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 IM.UST 
 
 LOND 
 
INSECTS 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 INJURIOUS TO FRUITS. 
 
 I 
 
 HV 
 
 WILLIAM SAUXDLRS, F.R.S.C, 
 
 K,ll,.» , 
 
 f till" .\mr>ricim Associutioii for tho Advaiu .Miu'iit of Soiunco, Follow of tlio K.iyal 
 
 Mi.roscopioal Sociiity of l.omloii, KiikIhiuI, I'residoiit of tho Kiitomolosioal Society 
 
 ul Ontario, Kilitur of tho " Cuiiadiaii Kntoniolotrist," I'rosideiit of tlio Fniit- 
 
 Crovvors' AsHociafioii of Ontario, (,'orro.t|ioii(ling Jlornbor of tlio 
 
 Aiii.'iiian Krilomological Soi-ioty, I'liiladolpliia, of tho 
 
 Ihillalo Socioty of Natural Scioiiccs, thi> Nalnial 
 
 History Socioty id' Jloiitreal, etc. 
 
 ll.M'STllATKn WITH FOUR IKINDRKI) AND FOIITV WOOD-CUTS. 
 
 PHI I. A DKI.l'iriA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 LONDON: 16 S U T II A iMPT N STIIRKT. STRAND. 
 
 1 8 8 ',]. 
 
Copyright, 1883, by J. 11. LipnNCdiT A Co. 
 
DEDICATIO]S[. 
 
 To (l.e Fruit-Growors of AnuM-ica this work is respectfully dedi- 
 oatod. with an earnest l.ope ,l..t it may be of praetioal use to ti.e.n 
 '" t''« wurfaro with destructive insects in which they are con- 
 stiititly enf:;a^ed. 
 
 W. SAUNDERS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 TiiK ciiltivatioii of fruit in America lias of late years 
 become of >■<> much commercial imj)ortance, as well as do- 
 iin'-tic interest, that no apolouy is necessary for ofVerinti' to 
 lli(! iVuit-tirowinti- community a work of wiiich they must 
 have loMij: felt the need. 
 
 'flic amateur who plants a city lot, ami the farmer who 
 devotes a ])ortion of his land to the cultivation of those 
 iVuits which furnish from niontli to nior/h pleasant and 
 ehant^eful variety to the tahle, as well as those who orow 
 fruit to siip|)ly tlu; home and foreign markets, are alike in- 
 terested in making this pursuit a success. 
 
 Injurious insects are so universally distributed that there 
 is no |)art of our continent where fruit-culture can be 
 jirolitably carried on without some elfort beint:; made to 
 subdue them. Amonjj; the insect hosts we have friends as 
 well as foes, and it is to tlu' friendly species that nature has 
 assi<:;ne(l tlie task of kecpiiii; in subjection those which are 
 destructive; these, in many instances, do their work most 
 thoroughly, devouriiij:; in some eases the e^gs, in others the 
 bodies, of their victims. It is not uncommon to find the 
 antipathy to insects carried so far that a war of extermination 
 is waged on all, and thus many of man's most ellicient allies 
 are consigned to destruction. 
 
 The information necessarv to enable the fruit-urower to 
 
6 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 
 (leal intelligently with this subjeet hius not hitherto been 
 easily aeeessible, having been ditrused ehiefly among a large 
 nnniluT of voluniinons State and Departmental reports and 
 books on seientifie entomology, where the practical knowledge 
 is so ninch encnmbered with scientific and other details as to 
 make liie acquisition of it too laborious a process for those 
 M hose time is so fully occupied during that ])eriod when the 
 information is most needed. 
 
 It has been the aim of the author of this work to bring 
 together all the important facts relating to insects known to 
 be injurious to fruits in all j)arts of (/"anada and the United 
 States, to add to the information thus obtained the knowl- 
 edge he has acquired of the habits and life-history of many 
 of our insect pests by an experience of over twenty years 
 as a fruit-grower and a student of entom(>logy, and to i)re- 
 sent the results in as concise and plain a manner as possible, 
 avoiding all scientific phraseology except such as is iR'cessary 
 to accuracy. 
 
 The arrangement adopted under the several headings, by 
 which the insect pests which attack the ditlerent parts of the 
 tree or vine under consideration are grouped together, will, it 
 is lioped, with the aid of the illustrations, greatly facilitate 
 the determination of any injurious species. When having 
 before him its history briefiy traced and the remedies which 
 liave been found most useful in subduing it, the reader will 
 at onc(! be enabled to decide as to the best methods to be 
 tiinployed. 
 
 The author desires to make the fullest acknowledgment to 
 those of whose work he iuus availed himself. The writings 
 of Say, Peck, Harris, Fitch, Clemens, Glover, Walsh, Riley, 
 Lintner, Comstock, Le JJaron, Thomas, French, Packard, 
 
 < irot 
 
 riiii 
 
 KngJ 
 
 inadl 
 ict'cr 
 tlie \\ 
 I teen I 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 I'nnj? ^ 
 
 <;r()t(', Lcconto, Horn, Ihiiron, CIkuuIkts, Tloward, Cook, 
 riil.r, (.'ivsson, Feniiild, KcUicott, Wiliet, Jictlmiie, Potiit, 
 K()i;trs, U(H'(1, Flotchor, IIarrin<:;ton, and others liavo hcoii 
 made trihutarv ; and in some instances, where the inseet 
 referred to has not l)een the snhjeet of personal observation, 
 the words of the anthor ch'awn from have to some extent 
 I»een used, modified so as to hrinj; them into harmony with 
 tile general aim of this woric. To the writings of ( '. \\ 
 Rih'v, of Washington, the author is eHj)eeially indebted ; his 
 Missouri Reports and subsecpient entomological reports in 
 <'onneetion with the Department of Agrieiilture at Wasiiington 
 have becii found invtiluable. 
 
 The material contained in the ehaj)ter on orange insects 
 has been derived mainly from the excellent i'e|)ort of J. II. 
 Comstoek as Entomologist to the U. H. Department of 
 Agrieidture for the year 1880, and from his subseiiuent 
 writings; from a [)aper on tiie parasites which attack scale- 
 insects, by L. (). Howard, in the same report; also from 
 the writings of Townend Glover and C. V. Ililey, from a 
 treatise on oraiig(! insects, by William 11. Ashmead, from a 
 pamphlet on insects injurious to fruit-trees in California, l)y 
 Matthew Cooke, and from the writings of Dr. S. V. Chapin 
 and others in the iirst report of the Board of State Agricul- 
 turid Commissioners of California. 
 
 To J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, the 
 author is under much obligation for his kindly aid in revising 
 the nomenclature. An acknowledgment is also due to the 
 following specialists, who have revised lists submitted to 
 them of the names of insects in their de|)artments : Dr. 
 (leorge II. Horn, E. T. Cresson, A. U. (Jrote, P. Uhler, J. 
 11. Comstoek, iind L. (). Howard. 
 
r It El AVE. 
 
 y 
 
 ^ 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 Tliroujjfli the libcralitv of the Council of the Eiitomoloy-ifnl 
 Society of Ontario, permission wjis grar.lcii to liave electro- 
 tvpes made from anv of the cuts in the Society's collection, 
 and from this source a larjje number of fi<;ures have been 
 obtained. Many of these were purchased by the Society froni 
 C. ^'. Ivilev, and some are the work of Worthiny;ton (i 
 Smith, of London, England, and other English and Anieri 
 can engravers. 
 
 Nos. 21, 22, 31, 93, 102, 104, IIG, 137, 141, 142, \\:^. 
 1(19, 199, 201, 205, 206, 291, 292, 305, 321, 332, 347, and 
 348 were purchased from C. V. Riley. 
 
 Nos. 20, 151, 152, 167, and 208 were kindly loaned by A. 
 S. Forbes, of Normal, Illinois. 
 
 Through the kind liberality of the Hon. George B. Loring. 
 U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, permission was granted 
 to obtain electrotyj)es of the following, which have appeared 
 in the Commissioner's reports : Nos. 13, 15, 32, 35, 42, 96, 
 108, 114, 115, 126, 181, 195, 248, 270, 286, 287, 288, 377, 
 J93, :{94, 400, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 
 
 <j 
 
 413, 414, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 428, 
 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436. 
 
 Nos. 8, 25, 63, 109, 13' 144, 329, 338, 350, and 401 
 were purchased from Dr. A. S. Packard. 
 
 By kind permission, the following were copied from Town- 
 end Glover's excellent plates : Nos. 9, 49, 66, 78, 82, 83, 87, 
 111, 121, 146, 147, 148, 150, 155, 163, 202, 209. 236, 23 
 
 i< . 
 
 249, 282, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 315, 320, 322, 333, 367. 
 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 440. 
 
 From Harris's works: Nos. 11, 86, 120, 159, 174, 188. 
 
 From the reports of C.V.Riley: Nos. 101, 103,105, 
 107, 228, 229, 230, 378, 379. 
 
 
 1m 
 
 .",01. 
 
 1m 
 
 118, 
 
PliKFACE. 9 
 
 From the reports of Dr. As;i Filch : Nos. oO, 1)7, I'S, 5Ji), 
 
 Fr(»m Dr. A. S. I'iickard's works : Nos. IG, llU, 11;), ! 17, 
 118, 111>, 150, 157, 158, 1G2, 176, 177, 82.'), 328, ;J81, 382, 
 ;)83, 384, 385, 380, 387, 388. 
 
 From B. Wal>li's first report No. 14^^ was copied, No. 55 
 from one of Cvriis Thomas's reports, No. 187 from a |)lati' 
 |)iihlishc(l l)y W. IT. Edwards; Nos. 427 and 130 were 
 eopieil (reduced in size) from the rej>ort of th' TJ. S. Coai- 
 inissiouer of Agrieidtiire for 1880, Nos. 438 and 130 from a 
 treatise on insects injurious to fruit-trees ;^ California. ! s' 
 Mattliew (Jooke, and Nos. 308, ;>00, 402, 4u5, 415. 41.", 425, 
 and 43V irom a treatise on o-ange insects, by ^^iIIiam II. 
 Ash mead. 
 
 The remainder have been drawn from nature and eniiiavd 
 for this woi'k eiiiefly by tlie foHowing artists, wlio have also 
 engraved the co{)ies : II. H. Niehol, of Washington ; W'or- 
 tliington G. Smith, of London, Fngland ; H. Fabi r iV' Son, 
 and Crosscup it West, of rhihidel[)hia ; and 1*. J. Edmunds, 
 of Lon(k)n, Ontario. 
 
 Throughout this work, where an author's name, foHowing 
 the scientiiic name of an insect, is enclosed in parentheses, 
 it is an indication that the antiiority is for the species onlv, 
 and that the genus has been ciianged since the insect was 
 described. This is in accordance with the recommeiidvtion 
 of the Dritish Association made sonic vears ago, antl is now 
 vi'rv gencrallv atlopted. 
 
 WM. SAUNDERS. 
 
 London, Ontario, Canada, Ajiril 11, 188:?. 
 
mtJM 
 
 m 
 
 if Inskcts I 
 ^i to No. '2 
 Inski'ts 1 
 ( iih'liiili 
 Inskcts i 
 -'lit mill 
 Inskcts i 
 
 to No. 'J 
 
 ].VSKCTS 1 
 
 Mo. liUfll 
 
 Inskctn i: 
 
 I to No. lii 
 l'- 1 NSKcTs i; 
 i No. L'li-J) 
 
 ,'t ] NSKCTS 1> 
 ) ] NSKCTS I> 
 
OOIS^TEIS^TS. 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Insects iNJuuiors to thk Ai'I'LE (including No. 1 to No. 04) l:'-!;)',* 
 Inskcts inmurious to ihk Pear (including No. 05 to No. 82) HO-lOl 
 Inskcts iN.juurors to thk Plum (including No. 83 to No. 9(i) lO'J I'.n) 
 Inskcts iN.iURior.s to thk PkaiII (including No. 07 to No. 
 
 101?) 191-200 
 
 Inskcts iN.iriiioLs to tmk Ai'khot and Nkctarink . 200 
 
 Inskcts i.nmuhiol's to iiik Cukuiiy (including No. 104 to 
 
 No. 118) . . L>()1-'J21 
 
 In.sects injl'kiol-.s to thk tiriMK (including No. ll'J to 
 
 No. 121) 222-220 
 
 Inskcts in.h itiors to the (Iiiatk (including No. 122 to 
 
 No. 17:5) 227-;]02 
 
 Inskcis iN.iiiuois TO thk Kasphkhry (including No. 171 
 
 t.. No. 185) .",();!- :n 7 
 
 Inskcts iN.rruiors to thk IJi.ackmkiuiy (including No. 18ti 
 
 to No. IS'.i) ;!18-320 
 
 Inskcts iN.nuiors to the Stkawhkhkv (iniduding No. l',)0 
 
 to No. 201 ) :!2; -835 
 
 Inskcts iN.nuiors to thk Hkh and White Ckkkant 
 
 (including No. 202 to No. 215) 330-353 
 
 Insects iN.iiKUirs to iiik IJi.ack CruitAN t ( iocluding Nos. 
 
 21(1 mid 217) 3.')4-350 
 
 iNsKirrs iN.iriuor.s to the (ioosKitKiuiY ^including No. 218 
 
 to No. 220) ;i57-300 
 
 Inskcis iN.iritiois to thk Melon (including No. 221 to 
 
 No. 22(1) . . . • 301-308 
 
 Insects in.ii'iuois to imk (.'haniikiuiy (including No. 227 
 
 t'> Nil. 23.S) ■ . . . 309-370 
 
 Insei'Ts iN.M;Riors ro iiik OuANiiE (including No. 239 tn 
 
 No. 204) 377-422 
 
 Insects in.iuriocs to iiik Omvk ( No. 205) .... 423 
 
 Insects in.iikiois to the Fui^No. 200) . , , . 424 
 
 u 
 
 -.11 
 
r-3^WWWW 
 
 mmmmmm 
 
 ins: 
 
 Tins 
 
 tJlO tiMl 
 
 under l 
 iiili's :ili( 
 ties sori 
 the li'cc 
 llie rooi 
 
 U|K)11 (' 
 
 tain in 
 (■())n])an 
 iioilii's ( 
 the :i|)|)( 
 .•'ix time 
 
 tViMU til 
 
 tli(> liin( 
 knotted 
 The insc 
 indicate 
 The a 
 j;'ists (u 
 that it ii 
 sucking 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUITS. 
 
 ^1^ 
 
 INSECTS INJIIIIIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 No. 1. — The Apple-root Plant-louse. 
 
 Srhlzmuinii htniijiva (TIiuisiii.). 
 
 Tjiis iiisoci ai^pcai's in two iorins, one of wliicli attacks 
 tJio trunk of the appU'-trci; (see ^so. 9), tlu,' other works 
 undor the j2;roun(l and ])ro(.luces on tlie roots wart-like swell- 
 iiiiis and excrescences of all shapes and si/cs. These deformi- 
 ties seriously diniinish the normal supply of nourishment for 
 the tive, and where very numerous induce i2;radual decay of 
 the I'oots, and o(!casionallv result in the death of the tree. 
 Upon close examination the excrescences arc foinid to con- 
 tain in their crevices very minute pale-yellow lice, often ac- 
 companied by lar<:;cr win>z;cd ones. Tin; former have their 
 bodies covered with a hlnish-white cottony matter, havinj^ 
 the a|)j)earanc(> of mould, the lilamcnts of which are live or 
 six times as lono' as th(; insects themselves, and are secreted 
 tVom tiic upper part of the body, more particularly from 
 the hinder portion of the back. In Fi^'. 1, a represents a 
 knotted root, h a windless louse, and c a winded specimen. 
 The ins(>ets an; both majiiiilied ; the short lines at the sides 
 indicate their natural siw. 
 
 'i'he apple-root i)lant-louse is believed by some entomolo- 
 nists to be a native ins(>ct, whiles others hold to the opinion 
 that it has been importetl from luu'op(>. It is nourished by 
 snckinj; the juices of the tree, pi'rcinu; the tender roots with 
 
 l:; 
 
14 
 
 IXSECTS IXJUIilOVS TO THE Al'I'LE. 
 
 its proboscis. Jn tiie very younn; lice this instrtiinciit, wIhii 
 at rest and folded under the abdomen, is longer than the 
 body, but in the more mature specimens it is only about twd- 
 
 thirdsthe length nf 
 Fui. 1. the bodv. AVhilc it 
 
 usually ooniines it- 
 sell' to the roots of 
 trees, it issometinic- 
 found oji tlu! suck- 
 '^:^^j) ers that sj)ring \\\\ 
 around them, and 
 
 .,7/i — t^ II ^ F -- sometimes a!«n 
 
 Hs^y / c \ about the stump of 
 
 an amputated 
 branch, but in every instance it mav be recoy-nized bv the 
 bluish-white cottony matter with which its body is covered. 
 If this cottony covering be forcibly removed, it will be Ibniid 
 that in two or three days the insect will liave again produced 
 sulficient to enveloj) itself completely. Occasionally the ma- 
 ture lice crawl u|) the branches of the trees during the sinii- 
 mer, where they also form colonies, and then are Unown :i> 
 the \\'oolly Aphis of the Apple. This form of the insect will 
 be refiirred to more fidly under Xo. 'J. 
 
