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Chaptek I.— New Brunswick, " II. —Description of the Land and Lumber Company's Estate, " III. —Advice to Emigrants, - IV. -Statistics and Facts Relative to the Produce, Wages, Weather, New Settlements, Religion, Education, Laws and Government of New Brunswick, v.— Minerals, VL— Tourists. - - - " Vlt Fishing and Hunting, . , . Hunting and Shooting, - - . . . Appendix No. 1, • • * . .... Page 3 5 10 13 18 21 24 28 30 CHAPTER I. 1 NEW BRUNSWICK. I HE Province of New Brunswick lies on the Atlantic Seaboard of Canada, between the parallels of 45^ and 48o north latitude New Brunswick adjoins the State of Maine on the west, and the Province of Quebec on the northwest. Nova Scotia lies to the southeast, and is connected with New Brunswick by a narrow isthmus. The population of New Brunswick is about 300,000 Its area is 27,177 square miles, or 17,393,410 acres. The chief towns are St. John, situated on the Bay of Fundy, and at the mouth of the river St. John, and containing, with the neighboring town of Portland a population of about 45,000. It possesses orie of the finest harbors in America- open at all seasons of the year to vessels of the largest size. It is admirablv situated for the purposes of trade with Europe, the United States, the West Indies and South America, and is the fourth port in the British Empire in point of tonnage of vessels owned there. Fredericton is the capital of the Province, and the second city in population. It is situated on the western bank of the St. John river, 85 miles from the sea; and is accessible during the whole season of open water by vessels of 100 tons, and in the spring and fall by vessels of much larger size. Opposite Fredericton on the eastern ^aore of the St. John is Gibsoii, the present southern terminus of tlie New Brunswick Railway. The New Brunswi(;k Land and Lumber Company owns 1,047 172 acres of land in the northwest of the Province, of which at least 800,000 acres have no," been opened up and are available for immediate settlement. This mag- nificent domain, wliicli is twice as large as the State of Rhode Island is situated upon the St. John river and its tributaries, the Aroostook and the Tobique. The Aroostook enters the St. John from the east, tlie Tobique from the west. They drain tlie iiuvnt agricultural land in the eastern part of North America. Though the valh'y of the Aroostook is alreadv thickly populated the increases in the population of Aroostook County during the past ten years has be(m greater than in all the other counties of Maine together Now that the valley of the Tobique is for the first time opened for settlement' tliere can bo little doubt that her population and wealth will increase as vapidly. Her soil is not less rich, nor her climate less genial. The com- paratively few settlements, which have been permitted to spring up are prospering exeeedir,f.lv- ^ ^ ^ ' In the transport of cattle, sheep and grain to England, the New Bruus- wick farmers have an immense advantage over tlieir rivals of the northwest. Instead of 2,000 miles, they have to pay freight on barely two hundred; and their harbor of St. John is nearer than their rivals' harbor, New York, to Liverpool by many hundreds of miles. There is a large trade between St. John and the West Indies in all kinds of produce, and there is a great demand for New Brunswick sheep and cattle, both in England and the United States. From the n,ecompanying map it will be seen that the Ne i\ Brunswick Railway runs through the valley of the St. John for nearly 180 miles. This road is" free of debt, well equipped, and tlioroiighly equal to supplying all the needs of the country. The connections the lino makes with the New Bruns- wick and Canada Railway, the St. John and Maine, and the steamboats at Fredericton enable it to carry freight and passengers cheaply and easily to all pari s of the Continent. -^i*^> ' CHAPTER II. DESCRIPTION OF THE LAND AND LUMBER COMPANY'S ESTATE. I TTENTIOX is called to the accompauying map, wliicli shows with ^^^jr perfect accuracy the estate of the New Brunswick Land and il^tir''^ ^^""^^*'^' ^'^'^^P'^^J' 'ii^^l iutlicates as far as possible the character mi: ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^- '^^^^ uucolored portion of the map is either Crown "'A land or i- granted to private individuals; the uncolored lands <^ along the St. John Valley being nearly all held by mutual settlers. The part colored red represents the richer farming lauds of the Company. The green portion represents the timber iands ; but there is good farming land within the limits of this part, just as there s much valuable timber upon the other. It will be further observed that the company owns nearly all the unoccupied land in the Counties of York, (Jarleton, Victoria and Madawaska ; also that a complete system of high- ways extends from vnrious points along the railway to the boundaries of the land grant, which is bordered all along its western side by settlements ; also that numei-ous streams iiow through the railway domain Tbut it may be mentioned that the branches of the several .streams have not been laid down in detail. The great Alleghany Mountain range, which is tlie foundation, geologic- ally speaking, upon which the east of North America rests, divides in Uxahi in the northern part of the State of New Hampshire. One sul)division ex- tends northward, and marks out the course which the river St. Lawrence follows; the other, eastward, across Maine and New Brunswick, until it reaches the sea at Bathurst on the Bay Chaleur. In tlie vast basin between these ranges of highlands, which, it may be remarked, nowhere rise to any great elevation, lies an agricultural region of remarkable fertility. Its area may be estimated at six millions of acres, and its character is uniform throughout, that is to say, consisting of alternate sections of agricultural and tunber lauds. It has been well established, both by exploration and by the practical experience of farmers, that what is true of the portion of this area west of St. John, is true of that to the east also. Speaking of this district in New Brnnswick, Professor Johnston further says: "On this formation a large part of the richest upland soils of the Province are formed. The fertile, cultivated and e(pially promising wild lands of the Kestigouche, and those on eith(U- side of the Upper St. John, from Jacksonstown to Orand l-^dls, rest upon and are formed from the debris oi these rocks. Similar good land will proljably be found to stretch across 6 and cover the whole northern part of the Province. " At the time Professor Johnston wrote h.s report, tho greater part of the northern part of the Pro- vince was unexplored. What he suggested as probable is now known ala Quot Pr r ^?rT^' "''*^ "' *^^ ^^°^^^^^^^ ^^°- mentioned We quoe Professor Johnston again: "The soils'of this, formation are for the most part of a heavier or stronger chara^^ter than those of the Coal Measures consideiaWe quantities as an ingredient of the slaty rocks themselves « apeaks of the lands owned by the Company: "Frm he' north we angle of Northumberland County to Eestfgotfche m",^ t ! ' dre^tTnl'" '•', "'^"r"'^ ""'"'^'^ ve..y level, e.o:ptr; tie ream *'?'",«',% "''^^ . "^^^ °' Niotau stream into the valley of the so rr J :^ '"'■ ''«"°"""™' I'^'-Pox-'^ fa excellent, being a deep ridv Fmnfr ""'''■ """* ™™'"' ^"'' '^ ""■■'-'""l growth of laTge' size fbeHev/tr" °"-'«"-™"™ -'' "'"'t I «o«''l k«m of th," section of c^untey I believe there rs a very extensive tract of the finest farming land in the Pro! . tS ?ol "° '"*° «^f 8°-'« C°""'y '^ considerable df.tance andso^ th I'ltrr J- eld" ;rr *° tz ^r •' , " r ^ ™'"- ., 't f . '"°"'' *^°™'y '"■ "'^"kment. The following is an ex "bis rthX'gir:: in"«r:fw°'t"'"^' '"f™"--- '"^'" ™ offhwn^, . ^^« -L^egi&iatuie in 1872. " What give a character to the surface c uny" '/'■:'';,:: ''f«"'' "' '""-^ -" -"-' "' "- ■»guage of Z of roci' ,„„. > „ , **"' ■"■" """'"-^ ™'<"'<''' ^""' " Inxuiiaut growth ot rock maple, yellow birch, and other hard woods ; the soil is del mellow- rich, and free from stone. Copious springs of water abo.md ' while the open character of the forest render it easily e eared O^ Sole?" 1,°° ""';''' "' f , '"""''^ "' '"'^ "''«- »■"' «-'' ™ - to Tnlt r ■, .1 ""' °* "'" "'"""S settlements of New Denmark and lllley followed the publication of this report, but the further ope„7r^ ofthe country was stopped by the terms of the contract with tl ^rB™ v ck C™, mv Tr T"'"''"'"' ''^ "'" ^«''- J'™"'"'''"' Land and I.Z2 So tof T^i r 'TT '■ "'"°";""'- '^"o '°"°""'8 "- -"■"*■' from he .