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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque Ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichi, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant Ie nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I MMMMEka«Bi«.JHaUlinMBUKa«MWHMnt.- -'S4 ■Mb ACROSS CANADA : A RKroKT ON ITS AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. PARLIAMENT HOUSE, OTTAWA. — BY — WILLIAM FKK.VM, I}, ^c. Lond., F L S., F. il S. Asseciate of the Royal College of Scieiui', Dublin : Professor of Natural Hh-iv in the College of Agricultural, Doivston, Salii/>ury, and Consulting Dotaniu to the British Dairy Farriers' Association : formerly Professor of Natural History in ike Eoyal Agricultural College^ Cirencester. ■vv^:i£^^^, „ OTTAWA: DEPARTMENT OF ACRlfU' I'URE i886 T" iTTTi K arces te iiUa of ) wliole of i is nortli- from [hi which lies oad river.s agrieultu- imated at re surface. la of land mile!", of S gardens :apahle of i^Y that irgiii soil, le for the e miles, it jland and arly forty her words ropolitan itain can ied lands, le North tia ; who iain'* and he writer :ant from • of the rViunip ?g occupies ific coast lely, the eak first, .veen the ■rem the But any r to the 130 125 120 lC^^ ";/o /^ rr'i-'''". 'i\li ""(f^^ te?'S^ ■^iC^f s;)The Elbow :;S ;l m llj a fe^ ■/^ ^m • m 'the niRLAND i.ITIIO. CO., »« '-k. ^'"P Kngravcrs, f '••.„«!'". t'''.)f-:* MONTREAL, CANADA. V. ■■•■-•;•■■»=■■.- — T^v A ^ \ 'S \ * /fell ,^" rt '""Tinfl^* ?^ '. *■;,.,/»,(■! '^^jHif^^^^^^ ..--v-^,'-V— !"-.:io!|oli.>n Ts ^- N.JllubriiK LHvfouinlhui I ] i S! mlwj 'h In. 1.0^ 'I Aniork'an Ir? e Is. 1B0 160 •JjlVarl Is 725 120 115 110 10. ACROSS CANADA A. Ixoport ort its Agr icTaltwral nosourcos IN'IKODl'C'I'ION it Cana-ia is so vast country llmt mero li>,'ur(3^ fail to convey an adofjuate uUa of enormous extent. Taken in it'' entirety it is one-tliird larger t)--" the wli.)Ie of two millions of square miles, which represents rather more than half of the entire surface lUit from the returns of the last census, that of I'^si, it appears that the area of hnil" ficluallf^ occupied at that time only slightly exceeded seventy thousand fijuare mile/ of which not nioic than one-half was improved, tiial U, covered by croj)?, jiasture.", gardens ..r orchards, i fence, of the two millions ^r sfiuaro miles estimated to l)0 capaldo of vielding their produce to Uie industry of the farmer or tlie forester, it is safe to say that upwards of one million nine hundred thousand s(iuare miles still represent vir"iu soil and of this, again, no less than one million fi(|uare miles are regarded as suitable" for the' cultivation of wheat. To give some idea of what is meant by one million square miles it .uiixiuiio yjL f^wH'"* ""^-""^ -" >^«u»v.» ...«x« c«« xvio.-. Limu iivu miuions ; in otiier words the population of Canada is about the same as that of London (within the Metropolitan Police District). Canada, then, has room for some of the population whi^li Britain can spare ; it is in need of a frugal, industrious people who will till its vast unoccu])ied lands and gather in the fruits -which it yields, from the grain crops of Manitoba and the North West prairies, to the grapes and peaches of Ontario and ilie a])ples of Xo\a Scotia "• who will rase cattle, and elieep, aud horses among the foot hills of the Rocky Mountain^ anrl along the fertile valley tlopes of the groat Saskatchewan RiTor. The following pages contain some account of Cutjab as it apjicarc I to the v.iite luring the early autumn of 18S4, in a journey which included ]ioiiit8 as'far ilistant frot liach other as the cost of Nova Scotia in 1 ho eaM and thy ivickini,' IIm-^q ]>,«.« of th Rocky Mountains in the west. '.'.liter m la An inspection of a modern map of the Canadian Dominion shows that Winnip^r may fairly bo regarded as the most central city of British Noith America, for it occupies a position about equally distant from the Atlantic coast on the east, and the Pacific coast on the west. It is of the country lying west and north-west of Winnipeg, namely the Province of Manitoba and the North-Wcst Territories that it is proposed' to speak first All this vast area lies to the west of the chain of great lakes which are between the Fnited States and Cfloada, and, indeed, Winnipeg itself is upwards of 400 miles from the nearest point of the shore of Lake Superior, the most westerly of these lakes. But any attempt to describe the country which stretchoe westward from Lake Superior to the Rocky Mouutainj would be incomplete were it not prefaced by some description of the fjreat artery of communication which places the River St. Lawrence in direct connection with Britif^h Columbia, and ere long will form a continuous and pormanant overland route between the AtUntic and Pacific Oceans. .11 I CANAIUAX l>Ai Il'IC RAILWAY Whether wo re^arcl the Canadian I'acitic Railway as a monument of engineering •skill, or as a pioneer in the march of civili/ation, wo are equcJly impressed with the gigantic nature of th-3 i\ndertaking. It, spans a continent, and i.», we hope, destined to become % great commercial highway, not only between Britiin and tlie vast territories which the railwjiy !iis penetrated and opened up, but l)etween 'Western Europe and the countries, like Japan and China, which lie \\\wn the Ajiatic boundary of the North Pacific Ocean in the far East. At present the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway'is at tli3*Dalhousie S.juare Station, Montreal, in the province of Quebec, and the lengths of ths various sta-^jes of the journev westward mav bo seen in the following table; — Aggregate Mileage. Miles, Montreal to Toronto 333 'I'cronto to Owen Sound 121 i. fwen Sound to Port Arthur (ijy eteamer) .530 Port Arthur to Winnipeg 429 1,413 ..... ^^^o^ 454 98:) AVinnipeg to Calgaiy S3!) Calgary to Stephen 121 J,373 At Stephen, in British Columbia, the railway reaches its greatest height above the sea. About 5,300 feet, and at once commences to descend the Pacific slope of the Rocky Mountains. From Stephen to Port Moody, the terminus on the Pacific coast, the tract will be completed by the end oi Octeber, lhS5. Owen Sound is on the cost of Georgian Bay, which lies in.the north-east of Lake Huron, and from this point to Port Arthur, on the north west coast of Lake auperior, three pov.'erful and excellently fitted steamer?, the Alberta, "Ahjo Ilia and Athabasca oieet the requirements of the line. But the Cana- dian Pacific Railway already possesses a complete overland route, foi- the raUway connec- tion of the connection it overland inyiueering with the lestined to territories pe and tlie the North ian Pacific uebec, and following ate above the the Rocky , the tract ' Georgian A.rthur, on steamer?, the Cana- av connec- 8 tion lying to the north of ihe Lake Superior is com^,lete, and open for trallic. With this inter- .mediate portion, known as the Lake Superior section, and the remainder of the track on 'theracifacslopeof the Rocky Mountains, completed, the main route from Montreal to Fort Moody will pass north of Toronto and the voyage across the lakes will be unneces- i^ary, so that traflic will be booked right through from Quebec or Montreal to the Pacific coast of British Columbia without change of any sort. The distances w, II be ihe fuUo wing : Aggiet-te Miles ^Jiltage. Montreal to Callendet ^47 Callander to Port Arthur 6s7 .... 1,004 Port Arthur to Red Iviver 428 1,4 ^2 Red River to Summit of Rokies g^f 2,394 Summit of Rockies to West Crossing, Columl) a R. . . 138 .... 2[5^2 t St Crossing, Columbia R. to Savona's Ferry i^o ■.,6Sz rona's Ferry to Poit Moody '. J13 3,895 The Red River stUion in the foretroing :able is Winnipeg, and that at llie .summit of the Rockies is Stephen. As several of the iines of the Atlantic steamers land their passengers at Quebec it may be convenient to mention liere tint th^ railway journey tfrom Quebec to Montreal is 172 miles, but it U not unlikely that ere Ion;,' all the ocean •steamers will lanl their passergersat Montreal. '^"■A.O.A. - Depart mtnf'O Bn'dilino^, Oltnnit—We-tt hl.i-k. PHYSICAL FEA-TURES OF THE PKAllUE As large grants of land on either side of th^ line have been made by the Dominion Government to the Canadian Pacific Railway, and as the railway authorities are offering allotments to settlers on very advantageous terms, some description of tlie geological and other physical features of the wide belt of country between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains may be of interest. After leaving Port Arthur, Avhich 'n on the coast of Thunder Bay, Lake Saperior, the railway passes through a low, swampy country, with considerable timber. As Rat Portage, 297 miles west of Port Arthur, is approached, the country becomes more rocky in character, and this continues till the neighbourhood of Telford, 338 miles west of Port Arthur, and 91 miles east of Winnipeg, is reached. West *of Telford station the rocks disappear and the line passes into the muskeg or awamp country, >vluch in tliis district forms the eastern bolder of the great Red River plain. Thi» ewamt>y rt-gion, 20 miles in width, extends north and south for a considerable distance,, and is coveied by a bed of peat some nine feet in depth. About 70 aailea east of Winni- peg the great alluvial tract of the Red River Valley is entered upon, constituting the eastern l,e)uiidary of what is termed the firbt prairio steppe This, like the other steppes t(j which relereijce will be made, is a vast open plain stretching almost Avitliout oreak or interruj)tion of any kind from horizon to horizon. It is in the middle of the rich agri- cultural landii atfurded by the alluvium of the Red River Valley Ihat the City of Winni- ]je", the metropolis of Manitoba, is situated, at the conlluence of the Red aud tha Assini- bouie KivcTs. The Hue of latitude of AVinnipeg runs very slightly to the south of the Land's Kud iu Eugland, so that this city Ma south of any town in the British Isles. The Bite of Wipcip«-g IS ihatof the old Fort Garry which was formerly the administrative- centre iu the North Vest of the Hudson's Bay Company, so that, as a centre of distribu- tion for the grtat North AVest, Winnipeg holds the sama position as Fort Gariy did in ihe old fur-trading days. Its situation on the junction of two great rivers ma fact oii iaimeuse impoitance in connection with the future commercial development Wthe vast praiiie region. The Assiniboine ilowing westward empties its waters into the Red River ilowmg northward, and 45 miles north of Winnipeg the Bed Riter discharges the mingled waters into Lake Winnipeg, which is 280 miles long and 57 miles broad at its widest part,. lis coast line beings uDwards of 1,000 miles long, while its area of 9,000 square miles is greater than that of Wales. At its northern extremity the lake discharges its waters into the Nelson River which floAvs into Hudson's Bay at Port Nelson, from which point to Liverpool there is an omau passage of 2,941 niiln?, beiLg 100 miles less than the distance froiu New-Vork to Liverpool, noiwithstandin'g tliat Port Nekon is oa the central north, find soutli Ime of North America, From the northern extremity of Lake Winnipeg to Furt Churchill, another point on the coa.st of Hudson's Bay, and tha piobable terminus i»f the Hudson's Bay Raihvav, the distance is onlv 350 miles, which is less tlian that bet- ween London and Edinburgh. The Red River flows at first through tha States of Minne- sota and Dakota, and it drains about 10,000 square miles of the Province of Manitoba on lis way uorthwaid. It is navigable for some 200 miles, and its valley is covered with a soil of gi eat excellence and fertility. The Assiniboine lUver drains an area of about t;(5.00o square milos, entirely within British territory, the greater port of the area being, occupied by rolling prairie lands, which, as will here after be pointed out, are endowed witli undoubted richness and fertility. It is navigable for steamers of 100 tons burden as far as Fort EUice, gome GOO miles from Winnipeg. But Lake Winnipeg not only receives the combined Waters of the Assiniboine and Red Rivera; it also receives the out How of the mighty Saskatchewan, and altogether the drainage of some 400,000 square miles iiHdi its way in'io this lake. Besides the main line of the Canadian Pacific Rati way,, four other lines run into Winnipeg and so enhance its importance as a great trading centre. The population of the city of Winnipeg which, in 1870 was only 300, had risen i* 1884 to 30,000, To retum now 1o the description uf the land extending between Winnipeg and the Rocky Mountains, it may in general terms be stated that the North West, from the Red River Valley to the foot hills of the Rockies is one vast fertile plain, the prairie, which for ages has aftbided grazing lands te innumerable herd? of buffalo which have to a great extent disappeared in the presence of the white man. but whose bones bleaching •n the prairie may htill be seen in great numbers. As we lii,ve already explained, the prairie is entered from Lake Superior through a belt of rough country with swamps, and streams, and rocks, and after crossing the muskeg or swamp which forms the eastern boundary of the Red River Valley, the traveller parses ever three plains, or steppes, at different leve).'