^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4r \^ ^ //„. ^& V] ^ /a % /a ^ '^> 0»/« 1.0 I.I Ml Mm S I4& 12.0 1.8 1-25 il.4 illli.6 1 " if' .Ws CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains ddfauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont notds ci-dessous. 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Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE". le symbole V signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'dtablissement prdteur suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper Inft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont film6es d partir de I'angle sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 t t ' S " 4 5 6 WORKS BY SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE OLD LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC PERSONAGES OF BOSTON. Illustrated $2.00 OLD LANDMARKS AND HISTORIC FIELDS OF MIDDLESEX. Illustrated 2.cx5 NOOKS AND CORNERS OF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST. Illustrated 3-So CAPTAIN NELSON A Romance of (Colonial Days . . -75 THE HEART OF THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. Illus- trated (Illuminated Cloth) 7-So Tourist's Edition 3-oo AROUND THE HUB. A Boy's Book about Boston. Illustrated i-So NEW ENGLAND LEGENDS AND FOLK LORE. Illustrated 2.00 THE MAKING OF NEW ENGLAND. Illustrated . .1.50 THE MAKING OF THE GREAT WEST .... 1.7S OLD BOSTON TAVERNS. Paper 5° BURGOYNE'S INVASION OF 1777 5° THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG ..... .50 Any book on the above list sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price, by LEE AND SHEPARD, BOSTON h 1 T -v / ze^ ze- JDccisbe €o£nt0 in 2lmerican Cjistorg THE TAKir^t} OF LOUISBURG I I • I • • I * I • » » • • 4 • * 174? > I « « • 4 • BY SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE AUTJIOR 'pF " UUKGOYNE'S INVASION OK 1777 " ETC. BOSTON MDCCCXCI LEE AND SHEPARD PUBLISHERS 10 MILK STKEET r. ■" THE OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE *' NEW YORK CIIAS. T. DILLINGHAM 71S AND 720 BROADWAY 014- '- ». c r n c C C « Ci c t : ( t Copyright, 1S90, By Lee and SiiErARD. THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG. C C C I Ci c c o t CONTENTS CHAPTER I. Colonial Seacoast Defences . . . . II. Loui3:5URG Revisited III. LOUfSBHRG TO SoLVE IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND Military Problems IV. Resume of Events to the Declaration of War V. "LoUibBURG MUST BE TAKEN" VI. The Aimy and its General VII. The Army at Canso . VIII. The Siege IX. The Siege Continue^) . X. Afterthoughts .... PAGE 9 13 24 33 46 59 IZ 80 lOI 126 • I I ! ii THE .TAKING OF LOUISBURG :.'..: 1745 • • • • • • — ■ • < • • T « • • C0L05IIAL SEACOAST DEFENCES The creation of great maritime fortresses, primarily designed to hold with iron hand impor- tant highways* of commerce, like Gibraltar, or simply to '-gliard great naval arsenals, like Kronstadt, or, again, placed where some great river has cleft a broad path into the heart of a country, thus laying it open to invasion, has long formed part of the military policy of all maritime « nations. In the New World the Spaniards were the first to emphasize their adhesion to these essential principles by the erection of strongholds at Havana, Carthagena, Porto Bello, and Vera Cruz, not more to guarantee the integrity of their colo- 10 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG nial possessions, than to protect themselves against the rapacity of the titled freebooters of Europe, to whom the treasure fleets of Mexico and the East offered a most alluring prey. When Spain carried the purse, all the crownCtl heads of Europe seem to have turned highwaymen. With this single exception the seaboJgii;d defences of the Atlantic coast, even as late c^^' the middle of the eighteenth century, were of the most trivial character, nor was it owing to any .provision for defence that the chief ports of ' the English colonies enjoyed the long immunity; they did. England left her colonies to stand or fall upon their own resources. Fortunate be^ygrid expecta- tion, they simply throve by neglect. France, with a widely different colonial policy, did a little better, but with a niggardly hand, while her system was squeezing the life-blood out of her colonists, drop by drop. Had there been a Drake or a Hawkins in the Spanish service, Spain might easily have revenged all past affronts by laying desolate every creek and harbor of the unprotected North Atlantic coast. She had the armed ports, as we have just shown. She had the ships and sailors. COLONIAL SEACOAST DEFENCES I I What, then, was to have prevented her from destroying the undefended villages of Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston ? Though she set about it so tardily, France was at length compelled to adopt a system of defence for Canada, or. see Canada wrested from her con- trol. In a most sweeping sense the St. Lawrence was the open gateway of Canada. There was absolutely no 6ther means of access to all its vast territory except through the long, little known, and scarce-travelled course of the Mississippi — a route which, for many reasons besides its isolation, removed it iiom consideration as an avenue of attack. Quebec was as truly the heart of Canada as the St. Lawrence was its great invigorating, life- giving artery. It is true that Quebec began to assume at a very early day something of its later character as half city, half fortress, but the views of its founders were unquestionably controlled as much by the fact of remoteness from th6 sea, as by Quebec's remarkable natural capabilities for blocking the path to an enemy. Yet even before the memorable and decisive 12 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG battle on the Plains of Abraham, by which Canada was lost to France forever, the St. Lawrence had been thrice ascended by hostile fleets, and Quebec itself once taken by them. Mere renioteness was thus demonstrated to be no seciirje safeguard against an enterprising enemy. But' what if that enemy should seize and fortify the .mouth of the St. Lawrence itself.-* He wourd''have put a tourniquet upon the great artery, to 'be tightened at his pleasure, and the heart of the colony, despite its invulnerable shield, would beat; only at his dictation. We will now pass on to the gradual develop- ment of this idea in the minds of .those who held the destiny of Canada in their keejiilig. LOUISBURG REVISITED 13 II LOUISBURG REVISITED The annals of a celebrated fortress are sure to present some very curious and instructive phases of national policy and character. Of none of the fortresses of colonial America can this be said with greater truth than of Louisburg, once the key and stronghold of French power in Canada. No historic survey can be called complete which does not include the scene itself. Nowhere does the reality of history come home to us with such force, or leave such deep, abiding impressions, as when we stand upon ground where some great action has been performed, or reach a spot hal- lowed by the golden memories of the past. It gives tone, color, consistency to the story as noth- ing else can, and, for the time being, we almost persuade ourselves that we, too, are actors in the great drama itself. 14 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG It is doubtless quite true that the first impres- sions one gets when coming into Louisburg from sea must be altogether disappointing. Indeed, speaking for myself, I had formed a vague notion, I know not how, that I was going to see another Quebec, or, at least, something quite like ttiat an- tique stronghold, looming large in the distance, just as the history of the fortress itself looms up out of its epoch. On the contrary, we saw a low, tame coast, without either prominent landmark or seamark to denote the harbor, except to those who The Cape kuow cvcry rock and tree upon it, lift- Breton Coast, jj^g 1-iowhere the castellated ruins that one's eyes are strained to seek, and chiefly formi- dable now on account of the outlying shoals, sunken reefs, and ii ricate passages that render the navigation both difficult and dangerous to seamen. On drawing in toward the harbor, we pass be- tween a cluster of three small, rocky islets at the Lighthouse ^^^^ hand, one of which is joined to that Point. shore by a sunken reef; and a rocky point, of very moderate elevation, at the right, on which the harbor lighthouse stands, the ship chan- LOUISBURG REVISITED 15 Island Battery. ncl being thus compressed to a width of half a mile between the inncirmost island and point. The harbor is so spacious as to seem deserted, and so still as to seem oppressive. The island just indicated was, in the days of the Anglo-French struggles here, the key to this har- bor, but the opposite point proved the master-key. Neither of the great war fleets that took part in the two sieges of Louis- burg ventured to pass the formidable batteries of that island, commanding as they did the entrance at short range, and masking the city behind them, until their fire had first been silenced from the lighthouse point yonder. When that was done, Louisburg fell like the ripe pear in autumn. The old French city and fortress, the approach to which this Island Battery thus securely covered, Qjj rose at the southwest point of the har- Louisburg. j^qj.^ qj- ^^ ^^q gj^jg oppositc to the prcs- ent town of Louisburg, which is a fishing and coaling station for six months in the year, and for the other six counts for little or nothing. In summer it is land-locked ; in winter, ice-locked. Pack ice frequently blockades the shores of the i6 THE TAKING OF LOUIS13UKG whole island until May, and snow sometimes lies in the woods until June. Yet in Cape Ih'eton they call Louisburg an open harbor, and its choice as the site for a fortress finally turned upon the belief that it was accessible at all seasons of the year. As to that, we shall see later. As for the country lying between Sydney and Louisburg, all travellers agree in pronouncing it wholly without interesting features. And the few inhabitants are scarcely more interesting than the country. In a word, it is roughly heaved about in Face of the ^ scrics of shaggy ridges, sometimes Country. rising to a considerable height, through which the Mira, an arm of the sea, forces its way at flood-tide. There is a settlement or two upon this stream, as there was far back in the time of the French occupation, but everything about the country wears a forlorn and unprosperous look ; the farms being few and far between, the houses poor, the land thin and cold, and the people — I mean them no disparagement — much like the land, from which they get just enough to live upon, and no more. Fortunately their wants are few, and their habits simple. LOUISIJURG REVISITED 17 ■M Louisburg is certainly well worth going nine hundred miles to see, but when, at last, one stands Remains of ^^^ ^^^ grass-grown ramparts, and gets the Fortress. |^jg ^^.^^ serious idca of their amazing strength and extent, curiosity is lost in wonder, wonder gives way to reflection, and reflection leads straight to the question, " What do all these miles of earthworks mean ? " And I venture to make the assertion that no one who has ever been to Louisburg will rest satisfied till he has found his answer. The story is long, but one rises from its perusal with a clearer conception of the nature of the struggle for the mastery of a continent. Perhaps the one striking thought about this place is its utter futility. Man having no further use for it, nature quietly reclaims it for her own again. Sheep now walk the ramparts instead of sentinels. Upon looking about him, one sees the marked feature of all this region in the chain of low hills Dominating I'ising behind Louisburg. But a little "'"^' back from the coast the hills rise higher, are drawn more compactly together, and assume the semi-mountainous character common to the whole island. 