■,%. 
 
 ^> 
 
 .«< ^-'^^ 
 
 ^J^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 k 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 £^ 
 
 y. 
 
 z 
 ^ 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^ 12.2 
 
 [If 1^ 
 
 ^ U& 12.0 
 
 IL25 ill 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 Pnotographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 V 
 
 <>^ 
 
 -^^ 
 
 O 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^<4.'S' 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
 r^^ 
 
 # 
 
Ua 
 
 CIHM 
 
 ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Collection de 
 
 Series 
 
 microfiches 
 
 (l\1onographs) 
 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliograpinc Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The 
 to it 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any 
 of the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming, are 
 checked below. 
 
 
 Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 Covers damaged/ 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee 
 
 D 
 
 □ Cover title missing/ 
 Le titre de couvertu 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 
 couverture manque 
 
 Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cattes geographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relie avec d'autres dc':uments 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 La reliura serree peut causer de Tombrt ou de la 
 distorsion le long de la marge interieure 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Blank leaves added during i-esto.-ation may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, thesp have 
 been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutees 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas ete filmees. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 
 Comn entaires supplementaires: 
 
 This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filme au taux de reduction indique ci-dessous. 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il 
 lui a Hi possible de se procurer. Les details de cet 
 eKemplaire qui sont peut €tre uniques du point de vue 
 bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une cmage 
 reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification 
 dans la methode normale de f ilmage sont indiques 
 ci-dessous. 
 
 □ Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 □ Pages damag.^d/ 
 Pages endommagees 
 
 □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurees et/ou pellicui^es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees 
 
 □ Pages detached/ 
 Pages detachees 
 
 The 
 posi 
 of th 
 filmi 
 
 Origi 
 biigii 
 th«l( 
 sion, 
 othoi 
 first I 
 sion, 
 or illi 
 
 rr^ Showthrough/ 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies/ 
 Qualite inegale de I'impression 
 
 Continuous pagination/ 
 Pagination continue 
 
 Includes index(es)/ 
 Comprend un (des) index 
 
 Title on header taken from:/ 
 Le titre de I'en t§te provient: 
 
 Tholi 
 shall 
 TINU 
 whici 
 
 Maps 
 diffar 
 antira 
 bagin 
 right I 
 raquir 
 mathf 
 
 □ Title page of issue/ 
 Page de titre de la I 
 
 □ Caption of issue/ 
 Titre de depart de la 
 
 n 
 
 ivraison 
 
 livraison 
 
 Masthead/ 
 
 Generique (periodiques) de la livraison 
 
 10X 
 
 
 MX 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 ?6y 
 
 
 
 
 lOX 
 
 
 _J 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 
 16X 
 
 
 
 
 XX 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 24X 
 
 
 
 ^"—^ 
 
 ?Hir 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 22X 
 
U'll 
 
 :et 
 de vue 
 
 tion 
 es 
 
 % 
 
 Th« copy filmed h«re has b—n reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Library of the Natiunal 
 Archives of Canada 
 
 The images eppearing here ere the beet quality 
 possible considering the condition (jnd legibility 
 of the OTij.nel copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specificatilone. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covera are filmed 
 boginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impree- 
 sion. or the back cover when eppropriate. All 
 other originei copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with e printed or iiiustrated impree- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with e printed 
 or illuettated impreeeion. 
 
 The laet recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol '-^ (meening "CCN- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meening "END"), 
 whichever epplies. 
 
 ly^aps. plates, charts, etc., may be filmed et 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one expoeure ere filmed 
 beginning in the cpper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exe^pleire iWmi fut reproduit gr^ce A la 
 gAn^fosit* de: 
 
 La bibliothk|ue des Archives 
 nationales du Canada 
 
 Les imsges suiventes ont «t4 reproduites avsc le 
 plus grsnd soin. compte tenu de la condition at 
 delenenet* de I'exempiuire film*, et en 
 confomiit* evec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmege. 
 
 Lee exempleires origineux dont la couverture en 
 pepier est imprim«e sont fiim«s en commandant 
 per le premier plet et en terminant soit par la 
 derni<kre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, eelon le ces. Tous les outres exer>iplaires 
 origmeux sont filmAs en commenpent per la 
 pramiAre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustretion et en terminant par 
 la demiAre pege qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un ifaa symboles suivants apparaitra sur !a 
 dami^ra imege de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbols — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 synrbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les certes, pisnches. tebleeux, etc., peuvent *tre 
 film«s 4 des teux de reduction diff^rents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grend pour dtre 
 reproduit en un seul clich«, il est film* i partir 
 de Tangle sup^rieur geuche, de geuche A droits, 
 et de haut en bes, en prenent le nombre 
 d'imeges n^cessaire. Les diogrammes suivants 
 illuatrent le mAthode. 
 
 D 
 
 22X 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ■<.: 
 
L 
 
 U 
 
' "^ ~^ / . V 
 
 i 
 
 -REPORT 
 
 / 
 
 ON~Tt«K 
 
 / 
 
 -y- 
 
 LAKES . AND RIVERS 
 
 WATER AND WATER-POWERS 
 
 OF THB 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO 
 
 By E. B. BORRON, Esq. 
 
 Stipcndiartj Magistrate. 
 
 PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMULY. 
 
 ' i 
 
 TORONTO: 9^C If) 1962 
 
 PRINTED BY WARWICK & SONS. 68 AND 70 FRONT ^i^fg? ^N'jgi-^ 
 
 1891. " '^---^— -*** ' 
 
 tv A 
 
 ]l 
 
 ^ 
 
L 
 
 PR IN 
 
REPORT 
 
 LAKES AND RIVERS 
 
 WATKR AND WATER-l'OW,ERS 
 
 OH- run 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO 
 
 Br E. B. BORRON. Esq. 
 
 StipriKlin rii MafliHrnh. 
 
 PRINTED HY ORDER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLT. 
 
 TORONTO; 
 PRINTED BY WARWICK i, SONS, 68 AND 70 FRONT STRE 
 
 1891 . 
 
 ET WEST, 
 
^^ 
 
 Objet 
 Theli 
 The a 
 
 Impos 
 
 /^ 
 
 Cf 
 
 FlMI 
 
 jj-5J('-y^ 
 
 'J 
 
 \ 
 
 TJ 
 
 T 
 
 N 
 
 Slbmkr( 
 
 R 
 
 R( 
 
 Lf 
 
 Nt 
 
 The vAsi 
 Til 
 
 Til 
 
 Bri 
 
 Ma 
 Iinj 
 
 Pov 
 
 Pov 
 
 01216 
 
cox TKXTS. 
 
 Objeccof presL'iit report taoe. 
 
 The lakcsuml rivers- thci,. value to'iheprovincJ •' 
 
 ine urea of the lakes CuxcIurivp ,.f fi,„ ,.11 a 
 
 Nova Scotia. A ;':'"':^."^''-«■-'/'''^^^ Ontario. e,ual to tho entire area.;; 
 
 IMP0R^N,.K AXU V...K OK LakKS. ..o.s.st. nui^KLV ' ' 
 
 First, in the tish which they contain 
 
 Second, in the navi,a.,lo water-stretclios thoy afford ' 
 
 rhn-d, ,n the land which may be reclain.ed * 
 
 Fourth, in the unfailing wator-powor they ,,,,,.,iy 4 
 
 F1.SI, ' ' ^ 4 
 
 Some kinds of fi.sli in all the lakes 
 
 With the exception of th(> io'..iit 1..1- ,0 1 A. 
 
 " fisl-riei- . . . .'.'':': :'::'', '■'^':« -->>; ^ -^y few „thers, capable of alf^.ding 
 
 Extract from report for 188.J showin.' tlw> „. » ^ r ", 4 
 
 " pisciculture ' or lish-b^eXg' . '^''''' "^ "^'^ ^'^^'^^ -^d their value for 
 
 Further remarks on this subject . .°. 4 
 
 Fish-food not abundant in u.any of ihe'interior lakes " ' Mu.vle,.l *' ^ 
 
 M,ght be re-stocked with Carp, or the Loch trout of .< s H '' •^-"'^ 
 
 The desirability of setting apart son.e lakes for i;;!,.;;;;:'"''' ""'' "''^^'^^^- 7 
 NA\UiATIOX : 7 
 
 Value of inland and interior lakes for navit.^ition 
 
 Useful— during first settlement 8 
 
 The possibility of voyaging on lakes and rivers in' ^..',n ) « 
 
 be navigable in a comn.on-sense n.eanim, of "int en ; '' ""' '"■"^■^' '"'f'""' f" 
 
 Navigable stretches beginning and ending in U,e Province « 
 
 SuBMURoEr Land : 8 
 
 Reclamation of (from report of J 888) 
 
 Results of subsequent examination 8 
 
 Lakes and streams, as .sources of water-power H 
 
 Narrative showing that the wr.ter is specially .ualiiied'todeal' wid/tin' " 'u' " 
 
 The vast importance of '• Power ,.v Ge...ha..- " '"' '^ 
 
 The meaning thereof (Ipfiii.1,1 t, i ^i 
 
 ""o:r5=i,'sr;.'&-^"''- '- ■■■•»- .«k".'...:. ;.,:,;,,;.;„,,;, '^ 
 
 Brief review showing that Agriculture has been renrlo,.' '1 ' ' ' "u 1" 
 
 Manufacturing industries, vastly more Z^n^ ""'=' '''''''' 1« 
 
 Immense amount of labor disj.ensed with. Such Vibor",^, ■■.■., ^^ 
 
 character consisting mostly of " minding t^en.acl.iierv " '"'""■"' "^ '' ''"ht 
 
 Power required in mining operations ^ •■ 1« 
 
 Power now employed in all the most conimon'^ecupations' and 'm^^un. '' 
 
 la 
 
iv. 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 Tdh vast impoktanok ok •' I'owKit IN Oknkkai.."— C<m^t».i/«/. i-aoh. 
 
 Power CBpecially iiiiportiint in traiisiiortntion I7 
 
 Tho comf.irt, ovoii liixiiiy. "f travclliii^ at tiju proscnt day, as coiiiiiiirod with what 
 
 it wuM ill our i^rainlfatliern' timo I7 
 
 Tho yreut hooii that IncomotivcN, stuaiii»hii)M ami railways liavi- ln'.ii to mankiinl . 17 
 
 Writer saw lirnt Lfivat railway (ppuin'il J7 
 
 Power valaal>li' a» a uumiis of prodiifinj,' li'^ht, hoat ami ulectrieity I7 
 
 The fact tliat powor am !)(> I raiiHinuteil iiitt. t;leitriciry, traii»iiiitti'(I over caMo to 
 Htiipo 1 uint or other, miles away, and then rocoiivertud into power a!,'aiii, of the 
 
 yreato.-t iinpnriaiu'e j^ 
 
 Soi'IlCKS OK PoWKl; 
 
 Without power, no niaiiiif icturin^' indiistriis poMsible 18 
 
 Iniinediate or apparent aotiroua of (lower, (irst .steatii, second Water, third Wind, 
 
 Primary source of pdwer in all -" tlie .Siiii " ih 
 
 First Steam. Its im[inrtance and vahie iini\>Msally admitted |H 
 
 Most valuable where fuel is most ahiuidain and cheapest 18 
 
 Second Water. The orij;in of water-power, ami the uiaiMu r in which it acts 18 
 
 Third Wind. Pioliahly the t,'ieate»t of " force^' " 18 
 
 Employed in iiavijiatinn from tiiue innnemorial 18 
 
 And will he available for that and other purposes lony after '' Steam-power " has 
 
 ce.ascd to be obtainaVile 18 
 
 Winil-milla have been very useful in workiii-,' pumps and for siiiudintj grain and 
 other purposes, where constancy or steadiness in the motive-power was n.>t 
 required 
 
 Not suitable as a motive-power for manufact\irinj; purpo-iea geuorallv 
 It is probable, that some way to overcome this "irregularity" will yet bo devised. 
 Hut in dealing with tho (luestidii of Ontario's resources, in regard of ''power" 
 tho writer will confine himself to steam-power, and water-power 19 
 
 The I osition of Ontario in rou'ard to steam-iiower. As an all-round u-'eful engine, 
 
 the steam-engine is unsurpassed !'...'. 19 
 
 Has led^'tho way to that general substitution of " power and machinery." for 
 manual labor, which has gone on with such surprising rapidity si ce its 
 invention ^9 
 
 Extract from Green's History, chowing the condition of manufactures in England 
 
 about the end of last century j9 
 
 The steam-engine, entirely dependent on the existenci and cost of fuel 20 
 
 'Ft'lU.S AVAIIAULE IN OnT.\UIO : 
 
 VVood— L'lrgely used in times past, but becoming scarce and high in price, and will 
 
 soon be unobtainable as fuel, for steam-raising purposes 21 
 
 Peat — Prodigious (juantities of this fuel in tho north 21 
 
 May be utilized with cheaper means of trans; ort 2I 
 
 Lignite -Also found in tho north. But cannot he lai-l down in Southern Ontario so 
 
 as to afford a cheap fuel for steam-raising 21 
 
 Coal- -No true coal, thought to be in the province 2I 
 
 Little prospect of coal being obtained either from the Maritime Provinces or L'nited 
 
 States, at other than high prices 21 
 
 Hence Southern Ontario's position in regard of " fuel," and consequ ntly of 
 
 " steam-power " very unfavourable 21 
 
 P0.SITION OF OnTAKU), IV REfiAKD OF WaTER-I'OWEK ; 
 
 A very momentous i|uestion answered 22 
 
 No people in the world, probably, more highly favoured in regard of water-power 
 than the " Dominion " and no Province than Ontario 22 
 
17 
 
 I'd with what 
 
 17 
 
 > iii;iiil<iiiil . 17 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 iver civMo to 
 aifaiii, iif tlie 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 third Wind, 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 , iicts 18 
 
 IH 
 
 18 
 
 ■|iiiwer " has 
 18 
 
 'j; griiin and 
 *'er was not 
 19 
 
 1ft 
 
 bo devised. 
 )f '■ jHiwer " 
 19 
 
 'eful engine, 
 19 
 
 hinery," for 
 ty si CO its 
 19 
 
 in England 
 ' 19 
 
 20 
 
 CO, and will 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 1 Ontario so 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 !3 or United 
 21 
 
 squ ntly of 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 yater-power 
 22 
 
 PoMTrON OK ONTAUro .v KK..AK,. OK Watek-lowk..- 0.,^.,„ , 
 Quebec, nearly, if „,.t ,,uito as amply , rovidod for 
 When available where wanted. (;ood 
 
 manufacturing purposos ' ^^''^'''--I'""'"'' «"n'^i« «« steam-power for 
 
 '" " m^Z S;;;'"'"."'r"";'. ---^'-^Vuel ^.r the lattJ.' ;an' .. obtained' for 
 
 High rents paid for good water-power even 'in Scotland 
 
 The cheapest power known to us. and .,ne of nature s rich'/st gifu 
 
 <Juotati„n fro.n Ubamher', F IvT ' '"""""''■' '^ ""' '^'"''"'v ... 
 
 of reservoirs iS:,^^':;'::^ '".'■' -"-''^^^^ '---^y and usefulness 
 
 I'AI.E. 
 
 22 
 
 ty and usefulness 
 in.port.u.ce and vaiu.'''of th^i;!:^;^' li;;!';":,;^^^ ^ri"""^ "« '"• ""^ i>'""«"«e 
 
 anunn.t of the provincial water-power "'"'' "^ 'he enor.nous 
 
 ''"S^l^^n^l^t :;b,::Ld'"" "'''' "' ^'^^ "^•-'-"■" -'-h 'h^-; H. ers .;.! water: 
 
 '"^^n,rYS':2;r^/^:''';S''tK^^^ 
 
 unlunited "' "''' water-power cf Ontario practically 
 
 Wherein w,iter-pr,wer is („r ,uther h 
 
 reasons for its (hitherto; r^tZt^ZJ:S Jl^Z.!^''''^''''^ "''' *'- 
 I>"pos,.b.l.ty hitherto, of substituting water-nower for J 
 
 or on railways ° "'"'^r-power tor steaiii-power in navigation 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 -24 
 
 2« 
 
 i.i.:. Uilticulty aiihost c>,i^ploteu 
 
 iiiagnetic motors ' 
 
 Water-power alway 
 
 I.', cico 
 
 g piir])OHes 27 
 
 28 
 
 -'■';'>i„f :>y Micans ■ t electricity and electro- 
 
 al 
 d. 
 
 not 
 tured 
 
 Sers;idT:^:^n.;:nS5 :^r:i 'r' ^"-'r '■^'^^e'p.a^ywhei 
 
 and rarely that "'"'«"""«l "'th advantage iKore than two , ,• three i.iilei 
 
 Ilith 
 and 
 
 rely that. . . ' ^ '" """'"tage iKore tban two , ,■ three i.ii'les! 
 
 Vlir"" '!"'. """"""" '"" »'"" "» P""' "..y ....y .a„t : 
 
 28 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 from Niagara 
 """'s^i^' Tonmto niay obtain a very large' aniount' ^.f' wate^-pow^r i^n Lake 
 
 ahould^ot^erthing^beingeS)^^ 
 
 ^Mb.) 
 
 31 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 JS 
 
VI. 
 
 Po.moV OK ()N,..H,., ,N Rk„„.„ ok VVvrKK-KOWKK Continual. 
 
 TIliB •• Krciit iiinveiuuiit ' (thu " I; 
 I 
 
 In tho main, » byneHcmt 
 
 still ^oi„K^.„ .'^".'"' '"'"''-•'» '"'<l "-^t .l.Htros8iM„ lul..,r„f n.tnkin.l) i« 
 
 I'AOK. 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 Mu«t n.Hult in , "7:'"'""». '»'"« calculate.! to a,n«li„ratu lluir oon.li. ion . 
 
 Mu«t r-Hult u- an t.Morn.„„8ly .ncn-a...,! dunwiml for ,.»w«r 
 
 Kloctr>c railways can l.o oj.oratea v.,,. ..,u.a,.ly l.y n.uan.s of wator.V./.wi.r 
 
 Conservation of (.rovincial rlMlits ... ^^ 
 
 then. ....:."" _•'-'' '•''' f""'"'"'' '"">■ "ssun.o tiR, risl.t t.. control 
 
 Tliette extrome views oonihatted ^^ 
 
 33 
 
 CONHEKVATIO.N OK PlhI.IC Rl(iIllH : 
 
 rho wator- power, sIkjuM he a " francli 
 Suggestions First, that in all fulnio saios 
 
 iHo' of tho i)eo|.lo, and carefully guarded 
 
 35 
 
 R«VKNUB 
 
 rosorvod S....,.iwl ^U.,^ \' ""n"" """''' "^ '**'"'' ""'""'s i""' water-power be 
 
 The r.nt.l ,,f ,,„ |,„,,i„|„| ,„,„.,.„,„ . |^„,„,|j. |,^|,j„_^j^. ^,^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 ever 
 
 
 3ft 
 
 35 
 30 
 36 
 
 Hon. 
 
 water 
 
 1 
 lake.s, 
 weste 
 
 I 
 forth 
 derive 
 these 
 our .sii 
 
 Ii 
 
 therei) 
 
PAIIR. 
 
 ' " iirid till) 
 
 ;ti 
 
 iililioii . . 32 
 
 ;J2 
 
 [lit III! riiil- 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 itrictH hikI 
 
 32 
 
 >rre8]Miii(l- 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 lilkus and 
 to C(iiiti()l 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 uanloil . , 35 
 
 power bt! 
 of year.-'. 
 35 
 
 evouuo.. 36 
 is Bourco, 
 •cu wlmt- 
 
 35 
 
 IS Hteaiu- 
 
 36 
 
 ill order 
 36 
 
 Hon. O. Mow AT, 
 
 Attorney-General, etc., etc., 
 Toronto. 
 
