laimnariaicn). In the " Upper Country " — that is, amongst the four great mountain ranges of British Columbia — the people lived on the llesh of wild animals, and, the supply of these latter often running short, a system of barter was set up with the coast Indians, furs being exchanged for dried fish and oil. 'I'he system of barter which must have existed in primitive Europe has often been commented on — the process by which the amber of the Baltic travelled for many hundreds of miles from its native home ; and Atlantic shells and horns of the Polish Saiga antelope were found amongst the cave-dwellers of Perigord in the Reindeer period. Perhaps the most remarkable article of inter-Indian barter was the oil of the onlachan, a most delicious and delicately flavoured little fish. This oil was sent in wooden boxes, ingeniously put together with wooden wedges (for iron nails were unknown), and it traversed the whole breadth of the Rocky Mountains, and was found beyond them on the banks of the Arctic Mackenzie. I asked how the trade was carried on where so many different languages had to be dealt with. Mr. Anderson told me that every tribe through which the onlachan oil was sent possessed interpreters who understood the language on each side ; much as if English goods going to Russia required interpreters speaking English and German in France, and others speaking French and Russian in Germany. Trade debts were always scrupulously paid; a point of ethics probably due to the necessity of having to rely on an unfailing supply of fish and oil from the coast in the severe winters of the Upper Country. No domesticated animals but the dog and horse were known. The horses were in a semi-wild condition, and poor specimens of their kind, the dog was not the veritable "friend of man" that he is with us. He was generally a skulking, snarling cur, living on the refuse of human habitations, hunting sometimes with man and sometimes on his own account. The relationship was one of some profit, but no affection on either side. Wild animals were skilfully shot with arrows, or snared, or caught in pitfalls studded with shar^) stakes. The disused pitfalls, concealed amongst long grass, are still a source of danger 'n the woods. Regular battues were organized to drive the larger game, some of which, as 92 A RARE FISH. is well known, count amongst their numbers the noblest specimens of sheep and deer ; the cariboo, or American reindeer ; the moun- tain sheep and snow-while mountain goat ; and, far north, the musk-ox. {T(y be continued.) *^ -^ •|i' "^t- ?i|^ "^ 1^ A RARE FISH. HY A. PATIERSON. HAD a very fine ^ , men of the little-known Pearl- sides {Mauroliciis Pennantii) of Varrcll brought me on March 5th, »hich had been picked up on the beach four miles north of Yarmouth on the day previous, after a strong north-i'asterly gale, which had tlirown up a great quantity of marine alga;, and licked off huge slices of the rnarram-covered sandhills. Under the name of Argentine, Auckland ("British Fishes ") gives us an excellent representation of this fish, rightly enough informing us that it is "generally found in the cold months of the year, thrown ashore entangled by seaweed in stormy weather." The specimen above alluded to was minus most of its delicate scales, having been brought home by my friend in his icaistcoat pocket., for want of a better conveyance. It would be well if field naturalists whose strolls lead them by the seaside would make it a practice to carry in the waistcoat pocket not only a strong lens, but a small wide-mouthed phial half-filled with pure spirits of wine ; for who can tell what may be met with? Most unexpectedly have I falle 1 in with Pearlsidcs myself, and having on that occasion but a small brass matchbox, which I carried for the selfsame reason, although I carefully padded the i)retty creature with the softest seaweeds, it lost much of its beauty, which might have been saved had 1 b 3n properly prepared. On no account should methylated spirits be used, as it hardens specimens into leathery consistency, and shrinks them. Strangely enough that specimen, which I found on April ist, 1889, came ashore alive in glorious weather, in the seaweeds enclosed by a seine or draw net. Three were found, shrivelled and dried, on a very bare beach after high winds, on February 3rd, 1890. Pearlsides, in the present instance, measures one and three- quarter inches in length ; my first - and the first recorded for the east coast — was nearly half an inch longer. The sides are silvery, the head and body being somewhat herring-like in appearance, a 'ij .