-£f i^;:: 2 ;;~ r;: r— :: r. ■-- "• i^s' ,g, 1 1* 4 sub-soil of fine loaming clay to a great depth." J. H. Brewer, writing from Red Itapids settlement, says: "The soil is of first-rate quality." John Smith, of Lesson Ilidge, writes: "The land is very good, well watered, timbered principally with hard woods, and produces good crops." A few more facts under this head will be given in connection with a short sketch of some of the new settlements, which will form the subject matter of another chapter. The timber standing upon the lands of the Land k Lumber Company is of enormous value. The former President of the Railway Company, Mr. Alex. Gibson, made the following estimate of its value. He estimated of spruce and pine that there were upon the land of the Company 3,520,000,000 super- ficial feet of merchantable lumber; of cedar, 3,294,000,000 superficial feet, and of exportable hardwoods and hemlocks a sufficient quantity to raise the total value of the lumber now standing on the land to upwards of twelve millions of doWira. The number of small streams which intersect the property adds im- mensely to its vdlue. Timber can be cut in any part and floated down the smaller lirooks to the larger tributaries, from there to the St. John and down tlie St. John to the saw mills free of all transportation costs. Shingle mills have recently been put at Van Buren, and mills for sawing deals will probably soon be erected at different points on the river. The export of spruce tim- ber is simply enormous. The manufacture of this lumber will jn-ovide for years to (!ome a steady home market for large quantities of agricultural pro- duce, and employment during the winter season to hundreds of men in addi- tion to those engaged in handling it in summer. The value of the hardwood upon the lands is very great, not only for timber and fuel, but for the manu- facture of charcoal for which there will be a large demand to supply the Charcoal Iron Works at Woodstock. Lnmense deposits of iron ore occur in the County of Carleton, and a large furnace has been erected for reducing the ore. The demand which the manufacture of this iron created for charcoal gave a powerful impetus to the clearing of the farms of Curleton County, and now that the supi)ly of hardwood, above what is wanted for home use, is exhausted on most of the neighboring farms, the lands on the upper St. John will have to supply the charcoal required. The sales of wood for the manufacture of charcfoal, or the sale of the coal itself, when made l)y the farmers, M'ill secure cash advances for those whose means, Avhich they can expend in clearing land, are limited. A short des(!i-iption of the location of the settlement lands of the Comj^any in connection with existing settlements Avill now be given. For thif-; ])urposft i]w land of the Company may be considered as divided by the river Tobiipie into two n to parties v.ithin the Province if intersected by roads. Th(!y all are readily accessible from the Pvailway and good roads reach almost, and iti sf)me places (juite, to their borders. Two other tracts south of the Tobiqne are colored red on the map, and are known to In; land of sui)erior (luality. One is a block of a little over 5,000 acres, lying between Bald Head and the Tobique river. There is a thriving sc^ttlement near this, at the mouth of the small stream which runs into the Tubi(iue at this point, called Eiley Brook, Avhere there is a mill and one or two seliool-houses. Although this is somewhat remote from the Piail- way, i)rodu(ie raised in the neighborhood commands a ready sale to lumber- men, at good prices. A "portage" road crosses this tract, Avhich could be made available as a settlement road at small outlay. The other tract is of about i:{,000 acres, and lies between the Nictau, or Little Tobiipie, and tlie Mamog(fk(!l. Tlun-e is also a portage road through tliis tract; but the fact that a settleuKUit here would be separated by eight or ten miles of forest from tiie n(!arest neighbors will prevent its very early occupation. A farmer here would get pric(\s for produce much in advance of the regular market rates by supi)lying the large lumber camps situated near here. North of th(! Tobi^pie the Land and Lnmber Company owns about 540,000 acres of first-class farming land. Practically speaking, all the Company's land between th(! llestigouche and Grand river on the north, and the Tobitpie on the stnith, is suitable for farming, and will one day be tilled ; but only those have been colored red on the map Avhich are known beyond a doubt to be of the first-class. Here will be found within a few years the home of a thriving people, and the source of immense wealth to the province. The New P>runswi(di L-.ind and Limber Company owns in this tract a magnificent domain of half a million acres, every acre of which is of great value, intersected by streams in all directions, and well watered by springs on the highest ridges, with soil capable of yielding abundant crops of wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and other root crops, and with a standing forest worth millions of dollars. This district is accessible either from the St. John or the Tobicpie. Ther(^ is a road across the country from tiie Grand Falls 2t to Thrc^e IJrooks, Tobiiinc. This is settled on both ends up to the line of the company's hinds. The reader is asked to turn to the map and find Grand Falls on the New Brunswick Railway, and Dalhonse's on the Intercolonial Railway. They are on opposite sides of the province. Tlie distance between these two points by a highway would be, allowing for divergences from a direct lino, one hundred and ten miles, and those who have explored the country agree that for the whole distance the land is of excellent quality. The making of this road is now (December, 1880), under the consideration of the Provincial Government. Tliis highway will pass for 35 miles over the very best lands of the railway company, gi^ ing a frontage of seventy miles for farms. Tlie experience of settlers is that tlie farther back from the St. John one goes towards the watershed of the province, the better is the cpiality of the soil. Range after range of farms could be located on either side of this main high- way until on the New Brunswick Railway land and the Crown lands in Res- tigouche homes'would be provided for an agricultural population of a quar- ter of a million. North of the Rostigouche and Grand river are several tracts of first-class land, and a great deal of what may be called second-class land — the latter is not indicated on the map. Whenever these tracts are put upon the market they will prol^ably be bought up by the French farmers, in the Madawaska parishes, to provide homes for their children. The great point which is established by the facts set forth in the forego- ing pages, is that the New Brunswick Land and Lumber Company owns fully dgh'. hundred llioumnd acres of land fully equal in every respect to the celebrated Aroostook Yalley, or to Jacksontown, Williamstown and Glass- ville, in New Brunswick. These localities contaiji liundreds of farms whose owners, by the cultivation of the soil alone, have amassed sufficient property to put themselves beyond the need of labor, and to .start their faniilios in life with every desirable advantage ; whose homes riv^.lin elegance and surpass iu comfort those of the merchants in the towns and cities. They support a population of energetic and able men and women. Poverty is ab- solutely unknown, except when occasioned by laziness or sudden misfortune. They form what is unaniMiously admitted to be the finest rural district in the eastern part of North America, and there is room on the estate of the Land and Lumber Company for one hundred and fiftt/ thousand people to whom industry Avill secure just as prosperous a future. — -^^:-«4»; 1 •"■? • — CHA.PTER III. ADVICE TO EMiaRANTS. oil HE class of men who are wauted in New Brunsv;ick, and will pros- per there, are the small farmers, and the more hardworking day laborers of England and