 The appearance of this root-louse is reconled in DowniiiL' - 
 " JEorticultnrist" as early as 1848, at which time thousand- 
 of voung trees were found to be so badiv iid'ested that tiiev 
 had to be destroyed. Since that period it has been gradually 
 but widely disseminated, estal)lishing colonies almost ever\ - 
 where, in the North, South, East, and West. Where a tree i- 
 siclvly from any unknown cause, and no borers can be found 
 sapping its vitals, the presence of this pest may he suspected. 
 In such cases the earth shoidd be r(MUov<'(l from the root- 
 about the surfa<'e, and ihese carefully c.xamined, when, il 
 warty swellings are discovered, no time should be lost in 
 taking steps to destroy the insidious foe. 
 
 Iiiinc(liet<. — The most successful mean.s yet devised for de- 
 

 ATTACKING TIIK ROOTS. 
 
 I') 
 
 lor (It 
 
 stroviriir these root-liee is the use of scahliiii!;-h()t wtitcr freelv 
 pDiired aroiiiRl the roots of the trees. If the trees are re- 
 iiiaiiiiiii^ in the .-oil, the roots may be hiitl ban; and the water 
 used nearly boiling without injury; but where they have 
 been taken up for the purpose of transplanting, and arc 
 to be dippi'd in the hot water, the temperature should nut 
 exeeed 150° Fahr. ; under these eireunistanees from 120° to 
 loO" woidil sidliee for the purpose. A nndeh |)laeed amund 
 the tre^s for st)me time previous to treatment has been ibund 
 useful in bringing the liee to the surfaee, where they ean be 
 more readily reaehed by the hot water. Drenehing the I'oots 
 with soa[)suds has also been reeommended, to be followed by 
 a liberal dressing of ashes on the surfaee. 
 
 There are several i'ricndly inseets whieh prey u[)on the 
 root-louse. A very minute four-winged lly, Aj>hr/iiniK iiudi 
 (see Fig, 15), is |)arasitie on it, and the larva of a small 
 beetle belonging to the Lady-bird family, Sci/mitn.s ecrrlcdflf^, 
 i'vviU on it. This friend is diflieult to re('o<rni/e amonti- the 
 lice, from the fact that it is also covered on the back with 
 little tufts of woolly matter secreted from its body ; these 
 larvie are, however, larger than the lice, and much more ac- 
 tive, and may be i'urther distinguished by the woolly matter 
 being of an even length, and arranged on the back in trans- 
 verse rows. The perfect beetle is very small, being but one- 
 (wcntielh of an inch long, with a dark-brown body ;md a 
 light-brown thorax. The beetle has been observed preying 
 on lice about the surface of the ground. 
 
 A third friendly insect, probably the most ellicient check 
 upon the increjuse of these liee, is known as the Root-louse 
 Syrpli\is lly, i'lpha r(i((icuiii Riley, which in its larval state 
 I'ccmIs upon them. It is then in the form of a footless magg(»t, 
 which, when full grown, is about a (juarti'r of an inch long 
 ( l''ig. 2, a), of a dirty yellow color, and usually so covered 
 with dirt and with the woolly matter of the lice it has de- 
 voiM'ed that it is not casilv discerned. The cl>'<!;.s from which 
 these larva; are produced arc laid by the lly (Fig. 2, c) in the* 
 
16 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 I 
 
 Fiu. 2. 
 
 spriiii;. The larva* nmtiire during tlio suinnu'r, aiid in tho 
 i'all cliaiiire to the pnpa state, as shown at h in the figure, 
 tVoin which the peit'eet fly emerges th(! following spring. 
 
 The larva, ehrysalis, 
 and fly are all luag- 
 nilied in the figure. 
 -7,,;^ The fly measures, 
 when its wings arc 
 cxjjanded, nearly half" 
 an inch aeross; its 
 body is black, the 
 head hairy with shori 
 white hairs, tlu! tho- 
 rax also similarly hairy and finely punctated; the abdomen 
 finely punctated, and adorned with long white hairs; legs 
 partly reddish, partly black ; wings transparent, with black 
 veins. 
 
 Til 
 
 ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
 No, 2. — The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. 
 
 Siijx'rdd rinidida Fiihr. 
 
 The r(iund-head(!d ap))le-tree bonn* is a native of America, 
 wliose existence was unrecorded bel'ore 1824, wIkmj it was de- 
 scril)cd by Thomas Say. Thi» y(!ar following, its destructive 
 character was observed about Albany, N.Y. It is now very 
 widely and generally distribiUcd, and probably it was so at 
 that time, although unnoticed, since it iidiabits our native 
 crabs and thorn-bushes and also the common June-berry, 
 Amchtnchicr OoKuIcnsis. W'hile jin^ferring the apple, it also 
 makes its home in tlie pear, cpiince, and mountain-ash. In 
 its |)erfect state it is a very handsome beetle (Fig. '5, «), about 
 three-fourths of an inch long, cylindrical in form, of a palc- 
 brown color above, with two broad creamy-white stripes 
 ruiniing the whole Iciigth of it."? body; the faeo and under 
 
ATTACKING TllK TliVSK. 
 
 17 
 
 tlu" 
 
 til 
 
 VCIV 
 
 so :it 
 ii:ilivr 
 
 )(M'1'V, 
 t !\1S(. 
 
 . Il> 
 
 alxHil 
 
 ^lri|)('s 
 muU'i" 
 
 siirlacr aiv luiary-wliito, the antciuiie and legs ^-ray. Tlie 
 Icmak's aiv lari^or than the males, and have shorter autennic. 
 The Ixcile makes its appearance dnrinj; the monilis of Juno 
 and .hilv, nsnally remaining in eoncoalment during the day, 
 and heeoming aetive at dusk. 
 
 The eggs are depositetl late in June and during July, one 
 
 Vui. :{. 
 
 i 
 
 in a |)Ia('(', on the bark of the tree near its base. Within two 
 weeks the young worms are hatched, and at onc(! commence 
 with their shai'p mandibles to gnaw their way through the 
 ()iit<'r bark to the interior. 
 
 It is generally conceded that tlu; larva is thnu; years in 
 reaching maturity. The young ones lie for ihe first y<>ar 
 in the sa|)-wood and inner bark, excavating Hat, shallow 
 caviti(,'s, about the size of a silver dollar, which aie filled 
 with their sawdust-like eastings. The holes by which tluw 
 enter, being small, 'A\\\ soon iilled up, though not until a 
 few grains of castings have fallen from them. Their pros- 
 tuce may, however, often be detected ii'i young trees tVom 
 the bark becoming dark-colored and sometimes dry and dead 
 enough to (M'a(!k. Through these crai^ks some of the cast- 
 iiiuN generally protrude, and fall to the grouiul in a little 
 liiap ; this takes place es|)ecially in the s|)riug of tin; year, 
 when, with tin; frecpient rains, they become swollen by 
 the absoi'ption of moisture. On the a|»proaeh of winter 
 the larva descends to the low(.'r nart of its burrow, where 
 
18 
 
 iysf:cTS INJURIOUS to riri-: aitle. 
 
 it (loubtk'ss roinaiiis inactive until tiie iollowin*; spriiii:. 
 Dm'ini^ the next season it attains about halt' its growth, 
 still living on the sap-wood, where it does great daniauv. 
 and when, as ot'ten happi'ns, there are several of the^c 
 borers in a single tree, thev will sometimes cause its death 
 by comj)letely girdling it. After another winter's rest, the 
 larva again becomes active, and towards the end of th • 
 following season, when ap[)roaching maturity, it cuts a cylin- 
 drical ])assag(! upwards, varying in length, into the solid 
 wood, afterwards extending it outward to the bark, some- 
 times cutting entirely through the tree, at other times turn- 
 ing back at diiferent angles. The upper part of the cavity 
 is then fdled with a sawdust-like powder, after which the 
 larva turns roiuid and returns to the part nearest the heart 
 of the tree, which portion it enlarges by tearing oil' tlio 
 fibres, with which it carefully and securely closes the lower 
 portion of its gallery, so as to protect it elfectually from the 
 a[)proacli of enemies at either end. Having thus perfected 
 its arrangements, it again turns round so as to have its heail 
 upwards, when it rests from its labors in the interior of the 
 p.isM'.ge until the following spring, when the mature larva 
 sheds it.-" skin and discloses the chrysalis. In this conditinn 
 it I'emains about two or three weeks, when the perfect beetle 
 escapes. At ilrst its bodv and wing-cases arc soft and flabbv, 
 but in a few days they harden, when the beetle makes its 
 way through the sawdust-like; castings in the upj)er end of 
 the jiassage, and cuts with its |)owerful jaws a smooth, 
 round hole through the bark, from which it escapes. 
 
 'Hie larvji (Fig. <}, a) is of u whitish (;olor, with a roimd 
 head of a chestiuit-brown, polished and horny, and the jaws 
 black. It has also a yellow horny-looking spot on the first 
 segment behind the head. It is without feet, but moves 
 about in its l)urrows by the alternate contraction and ex- 
 pansion of the segments of its boily. When full grown it is 
 over an inch in length. 
 
 Tlie color of tlie chrysalis (Fig. 3, b) is lighter tliun that 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 :M 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 of 
 
 the 
 
 >' 
 
 th( 
 
 ■ l)a( 
 
ATTACK I SG THE TliUSK. 
 
 19 
 
 :^ 
 
 oC the hirva, aiul it lias transverse rows of minute spines on 
 the back, and a few at the extremity of the body. 
 
 RoimJieti. — The yoiuiii; h\rva, as ah'eady stated, may often 
 be detected by the diseoh)ration of the l)ark. In such in- 
 stances, if the outer (hu'U-colored surfaec; be scraped with a 
 knii'e, hite in August or early in September, so as to expose 
 the clear wiiite bark beneath, the Iurkin<i; enemy mav be ilis- 
 covered and destroyed. Later they may be detected by their 
 castings, which have been pushed out of the crevices of the 
 hark and have fallen in little heaps on the ground. When 
 lirst discharged, these look as if they had been forced through 
 the barrels of a minute double-barrelled gun, being arranged 
 closely togetlu-r in two parallel strings. Those which liavtj 
 burrowed deeper may sometimes be reached by a stout wire 
 thrust into their holes, or by cutting through tiie bark at the 
 upper end of the chamber, and pouring scalding water into 
 the opening, so that it may soak through the castings and 
 penetrate to the insect. 
 
 Among the preventive measures, alhalino washes or solu- 
 tions are probably the most ellicient, since experiments have 
 demonstrated that they are repulsive to the insect, and that 
 the beetle will not lav her eggs on trees i)roteeted bv such 
 washes. S()ft-s(\.[) reduced to the consistence of a thick 
 l)aint by tlu; addition of a strong solution of washing-soda 
 ill water is perhaps as good a foiniula as can be suggested : 
 this, if applied to the bark of the tree, especially about the 
 base or collar, and also extended upwards to the crotches, 
 where the main branches have their origin, will cover tli(> 
 whole surface liable to attack, and, if ap|)lied during the 
 iiioniing of a warm day, will dry in a lew hours, and form 
 a tenacious coating, not easily dissolved by rain. The soap 
 solution shoidd be applied early in June, and a second time 
 during the early part of July. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■'5^ 
 
m 
 
 20 
 
 INSECTS IXJUJilOVS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 
 
 No. 3. — The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. 
 
 Chrijsohothrisfemiirata (Fabr.). 
 
 Tilis borcT is also a luitivo of Ainorioa, and is in its in:i- 
 ture state a beetle belonj^ing to the family Biiprcstiche. Ir 
 is a very active creature, one which courts the light of dav 
 and delights to bask in tiie hot sunsiiine, running up and 
 down the bark of a tree with great rapidity, but instantlv 
 taking wing if an attempt be made to capture it. The beetle 
 measures from tliree-ein'hths to half an inch or more in h.'nirtli. 
 (^ee Fig. 4, d, where it is shown somewhat enlarged.) ]t is 
 
 of a flattish oblong form and of a 
 shining greenish-black color, each of 
 its wing-cases having three raised lines, 
 [ )j: the onter two interrupted by two itn- 
 ])resse(l transvi-rse spots of a brassy 
 color, dividing each wing-cover into 
 three nearly e(pud portions. Tlie 
 under side of the body and the legs 
 ^B» /<( ^^\ shine like burnished copper; the feet 
 
 /JBkI^ ^^fM' are shining grc-n. 
 JimM'c c This j)est is common almost every- 
 
 where, aill'cting alike the I'rosty re- 
 gions of the North, the great West. 
 It is nuich more abundant than tlir 
 two-stripeil borer, and is a most formidable enemy to apple- 
 cultiu'e. it attacks also the jjcar, the pliun, and sometiuKs 
 the peach. In the Southwestern States it begins to appeiir 
 during the latter part of May, and is found during most of 
 the summer months ; in the Northern States and Canada its 
 time of api)carance is June and July. It docs not confine its 
 attacks to the base of the tree, but affects the trunk mon; 
 or loss throughout, and sometimes the larger branches. 
 
 The eggs, which are yellow and irregularly ribbed, arc 
 very small, about one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an ovoidal 
 form, flattened at one end, and are fastened by the female 
 
 W 
 
 and the suunv South 
 
 
 more s( 
 
 
 1(1 a ehi 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 nearly 
 
 
 iliangc.'' 
 
 
 uradnal 
 
 
 and in 
 
 
 having 
 
 
 roams a 
 
 
 The 
 
 
 grub, w 
 
 
 (latteno( 
 
 
 swollen 
 
 
 riMjuires 
 
 
 been de 
 
 
 its tran> 
 
 
 Heme 
 
 
 ill its s 
 
 
 Iocs ; bt 
 
 
 (lestrov( 
 
 
 dialcid 
 
 
 [larasite 
 
 
 niie of 
 
 
 in I'ig. 
 
 
 The otl 
 
 
 they be 
 
 
 tiles kn 
 
 
 Alth 
 
 
 from th 
 
 A 
 
 or tree; 
 
ATTACKISG TlIK TJiUXK. 
 
 21 
 
 TJi 
 
 M Itli :i iilutinous suh.^taiice, usually uudor the loose scales or 
 witliiii the erac-ks and crevices of the hark; sometimes singly, 
 at other times several in a group. The young larva soon 
 hatches, and, having eateu its way through the outer bark, 
 Ibcds ou the sa[)-\vood within, where, boring broad and flattish 
 channels, a single specimen will sometimes girdle a small tree. 
 As the larva ai)proaches maturity, it usually bores into the 
 more solid wood, working upward, and, when about to dumge 
 to a chrysalis, cuts a passage back again to the outside, eating 
 nearly but not (piite through the bark. Within its retreat it 
 elianges to a chrysalis (Fig. 4, h), which is at first white, but 
 gradually a[)proaches in color to that of the future beetle, 
 and in about three weeks the perfect insect emerges, and, 
 having eaten through the thin covering of bark, escapes and 
 roams at large to continue the work of destruction. 
 
 The mature larva (Fig. 4, a) is a pale-yellow footless 
 grub, with its anterior end enormously enlarged, round, and 
 flattened. At c in the iigun! the under side of the anterior 
 swollen portion of the body is shown. Whether this larva 
 requires one or two seasons to reach maturity has not yet 
 been determined with certainty, but the opinion prevails that 
 its transformations are completed in a single year. 
 
 Reined icff. — One might reasonably suppose that this larva 
 in its snug retreat would be safe from the attack of outside 
 foes; but it is hunted and devoured by woodpeckers, and also 
 (lesti'oyed by insect ])arasites. A very small fly, a species of 
 Chalcid, destroys many of the larvfe; besides which tv.'o larger 
 parasites have been bred from them by Prof. C. V. lliley, 
 one of which, Bracon charm lliley, is represented magoified 
 in Fig. 5, the hair-lines at the side showing its natural size. 
 The other s[)ecies, Ci'i/jifus r/raKator Say, is somewhat larger: 
 tliey both belong to that very useful group of four-winged 
 flies known as Ichneumons. 
 
 Although healthy, well-established trees are not exempt 
 fronj the attacks of this enemy, it is found that sickly trees 
 or trees newly transplanted are more liable to suffer, es- 
 
22 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO T/IE APPLE. 
 
 Fir.. T). 
 
 ju'cijilly oil the southwest side, whore the hark is often iir-i 
 injured hy exposure to the sun, resulting in what is culliil 
 
 sun-scald. All trees should he 
 carefully examined early in tin 
 fall, when the young larva, it' 
 present, may often be detectnj 
 by the discoloration of the bark, 
 which sometimes has a flattened 
 and dried appearance, or by a 
 slight exudation of sap, or In 
 the presence of the sawdust- 
 liUo castings. Whenever such 
 indications are seen, tiie part- 
 shouhl at once be cut into with 
 a knife and the intruder de- 
 stroyed. As a j)reventive me:i>- 
 ure there is nothing better than 
 coating the bark of the trunk and larger branches with a 
 mixture of soft-soaj) and solution of soda, as recommend 
 
 (d 
 
 Fid. I-,, 
 
 for the two-striped borer (^o. 2). 
 
 No. 4. — The Long^-horned Borer. 
 
 Leptosf>/lus aculij'er (Say). 
 
