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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour etre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche ck droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■ 5.0 '""^= ■^ 13.2 ■ 90 1.4 !|3.6 14.0 2.5 Z2 2.0 1.8 1.6 ^ APPLIED liVMGE Inc ^^ 1653 East Main Street 5".SS Rochester, Ne* York 14609 USA '•^ CI 6) 482 - OJOO - Phone ^= (716) 288 - 5989 - Fax 6 Lectures 05 ^ E W F U N D L A N i) . BY THE IIT. REV. BR. MULLOCK. A litiphop of St. John's. LECTURE r. in^Iivered at 8t. Sonaventure College 6h W«dn«»i popiil-itioa ui nv.VAnn^, sprra:^ horn thu luortt I'U'.Tgetic nHtioiid ci Modern tinus, Kuglinh,lfiMh and Sci^/^tch, possessing in thumsi'lvcs aud intcrniniiiini,' tho poetic juid Hery inKu;iii3tiou of tho Celt, tho stoadiacsi aud p^-raeverar.ce ot tho Suxoa, and the cati-qirirt;; and coolness of the North liriton, ari» deatined to bo the fouiiderd of amce which, I belicT", is debtiued ti fill an iiUportant place hereiifter auJou;!j the hundreds of niii- .liona who will iuhiiblt tho Westei a ilemi-sphcrcs iu a few ycari. I will, iu thid lecture, rather confine myself to the past of Ne«r. fouudland, resorving fo.- another OecaHiou tho description iu de- tail of the country and its future proHpects. Every cuuntry in- habited by niau lias more or Iobs u history— tho muic anciently civilised empire:-, tho AsHyiian, the Grecian, the Uoinau, have left »t\«fr theru imperishable records of their greatness. Tho Ust of the Empires, however, the Raraau, is tho Mother of ail civilization and polity. Rome moulded all tho nations of tho West and the civilized people of the E.i^t into a great empire, and from its fragraentd the modern nations, reinforced by tao barbaric energy of the Northern tribes, have sprung. Iu tho I4th, 16lh, and loth centuries, the people of Southern Europe, the Spaniard'^, the Portuguese, and the Itaiiun.s, were not only tho moat adv.am.ed in material and mental progress, in literature, art*, and arms, but tdio the most enterprising, the most commer- cial, and the most adventurous of all other nations. In 1492, Columbuo, the great Genoese navigator, after hearing Mass and, together with his crew, receiving the Holy Comma ui jn iu tho Franciscan Church of N. S. la Bella iu I'alos in Andalusia, from the hands of his friend and patron, Er. Joh.a Peres, the Guardiaii of the Convent, unfurled tha golden bannun- of Spain, crossed tho wide waste of wuters, and gave a new world to Castile and Leon. Only five years after, iu 1497, Cabot, another Iialian, n Venetian, disoorered Newfoundland. Although these two great men are always called the discoverers of America, stiil it is certain that at »,^.=.>^.^ ^^ .. irope Were cot tho boiadiiriea of tlie world. Th<2 legend of St. £raadon,tha > i.i;.nji) of ,u:nT, i.i uo S.iiih of h-elun.], mIHu.^ a.rois l!:. itJun. .. an.l d,.c«v.n:i^ a:. I«i„r).l of the lilc^^ocJ, Hn^lihc Mhnutlt Unto w.ru but ttio In^itiosa! c.ubod;m«.t of a fa<-. (Mu-n ,u- «.n.o clu. to tho mystery cf M,o 0..au. Wo know not "-ha .no. a o^^mont he nny hav. roccivc-l thcTO, t.>'per..vere in liia T^i« ir.ul.tio.s were m '. svithout /oundatiun. The S .ciotv of irodora untu^aano. h.s dono much to c-l.ar ..-ay tho n.iM whicU o.^cni^s this most :nteiv..,ng p.nion of hi,!orv: Pro/e sor h2 h.y-oDp, t. land tr^n.].ted v.-ry many of th. ^m:,. of 'he ScS^ .a,.o L.igl .a b> Mr. Jioaiiusii, „t Cork, and aro most inlor-Ptin- iun A ..06 noa.J.v .10^ y,,,,, ,,},,„ ^,jj ,ornn,unioation bct«-oun it and .f.Hh.r Country o..s.d, .ad tl). i,np..rfVc:t oivii^.ation !«';!;.! that tho,o.dv,;nturou,s ir:,r.nn-, Trho cror.ed over to If.-Jnul and ^J:^vt'}J:T''^'\ T'' -t cnlcnt then.clve. witb't w':/^^n V^n .,^' r ^"J«^;v!nch separated them fro.n th« of ir:;ni;nd ■ ;■ '^'' about 500 from tho West.ra seaboard 0! (iretnlano Accordingly ^w ii„d recount^ of rovaaca to and 5 hkh>_Ho u; an, is supposed to bo the b.rrea aad .tony coast of m"!^ V. p'''"^' '' ^''^^^'"'^ :Sewibuudh..d; but then ^\^ «4:; cl ';,;;■ 's\," ^^i^ P'e^or.t ruited States, whilo other. So^^ r L ^^''^"^''^ ^^^'^^*^ '^^^ ^'^^ abundance onhc pror,a ,1. tl.« ., m„„y account,, of the, ^l^J "omL nr" OD k-«.;„r V„=r l-„,i ,..""1'S; ."'tw^k 01 ono or their eluM ■I RmsUoi, Ihavehodoal.l but that the.-«f' ficaUi.i-s afttroMal- having colomes in Oreenland wd Iceland, visits d this country and ra.»de m^e aottlem.uts here, but I believe the few p'onle they brought with them either perished in their wura with tho Qkroelligers, or Esquimcaux, or that the remnant left the country which they couldnot then have found vorv inviiin^r.The real cause I should imagine, of the abandonmejit of these hunU was iho inl ^«ion of more genial climes and poliehcl nations bv thoNorthmen.' When they obtained possession of one of tho finest provinces of France, now called after them Normandy, when tliev settled in Northumberland, and along the fertile banks of the Shannon, the •stunnea of tho Liffly and the Suir, in Limerick, W'aterford Cork Dublin, Wicklow, and many other Danish towns in Ireland, and when they showed such a capacity for the rereains oi' civilization lingering in the Koman Empire as to adopt tho langungi's. tho ^rts, and the sciences of the prnvinccs they had conquered, wp ffiay naturally imagine that the tide of advrnturous emigration would be directed fr«>m the frightful shores of Greenland an4 Mnnd, or the rugged and uninviting localities of Newfoundlancl, or Northern Continental America, to the shores of the Seine in smiling France, or the rich pastures of Ireland and England. The V> estern land would soon be forgotten, there would be no induce- ment to cross the stormy ocean in ships not as large Psour West, ern boate, when they could coast along the shores of ^!:urope, and find their countrymei settled in the maritime districta of a oivil- «ed country. It is said that a Gieenland Bishop, Eric, visited Winland in ^121, to endeavour to reconvert his countrymen to M»rifltianity which they had forgotten in those then remote and desolate regions— yet all appears buried in obscurity. We know quite enough to excite our curiosity, nov to sati-fy it, and it U impossible that the real history of the Northmen in America will ever be cleared up. They left no monuments after them : like all peoplfs who have abundance of wood, they would not build stone houses, and the only records wh have ot their existence here, are tfye songs of the Scalds, or the histories of Adam Bremen or ptbers who lived agoe subsequent to their settlement here, and embodied the traditions, half fact tmd ha|f fable, which they iound floating in the songs and legends of thp people, in the his- tories they compiled. We now leave the doubtful region of ronianceand fable mingled with some facts, for the mm ground of history. The wonderfui discoveries of Columbus had excited in a degree we find it diffi> cult to comprehexid, the enthusiasm of Europe—a new world up- peared, not as a discovery, but a new crtnition. Every maritimo and commercial Nation waa aroused, and all wished to partleipntft a M> thr Klono..» ii,U*nta:.co aciu'ml lor .Sp:tn, ly the U .,iur,., Mfanagr In En'^Und the war. of the Ko.es were now •ttaeul t!u. rogu preten.,on, of York *nd L.nci.tur were unit* iiu ta pcr-m ot lonry t!.o 7th l,v his marriage, the ancient a i tocrlc^ oMUe laml had ubnost p.nshed. the .rown. a, always hap pe J «»ftor a cinl war. was strengthened, and the p«opli vvearv o" hands ot tl:o Tudor Sovereigns, and only looked for repose. Tho Italians almost rnonopol./ed the American diHcorerics and two tho ; ^VT"'"^'"' ^'^'-^^'t Venetian,, resided i^ lid, oT? hey oftered ho.r s^rvn-es to Henry 7th to make dl9ooveri.« iu rnnf. ♦("■"i-"'"' '"''^^ iH.d perhaps a pamge to Jndia by that route th^e offer was accepted, and on the 'iOth of June. 1497 Sebastian Cabota, or as his name was an-lici^ed. Cabot, discorerrj >ewtoundlaDd. andgavetiienamoof lion a Vista, happy sisht or new. to the Cape he first sighted, which It.li.n appellatio » i't retains to be present day. H. returned the enmo year aVi bronv howeC. prov" to Lion, t H '^! ^'^^.t-^i^^ skulls of these peoph. .shoued^hJu tooelongtotheAmencan or Mongolian race, aud n.t ,o ih., Caucasian ot which the Northmen were a branch ; a semi- inliHed people may b«come savage, but never so change the f..rmV«,- th- cranium a. to acquire the charaeteristics of another mc<.. uucll entirely absorbed by generations of intermarria.^,-. It rmy bo that a httle of the ^orthern bloocj o^i.x.d iq ihe Hb.Migia.l st/.n" Bolves Booths that they painted themselves wiih red o.hro as the J^ntonsofold with woad. and henee they were called 'by th« settlers Red Indians. They were dothed in robea of skin. 'their helvor r »• '^>' ''''?r^ ''""'^"^ ^^^ P'-^^^'^^^d the flesh of iLfn r ^T°"^T ^^y'^^de enormous fences Ss^eh ..g me. used in C .^oa to entrap elephants, sometimes extendinrua g»r " as 30 mik« and converging to a point where the de« in thtir- mi. pations were obliged to pass, thus they were enabled to/kiii largo quantities which served them for fbod and raiment. Thek" huts are represented a? comfortable, and capable of lodging ^var- ke a carved human head i.