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 • ADVANCK PnOOr-( SuliJ'Tl lo iwisiwi). 
 Thi« PreoT laMtit to you for dlaeuaoion only, and on* the 
 •iprMs undorstamUng that It Is not to bo uaM for any other 
 
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 '' ■ - • lN<'Ol(l'OUATKI> IfwJ. 
 
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 HUteil In any of Jto pnlillcRtioin. 
 
 To bo rc»d Tljiirsday the 8th of May. 
 
 OKNKIJATIOX AND mSTKIB.UTION OF KLKCTRICITY 
 • FOR LIGHT. AND POiVKKi 
 
 ."A , \ 
 
 .MAClllr^ ANI» APPMANCBS TIIICIJKPOK j AND PAKTICULARH OF 80MK * 
 i '^ANAplAN IN8'TALLATIONt>; 
 
 I IJy A. J. Imww.x^ MCB_n.8.K.r.K., A.I.E.K., A.AJ.K.K. 
 
 Altliqjjgh liardly four^,wii yearn havi- elapn«d «iiice the first npplicn, 
 tjqa of electric arc lighting on a commercial Bcale, and only about niui' 
 yearH ititace'thc practical introduction of incandi»<c«nt deotrii! lighting, 
 yot the pVoduction of electric currcntH by mechanical iii^hB had long ' 
 Wfore th|t tiipe received much attention from men who had aucxt'HrfuHj' 
 HoJved th^ problem, and to whom our indcbtedneHH in too oftei) i|nored.. 
 They i^re not putenteeH but inventorx, and the splendid resultx 
 orjJfliir laUirj) were oftim freely given tor the public benefit without 
 tliought of pt'jrwinal advantage. Oreatest among tliCKc djaintercstetl ■ 
 discovorerit and bcjieVacton* was Michael Faraday, who in 1831 dis^ 
 covered the law of induction of curnmtjt and the principles of magiieto 
 electricity, Ajxi who published to the world his researches with the re- 
 mark, •' J^have rather .'been desirous of discovering new taapi and'new^ 
 _ " rela>i()nsthnnof exafting those already obtained, being assured that 
 ' "^e latter would find their full development heieufter, a prophecy 4 
 ^,lliost amply fulfilled. ' «■ 
 
 With the kiiowledge nf Faraday's discntveries, I'ixii of Paris con- 
 RtrucU'd in 1832 tlie tj^ appliance emlmdy ing flie i)rinciple of magneto- 
 I'lectrie induction, and for .several years Ijhercatler many inventors 
 worked in the same field, but,it was not until 18ti(t, just 30 years ago. 
 tliat J)r. Ant4>nio Paccinotti, '6f Florence, invented the first gene- 
 rate of efeotricity, having an electro-magu^tie fiield and «n annular 
 arnntnre, — a mnuhinc which may be justly doaeribcd as the pro- 
 totype of all the dynamo-clectrl; liiuohines now known as Gramme 
 armature dyuanius. The exciting current, however, was not obtained 
 from the machine itself, as is now the common practice in>ll continuous 
 current generators, but was <h"rivod from' a batt<'ry c6nnt4ted to the 
 wires forming the field winding. ' ; 
 
 In 18t)G, the idea of -a self-exciting dynamo suggested iu^lf, almost 
 simultaneously, to Mr. S.jA. Varley of Kuglaiid aud to l>r.' Werner 
 Siemens of ^ Uorlin, Germany. Mr. Varloy pabented his niaohinc 
 towards the close of thai year, and the publication of that patent 
 took place in July, 1867. In January, 18IJ7. Pj. Siemens described 
 publicly for the* fir^t time' the dynamu-eleetric mitchinc which he • 
 had inventeil the previous year. .Sir Chas. Wheatstone.ilso invented, - 
 about' that time, a machine which was wif-exciting, and which he 
 "^d had oonstruoti^d in thufjiftrkshops of .Mr. Augustus Stroh of 
 liondon. 
 
 In 1870, Mr. Z, T. Oramiue, of Paws, invented the armature wind- 
 ing which bears his name, and the commutator and oonneetions thereto- 
 one of the most important improvements in the development of 
 dynamo-electric machinery. , . 
 
 In 187(>, Mr. C. F. Braah, of Cleveland, Ohio, inventeikhis arc light 
 dynamo with east-iron field InagnetM and east-iron armature, a type of 
 machine of which the first coastructed is still running in Baltimore, 
 and which, while closely resembling the Paccinotti and (iramme . 
 machines, had its distinctive peculiarities. From this taiacbine and 
 the aeries arc lamp, inveoled by Mr. Brush, may lie said to date the 
 pommorcial development of are lighting ; and it is probably to the inter- 
 est evoked by the success which attended Mr. Brush's inventions that 
 
 1 '" 
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 theprcMnt success of eleotria TiglTtlng^gcnwally Is^Sue. 
 
 In 1879, Mr. T. A. Kdison, who had been engaged for some 
 months in experimental work, produced a lamp, which gave rise to 
 "~ . ■ ■ .1 
 
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 \i\tunl vx\H'<:Lit\iinf mill uiucli spvuiitiilimi. Uix uxp>'i'iiiiciil.'< iliil not 
 iiidofii n^sult III tli;it liinii hi a eumiiKriMul iirdcli', liiil (lii^y won- tin- 
 tiiiiiiiUtinii of liiH^>Uf<;os.M'tlu! liilliiwin;; y<-ttr. wlini In; iiliuii'l<iiu»l tlio 
 ulUmpl til UM' liluiiiL'iiLs of pliitiiiuiii ii'iiliiiui.wirv hliil run irtod to <-ar-^ 
 liiiii a» tliu- 4i.i:lit-):iviiii<r iiM'iliiiiii. liut il wiim. nut until l><8l,Mrlit'ii liu 
 mivcevdi'il in nbtjiiiiiii}; a t^iilly iliiiali)!; iiifuiiilvi'criil laiii|>, lliiit iIm' . 
 41 ppl icon ion iiF t'livti'icity In iloiiii'>ti<' li^fitiii}; liocauii' a |)o!i»iliility, ami 
 its ijl]o|<ti^niinly a )|iii»ti<>ii ortiiiir. 
 
 Mr. J. "\V. Swan of Kiiplaii.lan.l Mt. W . K. Sh^jitiiFNcw York! 
 will) liaj liccii vx|H!riuiuntin)^oii the ."aim- li|K'> Ufi probnlily n iihivli loiijpT 
 liorioil than Kdinui, bnlli invontiMl, aliout tlic samt! liiiu', lanipi oinbndy- 
 iiti; tlio vK'iiiuiits . of tiic ftiiuvcwt wliiuli nfii>rwardH altuiiiluii tlmir eu-. 
 dcsvourH*;, bul whilst t4) thr tlircv diiitiiigui;tlicd iiivuiitotK .nit'iitionuil i.i 
 duo (he credit of thi\ |iriiilu«:lioirof really couiiiiiTuial Ini-aiideMSont laui|iH, 
 ' the fael that tlicy wcru dimply purloctiii); the idea» uf othor inv.oNti^^a- 
 toni, who had loii)j; pn'viuusly fKyicriiiivnttid oii the same liiivw, hcouis to 
 havebecQ geneprfly lostt »ij?ht,'of. ' \ 
 
 . In Scpteiiiibec, ^tSS'J, the I'^ixon Htaltoii for the distribution Of 
 ,.curreM lo>, sujjply iitcaiide.sccnl electric li^htM,. located in Pear .Street, , 
 New. York, the Brst permanent Ntation' of its l^iiid, was put into 
 operation. 
 
 In 187(^, not a single horse-power, whether produced by Dloani or 
 
 water, was used for electric lightiu<r, or for, the maaufacture of electric 
 
 ' li{L;litin){ apparatus, yet now it is estiuiatcd that out of a total of five 
 
 ami a (juarter millions horse-ikiwcr developed by" steam engines and- 
 
 water wheels o^this continent, halfa millionltorsc-power, or nearly ti!ii 
 
 .^ per cent., is used in the pro<Viction of electric dTrrent for the distribution 
 
 ' of light and transmission of [lowcr, and in. lh<^ manufacture of electrieiil 
 
 machiqiery^and appliances. 
 
 At the jb^^inniog of" 1886,4hcre were in the United Slates and Canada . 
 ,450 local elcotrjclli^hting companies operating Central stations. At thi} 
 beginning of Ww. the number had iiiereast'd to 750; andal iho begin-, 
 j iiiiig 0^1889 tolncarly 1,200; while in January, 18!»0, there were 
 I 1185 dlfferant rompanics optiratiii'.; central stations in the United 
 ; .States^ <1 47 ill Oinada and 25 in Central .America and .Mexico, besides 
 2<i6 Wf^ coinpiiiieg; etc., engased in 'electric lighting, making a total 
 of n(i' fewer thaJi 1623. 
 
 'At) ihc end iif 1886, there were 1,000 incandescent and nearly the 
 same; hunibcr |if ai-e isolat4<d |ilants. Tlie iiiiinbor of private plants ' 
 nowiin tlie Lnneil States is .■1,925; in Canada and miscellaneous 19(i, 
 and in CenlraJ America, and .Mexico 200; making a total of 4,300 
 ifioldted electrij; lighting )i1aiits, large and suinlU " 
 
 The followiiig^was the eondilion of the arc lighting business at . 
 tlie: beginninaof the years mentioned : '^ 
 
 Year.- J .Vre lamps in use. , Year. Ard lamps in Uf*'. 
 
 1882 'I 6,000 . iK,% 96,00(t 
 
 1883 I 12,000 , 18«7 150,000 
 
 1884 I 24.000 1888 115,000 / 
 ,1885 J 48,000 1880 , 210,000 
 
 while ill 1890 the laAips in use Dumber 235,000. Of these about 
 70,000 arc l)f the Thomson-Hpii.«toii nnniifai-turc, and 49,000 have 
 been madcpy the Brush ElectVieCoinpany. 
 
 Bctweiii|Novembcr, 1886, and January, 1889, the number of incan- 
 descent li^ts in America more than ifuadrupled, increasing from 525- 
 'OOOtn 2,300,000, At the pro,«cnt time, tluro are fully 2,800,000 
 iiicaiidescAit lumps in use. The ttstimateil total capitalization of electric • 
 lighting Juiiil electric manufaettiriiig companies in .Vnierica at the 
 present time is 8250,O0O,OO(». a 
 
 / KLKI'TRKM.inllTIM) IN l-ANAiyA. 
 
 . . BcinJoiieol the pioneers in CMisiriictiun nf eli«tric lighting plant hi 
 Canada/ and the manufaelureror constructor of nearly 30 per cent, of 
 the lotil capacity ot incandi'scent lighting installations now in ope/k- 
 tion iiuihe Dominiop, the wriick' submits the following brief history 
 of thofprocessof the eleclrieal industry in tliis'country. * 
 
 Ten years ago there was not » single electric light (ilant in operation in 
 Canada, The first plants erected were Brush arc plants of small capacity. 
 Ajhnijf tbiM- nd n f IK -c enilHT, 1 H 82, so me T h om s on-Houston are U|{htB 
 
 
 were placed ini exhibition in this City by the American Electric IllumfM'' ' 
 
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 iifin!f •'«>•. ni'liCiii>r,St.JHiii«'H Struct, K<>iivi'|i llnll Hill, part i»f'l)i>rrlii'i'- 
 t»T ntnvt, iiiiif piirt III' ft. liHwrfiici' Main Htnvt, l>nl tins HrM imtiiiu- 
 iii-nt iiii<t4illii(iiiii liir Nli'iK't liulittD): in Mniitrcitt witx l|Mit Hii|i|ilitil I'niiii 
 II ItriiHli ilyiiiniiii'owiicir liv llir Hwrlioiir riiiiniiiiMiiHii'rM. wImi liy tliii<' 
 iiii'iiiiH li):lit4'il till' llurlHiur, wliurvcx iiiiil ii|i|ir()Ki-lH'H. . 
 
 Ill till- Full III' IHHil, Miiiii' .VI nri' liiilitc nt^ir Him'IiIiiiiim'Ii and Van. 
 il(||MN'lf MVi't'i'niK wi'n'.(i|a(!iNl in tlic nlrtvt<r nl' Tiinmlii, ami \Vinniiii~j 
 iilMi-liail winii' tin' li;:lit>< |iiit. into ii|H-j:iitiiin iilMiut tin- xaiiif tiiiii!. In 
 May^ 1HH5. Oluwa ii<l<i|il4'il tin- Tliiiuimin-HimNUin un-,. Ii)!lit liir 'jlx 
 !iHi*»H, rr|ilafiiiK tliiTvliy Imlli !J«h'muiI nil. aiVI in '1HK7 Qurlni- ^ 
 tiillowi'tl itH.i'.\Hui|ili\ mill lliilil'ax iiinl ntlirr iilafcn rnlliiwcil *»'n. 
 
 ill 1HH!». Miinti-i'al jravi' n fiintrai-l I'lir'tlif «l«arir lijililiii;.' 
 Ill' llif wlmli' III' itti Mi-.i'tx til llw Uoyal KliM'trie tV. liir a-|MTiiiil 
 III" five yea re. 11 imrkiiin nl' tliv city lia villi: M.'ii li)fht«^l l»y the Hallic 
 ('oiu|)awy Miiifi' IHKti. Ilalniltivi ii now iiIhi li(;lit<>il by thi- arc 
 li^lit, aiiil St. Jiiliiij N^t., liaK n><-ciitly <iiiitra<-l«Ml I'nr tlir lifrhtin^ 
 of the whole jl-ily. iliviiliii<: llic lixlitin): lM-twii'ii tin- coiiipaiiicK o|)<-rii- 
 ilii; till- TlimiiMiii-lliiiihtiin ami tin- Rrunh HyHli-iiiH,>ii that now' the 
 I'ollowinir.citicH may la- i-aiil to have mlufltcil cxolunivi'ly the arc liplit 
 in plaro of piH or oil :■ — .Montreal, Ottawa, Qiieliec, Hamilton, lionilon. 
 WinniiK-ji, .Victjiria. Vaneou\'er. Italifa.x. St. .Tohn, N.B..'St, .fohii's. 
 N.K., .Mniicioii anil Sherlirooke, IwHiiles^tlic majority of tho towiiH 
 thrnujihoiit the Ihiiuiiiion, )>o that now ' eoiH|)aratively little work 
 remaiiifi t4i lie iloiie in arc li^litinK, iiieantle.'H-ent liichtiii); for rei<i<leiices 
 and HttirCH iH'iii^ >lu> l{irinri|ial Held remaining; unoccupied, and Iherc 
 can be no i|ueHtion that the larjre luajority of this work will be done on 
 the iilt«'niatiii(j current system, winch is mi Hilniirahly littfd for the 
 Kjihtiiif; of o«(r widcly-bwlt citicr and towiin, and tiir the utilisation I 
 ■ ofrtur nuiiferouK WBt«'r |Miw<:rs tor thic pur|iiiiic. 
 
 In 1WI2, two privat*' iiralallMions of incandcMM^nv lightit wcix; ' ■ 
 iiiad<^ in thu city, of .Montreal. Thc-iiyfitcin employed wax the 
 ^I'axiin, which was put mto the .S». liiiwrcncc Hall und Bunk of 
 ^'Moiitreill. So enide was the construction of these plants that they proveil 
 Unsatisfactory, and aticr a very' short time both were discontinued 
 ^ the -St; hawreiict; Hall only oi)e lejtd was carried fritm the dynauHis 
 ^1 the Ismpw. :the return heini! itiadc through gas and watei- pipes, a 
 JDiethod whieh, it nivd hardly Ih^ |ioint<'d out, woiild not now be |icr- 
 inittcd by the B«i»rd of Kirr Underwriters. The wire uwid in the 
 liank of Montreal tor mains did not even have the coatin); of paint 
 which wjnild have ;!ained lot it the luisiioinrr of 
 but was merely sinirle eiittnu'Vrouiid ni%net wire, 
 out as reflecting in anyway on the Maxim Co. 
 about that time were about c(|ually crude. 
 
 Ki the fall of 1882, a-Oontraet was made liir lighting; the Canada 
 Cotton Co.''s mill at Cornwall witH the Kdison lij$lit. ~ A' plant of 500 
 Iti c. p. lamps capacity, constructed under the superintendence of M/. 
 Hyllesby, now Vice-President of the VVestinj^iouse Oo., was started on 
 the 28th day of February, li^8:l. In June, 1883, an exhibition (jdiami 
 ineandiiicenoe plant was placiHl in the "Mail" bnildinj;, Toronto, but 
 ws« subsequently discontinued. 
 