 Although distributed over a wide area, this is by no means 
 a common insect, and seldom appears in sufficient numbers to 
 cause the fruit-grower any uneasiness. The beetle (Fig. 6j i> 
 of rather an elegant form, with long, tapering an- 
 tenna of a gray color, prettily banded with black. 
 It is a little more tl in a third of an inch long, o! 
 a brownish-gray color, with many small, thorn-like 
 points upon its wing-covers. There is also a T- 
 sliaped band, margined with black, a little behind the middle 
 of the wing-cases. 
 
 The perfect in.sect appears about the last of August, when it 
 occasionally deposits its eggs upon the trunks of apple-trees, 
 which shortly hatch into small grub.s, and the.se eat their way 
 
 M 
 
ATTACK I S(J THE TRUXK. 
 
 '2:1 
 
 tliroiii;li and burrow under the bark, Tliey are very similar 
 in :ij)])earanee to the young' larvte of tlie two-striped borer, 
 but (liller in their hal)its ; tliey tbrni h)ng, narrow, winding 
 (racks under the bark, but upon the outer surface of the 
 wood, which are made broader as the hirva inereases in size. 
 Tliis larva is also Ibund uiuler the bark of oak-trees. 
 
 Remedies, — Shouhl the inseet at any time j)rove destructive, 
 it< ravasres mav l)e prevented or controlled l)v the use of the 
 alkaline wash applied to the l)ark, as recommended for the 
 two-striped borer (No. 2), deferring its application until the 
 early part of August. 
 
 No. 5.— The Stag Beetle. 
 Lucanus dama Thunb. 
 
 This hirge and powerful beetle is a very common insect, 
 belonging to the familv <!allcd Lamellicorncs, or leaf-horned 
 beetles, from the leaf-like joints of their antenna?. In the 
 male (Fig. 7) the u{)[)er jaws or mandibles are largely de- 
 veloped, curved like a sickle, and 
 furnished internallv bevond the mid- 
 die with a small tooth; those of the 
 female are much shorter, and also 
 toothed. The body measures from 
 one to one and a quarter inches in 
 length, exclusive of the jaws, and is 
 of a deep mahogany-browu color. 
 The head of the male is broad and 
 smooth ; that of the female narrowed 
 and roughened with indentations. The 
 beetle appears during the months of 
 July and August, and is very vigorous on the wing, Hying 
 with a loud, buzzing sound during the evening and niizht, 
 when it frequently enters houses, to the annoyance of the 
 occupants. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to remark that 
 this beetle is not venomous, and that it never attempts to bite 
 without provocation. 
 
24- 
 
 INSECTS IXJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 if 
 
 
 Vu:. S. 
 
 
 Tlio eggs are laid in the ereviees of the bark of trees, 
 esjict'ially near the roots. The kirvffi live in deeaying wood, 
 and are f'onnd in the trnnks and roots of varions kinds of 
 ti-i'cs, partienlarly those of old aj)j)le-trees; they are alMi 
 foinul in old ehci'ry-trccs, willows, and oaks. They arc 
 said to be six years in completing their growth, living all the 
 time on the wood of the tree, redncing it to a coarse |iowd( r 
 resend)ling sawdnst. 'J'he matnre larva is a large, thicic. 
 whitish grnb, with a reddish-brown, horny-lnoking head, 
 dark mandibles, and reddish legs. (See J'^ig. <S, <f.) The body 
 
 is enrved when at rest, 
 th<' hintler segments bein^; 
 brought towards the head. 
 When the larva has at- 
 tained I'ull size it remains 
 in its burrow, and encloses 
 itself in an oval eiicooii 
 (Fig. 8, 6) formed of frag- 
 ments of v.'ood and bark 
 cemented together with a 
 gliie-like secretion, and within this enclosure it is trans- 
 ibrmed into a pnj)a of a yellowish-white color. Through the 
 partially transparent niend)rane the limbs of th(> future beetle 
 arc dindy seen, and in due time the mature insect bursts its 
 lilmy covering, crawls through the |)assage previously gnawi'd 
 by the lar\a, and emerges to the light of day. 
 
 As this bcctli' allects oidy old and decaying trees, it seldom 
 does nuich harm. The use ol' the alkaline wash reconunended 
 for \(). "1 woidd no doubt deter the beetles from depositing 
 their (>gg8 on trees so protected, and thus any mischief tiicy 
 might otherwise do coidd be presented. 
 
 No. 6.— The Apple-bark Beetle. 
 
 Mntiiiillninn imili (Filcli). 
 
 The a|)ple-bark beetle is a small insect aliont one-tenth of 
 an inch long (see l''ig. !l, wlioro it h .sliown much magnified) ; 
 
 it IS 
 color 
 and : 
 punct 
 or ex 
 t recs, 
 badly 
 to wit 
 loose 
 snuill 
 lui-atK 
 insect 
 coiinn 
 some 
 :f trees ii 
 is yet 
 dillicu 
 
 I 
 
 Thi 
 
 is fou 
 wood 
 
 ( K ig. 
 ill lei 
 with 
 llioriis 
 eye-!il 
 to the 
 tliora> 
 the b( 
 atoms 
 with 
 side t 
 It is 1 
 
 ■ 
 
ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
 
 25 
 
 it is eyliiulrical in form, smooth and sleiuler, iiiul varies in 
 color from dark cht'stnut-hrown to nearly black. Its le^s 
 and antonnte arc ])alc-yello\visli, and its thorax minutely 
 j)nnctatcd ; the ])osterior end of the body is abrn])tly notched 
 or excavated. The insect bores under the bark of apple- 
 li'ees, sometimes attaekiii}^ young;, thrifty trees, which, when 
 hadly aifeeted, arc apt, soon after ])Utting forth their leavt's, 
 to wither suddenly, as if scorelied by lire; the bark becomes 
 loosened from tlu^ wood, and soon after, these 
 small beetles ap])ear crawling thn)ug'h minute per- ^"" "'■ 
 t'orations in the bark like kirge pin-holes. This '>^f\i-'' 
 insect usually appears in July; it is seldom very -^"y " 
 conunon, but has been reported as destructive in /I 
 some [)arts of jMassachusetts, where many young wiy 
 trees are said to have been ruined by it. So little 
 is yet known of the history and habits of this pest that it is 
 ditlicult to say what would be the best remedy for it. 
 
 -^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 Fiii. 10. 
 
 No. 7.~The Eyed Elater 
 
 A/iiifs iiculdlns ( Ljimi.). 
 
 This is the largest of ou'- Elalers, or " spring-l)eetles," and 
 is found with its larva in tlu! decaying 
 wood of old apple-trees. The beetle 
 ( l''ig. 10) is an inch and a half or more 
 in lenglli, of a dack color, s|)rinkled 
 with numerous whitish dots. ( )ii the 
 thorax there are tno huge \elvety black 
 eye-like spots, which have given origin 
 to llie eoniniou name ol" the insect. Tli(> 
 thorax is about oiie-lliird the length ol' 
 the body, and is powdered with whitish 
 atoms or scales; the wing-cases are ridu'cd 
 with longitudinal lines, Miid the under 
 side of the body and legs thickly |>owdere(i with white, 
 it is found ill (he perfect state ii; June and July. 
 
'^iS, 
 
 2G 
 
 JXSEOTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 ^ WV t.l * 
 
 The matiu'L' larva (Fig. 11), which attains its i'lill growth 
 
 early in April, is about two and a half inches long, nearly 
 
 four-tenths of an inch across about the middle, tajjerini^- 
 
 j^,,,_ J] slightly towards each 
 
 extremity. The iiend 
 
 1 I Lj \t_:^^^ is l)roail, brownish, 
 and rough above ; 
 the jaws very strong, curved, and [lointed ; the terminal seij:- 
 ment of the body l)lackish, roughened with small j)ointed 
 tul)ercles, with a deep semicircular notch at the end, and 
 armed at the sides with small teeth, the two hinilermost 
 of wlii(!li are long, forked, and curved upwarls like hooks; 
 under this hinder segment is a large Heshy foot, furnished 
 behind with little claws, and around the sides with short 
 spines; it has six true legs, — a pair under each of the first 
 three segments. Early in spring the larva easts its skin a, id 
 becomes a chrysalis, and in due time there emerges from il 
 a |)erfect l)eetlc. 
 
 This l>eetle, when placed u|)()n its back on a Hat surface, 
 lias tlu; power of springing suddenly into the air, and, while 
 moving, turning its body, thus recovering its natural |H)silion. 
 This unusual movement combines with its curious |)romineiit 
 eye-like spots to make it a constant source; of wonder and 
 interest. Since it feeds only on decaying woiid, it scarcely 
 (k'servc- 1<» be classed with destructive insects; vet, bciiiu' 
 occa>ioiially found in the wood of the apple-tree, it is worthy 
 of mention I, ere. 
 
 No. 8. — The R ugh Osmotlerma. 
 
 This insect, also, lives in the larval slate in the decaying 
 wood of the apple, as wc;!! as in that of the <'hen'y, <!on- 
 suniing the wood and imiucing more I'apid deca\ . It is a 
 large, white, lleshy grub, with a reddish, hard-shelled head. 
 In the autumn each larva makes for itself an oval cell ol' 
 fragments of wood, eemenle<l together with a glutinous nm- 
 
 S 
 
ATTACh'JXG Till-: lU'iAyCHES. 
 
 27 
 
 ■I 
 
 Yia. 12. 
 
 tcrial, ill wliich it iin(ler<2;()c.s its traiisforiiuitioas, ap) 
 
 (liirinLi' tlie iiiontli of July us a largo, 
 
 })iii-l)li,-li-l)laok beetle (Fig. 12), about an 
 
 iiieli long, with rough wing-oases. The 
 
 head is hollowed out on the toj), the under 
 
 side of the body smooth, and the legs short 
 
 and stout. It (!onooals itself during the 
 
 .lav, but is active at night, feeding upon 
 
 the saj) which Hows from the bark. Since 
 
 the larva feeds only on decaying wood, 
 
 the iniiiry inllicted, if any, can only be 
 
 of a trilling character. 
 
 )earing 
 
 ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 
 ''9 
 
 Fi(i. 13. 
 
 No. 9. — The Woolly-louse of the Apple. 
 
 Sc/iizoiii'urd hniii/rrd (Iliuisin.). 
 
 This is the sain(^ species as the api)lo-root plant-louse (Xo. 1), 
 bill in this fbrin the insects attack the trtnik and limbs of the 
 ;i|)pie-troe, living in oltistors, and seta'oting over themselves 
 small patches of a eo((on-lil<e covering. (See Fig. l'>, where 
 the insects are represented magnified.) 
 They iii'o often Ibuiul about the base 
 of twigs or suckers springing from 
 the tnmk, and tdso tibout the base of .^.j^.^:, 
 the trunk itself, and around recent "/ • ' /"; ''^ 
 wounds in (he bark. In autumn they 1iv..;, 
 tDinmotdy iillect the axils of the leal- 
 >lall<s (Fig. 13), towards the ends of 
 twigs, and somelimes multiply to such 
 nil cxlcnl as 1(» cov(>r the; whole nii- 
 <lcr surface' of the limbs and als > ol' 
 the Iriiidv, the tree? looUing as though 
 whitewashed. Thev are said to allecl most those tree, which 
 
 J 
 
28 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 Jiiii I* 
 'i! 
 
 l-l 
 
 vit'Id swoet fruit. This woolly-louse is very coiuinon in 
 Europe, especially in Germany, the north of Franee, and 
 Enolantl, where it is more destructive than in this country, 
 and, although gent'rally known there under the name ol' 
 the "American ]iliglit," it is believed to be indigenous to 
 Europe, and to have been originally brought from Eurojie 
 to America. ]t api)ears to thrive only in comparatively cold 
 climates, and in this country occurs in this form most abun- 
 dantly in the New England Slates. 
 
 Under eacih of the little patches of down there is usually 
 i'onnd one lai'ge female with her yoimg. When fully grown 
 the female is nearly one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form, 
 with bhu'l-c head and fe(;t, dusky legs and anteniuo, and yel- 
 lowish abdomen. She is covered with a white, mealy powder, 
 and has a tuft of white down grow'ing upon the hinder part ol' 
 her back, which is easily detached. During the summer tlu^ 
 j)aren(s ar(> wingless, and the young are produced alive, bin 
 about the middle ol' October, among the wingless specimens, 
 ajjpear a considerable nund)er both of males and females with 
 wings, ami these have but little of the downy std)stance upon 
 their bodies, which are nearly black and ratlu'r plump. The 
 
 lore Avings are large, 
 and about twice as 
 h)ng as the narrower 
 hind wings. In Fig. 
 14 the winged insect is 
 re|)i'esented much mng- 
 nified ; also a grouj) of 
 the larvie magnilied, 
 JJ and an apphvtwig, 
 natural si/e, showing 
 one of (he o|)enings in 
 the barkciuised by this 
 insect. The wing('(| 
 I'emales lly from tree to tree to deposit eggs for allot Iwr gen- 
 oration the following spring, — a fact which should liiduee 
 
 ■J 
 
ATTACKING THE BRASCHES. 
 
 29 
 
 I 
 
 friilt-growors to take particular pains to dostroy tlioso lico 
 wlK'rcver tbiind, for the colony that is permitted this year 
 to establish itself upon some worthless tree, or on the shoot.s 
 or suckers at its base, will iuruish the winged parents of 
 countless hosts that may establish themselves next year <<;i 
 iIk; choicest trees in the orchard. The insects are extremely 
 iiardv, and will endure a considerable amount of frost, and it 
 is ([uite probable that some of them survive the winter in the 
 l>i'rfect state in the cracks of the bark of the trees. 
 
 The Ciiti's are so small that thev refiuire a niat:;nifviu<»'-<>lass 
 to enable one to see them, and are deposited in the crevices 
 of the bark at or near the surface of the ground, especially 
 about the base of suckers, where such are permitted to grow. 
 
 The young, Avheu tirst hatched, are covered with very line 
 down, and appear in the spring of the year like little s[)'X'ks 
 ol' mould on the trees. .Vs the .season advances, and the in- 
 sect increases in si/e, its cottony coating becomes moi'c dis- 
 tinct, the fibres increasing in length and ai)parently issuing 
 tVom all the pores of the skin of the abdomen. This coating 
 is very easily removed, adhering to the fingers when touched. 
 UolJi young and old derive their nourishment from the s;ip 
 of the tree, and the constant punctures they make give rise to 
 warts and excrescences on the l)ark, and openings in it, and, 
 where very ninnerous, the limbs attacked become s'ckly, the 
 leaves turn yellow and drop oil", and sometimes the tree dies. 
 
 Jicmcdicx, — 'l'h(! very small lour- 
 winged ('halcid (ly, Aitlicl'inuH maU 
 llald., which "s highly magnilied in 
 Tig. 15, and winch has already been 
 referred to under Xo. 1, |)i'(ys also 
 oil this woollv aphis. The ladv- 
 liirds and their larvie, also the larvie 
 of the lace-wing flies and syrphus 
 tlies, feed on all speckles of planl-lice, 
 
 and are very useful in keei)ing th(>m within bounds. These 
 friuiKlly insects will 1)0 fully treated of under the Apple- 
 
 Kid. 1-). 
 
^<w 
 
 30 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 tree Aphis, No. 57. Tlic vigorous use of ;i stiff brush wet 
 with the alkaline solution of soap," recommended under 
 No. 2, will also be found very efficient, or a solution made 
 by mixing tive pounds of fresh lime with one pound of 
 snlj)hur and two gallons of water, and heating until the 
 sul{)hur is dissolved. After destroying those on the trunk, 
 and cutting away all suckers, the earth should be removed 
 from about the base of the trunk, the parts below the siu'face 
 cleaned, and tVesh earth placed about the roots. Spiders 
 devour large numbers of these lice, spinning their webs over 
 the colo:ii(S and feeding at their leisure. 
 
 No. 10. — The Apple Liopus. 
 
 Liopus facehis Say. 
 
 This is another of the long-horned borers which has been 
 found in the larva! state boring into the decaying limbs of 
 apple-trees. The larva, when full grown, is a (juarter of an 
 inch long or more, is slender, with the anterior segtnents en- 
 larged ami swollen, is covered with line short hairs, and has 
 the end of the abdomen rather blunt. The beetle, which is 
 shown magnilied in Fig. !(!, is a handsome one, a slender 
 
 little creature, rather less than a quarter 
 of an inch in length, of a pale ash-gray 
 color with a purplish tinge. The long 
 antcnnjo arc yellowish brown, except at 
 the b:ise and between the joints, where 
 the color is darker. The wing-covers 
 are smooth, and on their anterior {)()r- 
 tion is an irregular i-ounded dark spot; 
 a broad b'aek band crosses the hinder 
 portion, leaving the tip ])ale gray ; there 
 are also several additional blackish dots and slreaks distrib- 
 uted over the upper surface. 
 
 Tlu^ beetles ap|)ear late in June and early in July, and lay 
 their eggs on the bark of the branches, from which the young 
 larvju hati'h and bore in under tlio bark, where they become 
 
 Fiu. IC. 
 
 hemg 
 
ATTACKLWG THE BRANCHES. 
 