1 I ;i^ i8 THE TAKINCi Ol- LOUISliUKG Green Hill. As this chain of hills undulates along the coast here, sometimes bending a little back from it, or again inclining out toward it, one of its zigzags approaches within a mile of Louisburg. At this point, several low, lumpy ridges push off for the seashore, through long reaches of boggy moorland, now and then disap- pearing beneath a shallow pond or stagnant pool, which lies glistening among the hollows between. Where it is uneven the land is stony and unfer- tile ; where level, it is a bog. This rendered the land side as unfavorable to a besieging force as the nest of outlying rocks and reefs did the sea approaches. A continued rainfall must have made it wholly untenable for troops. It is one of these ridges just noticed as breaking away from the main range toward the seashore, and so naturally bent, also, as to touch the sea at The Fortified ^^^ ^^^^ '^^^^ ^^^^ harbor at the other, ^'"®' that the French engineers converted into a regular fortification ; while v^ithin the space thus firmly enclosed by both nature and art, the old city of the lilies stretched down a gentle, grassy slope to the harbor shore. i L0UIS15URG REVISITED 19 Not one stone of this city remains upon another to-day. After the second siege (1758) the Kn<;lish ^ ,. . , enirineers were ordered to demolish it, Demolition of ^ the City. ^^^^j^ ^(y (^y as present appearances go, never was an order more effectually carried out. All that one sees to-day, in room of it, is a poor fishing hamlet, straggling along the edge of the harhor, the dwellings being on one side, and the fish-houses and stages on the other side of the Syd- ney road, which suddenly contracts into a lane, and then comes to an end, along with the village itself, in a fisherman's back-yard. Not so, however, with the still massive earth- works, for the British engineers were only able, after many months' labor, and with a liberal use of powder, to partly execute the work of demoli- tion assigned them. I spent several hours, at odd times, in wandering about these old ruins, and could not help being thankful that for once, at least, the destroying hand of man had been compelled to abandon its work to the rains and frosts of heaven. Beginning with the citadel, in which the formali- ties of the surrender took place, I found it still 20 THK TAKING OF LOUISBUKG [it quite well defined, altliou^i^li nothing now remains above ground except some old foundation walls to Citadel or show wliere long ranges of stone build- Kings Bastion, jj^gj, once stood. Here were the differ- ent military offices, the officers' quarters and the chapel. The shattered bomb-proofs, however, were still distinguishable, though much choked up with debris, and their well-turned arches remain The Case- ^^ show how firmly the solid masonry mates. rcsistcd the assaults of the engineers. In these damp holes the women, children, and non-combatants passed most of the forty-seven days of the siege. From this starting-point one may continu<3 the walk along the ramparts, without once quitting them, for fully a mile, to the point where they touch the seashore among the inaccessible rocks and heaving surf of the ocean itself. These ramparts nowhere rise more than fifty feet above the sea-level, but are everywhere of amazing thickness and solidity. The moat was originally eighty feet across, and the walls stood thirty feet above it, but these dimensions have been much reduced by the work of time and weather. A if I LOUlSBUKr. KKVISITED 21 considerable part of the line was further defended by a marsh, through whieh a storniin*; column would have found it impossible to advance, and hardly less difficult to make a retreat. The besiegers were therefore obliged to concentrate their attack upon one or two i)()ints, and Natural Ob- stacles made these had been rendered the most formidable of the whole line in conse- quence of the knowledge that the other parts were comparatively unassailable. In other words, the besieged were able to control, in a measure, where the besiegers should attack them. Although the partly ruined bomb-proofs are the only specimens of masonry now to be seen in making this tour, the broad and deep excavation of the moat and covered-way, and the clean, well grassed slopes of the glacis, promise to hold together for another century at least. Brambles and fallen earth choke up the embrasures. It is necessary to use care in order to avoid treading upon a toad or a snake while you are groping among the mouldy casemates or when crossing the parade. Those magical words " In the King's name," so often proclaimed here with salvos of 22 THE TAKING OF LOUISRUKG artillery, have now no echo except in the sullen dash of the sea against the rocky shores outside the perishing fortress, and '* What care these roarers for the name of King?" Still following the sheep-paths that zigzag about so as nearly to double the distance, I next turned back toward the harbor, leaving on my right the bleak and wind-swept field in which, to Graveyard, Point Roche- the lasting reproach of New England, five hundred of her bravest sons lie without stone or monument to mark their last resting-place. It is true that most of these men died of disease, and not in battle ; yet to see the place as I saw it, in all its pitiful nakedness, isolation, and neglect, is the one thing at Louisburg that a New Englander would gladly have missed ; and he will be very apt to walk on with a slower and less confident step, and A^ith sometning less of admiration for the glory which consigns men to such oblivion as this. To give anything like an adequate idea of how skilfully all the peculiarities of the ground were in some cases made use of in forming the LOUISBURG REVISITED 23 Royal Battery. defences, or in others, with equal art, overcome, would require a long chapter to itself. In order to render the main fortress more secure, the French engineer officers selected a spot three- fourths of a mile above it, on the harbor shore, on which they erected a battery that raked the open roadstead with its fire. It was a very strong factor in the system of defences as against a sea attack. This isolated work was called the Royal Battery, or in the English accounts, the Grand Battery. Yet, so far from contributing to the successful defence of the fortress, it became, in the hands of the besiegers, a powerful auxiliary to its capture. But the whole system of defence here shows that the marshes extending on the side of Gabarus Bay, where a landing was practicable only in calm weather, were considered an insuperable obstacle to the movements of artillery ; and without artillery Louisburg could never have been seriously attacked from the land side. Against a sea attack it was virtually impregnable. 24 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG tii! I fill m III LOUISBURG TO SOLVE IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND MILITARY PROBLEMS Having glanced at the purely military exigen- cies, which had at length forced themselves upon the attention of French statesmen, and having gone over the ground with the view of impressing its topographical features more firmly in our minds, we may now look at the underlying political and economic causes, out of which the French cout finally matured a scheme for the maintenance of their colonial possessions in Canada in the broadest sense. In creating Louisburg the court of Versailles had far more extended views than the building of a strong fortress to guard the gateway into Canada would of- itself imply. Unquestionably that was a powerful inducement to the undertaking ; but, in the beginning, it certainly appears to have been POLITICAL AND MILITARY PROBLEMS 25 only a secondary consideration. For a long time the condition of affairs in the colony had been far French Colo- ^^^^^^ Satisfactory, while the future prom- niai System. jj.^»j Httlc that was cncouragiug. Com- pared with the English colonies, its progress was slow, irregular, and unstable. Agriculture was greatly neglected. So were manufactures. The home government had exercised, from the first, a guardianship that in the long run proved fatal to the growth of an independent spirit. There were swarms of governmental and ecclesiastical depend- ents who laid hold of the fattest perquisites, or else, through munificent and inconsiderate grants obtained from the crown, enjoyed monopolies of trade to the exclusion of legitimate competition. These leeches were sucking the life-blood out of Canada. So far, then, from being a self-sustaining colony, the annual disbursements of the Its Unsatis- factory Work- crown were looked to as a means to make good the deficiency arising be- tween what the country produced and what it con- sumed. Without protection the English colonies steadily advanced in wealth and population ; with protection, Canada, settled at about the same time, scarcely held her own. 26 THE TAKING OF LOUISRURG II m ' I Two very able and sagacious men, the intend- ants Raudot, were the first who had the courage to lay before the court of Versailles the true con- dition of affairs, and the ability to suggest a remedy for it. These intendants represented that the fur trade had always engrossed the attention of the Cana- The Fur Trade ^^'^^^^ ^^ ^^^ cxclusion of everything Monopoly. ^jg^ ^^^ ^j^jy j^^j ^]^q bcavcr skin become the recognized standard for all exchanges of values, but the estimated annual product of the country was based upon it, very much as we should reckon the worth of the grain crop to the United States to-day. It was also received in payment for revenues. Now, after a long experience, what was the result of an exclusive attention to this traffic .-* It was shown that the fur trade enriched no one except a few merchants, who left the coun- try as soon as they had acquired the means of living at their ease in Old France. It had, there- fore, no element whatever of permanent advantage to the colony. It was also shown that this fur trade was by no means sufficient to sustain a colony of such impor- POLITICAL AND MILITARY PROBLExMS 27 tance as Canada unquestionably might become under a different system of management ; for whether the beaver should finally be- Danger of Ex- clusive Atten- come extinct through the greed of the tion to it. . . 1 1 1 • 1 traders, or so cheapened by glutting the market abroad as to lose its place in commerce entirely, it was evident that precisely the same result would be reached. In any case, the busi- ness was a precarious one. It limited the number of persons who could be profitably employed ; it bred them up to habits of indolence and vice with- out care for the future ; and it kept them in igno- rance and poverty to the last. But, what was worst of all, this all-engrossing pursuit kept the population from cultivating the soil, the true and only source of prosperity to any country. Other cogent reasons were given, but these most conclusively set forth what a mercantile monopoly having its silent partners in the local government and church, as well as in the royal palace itself, had been able to do in the way of retarding the development of the great native resources of Canada. It was so ably done that no voice was raised aiiainst it. And with this mo.st WMfWi 28 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG HI I III lucid and fearless expos6 of the puerile use thus far made of those resources the memorialist states- men hoped to open the king's eyes. They now proposed to wholly reorganize this unsound commercial system by directing capital and labor into new channels. Such The two Rau- dotsoffera natural productions of the country as Remedy. .... ^ masts, boards, ship-tmiber, flax, hemp, plaster, iron and copper ores, dried fish, whale and seal oils, and salted meats, might be exported, they said, with profit to the merchant and advantage to the laboring class, provided a suitable port were secured, at once safe, commodious, and well situ- ated for collecting all these commodities, and shipping them abroad. To this end, these intendants now first brought to notice the advantages of Cape Breton for such an establishment. Strangely enough. Cape Breton brought to up to this time little or no attention had been paid to this island. Three or four insignificant fishing ports existed on its coasts, but as yet the whole interior was a shaggy wilder- ness, through which the Micmac Indians roamed as freely as their fathers had done before Cartier POLITICAL AND MILITARY PROBLEMS 29 ascended the St. Lawrence. Its valuable deposits of coal and gypsum lay almost untouched in their native beds ; its stately timber trees rotted where they grew ; its unrivalled water-ways, extending through the heart of the island, served no better purpose than as a highway for wandering savages. By creating such a port as the Raudots sug- gested, the voyage from France would be short- ened one half, and the dangerous navigation of the St. Lawrence altogether avoided, since, instead of large ships having to continue their voyages to Ouebec, the carrying trade of the St. Lawrence would fall to coasting vessels owned in the colony. A strong hand would also be given to Acadia to be helped. the ucighbor province, the fertile yet unprotected Acadia, which might thus be pre- served against the designs of the English, while a thriving trade in wines, brandies, linens, and rich stuffs might reasonably be expected to spring up with the neighboring English colonies. These were considerations of such high national importance as to at once secure for the project an attention which purely strategic views could hardly be expected to command. And yet, the forming 30 THE TAKING OF LOUISBLRG II Ml ll^iil cr I ! of a military and naval depot, strong enough to uarantee the security of the proposed port, and in which the king's ships might at need A Military and Naval Arsenal refit, or take rcf ugc, or sally out upon proposed. ^- i r . r an enemy, was an essential feature of this elaborate plan, every detail of which was set forth with systematic exactness. For seven years the project was pressed upon the F'rench court. War, however, then engaging the whole attention of the ministry, the execution of this far-seeing project, which had in view the demands of peace