^''^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I I^|2j8 |25 13.0 ^^^" n^^B v^m ■ 2.2 M »A Mfli us ■it ■ 40 I 2.0 1.8 L25 niU 11.6 Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRIIT WiBSTn,N.Y. USM (716) •72-4503 ^\ V \\ .A >^^ '^rvN CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibriographic Notat/Notas techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D D D D n D Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pelliculie I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or b^^ck)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti filmAes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6tA possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la methods normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur D D D D D D This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux de rMuction indiqu* ci-dessous. Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restauries et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet^es ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes 0Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel supplemantaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partielly obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totaiement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 4ti filmdes d nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure irr>age possible. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X XX / 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed hen hat bean reproduced thnnks to the generocity of: Thonun Fisher Rare Boole Library, University of Toronto Library The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. L'exempiaire filmi fut reproduit grAce it It g*n4rosit6 de: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto Library Les images suivantes ont 4t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettet6 de l'exempiaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de fiimage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont fiim^s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autr^s exemplaires originaux sont film6s en comni^npant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'iliustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded fiame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dornidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols y signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre film6s d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichd, 11 est filmA A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 BWltfa^^^ 9K^9$ 3L if e ©lobe, ® r n 1 ^ \ >_ «♦■ ' -1, ft .V ^->^ X * X X ^ • . 4 «x' 3^1 i r On the Makine of Printed Books To University of Toronto This booklet is from the Library and pen of the late S. J. Hathaway, one-time chairman of Toronto Public Library Board. Presented by Maud (Snarr) Hathaway (Mrs. S.J.) This edition printed on Japan Vellum is limited to B>liX twenty-five copies of which this |-| i ^. is Number 22 it- '* ■^ r • m •■? "5 i i: 9 S a> O O .- - ^ be e 71 a. On the Making of I'rintcd Books i A Treatife on the i We pa rat ion of Manufcript, the (\ rrecfion ''/Proofs and the details of Hook -making I .^ - ^ H Toronto i *h: a *•< Warwick Bro's & Rutter R'ljruiN"*'^'"' . : MDCCCC , ■Rl** Entered according to the Act of the Parltument of Canada, in the year 1900. by Warwick Buo's * RuTTKii, Toronto, at the Department of ARrionlture. ■ » .h On the Making of Printed Books RINTING is generally understood to be the process by which an impression is transferred to paper from metal types cast in high relief. There are other processes of printing, such as steel and copper-plate work and litho- graphy, but as in these a new engraving is necessary for each subject, their use in the production of books and newspapers is impossible. Printing, therefore, is typo- graphy. The use of moveable type is the secret of print- ing, and the employment of separate and distinct letters in the form of words and thoughts is its true mission. Methods of preserving written language have existed almost from the beginning. Some of these were primitive Early in the extreme, but others, considering the period and the pristine crudeness of the tools that must have been used, were most ingenious. Impressions of engraved inscriptions in clay, in wax and in stone have been discovered in the ruins of the ancient world, and it is known that the old Roman potters employed separate letters or dies for 7 On the Making of Printed Books stamping their inscriptions, impressing each letter or sign consecutively in the soft clay, and using stamps that in all probability resembled the type used for printing by the modern method. It was not, however, until the middle of the fifteenth century that the combination of paper, ink and type — the materials necessary for printing — was first made and the art of printing discovered. The most important feature in connection with the invention of printing was the first use of the type mould in The which the letters were made, for the use of moveable type invention of ^ag practically but a modern application of old methods. pnnxitig The use of the printing press had long been known, for playing cards and books printed from engraved blocks had been in use for years. Nor was the use of paper in books a new discovery. Though despised by the professional copyists as unworthy of a good volume, paper had often been used in missals and other religious books intended for those too poor to purchase vellum copies. But in order to print books successfully it was necessary to have a supply of type, for not only were the blocks hitherto used inferior and unsatisfactory, but their excessive cost put them beyond reach. The invention of a method for producing type in larger quantities, in greater variety, and cheaper was therefore an important discovery. With the introduction of moveable type paper soon took the place of vellum, and the work of the print<;r speedily superseded that of the copyist. 