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Lets, F.S A., . Kdinburgh, defines poison to be " A substance which, brought into contact with the skin, mucous surfaces, nerves, bloool discs, or other animal parts, disturbs their normal state ; such disturbance means, first, some degree of altered struiiure, temporary or per- manent ; and second, a const(|uent altered function which may be either increased, or lowered action." It appears strange indeed that any intelUgent being, endowed by the Creator with moral principles; with the knowledge of good and evil ; of right and wrong, would take into his system an agent v.f destruction, however dis- guised or diluted, which produces such sad consequences ; ruining families, shortening lives, filling lunatic asylums Iwith the sad wrecks of humanity, caus- ' ing the fall of our daughters, the dis- grace and incapacity of our sons, and iiie uUimate end of many of them \n I our penitentiaries, or on the gallows. It alters the natural condition of the [various organs of the body, particuiar- £l ly of the brain, and resul:s sooner or later in shortening human life, and ushering man as a suicide into the presence of his Creator at the Judg- ment Day. Our vital statistics plainly show that health, strength, wanutli, power of en- durance, and vital force ; are all main- tained much more effectually by the teetotaler, than by those»^,who ];artakc of alcoholic liquors, even in very sin II (|uantities. Dr. Baer, of IJerlm, in h,,s great work on alcohol, says ; *' One designates as food those substances which supply the body with energy, such as, under suitable conditions, will produce action. These substances must be oxidizable, or assimilable in the system, i.e., they must either become a part of the body, or replace some of its elennents, or else become, througli combination, the source of force, and neither they, nor the i^rodurt of their oxidation, must disuiro itie structure, or function of any organ." Then he states that alcohol lirst acts upon the digestive apparatus, upon the organs and functions of the body, and U|;on the nervous system, not as food, but rather as p jison. By reason alone ofns banelul influences, it is iiu[jossible to regard alcohol as lood, and Ct'.rtainly not as food adapted for the animal body. Professor Donders, when speaking oi alcoholic liquors reducing the appetite ,'p ^ for food, says : " If the taking of aico" hoi limits the craving for food, the life activity is at the same time decreased ; and the man, as a physical' and physi- ological being, is reduced to a lower level, and is it not cruel to allow the I borer wantonly to waste his strength, instead of removing from him thealco- h<;l, which only momentarily disguises i:io iiii;)ending exhaustion ? There can be no display of strength unaccompani- ed by tissue change. Alcohol is no savmgs box for muscular strength ; for in time it utterly destroys it." Some of the leading physiologists of the day, as, for example, Prof Sallemand, Dr. King-Chambers, and Dr. Edward Smith, all concur in the belief that the chief action of alcoholic liquors, is to depress vitality by their narcotic action upon nerves and brain. Alcohol, and other narcotics, given in small doses, act upon the system something like a whip to a horse, making a man expend a great deal of force, while it does not supply any to replace that expended, hence the lassitude, and weakness ex- perienced afterwards. Dr. Aitkin says : " When spirituous liquors are intro- duced into the stomach, they tend, in the first instance, to coagulate all albu- nimous articles of food, or fluid with which ihey come in contact ; as an ir- ritant, they stimulatetheglandularsecre- tions from the mucous membrane, and ultimately lead to permanent conges- tion of the vessels, and to thickening of the gastric tissues." In these effects, the most skilful and renowned physi- cians of Europe, recognize the operation of an agent, most pernicious in its ulti- mate results. The alcoholic coagula- tion is quite different from that effected by the gastric fluids, and tends to ren- der it very difficult to solve by the gas- tric juice. Dr. Lankester informs us b2 that " Even diluiod in the form of beer or wine, it is found to act injuriously on the delicate membranes o.' le stomach, and other digestive organs. When taken in large quantities, it acts most injuriously on the stomach, liver, brain, heart, and other organs. It is f lund to destroy the quality of the blood, to congest the membrances of the brain, to produce incurable affections of the liver and kidneys; and to effect changes in the muscular structure of the heart ; the result of any of which is painful and lingering disease, or sud- den death." Then, as Prof Lees says, " another result is, that