 31 
 
 -i 
 
 ■•1 
 
 
 full (Town aixl undergo their triinsfornuitions heiore the I'ol- 
 lowintr midsummer. This is a rare insect in most i)arts of 
 America, and is not likely to prove a serious trouble anywiiere. 
 
 No. 11. — The Apple-tree Primer. 
 
 J'JUqj/iidiou fillosuDi (l''!iljr.). 
 
 This is also a long-horned beetle, of cylindrical form, of a 
 (lull-blaclvish color, with brownish wing-cases. The antennje 
 in llie male are longer than the body, and in the female, which 
 is re|)resente<l in Fig. 17, are ecjual to it. The entire body is 
 covered with short grayish hairs, which, from their deuseness 
 in some j)laces on the thorax and wing-covers, form pale 
 spots. The under side of the body is of a chestnut-brown 
 color. The insect affects chieHy the oak-tree, but also attacks 
 the ai)ple, and, although not often found in great abundance, 
 is very generally distributed over most of 
 the Northern United States and Canada. 
 
 The peculiar habits and instincts of this 
 insect are very interesting. The; parent ' 
 beetle })laccs an egg in the axil of a leaf 
 on a fresh green twig j)roceeding from a 
 moderate-sized limb. When the young 
 larva hatches, it burrows into the centre of 
 the twig and down towards its base, consuming in its course 
 the soft l)idpy matter of which this {)art of the twig is com- 
 posed. By the time it reaches the main lind) it has become 
 -nlliciently matured to be able to feed upon the iiarder wood, 
 and makes its way into the branch, when the hollow twig it 
 has vacated gradually withers and drops off. The Iai-\a, 
 being now about half grown, eats its way a short distance 
 through the middle of the bnuich, and then proceeds de- 
 liberatelv to sever its connec^tion with the tree bv truawiu"- 
 away the woody fibre to such an extent that the first storm 
 of wind snaps the branch (»ff. This is rather a delicate 
 operation for the insect to perfoi-ni, and re(piires wonderful 
 instinctive skill, for should it guaw away too much of the 
 
 
 ^ 
 
32 
 
 INSECTS IXJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 
 Fui. 18. 
 
 woody interior the brandi ini<^lit break during the process, 
 — an accident which would probably crush the workman to 
 <leath ; but the insect rarely miscalculates : it leaves tli(! 
 bark and just enough of the woody fibre untouched to sustali 
 the branch until it has time to make good its retreat in 
 the burrow, the opening of which it carefully stops up wi 
 gnawed fragments of wood. If the limb be short, it severs 
 all the woody fd)res, leaving it fastened only by the bark ; 
 if longer, a few of the woody iibres on the upi)er side arc 
 left ; and if very long and heavy, not more than three-fourths 
 of the wood will be cut through. Having ])erfornied the 
 operation and closed its hole so tliat the jarring of the brandi 
 when it falls may not shake out the occu[)ant, the larva 
 retreats to the spot at which it first entered the limb. After 
 the branch has fallen it eats its way gradually through the 
 centre of the limb for a distance of from six to twelve inches, 
 
 when, having completed its growth, 
 it is transformed to a chrysalis with- 
 in the enclosure. Sometimes thi- 
 cliange takes j)lace in the autunni, 
 but more frcipiently it is deferred 
 until the spring, and from the pupa 
 the beetle escapes during the month 
 of dune. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 18) when full 
 grown is a little more than hall' 
 an inch long, thickest towards the 
 )"'ad, tapcM'ing gradually backwards. 
 The head is small and black, the 
 body yellowish white, with a lew indistinct darkci" marking-. 
 It has six very minute legs attached to the antci'ior segments. 
 In the figure the larva is shown magnified. 'I'he pupa is 
 about the same size as the larva, of a whitish color, and is 
 shown in Fig. IJ), also magnilied, in its burr(')w. 
 
 Iinn''(Ucs. — Birds are active agents in the destruction of 
 these larvie ; they seek them out in their places of retreat and 
 
 ¥ ous, t 
 braiic 
 mature 
 
 oir, c tl 
 
ATTACK I yO THE liRANCIIKS. 
 
 33 
 
 devour them. Sliuiild tliey lit any time beeome very numer- 
 ous, they may easily be di.s[)ose(l of by gatherint?: the i'alleu 
 braneiie.s and burniug theui belbre the iuseet has time to 
 mature. 
 
 No. 12.— The Parallel Elaphidion. 
 Elapliidion 2>ctrallelinii Nowin. 
 
 This insect in the larval state occasionally bores into the 
 twigs of apple and plum trees. Tiie beetle (Fig. 20, c) is 
 a little more than half an inch long, of a dull-i)ro\vnish 
 i'olor, closely resembling ^'o. II in appearance and habits, 
 but smaller in si/.e. 
 
 The egg is laid by the parent insect near the axil of one 
 of the leaf-buds, \vher(3 the yoinig larva, when hatched, bores 
 into the twig, enlarging the chiinnel as it increases in size, 
 iiiially transfornung to a chrysalis within its burrow, and es- 
 caping at maturity in the [)erfect state. In the llgure, a shows 
 the larva, h the twig split open, showing the euclosetl chrysalis, 
 k the end of the twig cut 
 oiV, a the beetle, I the basal 
 joints of the tnitenna, j tlu; 
 tip of th( 
 
 Fi(i, 20. 
 
 wing-case, d the 
 
 head, c maxilla, f labium, 
 (J mandible, and h the an- 
 tenna of the larva. This 
 I'ihiphidion is ratlu-r a rare 
 insect, and, although it may 
 occasionally be found injurious, it is not likely to become so 
 to auv considerable extent. 
 
 
 No. 13. — The Apple-twig Borer. 
 
 .liii])hici'nis birnudaliis (Say). 
 
 The apple-twig borer is a small cylindrical beetle (Fig. 21), 
 from one-fourth to one-third of an inch in length, of a dark 
 chestnut-brown color above, black beneath. The ibre part 
 ol' its thorax is roughened with nn'nute elevated points, and, 
 
 3 
 
 ■^ 
 
34 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 in the maU's, fiirnislicil with two little lionif- ; the male may 
 also be further (listiii<;iiishe(l I'rom the female by its haviiiiz; 
 two small thoni-liUe piojeetioiis from the extrt^mities of the 
 wiiij^-eovers. 
 
 Unlike most other borers, which <lo tlieir mischief in the 
 larval state, this insect worUs in the beetle state, borin*^ into 
 the branches of a})i)le, pear, and cherry ti'ccs, just ai)ove a 
 
 Fig. L'l. 
 
 Fi.i. '_'•_'. 
 
 .-ome 
 
 bud, and working downwards throug-h the ])ith in a cylindri 
 cal burrow one or two inches lout:;. (Sec»Fi>i. 22, c and (/.) 
 The holes appear to be made [)artly for the [)urj)()seof obtain- 
 ino; food, and partly to serve as places of concealment for the 
 beetles; they are made by both sexes alike, and the beetles 
 are found in them occasionally in the middle of winter, as 
 well as in the summer, usually wit!i the head downwards. 
 They work throuu^hout tlu; summer months, causini«,' the twiys 
 operated on to wither and their leaves to turn brown. U[)on 
 examination, a perforation about the size of a knittin<;-needlc 
 is found near one of the i)uds from six inches to a loot from 
 the end of the twi*;'. This insect does not often occur in such 
 numbers as to iuHict any material dama_<:;e, but occasionally 
 as many as ten have been found work inn- at once on a two- 
 or three-year-old tree ; they also alfect the twigs of larger 
 trees. The twigs so injured are very liable to break oif wiili 
 high winds. 
 
 There is uot inu(tii known as yet about the earlier stages o!' 
 this inse(it ; the larva is said to have been found feeding ujxmi 
 j^rajje-canes, into which also tiie beetle occasionally bore~. 
 The beetle is found from Pennsylvania to Mississippi, also in 
 
 Th 
 
ATTACKIXO THE JlRAXCiriJS. 
 
 35 
 
 
 the (.••(•liiinls of New Jersey, Micliiii'an, JUinoi.s, Iowa, aixl 
 Kansas. Should it at any time inflict serious injury, llu; 
 (.iilv reniedv as yet su«:;ij;este(l is to searcli for the bored twigs 
 ill June and July, and eut them oil' and hum them. 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 Fia. 2;]. 
 
 No. 14. — The Imbricated Snout-beetle. 
 
 J'Jpiccerus imbricatus (Say). 
 
 This is a small snout-beetle or weevil, which is comniou in 
 some loealiti(>s on apple and cherry trees and injures them 
 l»v jj^nawini^ the twigs and 
 iVuit. It is most frequently 
 found in the Western States, 
 especially in parts of Iowa 
 ■Aud Kansas. 
 
 It is a very variabl(> bceth;; 
 usually it is of a silvery- 
 wliitc color, with dark luark- 
 ings, as shown in Fig. '2'-\, 
 
 i)ut sometimes these latter are wiiolly or partly wanting. 
 Xothing is as yet known of its history in the earlier stages of 
 its existence. 
 
 Should this weevil ever occur in suflicient numbers to ex- 
 cite alarm, they could |)robal)ly be collected by jarring the 
 li'ces, as in the case of the plum-weevil, and then destroyed. 
 
 No. 15. — The Seventeen-year Locust. 
 
 Ciridlii .scji/cndd-lni Linn. 
 
 The seventeen-year locust is an insect very well known 
 lliroiighout the United States, and is sometimes met with in 
 ( aiiada. As its name im|)lies, it generally reipiires seventeen 
 years in which to complete its transformations, neai'lv the 
 \\ hole of this period l)eing sj)ent under ground. 
 
 The perfi'ct insect measures, when its wings an; expanded, 
 iVom two and a half to three inches across. It is represented 
 at c in I'^ig. 24. The body is stout and blackish, the wings 
 
36 
 
 I y SECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 tnuispaioiit, the tliifk anterior edge ami large veins are 
 orange-red, and near the front margin, towards tiie tip, there 
 is a dusUv, zigzag line resembling a W. The rings of the 
 abdomen are edged witii dull orange, and the legs are of the 
 same hue. The locusts appear in the South earlier than in 
 
 MM 
 
 i I' 
 
 
 the North ; their usual time is during the latter part of May, 
 and they disappear (>arly in .Tuly. 
 
 After ])airing, the female deposits her eggs in the twigs of 
 different trees, puncturing and sawing small slits in them, as 
 shown in Fig. 24, d, which she does by means of her sharp 
 beak, which is composed of three portions; the two outer are 
 beset with small teeth like a saw, while the centre one is a 
 spe:i -pointed piercer. Tn these slits she ])laces her eggs. 
 These (e, Fig. 24) are of a pearly-white color, one-twelfth 
 of an incli long, and ta})cr to an obtuse point at each end. 
 They are dej)osited in pairs, side by side, with a j)ortion of 
 woody iibre between them, and placed in the cavity some- 
 what obliquely, so that one end points upwards. When two 
 
 I! i 
 
ATTACKIXG THE BRANCHES. 
 
 37 
 
 o-os have thus Ik'oh (loposited, the insect withdraws her piercer 
 or 11 moment, and then inserts it again and drops two more egus 
 n a line with tiie first, and so on until she has filled the slit 
 i-oni one end to the other. She then removes to u little (Us- 
 ance and makes another similar nest : it is not uncommon 
 o find from fif"teen to twenty of such fissures in the same 
 limb. The cicada thus passes from limb to limb and from 
 tree to tree until her store of four or five hundred eggs is 
 exhausted, when, worn out by her excessive labors, she dies. 
 The punctured twigs are so weakened by the operations of the 
 insect that they frequently break off Avhen swayed by rough 
 Pwiiids, and the injury thus caused to young fruit-trees in 
 oi'cliards or nurseries is sometimes very serious ; in most in- 
 stances, however, if the trees are vigorous, they eventually 
 recover from their wounds. 
 
 The eggs hatch in about six weeks or less, the young larva 
 being of a yellowish-white color, and appearing as shown in 
 Fig. 25. It is active and rapid in its movemenis, and 
 slioi'tly after its esca{)e from the egg drops to the ground, and 
 immediately proceeds to bury itself in the soil by means of 
 its l)road and strong fore feet, which are admiral)ly adajjted 
 tor digging. Once under the surface, these larvte attach 
 themselves to the snccident 
 roots of plants and trees, and, ~''- 
 
 puncturing them with their ^ \.'. >^-. 
 
 beaks, imbibe the vegetable 
 juices, which form their sole 
 iioiu'ishmcnt. 'J'hey do not 
 usually descend very deej)ly 
 
 into the ground, but remain where juicy roots .iro most 
 abundant, and the only marked alteration to which they are 
 -iibject during the long period of their existence under groinid 
 is a gradual increase in size. 
 
 As the time for their transformation approaches, they as- 
 cend towards the surface, making cyluidrical burrows al)out 
 live-eighths of an inch in diameter, often circuitous, seldom 
 
38 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 M 
 
 I 
 
 ,1 
 
 /; 
 
 
 
 Fig. 2G. 
 
 ^fF\ 
 
 exnc'tly i)ci-pciKli('iilar, and those are firmly cemented and 
 vurnisjieti so as to be \vater-tit;!it. A.s the in.sect proj^resses, 
 the cliamber is tiihid below by the earthy matter removed in 
 its progress, but the upper portion, to the extent of six or 
 
 eight inches, is empty, 
 and serves as a dwell- 
 ing-place tor the insecit 
 until tlie [)eriod for its 
 exit arrives. Here it 
 remains tor some days, 
 ascending to the top of 
 the hole in line weather 
 for warmth and air, and 
 occasionally looking out 
 as if (o reconnoitre, but 
 descending again on the 
 _. Occurrence of cold or 
 wet weather. In locali- 
 ties that are low or im- 
 perfectly drained, the insects sometimes continue their galleries 
 from four to six inches above ground, as shown in Fig. 20, 
 leaving a [)la('e of egirss at the surface, c, and in the npj)er 
 end of these dry chambers the pupjc patiently await the time 
 lor (heir next change. 
 
 This ])eriod, although an active one, is the pupal stage of 
 the insects' existence, and finally, when fidly matured, they 
 issue from the giound (see a, Fig. 21), crawl uj) the trunk 
 of a tree or any other object to which they can attach them- 
 selves securely by their claws, and, having ri^sted awhile, 
 j)reparc to cast their skins. After some struggling, a longi- 
 tudinal I'cnt is made on the back, and through this the en- 
 closed cicada pushes its liead, and then gradually withdraws 
 itself, leaving the (Hupty pupa skin adhering, as shown at b in 
 Fig. 21. The esca|u' from the |>upa usually occurs between six 
 and nine in the ev(>ning, and about ten minutes are occupied 
 by the insect in entirely iVeehig itself from the enclosiii'c. ,\t 
 
 ««■ 
 
 tlicv ll 
 
 >j'!^^^l 
 
 
 <$!HH 
 
 l;i>l< )( 
 
 '*^^^l 
 
 
 
 iiiu.-i<'; 
 
 '«i 
 
 wings, 
 
 v^8 
 
 very l; 
 
 'M 
 
 whicli 
 
 ,Jb 
 
 trees a 1 
 
 
 iiijiu'c 
 
 ^mm 
 
 Ap 
 
 'Im^B 
 
 these 
 
 IB 
 
 handle 
 
 ^B 
 
 tliat 1 
 
 ^m 
 
 As ilu 
 
 ^B 
 
 sii)le tl 
 
 H^ 
 
 lliere !• 
 
 1 
 
 iVuin 1 
 
ATTACKIXG THE li RANCHES. 
 
 .".9 
 
 tlic boJy is soft and wliito, excepting a black |»atcli on 
 bacU, and the wings arc small and soft, but within an 
 are fully devclo|)ed, and before morning the niatuic 
 cts are ready for iiiglit. They sometimes issue from the 
 lind in immense numbers; above fifteen hundred have 
 known to arise beneath a single a|)[)le-tree, and in some 
 tt- the whole surface of the soil )ias, by their operiiLon.s, 
 ilpared almost as full of holes as a honej'-conib. 
 teiiiedic.^. — On escaping from the ground, they are attacked 
 /arious enemies. Jiirds and j)redaceous insects devour 
 itfti ; hogs and poultry feed on them greedily; and in the 
 %g<'d state! they are also subject to the attacks of parasites. It 
 00i^ that human agency can eflect but little in the way of stay- 
 ing the progress ot these invaders, and the only tinie when anv- 
 I tiling can be done is early in the morning, when the wing(,'d 
 insects newly escaped and in a comparatively feeble and hcl[)- 
 Ic-s condition may be crushed and destroyed ; but when onc^e 
 they have ac(piired their full power of wing, it is a hopeless 
 ta.-k to attempt to arrest their course. The .nales have a 
 iimsical appai'atus ou each side of the body ju.'-t behind (he 
 wings, which acts like a pair of kettle-drums, producing a 
 very louil, shrill sound. Although partial to (ndv-trees, on 
 which tiny most abound, they are veiy destructive" to other 
 frees and shrubs, and frc(juently 
 injure appki-trees. 
 