^v-imifm->- NOTES or A NATURALIST IN THE FAR EAST. 103 i Island, on which some Chinese oyster-shells had been thrown. Of these shells I have seen an entire wall of a garden made, on the other slJe of the iiver, ntc.r Cap^cii. The shells were in substance like ours, but larger, longer, and narrower at one end. The Chinese call them 0-a or 0-ha" I may remark that lib is the Cantonese and Han the Mandarin pronunciation of the character for oyster, which is composed of the radical for rejjtiles, joined to a second charu -ter for phonetic purposes, showing us by the combination that some kind of animal is intended whose name must be pronounced like t!>at of the phonetic, viz.. Ho (a ['orcupine). On Christmas- 1 )ay of the same year the writer remarks : " Oysters, whirh the Chinese call Hao, were sold quite fresh to us. It was a different species from that whose shells have been aforementioned; they were rounder, five or six or more of them grew together, and are extrcnrly difficult to open. For the purpose of oiiening, the Chinese always have a proper piece of iron about them when they sell oysters. Some of them were fastened to great otones, and it was plainly visible that they came out of a clayey bottom. Thev were very like our oysters, but larger, in particular the animal in them, which the Chinese take out, put into water, and thus sell them to their countrymen without the shell." Such a cluster of oysters as is here referred to, or oyster-spat, as it is called in its early stages, is known in Canton as Ho s/uln, or an oyster mountain. Next to the oyster for economic purposes come the cockles, whelks, and mussels, all of which abound in the Pearly River. I have notes and records of a dozen or more species, and several varieties of these shells, the animals of which are largely employed by the Chinese as food ; while the calcareous dwelling is also of value for other purposes. On this subject I endorse the following remarks of my lamented friend, the late Archdeacon Gray,, who says : " In the Canton River there are many extensive cockle-beds. These are restocked twice annually, that is, in the first and again in the twelfth month. At these periods large quantities of young cockles are brought from the district of Tung-kiin and other places to Canton. Upon being cast into the beds especially set apart for them they soon increase in size ; and in the seventh month of the year they are removed and sold in large quantities as a great deli- cacy. The beds are strictly preserved, watchmen being at hand by day and night, not only to drive away poachers, but all kinds of wacer-fowl. The cockles, however, are often washed uway in vast numbers by the strong tides (currents), for which the Canton River is famous. Cockles, as well as oysters, are preserved by the '^^ inese 104 TUE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. by means of salt. As a rule, however, cockles are boiled and eaten when fresh. As the water in which they are boiled is supposed by the ('antonese to possess certain medicinal properties, it is used as a wash for the body by persons suffering from cutaneous diseases, and by those in particular who are recovering from small-pox. At the celebration of the New Year festivities cockles are in great demand, being regarded as lucky food. Lime is also made of cockle-shells, and when mingled with oil it constitutes a most excellent putty, used for cementing coffins, and in forming a surface for the frescoes with which the gables of temples and private residences are ornamented." ( To l>e contmued. ) NOTES ON ^f^ ;^fm, i^t«. ^t& ^ti^ ^t<; J^f^ o o o o o ^ c^ THE INDIANS OF COLUMBIA. BRITISH liV ALICE liODIXOTON. {Conthiiicd fyom p. 92.) LTHOUGH no cereals or vegetables of any kind were planted, thus again paralleling the early conditions of primitive European life, advantage was taken of the native resources of the country. Eerries were dried for winter use. But the most useful vegetable food was afforded by a bulbous plant {Camassa escuknta), bearing a hyacinth-like spike of beautiful blue blossoms, much prized by florists. It flourishes best in a rich black loam. In the absence of anything like a spade, the bulbs were dug up with long, sharp, slightly curved sticks. Wild onion rnd wild sunflower roots were also eaten, and all such food was cooked in \he kilns before men- tioned. The country is rich in beiriej; wild currants, gooseberries, and two kinds of raspberry unknown to us in England, etc. One is reminded of the acorns and water chestnuts of prehistoric Europe. It is curious and interesting to see the ingenious contrivances resorted 10 in