 Toronto, L )tli April, 1891. 
 
 SlR,-I have the honour to submit herewith a report on thr water ami 
 water-powers of the Province of Ontario. 
 
 The object of this report is, to show the groat importance and vuhic of the 
 lakes, rivers and streams with which Ontario (more especially the northerly and 
 westerly parts thereof) abounds. 
 
 It is also designed to impress on the Government the necessity which exists 
 for the largest possible provincial control if the people of the province are to 
 derive the largest po.s.sible benefit from the natural advantages which affords 
 these lakes, streams and rivers, due regard being had to the reasonable, claims of 
 our sister provinces. 
 
 In order to this and to the conservation of the public rights or interests 
 therein, various suggestions are respectfully offered for your consideration. 
 
 I have the honour to be. 
 Sir, 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 E. B. BORRON, 
 
 Stipendiary Magistrate. 
 
 1(B.) 
 
] 
 
 LAKI 
 
 MORE F 
 
 SI 
 
 Ini 
 time, to 
 ernraent 
 beyond 
 resource 
 
 Inc 
 " that h( 
 and assii 
 and sub 
 conditio! 
 are not i 
 and had 
 ment am 
 and seri( 
 of dealin 
 value of 
 birth, ha 
 of that s 
 
 The 
 with res] 
 apprecial 
 the Prov 
 
REPORT OF 
 
 E. B. BORRON, 
 
 STIPENDIARY MAGISTRATE, 
 
 WITH BESPECT TO TUB 
 
 LAKES AND RIVERS. WATER AND WATER-POWERS OF THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO, 
 
 MORE PARTICULAKr.y THOSK IN THE NORTHERLY AND WESTERLY PARTS, WITH 
 
 SUGGESTION IN REQARD TO THE CONSERVATION OF PROVINCIAL AND 
 
 PUBLIC RIGHTS THEREIN. 
 
 +i^ f T'^ which the writer has had the honour to submit, from time to 
 
 time, to the Honourable the Attorney-General, for the information of the Gov- 
 ernment the leading topographical features of the Provincial Territory on and 
 beyond the height of land, and its agricultural, mineral, timber, and other 
 resources have all been, more or less, particularly described. 
 _ In compliance with the instructions received at the time of his appointment 
 that he would be expected to procure and forward information, and to advise 
 and assist in sett mg all matters relating to our new territory : " he has procured 
 and submitted all the information he could obtain in reference to the social 
 cond>tion of the native and other inhabitants of this vast territory And as thev 
 are not represented m either the House of Cora.nons or the Legislative Assembly 
 and had no other means of doing so, he has not failed to lay before the Govern- 
 ment and Legislature what have appeared to him their most imperative wants 
 and serious grievances with such suggestions and advice as to the proper mode 
 of dealing with, or settling the same, as seemed to him bes^. F.ut the economic 
 value of the numerous lakes, and of the rivf IS and streams to which they .rive 
 
 o'tt; ';'f,lV ^ ^" «'ly and c: haustively dealt with as the great importance 
 ot that subject unquestionably demands. ^ 
 
 The object of the present report, therefore, is to supply further inf„r,n.at,ion 
 witli respect to the lakes and rivers in order that that their tiue value mav be 
 appreciated and understood, and steps taken to protect or guard die interests of 
 the Province and of the people at large, in connection therewith 
 
lakes a,„l live", on V X riic ,. ,.ir !'■'" '.'l" ",'' "■"'"'" ^"'""''"""i »" «>»e 
 
 chiefly :-"'''°''""°° ""'' ™'"'' "*' *™ """"-i >™'«" 'o U,e Province consist 
 Ist. In llie lish wJiicli they contain. 
 2ncl. In tlie navigable- vvatei-stretchuh tliey afford, 
 yixl. In the land which may l)u reclaimed. 
 4th. In the unfailing water-power they supply 
 
 Fish. 
 Erie and Ontario (3>VcaCl he oe'n^k^^ > .V''.'' t^'''''' ^"••°°' 
 
 »»ppo..t .„.u a™ „o„"n;;.!;f;™n;£r;',' CinrLrr!,^';^: fcr!; i^isita'^ 
 it is lt;tr';:°xrv:;;;;,;icti'"- ■•'-■»«■■• --^ or t,,™, „,i„„ 
 
 In his report for the year 1888 dp (14 <\\ ..r.-! nc *i 
 dealing with thi.s .subject L-s '' i\p Snf t',, i T/^' ^'','' )''"*''"''' '^'"'^ th^'" 
 extencfs nmnv nulerioth north -uul south T. ^ ""'I'"']''' '^' ^V^^^ "^ ^'""^^ ^^^ 
 network of lakes. Tl"e Zt co/'s dl^l , ,t th ''^"'' ^l'^'"'^';?-^' ''^ ^ P^^^'f^^'^ 
 short distance south, and ll g ia i nn^edilte Inorrnf^th' ^^'^"T', ^^'-l"^ ^ 
 are however, hundreds of othc^r lakes va vi ' t 7^\romlS^"f'''\ ^«f "' 
 square mi le,s. Nor are thev confined to fl* i • w v f ,% '^^''*^' <^o ^^ 
 Lakes Huron .„,! S.^erio/iKri"'' y r'Sv'„,:'„t';l''f Z 'r""" 
 
 cnti,.olv ri.„i„ oli/pi" :et™he'ja? ot. \. la ^s'lulied ™ ti^ "'"?'' "» 
 
 and which are partly so Such ]i]<,^< f,.,- iJt "*?•..?,. *''"^ 'wundaries, 
 
 boundary, and Rainy Lake Lake of the Wo Tl"' S' ^^'^H'' "'' '''' '^'^^'^ 
 Lake .1 Joseph, ol. ot^outel' d\°e^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-ke. and 
 
 exclusive, entirely, of what we call our " o,w i«L, ''^""''^"^■^- ^hese again are 
 Ontario, one halt- of which or rnmV Lnf rK b 5 ' ^'I^'^''' H"^'on, Erie and 
 What may be the total am. o tl sSe ^ eS In f f •" ^T''''' '^ ^^"^'^™- 
 included within the boundaries of 'hrpS fn'."'"' °^''"' ''"''^'' '^^es 
 state of our knowle.lge o the countiv can tn K ^^ ''' " -'^^'' " *''' ^"'""''^ 
 alone, probably not less thrr^Sric^rem^S "\^ »-^ '^^r 
 
 area of all the other lakes in the Province (inclusive ,1' ihl\ AT?"°^' *'^^ 
 to be SaOOO .square n.iles, and I a.n ^e^suai dti;;:t lesf ^e ^^^^^^^ 
 mies of submerged land, Much of this will in the fu ure jl ' • '^"""'l 
 millions of acres of land reclaimed More of tlVis nn«f • / ™'"*^'*' ''"^ 
 
 SS -:fe.-^;x^:o-aKiiH!r:ir^™ ^« 
 *isS:^'zt;:^;:t;?:stt,t's;;5-i:je;;-'s,:r^°^ 
 
tario is well 
 ed to those 
 the area of 
 
 ince consist 
 
 every lake 
 or, Huron, 
 n. Lake of 
 le lakes do 
 kind as to 
 Fisheries." 
 
 em might, 
 
 vhen then 
 
 f land and 
 
 a perfect 
 
 2d. There 
 s to fifty 
 1 between 
 
 <|uite, as 
 ^' between 
 which lie 
 nindaries, 
 r eastern 
 lake, and 
 again are 
 Erie and 
 ' Ontario. 
 ds, lakes 
 i present 
 eat lakes 
 ning the 
 srritory), 
 •Oscjuare 
 led, and 
 
 covered 
 ion, and 
 
 imits of 
 ;se lakes 
 as those 
 erritory 
 
 are worthless ; they take it for granted that the world is going to stand still 
 Mine IS a different faith. I believe that this territory, hitherto m) inaccessible, is 
 on the eve of being opened up, and all its various resources developed. Now,' as 
 r^ards fish, the larg.u- lakes, more particularly Lake Nipigon, are capable of 
 affording employment to many fi.shcnnen, and of yielding, at least for a time 
 consulerable quantities of excellent tish without any particular care or attention! 
 But in the future, when the art of tish-breediiig and raising shall be as well 
 understood and as systematically practised as cattle-breeding or the raising of 
 poultry, r think the smaller lakes will be more valuable, and produce more tis?i in 
 proportion to their area than the larger ones. Tiiey will be much more manage- 
 al)le, so to speak, and thus afford a better opportunity for the exercise of the 
 knowledge and skill which mankind have acquired, or may hereafter acquire, 
 bearing on the successful practice of what is called " pisciculture" or ti.sh culture.' 
 Left siniply to the operation of natural law.s, our lakes and rivers contain fish 
 and " fishes,,' if I may be pai'doned for using such an expression. Bv fish, I 
 mean those kinds which obtain their nourislinient from sources which directly 
 contribute little oi- nothing toward the sustenance of man. For example, all 
 those varieties of fish which feed upon insects, or the larva) of insects, worms, 
 snails, grubs, caterpillars, grasshoppers, upon nioUusca or shellfish, or crawfish^ 
 and even on minnows, or other small fish, which however numerous, would be of 
 little or no impoitance as food for man. I include under this head also all those 
 kinds of fish, if there be such, as are vegetarians or herbivorous, drawing their 
 subsistence, in whole or in part, from the gi'asses and plants growinrr on the 
 submerged land or in the water itself ° 
 
 By " fishes " I would lie understood to mean predatory or carnivorous fishes, 
 which live by devouring, for the most part, the otiier kinds of tish referred to 
 above, namely, those which, while themselves good for food, consume nothing 
 which man himself could or would eat. 
 
 Now, without having made a .study of the subject, it appears to ine that the 
 aim of the fish culturist should be to keep such kinds and such numl)ers of fish as 
 will utilize all the fish food afforded by his pond or lake ; preferrinir of course 
 those kinds which will yield the largest return, in respect of quantity and 
 quality of human food. On the other hand the predatory fishes, such as the 
 pike, should, it seems to me, be entirely banished or excluded from the ponds or 
 lakes, if possible. The result of allowing such fishes to remain being, that 
 although they may in due time themselves become the fo.^d of man, tiiey will 
 probably have consumed more than twenty times their weight of better fish, 
 which, but for them, might also have become human food. This would be any- 
 thing but true economy. We know pretty well how many pounds of corn 'it 
 takes to make a p.iund of pork, or a pound of beef ; but we are entirely in the 
 dark (at least I am) as to how many pounds of herring or white-fish are required 
 to make a pound of pike, of dore or pickerel, or even of lake trout. It is 
 difficult to form even a conjecture on the subject, but I am inclined to think that 
 in piitting it at twenty times their own weight, I am very much below the truth. 
 If this is so, those smaller lakes, in respect of which an intelligent system of 
 pisciculture can be adopted, will, as 1 have .said, be more valuable and productive 
 in proportion to their area, than the larger lakes. Fish-breeding can be carried 
 on in the smaller lakes by private individuals. If favourably situated as regards 
 drainage, inferior kinds of fish, such as the sucker, and the predatory fishes,''such 
 as the pike, can be weeded out, and only those which are in every respect 
 desirable retained ; or foreign stock might be imported and introduced, in some 
 cases, with decided advantage. In the large lakes, where it is practically im- 
 possible to do this, there can be no scientific pisci diure in the proper sense of 
 
P-ke may l.e taken is thelyrr *''' P'-^^'^t^'-y ^-^^-- of wl.ich the 
 
 prodat.ry f5s}, is actually proto o.l whil i^. ^ ' '^"' ''T'''^ °*'''^'' ^ind of 
 
 of t.c^-.ate,. fisi.es. i.T iiK^ti;:;;;^,,:!^^^;^^^'^ " ''" ^'«^* ^^^-^''^ 
 
 oultinc/' in Chambers' &evcro|«,SL " "" ""«'»'i"f-' «iel<' »n Tisci- 
 
 increase of tlie supply of food anVr f M i. , °^ economy, tending, to the 
 -ode,n Europe tl!i^ IZlhoi ptc 'ulture";:'T'^' "'""\ /" '^^^'^ countries of 
 able extent, particularly in Gen any 1 " slt. t'' ^'''r'ff ^^ '^ ^^'^>' ^«"«ider- 
 •n order to the suppl/of fish f r Ihe mS '/'" p • ''''' ^^^^''^ '" France, 
 systematically pzJe'cfte,,. Tn Gernly nortlsV, f ?'*^'" ", ''"'^ "^'^"^^ ^^^^ 
 very productive and ron.unerativr'neVrca^Snfl^ '?S"^'''' '"■ '^''^ ^"""^ 
 '»a,-y a piece of land, at present very worflZJ I'V^' "' m*''^* '" ^'''^^'"' '^''^«. 
 a pond and be made io yield lallcZantit of' "'^n' ?^''?' ^,*^ «°"verted into 
 ■seems almost never to be thought f M 1 '-'''''r'^ ^■'''' = ^"* «"f^'» " thing 
 old a^Mvell-I<nownt,,theaSent ta]i.H,Tl r.f^'T"^^^ ''^^^^^l "»" '^^ 
 
 or a number of centuries. I'he art „ br, ^^'^.ch has fallen into abeyance 
 
 known to the luxurious Ilomans iW? a t b 7, 'TV''"*i""'" ^'^^ was well- 
 tlie in.renions Chines<. who ■ n nn,I . i ■ ^''"^^less been borrowed from 
 
 Cbinese a n.ost in.poi," h' Ue! '" dilr'arS" f ^'T' V''' ^"^"'« *" ^hf 
 territory of China, and the <,u mt li. f fl? '"?• *'''^* ^^■^*^'"'' o*" tbe water 
 
 After an inte,estingacc:tn;';;;"S';S^.^';;;;;;,-^-^ '' '^ very cheap." 
 the writer "oes (;n to s-iv ■ " 'Pi,,. . ^ ,. ."h "'^ puisued at Hununoue, in France 
 
 Leland, at the fi.sCi: .f Lou s ifsfrrr"" '? ^^T '^,^" -^r^duced into 
 wbo have obtained excellent -acticd^^^^ "'" ^^'-^^^«''«- Ashwoith, 
 
 contain an areu of of water Lai to t/irtvfil!"' ^'"" f^''^'^^'- The louyhs 
 the .sea having been opened t lev , 1 f "^ -.r'?' ^"'' '-^communication with 
 confident thafit is as' ."y , , .sZfital^ if"? ' T^ '^' Proprietors are 
 
 a.t.de cor.clude.1 as follow ''Tl ere Is no nralr' '*^f ?«""'? "' ^'^'^^P" '''"« 
 rend..„.g., hereof water as produ:;rve<.":n':ct of K^;;^^^^ '^ ''^ -'^' '" 
 
 there b^ 2. ^ISpl^lifbm^li^ll^^Se^^Y^V^' "^'^ ^"l^"''^ -~. 
 like as productive as an acre of hn 1 " 1 ■ 'V*^**^'' ^emg rendered anything 
 
 20,000 L)uare miles o" 12 800 000 -Icr t If^T;'^ "f' •^'^'"'^'^'^ '""«^ '^^ 'hf 
 ineludclin the Province ^f Ontario be ^ ^^^^'^ 
 
 should be taken to maintain the rhht of the nell^'T:', ^\' ''''y P'-^caution 
 against all claimants. ^ * *''*' P'"P'*= «* the Province thereto us. 
 
 oppoS:y's;:s^t;,sid^L::^^^^ ^^n,^"*^^ ^^^ •^"^ ^-^h- 
 
 *ThiB should, I think, be square miles Th^rMTfiT" " ^— 
 
 quarennles. Thirty.five acres is a very small she^t of water.-KB^i; 
 
if the larrreat. 
 B to aid and 
 3 -fish, ancj tu 
 >f wliich the 
 
 law.s may be 
 ther kind of 
 lost valuable 
 
 :^ on "Pisci- 
 
 ire than any 
 "ding to the 
 
 countries of 
 ry consider- 
 < in France, 
 
 never been 
 ), are found 
 Britain, also, 
 iverted into 
 udi a thing 
 vival uf an 
 o abeyance 
 
 was well- 
 •owed from 
 f collecting 
 rms to the 
 
 the water 
 iry cheap." 
 
 in France, 
 )ducod into 
 
 Ashwoith, 
 fhe loughs 
 'ation with 
 •rietors are 
 ep." This 
 is said, in 
 
 increases, 
 '■ anything 
 1st be the 
 eat lakes) 
 )recaution 
 thereto as. 
 
 d further 
 lich have 
 e is now 
 height of 
 y tish as 
 
 E.B.B. 
 
 those of the same si/e in Europe— or even the lower lying and deeper lakes south 
 of the watershed. This i.s owing mo.st likely to a deHciency of food or or<i'anic 
 matter, animal or vegetable. It may well be that this should he the case dniincr 
 the long and severe winters ; but on the other liand uiany kimls of H.sh require 
 iittJe food at that sea.son. Two important articles, however, of tish-food are 
 either entirely wanting or very scarce—there arc no earth-worms— and as com- 
 pared with Southern Canada and the Noitliern States tliere are very few frof^s • 
 and probably otiier kind.s of food may be more or le.s.s deficient. Auain, lakcs"in' 
 lower lying di.stricts receive the wat.. s of numerous .streams and i)rooks which 
 supply the fish therein with a great deal of food. But these on the height of 
 land plateau have comparatively few and unimportant tributary streams Hence 
 another cause of the scarcity of food. The presence of leeches, "too, in consider- 
 able numbers in many of these lakes is no doubt more or les.s prejudicial. That 
 leeches -uo kill even large fish is certain— the writer in one instance found a dore 
 or picrceiel about two pounds in weight dying and with the leech still attached 
 to It , and lias repeatedly caught or seen large pike thin and emaciated and show- 
 ing wounds inflicted on them as it is believed by leeches. It is jji-obable there- 
 foi'e, to .say the least, that the leech may destroy large numbers of small fi,sh, if 
 not also a great deal of the ova or spawn. 
 
 As many of the.se lakes can be drained at a moderate expense, sluices by 
 which the water might be drawn oH'at plea.sure— as is usually the civse in fish 
 ponds— would enable the owner or lessee to rid himself of sucli no.xious creatures 
 —and of all such fishes as the pike, whose presence in the lake is either posi- 
 tively injurious or otherwise undesirable. And at the same time would admit of 
 its being restocked with other more valuable kinds of fish. Another advantac^e 
 aflorded by such an arrangement would be that the fish could be taken with little 
 or no trouble or labor for sale or consumption whenever re(iuired. It is possible 
 that the " Carp " so valuable in tliis connection— in Europe might prove a profit- 
 able kind of fish in this country. Tlie writer has caught a variety of trout in 
 Ballygrant ^an almost land-locked lake in the Island of Islay, Scotland,) and in 
 other completely land-locked " Lochs " or lakes high up in tlie liills of Argyleshire 
 —which he believes if introduced into the lakes on the height of land" plateau 
 would as certainly succeed as the Highlandman himself does when planted on the 
 soil of Canada. This loch-irout, while differing from the brook-trout, is not the 
 large lake trout or '' salin i-ferox " of that country, nor is it the salmon-trout of 
 our great lakes. While the trout caught in other lochs weighed generally from a 
 quarter of a pound to a pound weight— those taken in Ballvgrant Loch avera'^ed 
 nearly two poumls in weight. The fiesh of thi.« variety of the lake trout is o1 a 
 yellowish or pinkish tint and of fine fiavor. It rises freely to the fiy and affords 
 the true angler the sport which he most eagerly desires and heartily enjoys. 
 