 A nopular idea prevails that AC'l^-'i, 
 these insects are dangerous to '^' IVvT: v),i^ 
 handle, that they sting, and 
 that their sling is venontous. 
 As (heir beaks {a, Fig. 27) are sliarp and .strong, U is p- - 
 sible that under provocation fliey may insert the.s<', but, since 
 there is no poison-gland attached, there is little moi'c to fear 
 tVnm their punctiu'c than iVom the piercing (if a needle. 
 
 1 1 
 
40 
 
 jySECTS INJVlilOLS TO THE APPLK. 
 
 
 \i 
 
 •M. 28. 
 
 No. io.- -The Oyster-shell Bark-louse. 
 
 M;itil(tsitls piDitoniiji l)Oii(.'li('>. 
 
 This is a very dcsti'iictive niul [/Pniicioiis insect, which pi-c- 
 vails tliroiiiijhout the Xorthcni United States and Canada, and 
 in some of the S(nuh(;rn States also. It was ii>trodne( J iiv;;, 
 Eni-o|)e more than ei<ility years a;jc('. Jt appeal^ 
 in (he I'orni of minnte scales, abo'.it oiie-sixth of 
 an inch lono;, of a brownish or ij^ravish color, 
 closely rescmblini;; that of t!ie hark of the tree, 
 and somewhat like the shell of an oyster in sha|i(', 
 adhcrinii' to the surface of the bark, as shown in 
 ]''i<r. -''^. iuid ))laced irre<>;ularly, most of th(iii 
 lenixthu'ise of the limb or twii;', with the smallr 
 end n|)wards. In sonu; instances the branches of 
 apple-trees may be fonnd literally covered and 
 crowded with these sca'es; and where thns so 
 prevalent they seriously impair the health and 
 vieor of the tree, and sometimes cause its death. 
 Under each of these scaks will be found a 
 mass of eii'i>s varvii! V in nund)t'r I'roin liftecn oc 
 twenty to one luindred or more; these ilurin<>,' (he 
 winter or early s|)rinj»; will be fonn<l to be white in cidoi, bni 
 befori! hatchini;" they change to a yidlowish hue, soon after 
 which the yount; insects appear. This u>nally occurs late in 
 !May or early in June, and, if the weather is coid, the yonnj: 
 lice will remain several days undi'r the scales befor(> dis- 
 j)crsinji; over the ti'cc. As it becomes warmer, they leave thch- 
 shelter, and niay be seen rimniuii' all over the twins looking 
 for suitable liycations to which to attach thems(d\('s. 'I'hc\ 
 then, under a maun ilyinn-ii lass, present the ap|)caranc(! shown 
 at li, I'^ii;. lil), their actual lcn<;'th bcin<i' only about one- 
 hundredth of an inch; to the unaided eye they ap|)ear a>- 
 n)crc specks. A lar!j;(> proportion of them soon become fixt-d 
 around the base of the sith'-shootsof the leiMuinal (wiii's, wheic, 
 inserting their tiny sliar[> beaks, they sid)sist upon the sap of 
 
 ■I 
 .■I 
 
 1 
 
 the 
 i-.-iK 
 
 at;} 
 
 and 
 
 delac 
 
 and 
 
 
ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 41 
 
 the tree. In a lew duvs a fringe of delicate waxy threads 
 issues from their bodies, wlieii they liavo the appearance shown 
 .,t a. Grathially tlie insect assumes the form shown at A ; o 
 and () represent the h)use as it approaches maturity, and when 
 (lel;tched from the scale; 1 shows tiie egg higidy magnilied ; 
 ami 8 one of the antennae of the young lice, also much enlarged, 
 j'.cforc the K)\\(\ of the season the louse has secreted lor itself 
 
 rx^ 
 
 '¥'S. 
 
 A -IvK 
 
 the scfily covering shown at 7, in which it lives and matiu'cs. 
 Tlio scale is ligui'ed as it appears from the under side when 
 raised and with the louse in it. liy the nnddle of August 
 this female louse has become little else than a hag of eggs, 
 and (he process of depositing these now hegins, tlu^ body of 
 (ho j)ari'ut shrinking day by day, until finally, when this 
 work is coDipIcted, it becfo'Mcs a mere atom at the narrow 
 end el t!»e scale, and is scarcely Moliceable. 
 
 'VUi' sei'es of the male louse are seldom seen ; they are 
 luu'^l iV<'(|ueJUi/ found upon the leaves, both on the upper 
 and ui\dor rides; they are smaller in si/e than those of the 
 female, and did'ereni als(y in sha;ie. The male scale is shown 
 at (', b'ig. 150, in which -ut is also rc|)resent(!d the male insect, 
 uuieh magiufied, with wings closed and expanded. 
 
 Only one brood is produced anmially in the North, the 
 eggs remaining unchanged un(l(>r the scale lor about nine 
 luunths ; but in some parts of the South the insoct is double- 
 
42 
 
 jysKCTS INJLRIOI'S TO THE APPLE. 
 
 brooiled, the iirst brood hatching in May, llie .second in 
 September. 
 
 As the oy.stor-shell bark-louse retains power of motion only 
 for a few days at most after hatching, it is mainly disseminated 
 to distant [)lac! .5 by thedistril)ution of young trees from infe.^tid 
 nurseries. In the orchard and its immediate neighl)orlu)od il 
 may be s[)read by being carried on the feet of birds, or attadud 
 
 \% 
 
 to the larger insects, or may be aided by the wind in j)assing 
 from tree to tree, while it is itself so brisk in its active state 
 that it can travel two or three inches in a minute, and hence 
 tniglit in this way reach a ])oiiit two or three rods distant be- 
 fore it would perish. Although this insect essentially belongs 
 to the ap])le-tr(H\ it is frequently Ibiind on the pear, an(f 
 sometimes on the plum and the currant-bush. 
 
 l!ciiic(Jics, — -A species of mile (r'"ig. JH), Ti/rn(/li/p}iii.^ iiKihi^i 
 (Sliimeri, preys on the l()us(> as well as on its eggs: and (his 
 mile, so insignillcant that it can scarcely be seen wiiiioul a 
 magnifviug-glass, has ])robably done more to k(H'p this or- 
 chai'd-pcst within boinids than any other thing. 
 
 Under the scales may sometimes be fomid a small active 
 larva devouring the og<i's. Tnis i, the progeny of a small 
 four-winged parasite, belonging to the family Clialcididic. 
 named Aiilic/iiins vii/ll/dnpiflis \jo Ihiron. In l''ig. 02 we have 
 a rt'presentation of this insect lii<:hly magnilied. 
 
 
 
 I'onght 
 
 
 inu,' an 
 
 
 as thei 
 
 
 this ol 
 
 
 renuKU 
 
 
 should 
 
 sBH 
 
 are act 
 
 
 strong 
 
 
 meiide 
 
 
 Ulg-SO( 
 
ATTACKING THE BRANCIIRS. 43 
 
 Another iViciid is the t\vi('e-,stal)b(i(l huly-bird, C'hihclionis 
 bivn/iierus Mills. (Fig. 133), lui iii.soct easily recogiiiml by its 
 
 Fi(i. :*,!. 
 
 Fio. 32. 
 
 
 )M)lislu'(l black wino-cases with a blood-rcd spot on cacli. 
 Jts larva, a bristly-looking little (Teatiiro (Fig. 34), of a 
 "r.ivish color, is very active, and dcNoni's 
 l;iru,(' numbers of tlie lice; tlio ]) rfect beetle 
 also (Ills tlieni. 1'ho bark-lice and tlieir eggs 
 iii'c (Icvoured also by some of our insect-eating 
 
 Fi(i. 
 
 hn-d 
 
 Mi 
 
 |)iirinu' tlie winter the trees should be ex- 
 aiiiined and the scales sci'aped olf, and thus a larg(! |)roporliou 
 of the insects may be destroyed. Still, it is almost impos- 
 .-ililc to cleanse the trees entirely in this way, esjiecially the 
 smaller branches; and hence the insect should be 
 Ibiighl also at the lime when the eggs are hatch- '"' " ' 
 iiig and the young lice crawling over the limbs, 
 as then lh(>y are lendci" and easily killed. With 
 this obju't in view, the time of hatching of the 
 I'cnmants left after the winter or s|)i'ing scraj)ing 
 should be watcluM', and, while the young larvie 
 are active, the twigs should be brushed with a 
 
 strong solution of soft-soap and washing-soda, as i( m- 
 
 iiieiidcd imder No. 2, or syringed with a solution of wash- 
 iii^';-soda in water, maile by dissolving half a pound or more 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 ! I 
 
 M 
 
u 
 
 JXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 ill :i paill'iil. Painting the twigs and branches with lin,-(((l 
 oil has also been tried with success. 
 
 As a [)recautionary measure, every young tree should bo 
 carefully examined before being planted, and if found infcshd 
 should be thorouii'hlv cleansed. 
 
 W 
 
 No. 17.— The Scurfy Bark-louse. 
 
 Chionaspis fiu'J'iirus (Fitch). 
 
 This insect, which has long been known under the name of 
 Harris's Bark-louse, Anpidlotu>< Ilcwrisii Walsh, is now fouml 
 to have been first described by Dr. Fitch, and hence nuist in 
 future bear the name given to it by him. It resembles in sonic 
 respects the oyster-shell bark-louse, yet is sufficiently dissimilar 
 to be readily distinguished from it. In this species the scale 
 of the f'"tv.i]e, which is by far the most abundant, is obldiiji' 
 in form, pointed below, very flat, of a grayish-white coloi-, 
 and aboi t one ^enth of an inch long. (See Fig. 35, 1 and 
 1 c; ihe latter represents a scale highly magnified.) The eg«is 
 un<ler the scale of the oyster-shell bark-louse during the 
 winter an; white, while these arc pur[)lish red. The eggs of 
 this species hatch ab(>ut th(! same date as the other, but the 
 larvic are red or rcdtlish brown in color. This insect does 
 not mature so rapidly as the oyster-shell species; the eggs 
 are said not to Ik; fully developed under the scale until the 
 middle ol' September. Tlu> scale of the male, which is very 
 much smaller and narrower, and not more than one-thir- 
 tieth of an inch long, is shown in the figure, magnified, at 1 <t ; 
 the male insect in the winged state, highly magnilied, at 1 h. 
 
 This is a native insect, which has existed from time imme- 
 morial in the l<]ast. West, ami South, its original hom<> beiiiLi, 
 on the bark of our native crab-trees. In the warmer pari- 
 of the South it is more common than the oyster-shell bark- 
 louse. It is found cliiedy on the apple, but sometimes alllx'S 
 the |)ear and also the mountain-ash. It is lar Ies8 common 
 than the imjioi'tcd oyster-shell bark-louse, and is nowhere 
 anything like so injurious as that insect. 
 
 fe 
 
ATTACKING THE BRAXCIIES. 
 
 45 
 
 Remedies. — Tlie scurfy bark-louse is saitl to be preyed upon 
 by the same miles wliich attack the oyster-shell species; it is 
 
 Fiu. 35. 
 
 also (levonred by the larva of the twice-stabbed Uiay-bird. 
 ,fe The same artificial lemeilics should be used in this instance 
 
 <a 
 
 as are recommended in the other. 
 
 No. 18 —The Buffalo Tree-hopper. 
 
 Cerem buhalm {Fal)r.). 
 
 This insect belona;s to thc^order lleinipt(>ra. Tt is an active 
 iiun|)injj creature, about one-tiiird oC an inch lont;- (Fi,i];. '^0), 
 of a liju'ht ^"rass-i;reen coloi-, with, whitish dots and u pale- 
 
^■ 
 
 43 
 
 ISSECTH INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 Fid ;!i;. 
 
 yellowish streak alonsi; each side. On the I'ront there i.> a 
 
 shar|) process or [)oint jiittiiii^ out hori/ontally on cai ii 
 
 side, reniindini;; one of the horns of a hull 
 
 or hutlalo, which has g-iven to the insect its 
 
 common name of bnt!alo tree- hopper. It> 
 
 body is three-sided, not nnliUe a beeeh-nut 
 
 in form, and it is furnished with a sharp- 
 
 /l^HN T pointed beak, with which it i)unctures the 
 
 J f^wh > bark and sucks the sap from the trees. 
 
 •^ It is common on ai)[)le and many other 
 trees from July until the end of the season. 
 The eutis are said to be laid in rows, in n 
 series of punctures made by the ovipositor of the female; 
 and the youni; larvie, which are g"rass-<2,ieen like their parent-, 
 feed also on the saj) of the leaves and twij^s. 
 
 Jn the larval state, before the power of ^\i^\\t is acquired, 
 the iuscct is easily cau_i>;ht and destroyed; but it is not easy 
 to suggest a remeily for so active a creature as the perfcci 
 insect is. It cainiot be killed by any poisonous application, 
 as it feeds oidy on sap. It has been suggested that where 
 they are so numerous as to injure fruit-trees they may Ixi 
 I'rightened away by frequently shaking the trees, as they are 
 very shy and timorous. It is, however, scarcely probable 
 that this insect will ever become a source of mucli annoyance 
 to the fruit-iirowei'. 
 
 No. 19. — The Thorn-bush Tree-hopper. 
 
 Fid. 37. 
 
 with 
 
 Theliii rni/<ri/i Fitcli. 
 
 Tliis is an insect similar in structtu'o 
 and habits to the bulValo tree-hopper. 
 It is common on aj)ple- trees, but more 
 couimon on thorn-bushes, in July and 
 August, when it n)ay be seen resting 
 u|)on the small limbs and sucking the 
 sap. \\'lien approached, it leaps away 
 a sudden spring, and is lost lO view. 
 
 iiul 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 47 
 
 It is a llttk more than oiie-tliinl of an iiicli l(»ii.i^ (see Fiji;. 
 37), with a three-sided body, bhick, varied with eiiestniit- 
 brown, with a large white spot on eaeh side, which e\ton(h'd 
 f forward becomes a band across the front. There is also a 
 I white band across the hind i)art of its back, and a jnotnber- 
 I iiiice extending npwanls on the front part of its body. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 jj-o_ 20. — The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar. 
 
 C/isioaiinpa Americana Ilarris. 
 
 This insect is a native of the more northern Atlantic States, 
 and has probably been carried westward in the egg-state at- 
 laehed to the twigs of yonng trees. It iidiabits now almost 
 
 all parts of the United States and Canada. Tlie motii is of 
 a pale dnll-reddish or reddish-brown color, (trossed by two 
 ohhqne parallel whitish lines, the space between these lines 
 being nsualiy paler than the general color, although some- 
 limes quite as dark, or dark(!r. In the male (Fig. 38) the 
 aiiteiiiia> are pectinate, or feather-like, and slightly so in the 
 reinale (Fig. oH). When fully expanded, the wings of the 
 li'iiiale will measure an inch and a half or more across; the 
 male is smaUer. The hollow tongue or tidui by which mo lis 
 and butterHies imbibe "their Ibod is entirely wanting in this 
 s|)e('ies; iience it has no power of taking food, and lives but 
 a very few days in the winged state, merely long enough lo 
 
n 
 
 48 
 
 ixsKCTs ixjuiuors TO Tin-: apple. 
 
 if 
 
 provide for a future ueneration bv the (loi)o.sitioii of ymu 
 Tlie moth remains at rest and concealed durint:; tlic day, but 
 ix'comes very active at nicrht, when it enters liiihted ronnn 
 attracted by tlie t^lare, and becomes so dazzled and bewild ivi, 
 that it darts crazily about, here and there, tinimping it-clf 
 against the walls, furniture, and Hoor of the room in tli^ 
 most erratic; manner, then circles around the lamp or gas-li^lit 
 with great velocity, finally dashing into the flame, wlien, wiih 
 wings and antennto severely singed, it retreats into some nh- 
 scure corner, 11 c moths are most abundant during the Tum 
 two weeks in July. 
 
 Tlic eggs are deposited during that month upnn 
 Fir;. 40. ilie smaller twigs of our fruit-trees in ring-like clus- 
 ters, each composed of from fifteen to twenty rows, 
 containing in all from two to three hundred. Tlic 
 eggs are conical and about one-twentieth of an indi 
 long, firndy cemented together, and coated with a 
 tough varnish, im|)ervious to rain, the clusters pn- 
 senting the appearance shown in Fig. 40. In h'iu, 
 
 41, at c, a similar chister is shown with the gun 
 
 imv 
 
 covering; removed, showini; the manner in which ilic 
 
 eggs are arranged. 
 
 The voung larva^ ai'(^ fidlv matured in the eo;*' 
 before winter comes, and they remain in this enclosing! in a 
 torj)id state throughout the cold weather, hatching during the 
 first warm days of spring. They usually appear during I lie 
 last week in April or early in iNFay. depending much on the 
 ])revailing temperature. Their first meal is nade of poi- 
 tions of the gummy material with which the egg-masses aiv 
 covered, and with tlie strength thus gained they proceed ;ir 
 once to work. At this time the bnds are bursting, thus pio- 
 viding these young larva3 with an abundance of suitable ten(l( r 
 food. It sometimes haj)j)ens, however, that after tliey uw 
 hatched cold weather returns and vegetable growth is tempo- 
 rarily arrested. To meet this emergency they have tlie ])ower 
 of sustaining hunger for a considerable time, and will usually 
 
 
 live 
 but s( 
 
 iiMihii 
 l;ir\a' 
 
 ai'i'oss 
 
(lay, but 
 I r()nni< 
 
 in tlic 
 as-Iiti-lit 
 -'11, with 
 )m(' (il)- 
 1k' lir.-t 
 
 I upon 
 <e cliis- 
 
 y rows, 
 Tl,.. 
 