the abse'nce of a knowledge of metals : the onlachan oil boxes with their wooden wedges ; the curved sticks for digging roots ; the canoes, many of very large size, hollowed and shaped by fires built without and within, and finished off with stone mallets ; the arrows with barbs of stone or bone ; the fishing spear, sometimes twenty feet long, with its bone point strengthened by flat pieces of \\ 'm^.mmsmsi^mmmswss&iiiMm^, ti al tl e 1 and eaten upposed by s used as a senses, and x. At the It demand, ckle-shells, putty, used .'scoes with lamented." TISH kind were :onditions en of the ere dried 3le food earing a rized by jsence of sharp, ots were •re men- berries, ^historic rivances nlachan digging pcd by nallets ; letimes eces of THE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. »o5 wood ; the bone awls and needles ; and the strong traps, where steel was replaced by toughened sinews. Baskets were so closely and carefully plaited ns to become water-tight, and serve as buckets. Some progress had been made in the textile arts, for blankets were woven which Mr. Anderson speaks of as " veritable works of art," those of the more northern tribes having a pattern closely resembling one familiar in ancient I'^gypt. 'J'he colours were usually red and black. The art of dressing skins was particularly well understood. The men had gone far beyond the stage of fastening skins with thorns ; the softly dressed leather was fashioned into tunics, trousers, caps, and mocassins, sewn together with bone needles, with sinews for thread. The women rejoiced in a kind of i)etticoat I never heard of elsewhere. They kept a breed of dogs with long silky hair. Long fringes were made of this hair, and twisted round and round the body and limbs, reaching as far as the knee. With the introduction of English woollen goods, this breed of dogs has been allowed to die out. The people were by no means without amusements. Dancing of an amazingly vigorous kind took a leading place. There were horse-racing and canoe-racing ; feasts amongst the men, and foot races between the boys ; long yarns of story-telling over camp-fires, and not a little gambling. So one may hope the cave-dwellers in ICurope may also have had their amusements, and that their life was not necessarily so dismal as we are apt to imagine it. Courtship and marriage were simply managed affiiirs. The enamoured swain merely went to the lodge of the object of his affections, and stared at her in speechless admiration for a day or two. He would then make an offer of some object of value, a horse or a canoe, to the girl's father, and, the offer being accepted, led his bride without further ado to his own tent, and they were considered man and wife. Conjugal infidelity seems to have been rare before the coming of the whites. I have seen a rustic courtship in Suffolk carried on with much the same commendable silence as in British Columbia. Indeed, one Suffolk wooer, after some hours of silence in the company of his beloved, was surprised into articulate expres- sion, and uttered these reniarkal)le words (on the //ntts a )ion lucendo principle) : " How fast the lime dii pass when folks is a-laughin' and talkin' !" One or two customs remind one of Central Europe and Asia at this day. MacCahan, in his "Campaigning on the Oxus," s[)eaks of his surprise at seeing smoke coming apparently out of the depths of the earth on the snow-covered steppes, whose inhabitants were thus iiMHMllHaM iiiitfiiMlii "■ ''iT" 1 06 THE INDIANS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. protecting themselves from the fierce blasts of winter in underground dwellings. So, too, did the Indians of British Columbia, especially in the ui)per country, descend into wiiat were known as keehvillies, great holes in the earth capable of containing several families and their dogs. A hole was made at the top, through which passed a pole arranged on the princi])le of the bear's pole at the Zoo, up and down which the people climbed. In the summer permanent houses were inhabited, each containing several famiiies, much as one reads was the cse in the early Welsh houses. Each family had its own share of the dwelling. But in the fishing season the houses were abandoned, as they still are, for tent life. You see a family of Indians going from place to place on the river bank to fish, and taking all their earthly possessions with them — their tent cover and poles, blankets, iron cooking pot, and fishing hooks and lines j but everything bought, nothing made by themselves any longer, with the exception of a few baskets and mats. The bath hut, in which