 Tho Montreal Oitton Co.'s mills at Vallcyfield weri! next lighted it/- 
 September of the same year, 800 lights, beitfg placed: which number 
 was subserjuently incrcas(<d to about 1 100 lights. The Canada (.'otton 
 ('o.'s plant was alsA increased at the end of the year to 1200 lights, , 
 anil it is now the largest private installation in Canada. In January nt ' 
 J884, two competitive plants of small capacity were placed in the 
 Parliament Buildings at Ottawa, for the lighting of which' the writer 
 fumiafaed, tn 1886, Kdison macRinery. of a total capacity of lOIHI 
 lights. 
 
 ' ' The first incandescent elintric light station in Canada was started at . 
 Vietoria, B.C., in January, 1887, and was followed by that at Vancou- 
 ver, B.C., completed iti September of the same year. The distribtilion ' 
 from both stations is on the three-wire system. 
 
 The station at Calgary, N.W.T., whs oompleted and started in 
 Ootober, 1887, and in January, 1888, the station at Valleyfield, with 
 overhead conductors— at that time the bcdt ctHittruCtcd of all the Edison 
 stations in Canada — was put into operation. For these fonr stations 
 the writer snpplietl all the inaehinery.. 
 
 ■V 
 
 ' Underwriters win'," 
 
 This is not pointed 
 
 all eonipunics' .systi!i]^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 N 
 
 *; 
 
ii3i 
 
 ^ -' . 
 
 ■>^. 
 
 
 Tlio Cnruwnl) Ntation ini llic WiMtiii);liimw' A. ('. wVHtfiii. iiiiitiilitcil 
 tlio MinH'yPHr. wnn tlir ((rut A. ('. !«liition in <'Hiiailii. . . 
 
 Tnmiit)) i« ihi' mil)' pliico iir wliirh iinitcrgriiuiiil wirt'K Imvi' yet 
 
 - Ixfii pincpil,, liut l)ii' Kiiliiwii i<tntiiNi, Iniui wliioh tlioy iiri' ftil, Iikk 
 
 , tvn\y l»t('ly Wn put liit<> inHTiitrnn. It in tin- intttntion nl'ihi' «>Wit 
 
 -Trt'rnnto'KK'ctric Jjipht Co. t<> jiiU iimlcr ^irniiiiil iho wiri-it for j«r<' 
 
 li'jlits 1)11(1 fur til r nllcriialinic ci<rrfiit plant iilMiiit. Ui W inHtallcil. ' 
 
 ■* Th<' HnrrUM-Piitnil Hlillioii, whicli tin' wrinT hiii' conHtniotawl, Ix tin'" 
 
 :lt>t«'Kt(!«iiiipli>tO(l cfiitml stntinii plniii, iinil thi> iiiily one in tin- l>nmininii 
 
 , ■ (in tbo A. C'Hytitcni i'lirryiii)^ 'JOOO voIih in the prinuiry win-K ami 
 
 ni'arly 100 volta in tlic iH-oonHiiriow, and it is oiin in which the hiphc-t 
 
 'i|uality of in«>illntioii. liotli of prininry niAinn and hnu^ wirinit. hn9 
 
 U-oii umhI. ^ , * 
 
 At the pnWiittiuic there aro l:),53fOarcli^hti<aiidAbont Tl.OOOincnii- 
 ili>(!<!iit lamps in uw'> throii^rhout the 1 Viniinion. Tliurc.i" hardly n village 
 in Ontario, hbviii); lnpop>>l)<ti"'< of over thnn" thouKand iiiliaMlantH, ' 
 which liaH liot '"i elcptn: lixht xiation of kodic kiiid^ii oJM>ratron, nnd 
 fow of th<' important t)ilw|^>f the other ProviucoM iirti without electric 
 li^hliiiir. Mo)<t of- iRfi^ it is true, iiiv arc lighting xtation^ hut 
 , iiliont a dozen supply tJ^^nciiiideKceiit li);ht only, chiefly t<> Htoih'H nnd 
 public bttildin};i<, the lijjhtinj; of. re»idence» being yet Monrcely sntwred 
 upon. Severnl of the' locnl eompiinios whieh hiive hitherto f>iipp' iod the 
 arc light ainiu', Or with ii few incandescent lainpn in series with th«ur arcs, 
 or in series niultiiple with tlieiu, have recently purehascd and pnt into 
 operation ineimilesconce A. ('. phtnts : and tlie variouf* lighting eniupanies 
 formed for the supply of incandescent liuhtM only, have alsii inund it 
 iiercssary in most ea'*'* to add arc ligtltini; tn their business, it havinj^ 
 been .sufliciemly dcuion«tmted that tlic incantlescent light ta nnwitablc 
 for street lighting, the ptibHe demanding from eli'etric llt(htiiig.'whcth<'r 
 arc or incandcMHMil. a miieh Ix-lter illuuiinntinn than is uAuaHy obtained 
 , from gas lighting, and in this respt'Ct the iiicaiidescenl light has faileil 
 ■^■^lo nn'Ct the exp«'ctntioHs even of itsown adv(VKt«'s. The Kdison muni- , 
 eipal syst.-ni has bH>n nsc<l for strt^'^ lighting on ttie Liiehine Canal, j 
 j>nil at V;ineouve». Valleyfield, and ( 'hathain, XiB.. hut is being 
 replaced by arc lights in the two first-named places. ' 
 
 The priii'ei[ial electric lighting stAtiniis in (^iiiada of which the capn- 
 city is 100 are lamp!<. of 2,0110 nominal candle pitwpi or m'cr, or l,OtHI 
 incandescent lanijis of lli candle power or more, are :— 
 
 '■\ 
 
 ''.•#i",'.r: 
 
 Karric, Oiil....... .. 
 
 Itr.xkville, Oiil .-.. 
 
 ('lO'iitvnH, Uiil 
 
 (iazelle l'riiitiii|; '""•> 
 
 Muiilreali ({(■•' 
 
 ilalilax. X.S 
 
 l(l.-> 
 
 Hall Ari', llriisli A.('. liicandescen ei^ 
 Ball Hiiil Itellaiice Arc, Slatter.v 'Vflfet ! 
 Iiicaiitlescencc. ^^** \ 
 
 Ij.ilKI Wy/|iiiplioii»e.\. C 
 
 1,200 
 1,000 
 
 . I ,:I50 
 ■•ittn • |,!».-iO 
 
 ftO. I.KMl 
 
 llaliiilt (Mil .. 
 
 I.oniliin, Out. . . 
 
 ■-^^^L^' 
 
 000 
 
 Montreal, (jiie. 
 Ottawa, Oin. .. 
 
 f Hflerlioro, ttiii 
 
 ijiielirc, (jiie 
 
 C'Si. rathaiiiic^'. Out. 
 
 Sherliitxike, yiie.i.V 
 
 St. John. N.ll 
 
 Toroiili),' Out 
 
 100 
 liiO 
 1,440 2.000 
 522 
 
 I.OIHI 
 
 i:i7 
 
 i;!t2 1;<MM» 
 
 lO.'i 210 
 
 Trnro.N.S 
 
 Vallejitielil, tjue. . . 
 Vaiicoiiver, It.C. . 
 
 AV iiiiiip^, Man. . 
 Varnioiitli, N.S.. 
 
 107 
 
 ."lOO 
 1.000 
 
 .■125 
 
 20.-I , 
 
 7.'.0 1,00(1 
 
 IO,IKm 
 
 ivO . l.ilUO 
 
 1,200 
 
 100 1,160 
 
 ,-|0 1,200. 
 
 20o I 1,000 
 
 KJisoli. 
 
 Tltoiii^iMi-Uoiisluii mill Kiiller W-^mnI 
 
 Arc, Slallery liiOHii«leHi*eiice. 
 T lionisuii Hoiisioii and Hall Arc ami 
 
 Wci-tiiighoiisi' A.C. Iiicttiiilescenee 
 'l'lioiii!<uii-Hniii4ton ArCfWcHlinghoiilic 
 
 \. (". liicaiideHcciicc. ^ 
 
 Tliuiiisoii-lloiistiin> . ' - 
 Ball. 
 
 Tlionirtoii-Hoiision. 
 Thuiiisuii-iluiii^toii. 
 Wcstiii^lioili-e A. C. 
 flioiiiNun-Uoiiston. 
 ,TllOnl^UII-HoU^IOII. 
 TlionisoiiHou'toii Arc. M(e>li'n sericH 
 
 iiiiiillulc' liicaiiclesceiice. 
 Ball aiid Tliuiiixun-Hoiiiitkn ,Vrc,aiiil 
 
 l.-H., A. ('. liieaiicU'seciiee. 
 ThoiiiRoii-lliiusttiii. 
 ,Briisli. 
 il<M'hlian'<i'ii-W''riglit Arc, ami T.-H. 
 
 ^erif 
 IKilisoii. 
 
 , anil Wenon ficries 
 [ninlliple. 
 
 series liicaiidcNceticc 
 
 i«lil A 
 Icwcen 
 
 100 I 
 
 If lionisoii-Honstoii .Arc, Mather tne. 
 iidisoii. 
 
 Tlioiiisoii-Honsioo An-, Kilisun Inc. 
 Ball Arc, Kdinin Incandcfieence. 
 Briisli anil Thonntou-Hoiiston' Are, 
 \ ami V.-W. incandewence. 
 : :i,0(iO iKdimn. 
 
 F^iller Wood 
 
 * The two i^tatiiins inarjied thus have the nmiiiiinlcapncit.v ffi.ven here, but 
 I almiil 20 lier cent, iil'llii' iiiiiiilrr iif liithtH at which— 
 
 i i cI ii mIIv run at ^m-Mc ii t i 
 
 tbrv are ratcJ. 
 
 I iier ( 
 
 \ 
 
 A;....: 
 
 
 ■i. 
 
>. 
 
 \ ■ ' 
 
 \ 
 
 Thi' |>rivati' MiHtnllalitiiix of iiicuiidcM'L'Ut Ugtiif in CairaiU, li:iviii;;<ti 
 J^iiuiiiii (!«|KH!il.y I'xrufiiliii^ 15011 liglitt iiC Ili i-. p., iiro: — 
 
 NtHio of * >wiior. 
 
 I No. Ill 
 iMniai It 
 I n.l'. 
 
 l,0UO 
 1,00(1 
 
 Hyulfliii; 
 
 KlIlHOII. 
 
 u 
 
 ItriiHii, 
 
 c. 
 
 t 'ttiiBtlii Cuttuii Co., (!<>rilwnll, (hit;.... 
 Muiitmtl <\>Um Co., VaJleytlrM, yiiic . 
 
 New York LiffCo., Moi'ilreftl, Quo.' .,..„.. 
 
 -(*nrliamciil Jliiililin)!!!, Oiihwii, UiiI i l,UOU 
 
 HtormonI Coltoii Co., Ooriiwull, (till ; S50 
 
 ()ibH<iii ('utUiii Co., .Mun'^villr, N.ll H.iU 
 
 lyahwlinn I'acillc Itaitwiiy Stiiiioii.MohtiTiil. . "On 
 
 iiapix I'riiit Co;, Ma^ogi (^lu'. TOO 
 
 w. Bcii4(V.«ii«'ipli, Oni , i iroo 
 
 . TIkt rollowinit i* a Muniinary iif the niinilicr til' liglitM of ,<lin vkrinux 
 HyHtvDiB now in nptirutioii fn tlin Dtimininu :— '■'^ 
 
 TlioniHoii-KoiiHtun. 
 
 ,:li!<liMU|l & TIlUIIIHOII 
 HoilHlOII. 
 
 liriiHli. 
 
 Bjrttpiii. 
 
 .\rc I.lgha. 
 
 I'hoqiHoii-HoiiHtoii > ' n,lQj)' 
 
 Kiliidn .1 ' 
 
 Ball . . . 
 
 Kruxli ■ 
 
 Uocliliaiixrii ( Wriglit'H iniprovtil) . . , 
 
 Ifeliance , 
 
 Wesliiiglioitxe. ...>^, 
 
 Slatterv ... .R .... «. 
 Craig.:. -^^ 
 MathfUfi' 
 
 y^eston . 
 
 Kiittcr Wood,. 
 
 Oilier tty/ttPniR :i 
 
 3,829 
 GIS 
 7ftO 
 
 1,780 
 
 180 
 
 420, 
 
 150 
 
 IncalMiMUit 
 Uglita. 
 
 14,(>00 
 27 /.OO 
 
 i.Keo 
 :i,3(H) 
 
 ti,860 
 ,1,880 
 4,615 
 
 :<,125 
 
 1,8«5 
 
 i',6o6 
 
 Whether the syiitein to be employed K- the low t«!D8ion incandeMScnt, 
 the'altcrtiatiDi; current inoaiide»;ent, or the hi);li t«ngion continuous 
 current arc Kystcin, the three which tvre to-^ay practically the only ones 
 operated to any extent in Anierica,'^ono of 'the chief pointw to be ooii- 
 Hidered in the construction of a Rtation in the ecoooniieal geoerntiou and 
 application of the prime power. UnfortiinaKly in« );reat many caww - 
 -where steam |>ow«r is iiHcd, it was nsHumed in the early Htogei* of elec- 
 tric station conotructinn that any kind of steam plant would auHwer. 
 Old »lidc valve enjjines which drove a>)^ntic(uated machinery an iheiij-'^ 
 wives in iiiacliinc shops, saw milk, woollen factories, and like plaeea . 
 diinii(! the day were iiAed at night for the runiunR of electric light^ 
 macl^inery, und very )!ood reason naturally exiiJM for the complaints 
 made oi the unst^'adiiavs and uiiHatisfactury charaet4'r of the lights-,,,- 
 supplied. 
 
 Higb-apvcd engiiips belted direct to the dynamos were next tried, i 
 having boeiiMbund lo gj/ff much bettor results In point of steadiness, a 
 number of builders, wh<i hud had no experiencciii such work, undertook 
 tlie manufacture of this class of ^i-iines, and evidently tried U) com- 
 bine the old designs for agricultur.il engines, upon which their previous 
 practice was based, with some of the principles embodied in the best 
 class of engines sold in the United States for electric light purpo«e«.'The 
 product was » mechanieAl curiosity, and » failure. It is safe to 
 say that in not one of the Canadian sliopn liuililing these engines in the 
 early history of electric lighting in ('anada was there a proper equip- 
 ment for the manufacture iif 'high-speo<i machines of any kind. No 
 parts were made to gauge so that jnthe event of a break •down the 
 broken part could be duplicate<l without sending it back to the shop as 
 a model. A reaction soon afterwards set in in favour o^' slow-speed 
 engines, especially for are lighting, and at llie present time, with few 
 execptioJs, cnginefi of the Brown and Who«look types ai;e used io all 
 arc light stations in (Janada operated by steam power. For the running 
 of incandescence plants, however, high-speed engines^ mostly of 
 /.Vmeric«n manufacture, have ^obtained the prcferem'e to which their 
 excellent qualities arfd perfonnance entiUe them. 
 
 Brown engines furnish th|) motive power for the Central Stations in 
 Montreal, Toronto and Wini|j|^, both Brown and Wlieelook engine 
 are used in Halifax and London, and Wheelock engines in Hamilton, 
 while Armington and Sims enginex are the prime motors in the 
 stations in St. Johns, N.F., St. John, N.B., Calgary, AlU., VaocouW 
 and Victoria. B.C., and in thn Parliament Buildings at Ottowft. 
 
 .N > 
 
 ■P 
 
 4- 
 
 ^'- 
 
 /•■ 
 
 9 
 
 ■(. 
 
 v. ■ :\ 
 
 1-V.' 
 
X 
 
 V 
 
 
 ' :■■} 
 
 Tl|i' iH'iiiiiiiny of iit,tiiy Hl:ili(iii'< ismM be i)icriMi>'il liy iliit iuJli'lli 
 )(vnt use of ihr iiiili<-al4tr, iiinluiMl of titlKtiii^ in llir vulvrx nC iiividoh 
 bi-iiitc I'n'iwly '*'^ l>y )(ili'»» work, m- \* nuw >ii IVi'<|ii('iilly till' i-itHC. 
 ■ - HOILKKS '' 
 
 Willi iDiM'JK'i'pitoii I'f ilio liiiywl KNvir'u; <lii..H iMisl I'liil.MAtiiiii in 
 Nlmitn'iil, till' iiriliiiiiry lidriinnliil tin- .liihiilur ^Unlll iMiilir Iiiik Ixsmi 
 iimmI ill every xl4ili<>ii. In thai i'Um- llir lliilioouk niiil Wilnm wiiUt 
 
 tulmlHr boilor in empliiyiil. ..In Mime eiine-i llir .Iiirvi» wtliirj; liii« Ikh-ii 
 
 ■ » If "^ . . 
 
 nilopti'd, lint iKit to «ny pruftt uxU'iit. , • , ^ 
 
 WATKIll'OWKIW, /. 
 