it masks the sympioms of disease produced by otiicr causes, and selves to frustrate the aims of proper treatment ; and to set the physician's skill at defiance. The abstainer has not half the sickness of the moderate drinker, the diseases to which he is subject are much more amenable to treatment, and require less violent re- medies." Alcoholic liquors, even in small doses, if continued, alter the nature of the blood. This has been proved by numerous experiments ; and by microscopic observations made by Pro- fessors Schultz, Virchow, Bocker and others. Professor Carl Schultz says : " Alcohol stimulates the vesicles to an increased and unnatural contraction, which deprives them of coloring matter, and hurries them on to the last stage of development ; i.e. induces their pre- mature death, not suddenly, but grad- ually; and more or less according to the quantity of alcohol used. The pale vesicles lose all vital resistance, less oxygen being absorbed, and less carbon being carried out, and the plasma itself becomes an irritant to the circulatory and secreting organs. This is the reason why alcoholized blood cannot I nourish the is so very t cf wounds 1 , Vircfiow, is experin Tinkers, sa if water, ar ;olored clot apidly on 'normal bloc i^/e blood perfect heali as defunct ,|of their orip oxygen. " 1 that the larj the blood o of partially i in their bio Rheinish wi of the quant. ut of the I cretion of t retaining th the system, All alcoholic most undou of the most cal men, (m: named), to 1 exact propc ^alcohol they " that from ood becoi :hanged an fcontains at \ carbon than The ordei omes to pas Alcohol is ,,'blood vessels ichange. Pai ifslowly by tb kidneys, but amount in th recently analy £3 I the form of beer :t injuriously on Oi ie stomach, organs. When s, it acts most ich, liver, brain, i. It IS found f the blood, to s of the brain, "fcctions of the ind to efTect ar structure of any of which is lisease, or sud- says, " another e sympiorus of cr cause;^, and ims of proper he pliysician's abstainer has tiie moderate which he is amenable to ■ss violent re- luors, even in liter the nature •■ been proved Its ; and by made by Pro- , Bocker and Schultz says : vesicles to an contraction, 'loring matter, he last stage Jces their pre- ily, but grad- according to ed. The pale iistance, less d less carbon piasma itseif s circulatory This is the ilood cannot nourish the body suitably, and why it is so very unfi' to promote the healing cf wounds and inflamed parts." Virctiow, in describing the result of lis experiments in the blood of beer Irinkers, says : " It shows a decrease >f water, an increase of febrin and of ;olored clot, w'Mch reddened much less apidly on exp^oure to the air than [normal blood, and contains more of the ''ale blood discs than an usual in "ler/ect health, which may be regarded as defunct bodies, no longer capable jof their original duty, that of abs rbing [oxygen." Bocker agrees with Virchow, that the large quantity of pale discs in the blood of beer drinkers, is evidence jof partially effete matter being retained in their blood. His experience with Rheinish wine, showed a large lessening if the quantity of catdonic acid breathed uit of the lungs, and sto]:)ping the se- cretion of earthy phosphates ; thereby retaining the ashes of combustion in the system, and retarding ventilation. All alcoholic liquors are proven by the most undoubted evidence of hundreds of the most skilful analysts, and medi- ;al men, (many of whom I have already named), to be ruinous to the system in exact proportion to the quantity of alcohol they contain. Dr. Aitkin says : I" that from excessive drinking the •lood becomes surcharged with un- ;hanged and unused material, and ^contains at least thirty per cent, more [carbon than in the normal state." The order of events by which this :omes to pass is somewhat as follows : ^" Alcohol is directly absorbed by the ^'blood vessels without undergoing any Jchange. Part of it is eliminated very islowly by the lungs, skin, liver and kidneys, but appears to tarry in largest [amount in the brain." Schulinus has I recently analysed the blood of drinkers, e3 and asserts, that it contained a large percentage of alcohol. Professor Salle- mand also states that " alcoholized blood, contains, during life and after death, a great number of free fatty globules, visible even by the naked eye." The pathological alterations in the drinker's system, as stated by Dr. F. R. Lees, are " very vivid inflam- mation of the mucous membrane of the stomach, accumulation of blood in the right chamber of the heart, and in the large veins ; congestion of the mem- branes covering the brain, and especi- ally of the lungs." Lecanu found in a drunkard's blood, 117 parts of fat in 1,000 parts; the highest