Scotland, men who can work in the open ail', Avho can till the land and fell the trees. Mechanics and tradesfolk are in less demand, t Work can be had throughout the year by an able-bodied man. In the prairie and timberless country of the far West the soil is frozen for more than six months in the year, and the farmer, whether he will or no, can find little to do; but in New Brunswick directly the snowfalls- lumbering begins. * Strong men can al"ays find work in the lumbering camixs. The life in the bright, keen winter air is said to be most exhilarating, and the wages paid are high. A farmer tilling his own land will find plenty to do throughout the Avinter in felling trees and clearing his farm. Married men should remember, that Avhile to a poor man a large family in Great Britain is a loss and a hindrance, in New Brunswick it is a distincu gain. Provisions are so cheap and labor so dear, that every boy or girl who can and will work, either in the house, or on the farm, adds so much to the wealth of the family. An emigrant from t^^e Old Country should travel by the Allan Line of Steamships from Liverpool, in England, or Moville, in Ireland, to Quebec; or, if possible, Halifax, in Canada. From these towns a few hours' journey will take him to St. John, and from thence to Fredericton the terminus of the New Brunswick Railway Company. At the olfiee of the New Brunswick Land and Lumber Company, in Fred- ericton, he will be able to learn which are the best settlements to go to, and the price of land in each. Every opportunity will be given him to examine the lands before deciding to buy or to settle. The object of the Company being rather to induce settlers to come and improve the property than to get high prices for their lands, the settler will not be required to pay cash (unless he pleases) for his purchase. A deposit will have to be made when the title deeds are given, and the balance will be payable in yearly instalments. A moderate rate of interest will be charged. The price of the lands, from which the valuable tim- ber has been cut, ranges from four shillings to one pound per acre, on land whore the large trees are still standing from ten shillings to two pounds '»afBfc. 11 per acre. The purchaser will own his land in fee simiile. The settler of limited means should arriv< in May. On taking possession of his property his first care will be to build a house. He will generally find enough spruce and cedar with which to do this on his own property. A comfortable log cabin can be built, and a waterproof roof and floor laid for about four pounds. A cooking stove, costing about four pounds will also have to be bought. While he is building the house he ought also to begin clearing off the tim- ber. In buying his land he will do wisely in choosing a lot on which the trees have been cut down. These he can then pile together and burn. Men (if wanted) can generally be hired to clear the land at a cost of from eight shillings to twelve shillings per acre. The cost of clearing a small farm is about two pounds an acre, on a larger acreage the relative cost is smaller. Five acres of new land will yield sufficient to support a man, his wife and four or five children and a cow, from one harvest to another, if the right kind of crop be planted. A good method is for the settler the first year, if he is only going to cultivate five acres, to put tAvo acres in barley, two in oats, and one in potatoes and beans. It is advisable to sow barley the first year, because it is sure to yield a crop no matter how late it is planted, and this is a consideration of importance to a settler who arrives"; in the spring. Wheat is a sure crop, but it needs to be sown earlier than barley. The two acres of barley will yield enough to make ten barrels of good, sweet, nutritious flour; the two acres of oats will produce fodder enough for the cow, if cut green when the grain is in the milk and cured into hay; or, if they have been sown early enough, they will yield a large ([uantity of straw, and, at least, eighty bushels of grain worth forty cents per bushel. The yield of potatoes Avill be about two hundred bushels, and as many beans and small vegetables can be raised as the family will need. If the settler has raised a pig, which he can do with little trouble, he may have at the beginning of winter a couple of hundred weight of pork. During the summer, as soon as the planting is done, the settler should go to Avork cut- ting the underbrush on the land he next intends to clear. He should chop the trees in June, and burn the land oft' in August. Probably if he prepares five additional acres for a crop, does the work necessary to make hi» house comfortable for the winter, and puts up a shed for his cow, he Avill find his first year pretty Avell occupied. The second spring after his arrival he will have a comfortable house, ten acres of land ready for a crop, and sufficient provision to last his family till winter. Thenceforward, bar- ring unavoidable accident, his progress will be easy. This is not an hypo- thetical case; but is a chapter cut of the actual history of hundreds of New Brunswick farmers, Avho to-day live in luxurious homes, with broad, well-tilled ti»'lds on every hand. The great secret of their success is that they have kept faithfully to their farms. Let us take one instance, out of many, to show what an industrious man can accomplish in a few years. Frederick Jensen is a Dane. He had no knowledge of farming before he came to New Brunswick, where he arrived in the spring of 1873 with 12 liis wife and four children, the ehlest a l)oy of 13 years. He was abso- lutely penuiless. He went upon a lot of land upon which a chopping of live acres had been made. This lot he received free, and the Gov- ernment gave him also £S worth of building material. He burned off the lot, put up his house, and succeeded so well that in 1870 he exchanged his lot with a new comer for an unimproved lot and £120. With this cash capital he went to work on 'his new farm. In 1880 he had upwards of fifty acres under cultivation. He had a snug, well-furnished dwelling, two barns, 35x45 feet each, and a large sheep and swine slied. He also had two excel- lent horses, three workii^g oxen, four milch cows, besides a large number of young cattle, sheep, and swine. In addition to this his eldest son had taken "one hundred acres of land, on which they had cleared fifteen acres and built a good house. Seven years ago Jensen was a stranger in a strange land, and penniless. Now his property is ass<>ssed for £500, and is probably worth much more, and he is free of del)t. Other instances might be given of simi- lar success. This, of course, was not accomplished without labor, but it is labor well expended, for it will give him a comfortable home in his old age, and it has placed liis family far aliead of the position in life from which he started. Tlie general'verdicl of setth^rs from Europe is that the lal)or of clearing a new farm is not much, if at all, greater than the ordinary run of farm labor. Fanning on a new farm is of the simplest kind, and any one can do it in a manner sure to secure an abundant yield. Th(> mellow soil is made rich by its deep coating of vegetable mould formed by the falling leaves, and this is further fertilized by the heavy (U)vering of ashes left by the fire. Such soil as tliis needs no manure, and but little labor to return an abundant harvest. Emigrants should l)ring with them a good supply of clothes, air j their bedding and cooking utensils ; in fact, all the household goods and ^lersonal effects, which may be carried in small bulk and for little cost. Agricultural implements, and the plants and stock required for a farm should be l)()ught in St John. L.utOKU Fa i:\is. -Emigrants with capital will find farming in New Bruns- wick a very profttuole investment. Money can be made in raising produce for the American market, breeding sheep and cattle for the English, and in lumbering. The timber is dii.'lly spruce, and commands a ready sale in Liverpool. Tlu> great advantag*' which the New Jjrunswick breeder of cuttle or ship- per of timhcr enjoys is the comparatively short distance which he has to con- vey his freigl-t. Never have the farmers or lumberers been better off than to-day, and never before has the I'rovince presented so tempting a field for settlemout to all who are willing an out to New Brunswick to settle without first aitj)lyii)g by letter for information and advice to tlie Secretary of the iSew Brunswick liund and liUmber Company, Gibson, New Brunswick, C-anada. LS abso- lopping le Gov- ■ned off jlianged bis cash of fifty ■) baru3, I) oxcel- nber of ,(1 taken 1 built a m\, and S' worth of simi- ut it is old age, diich he earing a m hil)or. it in a ! rich bv 1 this is I. Such bund ant h ) their personal »r a farm V Bruns- produce 1, and in ■pool, or ship- is to con- day, and omcnt to lout first the Now Canada. ^B CHAPTER IV. :^^^U' '" ;'-'" A^ m STATISTICS AND FACTS RELATIVE TO THE PRO DUCE, WAGES, WEATHER. NEW SETTLEMENTS RELIGION, EDUCATIONAL LAWS, AND GOVERn' MENT OF NEW BRUNSWICK. A( ^E8. -The rati8 of wnges vary. An ordinary laborer expects and receives lu ordinarily good times, four shillings per day, without board. Farm laborers from 18 shillings to GO shillings per month, with board. Skilled laborers recuve higher wages in about the same proportion to unskilled laborers as in other countries H.