 At (jucImw, |iuwt*r iH iibtalnu<J at tlm Fiill» nt' Moiiliiinreiiay, niue 
 uiilex (iixtant, t<> drive the ThitiiiHoii-ILiuxtiiii'itru ilyimiiiuH niid Tlioni- 
 Koii-HoHKlon A. C. iiii'iiiulfittioiiw iimeluiic!). 
 
 ' Al" l*et«rbom, waUT [mwi'r in umiJ Vi <lilv(Pt'lioiii.soii-I{6iint<iii are 
 dynaniiiN, fruui wliijili 137 aru liiilitx aii'^ii iiiiiiiIht oI' BeriiMuun invuii- 
 ilciwent lamp.'* in w-ries are Hup|ilioil. At Biirriu,^piit, a Hlreani flve^ 
 ' iiiilea dintanl (Void tlie tciwii fumMicx l4iu |inwvr lor bo^i tlio »rc aii<l 
 j Hruili A. C. ino»iidi!»f<'iiee pliuii*. / 
 
 Also in Ottawa, Cornwall^ Smitli'u Kalh, St. t'litliai-iiies, Wellaml, 
 ' Ihinville, 'I'horold, tSault Siv. Marie, !:)herbniuke. .fulietle. Valleyfitild, 
 I Almonte, for both factnry and eentrut Rtation li^htili^ wntur furiiiHh^a 
 th* motive power. "j. 
 
 ATTACHMKNT OK hyNAMOR. ' 
 The dyiiamoH are not coupled direct to unj(iii>w in any of the Ciiiia- 
 diaii ritatioim. Ordinary 'Ooublu leather beltiu};, made wijthoutHeaDiit or 
 rivets, iH ^'nernlly used. " In u t'eW vaxex link Ivalher lieltiu^ Iiiih been 
 tried, but the results have wi I'aj; juntiHed the opinion that ttiiH beltinu; 
 ban been invented chiefly u> find a market tor xcrap leather. Beltiii); 
 Mliould not be overinxed. One inch width oC double leather beltiii:; 
 running; at n sjieed of 750 lect jier uiinuto will easily truufMiiit' one 
 home power, and at thix tension will liist a lon<; time. .Some dynamo 
 maulifucturerH, in order to inipoxe the belief that their UMehine!« iinc but 
 lit'ile power, are in the liabit of providin<!; a mueh Nuialler juar^rin 
 than thi" per hortw piwer. The only adv»iita)(e, of which the 
 eontraelor receives nearly the whole benefit, is that the first cost is 
 decreased. The disadvantages, wliieh affect the purehas<'r, are the 
 necessary exeessive iiirhtiiess of the belt," and the coiigei|ue-nt heating of 
 'journals, rapid wear of llii; Irll, and'lnrije oil i^nnumption. Kope 
 driving may evcntu^illy lie iis«>d as it haw many adviinlaj^tts. but so far. 
 » with one exception in an isolated ^ilaiit, the method has liithert<\iiot 
 lieen tried in t'anada. ,. ,' * .: 
 
 ARC LU;HTlN(i .SYSTKMS. 
 
 The arc lislitiii^ syst^-nis in use in Canada are the Thomson-Houston, 
 Hall. Brush, iSelianee, Anieriean or Fuller W'o<n|, Hnclibaiisen 
 (Wright's improved) and Weston. The lar^'e majority of niaehinis 
 and lamps is of the Thomson-Hoiiston and BjU Bystems. 
 
 As already mcntioniKl, the Brush systl'ni Was the fijst to U: tried in 
 the Ikiniiiiinn, but its salc^ was never pushed , and otberii took posstwsioii 
 of the field, [n tbc Thomson-Houston, in the Bru-.b and in the Fuller 
 Wood or American systems a jRurrent of !>.(> amperes is used, with a 
 pressure varyinj: aceordins; l/> the nuinbor of lamps in circuit. Ill 
 the Ball system a curn'nt of K to 8J amperes has lieen the standard, 
 but lately that company have siipplii^l soveral plants having a eiirient 
 of, only tour amperes, the lamps tiir which are nominally oj" 1,000 
 candle power each. In the Hochhaus^'U- Wright sysb'm, a current of 
 10 amperes is ustsl. In the Weston sysleni tJiu current is about 18 
 |iainpere». and the 1'. 1>. between the terminals , of each lamp 25 volts. 
 SOn account of the sliort arc and the eonse<(uent bis.sing the, Weston 
 ^flamp has iSit found general favour in this country. The regulation of 
 the Thomson- Houston machine is excvlleut. The lamp also has thi* 
 , merits of simplicity of construction aud steadiness in running. The 
 feed is purely gravitational like the Brush feed, controlled by electro- 
 magnetic actiou, there being no clock-work or gearing. It is not, 
 however, quite so .steady as t»mc dock-work arc lamps, and requires 
 tlipT feed rod to be kept very cliian in order to secure the proper 
 
 1- ■ 
 
 1 
 
..% 
 
 /^ 
 
 Wiirkiii); oTr.li.'.oUiUdi. Willi llio ntrkiMiJ iiliiion kiii|w lliia {"liiit i» in«t 
 nt' ;<ui-li iHi|mrljiiii'i', .mill lln' iliHi-ri'mv iti llm riinHiiig i.l'tlu' Urn kiiidit 
 ii('liiiii|i«w>iii«liiur;iiilw"ivc'(l limy, ti' wmiiM'Xti'iil, bu diH' <» thf I'liiuiiii)* • 
 iiI'iIk' TliiiiiiiuMi-lloUHtiiii liiiii|i mil hnviiiK Uvii iiii)(luak'<l, . ^ 
 
 III ri'icunl til llicraliiiL'iiriiri' loiii|i" inim' oliniinf kitiiim I" \k< ilmtiri»li|o.„ 
 .U prcwnt luiii|m tiikinjj 48 vuIih ihhI !•(> imiprfK. Ihui|m til" the imiui) 
 viilla)^! tiikiiiK ll> umiH'rvH, iiikI l:iin|m oI' 50 volli anil H Miip«'r», »ro Si\ 
 iiiiui|«rv(l till' i)iM' witlitliuotlii-r, itiiili'iivli Uv1tlliitiC;2,1HHIoandlc jinwur, 
 which in maiiiU'dlly nbMiirtl. 'I'lii' (lufniiit nml pretiMuro, or i»»tm pi-r 
 Imiip, «hiiiilil'lH' nivrii in nil !(|.>«'ciHc«ri<iii'«. l^iiidtTH and ooiitr»ct«. 
 
 .STKKKT Willi NO FOR AR<^HOHTS. V 
 
 III wiriiiii for are |iiaiitH. iis in i;tiiitirally kiioim, ouo wire of UDitiinh 
 MKitioii '\* carried rniiii tin- iiiikcliini' tn tliv UnipH. whor«! It ineut, and 
 mil' Olid pl«<!«il ill till' firnt binding iiodt mid llii' other in tho second 
 liiiidinir |»>Mt, uml lowiiitinui'd, llic proHhuri' lallin|( on nii avAragrfaboiit 
 18 voltK Cor each lamp ill ciriilif, wliiirc flic lani|M, aw it the general pra«- 
 
 For Ihiii|ih of 'J.IIIHI noiiiinnl oaadle powpr No. tl wire AmeriMii 
 jifttugo, and for lniii|jH III' 1,:2(M) iiiiiirnial.candlc power Xo. 8 Ameriqan 
 Xi">l>;ii *■■'" ■" "'**>*l fortius luuds, I'p to within the paHt two y>«rii, 
 ibo. iiiHulalion kiidwn an 'TudurwriterH wire " tvax used, bal lately 
 thin li»»i given plaie Ui uiiioh Miipcrinr i|uality. Unfortunately, there \* 
 «till room for impnjvejiieiit I'ven on the be*it which ha* yet been lupplicd 
 ill Cauailrt, 
 
 SYSTKMS OF I»lS%RIBl>tI«»N FOR INCAN- 
 s, DEiSCKNT LIGHTING 
 
 In thiMli»tribi.itioii of currenVforincanilcMCtrnt lighting fnmi central 
 KtatioiL" the multiple arc two-wir« Hyuteui with low tenoinn continuonM^ 
 -i ■ I'lirrcntji waslirst U'whI diirin;,; 1882 and IftSS. ■' ' - ' 
 
 III private iiiHtallatioiw at thai time the tree nynUim of wiring wan ^ 
 ^ •>!». ■ 'u'*H»lly followed, and it lia:< not yi't been entirely almndoned, although 
 used in very few inatallaliiiiiK at iIm' preticftt date. In one Htatioo in 
 the Maritime I'rovinees wired On thin priheiple, the preBMure varioi from 
 125 volts at the lamps iiearcMt the ilynuiiio tn 110 volte at the furtheiil 
 point of dintrilmtion. But sinei: 18S4, very few NtUtioii!* iQdc«d and 
 few iiiiilated plaiil.1 of jimre than iiuidcrule cije have been eonitnu'ted on 
 othiT ihau the feeder synleiii of iliHtribiitioii.^ . 
 
 .V-very short experience of distribution of the multiple are syriteiu 
 demouDtrated that lights singly eontrolleil could iiiU be fumiHlied ceouo 
 inically by il at a greater distauce from the cenli'al siatioii than a 
 i|U»rter of ji iiiile radius, 'the three-wire system, invented by Dr. 
 .lobn llopkinson, and I'lalKirated'by Mr. Kdison, .was a temporary and 
 partially succe«nful solution of the difficulty, but this SyBlcni, although 
 it greatly reduced %|jfctt'''''7 "'" «'PP*"" fieceswty, only inoreanfld the 
 radius of distributiiiu|MK |)aying basis by another <(uarter of a mile, 
 and, while sati.sfactii^lftr thickly pifliulatt-d townii, still left the din- 
 triliulion of light in Ruimrban distrifeUi '«r openly built eonntry towDs 
 as far flroiii attainment as ever. The adoption of the alternating 
 current system of distribution jtolved the difficulty. 
 
 The method of regulation first employed forthe mainUmaDce of e(|ua 
 
 pressure at the ends of the feeders in the three-wire system consisted of 
 
 placing adjustable resistances «r fec<lcr e<|ualiters in each circuit, more 
 
 - < ■ or less resistance being mserled by hand, acoordiug to the indications of 
 
 the pressure indicators. Where the frames of such equalliers were 
 
 made absolutely fireproof, such a system of regulations in sniaH'sUtions 
 
 having only three or lour seta of feeders radiating from it was in a 
 
 measure unobjectionable, btit when it eamc to the distribotion of several 
 
 hundreds, perhaps thousands, iif amperes of current, through doiens ol' 
 
 sets of feeders, the loss in these e<|ualiier8 became a serious matter, attd 
 
 ' perfect regulation was i^iflieult of atuiument. In several eases also 
 
 the heating of the equaliiers was the origin of fires which resulted in 
 
 - ibe burning down of the stations, the destruction of the Kdison stations 
 
 - in BostQii and New York being a ease in point. In recent practice th8.«e 
 
 oiiualixers have not lleon used, but a method of interlacing t|fe Jiseders as 
 
 well as the distributing miiius has been adopted, iieceasitating a somewhat 
 
 larger outlay in conductors, but not involving, as in the other case, 
 
 > |n«« nf energy by the heating of useless resistance. With this 
 
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 iiikBrUviQK lliu pruwu'ru iit llio UiiipH ()• iiiUeli uiorv luwrly (Mfialnnl titan 
 umJur tiM' old iiiotK«i<l. * ■ ■"■',. 
 
 At t.li<''|iriau ol'laiiMUr jtfid I'liul iiml tlw M<lliu}{ priwiii'iirrvM Ut iImk 
 I'uunlry, it may niti'ly In* Miiil ilml tn>' frimmiiieal dintriliiitioii ol'- 
 liKlitor pnwi't^niivilu' tliri'ii-toiri- Hyutt^m. in liniitv<l ti halC li liiiiti 
 r^iliuK IroMi the ><liiti«n ill iMir'niiMt ihirkly |K)|)ulKt4;<l iowiik. IiiViitth 
 lltv Ui'iitwl Huu* ainH'«Ditiliiln)i»tiiljiili<Hi by jlliix«!iyiiUiiii lia'* Uvn 
 i-arrivd out im » iiiilcii «iil»r ar<rii. ti>r a limitMl AuniU'r ut' liKhtit aiid 
 under iiMseial oircuuiMlaiiot'^ ; but it iVdiiiiliiful it'thun- ii rxinKlu vity iii 
 Canada which will nanru iiuy diyidviid itn thv iiffi'ntuiuni tnaOunipiiiiy 
 plaoiug liiw tuuiiioii winw curryiii)( if'^rtiMUrr rtl' uvitii '.KM vultx uLlc'r- 
 ground, and llion^ are iiotliiim! than iiix c'itie« in tliu ifholo Daniinmi 
 which will yield aqy rvti^rii uii thii*gyHl«ui with uvcrlteud wiriw, iiulfni 
 thu oliarKUK lbr'ul«ctriv Kxhtx Iw at loaHt 5<) |ivr cent, innrv than tho 
 current priwK for g»H. . '^ ' - ■ . ' 
 
 ALTKBNATINO CUBRKNT IHHTIMBUTION. 
 
 Id iho method ofdiatributiuii by high tcoHinn alt«-rnating ojirreutn. 
 the converter*, indicaUHl by Fig. 1 and niivre practically nxplainedby tho 
 sraoinienii un tho tsiMe, are placed in parfillel oininil. An Khown. the 
 current frodt Ihc dynamo '"dooH not enter the preniiaua of the consumer 
 ' but nMirefy' pin«c» through the 8ni>^ire in alt«miii«ly <>j!l'^''« 4'"'<'- 
 tioDv und i^ncratea, by induction, a current in the neeondary or thick 
 wire of the converter or transforiner, which inducnHiurreiit i^ carried 
 into tlie hou«« and Omiunh tiM' lamps. >v 
 
 Tbflrt! are at prcrant no alternating current moUin in uno dovi'loping 
 'liirge powern, but prijbablyWmti many iimiithH mncliincH will Ui Muiipliiti 
 which iiill convert ih? elceHrioaftwergy <>f nltoriiating eurnint inio power 
 ^thhigh efficiency. Otfxak Coi,uCfli«l«P<wth. have indeed nearlyoom- 
 pleted a j.t»tion ftroiii wlilehlo dintributc power by A. ('. motom, and tho 
 \Vestingh)>u«e ComiMiny an* juft completing u contract fi>i;A. C. motorx 
 for mine working, It is uUp tho oaso ilmt tho A. C. nynteni will not eaMily 
 lend ilBelf to the charging of Htoraijo bntt«rie», witlioul,a i!oinplicit,tion 
 "f oommutatorH and other apparatus. But there d<M» not appear to bo 
 any demani), for tli^ charging of utomge balterieH except what can l« 
 Hupplied from eonlinuouK isiirrbnt •t!it\onH Or iHolnt«<l plantt now in 
 operation, orf.ir which »|K)ciiil dymimos would not b<^lK"Hl u»e<l separate 
 nnd diotinot from any other circuit. 
 
 VRC l-mHTIWJ UY.NAMOS. 
 
 Most of the dynauHW nned for arc lighting in Ameiiea, and. it n^ay 
 Jw said, in the world, are of the Brniih or Thoin(Hin-lIon(.tflli types. 
 BRUmi ARC I.UlllTrNfl IIVN.XMO (lia. 2). 
 
 Them: were firi^niade.wilhlMth armature and field coruH of cag^iron ; 
 but for Millie years .j)a»« tho uwiwtnrc has been built up of laminated 
 hoop iron <>f good quality, a simple mislification which ruiiwid the 
 efficiency of the machine greatly, enabling the output t4> be increaiie<l 
 ."VO jier cent, while riinving at 0*0 same spocil an formerly. Upon the 
 \jm so Vormei^tho uppitr coils are wound. The 18-light maoliinc weighs 
 ' 1500 lbs., the 30-lighl. machine 2600 lbs., and the lift-light machine 
 4K0O lbs. complete, ■■ , 
 
 The P. ix at lamp terminals is tho same its in the Thomson- Hou8- 
 . ton syiilcro, 48 volt» and the curtent is 0.6 amperes. The output of 
 the'firet two sixes isft.ftS wattw pr lb. groa.- "«^ »'"• '" ^.2 watt* 
 per lb. gross weight for the large machine. The rc«poctivc speeds 
 at full load lire lOBO, 050 and 805 revolutions per minute. In the 65- 
 light machine' the copper wire on the^rmature weighs 1340 lbs. and 
 .m the flcld»)1264 lbs., m that the output is 11.5 lbs. per lb. of the toul 
 ' weight of copper ^ire on tlie machine, and 22.35 watts per lb. of the 
 con^r wire on the armilture. 
 