^, on his progress westward in the direction of the Rocky Mountains. The Red River Valley form a portion of the first steppe, and it is occupied by a great lacus- trine deposit 40 miles wide which extends right through the Province of Manitoba, from north to south. It presents a flat aurface of the most typical prairie land, and is made lap of the hnest possible silt with a covering of black vegetable soil, which works tap with great facility into choice agricultural land. At Stony Mountain, near Wianipeg, and at Selkirk, 21 miles north of the city, cream coloured limestones affording a beautiful build- ing stone are extensively quarried. The first prairie steppe attains a height of about «tO feet above the sea, (tht surface of Lake Superior is 627 feet above the sea), and. ■ plain. Thiif )le distance^. ; of Winni- lituting the her steppes >ut oreak or e rich agri- y of AVinni- l tlia Assini- )uth of tlie 1 Ides. The tninistrative' of distnbu- my did in 3 k a fact oi- t Wthe vast Ked Riv^er the mingled widest part,, re nailes is waters into ich point to the distance antral Dorlh. ^^innipeg to e terminus an that bet- s of Minne- lanitoba on red with a 1 of about 3 area beiug 'e endowed ons burden g not only receives the ),000 square fie Rathvay.. eat trading had risen im unipeg and st, from the- the prairie, lich have to ?a bloachicg lained, the wainpg. and he eastern steppes, at itaina. The ^rcat lacus- itoba, from d is made 'ks v/p with peg, and at tifulbuild- t of about sea), and 5 extends westward as far as Macgregor, 7i) miles west of Winniptg. where, near ths to a hei Jit of 1,000 feet above tlia sea, and extends westward as far nfi Moose Jaw, ;}9S miles from \Vinniptg, comprising in its tweep the great plain uf Regina and the celebrated Bell farm at Indian Head. The Railway, in ascenoirg the gradient of ilia escarpment, foUuwt tho Assiniboine valley, and on the second steppe the unlerlying rocks cxn only ba seen in the scarped banks of the deeper rive vallty^, the surface being covered by a great depth of drift. In the vicinity of Moose Jaw another slope, knowa as the Missouri Coteau, leads up to tha third prairie steppe, of wliich tli^ Missouri Coteau is, of course, the eastern edge. On approaching the base of the Coteau from tlie eas, aoross the second prairie steppe, a gradual ascent is made, amounting in a distance of 25 miles to upward of 15<> feet. Th^arface now becomes more undulating in outline, and low lulls formed of boulders and gravel are seen. The belt of the Coteau is maiked by the absence of diain- age valleyf, and the pools and lakes on its surface becoming in consequence charged with saline matters, are sometimes spoken of as alkali lakes. The sulphates of soda and of magnesia, known popularly as Glauber's and Epsom salt*, are the n)C^t abundant ingredient of the saline waters, and as the pools ani lakes Fometimes dry up towards uia end of summer, deposits of white civatals are Jefc behind, which contrast in colour with the crimson tints of the marsh samphire, Salicornia, which grows around the lakes. Old Wives Lukes are of this saline character. Tlie average elevation of Coteau above ihe level of the sea is about 2,000 feet, and few of its hills rise more than 10(» feet above thH> general love). The average breadth of the Missouri Coteau is from 30 to 40 mile'^, and it stritches diagonally across the central region of North America for a distance of about 800 miles, flinging on the south the valley of the mighty Missturi whence the Coteau take its name (French, Coteau, a hill-slope.) The third praiiie steppe attains an elevation of 3,200 feet, and swt^eps in an almost 'unbroken plain from the Mi^eouii Coteau to the foot-hills of tbo Rocky Mountains, which commence beyond Calgary, a rising town 839 miles west of Winnipeg. Through this great plain the rivers have cut deep valleys, so that the view from tlie deck of a fiteamer is very limited ; this may be Wdll observed at Medecine Het, (iHO miles west of Winnipeg, where the J ailway across the south Saskatchewan River. There is evidencn that within recent gealogical time the whole of the prairie area was extensively glaciated the numerous boulders scattered over the prairies pointing to the transporting power of moving ice. On the third steppe, some of the boulders appear to have been used in modern times by buffalo as rubbing stones, and they are surrounded by basin shaped depressions worn out by the feet of these animals. The two prairie escarpments to whi^h reference has been made were cut by the action of running water, the higher one before the period of glaciation, and the lower one at a later dat^e by the waters of the now extinct lake wnicb once occupied the Rad River Valley., West of Medecine Hat and a< far as Calgary the line passes along the Av est side of Bow River, over a plain heavily covered with drift. At Calgary the Rocky Mountains come into full view, and a railway journey of 121 miles brings the traveller to the summit of the grade, and to the water parting which separates the watershed of the Pacific from that of eastern slopes. FORAGE PLANTS OK THE PRAIRIE. The greater or less value of land is to a yreat extent deducible from the character of the plants wliich grow wild upon it. Save tor more Scrub here and there, and low ehruds bordering swampy localities, the level monotony of the prairie is not often broken l)y any vegetable groth which cannot be regarded as herbige. Of true tries there ara none,ab3olutely none, and much of the peculiar appe?rence of tli-j prairie in undoubtedly due to its treeless character. But this absence of trees is not without its advantage to 'flettlers, for the enormous labour invelved in clearing laud of timber, which the pioueera 6 In the more eastern parts of Canada hive to Tace, is unknown on the prairie. Indeedi. «8 will be pointed out subsequently, one of the chief inducements the prairie oflfers to the Bettler is ihe sperdy return he gets for even his eariies labours. The herbage growing on the prairie diners much from that which grows on unbroken land at home, and it may be as well to mention hero some of the leading plants. Of the true grasses there are but few cDecies similar to those found in Britain, and af those lew it is^ some- what remarkable that one of the best is practically indentical with a species which haa* t-arned a v^ry unenviable reputaticn at home, namely, couch grase, Triticum repens. Wherever thtre is marshy ground, or saline soils, this plant grows in abundance and makes a },'ood fodder. It mo-'t be remarked, however, that the special character which, makes cuuch grass so objectionable to Briti^'h farmers in their arable lands, that is, the possession of long underground stems or stolons, is absent in the couch grass of the )>rairie which is nnn-stoloniferous, and, therefore, does not tend to form in the t©il a dence bed or couch of prostrate, interlacing stems. Another British grass found on th& prairie is our common meadow grass, Poa pratensis, which is there called red-lgp, or June grass ; this species is known in the Unit«d States as the Kentucky bins grass. Our flue bent grass or fi-^rin, Agrostis vulgaris^ also grows on the nrairie, and is likewise termed rod-top, or L'y-land pasture gras<. These two kinds of red-top, are found chiefly in the ♦^astern prairies. The Best grasses of the salt marshes are Tritmim repens, Spartina gracilio' and Glyceria airoides. On the high, dry grounds the best fodder grass in Stipa spartea, the buffalo grass of the northern prairies whilst among other valuable species are Bouteloua 0lig9stachya, the buffalo grass of the southern prairies, and Triticuvi canmum, Jffierochlco borealis, Andropogon scoparius, and Vilfa cnspidata. The bearded wheat grass, or dog wheat, Tnttcitm caiiinum, closely approaches couch grass in cha.T&cteT,SLXi'i Hierechlcehorealis> is the holy grass of Northern Europe ; the latter possesses a most delightful lavocder- like odour, and is used by the indians in making mats which i tain their fragraBce for a long peri d. The common cultivated grasses of Britain, such as coksfoot, foxtail, timothy, and the fescues are unknown on the prairie, though it is highly probable they will speedily b« introduced. It i? a noteworthey ftct that the sedges, all of which are regarded as worthless at home, and are generally indicative of poor and undrained land, c mtiibute no inconsiderable part to the nutritive herbage of the prairie. The sedges belong to the genus Cwex, and are easily recognized by their solid triangular stems ; the most valuable sedges on the western prairies is Carex marciia, and on the eastern piairies- the best are Carex aristata and Carex lanuginosa, none of which are founi in Britain. In some districts the prairie hay consists, almost exclusively of sedges. The summer food •f horses which are grazing is chiefly Carex aristo^a, that grows in the marsh laftds; this sedge dies down with the appearance of '.he frobS of winter, and then the horses ge to the higher lands and feed on the grass, S^tipa spartea. Two other valuable grasses which deservfr mention are the blue joint grass, Calamagrostis Canadensis, allied te the small-reed grass ef Britain, and Spartina cynosuroides, a tall handsome species, found abundantly in the- salt marsh among the prairie plants worthy of note are Artemisia frigida, a low shrub with a powerful odour, and allied to our wormwood and mugwort ; Eurotia Z«noe towns have growa in sizs ani in importaace, and how neat, business-like, and wdli laid out many of them appear to ba. As some as the centres of leading agricul- tural di.-'tricts. It appears desirable to give a brief account of a few of the leading ones, takmg them m tha order in which they art .eached by tha traveller in las journey west- ward from Winnipeg. The municipal organization of some of these towns is very com- plete, and remarkably so when it is borne in mind that most of them are not more than two or three years old ; they afford f^troug testimony of tin energy and capacity for business which characlerizi the dwellers in tha North-West. Br of Virdei 219 milts valley in Indian ta River, on as the "NV ElUce, as navigate the mids The Scot district a and the s ' * ' ■;.'■ Fifty-six miles west of Winnipeg the town of Portage lia Praire is reached. It lies near the western boundary of the first steppe, and occupies the central position of the richest wheat gcowing land in thj Pr,ivince of Manitoba. It commands a very advanta- geous position, for, besides being on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, it is the south-eastern terminus and heal quarters of the Manitaba and Northwestern Railway. This line is projected to rua in a north-westerly direction to Prince Albert, on the Saskatchawan lliver, a distance of 4'30 miles from Portage La Prairie ; about 80 miles of the track are now ia operation, tha stations proceeding from Portage La Prairie being Macdonali, Westbourne, Woodsiie, Gladstone, Neepawa, Bridge Creek, and Minaedosa. The last named place is about 30 miles dae North of Brandon, a rising town on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and is situated on a tributary of the Assinibome River. Tha Manitoba and Northwestern Cooapany has a grant land from tha Dominion Government if 2,7 JUjiiO'J acres of formiog and timber laads along its line of route, and cheap warrants for Hjo'actes or more, to be selected by the settler, may bepurcUisssdatany of theottices of the Allaud Royal Mail Steamship Company. In aidition to its position with reference to tlu'se two railways, Portage La Prairie i)Oises*es a further advantage ii that it lies on the north bank of the main Assiniboiue River ; it is therefore likely to become an important industrial centre, and it already possesses paper and Hour mills, and a biscait factory. The population is between three and four thousand. Between Portage La Prairie and Carberry fifty miles to the west, the line sceands the gentle slope of the first escarpment, and Carberry, j.Oe miles from Winnipeg, is near the eastern border of the second prairie steppe. It is the county town of Norfolk, and is the centre of a fertile wheat-growing area called the " Beautiful Plains." Althrough the buid- ing of tha town was only commenced less than two years ago, it now has a population of over 400, and is already an important cmlre for tiie shipment of wheat. Twenty-seven miles beyond Carberry the traveller arrives at Brandon, a beauti- ful town f^ituat'sd at the crossing of the Assiniboine River. Its fine buildings, and broad regular streets cannot fail to impress tha visitor, and it strikes one at once as a town of which it would be pleasant to dwell. It is the market centre for a considerable area in couQtry, extending • )rtwarl aj far as Minnedosa, and southward to Turtle Mountain, and there is much excellent land in the neighbourhood. Near the railway are several large elevators for '.he reception of the wheat grown in the district. lare mile in t.j settlers. Mountains. 