-hool teachers receive from £G() to £240 per annum ; seamstrcss.'s from 12 shillings to 2-t shillings per week. Ordinary household ser- vants (females) from 12 shillings to 2-4 shillings per month. CwMATE.-The climate of Now liruns wick is remarkably healthy. Prof Johnston, before quoted, sums ui) his observations as follows- "1st That it is an exceedingly healthy climate. Every medical man I have met in the rrovmce, I believe without exception, and almost every other person I have conversed with, assures me of this ; and the healthy looks and the numerous tamilies of the natives of all classes eonllrm these assurances. 2nd That it permits the soil of New Brunswick to yield crops which exceed the'pivsent averages of Upper Canada and the States of New York and Ohio " The British War Oflice regards New Brunswick as one of the most healthv sta- tions tor troops in the world. Tlu> Health OJKcer of the United States'oov- ^■nnuent says, " The climate is remarkably salubnous." There is a marked absence of fevers and i)ulmonary diseases, and her..t<.fore the country has in an extraordinary degree escaped the ravages of epidemic diseasi's. The wint(n-s are cold but the air is dry and bracing. There is no want of fuel • traveling is easy, and sleighriding is d(>lightful. Frost comes in November aiid goes in April. Planting begins in May, and in Jimo the leaves are all l'l"om:ng on the trees. The weather is hottest in ilie last two weeks of July an.l tn^ tirst two weeks of August. The strawberries of the St. John Valh-v, lamed throughout Amenca, riptm about this time. In Septemb.-r the root on.ps are planted and the havvcHt is gathered in. September and October are the ].leasantest month.; of the year. The average cuM during the winter is some 20 degrees less severe than in tile Northwest. An Ayrshire farmer, settled in New Brunswick, says; "The frost of ^^ inter leaves the ground iu a very pliable state anil iu bett3r order than any 14 number of plougliings clone in winter can make it. On tins account I be- 1:::: Lrsitr-"^^' ^'-^ -- ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^-^' -^- ^ ^^^ -^- Subjoined is the monthly temperature for the year 1876 : ^'^f^'^^y ISoFahr. F^^^i'iary jo March 250 April 360 ^^^y 50O June ggo July 700 August Q^o September ggo October ^1 o November 3^0 December j2o The general verdict of emigrants from the British Isle is that in New Brunswick the extremes of heat and cold are greater than in the mother country, but that the clio: ite is very much more enjoyable. Crops. -The subjoined actual reports from formers will give the truest idea of the fertility of the soil. « tuB wuesc Mr. H. T. Peterson of New Denmark, says that a low average of the crop raised in that settlement, where the land has for the most part been Z cently cleared, and one-third of it is occupied by the stumps and roots of the tree.s, would be, wheat, 20 bushels to the acre; buckwheat 130; rye 30- oa s 35; barley, 38; potatoes, 200; turnips, 300; hay. 2 tons, ke .Js'tllt wh n the stumps are taken out and the land thoroughly ploughed, which can be Ml rTLr^^^^ 'T''^ ^'^r'^^y ^^ -«^«' - -- --ly increasecl Ml. McTl ail, of Stonehaven, where the circumstance as to the state of the land are the same as at New Denmark, returns oats, 30 bushels to the acre; buckwheat, 30; hay. 2 tons; potatoes, 300 bushels; turnips 400 Mr. Cummins, of Kentore, also a new settlement, says: oats, 30 bushels to the acre; wheat, 25; turnii)s, .500. ousneis Mr. W. B. Mills, of Beaufort, also a now settlement, returns oats 50 hay 2 tons. Ihese returns are intended to give the average crop of the dis trie, from winch they .re made, and, as was shown in the last clLir h "e settlements adjoin the Lami & Lumber Comi>any's estate, and urron the same^ formation. We take an average of the folir returns and Idd out M-mrterni order to allow for the space taken up l,y .stumps and root, (one- third might be added without exaggeration), and we prLent tlu r ultTn comparison with the otHoial returns from other countries of yiel pert e 15 New Brunswick. Ohio. N. York. Ontario. ^,, , Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. ^^^^^ 27,\ I5i 18 123 Buckwheat 39_i, gOi 17 iqI 2^*^ 45-rV 334 32 24* l^' 37^ 16i 10 11 ?,^'^^y 47i 24 19 m I^otatoes 3i2i 69 125 84 Turnips 500 _ ^^5 _ ^^^ If tons IHons — _ The average weights of produce for the whole Province are : Wheat per bushel, OOH lbs.; barley. 50; oats, 38; rye, 52^; buckwheat, 48^; potatoes. 63; turnips, 6Q. mi- -^o, Special Industries. -Among the special industries of the Province are the extraction of sugar from the maple, the breeding of horse., and the cul- ture of fruit and potatoes. The maple abounds on the Company's lands, and about four pounds of sugar may be taken annually from each tree. In taste It IS both agreeable and wholesome, and as "maple honey " it never fails to iind a purchaser. The soil seems peculiarly well fitted for raising potatoes. They grow in great numbers and to a great size. In Aroostook County, on the opposite side ot the St. John, fourteen starch factories have been established, capable ot manufacturing fourteen thousand tons of starch a vear. Fruit culture is very protitable. especially the raising of strawberries and apples. The extreme richness and the delicacy of their flavor have won for the fruits of the St. John Valley well deserved fame. There is a constant demand for horses weighing from 900 to 1,100 pounds at prices varying f,-om £20 to £30. The cost of their keep is so small, that farmers realize very fair profits in this business. AvEUAGE Market Prices in December. 1880. -Wheat, 8 shillings ner l.n.shel; oats, CO 1 9 per bushel; hay, 48 shillings per ton; potatoes, £0 1 8 a bushel; buckwheat. CO 1 .3 a bushel; rye straw, £2 per ton (this is ail •>xported to the United Stat(>s); wool. £0 9 to £0 1 3 a pound; butter 19 pence per pound; turkeys, 5 pence and (5 pence pel- pound; geese' £9 17 to £0 2 5 each; sheep, 10 shillings to 24 shillings each; fat cattle, 16 shillings to 28 shillings per cwt. ; beef, by the -luarter or carcass, 2i pence to d pence a pound; pork, 3 pence per pound. New Settlements. -New Denmark was started in 1872, by a colony from Denmark, in the selection of which very poor judgment was shown, only a vei7 small portion of the colonists being farmers. The settlement lost many ot those who first came, men who never intended to farm, and onlv came oiit ,"~ " "•-■-vtt.i i.'a.-.-up^« .