 If the rights of the Piovince in respect of these inland lakes were fully 
 established it would be very desirable and greatly in the interest, not of anglers 
 only, but of the public generally that .suitable lakes .should be selected in which 
 to carry out experiments of the character indicated in the jtreceding paragraph, 
 We have, and that very properly, experimental farms, the object of^which'is to 
 find out what plants and what breeds of domestic animals are best adapted to the 
 conditions of soil and climate in various parts of the country, and which can at 
 the same time be cultivated or raised with the greatest advantage. Valuable 
 experience and results have thus doubtless been obtained. In like manner— may 
 we expect— that carefully conducted experiments, with the view tf) ascertainini^ 
 what kinds of fish can be raised with the greatest success in our inland waters,, 
 will also be attended with valuable results. 
 
The expense could not be very "reafc and if fha v„.„u i v 
 
 Navigation. 
 
 In regard to the value of the inlan.l lakes and rivers of Ontario for the nur 
 pose oi navigation it is not necessary to say very much Thev hn vl ;. h1 ^ I 
 been not only useful but in.Iispensab^Ie alikl toTr^lei i^trpi^r an7the 
 
 l" s ™i toSie^'; ""' *" "'^*% '^''T ^^^^ been alinost equairv^luable in 
 mil,«^S K .•P'''"T' ^"'' settlers-whethcr farmers, lumbermen or 
 
 These navigable water-stretches almost invariably on other than boundnru 
 
 be under the exclusive control of the Government of Ontario ' 
 
 3rd. Submerged I-and. 
 It may bo truly said of some lakes that the water is worth more to f hp 
 
 fZu" M^ n" w, ^^"^ ""^''^ '^ ''''''''■ ^°^ °'' «ther lakes tli^w be sadw?h 
 equa truth that the submerged land or " bed - is more valuable tlmn the titer 
 
 Lake NiVhttwf tT''"7 'V" ^" 'u'Pu''* °^"*^"^^ ^^^''' «"«1^ ^« ^bittibi, Bank 
 
 a'ltdl'lfatfof'^etrdm^^^^^^^^^^ ""^' '^" "^^ °"^^ ^^^>^ ^^"^"^^ ^"^ - «i*"- 
 
 This wap shown by the writer in his report for 1888-89 on that nart of thp 
 
 Provincial territory in which these lakes are situated. And i tn ay n Jt be out of 
 
 &%tZrks^-'''' ^'' *'"'^ ''''■ ^" P^=^ '' ^' -^- -ill bT founTthe 
 
 " There is one feature common to almost all the lakes in this territory whirh 
 I regard as of the greatest importance in estimating its capabiTi iS aid vafue in 
 an agricultural point of view. And that is the remarkable shailowness of the 
 
 I 
 
9 
 
 as it nmv appear-a mean denth of If.? • ^^ '"^ '"J"'"" ""^e'^-and incredible 
 opinion, ton feet Tl e som,d?, ! l '" *''^ "."""'"'' "«<^ exceeding, in my 
 
 nLrexceedtlnine tt ^venf ^''f^.^'t ""' ''''"^^ ''^^^ 
 
 shore. I l.ave l.een tol 1 Zever thafU « "^^ 
 
 of the lake, thou-^h shallow ^00*^'.,.'^ ''""'^''^^ ^^'^per on the north .ide 
 which i.s seonnn<rU tl r v n. forf^ '? '^" 'T' ^^"'^ ^ake. the area of 
 
 i-Hl^inf. from what I saw nf i l/ ^^T" '"''f •.^»' "'^ ^veiage depth of which 
 
 NJiThthawk ji-:'w[trii ; tXh^^^^^^ "^h *^^- •^' 
 
 milen, and vet nowhere that wr.n,,nlT- "■ '"^^'\"^'^*l''''»'*t one hundred square 
 without takin.r in o acoonni Z ,'", '* "'°''^ *^^" **^" '^-^^^ in depth. Thus 
 
 ."arshes. I find" i f threo.npalt v"i v i" f^f ■^' T '' ''^^^ ^f""'' ^^'^^ ^°"^ »»«^--» 
 than five hundred ruaTmlt ml '"'f^'-'f''t.on explored thi.s .season not less 
 far greater vaH ffZt T^^J^l' '^^^^^^^^^ the 
 
 its outtt a fan ' call^dT^uo^lcTn^^'TvT-^^ "-'"^'f' ^" ^!"^ -pect. there being at 
 
 It the apparently ,?l^ovvr of Sove^^^ ^^""^ "^'-V ^-t- 
 
 partially removed it would Jo f.. or i , *''® '^'''^'' descends were only 
 
 oo.p.c.^lydrairAhVgr:i^;f;:;;\:^JA^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 in the case of Lake Abit bi ol 1 rii • * ' ""'^ ""l "^^'^^ "^^g^t be expected 
 Holland, where fo,V ho, ^nd^cres^flnVl^^^ '' ' k' "^ ?""'^"^ ^'^^^ - 
 
 case, however, the -xte^firacSl^lt^XeTiut''"^;:^"). '" '''"'' 
 appeal', was successfullv annn,.,,.!,'..!.; i i (-'"■'l^pea out. lliis,dimcult as it may 
 
 several large S owerf u^^^^^^^ a^^^^^^^^ f"?i't '°'"P""^ ^^''^° ^"^P^^V^d 
 
 wall, famous in tl ^^ °e day if no^Sf Z't^ ' '\! ^"' "."* ""^*'^'^'^"' •"^"'"•'^- 
 and machinery. It took a numbeVo • I '^^cellence of its pumping engines 
 
 when completed some of thJ ^i^e S%oTr""; •" ^^7^ ^he lake, and "even 
 
 dmined,fo^thebedofthelakeS^bio^\°hJ^L^^^^^^^ '" T^^'*^'' *° ^'^^P '' 
 not otherwise be got rid of ° ^^ °^ ^^"^ ''^* *^^ '^^ter could 
 
 level';>^t:^±;?^;;;S';^:!;-t least seven hundred feet above the 
 level forty feet below hComo;. Ytke"^^^^^^^^ 'irop or fall of fifty feet or to a 
 this place has at one time been much wid'^r if , f 1 'T "l^''' >''^\''^' °^^"^''^ ^' 
 But the action of the water ami onlrl/- 1 ,"^ '*"'' ^''^'' '^ ^'^ ^^ P^'esent. 
 bored ages, has broken dol and ^no^ed'^g ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ..luring u'nnun.- 
 
 now, so far as I am nbl^ tn ^0^ " '«'"o^ta tne greater part of this barrier; and 
 
 order to comp^^eTh^ta^nag^^^Tsrr^^^^^^ ^« '^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 little furtLr expen.se woSu I Slene^^^^^^^^^ '''•''" P,""*.' ^^^^ 
 
 streams would soon excavate chaimel.rfor tSnselves in ZV% '"'f- V'*^"'^''^ 
 opinion, the bed or bottom of the lake h ch eZ if not * ,^ >^^ -^ ""-'^ 
 
 uniformity of the depth the color of H,i\^.f ^ a ?u t^"^^y composed. The 
 
 opinion, constitute but a small part of iL wZle. ' ' *""' '" '^^ 
 
10 
 
 roclaimed, I have no 
 may be, and probably 
 of orcanic matter in 
 
 "That this deposit of clay is of considerable thickness I infer, from the fact — 
 that wherever there is a current, whether it be near the mouths of the tributary 
 streams (for a greater or less distance before they enter the lake) in channels of 
 the lake itself, or at and below its outlet, I have invariably found in both this 
 and other lakes similarly situated, that the depth of tlie water in su(^h places 
 greatly exceeds that of the lakes themselves, being rarely less tlian fifteen and 
 sometimes as much as thirty feet. In order to this, the bed must be composed of 
 material easily excavated and removed by a moderate current of water, and on 
 examination this is almost always found to be clay. 
 
 " As regards the fertility and value of the land thus 
 sufficient data to guide me. I am well aware that there 
 is, a great ditlerence in the amount as well as in the kind 
 the sediments deposited in our lakes and in those of Central Europe. I am even 
 inclined to believe that this ditterence is likely to make in favour of the greater 
 fertility of land reclaimed from lakes in oUl and densely peopled countries, or in 
 warmer climates, where land and water alike teem with animal life. Still I do 
 not see why the soil should not be as fertile, if not more s >, than much of the 
 land in the older parts of (Jntario or even in the North-West. This is a question 
 of the tirst imjjortance, but one notwithstanding, which can only be decided by 
 actual experiment. 
 
 "I have already observed that it is by no means improbable that the climate 
 of a wide belt of this northern territory is better adafited for the growth of fall 
 wlieat than that of Manitoba, and it is at least possible that the calcareous clay 
 or marl which forms the bed of this, and many other lakes north of the height 
 of land, may prove when i)roperly drained and worked a g(Jod wheat soil. 
 
 " If this should happily turn out to be the case, or even if the soil and climate 
 be less suited to the growth ot wheat, but capable of yieldin;:^ abundant crops of 
 barley, roots and grass, this land must, beyond doubt or question, become sooner 
 or later of great economic importance and value to the people of this Province. 
 
 "Lake Abittibi is situated about five degrees or say three hundred and fifty 
 miles due north of Toronto, and is nearly equi-distant from Toronto and. 
 Montreal. It lies to the south of any pait of Manitoba or of our North-West 
 territories, and even of some parts of the north shore of Lake Superior. Roughly 
 speaking, this part of the disfjuted territory is no further from Toronto than 
 Sault Ste. Marie. 
 
 " Another important factor in estimating the value of the land that may be 
 thus reclaimed is suggested by the consideration that it will be " cleared land." 
 Wild lands in the older provinces are encumbered with trees and underbrush 
 which must be cut down and burnt up before they can be cultivated at all. 
 This clearing of bush land is itself a laborious and expensive operation, but if 
 the stumps and the roots of the trees have also to be removed, as they must be in 
 order to admit of proper cultivation, and the use of labor saving machinery, the 
 cost is greatly enhanced. 
 
 " But the soil of these lake basins when drained will, I apprehend, be not 
 only unencumbered with trees and roots, but absolutely free from noxious weeds, 
 if not also in such a state of tilth as to allow of the seed, grass or grain as most 
 suitable, being at once sown or put into the ground. 
 
 "Thus, as compared with the prairie land of the far off North-West, reclaimed 
 land, such as I have described, at or near Lake Abittibi, is, other things equal, 
 much more valuable as being from eight hundred to eighteen hundred miles 
 nearer to the common markets for the produce of both. And as compared with 
 
11 
 
 ■«»l. ca«.;. I will »i„,,,l,. , t , '"•. y i" '-■'"' "«n »,.ul,l 1,„ ,„,„i,ii, ;„ 
 Jmina'-rrJ^L^'rilfE;- ,'£!-i y;.i;» .■.«,,!», .„ ,,., „,„„„.„,, ,„, ,,„ 
 
 find either alt 
 uiu,s!a';Tf,s in 
 
 ^ .. this nortluru territon- is a "u eeMn " ''■ '"'"'^''"^' '^^'^'"F- an.l 
 ance to no other as bearing on t\o fitness o?h '' T'T'' "'^""'l '" i"'PO''t- 
 va ue not only to the Province o n a £ \J^ T'^'^ ^''^ •^'^ttle.nent and its 
 subject ui which I have felt th^ loi, . • / ' ^^'' Dominion at lar-f.. it is .. 
 less in view during all\n^' ;/ ;;t'"'?ri ' '"' ""^■'' ' '"^^'^ ^'-I'* ■--- 
 attrac ed as yet that attention fro n en" ineers LT' TvT'' "'''''^'' ^'''^'^ "«* 
 unportance deserves. For not only in t^M. r V 5'^P't'^''«ts which I think its 
 parts of Ontario and of the oHer nvi .V '^'"^" *"''''*"'"^' '^'•* >" "'^^ny other 
 
 favorably situated as to admit ot J i;r;,o7 ''V'""'' ""'"^'-^"'^ ^'^^^^ «« 
 'Irained and the drainage of wide would iS ? l«s>' co.npletely and easily 
 
 point of view, if reasonable arr n'en en s o i T^^^^'^'' f^^'" '" '^ ""^^"'^ial 
 
 nients, and the proprietors of the Ian f nt^ ' on>^n ' T^' f'^' '^'' ''^''''''^■ 
 
 A more careful examination nf H t ? ^ ?^ ' "'^•^^''"* *"■ '''"^^ lakes." 
 
 the opinions just quoted "" "^ '^''^" ''^•^"''^ '^'^« '"'^"o^ving year fully confirmed 
 
 appf r £"3;i[;;s t f ^;^t,^:^;:f ^^-^ --^ ^^'^^'^-vk .um a.i 
 
 hundred .square n.iles the quanti I of itV ,.'''' 'T- ^"' *'"^' '"^t*-'^'' "^ Ave 
 and «M'amps, otherwi.se of ittle or no vn Tuo^ |-«cla.m.d (inclusive of uu.rshes 
 square n.iles or six hundred and L;;.'^^^.!'";^" " '"'^ '^"" '""' ^'"^"^-'l 
 
 the ^S^Sik^^^S^?,:;;^ --^^^ ^-nd as regards 
 
 the season of the year, attaining their^, f fu • ^, "! ^''^"^ ''^^P'-ct according to 
 Juno. This variation' in T I'ev f '^ f ^J^ter^^'^* '" ?t '""."*^'^ ^^ May T^nd 
 Bnow which has accumulated in the woods hrU T'""'^ ^'^. ^^'' '"*^'*'°^^' «f the 
 apparently amount to more than tu,^ o7 ve o ^ t'k '''''";''"- ^^''"*«'- ''-^^^ "ot 
 hundred soundings taken in all par of thesl i;l ,' ''.''"'',^'' "'P^^'^'"'' ^^ five 
 and August (188«) wer.t to slmw^ L re 'r^' 1 ^'^ ''"''""' the months of July 
 Ijke Abittibi. a mean or average denf if ofei^?. 7K\^' '^'^''^y ^^i^ision of 
 greatest or maximum depth in th"e opS Ve! Sng fo^rVe^.^ fe^r^'" ""'^'- '^'^ 
 
 taken^^nh^l^S SlLh^^;! Sl ^^^^^^'^^^ the mean of the soundings 
 >n. were taken near ^or:^:^:^SZ^t^ ^^ ^^ No sound! 
 
 whi£a.re\=^^^^ aTlfn^itT^^S ^d f^^^'T^ "^ ^''" '^^-"^ 
 
 width, one hundred and twelve (im JLa^" ' ""^ *''""' ^''' to ten chain.s m 
 
It 
 
 I 
 
 outlet of Lower Lake Al)ittil)i and Couchicliin^' Falls, u stivteli of about three 
 miles, the (Icptli of the river (Aliittibi) was fouml to ho from fourteen to thirty 
 feet, and width from three to four chains. 
 
 The fall in the distance of al.ont five hundred yards (the length of the port- 
 a^'e) is fifty feet as estimated l>y the ofKcers of the lieoloj^ncnl Survey. About 
 two-thirds of this fall, or sny thirty-three; feet, occurs in the first one hundred 
 and fifty yards. The reef of rock over which the water of the river is here pre 
 cipitated, extends a short distanee above " the fall," aiid althourjh the action of 
 the water and ice have worn a channel of sufficient depth to drain the lake to 
 its present level, if it were intended to drain the lake entirely, considerable rock 
 ciittinj,' would most likely be required, extendinj^ from one hundred to two 
 hundred ya,rds above where the fall begins and the rock is visible. Nevertheless 
 the conclusion reached by the writer, after this second and more carefid exami- 
 nation, WHS, that the cost of draining this immense lake (if no hidden reefs of 
 rock interpose other and greater olistacles than now appear) will be very small 
 as compared with the value of the enormous tract of hind, that would thereby 
 be reclaimed. 
 
 The result of the re-examination of Bank Lake and Nighthawk Lake, was 
 not less satisfactory, fn order to this the Abittibi River was descended to its 
 junction with Frederick-House River, and from the junction, this last river, 
 which is there about threse chains in width, was ascended to Bank Lake, a dis- 
 tance roughly estimated as somewhere between thirty-five and forty miles. The 
 first stretch about nine miles in length, and the last, six miles long, were quite 
 navigable. The intermediate part of the river, however, was found to be a 
 succession of rapids and falls, no fewer than eight " portages " being necessary. 
 Tlie first occurs nine miles from the junction and tlie eighth and last portage six 
 miles from Bank Lake. This is rendered necessary by one of the finest falls met 
 with by the writer north of the heigiit of land. The river descends at this 
 point sixty feet, if not more in a distance of ont> hundred and iifty yards. There 
 is no visible sign or appearance of any I'eef of rock between this fall and Bank 
 Lake. And it is all but certain, that a small amount of work done here would 
 drain Bank Lake if not Nighthawk Lake also. The land on both si.les the river 
 from Bank Lake to the falls, a stretch of six miles is possessed of a good soil, but 
 wet or liable to be Hooded— as are large tracts bordering on Bank f^ake itself, on 
 Nighthawk Lake and the connecting stretch of river between these two lakes. 
 It is thought probable that these were all parts of what may have been origi- 
 nally one large lake. This lake, in a southerly direction from the falls to the 
 .south end of Nighthawk Lake (or rather to the foot of the rising ground, still 
 further south) must have been at least twenty-five or thirty miles in length and 
 have aveiaged in width not less probably than ten miles. 
 
 The depth of these lakes, as ascertained by numerous soundings taken in 
 the month of August— is less even than that of Lake Abittibi — ranging from five 
 to ten feet only and averaging about seven feet. 
 
 Thus if drained — as these lakes and the adjacent low lying country certainly 
 can be drained — by a very inconsiderable outlay at the fails — not less than two 
 hundred and fifty square miles of land would, it is believed, be reclaimed 
 
 There are known to the writer many other lakes in provincial territory 
 which may be drained with equal facility and afford when they are drained, 
 large areas of arable ground — which cannot fail to prove sooner or later, in his 
 opinion, of the greatest value and importance. 
 
 Enough, however, has now been .said to show, that, as respects some of the 
 lakes at least, the submerged land which forms their beds is worth much more 
 than the water. 
 