19 company ting to llie ic Railway, agricultural ,' the line of with which usiness-like, ing aj,'ricul- eading ones, iirney west- jry com- i more than npacity for had. It lies tion of the advanta- lilway, it is •n Railway, rt, on til a t 80 miles rairie bain^' Minaedosa. wa on the Ptiver. The ovarnment p warrants f the oHices h reference It it lies on I important it factory. ae sceands jeg, is near , and is the hthebuid- population 1, a beauti- ind broad I town of le area in Mountain, ire several Brandon is i;i3 miles west of Winnipeg,', and 47 mUIes farther on. the rising town of Virden is reached, whence a furtlier run of 39 milles places the traveller at Muosomin, 210 milts from Winnioeg the line leaving the general Irend of the Assiniboiue Jliver valley in vicinity of Virden. \Vej.t of Moosomin, near WapeDa, the tra^k cros.«ess the Indian tail from Moose Mountain in the south-west, to Fort Ellice, on the Assinibwiue River, on the north-east. Moose Mountain forms j.art of a group of diift hills known as the Weedy, Wolf e,and Squirrell Hills, and id a favourite place fur settlement; Fort Ellice, as Iias already been stated, is the point up to which steamers from AVinnipeg cai: navigate the Assiniboine River. Favourably situated between tluse two point.p, and in the midst of a promising country, Moosomin ar)pears to have a bright future before it. The Scoth crofters sent out last year by lady (Jordon (!athcart are established in tne district abuu\ ten miles south of Wapplh. Each crofter has a homestead of IGO acres, and the settlemen is already on the high road to success. Bioadview, 104 miles west of Winnipeg, and 45 miles beyond Moo.'omin, is another well laid out town, and the commercial centre of an excellent farming country* It occu])iea a pretty situStiun near the head oC Wood lake, and workshops of the railway are established here. Proceeding westward the line skirt.^ the southern boundary of the Qu'appelle Valley, and 48 miles from Broadview the traveller comes to Indian Head, the station of the fa- mous Bell Farm, which is 312 miles from Winnipeg. The town of Indian Head, whicli takes its name from the fact of the Indian Agency for the Qu'Appelle district being si- tuated here, rejoices in a charming situation, possesses «xcallent natural drainage, and is the site of the finest brick hotel in the North-West. Eight miles north of the town are the fishing lakes of the Qu'appelle River, and a beautiful lake may be vi?ited in a joui- ney six miles south of the town. The bell Farm affords a notable example of the capa- bilities of the prairie soils, and a full description of this remarkable feature in the agri- cultural interprise of the North West is given later on. The town of Qu'Appelle is only 8 miles byond ladianHead, and is situated south of th fort of the same name. The Qu'Appelle River is exclusively north of the railway track, and it flows from west to ca^t. pouring its waters finally into the Assiniboine Ri- ver near Fort Ellice. The town of Qu'Apnelle was, until recently, called Troy, and tha local authorities, in adorming its street with poplar street, hive set an example which de- serves imitation in all the prairie towns. The Government Imnaigration Buildings are at Qu'Appelle, and in the'neighhorhood of the town are numbers of excellent farms, both large and small. After leaving Qu'Appelle, the next place of importance is Ragina, 32 milei to the west, and 356 miles from Winnipeg. Ragina is not only tha capital of the Provisional District of Asainiboia, but it is the metropolis of the North-West Territories. It is the head quaters of that fine body of men, the North-Western Mounted Police, who are entrusted with the maintenance of law and order over an enormous area, and, as the seat of government of the North-West, there may also be seen at Regina the Indian and Depart- mental Offices', and tha residence of the Lieutenant-Qovernor. .The Wascana River, or Piles of Bones, as it is also called, Hows across in a north-westerly direction, and supplies the town with good water, Ragina possessing the largest and best constructed reservoir in the North-West. A scheme ii under concideration for constructing a railway from Re- gina in an almost directly northern direction, past Long Lake to Prince Albert; xhe town on the North Saskatchewan River which, it will be remembered, has also been chosen as the northern terminus of the Manitoba and North-Western Riilway, which joins the Canadian Pacific Railway at Portage la Prairie. Regina is in the midst of the Great Plain of Regina, one of the largest continuous tracts of wheat-growing land on the prairie, the soil bding a rich, dark, clayed loam. With its publia buildings, substantial houses, and wide open streets, the town cannot fail to impress favourably any one who may visit it, and it is likely to undergo rapid development. And yet, less than three years ago, there was nothing to mark the site of this rapidly rising f-ity save a few canvas tents, and the silen- 1^ ce and solitude of the Great Plaiuf- of Regina had novt-r bocn disturbed by the shri ;k of the locomotive. .lourneyii)},' along wfstwu'l tome Jioice farniiu^,' land is tntered upon .after leaving Regica, and hr-ie the traveller touimer^ces the a- cent of ihts Recond ])ra)rie fHcarpment, the Missouri Coteau, marktd by gently undulating land. At M( ose .law, 42 miles beyond Regina, and 3'Ji^ miles irom Wini.inig, a very populous town is Teaihed at the roijlluenco of the Moose JaAvaud Tunder Creek-^, tributairie.'i <>f the Qu'Appelle River. The town it neat and trim, it^i irtceet^ ami avenues are well planned, many of its buiHiogs are baud- some and (substantial, and the growth of its population has been remarkabJv rapid even for a prairie town. Fif:een miles to the north is Bull'alo Lake, formed by the expansion of the Big Arm River on its way to join the Qu'Appelle ; the banks of the lake are about ;i<»0 feet high. From the town (if Aloose Jaw an Indian trail leads northwards to the Temperance Colony, about IGO miles distant, where the settlers occupy a rolling prairie wgll watered and fertile. Saskatoon, the capital of the colony, is on a wooded bluff, overlooking the broad Sa-katchewan River. Beyond Moose Jaw the railway track follows Thunder Creek, and continues to ascend the slope of the CJrand Coteau of the Missouri. There are good pastures in this district, and the land looks well adapted for sheep grazing. Twenty miles west of Moose Jaw the line passes the southern shore of the long, narrow Pelican Lake, which abounds in duck, geese and pelican. The summit of the MisBd Secretan, The railway jountry, con- B ponds. To Secretan, at Rwarm with vift Current, itchewan Ri- aiiles further pot is a con- be plenty of al soils may nt and Gull innipeg, and es its name hkely that a , the nearest t»king their mce they are thirty miles bief barracks ipeg, is beau- istance north srsons River. , town Avhich ursl area but ~ district. It ■ which ris- is at a fc"-^** f V»*V« A\MM. ^*M.\.M. AJ AMJf^ M4A1 v/ LT ±; o U VXXW L\J\J If- 11 LI X 1 ? «J U k 11 tt Cti. VA V^ U IHO L/C* 1< IV -a " 1. l J River before it flows into the Belly River, a tributary of the South Saskatc Edmonton b»inp far a way 1o the north on the banks of the No:th Saskatcht on a clear day, the lofty, snow-clad peaks of the Rocky Mountains, more thani miles distant, may be seen glistening against the Wislern sky. Bayond (ileiche of Hat n height of 2,100 ftet above the level of the sea, and the magaificont river which adds so' much to the natural beauty of the locality has here carved out for itself a channel, the banks of which rise nearly 300 feet above the water. Immediately on leaving Medccino Hat for the west the train passes over a very fine iron railway bridge, which hei e at a great height above the water spans the gorge of the South Saskatchewan. Awav to the north-east of Medecine Hat this Riveris joined by the Red Deer llliver,while much farther in the same direction, on the banks of the Northern Saskatchewan, is the town of Baltleford, bet- ween which and Medecine Hat communication is kept up alocg the Indian trail. Bat- tleford is the centre of a picturesque regiot occupied by many thriving settlements. And now, west of Medecine Hat and as far as Calgary, a distance of 179 miles the route lies through tho last stretch of genuine prairie land,— prairie land, too, of the most typical character, one sky-bound grassy plain, unbroken either by tree or shrab. Black. - feet, Crees, and parties of other tribos of Indians are here met with. Beyond Medecinc Hat a broad table-land extends between the Bow River en tlie south and the Red D^er River on the North, and at Langevin, 35 miles west of the banks of the Saskatchewan- a. recent boring for coal resulted in the tapping of a heighly, combustible gas which was' ignited as it issued from the earth and the heat evolved ras, in September last, being- utilized for driving the,8team machinery employed in the borirg. Crowfoot Crossing, 106 miles from Medecine Hat, takes its name from a weel-known Indian chief ; a fev/ farms are established here, and there is also a large Indian reserve. Ninsteen miles fur- ther on is (jfleichen, in the midst of a promising agricultural dia'rict, and almost on tho direct north and south line between the important centres of Fort MacLeod and Edmon- ton ; the foimer lying amongst the foot-hills southward on the barks of the Old Man tcliewan, and;. lewan. Here,. I a hundred len is a fine- expanse of unoccupied grazing land which, till recently, was the home of huffft'o and an- telope. Passing Cheadle, which is named in honour of the intrepid traveller who made the " north-wpst passage by la^ndj" the western boundary of the thiid prairie stoppe is attai- ned near the banks of the beautiful Bow River, penetrating the outer valley which, the traveller pushes on to Calgary, the most westerly of the genuine prairie towns met witb along the track of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Calgary, 179 miles from Medecine Hat, 839 miles west of Winnipeg, 1,2GS miles from Port Arthur, Lake Superior, and 2,280 miles west of Montreal, is more than 3,000 feet above the lev«l of the sea. A small town as yet, it nevertheless possesses capacities for a great and rapid development : the centre of a broad and fertile agricultural district, the head ciuarters of the large cattle renches to the south, the future commercial centre for the mining enterprise which will ere long develop the country to the westwasd, and, above all the natural beauty of its situation, — these are some of the factories which will help to ini-ure a great future for the town of Calgary. Eastward is tqe )>rairie, and the town itaelt is on the prairie ; but to the north, to the south, and to 'he west, the foot hills of the Rocky Mountains break the monotony of the scene, and are themselves thrown into relief by the loftier summits in the back-ground, and these in turn present a won- derful contrast with the white peaks which tower above and behind them in awful gran- deur. Through the plain of Calgary (low the clear waters of the Bow River, which a. short distance from the town is joined by its tributary, the Elbow. The excellence of the land in this district is testified by the number of flourishing farms on Pine Creek, on Fish Creek, and on the banks of the Elbow River, and the plentiful supply of good water, the abundance of fi^el, and the kindly climate must continue to make thi.i an attractive re- gion to settlers. A journey northward by stage, occupying five days, is necessary to reach Edmonton the headquarters of the Saskatchewan trade of the Hudson'.'