no less than of war, was unavoidably put off until the peace of Utrecht, in 171 3, by giving a wholly new face to affairs in the New World, compelled France to take energetic measures for the security of her colonial possessions. By this treaty of Utrecht France surrendered to England all Nova Scotia, all her conquests in Hudson's Bay, with Placentia, her most important establishment in Newfoundland. At the same time the treaty left Cape Breton to France, an act of incomparable folly on the part of the English plenipotentiaries who, with the map lying open before them, thus handed over to Peace of Utrecht. POLITICAL AND MILITARY PROBLEMS 31 Loliis the key of the St. Lawrence and of Canada. No one now doubts that the French king saw in this masterpiece of stupidity a way to retrieve all he had lost at a single stroke. The English com- missioners, it is to be presumed, saw nothing. Having the right to fortify, under the treaty, it only remained for the French court to determine which of the island ports would be best adapted to the purpose, St. Anne, on the north, or English' Harbor on the south-east coast. St. Anne was a safe and excellent haven, easily made impregnable, with all the materials requisite for building and fortifying to be found near the spot. Behind it lay the fertile cotes of the beautiful Bras d'Or, with open water stretching nearly to the Straits of Canso. On the other hand, besides being surrounded by a sterile country, materials of every kind, except timber, must be transported to English Harbor at a great increase of labor and cost. More could be done at St. Anne with two thousand francs, it was said, than with two hundred thousand at the rival port. But the difficulty of taking ships of large tonnage into St. Anne through an entrance so narrow that only one could m i'V- 1 % 32 THE TAKING OF LOUISDURG English Harbor chosen. pass in or out at the same time, finally gave the preference to English Harbor, which had a S'^lp channel, of something less than two hundred fathoms in breadth, a good anchorage, and plenty of beach room for erecting stages and drying fish. It was, more- over, sooner clear of ice in spring. The first • thing done at Cape Breton was to change the old, time-honored name of the island - - the very first, it is believed, which signalled the presence of Europeans in these waters — to the unmeaning one of Isle Royale. English Harbor also took the name of Louisburg, in honor of the reigning monarch. Royalty having thus received its dues, the work of construction now began in earnest. Name changed to Louisburg. THl<: DECLARATION OF WAR 33 IV R^SUM^ OF EVENTS TO THE DECLARATION OF WAR We will now rapidly sketch the course of events which led to war on both sides of the Atlantic. Having been obliged to surrender Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, the French court determined to make use of their colonists in those places for building up Louisburg. In the first place, M. de Costebello, who had just lost his government of the French colony of Placentia, in Newfoundland, under the terms of the treaty, was ordered to take charge of the proposed new colony on Cape Breton, and in accord also with the provisions of that treaty, the French inhabitants of Newfoundland were presently removed from that island to Cape Breton. But the Acadians of Nova Scotia who had been invited, and were fully Colonists pro vided for. II: 34 THE TAKING OF LOUISHURG counted upon to join the other colonists, now showed no sort of disposition to do so. In their case the French authorities had reckoned without their host. These always shrewd Acadians were unwilling to abandon the fertile and well-tilled Acadian valleys, which years of toil had converted into a garden, to begin a new struggle with the Acadians will wildcmcss in Order to carry out certain not emigrate, political schcmcs of thc French court. Though patriots, they were not simpletons. So they sensibly refused to stir, although their country had been turned over to the English. In this way the F"*rench authorities were unexpectedly checked in their first efforts to secure colonists of a superior class for their new establishment in Cape Breton. How strange are the freaks of destiny ! Could these simple Acadian peasants have foreseen what was in store for them at no distant day, at the hands of their new masters, who can doubt that, like the Israelites of old, driving their flocks before them, they too would have departed for the Promised Land with all possible speed } Finding them thus obstinate, it was determined iiiUi,, THE DECLARATION OF WAR 35 to make them as useful as possible where they were, and as a reconquest of Acadia was one of those contingencies which Louisburg was meant to turn into realities, whenever the proper A Thorn in the Side of the momcut should arrive, nothing was- "'^'* ' neglected that might tend to the hold- ing of these Acadians firmly to their ancient alle- giance ; to keeping alive their old antipathies ; to arousing their fears for their religion, or to strongly impressing them with the belief that their legiti- mate sovereign would soon drive these English invaders from the land, never to return. For the moment the king's lieutenants were obliged to content themselves with planting this thorn in the side of the En2:lish. Acting upon the advice of the crafty Saint Ovide, De Costebello's successor, the Acadians refused to take the oath of allegiance proffered them by the British governor of Nova Scotia — though they had refused to emigrate they said they would not become British subjects, When threatened they sullenly hinted at an uprising of the Micmacs, who were as firmly attached to the French interest as the Acadians themselves. (J m 'ii U in Hi ■II: (!' 36 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG The governor, therefore, prudently forbore to press matters to a crisis, all the more readily be- why called cause he was powerless to enforce obe- Neutrais. dicncc ; and thus it came to pass that the French inhabitants of Nova Scotia, under English dominion, first took the name of neu- trals. Perceiving at last how they were being ground between friend and foe, the Acadians began hoarding specie, and to leave off improving their houses and lands. A little later they are found applying to the Governor-General of Canada for grants of land in the old colony, to which they might remove, and where they could dwell in peace, for they somehow divined that they must be the losers whenever fresh hostilities should break out between the French and English, if, as it seemed inevitable, the war should involve them in its calamities. But that astute official returned only evasive answers to their petition. His royal Victims to master had other views, to the success- French Policy. £^| jggyg q£ Yvhich his lieutenants were fully pledged, and so it is primarily to French policy, after all, that the wretched Acadians owed THE DECLARATION OF WAR 37 til their exile from the land of their fathers. What followed was merely the logical result. But in consequence of their first refusal to remove to Louisburg only a handful of the Micmacs responded to Costebello's call, by pitch- ing their wigwams on the skirt of the embryo city. Laborers were wanted next. For the procuring of these the Governor-General of Canada, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, hit upon the novel idea of Laborers from transporting cvcry year from France the Galleys, thosc prisoucrs who wcrc sentenced to the galleys for smuggling. They were to come out to Canada subject to the severe penalty of never again being permitted to return to their native land, **for which," said the cunning marquis, ** I undertake to answer." Lord Bacon, in one of his essays, makes the following comments upon this iniquitous method of raising up colonies : " It is a shameful and unblessed thing," he says, " to take the scum of people, and wicked condemned men to be the people with whom you plant ; and not only so, but it spoileth the plantations ; for they will ever live like rogues, and not fall to work, but be lazy, and 3S TIIK TAKING OF LOUISDURG do mischief and spend victuals : and be quickly weary, and then certify over to their country to the discredit of the plantation." ' Meanwhile, the sceptre that had borne such potent sway in Europe dropped from the lifeless hand of Louis the Great, to be taken up by the "crowned automaton," Louis XV. Pursuant to the policy thus outlined, which had no less in view than the rehabilitation of Canada, the recovery of Nova Scotia, the mastery of the St. Lawrence, and the eventual restoration of French prestige in America, France had in thirty years created at Louisburg a fortress so strong that it was commonly spoken of as the Dunkirk of America. To do this she had lavished millions.^ Beyond question it was the most formidable place of arms on the American continent, far exceeding Strength of ^^ ^^^^ rcspcct thc elaborate but anti- Louisburg. quated strongholds of Havana, Panama, and Carthagena, all of which had been built and fortified upon the old methods of attack and defence as laid down by the engineers of a pre- vious century : while Louisburg had the important advantage of being planned with all the skill that I i THE DECLARATION OF WAR 39 the best military science of the day and the most prodigal expenditure could command. When their work was done, the French engineers boastingly said that Louisburg could be defended by a garrison of women. The fortress, and its supporting batteries, mounted nearly one hundred and fifty pieces of artillery on its walls, some of which were of the Armament of hcavicst ttictal thcn iu usc. It was Louisburg. clcemed, and indeed proved itself, during the progress of two sieges, absolutely impregnable to an attack by a naval force alone. From this stronghold Louis had only to stretch out a hand to seize upon Nova Scotia, or drive the New England fishermen from the adjacent seas. In New England all these proceedings were watched with the keenest interest, for there, at least, if nowhere else, their true intent was so quickly foreseen, their consequences so fully realized, that the people were more and more confounded by the imbecility which had virtually put their whole fishery under French control. As the situation in Europe was reflected on this side of the Atlantic, it is instructive to look there ■i •I ri r 40 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG for the storm which, to the terror and dismay of Americans, was now darkly overspreading the continent. The crowned gamblers of Europe had begun their costly game of the Austrian succession. Upon marching to invade Silesia, Frederick II., the neediest and most reckless gamester of them all, had said to the French ambassador, War of the Austrian Sue- " I am goiug, I bclicvc, to play your cession. little game : and if I should throw doublets we will share the stakes." Fortune favored this great king of a little kingdom. He won his first throw, seeing which, for she was at first only a looker-on, France immediately sent two armies into Bavaria to the Elector's aid. This move was not unexpected in London. Ever since England had forced hostilities with Spain, in 1740, it was a foregone conclusion that the two branches of the House of Bourbon would make common cause, whenever a favorable opportunity should present itself. England now retaliated by voting a subsidy to Maria Theresa, and by taking into pay some sixteen thousand of King George's petted Hanoverians, who were destined to fight I THE DECLARATION OF WAR 41 the French auxiliary contingent. England and France were thus casting stones at each other over the wall, or, as Horace Walpole cleverly put it, England had the name of war with Spain without the game, and war with France without the name. It was inevitable that the war should now settle down into a bitter struggle between the two great rivals, France and England. On the 20th of March, 1744, the court of Versailles formally declared war. England followed on the 31st. Flanders became the battle-field between a hun- dred and twenty-five thousand combatants, led, respectively, by the old Count Maurice English defeated in dc Saxc and the young Duke of Cum- berland. In May, 1745, the French marshal suddenly invested Tournay,^ the greatest of all the Flemish fortresses. The Duke of Cumberland marched to its relief, gave battle, and was thoroughly beaten at Fontenoy. This disaster closed the campaign in the Old World. It left the English nation terribly humiliated in the eyes of Europe, while France, by this brilliant feat of arms, fully reasserted her leadership in Continental affairs. 42 THE TAKING OF LOUISIiURG But what had been a sort of Satanic pastime in the Old World became a struggle for life in the New. The people of New England, being natur- ally more keenly alive to the dangers menacing their trade, than influenced by a romantic sympa- thy with the absurd quarrels about the Austrian succession, anxiously watched for the first signal of the coming conflict. They knew the enemy's strength, and they were as fully aware of their own weaknesses. Still there was no flinching. The home government, being fully occupied with the affairs of the Continent, and with the political cabals of London, limited its efforts to arming a Situation in ^^.