 M illrli 
 
 with a 
 rs ])iv- 
 
 II Fiu. 
 ::iiiniiiv 
 it'll the 
 
 le ci^o 
 '(! in a 
 iiir the 
 i,i>- the 
 m the 
 r por- 
 es MIV 
 
 L'cd ;ir 
 
 s pi'ii- 
 oiKhr 
 y WW 
 inipo- 
 )o\v('r 
 luillv 
 
 f 
 
 ATTACKING THE LKAVES. 49 
 
 live from ten to twelve (lays when wholly dejirivetl of food ; 
 I, lit severe Crost is fatal to them in this tender condition, and 
 iiiuhitiides of them sometimes ])erish from this eauso. These 
 larvje are tent-muUers, and soon after birth they heirin to eon- 
 strnet for themselves a shelter by extendini;- sheets of web 
 ;i<'ross the nearest fork of the twij^ upon which they were 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 
 
 hatched. As they increase in size, they construct additional 
 layers of silk over tho.so ]>revionsly made, attachin*^ them to 
 (lie neiiihborinii' twigs, and leaving between the layers «; '"o 
 enough for the caterpillars to pass. The tent or nest v. •; ti 
 completed is iri'egnlar in form, abont eight or ten inches in 
 diameter, and the holes through which the caterpillars enter 
 a.-e situated near the extremities c angles of the nest, and into 
 this they retreat at night or in stormy weather, also at other 
 
■i I 'ii 
 
 h\SECTS L\JURIOiS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 times wbon not f'eedinj^. In five or six weeks they beeoiue 
 i'lill thrown, Jiiul then measure about an inen and tliree-fjuartcrs 
 ill leni!;tli, and j)resent tlie a))|)('arance shown iii Fit;. 41. 'ilie 
 l)(Hly is hairv and black, with a white stripe down the back, 
 and on eacii side of this central stripe there are a number of 
 sliort, irregidar, h>ngitiidinal veHow Hues. On the si- 
 paler lines, with spots and streaks of ])ale blue. The ....tiir 
 side of the body is nearly black. 
 
 These caterpillars have regular times for feeding, issnln- 
 from the o})enings in their tent in processional order, nsuallv 
 once in tlie forenoon and once in the afternoon. I.i verv 
 warm weather they sometimes repose upon the outside of the 
 nest, literally covering it and making it aj)pear quite black 
 with their bodiei^. They are very voracious, and devour the 
 leaves of the trees they are on with great rapidity; it is esti- 
 mated that each larva when approaching maturity will con- 
 sume two leaves in a day, so that every day that a nest of such 
 marauders is j)erniitted to remain on a tree ihere is a sa'" 'o 
 of about five hunch'cd leaves. Where there happen 
 several nests on one tree, or if the tree itself is small, they 
 ofti'u strij) every vestige of foliage from it, and in neglected 
 orchards the tret's are sometimes seen as bare of leaves in 
 June as they are iu midwinter. As the caterpillars arrive al 
 matiu'ity they leave the trees and wander about in all direc- 
 tions in search of suitable ])laees in which to hide during 
 their chrysalis stage. A favorite place is the angle formed by 
 the projection of the cap-l)v)ards of fences or fenec-i)Osts. 
 
 I Fere they construct oblong oval cocoons (Fig. 41, d) of a 
 yellow color, formed of a double web, the outer one loosely 
 woven and slight in texture, the inner one tough "ud thick. 
 In its construction the silk is mixed with a pasty substance, 
 which, when dry, becomes powdery and resend)les sulphur in 
 appearance. Within these cocoons the larva:; change to brown 
 ehrysalids, from which, in about two or three weeks, the 
 moths escaj)e. This insect feeds on many different trees, but 
 is particularly fond of the apple and wild I'herry. 
 
 I 
 
 >-(iinc, 
 
 within 
 
 .\.M-,:>' 
 
 l;,tc ll" 
 
 With 
 in:iy 1 
 toi-n t 
 i- not 
 liunc 
 c;isily 
 tended 
 times \ 
 will l»e 
 partly 
 
 11 
 
 lili 
 
ATTACK IS a THE LEAVES. 
 
 61 
 
 .kIi r 
 
 •t 
 
 j-^;:«| 
 
 Bcmedles. — Since the tciit-catorpillar is so easily detected 
 |)v its eoMspieiious nest, it need never l)eeoine very trouble- 
 some, as the larvie may be easily destroyed while slK'lteriii<r 
 within it. Thev st'ldoin leave' the nest to feed until after 9 
 A.M.. and usnallv return before sundown ; hence the early and 
 laic liour.s of the day are the best times Ibr destroyini^ them. 
 With a suitable ladder and a u'loved hand the livini;- mass 
 iiKiv be seized and crushed in a moment, or the nest may be 
 toiMi from the tree and trami)led under foot. Where a laddi'r 
 is ni>t at hand, the nests may be removed by a pole with a 
 bunch of ra^s tied around the end of it. This work is most 
 casilv done while the larvjc are younii', and should be at- 
 tended to as soon as the cobweb-like nests can be seen. .Somc- 
 liiiics when the nest is destroyed a porti(»n of the caterpillais 
 will l>e absent feeding, and within a few days it may be fotiml 
 partlv repaired, with the remnants of tlie host within it : so 
 that to subdue them entirely repeated visii- to the orchard 
 >hnul(l be made, and not a fragment of a nest permitted to 
 lemain. Governments might well enforce under [)enalties the 
 (lest ruction of these caterpillars, as their nests are so conspic- 
 uiiii- that there can be no excuse for neglecting to destroy 
 them, and it is unfair that a careful and vigilant fruit-grower 
 sliduld be compelled to sulfer from year to year from the 
 nei;lect of a careless or indolent neighbor. Neglected trees 
 are soon stripped of their leaves, and become prematurely 
 exhausted by having to rei)roduce at an unseasonable time , 
 their lost foliage; with fruit-trees this is so great a tax on i 
 their vital powers that they usually bear little or no fruit the ' 
 following season. The cig-clusters may be sought for and \ 
 destroyed during the winter months, when, the trees being 
 leafless, a practised eye will readily detect them. A doudy 
 (lay should be selected for this purpose, to avoid the incon- 
 venience of too nuich glare from the sky. 
 
 Several j)arasites attack this insect. A minute Ichneumon 
 fly, about onc-twenty-tifth of an inch in length, is parasitic on 
 the eggs. By means of a long ovipo.^'.^)r it bores through 
 
H ■'>■" 
 
 52 
 
 INSKCTS LXJlIx'/Oi'S TO THK AI'PLK 
 
 Vu:. A-2. 
 
 tlio (inter L''umniy covsriii^" mikI ogi>--sliell, and (lepo.'.Its its ( L;i,'s 
 within (lie oi>g of the tciit-caterpillar, wlicro tlic y()nn<;' <rriilis 
 <»(" tlio parasite liatt;li ami I'wd njion the contenls of the ejiu-. 
 shell of onr enemy. A small mite, very similar (o that shown 
 in I'ig. 31, is alsc. vt'iy dcstrnctive to these ej^gs, eatinu,- into 
 them and feedin*; on their oeenpants. Two laru'er Jchneniiiiiii 
 
 ilies j)i'ey n|)()n the caterpillar, Piiiijihi 
 v(»i(jni,'<ifor (Say) (Fi.ii'. 42) and Icliinu. 
 
 iitoit III/ IIS lirnlle, as x^cli as one or mnn. 
 
 _^-<^V species of 'J'aehina (lies, two-winded in- 
 i~-^ seets a little laro-er than the eomiiKm 
 honse-tly, similar to Fi_<;'. 40. All thc-M 
 latter parasites watch ('leir oppoilnnity 
 when the growing; eaterpillir is feeding, 
 and dej)osit theii" eggs on or nnder the 
 skin of their vi(,'tim, which shortly hatch, when the giiili^ 
 hurrow into the bodies of the tent-caterpillars and I'vvd ( n 
 them, carefully avoiding the de.-^trnction of the vital organs. 
 The inlesteu larva^ usually reach maturity and construct their 
 cocoons, hut atier a time, instead oi' the moth, one or more of 
 thes( friendly insects make their appearance. Several preda- 
 eeous insects also devour the larvte ; these are referred to in 
 detail under Xo. 21. 
 
 No. 21. — The Forest Tent-caterpillar. 
 
 C/lNiiii'(tiii/>ii .s\i//rii!ii'i' Iliii'ris. 
 
 This insect closely I'csemUIes t!ie connnon (I'nI-caterpillar. 
 Xo. 20. The moth (A, I'^ig. I.')) is of a similar color, hiii 
 pidei", or moi'c yellowish. The space oetween the twoohliipic 
 lines is usually darker than the rest of the wing, and the 
 lines thems(!lves aiH! dark hrown instead of whitish. In tli" 
 figure, (I repH'sents (he (\go-clus(er, c one of the eggs, nuK'h 
 enlarged, as seen from the (op, 'J a side-view of (he same. 
 
 The egL:>< of ihis species may he disiinguished by their 
 almost ur.il'orm diiu'ieter and by their being cut olV s(piarely 
 at each ( ud. Th" number of eggs in each cluster is usually 
 
ATTACK! S'i THE LHAVEK. 
 
 ry,\ 
 
 Vu;. [:\. 
 
 
 fVoin three tc fndi' Imndred ; they are whife, about onc-twenty- 
 
 jil'th of an Inch louu", and oiie-lortieth wide, rounded at the 
 
 l.ase, ji'i-athially eidari>- 
 
 iiin' towards the apex, 
 
 wheic they are iiiar- 
 
 :^iiii'(l l»y a proiiiineiit 
 
 lini.aud ha\H'a suidvcu 
 
 >|i((l in the centre. The 
 
 (MM, are (k'posiled in 
 
 cireies, and wi > eae!i 
 
 CO 
 
 W 
 
 eiic is seerefe<l a small 
 (|iKintiiy of <-'iuuiny 
 iiialtfT, whieh liiMuiy 
 la-lens it to the twii;' and also to the adjoininsj: e<»:i;, and upon 
 liceoiiiino' dry forms aeo:'.t!"i»; of hrown vai'uish over the pale 
 vn<X. Like file tent-eaterpiilar. tile yoniiL!: Iarva> l)ee(»nie fully 
 Inrined in the cliiis before winlt'r, and remain within them in 
 ;i torpid condition until sprinji'. 
 
 The lar\a^ in this instance also hatch about the time of the 
 hnr-iiiii:' (if the buds, and in the absence of food are endowed 
 wiili -iinilar powers of endurance. It is said they have been 
 kinwii to sur\ive a fust of three weeks' duraliv)n. While 
 vnuiiu', ihev >pin a slight web or tent auainst the side of the 
 trunk or branches of the (r<'e on whieh they are situated, but, 
 Irniii its pecidiar color )r sliiiht texture, it is seldom noticed. 
 Ill diis early sta^'c they often manifest slrann'e processionary 
 liabils, mai'chiiiii; about in sin(;le or double eolunni, oi .' larva 
 Ml iiiiiiiediately following; anothei" that when thus erossin<2,' a 
 si(|e\^alk or othci' smooth siu'face they a|>pear at a little dis- 
 tance like black streaks or pieces of black c!ord stretched 
 iieros- it. l"'rom the liiiK! they are half };'ro\vn, until they 
 ajipi'oaeh iiiaturily, they seem to have a j^rcat fondness Ibr 
 exercise, and deliuht (o travel in rows aloui;' fcnee-boiU'ds, 
 wliieh they do at a very brisk pace when in search of food. 
 
 Ill about six weeks this larva becomes lull e'rown ( b'i<:'. 
 I 1 1, and is then an inch and a Ik'.II' or more in lenu'th, of a 
 
 miOti 
 
o4 
 
 I.XSKCTS I.XJURIUiS TD THE A/'l'LK. 
 
 V\i.. 4t. 
 
 |):il('-l)liiisli color, s|)riiikI(Ml all over with black j)oints jiml 
 (lots. On the ba(!k is a row ol' (en or ele\H!n oval or (lianioinU 
 sliaped white spots, hy wliii'h it may he :it 
 onee (listint^nish<!(l iVoin the comnion teiii- 
 caterpillar, while on the sides there are palc- 
 yellowisl; sti'ipes, somewhat broken, aiul 
 mixed with iiray. U'lie hairs on the body aiv 
 i'ox-colored, mixcvl v.ith coarser whitish hair-. 
 Tiie caterpillars attain IViii growth ai)out tin; 
 middle of Jnne. 
 
 Oecasionidly, dnrini;' the lattt. ])art ol' 
 JNIay, when about hali' ui^twii and cxireinciv 
 voracious, these larv:e will a|)pear in pir- 
 iect swarms and attract u'enerai attenlimi. 
 During; the latter pait of the day, and iVc- 
 rpiently also in the mcrnino-, they collect on the ti'iinks ainl 
 larger l)ranehes (»!" the trees in larye black masses, which aiv 
 so easily reached tliat they seem to invite d( strncti(tn. While 
 |»articiilarly injurious to the a|)ple, they also attack variuu> 
 species of forest-trees, such as oak, thorn, ash, l)asswo(ul, beech. 
 j)linn, cherry, walimt, hickory, etc., and sometimes lai'i:i' 
 clinn|)s of woo<l may be sei'U in dune (piitc bare of Ibliaui' 
 iVom the <levastation caused by this insect, w.hilc underueaili 
 the ii'roiind is covered with small black urains of exuvin. 
 Jt is often very abundant in the West, and octiasionally e(piallv 
 destructive in the South, es|)e(Mally in CTeor«iia and 'rcnuessee. 
 When full sxrown, this larva spins a cocoon (see I'^ii;'. 4iM 
 closely resemblin<; that of tin! tent-catci-pillar, usually within 
 the shelter of a leaf, the cdois of which ixvo, jiartly drawn 
 toir*>(her. Within siicli an enclosure there; is };'en»'rally one 
 cocoon, but in times of p;reat abundance, iuid where the eii- 
 closuri' is lai'iic enout;"ii, there; a''e ol'iei; (wo or three coe(M)ii> 
 toi;'ei!ier. At such periods almost esciy hif or fra^nieut ol 
 a leaf is so occupied, and, the whitish-yellow cocoons beinii' 
 (»nly |)ar(ly hidden, and the leaves hangiui;' willi their weinhi. 
 one is impressed with the idea that the: tree is laden wiili sonic 
 
 ^SHJI 
 
, 1 T'l\ 1 CKL\ G THE L KA I ' ES. 
 
 .JO 
 
 t 
 
 Fia. 4-j. 
 
 st[-ani!;e sort of iViiit. If leave:s ivinnot be had I'or >lielter, llio 
 oicnoii^ will 1k' t'oiiiKi uiidor tlio bark of trees, in every siiit- 
 .,1,1,. ci'eviee or hid" i;';-i)laoo in 
 j'cncc-, or under Iol'-. In two 
 ,ir three day.s the enek).-;ed larva 
 ,'li;ui^e.s to 11 ehry.salis of a red- 
 (li-.li-l)ro\vn color, densely clothed 
 with short pale-yellowish hair, 
 and in the eoiir.se of two or three 
 wrrksthe tnoth appears, which, 
 like the in-tct last described, 
 No. i^t), is nocturnal in its habits, 
 :iii<l live> liul a lew days, \vhen, 
 Ii;i\ 111^' provided i'or tl\e contin- 
 uance of its .species, it jjerishes. 
 lidtH'd'HK. — The e_i!;n'-cluster.s 
 >ln)uld be sou;i,ht for and de- 
 ~t roved durino- the winter 
 inouilis. When the caterpillars 
 nr(! yomiii', they will dro[), stis- 
 |ieii(icd by a silken thread, in 
 Miiil-air, if the bnuich on which 
 I hey ai'c fc'dint;' be su(kleidy 
 -I ruck ; advantaii'c may i)e taken 
 (if this lialtil, and by swinu'ini; 
 a stick around, the threads may 
 
 lie eatheri'd in with the larvjc attached to them. When the 
 caterpillars iiave become half 5ji;rown, the trees shoidd be 
 tre(piently ins|)ected, early in the mornine', ;uid the conn;rcoalcil 
 masses crusheil and deslroyi'd with a stilV broom or some 
 other (Mpially suitable; implement. Diiriui;' the day they are 
 so constantly on the move, that a youn^' tree lhoroiii>hly 
 cleansed from them in the morning!; may be crowded ayain 
 helbre evcninii'. To iivoid the nece-sily of constant watch- 
 iiii:, strips of cotton biittiiiii', three or four inches wide, HJioiild 
 be tied around the tree about hali'-\v«y up the trunk; thesis 
 
 A 
 
56 
 
 LXSECTS I.yjUJilOUS TO THE Al'I'LE. 
 