healthy pro- portion being 834! parts, and the usual quantity only three parts." Dr. King- Chambers remarks : " Alcohol is really the most ungenerous diet there is. It impoverishes the blood, a.ndthe>e is no surer road to that degeneration of muscular fibre so much to be, feared. Three quarters of the chronic illnesses which the medical man has to treat, are occasioned by this disease. In heart disease it is especially hurtful, by quickening the beat, causing capillary congestion, and irregular circulation ; and thus mechanically inducing dilata- tion of the cavities." Dr. F. R. Lees says "that alcohol is concerned in pro- ducing the peculiar conditions of the tissues called fatty degeneration, more than any other agent known." The influence of alcohol upon the blood, is strikingly exhibited in its effects upon the milk of nursing mothers. Dr. E. Smith states, that, " Alcohols are largely used by many persons in the belief 'hat they support the system, and maintain the supply of milk for the infant ; but this is a serious error; and is a not unfrequent cause of fits, and emaciation in the child." Sir A. Carlisle, the celebrated surgeon, said of fermented liquors, " The next in order of mischief is their use by nurses, a common cause of dropsy in the brains of infants. I doubt much whether the future moral habits, the temper, and intellectual abilities, are not ^leatly influenced by the effects of fermented liquots upon the brain, and sensorial origans." Dr. In- man, of Liverpool, in his ' New Theory of Disease,' states that, " Through the influence of lactation, children have suffered severely from diarrhoea, vomit- ing and convulsions. I have known a glass of whisky todHy, taken by the mother, produce sickness and indiges- tion in the child 24 hours thereafter." On the analysis of the milk of the same woman, a few hours before, and after the use of the pint of beer, it was found that the alcohol in the beer in- creased the promotion of water, and diminished that of the caseine, or curd, which is the nourishing element ; and the alcohol was quite perceptil)le in the milk." From the experiments of Sallemand, Perrin and F^uroy, of Paris, they state, " That the action of alcohol upon the blood and nervous system, when taken in small quantities, which only cause moderate excitement, is but a lower degree of the same kind of ab- normal stimulation, which is known as inebriation, and that alcohol never gives power, but merely uses it up." Further they say, " These facts estab- lish from a physiological pqint of view, a line of demarcation between alcohol and foods. Foods restore the vital forces, without the organism betraying by disturbed functions, or by outward agitation, the labor of rep.uation, which is accomplished silently in the woof of the tissues. Alcohol, on the other hand, immediately provokes, even k4 tn small doses, an excitement whi< extends through the entire economy Dr. F. R. Lees, F..S.A., says, "The facts enable us to realize the subtK and varied consequences of the use (< alcohol, through the nervous system J and brain, u|)on the minds and actions! of men. The forms of mental perver sion to which the use of this poison gives rise, from irritable temper to out- rageous crime ; darkening the percep tions, exciting the passions, hardening the heart, blunting the conscience, and destroying the brain, are infmitel} various, and fmd their abundant illus- tration in the records of our legal tri- bunals. It is not a text-book, but a cyclopcxJia that can adequately exhibit them. Pyromania, and kleptomania are two forms of impulse, sometimes \ created, but more often developed by the action of alcohol. Its use is at the bottom of brain defect, as well as of brain disturbance. Idiots are engen dered by a single act of alcoholic excess. It determines the character o' the unborn child ; it strikes a blow ai reason and virtue in the very womb. A drinking father is a fool, and a drinking mother a monster; and, but for the deceptive influence of modei- ate drinking, these truths would be admitted. Plato, twenty centuries ago, recognized this fact in physiology, when he forbade wine to the newly married." The Spectator, of England, in an article on women and alcohol, remarks : "Women of the higher middle class swallow quantities of wine, or liquors, which keep them in a condition known as permanent alcoholization, the mos dangerous condition into which a man can fall, and, from physiological dil ferences, infinitely more dangerous ro a woman. Its effect tends directly i) diminish fact, to obs moral cha \liability ti formerly a alcoholic skilful, anc don, Edir Vienna, (w of medica substitute instead. 