- said to hare been found in one ^ their hou.e.. which would lead us to believe that they practi^^d aspefics of idolatorj-. A Florentine writer, Kucellai. in 1-5^0 4;^ I ♦ V' . tl''VfA'h^ Al!lS oft! 'nrbar he ."(n». Ltiir.nd, 3i.fl h :-|jort Uft-'cri],tii.n ofjilc'piM.i-.If- 'i'\ oui find naragc, ewt largo qui'iititics of iiah faUv;i .iCi-ai:a3, or cod fish, rav meat, ard 'rt i-a <■, foi il»»'y vvc'i-u ut'vtT k evi'n Isunian flesh, (v^hich .(lore the huh, th nowu ttj hv ci-nmliiU) an J thvv W tcr Hint tlioro '.\ y '^\i\v% or miythi^ig tliat r.trikc-.H thoir fane .TJcotl: i;< a very crvoiiwin (.>i>\U >u orilcrtriincd of tha B nt ihv tiiiio ; the arts of civiliifnti}.. wen- i.pvt r tiicd On i nern •> ,; , '• ■■; " .. .S.V. ,.. ..^,,v ,uiu 1I-, ,,n-(i lilt tmrusion or mo l>r,gliRh on thnrsnlmon fi^hcrioH, uiid of t'.n Mir. ■•,■ ludifiiis .u lu.-n-l.nnt.,)^grcimdH. Th(>irhou's and airnre ut match «noU2,h i,.r tho n.nskots of th.. wliite i.nrni and the ir.diaii, t.cd tho jrournincni, toolaff, woro ai-yust'd to tlio ini-.-uitv o{ hvtvin- thJM intriTstiBc people to the cnultr of (he m.^acn and ol tht, vhitpsynore cruol Than the sav«go. The cntiir r-.n , ^\ii!, the ^'vception of n few individuah^, has jxii.slud, and no ivbo cf them j.H now to be found Ja Xowfoundland, unh.^.ss'lthfir cr«vt.. and tho aouldning reniiuuB of thrir huts und th< ir dcur i.ncef. ) have n:afUu;vo;T ooquny I j.ossibly could nmon- our o^ru pc'oph>, and inuio.n.s employed hy the govorm^oni to lookout fw them, Their inunrs have Leon explored, hut their ^ravo:^ ulune r.mnin. their ■res nre CMinguish.Kl for ever, and thJr fate is « di = /raoe to »m> g:,v.n.mr:!t of tho.^e davs -.vho took no stepc; lor fhoir <'iM.m;Uou or i.rcservadr.n. I have rome .sl:-iit reason to think iu.'h a remnant of tho.^e people ren^ains in the intoriorot Labrador _~n person told me thetesomL' time ago that n parly ol mounv.:inoer m(lian,s saw at som.? distance (about 50 miles from the .sea coa.M^ n party ot strange Indians, clothed in long robes or -ea..-.„.ks i,f ^Un, who fled from them ; they lost .sight of them in a little timc-.hut <' > oomr-g up to the.r tracks th.ey vrero surprised to.^ce the lenWh ^h .. ;"'' ^^"•^'^^<'»'""<''^' "^»- i^cpum,..aux. I b - ^J-^ <-!/ trace I eotdd fiud of v.^'i^w tr' P'''f '^"'; ."'" »'™ -f ^i« f«'j,- tori :: ,«atK.tio:jofHi.e.. e;mreeo-ilen/rr :/ V ''^' \ ""' '^'i\^^ ^^'^ ^^^^ II jf II. mj, nnd ro tlic Bifccnyans wlio arc mil to Invc thhtd on tli* Il.iiiks Hi.cl lo have bcoii j\Yv;!re ol' tho cxidtcncc of :Iio Lslanl ev Id or e t;r ar<<:;iily u.s C'liLof, tho Brcton;>, the H rn I'lmijirtli:, ai"l 1 ur(i.-ut...o,('nricJ...-diliaik,»!vcrf ly ll.c inc.\hnii.-ti.b!e ruiue ot tli FisldKH, while llviny hj,.! hUi.obli'S wno imi^overifh.r^fhfri!- 1(1 vc. b} the uKclivvs i)ng(ant of {lio H, Id t,f the Clolli u[ (UMov the wMs HI France, nm] fcLd(.avouringior.| air their ghntteredibr tunes liy thtJ^'pluisd.r oi'thc Chuieh. An Kn-'i: h ruj.tniii wru!^ .. Itltcr to Heniy \ III. ua the ;Jid of Aiigui-t,' 16:J7, in which ho tells hini that in tho port of St. John .s lie found U shij)s fren. Normandy and ,") In in Uritanny cnga«,'ed in the Cod Fishery As all Europe was Catholic at tie time of the discovery of Araericu. by Columbus, and of Xewfouniiland by Cabot, we find that th.- mums inipoMd by tho early Navigatois wiro cither thenaruoa of the raintd en whose d.'.ys the land wai* discovered, or the. name< of tome locallfiea in their own country which it resembled, oi- narue.^ de.-uTiptive of sorue natural feature distinguishing tho pint •• •~-a most fa\ourable contrast with the vulgar or trivial nan). -, given by subsequent navigators. Thus we may injaj^in.i the anxiety of Cabot, lookin;^ out for land on the \V\.oiern Horizon, when from the lofiy mast a sailor cries out, land! The Italian.' perhaps of ten deceived by log banks, scea at length the Cape well defined, the siu'gcs breaking on the spiller.s ibo dark green of the forest, gives expression to his feelings in hi.sown niufical tongno, and he cries out, liona Vi.-,ta ! happy sight ! Ga.sper do Corter- eale, a valiant and religious Tcrtugue^e, e.speeially devoted to the IJ. Viigin and St. Fiancis, discovers the great IJay of Conception nnd calls it after the gnat my.stery of the Iniinatulato Virgin,Coa- ception Bay, and the Cape at its tntrance, C. St. Francis, heal- so named St. Lewis and St. Fram;s Bays on the Labrador. Go round the shores of the Islan.l, and you will see the Catholic feel- ing which named the Bays Conception, St Mary'.-j, and Notn; Dame Bay, dedicated to the B. Virgin— Trinity Bav, including' the harbour of St. Bonavcnture, Catalina Baj, or St.'Catherino'is Catalina, like Kathlcu in Iri^h, being tl;c musical Spanish lerni for Kate or Catherine, St. Clare's Bay, now St. George's, St. John's, St. Feter's, St. Jude's, now C. Judy, Trepassv, the Bay of Tre[ aspcs or all .souls. Again, we havo'the French recol!eetion of their own smiling land in Audierne, C. Freehol or Frteis, Plaisance or riacentin, -.y.x account of its beautiful situation, thePortugueso Fermosa or Feruieuse. beautiful, Kenewd rocky, andnumbeilessothorj?,a most happy contrast tertainly vriih Bay of Despair, Fortuiic Bay, Gallows Harbour, Finch Gut, Pu^h Thxo', Piper's Hole, Old Shop, Biead and Cheese, Exploits, ami i •m&ny others too liriTiul and vulgar to mentiou. In lo'3i Juainei Cartier,the great French I^aviJitor,vis»ted the Island and named xn'any Capes and Bays. In 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert tooit possession of St. John's, put up the Queen's arms, Elizabeth 'a, and established the Book of Comuioa Prayer as the only form of worship to be used for ever in tlie Island. The couniry nas now ftbout to cornmonce a new phase ol'exisience, which however ended in disappointment. Sir George Calvert, subsequently f.ord Bal- timore, having obrained an Irish peerage, got from King James a large grant ot land from Bay Bulls to Cape St. Mary's. A zea- lous Cathuliv; and a most enlightened philanthropist, which he proved himself to be by the utiiVersal toleration hs established in his new Colony of Maryland, (the 6hly part of the world in that nge where as long jis Cacholics held power, cooseierice was legally free, and no religious lest was required tor the enjoyment of Citizenship, or office) established a colony in Ferryland, and laid the foundation of what but for adverse circumstances would be si gres: state at present. As he was thoroughly CathoUc ^.nd English he wished to perpetuate the religious memories of the English Church in his nfiw plantation ; accordingly he gave the name of Aval6ri *6 this Province.' It was a tradition in the early British ChnrCh, though it will not stand the test of criticism, that St. Joseph of Arimathea, afer the Passion of Our Lord, fled from the persecution ot the Jews and took refuge in Britain. He came, it is saM, to Avalon, afterwards called Glastonbury, in Somersetshire, and there founded H Church,' "which was looked on subsequently by Britons, Faxons and JNormans, as the cradle of British Christianity. A splendid ab- bey which covered 60 acres was subsequently erected, biilj perished ir. the so calkd Reformation, along with other glories of CaihoKc England. There is an ancient Koman town, now called froiii the great abbey subsequently built there, St. Alban's, but in tfncient times called Vorulam, The proto- mart jr of Britain, St. Alban, there shed his blood for Clirist, and the abbey and town Afterward:* loofc his nartte* Calvert wfehirig then to revive thesis Catholic glories of his country, called the province wo now inhabit, Aralon, in Jionour of St. Joseph of Arimathea, and his own town Verulam, in honour of St. Alban. Like most of the foreign names French or Spanish, this was corrupted into Ferulam first, and next into the modern name of Ferryland. Calvert spent over £30,000, «n immense sura in those days, in the settlement, but a grant of iif inbre favored territory on the Cheeapeakcjthe incursions of Indians, and the attacks of the French, induced him to Ibreake Newfound- land, and 10 Ofifnbh'sh Maryland, cadod after Chnrles's Queen, and the citv orDultiinore, Criil^'d aft'TJiis |ri ^■o^ti^e■a- | y early >iaw t:;e ii secui'ity 1>y sti lUjiKirry foi' ll 10 few bni dings requinn^r ,to:ie or brick. The -r.at douunni ■ w^'I h guarded the entrance of the poft is now a shapeless lieup ofrubbish *t6 vaulted brick casenienta have been all destrovod and the re' mama of a Castle on Creveceur HiU are slowly'pcrishia- h [ • remarkable that sevornl properties are .still hdd in I'lacontia by virtue ot the ongmal French titles, and .such imporian.e did the government oi Louis 1 ith. the Grand Monarch, attach to tho no..se.sion oftheplaee, that all the .urants are siured by the Kin-/, n hand,^and eounttrsigntd by his m.nister PhiH-.peai * \or were the trench obliviou.s of the neccsity of religion in their new Eeitl.ment~a Convent of l'r.uci:^ean.s, a branch of the Convert to mark out the place where it .«tood. ]\[,;st of t!iu Frea-h tomb stones were taken by the English settle.