steam was generated by throwing water on hot stones till an almost intoler- able temperature was reached, resembled the celebrated " Russian " bath. Fire was procured in the usual savage fashion by twirling a stick rapidly round ; but was carried about wherever practicable, as even the Indians dreaded the long and tedious process of procuring it. Of the Indians as they appear after their contact with civilization there is little interesting to relate. Though they are protected by Government in every possible way, they are rapidly dying out. A few days of lazy fishing will procure the coast and river Indians enough for their simple wants ; they have forgotten their ingenious arts and manufactures with the influx of English and American goods. They need not even plant the potatoes for which they have acquired a liking. " Why me plant potato ?" they will say ; " white man plant potato for me." They can buy all they require with the price the numerous canneries^ will pay for their fish. There are exceptions, survivals of the fittest. Some of the Indians work steadily at the saw- mills and canneries ; some even claim their rights of full citizenship, cultivate their land, and — I have been told with bated breath — grow rich enough to have white men working for them ! An Ind'-in can always claim his right to citizenship when he has shown his fitness for it. He then gives up all share in the well-meant but demoraliz- ing "reservations," all right to pauperizing independence j he can assume a surname, vote, and own land by sale or pre-emption.* * By pre-emption, a settler livir. n land, and making certain improvements, becomes its owner on paying a dollai per acre. .mmn\ii8rm~*Si^ nderground I, especially keekivillies, amilies atid :h passed a 'oo, up and nent houses s one reads lad its own louses were 1 family of to fish, and t cover and lines ; but er, with the rhich steam lost intoler- " Russian " y twirling a icticable, as procuring it. civilization otected by ig out. A er Indians r ingenious ican goods. \i& acquired : man plant price the exceptions, at the saw- citizenship, ;ath — grow Ino'.iri can his fitness demoraliz- :e ; he can i-emption.* nprovements, RED AND WHITE BUTTERFLIES. 107 ,f II "^ These cases, rare as they are, are very satisfactory. Nor can it be wondered at that few members of a race hardly emerging from its Stone Age should be able to take advantage of the complex civili- zation of the Europe of to-day. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1^ RED AND WHITE BUTTERFLIES, AND "PROTECTIVE COLOURING." iiV M. R. EWOR. I HE following note may be interesting, as it seems to illustrate the theory of Protective Colouring, so much in vogue nowadays. All through the sunny months of March and April of this present year of grace the writer has been much struck by the unusual number of butterflies, fluttering over a certain sunny herbaceous border in his garden. White ones there have been galore, the handsome sulphur-coloured ones, and that dear old friend of our childhood, the Red Admiral, by fours and fives at a time. The border thus favoured slopes south, and is always warm and sunny, being protected from the cold winds by a high laurel hedge to the north and east. The soil is a yellowish clayey loam, baked nearly white by the long-continued drought. But through this whitish earth a reddish brick-coloured clay crops up in patches here and there, about a foot or so square. And on these patches of reddish clay, cropping up through the whitish loam around it, some of the Red Admirals might always be found, resting in the sunshine as though half asleep, sometimes with their wings out- stretched, sometimes with them tightly furled, or lazily opening and shutting them at intervals. When they were upon the ground, unless the eye caught the movement of their wings as the insect folded or opened them, it was almost impossible to distinguish the butterfly from the ground on which it rested, so exactly did the red colouring of Its extended wings, with the sunshine upon them, match the bricky hue of the soil. When the wings were folded so that no red was visible, the dark brown underpart was just the shape and colour of the little points of dark shadow cast by the small rough lumps of clay on the bed. The white or yellow butterflies I never saw resting thus upon the ground of this herbaceous border. They were to be found generally on the clumps of white allison, or on the patches of bright yellow or purple allison which succeeded it, and presented ittM i,iflL.< It iti>"i.» £t>^.Ti\! ,.4»iuaff-. 'aaKai.-. ilbi^rittriiiHiiii^ii^ iLiiMiit mm