-. , uut it has Deen inciT-ased by large ac- cessions of farmers from home who were led to come out by reason of l(j the great success of their friends Avho had preceded tliem. The reservation for this settlement was 14,200 acres. It is nearly all occupied. Number* of persons who came to New Denmark without any property whatever, have now fifty acres and upwards under cultivation with good houses and barns, one or more horses and ten or more head of cattle. A meet- ing of some of the loading men of New Denmark was recently held, in- formally, at the house of the resident minister to discuss the condition of the settlement. The conclusion they arrived at was that all had im- proved their position in life by coming to America ; that one not used to farming can sooner make a farmer here than at home ; that capital can be well employed on a new farm, and that they all might look for- ward to a comfortable old age, with their families well settled around the'u. TiiiLEY Settlement contains 20,621 acres, and is nea.I- It was founded about six years ago. The Commissioner ment made the following report to the Government in 1870 : ment is steadily improving. The crops have been abundant, settlers Avell satisfied and sanguine for the future." occupied. ■ the settle- "Tiiesettle- I find the Stonehaven was founded in 1873, by a colony from Scotland. The site for the settlement was not well chosen, being broken by ravines, and this has prevented^the growth of the settlement, being as rapid as the othera above-named. Nevertheless, of 113, GOO acres include in it, two-thirds are occupied. The settlement has two school houses and a church. The Commissioner, himself an emigrant from Scotland, thus reported to the Government in 1870: "The value of the settlement this year is nearly double that of laat //ear. The people in tliis settlement are generally well satisfied with their position, and althougli they consider thattliey have about the hardest tract of land to farm that could be found in the Province, nevertheless it is a well known fact, tliat they return from visiting some more favored locality in the neighboring States and, declare they will not give uj) their home and chances in this settlement for all that they have seen." KiNTouE was founded in 1874, by a colony from Scotland. The re- marks as to the location of Stonehaven apply to Kintore. Nevertheless, the Commissioner also from Scotland, reported in 1870: "The settlers in general are making rapid i)rogress in chopping and clearing land and appear perfectly content." It is not necessary to add any further reports. These are selected, because with the exception of that from Tilley settlement, they are made by men who came to the country as emigrants and can have no possible object in misrepresenting their position. IIeligion — There is no church establishment in Canada, and church rates are unknown, but New Brunswick enjoys, probably, greater religious ad- vantages than any other Province in the Dominion of Canada. The character ol LLe miuisterii ia high, and uo matter how distant or how unsettled a locality 17 may be, an application for religious aid or ministration is rarely passed un- heeded. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Protestants, and the remainder Eoman Catholics, but in the eye of the laAv men of all religious denominations are equiil. Schools.— Free and non-sectarian education is provided in the T)nblic schools, at the public expense, for the children of all Avho are willing that thev should so learn. "^ Excellent schools are also provided for the tuition of both mide and female teachers. A university, whose diplomas are recognized throughout the world is established at Fredericton, the full course may be taken for the very small cost of £80 per :innum. Tenure of Pkopeety. -The laws regulating the tenure of real and personal . estate are much the same as In England, excepting that usuallv, and in the cas9 of lands sold by the New Brunswick Land and Lumber Company, in- variably, the title to real estate is vested in the purchaser in fee simple. ' The forms for conveying, transferring, and registering land are simple and inexpensive. The property of a married woman is subject to her alone, and is not liable to be charged with her husband's debts. Taxation-. —Direct taxes are impo.sed onb/ for municipal and educational purposes. The assessment in most counties is very light -about three half- pence in the pound. Electobaj. FiUNCHiSE.— Every male British subject owning £20 worth of real estate, or £80 worth of real and personal estate, has the right to vote for H member of the Canadian Parliament. The government of the country is vested in a Legislature, elected by Canadians, from Canadians, for Canadian.s. - " '{?^C'*<»<|ws>!>«i-» CHAPTER W MINERALS. lUTINCI of the distrii't enclosing the Jaiuls belonging to the New Brunswifk Land suid Lumber ("ompany, Prof. C, IL Hitelicook, ^cJ? a gentleman of world-wide reputation, said, "The geology of New Brunswick is exceedingly interesting, and the pecuniary benetits that would result from a scientific survey of its territory would much more than repay all outlay from the pul)lic treasury. There are few States or Provinces on our Continent which give such i)roniise of undeveloped mineral wealth as New liruuswick." The land owned by the Company lies for the most jiart on the upper and middle Silurian series of rocks, and among others, on what is called the " Quebec Group." Prof. H. Y. Hind, F. E. G. S., says that the following metals and metaiiferous deposits are found in this group in New Brunswick (see his report to tlie Legislature of New Brunswick, 18(35): iron, inaiigauese, copper, autiinouy, nickel, lead, zinc, gold, silver. The most valuable deposit yet discovered, exce])t that of antimony, is that of iron near Woodstock. Prof. Hind says: "These ores are vast sedimentary deposits many feet in thick- ness. The mean of eight analyses gave 32 1'^^, per cent, of iron from the ore worked at the furnace," He further says: " The iron is of very superior (piality. It makes excelhmt steel and possesses great toughness or resisting power." A blast furnace for the manufacture of this iron is established on the line of the New Brunswick Piailway, near where the bridge crosses the river at Woodstock, and the pro[)rietors expect to greatly enlarge their works. Speaking of th.ese deposits of iron. Prof. Hind says: "There is a splendid opening for the employment of capital in this direction. The whole question is one of considerable interest, and will bear the strictest scrutiny." "These ores," he further says, " ar« Inowti to occur in ine.clioMstihle ^jKfirifi/iea on (he e'tst. side of the St. John,'' and again.: "A broad baud of limestone, deeply creviced, occurs within a mile to the southeast of these deposits." Tlie last two quotations have especial reference to the lands owned by the Rail- way Company, but at the time of the report belonging to the Crown. The same writer again says: " These immt'uso d(>posits of ore occur in a country possessing an e.xccllt nt agricultural soil, a splendid forest of bii'ch, beech, sprnce and maple, and limestone in abundance. It will not fail to bo noticed that these are elements of local indu.stry belonging to the highest class. For the ore yitdds an iron of very superior »iuality, which has been thoroughly tesf h1 in the United States and in England, and if it be considered advisable to molt it on the spot there is abuudatico of iinilxu' iur furl, lime fur i'.r.xing, 19 Jal.or for collcctiun: the ore and preparing the fuel, and an excellent agricul- tural country as the basis of the whole industrial system." If it be remem bered that this report was prepared by a gentleman of the most extensive knowledge and a great -eputation and for the Government of the Province u-ho wished to know he facts simply, its importance as a certificate of tlin valm- o tlu. "Land Company's estates," will at once appear. It is alto- gether probable that valuable deposits of iron ore will be found in other pans ol these lands besides those to winch Trof. Hind refers. Mr. Edward Jack, Deputy Crown Land Surveyor for New Brunswick wrjtes thus reganling the mineral lands of the New Brunswick Land and Lumber ( omi)any: " av|.sum is found very extensively on these lands, on and in the vicinity ot the Uaps 1 ..hegan, a branch of the Tobique. Lime also occurs on the <.'0m|iany s land as carI)oaate of lime or common limestone ''I have seen y^-How sulphi (xahpiae, a branch of the Tobine<., In the latter section valual)le copper mines ar(> being actively Avork.'d. Coj.per has be.u found in small quantities at many points along the Upper Ht. John and its tributaries, and rich mines have been opened in thiH suiiKi lormation where it crosses Maine. Antimony. -The most valuable deposits of autimom in America occur in the "(,)u..bee (Jronp," in the County of York, New Brunswick. They are b.'iM- w(„.l(„,i i,y American companies, and are of immense value. Stibnite (siilldnde of nntimony) was found last summer on the lands of the Company by AFr. Bellamy, a (Jovernmi-nt surveyor. I'|;ai) occurs on the