^ after the .surrender of the place by T ranee, and applied to tho ignoble pnrt.o.ses of he-irth stones and door steps. Newfoundland wa.s then under the iuri • d.etion of tlu. Bishop of Quebec, and in 1G«U the «.eond bishop af tha* See, Mou.se.gneur «t. Valliei, made a visliafion of I'laeeutii and the neighbonnng parts in company with Father Gior-deu and 8ome of the . I ranc.can community of Quebec. The rec.rd. ^ the foundation of the Convent and of the Episcopal • visitation aro jn the ArchiepLscopal nrchives of Quebec. Thu^ we. ...e two greaf:and powerful nations established on the .shores of New foundlaad, opposed in politic.., in interest, in religion, and it is --, .. — .....^ .^,„.„, vAMctuMvu ny war, were oblfel to tbov toH lor fi.o j'c-irs iirevi-..ii*ly nml irerc sd-ongly forlil>i„g, 10 irtauiino- only the small I.^laM.ls of St Picn-e and Miquclon. tind the rit,rhtoi fishin;^ from Cape Bonavista on the Nortliern to i o.iit H.Che on the We.tera t'oa-t. England now obtainoa tho dominion of the entire ishmd. but had no int,>mio:i nf coloni^in'r It. .bhe wished to retain it as t:ie French do th(^. North and Wes" chores at preseiit, as a nui-erj for st amen, and to mako tljc riches ot tlie deep in NewfouiidUmd oontributc to the strcn-th and (o the Avealth of LngJand. Frce.lom of Catholic v.-or.hip was by treaty allowed to the Iicnch residents, but with the sinister proviso, ^'a"!i iar a. the laws of England permit." Govcnio.- lulwards tuki'i- advantage of thi.-^, gave such annoyance co tho French Cuthoilca and their Clergy that almost all of them sold their properties and left tlie Inland ; thiH a body of useful citizens wore lost to the colony through the^e bigotted proceedings; but we mu^t in justice jn:dvt> allowance fur the prejudices of the a;^e. In the reVr,i of Amg \\ uham III., by an extraordinary statute, a form of misrule ivas established lending to discourage settlemcmt and create inter- in inable con fusion -t lie three first lishing captains arriving in the Ibla.id each summer, took the r.ames of Admiral. Yice-Admiral and Iw^-ar-Admiral, and without any qualification except the priority of arnval, became magistrates, eranowered to decide all fishery rights and civil causes, We may imagine what sort of Jaws these jncn would deal out to their servants, and to the poor inhabitants whom they in general looked on as intruders. Some- thing like a regular (Census of the populaf.on was taken in 1763, 3^J>!^y^ y-^^^iKl^^i the inhabitants returned then were 13 112— iiQo Catholics and 8317 Protestants. The fixed inhabitants however were estimated at only 7500, the rest being summer lesidents, but returned homo every winter. The state ot the population was miserable in the extreme ; no law. no security the uncontrolled will of the ignorant fishing Admirals being the only rule Accordingly Lord Verd Eeauclcrck who com. Jnanded the Aaval ioroe here, by his ropresontatijns obtained irom tne ilome Government the appointment of a titular Governor, and in 172'J Captain Osborn was nominated as the hrst Governor. The fishing admirals however would not easily yiold up the power they possessed and misused, and thou'rh the ftppointment ot a local governor, even for the summer months was a recognitiun of the people of tho i>land, nlll Y". found hnntelt almost powerless. The only law known in'the colony for a long series of years after was the proclamation of the Governors, and without their sanction, until within the recol- lectic: oi mnny now lirinj in yt. John'.., a house could not be 11 urn or even (liovoiiglily ropaired. I shop.M only tire vmir p.i- tiouoe by rocountin- t!io tyrannical nets of porscclitiun c'.nhodwd 1.1 the pro.;lam.itio:i. of the.c, perhaps honc.st,but bi-.ttrd m.iU - we t.ioro/ore hasten over this dreary period and coiae to the com- p irativcly happy opoch of 1 784. ()u the 2 ith of October of that year u proclamation \ra.s publi.shed pursuant to tho instructions of his M-.jesty-, reor;^(. Ill to tho (ioveruor, Justices of tho IVaco. and ifagHtra cs ot the Island, whereby liberty of con.cienne vn^s alio\ved to all p: M)ns m Xewfounrllaud, and 'the fn'c .■v..-.,.i,o of 6u.Ii modco ot rehgi.u^ worship as are not prohibited bv law, pro-' videa poopic bo contented with a quiet and peaceable enjovaient ot the same, without givin- offeneo or scandal to Governnlent-. thus Catho icity was permitted and the dav3 of open po.-se.-ulioa were happily at an end, It may be interesting, csm....i.aiv to Catholics, to know tho state of tiie Church here l^cfjro that tiuic- Iro^citantism being t!ic established religion, mini.stors were sta. tioned in the pjancii):il ,>'ettlon-.eat^ l;ut tho few Priests in tho Lilaivl hal nolixod abo.les-tiiey usually eamo out di^-uisod in the fishing ves3els seldom staid long, and had no regular mis- sion^, as tho surv-eillanco of tho local Gorommont was too strict In the .aaie year of toleration, 17.SI, Dr. ()'i.>ounell, the fuundor and father of_ the^ Ciuirch of ^^esvfoaudiaud, landed in tho Is- and_. Born in 1 /;37 m Tipperary, lie .^pout a large portion of his hie in th." Irish Iranciscan Convent of Prague in Bohemia; af, terwards a:^ superior of the Franci.^cans, in Waterford, and sub. serpiently Piovincial of that order in Ireland. Jfe was tho first regularly authorized missioner in liewfouudland after it becamo a purely British settlement, and no man ever^had British inter- ests moro at heart— he mainly saved tho Island to tho British crown when a mutiny broke out among the troops under the com • raand of Col. bkorrett. }]y his iiiHuencc among the buh popu- lation he prevented the disaff/ction from sproadiuir, and Havt^'l Jie Coiony If such a service had been performed in these davs by one ot the Dj;ninant Church, his reward would bo a peera-o and a pension, to Dr. 0'D)nnell the British governmontgranterl not a pecra-c but the rauniricent pension cf £75 or £oV J am not sure which) per annum tor his life; how.nvr, they acted con- Bistently Catholic loyalty is an affair of conseieDce, and conse- quontiy he only gave to CiDsar what was duo to C;r«;ar As Ion--, however, as iv-.vards are given by the nation to those who do th/ir duty, especially wh.m ihat duty becomes, tlirough extraordinary circums an.>es, a great public bciR-fit, so hn^ will the stingine/a ot the Government ot ihat day to J)r. O'Donnell be condemmed b> all right thinking men. Dr. O'Donnell was at first only Pre- 12 it.'i .^'i)")'!, ill.-, tlia*' U, a prloat oxoroisln;.!; FiiilBiiipil j'.irlsiliotiorl, Rfi'-l ;;enerally liavini^, like the Prcfeot Apjatolie of St. P.-rer's-, tiie rig'it of givin^^ C'onfirmation, Mhio'i m vva see by the pra';tica of thy Grook Cat!n!i(; Ciuirch, is not essentially ua Episeop.tl S;i- erairifut, iflmaycill it so. The importance of t!ie population pov,- required direct Episcopal superintondancc. Tho S )vei'ei;^ii Poiitilf, to whom is committed the cari' of till Church;js, sa»v that Xowfoundland was drsfined lo bcconii! the lionie of a 'tl.ved popula- tit):i, i]'.)tthe resideneo of atloating-oai-. A.-CMviingly in. 1796, on thu oth TaiMiary, the great Pontill'Pius VI., thtt Confes.^or as wcdl a3 Doctor of theFaitl), appointod Dr. ()'i)o'in;U Vicar ApOi^tolic of Newfoundland, and Bishop of Thyutira in parUhas, and ho was coiipocrated in Quebec on the 21st September tlie samo year. Thus was the fjundatioa of tlic Catholit; Church solidly laid, and we liopo for ever. The state of morality is described at that time as very bad iiideed, and this is not to be wondered at. Th3 popnLition was, T may say. atloatiug one, with no family ties and HO religious ministration previous to Dr. O'Donnell's arrival, nnlef5s the casual visit of a priest from home. Money \vas abun- dant and liquor cheap ; education there was none, and few even to avail ihemselve.^ of it if there had been. These who tiada mon?y in the counti'y w.nt t) spend it elsewhere, and it is rao.st disgraceful to relicct, th.it though colossal ^ortune.^. havo been jn;ide in tt'o Is.Vmd, not a college, an hoypital, a school, an alms house w.h ever citaMished by any one of tho^'c person-^ who drai:ied the wealth ot the laud. Catholic or Protestant, it ■was :ill alilfc, as '^oou as a fortune was madn, they were homf, where it was frequ*enl.ly soon squandered by their ehildraa, and in the third generation no trace of it remained ; but in X(!W- IbunJlaniJ diey left nothing after them. It was only slo\\-ly therefore tha*. population encreased, and were it not for the ap- poiutmcnt m'Dr. O'DL^unoll an Bisiiop, and the certainly therefore that Religinu was permanently fi.ved in the Island, the Irish soltlets who ibrmrd the hulk of I he population of St, John's and th? South of th.! Thad, would not have rem diied ther.^. Wo liave ratlier an interesting proof of this iu a letter written by ^r )v. ililbank to Dr. O'Doiiaell before hi.s eon.secration as Pashop, in answer to an application made by him to His Exc. liency for lea/o to buiida cliupel iu one of the Outports. Here is the di-- ciinient, and writrca, uiiirk you, &i:w years after the Proclamatioa of freedoai of II digious NVorsliip. '• The (jovernor acquaints '' ^fr. O'Dounoll, t!iat so far from being disposel to allow of an *' in..rea?iu->f places oi' ll.