 It 
 
 lakes, tl 
 
 Iti 
 
 lakes an 
 
 Bef 
 
 necessar 
 which in 
 ject wit 
 miner oi 
 he respc( 
 My 
 a man c 
 engaged 
 on parti} 
 these ma 
 clamatior 
 and wea 
 mining ii 
 general ni 
 at Lead hi 
 the Eirl ( 
 Bute und 
 contiguou 
 mission, il 
 consequen 
 and haulii 
 
 That 
 
 Wanlockh 
 
 land. Th 
 
 many of 
 
 which stai 
 
 for long di 
 
 the water 
 
 levels had 
 
 were riche; 
 
 the.se adit i 
 
 Later 
 
 pumps. Tl 
 
 faqueduct.s; 
 
 Later 
 
 engines, lo 
 
 and deepest 
 
 ol^tained, ct 
 
 at points n 
 
 and so stee 
 
 down at th 
 
 mines, I bel 
 
 age, large pi 
 
 pi-ior to 1H2 
 
 Jitlicult to \ 
 
 In consi 
 
 working at t 
 
V.i 
 
 of about three 
 rteeii to thirty 
 
 jth of the port- 
 
 ■inrvoy. About 
 •st onr hundreil 
 ver is heio pre 
 li tlic action of 
 •aiii the lake to 
 nsi(li>ral)Ic rock 
 undrod to two 
 Nevertheless 
 careful exaiui- 
 hidilen reefs of 
 I be very small 
 would thereby 
 
 awk Lake, was 
 loscended to its 
 this last river, 
 ik Lake, a dis- 
 ■ty miles. The 
 m<i, were quite 
 'ound to be a 
 eing necessary. 
 last portage six 
 finest falls met 
 .'scends at this 
 
 yards. There 
 I fall and Bank 
 no here would 
 
 sides the river 
 a good soil, but 
 
 fjake itself, on 
 liese two lakes. 
 ,ve been origi- 
 the falls to the 
 ig ground, still 
 s in lenirth and 
 
 idings taken in 
 :i2'in<i' from live 
 
 untry certainly 
 t less than two 
 ;laimed 
 
 ncial territory 
 y are drained, 
 or later, in his 
 
 s some of the 
 th much more 
 
 .~^/s: t;;^.^;;; -^^ ;.-t^n, ..wever, it . absoUue.y 
 
 which n.ay b. .supposed to quali y |?;v 't , ^^ ^'•'^"','^' '^"-i e.vpc.rience 
 
 .lect with a degr..,/ ..f autl„!,.itv,\ / w ic si , K "1 "'":'•' ""^ I^"''^'""''^'" ■^"■- 
 m.neror explorer, he culd nmke no ret.., '^ / stip^uhary magistrate, 
 1"^ respectfully subn.its th« foilowin.' I JS'ti^^^^^^ "''"*""'■•'• f" '"•'''•'■ *'> «1" this 
 
 a "-^'^"nlj'^S;- ^^^ H^"'. I^ancashire. was 
 
 engaged "nigrieult,,ral,M.anufactu in ^ ,?, d n n """•""}t'«". and extensively 
 on partly o„ bis own account and narv in ^ ^^''''^•'' ^^•^••" 'tarried 
 
 t .ese may be n.entioned tin nd va , ' .f P'^'' "^''-h.p ,vith others, An.ong 
 ehunation ofa portion oH^Uati^'llZtlC^^^ '""'^'■'■^>'' t'"'' -' 
 
 and weaving near ManehestT s'lrn^J'? ,'*•''''''-'''''• '''^ttcm .spinnin.' 
 
 mining in Statn,rdshi,; K ad.SL whdfb /'T'^'"'' ^""'^''''•'■' '^"'' '-'^ 
 general manu.'emL.nt of H., A. • 7 'cli he had fur a number of yeiu-s the 
 
 af Leadhillsc^.-S^of, ^i^^Sc^r-^^^^^ '" r^*''^"^'' "am^; 'S.t 
 
 the E.rl of Ilopetou,!. TirothcV, t W nl T'i''''''J' • "'^'"'' "" •^•' >'"a'-'^ ''=a><e from 
 Bute under a/ng lea-e f-tuh ' D^^';^''^; Sueh^"^/ "' ''■'''' '^"'"'^ "^ 
 contiguous, though in different eonnf • ) ^'1'] v! '■ ^''''■'''' """'"^ ^^''''cH ^^ere 
 "HHHion, it i.s believed. fo,;,'"e tl'uv^^ "f ^'''' '''""'^''^ without inter- 
 
 conse,uently been sunk u,;;;,":';^" : ^i S? .;:;; ^'f^u '^^-^^^^^^t veins had 
 and hau ng of the ores to'the surfL'b:;l;1;,i:.;;it^;j;' ^:J-^^^ "^ ^'- '-"- 
 
 WanlockhS;;^ amltJijhllira!:''!::^ "Ill "-"^--— in^loed '.he villages of 
 and. The old mines hadtl^in S^ S Tti's'^ v I '"i J''V"»''^^^ '" «-^- 
 many of the ve ns to a eonsi.l,..-,!) i Si , Pny-^ical feature an. drained 
 
 which starting from IwerT," f' i^'^! .'h'^^, ^V'"' T '^^"^ " ^'^'^ '-'«'«' 
 tor long distances at. rjo-ht an We b •! ^ ' • "^'""S the veins (an.l .sometimes 
 the wafer of the vein.s wh^'^b^^^^^^^ ^v.th just sufficient ineliuation to allow 
 
 levels had been driv >. no u re , ^n h" n /'"". '1' ^'""^' '""'"^ "^ -«J' a.lTt 
 "■ere richest the ore had been .o' '^ard slate rock. Whore the veins 
 
 these adit levels. n.de i:;l;-;un:^r ji:;;;: ^ ,it k": 'i'"'^1/''-P'>' ^"•>'- 
 
 Later on water wlieels (bi-east .,,,7 u V ^'^''1' ''"'^" ^''-^^ "ator. 
 
 IHunps. The. water required to 1 Ke Z T''^"*^^ '"'T '''''''^ ^o work the 
 fac,ueduct.s) fron. burn's or nml.'is in tl I" ^ "'^^'^7"gh* - -ater courses 
 
 Later still, or about tit en T ^- ? adiacent glons or valleys. 
 
 engines, locally •calle<^"Lt.n;:^ we rlreTe^rZ' ."•'"''' I^""'^^^^'"' «^-'" 
 and deepest mine.s. These en-n^er /dtlmr h onh "''" ?'"" "^ ^^'' "^''^'«t 
 
 ol^tamed. consumer! enormous ninntienrT. "a";'' ''',"'*'"' ""' ^o»''' then be 
 at points no further away'ian tif en inilor'' . "^'^''"'1?'^ '^'' ^"^^ «""''l ^^ SOt 
 and so steep and rou-h the roads in fL^i"""^''' '^'''"'^ ^'''^ ^oal mines 
 ^lown at thL mines was very ' In so -^'"l ^^""^ '^? '"'^ '^ "»^' ^oal lai 
 mines, I believe, on paek-hS^s ^ Notw tl ;amlt"fK' V'""'^ '" ''' ''''''^''^ *» ^''^ 
 a;,'e, lax-ge protits were reali^S by bot^ tt n^.^v'^v 1' ^'T '"'P'"^^ *"'' d'"'""- 
 pnor to 1827 or 1,S2N the mines !,« 1 ^ ^?''- ^^'"« time, however 
 
 difficult to work, butt rpre?fSdtT?ril"''""'^P""'''^'' ^^'^P'^^ a„,i „,„,J 
 
u 
 
 lew years at, rtiytiiodiio Aciulcniy, Laiicasliiit', under the Rev. Peter Steel ])al( 
 
 was continued at Bruce's Academy at Newcastle-upuii Tyno, where tlie celebn 
 
 dl enj.- "eer, Rohert Stephenson, liad seme fifteen or sixteen years beiore obtai 
 
 i««tf scli.M ducation. This was one of the very few schools or acailemies in Engl 
 
 This ^Mii the «Dndition of allairs wh<'n my fnther, whose adviee and assist- 
 ance had bpfH ftisk^l, was intrusted with td/' <,reneral manaijtment. His othor 
 numerous husiti.-, ' n '.Tj-^nents only pcrmitt.d him - > visit and sixjud a tew 
 day-< at the iidne> . ,, ly i i,,;-«- months, but he was ably ;, '^ted at Wanlockhead 
 by th(( late .lames Stewart w 'lo succeeded him as manaLfer, and by a brother some 
 ten years older than myself at LeiidhilN, both of whom resided permanently on 
 tlie spot. 
 
 It was only l)y the substitution of machinery for manual labor and of wiitcr- 
 power lor the more costly steam-power rL(piired to drive this iiiachiriery that these 
 Seotti-h min(!s could be protihiMy worked. This my father was ipiick to perceive 
 and promi)t to act upi>n. Tlureatti'r every drop of water was utiliiced with the 
 result that the miiu^s instead of stoppin;;' as was threatened, at the period referred 
 to, have been working with fairly gooil results, I believe, ever since. Thus it 
 came that the j^'reat value and importance of water-i)ower were deeply impressed 
 on my mind by my father at a very early aj,'e. 
 
 My education, (hrsiyned to prepare me for mining; and nuning engineering 
 pursuits, was lu^vei- entirly completed, Commenced and carried on for the first 
 few years at Mytholme Acadeniy, Lancashire, under the Rev. Peter Steel Dale, it 
 
 3brated 
 obtained 
 
 Jilngland 
 
 m whicii .t that tune .science was taught, and to the lectures and teachings of Dr. 
 Bruce v such subjects as chemi.stry, geology, mechanics and physiology I am 
 chiefly indebted for such knowledge as I ae(iuired in mv vouth. My .scholastic 
 education ended with a single term at the University of Edinburgh, from which, 
 owing to a long and severe illness, but little benefit was derived." 
 
 Withdrawn from college at the early age of fifteen I assisteil my father for 
 several years in connection with the mines \n which he was interestecl as manaf^er 
 or otherwise. For a short time in th." Island of Islay, then at Strontian^in 
 Argyleshire where he was engaged in min'ng operations on his owti account ; and 
 subsequently at Tyndrum in Perthshire as^ assistant miinager under my lather 
 for the Maripiis of Breadalbane. At both these last mentioned mines all the 
 available water an^i water-iiowers were utilized for driving the necessary 
 niachniery. In 18;}8 T re-signetl my pu.sition at TymJrum and went to Leadhills 
 to asssist my bi'other William Ge(Jdes Borr(m then niiinaging partner of the Scots 
 Mmes Company's mines. Ho soon after bought out his partners, and on bin 
 removal to Glasgow a few years later I became resident maniiger of the mines, 
 a position which I held from 1,S42 until the year IS50, and again from the ye;-.' 
 18.38 to 1861. The intervening eight years having been spent in the Unit : 
 States and Canada i)rincipally at the Bruce Mines, of which I had, as may be 
 seen in the reiiort of the Mining (,'onimission, the general management for six 
 years. In this report will be found also a brief record of my subsequent experi- 
 ence in connection with tb mines anil minuiais of this Province. 
 
 At LeadhilLs, as forme • "..;plained, it was absolutely necessary to make the 
 best possible use of the \\> , . ■A wat^r-power afforded by the nei-diborintr 
 burns or streams. ° ° 
 
 Many miles of waterc-uric-. ^acvay on the K,;rfuce, i)ut partly subterranean 
 conveyed the water to the v.-ii>.ci iif.als and hydraulic engines, known variously 
 by the names of water-pressure or reeiprocating engines. These water- 
 pressure engines were, employed both in pumping and in liAuling up the ore, and 
 those at Wanlockhead mines, when under my father's management, were the first 
 of the kind erecte 1 in Scotland. 
 
IS 
 
 10 an'l nsflist- 
 t. His otlior 
 
 NjX.'IllI (I l'(!W 
 
 ^Vanlocklu'ud 
 brothoi' Home 
 inaiieiitly on 
 
 iniJof wiiter- 
 ■ry tliat tlicse 
 k to {xTcoivo 
 Zfd witli tlio 
 ?riod reforred 
 ICO. Thus it 
 I}' impressed 
 
 engineering 
 for the first 
 >teel Dale, it 
 he ctdehrated 
 lore obtained 
 )s in Knj,dand 
 chings of Dr. 
 siology I am 
 Ay scholastic 
 from which, 
 
 ly father for 
 d as nianaaer 
 Stiontian in 
 iciount ; and 
 2r my iather 
 nines all the 
 le necessary 
 
 to Leadhills 
 ? of the Scota 
 , and on liia 
 )f the niinea, 
 om the yerr 
 
 the Unil i 
 i, as may be 
 nient for six 
 ,uent experi- 
 
 to make the 
 nei<'hborintr 
 
 iubterranean 
 ,vn variously 
 lu'se water- 
 tho ore, and 
 r^ere the first 
 
 t,fr;;:i;;;-.-':£SHEi5ii;-- 
 .>irt.Cand..:jnVl::;:i;;;u;d::/£r.;^:::;;t;:itln'';5^ 
 
 iK'fore th.. Honse of r Is . ' .' V '^^«»ty-hve years, was several tin.es 
 
 -ne hundred tCsandi;!;;^";;; irii;:^^::,.;;;: ^""^^ ''''-'^ ""^ '^- ^"- 
 
 sion ^'^!,i'w,a:;dl;n|;!rrti;es'"l "''"■■'"""■ ^^'f "■« f^'^-^^ ->- ^ept posses- 
 repaid fo^aU thivt ;; B'lt 1dm.'''"" •""" •-"""^"'"'•••'' ^""-'f- '^ '« -'I. -»P'y 
 
 Too io!;!ril:";;:;,r;r'"s,r'''''? v '" "i""-''^ "•"''^"«'' f"*- '^"^ ^^ I'^d taste. 
 
 But in udditi(m to this "eneral r'oinii..f..iir.,r ♦,.;!! • . 
 
 explorations in I^-ovinci'U fe S .-t ' • ^ . • "''"'^^ ''^" '''^y- '" ^i^'^' "f »'» 
 
 &lri- ^sr 3 HI'S ~ 
 
 .fcSmble, if not in?pSve ; t"; ,^?;^S"7,'i^'^ ,"P"». ""= ""'j'ot, it is now 
 
 • powtf ;r s "°t.r;'„a'nk,','„i"", s !?■'.;?'''"■ rT',"-;""""-""- »' 
 
 ■>o.ve^■^t,th^l»n.^■,li, „ri,,.',,l, 1^, ! ^ in. ei-sl„„,l t|„t i|,„ ,vorJ 
 
 >vl)icl, notonly nn , ,, ove-v V 1^ '" "'' '""'"''« " m»<cnl,u- power," 
 
 fo.- .nu„j„lar-power, or labor of men and arinlak ' '""' "'''»"""«<1 
 
16 
 
 A few ffenerations ago and nearly every kind of employment or industry 
 was carried on by hand, or by wliat is commonly called manual Ial)or. In agri- 
 culture the use of steam power and of labor-saving machinery is of comparatively 
 recent date. Some of us can even remember the time when the farmer very 
 literally "earned his bread by the sweat of his bro"..." When grain was cut with 
 reaping hooks and threshed out with flails. A time when although corn might 
 not, as of old, be pounded in mortars, was, nevertheless, ground in mills of the 
 most primitive description. 
 
 Now, steam ploughs, mowing machines, reapers and binders, threshing 
 machines and other implements unknown to our grandfathers no only lighten the 
 labor of the farmer but enable him, at much less expense than formerly, to raise 
 the food so necessary for our support. 
 
 In manufacturing industries there was 150 years ago little that could bo 
 really called machinery in use, and what there might be was almost invarialily 
 put in motion by the muscular power of man, or of the animals he had domesti- 
 cated. It is true that rude water-wheels and windmills were not unknown 
 centuries ago, but the use of such was confined to a few employments, and in 
 these was far from general. 
 
 The operations of carding, spinning and weaving of cotton, wool, flax, etc., 
 into what are called "textile fabrics" were nearly all performed by hand when 
 my father was born. And sixty years later, in Lancashire antl Vorkshire, the 
 seats of the great cotton and woollen industries of England, there were still many 
 families who made their living by hand-loom weaving, as I can m^'self rcinembei' 
 
 Now, what with steam engines and water-engines to supply " the power," 
 and machinery to do the work, manual dexterity and bodily labor havt! been in 
 a great measure dispensed with. 
 
 Such labor as may still be nece.ssary is also of a much lighter character than 
 formerly, consisting chieily of what is called "minding the machineiy." At the 
 same time thi.s labor — light as it may be — is much more etlicient. Each person 
 now employed in our factories is able to manufacture many times the ijuantity 
 of cloth that It was possible for the most skilful and vigorous hand-loom weaver 
 to do, toil at his loom as he might from early morning until late at night. 
 
 In mining the work was formerly done almost entirely by men and boys 
 sometimes by women. Now, power for driving labor-saving machinery is cni- 
 ployed in every department of mining work, for draiuing the nune, excavating 
 and hoisting the ores, for crushing, stamping and dressing them, and finally in 
 smelting them, where such is done in blast furnaces. Nor is it less important in 
 regard of transportation, whether it be of materials and stores recpiii'tid at the 
 mine, or of the produce thereof when sent to distant markets. 
 
 Again, in the working of metals into such things as are useful to mankind, a 
 multitude of articles, from pins and needles, nails and .screws, to anchors and 
 engine shafts, formerly made entirely by hand, are now manufactiued almost 
 entirely by machinery. The same may be said of wood-work and the i)roducts 
 of clay, such as bricks, tiles, etc., both largely employed in the construction of 
 
 our dwellings 
 
 Even in the most common occupations and em])loyments, machinery impelled 
 by steam or other motive power, has either superseded or greatly dimir.ishcd tlic 
 necessity for that excessive bodily labor or drudgery which many mechanics, 
 tradesmen and artisans had previously to undergo. The work of the shoemaker, 
 tailor, dressmaker, of the cooper, carpenter and blacksmith, of the mason, 
 
17. 
 
 nt or irnlnatry 
 alior. Ill a<^ri- 
 companitivnly 
 ho farmer vory 
 n was cut with 
 ij,'h corn ininfht 
 in mills of the 
 
 lers, thrcshinj^ 
 nly li<,'hten the 
 rmorly, to raise 
 
 e that could bo 
 riost invariably 
 e had dome.Hti- 
 not unknown 
 ymonts, and in 
 
 wool, flax, etc., 
 by hand when 
 V'ork.shire, the 
 A^ore still many 
 '.■self rcnu.'inber_ 
 
 ' " the power," 
 )r have been in 
 
 character than 
 nery." At the 
 Each person 
 js the quantity 
 (l-loom weaver 
 t) ui|;iit. 
 
 men and lioys 
 chinery is onl- 
 ine, exeavatinji; 
 and tinally in 
 ■is important in 
 recpiired at the 
 
 1 to mankind, a 
 to anchors and 
 ictured almost 
 id the products 
 construction of 
 
 linery impelled 
 diiiiininhoil the 
 any m(!chunic8, 
 the shoemakor. 
 
 tho 
 
 mason 
 
 machinist, printer, paper manufacturers and scores of ofho.-^ fo. « 
 
 matter of t,.a„.„.„..„ti„n The J^tt:)^ ^S^ :,^ ^'^^ -, "'« 
 
 when co,„pelle,l "to underX' ::J.y °Tf In'^ZZl^I^' Z'"^""'^ 
 the mine, tlie forest an.l the sea, as well as )f the factory an/l the nd n 1 ' 
 
 jjrwit':;"" " '' '"' ''""'°'-» "■^" "" ci.."m1t ti;!';;r.rmo-„:l'':l; 
 
 Finally, in its relation to light, heat and electricity, it has now been snfi« 
 factonly proved that power, force or ene.'c.y fas it is virioust IZrW 
 transmuted or char.gei into any or all of theJe no mer ly a" a^ ok^ WmentTn a' 
 class-roon, or a laboratory, but on a large and practical sc^xS Thus ''p wet 'as 
 a neans ot obtainnig light, heat and electricity is in this ro^r^oot.lJ ■ 
 
 of the greatest economic value and importance. ^' ^ '^''° ''"^'^"'"'ng 
 
 The fact that " power " can be converted into elcctricitv transmittal in fhnf 
 form over a cable, a considerable distance, and then and tho.^ ™ "^^^^^^^ 
 power again ,s one of the very greatest significance and impo^trce as ^vil be 
 pointed out hereafter, ,n connection with the utility and val ,e of the wlter 
 powers of our provmce. This brief retrospect or survev shows or s in . !"?? 
 show, that whether in agriculture, minin<', ...anuf ".tuHn^ ,' ,' ,? '^, "^^^/^'^^'^.to 
 which have for their object the m^ plyin.°; ZS '"dustnes 
 
 an.l annuals. 2nd. To the invention of ,,ower-!ooms a ot ■ m n - , i • 
 n..t.nng an<l in a great measure seltW.ctiLg macldnl^.^ Zl StZn"^ 
 the slower, more unuertain movements of the oft-times weario.i hn ,1. f fi 
 artisan however dexterous. ,nl To what is known a tl!e 1 li n o abot' 
 vvluch has been brought about, in a great measure, bv thi.s .one enmlov Z' 
 ot .stoam, vvater power and of maclunery tbi the nmscular'p w^- Jl 'a 
 dexterity ot men, women and children. ' '^'la manual 
 
 And the conclusion to which it is desired to lead is that p,urer intoUi^entlv 
 directed to the working of suitable mar-binorv is roillv «n )fv„l, A - • ^ 
 j^tor in the wonderful progress to wluch'^nusbrS ISeif ae'iSrffi 
 
 2(ii.) 
 