^ Bay Company. West of Calgary the prairie continaally narrows as it follows the course of the Bow River over which the railway is carried no less than four times. Keith is the first station i-2 Ttaclieil, auJ next ia Cochrane, ill* miloa from Calgary, whore tmi the builliiij,M of toj^ *c«n(ling xjrades becontH t. and ihrongh Canmoro, Duthil, and Banir to Cas tie Mountain, at the foot of which, and on the banks of the Bow River, is Silver City, where there are nunierom indications of rich deposit of gold, silver i%nd copper. Passing on throii;,'b K'ulon the traveller arrivesat Lnggan, or lIoLt City, one of the most motley little towns conceivable. From this point a very stwep gradient, about 7 miles in length, leads to Stephen, 5, :!00 feet — UKirc than a mile—nbovo the Idvtd of the eea, and here, in tlu^ Kicking Horse Pass in ihd highest pnitit reachwd by thd Canadian Pacific Railway. Before reacliii);^ Steijlun, which 13 1:31 miles boyiiud Calgary, tho line passes out of the North- We.-t territories int) Piritish Columbia, the Pacific province of the Dominion of Canada. Stephen is about on the lino of water parting between the PAcitic and Atlantic slope-* o.f tlie Rocky Mountains nnd a short distanca beyond Stephen the {licturesque Kicking- !ior^e Lake .-upplids the Kicking Horse Rivei, which Hows westward to join the Cc- lau>bia river, whose waters find their way into the Pacific Octan. West of Stephen the construction works of the railway are still in progress, the timber rec[uired being hewn from the well-wooded mountain slopes on tither side, and lloatea along the Kicking Horse Lake to a hteam saw mill at its eastern end. On this lake, Canadian lum- bermen niay be seen at work guiding the log3 in the desired course ; the skill of the lum- berman is wonderful, he combines the suiefotedness of the mule with the agility of the cat. SCENF.RVOF I'liF, NORTHWEST. It would be a h(»peless task to attempt to convey any adequate idea of the scenery of the Rocky Mountains. I Q approaching this superb range from the east the traveller experiences a succession of surprises, each one more novel than its predece-'sor. All the splendid and magnificent ell'dcts which Nature can produce when she works with such materials as massive rocks and yawning chasms, lakes and streams and witerfalls, dense belts of dark green forest tree?, dazzHngs snow fields, and lofty ice-clad mountain peaks glistening ia the blue vault of heaven, are here combined to form a glorious panorama which must limger in the memory of him who sees it for ever. Dwellers on the prairie need never be more than a day or two's journey from regions were Nature may be seen in her grandess and widest moods. To the south, and more paiticularly to tha north of the railway belt, scenery widely different from tliat of the prairie maybe enjoyed ; mind and body may alike be refrethed in the wild recesses of the Rockies, the 'Alp of the Xorth-West ; and the country east of Winnipeg, between Lake Superior and the Red River Valley, presents another complete change of scenery from that of the prairie. At Rat Portage, for example, 132 miles east of Winnipeg, the lovely Lake of the Woods is bound ere long to become a great place of ressort in the summer season ; not only are its surroundings in the highest degree picturesque, bat the surface of the lake itself is dotted -with innumerable islands of every variety of shape ond size. These islands, tree-clads or grass — covered to the water's edge, are like " Summer isles of Elen lying in dark purple spheres of sea," prairie passo a single trac iMnmdary fa front a cow- I) their hee which the di mother eml wire. As tl 1 tliough now J tlie air, whi ' the ground. ' ing to break a clear day, j and sky is si .' head such ai :1 1 1 I" 1^^ I iiience of se 'i .;hewan, At ,^ north and s :\ iinvers abou ' Manitoba t i of the line i bythebou ; iccupies tl '; !ia3katche\ on the wea by the Atl in Assinib( Saskatche> l']merson a '.)5,000 squi miles ; anc inentivJied is about 12 district h i It 8^ the agricul rolling pr? in the rani from Bran selves as v as to the a trict of wl t at the -itatioiH it i*' ' a single track, it runs very slightly above Iho level of the rest of the prairie, and his no I H^indary face on either side. Thb locomotive, an ia customary in America, carries lu front a cow-catcher to clear wandering animals of the track, though these generally takt > their heeh at the sound of the deep, hoarse whistle, or of the full-toned bell, butli of hicli the driver can call into requisition if necessary. Side bo Hide with the lailway, mother emblem of letter-day civilization stretches across the continent,— the telegraph wire. As the traveller speeds onward over the level plain ha notices but few .signs of life [ tliough now and again a tlock of prairie blackbirds or a lliglil of wild tluck ^ni.iy enliven ?: ilie air, while hore and there a gopher, or " prairie dog," may be seen scamperiDg alon.L ;' ilic ground. A grtat silence prevails, and away from the settlements there many be noth- ing to break the dead level between the eye of the s])ectator and the horizon. Here, on ' a clear day, the horizon is so well defined, and the contrast in appearance between laii'! I and sky is ao marked, tint one gets a conception of the va^oth thi^ district and Alberta are dotined on the south l)y the boundary between Canaia and the L'nitcd Stxtcs. Tin district nf Saskatchewan occupies the region to the north of Manitoba and Assiniboia, while Alberta lie? batwetu Saskatchewan and Assiniboia on the east, and the central ridge of the llocky Mountain.'* on the west. Athabesca in the de-strict north of Alberta, its eastern limit being formed by the Athabasca and the Slaves rivers. The leading towns are lleginaand Medecinellat, in Assiniboia ; Calgary and Edmonton in Alberta ; and Battleford and Prince Albert iu J^ ask ate hew an . In Manitoba the chief towns are Winnipeg, Portage la Prairia, Brandon, Emerson and Gladstone. The areas of the four provisional district are; of Assiniboia, '.)5 ODD square miles ; of Saskatchewan, 114,000 .square miles, of Alberta, 1C0,0(X) square nii'les ; and of Athabasca, 122,000 square miles. For the tiake of comparison it may be inentivaed that the total area of the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland> is about 121,000 square miles, so that, roughly spaking, it may be 'aid that each of these district is nearly as large as the whole of the United Kingdom of (ireat Britain and Ireland. It seems desirable at this .stage to enter somewhat more fully into a de.-cription oi the a<'ricultural features of the North-AVc-^t. The rich wheat laud:? of Manitoba, the rolling prairie west of Brandon with here, and there its alkali laker, tho va'-t grazing land.s in the ranch country south and west of Calgary, the fertile belt that stretches north-west from Brandon and through the Saskatchewan valley towards Edmonton, all suggest them- .selves as worthy of discussion. As, however, considerable information is alreadiy available as to the agricultural capacities of the Red Eiver valley and generally of tlio fertile dis- trict of which AVinnipeg is the centre, it may be advisable to give detailed reports only of points farther west. Amongst these, the Bell Farm, both from the magnitude of the undertaking'and the significance of its results, deserves the first place. THE Bt:i.I, FAl^.M The headquarters'of the Bell Farm are at Indian Head station, 312 millea west of TViimip'g, and the farm is Gbm^Tlsed in the opeiiitioins of the Qu'Appelle Valley Farming 14 <'o. It covers iu all an area of 56,000 ftcrei, an i was organised in tha year 1SS2, when brea'kiuf? of the sod waH commence*!. In 1H83, the area of wheat crown was 4,000 ; it was sown without backsetting, and gave an average yield of bustiela an acre. In the present year, 1881, there are 7,000 acreH undor wheat, and next year it is proposed to have no leHs than 14,(KVJ acres of wheat. The liarvest is UHually over by the middle of August, but these vear the season was somewhat backward, and harvest uperations were in full swing in tiie middle of September. Thirty-eiijht reaping machines were at work simul- taneouHly at the ingathering of the cron, and the sheaves as they come from the self>l)in- 'lers ore left in tho held for a day or two, and then carried to ihe threshing machines, so that tho wheat never goes into Htack. Tho grain is delivered from the thretliing ma- chines into large wooden ^'ranaries erected in tho fields, whence in winter it is wleighed acres could be cut in nine working days. The yield tliis year was expected to be 25 bushels an acre, and, on this estimate, it would not cost more than 31} cents per bushel to grow, which is exactly equi- valent to 1 Is. per ([uater. Tha manager of tho farm, Major Bell, believes he can grow wheat and place it on the wliatves at Liverpool, at 23 per quater, this priee inclidlng 8 per cent, interest on tho workicj^' capital involved, and anything realised above 233. repre- eicnting profit. About 300 horses were found necessary this year, through and tho summer they are occupied in breaking new land or in ploughing fa^jw land for tho next spring's sow- in;^'^. As soon as harvest is finihhed they would all oe engaged in ploughing till the win- ter's frosts closed the plouging season. A good heavy cart-horse weighing, say, 1,400 lbs., costs from ISO to 190 dollar.^, or abont i;3S. In summer, 135 men are employed, and about half ihis number in winter. The summer labourers are paid at the rate of .)0 dol- lars (^(5 5.».) a month and all found. The resident labourers get a cottage and one acre of land free, with 35 dollars a month in summer and 30 dollars a month in Avinter. The first foreman gets 50 dollars a month, and the four head foreman 40 dollars a month each, and all found. The farm is worked in f' vo divisions and Major Bell telephones instructions to each division from his residence every evening. The hours of work are from 7 a. m., to G p. m., with one hour out. TMs season the farm also grew 50< > acres of oats, which yeild from 50 to 60 bushels per acre and are largely used in feeding the horses ; also 400 acres of llax, the seed from which would sell at 75 cents a bushel, and the land would go into wheat. This summer 1,400 tons of prairie hay were get in, and for this it would be simple necessary to mow the prairie. An examination of the standing wheat at harvest time showed it to be a good, clean regular crop. Only one variety was grown, that known as Fyfe, or No. 1 Hard, and it yielded a dry, bright, marketable sample. No " docking " or weeding of anj' sort has yet been found necessary, and there is no trace of the red hoppy which is such a pest in English corn-fields. The straw is of fair length, beautifully clean, and quite free frem rust. Only sixty head of cattle are kept and the straw ia nofostly burnt. A good example has been set at Bell Farm., in the planting of tre^a ; last spring 25 miles of poplar trees '\yere set out, they cost 10 cents eaoh and were planted 20 feet apart, so that the cost per -single row per mile was 26 dollars, equivalent to £5 Ss. 4d. Thi refuse cert distance of adopted th( tho railway poned tf l-l a'd outfit selected tlu \\M> to 1)1 en jirepare a <:, charge of tl of raising. < train left W temb,?r the experiment table, whic N.'imp of I'll anil Stati( 1. SpcTi>tati. '.i. Uiisli liUk< ■A. Swift Ciiri 4. (iiill linko n. Miijilo Cri' (i. I''orrt.'S . . , 7, Diinniovi' . s. Stair !l. Tillry. ... k 1'. (ili'irlll'll . 5 Not sown. In C( ^iiitive fctyl no constau others like •leet to 3,0; not inferio 'f note tha farms are c mixed farn district slo Cypress lli suited to g: in the midi Froi latlter plac 1.-) K.M'EIIIMKM'AI. I AII.MS l)\ TIIK Tlliai) SIKITK. Til) Gtpei'iiueut&l form" nf the Caufttliaa I'aifiic Uiilway orij^fioateil iuadesireti) tefuae curtAin riimours to the effect that Ihj territory between MooHe Jaw and Calvary, a distance of 441 inileH, wjh unftt fur cultivation. To stttlo this point the authorities n(li)]itud the vcrv hold expedient ofje.stabli»htti^ a nuuiher of experimental fartuf alon^ the railway track through the diHtricl in qnostiori. ()« Octolmr 12th, iss3, a train com- poned tf M r^m and locomotive itft Winiiipt'^' for lli j wenl, and it c mtained teams, men a' d outfit iieceBRary for (iotahlishinL,' tliM left farms. The sito for each farm was only selected tliH dav hefore the thirty leanis Wirti set to wmk unit. Tin orij^inal intention was to bienk iliu »t d in fnch lot-aiity during O^itohur, lss;i i*) backset during? issl, and so prepare a <,'(tod se»'d btd Tir th« npnnj,' of IH^."). Ibit, fo impressed wuro those who had tliarj^je of the woik with tin duracter of the soil, that they determined to ritk thi attempt of raisin^f. crop, direct>lv of the sod. Ac<:ordin;,'ly, at tlu end nf ^Iar^Il, this year another train left Winnipeg witli seed and all facilities for sowing, and durinp August and Sep- tember the crops were htrve«ted and the yield ascertained. Tli i results of tiiese plucky experiments, and other details respecting tlin ten f.irnn are collected in tli'j fullowing table, which is self explanatory .