 TIIOMBON-IIOOHTOJI ,>Bf DVNAHO (KIO. 3). 
 . In tho Thomson-Houston dynamo the field is. composed .of two mas- 
 sive iron caBtingsupoi^ which the magnctiiiug coils of copper, wire are 
 wound, and tbejie eaJstings arc of such shape that they^iearly compleUlly 
 ene'irole the arms^ure, being fastened together over it by wrought-iron 
 bolls, which form the yoke or keeper. The armature core is a spheroid 
 built up of soft iron wire. Upon thi§core three coils of copper wire^ are 
 .. w nun d , t h— - '^'"r «"""«'tod together at their inner ends , their outer - 
 
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 t'hilo Vinii iVrtiril iiut^uivl l'iii<luiio<l !» » thftv iWRUont i'uuiiiiiul»l»t>. 
 
 Th.' tcfiuliiliiHi 61 till' <iirr(iiit, wifioli iiialUn- lixlitiliK mwliimi- »f»»ulil 
 
 (mi iiiviiitHiinil .i-«ntili<itl, i« |«T('<iniH'il 1>J mi rltii»h» iiwuuul »thi<''' ,, 
 
 KhillM lilt! jHWliim «>l tfit' l>niHln;i« «iii lliu <iimiiluUitor, u« fully <ki(criU-l ««, 
 
 ih MllvmiHn,Tli'>iu|<*tMi » • Kymuiio KliTtrir Mwhimr). ' Tim iii«i«- ; 
 
 imtivDi <>t tTtte UMikiiiv Uk» oinwtijillj tu u ooiixi'd^fiiblii ilogni', wh'mli, 
 
 iiTrourw. ic « liiuU. .'PH*'"' '" »l*' ••'"' '••>j«iti<>« *» '•"• •'""''") '^'•' '' '* j 
 
 ni'«'u«iary . in itumi nl' brfitk<l<>wii i>l' ili<;WrttMlurv, t<) ilmuiantlo tlic whulo 
 
 1)1' till' iiiMiliiii" U'I'ore tlic iifiuiiliii«'i;iiii U- ruiiiovi'il, uuii (Iwl timt IninK 
 
 iloiif, ill r»K«i « coil i* liurm-il om it Ih iiii!«ii(»ry tii romploU'ly riwimt 
 
 tltt! Briiialiin — (ii ilA-lfllio wiitk «l'M<^v«rttl lUyii, 
 
 Thi'iKiuiiiiiilAO-liKlitTliniiiMjiKlloiinUiii luitiliiiK' will run liniirt; Uiu|m \, 
 
 iif aOOO iiiiniinat (nnillf (Hiwir on. ii »h«rt circuit ol* wire , »n«l iifMedpil . 
 m H50 rovnliitioiii* |nr iiiiniUr; Im* m working K. M. P.- of "iWIt Willi* 
 • with « ourrciilor ».U. iiunH'rcH. ll« U>tal wcinlit in «20ll lb*, J'hl- 
 iroD ill llic iinimturc wuinlix 340 llw., and llic lw»o»i(l.ircin Hilil nin-M 
 wpiKli'271(l lb«. Tlicwciulit ol copper wir«M>ii«itlict«riii«luf<i i« :17H 
 11)5, lu output IH 4'.W wiittH impb. ofjgMHH ^rfuight : 31.0 whUh per lb. " /, 
 of ci)pp<T wJni o« th«! niiivbinu, liiitl 7H.2ft wbIIx p<r lb, ol«rm»tur<' *irc. ^ — 
 
 I UAI.I. \AV IIYNAMI) (rill.' t). > » 
 
 Tlic Hull arc ligbt ilynanjo liiu ■ Urituiiiu: ring «i-inatur«, »t 
 luthor two uruiitkiiiiM runniuK botwi-cii blookK poouli»rly placed one 
 •bovo one ■ruwtuTf and t|>u oll|i-r under tlio utliur.ai-uiaturv, mid it has 
 wrouKtit-irou Hclda nuii piile piuoeK*: in I'licl the whole iiiMhinii fmuiu in , 
 uiiidu of wfought-iron. It i-hould, thcrofor«, «nd iloen, weigh much kwH 
 than other uiachinos in wliich caHt-iroii in iiserfr^Tlic 'JS-lixht oiachine 
 WeighH 900 Ibn. and the IW-liKhl uiachin^^l 180 lbs. cuiDplo^ti. The our- 
 
 ■ wnl in iH auiperex, and the volugc per lump 48. The output i» 10.:i 
 wait* per lb. groiw weight of the Hmt uiachine and ll.itT wa'tlJi per lb. 
 
 ^^if the 3b-light uiMhiiic. The weight of cupper Win- ou the armatuni . ^ ^ 
 of the :15-Hglit dynamo (then- liciug two in each uinohino) in 102 lh«.. 
 iind ou thn Heldn li\0 |l.n'. The.output i» ihuB 5t>.() watts (HTlb. of cop- '. , . 
 per on the machine aiiil 140 wall* per lb. of copper wire on tlie ariualiin'. '. / . 
 The «|)C«d (iT^lic two maehincK mentioned iS 1305 revolutioDs p*'r 
 minute and >1 276 i>er niiiiuU; re»p»«tivcly . The rwiHl^n*! of the Held • 
 winding.of llio :{6-liglit machine l|| 13 ohms, and of Ihc winding of 
 the two armatureH Ki »limi>. 
 
 The Ball «;o. ha*^ rccendy made a maehiilf int^'iided for 80 arc 
 lauipH, of which the following ai;osomeof the^wriiculan* Welghtof the 
 machine TOmplete 3200 lbs.; current 10 nnipenw ; V.M.V .mOvoltn; 
 Hpeed 040 revolutioni' per minute ; wire on field 362 llw. No. 10 ; on ^ 
 
 «r^p((£iirS222 TbH, No. 15B. *S. gauge; iron inVaeh armature core ■-" 
 "I^lbH. The output of thix iuachiuc in ll.fie wattjjier lb. grew 
 weight : 03.21 watt» per lb. of copper wire on the i^jicMfie. and lf)8.?l3 
 watlH r*'"' '*••"* '^W'*'' "'"' "u th_J' armature^ -^ 
 
 T4mONT<l ARC UYNAMOn. ' 
 
 The maohinox mad^ by the Toronto Electric Light t-'ompany for Use. 
 in their own station are of the llochKaunen type, uiodified and improved 
 by Mr. J. J. Wright, the tNuupany'n electrician and mtiiager. The , 
 Company do not manufacture inachiUOH lor sajj;, but make all their 
 own arc light dynauion. Their standard 4yp* m a 40.1ight..macbine, 
 10 ampere current, average 1M>. at binding po»ti> # lamps 48 voltn, • 
 The field i» laid huriaontally, being, it may b.^ xaid, a Hoohhausen 
 machioe laid on iw side. Thciiolil corcsjirc *Ff wrought-iron, thoframe 
 and pole pieces of east-iron. The cart-iron wcighi" 1200 lbs. in each 
 liachinc. The fi^ld winding consists of 700 lbs, of No. 9 copper wire. 
 . anti on the arwiaturc there arc 180 lbs. of wire: The armatiftes - 
 are sectional, the coils hcipg wvund yjmnncly on mi^ulds. Kach 
 armature has 18 coils with Orammo oonriections. The eommuUtflr 
 consists of lit segments, and is mounted on slate with an air spaw! . 
 between the sections. The weigjit^of the (completed machine being 
 , 2400 lbs., the outputls at the rate of 8 wa^ls per lb. of wire on the arma- 
 turvM21.8watt«perlb. ofthefotalcoppcrwireonthemaohinc. Mr. 
 Wright in a commBuicatjon on thesubjcct sarcastically slat*: " Dniike v 
 
 " all Other Bystema our at-maturte coils solmctimes bum out, and I have ^^ 
 " adoptedj the sectional style to faoilitaic repairs. The jpowc^ required ^--s. 
 "1 have taot,acettnitelj determined, but it is nearly f horse power per 
 
 W. 
 
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 r>. 
 
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 •*. 
 
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 " VoltAffC. t iidnpt A few coils oU AriuatUrv rather t4ian uiiiuy, for Whili; 
 " the »|mrk Ht brUHhcH is lar^r. thn liicrcasiMl !>inip1icity oi' nil parto 
 
 " more than ci>inpeiis»t4's," , '< - - 
 
 ■ 't. 
 
 WK8TIN<llH>r8K. A.,(:.nRtM>yNAM(l. 
 
 This <iyiKiiiiO|^ recently put ii|it>n the market, dnibmlies s<tv>Tal novel 
 fealiin^s. The frame of the (>0-liji(ht are matrliinc is east off the siimi> ' 
 patterns as the ordinary 750-ligbt We^tinghouMr incandescence dyuanio ; 
 and the only difference in the field wjpdings is tlukt the iron cores j>ro- 
 ject through the eoils to a g^tcr extent than in the inoandcscwnt uia- 
 ehiue, the coils lK>ing shorter. The principal feature of the machine is 
 tUc armature^ windiA;, which is almust entirely enveloped by the lami- 
 intted iron discs nfrniing the core, and is connected to two eolleoting 
 eollars as in the WeHtir.ghouiio iOcnndescenee niacnines. The speed 
 is b'OO revolutions (ler minute, the periodicity being 60 cycles. 
 
 The lamp has two laminated wire cores, somewhat similar to thi^ 
 cere of the Westinghoiise ammeter, huug on a swinging arm, vne of 
 which plunges into the coarse wire ^ries eoil :ind the other into 
 the fine wire shut eoil.* One carbon rod only, is used, and the 
 carbon ititelf is about 2:}^" wide by j" thick. The lamp runs for 42 
 hours with one .set of carbons. The P. D. at lamp termiuals. in 50 volt 
 and the current 10 amperes. For lamps for inside nsca converter is-- 
 attached to the hi^-pressure street wires which transforms the cur- 
 rent to 50 volts and 10 amperes, so that. 50 volts is'th^ maximum 
 pressun' entering a building. With the 60-ligh.t machine the 
 lamps .when rec|uircd for street lighting only, may lie riAi in scri(»< 
 without the use of these ciinverters. In the 125-light machine the cur- 
 rent is 30 amperes and the totiilE. M. F. 2100 volts, and with this siiie 
 converters an; used for all the lamps, whether ibr street or interior 
 lighting, which raise the voltii^' from 17 volts per lamp to 50 and 
 reduce the current from ilO to 10 amperes. These are made t<» 
 earry one, three, or five lights each. 
 
 The machines are started u|mn short circuit, and when fully excited 
 a switch is opened and the lamps thereby thrown into eircnit. With 
 a sensitive ampere meter iittnched, the total change in tlit; current when 
 the lam{is werC thus placed in circuit, on a recent visit of the author's tn . 
 fftio of the Vj^estinghouse st-itions was less than two amperes, and this 
 ■ was only temporary. Provision is made by attachments on the dyna- 
 mo and on the wires in the station to prevent the opening of the eireuit, 
 LOW TBNSIOX INCAXDFiHORNCK DYN VMOS. 
 
 THE KDISitN DVNAMO (FIO. 5). 
 
 The type of low tension machines which has tbuod most favour on 
 this continent is the £dis<iii .-is modified and improved by ]>r. Hnpkin- 
 stin, and further |Htrfecte<r iil^the Edison Machine Works. Between 
 the machines made h> the Kdison Co. in America ami the Edison- 
 Hopkinson machine made by Mather & Piatt of .Manchester there ' 
 is this difference : that the fi('ld wm-s <ijf the Edison machine arc made 
 cylindrical and the armature eore is still built up of iron discs bolted 
 tngether ; while the Edison Hopkinson machine has Held cores, the sec- 
 tion of which is a si|uarc between two half circles, and the armature 
 discs are held together by nuts at each end of the core screwed on the. 
 shaft, thus giving the core a greater sectional area. 
 , Take the Edison marhtnes known a.s \os. 10, 12 imd 16 to illustrate 
 the general construction of Edison dynamos, ami their relative propor- 
 tionj and weights. The No. 10 uiaehinc is made lor an E. M. F. of 
 126 volt" and a current of 200 ;im|>eres, but is hardly i;ver run at 
 more than 200 amperes and 110 volts except for central station 
 work. The toul weiglit of this, the best running of all the Edison 
 dynamos, is 3670 lbs. The two Cast-iroo field ,bloekB weiuli 600 lh«. 
 The field cores which, as in ull Edison machines, are of wrought-iron, 
 art; each Uf^" diameter by 16}" Ion;;, and arc connected by a 
 massive wrougbt^iron ket>per 10}" wide by H" deep by 26i" long. 
 The field cores are wound with 220 lbs. i)f copper wire — 110 lbs. on 
 each limb. The wrought iron in the amuTluic weiglis 220 lbs., tfae dimen" 
 sions of the armature shell before winding is 8 j" diameter ly Itf^" long, 
 and the Winding is a modified Siemens, taking 60 Ibii. iieU weight af 
 copper wire. The diameter of the ooB^ileted anuatwe «ntMde' the 
 bands is 9;; " and the bore of the Mi» beim 9 '.'.". there is a 
 
 clearance ot' }" all roand. The ipeed of tlie machine is 1300 revo- 
 
 10 
 
 , 4 
 
 
. • ■ , -"y ■ '■ 
 
 
 . ^ ■ -■->/. 
 
 1uti<Hi!< jH^r miimtc. Tho n'HigtuiKM of llie .«hiint otilx im ill iihr.,>'. 
 iind of the ariimture about. .0(7 oliiii cold, titv Kliiiiit liciu}; Uiuh about 
 22110 tinior> tbi' ruHiHtancu of the iiruiitiure. Tbv output of tliii nmfhini- 
 utllOvnlts and iOO aiii|)fri-s is ti.l3 watts pvr lb. grosH wciglit, 77 
 wattH-per lb. of copper w'nv on the inacbine. and !t3H wattn p<T lb. of 
 wire on the annaturir. Tbcn' ari- 6li biir.< in the cnnniutator. 
 
 The next two Kixes will wrve ax a baRlH of eompariMtn with the Koyal 
 4'o.'s ThoiDwn-fTougton ineaiHlftHt-ncu uiachine and the two Kruxli 
 incaodegeencv uiacliiaeM, of \vhicb tho particularo an- given farther on. 
 
 The weigbtH and dinien.tioux of tbu No. 1- F/lisou dynamo are as 
 folloWH :— conipletv uiaebiiie 434(1 lbs. ; ihe cast-iron field blocks weigh 
 800 lbs.— 400 lbs. each. The field corcu an- "iOJ-'Mong »by IIJ" 
 diameter. The keeper is 27A" long, UJ" wide and 8J" deep. The 
 armature core is 'J{^"iliameti!r, 181" '*"•«• 'When wonod the arma- 
 ^ture is 10 IS" diameter over band». and the bore of the fields ia-U^", 
 the clearuuce being 6-32" all round. 248 lbs. of wire are wound on the 
 fields, and 84 lbs. of win- on the armature. The re-t.'ti;uL'<> <.i tho shunt 
 is 28.6 ohms and the resistance of the aruiatUK .01 1 ohm, or about 2600 
 times the resistance of the sliuffl. At 110 volts and 240 amperes the 
 output per lb. ^ross .weight is <i.08 watts ; for each lb. of copper on the 
 machine it is 79.5 watts, and for each lb. of copper on tlie arwatun- 
 314.3 watts. The speed of tlu; machine is 1200 revolutions, and there 
 are 58 segments in tlu- commutator. 
 