^ forts in the colonies, and to keeping New England. ^ f^^y cruiscrs lu the West Indian waters ; but neither soldiers, arsenals, nor maga- zines were provided for the defence of these provinces, upon whom the enemy's first and hardest blows might naturally be expected to fall, nor were such other measures taken to meet such an extraordinary emergency as its gravity would seem in reason to demand. Luckily for them, the colonists had been taught in the hard school of experience that Providence THE DECLARATION OF WAR 43 helps those who help themselves. To their own resources they therefore turned with a vigor and address manifesting a deep sense of the magnitude of the crisis now confronting them. The proclamation of war was not published in Boston until the 2d of June, 1744. Having earlier intelligence, the French at Louisburg had already French seize bcgun hostilities by making a descent can&o. upon Causo,^ a weak English post situ- ated at the outlet of the strait of that name, and so commanding it, and within easy striking dis- tance of Louisburg. News of this was brought to Boston so seasonably that Governor Shirley had time to throw a re-enforcement of two hundred men into Annapolis, by which that post was saved ; for the French, after their exploit at Canso, soon made an attempt upon Annapolis, where they were held in check until a second re-enforcement obliged them to retire. Governor Shirley lost no time in notifying the Captain Ryai ministry of what had happened, and he don.Novem- Particularly urged upon their attention ber, 1744. ^Y^Q defenceless state of Nova Scotia, where Annapolis alone held a semi-hostile popula- • I m '■'Mil 1^1 n 44 THE "TAKING OF LOUISBURG tion in check. To the end that the situation might be more fully understood, he sent an officer, who had been taken at Canso, with the despatch. At this time the incompetent Duke of New- castle held the post of prime minister. When he had read the despatch he exclaimed, "Oh, yes — yes — to be sure. Annapolis must be defended — troops must be sent to Annapolis. Pray where is Annapolis ? Cape Breton an island ! wonderful ! Show it me on the map. So it is, sure enough. My dear sir" (to the bearer of the despatch), **you always bring us good news. I must go tell the King that Cape Breton is an island." It will be seen, later, that Shirley's timely ap- plication to the ministry, on behalf of Nova Scotia, involved the fate of Louisburg itself. Orders were promptly sent out to Com- modore Warren, who was in command of a cruising squadron in the West Indies, to proceed as early as possible to Nova Scotia, for the purpose of pro- tecting our settlements therC; or of distressing the enemy, as circumstances might require. Shirley himself had also written to Warren, January, 1744. THE DECLARATION OF WAR 45 requesting him to do this very thing, at the same time the ministry were notified, though it was yet too early to know the result of either application. All eyes were now opened to Louisburg's danger- ous power. But, come what might, Shirley was evidently a man who would leave nothing undone. 1 LouisBURG had cost the enormous sum of 30,000,000 livres or £1,200,000 sterling. 2 Pei'perell was besieging Louisburg at the same time the French were Tournay. 8 Canso was taken by Duvivier, May 13, i744- The captors burnt everything, carrying the captives to Louisburg, where they remained till autumn, when they were sent to Boston. These prisoners were able to give very important information concerning the fortress, its garrison, and its means of defence. liil I'ti; 46 THE TAKING OK LOUlSiiURti "LOUISBURG MUST BE TAKEN » However Shirley's efforts to avert a present danger might succeed, nobody saw more clearly than he did that his measures only went half way toward their mark. With Louisburg intact, the enemy might sweep the coasts of New England with their expeditions, and her commerce from the seas. The return of spring, when warlike operations might be again resumed, was therefore looked forward to at Boston with the utmost un- easiness. Merchants would not risk their ships on the ocean. Fishermen dared not think of put- ting to sea for their customary voyages to the Grand Banks or the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Here was a state of things which a people who lived by their commerce and fisheries could only contem- plate with the most serious forebodings. It was fully equivalent to a blockade of their ports, a i. " LOUISBUKG MUST DE TAKEN " 47 stoppage of their industries, with consequent stag- nation paralyzing all their multitudinous occupa- tions. Naturally the subject became a foremost matter of discussion in the official and social circles, in the pulpits, and in the tavern clubs of the New Public Opinion England capital. It was the serious aroused. ^^pj^ ^^ ^^^ couuting-housc and the table-talk at home. It drifted out among the laboring classes, who had so much at stake, witli varied embellishment. It went out into the coun- try, gathering to itself fresh rumors like a rolling snowball. In all these coteries, whether of the councillors over their wine, of the merchants around their punch-bowls, of the smutty smith at his forge, or the common dock-laborer, the same conclusion was reached, and constantly reiterated — Louisburg must be taken ! — Yes ; Louisburg must be taken ! Upon this decision the people stood as one man. It did not, however, enter into the minds of even the most sanguine advocates of this idea that they themselves would be shortly called upon to make it effective in the one way possible. Such ' 48 TIIK TAKING OK LOUISHUKG a proposal would Ikivc been laughed at, at first. The general voice was that the land and naval forces of the kingdom ought to be employed for the reduction of Louisburg, because no others were available ; but, meantime, a public opinion had been formed which only wanted a proper direction to turn it into a force capable of doing what it had decided upon. There was but one man in the province who was equal to this task. That some other man may have had the same idea is but natural, when the same subject was uppermost in the minds of all ; but where others tossed it to and fro, like a tennis-ball, only this one man grasped it with the force of a master mind.^ He was William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, Governor Shirley soon showed himself the man for the crisis. He was a lawyer of good abilities, with a pol^ " -^^ reputation to make. He had a ^jjjjgj^ r head, strong will, plausible man- shiriey. jj^j.^ ^j^^| immovable persistency in the pursuit of a favorite project. If not a military man by education, he had, at any rate, the military instinct. He was, moreover, a shrewd manager. L (I LOUISBUKG MUST BE TAKEN »» 49 not easily disheartened or turned aside from his pur^iose by a first rebuff, yet knovvin<; how to yield when, by doing so, he could sec his way to carry his point in the end. The French, we remember, had made some prisoncis at Canso, who were first taken to Louisburg, and then sent to Boston on parole. These captives knew the place, but our smuggling merchantmen knew it much better. They were able to give a pretty exact account of the condition of things at the fortress. We are now looking backward a little. But what seems to have made the strongest impression was the news that the garrison itself had been in open mutiny during the winter, most of the soldiers being Swiss, whose loyalty, it was supposed, had been more or less shaken.^ Whether William Vaughan,^ a New Hampshire merchant resident in Maine, first broached the project of taking Louisburg to Shirley, cannot now be determined, but, let the honor belong primarily where it may, Vaughan's scheme, as outlined by him, was too absurd for serious consideration, however strongly he may William Vaughan w 1 50 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG have believed in it himself. He seems to have belonged to the class of enthusiasts at whose breath obstacles vanish away ; yet we are bound to say of him that his own easy confidence, with his habit of throwing himself heart and soul into whatever he undertook, gained over a good many others to his way ' thinking. Shirley therefore encouraged Vaughan, who, after rendering really valuable services, became so thoroughly imbued with the notion that he was not only the originator of the expedition, but the chief actor in it, that the value of those services is somewhat obscured. Governor Shirley's project now was to take Louisburg, with such means as he himself could get together. He, too, was more or less carried away by the spirit which animated him, as men must be to make others believe in them, but he never lost his head. To a cool judgment, some of Shirley's plans for assaulting Louisburg seem almost, if not quite, as irrational as Vaughan's, yet Shirley was not the man to commit any overt act of folly, or shut his ears to prudent counsels. Being so well acquainted with the temper and spirit of the New I'jigland })eoi)le, he knew that, L " LOUISBURG MUST FJE TAKEN >» 51 before they would fight, they must be convinced. To this end, he strengthened himself with the proper arguments, wisely keeping his own counsel until everything should be ripe for action. He knew that the garrison of Louisburg was mutinous, that its isolated position invited an attack, and that the extensive works were much out of" repair. Moreover, he had calculated, almost to a Counting thi chancfis of day, the time when the annual supplies of men and munitions would arrive from France. He knew that Quebec was too distant for effectively aiding Louisburg. An attack under such conditions seemed to hold out a tempting prospect of success ; yet realizing, as Shirley did, that under any circumstances, no matter how favorable or alluring they might seem, the enter- prise would be looked upon as one of unparalleled audacity, if not as utterly hopeless or visionary, he determined to stake his own political fortunes upon the issue and abide the result. The garrison of Louisburg had been, in fact, in open revolt, the outbreak proving so serious that the commanding officer had begged his govern- ment to replace the disaffected troops with others, I H H.ii I -if I HI 52 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG who could be depended upon. Shirley, therefore, reckoned on a half-hearted resistance or none at all. In a word, it was his plan to sur- Shirley's Plan. prise and take the place before it could be rc-cnforccd. After obtaining a pledge of secrecy from the members, S irley proceeded to lay his project before the provincial legislature of Massachusetts, which was then in session. The governor's state- ment, which was certainly cool and dispassionate, ran somewhat to this effect : " Gentlemen of the General Court, either we must take Louisburg or see our trade annihilated. If you are of my mind we will take it. I have reason to know that the garrison is insubordinate. There is good ground for believing that the commandant is afraid of his own men, that the works are out of repair and the stores running low. I need not dwell further on what is so well known to you all. Now, with four thousand such soldiers as this and the neighboring provinces can furnish, aided by a naval force similarly equipped, the place must surely fall into our hands. I have, moreover, strong hopes of aid from His Majesty's ships, now (( LOUrSRURG MUST RE TAKEN »♦ 53 in our waters. But the <;reat thin<; is to throw our forces upon Louisbur5 " Carthage must be destroyed ! " became the watchword, while to show the hand of God power ^ fully working for the right, the celebrated George Whitefield wrote the Latin motto, embroidered on the expeditionary standard, — " Never despair, Christ is with us. » Thus the church militant was not only repre- sented in the ranks and on the banner, but it was equally forward in proffering counsel. For exam- ple : one minister wrote to acquaint Shirley how the provincials should be saved from being blown up, in their camps, by the enemy's mines. He wanted a patrol to go carefully over the camping- ground first. While one struck the ground with a heavy mallet, another should lay his ear to it, and if it sounded suspiciously hollow, he should instantly drive down a stake in order that the spot might be avoided. Such anecdotes show us how earnestly all classes of men entered upon the work in hand. How to take Louisburg seemed the one engrossing subject of every man's thoughts. HaviiT^ glanced at the qualifications of the gen- ■ i V I , M !i it 66 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG eral, we may now consider the composition of the army. We have already drawn attention to the excellent quality of its material. In embodying it for actual service, the old traditions of the British army were strictly followed. The expeditionary corps was formed in ten bat- talions. They were