• - they Niiiiio of l''tirm. .Milm Wuit of Winnipeg- 443 481) f)!! 5411 uir. (ir.i mm ' 7t;» 7K."i •aj?c yii'lil fri t < "i lit 20 :io IK 2H II, '» 18 •12 111 a Xutiiiv nf Soil, anil Di'ptli ill 1 iicIh'S. SllllBOil. llUBlu'lt per Arm. ami Station ■ 1 is i 10 1 Sprrotiiti. (Hay liiam, -I to 10 ill Sandy cI ly Snndy clay Clay and sandy iday S;ind and Bandy flay. 22 44 22 ,54 i;),:io 24 .w 2,1 80 ,11 r>i) 20, '10 20i2,'> 12^30 20 ,'.7 21 14 17 Siinilv loam, .'i to S in 18 11 .(. Swift Current., , 4. (iiill lialulb ther- is uinally thig fact A few words on the prairie police will not be out of place. They are pratically a crops of horse-soldiers known as the North-Westbrn Mounted Police, and it is their duty to cary out the law and preserve the peace over a district stretching from the Manitoba bountlary 750 miles westward, and from the United States boundary 250 miles* northward. They wear a bright military uniform including scarlet jacket, are well mounted on excellent horses, and carry carabine, sword revolver and cartridge belt. Olh- cers and men together number less than six hundred, and yet under their care theNorth- West is absuiutely safe, the Indians being particularly impressed with the pov.er wielded by these guardians cf the peace of tliu prairie. Ail enlistments are made at Fort O.-borne, W'innijieg, and ajipSicants must b>2 betwaen 22 and 40 years of age, active, able-bodiecl men uf ;-uU!id constitution, ati.l must produce certiiicales of exemplary character. The term ot L-ngagcincnL is for live years, and there is no buyi'ig out. Members of tiie force are supplied with free ration?, free kit, an. I are boarded and iodged in the police barracks. The rate of pay varies from £0 cents n. day \U. a wos k) in the tiist year, to "O cents a >lay (20s. 'n\, a week) in the fifth year. 'I'he duties of the police are often Bssociated with danger and fatigue Avhich tax severely the physical powers, bat for a strong lieaky man there is a certain charm aliout the life, and some wlio think of settling down in these re- gions might like a live years introduction before pitching their tents. An excellent knowledge of the country is obtained during a term of service in the force, but none of its members are permilited to comlnne the callings of policeman and farmer. During the last six months of their service thtjy are allowed, upon the Commissioner'.- recom- mendation, to make application for a liomestead, and everything possible is done to fur- ther their interests in that directionj])rovi Jcdlheir duties have been satisfactorily performed. The headquarters arc at Regina barracks ; other centres are at Fort Walsh, Fort Mac- Leod, Battleford, Calgary and elsewhere. As the introduction of alcoholic liquors into the North-Wet is contrary to law, the policemen are charged w^ith the enforcement of 18 this regulalioa ; aad ihey cften experioncd a lonj,' and severe ride across tlie prairie ou the track of indians who seem to have an almost uncontrollable propensity for horse stealin;;. Thesa aboriginal thieves are <,'enerilly captured and punis'hed. Las^t aejitember the prisoners 1 saw in confiaeraent at Regina barracks included " Sittiig Back." •' Single Man," " The Rat." ''The Rock," ' Day Thunder," and "Frog's Thigh,"^ all of them for stealing. ..I:; IIIE PRAIRlli AS A HOME lOR SKT TLHRS. What advantage or inducements does the North- West oJl'er to settlers ! Pait of the answer to this ([uestion must ba sought in the foregoing pages, bat 1 will enumerate here some of what 1 consider to be the chief attractions. Grants of land witliin con- venient distance of th3 railway may be obtained either free from the Government, or at very clisap rates fum the Canadian I'asilic Railway, rhese may b? selected from the richest prairie laud at the choice of the settler. No cleaianoe of timber is required, there is no severe labour with the axe, nor any patient waiting for years in order tliat tree stumps may rot to facilitate their removal. The pr.aiiie sod can bo laid under a plough for the first time and a crop harvested all within the spa'.e of the tirst twelve months. The country is well watered for, frora what has already been 9aid,it is evident that rivers and lakes and creeks abound, and where running water is not conveniently near, good water can be got within moderate distance of the surface. The prairie is haalty to dwell upon, tlie climata is more genial than is geoerally supposed, and settlers who go '-.ut in robust health will line the country is not oaly tolerable but enjoyable to live in. Weak or delicate people should not go there, fur they might ilnd tha air too bracing. Idlers and loafers should not go there, becasa tlis prairie is in need of thrifty workers. Men who want to acquire wealth without working for it should not go there, because they will be desapointed. Thomas Carlyle once wrote, "Two men I honour, and no third — lir&t,llii toil-worn craftsman that with earth-made implements laboriously conquers the earth an I makes her man's" Men of this tipe will had on the prairio a wide field for conquest and 1 believe they may fell more certain of a reward and of a speedy reward, than in nine cases out of ten they c jull hope for in the old country. For a lung time to come the welfaie of the North-West must depend chielly upon its agricultural development. And at present its agriculture is of a some, what primitive character, and does not demand much technical knowledge on the part of tliB settler though 1 am far from implying that seme farming experience acquired at home would not 1j3 very v.ilable, especially in connection with the mixed kiai of farming which 1 shall ))re;ep.l'y suggest. Strong men, who delight in work will get a good start, for at ih3 uutsot the great question for the settler i?, how much can I plough ? And ha might continue, for wlnt I can plough 1 can sow, and what 1 can sow 1 can rea]i. But a settle! would b3 illaclvised to undertake thi cultivation of more laud than lie could conveniently iaanngc»,a-2 lie would probal'ly fall into -;ln-eii1y finning, and so In-irg ab^ut a dete- rioration in the value of his holding. W'iiile I r^jgard the Bali Farm as a valuable uxample of what can hi elfectiMl iu wheat-growing ou thi; prairie, i think it would bu a mistake and a misfortune were Hie vast plains of the Nortli-West converted into more Avheat-producing lands. They are capable of suinething batter than this, or, at all events , of a more varied agricultural de- velopment, and I wouhl suggest to settlers tliat oven at the end of the first or secomi year tlnay should vaiy the monotony of wheat-growing by the cultivation of potatoes and vegetables, and by the maintenance of cattle, pigs and" poultry. Ai tha exprimentai farm at 'Ueichen 1 noticed some excellent kitchen garden produce, and in the exhibition at Winnipeg I saw cabbages and other vegetables which would be no discredit to any mar- ket garden in England. The maintenance of live stock migth ha^^ a small beginning in the keeping of one or two cows for the sake of milk and butter, and extensions iu.this direction might be made year by year. Excepting in such articles as tea, coffee and sugar, the settler would not find much difliculty after the first year or two in keeping his house- liold talde supplied all the year ronni from tlie produco''of his farm. gary, anc i prairie ou y for horse s-t 8e|itember ." "'Single of thorn for rs 1 Pait of enumerato wiUiin con- iinent, or at d from the luired, there er that tree ler a plon^'h Ive months. t that rivers near, goo;i ,Ity to dwell j,'u '',ut ill 3 in. Weak ling. Idlers kers. Men ecause they d no third ;ouquer3 the Le field for iv reward, chielly upon lat primitive thd settler lorne would ng \\hich 1 tart, for at 1 h? might Bat a settler conveniently TUt a detc- elfectftl ill ne were the «. They arc iculturalde- t or sooomi potatoes and exprinienta' le exhibition , to any mar- beginniug in liona ill. this le and sugar, ig his house- !!• Tha nutritive value of ih" prairie herbage is s-utliciently proved by tlie fact of itji having sustained tli-i va^t herds of bu;falo which forages liave made the prairie their home, but which are now dissappearlng before ihn ad^a i « of civilisation. Nevertheless the introduction of cultivated gra^-e^ would in all pnibibilily be a step in the right direc- tion, and the attempt would most likely hi juslifiel hv ilia success which would follow it. Although much of the laud appears capable of growing wheat for an indelinite period, yet thos3 settlers whose means would allow of it wju'.d I think do well lo sow a portion of their land with good Euglish gras< seeds after tlie third or fouilh year. Such grasses as cocksfoot, foxtail meadow fescue and t'mothy. togelliRr wiih white and ])urpbj clover and a little black medick suggest themselves as de irable. but every td'o-rt should be made to secure clean seed. It is an interesting f^ct that tli^re arn no true clovers native to the prairie, although many species of tha milk-vet ih. Aurxgalu-. aiw met with. The more mixed farming extends ontha prairies the luore interesting will the sett- lers find it, and the less dependent will they b.' upon thd prices they will from year to year secure for their whaat. The establishment of flour mills ia the Noith-We^t will lessen the cost of (lour and of oatmeal, will the ficilitics afforded by ih 3 railway must continue to enable thim to coaipete on favourable ternu with tin other wheat-exporting countries of the world. Artificial feeding stuff- like ar^ficial fertilsera belong to a future period. There is no carcity of timber or of fuel, for vast forest are at dillVrint spots touched by the railway. Moreover, it is absolutely certain tliat extensive coalbearing regions exist in many easily accessible points of tha North-West, some of the coal, as ia the Saskat- chewan valley near Medecine Hat, being obtainable by open workings, the coal cropping out at the surface. Not only will the North-West continue capable of meeting its own demand3 for mineral fuel, but in a short time it will probably ba in a ])osition to export coal. Through the prairie is destitute of trees it is not destined lu remain .-^o. Eveiy settler should plant belts of poplar and other trees about his homestead. They will break the force of the wind, afford grateful shelter to live stock, and do much towards relieving the monotony of the plain. The work might be progressive, a few trees bein ,' ) Wanted each year, but it is detail that should not be neglected. In the rolling country beyond Cal- gary, and in the foothills of the Rockies, where pastoral fanning will probably constitute the main industry, much ground shelter i? available for live a:ock . As to the prospects of the Great North-Wo-t. it is o-i'v the po,.'t, wli > can iiy : ''J;"or a dipt into tlio fatiwo, f,:v as liumim ivi (\nilil sir, S.iwtiio A'iaiuii nl'tlio woi'Id, and :ill tin' wniuler IMat wiiiild !»■ Irat if its development in the near futar may ba at all gi.uj.yjd' by its progre.s:^ in the! immediate nast, then will its growth 1»8 rapid indeed. Men who go out there determined to work will, as the years roll on, find themselves in a much batter position than they can hope to secure in the old country, and when the time cDine5 for them to enjoy a well- earned rest in their declining years t'hey will find th?.t thoy have got thj niean= to euable them to do so. And the children who are bjrn and bred in tha happy prairie homes, who will see around them on every side the triumnln of man's industry, who are reared in the bracing atmosphere of a northern sky, they cannot fail to be healthy and vigorous. '" Ii-on joiut..'d, snpiilc-sini^w'd flioy slwll dive, and tli.'.v sIkiII rnn," and, true " prairie flowers," tney will grow into men and women possessed of aphysiqu which coultl ne^'er have been acquired under the sunnier, more southern, and more ener 20 rating climes whiter so many efforts are made to attract Britiah settlers- sciom^ of thd nation which has conquered and colonised a larger portion of the earth's surface than alJ other nations taken together. ON-TARIO. TliQ province of Ontario i.