-ligious V/orship for the Roman Catholics '* of tho Island, h;j verv fejriouslv intends next year to lav those i *' t'st:i1>lLs1i'M iilivily under particular rC5;tiii?tlo:ir?— ^fr. O'Dm- P'. to njuter in iN'ev. tiicit ii:;uv of the lower onie J. ht" c'diino: " would, ii ir \ve/o not tor the c;aTeaicu':o ^v^,,, whica ta^v " obtnii absilutio-a Iiere, go uoraj fjr ic at Iras; op.cf i:i tW; '' ur tlirec years, and the Oovonior ha* boon uiisiuformed i: jIv- " 0'l>jutiell, ia-.tfud of aJvisin;; their return to Irehtnd, dues not '« rather (.'iicouru^u them to n-inter in thiy countiv. On board t)ta " Salisbury, St. JohuV:, Nov, 2, 1790." Such was tho stat'- of thitifjs, exactly 70 years ago ; ^vhat a contrast our (jrovcrnofs thcu prGsunted to ourestoomcd Sir A. B.tnneruian ; or to tho la^e Adiiiiiiidtrato:', jlon. L. O'Brien, ^vbo so far fru.u wishin- to lay restrictions on places of worship for C itliolics, a Catliolic Idmsiuf snbh- 'bes uiost liberally for thoir croetioa— \vituf the Protostant populati'iu, not in thy IVjrij'i rf.'aso,eq[iiiUty and frat.n-airv. L^^t no one bia!no N'ew- fonnUiau t'i*;n fornot liaviuij hith^Vfo a l/anced as rapidly r.s other colonies. I. boldly assort that never :vas moro cnfn';?v" shown by j-ny paoph thii by th } inh ibitants (if thi^i island. Tlie g-.A-orn-nentthat sliouldfj.^tjr them, coasi lorod thorn intruders, aad banished th:iin wh'3a it could. Thoy were exposed to all the petty tyranny of i-aoraut iisirm- ad uiral:5, and ot govornon who proved their dovotion to Kn-laud, by d^'oopulaliut^ Xew-' i'oondland. Tiioy had not tho liberty of tho birh of tlio air t<* build or rep fir their nests— ihev had bchiu 1 tlie^n tho forest er the rocky - )i!. vrhioh they were not allowed without licence dif- ficulty ob;ai.i3d, to reclaim and till. Their on lyresuurc- waa iho storojy ocean, and they „a\v tho wealfh they won from thedep-* spe.'it in oih"r lands, leavin;j them only a Hcuity .su'.vsistence. Dcsplto of all tiii.s th3y liave op.crea^od twoiity fold i]i9,} year.i, have built towri.^ and vilii-vs, orocted mai^niiioent buiblinV^ a-« the; Cathedral in St Jjhu's, introduced telegrapin, steam. p)stal and road cuiuaiuuications, nowspapers, evcrythini,' in fact foun I in the most civilized countriesi, and all this on arog^ed ;• dl, iu m harili though wholesome climate, and under evpry species of di?- cour.igemc!U.^ Weoweii great debt of gratitude to tho;-^ who have gone before us, and by tiieir enerjry prepare. 1 hap;.y honu'S ill thes'onny wilderness of Nowibundland, dcsfiio the frowun of man and natuiv, for the present {,",'neraLioa. Our ta>k is corn- pa '.ilively easy, we run on tlie runooth track, but they ware thr- pioneers. The administration ot justice has been rwirarded in a'l i 14 cnaniuniiioi; as a mittei' of tli-i in jst vital impn-Laoee, but like evrrjthin^ ehe in Xtnvrouudhinl, was m v;fc ^i-anlilously a-I- mmi-itu'cd by fisiiiiig ulaiifa's, arbitrary gyvonioiM, magisimtc.^ iviiliuut idiication, and surrOo'ate.s, in.til after a great deal of oppojiiion and deliy, tho Supreini Coart wa; linaliy orgmized in 171)2, and Mr. Ktjeveg appointed Chief Jus' ice. Tau.-i anotUer great boon wa^ won for Newfoundland, and tlie subject could always obtain a re.i^ul ir hcarin* of his cause and legal decision. Mr. Reeves appears to Iiive been agentlonivn wcdl qualified for hi.3 station, and it was ahcrculc;in tasic to clear away abuses and .'ibolish practices which existed forages. In 18'»7, another step in advance was made by the introdunlion of tho Press. In August that year the first newspaper in thi) colony, t'lo R>;jal Gazette a:i'l jS^eu^f)un4l(m(lA(li'eriiisor,\\ T^vice under tho most favorable auspices was the Catholic CJiurcli planted in thid Island — twice it failed to take root. Sir Gjorge C:ilvert in Fer* ryland, iuteudcd this Country, and particularly this province of Avalon, to be a city of refuge to his co-religionists — what the Puritans did in isc\r England he inteudcdj ihough witii luoro caliglitencd and christian seutiaients. to aceoujjjlish in Is'ew- Ibundland. The Catholic glsries of ancient Verulaia were to bo renewed here, and the ancient Briti.di Faith of /ivalon and Glastonbury was to flourish with renewed vigor— all ended in disappointment, aud the English branch of the Catholic Church never took root. Tho niDst powerful monarch of Europe, Louis XIV, justly called Louis the Grand, established, as he thought. Catholicity firmly in Newfoundltuul — founded a Convent of Franeisjans, the Apostles of the World, and laid, as he imagined, the foundations of our Faith broad and deep. Again a failure — tho lily of France never throve on the soil, aud with the depar- ture of the French Governor the Catholic Faith died away. — The very Churches were transferred to the professors of another Creed. Well, the Irish laborers came out to earn a subsistencii by braving the dan^Jers of the ocean: they were not of the cLiss of men who generally succeed in (stablishing a Church. Thvir faith, bitterly ])t'rsecuted in their own Country, was strictly prohibited in. ^'ewloundbud — the hou?!Q whera i£as« was said u trrn buriicil dowu by ovJiii of the Govoruincut— they IimI not vri>;ilth, nur cducution, nor uny of those huinun i!.\\\h whicili uuuUl {,'ive them inHuenco in thu hi.id : Rliil the biddeu Bccd gtimiuuti'd. libi'ity of con.soioa'. e wui j^raiitod, tbiy were ,;iudg- ingly allowed to raise an humble Jvoodcn Chispol lieio and thi'i*«, — °Uic succebsov of t>t. IVtor loohs to this ioipovcif^hed portion of his ilock 'ind gives thtm u pastor in the person ol' Dr. O'D nncll — t1io weakly plant, tnunr-led on, cut do'.vn whinrtr it showed itself, now bejfins to throv/ out vij^orous shoots, and we beo at present, thank God. tliat ii flouiisbe.i like ii tree planted by 'be TunniuJ,' wuter. This is the work (.1 (iod, (tnind, o/ Ood jd-ne,) nnd it is woiidirfnl in onr eyes. Calvert li-ihd, Lonis failed, but tilt' poor persecjited Irish 'hshernian succeeded, and the j)roud Monnment of his nnd his children's I'aitli— th( ('ulbedral-crowiis the culininutiug point of the capital of the Island- 1 lear I niii;ht tire you by eontiniiing theyo dry details any lon[j;cr. C)u this day week, pl' in the j^'cnerous yonn^i* uearts I see .around me an enlij;;hlcned love of their native laud,' £ am more than amply repaid. I cunsi, mul especially those n-ho have brouj^^lit up a family in it, loves it with a sincero thouiih not perhaps as tead;;r an aff.'clion as if it were the land of Ids b'irtli. ll the a-.hes of liis anoostors repose in the old land, and his cradle was rocked there— his tomb will b:> here and bi^ chil- dren here will vpuerate and hallow his mem'jry. Again thank- ia- you fur your attention, I remain, ladies and gentlemen, aa ttixk'ii'. iri.ai ofth^^ i'.md wt* live in~:\s.\\soi:\uix^i^. I LECTURE II \^Delivered at St. Bonaventure College on \st Februari/,'] iTcdncsiliiy Ete.iinff^ Ladies and Grjcti.emex, — I have in my last introductory lec- ture sketched the outlines of our scanty history as far as J coiikl fijid materials, for our records are only those of an infant people, few and uninteresting to any one hut ourselves and posterity. I need not recount the recent f;u;ts in tlie recollection of most of us, tliey are most important for the future liistoriun of the coun'^^ry, but for us they are matters of recollection, not of record — I al- lude to the introduction of lloprescntjitive Government fir^^''., and recently of that more perfect fortn of lltprescntative Institutions called llcsponsihle Government; the nomination of Dr. Lambert as successsor to Dr. O'Donnell, ol Dr. Soallen, whom so many of you have known, of my immediate venerated predecessor, Dr. Fleming, all three of the same institute as Dr. O'Donnell. I will nut speak of the foundation of the Cathedral, of the oslablislmicnt of a Protestant Bishopric in the island by Her Majesty Q,ueea Victoria, or of a second Oatholio Biahopric in Harbour Grace- all tkese matters are of too recent a date, and therefore I will pass at once to the pliysical description of the country, its climate, its capabilities, its future prospects. With politics or parties I have nothing to do, and if I make any suggestions for what ap- pears to me to be the improvement of the country, I hope all will esteem them as dictated solely by a love of Newfoundland and its people. Tlie Island of Newfoundland, as you may per- ceive by the map, is the greatest in North America, nearly 400 miles front Cape Hay (Raye) oy Split Cove, as called by the French, from its appearance at sea, to Quirpon on the North East, and about three hundred miles from Cap* Itace (Haze) on the East coast again to Cape Eay on the West. It contains, it is calculated, about 35,000 square miles, or 2,720,000 acres. This, liowerer, is only an approximate calculation, as the country has 18 Bot been explored, much loss survoved. It is of a trhn-ular Wh^'A^nri" ^--^'.J? »f- ''-tl, hence cullJc*^;th licnch mitJiord 'very wuJeat the Southern b;.