Peppereirs,^ Wolcott's ^ (of The Army by Connccticut), Waldo's,* Dwight's ^ (nom- Regiments. ^^^^^y ^^ artillery battalion), Moulton's,^ Willard's, Hale's,'^ Richmond's,^ Gorham's, and Moore's'^ (of New Hampshire). One hundred and fifty men of this regiment were in the pay of Massachusetts. Pepperell's, Waldo's, and Moul- ton's were mostly raised in the District of Maine. Pepperell said that one-third of the whole force came from Maine. Dwight was assigned to the command of the artillery, with the rank of briga- dier ; Gorham to the special service of landing the troops in the whaleboats, which had been provided, and of which he had charge. There was also an independent company of artificers, under Captain Bernard, and Lieutenant-Colonel Gridley was appointed chief engineer of the army. Pepperell held the rank of lieutenant-general ; ^i? THE ARMY AND ITS GENERAL 67 Wolcott, that of major-general ; and Waldo that of brigadier, the second place being given to Con- necticut, in recognition of the prompt and valuable assistance given by that colony. As a whole, the army was neither well armed nor properly equipped, or sufficiently provided I* K ^1 with tents, ammunition, and stores. It goes badly ' equipped. ^oQ much hastc had characterized its formation for a thorough organization, or for atten- tion to details, too little knowledge for the instruc- tion in their duties of either officers or men. It is true that some of them had seen more or less bush-fighting in the Indian wars, and that all were expert marksmen or skilful woodsmen, but to call such an unwieldy and undisciplined assemblage of men, who had been thus suddenly called away from their workshops and ploughs, an army, were a libel upon the name. Commodore Edward Tyng ^^ was put in com- mand of the colonial squadron destined to escort the army to its destination, to cover its landing, and afterwards to act in conjunction with it on the spot. The writers of the time tell us that "the winter I 68 THE TAKING OF LOUISHURG I if 1 proved so favorable that all sorts of outdoor busi- ness was carried on as well, and with as great dc- Hutchinson, ^P^tch, as at any other season of the Belknap. year." The month of February, in par- ticular, proved very mild. The rivers and harbors were open, and the fruitful ness of the preceding season had made provisions plenty. Douglass thinks that " some guardian angel " must have preserved the troops from taking the small-pox, which broke out in Boston about the time of their embarkation. All these fortunate accidents were hailed as omens of success. Thanks to the enthusiasm of the young men in enlisting, and the energy of the authorities in equipping them, the four thousand men called for were mustered under arms, ready for service, in a little more than seven weeks. In this short time, Ti,g Provincial too, a hundred transports had been ^^^^' manned, victualled, and got ready for sea. The embargo had provided both vessels and sailors. More than this, a little squadron of four- teen vessels, the largest carrying only twenty . guns, was created as if by enchantment. Here was shown a vigor that deserved success. THE ARMY AND ITS GENERAL 69 The Connecticut and New Hampshire contin- gents were also ready to march, but Rhode Island had not yet completed hers. By disarming Cas- tle William in Boston harbor, or borrowing old cannon wherever they could be found, Shirley had managed to get together a sort of makeshift for a siege-train. All being ready at last, after a day of solemn fasting and prayer throughout New England, the flotilla set sail for the rendezvous at Canso in the last week of March. ** Pray for us while we fight for you," was the last message of the departing provincial soldiers to their friends on shore. Equal good-fortune attended the transportation of the army by sea to a point several hundred miles distant, during one of the stormiest months of the year. By the loth of April the whole force was assembled at Canso in readiness to act offensively as soon as the Cape Breton shores should be free of ice. All this had been done without the help of a soldier, a ship, or a penny from England. At the very last moment Shirley received from Commodore Warren, in answer to his request for assistance, a curt refusal to take ^■4 70 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG li part in the enterprise without orders, and Shirley could only say to Pepperell when he took leave of him, that his best and only hope lay in his own resources. But by this time the enthusiasm which had carried men off their feet had begun to cool. The excitements, under the influence of which this or that obstacle had been impatiently brushed aside, had given way to the sober second thought. One by one they rose grimly before Pepperell's troubled vision like the ghosts in Macbeth. Land the troops and storm the works had been the popular way of disposing of a fortress which the French engineers had offered to defend with a garrison of women. II 1 Gibson was very active during the siet;e, especially when anything of a dangerous nature was to be done. He was a retired British officer. He was one of the three who escaped deatli, while on a scout, May lo. With five men he towed a fireship against the West Gate, under the enemy's fire, on the night of May 24. It burnt three vessels, part of the King's Gate, and part of a stone house in the city. Being done in the dead of night, it caused great consternation among the besieged. '■i I'nrrERF.LL's own regiment was actually commanded by his lieuten* ant-colonel, John Bradstrcet, who was afterwards appointed lieutenant- governor of Newfoundland, but on the breaking out of the next war with France, he served wjth distinction on the New-York frontier, rising THE ARMY AND ITS GENERAL 71 through successive grades to that of major-general in the British army. Bradstrcct died at New York in 1774. 8 Genkral Roger Wolcot t had been in the Canada campaign of 171 1 without seeing any service. He was sixty-six when appouited over the Connecticut contin;;cnt under Pepperell. \V(jlcott was one of the f(;re- most men of his colony, being repeatedly honored witli tlie lilghest posts, those of chief judge and governor included. David Wooster was a captain in Wolcott's regiment. * Samuel Waldo was a Huston merchant, who had acquired a chief interest in the Muscongus, later known from him as the Waldo Patent, in Maine, to the improvement of wiiich lie gave the best years of his life. Like Pepperell, l.e was a wealtliy land-owner. They were close friends, Waldo's daugi\ter being betrothed to Pepperell's son later. His patent finally passed to General Knox, who married Waldo's grand- daughter. * Joseph Dwu;iir was born at Dedhani, Mass., in 1703. He served in the Second Frencli War also. Pepperell commends his services, as chief of artillery, very highly. •i Jeremi.\u MouLTONwas fifty-seven when he joined the expedition. He had seen more actual fighting than any otlier tfficer in it.» Taken prisoner by tlu Indians at the sacking of York, when four years old, he became a terror to them in his manhood. With Harmon he destroyed Norridgewock in 1724. ' Robert Hale, colonel of the Essex Count> regnnent, had been a schoolmaster, a doctor, and a justice of the peace. He was forty two. His major, Moses Titcomb, afterwards served under Sir William Johnson, and was killed at tiie battle of Lake George. ^ Sylvester RicilmonDjoI I )ighton, Mass., was born in 169S; colonel of the Bristol County regiment. He was high sheriff of the county tor many years after his return from Loui.vburg. Died in 17S3, in his eighty- fourth year. Lieutenant-Colonel Ebenezer Pitts of Dighton, and Major -i^ ^2 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG Joseph Hodj^es of Norton, of Richmond's regiment, were both killed during the campaign. " Samuel Moore's New Hampshire regiment was drafted into tlic Vigilant. His lieutenant-colonel, Meserve, afterward served under Ab^rcroinby, and again in the second siege of Louisburg under Amherst, dying there o^ small-pox. Matthew Thornton, signer of the Declaration, was surgeon of Moore's regiment. 10 Edward Tyng, merchant of Boston, son of that Colonel Edward who was carried a prisoner to France, with John Nelson, by Frontenac's order, and died there in a dungeon. THE AKMY AT CANSO 71 VII THE ARMY AT CANSO The crude plan of attack, as digested at Boston, consisted in an investment of Louisburg by the The Plan of ^^'''^^ forccs and a blockade by sea. To Attack. enforce this blockade, Shirley had sent out some armed vessels in advance of the expedi- tion, with orders to cruise off the island, and to intercept all vessels they should fall in with, so that news of the armament might not get into Louisburg, by any chance, before its coming. This was all the more necessary because Shirley had indulged hopes, from the first, of taking the place by surprise, and so obstinately was he wedded to the notion that the thing was practicable, that he had drawn up at great length a plan of campaign of which this surprise was the chief feature, and in which he undertook to direct, down to the minutest detail, Shirley's Project. 74 THE TAKING OF LOUISHUKG rn where, how, and when the troops should land, what points they should attaek, what they should do if the assault proved a failure or only partially successful, where they should encamp, raise bat- teries and post guards ; how the men must be handled under fire, and ;en how the prisoners should be disposed of Shirley, as we have seen, was considerably given to counting his chickens before they were hatclied. Being a lawyer rather than a soldier, Shirley had written out a brief instead of an order — clear, concise, direct. Hut, lengthy as it was, the plan had one redeeming feature, which turns away criticism from the absurdities with which it was running over. This was the post- script appended to it : " Sir, upon the whole, notwithstanding the instructions you have received from me, I must leave it to you to act upon unforeseen emergencies according to your best discretion." The reading of it must have lifted a load from Pepperell's mind ! It really looked as if Shirley had meant to be the real generalissimo himself, and to capture Louisburg by proxy. Pepperell was still hampered, however, with a A Saving Clause. THE ARMY AT CANSO 75 Pepperell's Council. council of war, consisting of all the general and field officers of his army, whom he was required to summon to his aid in all emergencies. If it be true that in a multitude of counsels there is wisdom, then Pepperell was to be well advised, for his council aggregated between twenty and thirty members. Pepperell seems to have conceived that he ought to submit himself wholly to Shirley's guidance, since he himself was now to serve his first apprenticeship in war, for it was now loyally attempted to carry out Shirley's instructions to the letter. In all these preliminary arrangements the difference between Shirley's brilliancy and dash and Pepperell's methodical cast of mind is very marked indeed. It would sometimes seem as if the two men ought to have changed places. Shirley had appointed the rendezvous to be at Canso, which place had been abandoned soon ,.,. . ^^^*-'^ ^t ""^'^^ taken from us ; first, be- Why the army was at causc it was the natural base for opera- Canso. tions against Cape Breton, and next so that if the descent on Louisburg failed, Canso and the command of the straits would, at least, 76 THE TAKING OF LOUISIJUKG I' ,.