 The No. 10 machine made tor a ournsut of 320 amperes weighs 6800 
 lbs. The fiel({ cores are 12J'^gUiameter by 23^" in length. The 
 keeper is 12}" wide 10" deep P(plj" long. The two oast-iron pole 
 pieces weigh about 600 lbs. eiieh, and aiv 28^ inches in length, parallel 
 with the shafts the bore of fields is 12,',," diameter. ^ The 
 armatiin- con- is 11^;" diameter by,'2t)J" long." and when wound 
 the finished armature is 12^" over the bands, the clearance being thus 
 */' all roufid. «The weight of iron in the armature core is about 
 '400 lbs., the nulnber of coninintator segments is 52, and the speed is 
 1000 revolutions per minute. Each field limb is wound with 160 lbs, 
 . of copper wire— 320 lbs. on both. Th«- armature is wound with 1.33 
 lbs. of copper wire, one-third the weight of the inin disc cdre. The 
 resistance of the shunt is 22.7 ohms, cold, and of the armature betwtten 
 oppMite barsd,009 ohm. the ratios being as 2aO0 to 1. As a shunt 
 wound machine run jit 1 U) volts and 320 amperes the output is 5.18 
 watts per lb. gross weight: 77.7 watts per lb. total copper wire, and 
 264.66 watts per lb. of Winv on the armature. When compound 
 woiud the s)!ries winding, of this machine is composed of 10 wires in 
 parallel, making 5 complete* spirals round each limb outside the shunt 
 winding. Its resistance is>.00l ohni. 
 
 The armature aores in ill the Kdison machines are built up qf the 
 softest disc iron .008" thick, separated by thin manilla paper, and 
 CTery fifth disc is more widely separated from the next by several thick- 
 nes8e« of the lutme ^per. In the thntc machines above mentioned 
 there are two layers of wire on the armatun-, of which each section is 
 onoe wound afound the armatun; shell. 
 
 BRUSH low' TENSION INCANDESCKNCE MACHINES ( PKl. 6). 
 
 The Brush incandescence machines are much lighterVhan the Edison 
 for the same output. The new 1^ which is being put upon the 
 market has closed Gramme ring armatun^s oonneoted to 60 s^ments in 
 the commutator, tlie old type of machine with only eight anmiture seg- 
 ments as in the arc light machine having been recently abandoned. 
 Of this new type of machine particulars have not yet been given. The 
 old 250 ampere machine weighs 2300 Ihs. The weight of iron in the 
 arinature, which is composed of laminated hoop iron, is 178 lbs., and 
 the weigitt of iron in the fields is 400 lbs., the weight of copper on the 
 armature is 148 lbs., shunt 360 lbs. and scries ooil 346 lbs. The gross 
 weight of the 360 ampere machine is 3200 lbs. The weight of iron in 
 . the armature is 258 lbs. and the yeight'of copper is 184 lbs. On tlie 
 fields there ate 444 lbs. oi oopptM- in the shunt and 460 lbs. in the series 
 coils. The output of the 250 ampere 105 volt machine is 11.4 watts per 
 lb. gives weight : 30.73 watte per lb. of the toUl copper wire, and 177.36 
 watts per lb. of jirc on the armature. For the 200 ampcred 106 volt 
 machine these figures arc Il.Sl watts per lb. gross weight; 41.81 
 _J1 : 
 
 
 -'■ V 
 
 ^■ 
 
 -#- 
 
 
V- 
 
 Wnlfii per lli. of cojliief mt iiiiioliinc' 
 Kop|n"V,i}ii iirnmliire. Tlii- s\m'AA iiri' 
 
 mid :i05.4.'{ wnttn jH-r lli. of 
 1200 ri-voliitioiix iiQi) 1100 rcvo- 
 
 \ 
 
 lutioiiH p!!- iiiinat<- n'SlKMilivi .^. 
 
 Thi- larnoHt Brunli oiBohinfi ssfirst made lor tlif. Oowlis Siiioltiii;; t'i>. . 
 of W'kport. N.Y.. is«.(UMlly iidii|rtt'd (l>r tlio siialtiiij; ot nluinimini or 
 the |.ro,liictioii olcurroiit loi iiiottmlo^int lijiliin. It« capueity is 3200 
 iiiii|K!res at «( viiUs. It Im" "i*--! 'l"*- "•' «>p|«i »ii tli«^ ticldx and KiOO 
 lbs. of topper nil the ariiiiiturr. Tlie toUl weinl.t of the .inaehine i- , 
 22.000 Ibh., and the outpnt 12.07 wiitt.< i«r lb. ^rort« weight : ;t7.."> 
 watt- pel lb. "f the U.lal eop|Hr wire. -and Kit! *ntU per lb. of 
 wire on the ariiiatnre. 
 
 THOMSON H'tHOTON INCANUKSCKNCB flYN.AMO (FIH. 7). 
 
 'I'bib iiiiaude.*eiiee iiiaclinie, made in (AUiadii by the Ifoyal Electric 
 Co., i?< very .Mmilnr to an inverted Kdiwm dynamo. The wrduijbt- 
 iron' keeper i« diHi«iised with, the bel ea^.tinf; fomiiii!; the yoke 
 b.-tweeM the field eores. The armatures ;ire bnilt up in the Hum.r 
 manner as in the Kdison niaeliine, ol' wronK'hl iron diws. bat thicker. 
 anJ, instead of paper iosnlation between them, vulcanised fibre i» uswl. 
 The 250 ampere llO volt Thomson maehine weifihn MBO lbs. complete. 
 Theariuaturecoreisl4J"loiigby l.li"diauieu-i. and is wouod with 
 \l30} lbs. of No. 4 wire to 12}" diftweU-r over the bands. Thu bore 
 ^the fields is 1 2", thus allowing a clearance of i" all, round tlie arnia- 
 tuK'. There are 7(i se«nH?i»t,s in the -eommutiitoC i Tlu! field cores, 
 whiih are of wroukht-iron, are lOf diameter by lif long, and arc 
 wound with 120^ Ilk of No. la wire, and the scries coil of No. 8 wine 
 weighs 62 lbs. The speed of the miicbine is 1300 revolutions per minute. 
 . The outpht is, therefore, iit full ioa.l 5.23 watts ,K.r lb. KrO«s weifeht : 
 S7.79 watts\B«r lb. of copper wire on the maehiiie ami 2101:1 watte p.-r 
 lb. of wire on\th*e armature. One peculiarity of this machine is the 
 manner in which the scries coils ure wound over tlie armature itself and i 
 not over the «el(Miinbs as in other dynamos. The regulation of the ^ 
 machine is not i)crfe.l, but is fully e,,ual to that of the compound ' 
 wound Kdison dynamhs. , - * " 
 
 AVrKRNATIN(i\'UltHKNT lANAMO MACHINES. 
 
 /vESTINOlllinSE DYNAMll {VUl. 8). 
 
 tn a description of afternating current apparatus, the first place is 
 due to the Wcstinghousc ElcctruvCo., of Fili»bnr^h. orgaui/.od hi 
 1886, the piftiiccr on this Continent nithe supply of the A. C. system 
 of distribntJon of electricity. 
 
 Ill Dcei/nber last, 2B!» Weslingli.iuse central slatious were hi opera- 
 tion witll an agaregalc eaimeity of 4:^8,500 lijAtsof l»i c. p. each, and 
 Ht thf/present time there are 2ii5 central stations, to which are con- 
 nected 25.000 converters snpplyiiej: .iirrent for 458.260 16c. p. lamps. 
 The Wcstingliousc iSOObght maehine wei-ihs it7iMI lbs. complet*!. 
 Thi armature, which is built up of laminated discs of soft iron, is in 
 tlio form of a hollow cylinder, 20j" in diameter and 21" long, 
 and weighs 1440 Uis. It is wound with 30 lbs. of No. 10^ \i. k S. 
 yaiigc wire, and it^ weight complete is ItihO lbs., including the shaft 
 'The total weight >f the castings in the field, in.luding the bed plaU-, 
 is 6838 lbs. The weight of copper wire on the field bobbins, which 
 are 12 in number, is 1257 lbs. The current frimi the machine at tull 
 load is 75 ampi^res, and the pressure 1050 vnlis. The output is thus 
 7.7 watts per lb. of iiross weight ; &H.27 watts pi-r lb. of copper Wire on 
 the machine, 2500 w;itts i>er lb. of wire on the armature. The speeil 
 of the machine is 1376 revolutions per minute, and the periodicity 
 136. The exciting current is 14 amix^rcs at 110 Volts piesgnre, tijui- 
 Viilcnt to 1540 watts, or marly 2 K. II. I*. 
 
 IIHlmll A. C. DYNAMO (►•108. !» & 10). 
 
 The machine shown in the engnavings is the lOOO liuiht Brush alter- 
 nator. Like all the Brush A. «'. dyniimos. it is intended to be run at 
 from 2000 to 2200 volts. This si«e of mnchine delivering 30 amperes 
 at that pressure runs at 1100 revolutions per minute at lull load, 
 at which it takes 100 H.I*, to drive the alternntor and exciter. The 
 ' no 
 
 ■\. 
 
 .>Miti i iK eu r wiit at 3g.»u»pMii:a.«nd..ia6 jfiiLte iB.6Uppli!:d .by. "t «Blwll 
 
 Brush arc lii;ht dynamo. 
 
 i. 
 
 The regiilnlion is eflcsltd by seudinf; 
 12 
 
 "A 
 
.\. 
 
 
 ; 
 
 3;::^ 
 
 
 roiii the t^Xcitiiip; (tymiiiio tliri>ii<;li ,i sliiitil Ix.x of 
 ior;it.<l l.y hiiii.l. Very littlt' ri^iilation, Imwi'Vor. 
 ^^^ lu! iiiiivliinc is nearly s<.|C.n!<,'ul.aiiin; from im load tn m.ix- 
 "?'_""'< ?^jBf'''" '"-'natiir.. (Kij;. 10) isstati«ii;iry and tlio tioUlMrrvolv. 
 Hmh lH!l^qK<M>iily A. (.'. iiiailiino ill Aiii.-iica so «>oii.s|,rii«l(il. Such a 
 foiwlruttioff 1ms wvcral lidvaiitascs ; in il... first plai-c tli« ivvoiviiij; part 
 ^ has only a low tension .nrroiit passing tlirouftliitH coils, and bning h.-avy 
 and perfectly balanced a.ts a^ a % wIitcI and regulator of tlio speed when - : 
 from any cans.' there is a t«iid.n.y in tl... prime motor tONlack.-n speed. 
 The wilres from the switchb<.ards are permanently attached to the ends 
 of (wo eoils ol- the :irniatiiro. The armatur.- coils arc. light and inde- 
 IKiOdently bolted lo the riiifr, which holds- them in position between the 
 Seld bobbins. Should iiii accident happen to one of the armature, 
 ejections, the lateer uiay l)c replaced in five minutes 6y one man, the 
 weight b.;inj,', only a little over 20 |b<. The armature core 
 IS composed of film- in se^'nients on which <ire wound eopiier ribbons 
 insulated by sitkand-shcllae. The total «^cight of the armaturi! ribbon 
 ii»-63 lbs., :ind of the ^^m|ileU( niaehine,5120 lbs. 
 
 There are 12 cores of alteriiitline polarity on each .side of the field 
 wound with 618 lbs. .if mppcr wSre. These cores are of wtought- 
 iron bolted to two iron plates, and the weight of the twelve is 
 456 lbs. The nominal output of the machine, 60,000 wafts, is at the 
 rate of 11.7t« watts jier lb. grcws weight: 88.1 watts per lb. of the 
 •ntal copper on armature and ^flres. and over 952 watts per lb. of the 
 .copper ribbon on the armature. 
 
 THB ROYAL ELECTRIC CO.'s nyNAMO (piO. 11). 
 
 Sometimes the machines of the Boyal Kleetric Co. for A. P. work "" 
 are made with the exciter on the same shaft as shoWn in the out, but 
 m..re fre<|uendy the exciter is separate. In the 1200-liglit dynamo 
 
 . with separate exciter, the active iron in the liel4s weighs about 3400 
 lbs., and the iron rings of the armature (which Is a hollow cylinder 
 built up of liiminatcd wrought iron) weigh 1250 lbs. The radial 
 depth of these rings is it". When turned up ready for winding the 
 armature is 24f " diameter and 18J long. The diameter when wound 
 js 254'*ovcr the bands, and, as the iaternal diameter ofthe field bobbins 
 is 25J", there is a eloariuice of full f„" all round. The fields are wound 
 with 845 lbs. of Xo. 8 h. & S. gauge wire ; the armature winding eon- 
 si«t8 of 32 Ihs. of y... 1 1 B. & S. gauge wire. The speed of the machine 
 fs 1200 revolutions per miiiutd, and the exciting current at f«ll load 
 
 \ is^ 24 amperes at 90 volts— say 2160 walls or nearly 3 K. H. P. The 
 standard output of the machine is 70 amperes and 1020 volts, or 7.5 
 watw per lb. gross weight : 81.41 watts p.-r lb. of the total copper wire 
 and 2231 watts per lb. ofthe wire on the ariiM(»ure. 
 
 ^ " R.^TE OK AI.TERN.ITIIIN OR PRRIOIIJCITV. 
 
 It* the Brush dynamo the perioilicity is 110, while in the Fort 
 Wayne, Westinghousi! an<l Thomson-Houston inuehines the periodicity 
 is from 125 (o 136.. 
 
 The European practice as to the rate shows considerable variation 
 Messrs. Ganx & Co., of Biida I'esth, in the Zipernowsky system use 42 
 cycles ; Mr. Ferranti uses 68 ; Mr. Kapps works his miichines nt 80; 
 and Mr. Mordey runs his at lt)0. '- ' 
 
 CONVRRTERS. 
 
 WKMTINIIHOUSE CONVERTER (FIOH. 12 & 13). 
 
 The Wcstinghouse convorUir is of the shell type. In the 40-light con - 
 verter, the core is built up of plates .017 inch thick, of which the ^tal 
 weight is 81 lbs. Thcprimary windingof No. It! wire weighs lOJ lbs., 
 and the secondary wire is No. ,1 gauge, 13J lbs. in weight. At 50 volts 
 and 40 ani|ier«s this converter gives an output of 19.09 wuttsper lb. of 
 active material. The P. I), between primary terminals required is 1000 
 volts, developing an E M. F. of 50 voltw at the terminals of the scooii- 
 dary coil. ^^ 
 
 Recent Imts by ll^mMs Duncan, of John Hopkins Univereity, 
 show 95 per cent, ^j^^ in a 40-light converter at full load, anit 
 only 84 watta loss with no load, and 90, 87.6, 83.3, and 70.7 per cent, 
 rifioiency in a 20 light converter at full, three (|nartcr, half an|l quarter 
 loads respectively. 
 
 lit 
 
 X* 
 
 
 .X 
 
'y 
 
 tHOMSUN CONVERTBH. 
 Tho 'WiouiwjH converter, niaiiutiirilur.st by tlio Uoyul Kluctrii- Coiii- 
 |>ttny in tliis i-ity, i* siiiiliir (n coiisti'mttiiiii U< tin- Wt-rtiiiKliouHe. TJiw 
 followiiijiJ np' tho p»rticiil«rM ol tlin 30-li(!lit sin- : Iron iUhch, lllh lb» ; 
 ]irininry wire, !>20 fwt N... 18 U. & H.^auRc, |4'/ Ibx. : w-comlnry win;, 
 44 feet No. !• B. & S. piHge, 3^ lbs. ; toWil nctivi" material, 11«| lb«. ; 
 caw, 59A lbs. ; wciijht compli'to, 17>i Ibn; . , 
 
 MBrSII rONVKRTIiR(KIIl. 14). 
 
 Thc'Brurfi 501ij!lit tonvirlir is of the ooro piitt^fn, like all the 
 Hrnsh fonvertcrK with the oxei'ption of the two of smallest siie. The 
 iron wire in the ^M.re weialis !>2 lbs., the firimary wire wcighi 
 20 lid"., ami the se<«m(lary windin'; 11 lbs.' At 100 voltK and. »• 
 nin|ien"s its output is )hus.24.:t» watts jht lb. ol'activ.' material. T^e 
 eawi weighs 100 ll)». The 75 liirht conM'rt«r i-ore of iron wtVe wi 
 115 IbK.. primary winding of eopper wire ^1 Hw- a'"' s<M»nd«ry windi 
 15 lbs. At 100 voltw and 45 amperes tlie output is 2*J.8 watt«t per lb, of 
 active material. Tlieraih' weighs no Ills. TbeweimverU-rx :ire made in ; 
 
 standard siies of 5, 10, 20, 30, 4t», 50, 75, 125, 250 lightw and op to 
 UtOO ligbtK capacity. They are also made for ppmary cireuits of 1000 
 volts piesHure with a ratio of conversion of 10 to 1 or 20 to I. The core 
 cimBistK of the finent Swedish iron wire, insulated by wtlon winding or 
 braiding wound into an livtagoii form., by having pieces of wood placed , 
 
 under and through the coils, As shown. The secondary wires ftt« thcn^^ 
 wound over the sectioijs between the wood blocks with insulated ^Mif /^ 
 between them and the iron wire at the comers. Over the corners of , 
 the secondiiry winding are placed other insulating pads, over which arc 
 then wound the fine primary wires. . . • 
 
 There is thus an iiir space for insulation all round the difierent colla 
 except at the corners where the wires lie on the insulating'pads. The 
 efficiency of a 75-light eonvcrtir varies from 98 per cent., with 75 lights 
 attached, to 9.S per ciiit., with 38 lights; 
 
 METERS. 
 