18 
 
 SounCKS OF POWEH. 
 
 Ourcnriuiry now lomls u.s up to the sources of the inotivo-powers, on which 
 so much has been sliown to .hpen.l, and without wliich. no n.anufacturin<r 
 industries m the modern sense of tlie term, can be successfully carried on in this 
 or any other country, where labor is properly rewarded, an. I the rhd.ts and 
 liberties ot consumers respected. " 
 
 The immediate sources of the power employed at the present day to drive a« 
 It IS called nmchmery, are: Lst, steam; 2nd, water; ,Srd, wind, the primary 
 aource of the force or " potential energy " in all three powers being /he sun 
 Taking the,se in the order given, we have, 1st. steam. The vast importance of the 
 steam-engine,and the great factor it has been in the growth of manufactunncr 
 mdustues, and in the progress of the principal nations in wealth and civilization" 
 the principles on which it depends, and the manner in which it acts, are all so 
 uniyersally acknowledged and understood, that litt'e need be said here on that 
 subject. It might, without any great impropriety, be called "fuel-power," inas- 
 much as it is the fuel which really supplies the "heat or power" which is 
 utilized by the aid of the steam-engine. Its value for manufacturintr and other 
 purposes in any particular country or at any particular point, depends almost 
 entirely on the abundance and the cost of fuel. Hence those countries where fuel 
 IS cheapest are the most favorably situated in respect of this great power. 
 
 2. Water -The origin of water power, and the manner in which it acts can 
 be most readily explained by reference to a clock in which weights are emploved 
 These weights having been wound up by an expenditure of muscular power suffi- 
 cient to overcome the force of gravitation, are no sooner liberated, than they bef^in 
 to descend under the influence of that same mysterious force and in descendrna 
 give motion to the works. When at the end of eight days or so, the weights 
 have run down, the amount of power expended in keeping the clock <roin.r is 
 equa , making due allowance for friction, to that exerted in winding thein un 
 In like manner the sun raises water in the state vapour from the ocean and 
 overcoming the force of gravitation which we call " the weight," deposits the samr- 
 in the form ot rain or snow on some far off' plateau or nrige of mountain.s' 
 hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet above the level of the sea As in the 
 case of the weights of the clock when fully wound up, there is in every cralJon of 
 this water a certain amount of " latent power" which scientists calf" potential 
 energy. This varies, it will be readily understood, according to the heicrht of 
 the land on winch it has been deposited. " 
 
 The " potential energy" in a given quantity of water elevated a thousand 
 feet in height, being ten times as much as that in a like quantity of water r'lised 
 one hundred teet only above the level of the sea. This water, like the wcio-hts 
 of the cluck, in descending l:,y force of gravitation to the sea, can, under favour- 
 able circumstances, be made to communicate the greater part of its " potential 
 energy" or power, to water-wheeLs, turbines or other hydraulic engines and 
 emi)loyed in driving machinery for manufacturing or other purposes. 
 
 3 Wind.-The " potential energy " of the wind is probably far greater than 
 that of any other source from which, what wo call " power" is obtained. 
 
 In navigation, the force of the wind has been utilized from time immemorial 
 to the present moment, with infinite advantage to mankind. It will be tlias 
 employed in all probability, long after steam, owing to the .scarcity and deainess 
 ot fuel, has ceased to be thus applied. For pumping water too, it has been in 
 times past, and still is exceedingly useful, whether the water be pumped from 
 
10 
 
 crs, on which 
 anut'acfcurinfj 
 iid on, in tliis 
 
 rij^hts and 
 
 y to drive, as 
 Tl)e primary 
 ^in<^ Xlm nun. 
 rtancu of the 
 aniifacturing 
 
 civilization; 
 :ts, are all so 
 
 here on that 
 )o\ver," inas- 
 !•" which is 
 ng and other 
 lends almost 
 s where fuel 
 ower. 
 
 li it acts, can 
 
 re employed. 
 
 power,suffi- 
 
 1 they begin 
 
 1 descending 
 the weights 
 )ck going, is 
 ng them up. 
 
 2 ocean, and 
 iits the same- 
 mountains, 
 
 As in the 
 ry gallon of 
 1 " potential 
 he height of 
 
 I a thousand 
 vater, raised 
 the weights 
 ider favour- 
 ^ " potential 
 engines, and 
 
 jreater than 
 led. 
 
 niinemorial, 
 will be thu.s 
 nd deaines.-! 
 ha.s been in 
 unped from 
 
 we s for domestic use from rivers for the purpose of irrigation "or in order 
 lariolv T' T-^ '•^'=''^">^tion of valuable traits if land, wfnd-n ils have be^ 
 
 spfciallT'Jh^r^:" '" r"*^'"^^ °^"'""' "^'' °^her grains into fiorr , re 
 esptcialy where good water power has not been available Th,- fact that a 
 
 Cren'ovSnl ^?''""'"!^^ hat th,.sc who erected and worked then,. 
 
 fTemien en nlo n in T '" ' '''']^T^^' *^''^» ^'^'er wheels, has led to thei; 
 lavoiaoiy .situated in regard of water power. 
 
 Dowefevnllr' ^^^ '^'^"l'^\^ ''"'* ^■"I^""''^^'' '^" '^"^ impossibility of gettiiu. water- 
 power exactly were wanted, may (as will be fully shown luWtor) have 1m To 
 the employment of this or other ineans of obtaining power. '""''"''^ ^^''' ''''^ '^° 
 
 8ome\^ucirwnv r'?.''.*^ "'"""'^'; circumstance and one only to be accounted for in 
 w" nd-mil 1" at^^ , T^ '''j:f''^''^' ^'^ ^^V^V y^''^^"'^ ^•^o there was still standing " a 
 the col^inent V ""'"' '"'^"^ '^'"'^'^ "^ '''' "^ '^' ^""''^ '''^^''' Powen on 
 
 I or nanufacturingand other important purpo.ses, which require a steadv nnd 
 reliable power wind mills are now I think^arely f ever uZ l^e fickfeness 
 and uncertainty of the wind is proverbial. For days, if not weeks the atmor 
 
 cfcowit?';"''^:'K''''^\"''^^ ^° ''^''' '' tobei^ncapaWeofsup^l^^ng X 
 cient power to drive the machinery.and thus occa.<>ion grea loss and inconvenient 
 especially where a large number of hands were employed. ^'^^ ^°^^ '"««'^^«"'«nce. 
 
 It is possible or even probable that the ingenuity of man mavvef d<w;«P 
 3ome scheme or plan, by means of which the excess of Lelg^fn tKfnd at one 
 timeordu.mgone period may be .stored up, and this " store " d. awn upon as 
 needed during those periods, when the power afforded is insufficierandUiu 
 that steadmess and constancy ensured, which is one of the most vaSle chai^ 
 teristics and advantages of steam power and also good wateTpoJer 
 
 r»nJf T"" ""^ ^^\^' as yet fatal objection to the employment of wind power in 
 manufactories and mills, the opinions I am about to advance in refi ^cT o 
 Ontario s position in regard of power, will be confined to the only two at present 
 available, namely, " steam power " and "water power." ^ ' ^ 
 
 The Position of Ontauio in hegard of Steam Powek. 
 
 annlit? Tn" ^"-^•"""^' "^^f"^! «"S"ie, one that can be obtained of any power 
 S SM T^ P^'P^Ti ^t'^.t!«"^,ry or locomotive, on land or water, ami fnlny 
 part of the known world with the exception of the Ai-ctic regions or the cS 
 deserts, the steam engine surpa.sses all other. ° ^ 
 
 .«rf Jn]° ^'"''^ i'nprovemonfcs in the steam engine made by Watt and others 
 mav r.^n rrT ''" ''''^ *"^'''"^; substitution of power for manual lal" r, S 
 may be said to have commenced only at that time, and has gone on with such s ir- 
 prising rapuity ever since, But for the steam en.ine-notwitlish n dhv he 
 discoveries ot Arkwnglit and others-it ma^ be confiTlently asserted Jhit the c 
 would have been very few cotton or other factories in my Ltivc coin v L nca- 
 shire, now a 'very hive" in regard of that and ether most important industdes 
 They would have been re.stricted to the few .spots whereat water no 'r was 
 very I'iitc-d. """''"' "^" ''''^'' '^"^^ '^' P*^^*^^ ^^'^•''^^le therea^t are both 
 
 a^..J^^l""'''^'']^^"''*^T'^ ^™™ ^'^^•^'^'^ ^'lo'-t Hi-story of the EnHi.sh People 
 showing the condition of manufactures in the mother country one huCred years' 
 
20 
 
 ago h. ovvs some n.terostinjr ij.ht on this and other parts of tlie subject dealt with 
 t.ol , irnV P" ^F''?^ ""'^ 792 the historian says:--rhoa,.h b;;',dand already 
 u, i , , Ll • -'''T' "'^ '^^"""'-''■e'Hl States at the accession oF George the Third 
 
 liei nidustnal hfeat home was mainly agricultural. 
 
 of Ynvl'i'''"""' wi''^ »>'id gradually established itself in Norfolk, the West Ridin- 
 vns s 1 ,'ln'' T • ■" 7^'''r " '^'' «'>"tl'-west, while the n.anufacture of cot on 
 haV t .^ 1 1 ' ; .' ^^I'T^'^'^' '^'"1 '^"^It-^". ••""! 'e.nain.Ml so unimportant 
 
 , ll 1 f " '''"';!.! "' "'-^'^teenth c.ntury the export of cotton goods hardly 
 
 pog,essintl,e nien trade ot lielfa.t and Dundee and the silks of SpitalHelds 
 lhep,.oces.esnrtnuuu,hacture were too rude to allow any large increase f' pro: 
 
 oo In , n"'% VvT^ ■^^•''^"' ^''^'^ ^^''^ *" turn a ndU wheel that the 
 
 wool worker could es abhsh his factory ; and cotton was as vet spun by hand in 
 
 we'nv" fr'n'' "'^ulrif "" '""''"^y ^'^t'^^- -'^'^ their diLhs J> n 1 e 
 v\eayers handloom. But had the process of manufacture bee>i more efficient thev 
 
 Trt tZ" T" -"<^-^^"-'f-/'y the want of cheap and easy n.eans o tS 
 \ZtJ\ "Idernmni roads winch had lasted fairly through tl... ndddle aoes had 
 bu ke .lown n. later tn.es before the growth of tratlic and the increase of wag<. ns 
 am carnages. Ihe new lines of trade lay often along mere country lanes wh cl 
 ifi•"^^''■^''"'""^■'^^^'^"^r tracks. M«ch of the woollen trade had to be 
 ca ried on by means oi pack-horses and in the ease of yet heavier goods such as 
 coal, distribution u-as almost impracticable save along the greate^- riveiVor fn 
 dis riet,s acces,sible from the sea. A new era began wllVn the^engineerim; .eriis 
 crossed t^'i'r" 11 ^^''''f '''''' ^^'ith its port of Liverpool in 17G7 Ivy^ aeanal wh ch 
 crassed the Irwell on a lofty aqueduct, the success of the experinient .soon led to 
 the universal m roduction of water carriages, and Great llritiin was traver ed in 
 eve y direction by three thousand miles of navigable canals. At the same time 
 a new importance was given to the coal which lay beneath the .soil of En-^land 
 Ihe store.s of iron which hml Jain side by side with it in the northern cou ti"s 
 had lain there unworked t irough the scarcity of wood, which was looked upon aJ 
 the only fuel by which it could be smelted. In the middle of the eicditrenth 
 cent uy a process for smeltnig iron with coal turned out to be efiective,\nd tie 
 whole aspect of the iron trade was at once revolutionixed. Iron was t^ beco e 
 the working material of the modem worhl, an < it is its production of iron Xh 
 more than a I else, has placed England at the head of industrial Europ; The 
 Nalie coa as a n.eans of producing mechanical force was revealed in the dis- 
 covery by which AVatt |n 7(i5 transformed the steam engine from a mere toy into 
 the mos wonderful mstrument which liuman industry has ever had at its 
 command. The imention came at the moment when the existinc. supply of 
 manual labor could no longer cope with the demands of the manufactu1-em '^u-ee 
 successive inventions „, twelve year.s, that of the "spinning jenny" in 17G4 by 
 w4Xrn?';h"^'^'7'> '7 ' 1*'^'^ "spinning machine " ]7.i,S by the barber Ark^ 
 wiight, oi the ' mule by the weaver Crompton in 177G, were followed by the 
 discovery of the ■' power loom." But these would have b .en comparrtively use- 
 Ih^stm e';rgiir'" ''- ''- -^-'^'^^^ -^ -' "-^- -^^ i-exhaustiblJlabor, fi^^ 
 
 .noi i" V ^;^;\tlie combination of such a iorce with such means of applyin-^ it that 
 enabled Lritain during the terrible years of her struggle wiUi SnJe and 
 Xapoleon.to all but monopolize the woollen ami cotton t.ad^.and raised her into 
 the greatest manufacturing country that the world had seen.'' 
 
 , As .stated elsewhere the cost of steam power depends almost entirely on the 
 price of the fuel re.pured to produce it, at the time and in the place where" the 
 
21 
 
 power is wanted The conditions in this respect may bo such as entirely to ore 
 
 IS situated, oi likely in the future to be situated, in regard of fuel 
 lignitr,"an!r4\\ral'''' ''' .steam -raising purposes ai-; 1st wood', 2nd peat, 8rd 
 
 laising steam but the consumption tor this purpose is becomin- less every year 
 
 tilt toiests are rap .ly di.sappeari.io-. I,, thus cleari.Kr the land much of the 
 mber h.s been hitherto burnt on the ground, in orde." to get rid of where it 
 
 r^;'':f"thi . t^r '"■ ''Tr '^^'"' p'^^'^"'^ -^ '^^^^ ^-'- -'-i- ThfpVi:, hoV- 
 
 timi;. ,1 ^n^l ' '""",'.'""'y ^l^"'"!'^ "« "cordwood," has increased as tlL ar^as of 
 d itam' t wb .''^ "' """^^'^'' ^"'1 ^•^^™*" ^'"' ^^'itli tl-e increasing 
 
 ^ vns the pi ice of cordwood is already so high as to preclude its use for steam- 
 fe 2l^fo?X' H "'' '"-/r'"'''"^^ " ^'''-^t ^" ^ •'^''«^^' ti"- wood will ceLe to 
 
 pui^iiin:n';Lts:f;ie^:;Snr"'^^^"^^"^ ^^"'^ ^"^ --^ "••^^-^ ^"--^^^ 
 
 ouanSvwTJo'V""- '^^^'l bee^/oi'nd. '^y the writer in practically inexhaustible 
 3 JWs' R.W P'S:^"^"^' *;''^''"*°'->: l^'"!? "orth of the height of land and south 
 ot James Bay. (See reports of .Stipendiary Magistrates foi IS.Sl, pp. 11 et sc'i ) 
 
 x-,\JITu!T!\ -'''■'\V^"'?^i*« "^', Pf *;. '"^'^ •'^^"'^•^^ «^ later proye of inestimable 
 '? "t . . ' writer still hrmly belieyes. But in the absence of cheaper rates 
 
 o transport than are obtainable under our pr.sent railway .system, the distance 
 :Lt?V?' l" w^ *?'" <^\?.'=l'i"f ^'^'■tre.sof population in Ontaio is such S 
 almost to preclude the hop<. of its ever becoming a cheap fuel for inanufacturin-. 
 or steam-raising purposes in the .southern parts of the proyinee. It will be sliovln 
 thr;:"'Hv' ", r'^'% '^^^'^ ^'^^^^^ «">- '^'^^ -J^h chV.aper means of transfS 
 
 ^^il olm TJ. r''^''7-'''''?'^^ ^^^^'"'^ t''« ^'^^'' l-'i'^^«« 'lot inly 
 
 po.ssible lit a ready almost in sight, the great depo.sits of peat an.l of li-Miite also 
 
 on"or i;':.ir tlu 7""7V' -"^ ^"^ '" "*'''=:'^'^ ^"'' •"^">' ''"P-'^-^t purposc^^notc^ ly 
 on 01 near the spoi, but in every part of the province. ' i > .) 
 
 Lignite, or Brown Co«^.-This fuel (as just observed) has been <liscovered in 
 provinc.a territory, north ot the height of 'land, on th Aittil i Matbu^mi a. d 
 Missniaibi branches of Moo.se River The full extent of tlu^o dent fe^r 'b'^ 
 
 itiryTSnrrf h""'- /"iS'^r^'^-*^,^ '^'^'^' i" ^'- ^^'--e .,; deape 
 lidlwn i? '?r f '^ u'^'^u '-y 0'''ii»'^ry railways, it cannot be mined and 
 
 OntaHo"^"FJ,!'l' l' '".,*'lt ^P?'^': ?^ .geologists no true coal in the Province of 
 Untaiio. 1* or coal whether hard (anthracite) or soft (bituminous) we are 
 dependent on the Maritime Provinces and tiie United States 
 ..-..J^'' di.stance from the Maritime Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
 2nl^'f «;« 1^'*^^«« I'ttJe room for the expectation that coal can ever be 
 obtained from hence at other than a high price. The coal Helds of the United 
 States are much nearer, and from tlienoe coal can be imported and laid down in 
 the principal towns and cities of Ontario at an avera.rn le pn.b blv oTfive 
 
 aouars, and it la only a little more, I imagme, in those of the United States. 
 
.1 
 
 S2 
 
 Ihi.s It will be seen that in respect of fuel, and consequently of steam-power 
 Ontario occupies on this cont.nent a very unfavoral.Io, one milrht say " unenvi- 
 able, position, as coniparcl witl. the Maritime Provinces and British Columbia 
 
 mrJwifr'r'l 7uT'' •'"'^■', "^.^'^^ ^^"'^^^ States, and still worse as com 
 pared with Liig and, Bel^ra„„,a„a other great manufacturing countries in Europe 
 As was well sai.l in the " Monetary Times" a few daysacro: '' oX ,7 Sta 
 import her motive power, aiul the Dominion commits th/folPy of tax " ' To 
 
 ^^nHviiT'Tr''"';- ""'''" *^" P--'^i'ityof being denied even tl.^ 
 pom pi v,i. .01, should at any time commercial intercourse with our neighbors to. 
 the south be suspended or interrupted." t,""ui» w 
 
 The Posii'ioN ok Ontario in kkgakd ok Watkh Powfiit. 
 
 bearin!i'..nT^'f'V'''''^""'^ '"■''"'' ''"'•^ '^ '' ^ ^^-'''^^^ niomentous question in it» 
 ,w"- Tf- . ^'!''' "^ ""• J^""^"'"'^' '' '^^^^ ""'' the people of Ontario situated 
 in legaid ot the only remainmg source of power— water-power ? 
 