^e and ha v- Kirated Irom the great ishmds Uv (he buys of riucentil and 'Inuity, and joined to it by an isthmus of only two "thro nnlcs and th. province U again divided l>y tho^lo no ]o J ° M. Mary b and C\>neeptKni. In no other pait ot the '.vorhl m-e thero niore noblo bay« and harbours than n .\e\vfound 'a d - IT, IS foiMKl hm-L. Iiottnr than in uny part Jttlw7n2i and harbours, the vidnitv of tl o \,^ I. I "',' ''">'" and »ta».,, the br'c,^;t'';:-;V'°a'r*a ';?;'\"Xr™1^^ ^^o^a. ''krty/trl; *L'nl'"tL«"T' '' "^"°-™^ danger, rooked i„ t,i te^^^nr't ' wlZShrs'^"" th Id'' :^r"!tral^flra\:,rjrorn;f--^^^ born said that the trident nf TVnnf,,^, • ,i "^i^"^«ij men. It lias and unless sonirex Sin r. ^ '' ^' '''^^'^ ^*' ^^« ^'^^^^^ fairs, like the in^^odSc on n? ^ ^^"^' .^'^^''' i^^"^^' ^" ^^^^«^ «f- the saying ha "iSto'bdcfafr;^^^^^^ T^-' men. importance of ^^^ewfoundlan:;;'her.^irit^^^^ ' 10 and Araericans, there nrc no^r. I su|.p.,*o, from 50 oOo to 70 Oori men employed HI the lishories, amicLt i. , Ib.^ uaJ o , '^fZ when the populutL. inc.S md ^tJ L^ ^S^. ^^^ f"'^ and nto the interior, tius nnmber wil b douWul "^ T? r'"u' and River of Sf L:uvrence depend altogotl r on Wouidh,:; the possessor of thi. eonntry holds the kcj s ot th M "f ' T^ Labrador, which will in tiruu beeumo a eountry ike \c/ av tu ■well the continaent oi" seamen Tl.„ f, i, • li .^ '^"'- m xiuusons ^aj. ihis, ladies and gentlemen is nm a ^l-nt u *> imagination, for as »nrc a.s tho rivnlct swtS l^?\r - "^ its conrse and bears the fleets of na io,w n '^']^^' ''''''"'" laws of nature, will the wo^deM^^^^^^^^^ ^^, ^.^^« take place. Wars or pestilence my cSt?or at m'^''^''^ ing will stop it. The island as vou see i f^ . r ' •^■" r °°^^''' «se the expression, N. east and S wesf All .^^ ^"^'i '/ ^ '".">^ ing, ef primitive foimat on jrranitp ^Uin ^^A "oj"^ '^v "peaK- JU«haustabk(,uamcs of sienitc or red granite. Ti.e Iront ,,f hZ f"f '"'""'" C?nvent i, built o. thi, nfator a aud tho ™1 it hM not be™ quarned, but only taken from the 60,3^,7™ ba Burfaee ,t m .mperuhable. I„ the same locality I ave Jen on the road and m tho g.rden fence, tho most 3|indid block" of rn^ihthi^h'^'jiiri'f ^h^''^ i:^.Ld'^LS^^oV\' r " tUi, and Holyrood, .t th, hcad^lf'tCiin' Bal L fS l! 20 hintorials onoii'jh foornammt all the churches anil palaces of tho W'>rUl. It will, however, bu long bol'orc thcso ricl'. but iatractus bl*" Muatefiulrt will bi! turned to any account. Grey granito U '"' iflfl in great abundanco in almost ovory locality of tho island; si f (jrf a HUiMrior qu'dity in Trinity Bay, and I supposo a thou- miuu tthiT places if jought for, plaslic clay and brick clay abound in our immcdiato noighbo(irhood. That most useful material, lime, is most abundant in tho n-rth and N. west, tho shore about Ftfroll in (he Straits of Bollci ilo, is almost entirely con^ioscd of it; it is plentiful also in Canada Hay, and lu'ely deposits havo boon found in many oth > >• places — I recently saw a quarry in tho V.arbour of Ihirin in the ideofaclilf. Codroy would lurnish plaster of Paris for all tin; purposes of building and agriculture^ and one of the most beautiful sea views I know of is the painted piaster cliffs near Codroy. In tho Lay of Exploits, renuu-kablo iur its Hqo timber and scenery, fine-grained red sand-stone, a beautiful material for buihJing is found ; 'tis said that good whito marble is got in the llumbor Jliver ; coal is said (and tho' I have not seen it, T have good reason to believe it) to exist in the u]);)or part of Cod Hoy River. The coarse building stone of St. John'a is a tine nuiterial for rongh work, and the Cathedral sliows what can be done with tlie fine sand stono of Kelly's Island, f he mi- neral rcsourcos of tho country have not been, as yet, turned to mnoli account. — Kich copper ore is found in many places in Con- ception iiay, riacentia iJay, and White Bay. li' th« country were explored, and capital invested iu mining, under judicioua management, there is no doubt but that the enterprise would bo ft great source of wealth for centuries, perhaps as great as the fishery is at pressnt; but when we consider that only a small portion of the country has been hitherto explored, and only on the sea coa.st, that wherever mining operations have been under- taken, except at LaM^anohe, have been of the most superficial character, merely, I may say, surface works, and that it was only very recently than any attention at all has been paid to mining, the sea being naturally considered, by a maritime and fishing po^ pulation, as the only mine worth exploring — a mine richer in reality than all the silver mines of Mexico, producing millions for the last three centuries, and inexhaustable, we ought to rest Batisfied with what has been done as an earnf^st of what will bo done hereafter. I regret, indeed, that the lead mine of LaManche has been not abandoned, but the woiks susrv a time, t heard from Mr. Crocket, one of tho super 'oii'lenls there, two ycarc ago, that tliere was then as nouch lead discovered as a i!l thousand men could nut remove in ivrcnty years. To n person like myself it appeared uuuccountablo that iuch u region of lead as I saw there shouM bo lelt id! • but I }iupe in tiie spring opera- tions will ')e comrncjiccd an' v i' d such u source of wealth not allowed I lie fallow. Silvoi ib lound iii fiouio of the lefid speci- mens I hu'e seen, though not in any great quantity in the Law Mani'he ore, and I have seen minuto threads of nati'r^o silver in stones Lalcon from a wtll dug in the neighboui lood ot the Hospi- tal of St. Juhn's. Time will tell whether, like the Lagenian Mine, sung by ^^oore, those indications are only spangled over th« surface, but I have not the least doubt that copper and lead are rcodt abundant and will hereafter bo an enormous source of wealth to the country. Of native gold, though the most gene- rally distributed of all metals, 1 have n t aeen a specimen but one, with some microscopic particles glistening in the quartz ; tho person who had it told mo ho would call again and tidl me tho locality of his discovery, but never did so. It would be ca.ij to try by amalgamation whether tho spangles were gold or not. Tho gold matrix, as described by Humboldt and otliers, ctTtalnly exists, but tho attention of the people has never been callt 1 to it. It is romurkablo that the fishermen in the lower part of Placon- tia Bay used to go to LaMancho, tak( the pure galena, smelt it, and run jiggers out of it, and still tho e xistenco of the mine, tho' almost every pebble on tho shore had -pecks of lead in it, was either unknown or disregarded. This ? .hows how much we ro- quiro ttiat the country should be ex^-lorci ' by competent persona. Since the discovery, three or four years zg> many thou^^and pounds worth of lead has bjcn shipped oft". Once, while I was th«re, 65 tona ralued at £4r> a ton, were shipped off, and another time I saw several perhaps 100 tons of dressed Ore in Harrels, prepare d for exportation ; and still so little knowledge did the people p-ssess of the treasure existing in their midst, th,,t for generations the only use made of it was to dig out a bit to m; ke a jigger. Boforo I speak of the great industry of tho country , the Tisheries, and of our limited agriculture, and its future dev lopement, I have a few words to say of tl • climate. Climatt in all countries, though principally depending on the distanc from the Equator arc still governed by other laws — elcvaiion, e rection of prevail- ing winds, but above all by the currents of he ocean, and the proximity of the country to thoso marine intiv nces. Confining myself at present to Newfoundland, we find S . John's in 47.30 N. latitude ; well, this same parallel intersects Rjmo of tho finest wine growing districts of Franco* Ireland, tht Emerald Isle, i* 22 chains of aImost\)ercnniuC^^^ ,^^-"^ i" the icy •ceanio current, is the c-iusc of tho w rn,f^ . ''^'^'- ^^"* ^^^^^^^ great northern current tT-ethrwTtrtn 1'^'' region and the the earth, of the cold of the X^ V """^ ^^^^'volution of Koquc, on the Brazil coast as I mark 1677''''' ^^'"^ ^T ^'' near to the African continPnT LTr ^""^ ^'^"' ''^PP^oaclies s» out to the north of the E. nt'r Kn"" l^'f ^''''' ^"*^'"°S heats to an enormous eg ^tMs iwV V^'-'"'' "'"jf ^ ^^^^ water in the Atlantic. AlT water ho .^rf" "' "' '""J^f"^ ^^ every housemfe k.ows who Ses rkeftirtn'' f1? "' ^v,^^^' ^^ the water when heated beo.;n« /n a! ^^'ttlo too lull on the fire ; happens to the e_n«" j^n iT '\' '7^ '^^' ^'^""S and iira.il, the water ^o ht^hlv Lof ,V'''^'' hereon Africa north; it entersin th. T'f? v.? ''^ ^"'^^ "^'^'^ ^°^^''^r^« the pitch/seeks i?sl"V'ou.MLn™^^^^ '''''''' '' 't ^^^'^^^^ through the AVest Indirfsland. Tn^y f ''^•^■'' T""^ ^""^'^ '^"^ gets from the s.3t of U.e const ' "nd «^r "'' f ' '^'''''''' '^ earth, it flows on, widening oi Hke . f.„ "'^ 'T'^'' '^ '^'^ till it reaches th; shored of Eur. r«. ^^^ f^^'y ""!« it travels, t^pid embraces, bathes i^ieeoasToT' ''''''^'^''' ^''^^^"^'^ ^° ^^s and washes the shores of SI KnT' T'n ''""''^ ^"^^^"^^ possible to fire an Arm3tron'. somewhere about the at high velocity due no^tirnTl f n f "^ '''''^'''^^ train going tonde1)cytofiyy;/'rn^^^^^^^^^ -^"bita strangf I'oihere is the stcret of thi fl f \ ^f'g 5 ou to remember this, Oulf stream goingDorth cuives'nff f' I'Ji ^ -^f '''I. '"^^«"^'^' ^^^^^ shores of EuLerr^Xs ri^ff ^^^??