 KinsON MISTER (KIGM. 15 and lt»). 
 
 ■ In the Edison system of distribution an electitiJytic meter has been 
 employed. A disadvantaige connected with it<< uw is that nobody exct-pt 
 an employee of the company can. find out what the meter has ^ 
 registerwl, and 'even he has to lake every precaution in the 
 wa.shing and drying of the eleotrtKles and in their accurate weighing 
 in a chemical balaucis This meter lifts been very exte-nsively used, 
 and has evidently given fair ssitisfaetion. but the following statements 
 from sonieof the superintendents of Kdison stations show satisfaction js 
 not general: 
 
 '• The confidence is fully as great as in gas molers." 
 
 " They have as much eonfidenee in the Kdison meter as in the gas 
 metier, and probably a Utile more." » 
 
 '• The meter to our customers is a blank, and it becomes a question 
 Vf confidence in the meter man." 
 
 ■• Our meters here arc' ii great deal of trouble owing to the numbei- 
 we have in use, but still we could not get along Vithoat them." 
 
 Sir "D. Solombns, in the last edition of his work on electric lighting, 
 desoriles the Kdison meter as a thing of the fiast. 
 
 It is but fair to the Edison i.N>mpany to say that they do not recom- 
 mend iheir meters being used in stations of less than 1000 lights capa- 
 city. 
 
 TMBKK-WIKK ARON MISTEB (FUli. 17 and 18). 
 
 The Aron thi«e-wire meter (Fig. 17) is used in all the large Edimn 
 stations, and by some otyr eiiuipanics in Oermanjr. It is a moetadmi- 
 rablc and reliable instrument, and it is one from which the conaiimer him- 
 self can learn what he is uBing. The one shown in Fig. 18 is applitiablc 
 to the two wire and A. C. systems. The registering apiiaratus consisls 
 of two sets of oldokwork which will run forty dtys with one winding, but 
 which it is intended- to wind up every thirty days, when the readings 
 are taken. The (lendulum on the left is an ordinary pendulum unin- 
 fluenced by the current, but ihat on the right consists of a ooil of 
 very fine wire, which is connected direct to botb the poaitive and 
 iioyiitiviti wires of the system, while one of the main wirea, either the 
 
 1 
 
 ' V-.' ., 
 
 ■! 
 
 y 
 
 H 
 
 iioaitive or negative, forma a solenoid, through whiob the main current 
 passes, envclopping the fine wire pendulum core. 
 
 u 
 
1 
 
 M' 
 
 %■ 
 
 If 
 
 {{cfont Hay cUr^iit ih |iftiwutt lliruUgli tliu iiiut»r, it hImiuM It^ lu^ t«A 
 ill pl»cc Ui 8Cu that lliu pcDduluniH xwing Hynvhronounly. If thuy dr 
 not, thu inilicutiouii uf oiu^ {kjiiiIiiIuiu will j;aiii upon thuHe <>)' the uth<^. 
 Tlir cMul udjuHtuicnt U> purluut itynuliroiiiam Ih Apl^ined by raiuiiK or 
 lowering tliv woii^ht mi the lul't hand pendulum, iff found mrreM^e ' 
 curnjnt i» itatwcd* thr^gb tlic niotcr, Hnd tbf right band pcnduliuki'M 
 nioveoient bcing.itt!6ok!nited by tbu action of the current, oauHeii the 
 respatering gear to work.. « 
 
 The chief obstacle in the way of the more, general euiploynient of thin 
 meter ix iIm comparatively l^igli first oiist, but it^appeara to l>e worth the 
 money. , 
 
 WIS8TINIIHOU8E NBTRR (FIO. 19). , , ■ 
 
 Thu WeatingbouBc meter in the one which baa been moHt extensively 
 . used in .America for the measurement of alternating currents, having 
 been exclusively used in the Westinghous*' stations, and being now 
 largely used in those of other companies. «, About 1,200 are now 
 in use. It is simply a small alternating current motor with registering 
 gearing, and attached vanes placed on the shaft to retard the movement 
 to a d^^c necessary for its adjuatnicnt and r^ulation. Its chief 
 _ dimdvnntage is that it does not'work readily with a small current, but 
 as this tells i^^inst the company and not against the consumer, the 
 latter will not probably have any ol^lion to it This meter will be 
 better understood by ei;amination of the sample on the table. 
 
 Alternating carrcnt waters havjealsp been made by the Fort Wayne 
 Klectric Co. and the Thomson-Houston Klectric Co. ; but the latter 
 is not yet on the market, and as the author has no experience of 
 either be prefers not to describe them, and would refer members to the 
 " Electrical World " or " Electrical Engineer " for full p^rtieubirs. 
 
 STORAGE BATTERIES. 
 
 Storage batteries have not been applied on this continent to any such 
 extent as they have been in Europe. Wherever they are employe<l 
 except for propulsion of . about a doien nUvet railway oars, perhaps 
 fewer, it has been for the purpose' of securiug light after engines and 
 dynamos have been Hlopped at night, and for railway car lighting. For 
 the latter purpose th^have not hitherto been a success, and have been 
 discontinued on .the Pennsylvania Koad, on the Canada Atlantic and 
 on the Grand Trunk Railways, thfi..Julien battery bavins; been usedin 
 theae cnsea. On the Intercolonial Utilway a great number of can have 
 been fitted up witli tbdse batterws, and it is said several addi- 
 tional charging stations arc to'b^-erected, it h%ving been found that the 
 two at present in operation, one at Levis and the other at Honcton, 
 tcMiether with such current as may be obtained at Halifax, N.S., and 
 .Hontiealj havo l)cen insufficient, or otherwise expreased, the capacity of 
 the bctterios supplied has not been enough to lost during the runs 
 between Xhe various stations. The fact that the coal oil lamps, which 
 were wisely left in position, are' used on nearly every trip, proves the 
 inadequatenem of the batteries which have been supplied for this work. 
 
 Outsidle of these plants storage batteries have been used in five or six 
 places in Canada, among which may be mentioned McGill Coll^, the 
 lit;htii which we have here being run from a Gibson battery in the base- 
 ment. The battery is charged ^m a small shunt wqund dynamo driven 
 by an Otto Gas engine made by Crossley Bros, of Manchester. 
 A PRIVATE INSTALLATION. 
 
 Thu same kind of plant and the Mme kind of battery nrc used' in 
 the residence of Mr. F. R. Rcdpath, the arrangement of which is shown 
 in Figs. 20-23. The plant is in the b«aement of the . house. 
 The gas engine is an Otto made by Messrs. Schleicher, Schumm 
 il Co., of Philadelphia, and is the steadiest running gas engine in 
 Canada. Its weight, with two 54-inch fly wheels, is about 3200 lbs. 
 It indicates 3.9 H. P., with a gas consumption of 26 eabic feet per 
 II. P. per hour. Over the cylinder is a cast-iron saddle, on which the 
 dyumo, a shunt wound machine made by Holmes & Co., of Newoastle- 
 on-Ty'ne, is placed, there being just one quarter of an inch clear- 
 ance between the rim of the fly wheels and the ends of the dynaino bed. 
 Behind the dynamo and attached to the bed of the engine are two 
 wrotight-iron adjustable arms carrying the countershaft and idler pulley. 
 T he dynaino pittlleyiiilliewforeBaw^Bl BeidW *m l Ul6 flyiHieal0f^^ 
 
 A 
 
 ~u 
 
 » 
 
 '-- vj 
 
 •4-'" 
 
 
 ,C 
 
 .15 
 
;\. 
 
 t'» 
 
 it i* lopncd nvur ii 
 iiii Tlio »li|) is 1«* 
 
 X). 
 
 71- 
 
 nUKlDd, IH (loubl«> crowned nml 'is lupiicd nvor lu-arly the whole i-ircuiii- 
 feronoe by two lielts M ithowiiii Tlio Hlip is low than 2 pt-r cent. The 
 iipeed nf the machine is 1811 revoi^ntioiiH |kt minuto. Thn (lynnnm 
 weifchs 4H0 lbs., anil the iillcr pullcY niiil enUnterHhaft 100,SintliHl< tlio 
 total weight of ensinc, dynamo ami lUivini; fjeiir is Jt^OO Ibc. A box 
 7' 4" X 2' 8" < 5* 'S' would eoyer engine, dyjilimn, l)clting, idler 
 pulley and coun^j-rshal't, nud the wholV inif;ht be thus Mhippi-d to any 
 diHtanee eoniplctoly set up ready fur i^imneetiou nf ^iis and exhaust 
 pipes. The arrangement id the plant was di'sigiMHl by Mr. Rcd|>ath, 
 and is most enmpact and ingenious. ' l 
 
 Thcr« are 42 coils of Gibson batU-ry, eaiiaeity rOll am(icre houre, hud 
 ihey arc connected in two sets of 21 each in pArallol, the changing 
 enrrciit being 33 amperes at from Ah to 55 voU« pressure. These 
 cells are ranged on hIicIvcs in the engine room. TJie plati> 
 in this battery are placed horixontally instead of vertically ns in 
 other baltprics, and. have thus the ndvantiige of being less liable to' 
 short eir<!iiiting through i>asU> tailing between tjieni as it doe« in verti- 
 ctilly arranged plates. A sliglit disadvimtago is that the intcrniil resist- 
 ance is higher than some other forms of biitu-ry owing to the plates being 
 further apart ; but this U coinpensaU-d for by the longer life of the Gib- 
 sou, the makers' guaranteeing (« keep it in order for ti>n per cent, fvr 
 annum of the first cost. . The electrolyte used is dilute sulphuric acid 
 with the addition of ^ul'pbat*- of soda, the density of the combined solu- 
 tion being 1.220. This battery will stand heaviy charging, thiin any - 
 other, and has frequently bci-n charged with a current of 75 amperes ; 
 but the most economidal'ljirBCtical charging rate is aboiit :(U amptTcs. 
 -kn charging the current is measured by Weston ammeter and thft pres- 
 sure by a Weston volt meter. There is also ainitlier Weston volt niolflr ■ - 
 in the library upstairs, and iinderiieiith it a rCsistiinec switch of 
 (remian silver in series with the battery, by which the pressure in dis- 
 chargiifg is regulated, as the battery, when first connreted to the lumps 
 after charging, is higher in B. M. V. than wheu nearly dischajrged, and 
 the lamps used are of course of such voltage thal„thcy wdl jlfive their 
 full liaht at the lowest pressrtrc to which the bjittery in practice is 
 reduced. The maintenance of iierfcotly uniforinliglit is thus umlcr 
 eontrol from Mr. Heilpalb's arm chair. 
 
 This is thv first and only I'omplcte privatt,' installation for residen- 
 tial lighting •in Canada, and was first started five years 5»go. shortly 
 niter th« visit of thtvliritish .\ssociation to this country. 
 
 VALF.KYFIKM> AND HAKIUK CK.NTRAL STATIONS. 
 
 Let us describe briefly aod compare these . centrnt stations, bodi- 
 ik)U8tructt!d by! the wriU'r. and Iwth of which are nood samples of their 
 r«.*liective class, lioth have water pitwcr, but the, first is on the Edi' 
 sou threi'-wire system and the st«iM«l is a Brush A. (": plant. In Val- 
 leyfield the power is in the heart of the town and in the cnntre of dis- 
 tribution, so that it is in ihc most favoiir;ibl<' position liir eecmoinieal 
 distributioii by low tension, and the wiri> iiseil is as sniall in area as 
 consistent with even voltage" a tj the lamps and licst efficiency of the 
 plant. Both stations weric, built with rooms for the, man in charge 
 over the dynamo riwni. The running expenses are the same or about 
 the same in both places; Frobiibly no other stations of similar capacity 
 in the world cost less to run. the total .mnual expensi; in each being 
 less than $16(10. The capacity of both stations is about tho same, say , 
 150,000 watts. The Valley field station complete- cost $38,000, including 
 building, water-wheels and flume. The" Barrie station, including the 
 same items, cost loss than $22,0l»l>, including over «S000 for the wire 
 leading into town liir the station, fivi! miles distant. In the Barrie 
 station heavily insulat^Ml wire is used throughout the 24 miles of 
 street wiriiig, aud rubber-covef.d wire in all buildings, whereas bare 
 wire is used at Valleyficid for street wiring, and Bie and weather- 
 proof wir« for inside work. House wiring in Valleyfiuld is all cleat 
 work, while most of that at Barrie is cpncealod, the lights in the latter 
 ' place being priucipally in private houses plaooil on brass fixtures, 
 while at Valleyfield drop cords arc used cxolusivoly. The pressure in 
 the houses in Valleyfield is generally 220 "volts, the three wires being 
 carried in all tases where this system is used, in order to maintain as 
 even a load as possible i)n both sides of the circuit. In Barrie the 
 
 ',) 
 
 %: 
 
 H 
 

 \ 
 
 '"■:■■' 
 
 tliaii !lf! \'(iltj< am evur c'lituf tliuiii. Tlic cli»r};i: li>r ciirroiit iivcrajjok 
 lit V^ulli'yfielil 9!l |H'r light n yoar, iiiiil at Hiirric 17.60. ThiH iiieanx 
 ibut, iiiiikinK' <liuv iiljikvaiii'u lur all (Miiiliui;<-iiri(!> in biitli oawM, the 
 lt:irrii! plant will ^My ii.-- ithHrt-huldors Ixjttiir thuii thu VnllejBeVl 
 plant will, wliilii tlir cuMiiuiurs |iuy S1..5U |h'^ li^ht » year less. In the - 
 '-^rriu Ml4i*.i<)ii Wi-iitiiiglioiisc nlctvi^ nm rtsoj iin the preiniKTM of tho 
 
 ■ \artinnl utiu'iiniurti. a>><i Ihex' Cnn Ih; road by the cnnsunivr hd wullax the 
 iH<'.t«!r man. ttic I'lwt nC iipt'ratin): tfir station is 'not inoreancd, (he Diaii 
 who attends to -ihr wirin); nC the buiidinj^B in t4iwn nnd tu collection of 
 accounts takini; the readings; while il' the Kdison meter be used at 
 'Vallcyfield, unoth<;r man will re<(uire to he employed to attend to the 
 ■lieters solely, and his wa<res will -have to be added to the operating 
 expense and thus redueo (lie net rev <mue. 
 
 The resp<Hstivo siww <n' win; used in both stations is worthy of study. 
 At Barric the loss in/the leedcr is 14^ |ier vent, at full load, nearly.tho 
 , same as at VallcyffcM. The length of feetler iit Barrie is 10 miles tor 
 the complete ^>iMu i t, and the nhv nf wire No. 4 B. W. G. At V«)lcyficld 
 the feeders are three in niimbrr and three in a 8ct; the longest is less 
 than two miles for the complete' circuit, and the site of the outnide 
 wires No. 000 B. W. G. The No. 4 wire used ali Barrie weighs 986 
 lbs. per mile, including insulation, and the No. 000 bare wire at Valley- 
 tield weighi< 1288t) lbs. per mile. 
 
 It way bo and has been said that in the one case you. have a per- 
 fectly safe low tension system, While in' the other, to use th^pet phrase 
 of the paid advocate of low tension, you have the " Death-lealing 
 Altuninting Current.'' That is admirable as a trade trick, l;ut even the 
 Kdison Company now advertise that they arc prepared to supply A. V. ' 
 plant to all who desire it. Either there is less dauger than thejL would 
 have the public believe in the A. C. system, or they are ready^ aub- 
 ordinatc principle to pocket in the contest. T<n alter slightly a phrase 
 from Dickens' "Holiday Romance,", the Edison people tlave been advis- 
 ing the'public to " Prohibit the use of the alternating current system 
 on the ground of humanity as it makes ours too expensive." Bi an 
 article on this subject, Sir Williatn Thomson, the gtrestest.. living 
 authority on electrical matters, says: 
 
 " In panning I iiiaif remark that 10(t vi>lt* in the h ante ^ perfectly 
 
 ■ " la/v to the mer, wkethfr the current be tUternnlitig or cnntintiout, ni 
 " i$ proved bi) large and varied ejepirienee in England. " 
 
 It must i)c freely admitted that tl^e accidents reported from New 
 ' York were real and not iitvi.<ntcd^<>r sensational purposes, bat it mast 
 ,also bt! acknowledge^! that in no° other eity in the world is there such 
 an organization as the Board of Electrical Control, to which appoint- 
 ments are^^ade by political influence only., regarilless of qualification, 
 and one of whose advisers is, or was, an individual whose business it 
 was lor the past two years tn discre<lit the alternating system, for 
 whioh^ .service he was well paid. In no other city in the States or Can- 
 ada is thort! such bad consltuction of overhead conductors as there 
 was in New York, and the unditr-ground construction there is nearly as 
 dangerous on account of existing grounds on the wires and leakage of 
 current, and the uonsec|Uent liability to caas<- explosions of gas in 
 subways as has already b<-en rep(<at4-dly doiie. besides fuming the 
 paving stones into .'-a molten mass,'.' 
 