1 '' Alcohol i of men, an cause any possession will, but ii more comp upon the v the poison visibly whe them back whether th( concession The me( vice, are n evils, whicl upon thous should no' undo the t commendal as medicine merable fat world ; by love for th< liquor ; and die out, thi resort to t they have b( I have kno result from desolation, body and s able conseq vising thei wine to st excitement whi< i entire economv S.A., says, "Thos realize the subtle nces of the use of ! nervous systeni minds and actioni- of mental perver se of this poisonj ^le temper to out- ening the percep-^ ;ssions, hardening e conscience, and n, aro infinite!) ir abundant ilJus- 1 of our legal tri i text-book, but a dequately exhibit and kleptomania; pulse, sometimes; en developed by I A. Its use is at' feet, as well as of- diots are engen- ct of' alcoholic ; the character o' itrikes a blow ai j the very womb. 1 a fool, and a ' )nster ; and, but lence of modei- ruths would be ty centuries ago, in physiology, e to the newly England, in an Icohol, remarks : er middle class .ine, or liquors, ondition known aiion, the mos; to which a ffian lysiological dil e dangerous to ;nds directly m diminish nervous power, that is, in fact, to obscure the mind, to ddericrate moral character, ani to increase the \liability to insanity." The doctors formerly advised the practice of using 'alcoholic liquors, which the most skilful, and leading physicians in Lon- don, Edinburgh, Berlin, I'aris and Vienna, (which are the great centres of medical skill) now deprecate, and substitute water and nourishing food instead. The Spectator says further : '' Alcohol is the ruin of women, as it is of men, and for the same reason, be- cause any narcotizing poison, once in possession of the system, paralyzes the will, but it is ruin far quicker, and more complete. Women depend more upon the will, which the influence of the poison cripples ; and sulTer more visibly when its paralysis has thrown them back defenceless upon impulse, whether the impulse be kleptomania or concession to solicitations." The medical men who by their ad- vice, are responsible for many of the evils, which that advice has brought upon thousands of unfortunate i^eople, should now do all in their power to undo the terrible calamities, their re- commendations to take alcoholic liquors as medicine, have, brouulu upon innu- merable families all over the civilized world ; by their patients contracting a love for the excitement caused by the liquor; and when its exhiliration would die out, they would again and again resort to the doctor's medicine, until they have become confirmed drurkards. I have known many instances of this result from the doctor's advice, where desolation, beggary, and utter ruin to body and soul, have been the deplor- able consequences of medical men ad- vising their patients to take a little wine to strengthen them, but if the e5 doctors would have had the wine ana- lysed, they would have been convinced that there was more nourishment in a pint of pure milk, than in two gallons of the purest alcoholic wine that could be obtained, for the process of putri- faction through which the grape-jm'ce passes, destroys very nearly every par- ticle of nutrition in it, and generates alcohol, the devil in solution. Dr. Lees, F.S.A., says, "Alcohol, is not only the teeming fount of the sad idiocy which disgraces, and depresses our boasted civilization, as truly so in highly educated Massachusetts, as in the slums of Glasgow, Manchester, or Liverpool : its moderate use is the cause of so many ill-balanced minds, neither insane nor sensible, who are destined to make failures in life, and become the centres of misery in many circles. It is an undoubted fact, ex- emplified in the history of thousands of families, that the children born after the parents have joined the temperance societiesare not only physically healthier, but mentally brighter, and morally better than those born before." Dr. E. Smith tried an experiment with aicohol. He and a friend met and took moderate doses, " when in three to seven minutes it disturbed their minds, lessened consciousness and the perception of light and sound, and the p . ' • of co-ordinating muscles. The spirits made us very hilarious and talkative in ten minutes — so much so that my friend was altogether a king. Bat as minutes flew away, so did our joyousness, and little by little we lessened our garrulity, and felt less happy, until at length ; having gone down by degrees, we remained silent, almost morose, and extremely miser- able. Then indeed we felt the horrors, and the sorrows of a drunkard's lot. and saw with clearness which can only be perceived by expcience, how cer- tain it is that he must again drain the intoxicating cup." An agent with such tendencies can- not be regarded as a friend of man or God. By physical law it is thus plainly seen to