^'^^'"'^' ^^"'^^^ ^ cun-cnt ,J.„ „,she. do,™ b, KuilW. .nd liru-Say.f'^^dt 23 I romarkeil, on Jicconnt of the diurnal movement of the earth coining from the north, tends to the right hand, conseqnentiy hugs the Amoricnn shore, bringing witli it the floating ice and the cold vvnids at the Polar bnsin. Thus ^-a see the bncro ice- bergs saihng majestically along the shores of Labrador and^\e\T- foundland, resting on the ledges, and going forth again till they meet the Gulf stream, and are finally melted in its tepid waters. 1 he European coasto are th.-retore warmed by the hot water of the Equatorial basin, sent to them by the Gulf steam. New- foundlunJ and th« North Ameriea shores are cooled by the cold water of the Polar basin, coming from the north, and conse- quently havnig a contnuial tendency to hug the right or Ameri- can shore. Let no one say, howerer, that Providence has not given a compensation for everything ; the abundant pastures of Ireland arc compensated by rich sea pastures of New- touudland. The cod fish, the great source ot our wealth would HOC flourish among us if we had the hot and vapoury waters' ot the Gult streum bathing our shores. The painted fishes, which inhabit the tropical and warm seas, have no flavour, can't be preserved and never would fom an article of commerce like our cod, the king of all fish. The Gulf stream gets its -reatest deflection perhaps from that great submarine Island, tlfe groat 13ankoi ^Newfoundland, the greatest submarine deposit on tho taco of the earth. Here the Arctic and the Equatorial currents meet and produce, by the intermingling of hot and cold wafer " the fog on the ba nks." This great submarine island, the great bank IS, as far as we can define it, of .mi irregular ovid vliape Ein-rounded by the smaller banks which extend many hundred miles on every side. A great sul marine island at first, it has lor thousands of y ears leen receiving deposits from both cunxnl.^ JSorth and South. The Gulf stream has de] osited the vifHsuiu of the tropical se as; the deposit, as proved by the deep stn sounding of Capta in Benyman, extends all along the ccui-e of the stream to Ire lar.d, but from the nature of the ( bstacies it meets in the South ern porfion of the lank, the greatest quantity must necessarily be deposited there. Ihcn we have tiiose n-reat earners of nature, the icebergs, bringing from thn'r Pdar feme inihums of tons ot rock for thousands of years and depositing tl rm ad over the banks wlien they ground. Thus naturo has created and enriched this extraordinary submarine region vhi. h fonns the great breeding and feeding ground of the cod Frtei(s and has such an extraordinary influence on our climi.U- ir(l ourselves. ^ cry beuutirul specimens of cgral and pc-bUes ai^ 24 Bometimes fished up by the Vmunh iv,..i ^ we know, follow H^ ^^^^^^^ 'V^^^^^, ^^^^^ as have been in the habit of crossing fbo Honi ,' ^""^ ^^'''^^ ''^''•^ Europe, xaust have been sur "ilc to see^l '" '^T T^^e to ships riding at anchor by theTr ho, ,L , i '^, """"^^^ ^^ ^''^'"^'h chains for L cont^J^u 1 JndhortSrot ?%''""' ""''P''^' ''^^- fishermen passing alon- in the r 1 n-Sfh. / f "J^^' '^"^ '^^ '^^''^y rjhe mos^ruinL -S'^lMif ^^^' ^S;S^'t'"^^ hshery, as you all know, h confined to theSih'tl A -'""^ as we cannot comneto with fi,^;,. i :• ™^ '^'^^ ^"•encana Bintfle J3nlish .hip'on Th fbS 1""^^' '^T [^ "^' ^^ almost constant fog and dnzzlh'*rah \ i?'^. ^''^^'^^'' ^''^ fog horn or the ships guns calliSo 'n ^t'''^ ''""'^^ ^^ ^^^« the ships rolling alLft u'd^^^ ,f f.^i.^Sid^^ '"''''' or trysails in addition to their moo7ZT' Tttt ,t '"" "'^'' pressionon a stranger the first finS hn ^^''^^''^ " '^'^^ an mi- summer which he never after fLr<^^^^^^ 1^^, P'-^^ses the Eanks in persons receive an erroneou hle^ ff ;i v"^ ^^''l ''^^^^ ^^'^ which they in,agine to ZTe ste'astaf oT^t^.^B'", '^^^"'.' Coming them e ves from theclnndv ihZ 1 • , ^''"''''^' •'^"'1 England or Ireland, ca'not bSve' tat ^^11^^?^"" ^^ joymg a clear, bright sky, beautiful n.H?n! ! r \ ^ ^'"'^ ^"^ ins an air dry and'purc^^cv^r ftU in t ' . ^?'^' «"^ ^^^^^h- Gulf stream. What an awfi 1 If J. 1? ^'"'^'^^ ^"S^^" ^f the inNcwfoundland; hL can"; fv^^^^^ 1^' ^^ «ay, you have continual fog ? Have you hpnn f? ^ ''"^^"^ "^^ «»» i" a they sny; bSt we hTve Crossed the Z'/'^/^^^ ^'^^''"- ^' •' How surprised they areXn .i ^' ?^ ^cwfoundl.L. 1.- months a? least in ti 'ar all thrfo^. f ^'"^ 9^^' ^-- ^^- goes over to their side JrXdeLnds in^.ln H ^'^^-f ^^'"^ ^^"^^ westerly winds whilo wo It 1 " ^^'^""^ ^""'^^ ^he south- of America is vorv litfl.. I,„„„.r t . ^'''' '""' geogran ly home, .„d ,1,0 m ako madel^'cr;'. ^7 '"""«'"" ""^'■•' »^ quently very amusing I "ceived "L 'r fl'° ■"'■'°'"='"' "'■* <■'•»■ friend of mine some time s nSe in tl,iH? , '1 '"°.'' i"'ellige„t borean region of Newfou^dla d i 'my ,^"f Lt d ''" 'T""" from St. Jo m's, N. lat 47^ H(1 " on^ i r' ■'^' , ."'^ ">/ '<■•"«■• So, N. la,. 520 . Tl'e summer hel ■''''■'"'' ' '" *'■■• »» "'"J uyand Burgoo, and the harbours on (he Southern Shore by Rameo. St Peter's banks, and all the shallow seas about begin to send off' steam. The Bay of Fundy is clouded, the steansers are frequently a day waiting to grope their way into Halifax harbour, and the dense fog, as far north ns St. John's, is seen like a great wall at sea, though in general it does rot penetrate far inland, as the people say, "the shore eats up the feg." The Gulf stream then has to answer for tlie fugs of New- foundland as well as for the humidity of Ireland, and though it does not bathe our shores, ptill a large portion of heat is thrown off by it which accounts for the mildness of our climate in com- parison with that of the neighbouring continent. We never have the thermometer down to zero unless once or twice a year, and then only for a few hours, and for a few degrees, three or four perhaps ten, while we hear of the temperature of ten ai.d twenty below zero in Canada and Newbrunswick, and this life-destroying cold continuing for days, perhaps weeks. Then s-co another effect®f this— the Canadian and other iS^orth .vmcricans of the same latitude are obh'ged to keep up hot stoves continually almost in their house*, while we have open tire places, or at most Franklins ; our children, I may say, as lightly clad as in sum- mer, spend a large portion of their time in the open air ; and thus while our neighbours have the sallow hue of conlinement tinging their checks, and their children look comparatively pale and delicate, our joungsters are blooming with the rosy hue of htalth, developing their energies by air and exercise, and pre- paring themselves for the battle of life hereafter, either as hardy mariners or healthy matrons—the blooming mothers of a power- ful race. Thus the Gulf stream, which cieuls our skies, paints the cheek, invigorates the population, pours out to us in its return from the northern basin, the arctic current, which enriches our seas with fish, and enables us to furnish this luxurious and ne- cessary article of food to the languid intertropical nations, for no food is so wholesome or so agreeable to the inhabitants of warm countries, whose diet is mostly vegetable, as the dried codfish of Newfoundland. I may remark, that by the climate table furnish- ed nic by Mr. Delany, I fmd that the highest temperature was 20 temperature ot tlin vf-arlSSO -14 degroos; M.au max. pros of barometer, 29-74 inch , Jluin (53 OiO "for Iho vear ; M x^ n mu in 24 hours 2.098 inch ;Ji„d N.X.W. and AV.X.W., 2o') d " j ^.K 2. days ; W. and W.S.W. 38 day. ; S.S.W. and 8.K. i02 dap; ram fell on 110 days; snov/ 54 aays; thunder and lic^hts nu g o days. Wo bavo all the advantage of an insular cUmuIo,a mild temperature with Its di.sads-aMt-..>e, uucertaia ^reathov. r niay romancliKONViso what Abbo K.iva.l recorded already/that the chm^ito of Xewfoundlund is con uJorHd the most invymtim' and salubrious mtho world, and that u-e have no indiivenous disease. It follows naturally, that I .should, in connexion with our climate, speak of our limited aoriculUuo. JJofudes the shal- low aaturo o our soil in mo.st parts of the Island, we liave, on aocoun of tacset of the Arctic current, carrying its floating ico andioeberg.s along oursliores, a lato and uncertain spring : Lerb. ago will not, atlea.t within the influence of the cold winds. K-pring up as soon as our latitude would entitle us to : we may be perhaps three weeks late, but then see the compensation wo reap from tho.o fioWs of ic,'>, a crop, which, I suppose, altogether realizes a^miUiou sterling in the European markets : I mean the oil and bkins 01 the seal -a crop which we do not sow, but the reaping of which encouniges ship-building, rears up the hardiest marmer.s in the world, and throws hundreds of thousands of poundi into circulation, ut a season which in all other Northern countries is one of comparutiyo idleness. The prosecution of tlio seal hshory docs not interfere T^'ith the summer cod fishery, the winter hornng h.