T(d)ique, but no very valuable deposit has yet been is found in this formation in Quebec, and large amounts of capital 20 are invcHtcd iu mining there. Prof. Hind found it by washing the dust in tho following places on land owned by the Land and Lumber Company: the forks of Long Lake; on the ridge between Long Lake and the Miramichi; on the Serpentine; on the head of Blue Mountain Brook. Prof. Bailey, of the New lirunswiek University, says the valley of the Tobique is "a promising field for the discovery of gold." It has been washed from the sands of the Cami)b(fll, the Waps Rehegan, Serpentine and Tobique rivers, at different places, but all on the Land Company's estates. It has also been found in many other streams in the Province. Little is known, however, on the subject, nor has any competent search been made in the interior of the Province, Huch neglect is the more extraordinary when it is remembered that tlui geological age of the soil is the age in which the most valuable de- posits of gold were made, and that if the streams draining the Company's lands in the northern part of Carleton and the southeastern i)art of Victoria (bounties, gold hrts been found in all. liiME, There is abundance of limestone in a great number of, places on the railway land, MAUUTiE occurs on the Tobique, OypsiiM. — A most valuable deposit of excellent gypsum is found on the Tobique, about 20 miles from the St, John. It occurs in an immense mass, rising on the Tobique in a cliff half a mile long and one hundred and twenty -five feet perpendicular height. How far back it extends is not known. It crops out on the Wapskehegan, about four miles away. Prof, Hind thus describes the deposit: "The celebrated plaster cliffs, about 130 feet high, succeed tho limestone. They consist of alternating bands of impure gypsum, greenish and red, red shell, and small seams of fibrous gypsum, and amorphous alabaster, which also occurs in small, dense masses, sometimes rose tinted, but generally pure white." Not far from the plaster cliffs is a brook which rises in the land of the Railway Company and falls into the Tobique. "Its water contains a considerable percentage of sulphate of magnesia (Epsom Salts), and has valuable medicinal properties." The gypsum is greatly esteemed as a fertilizer. Enormous quantities of it are used every year, and farmers come from all the countryside for a hundred miles round to procure it. Immense quantities of it go into Maine, There is a mill not far away which grinds the plaster (as it is called). It is difiicult to overestimate in an agri- cultural point of view the value of this deposit, which is large enough appar- ently to 8Upi)ly the wants of the continent for a century. In summarizing what is known of the minerals in this section, one cannot do better than repeat the Avords of Professor Hitchcock: "It is a promising field." The dense forest which covers tho country conceals the soil, and makes it extremely difficult for the explorer to estimate its true value. The wealth of the Indies might be lying around him, and yet be concealed from him as effectually as though it lay at the bottom of the sea. The truth is the difficulty and cost of a thorough investigation have hitherto prevented its being undertaken ; but the discoveries of casual seekers promise the most brilliant results to future explorers. ^■■ W i ftitMaOM t B WW F ibM 3 dust in pany: the micbi; on iy, of the n-omising (Is of the different en found sr, on the )i' of the iiembered uable de- ompany's Victoria places on d on the use mass, dred and )t known, ind thus eet high, gypsum, Qorphous 3e tinted, ok -which le. "Its , (Epsom 3 greatly fear, and L'ocure it. ay which 1 an agri- 5I1 appar- le cannot >romising nd makes le wealth rom him ath is the euted its the most I i %f^'^ CHxVPTER VI. i' ili'i I ,J m TOURISTS. ,|.|l^g||EW BRUNSWICK is often confounded with the Province of Que- bec as a bleak, and desohite country. No impression couhl be worse founded. The climate is both balmy and bracing ; the soil is rich; the vegetation luxuriant, and the scenery picturesque and varied. A few years ago New Brunswick was dillicult to reach and harder to penetrate—to day the most beautiful spots in the St. John Valley are within twenty hours traveling of Boston. What- ever a tourist may wish to find he will meet with in some part or other of the Province. Beautiful scenery he will find on every side. If he seek a quiet place to spend a holiday, he can find no quieter nor pleasanter than the village of Grand Falls. Within twenty mile- he may study the habits, customs and languages of three alien nationalities. The settlements of the French hahitans, stilt standing in all their pinched and meagre quaint- ness as they were standing a hundred years ago, run down the banks of the St. John to within a few miles north of Grand Falls ; twenty miles further south, still on the banks of the river, lies a large tract of unbroken wood- land; it is an Indiau reservation; and here, harmless and unharmed, the few descendants of the ancient inhabitants live as their fathers lived— by hunting alone. As guides in fishing or shooHug expeditions they are unrivalled. About six miles back in the woods from Grand Falls se.eral hundred Danes have established themselves in a colony. An enteri^rising and law abiding people, they have made unto themselves homes in the wilderness, much as the Puritans did in Massachusetts three hundred years ago, in feeding and lue sky above, the clear blue stream beneath, and here and there between, the arching boughs of the monarchs of the virgin forest, life seems to be a dream of happy in- dolence. But canoeing has its hours of excitement — a rare bird is to be seen; a beaver's dam to be examined; a salmon to be slain, or (most delightful of sensations) an almost dangerous and foaming rapid to be shot. Then there are graver interess— the choosing and pitching of the camp; the preparing (with many quaint expedients for concealing the deficiencies thereo!) the supper; there is to l)e consultation with the guides, usually drifting into .some impcssible tale of ghostlike grizzlies or grisly ghosts, impossible to say which, for attiacted by a pine log fire and a l)utllalo robe, sleep comes on stealthily and swiftly. Fre(|uent exjjeditions are made in these canoes, both by gentlemen and ladies; guides are numerous, and the cost is slight. There are certain recognized trips to be taken from dilferent starting' points— Edmundston, Grand Falls and Andover. Tlio hotel keepers at these points will give advice and supply guides. In all these trips good fishing can b(> had. Trout are innumeiable, and of all sizes, from the little brook-trout of an ounce weight to magnificent six and seven-pounders. If it is possible to become .surfeited with trout fishing, here one may be. Although, as everywhere else, skill counts for mucli, and secures generally the best prizes, any person, no matter how awkward he nuiy be with the rod and line, is certain of good sport if he have a good guid(>. Nearly all the "trips" can be made by ladies without discomlort or even mctjiivenience. Each peroi(iue will carry three perH(ms, including tlie guide and their camp- ing ontlit. It is better for cacli person to have a i-anoe. I"^ren(!h guides can bi' procured for one dollar per day. Tiiey will furnish the canoes, blankets for their own use, plates, kc, and can generally supply a few simple "cooking tools." as their [)hras(> is. Tlie tishi-rman must providt^ the tent, his per.sonal outlit. and the provisions. Some; ])erhons prefer Indian guides. Tiieir cliarg(> is about the same. Tliey gen much liglit<»r. and generally more graceful than the peroique, and ([uitc as steady in the water, but the latter are stronger. Jiiirgt; ])artii fi iito IVcotnmeuded to taku a hiUicati a wide buat with pointed endn, well adapted to cari'y heavy loads and run rnpids, In sneh a case canoes ought to be taken ; luit so many will not be required as in cases where the baggage of tlie party is transported in tlicm. No direc- tions can be given as to the (luantity of provisions to be taken. Of the "staples,"— pork, potatoes, ^,ea and Hour -the guide will tell about how much will likely be recpiired. In the matter of "incidentals," each person must consult his own taste and the space at his dis])osal in his canoe. A f(>w