 And the reply is, that in the opinion of the writer no people in the woA 
 suiric.ently advance.l in civilization to be capable of utilizing this bounty of mluTe 
 
 viroVr'?"' r^''Tn'"/'^'' r^'"'' ""^" '^''' P"«P'« of Canada, and no pro! 
 V nee of Canada so highly favore-1 as Ontario ; and that he believes the Province 
 
 altS" w/'' V''''''''''f ""'="^']\^^'''^"*''"^ "*^-^t •" this important particu ar 
 although the streams and rivers of British Columbia (which he has not yet visitodV 
 unquestionably afford an enormous amount of water-power. 
 
 Valuable as steam-power is for almost every purpose, an.l in.lispensable as it 
 
 nth rS'?""; . " ""^ "",'^' "J',';'""'^ '^"t '^-^°''^""'' for manufacturing and many 
 other important purposes by really good water-power. 
 
 Water-power (if good) costs little or nothing, except the interest on the first 
 
 nTntuJTJI y "'■ ;^^'^'-^^""'-l'-: 'vn'l tail races, and for wheels, turbines, 
 
 01 other hydraulic engines, together with the cost of such slight repairs as may 
 be needed from time to time. ' " 
 
 Hydraulic engines require no skilled engineers, no firemen, no fuel. They 
 ktrr^nn!??''"/';' •''■'' I *i'^" *'>« •^team-engine. even if the fuel required for the 
 rffpr r / f ;,"':' *"'■ "">'''"r- ^' '"'y P'*^"^^" ^'f this be wanted, 1 need only 
 2Z f ' '' ' . "^ *"''" '" *''°'' P'""t^ '**■ ^'•^^'^t Britain where coal is the 
 n d S ' '^"7 ;^'it«''-powers are not only employed in mining, manufacturing 
 and other industries, but they command considerable prices in the form of rent 
 
 .n'Jd.rfir";-" ''.^""''i?*"?'t''''^^' «'=«tland, where coal Ibr .steam purpo.se8 
 CO ild at the tune referred to be bought for one an.l a half or at most two dollars 
 a ton, the corporation some years ago received for water-power in the outskirts of 
 
 S'4()";?4-ri."' K ' ™^""*'^^'r"""= P^'-P^-^e^- » yearly rental ranging from 
 fj Tf i A '"''■ ^"•'f-P.«^V^''- tl>e use thereof being restricted to 12niours per 
 1?,;;, 1 \ P?"^ ^^ ^l'"' superiority of water-power to steam-power be 
 
 lequned, we have only to look at the United States to be convinced, for we shall 
 there see that many ot the largest and most succe.ssful factories and mills of our 
 enterprising neighbo.vs are driven by water-power. In short, really good water- 
 power is the best and cheapest power known to us, and one of nature's richesk 
 guts to her children. 
 
 The country lying to the north of Lakes Superior and Huron, and to 8om» 
 extent also of Lake Ontario, abounds, as is well known, with lakes. So numer- 
 ous indeed are tliey on the plateaus north and west of the first mentioned great 
 lake, that one-third of the whole area has been roughly estimated to be coverwi 
 
23 
 
 team-power, 
 iiy " unenvi- 
 h Columbia, 
 n'HC as com- 
 s in Eiiropo. 
 itaiio lias to 
 in^i,' it." To 
 1 oven that 
 leighhors to- 
 
 ;stion in its- 
 rio situated 
 
 :i the WO01 
 iy of nature 
 md no pro- 
 10 Province 
 particular, 
 yet visitodV 
 
 nsable as it 
 and inanj 
 
 an the first 
 
 s, turbines, 
 ir.s as may 
 
 id. They 
 red for the 
 
 need only 
 coal is the 
 ifacturing 
 ■ni of rent. 
 1 purposes 
 wo dollars 
 utskirtsof 
 igitif^ from 
 
 hours per 
 power be 
 r we shall 
 ills of our 
 lod water- 
 e's richest 
 
 d to 8om» 
 5o numer- 
 ned great 
 le covered 
 
 parat.vely httle expense /nost of them n.ighfc be rende ed so co.Sete that X 
 
 ^tZt sJo's:' ™" '■'"='""''*»'' '■""-'°'''-'™ ■"■'fi--»«^ 
 
 It is not pretended that our Canadian streains and rivers ar.. not linhU. ..f 
 
 aS™r° at otlio tim™ , ' S,'""'"' «l'« ,l«;««.li.iK winter, ri™ consi.leraMy, 
 
 weath^^r IV, ? T- ? " "'' '='? "'f™''"' l-y Prolonged »p,,ll, of wot or .Irv 
 
 mntor. AM tiiat wo claim .s, that owiii:,. to the occurrence of lakes eith,.r «? 
 
 r S'::';,rh';rh,"T r"""'™" »■- *» "-« ti.c..°soi;utii,:fr''rft 
 
 the aSo'^on ' Wa er Pow r " TcS^Tw ""f *", "'^t'' ' ""y 1"* f'™ 
 
 wre'h^:'ra!,;ry--''^^^^^ 
 
wato!- Dowc'rl'h. 11?' "T >''" '''''^' ^^ '^''" ^'' '''''' *'''^* ^^e superiority of .mr 
 lakes in Lana.Ia j,'enemlly, and especially in our own Provinc^e of Ontario Thus 
 beann- o„ the assertion of the writer at the he-inni,,.. of this reno t ' that i is 
 
 mnf 1 f "f "^"' of tl't^ greatest nnportanee and value;' Jn the words iust 
 oted fro.u Chambers "as large Impoa.Uimj reservoir, neces ary to kee p 1 o 
 
 woith mdhons of dollars to the people of Ontario. 
 
 mo2LTr7 ^"""T ''^'''''^ ^^^ ITcligious an.onntof water power in the 
 whin f ' ^^ r ""^t*; '"''•^ '"^ -^^^^" «f " *1'^' potential enerc^v " of the watei- 
 
 north wr-r . pi'^'nce nortli of the hea.l of Lake Temiscan.haie in a 
 
 5ot ; " ^^,^„l Uf :•;; '" ^'''^' '^' •'v^'^'^'V r^-^ ^^ ••••""'^'^ estiM,ated at about 
 X. hrvvH " fV T ''''"''"'' ^'•'-''^•l^li "f «*'venty nnles, and an area of 
 
 ?o ot t n\. ?te ;;'i;r'"i' Tr^r i"'''-^^- u '^^ ^^'^^■-^^^ ^^^•'^•'^ f'--» ^^^^ t^-^-^^^ 
 
 my op nio^ ahou r f ? "^ ^^-nn *^^ ^'^"^^ "*" *^'^ ^^'^^ '"^'^ ^^'1' average in 
 Is,rr. the r nVf r^- ?'■ '''^' .'^^ *'-^"<^ '^^^^^-^ ^^^^es Huron and Superior. 
 Pl Ik. tn h P n ^ f '"'"'"' proc.p.takHl i,i the forn, of rain and snow on this 
 C twoan n. Sh V'^'r ^'' ^^' '''"■'^' '"'^''' '^ ^''^ a.nount to no less 
 
 of th^'\;iMSau'm^ 7/'' '•'"•" *',^'r '^^'''^' °^ tf^^ "'^^^-^ to the height 
 
 inert vi f l; ' ' ^'f ^^'°'"' t'i« ««a, would requiro 258 (JU-lOO horses woVk- 
 nXg sventy-four hoins a .lay and liiio days in thi year. M.iltiplyin ^ hi by 
 ei?t7ttt';rfts7's lOo'?"" '-'-/"the whole plateau-weH,fd'thataL.^e 
 lE. r t V ;;eJ ,; ! 'i.^'-fV^-^^-'^'ted cont.nuously. is expended in raising or 
 
 as Wses^. not wo, ''f *''' 'T""""-^ "^, ^'"' ''^'^''^ "^ i"^"'' P'^^'^au. But 
 thi n.Xrb^ th^ 7't"""":'y '""'■'^ than eight hours we must multiply 
 wouTb SJ?vnr' \ ''":/• '^*^'"" ->(i 084,300 as the number of horses that 
 Tua in pov^/n '';"■•■' ''/'"•■; V"''''"'^'- ^^^■'^^"'"V^' '•"•tlie. that six men are 
 aT iKt^M lion T "' 'W^ ^' ''^'' that the labor of nearly one hundred 
 ^n i 1 -t s o .'"T r" ^' ^'? '''T'"'"''- , '''^"^ '■'^ the power expended by the 
 C.dtofl n/lH,r^' n^-": water from the ocean and depositing it on the 
 ci^lit of land plateau. li„s too is the measure of the " potential ener^v " thaf 
 water has acquired, and which it will .ive oft on its desceL^o Xr fthe ta 
 
 lat vei-vl"; -''T*^;'"'--''" :""'^"^" P^'^^*^^" tl>at nmvbeobta IfronthS 
 watc, very large deductions have to be made, as will hereafter appear. 
 
 a paif anif l?v" *''' *^''' ''''"'V"^ P'"''"' ""^uestionahly is, it forms, however, only 
 X. ;in to- 1."". ""'"' ^ 'rr P^'-'"' "^ '}"' Pi-actically unlimite.l water-powe^ 
 beong.ng to the province. There is another extensive tract of hiHi ..round a 
 
 r 0"t ,r!o Ti"- •'' ^'ff ;"^''^ V^''' '^^* "^^"t--J i» the west^e^; part 
 «,. 1 r iW '' ' '■' ''t"^t'-"^l between Lake Superior and Nepi-on on the east 
 
 r ' r'^o rth Jrr^Vh"' t'r ^'' ^■^'^^l' °^ ^•^^'-•- t^e Pndn^ ^orrring Zl 
 Almitol . Tr T ' P^v'""' ;.' P^''>'y ^" the United States and partly in 
 naHonn l" Po/t.on o it in Ontario is bounded on the south by the Inter- 
 
 T2fpT y r'" 1^'"" River to the outlet of the Lake of the Woods 
 
 .eT^n .K f ?*■ /°''^P'' ^"'* the height of land ,)lateau, of which it is 
 XT ,\««»th-wesfcerly tongue or extension. The general elevat on is, I believe 
 
 fe 1^ o th '"k '■ ""^^n'? '^' '' ^^"^^'^ ''''^' ^^^'^- T''« ^^'^ of that part whTch 
 falls to the share of Ontario, and the potential energy of the water are probably 
 
25 
 
 a very lar-e amount of power Ala nitol.i c f.l^ f • li " *''" '^^'f'"'<'Sat.', 
 
 reuce on the on; irand and tl o n?fT" p?"^' !■''''" ^^^■'^'■'«• '^"'' *'"" «fc Luw- 
 ca.i,uetotheint;^n;l;daML:^j;:;7o^^^^^^ ''' ''^' ^' '^'^^^ ^-"- 
 
 the Mu^kotrS'S^tnc^Jnln ''""• ''i^-^-""^' ^'l--^. WhiteHsh. 
 Amon. the .trea.ns n'l H^^^^^^ ''^''' too nu.nerous to mention, 
 
 Wehnapita, MagZtawan u ko nn,' ^ ^^'^/^Samin^, Sturgeon. French 
 buted ku-elv by iafjs Ho v i n M^ P '''"' u' '^''^''' "*" ^v'hieh. contri- 
 Lake Ontario a.fd Ic^ St Uw we I R°''^'''^ ^^^^- • ?^ ^''"^'^ "'^^^"^ i»t'> 
 perhaps the o„,y one o^^-J^t::^^:^:^:-^:^:}'^^^ ■^'-«' ^^ 
 
 watel^^cSJrSSlld t a hu^^e 'S jf o^f^ ? ^^'^ f «^r^'^^' '^'-^- ^*^ 
 the lieiglit of land plateau Hovvin o Uk' T ; '"' *? '''''''' f '"? ''^''''^^'^ ""^ 
 Petawawa, Bonnechere f^radrun"). Ml • • «^"''"-"'' ^"^' ^'^-^ Mattan-a, 
 
 winch pour their wte^s into I^ Ot.i^ R- '"'' 5'^'?" "V^^ ^'^^'"'^ R'^^''^- 
 IVon. actual expl,,rat oT is, 1st vcoSdfo^?^ ^^- '^""^V^'^/'^'^ ^^ tl'i.s tract, 
 Mattawa Rivei- on the onH a 4Zf ? 1 ? p ^'"""^T "^'^ '^'"^^ "«''^>^ "*" ^he 
 Nipissino- From what have si i ]T "" *'^" °^'"^^^' '"^'""^'^'e of Lake 
 
 rivers almost vv? hout cKoenTion Xh TI" ^"''''^''''. ^ ^'^''''^^'^ ^^^'^^ '-^'1 t'^*^'^^' 
 lakes in their aftei course^ and 1 h'v t"'' '?"•"''. ? '"'^^•'' "'• ^''''' ^'^''^^Sh 
 
 The averao-e elevation 7 thh portion o hJ "" '" ^^"'' f'^^'^'^'^'^ '^"'^ '''^Pi"^'^' 
 than the northerly and we^ttMk nktln ^''"'''"f 'V'^ ■^'^ somewhat lower 
 doubt whatever thit it aSstn^.v, P'T'''"''l^ described, but I have no 
 the aggregate would he cSLdi:m^r:;;i4'-h^^:i;^;:y ^"' ^^^'^ '' '' 
 r^''^V^!Z:'^^,^:,':;S!;Lf^^^ especially on the 
 
 source in the lak fon the S^Sof Ian nlf ' ''^ *•''"'' ?r'' ^^''^'^'' '''^^« ^heir 
 
 brooks and rivulets ?hewatefeonHb, ^ T f'•^^'»l^■•^ '^y "unierous streams, 
 
 luwer-lyino- belts and 'rltlv inn^-o /i" '"""'' ^^^ '^'"" precipitated on these 
 
 In fact the^ iC; rn n n.^^^^^^^^^ the size and power of the nmin rivers, 
 volume by the t me "^LJ f^^^^^^ Bay are frequently doubled in 
 
 descend suddenly UDwards of 'J )0 f .t? long portages, where most of them 
 
 a.nount of wate^pIJw ''* ''' ^ ^'^^ "''^''' ^ff"''^""^' ^" enormous 
 
 row. but n:;^SelS^contrlSjf S^Jr^^^* "^ 'T' ^^^^^^^ '^ ^-P-^^'- -r- 
 the larger rivers wh ch d^ cerd fron^ the^SlT'' ' F''"^ '^T""*^ °*" ^^'-^^er to 
 course,%hereafter. increase their Zver flTl ^l""'' T^ ''"'^^ ^^^'^^"°»« «f 
 numerous lakes though nt ^ " ^°*^ ^^^se belts, too. there are 
 
 source ora'r;e:t t^fsl re^ ™Tnd s^rms'^ '^h''^^" "^f"' ^'f' ^^ *^« 
 u^ediate belt almost afways un.e ^^ fhf ^^ivl^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
26 
 
 nZril^Z tuuenllv' '"'S'^f^"",/'"- ''!•••'«% into Lake Huron and" Lake 
 mill.s o^'f^ctoric^s ' ^ '^ '-''""''"^ water.p..we.vs for a lin.ite.l nun.l.er of 
 
 the scenery^ '" ' '"'" """^"^^ ^^'^^ ^y ^''« S'-andeur of 
 
 KinJttZl'iroSr^vLJ""''"?'^^''^'^'"^ ''' ^^■•'""« points between 
 
 rivers in which very little fall is lost. 
 
 isions 
 
 Noi 
 power f) 
 Iky wil 
 platenu 
 luindred 
 a;,'^'re<,'at 
 water st 
 1)' low til 
 from 70 
 over a pi 
 In this I 
 retically 
 tically, o 
 
 On ( 
 in f,uch s 
 available, 
 
 Anol 
 of the w£ 
 lost by al 
 the sprinj 
 flow of w 
 of tlie wa 
 
 Last] 
 " head " o 
 hydraulic 
 only of th 
 
 I am 
 ill the cir 
 and rivers 
 ail the pos 
 Kuperiorjt3 
 and excel! 
 HutHcieiitlj 
 
 1st. Y 
 
 2nd. ^ 
 its more ge 
 
 The ai 
 power lies 
 and to the 
 kind or oth 
 largest and 
 a mine hou 
 sufficient fo 
 other hand 
 where natu 
 hydraulic ei 
 sites " as th 
 intervals, e 
 
rr 
 
 iiiion nnd Lake 
 tiiited ninnher of 
 
 LT own territory 
 inii wntor-puwei' 
 
 000 s(|uaro miles 
 nore troinenilous 
 
 1 in one junij) of 
 Lake Siiporior 
 
 area of wliicli u 
 e coM.sider the 
 ?at lakes and on 
 ibntarv thereto, 
 i falls '^' is in all 
 not more so, to 
 ice nnd value in 
 the grandeur of 
 
 points between 
 y large amount 
 
 Niagara Kiver 
 ario. Finally, 
 )owers afforded 
 rjrsected by tht 
 
 it as a nuift^i- 
 
 nee and deduc- 
 'eatly in oxces* 
 
 : that although 
 ;ate there may 
 ' of " potential 
 B, in legard of 
 t gradual and 
 weirs, in-take 
 that in many 
 ver. In other 
 1 some of thft 
 country there 
 descent is »» 
 i lost. 
 
 / is steadinest 
 st number of 
 Jer it possible 
 af the poten- 
 the rivers and 
 nost of those 
 een the fall* 
 risions of the- 
 
 I.-10W the ■• Long Iw'-l^e^utirri^rV 'T'^'^'f" '""' ^"'^'^ 
 
 ticaiiy.^wing tJ^hr^Ud;!;; .;^s;^;;';;?^^i;tirr;- rs."'' '-'' ^'-^ ^••■- 
 in M:dr£rr!i::tcS;'c?thr;'i*;-^ ti 'Yr "•:^ ^'t^^ ''^^ ^-^-*-- '^" — 
 
 ^vaiiab.K.. ^'" '"'" *'"*^ '^'""^'^^ ■•^" ^''« P«wor may be said to be 
 
 Another source of what may be called lo.s of power is .luc to th- fnoi .V,„f 
 
 only of the theoretical power ''"•'^«-f«"'-tI^^ ""d n,ore lre,,uently two-thirds 
 
 1st. Wherein water-power is infe.ior to steam-power 
 
 WuEnniN Watkr-poweh is Infemob to Steam-poweb. 
 
 and to the amount ,va„ted In evorv nl, nl t ^ , '",1 "'""'i';'"' " '■' >'""'<■'' 
 kind or other cnn (a, jc') b» oW nel « e,-e 7 ,ot ° ,' L ••"I '' 'T' °' ^.T" 
 
 "S "h" v:rrS':riL°vv"^ ^-^^ "'''"-- '"-'» -'""'a™' : 
 
S8 
 
 in number ./Lore the lan.l is tl.o richest and tl.o populati.,n cM'eate.st Th.u 
 hitherto water-power hnn rarely been obtainable where it was u,o;t w.vnte.l 
 
 ■' Power," as already explained at c.nm.leral.le len;,'th, is prinoii.allv roMuiiv,, 
 
 Zv bi .I'l l^';^ '''''','"''' *^"'.'^K"»'> water-power" and there erect l.i> 
 
 In f'ani nT T "T* r' ■';,'' ■"''"^'•' '^^ '"" "^""' ^''" ^^»'i'-'f C'M.tres of population 
 locaicTih w jr.; ''■"^- "'"; ^'"^ "-^e"I'^''>"'^ ^Ik. towns an.I citi..s LVe be- 
 S'^fi\. r''"'" " ''^"'^'■"'" "" '^ l"'-^'it'i''l« trade with the earlv 
 
 settlers an. iers, hunters <.r trappers an.I even Indians. The advanta.res Hi. 
 any parfcular locality possessed in this respect, whether in re-mnl ' Tland ' 
 ocean nav,.at;on or of safety Iron, the assaldts of enen.ies, have bo „ 1,1. 
 c pal taetors ,n deterinnnn- their position. As there wre no manufacturers ' 
 he nH.dern sense of the tern,, there was little or no need of p ^r A strea n 
 with water suthcient to drive a small grist or .saw-null for the sin nh of Zi 
 wants was Generally all that the first I'on.ers neede/l ami u J^X ft ly ch w 
 the'lS^^ future city. But in the selection nalural 
 
 ■u u-r '^ ?" '''"" "'"' "•''''■ ^"^^'"'^ '^"^J ''^'^^ I'ave been built the 
 
 ;:^s ii:'b:enls;;Soir^'-^'^^^'' ''•• '"^-^-^-'-^ --' ^thor p«r. 
 
 ee, ,n^,Zl '*f '"'^P'"' ^''^* *" '.' '-"""try abounding- above all other in the mo.st 
 ecc on, cal of powers, .ueh eit.es as To,onto, Ha,uilton, Lon.lon, Kin^rston a^. 
 