-i no wjU kuowu that little need bj said about it hsre. Occupying an area greater than that of France, extending farther soutliwird than any other part of the Canadian Dominion, and bjunded on tv/o of its three sides by the grea'l: freshwater lakew of Huron, Erie and Ontario, it enjoyd advantages oi position, soil and climate, which have combined to render it agricuturally, commercially, and financially, the premier province of Canada. The beautiful capital, Toronto, " the Queon City of the West," is thoroughly English in appearance and character, and it is a genuine treat to •walk through its broad open street;-, to inspect tlia busy ahop^~, and to rub shoulders with the g6nial, healthy looking people who are evidently proud of their metropolis. Tlv^, buiiling. thriving towns in this happy province are to;; many to particularise, Ijut it n not nece.-sary for an agriculturist to spend much time in Ontario before becoming fa- vourably inipressel with the condition of its farming industtie?. That the stur3y pio- neers of agriculture in this piovince had to face many natural ditliculties is abundantly shown in the tracts of yet uncleared foreit land Avhich are hero and there to be seen, in the tree stumps amongst which the plouglis have on many a farm yet to find their way and in the snake fences which at once appeal by jontrast to the eye of any one who " familiar with the liedge-rows of Old Isngland, is Tli3 agriculture of Ontario is moie varied than that ef auy other pan of th^ Dominion. The crops include wheat, bailey oats and rye, Indian corn, buckweat, peas and beans. Roots are cultivated to a considerable extend, but hardly so succesfully as in England, through the extension of stock farming will doubtless be rellected in impro- ved yields of roots. The average yields this year, taken over the whole province, in bushels per acre are : of fall wheat, 21; spring wheat, 20 ; barley, 25 ; oats, 36 ; rye, 10 (this crop was abominably poor) , peas, 24 ; beans, 22 ; and of hay and clover, 1.^ tons per acre. On the leased farms the average rent per acre is two dollars and seventy-five cents ("equivalent to lis. 6. d.), the highest rents bein" in the country of Durham where they average three dollars and fifty- five cent?Cequivalent to 14 s. 9. d.), and the lowest in the county of Muskoka, 88 cents per acre (4 s. 1. d.). The wages for farm lands, with board, range between ^196 a year in Algoma county, and $149 in "Welland county, the average being $l7i3 (equivalent to £37 a year or about 14.'. a week, with board.) Without board the wagts raog-j between $308 and $231 a year, the average being $257 Cequivalenl to j£53. 133. a year, or slightly over £1 o week] The average wages of domestic servant- arc $1.50 per week, with board [equivalent to £16. Bs. a year, witli b?ard.] Farmers in On'.aiio finl a difficulty in getting really compo':6d farm hands, and such men can alwavs secure high wa<:res. I F'-uit is V'.ry largely grown in the provicct', iir? climate rendering it particularly suitable to fruit culture. Nearly a hundred varieties of apples ate cultivated audtlij produce is largeiy exported. Peaches constitute another prominent feature, some of Jli-i peach orchards containing as many as 10,000 trees. Grape culture is on the increase, there being more than 3,0C() acres of vineyards, chidiy in the southwestern district. Plums, cheiries, pears, fctrawiierries anrl raspberries are likewise extensively grown. The Ontario farmers aro fully ^ivo to the necessity of raising well-bred live stock, and in this department they approach very clcsely to the approved practice of stock, farmers at home. In dairy farming, again, they seem determined not to ba left behind in the race, and there are upwards of five hundred cheese factories ia tha province. I may here take the opportunity of expressing my surprise that cheese shouH be so seldom I 21 |oni, of Llid face than alJ seen on the table in Canada. I am speaking quite geneially. At most of the places I stayed at cheese did not seem to enter into the dietary at all, nnd in my long journey across the prairie I do not remember seeing any (save what I took with me). It is, perhaps, m> exaggeration to say that a pound of good cheese possesses a much nutritive value as two pounds of le.an beef, and in places far away from towns cheese should certainly be more ceucrally consumed than, as far as I could asccrlaic, is the case. ut it hare. than any ,iy til 3 ^Teai, n, soil and fmanciall c, City oftlie ne treat to uliiera witli oiiolis, Th;i e, but it n ?coming fa- .sturjy pio- abmulaiitly be ssei!, in d their way one who is pan of tho kweat, peas Lccasfully as ed in impro- province, in 36 ; rye, Hi 'er, 1,^ tons seventy-five rham where d the lowest I lands, with county, the d.) Without Cequivalent 5tic servants ] Farmers in 1 men can particularly ?d aud ' tlu some of Jli ! le increase, rn district, rown. . live stock. 3 of stock, left behind )rovJnce. I 2 so seldom Even a brief notice of Ontariu would be ircom])lete without a {kw words dtvoted to the Outario Agricultural College, situated near the picturesque town of Guelpli. It is supported by the Provincial Government, and is highly creditable to the province, nor can there be any doubt that it is quietly and unobtrur-ively, but none the Its? effectively, exerting a powerful iriiluence for goo4 on tlie agriculture oC Ontaiio, and of otlier jarts of the Dominion as \\A\. Thi state subsidy enablts it to offer to future farmers a good technical training, both in the theory and jiractic^ (f their business. 'I'he college is a commodious edifice, and the firm buildin2;s ami the rippurtt nances are veiy complete. Of the 550 acres comprised in the fArni 4C(t are under cultivation, the cropping including wheat, oats barley, peas, hiy, root?, pasture and corn fodder. Tli-.; stotdv yards have the educational value of sn sgncultural show, including, as they do, pedigree .animals of all thi leading breed?. Here, under th« .sunny sky oi Southern Ontario, where the goy little humming birds Hit from lli.wir to flower by (hy and the whip poor- will trolls uut his ULUiistak cable nute.s at night, may bo .';een .splendid sjiecinions t.f Shorthorn? Hereords and Devon?, of Aberdeen Polls, (Jalloways, Ayr-hires r.nd Wept IJigl&nderN of Jerseys, Gutrn.H'yi and the ponderous Dutch cattle, while id' .sheep th(! Southdown Shropshiii', llamj).sliiri! and Oxfurd Dowu.^, tlie Lincnlns, the Leioesters and iha Cotswolds, the ilighlauds and the Cheviots are all represented. The .^elcctiuu aud fine condition of these representative aniiuals r'.flect.-', no little credit on Profe.^.-or Brov.u, who so ably fiUs the Chair of AgiiculLure in the cidleg^", aud to whe^e car the farrner.s of Oatariu may with confidence entrust the technic'-l training cf the.ir .sons. Although 1 sper.t a whole day inapectiaj,' ihu tulUgo and the farm under the joint L'uidauoe of the courteous Pre- sident of tl'.e institution, Mr. James .Millr, M. A., nnd Profe;:.sir Brown, 1 ytt ftlt that, there were many other things I would, fain have seen had time peimitted. I would too, that my space allowed me to give a fuller notin; of this admirable institution, Ontario may Avell be proud of her agricultural college. It is to the emigrant who has a fair amount of capital at uoniniand that Ontario will prore most attractive. Many of the younger agricrlturists of this province are turning their faces westward, desirous of throwing their lot in with the chances of that great prairie region which has been described. In a measure the change from an Ontario farm to a prairie farm is lesi pronounced than from an Engliih homc^ted to one on the prairie, and as desirable farms come into the market in Ontario it seems a natural preced- ing for them to be taken up by men of sufficient capital who are newly ariived from the east. THE PROVINCE OF QUEHI-X' In journeying from Ontario to Nova Scotia the traveller mry lay down his route through such important cities as Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Quebec. Though Quebec is the capital city of the Province of the same name, the city of Montreal, two hundred miles higher up the St-Lawrence, is much larger and is a more important trad- ing centre. The commanding site of Quebec city is surpassingly beautiful and has been the theme of many a brillant essaye. Montreal, likewise, as viewed from the summit of Mount Royal, between the foot of which and the banks of the St. Lawrence the city nestle?, is seen to occupy an enviable position ; it is almost exactly due north of New- York, from which city it is 400 miles distant. Both Montreal and Quebec, are in the Provmce of Quebec, and there are at present two lines of railway between these cities, the Grand-Trunk on the south side of the St Lawrence, and The North Shore Railway wliich runs along the northern bank of the samo river. The population of the province of Quebec is staled at 1;359,027, of whom no less than 1 ,073, "-SO are of French origin, 22 dei^cfciidants of the old Frtiich settlers who croseecl the Atlaulic when Cauatla was an appanage of the French crown. The French Canadians have preserved their languige, tlieir farth and thtir agiiculture to tliia day, and hence this last ramed feature calls tor but little comment. On either s^ido of the niij^dity St. Lawrence, from Montreal down as far as Rinxmski. wlure the Allan f teamers lai d The maiiH for Canada and take up those for liritaii). the while houses of the farnihteads of the Fi en ch Canadian farmers are to be seen in one lon^' ntrap,i,'linf{ lin'.. — at (-ntervals a town is seen, by the general eii'ect h that of a sparsely ])opuiated village himdreds of miles lon(?. The great majorii^ of the tov/na and villaj^'es have French namop. itany of them of historical interest and aoEociation. The n;;rijulturai practices are ul' a piimitivn type, and though there is an air solid comfort nbout most (;f tho homtttead?. yet the farmers of the St. Lawrence valley seem imbued witli little or noLu of tlio proj^'ie^sive spirit characteristic of the age. I saw men on their knet-. cultini^' com with the sickle ; i saw dc^s harnessed to little carts in AvhicliAvas farm nr garden produce. Hero nnd there a bit of really good grazinj^' land attracts the eye, and it is noticeable that at most of llio farms a few lie.id of cattle are maintained. The peo])'e appear to be happy and comfortable, fairly well to do, and content to jrg along in tlieeame groovcNas tlmr fathej.s smoothed out before ihem. llense it is not surprising ihal, lliose who have their native land for Canadian shores seldom Jinger in the Province of Quebec : there is more to a tract ihem in the dirrclion of the settling sun, and thithtv thty wetd their footsteps. There is, however, one parliou of Province of Quebec to which the foregoing remarks cannot, in fairness be ap]>licl, that, namelv, -which extends south and west from the city of Quebec to the United ritates frontier, to tho boundaries of Vermont and New- \'ork states. This region, known as tho Eastern Townships, is from an agricultural point nf view of a much more ,Li;o-abead character tlian the rest of tho province. Wild lands for settlement may be obtained on very easy terms, and improved farms may be secured at modeiato outlay, so that the neAv comer who wishes to settle in these parts has consi- derable choice before him. The proximity of the New England States ensures a near mar- ket for much of the agricultural, and particubrly the dairy, produce of this part of Que- bec. Uufortunately. tlie time at my disphsal did not allow of my visiting the Eastern Towchhijxs, so that i am not in a pasition to speak very defmitely as to thsir agricultural ca])abilities nor yet of the inducements ihoy can all'cr to .settlers. N<.)VA SCOIIA. Tho Province of Nova Scotia occupies a peninsular position on tho east of tho Province of New Brunswick, which it adjoins, and to the south pf the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; Nova Scotia, New Brunsv ick, and Prince Eiward Island constituting the Alaritime Provinces of Canada. Cape Breton, an island to the north, is also included in the Province of Nova Scotia, the intire area of which is about 20,000 square smiles, or two-thirds that of Scotland. The long narrow form of the peninsula, and tho numerous indentations of iho coast-line are such that no part of the province is more than thirty miles distant from the sea. The climate is in the main an insular one, and core closely resembles that of England, particularly in its humidity, than does that of