^^hcry, or farming operations. Thus wc have a great blessing bestowed on us by Di vino Proyidence, a wonder- lul source of ^vealtIl coming in just at the time that, but for it we should have notlun:, 0^63 to do; fortius we may thank thJ great northern current, which ivanl^ our spring, but trends us a rich harvest and on- which no goyernmeut bounty or encourajrc. raent could create elsewhere. A doubt has been expressed by many wliether the seal fishery will last-they fear that the eontinu.al destruction of both young and old seals will ex- terminate the fir^hory and d( sfcroy the breed, a^ was the caso with the Greonhma wha'.o fishery. I cannot agrea in this opinion, and I will s;ato my roasons-'Tis true tlio seal, pMca crutata or babata iz one uf the mammalia, br:n-in v forth but one at a fimo and Ihcit aunuaMy—ifc caunot multiply like tho coddsh with two railliousofegi|s_. If wo could get at the seals then, Ihave no aoubt, but thai m a f^w years, like the CJrecnlan.l wh»le, they 21 j; mid bo almost ull doskroyed. Tuis has haDponid cLsowluiV. rK?i? '^■-•^^ V'^^!"^' ^^ ^^^ Ar.diterrauoaa, or piiuipj ia t' H /^ dw u.,0 tlw s.,:.o moans t, kill s,.ais. Wdl, th JS^s [, tto uuu KUJoS Hit I 1,111! 'r > i) 111 1^1., ■, •«',,. .(. - . , tho guooe with thu goid.'u" C'i'iT. '-•e t!i3 f^TOHt breeding and i^^au^ .round 0. th^soalft^^oi^rb:^ a, llS.;:"; T^lX Bblctousjwecunuatiu the wiu^or or sm-itA /hr .o. f 7i than the outskirts of the greut ..:- h 1,^^^ k h nd^S^^f a t tal i rondei ce sends us a share, IW ic mau'. cupidity had iuil play he w:u. d ru.h at once to the Aroti. soiznujL kill u he sea s he coul hud and the north Atlantic ^.ouldnafev 3 ears became luco tlie irediterraaeun-a comparative waste M^^^'^fiTf" /^-f^-. however, to our ai^ieuCal™! bii ties, hrst, we have the means of rai.singon ou/ wild pastures nuijons of that most useful animal to man -the shoe ^Ou ho southorn and west„-rn shore, indeed everywhere in the island, I ha seen the hnest sheep waik« ; and what is better,the dropph /. 0.1 le h.epin his country induce a most luxuriant crop of >Uiite .lover, and prevent tlie spread of bog plants. If sheeD were encouraged we should have Irosh ^u^.^iS abund^mcc^T^S tleu deece would turnuh warm clothing in winter for our people of a bet er^uahty taa^ the stuff they no^v buy. " half waddy ^d deviUuUot and which empoverishos them to procure it: do. mesac numufactures would be encouraged, the people would be- come mdustnous and comfortable, and every housewife in our out-harbours would realize, in some sort, that sublime description of a vahaut woiaan by Solo:uon, prov. c. .'if, - she hath put out her hands to strong thing., and her lingers have tak4 h.ld of the Hpuidle : she hath s.ught wool and flax and hath wrought fhln ir'r'^°^^1'^'"V?V '^' '^""'^'^^^ fear for her house" in the cold of snow for all her domeslicare clothed with doubk gannents ; she hath looked well to tho paths of her house and huth not eaten her bread idle ; her children rose up and callod her blessed ; her hus^^and had praised her." But unfortunawly: thj. sieatblessiui' ef sheep pasture is mailed by ono curse, and idleness anl poverty arc too often tlie aocompanimenls of the poor man's lire side in the lon^' winter— as Ion;,' as a \icious herd of dogs are allowed t:> be kept in the eountry, so Ion;,' will poverty be the winter portion of the poor. In no other part of the world would such an iui(iuity be permitted. Tiiore is a law oifering £0 for the destru etion of a wolf, and I never hoard of £0 worth of mutton being destroyed by wolves since the days of Cabot ; but why do not our legislators, if they have tho interest of the people at heart, (and according to Ih^ir election speeches, every member is actuated by the most pnilantliropic and patriotic motives) pass and enforce laws against dogs, which devour every sheep they can lind, and have almost exterminated tho breed altogether; for no one will keep sheep while his neighbour is allowed to keep wolves. I will read you a list of the ccrtilitd losses, lurnishtd to mo by the Kev. M. Brown, of Bonavista, all of which took place last year in that small locality, (Read a list of 12 milch cows, value £t)G IO3 ; of G2 sheep aud 15 goats, all destroyed in Bonavista in the year by dogs). I hope the government will at last see the necessity of pulling a stop to this state of things, which would not be per- mittcd by a Turkish Pasha in his province ; but then the Pasha, perhaps, has not mi eye to the next election. Nowhere can be seen a more distressing spectacle than a stalwart man yoked iu with a couple of dogs drawing a load of firewood, losing his whole winter, tearing the poor clothe? he is obliged co buy, and which liis wite ought to spin and weave— (spuming and weaving are taught in the convents, but we cannot get the children to learn tho art), and brutalising his children bj keeping them from school, because, as tho usual excuse is, they have to go to the woods One horse would do the work of 100 dogs and be always useful' and the man who could not keep a horse could hire his neighbour's for a few days at an expense loss than what he even wastes in boots and clothes. These observations may be unpalatable to some, but I have the interests of tiic people too much at heart to conceal ^^y sentiments en a subject of such vital importance to them ; and religion, education, civilzation are all sufter- ing from this curse of dogs, wor.4e than all the phi^'^ues of Egj^pt to this unfortunate Country. In Canada, New- brunswick, or any of the other Northern Provinces, such a thing would not be allowed— but there the people have not the spring seal fishery or summer Cod fishery, and are thcreforo obliged to preserve thuir sheep aud cattlu. Cattle of tho best 29 brccJ thrive here uud botli our beef and muUon arc fouud to be ot superior flavor to thoso imported from the neii^hbouring eutlle fair at llolyroad, at the head of Conception ]Jay, wheio st?ri^l" '^'^''r^' ''^l'^' ^'"'^^'^^S district, of he Cape Sfr ;. H ' ' f t'' '"^^ «^^l^Honic>r, might fiud a mar- kct for their surplus stock, tho' to tell the truth, they have h hertomado veiy little use of their liao pastures. 4o pu ulous districts ot Couceptiou Bay and Saint John's would then be suppliei- farmers uud vietuallers would know where "ad when to o'otum stock and an impulse would be given to cat 1 - mc^^if fS :^.^y''''-'T''^'^^''^^'''''^^^-''y'^^' to the govern- ment for printing the proclamations and payin- a toll clerk Jrict V'o^l'r'^"'^ """^' ""'^'^'y improv^^iore gr^ig dt r[>, nfh^f ^''''^''''^' i"iPo^-t^i°t item in the agri^-dtural nches of other counties ; with a large space of thin barren land Lrtat^v r 'Xf r^' '^7. ^'""''^y ^'''°' ^'' themselves for a great p '' 0"° of ^'^« cheapest, mo.t abundant and most delicious of meats while it is in season. l\Z^ ' rn'.K 'Vr.^ ^^ ^^^"^t "^^^"^'^ ^^« ^^'-^ little chanco of VnlfZr '^' ^^''^'"^ '^'''''' '''''''' "^' ^^^ ^^^ goose, tho most nutritious ihe most useful, and the most easily kept if all iWh of l^urope you get u goose almost every day, and a good roast goose for dinner, and a feather bed to Lt on are not fo be despised; and here in the very kubiiat ot the goose, the very dimate of all others where the bird could be brought to thJ greatest pertection, and the wild goose, which breeds in enor. mens numbers is tne most delicate of o^ar wild fowl, we get geese f^om ^ova Scotia, and feather beds from Ireland or Ham- burgh. Allgardon vegetables, cabbages, carrots, turnips, salads. ( &c are brought to the highest perfection, andthi climate appS c pecial y adapted to impart succulency te them. The potato, ^ 11 r"'' ^'^''? ^^' ''^' ''-'' of tho finest quality.^ It i» ulZ^f/nir^''^^''^ ^ ''^''^ ^' ''' '^ ^^°y of the outport3 h r/t. T reverting to a stato of nature-people prefer the Banishtro I'^T"'/^;'^'^^"-^ ^'''^^ American pork, and Danish butter, to the fresh and nutritious food they could raise tacmselves— in a great measure trusting to a supnlvofmeal rclicrai.tnbutea m the fall uadet the aamg gf rottd mouey,iiiitcad f: SO tl'Ut the land brought nuilVivM '''"'" T'^'^'''''^ loculiUesO if ll.-, promT va ie^v of • . 1 " ^^'^i^P"! vrry woU, especially Riichan unp,o;itablo cTon T T ^^ ^"'''' much trouble, about the growth 01 yo-yLrdl' ] . ^"'T, ''"''''" ^^^^ ^"^' »• ^'"I^y thaa T bavo done, ^w/oinS ^^^^^'^'^'^^ buught, as ins purchase. Hum arc m!!! ^^'H^^^ ^^'''^ l>o has gyintd by current., goos.a, rXs chr ? ^"^"7^^^ ^^^ so arc sinuvb.mes, Th. hawthorn ^o Ses W wh "^ T'^ T'^'"' '^'"''^ '' ^^^i^' fine hed^^es of it lu en w t] 1 i^ ^"'^"'' '^"'^ Hiavo seen as and 1 mention tli as a roof n A? ^''' ^' ^^ ^^''^ ^^«™« ^o^'^tO" i climate, for 1 find in Itu ' r ^''^'"l^^^atis-c .r.ildness of our liot-house plant. \[y ^^ 1? ^'' ^^"^'^'^ «^ ^^'^os^ow, it i. a ties of Ne .ifou dland comn 1^ •? '^ /^^' agricultural capabiii- -^'.