 "^^dt:;".a:::^"'^T'':r''^' .nentlonin. and the ,.,a„ufacture,shavJbe" 
 
 exten?we^rf l"vn. e°f '\f7 ']'" '''^^'Vr' '^*" ^^""^'^^ *^> '^".>' considerabl,.. 
 excdl ree of l! S' '"•"''^■•i''^- .^^^ ^t is probable this cir-cu.ustance, tho 
 
 The total unfitness of water-power in the pnst to suimly the place of steam- 
 power ,n nav,pu,onor on ,-aihvays is too obvious to' ca I for anrpar cu nr 
 ren.arko,- explanation. What probability is there then that thesVU aX" 
 V uch huherto have so greatly in.paired the general usefulness of water- owr' 
 ay be overdue ' My answer to this is that they have been already n i ™ 
 a ; ■ "':'":'\^'y '"^-^ -t rh'otrieity. And water-power, alwavs wl 
 
 :i^ou,:r?n^.^;,rr;^;;;r^'" '" '''''' -^ ^^^"•""^' '^ -' ^^ ^^^ ^'i-' ■^' ^'■-- 
 
 rasbh".imlb\n'i''n''^'''*^''T'' '■''?''''"'' "P'"^°"^ ^'-^ ""^ «*■ '•'^cent birth or 
 lasfi A an.I burned ly formed I may be permitte.l to (juote from my report on the 
 northerly terntory o the Province of Ontario for l«^Sl-«2, in wldol on par" 1 
 speak.n. ot tl,e vast dep..sits of peat in the territorv an.I it pr..baW f tu^etl : 
 
 IZZ ''V \ '' ""1 transportation woul.l still be such as to exclmle both 
 
 compressed peat and peat charcoal from our markets ,<,o lon.^ as coal and woo 
 could be obtained at reasonable prices ; an.l still adhering to the beSef hat^.o 
 
 but re'; oJT; T'"' "''?r 'rrr' ""*^' ^^^T become "ooner or later aimhin' 
 but leasonab e, he must be a bold man who in view of the discoveries of the last 
 fifty years wdl conten.l that in the next fifty yeans this bountiful pro^isi^n of u 
 may not be niade to contribute in some form or other to the welfire comfort and 
 happiness of the pe.jple of this Province. »^'miL, coinioit anu 
 
 It appears to ine by no means improbable that electricity, now almost 
 
 If el 
 [i'elan.1, V 
 lii,'nite toj 
 Und, bo 
 out also a 
 more espu 
 
 The . 
 
 'livide.l ai 
 
 hy dillerei 
 
 come one 
 
 tricity am 
 
 luranyemc 
 
 heat and j 
 
 mode (jf ti 
 
 actually v 
 
 prove ni tl 
 
 neers and 
 
 and imperi 
 
 its solutioi 
 
 Hud lii,'nite 
 
 in the .sam. 
 
 positi.ju tli< 
 
 Ayain 
 af.:ain refer 
 
 " Since 
 
 incnts on a 
 
 tlie object c 
 
 motives on 
 
 the electric 
 
 each en.l of 
 
 t Liigines whi 
 
 themselves 
 
 many miles 
 
 the railway 
 
 thus general 
 
 wires or oth 
 
 whicli accon 
 
 •M, Faure's n 
 
 "If this 
 :iiy engines ■ 
 stores of pea 
 solved. The 
 and not a sh; 
 to streams e 
 to the north 
 lumdred feet 
 
20 
 
 on greatest. TIhn 
 niost wmitcd. 
 
 riiK'ipiilly re(|uiivil 
 1)0 coiiHidered tin 
 
 ul tliero (.'i'(.'ct lii> 
 
 (•rials and custum. 
 
 ties (if pojiidatidii 
 cities have been 
 
 le with the early 
 
 * advantat'os thai 
 f,fard ot inland .ii 
 vc been the prii,- 
 manufacturers, i; 
 lower. A streuiii 
 e supply of local 
 1 niii,dit by chanci' 
 ction (natural or 
 ^e been built the 
 g and other pur- 
 
 ther in the most 
 Ul, rvin,i,'ston anil 
 eturers have been 
 build their niilK 
 
 any considerable 
 
 3ircuuistance, tlio 
 
 ileterinined tin.' 
 
 3 place of steam - 
 r any particular 
 hese advaiitai,a's, 
 1 of water-power 
 Iready in a great 
 •", always where 
 < e(iual in almo.st 
 
 recent birtli or 
 ly report on the 
 lich, on pao;e 1], 
 ible future value 
 a direct railway 
 
 to exclude botli 
 coal and wooii 
 belief that both 
 
 • later anything 
 eries of the last 
 provision of fuel 
 ire, comfort and 
 
 y, now almost 
 
 i^...aybewa;:i;-l;:;:,;;-:r;ni-,^ 
 
 ^^^^''ll':::tyt^/:^^ ■-' •"■ ""r-- ^^ ->1< a ...aehine in 
 
 li.t,'nite together wi tl • n , f, if i ?'" "' "" ^''" ^1"'^ '>' ^ '-1^ "I' iH-^t and 
 
 but al.so as a p„wer wherewith to dr ie' I "Z"'^' "' '\"""'" '''" "«''^ ""^' '-^ 
 ...ore especially i '^"^'''"'•''^ *« ^l"\o all sorts o( maclMuory, the iiyhter kinds 
 
 I'.v ^lilferent individ , fo^dit ';,,"''' '." "' •' '^''"''"^'■^ '"" ^'"""^'t'*-^'^ '•^"luirc. 
 
 come one of the -reat estob Ih ' ' '"T '"!'' "• "'^'' ''"'"'''" «!'i»ion. over- 
 
 trieity and that U>Tl^:^tM ';,' l^''''''^ ''"-''•■'•-l .'■'•''Pl-'yn'ent of elec- 
 
 a^.•an^.ement.^lHlvin.^fo;^i;]/oS ■"ft'^'^'v revolutionize all existing 
 
 l.eat and power not ^.nlv' fm do Sic LI''''. ''l''\ ""'^ transmission of light- 
 
 ...ode of transmitting^ p.nve, fr m sV 1 ■"f""lactuni,g purpose..., Tim best 
 
 actually vvorthles.s to^ LVts Z; 7. r '"^r'%'' '••^. ''."""'"^^ to waste and 
 
 ri'ove of the gn^it.'st i, ,r ta, P ' n T V'^V' ''^'T '^ ''* ^^""t"^' ^nd would 
 
 Usandniaclu- ts X^^^^ ''f" ^^ P'"l''em that engi- 
 
 and imperfectly Ikn w W^,?, \ ^' ^" /"''"' ^'"*^ '" *''"' ^•'-^''y clumsriv 
 
 ,itssolukuin,a^Jne,"r timn 'X^^ '[ ^P'^^"'^''^ ^^ '"^' ^I'^t 
 
 ! Hud lignite) i„ n.e north an. 1 i ni';]', "I!'': '';'"'"' "''''^'^, ^^" ^■"^' ^^^^^ 
 
 ..' the .same mai-ner and to the s, n i ^^'"^'-f'^^^t^rs everywhere available 
 
 P^^sitionthanCanadilhlts^rti^Si^^rSc:!^'' ^""' "' ^ ^^"- 
 agai.fS;^';^'^;;^ ,Sl,;j^,f - ;;f ^^^ l-^e 31. this important subject was 
 
 bo 
 •ed 
 
 I engines which generate the eleetrieifr wi,i^V""'".'"* " '"'^ '""^" '" '""n- The 
 
 'themselves be worked bv «teim o. w'.f tu '' ^''^M'^'-P^'"-^ the train, may 
 
 I ...any miles distant not ollylZ e rafn-.n 1 it". ''fr% -^S-'os may hi 
 
 the railway itself \|| J Ih.h " .' , *' ^'''''^' ^"^ '* necessary, from 
 
 thus generated Lll li^'eo 2 1 ud /' •^"•^'^-^'"tial, being, that the elcvtricit • 
 
 wires or otherwise. frruii^^Si^r'n?:;;^''^^:: [IL^^^' '' "'^^'^ '^ 
 which accompan es the train • c,r thf. Jm -l flectro-magnetic engine 
 
 M. Faures n/ethod, on th? oin of LinJ 1 ^ JT '?^'^*°^'^'^ "P aecordin| to 
 "If thissvsi... K. , ."!'' ^/"° I"*^"^^'^ '-^' "^t-'l"-d into Canada 
 
 CO tne nortli and others to tlip snijfh tu; ^i i. ^' p""' '-""••-' "i mesu now 
 
30 
 
 If' 
 
 above Lakes lluron and Superior. Hence the rivers for many miles on l.oth 
 sides the heigl^t of land offer a successio,, of rapids and falls. The^c a " ' 
 water-powers, the equal of which cannot in my opinion, be found on this con i 
 nent.if in any other part of the world. The lakes by which these rivers IV. I 
 sti earns are ed constitute, m fact, great natural reservoirs, by means of which ^ 
 constant and steady supply of water, at all seasons can be easily ensured I is 
 obvious, therefore that if this n.ethod of pr..pelling or drawing trains sh ,uM 
 prove successtul, the motive-power necessary to transport fuel from the north t., 
 
 It to that purpose. Such a reduction in tl,e cost of transportation as this , n-- 
 supposes, would probably enable us to obtain abundant and cheap fuel for 
 generations to come from our own territory." ' 
 
 *l,ff"f°i' ^''''^ ^^^ ''ir^ °^ ^^'^ '^"^^'" ^^" y^'-'^^^ ago- "^"J he respectfully claimi 
 ml? rP'"JT' then expressed, and the predilections then made, are^stSr 
 
 o?XlrtmimenT' " ^' *^' P™°"'" '^^"' ''"' ""^^ ^^'^^ "^^^'^ '" ^''° '^'^^'^t'- 
 
 hv J!^^^i transmission of power by means of electricity from where it is generated 
 by stationary engines to points more or less distant, to be there employe, 
 m driving machinery, the running of street-ears and many other purpose^ s\, 
 onger a nmtter of opinion or of doubt. The great number of places wS fc 
 thus apphed, and the success which has attended it, sets at rest all misgivings a 
 to Its entire practicabil.ty. It matters not excepting as regards cost f?om wha 
 source the power is derived, whether it be steam^ waler or wind, this power can 
 be converted into electricity transmitted through a cable, ten, twenty T more 
 miles, and then re-converted into power again,1,nd used for any pSse ml, 
 facturing or otherwise, for which it may be required. Our ingenious and e te - 
 pnsing neighbours are quite alive to the vast importance of this modco ?ran - 
 « SL'nmT' T^ T'' Pf t'^^'a'-ly «f ^vater power. A company (cat!^^al 
 
 ut?il;?«?R;S-|''"/'''"''^'""^^^7''^"^ ^'''' com.uenced with the view to 
 utilizing at Buffalo a large amount ot power (no less, it is estimated, than 150 000 
 horse-power) to be obtained from the Falls of Niagara, 
 
 that W^'f"^' ^''■' «° the authority of Mr. Edison and other eminent electriciat.H 
 that the scheme IS not only practicable, but that the power thus supplied will 
 
 7oHnZf:^::^'^''''''^^''7'- ?«f«llo--g -tract fmnali'/iZ 
 M^07ic/ shows that in Europe it is thought possible to transmit power a much 
 
 greater distance han from Niagara Falls to Buffalo. Umler the hcadim^ ' A 
 
 Daiing Project that periodical says : " One of the features of the comiii" electiiciil 
 
 exhibition at Frankfort-on-Main will be the transmission of power Sn a sea 
 
 hitherto never attempted. When it was announced s.me montli a^o hat 
 
 was pn)posed to transmit one hundred horse-power from LauHen-on^Ne- b o 
 
 t anivtor , a distance of more than one hundred miles, the statement was receive,! 
 
 ith smiles of incredulity, but now it seems quite probable that not only will 
 
 te experiment be tried, but that it will succeed in spite of the engineer g .iTli- 
 
 culties that have to be .surmounted." " ''''""h """ 
 
 Thus it will be seen, that although as yei far from complete or p.^rtVct the I 
 progress made in thi.s mode of transmitting power, during tile la.st ten /ears Z\ 
 boc^ such as to justify the greatest degree of confidence" that power w v j 
 soon be transmuted almost any distance that may be desired, liavin- regard to 
 
 Hitherto, if water-power was situated at a lower level than that of the r.lo 
 where it was wished to apply it. the distance to which it could bo profitab 
 
31 
 
 y miles on both 
 Ih. Tlioso att'orii 
 i<l on this conti- 
 tiic'so rivers aini 
 iioans of wliicli n 
 Y crisuiod. Ft ii 
 11'^ tmins ,sh,)uli| 
 mm tlie nortii to 
 rt'(mirc(l to aj)|)ly 
 tion as tiii.s pics 
 l cheap fuel lor 
 
 (pectfully cluinw 
 ide, are stronfflj 
 B in tho direction 
 
 ire it is generated 
 there employed 
 !• purposes, is no 
 laces where it in 
 al! misgivings as 
 cost, from what 
 this power can 
 twenty or nioro 
 purpose, miinu- 
 lious and enter- 
 mode of trans- 
 )mpany (capital 
 ath the view to 
 ;ed, than 150,000 
 
 inent electricians 
 IS supplied will 
 nn the Electrical, 
 power a much 
 lu; heading " A 
 ;oming electtical 
 wer on a scale 
 hs ago. that it 
 n-onlScckar to 
 :Mit was receiv(Ml 
 t not only will 
 ngineering didi- 
 
 or perfect, the I 
 t ten years, hiw 
 ower will vt'rj 
 aving regard to 
 
 ihat of tho plnce 
 1 bo profitably 
 
 a source of di.an,,ointn..nt ■ d rXT7uT '"""^^'y^'^^^ 'J«en 'nore frequently 
 tnil-of Leadhill. an Wanl^^^^^^^^ '"'"',".?■, Wtthit. three ir fouf 
 
 far in excess indee.l of tl . ec m e^l t^ ^uT" ''•'''"' *'"-^'"' ''''' water-power 
 which was situated at u d.d e " " , d"L" ,/''*i '"'",?■ J^''^--*^^ *•>« water 
 til'' "lines in aqueducts or wnorlnn,:. i "^T"" ^'''^''''ft'i-*' be brought to 
 
 f-udhilis as l.i.|;:^^;,:: 7^'-^;;;-;,;jl^;^;^^ insufficient, resultmg at 
 way in wliiel. su.-h power cou d b tm fn .^^^ lawsuits. The <.nly 
 
 was either by conneetin'/oT' 1 1 ' " '";'i*'"'^"" ^ ''^^^'''••;'> '^ ">!^i-.. .station 
 which methods was verf el nnsv nvolvin. . I ^'^."'F'-'^^e^l air. The first of 
 other too expensive fo.-Lngli^^ce' ^''"^^ "''^ ^'■''""" ""•' '°^^ °^" power), the 
 
 ^^t^nZ^li::;':^';^:^^'^^^^ of eleetncity to 
 
 missing link ■' in faca'/d us onv I 7 "»P«'-tant an.l long felt want "a 
 increasX iunuensel^ ^ u uluesX] ;ib ^'^'a"'''" 'T' '^^''^^'^y ^'^""0^ fail to 
 .overies of Watt the usefulnStlildl.^X^^rs^^ i:;^'' ^^ ''' ''' ''- 
 
 -pp!;;tnd^,^n "^H^^'t^^l^ilLTt '' ''' p'r -^- ^^^ -^-• 
 
 within a radius of at le^sftwenty or t "i? v I'n L'T T" ^' """^^'^ ^"^^h^''^ 
 and the probability is, this dista!iL w t so no eCd'T.rf^'ir '^'''^''^ ^' ' 
 and improvements, that in another h^n Lllf^x! u '^ further discoveries 
 
 homestead in the I'an.l, that ^dl not be Sin ranZ f""* ^' " ^'"'^"^ ""^ ^^<^° 
 Ontario's magnificent water-powers ^ '"'"^ °"'' "•' ""^^^^ of 
 
 Falls^^!:;^^^";^'--;^^";;^^^^ (m a straight line) from the 
 
 ine-Ndmustibk^source, all tl eTowe tl ev mf v n^l ;^^ .*" ^^'^""» *'-°"» that 
 
 purpo,ses, be it ever so grc>at^ St even 7 T ■ 1T^^^'^"'''°.^ ^'"^ ^^her 
 (unless the intervening Hdct be c omnosed nJ ^PI^'^uTV" '^''- I'^'-o^to can 
 power from Lake Sim^co^lind tlmt ^rT^-^ '''' '^ ''^^^"^ ^ ^^'^'^ *'"o»"t of 
 higher than is paid for it in Scotland J IZ^'^^J'"' per horse-power, no 
 
 higher than is plid f^Tt i, srotland wher 7n ' "' ' '''' ^T h--'-Po-er. no 
 
 <3oal steam-power does not Tc,! more than hlVn '''"^.^l"^"^ of the low priee of 
 
 nth far cheaper power tha, In vThl ^' !,^^..* ''^^P"^^ > t' °^« '". t'- oit/ Thus 
 
 withfarchJape;p;w:.^.U:n^Xn; ir rPT^^?^ '" tl'i-it^• Thu 
 Glasgow or eVen'Newcastll"/oS^^^^ 
 factuiers not only of Toronto aad H>Z]IZ\T!-T ^r"'.i? equal, the manu- 
 it humbly appears to me be auf to Zn^J ^'"M O^t'-^^io generally, .should, as 
 any other country in the'woHd ' ' ""'"^ ^^^^ successfully, with those of 
 
 labo J!hiTvSy btLTclfof tiustrvT'^-P'"'"*; "'^'^ «^ ™^^hinery for manual 
 which has beeJ going on o r n Jlv for"?' '"^'"f ™^""f^^«turing and others 
 already been noticed ' '^ *"' """ ^""^''^'^J ^^^ twenty years has 
 
 that ^: .Ph^;i^Zg -^i^:; w^j;^^ tet;:t t?^ '-^^v^ ^^'"^'•^' ->^ ^^^'^ is. 
 
 compelling them to do much Sol LlesTnit^^^^^^^^^^ ■'"'''' f "'"^ture " and 
 's not yet finished, but still goes .Irchit ^r H^ . "''"'T ^'"^ P"'"*^"' '^^o"''. 
 that we do not read or hear of smie f o^h nnn 1 ^ "" '^^ "'' '^"^^"^ ^''-^P^es 
 power or machinery, whei^ wC is Xl !- v"' ' 'T^ "'^ "Pphcation of 
 ^this surpnsing i.en we <^;j!i:^ ^:lL^7r:i!:^Zi:f'V- ''f 
 
 .ated and encouraged i ^^rb^ t^ '^^^^^^^Zf^^^^Z 
 
32 
 
 ivU 1 ' T*'' «"°'^e««f» ili«covercr may reasonably expect to reap 
 Ths vitally important movement has, in the opinion of the w.ier, [ome to stay 
 l^illnr^ *" ^'" *"''r,' S^'-^ltfiough much good vv-ork has heen ac mplislea 
 there till remains a great deal to be done. It is, in the main he fervently believes 
 truly benign movement, and as such calculated, if not designated to anSate 
 very grealy the condit on, not only of overwrought working-men, mZo dyt 
 called, but ot some ot their dumb fellow-labourers among the domestic animals 
 
 t.om this I'eport is, that the more universal this substitution of mechanical 
 power for annnal power, the greater will be the demard for, and ."Jeatr the 
 importance and value of our Provincial water-powers ° 
 
 Electric Railways. 
 