| t have been recovered. It was, as we have said, within easy striking; distance of Louisburfi^, Out in front of Canso, between the Nova Scotia and Cape Breton shores, lay Isle Madame or Arichat, on which a few French fishermen were livin^^. Across the water from Arichat, at the entrance to Importance of ^^^e Hras d'Or, lay the village of St. St. Peter's. Petcr's, the secc.id in point of impor- tance in Cape Breton, Louisburg being the first. At Arichat everything that was being done at Canso could be easily seen and communicated to St. Peter's. At St. Peter's word could be sent to Louisburg by way of the Bras d'Or Lakes. It therefore stood Pepperell in hand to clear his vicinity of these spies and informers without delay, unless he wished to find the enemy fore- warned and forearmed. Shirley had directed Pepperell to destroy St. Peter's. Pepperell, therefore, sent a night expedi- tion there, which, however, returned The Ice Block- ade at Louis- without accomplishing its purpose. But burg. his greatest fear, lest supplies or re-en- forcements should get into Louisburg by sea, was set at rest on finding that the field or pack-ice, THE ARMY AT CANSO 77 Canso fortified. which had come down out of the St. Lawrence, and the east winds had driven up against the shores of Cape lireton, formed a secure blockade against all comers, himself as well as the enemy. Th. contingency had not been sufficiently weighed. Meanwhile, Pcppcrell set to work fortifying Canso. A blockhouse, ready framed, had been sent out for the purpose. This was now set up, garrisoned, and christened Fort Prince William. Some earthworks were also thrown up to cover this new post. In these occu- pations, or in scouting or exercising, the troops were kept employed until the ice should move off the shores. On the 1 8th of April a French thirty-gun ship was chased off the coast, while trying to run into French Cruiser Louisburg. Bciug thc better sailcr, she driven off. easily got clcar of the blockading ves- sels, after keeping up for some hours a sharp, run- ning fight. Even this occurrence does not seem to have fully opened the eyes of the French com- mandant of Louisburg to the true nature of the danger which threatened him, since he has declared • :,' ii '. il 78 Tin-: TAKING OF LOUISHUKG I that he thought the vessels he saw watch in<; the harbor were omy I'Ji^lisli j^rivaleers. I'erhaps nothin;^ about the whole history of this expedition is more strange than that this officer should have remained wholly ignorant of its being at Canso for nearly three weeks. The army had been lying nenrly two weeks in- active, when, to IV'pperell's great suri)rise as well as joy. Commodore Warren appeared April as, War- ren's Fleet off Canso with four ships of war, and, arrives. after briefly communicating with the general, bore away for Louisburg. At last he had received his orders to act in concert with Shirley, and, like a true sailor, he had crowded all sail for Effect on the ^'^*-' •'^<^^''i^' ^^^ actiou. IHs comiug put Army. ^^^^ amiy in great spirits, for it was suj)- j)ose(l to be part of the plan, already concerted, ])y which the attack should be made irresistible. And for once fortune seems to have determined that the bungling of ministers should not defeat the objects had in view. On the following day, the Connecticut forces joined Pepperell. The shores of Cape Hretc)n were now eagerly scanned for the first ap|)earance of I in: AKMV AT CANSO 79 open water, ])iit even as late as the 28th Pepperell wrote to Shirley, sayin- - We impatiently wait April 24. ^''^ '' ^^^'^ ^'^^^^ ^'' ^Jrive the iee out Connecticut of the bay, and if we do not suffer for torccb arrive. mi^i km want of i)rovisions, make no doubt but we shall, by God's favor, ]>e able soon to drive "ut what else we please from Cape l^reton." The consumption of stores, occasioned by the uidooked- 'nr detention at Canso, had, in fact, become a matter of serious concern with IV'i>perelI, wlxjsc nearest source of supply was lioston. '■» p I M 80 Tin-: TAKING Ul LUUlbliUKG VIII ii THE SIEGE OuK f^uard-vesscls having reported the shores lo be at last free from ice, and the wind eoininj.^ fair lor Louisbiir;;, the welcome si-^nal Fleet sails * ^ from canso, to wcigh anchor was [;iven on the April 3g. 29th of AjM-il. On l)oard the fleet all was now bustle and excitement. In a very short time a hundred transport-vessels were stand in;^ out of Canso Harbor, under a cloud of canvas, for Ciabarus Hay, the place fixed upon by Shirley for makin;; the contemplated descent. Hound to the letter of his orders, Peppercll seem^- U) have first purjjosed making an attempt to put Shirley's rash project in execution. To do Night Assault ^'^''''' ^^ must havc SO timed his move- givenup. ments as to reach his anchorage after dark, have landed his troops without being able to sec what obstacles lay before them, havc marched 11^' ■■aMMfci^iirt ii^gj TIIK SIEGE 83 them to stations situated at a distance from the place of disembarkation, over ^nound unknown, and not previously reconnoitred, to throw them against the enemy's works before they should be discovered. And this m(;st critical of all military operations, a ni<,dit assault, was to be attem])ted by wholly undisciplined men. Providentially for Pei>perell, the wind died away before he could reach the desi^^nated point of dis- embarkation, so that this mad scheme perished before it could be put to the test ; but early the next mornin*; the flotilla was discovered enterinj^ Gabarus Jiay, five miles southeast from the fort- ress, and in full view from its ramparts. So, also, the New ICn^land forces could sec the ^ray turrets of the redoubtable stron^^hold risinj; in the dis- tance, and could hear the bells of Louisbur^^ peal- ing out their loud alarm. The fortress instantly fired signal guns to call in all out parties. It is said that there had been a grand ball the night before, and that the company had scarce been asleep when called up by this alarm. The boom- ing of artillery, sounding like the drowsy roar of an awakening lion, was defiantly echoed back from 84 THE TAKING OF LOUISnURG In the bosom of the deep, and borne on the cckjI breeze to tlie startled foemen's ears the distant roll f)f drum, and bii;;le blast, peo|)le{l the lately deserted sea with voices of the comin;; strife, J>)uchaml)on, commander of the fortress, in- stantly hurried off a hundred and fifty men to oppose the landing; of our troops. The fleet quickly came to an anchor, and the signal was hoisted for the troops to disembark at once. liefore them stretched the lonely Cape IJreton shore, on which the breakers rose and fell in a Ion;; line of foam. Thou[;h this heavy surf threatened to swanij) the boats, the men crowded into them as if K^)in;; to a merry-making. Landing at Gabarustiay, It was a ^alkiiit aud inspirin<; si^ht to April 30. Ill 1111 sec them dash on toward the beach, emulous who should reach it first, and ea;;er to meet the enemy, who were waiting; for them there. ]^y making a feint at one point, and then pulling for another at some distance from the first, the boats gained an undefentled part of the shore before the I^'rench could come up with them. As soon as one struck the [ground, the men jumped into the water, each taking another on his back THE SIKfiE 85 and \v:ulin<^ through the surf to the shore. In this manner the hindin;; went on so rapidly thai, when the enemy finally came up, they were easily driven off, with the loss of six or seven men killed, and some j)risoners. Before it was dark two thou- sand men bivouacked for the ni^^ht within eannon shot of Louisl)ur<;. Vaughan now led forward a party after the retreatin<; enemy, who, finding; themselves pur- sued, set fire to thirty or forty houses outside the city walls. On the next day, the work of landing the rest of the army, the artillery and stores, was jnished to the utmost, thou^di the heavy surf rendered this a work of uncommon difficulty, repperell now jiltchi'd his camp in an orderly manner next the shore, at a place called Mat Point Cove, where he could communicate with the transi)orts and fleet, and they with him. He now took his first step towards clearing; the two miles of open ;^n-ound lyin;; between him antl Louisburj; har])or, with the view of fixin;^^ the location of his batteries, and of driving; the enemy inside the walls of the fortress. 86 TUF. TAKINd OF I.OUISIUJKO. |i ii I To this end four hundred men were sent out to destroy the enemy's ma;;a/jiies situated at the head ot the harl)or, Vau;;han a^^ain mareiiin^^ with tliem. This detaehment havin;; set fire to some Royal Bnttery warehouses contruuin^ naval stores, the dcscrtcj. smoke from whieh (hifted down upon tlie Royal Hattery, the officer in command there, convinced that the i)rovincials were about to fall upon him, spiked his cannon and abandoned the works in haste, thouj^h not till after receiving permission to do so. In the mornin;^, as Vau«;han was returning to camp with only thirteen men, the deserted ap|)earance (»f the battery caused him to carefully examine it, when, seein<.; no sij;ns of life about the place, — no fla^ flying or smoke risin*^ or sentinels movint; about, — he sent forward an Indian of his party, who, finding all silent, crept through an embrasure, and undirl the gate to them. Vaughan then desp tched word to the camp that he was in possession of the place, and was waiting for a re-enforcement and a Hag ; but meantime, before either could reach him, one of his men climbed up the staff, and nailed his red coat to it for a flag. Tin-: sii'X.F': 87 At [ibout the siirnc hour DiulKinibou was sciid- in<^ a strong; detachment back to the battery, to complete tlie work of (lestriictioii that his beiiten- ,, . ant had lelt unfinished. At least this is Vaugnan attacked. |^jj. ^,^p, statement. It was supposed that the battery was still unoccupied or o(cuj)ie(l weakly, otherwise the I^'rench would hardly have risked much for its possession. When this detachment came round in their boats to the land- in;;-place, near the battery, Vau^han's little band attacked them with <;reat spirit, keepinj; them at bay until other troops had time to join him, when the discomfited rVenchmen were driven back whence they came. Thus unexpectedly did one of the most formi- dable defences fall into our hands ; for thou«;h its isolated situation invited an attack, and thouj^h communication with the city could be easily cut Advanta e of *'^^ c.xcept by watcr, the prompt attempt this Capture. |_() rccovcr the Royal Hattery implies that its abandonment was at least premature. Yet an this work was primarily a harbor defence only, it was evidently not looked upon as tenable against a land attack, although it is quite as clear that the (.' 88 TIIK TAKING OI- LOUISHUHG !| time had not yet conic for deserting it. Hut the fact that it was left uninjured instead of bein^ ])lo\vn up assures us that the garrison must liave left in a panic. ]Uit whether the French attached much or little conse(iuence to this battery so Ion*; as it remained in their hands, it became in ours a tremendous au.xiliary to the concpiest of the city. I^y its capture we obtained thirty heavy cannon, all of which were soon made serviceable, besides a lar<;e cpiantity of shot and shell, than which nothing; could have been more accei)table at this time. And although only three or four of its heavy guns could be trained upon the city, its capture removed one of the most formidable obstacles to the entrance of our Meet. It also afforded an excellent place of arms for our soldiers, whose confidence was greatly strengthened. In a word, the siege was making i)r()gress. We cannot help referring here to the fact that notwithstanding Shirley's idea had met with so much ridicule it had, nevertheless, come true in one part at least, since if the pr()i)osal to turn the enemy's own cannon against them had seemed TllK sir.c.K 89 Firing begun. somewhat vvhimsicnl when it was broached, it certainly proved prophetic in tliis case, for within twenty tour liours after its taking tlie ^uns of the Royal IJattery were thundering a;;ainst the city. lVi)perell had at once ordered Waldo's regiment into the cai)ture(l battery. The i:neniy had not oven stopi)e(l to knock off the trunnions of the cannon, so that the smiths, under the direction of Major I'omeroy,' who was himself a gun- smith, had only to drill them out a<;ain. Waldo fired the first shot into the city. It is said to have killed fourteen men. 'I'he fire was main- tained with destructive effect, and it drew forth a reply from the enemy, with both shot and shell. The sie*;e may now be said to have fairly l)e<;un, and be<;un prosperously, l^olh sides had stripped for fi^htin^;, and it remained to be seen whether Pepperell's raw levies would continue steadfast under the many trials of which these events were but a foretaste. Louisbur*; was now practically invested on the land side, the fleet, with its heavy armrnnent, remainin<; useless, however, with respect to active co-operation in the siege itself, because its com- i I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O 1.0 I.I 1.25 vi Ins M 1.8 U III 1.6 V] /^ 7: '^ > o 7 /A V ^Q^' c^-^ \\ ^^ * <%}8^«\ ^'^%.^V^^ ^-tj^^' " .^k. < were housed in tents, most of which proved rotten and unserviceable, or in booths, which., they built for themselves out of poles and green boughs cut in the neicrhborin en C en "^ « ■JS'a?- cn M > H W en r o c H^ en to C 90 O I . _ Sill I III III THE SIEGE CONTINUED 123 troops, relates the closing scenes of this truly memorable contest. It runs as follows : — "We entered the city on Monday last (17th) about five o'clock p.m., with colors flying, drums, hautboys, violins, trumpets, etc. Gentlemen and ladies caressing (the French inhabitants) as well they might, for a New England dog would have died in the holes we drove them to — I mean the casemates where they dwelt during the siege. "This fortress is so valuable, as well as large and extensive, that we may say the one half has not been conceived. . . . Sometimes I am ready to say a thousand men in a thousand years could not effect it. Words cannot convey the idea of it. . . . One half of ye warlike stores for such a siege were not laid in ; however, the Vigilant (French supply ship) being taken and Commodore Warren's having some supply of stores from New England was very happy, and so it is that his readiness has been more than equal to his ability." Governor Duchambon puts his whole force at thirteen hundred men at the beginning of the siege, and at eleven hundred at its close. About ■HI i|3 ^v mrv' ill I 'i^ i =i|pii! II hi 124 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG two thousand men were, however, included in the capitulation, of which number six hundred and fifty were veteran troops. The besiegers' shot had wrought destruction in the city. There was not a building left unharmed or even habitable, by the fifteen thousand shot and shells that Pepperell's batteries had thrown into it. When Pepperell saw the inside of Louisburg he probably realized for the first time the magni- tude of the task he had undertaken. On looking around him, he said, with the expeditionary motto in mind no doubt, " The Almighty, of a truth, has been with us." As the expedition began, so it now ended, with a prayer, which has come down to us as a part of its history. Pepperell celebrated his entry into Louisburg by giving a dinner to his officers. When they were seated at table, the general called upon his old friend and neighbor, the Rev. Mr. Moody of York, to ask the Divine blessing. As the parson's prayers were proverbial for their length, the countenances of the guests fell when he arose from his chair, but to every- body's surprise the venerable chaplain made his !i !inl!'iii THE SIEGE CONTINUED 125 model and pithy appeal to the throne of grace in these words : • " Good Lord ! we have so many things to thank thee for, that time will be infinitely too short to do it : we must therefore leave it for the work of eternity." 