-rih of Europe fs^atTl^V^'f ''^''' ^ ^'''' '''^'^^ '^^0 tiun we could .uppor '] 1 n ? ^^'^'" ^'Siieulf.ral popula- increases, we nuffatt^ d 'iTl''^' ""^ ^^^^ "« popuktion ■"'oalth and cotnfc.t wTll be dfA/° ^' ^'^'. ^^^"^ more general >vhen our popuhuiunl iLv s^^wh^^'"^'■'^• '■^^^' ^ porxl alruoualrogether on otlL /' '^^^Hy nmntirae, and we de- est adv-ee would be l!iH th, . ^'^""^^^"^for our food. My earn, 'loinf Stic manufactures hon./.v i' ''?'^'«0"<'e settlers, cncoura-c and Newfoundland wiVbZmr'' ""''''r'"'' ^^^^^' «P"^ ^'lotJ, jnan. Ti-.o soil i„ gen ral -^11 T?^T "^ ^^^ i"du.triou bes.des the leo^tin^tte mnuri^^^^^^ ,lf ,'^-^' --> ■ Scared, and c-nnched near the sea hs LI. i *;""' >'"'"' ^nn always bo oomparativelT mild and liJ v ^ " I'"''^ ^"^^ ^^'^^' ^^-e climate is The fisherr, howevc r of Y 7"'' , "'" ^^"^^« ^^^-^ industry -L '-;-try of 'ther;;;^.. ''o^,:;:: t;"tr7^'^ " ^'^ ^'-^^^^ -^ ^--^^^ rvthin^ else, but here we ore ■•."'' ."^'^v surpass us in ove- ?u .tion of one countr^ m fy" otoih^^^^ " •''?? ' '^' "^'^"^'^^ P- 1 "o. a. the 1 cruMan potato did in Ireland 1 31 m ««.l tho lii'lian siiigor In Janmiofi. T.m way ])(» culilvnte.l onf 01 Uunfi; but tho iiobluct^dHsh, this is beyond man's controKthis istlu'pft ctnaturo to tlio^o northern seas, and as Icn- ns tlio world la.tB, JScu'lbundland will bo the -rent fish prodnciii:.' coup • try. Thoood lisb, iho (hk>f of the lUmily ot the Ga'Iuoa: in liaoitsm K'-iural iho J^^^rth Athudic betwcou the 10 ucd OOh degree oi kt It udc on the Ein..pcan coast, hut oxtcud^ turthor south on the Aincncau nido. la au./.ho;' couatry the dcsciii.tion ot the capture mid curir- of cod would iurnish laateriid/ror a very interesting lecture, but hero it I. eupeiflu us to say ;uiy- tlunj,' on that subject. The Grand Hank appears to be ther;rent brccdm- oronnd ol'tljc Bpeeies.and Hit iine:n iish is cauglit there in the Lnlodeu Islands in .\orway under the Arctic Circle, a ^reat cod hshery is earn.d on, but as fur an I could learn the c.iteh u under 1()U,000 quniials. The Ushers there pav great attention to the curing : the ti.sh is nicely packed in boxes, the fins trimmed on, and though in reality not as good a lith aa that of Xewfound- land, bringsu higher price txs hncy fi.sh among the Spaniards an I Luban3. 1 n-iU not offer an opiniou of the use or abuse of cod- poines, the impiovemeuts in curing or catching, for our peopJo know more about these matters, than any (,ther rfice on tht.. iico. ot the eartl). I may remark, ho^vev(r, that the v ant of a popu- tion in many of the outports eau-e.i a lo?^ of a grent quantity of thomo.t nutritious and delicate food, the air bladder or as we call it cod's sound, which conf^ists almopt altugctiier of pure gelatine, and sells at a high rate in any maiket into x^•hiph It has .een introduced. The medi.dnal cjuj-lities of the fresh Lver oil have been fully proved, and the manufacti:ro of that artido has brought a great i^icrease cf wealth to the country J.ike all good things, ho.vever, it is easily in.itated; the common cod oil, luade by tao putriiyii.g process, has been retined at home by nnimal eharcpal loitered so as to deprive it ofall bad fm 11, 1 eini already deprived by putrefacti,)n in the manufacture, of icdino mid all other aiedicinal qualities, and pawned off by dfslionest dealers as the genuine article. It wouhl I e well, theref. re, for t.ae credit of the article, and the advantage of those who re miro to use It, if some particular eeal or murk was fixed on tho bot- tles or vessels hero, which would, in some sort, serve ai a gua- rantee of Its purity in Europe. We have not only, I may sav a monopoly ofthe od fishery in Xev "jundhnd. (of course I nr.'w include therronch) but v/o sea the. .arket every dav ineica^in-. bee what a prodigion-? expansion the Brazil tiade hastrkJIi withiathe last few year.: what will it be in future sges whea 32 an.I mun have U l/' t-' ^ ^1"*"' '''^^I^'" ^''^^ ^-^^ «-^»'. millions of cuin ll'« we V I'lT "f' '* ,^'^" /'^"'^^ P^'«J"^« ^^^ cupidity of m."^ It Lthe (^ V n T' "'' '"'"^ '^^'^^^^^'^^ '^^ *''^ of the i.ubl cln eroVt In nl\ '^ govcrnmcnt,a s the guardians invostiytethriawT/nn e (-nr/. "'' '"^ ^^P'^''''^ ^ Committee to Britain^and IreS u d to ^l t?''''?"^'?" ^^"^'''^'"^'^ '" Great of years and 'k. st cH nnUw- "!' '''■''^' ^"^ ^' ^^«' ^^ «^^''^« re.establislut b redtncrmo^^^^^^^^^^ °"''''^" "P the remnant and nature, this fish alwa^ r L.^L" ,/;" l'^ "" extraordinary law of «nd if disturbed' cS, e^ or cv^ ^^^ Tl ''''"'"' ^' T^ ^P^^"^^^^' the .«^/;,o «>-^/.^/. Tve.oe w U. P '"/ '''^' n«f»nilisfs call it, anchovies ar7tr;he neonl/Tu^ T rf '^ "'^^^^^ *'^« ^''^^•^^'"^^ ^"^ sure, that Tm x hadCl '^^^^^^/^^^^^^'^''-^n^^an- i^^ow,I am quif would take rank wi n 1^ ^"^ -'"'^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^'o^^ fi^'^- it liabit it- taking Wo oinnU^ri^^'^ ^ '%^^"^' «"^'° ''"«* ^^^^ bc-aehes has in some o 1= T ^'^ "^-'^^'^ from the .spawning jiu>i, jxi some cases, chased aw.iv fV.,^ fiai, ^ ■ z> ? worth at Sa dollar ^l'7"'''',''y "''"''™' ""^y '""W be l%t that \hty hefeflftep will 1,. pr. a.! i vmt „, .,.„. i • that busy ti.ne. A Vn-at mine ut . c.l h we p'o^J'^ ''" r ? J;^ only pariially worked or turned ..^.'om. i . , I 'if fishery. In no pnrt of the w.rl.J i^ iJw. • ' " ' ™"» The Dutch bocaiu . a ^r^a na o ' iV , . ' '•'°^"''" '''^'"^'^ - herring n.hcry. and An. o H 'u/ey ^'i'S'^'^y ,^>' V'° tiou of herrin- bones Vvon .f ^ •; . "''' *^" '^ founda- ti.ou,.h caugl.t°on ,K.„ ; „ , iiTroF,,! ° , ir's ' I'T^^' a higher prico llm.i anv oil„'r l„ , '-"Sli'ii or i„;,Mi, boar carried in proce..iorw U b ™ rf,,, " n/,"« "' ^ ">'""•, " '» is one of pibli, r^joicinranU f t nf.l ' '^i ">".'"=->lw J-iy .Uutch bleed caeh1,er,°n "„,,„, , ' r '""'"""'"I 'hat ll„> « Uh fovei.n'erV b . s:^ d 'c" Id";;:? ur .T ^"""8'"= »s (food, and tl,u3 hund ej^ TVZ ' ?'"' ""'"^ """•'/ jearly g,,i„ed .0 .bVcot, -j „ d e'"^ tf Von","''' ™"''' 'j'l not be abused Ono iU^, o^ylKyZ. ^..ten ot Olmrity, i, ft noble i-stubliahrncnt A Pre iLt aVo ^rnLl \ 'itual interests of the inhabitants, and ChrLtiaii Brothera teach the boys as Nuhh do the girls. The ffovmimen? authorities are remarkable for their eourteay to 'tranCs ^d I ral^^vr^:-^''.'^ ^ enough for an the ki^ndnesn aTatte ioa STandThn rrr." "/^^'^^^ authorities stationed in the Iw '/ i ^^f ^ '^''^''^^ Apostolic and his clergy. The Southern Jhore. by theBurgeo islands, the seat of u large fishL^r^^^^^^^^^ i« . i' ^^^'^^cfed with moss and the population thii. It is tha i^; w Tt tttu;?of s!^ ''-. no^^fri'i r^ulJedthe FrlnV, qV a- i ^'^^^'^T'^ and enter on what i« N E side Pni ^^'^'^'. Y^^'^ °^^^^' *^ ^'^P^ JoJ"^^^ thu Geor-e'sLv t) ^^'t",';^'^ '" '^^"^"Itural capabilities. St. ucorgea Bay, though dohciont in ports, has a Hue herring llshc- «n;rl''''?" "' ^^'' population is, it connists of four rac^s who Kit ?"?u'^A'T^^^"8^'«^' ^^•^"^^' Gaelic, Micmao Man r«rifT^J • u f r^'V'^ ^'"'^^^ «^ ^^«P« St. John. The country is mini^rJ ^'' T/, ^^«<^g"^««d by either power. Some copper Ii^^onnrl'in- « ' ''"'^. ?^^' ^^^" ^'^y <»f ^^^P^^its, and all the tSheri?« T "' "'^ K^""' ^'^^^'' good land and produc- rrociafe^ ''^^'^ ofliinam^aBay, the eleat ni ^/^J . discovered part of Newfoundland, we enter 8oo?col?nT/ J"''! f'l g'^? ^\' ^^« ^«^bour of Catdina, and in one S'h« fin ^T v^"^ Swiss-looking town of Trinity, seated in one ol;he finest harbours of the world, oa to Bay Bui 's Arm heSafof f rL r''?.-'^' ^"^ ^^^ ^"^ ^^^^'^ "^' ^^^^^'l^-^' <^Jr^cc, 4OO0Sinhl-f f 'v^^'^^^P""' '^' "«Ii population of nearh' villa.es tSn^ ''' ^^'T/ ^^^^^ fleet ..populous towns and iKviliSf ^1'' agriculture, in fact, everything that a large aua cnilised community requires. Wc return to TopsaiUr ho rvjrtu^al Cave.Vhcro a railway to St. Johi/i ought to convey u» • and I hopo that m a very few yecxrs a railway will connect thd Canception Bay aud St. John's trading communities, and b^ most highly advantageous to both. 1 regret that I cannot talcd you mto the uuoxplur^d iaterior-t'> the Big Poud, 70 miles iong thexutureseaUf a great population; to Indian Pond, and the other great lakes and livrers which beautify the country (11m IS only an outline of the description of the countrv, which with the explanations on tlie map. occupied more tliau an hour.) ihe interior appears to bo a country such as Britain w.i3 an- cientlj-, marshy, but easily reclaimed ; there being everywhere a taL into the great lakes or by the rivei-s to the eea. When w(j know what the state of the Jforth of Europe was ei-^hteen hun- dred years ago, and what a great change it has undergone since we maj reasonablj hopo that the climate of the interior of Wewfoundlaud will by cultivation, drainafn,. and reclamation m bog land, undergo a groat change. Tlio coast climate will al- ways depend on the Oceanic current, but the interior climato will under those influences be modified. I know many person* imagine that the interior will never be inhabited, but th^-y have not studied the subect. I see the sandy and barren shores of the Baltic, with achmato and soil far worse than Newfoundland and without any great mr'-itimoor Qshery resources as we have' the seat of a largo ponulatioa. Why? Because the people of Courland. Finland, E mia, Prussia proper, Mecklenburg, and all these other Jiorthern regions have no other place to