simple articles not strictly necessaries will be found to come into play very well, such as pickles, cofFee, condensed milk, sugar, cheese, and owe or two other things which a glance around a grocery store Avill suggest. It is pru- dent to take some good liniment on such a trip, something good for internal as well as external use, the change in the manner of living often rendering something of the kind very valuable. In the matter of tents, the best is none too good, if it be not too heavy and complicated; but a s(iuare piece of cotton will do very well in the al)sence of any thing more elaborate. Every one of a party ought to have two good Avoolen blankets and a rubber one. Th(\v can manage with less, however, very comfortably. In the absence of rubber l)lankets, a piece ol" oiled canvas will be found serviceable for tlie lu'otection of clothing and provisions in case: of rain. In the matter of clothing, each must consult his own convenience as to quantity. Auv strong material will do. Woolen socks are much the best kind, and what- ever else you leave behind, take at least one extra pair of Jhese. Low shoes are preferable to boots, as they let the water out, for wet feet and fish- ing are insejjarable. Therefore a pair of stcmt leather slippers, to be worn in ciimp at night, are a source of great comfort. At Kduiandston, mine host, Whitney or Maxime Martin will provide guides on application ; at Grand Falls, Samuel Raymond ; at Andover, I. A. Perley. The hotels kept by these gentlemen arc distinguished for the excellence of the service and tlu> cleanliness of the accommodation. The postal and telegraphic Hervic(i throughout the Province is both speedy and complete. The increasing number of tourists who visit tin; !St. John Valley every year is the b(^st proof wo can adduce of its power to please. The heat in summer not being great, the nu>an temiieraturo for July and August running from (;*» to 70 degrees, all thes.- trips are both po.ssible and enjoyable. The accompanying majjs show the position of flie places named. For travelers from Canada, the easiest Avay of reaching the New Bruns- wick Kailroad is to use the St. John ans on the stream took twenty salmon and grlls can bo hireping and cabin st)inewhat mar the beauty of the spot ; yet it is bt>autit'ul stili. Three rivers meet hen- in a deep jtool, wherein one may see huge salmon swimming, tall trees throwing their shadow and imiige upon the water. ^ The fisliing thus far is Very good so fur us numbers go ; but the fish are not large. It is necessary to know where to fish ; but this the guides can tell. *>"/ r^ At the foot of Forbes Island, three miles below Nietaii, the writer caught trout on one occasion as fast as he could drop his tiies upon the water, using- two rods with another person to take off the fish. He has fished the stream many times and always had good sport. Of the streams into which the Tobique divides, Nictau, the Left-hand branch of Little Tobique (the geographical right-hand branch) is the best for trout. The right-hand, or Campbell river, is a favorite resort for salmon. The Mamozekel, or centre branch, is not a very good stream for fish. It is a strange fact that salmon will only go to the right-hand branch, and white fish only to the left-hand branch. One-half mile from Xictan, on the left-hand Branch, is the celebrated White-fish Hole. There is usually good trout fishing there. If trout fishing is all that is wanted, the Little Tobique is the best branch to ascend. Tobique Lake is the source of this branch,. a pretty sheet of water famed for its big trout, the fiat rock in the centre where fishermen pitch their tents sometimes, and the rocky dome of Bald Mountain on its southern shore. Bald Mountain is not very difficult to ascend, and the view from the summit is grand in the extreme. From Tobique Lake a portage of three miles leads to Bathixrst, or Nipisiguit Lake, the source of the Nipisiguit, a fine stream for salmon and trout, emptying into the JJay Chaleur. Fishermen frequently ascend the To- bique, and descend the Nipisigiiit, or vice versa. It is recommended to any one who can spare the necessary time — say at least a fortnight. No one ever ascends the Mamozekel for sport. It runs into a perfect nesi of mounb in.s, so much alike that it is difticult to tell one from the otl.» V, 'Ihe ( iU.ipbell Itiver is a rapid, rocky streaui, fianki^d in places by palisade two hundred feet high. There is good trout fi.sliing in it, and many salmon are speared there. It is suggested that good casts foi- salmon migh be found at the Falls, six miles up, the Salmon Hole, a mile farther, and at Serjientine Falls, on the trilnitary of that name, about seven miles beyond the Salmon Hole. The merits of these places in tliis respect have yet to be tested . Within a few years the Tobique will have to be struck off the list of streams Avhich with their fishing combine the charm of roughing it ; luit, until that time does come, it is strongly recommended to tourists who^ will be satisfied with good fishing and admirable scenery. Exce])t on *^he head waters and in a few places in the lower i)art of the rivtr. the number of fish to be caught is smaller than on some of the trips to bo described hereafter, but the beauty of the .stream, tln^ almost tropical lu.xuriance of vegetation, and the grandeur of the landscape, place it first among the forest streams of New Brunswick. Above the Tobique a number of tributaries enter the St. John, but none that need be mentioned here until (J rand lliver, fourteen miles abov(! Grand Falls, is reached. The station and telegraph office is called St. Leonards. Grand llivor is not much esteemed for its fishing, but is woiihy of mentiuu as bi'iug a favorite way of leaching the Ivestigouche, the greatest of all Canadian salmon streams, where forty pound giants 28 ""X:.Xn'rber«X *;ated village, aud Uu, te™i,u. of tUe New Edmuml»ton , ^.^^ ^ ^^_^^^ flsherman to make ns S^tt^ Sn a few n,iles kvee large *ea»s, all well supplied w.th *'°1' to MfvL'^Xle Lakes, t,« Green river and the Tenuseonate, ttet^iisbing i. to l,e had, though there are ,nany smaller streanns .n * , ?,T .harm of canoeing down elear and rapid streams ; of shootmg :^rtr::>Xfidi;.iste..ngtotheehildisht^^^^^^ Indian guides, and of watching the emnson and golden ioli,.ge forest-clad hills through which the rivers run can never tire The season for salmon fishing begins in the lat er part "'^I; ^^^"f^ in August ; neither netting nor ^l«anug « " ^^^^^Z Tn the courts '^^'^'^^^^^':^^2Z^^^ and Lumber the ripanau owners, ims win givt lut^ i^t.>y i,,inr1vpn miles Com^,n..e»...W...<.^.>^^^^ TohT;;;;, ;;:; ;:i :aluair:ilmon rU-s toUe found m «. provmee, and,ve '^7:^ "rt:: poiicy or the said company, in order to ^-rage^tra^elers to visit the country, which is greatly m need of mm.grati on, to let fashu,„ licenses at the very lowest rates to hmafide sportsmen. .„ , . „ M ap *at ons should be addressed to, and all information will be given andlceu's granted by the Secretary of the New Brunswick Land and Lum- ber Company, Gibson, New Brunswick, Canada. HUNTINa AND SHOOTING. No dangerous animals are to be found near any settlement in New Bruns- wick Wolves have long been extinct throughout the country, and no beat ,-,- l-„ mBt with e—»l't bv penctratinu the depths of the forests. S>,r"l:i; l.:we4r,whoare content to do this, can, with Indians for their gnideH, have excellent Hifort. 29 Beyond all comparison the finest sport in the country is the moose hunt- ing. Both amateur and professional hunters spend weeks together in the woods following these animals. They can only he pursued when the snow is on the ground and their tracks can he seen, for hunting with dogs is illegal. Experienced Indian guides can be hired at any time for this sport. Many Englishmen cross the Atlantic every winter to kill half a dozen moose, and having done so, return contented. Caribou, the most fleet-footed of deer, are also abundant, and afford most excellent sport. Foxes are com- mon, the most numerous being the red variety. Their fur commands a ready sale but at a low price. Silver grey and cross foxes are taken some- times. These are very valuable. Sable, mink, otter, beaver, "black cat,'*^ loup cuvi(!r, and one or two other species of animals whose fur is of com- mercial value arc yet very numerous in the forest, and trapping furnishes a very remunerative employment for those of the settlers who understand it. It will of course be understood that these animals are not to be found near the settlements. Of birds, there are wild geese and several varieties of wild ducks. These are found in abundance on the lakes within the Company's estate. Wood grouse, commonly called partridge, abound all over the Pro- vince, and afford, in the fall, an important article of diet. Immense flocks of wild pigeons visit the Province every summer. CLOSE SEASON.