 
 IkuuIs should 1)0 tied ti<2;litly in the middlo. Kacli caterpillar 
 is f'urnislu'd wit'i (bur pairs of Hesliy prologs, wliicli nic 
 fViiit>;od with s'.iiail horny iiooks, and on the insect's tryiii"- 
 to [)ass over the coUon these hooks g-et so entangled in tliu 
 fibres that I'ni'lher progress becomes very difficult, and is 
 .seldom persisted in. A shower of rain will pack the fibres 
 of the cotton somewhat, but where the string fastening it !> 
 tied around (he middle, tiic upper iialf washes down and 
 makes a sort of roof overhanging the lower portion, which in 
 great measure |)rotects it from tlie weather. 
 
 These larvje are seldom abun- 
 
 dant for manv years in succession. 
 
 for in tinu's of great pk'iity their 
 
 natural enemies multiply with 
 
 X| amazing rapidity, yevoral jiar- 
 
 asites destroy them. Two species 
 
 of Ichnemnon Hies prey on them, 
 
 also a two-winged Tachina fly, 
 
 closely resend)ling the lied-tailed 
 
 'Jachina fly, Xinionra fcKctaiin' (Kirkp.) (l''ig. IG), which 
 
 attacks the army-worm, but this fly is wiilmut the red tail. 
 
 Fi(i. 47. 
 
 !l 
 
 Fid. IS. 
 
 A s|)ecies i){' bug (iremiptcra) attacks (he larvic just when 
 tiiey are eoiisl i ucting their cocoons, and sucks them empiv, 
 
ATTACKIXG THE LEAVES. 
 
 57 
 
 Fio. lit. 
 
 wliilc some of tlie insect-feeding birds devour tliein ii'rcodily, 
 
 c-niriallv the black-billed cuckoo. Thei'e are several species 
 
 di' ni'edaceoiis insects belonii'ini; to the (Urnh'uhv, or ground- 
 
 hecilcs, which are very acti\-e in their habits, ;ind diligently 
 
 limit for them and eat them, notably the Green Caterpillar- 
 
 jimiter, (\ff<).s<nii(i scnitdfor (Fabr.) (l<"'ig. 47), and the C'o|)|)er- 
 
 sjxitteil C'alosoma, Cdloxohia c<i/i(huu (Fabr.) (Fi<;'. 48). 'i'hey 
 
 aic sometimes destroyed in j2;reat numbers by a fungoid disease, 
 
 which arrests their })roirress when 
 
 ahout lull <i'''o\\ii, and the aU'ectcd 
 
 s|i(('imens may be found attached to 
 
 fences and trees, retaining an ap- z:, 
 
 pcarance almost natural, but when 
 
 handled tluy will often be found so 
 
 iiiucli (lecaye(l as to burst with a 
 
 Liculle touch. An Ichneinnon Hv, 
 
 I'iiiipfd pvddUx ("resson (Fig. 4i)), is a parasite on this larva, 
 
 while mites j)rey U|)on the eggs, identical with those which 
 
 feed on the eggs of the common tent-caterpillar. 
 
 No. 22.— The White-marked Tussock-moth. 
 
 (h'i/i/i(t /ciifiis/ii/iiKi (Sill, \ Alili.). 
 
 'llio or<'har(list, walking among his iVuit-lrces after the 
 leaves have fallen, or dining the winter months, will frc- 
 ([iii'iuly liiid a dead leaf or leaves fastened iierc and there to 
 llie bi'anches of his trees ; on e.\aminalion, llies(> will usually 
 lie Ibiiiid to contain a giay cocoon, with in most instances a 
 mass of eggs fastened to it. ( )n breaking into this mass, 
 which is brittle, it will be found to include lV(»m three hun- 
 <liv(| to live hiuidred eggs, alioiit oiie-t wenty-fd'th of an inch 
 in diameter, of a white color, nearly globidar, and llattened 
 Oil the u|)|)er side. They are placed in three or four layers, 
 the intei'slices being lilled with a frothy, gelatinous matter, 
 which makes them adhere securely together, and o\'er all is 
 a thick coating of the stuue material, with a nearly smooth 
 grayish-whito Hurfuce, of u cous-ex form, which elTectiially 
 
58 
 
 I y SECTS JXJi'RIOUS TO THE Al'/'LK. 
 
 ])i't'vcnts the lodij^niont of any water on it. The oijjr-niass is 
 attached to an empty L>;ray cocoon, tlie f'ornier abode of the 
 female which deposited them. 
 
 About the nucUlle of May the eji'tis liatch, when tiie yoiiii;^^ 
 larvJU at <»nce j)n)ceed to devour the; leaves of the tree on 
 wiiich thiy are jjlaced, when distmbed letting themselves 
 down by a silken thread, remaining suspended until danticr 
 is past, when they climb up the thread and regain their 
 former position. When mature, they are very handsome, 
 and present the appearance shown in Fig. oO, arc more than 
 
 Fig. 00. 
 
 on II 
 
 w lie 
 cater 
 ing 
 lurni 
 </ th: 
 T 
 riidii 
 
 an inch long, of a bright-yellow color, with the head and two 
 small j)rotuberances on the hinder part of the biick of a bril- 
 liant coral-red. Along tlie back there are four cream-colored 
 brush-like tufts, two long black |)lumes on the anterior ])art 
 ol'lhe body, and one on the posterior. The sides are clothed 
 with long, fine yellow hairs. There is a narrow black oi' 
 brown stripe along the back, and a wider dusky stripe on 
 each side. There are two broods during the season, the fu'st 
 completing their larval growth and spinning their cocoons 
 about the middle of .Inly ; the second hatching towards the 
 last of July and completing their growth by the end of 
 August, the moths from (heso latter depositing the eggs, 
 which remain on the trees during the winter. 
 
 The cocoon, as already stated, is spun in the leaf; it is of 
 a loose texture, gray in color, and has woven into it numerous 
 liairs derived from the Ixtdy of i\\o caterpillar. The enclosed 
 chrysalis is ol" an oval form and brown color, Hometimes whitish 
 
 4 
 
 •A 
 
 •I 
 ■A' 
 
 % 
 
A TTA CKl y G THE L KA I A'S'. 
 
 59 
 
 on the under side, ami is covered with short hairs (U- down. 
 In ;il)oiit a f()rtni,ijjlit the motii of the siimnier brood is hatched, 
 wiii'ii one iniu'ht reasonably exjjeet that iVoni so haiidsoini' a 
 (•aterj)illar there would ai)i)ear a moth with some corrospond- 
 jnii; beautv, but any such expectation is doomed to disappoint- 
 ininl. Jn I'^iji;. 51, c shows the chrysalis oi' the lemale, and 
 d that of the male. 
 
 The female moth is win<>;less, or provided with the merest 
 rudiments of winoj.s; her body is of a light-<;ray color, of an 
 
 Fi.i. .M. 
 
 
 V\i\. .-,;]. 
 
 
 obloiig'-oval form, with rather lonj^ Icos^ and is distended 
 with eijgs; indeed, she is more like an animated bni; of e<:;y;s 
 than anythiuij,' else. (See Fi<>'. o2, where she is represented 
 attached to the empty eoeoon from which she has escaped.) 
 After her escape, she patiently waits the attendaiUH; of the 
 male, and then lu^nins to place her etj;<«s on the outside of 
 her own cocoon, fastening- them tjiere in the manner already 
 described. During this |)rocess her body contracts very 
 nnich, ;md soon after her work is linished she dro|)s down 
 to th(! groiuul and dies. 
 
 The niide moth (I*"'ig. oo) is of an ashen-gray color, llie 
 fori! wings being crosst'd by wavy bands of a darker shade ; 
 I here is a small black' s|)ot on the outer edge near the ti|), an 
 obli(|ne blackish stripi^ beyond it, and a nunute white; ei'csccn* 
 near the outer hind angle. The body is gray, with \\ smtdl 
 black tuft near the base of the abdomen. The wiiigH, when 
 expaixled, measure about an inch and a tpiarter across. 
 
I"l 
 
 60 
 
 jySKCTS IXJi'/i/OCS TO TIIK APPLE. 
 
 Since the i'einale i.s wingless, and invariably attaches her 
 eggs to the ()ut>i(le of her own cocoon, the insect can onlv 
 spread by the wanderings of the ca.ter|)i liars, or the careless 
 introduction of eggs on young trees, A'o doubt the latter 
 has been the most ])rolilic source of mischief. Although 
 not usually very injurious, it becomes at tinies a perfect pe>i 
 to the fruit-grower, stripi)ing the trees almost bare of leaves 
 and disliii'uring the fruit bv gnawing its surface. While 
 very partial to the ajtple, it attacks also the plum and pear, 
 and is said to feed occasionally on the elm, majjle, horse-chest- 
 nut, and oak. 
 
 Rvuu'dlvK. — riie increase of this insect may be easily pre- 
 vented by collecting and destroying the eggs during the win- 
 ter months. In gathering the cocoons, all those having no 
 egg-masses attached should be left, as they contain either the 
 empty chrysalids of the male or the chrysalids of j)arasites. 
 Nine dilVerent species of files, four-winged and two-winge(l, 
 are known to be parasitic on this insect in the catei'pillar state 
 
 No. 23. — The Yellow necked Apple-tree Caterpillar. 
 
 Jhitdiiii iiiiiiislrd (Driiry). 
 
 The motl' of this species was first described by Mr. Drury, 
 an eminent Engli>h entomologist, in 177-'), from s|)i'cimens 
 
 received by him from \ew 
 York, it measures, when 
 its wings are expanded, 
 about two inches across 
 (>t'e l^'ig. T)!), and is of a 
 light-brown color, with the 
 head and a large; spot on 
 the thorax chcstiuit-brown. 
 On the fore wings there; are 
 from tlii'ce to five transverse brown lines, oiu; or two sj)ots 
 near ilie middle (sometimes wanting), and the outer margin 
 also of the same color. The hind wings ar(> pale yellow, 
 without markings. When in reposi-, tla; hinder |)art of its 
 
 liodv 
 
 lllnti 
 
 i 
 
 '% 
 
 <^l: 
 
 C 
 J 
 
 ',4 
 
A TTA CKL\G Til /•; L K. I I ES. 
 
 61 
 
 |)()(lv is raised up, :iiul the tore lei:;s stretcluul out. The 
 iiKiths aj)|)(';ir iVoiii the ini(hlle of Juno until the end ol'July. 
 
 i-]i(|i rciiiulc deposits lier stock of eggs in ;i single cluster 
 (if fidiii .-eventv to one hun(h'ed in number. Tiiey are white, 
 loiuid, less than one-thirtii'th of an* inch in diameter, placed 
 ,-i(le l)V side in nearly straight rows, and firmly cemented to 
 each othei', as well as to the surface of the leaf on which they 
 are placed. Those first laid begin to hatch during the third 
 week in Julv, while others ar(! three or four weeks later, so 
 that some broods are neui full grown, while others are 
 small and but a few days old. 
 
 The young larvic eat only the under side and pulpy i)art 
 of the leaves, leaving the veins and upj)er side untouched, but 
 as tluy increase in size and strength they devour the whole 
 of the leaf except the stem. When young they are brown, 
 striped with white, but as they mature they i)ecome darker 
 in enlor, with yellow stripes ; they attain their fidl growth in 
 al)itiil five or six weeks, when they are about two inches long. 
 The head is large and black, the next seginent, sometimes 
 called the neck, of a dull orange color, a black stripe ex- 
 tending down the back, and three stripes of the sanu! color 
 alteiuating with ibur yellow stripes on each side. The body 
 i> tliirdy clothed with long, soft, whitish hairs. The larv;e 
 are invariably found clustered closely together on a limb, on 
 \rliieh, beginning with the tender leaves at the extremity, they 
 gradually devour all before them, leaving the braiKfh {)er- 
 I'tctly bai'e. Its leafless condition soon attracts attention, and 
 on examination it is found to bo loaded with those catcrpil- 
 lai's crowded together. The position tlu'V tissume wl'.en at 
 rest is very odd, and is well shown in Fig. 55 ; both ex- 
 tremities are raised, tlit; body being bent, and resting otdy 
 on the four middle pairs of legs. If touched or tilarmed, 
 tluy throw u|) their heads and tails with a jerk, at the same; 
 time bending the body until the two extremities almost meet 
 over the bacik j they also jerk their heads from side to side. 
 They all eut together, crowded u[)on the under surface of 
 
 g| 
 
62 
 
 hXSECTS h\ J Villous TO THE Al^PLE. 
 
 the leavos, alon<^ tlio inargius of which appears a row of 
 sliiniiig black heatls, witli each nioiitli busily engaged in di- 
 
 vouring the portion near it, and when 
 the meal is finished they arrauLrc 
 themselves side by side along th • 
 branches which they have strippeil. 
 If one branch does not afford food 
 enough, they attack another; and 
 when full grown and ready to tran>- 
 form, they nearly all leave the tree 
 at the same time, descending by night 
 to the ground, where they burrow- 
 under the surface to the dej)th of from two to four inches, 
 and after a time cast their caterpillar skins and become 
 naked, brown chrysalids. They remain in the pupa stat(> 
 until the following July, when iiie moths escape and takt' 
 wing. 
 
 Although sometimes very abundant and destructive, this 
 insect is not usually very common ; some years a few clusters 
 may be seen, and then several seasons may pass before they 
 are met with again. The nakedness of the lind)s they attack 
 soon attracts attentiv,.i, when the larva? may be easily de- 
 stroyed by crushing them on the tree, or by cutting off the 
 branches and throwing them into the fire. A small Ichneu- 
 mon parasite is known to |)rey on them, which may in some 
 measure account for th(> irregularity of their appearance. 
 
 f 
 
 No. 24. — The Red-humped Apple-tree Caterpillar. 
 
 r 
 
 (Edcma.sia coiiriiuia (Siii. & A1>1).). 
 
 This insect very much resembles in habits the yellow- 
 necked a|>|)le-trec caterpillar (No. 23). 
 
 The moth (Fig. 50) a[)j)ears about the last of June. Tlu- 
 fore wings are dark brown on the inner, and grayish on tlic 
 outer mai'gin, with a dot near the middle, a spot near eacii 
 angle, and several longitudinal streaks along the liiud mai'gin, 
 all dark brown. The hind wings of the male are brownish, 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 C3 
 
 IS 
 
 )!• (lirtv wliitc, those of the i'emule dii-ky brown ; the body 
 s li'iht brown, tlie thorax of ii darker shade. When ex- 
 naiwlcd, the winn's measure from an inch to an indi and a 
 (juartcr across. 
 
 The female deposits her eggs in a ehister, on ihe under side 
 ota leaf, (hn-ing tlie month of July, where theysliortly liatch 
 into tinv eaterpdhirs, whieh at first consume only the sub- 
 stance of the under side ot i!ie leaf, leaving the ui)[)er surface 
 uiihrokcii, but as they increase in si/e they cat the entire leaf. 
 \\ Ikii not eating, they remain close together, sometimes com- 
 i.lclclv covering the branch they rest upon. Having come 
 to maturity, which occurs during August or early in Scptem- 
 hci', the larva appears as represented in J^^ig. o7. The head 
 
 
 \< coral-red, and there is a hump on the back on the fourth 
 x'wvi or segment of the same color ; the body is traced lengtli- 
 \\i<(' by slender black, yellow, and white lines, and has two 
 rows of black j)rickles along the back, and other shorter ones 
 upon the sides, from each of which there arises a fine hair. 
 The liinckM- segments taper a little, and are always elevated, 
 :r- shown in the figure, when the insect is not crawling. Tt 
 nuMsures, when fidl grown, about an inch and a quarter long. 
 Tli(>so eatei pillars entirely consume the leaves of the branch 
 on wlii.'h they are placed, and when these are insufficient the 
 ailjoining branches are laid under tribute. When handled, 
 (liey discharge a transparent fhiid having a strong acid smell, 
 wliicli (lonl)tlcss serves as a defence against enemies, especially 
 bir<ls, since their habit of feeding o|)enly in large flocks reu- 
 (Ifi's them pttrticularly liable to attack from these ever-active 
 
 Iocs. 
 
■19^ 
 
 64 
 
 INSKCTS ISjriilOCS TO THE Al'l'LE. 
 
 Fici. 58. 
 
 When full <;T()\vn, tlioy all disappear about the same time, 
 (le.sceiidiuiij from the trees to the ground, where they cnii- 
 cial themselves under leaves, upon or slii^htly under the mu- 
 face, and after a lon«;' time change to brown chrvsalids, :is 
 shown in Fig. 58, and remain in the piij)a state until late in 
 .lime or early in Jidy of the following ycnr, wlicn 
 the j»erft'ct moths api)ear. 
 
 Jn the Xorth there is only one brood during ihc 
 year, but in the South they are said to be douliK- 
 brooded. They are very generally distril)Uted, but 
 seldom abundant, and, while preferring the apple, 
 feed also on the plum, cherry, rose, thorn, and |>( ar. 
 As thev maintain their gregarious habits dining their eii- 
 tire larval existence, they can easily be gathered and destroycil, 
 cither by cutting off the lindj ami burning it, or bv dislod^- 
 iiig tlicm by suddenly jarring the limb, when they fall to the 
 ground and may be tram|)led under foot. These larvte are 
 also destroyed by parasites belonging to the family of Ichneu- 
 
 mons, 
 
 but it 
 
 IS not yet known to what species we are i 
 
 n( 
 
 lebt 
 
 ('(I 
 
 for this friendly help. 
 
 clost 
 
 Wi'lKl 
 
 ill M 
 it i- 
 iii(i(<' 
 iiiciii. 
 cliicl 
 WW \\ 
 T 
 
 Nos. 25 and 26. — Canker-worms. 
 