1 General John Nixon is one of those referred to. 2 Douglass (Summary), Belknai- ("History of New Hampshire'') and Hutchinson ("History of Massachusetts Bay") have accounts of the Louisburg expedition. Douglass and Hutchinson wrote contempo- raneously, and were well informed, the latter especially, upon all points relating to the inception and organization. Of their military criticism it is needless to speak. There is a host of authorities, both French and English, most of which are collected in Vol. V. " Narrative and Critical History of America." 8 Richard Gridley subs;quently laid out the works at Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights, in much the same manner. 4 Shirley's second messenger, Captain Loring, on presenting his despatches, was allowed but twelve hours in London, being then ordered on board the Princess Mary, one of the ships referred to. 126 THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG AFTERTHOUGHTS iio ' t I ' ''illiii' ; I I ill ■l!i''';!!",il 1 ■,''! iiiiiii 5 III! iii I ! 1 And now comes the strangest part of the story. We get quite accustomed to thinking of the American colonies as the football of European diplomacy, our reading of history has fully pre- pared us for that : but we are not prepared to find events in the New World actually shaping the course of those in the Old. In a word, England lost the battle in Europe, but won it in America. France was confounded at seeing the key to Canada in the hands of the enemy she had just beaten. England and France were like two duellists who have had a scuffle, in the course of which they have exchanged weapons. Instead of dictating terms, France had to compromise mat- ters. For the sake of preserving her colonial possessions, she now had to give up her dear- bought conquests on the continent of Europe. Hostilities were suspended. All the belligerents AFTERTHOUGHTS 127 the story. S of the European fully pre- ^d to find iping the England America, key to had just ike two ourse of stead of se mat- colonial -r dear- luirope. ■gerents agreed to restore wliat they had taken from each other, and cry quits ; but it is plain that France would never have consulted to such a settlement at a time when her adversaries were so badly crippled, when all England was in a ferment, and she hurrying back her troops from Holland in order to put down rebellion at home, thus leaving the coalition of which she was the head to stand or fall without her. France would not have stayed her victorious march, we think, under such circumstances as these, unless the nation's atten- tion had been forcibly recalled to the gravity of the situation in America. In some respects this episode of history recalls the story of the mailed giant, armed to the teeth, and of the stripling with his sling. As all the conquests of this war were restored by the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, Cape Breton went to France again. Thus had New England made herself felt across the Atlantic by an exhibition of power, as unlooked-for as it was suggestive to thoughtful men. To some it was merely like that put forth by the infant Here ties, in his cradle. But to I: i i i if! j 1 i 1 ! . ' ' ! i I'!' 1 1 ' |( 138 THE TAKING OF LOUISIIUKG Kn^Iaiul, the unnatural mother, it was a notice that the child she had neglected was coming to manhood, ere long to claim a voice in the disposal of its own affairs. To New luigland herself the consequences of her great exploit were very marked. The martial spirit was revived. In the trenches of Louisburg was the training-school for the future captains of the republic. Louisburg became a watchword and a tradition to a people intensely proud of their traditions. Not only had they made themselves felt across the ocean, but they now first awoke to a better knowledge of their own resources, their ovv'n capabilities, their own place in the empire, and here began the growth of that independent spirit which, but for the prompt seizure of a golden opportunity, might have lain dormant for years. Probably it would be too much to say that the taking of Louisburg opened the eyes of discerning men to the possibility of a great empire in the West ; yet, if we are to look about us for underlying causes, we know not where else to find a single event so likely to give birth to speculative discussion, or a new and enlarged AFTKKTIIOUGIITS 129 cnt ; a for that of ;reat bout else Ih to Irged direction in the treatment of public concerns. What had been done would always be pointed to as evidence of what might be done again. So wc have considered the taking of Louisburg, in so far as the colonies were concerned, as the event of its epoch. ^ Nor would these discussions be any the less likely to arise, or to grow any the less threatening to the future of crown and colony, when it became known that to balance her accounts with other powers England had handed over Cape Breton to France again, thus putting in her hand the very weapon that New England had just wrested from her, as the pledge to her ovvn security. The work was all undone with a stroke of the pen. The colonies were still to be the football of European politics. Nobody in the colonies supposed this would be the reward of their sacrifices — that they should be deliberately sold by the home government, or that France, after being once disarmed, would be quietly told to go on strengthening her American Gibraltar as much as she liked. Yet this was what really happened, notwithstanding the Duke - 1 ? ' 11 ri i^o THE TAKING OF LOUISBURG of Newcastle's bombastic declaration that " if France was master of Portsmouth, he would hang the man who should give up Cape Breton in exchange for it." King George, who was in Hanover when he heard of the capture of Louisburg, sent word to Pepperell that he would be made a baronet, thus distinguishing him as the proper chief of the expedition. This distinction, which really made Pepperell the first colonist of his time, was nobly won and worthily worn. After four years of importunity the colonies succeeded in getting their actual expenses reimbursed to them, which was certainly no more than their dues, considering that they had been fighting the battles of the mother country.^ Warren was made an admiral. The navy came in for a large amount of prize money, obtained from ships that were decoyed into Louisburg after it fell, to tlv: exclusion of the army.^ This disposition of the spoils was highly resented by the army, who very justly alleged that, while the success of the army without the fleet might be open to debate, there could be no question what- AFTFRTHOUGHTS. 131 of 'his by the be what- ever of the fleet's inability to take Louisburg without the army. 1 The surrendkk caused great rejoicing in the colonics, as was natural it should, witli all except those who had always predicted its failure. For some reason the news did not reach Boston until July 2, in the night. At daybreak the inhabitants were aroused from their slumbers by the thunder of cannon. The whole day was given up to rejoicings. A public thanksgiving was observed on the 18th. 'Ihc news reached London on the 20th. The Tower guns were fired, and at night London was illuminated. Similar demonstrations occurred in all the cities and large towns of the kingdom. At Versailles the news caused deep gloom. De Luynss speaks of it thus in his Memoirs: *' People have been willing to doubt about this affair of Louisburg, but unhappily it is only too cer- tain. These misfortunes have given rise to altercations amcmg ministers. It is urged that M. Maurepas is at fault in having allowed Louisburg to fall for want of munitions. The friends of M. Maurepas contend that he did all that was possible, but could not obtain the necessary funds from the Treasury." The government got ready two fleets to retake Louisburg. One was scattered or sunk by storms in 1746, and one was destroyed by Lord Anson, in 1747, off Cape Finisterre. 2 Thh amount was .£183,6.19 to Massachusetts, .£if),.355 to New Hampshire, £28,863 to Connecticut, and .£6,332 to Rhode Island. Quite a large portion was paid in copper coins. 8 Among others the navy took a Spanish Indiaman, having ?2,ooo,- 000, besides goid and silver ingots to a large value, stowed under her cargo of cocoa. The estimated value of all tlie prizes was nearly a million sterling, of which enormous sum only one colonial vessel got u share. THE END Ifl 1 INDEX • « • t I 1 1 < Acadia (Nova. Scotia), Louisburff designee} f^ .{irotect, 29. Acadians, sehisa to emigrate, 14; and refJiiif.Jo become British' subjects. -^5 ,«;vl'y called Neutrals, 36; desi](;j:v' remove elsewhere. Aix-la-Chapelb 'Peace of, 127. Annapolis, I^.' 'S., attempted capt- ure of, 43; attack on, frustrated, flOfe I 00. r < ^ I 1 Auchmuty, I-fdbert, proposes tlie takmg ofCddi'sburg, no^e 58. • Boston, defenceless condition of, II. .lit. Bradstreet, Colonal John, at Louis- burg, 70. .... Brooks, Captiiin, "killed at Louis- burg, 113. ** Canada, the key to, 12 ; its politi- cal and economic weaknesses, 24 ef seq. ; compared with the Eng- lish colonies, 25 ; tiie fur monop- oly, 26 ; scheme for building up the colony, 28. Canso, seized from Louisburg, 43, noie 45 ; prisoners taken there prove useful, 49 ; army rendezvous at, 69; environs of, 76; works thrown up at, yy. Cape Breton Island, face of the country, 16; mountains of, 17- Gabarus Bay. 23 ; first sugges- tions of its importance to Canada, 28 ; natural products of, 29; advantageous situation as a port of delivery and supply, 29 ; left to Canada by stupid diplo- macy, 30; its chief harbors, :;i ; the Bias d'Or, v ; called He Koyale, 32 ; plan for gettmg colonists, ^^, 34 ; strategic poii1biWL;, 39 ; dicatls ilio bei^inninsT of war, 42 ; war is de- clared, 43 ; menace to her com- merce and fisheries, 46, 47 ; aroused to take Louisbiirg, ^4, 55 ; ext!a;)idinary war measiu-es i'b 5'^) 57 j M'^iaiity of e.\i)edition- ary anwy, ^2, 63 ; enthusiasm in enlistin.;, 61 . reimbursed lor her expenses; rqte 131. Newtoundl.-jul, French removed from. 33. New Hamtishirh contingent, 69 ; note 72. . . fc New Jersey in ^Louisburg expedi- tion, 57. New York cpntributes to Louisburg expeditioij, :,-j. Nixon, John, 7ioti} 125. Nova Scotia ( Acadia) turned over to England, '30 ; invaded, 43 ; re- Jiev xl, 95<. PuNNSVLVAr.'iA in Louisburg expe- dition, 57.1 Pcjipereli, William, chosen to com- mand, 60 ; hi'' ciualifications, 61, 62; impetus giten by him to the project, 63,* 04; his regiment, note 70 ; hampered by instruc- tions, 75 ; finds Louisburg blocked up by ice, 77 ; hails Warren's arrival with joy, 78 ; confident of driving the enemy from Cape Breton, 79 ; finds Shirley's plan impracticable, S3 ; finds his task greater than he had supposed. 90; his advances against the city jiroperly ma le, 93 ; is goaded into attacking the Island IJattCi-y, 112; pushes for- ward prei^Iiiations for a g.neal assault. 1 16 ; grants an armislice, 118; his conduct contrasted with Warren's, 119; made a baronet, 130. Pitts, Eb.:nczer, at Louisburg, jiotc 71. Pomcroy, Major Seth, at Louis- burg, 89; his record, note loj. QUKUEC, as the bulwark of CanaLla, It. Rauddts, father and son, tlieir scheme for piittin ; new lite into Canada, 26 ; it proposes a great naval mart at Cape IJretun, 2S. Rhode Island in Louisburg expedi- tion, 5'). Richmond, Sylvester, at Louisburg, note 71. .Royal Dattory, situation and impor- tance of, 23; taken, S6 ; atjmpt to retake it, 87 ; its importance to Americans, 88. Ryal, Captain, sent to England, 41. St. Anne, described, 31. Saint (Jvide, at I^oui.iburg, 35. St. Peter's, destruction of, deter- mined on, 76 ; is effected, 96. Seacoast defences of Mexico, Cuba, etc., 9; of t!ie Ivngli.ih colonies, 10, k 1 ; of Canada, 1 1. Shirley, Gov. William, saves Annap- olis. 43; notifies ministry, 44; writes Commodore Warren, 44 ; grasps the situation, 48 ; his per- sonal traits, 48, 40; iletermiiu's to take Louisburg, 50 ; applies to l.gish\ture, 52 ; meets deteat, 53 ; a:ouses public sentiment, 54 ; carries his point. 