any other part of Canadn. The coldest season of the year is in March, Avhen the east winds blow off the ice-tlofs in t]ie Atlantic ; after this the spring rapidly advances. From Biitain, the most covenietit way to approach Nova Scotia is to sail from liveipool to Halifax, it-! capital city. The distances 2,855 miles, and the mail steamers make the voyogs regularly, all thj year round, both winter and summer. Journeying from the Avest, however, or landing from the steamer at Quebec, the best route from this city, is by th-^ Intercolonial Railway, which from its western terminus at Quebeo to its terminus at Halifax, exteiid<3a distance of (175 miles. The railway paases from Quebec in a north-easterly diroction along the souUi shore of the St. Lawence till Rimouski is reached, ^\hen, turning eastward and souHiward it leaves the Province of Quebec for that of New Brunswick. At Monctou, in the latter province, the line divides, one branch 23 la was an languige, alls for but vn as far as those for to beseeu is that of the toAvns iation. The d comfort m imbued en on their 1 Avas farm the eye, ined. TIiq jng along surprising 16 Province i:d thither foregoing west from and New- ;ural point VM lands 3e secured has cousi- near mar- irt of Que- le Eastern gricultural going southward as far as Bt, John, the capital of New Brunswick atd the other tending eastwards through the isthmus into Nova Scotia, across the breadth of which it runs to Halifax. The population of the (ntire province is 441, 3 up-wards of i'.0(;,('((i woith uf (.old was exported from the mines of Nova Scotia. Valuable ci iron occur, and are v.oiked at London- derry and New Glasgow. Gypsum, or plastci^of Paris, is lai.u'ely mined, particularly near Windsor. The piovince is veiy rich in coal, and it^ known'prcductivt) coal-fields cover an area of (iS5 square miles. The coal is nearly all bituminous, and Mjnie of the sections are of groat geological interest, notably those at the .Joggins. near Sprirgliill, on account of the large and beautifully ]irestrved remains of ntcunt fuims <■{' j.lant life which they enclose. It is hartlly necessary to give any details of the ship building nnd ii liirg interest ; but it will ]U'tsently be shown that these two industries have, countaiy to what might be expected, exercitod and adverse influence upon the development of sgnculture in Nova Scotia. ■st of the alf of St. uting the icluded in smiles, or Qumerous an thirty re closely ther part 5w off the ^ail from steamers urneying from this BO to its Quebec in louski is lebej for le branch The agricultural districts lie rather in the western than in Lhe eastern half of the peninsula, ani maybe seen in their most typical features around the Basin of Minas and along the Bay of Fundy, paiticularl}- in tlie feilile Annapolis valley, in the southern porti^ of which sheep aro pastured f.ut. all the winter. Most ol the i'aims occupy sites which were once covered by timber, and much ol the " forest piimeval " of which Long- fellow sings in hi? pathetic poem may still be seen, intersjiersed with numerous streams and lakes abounding in fish, The most peculiar features of Nova Scotian agriculture are undoubtedly associated with the lands bordering the Bay of Fundy, This bay is so situated with respect to the ocean, and the conformation of the land which encloses it is such, that the tide in its rise an fall has a very considerable vciliial ranije which is particularly noticeable in the rivers which flow into the bay. The best analopy to be found in the British Isles is afforded by the river Severn where, in the spring of the year, a high tidal wave rushing up the trumpet shaped estuary gradually gets its waters so croAvded toge- ther that they form an almost vertical wall as they advant;e up the narro^\er ])arts of the river and produce what is known as tlie "bore." In tlie Bay of Fundy, however, this happens with every rise of the tide. When the tide is out a great expanse of reddish or brownish fertilising slime may Ije seen, whi:h is rapidly covered with a sheet of water a? the tide rises, only again to be left bare and slimy at the next period of low water. I taw these effects at various places including Truro, AVindsor, Grand Pr^, and others. andAvas much impressed Avith the quantity of slime Avliich can csMiy be procured and utulized for its excellent fertilising properties. It is on tlie coast lands and on the banks of the rivers that dykes have been erected, chiefly of eartii o»mud, Avhertby the salt Avater can be excluded from large areas of land Avhich then become covered Avith a valuable erbag«, and from Ihis is made the sa t-hay or marsh-hay so much valued by the stock faimers of Nova 24 Scotia. The rc)v\ frnm Windsir tn Port Wil'iam^ on ihe Ciriiwallia River passes through to land aiul Evnn;.'ilint'. and ih? words of l.orgfelloAv coTivev a most graplr'c d<>?cription of the siirroundint''. ■• 111 til ■ Acadian la uI, on tli.' slii>r.'.-< oi' tlir 11 itiu ,,( Mina:', hisfaiito, HrTliwIoil, gtill, t li ■ littli' villiiija of {iraiiil Tro fiW} ill tlif riMiU'iill valley. Vii^t meadow -i Ktirlrhid tntlic cailwaid. (iivlim: till' villa'ji' ItK luuii'.'. and i)aHtHii' to tli),ks without iiiliiibi v. It.vkc-, that th'' liamU of llic I'anirMv-j had lais 'd wilh lahoiir incos-iaiit, Slnit out til'' tiirlmlcnt tidrs, ii'it at ci'rtai.i s'Ti joih (Ih' tl,)i)d-«ati'S ' l|ii'ii('d. ami Welcomed tin' s 'a to wvnd o' at will o'er tlij nn'ado'.VH. West anil smilli there were lield • .il' llav. and orehanN, and conifiuliU S|)i'eadinu ufar ni' i.nleiired o'er tJie |ilain, aiid Away lo the 11011 hward r.loiiiidon i.3 of hay are made from the salt ;,,a'as3 which grows naturally on llie dyke Ian I ,'tnd marches. As this hay is much valued by farmers as food for stock I was le ! to examine tlie [j;ro'.ving crop \v the marshes near Londonderry and I fonnd it to consist almost entirely of two spacifs of grass and a small species of vetch. The grasses are Spaiiina ciinosuroi'h's. not kno\wi in Enghand, though I had occasion to men- tion it as ,:,'ro\vIug on lli3 prairi". and ili • couch grass. Triiknm rcpms, which Ins also been previously spoken of. Sumo spesimens of iho latter grass were ergoted. but 1 do not kno\v whether erg.it is suthciontiy abundant to bs dangerous to breeding cows. After mowing, the f,ilt hay is cure I by dragging it up to the higher slops and .spreading it out ; it cost about ,£I an acre to make and is worth from iJ.") to £(> a ton in the market, the yield (if hay beir.g freauently as much fis 2 I or :i tons an acre. Some of the best dyke Jauds may bj Goen ill tli3 Giirnw.iliis vallc-y were thty have sold for a-s much as two, tliree and even four hurdred dollars an acre Cifom i'to to £-<0). Around (irand Pr6 the meadow land i:.-. much of it, worth i'oO to £7o an acre. The average yield of cereals in the western counties is, in bushels per acre, the following : Of whsat, Is barley, 35 ; oats. 2i ; rye, 21 ; Indian corn, 42 ; buakwhoat, 33. Of hay the average yield corner up to tow, tons, but as much as foar tons per acre of timothy grass and clover have b jen taken off in some localities, besidss a fair aftermath. - ' ■^. The e-timation of bulky produce like turnips, mangels and potitoer, by measure rathe^ than by weight, 1% a relic uf an old practice which Nova Scotia farmers should abandon, for it is iinpossihle to get either absolute or comparative results of much value by this method. The average produce in bushels ]ier acre of turnips in 420 ; of mangels, 500 ; of potatoes, 250. In the case of turnips^and of mangels, the yield in busiiels is converted into tons ou the assumption that one bushel weighs (JO lbs., but this system of measurement is obviously vago and unsatisfactory; it belongs to a by-gone period and .'hould be discontinued. • •')'iT!' The only grass raised from seeds is timothy graRS, and when the hay is marketed, the seller is as ea^ger to give as the buyer is to demand, a guarantee that it is clean, pure timothy all through. Here. I tink, i^ anothec mistaken notion nut into practice, and I feel certain that such grasses as cocksfoot, meadow fescue, and foxtail might be included in the mi.xtures for grass lands iu Nova Scotia. 1 """"■" The export of farm produce is steadily increasing, and last year upwards of one and a half million dol'ars (*ay i3nO,000) worth of such pro luce was shipped. These exports include cattle sent to Europe, potatoes to che United States, and enormous qufantitjes of apples sent across the Atlantic. ' • 25 les through ti<>?cription realises to uvally on fr stock I fonnd it itch. TliQ 1 to men- salso been 1 ate not {'old£ W(rald be used for their winter feed. Any notice of Nova Scotian agriculture would be incomi)lete without a reference to its fruit frrming. All along the Annapolis Valley is to be seen one of the finest apple growing regions in the world. Thirty years ago ths province was importing apples ; at present upwards of a million buehels are grown each year, and enormous quantities are exported to England and elsewhere. A variety known as the Gravenstein is the kind chiefly cultivated ; it is a fair-sized, beautlful'y tinted apple, with crisp, juicy (lesh. Some ino uiries made in the course of a drive through the orchard districts around Port Williams enabled me to collect the following facts and figures, before detailing which I may mention that a barrel of apples contains three bushels : —An orchard of C acres was pointed out to me which would yield l,(i()0 barrels of apples, and these would sell for -toOO. The gathering anl jiacking would cost 10 cents a barrel, and 10 barrels might be filled by ono person in a fair day's work. The barrels cojt from 20 to 25 cents each. Young apple trees fit for transplanting cost from .30 cents to 40 cents each, and to plant on acre witn trees at the rate of 40 t« the acre involves an outlay of from 25 to 30 dol- lars, which includes the cost of both labour and trees. Labourers' wages in the neighbor- hood range between 1 dollar and U dollar a day in the busy season (from 25s. to 32a. a week), and between GO cents and 70 cents a day in the winter (iSs. to 17s. a week). The cost of living here is less than in England, and clothing is not much dearer. Much of the scenery of Nova Scotia is very picturesque, and the alternations of wood and water, of rock and fertile grass land, are pleasing to the eye, particularly in the autumn, when the" brillant crimson foliage of the maple and the sumach are thrown into bold relief by the dark green leaves of the pine tret> and .sombre huts of the cypress, while here and there in the forest or'tby the water side may be seen the tents of 'the Micniacdndians, who still linger in the presence of a civilisation which can find no place 26 for tlieni. A drive annuul ilia outskirts of the bustling' town of Truio, at ,lho htad of Cobequid Bay, a part (if tlio Basin uf Miuaa, gave me an oi)|)ortunity of ^Qoiiif,' tomo attractive farms, \\ huso nccupanls evidently apjjearcd debirous of keeping abreast with the times. And at Wiutlsor. which lies a consideial)lo dietanco to the Fouth-west of Truro, on tlio River Avon, 1 was enabltd through the courtesy of tlie Sheriff, to drive oyer a wide expanne of cuuntrv uf moot fisrtilo description ; much of it, indeed, was highly suggestive nf rich grazing lands at home. The farms, too, were neat and tidy in appear- ance, and there was a general air of comfort and content, not only here, hut in other part? of Ni'va Scotia, which could hardly fail to impress ihii visitor. I come now to tilt) discussion, ol two important points— lir-l as lo why the faimors of Nova Scotia are somewhat behind tha limes in their agricultuial practices ; and secondly, as to whether Nova Scotia is a province to w hich settlers t-houM ho advised to emi;_'rato. With regard til the iiist point, reference has already hecn made to the mining, i-hipliuildii g ai;d lis-hing inttrol ul' iho piov.'Lce, aud many of the fanners are so ahioibtd in one or .Tnuthir of these iijdu.-tiies. that, as wa>) forciMy txjjrefsed to me hy a Nova Scdtiau gcntldiLtn well iiualilied to give an opinion, they do little more than dabhle in farming. When s-huals of mackerel or other fuli come into the local waters tlie farm is forsaken for the sta ; w hen a i-liip is to ho built the labour which jhould be given lo the farm is consumed in-liau'irg timl^er. Nova Scolia may he proud, and justly so, of the half million tons of fhipjiing which were first Inunched upon her water?, but it is none the loss dopluralilc ihai lier o;.i'iculluie i-hould have to suffer on accouril of its btinj:; able te enli.