be the seed of inordinate appe- tite, creating and fostering a passion for itself, which grows with what it feeds on. The sole issue of its use is immorality and sin; ending in that awful condition of moral slavery, con- firmed drunkenness; a condition the most hopeless, when the rational will is destroyed, when the throne of reason is overthrown by alcohol : that distilled damnation which many physicians ad- vise their patients to take to strengthen ihem ; which many ministers of the Gospel drink with their members ! thus setting them an example, which leads to their ruin ; instead ot inculcating on their membersliip the duty of abstain- ing from the appearance of evil, from what they know well is the direct cause of three-fourths of the crime, the in- sanity, the unutterable woe that pol- lutes, debases, imbrutes and destroys man, and fills hell continually with millions of victims. Professor Parkes and Count Wil- lowicz, of the Netley Army Hospital, in the " Proceedings of the Koyal Society," give a most convincing ex- planation of the great evils, and deadly effects flowing constantly from the use of alcoholic liquors. In a healthy per- son, the average number of heart-beats are, according to observations made carefully by Professor Parkes, on per- sons free from excitement, 106,000 in twenty-four hours. When he gave a moderate dose of alcoholic liquor, the heart-beats were increased four per <:ent. Alcohol was given by the ex- e6 pcrimentor during six successive dnv, and on the last of the six days ihc heart-beats were increased 23 per cent To show the labor caused, and the excess of work done by the heart under the moderate inlluence of alcohol, and the consequent weariness and txhaus tion experienced, which leads the victim of alcohol to drink deeper, anH deeper still, I cpiote Professor i'arkes again : " The period free Irom any exciting cause, the heart-beats were 106,000 in 24 hours ; in the alcoholic period it was 127,000, or about 21,000 more ; and in the brandy peri d it was 131,000, or 25,000 more l>eats. Ad- mitting that each beat of tin- heart was aa strong i\\inng the alcoholic period as in the water period, (// wai really VKrre pinvrrfitl) the heart, on the last two days of alcohol, was doing one-fifth more work. Adopting the luwest esti- mate which has been given of the daily work done by the heart, viz., as equal to 12.2 tons lifted one foot, the heart, during the alcoholic period, did daily work in excess equal to lifting 1 5,8 tons one foot, and in the last two days, did extra work to the amount of 24 tons lifted as far." As alcohol causes the heart to beat faster, " the period of rest was shorter." Six days after alcohol was left off, the sphyi^mograph showed signs of un- usual feebleness in the heart-beats. Dr. F. R. Lees says : " The sphygmo- graphic lever, one end of which is accurately adjusted to the artery at the wrist, shows the pulse-tracings some- what like the telegraph writing. It gives the force of the heart-beat ex- panding the arteries, the resistance of arteries to the expansion, and the ej^ect of the onward-flowing blood wave. Any variation in these conditions will efTect the force which moves the lever. ind ileterninc :lir heart-beat tone of th balance t al or uneqi ings shouh !h a nearly X, gradual faintly m; e pulse-wav loholic liqun fatigue, is t liar and disi ency, with ire abrupt c( quality and : curves ind th^ heart's ire work in riod of res ortened." Experiments s no patholc mented liqi cohol is al uors are onl lors and fl laumetz, and ental Resea ted our |)osit en ted liquors idified for th kof " alcoho 'eal their u iy write ab ipealing to ;ainst facts, I jperstition, se tain that no prevail, tha is an aid to and beyon is is the fact iparent — its \ lenomena. ] le soul otheru k7 determines the pulsetra 'ng, i.e., heart-beat may be (juick or slow, tone of the vessel strong or weak, balance between the two forces jal or unequal. In health, the pulse :ings should be of moderate height, |h a nearly vertical ascent, an acute i\, gradual and long descent, and faintly marked secondary waves. le pulse-wave of a person drinking koholic liquor exhibits the character 1 fatigue, is more subdicrotous, irre- llar and disturbed, increases in fre- |ency, with shorter tracings, and 3re abrupt colLipse after diast(;le, the juality and di (Terence of form in i^urves indicating a varying powe ' thj he.art's action, the heart doing are work in a given time, and the Iriod of rest for the heart being ortened." I Experiments with wine showed there IS no pathological difference between piiented liquor, and pure alcohol. Icohol is alcohol, and ft;rnicnted juors are only alcohol disguised by liors and flavors. Drs. Dujardin, eaumetz, .nnd Adige, in their " Experi- ;ntrtl Researches," have