 Furthermore, the insulation of the overhead wires, which have been 
 in use tin some caM>s over eight years, had rotted oiT, being of the 
 i|uality known as" Underwriters," or " Undertakers" if you will. 
 
 Four deaths Itave ncoiirKid in the whole history of elcctrioiighting' 
 in Caiiada fmur shocks of electricity, and two of these were- th^ 
 result of ba>i iiisulation of wires and faulty construction by a purchas- 
 ing comp'iny doing its own work without employing anybody having 
 any knowledge of the business, in order to cheapen the first cost of the 
 plant, and which purohasml a job lot of poorly insulated wire, and ran 
 two dynamos in series with 100 are lamps in circuit at ti tension of 
 nearly 5000 volte. The current Used on that system was a continuous 
 one, not a pulsating high tension current as stated in a circular which 
 some of you may have received. 
 
 Thirty wires radiate from the Valleyfield stations. Un^ pair car- 
 ries tlie current from the Barrio station. In the Barrie station the pres- 
 
 17 
 
 '^^ 
 
^ 
 
 
 I 
 41 
 
 Kttrc of prliiury oilrruiit Is tin- )ii)i;lu9it wliicli lian yet boon used in thin 
 luutry, being »bout 2100 voIih iiver«)(<-'''oii tin- fwidcr. TliitMtrvwum i^ 
 Mined or lowerrd by incrt'iirtinK or ilwnNiHin^ thv cxt-itin); ciiTM-nl iito'ord 
 inWei the load Hh'own on thu tontrftl xtation uiunietvr, whicfiis-^tndtiuU'il 
 to i\ingl« ainperec, and in indi<iatcd by ii Cardow wilt mcU'r,. whichf iihx'Imc. 
 whc'Vo Hii'ntiooed, in :itlachr<l tbrmiuli a cWivcrttT tn llio iiriiiiiturn. 
 Ini<tt\id of |i«\'inga fiimiicnwitiir. as IniMsd in l.hcWQ«lin)iliouw !<y»t«!ni , 
 a tablV of lo»i}i4 and the rorrf»iioBdinj; |irf»(i»irt'i< to be riirritij at the wtA- 
 tion is uicd. Thif> luothud, thongli of uourfie not abaolutt^ly puifcctjiiwinj; 
 to the rip of current witli im-n'asit' o^I'voltaK'' and vire veino, air»wer.i„ 
 very wclK The Cardew volt meter iu the eonipAny'H office in town, 
 which ii m t!«4cllent cheOk upon tht^ dynamo nttctidnnts' work, sIiowh :m 
 Hv'sraRO vaViation of two voUh only in ii nipht's run. The uiainH in 
 town, whieft-aggregalc nearly 14 miles in length, iwe caleulatod for n 
 lora of only 2. per cent, iil full load, whieh j^ivcn a difl'crence of S of ii 
 volt per lamp Vp or down from the Ntandnrd. Tliu house wires, which 
 are insulated With rubbeir and tapei:#ru oiiloulatod for one |)(jr cent, low 
 nuly at full load;\ As most of the lightx are taken in private rertidcnecs, 
 .whore the whole Auinlj^r are hardly if ever in uho at one time, the los.s 
 of light throdgh re^ist«nce of the houib wiring is practically nil. 
 
 ry instrumentit have been used to a vcry.4;oii- 
 ^AcoUntry, aad until recontly were the most 
 Je t;lcotrical mcasuriug instrumcntR. Then- 
 
 ME)VSI'RINr. INf^TRUMKNTS. 
 
 • The Ayrtou npd ] 
 
 siderabk) extent in I 
 
 accurate of all really I 
 
 is a sample ou the table beture you. They are only suited for direct 
 
 rurrentf^ and arc open to tne objection that they have ,ponsidcrable 
 
 , friction and a high temperature Vrror if kept in circuit, which they 
 
 Should never bo except only foi^ few seconds wJien taking readings. 
 
 The Weston volt meter is shown in Pigs, 24 and 25, and on the table 
 aW a volt meter and an iimineter otth'v type. Thesi- voli meters have 
 the great advantage of t>xtrcnio m-iuacy :ind very high . resistance, 
 averaging about 20,000 ohms, m thatvtlie-i|Uaiit«ty of current passing 
 i^ extremely small. They may be kept eontinii^iii^ly in circuit without 
 any kiat<>rial variation in their readings. Tlivy re(|iiir(: careful hand- 
 ling, V>f course, as do all clectrie;^! in»tri(UieutMTbut'thoy are the mo.>i4 
 acoura\e and reliable of all portable^t«slflni^ instruments fur cimtinuous 
 current!^. The volt meters coolain a eWlibratiir;! coil by which their con- 
 stancy can be at all times tesfed. The .writer ha» used i|uit(; a nunib<:r of 
 these initwumcnts which he hiis eheckeil with eacli oilier, and has some- 
 times comnared the higher and lower sc;de by taking the P. D. diflW- 
 ence between terminals of single cells of secondiiry batteries, anil then,' 
 putting the yiiole of the cells in series, compared the reading of totjil 
 E. M. F. of t^«' iMttery. .S'ver:il ti'sU< of this nature have come out 
 within one quarter of a volt. The calil>rnt ions :ire in single volts on tbc 
 higher scale, iind thirtieths, twentieths or tenths of volts on the lower 
 scale. The ammeters read to t<;ntlis of am|HTes in the small sizes. 
 In both the divisions i.f the scale arc si> wide that one quarter of 
 these values can he read with perfect ease. 
 
 For the most perfect readings by thc^t instruments they should 
 be set qiiiti! level, and 5 feet away from any other instrument, 
 or from any m:i.ss of iron or steel, and so placed that the index will 
 point due west when at the centre of th<' scaU-, but these pre- 
 cautions arc not necessiiry fijr ordinary testing of pressure in build- 
 ings, iis the error can nevfar bo more than { volt, if otherwise placed. 
 
 The Cardew volt meter (Fig; 26) is used for both direct and alter- 
 nating oarrchts, and is made to be used itither vertically or horiiontally. 
 The lioriioninl pattitrn has the Advantage of btnng steadier than the 
 vertical instrument owing to the disturbance caused by curreits of air 
 passing up the tube of the latter. AJI the more recent forms of tbis 
 instrumeni have an adjusting screw mitsidc of the case /to bring the 
 needle to zero, which should be done before the current ig turned on. 
 No ad^ustnicnt should lie made while the wire remains warm, as 
 the seotion of the wire may bi- altered l^y any tension put upon it 
 
 ' while in this condition and the calibration dostroyed. 
 
 . . Fur alternating and direct ourrenls Sir Wm. Thomson'a latest in- 
 ttrumenta are the tineit yet produced, but are liiore suited for standard 
 or station than for usu as testing instruments. 
 
 Id the fllwitroHtatic inf trumenta no current passes through the ii>Btru- ' 
 
 ir 
 
 1; 
 
 r : 
 
^ 
 
 iiicril nt !>)), iiii<l wi |tli>> eoiiilitimiM nl' » halUiry tir ilynHiun um n|H'ii )-ir- 
 i-iiil. cHii W limiiil with iwrlVict necnraoy. The t'lis-trifHl bulaiiwH (Ki){. 
 °J7) iiri' niliipti'il Fur Uilli ulttirimtilii; uiid iliroo^. cttrrciitM. t To miy- 
 IxHly ilfHirin<; a Hue HtMliJanMitlioi'iiliiry (ir ntiitinii xct ii('liir);it raut^, 
 iiohi! nrobftti-r tli«irili(W(< iiiHtruuii^nb), exp«nniv« thouitli tlioy Im!. All 
 HtiitiniiK fur nltorimtinii'ciim-iit work^HliouW liiiviwi Tarrtew or Tlioiii- 
 Koii villi meter, a puftiible ThoniMin inqlticullular vliwlroDtHtitfvnItjiioter,' 
 for testing pruMun^ iti cotiHuAiiir'H pruiniHrs, etc., iinH n Thoinwin aoipcru 
 fjaugi^. Pnf ilirfti'f ciirrfiit Htiitiiiim W»'«t<in tir 4 Wdew volt meters for 
 xtatiiiii work anil liiii' ti>8tint! !>hiiul<l be uiieil, and 'rhoiiiiion anipttre 
 piiigcf* for vurrent infimurcnient. The WoHtidKliouHO ammnter. iin 
 exucllcnt limtrumvntoliiMly ruwinliling tho -Thnnison ampere xauf^, in 
 fijiown in Kig. 2ft. artfl the Kiliitnn nmmetiV in Fig. 2J)r For rough 
 iipprozimatinn!* the^ latter i» a cheap and fairly acouratcitwtrument. 
 
 TIlANSMlHSItKN OK POWER. 
 
 In hiH AddreXM at the Annual Meefiui;, the PrMdeut touAhed upon 
 tlie subject of cicctrieal trnnsmiHwion of power, mentioning the iastallu- 
 lion »t the Chollar Nine. Vir^aia City, Nevada. There a Brush 
 plant iH used, aH then xtated, placed 1680 feet below the Burfaoo of the 
 •'round, in a ohaftb<-r 50' long -: 25' wid« x 12' high, hewn out of 
 Holid poipliyry. The nmnll stream of water, which drove the wheels' V 
 at the ("urtace of the mine, — wa« carried down through two iron 
 nipex one lO" and. the other 8" diameter, connected together at the 
 Imttom of the shaft. l)y » Y into a Hingle pipe N" diameter from which 
 f>" pipes lead to the Pelton water wheels' noules, and there developM 
 sufficient energy through the dynamos to transmit io the surface through 
 well insulated cables 450 II. P. The waste water is conveyed 
 away through the Butro Tunnel, pierced through the ^<)e of tlie 
 mount«in for the drainagi^ of the mines — in itself • nionulnent of 
 engineering ability and Western enterprise. This, is at present the 
 ' largest iit.^tallation in the world for transmission of power by statioiiary 
 .electric generators nod motors. 
 
 ,/ ■ About August Inst »,;gonorator and a motor of exactly the same tjrj)* ■/ 
 asthosepliiced in the Chollar Mine were installed at Messrs, Barber ^& / 
 Coi's Mills. Georgetown, Out. The water of the Credit river wis' 
 damned over 2 miles below the mill, and a water wheel and shaft were 
 placed in a building tliere along with the generator. A copper wire 
 was carried back sipd attncliod to the motor, which develops 75 
 
 -" H. P. in the mill. . , > i ■ ' 
 
 . BliKCTRU) RAILWAYS. 
 
 Four years ago tliere may be said<to have been no electric railways 
 ill operation in .Vmeriea. Yet accoroing to the mo»t reliable sources of 
 information there were (!3«J miles of eleclrieally equipped railways in 
 operation and 700 miles under construction at tlie end of Uccembcr, 
 1889: 1063 electric ears were then running and 771 ears were being 
 equipped. The total number of eoniplotvil roads was 107, and 85 were 
 under construction. Of these roads two wen- running in Canada, rtieir 
 total length being 10 miles, and these- were et^uippe^ with 10 mQ|^F_ 
 oars. T^!!. first, at Windsor; Ont., with two miles of road and tw* 
 cars, has now bce^ at least four years in n|ieration ; the other is. at 
 St. Catharines, anVI the length of road is 8 miles, and it is cr|uipped 
 with 8 cars. Both\ roads use the Vandepoelo system. The road at 
 Victoria, B.C., is tiow running. The track is 4 miles longi with 
 4" motor cars. The Vancouver road, how approaching completion, is 
 likowiae I inil.-s in length,' and will bi «>quipped with. 4(niotor oars. 
 It will be running about the liq;inning of .fiine. The Thomson- 
 Houston system is used in both cities, 
 
 By far the largest amount of work in Klectric railways had been 
 done by the Thomson-Houston Co., and the Spragne Co. ranks neit. 
 The table given below shows the amo.Mnt of work -dom- by various 
 oompnies and. that under construction i(i .January hist. 
 
 I .. 
 
 ^: 
 
 
 
 
 'I 
 
 
■^. 
 
 \ . 
 
 ' {■■ 
 
 ■\J' 
 
 . \, 
 
 , „ IH.WTRIC BAII.WAYH. 
 jHofwrolinnitiid iiitder ainnlriM-ltim, ./km., ISDO, 
 
 III (iiirnKiini, 
 
 liiiilfrituiinirncliiiii. 
 
 Niinii' of Hv-tfiii. 
 
 1 TliKiiiKiin lli'iii't'in. ....".! 
 
 2 Sprfjfii'- i 
 
 n \H.t\ ...* ;.. 
 
 4 V«ii iln I'oiii'..,......... 
 
 5 Short. .....^. ........ 
 
 li Bcntlcy-Kni);l>( 
 
 '7 N«tioi»l Klootric Ity.Cn 
 
 » .IuIm'ii 
 
 !> FinhCT 
 
 10 lleiirv 
 
 11 Kii.-.." 
 
 47 
 35 
 10 
 
 S 
 
 ■I 
 
 • » 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 Cur", 
 
 400 
 
 4I)H 
 
 (tli 
 
 57 
 
 17 
 
 (i 
 
 A 
 
 N I 
 
 Kniiiln. 
 
 :i7 
 
 :w 
 
 5 
 
 • i 
 
 I 
 1 
 ft 
 
 ► V r 
 
 <"lt>H. 
 
 5mi 
 
 .*> 
 :!0 
 niil. f];ivcii • 
 
 not J (livi'lK-^ ' 
 
 It 
 
 ' 
 
 itTRkKT Wy{IN<; KOH i;i,KCTin<' LKiliTINt;. 
 
 Kirni. oil luHMiHiit nt'iliiv (Imiiti'i'H oC l>r«ak ilowii from liPiivy «liM!t 
 sloriiiK, bikI the vnriBtion iii Uiiisioii of wiro rBumsd by illc rxtrt'in<'x "f 
 tcnipcraturt' i!x|ifrii'DCC(l in ( "aiiinlii. poles slioiiM be placril not mori' 
 than 13ft li'ct a|i:Mt, or say 4t» lo the mile. Tlivy hIkiiiM nil bo stood, 
 wmnd, utrnigbl etiHiir, 7 iiichf" diiiim'tiT «l. ihf (opeml am) notlciut th:in 
 ':t5 fe<>t long, inid should b<> wt in the <;rouml to ii i|iiiiiiuum duptli of 
 tl fool and Htcuridy taui|ivd. Tlif itoss arms shouid be of wiiind timber 
 44" X-3J", /Well painlwl, and fixed in v'Hin>* '»' in the Jioles und 
 secured tbereto by lap wrews 8'' long, which would thns.i!nt«r int« the 
 pole attrnit 4i*iilehes, They should ncwr Iw iitliiehcd by (•piki-s only. ' 
 Whert!V(er ti'lejfihone or teli'iimpli wires run in the same streets, the poles 
 - should be ol'^ffieieiil heiflhi to earry lliu eleetrie light wires at leant 
 four feet abive them. Hare wire /i.r carryiiif,' either liiK^i or "low 
 tCHHion enrrentJi in towns should be strietly prtdiibiled. 
 
 None biit the best double pettieoat jjlass insulators should be iiajjil 
 The iiiHUlatioii of the wire' sboiijd K; both fint-proof and weat1icr-pro«,il', ^ 
 aiid be of such lonjih texture M to withstand abrislon shoulil other, i 
 
 wires by any "•w*'"' '»'! •«"''''*'''"''''"''"''•' ''p'*'' '"■'•■''• ■' « ' 
 
 Kor outside cinistruetioii some ol' the Kn^lish Hoard of TrMe 
 Ke^ulal ions, which niisht Ih- adopted with advanta(5e in this country, 
 arc' as follows, the niiiTilicrs given iM-inji tlio.se of the Rcgnlationn : 
 
 1 . An aerial conductor in any street shall not in any part thereotiM! 
 at a leiw height from tlio grouml than 2(» ((-el, or when it erotiWf< a 
 street, 3<t feet, or within six fwt of any buildtiiijr for tlnr purposes of 
 
 supply. 
 