 If 
 
 nnwf''''*^'^rT'^'-'T'?"^"'^^""P°''^^''^^°^°^'^)to which water-power can 
 of Lavy ffeight.'' "" *^^"«P«^'t'^t'"'^ "^ passengers, and of farm produce, if not 
 
 nn 1 '^f^ ''"i*'"''' l"'^«"f bility of drawing loaded cars by electro-magnetic motors 
 e a^?Hi!';i '^/' ^? tramways may now be said to have been "satisfactorily 
 e tabhshed. For street and .suburban railways, electricity is rapidly takino- the 
 place bo h ot horses and of locomotive engines. In most ilces the powS 
 required to produce the electricity is furnished by stationary steam-encmies^; The 
 expen.se in tue a one being very considerable. With the command of wkter- 
 power, tlie co.st ot operating electric railways would be greatly reduced Hence 
 
 ex ect™°"' '^'"''^'''^ '" *^^ ''"'"^''' ''^^''^'^ ^'"^' "' ^*'"'''^'' '"'^y be confidently 
 
 The lightness and compactness of the electro-magnetic motors, the facility 
 with which cars provided with these motors can ascend hills (which are " stiff " 
 even for horses) the apparent ea.se with which they are managed, coupled with 
 the fac that the tramways can be laid down on any commSn turnpike 7oad 
 without m the lea.st impairing its usefulness otherwi.se, all point to this mode of 
 transportation, as being admirably adapted to supply not only the wants of 
 cities and their suburbs, but of the rural districts. If water-power be available 
 not on y may passengers but farm products, be carried at rates considerably 
 bwer than those commonly charged the farmer by the present railway companies 
 for short hauLs Hence the probability of such lines being laid down between 
 the more populous rural districts and the nearest towns and cities, at which the 
 products of their farms are usually sold. I find au interesting item in the Fort 
 William Jouma of February 28th, bearing on this very subject and also taken 
 I be leve from The Electric News before quoted. It is as follows : " In estfrnat 
 ing the chances of a sx..ttlement of the long-standing troubles in Ireland a most 
 hopeful s.gu IS that the .mployment of light electric railways or telpherac^e in 
 that country ,s now being seriously considered. It is shown that telplferacre 
 lines might be used for bringing to market from the remoter di.stricts parcels of 
 farm produce which cannot now be marketed economically. In such districts 
 whi e the production is not enough to support even a light railway, there is real 
 
 ^oods '^ZlT}!v r^""! i '7''""° '^' "'r'^^^^' ^'^P^^^lly ^it'^ perishable 
 goods The establishment of such means would to a certainty give an enormous 
 
 impulse to small farming, dairy-farming, poultry raising and other occuj^ation' 
 or the peasantry. Tl,e carriage of the mails, too, which is now done "by horse- 
 cars and foot-messengers, would be enormously expedited. The force of the 
 
33 
 
 expect to reap, 
 er, come to stay 
 ;en accomplishetl 
 'eiitly believes, a 
 .'d to auieliorato 
 !n, coininoiily so 
 mestic animals ; 
 
 may be drawn 
 L of meclianical 
 and greater the 
 
 minimize the cost of working!" ^ °*^ ^""^ "^' utilization would 
 
 ^^''*'' ^'><:"nl''»'tfi<l command of water-power that nnf«,.inl, k 
 to possess, IS it not at least possible that «n ni Untano has been shown 
 
 light electric railways !^^ all the n, f • T >""'?' '"'^•^^ ^^^'^ *" «ee such 
 
 Province ? Nr?t perh.^ns on ev , v f n ^^ "'''t u'" *^' '^^t^'^*^ ?'''■*« of this 
 
 aianner, countr/ meXn^^ rldesm^^^^^^ f ^ "— - that not 
 
 of such a line. The writer, in whSeTifetime he wl I m'^^'" '^'^^ '^^^*^"''*^ 
 
 world has sprung into existence, Tuldt one'o? the tt tfStT^ " '' ''' 
 
 '^ater-power can 
 1 produce, if not 
 
 nagnetic motors 
 ;n satisfactorily 
 idly taking the 
 aces the power 
 im-engines ; the 
 iiand of water- 
 educed. Hence 
 r be confidently 
 
 irs, the facility 
 licli are "stiff" 
 1, coupled with 
 
 turnpike road 
 to tliis mode of 
 the wants of 
 sr be available, 
 3S considerably 
 way comitanies 
 down between 
 , at which the 
 m in the Fort 
 md also taken, 
 : " In estimat- 
 freland a most 
 
 telpherage in 
 bhat telpherage 
 ■icts parcels of 
 
 such districts, 
 ', there is real 
 'itli perishable 
 e an enormous 
 er occupations 
 one by horse- 
 3 force of the 
 
 (CONSERVATION OF PROVINCIAL RIGHTS. 
 
 >on "Extends r In Suet^^Sn':;?-^^^^ the Parliament of Canada or " Domin- 
 
 agreed upon at the t me of S^-«^^- ^^^^ 
 
 North America Act 1867 ^°"^^'^^^^t'°° ^^^ duly embodied in the British 
 
 ^om^^::!^^,::!itt:iil^e^'"'' 'r ^'rr °* -^-ts which are 
 
 cial water rights.'' ^^'' seriously what may be called " Provin- 
 
 These subjects are : 
 
 (1) Nivigation and Shipping. 
 
 (2) Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries 
 
 claimed to inclnje (Sml°°iffuirf.n.T^''' *1 'f "' " """S^'i™ " ha., been 
 
 »o »torc,;:;r5tiei:!"t\'zti,t?"^; ','■'' "™ ' .!« " '» '^ -'--p-'^j 
 
 an ocean.ffoing ,hip to „ bM tork ZS ! lIV f 'If '-''""S """ Hoab,: from 
 
 the J™ nXl::: T".tf J'^ '•- S*'^;- h-e ca„ed " inland flsherie,, - ot 
 
 classed, „,■ something differt ? Wefo tf^Tto Zv T''it '1',"^ "" '"""fi °' 
 in this Provineo at the time oVoonfedlS ,.'"'' <"',""'^ "■«" ' h=hevo 
 Erie, Huron and Snperio, ,r L CextSd 1 '° "" g'^'talan ■ lakes. Ontario, 
 Lake ot the Wood,, th ouJ which the Ser™,?o 1 T'"''^ °"'°'" '"'"'»• »«* a« 
 those like Teiniseamingu" wldeh fom ,f If ,hrL''''","''^''^r'''''' "^ ^"^ ^ 
 provinces. '" I"" '"« boundaries between diflerent 
 
 pleas"d'.:''Ln'^iS"s'"''orat''orairo'f''°' '°t"5'W;* »">"' they „ay b, 
 
 thMiS£^!eSL*r:r:^S'-^LTiLdZS'^»:^^ 
 
01 
 
 I 
 
 34 
 
 especially those lying and situated entirely within the province whether on the 
 ^Tu " • *'^^^ '^""^ '"""^^ "^' **^^^ "navigable," or that they contain more or less 
 
 "x-l' it P"^^°J'7^'■^ '"^y "o<^ be found to be supported by the legal construction 
 ot the British North America Act. 
 
 For, if admitted, the usufruct of the province in these lakes, whether arisino' 
 out ot the water-power, the devotion of such as are most suitable to " pisciculture" 
 or the drainage of others and reclamation of large tracts of arable land will be 
 lost, or greatly impaired. 
 
 It would seem to the writer the British North America Act (section 109) 
 left vested in each of the provinces the ownership of not only " all the lands 
 mines, minerals and royalties belonging to the several provinces of Canada Nova 
 Scotia and New Brunswick at the Union," but of the waters also, such beino' 
 included in the general term " land " as used in this connection. And that the 
 beds of all the lakes and rivers with the minerals below, the waters above and 
 the tish and anything else of value in or appertaining as well to the water as to 
 .he soil, belongs ot right to each province, to be utilized or disposed of as thf> 
 legislatures of the respective provinces may consider most advantao-eous Cer- 
 tain exceptions are made in section 92 of the Act in regard to navigation bet wen 
 one province and another, or between a province and any Britfsh or foreio'n 
 country. And also in regard of such works "as may be declared by the Parlfa- 
 ment ot Canada to be for the general advantage of Canada ; or for the advantaf^e 
 ot two or more of the provinces." But these exceptions seem to me to prove that 
 in aU matters of a merely local or private nature (even navigation) the lec^isla- 
 tures are left free to do as they please. " 
 
 These vie\^s, loxig held by the writer, appear to be borne out by the opinions 
 expveftsea by tne Supreme Court of Canada in a case mentioned by Dr Bourinot 
 on page iS2 of ins Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada which has 
 just come u-ider his notice, and here quoted. It is specially important in re^^ard 
 of the fishenes. ^ r o 
 
 " By section 2 of the Fisheries Act of 1868. the Minister of Marine and 
 Fisheries may, where the exclusive right of fishing does not already exist by law 
 issue, or authorize to be issued, fishery leases and licenses for fisheries and fishint^ 
 wheresoever situated or carried on, etc." In 1874 the Minister executed a lease 
 ot tne fishery of a certain portion of a river in New Brunswick, which was some 
 forty or hfty miles above the ebb and flow of the tide, though the stream for the 
 greater pai-t of _ that particular portion, is navigable for canoes, small boats and 
 timoer. Certain persons in New Brunswick, however, claimed the exclusive 
 right or fisning in this part of the river on the ground that they had received 
 conveyances thereoi, ana piovtiutod tiic lessee of tiie Dominion Government from 
 enjoying the fishery under his lease. The Supreme Court of Canada was at last 
 called upon to decide whether an exclusive right of fishing existed in the parties 
 who had received the . jnveyances. In other words the court was practically 
 asked to decide the question: Can the Dominion Parliament authorize the 
 Minister ot Marine and Fisheries to issue licenses to parties to fish in rivers such 
 as that described, where the Provincial Government has before or after Confeder- 
 ation granted lands that are bounded on, or extend across such rivers ? The 
 Court decided : That the license granted by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries 
 was void, because the Act in question only authorizes the o-rantinc of leas. ^ 
 " where the exclusive right of fishing does not already exist by law," and in this 
 case the exclusive right belonged to the owners ot the land through which that 
 portion of the river flows. That the legislation in regard to " inland and sea 
 fisheries contemplated by British North America Act is not with reference to 
 
whether on the 
 laiu more or less 
 gal construction 
 
 whether arising 
 ) " pisciculture," 
 ale land, will be 
 
 .ct (section 109) 
 T " all the lands, 
 f Canada, Nova 
 also, such being 
 And that the 
 iters above, and 
 the water as to 
 posed of as th« 
 ntageous. Cer- 
 rigation betwen 
 itish or foreign 
 1 by the Parlia- 
 r the advantage 
 le to prove that 
 ion) the legisla- 
 
 by the opinions 
 ly Dr. Bourinot 
 lada, which has 
 irfcant in regard 
 
 of Marine and 
 [y exist by law, 
 ries and lishing 
 xecuted a lease 
 ?hicli was some 
 stream, for the 
 mall boats and 
 the exclusive 
 sy had received 
 vernment from 
 ada was at last 
 1 in the parties 
 vas practically 
 authorize the 
 in rivers, such 
 ifter Confeder- 
 1 rivers ? The 
 3 and Fisheries 
 iting of leas.-s 
 w," and in this 
 igh which that 
 inland and sea 
 th reference to 
 
 36 
 
 affecting the fisheries geneml y teSc, o theV, ?. 1'^'"' ''''' '' ^"''•'''''^*« 
 preservation, matters of a nationaUnd I,,, l ^^«"l«ti"". protection and 
 
 general laws as enure as welTrthebSrot rT'""'' '" 'f'l "°"'^' ^^^ «"«h 
 the public at largo. That tl^^e PailLmenfnf tl \ °-'''- """ "^ *^' ^^'^«"°« ^s to 
 
 a general power" for thf rotect n and re. a o'^'o^'r Y F^'P"''^' '^^^^ 
 authorze the •n-antino' of tl p Ur-fm^^ „ i '^^f'"*^""" ot the h.shenes, and may 
 
 of fishing theremcn ilonA tri n !f'' *^' n^''^^' f "^' ^^'"''^^'^ ^he righ^ 
 exist by la^ ; bu^it miv not i, X, i. ■?,"■ ""'■'"}''' '^""'^ '''^^'^' '^'> ""^ al'eady 
 whether n.n .j;.l " ^i.^"A "'^'^^"^ ^»t'^ existing exclusive lirfits of H.h^J 
 
 i»g. 
 
 I 4.1 ' " iJiixy iiui Jl 
 
 ~v..wwwv./ii iixiuisuer 10 ns 1 in fresh WlfiT nnn fM„l • 1 • ? "^ " 
 
 property of the Dominion, or in u4l he sS^^n^^^^ ^'' "°^ *'>^ 
 
 that where the exclu.sive r o-ht to fis h 1 « L. • ^ **'*'. ^^'"'nion, is illegal ; 
 
 land through which such rC flo'^ l" 'SnadS^ptir ""f."' ^^^ ^ -''^"^ °* 
 grant a right to fish. '• That the no-,Mnf i i ? ^'""'''^^^ has no power to 
 Crown fo? the ben;fit of tL"""'^f^,f^*,J";•;;^ \ Province beinl in the 
 
 mcident, and is in the Crown £ tru;tee tW th t ^^^^ *? ^^ *""«^« ^« ^'^ 
 province, and therefore a iL^Lbv the Mii-f AT^^ ""^ ^^' people of the 
 be illegal." '^ ''^ *^^ Minister of Marine and Fi,s^ieHes would 
 
 CONSERVATION OF PUBLIC RIGHTS. 
 
 Vo.^oi'S^^r^:::^;i^:t^^f^-'^^ i-portance of the water- 
 not only to the'einployer but the mpiotes7n°;i^^^^^^^^ '°^ '^!,™'"^''' i» *"^«* 
 pursuit. It is thu,s, a franchise in wSch the neS nn''^ '"^"'*7' <^^''^'^^ °^ 
 of years hence, are and will be der/v nav J HhI • ^^''f ' "«T ^"'^ hundreds 
 quently, in which the rights of thrCn;wn^oitfc ?''?''• A'' "'''' ''''''- 
 to be most jealously and"carefully guaird ^''''^'' ""^ *^^*^ P^^P^^' ^^e 
 
 saies'S^sihj^:^i.:^:iE i^'y's;:^7^i z^^ ''^' '^ ^'^ ^"^-« 
 
 which may be required for domestic and 1.ZT ^ ^^^ *^ exception of that 
 to the Crown as trustee for the benefit of ZZnT'T^u^' '^''""^'^ ^' '^'''''^'i 
 And that water-powers should not be sold buf??^ f *^' f °'^"? generally, 
 rent charged varying according to circursCes tC f«^^.<^erm of years, the 
 rapid, the difficulties to be overcome SwTJn^^^^^^ ^^^ f^" "^ 
 
 tiie purposes to which it is to ^m^'^';^^::£tz^:^.'''' -- 
 
 Revexue. 
 
 The rental of the provincial water-powers annp«r« tn fK. -i. 
 legitimate source of revenue. One to whichTo reasons hi * 1^"*'' ^ perfectly 
 
 that may not with equal, if nut o4aTer fore/ htr-^'^P^'^'^ ''*" be taken, 
 whatever. The rent Should be veA^ moc ti^te at ts^f^^^^ f ^ '"'^'^ '^^ 
 
 per^^^power per annum, accorLg ^tt^tS^^^^iS t^^^J^ 
 
 The amount of revenue that rnav be dprivprl f,.^.v. i-u- 
 t,c„lar date cannot be e»ti.nate<l. uZ!^.rZfJZ .t7SX"3 ?£ 
 
36 
 
 ami other countnea. In the absence of larger markets for our products there can 
 be no sudden or very great demand for increased power. That sooner or iSerTt 
 would yield millions of dollars annually, exceeding in fact rnrother source of 
 revenue, the writer is fully persuaded. "i u uuy omer source ot 
 
 live ItecZZZl *' tT; ^' '''''^' H'^* i«.,^bsolutely certain, ■water-power will out- 
 live steam-power^ The one may be said to endure forever, the other onlv so 
 
 ZlZZi T ^' "^?'"'°f^- ^ Tl ^''''''''' ^'^''^'^ and dearer steam pJwr 
 S rev" avaihbr^ X ''^"'" ^ "''"'"•^^^^^ by the cheaper water-^owe 
 TrS I 1 l-i- \ , "''^'^ water-power cannot be obtained, " wind-power" mav 
 probab 3^ be utilized by means of electricity and storage batteries toTn extent 
 
 In England the consumption of coal is now so great that thi large and more 
 easily worked beds or "seams" must inevitably be%xhausted beforVw As 
 this goes on he cost o working or "winning" will increase and the pr ce of coa 
 
 1^; n" bnX i '''"'? f "'? *" ^' '^' '^'"^ Voiver it has hitherto beeT Havint 
 but a limited amount owater-powor to fall back upon, British manufacturer" 
 will thus, in all probability, be obliged to give up manufaduring manyTmportant 
 staples with which they have hitherto in a great measure suBplieSthTworld 
 Is It not possible that many of these manufacturers, with their experLcec^^^^^^^^ 
 machinery and skiled artisans may in the near future find in CaSa a new field 
 and a greater Britain, where, under the banner of Free Trade (which the timid 
 sons of the soil, unconscious of their strength, are as yet afraicUo unfurl) the v 
 may, with the cheap and unrivalled water-power here at their command anj 
 materials produced on th s continent, if not on the spot, renew ''trimlustrLl 
 strife with a success quite equal to that which has h;retofore rendered the 
 manufacturers and merchants of Great Britain so famous. With such rare facili- 
 ties in regard of cheap transportation and otherwise, London, Liverpoo and 
 Glasgow might still with advantage, continue to be the chief distribS Ifnte 
 for the most part if not all of our Canadian manufactures-not required ".r 
 con^fnenr"'"''"'''"" '""P^^ '^' ^'^°*' "^ °"^ ^""^^^'^^^ neighbours "n thb 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 B, BORRON, 
 
 Stipendiary Magistrate, <tc., <i;c. 
 
 |i ' 
 
roducts tliere can 
 sooner or later it 
 y other source of 
 
 r-power will out- 
 le other only so 
 irer steam-power 
 iper water-power 
 nnd-power" may 
 ries, to an extent 
 vera in cheapness 
 
 I large and more 
 before Ion;,'. As 
 the price of coal 
 
 been. Havino- 
 
 1 manufacturers 
 many important 
 slied the world, 
 perience, capital, 
 tiada a new field 
 which the timid 
 to unfurl), they 
 
 ir command and 
 ' " the industrial 
 re rendered the 
 such rare facili- 
 , Liverpool and 
 tributing points 
 lot required f^r 
 eighbors on this 
 
 y.E- 
 
 irate, dkc, <fcc.