8 On the Making of Printed Books Modern ' ' The development of the art of printing since the days of Gutenburg is one of the most interesting of the world's romances. Each succeeding generation has contributed its inventions and improvements. The old laborious ways have gradually given place to new and simpler methods, and toilsome labor is now performed by machinery that in its action is almost human. The general features of the books of today, however, are little different from those of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. As in other branches of industrial art, the ^£^g improvements that have r.aken place have been mainly in cheapness and rapidity of production and in the use of finer materials. For the most part in the making of books type is still set by hand as of old ; but in variety and beauty of design, in the fitting of different sizes and kinds together, and in the expression of taste in their arrangement, the present is immeasurably in advance of any previous age. The mobility of type was never before so thoroughly nor so satisfactorily tested. With the improvements in facilities, for which the ingenuity of the type founders and the press builders is largely responsible, there is now a higher degree of skill among the workmen than ever before, and also a keener apprecia- tion of artistic printing on the part of the reading public. In few lines of trade, perhaps, is there so much detail as in printing, and none in which "a little knowledge " is of more real value. Most business men at one time or On the Making of Printed Books another are concerned with the preparation of printed matter, but few have any familiarity with the details of the work, or of the mechanical processes through which it must pass. The first essential to the making of a book, magazine or catalogue is a clear idea of what is required. The size and general style of the book should first be decided. A similar book issued by another may be taken as a model, or a "dummy" of blank paper may be prepared showmg ° the size, thickness, quality of stock and perhaps the bind- The making ing. These details are too often neglected or deferred IjQot until the work is partially finished, and, almost invariably, the result is disappointment and disaster. All books are not prepared in the same way, nor will the same plan and style serve for those of a different character, even if similar in size. There must be harmony between the contents and the clothing of a book, and its subject, purpose and probable use must all be considered. One of the most important of the mechanical details to be arranged, and one in which the advice of the printer should have due weight, is the selection of suitable type for both the body of the book and for the display headings. J.. The preliminary details having been arranged, the manu- preparation of script or *• copy " may be considered. All " copy " should manuscript . • l be carefully written — or typewritten, which is better — on sheets of uniform size — never larger than foolscap — and properly edited before being put into type. The latter is lO e' or e 5 ^ .t © s ^ i' tf - C ce « -s o a. o fs^i*^ «'*5- ■r.' "^ mm mmm On the Making of Printed Books a point too often overlooked. When work is undertaken upon which an estimated price has been given, the copy as received by the printer is assumed to be correct, and all changes afterwards made, even though for the purpose of making the book more perfect, are an additional expense, and should be paid for by those responsible. Proof impressions taken from the type are submitted in order that all typographical errors in the setting may be detected ; and when it is remembered that in an ordinary page of type there are upwards of two or three thousand separate pieces of metal, each of which is handled separately, one can readily understand that an alteration, either by way of adding or striking out a few words, may cause the overrunning of a Jarge amount of matter and consume a great deal of time. Punctuation, capitalization and such details should all be carefully marked in the copy, for although every large printing house has a general style of its own, it is not wise to leave too much to the compositor. Reasonable care is exercised by the compositor in interpreting "copy," but the ideas of the printer may not always agree with those of the author, and to avoid difficulty it is better to spend a little extra care in correcting the manuscript. Paragraphs should start well back in the line, and extracts should be indented or else indicated by a vertical line drawn down the side. Italicized words should have a single line drawn beneath them, words to be set in small capitals should have two 13 ^. I ^^. li ■ 1 ■ A I . If '< li l?i /i/onu. lines, and words that are to appear in full-sized c^itals X should be underlined lAree times. . In every large printing house all matter is read and ji. revised ^several^times^^beforeheing printed^off. Proof- C^ reading is a y^ost important branch of the business, S^^ -^CtC. the greatest care must be exercised to prevent mistakes. In addition to these readings most peple, as an extra O precaution, wish to read their own proofs to avoid the 0? ^^ chance of errors, [jhe correcting of proofs is an ^ M/u:^ unwelcome task to most men, but with a li^jj|^ practice the 7tV. ^ ^ ordinary suis are soon learned and the work loses (of its{ rnan^ ^(^ " terrors.*) ^ yton >t/o^^For convenience, the type is usually set in^sj tips, or ^ ^^^A^^Tgaileys, for the iast reading, as chan ges in arrangement c2