53; sets to work, 56; hears from Warren, (iC) ; attem])ts to order plan of attack, 72, ;- |. Straits of Canso, 31. To'JKNAY, invested, 41. Tu.ts, William, his bravery. 113. Tyn f. Commodore Edward, com- mands colonial fieet, (.7; iij.'e Utkecht. how the Peace of, affect; the colonies, 30. r ( 136 INDEX Vaughav, William, who he was and wliat he did, 49, 50 ; uote 58 ; volunteers for Loiiisburg, 63 ; leads a scouting party, 85 ; and takes Royal Uattery, 86. Vigilant, French wai-ship, taken, no. Waldo, Samuel, at Louisburg, 67 and note 71 ; occupies Koyal Battery, and fires first shot, 89. War of the Austrian Succession, its policy outlined, 40 ; produces war between England and France, 41 ; hostilities begin at Nova Scotia, 44. Warren, Commodore I'eter, orders sent to, 44 ; arrives at Canso and proceeds off Louisburg, 78; takes the Vigilant, no; is re-cn- forced, iii ; his pLm for taking the city, 11 1 ; ai^iees to a general attack, 116; he ig^iores Peppereli, no; made an aditijra!, 130. Whitefield, Kev. G<-orge, 62 ; writes a motto for the Hiig, 65. Wolcott, Gen. Kog.jit\ (:y and noff 71- ' t « I f « > » I octet r II l EE AND * * H OLLAR * * L • S HEPARD'S U . JUVENILES Comprising the follovuing New Books and New Editions in attractive English cloth binding and illustrated Any volume sold separately $1.00 per volume THE CASTAWAY STORIES 6 vols Adrift in the Ice Fields The A«-ctic Crusoe Cast Away in the Cold ^ The Prairie Crusoe Willis the Pilot The Young Crusoe FAMOUS BOY SERIES 4 vols. Illustrated The Patriot Boy A popular life of George Washington The Bobbin Boy The Early Life of Gen. N. P. Banks The Border Boy A popular life of Daniel Boone The Printer Boy or How Ben Franklin made his Mark FRONTIER CAMP SERIES 4 vols Illustrated The Cabin on the Prairie By Dr. C. H. Pearson Planting the Wilderness By James D McCabe Jun. The Young Pioneers By Dr. C. H. Pearson Twelve Nights in the Hunter's Camp By Rer. Dr. WiLLM:i< Baarows GALLANT DEEDS LIBRARY 4 volt. Illustrated Great Men and Gallant Deeds By J. G. Edgar Yarns of an Old Mariner By Mary Cowden Clarke Schoolboy Days By W. H. G. Kingston Sand Hills of Jutland By Hans Christian Andersen INVINCIBLE LIBRARY 4 vols. Illustrated Th« Young Invincibles By I. H Anderson Battles at Home By Mary G. Darling In the World By Mary G. Darling Golden Hair By Sir Lascelles Wraxhall Bart. LIFE-BOAT SERIES Of Adventures svols. Illustratffil Dick Onslow among the Red Skins By W rt. G. Kingston The Young Middy By F. C. Armstrong The Cruise of the Frolic A Se- Story By W H. 0. Kingston The Life Boat By R M. Ballantyne Antony Waymouth By W. H. G. Kingston '1/rf by all bookseilera and sent by mall postpaid on receipt of price LEE AND SH£FARD PubUshers Boston f fiji T EE AND ♦ * n OLLAR * + L' SHEPARD'S JJ ' JUVENILES Comprising the following New Books and New Editions in attraction English cloth binding and illustrated Any volume sold separately $1.00 per volume OARING-DEEDS SERIES 6 vols. Illustrated Daring Deeds of the Old Heroes of the Revolution The Old Bell of Independence and Other Stories of the Revolution The Father of his Country A Yoang-Folk's Life of Washington The Friend of Washington A Young-Folks' Life of Lafayette The Great Peace-Maker A Young-Folks* Life of Penn Poor Richard's Story A Young-Folks Life of Franlclin THE LIVE BOYS' SERIES 6 vols Illustrated Live Boys in Texas Young Trail Hunters Live Boys in the Black Hills Crossing the Quicksands Paul and Persis Young Silver Seekers NATURAL HISTORY SERIES By Mrs. R. Lee Illus- trated by Harrison Weir 5 vols. Anecdotes of Animals The African Crusoes Anecdotes of Birds Reptiles and The Australian Crusoes Fishes The Australian Wanderers THE WILD SCENES LIBRARY 5 vols. Illustrated Wild Scenes of a Hunter's Life Pioneer Mothers of the West Noble Deeds of American Gulliver's Travels Women ^sop's Fables OLD ROUGH AND READY SERIES 6 vols. Illustrated Old Rough and Ready Young Folks' Life of General Zachary Taylor Old Hickory Young Folks' Life of General Andrew Jackson The Little Corporal Young Folks' Life of Najx)leon Bonaparte The Swamp Fox Young Folks' Life of General Francis Marion The Mill-Boy of the Slashes Young Folks' Life of Henry Clay The Great Expounder Young Folks Life ol Daniel Webster GOOD AND GREAT SERIES 6 vols Illustrated Good and Great Men The >Vhales 'We Caught ■Women of Worth House on ^Vheel8. A Quaker among the Indians Inn of the Guardian Angel AROUND THE WORLD LIBRARY By Jules Verne Round the World in Eighty Days Wreck of the Chancellor A Winter in the Ice DORA DARLING LIBRARY Dora Darling Dora Darling and Little Sunshine The Year's Best Days S»h{ by all hooliscflers rttnf srtif bv tniil postfxtid an rece!/>t cf frice LEE AND SHEPAED FubUshers Boston lunshine i bE AND . . O L' SHEPARD'8 U trwe EVENTY-FIVE CEN. • * * JUVENILES Conifjrising new editions of the following popular Juueniles Bound in best English cloth bright colors Any uolume sold separately CHARLEY AND EVA STORIES By Miss L. C. Thurstow How Charley Roberts became a Man How Eva Roberts gained her Education Home in the West Children of Amity Court M iss 'rhur.sloii writes with a purpose. She is an admirer of manly boys and %vomaniy siils, and so carries her characters through scenes and situations that elevate and purify. The books are by no means slow, bcin^ full of adventures. GOLDE^I PROVERB SERIES By Mrs. M. E. Bradlbv and Miss K atk J. Neelv Birds of a Fealher Fine Feathers do not make Fine Birds Handsome is that Handsome Does A Wrong Confessed is Half Redressed One Good Turn deserves Another Actions Speak Louder than Words Two capital story-tellers, " birds of a feather," have flocked together, and produced from six old proverbs six as brij^lit aiul taking; story- books as ever gladdened the hearts of Yoiuig America; showing, indeed, that " handsome is tliat handsome docs." GOLDEN RULE STORIES By Mrs S. C. B. Samuels The Golden Rule Nettie's Trial The Shipwrecked Gir! The Burning Prairie Under the Sea The Smuggler's Cave CELESTA'S LIBRARY for Boys and Girls Celesta A Thousand a Year Crooked and Straight Abel Grey The Crook Straightened May Coverley Mrs. Sanniils has written many attractive books. The scenes and incidents she |>()nrays are full of life, action, and interest, and decidedly wholesome and instructive. SALT-WATER DICK STORIES By M w M annering Climbing the Rope The Little Spaniard Billy Grimes's Favorite Salt-Water Dick Cruise of the Dashaway Little Maid of Oxbow Not all tales of the sea, as the title of the series would nni)ly, but stories of many lands by a lady who has been a great traveller, and tells what she h:is seen, m i cnptivatinc: way. UPSIDE-DOWN STORIES r.y Kns\ Aihott Jack of all Trades Upside Down Alexis the Runaway The Young Detective Tommv Hirkup The Pinks and Blues VACAT.O.M STORIES for Boys and Girls 6 vols Illustrated Worth not Wealth Karl Keigler or The Fortunes Country Life of a Foundling The Charm Walter Seyton Holidays at Chestnut Hill GREAT ROSY DIAMOND STORIES for Girls 6 vols. Illustrated The Great Rosy Diamond Minnie or The Little Wamao Daisy or The Fairy Spectacles The Angel Children Violet a Fairy Story Little Blossom's Reward Vd by nil booksellers and sent by mnil pnxtnnhl on rt^rpint of nfir9 LEE AND SHEPARD Publisher? Boston ( ■ I I OTORIES fl- MERIGAN HISTORY 77 TT Three Books. Cloth, illustrated. 30 cents net Price for each book, By mail, 35 cents 50 cents. Boards^ fh'Ht Series STORIES OF AMERICAN HISTORY. By N. S. Dodgb As a rtiidiiig-book for the younger classes in public and private schools (by many of which it has been adopted), itwill be found of great value. " N*)body knows bfttcr tlian tlie autlior how to make a good story out of even tlie drifst niatttrs of fiict. . . . Here are twenty-two of such stories; and thev are chosen with a degree of skill wiiich of itself would )ndicate its author's litness for the task, even if we had no other eviilence of that fitness. There is no better, |>urer, more interesting, or more in. structivc book for boys." — Neiv- York Jlearth and Home Second Series NOBLE DEEDS OF OUR FATHERS. As Told by Soldiers of the Revolution gathered around the Old IJell of Independence. Revised and adapted from Henry C. Watson "Kvery phase of the struggle is presented, and the moral and religious character of our forefatliers, even when engaged in deadly con- flict, is depicted with great clearness. Thevoung reader — indted, older readers will like the stories — will be vieeply interested in the story of I^afayette's return to this country, of reminiscences of \\ asliington, of the night before the battle of Brandy wine, of the first prayer in Congress, of the patriotic women of that day, stories of advi-nture reyarding (ien. \\'aync, tlie traitor Arnold, the massacre of W'yoniing, the captuie of Gen. I'rescott, and in other narratives equally interesting and important." — Norzvich Bulletin Third Series THE BOSTON TEA PARTY and other Stories of the Revolution. Relating many Daring Deeds of the Old Heroes. By Henky C. Watson "The tales are full of interesting material, they are told in a very graphic manner, and give many incidents of personal daring and descrip- tions of famous men and places. (Jeneral I'liLniim's escaiie, the fiuht at Concord, the patriotism of Mr. l>or(Un,tl)e hnttle of Bunker Hill, the battle of Oriskany, the mutiny at Mon i^town anil the exploits of I'etet Francisco are among the subjects. B< ( ks such as this Inive a practical value and an UTuleniable charm. History will never be dull so Inny :is it is presented with so nnicli brightness and color." — rhilndilpliia Record. From David S. Ki'XK^ A.M., Sxpt. of Berks Vouiity School a . I received a ])ackage containing "Stories of Anieri(an History," •' Boston Tea Party," and " Noble Deeds of our I toii, <>' njrrfss, ^ Clrn. htuic of les of the Old 11 a very 1 dtsorip- nuht :>*- IJ'U, the Lvactif.d Idiisi aS Jicioiii- \tooh . History," and ain ivescnted [cliniis in (\esirc to ts nanifd lroductiv» In Four Fully lUust Ated Volumes By CHAS. F. KING Master Dearborn Grammar School, Boston; President National Summer School, Saratoga Springs ; Author of " Methods and Aids in Geography " First Book HOME AND SCHOOL 240 pages Over 125 Illustrations Price 50 cents mt " Sight takes the lead as a channel of perception,*^— ^vb.'^cb.^. True concepts of real geography can only be formed through travel or from pictures. Travelling is costly ; but an excellent and accurate substitute is found \w the pictures produced by the photographic camera. The photographer lias been round the world and made his report. We call upon him to aid us in telling others what he has seen. Supplementary reading is in great demand, but only books which combine the useful with the interesting are worthy of being introduced into the school-room. The four volumes of the Picturesque Readers now in course of preparation are not only intensely interesting, but they contain all the " Essentialsof Geography " in so compact and vivid a form that they can be read by a bright child of ten in a year as supplementary reading in school, or at home in a few weeks, thus meeting the great demand " for less time in geography." We call attention to the following POINTS OF SUPERIORITY 1 Ample use of pictures — over loo large and elegant pictures in Vol. I. 6oo illustrations in the series. 2 AH pictures made from photographs, photographic slides, French and English designs, or by the best American artists. 3 Written in narrative style. 4 Language adapted to children's comprehension. 5 Carefully prepared by personal narrative, wise selection and adaptation. 8 Equally well adapted for home reading and school purposes. "7 Properly graded for the different classes in grammar schools. 3 Containing a vast amount of information for old and young, for teacher and taught. 9 A happy combination of the useful and interesting. 10 From these readers can be easily taught Geography, Reading, Spelling, Dictation and Composition. 1 1 All mere map explanations and descriptions carefully avoided. 12 Costly in preparation, but cheap in price. 13 These books can be used in place of, or in connection with, geographies. 14 These fascinating geographical readers will take the place of the stupid sets of map questions and columns of statistics. lEE AND SHEPAED FnlMers 10 Ml Street BOSTON iston 1 * il . 1 \|: t >ii f Hi I ,1 / • ■ i; ■ WV i I iiil!| 1 11 ' i:|||i 1 1 1 mil il m m 1 iiiij JANE ANDREWS' BOOKS TFfE SEVEN T.ITTt.E SISTERS WHO MVK ON THE HOUND BAT.L THAT FLOATS IN THE A IK >;c\v Edition ■with nil introdiictioii by ^^rs. l/>\iiH;i riti- suiis Ilopivins Scliool Kdilioii (V.'.ili 50 cis Til K SEVENLITTLIO S»SlEH>.f RO\ E TIIKIK SISTEKIIOOI) 4tll EACH ANI> ALTi Sfhoollvlitioii clolli 50ot>iilrt IKV ROYS AVUO I.IVKD ON THE UOAH FROM LONG ACii> TO NOW 'J I I llustrjitions olotli 8 > 0(miI.S TIIK STORIES M0TIIF:R NATURE T.JLO HKlfc CHILUREN School Edi- tion (■)() coiits GKOGRAPHICAI. 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