-l only a di\ ided interesl. It would be wrong, however, to convey the iiu- ))reesiou thai all ihe farnasi .arc iiiditl'erent to the progrtss of agriculture, and tha esta- blishment within recent years of a number of local agiicultural societies certainly in- dicates a desire for improvement. Major-Ueneral Laurie, of Oakfield, Halifax, N. S.,to whom 1 am indebted lor cons^iderable infoimaticn, has long '.akcn a warm interest in the promotion ol such iustitulious. As to whether Nova Scotia offers a good opening fur the settler. 1 cm iiiclii.id to answer mo.-t unhedtaiicgiy in llio aflirnuilivo. I'^ven the labourer wil find leru higher wages and cheaper fool then he "in get at Injiue, while the man who can combine a know- ledge of nicdein fanuing wiih tho possesiiicii of a moderate amount of a capital can hardly fail to derive satisfactory results from .he maleiials he will lind at his disposal. In fact> Nova Scolia is in need of farmers who will give faimiig the lir>t jdace in their consider- ation, who can bring with them some of the improved practices of modern agriculture, who can intelligently combine pastoral with arable farming, who know eoniething of dairying, who undei.stand how to manage and at the fame time to improve a iiock of sheep, who in laying land down to grass will not rest llioir faith solely in timothy, and who in estimating the yields of their root crops will discard the buihel mea«(ure m favour of the weighing machine. If there be any such men who are tired of the old country, or who may not be (ali;iied with the pro'spect before them in case they stay all their Jives at home, and who feel Uiey possess sufficient " grit " to enable them to smile at the difli- ciilties and inconveniences which must alway.s at first surround the settler in a new coun- try, I would earnestly commend to their notice the advantages offered by Nova Scotia. The vaiying prices of different kinds of allotments in the i:)rovince are such a.-i to suit the purses of all comers. Uncleared Crown lands may be bought for less than 23. an acre. Improved farms of U-0 to 150 acres with house and farm buildings maybe bought for sums extending from £100 to £5Co according to the degree of cultivation. Numbers of tidy farmsteads were pointed out to me which could be pitrchased for SOU or 1,000 dollars ( CiGO to X'^OO). and 1 feel not a little coniidence in ascertirg that young men who possess the requisite knowledge and are in a position to command £on0 and upwards Avould iu a very short time begin to get a good return on their outlay in this fruitful province. As in Oatario, so in Nova Scotia, improved farms may be obtained because those wh3 own them desire to move westward. It is well to remember that men who were •21 i htad of iiit'fi £umo )rea8t witli t of Truro, ve over a as highly HI appear* in ullier wliy tlie practices ; 1)0 advised le t(» tlio ncrs are so j me Viy a iioie llian waters the i he given justly so. ', but it is i' its btiuj.; r ilia iin- i tlie esta- rtainly in- , N. ti.,to rfsi intlie iclii.ul to eio liigher luaknow- L'an liardly li. la fact, ' couaider- {riculture, ethiug of Hock of lOthy, and m favour )untry, or their Jives t the difli- lew coun- v& Scotia. 3uch &6 to lan 2s. an 8 may be Itivation. for SOU or lat young <£5U0 and ly in this use thuae ho were hum in tlio Cauaiiau proviEceH, the fiin^ or ^laudM.in "f iiit.ii \\hu uuie ihuiUHelvuH pioncerp, are likely to be imbued nioio strongly with the piuneir hj iiii than ihojo who arrive freeh from the eabtein ddocflhe Atlantic, ard it cttnis appropriate araar'^'o- mentthat new settlers who possess tlie noceRfary capital ^llould tnkeup and improve the farmsteads which years ago were hewn out nf {lie wildemes? by earlier hi ttUr-t from the old word. HIE urrwARi) joikniv The conveniences ufniudein tiavel are such lint the emigrant's joumty toNoilh- Vmeiicais deprived of ntaily all the hariihhips ihat wtrc at nne tune associated there witii. The ance dreaded St a voyage cow tccupies littln more than a wctk from Liverpool to the Canadian port, ariived w hereat, the ollicials of the Cancplied. The results of htr invos^tigation.s kd her to ^perk in warm iiims of approval of tlio caro bestowed even upon the poorest passengers and, as the iDother c f a grown up family herself, phe would l)o (iiiaJilied to (xaiiiiiio tvnyiliini; w 'th a ciiiical » vi'. .-o lint I (nn- ^ider such an opinion mudi mure valuab'e than my owr. aiuUiii glad to be ablo lofjuole jr. I may add tint the Alan stecnurs fail from l,iv(rpuol to Queb-.c we»kly ihroiigh the summer, and to llalif-ix all tlojycir round, an I llut emigrants landing at Qucbfc will receive from Mr. istallord, the Dominion »'\geiit ii", tint city, i-very ttttutioii and assistance that hishng ejptritrce can svf gfs-t. Emigrants intendii)g to stttle in No\a S.otia \jo\il'), of cour.'rc. .'ail foi lialifa.v. where they would iind themstlves wiilrn, at mo-t, a daj 'n j }auuy of liuir di'stination. Those however, who are bound for the prairie will, on their arrival at (Quebec, Invoalong railway journey before them, travelliDg d.iy and ni;^hi, save for >toppfgd at certain stations for meals All n ght travelliri; is not plcvant uire.^.« cor foriablt s't-ep can bo ensured, and I wi.'h, therefore, to speak in hij^h ttrnis c 1 ilii^ '"Kmigrant Slet'|.!iiu' Car->" which the Canadian Paciiic ilailway auihorities Inve, with humane torelhought, attached to all their long diitanco train?. The cars are comfoitable and comodiou?', and the sleep- ing accomodation i.^ based on the same principle as in the I'ullnian sleepifg car.*, but withno upholstery. With a warm rug or blanket in which to wrap himt'solf the traveller can stretch out at full length and got a long refrefhing tlecp. The palace slttping cars of thejsame railway ere superbly fitted ; in one of them, named the "Wabigoon," I travelled for nearly a fortnight and sleiit soundly and confortably in bed every niglit. In the emigrant cars there is no extr.'i charge for the sleeping accommodation. .so.mp: l.\st words Those of our fellow country men who leave the ol.l countiy to settle in Canada will in time find themselves pas.sing into one of two classe.^, namely, ihoae who succeed, and those who fail. The latter, though numerically small, make a great dral of noise and it is perhaps only a trait of human nature *'nt tin man who f.x'h .'■liould acribe the cau.«e to anything and everything rather than to iiimself. It is exceedirgly likely that most of the men who fail in Canada would fail every where else, and I am strongly of opinion that a ve.y high percentage of the men who emigralo to Canada, whether they possess large or small capital, or no capital at all, are bound to succeed if they go to work with a determination to do so, and evince that determination in steady, earnest labour, accom])anicd by frugal habits, la no part of the world is agricultural entreprise likely to open up an El Dorado, hut there are fair an 1 reasonable grounds for asserting that in Canada a man i? likely, after years of honest toil, to ]m in a considerably better 28 pi)«tiou limn be ocMill iivorlitvtf liojiml to att.iin Iroiu the name expemliture of work, and it may 1»« ol' rapitft', fit lionir. Il«! may a^nily becomo a lanil dwner out lliore, but no (lillicult it itt to bo.-oiiio ono at home I Ami thu kIlowl«d^,'e that tho work ho does ]>y the sweat uf hi.s lirow is dono lor liimselC, that any im|)rovenionl^ ho may ollVct will be im]irovomt'n(H of hi.s own c4att', that thoro not'd bo no loaso whoso roslrictions nii^^hl hamfxT in o|)c.iatioi;-,— r<■lk'(;tio^l•^ ,Mioh nfl tlit'HO cannot f:il lo hwenttn lii.s laliour and to nr^ii him to lalliir ( xorlion-'. Kvou lli * man who can mily j^'ct a few pound-i with which to !-tart may, il ho bo youn;;, incroaHo liia capital by slight Havln>;s from his \\aj,'ei«, and in lime llud liin)8('li' in a p])^ili^u to taKo up a i|uaiti'r .siiclidn ( UJO ncri'.''j *)ik him-elf in to this position i.< not liktly to ronu'.in in long, but to stp.iilily ('nla(;,'o the mn^nitudo of hi* iindcrtakiiifjs. I hope I liavc. in an carliif psrt of this Report, m.rdu it jilain tiiit whit would bo ir;.',ir li'il as a -mall capital in Ontario or Nov* Scotia, wo-iM r*'Iativply bo a large initial capital on the prairies, and ibis a (li^tinctiiui uliidi intemlitif,' -dtlers would do wjII to bfsar in mind. I mado numerous inqui'ifH of all ■^oi ts and conditions nf men connected \s iih thea'.Micultural interest, am^ in tho yreat majority of casos I fouiid thit new settlerB were patisfied with tl;e chaii','.! tlicy h.i'l mado, nrd buoyand as to llieir jjiospect*. — the f-lar of liopo "honi' bri;;htly .il)f.vc them, and in it' rlp'otful I'udit tboy would work and reap tli'? reward of honest toil, in its ]i(diti(Ml an 1 social it!stitutio:\f. in many matters rtbtiru to education and religion, (.arada is alita'l of Ikilain ; knotty ploblems which wtill Ki.rily vex the mind ol tho mother country have l)e(!n satisfactftrily (-nlved by this, ono of hor faitojt dauf.,'htcr-. and mie w hosn youth is sn precnant with pr"niiM'. 'I'ho opst iruarnntee for tli'i future of Chnada is to he riiUL,'tii in fli'i history of her britf jia'^l. audthosowiio would i'.iin lie identified with tho development of the ;.,'re.at I itiire which thasone and daughtevh i»f the Donr.ion nuaii to carve out for her fhould hie them westward. '•Whatman has doni'.man cati do" wrote Khlui llurritt. and when fnr omh man who hns in the jia^t workel fur C'.inaiia theve nri>. in th^^ fii! iin- athomanH. tlr> r<'si!lt will beeommensuratp : — f • Mi'ii III V Imitlicrs. mill I h ■| 'i.lt Ulll; Il lll"V ll.t," llun- ■ iviirkiTs, cvr i ';i|iiii'r >-imi:'tliiM'.' in'W : Il it iMrnc dt of 111" llniiu» Hi. it tiny .lirill ilo." • One more word and 1 hive done. I am old-fashioned enou^di to feel proud at iiaviu^' been born under tlie liritiMi llaj^ ; it is a privilejje 1 j-hould have been dorry to hive umssd. Thero are. no doubt, many wlio aliare my foelicf,'?; in this matter, and it is a pleasant nllectinn that, in leaving tbi scenes of shirdhood to fouii 1 new homes in tho Far ^Vc^t. tlia settler in Canada is .still shjltered by the ample foils of tha national llaj?. in tho Dominion he may h jld ])ropcity and acquire all tho rights of citizenship without forfeiting hi.s position as a Ijiiti.sh subject, and without being (■•evered a.s an alien from the kith and kin hi; ha? left; bJiind him. Before concluding my Report 1 desire to expro.^.s my thanks to many Canadian friond?. on whose kiudne.s3 1 hive encroached wdiile gathering the facts herein ^. forth, and. though 1 forbear to meuliun their name?, I trust that, should those line ever come under their notice, they will remember that I am not unmindful nor ungreatful. There are two points in tho character of the Canadian people which cannot fail to impress any one who may visit this vast area of (ireatar Britain— these are. their faith in themselves and their contideuee in the future of tluir country. The moral inlluence of two such potent factors is bound to accelerato the rapin development which Canada appears destined to undergo, nor can it have other thin a salutary effect upon thoso who more westward and cast in their lot with tlu.*e dweller.-. ••ill tlii> |il!\\"nnt \.\ui\ mill iipnrofnl " College of Agiicultwre DowtoM. Snli-bnry November l>^i W. FRK.\M '■»!< I 30 an 00 o w 31 or: 00 '.I »:^^^f iff ^ ¥\ it '^d:^£^t^d ,*.«' A < s LOiiil^lC wmwrn DlitiH. HI Hi ST;! m ES|$RS( vrCTORl CAKAOIAN 60YERHMSNT &GEKCiES< ^ iSa^Jto appHdittiott to th« following Agents: IN THE UNITED KIHGDOM. DQiMMuti LOmOIt. . ..Sti€«EA*w« 1:0^5. !C£-MX>., fc-. HigJ^ Co«*«rioner for tl« D^ ... M.; J. Ji^M^s^Srs&'S^H-^''* Office GLASOQ'^^'.-^Mlu T«?»l^.Q>tAB^» 40 St ^noch 8:imife. bS ijFA8T- . . .Mk. Ca«itto ¥oY,a9 Virton* ?!*« DUBLIN Mk. Tk<«ia»<;onnoli.y, Northambertand. Wouse. BRISTOL . . , . M«. >. W. DoWKi Bath Bridge. CANADA. /i\r rjy^ ozv provinces. tEC,....Miu L. Stafford* Potnte Ueyis Quebec. n«».ri« tTO ..lift I. A. DONALDSON, Sttaehan Avenue, loronto, OnUrto, SI W. T. Wlixs, WelUngtott Street, Ottatw> Ontano. ■, VlX I I/OaSiv, Bonavehtufi Street, Montreal, Province rfQuebrc ^-S» R MACPHBRS0N. WitlUtu Street, K49gston, Ontan»>. ^_ XSi" John SMlTH,Gi|«t Western RailWay;Station, Hamiltopi.:Oat«io. ,..*M*. A. G: SitYTH, tondon, Ontario. tiAlAifA24;,-.KlU E. CXAY, «aUfex, Sova Scotu. ST.iOlIN . \ . M Id** S. GASDNER, St. John, New Brunswick. ' m MANITOBA AND THE NORTH-WEST, 7^L^M^ Mr 1 E Tetu. Railway .Statlda, gnwrson, Manttoba. B^Kl'S^H^. BENNETT. Office at ihe Raaway Station. P0lt'ri^1>H0R,..MR, J. M. MCGOVERN. IN SRiriSH CmPMH/A. VICTORIA . . . , ,.....M«. Joiti* jEssop.