- For moos(!, caribou or deer, from February 1 to August 1. For mink, otter, fisher, sable or beaver, from May 1 to September 1. For snipe or woodcock, from March 1 to August 14. For partridges, from May 1 to September 20. The killing of robins, swallows, sparrows, otlier small birds and birds of song is ill(>gal. LICENSES . These have to be obtained from the office of the Provincial Secretary, at Fredericton. For non-residents the cost varies from one pound to four- pounds. -«-^<^j-i^j«{j>^ - APPENDIX No. 1. Freth'.pjoton, New Beunswick, 28tli February, 1880. Hru : At your request, T liav(> pro])are(l a short report on the lands granted by the Province of New JJrnnswick to the New Brunswick Railway Company (thi SB are the landH now oAvm^d by the New Brunswick Land and Lumber <'^onii)any). Tlie vast extent of country covered by tlie grants, and the short length ol' time allowed mc^ in wliich to prepare this sketch, preclude the possibility of minutenesH. I have endeavored to state as accurately as jjossible such fa(!ts as have come to my knowlelge during many years of labor as Deputy WD. JACK, (F(n'mcrlyj MmuH/ni'i Trus/ee Deputy Crown Land Surveyor For the New Jirunswirk For the Province of New Railway. Brunswick. In des(!ribiiig the lands of the New Brunswick Railway Company, as the greater quantity are situated on the River Ht. John or its tributaries, I will conimenc'e witli a description of the quality of the soil there, and of the timber growing thereon, and from thence proceed to a description of those situated on the :\riramichi River and its tributaries, which are generally dif- ferent from tlie former, both as regards quality of soil and varieties of timber, I will say nf)thiiig of the soil of the Miramichi lands owned by the Company, they being gf^ncruUy useless for farming purposes, and adapted merely to the uses of i\\i\ lumber man. A large part of these Miramichi lands are enclosed in th(! spruce belt described by me in the report of Dr. Baily and mystdf hereafter rt ferred to. The grants situated to the east of the Woodstock Junction, and shown on the plan annexed, are gencu-ally covered by tlie rod soil of the sub-carbonif- erous roclis whicli is g(>nerally so well adapted for farming as mentioned by J. F. W. Johnston, F. R. S., in his report on the agricultural resources of New Brunswick. The lands embraced in them are covered by an extensive n.j.Q^y(], nf hiiiih.'cU. Hp!-nce. cedar, birch, and numerous other varieties of wood. As those lands were selected by myself personally, I can speak con- 31 iideutly of them and of ilieir valno. Much sprace has been cut in this by settlers, who would pay from $1.50 to $2.00 per acre for the same These payments should be made by annual instalments, commencing when the settler is fairly under way ; they .should, of course, be chargeable upon the land. These lands being good, the security for the purchase money due thereon would yearly improve. Along the shore of New Bruns- wick, and in its middle section, the growing timber was the best part of the lot ; in the country of which I speak it is the soil. Persons to whom climate is a consideration will find on reference to the Meteorological Reports of the Dominion of Canada that the winters of ^ew Brunswick are on the average nearly 20o warmer than at Winnipeg, m Manitoba. And further, that if the trees have to be cleared away before the soil can be made available, these furnish fuel in abundance to warm and cheer the settler in the winter nights, and to protect his clearings from the 33 •winds which sweep with such severity over the extensive and often treeless plains of Manitoba. The productiveness of the soil on the fertile belt named may be judged of by that of the County of Aroostook (the best county in the State of Maine, so far as the soil is concerneil), of Avhich it is the extension to the northeast, that being about the usual strike of the rock belts on the river St. John. It may b3 as well to say something about the timber on the railway lands on the St. John. As space is limited, I give but a short synopsis, referring those who wish farther information to a descriptive catalogue of the woods and minerals of New Brunswick, preparad by Dr. L. W. Bailey, of the University of New Brunswick, and myself, at the instance of tiie Government of New Brunswick, for use at the Centennial E.xhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. BiECH, — The lands of the New Brunswick Ilailway Company monopolize nearly all of the birch timber on the most accessible places on St. John river and its tributaries, with the exception of that Avhich is to be had on the Aroostook anel some few other streams which take their rise in the State of Maine. Maple. — This excellent wood abounds nearly everywhere over the Com- pany's lands. Beech. — This tree, generally indicative of a poor soil when found in great qiiantities, is yet interspersed among the other hardwood trees over the various tracts owned by the Company on St. John river. Black Ash. — This extremely handsome wood is found abundantly fring- ing the shores of the various tributaries of the St. John, especially above the Grand Falls. It is particularly abundant on the Grand river. Spkuce. — This tree is not nearly so plentiful on the good farming lands of the Company on the St. John as it is on the rocky and inferior lands of the Miramichi. It occurs, however (the white variety especially), in numer- ous localities on the Company's land on the Sb. John, scattered here and there through the forests. When spruce deals are high in the European market many logs will be gathered from various places. Late low prices have discouraged log-haulers from cutting scattering timber, which is always more expensive to get than that which grows in bodies. Cedae. — This valuable wood, which must yearly increase in value, is found in very great abundance on the ComiJany's lands. THE N. B. R. B. COMPANY ^NDS ON THE MIEAMICHI AND ITS BEANCHES. m These are, as before stated, essentially timber, and not farming lands. They comprise, without any doubt, by far the best timber lands on the Miramichi, and it is upon them that the saw-mills at Chatham and New- castle, the sea-ports of this river, must largely depend for their supply of 34 sprace. These ports now export per year to Europe deals to the amount of abon^ GO, 000 standards. The stnmpage or royalty which is now charged by the Company on spruce logs is $1.50 per M. feet, superficial measure (two M feet are nearly equivalent to a standard), the yield cf six or seven trees. This Avill, no doubt, ere long, increase to .^2.50 to $3.00 per M., as is now charged on the St. Croix, the river which divides the State of Maine from New Brunswick. The Company's lands on this river will yield from thirty to fifty mdlion feet of spruce timber for many years to come. The number of acres on the Miramichi will be probably upwards of 300,000 acres. In conclusion, it may be safely affirmed that this Company has noAV nearly a monopoly of the really valuable forest-covered agricultural lands in the Province of New Brunswick. This Eailway Company has also the most compact body of black spruce in New Brunswick, which is situated on the shores and adjacent to streams possessing excellent facilities for bringing the timber near them to market at the seaboard. From its position on the Miramichi river, and the cheapness with which supplies and m(>n can be taken from the railway stations into the forest, it must always occupy a commanding position, in as far as the numerous steam saw-mills on the Miramii-hi river are concerned, which must be largely dependent on this source of supply to keep them employed. EDWARD JACK, Deputy Crown Land Surveyor for New Brunswick. ii . ,..gKj>8t, it (team I'gely TT! " -j'V^T^i'X