fully indi- |ted our position, that alcohol in fer- snted liquors, or in mixtures, is not ■)dified for the better. When divmes |k of " alcohol combined," they simply k'eal their utter ignorance of what ty write about. It is a blunder Ipealing to imbecility, in a battle lainst facts, to uphold a system of [perstition, sensuality and sin. It is rtain that no more pernicious fallacy prevail, than the opinion that alco- M Js an aid to thought. It is, above and beyond all, a brain poison. lis is the fact that has always been ^parent — its power to disturb mental ienomena. But drink cannot affect le soul otherwise than by disturbing e7 its organ. It therefore literally steals away the brain, and thus brings to one common level peer and peasant, philo- sopher and fool. Dr. Haer well observes "that all per- sons who have relied upon alcohol as a brain-rtistorer, have discovered too late, that it is really a brain destroyer. It does not strengthen the intellect, but it excites the passions, and dissolves the curb of self control." Abstract ideas are in fact the basal structure alike of religion, philosophy and science. The drinker cannot reason ; he only feels. Hence the danger lurking in our cities, towns and villages cursed with grog- shops, wages being misapplied, the people are insLilliiiently nourished, L...dly housed, live in a state of misery, consuming alcoh '1 and tobacco in ever increasing (luantities, the brains get into a state of chronic excitement and weakness, so that the people become the prepared victims, and ready dupes of designing men, who preach impossi- ble, and wild methods of bettering their condition in society. Thus physiology teaches the patri- otic, the important relation of Tem- perance to the community. Until that is understood, politicians legislate in the dark, the fruits of which are dis- appointment and despair. But the horizon brightens, the morning is com- ing, truth and wisdom must prevail. Let each individual of the temperance army feel, that God and Canada expect them to do their duty, and glorious victory will crown our efforts with Prohibition. Whiskey debauches manhood and womanhood and degrades and drags childhood from its throne of purity and innocence. CULLS AND CLIPS. Canada consumes 2^ gallons per head of intoxicating drinks per annum ; Lfnited States consumes 13 gallons per head per annum ; Great Britain 40 j^ gallons per head per annum. The American Consul-General at Berlin reports to the Secretary of State, that certain brewers of Germany " are exporting to the United States weiss- heer adulterated with salicylic acid.' The wife of United Slates Senator Spooner, of Wisconsin, :s credited with saying in a recent interview, "the wo- man or girl who offers one of my sons a glass of wine will personally af- front me." Mrs. Harrison, it is announced, will give three or four luncheons at the White House during the season, to from twenty-four to forty ladies, which will be served in courses as dinners, but without wine. Congressman Breckenridge, of Ken- tucky, is reported as saying, that the Kentucky distillers promise to send him to Congress forever, if he will promise that the internal revenue laws concerning 1 quor shall not be dis- turbed. In the face of the Supreme Court decision, tliaf7lhe people may destroy the liquor trade without compensating manuiacturers, English capitalists nave within a yearinvested fully $25,000,000 in American breweries and distilleries. The International Committee have fixed the date for the next Interna- tional Congress against Alcoholism, to be held in Christiana, Norway, from September 3rd to 5th, 1890, inclusive. Delegates and paper j are invited from America. The Prince of Wales has been obli- ged to largely forego the use of cigar- ettes, and also strong-flavored cigars; and is advised by his physicians to stop .■m king altoga ler, on account of gas- iri s, which it IS thought is occasioned luereby. The tobacco manufacturers are said to disapprove the proposition to repeal the internal revenue tobacco tax, anl will ask a hearing in opposition theretT at Washington. PV/iy do they, as we as the whisky men, prefer to continu to pay the tax ? The Brervers' Journal says, the grei prohibition fight of 1890 will be madl m Nebraska, on the two amendmenti pending there ; one for prohibition, thl other for license. It thinks " a liberj license policy will draw vast amount of capital to Nebraska." Another illustration of the drinj havoc, by which the innocent are sao rificed, is furnished by a late Halifa){, N.S., telegram, which says: "Geord Cunningham and wife smothered theil child during a drunken debauch, ank. Verily, alco- hol is no respector of persons. MILLIONS OF TRACTS FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.