 2. Krery support of aerial windue^irs .shall'be of durable material. 
 «)d- Br"pe'''>' *'•'>'■'' "'.'o'""' forces due to wind prcMsure, change of 
 direction of the conductors »r i|nei|ual lenj;lhs of spftii, and the con- 
 ducuirs and susisndin-i; wires (if any) must be .•owurcly attached to 
 insulators fixed to the supporis.' The facl^df >afety shall be at least „ 
 (., and for all other parts 'of the structme at least 12, taking the maxi- 
 mum poHiiibIc wind pres.«ure at 50 lbs. l>cr «|uare foot. 
 
 5. Every aerial conductor shall bti protected by efKcient lighting 
 protectors. . < . ^ 
 
 G. Where any conductor crosses a street, the angle between such 
 (■onductor and the direj^ou of the street at the place of 8Uoh crrisii^ng 
 sh|kll not be less than W degrees, and the spans shall be as short aij. , 
 
 pnggible. ^ - 
 
 7. Where any aerial condiieiqr is ereeUsil so as to et«!S^auy other 
 aerial conductor, or any suBponded wire used, for purposes other than 
 the supply of energy, preeant'Qns shall be taken \>y the owners of such 
 crossing conduBtJffs against the pos«ibility of that conductor coining ^ 
 into contact with Mt# other conductor.* or wire, or of such other con- 
 ductor or wire coming into contact with such crossing isjnductor by 
 breakage or otherwise. ' • ' 
 
 11. The insplatinn resistance of any circuit using high pressure aerial 
 conductors, induiUn^ all devices for producing, consuming or mcasur- 
 ■ ing energy connected to such circuit, shall be suA that should any jiart 
 of the einiuit be put to earth the leakage current shall not exceed 
 ,1- of an ampere in the case of alternating currents; Kvery such 
 circuit containing high pressure conductor.* shall W fitted with an' 
 Indicatin" device which shall ccmtinuously indicate if the insulation 
 
 ,\ 
 
 v. 
 
 ,J 
 
 /., 
 
nwisianiv iiI'Mdu^r oniitlmibir M\ UildW llm t'Oliililiciiir< rK|uinMl liy I hi 
 ri>):iiUliiiii. 
 
 14, Tllii o^iiiT III' I'Vi'ry tirriiil I'imiliii'tiir kIidII Im rtMiNiiisihlc liir llii 
 rHitiiimuy nf rycry ^•U|i|ii)rt tn n'liii!li siii-li ruiiiliii'tor i" iiIIjiVIiciI. 
 
 in. Kvcry liiriul ciHiiliii'tiii'. iiidnilini; its suiiiniiiK, iiiiil nil llir xtnic. 
 luml iwrU iiuil olo'lrii'itl |l|'|l|illll^l^'• itii<l ilfvici-s iHiloii^iii^ to or 
 t'oniiwU'il witlil.iiicli <'iiiii|iiuliirs, iiUfirT!)' July iiiiil officitiiidyKiiin'iviMNl 
 iiiiil iimiiitiiiiK'il by nixl mi lirlmlf i^' iIk* <>wm'r» hh rv);ni'<lH Ixilh ok'vtri- 
 oiil anil iiU'.<-liiiiiWl ■'■xiililiiiii. 
 
 hi. All iii'riiilY'oixiocliil' ''ImII nut In: |K<riiiilU.<(l tn ritiiiiiiii vriH-toil 
 nl'li'r it liiiM uiM«4i'il Ui ^Ih! usnl liir llic Mii|i|)ly iiritnui'i'y uoU'kh tliw . 
 iiwnvrH iirNUi'h i'iiii<liiH4ii' iiiti'iiil. witliin ii riMiHiiniiblr liiiii-. ik^min to. 
 utko it iiitu uiH-. 
 
 17. Kvvry »vriiriMbiiilui-tur nliiill Im\|iIuc(.mI iinil UKi'iiwlth duu ri't^nnt 
 to vlotrtric liiH'H aiiiKworkH IVdiii rlimi' ttt tiuiit iisoil or iiitcndud Va lie 
 iiiwd, for tliu pUrpoiH.- of totogi-upliiv vouimpnicatinn, or thr rurreiitH in 
 nucti oloctriu liiitn iinil worku, mul Rvery^rtMHOoablo iiiouiih hIibII be 
 employed intliti pliiriiiv; iiiid umi ol'iiiTiiilooiii^otpnt tu prevont injurioiiH 
 iiffectiun.'whethtM' by induction or otiivrwiiio, to any Hiioh oluotrio liiiRH 
 or wofkii, or ihc uurriMitH tbcrcin. 
 
 The author cniiMideiH thiit rules 7, l-'t, 14, It'i, Ut niid 17 xlioiild be 
 
 e<|UiItUy binding; hpon ti'legrapli luid tolcphouit eoinpituius whoHiv wiren 
 
 lint often UK esrelusiiiy conatructed lix thoM! of any clcetrie liv;ht eolii- 
 
 .paiiy, and have ip e«)n8e<|U6nee licen i|uitl' an blameworthy fur fin>K 
 
 >iri<;;inatiiig from t'lectrio ciirrunt». 
 
 JIOUSK WIBINO. 
 In the interior wiring, none but lii|;h i-1ii«t rublKVinHulated wire pro- 
 tected by an outer lineii tape or other efltuient rnverin); :<hould be used. 
 None but porcelain or »liite bu'<e out outM iii)d Hwitohc.' fihoiild be 
 iillowed, and the swentin)^ of drop wire.s for Hin);le lights on the main 
 wire!<, Huoh wircK lieinj; alti'rwiirds twistc<l to}>cthi'r and limuj^ht down 
 tn the lamp Hooket, Hhould hir prohibited. 
 
 Wherever lights are HUMpi'Dded by wires.. Htrandud eouduvtt^rs, ei|Ual 
 in area to No. 'M stiindard wire jiaiige, "•overcd with a good solid nib- 
 l)or ooatifi;; and protiHsted mi the outside by silk or cotton braidinj;, - 
 should b<- used, and where taken off from the main wires a porcelain 
 . -rosotto cut-out. such as the K. \V. ni^eitc, should in iill casi-s be provided 
 ' o¥ a wood base rosette may lie used, provided it i» rendered fireproof, 
 ^o switches filiould lie used which do n6t break contact ((uickly and 
 automatically, >ir in which spring.copper makes a connection ; such cop- 
 per isiiuated by the passable of a largo current, and, by losing its hard- 
 iieM therefrom often fails to make good coDiiectiop, and so may cause' an. 
 jiro to form. The t'aiste switch is the only one at pivscnt made on 
 . this contineut which fulfills these conditions. 
 
 ."Fuses for eut-oiits should not be inttttchangeable with others of 
 widely difterent capacity. Over-loading of wires first designed for 
 lighter loads would then be impossible. 
 
 The joints in' wires are preferably made with connectors such as the 
 
 ' Maolntyre wire joint, as soldered jiltints on which acid hn» been used 
 
 fre((uently corrode through the excess of acid not having been remsved 
 
 on c<>mp^tion of the solderiu;;. and It ha,s. been tliu aullwir's expi'rience 
 
 - that ordinarily wircmoii will not take the time or trouble to makfca 
 
 ^ good joint with rosin as a Hux. 
 
 It must lie i-emcmbcrcil that a low tension I'ontiniious current is more 
 liabk' to cause a fii'i' in cas<- of short circuit between the main wires ^ 
 ' than tt'n alternating current, owing to the connection which exists directly 
 between the dynaiiio ami the house wires, permitting the entrance into 
 the housc'of lin enormous current, while with the alternating current 
 : system the short circuiting of the secondary house wires will only result 
 in the immediate melting of the fine wire fuse in the primnry circuit of 
 thc%convcrter. There should 'be no relaxation.' therefore, of adopted 
 regalations in favour of low tension direct systems on iiccount of supposed 
 grearer safety, a thing which does not uxisi in their case, but boih direct 
 and alternating current systems should be treated alike so far :is the 
 _ .wiri^ig of consumets' premise^s j.t concerned, and the pres<"nt standard . 
 •should be iiaise<l; not lowered. 
 
 It should not be forgotten, that one of the most hnportaiit elemoiits in . 
 . the attainment of jK'rfe«-t safety to everyliody eoneerned is the employr 
 
 21 • ■ 
 
 ...■-"-aV" 
 
% 
 
 l^^ 
 
 
 * ''»■> 
 
 mi^t liy »np|>lv <'iMii{i«nii'hiir|iri>|>i-rlv ijiuiliHoil iiii>l ('XiH'rii'iiccil lulMiiir 
 laitfi ^ir ^' I'liiftruHMni mill liir tin' iiiiiiiiM^ ■•l'|iliiiitH. 1 1 willU' I'lHinif 
 li^U' vi'fy t»i"t ifi^MiiHV III i'iii|iliiy Im'II liilii|«'rH, |iliiiiilN'r» iiinl I'vin 
 •liih'umki'tK <m i« ')>i Mf)M<riiii! iniiKiilrnilili' rlct-lrivul iiml riK'tliiiif 
 i'-ifl klliHirliMl^r atxl rk'iir jut'Jioiii'iiri ni i* ^luiic iit tth* |ii'i'M'Mt liiiic in 
 xiiiir ritiHtiliiiii KliitiiiiiK M'liirti iiii/lit In' iiii'iiliiiiK'il, iiii'i'i'ly liir the r>tik>' 
 irt'ltBvin;; trt" "f tlirri' Iu1iiilr)'ll i|<)lb«f" a Vi'iiniii wiijii'h. ii hiiiii wliit'li ii. 
 liltU'li luiirc thfiii.i'oiiiili'rIiiiliiiii-iM l>)' (lie iiiihiilii<rii('liiry r<'i<iilln in llic 
 livhlin^ ;|«<I tl|i' inliUtiimal i-imt iil''i'c|iiilrr>. Nor nlimilil It Im' li>r^iilli'n, 
 „tlint u rlii'j<|> iinil jHHirly iiini-lruitcil rln-irii' Ivlil'in^'plnnt i?>"llii> 
 wiirxt lit' nil ixwKililr invc>liwi»(i», 
 
 Til ri'HHHiin' ill!' finiiii *ii—*' nciviw linvi' Ui'n «i KkiH'iilly |>l«vfil 
 M|iiin liy iiilviH'uti'H III' Inn ii'iiKiiMi ityMviuK, llir I'nllnwinL' ii|iiniiins' 
 III' Sir U'ilWini Tlirinip«ini, \h. .Inlni' lliipkinHon, >fi'. VV. II, I'ri'iri', 
 Priiti'HHir. lii'itrKi' l''i»°l*i> anil Mnnnii'iii' K. Krw|nii. Iinnili'il in iit 
 ri'fi'iit nM'«''liint, III" llir Ni'w Yiirk Snint<i OnniniittiH' un Kii'i'lric liiirllt- 
 in)?, miiylM i-iU'il. Tlii'M';:(:Diili'nhii, wlii)M'i|iiiilifii'i(liiiiiM iiih|ii-iik iiulhnr- 
 iliitiri'ly un thi' xuliji'i't I'ltiniol Ik' ijUi'-tiimril, iiri' (iniHirally nnani- 
 niiiuH in iIh' ii|iiuiiin thai tin- iliNtriliHliiiii liy iiltt'rnaliiiK oiirri-iitM I'lin 
 Ik> niiil ii« nali'ly rarrii'il nul liy niMliTtrrnuinl nr iivcrtii'ail wiri'H nl- pri'M- 
 KiircH of '^IHIII |4>'2A0<I vnllit: lliat alisiiliiti' Mili'ty In tlii' |H'nHiii can Im' 
 ' iiiul is iiljiaihiMi in thi- iiki' ill' Hiit'li nirrrMlM ; lliat tlirri' in Ivhh iljiii)«'r 
 f'riiin iiiv frnni an aiti'niallii): i-nrri'iit HyHtcni nmii)r ciinvorti-rx tlinn 
 t'riini a rimliniiiinH liiw tfiiHinii curri-iit ciijiiK'Cti><l ilirt'i'l I'niin tlir 
 ilyimiun In tin- inni'niiii'rs' pri-iniM'i< (anil llii- lii;;lii'r thi- ti'iisiini in tln' 
 priniafy tlic LirvatiT tin- naffly in llii» rrM|ii><'t ) : llial iin an'nniit nl' 
 , lilt; HUiall I'nrront ainl lliit i'nnm't|uviil1y HUialli'r ari'ii nt' i'ii|i|H'r wire 
 ri*i|uiri'il llir itK (lixtrihutiiin, lln- allcrimtiii}; i-nrrcnt liail iiiaiiy ailvaii- 
 taufs iiWr all KVHtviiiH of low ti'imion iliKlriliutimi : anil that, a |iro|Hin>' 
 viHiHtruvti'il and nioiintcil riinvertor ii.iii itm'lf an effti'livi' protrilor.to 
 till' unT iif I'lt'i'trir illuinination ii'uaiiiHl ilaiijfi-r friiui i<li<K'k or firr. 
 
 [n concluHinn tin- npininn may iii' ulwi lia/.anlril that within thr nest 
 ten yi'iirK tlirco-foftrthii of tin- iuciimlpwviit I'li'i'trii' li);litiu^ on thi" 
 aonliiK'iit, followiii}; the «'X»i||l|)l|ll^vw iw'l in Eurii|ii', will Im' nlrrii'il ntit 
 on thi; nlturiiatiiijg tsurftnt t4|Mff^n>i-r HyHtViu lit iin-ri'aM'il rather than 
 Jowur prji'HHUrt'H thnn nt pt't^'nl uhuiI, aiiiltltnta Ur};(; prii|Hirtiiiii nf onr 
 mills uml fai'liiries sitantt-il witli^i livp or i;vi-n U'li niili's of water 
 |iow«'rs will Ik' rnii hy i-li'Ctrie innlorH eiUivr ilriven ilirei't by hiuli ten- 
 siun roiitiritionK'carriMitii or by luw ti'iisriiii altt'riiatinficurri-iitsolitninfd 
 'hroujjh conVcrti'rs ftttnchi'd (o primary I'ondiiotors nirryiiiii a lii;fh 
 tciuiion uiid smiill current. 
 
 ACKSOWI.BIMIMKNT. ■ , 
 
 ■ • • ' ' I '.".■■' 
 
 Mtii-h of tlu' iiifonDatioii i-ontaini'il in thin I'aiMT has Urii 
 ntitaiiii'il from various roiupaiiics. liriiiH,and individnais. and ihe Author 
 lU'siri's t4i plai-o. on rciiird his fsratefid approViatioii M'llu'ir kindni's.-, 
 nniMo convey his sineere thniiks to the Wes^injrhiniw Kle«;trie (!ii. 
 of PittJilmr-i, the Brusir Eliftric Co. of Cleveland, the TIniXi 
 ton InternttlioiiaKKIwtric Ciiiu|iMny of Boston, the Hoyal' 
 of Montreal, the IJaJI Efei'tijjjLiiinht Co. of Torontn, tli 
 Kleclric Liirht Co. of W^terfSw, Mr.. J. J. Wrif^hl 
 Klwtric Li)^t Co., Missrs. .1. W. Quwn it Co. t»f I'hil ^ 
 Weston Klrt!tric«l (nstrunleni Co. ..of Newark. N..I., and to Mr. A. 
 Barthmann of New York. repriwntiiV): Mr. W. HaVkenthal of Berlin, 
 for pirtienlais of niaehine tipd instruiiieiit i-nn.«trnf-tioii and loan of 
 wnodeiits. His tjianks arc also s|Hcia liy due to .Mr. T. Commerford 
 *Win. Kilitnr of the ■ Ki.m'trii'.m. Enhinekk.' New York, foi« 
 staTrt^i/tf coni'crMinjr the pr<'.'«'9t eoiidition of the eJi'Otrieai indiiHtries 
 ^^if-i|Hniiteil Sti«tif>s, anil to Mr. !•'. R. Redpath of Muntreal for the 
 ^aphs of.flly KdiMin dynamo and of the cleetrie lifiht plaqt in 
 own resideijHBlfittiR'hieh'the wiHHieiitti thereof h»ve been prmluced. 
 
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