 Anisoplerijx vernala (Peck), and A. ponicturia Harris. 
 
 These are two distinct species of insects which have been 
 confounded under the common name of canker-worm, and,;is 
 their habits and aj)pearance are so similar, it will be conveiii 
 cut to treat of them under one heading. The moths from the 
 h[^w\qs poineUiria leave the ground chiefly in the fall, those of 
 venuitd, partly in the fall, but more abundantly in th< ^prii;^. 
 
 A. pohtddria, known as the l*\ill C'aidcer-w. ill liivt 
 
 claim our attention. I^ate in the season, wl .my of the 
 
 leaves have fallen, and severe frosts have cut ( vthir that 
 is tender, a walk in the woods or through the orchai i on a 
 sunny afternoon is not void of interest. Here and there slen- 
 der, d(>licate, silky-winged moths may be seen flitting about, 
 enjoying the sunshine. On capturing one and exannning it 
 
■**<- 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 Oo 
 
 .,"« 
 
 ;W 
 
 ^1 
 
 closely, Nve find it to be almost trans|);ireiit, and one is led to 
 wonder wlivso trail t^ereatnre siiould seleet so blealc a season 
 in MJiieh to appear; but, delieatc; as its structure seems to be, 
 it is nevertheless one of the hardiest of its raee, requiring-, 
 indeed, a considerable de<;ree of cold for its perfect develop- 
 nicnt. These are the male moths of the eaidcer-worm, and 
 chiellv those oi' pometaria, the fall canker-worm. 'J'he iemales 
 
 arc wini^less. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 fhe eu'i^s of this species [a and b, Fii^. 59) are flattened 
 a!>i)ve, have a central puncture and a brown circle near the 
 honlt'i', ai-e laid side by side in 
 regular ma.-ses (r, Fig. 50), often 
 ;i- many as a hundred together, 
 and generally placed in exposed 
 situations on the twigs or branches 
 (»t' the tree. They usually hatch 
 about the time when the young 
 leaves of the apple push i'roni 
 tht' I Hid, when the little caidcer- 
 wonns cluster uj)on and consume the tender leaves, and, on 
 the ;ipproach of cold or wet weather, creep for shelter into the 
 bi'>om of the exjianding bud or into the opening flowers. 
 The newly-hatched caterpillar is of a pale olive-green color, 
 with the head and horny part of the second segment of u very 
 pale hue. When full grown, it measures about an inch in 
 length. ])resenting the aj'pearance shown at/. Fig. 59 ; in the 
 i^anie figure, c represents a side view of one of the segments 
 of the body, enlarged so as to show its mnrkings. 'J'hese 
 caterpillars are called loopers, because they alternately loop 
 and extend their bodies when in motion. They arc also 
 known as measuring-worms. They vary in color from 
 iireenish yellow to dusky or even dark brown, with broad 
 loui^itudinal yellowish or j)aler stripes along each side. When 
 1 t eating, they usually assume a slilF j)ostin'e, either flat 
 and i)arallel with the twijis on which thev rest, or at an ani>;le 
 of about forty-five degrees; in either case, since they closely 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
oi; 
 
 jysHCTs jxjf.iiiovs TO Till': ai'Pli:. 
 
 rowoiublo ill (\i\ov the hiaiicli on v.liicli lluT rest, they ii>ii- 
 ally cIihU' detoction. W'Ik ii full grown, tlicy Icuvct tlic tivis 
 oi*^lici" by crccpi.ii;' down tlio (nuik or l)y letting:; lliciiiscKi s 
 down by silken tlnvads iVoni the hfanclics. Wdicn thus sii-- 
 |:endo(l in uroat nnni! hts, as is iVcMjuiMitly the ease, under lli" 
 linihs ot" trees overhanuini:; roads and sidewalks, they heeoinc 
 a ui'eat annoyan(!e, espeeially to sensitive ])eo|)le,and are ol'tcii 
 swept oiV by passinj]:; vehieles, and in this manner sonietinii - 
 distrihnted over a eonsidenddt! area. 
 
 Ilavinj;- reat lied, the ground., <'„-y l)urri)\v int<» it to a depth 
 of from two to six ine!ie>, wheic ihey make a rathe touuli 
 eoeuou of bull-eolored silk, interwoven with particles ol' 
 ('■■u'th. The chrysalis is about half an inch long, of a liglii 
 gi'ayish-hrow n color, that ol' the niah' slender and I'urnished 
 with wing-cast's, that of the female larger and without wing 
 cases. 'I'he ehrysalids remain in the ground throughout tlir 
 stuiiiner, and th(> moths usually aj»j)ear on tho v.ing (hiring the 
 mild weather which succeeds the lirst severe frosts in autumn. 
 
 'I'he female moth of each spoeiis is without wings, and 
 sluggish ill movement, with a very odd spider lik<' a|)|)earancc. 
 
 (Sec A, Fig. t.n.) With 
 
 V ^ r:' V^^ "^^^ . -"^ -^^ cii-s, ■ sh,> dra-s her 
 ,.>N ^ir-i. Ksi%. ^r-..^-^*^^^j. ^.^ , weary way along in a 
 
 most ungainly manner 
 niilil she reaches tin 
 l»ase of a suitable tree, 
 up which she cliiiibs, and there awaits the arrival ol' lli(\ male 
 ller iiody is of a uniform shining ash color above, and gray 
 Ix'iieatli ; it is from three to four tertlis of an inch in lenglli. 
 The fore wings of the male (I'^ig. (>(), <i) iiic of a brownish- 
 gray coh.r, very glossy, and are crossetl by two rather irregu- 
 lar whitish bauds, the outer on(! enlnrging near the ii])c\, 
 \vliert\ it forms a large ])ah> spot. The hind wings are 
 grayisli brown, with a faint central blackish dot and a iiioii' 
 or less distiftcl whitish band crossing them. 
 
 il 6 
 
 CO ''nVi'"",. 
 
 
 ha- 
 
 ■:;j 
 
 
 ., i; 
 
 ll i lie 
 
 % 
 
 ihc. 
 
 <s 
 
 
 '■;« 
 
 of a 
 
 fj 
 
 
 >. 
 
 
 
 lil.Ml 
 
 
 (lilt 1 
 
 1^. 
 
 ai'r:i! 
 
 -■^^ 
 
 
 ■i* 
 
 
 
 hiuu 
 
 
 (•rev 
 
 
 hale! 
 
 I 
 
 :^^ 
 
 ■a 
 
 i 
 
ATTACK I. \(' TJiK LEAVES. 
 
 G7 
 
 
 Anisoplcrp' vcniata, \i\n)\yn as tlio Sprinn' ( ^ankor-worm, 
 has ail oval-sliajKxl 0)i,g, sliowii at 6 in l"'i<j;. (il, liiglily \i\ng- 
 inl'ud; the iiatmal size is shown in 
 ihc small cluster adjoin in<;' ; tliev arc '' "'• '''• 
 
 of a very delicate texture and pearly i^^^^ i,^:-l~j 
 lustre, and are lai<i in masses with- 
 out auv reirularity or order in their 
 ainuiijjenient, olten a.? nuiny as a 
 hundred together, usually liiddtMi in 
 crevices of the bark of trees. They 
 hateli at the same time as the other .«pecies. 
 
 The young eater[)illar is of a dark olive-green f)r brown 
 cmIup, with a black shining head, and a liornv plate ot" the 
 >aMK! color on the to|) of the next segment; they, too, are 
 al>out an inch long when lull grown, and present then the 
 appearance shown at ff. Fig. 01. In the same ligure, c rep- 
 I csents a side view, and d a back view, of one of the segments, 
 enlarged so as to show their markings more distinelly. 
 
 W'Ik'U full grown, this ealei'pillar elosoly resend)les that of 
 the other s|»eeics, and the body is e(pially variabh? in color. 
 Ill ihis lilt! head is mottled and s|)otted, and has two paki 
 triuisverse lines in front; th(! body is longitudinally striped 
 with many narrow pale lines; along the sides it becomes 
 (lc(!per in color, and down the middle of the back are some 
 l)la(!kis!i spots. Their habits are similar to thosi; of the other 
 species, and they attain full growth about the sanu; lime. 
 
 'i'li(( <'hrysali(ls, which are found about tlu; sanu! depth 
 under gi'oinid, are similar in color to those of pomrhirid, but 
 llic cocoon is nmch more fragile, and is (jasily torn to j)iee,OH. 
 Sometimes the moth esea|)es from tlie (ihrysalis in theautumn, 
 bill more frecpKMitly during the first warm days ol' spring. 
 
 The abdomen of the t'emale {h, Fig. (12), as well as tiuvt of 
 ihc male, has in this spe-aos, upon the hinder margin of each 
 of the rings, two transverse rows (tf stilV reddish s|»ines ; at 
 '/ ill the fignn; is represented a joint of the abdomen, en- 
 larged, showing tluise spines. The female also has a retractile 
 
 j| 
 
jySECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE APPLi:. 
 
 Ss« 
 
 
 Hms8>' 
 
 ovipositor, shown in the li^iire at c; this is wanting in tlic 
 otiier species ; c represents a jxtrtion ot' one of )ier anteniiie. 
 
 TJie lore win<>\s of 
 the male are pak>r tiuui 
 in poitid<i)''ut,'A\n\. more 
 transparent; they are 
 ash-eoh)rcd or brown- 
 ish gray, and of a silky 
 ap|)earanee. X broken 
 whitish band crosses the wings near the outer margin, aiid 
 three interrupted brownish lines between that tu.d the base ; 
 there is an ol)li(iuc black dash near the tip of the fore wings, 
 and a nearly continuous l)laclv line at the base of the friny;r. 
 The hind Avings are plain pale ash color, or very light gray, 
 with a dusky dot about the middle. 
 
 licmcd'uK. — To attatdv an enemy with success it is essential 
 that we know his vulnerable poinLs. In this instance, sinc(! 
 ihe fenudis are without wings, if they can be prevented from 
 crawling up the trees to dejjosit their eggs, a great point will be 
 gained. Various measures iiave been employed to secure this 
 end, all belonging to one or other of two classes, — first, those 
 that prevent the ascension of the moth by entangling her feel 
 and holding her there, or by drowning her; second, those 
 which look Id a similar end by ])revcnting her from getting a 
 foothold, and causing her to I: 11 repeatedly to the ground 
 until she becomes exhausted ai)d dies. Jn the first class is 
 included tar, mixed with oil to jirevent its drying, and applied 
 either directly around the body of the tree, or on strips of old 
 canvas or still' paper, about liv(> or six inches wide, and tied 
 in the middle with a string; refus(! sorghum molasses, |)rinler's 
 ink, and slow-drying varnishes, are used in a similar manner. 
 'I'in, lead, and i-ubber troughs, to contain oil, also belong to 
 this class of I'cmedies, and have uU been used with uiore or 
 less success. Jn the use of any of the first-named sticky 
 substances, it should be borne in mind that they must be lve|)t 
 sticky by freipient renewal of the surface in mild weather, uv 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 till 
 
 as 
 lc;i 
 rrli 
 to 
 
 a \' 
 
 ai'i' 
 
 >\\v 
 
 I. 
 
 we 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 ;:i 
 
 )r 
 
 .V 
 
 the a|)i)lic:ition will be useless; they slioiikl also be applied 
 as early as the latter part of October, and ke[)t on until the 
 leaves are expanded in the ibllowing spring. It must also be 
 rcincnibered that some of the moths, defeated in their attempts 
 to climb the trees, will deposit their eggs near the ground, or 
 aii\ where, in faet, below the barrier, and that tiie tiny yonng 
 worms hatoheil from thenj v,'ill pass without difHeulty through 
 a verv small opening. Ileuee, whether troughs or b;mdages 
 are used, care nmst be taken to jill up all the irregularities of 
 .-m'faec! in the baric of the tree;:, so that no oi)enings shall be 
 loft through whieh they may pass. Cotton batting answers 
 well in most eases for this ])urpose. 
 
 Till' sei'ond (ihiss of remedies consists of various ingiMiioiis 
 devices, in the way of collars of metal, wood, or glass fasten('<l 
 aioinul the tree and sloping downward like an inverted funnel. 
 These, although they prevent the i>u)tlis from ascending the 
 tree, olfer but littli; obstatde to the ])rogress of tlie yonng 
 (■alei'|)illars unless the ojienings between the collar and the 
 tfci' are carcriiily packed, ai-d hence they often fail of entire 
 success. Those belonging to the first class are said to be the 
 .sin-est and best, and while it must be admitted that it involves 
 iiiiich time and labor to renew so often aiu' for so long a jjoriod 
 (he lar or other sticky application so as to make; it an cfrectual 
 harrier to the ascent of the insect, still it will pay, wherever 
 the canker-worm aboiuids, to give this matter the attention 
 re(piisite to insiu'c success. The limited pinver of motion 
 possessed bv the female usuallv conlines this insect within 
 narrow limits, ansl \\q\uv. it is local in its attacks, sometimes 
 alioimdin'i; in one orchard and beinur scareelv known in a 
 neighboring one; but when it has obtained a footing, and is 
 iiegle(!ted, it usually nudtipli(>s j^rodigiously. Strong winds 
 will >om( times carry the larva* from one tree to another iu>ar 
 hv. When the worms lu'c onc(! on the tree, if th(^ \vvv. is 
 small, they may be dislodged by jarring, when they all drop, 
 suspended in mid-air by silken threads; then, by swinging a 
 stick above them, the threads may be collected and the larvie 
 
 laMimiaiMm 
 
V 
 
 INSECTS IXJUHIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 V 
 
 broii};lit to tlie ground and destroyed. Fall ploughing has 
 been recommended to destroy the ehrysalids hv turning them 
 up, wlien they are likely to be either killed by exposure or 
 devoured by birds. Hogs also are very useful in destroyin;^ 
 this i)est by rooting up the ehrysalids and eating them. 
 
 These insects liave many natural enemies. A small mite, 
 Xof/irics ucivo)'u.s Packard (Fig. 03), destroys the eggs. A 
 
 mi mite jiarasitic fly deposits her egg> 
 ^vithin tlie eggs of the canker-worm and 
 destroys them. In the larval state they 
 are i)reyed on by a small Ibur-wingcil 
 lly, a species of Microgaster, which, afdM' 
 having fed upon its victim to i'ull growth, 
 eats its way out, and constructs a small 
 oval white cocoon altachcd to the bodv 
 of the cater[)illar. A species of Tachiiia, 
 a two-winged llv similar to Fig. 4G, No. 
 
 Kui. c,;}. 
 
 >1 
 
 is also a jiarasite on 
 
 thes 
 
 e worms. 
 
 i'red 
 
 iceous msecits 
 
 also feed upon them, especially the Green Catci-pillar-hunlii' 
 (Fig. 47), the Copper-spotted Calosoma (Fig. 18), and the 
 Rapacious SoMicr-hug, ^Sill<^(l (Vmdoiia (Say) (Fig. (M). The 
 
 h i- 
 rlini 
 
 .vl 
 
 sllMIC 
 
 ;l1si> 
 
 |i 
 
 Fid. 01. 
 
 Fraternal Potler-wasp, KiimcnoH fratrnni.^ Say {<t, Fig. ()5), 
 stores (he cells lor her young with canker-worms, often ])laciiig 
 as many as iiftci'ii or twenty in a single cell, in the ligure, at 
 
ATTACK no THE LEAVES. 
 
 n 
 
 h is shown the clay cell of tliis insect entire ; iit c tlio same cut 
 tlii'oii'jjii, showing' lu)\v it is packed with these larvrj. These 
 cells are sonietinies attacheil to phmts aiul sonutinies con- 
 structed under the h)osc bark of trees. Insect-eating birds 
 ;iIso devour hirge numbers of canker-worms. 
 
 These insects are not coniined to the aj)i)le-tree : ebn- 
 (lecs are freijuently eaten bare by them; thev attack also 
 the pluni, cherry, linden, and many other trees. They are 
 eoiiiiiinn ill the Eastern and \\\'stern States, and also in some 
 |);iii< 111' Cana<la. 
 
 No. 27.--The Fall Web-worm. 
 
 Hi/j)Iniiiiri(i tcxiur lliirris. 
 
 Alter the webs of the tent-caterpillars have been carelully 
 removed in the s[)rino;, and the fruit-grower is perhaps (lattcr- 
 \\\\f himself with the idea that his troubles in this dinn'tion 
 nrc about (tvei-, towards the end of summer lu; m;iy be mor- 
 tified to find his trees again adorned with webs enclosing 
 swaiiiis of hungry caterpillars, devouring the Ibliage. Thi, is 
 the fall w(>b-worin, an insect totally diHerent in all its stages 
 iVoiii the common tent-caterpillar. The moth (»f this species 
 deposits her eggs in broail patches on the under side of tlu; 
 leaves, near the end of a branch, during the latter part of 
 Mav or e;iily in dime. These hatch in the monlli of dune, 
 -liilv, or August ; during the earlier period in t!ie warmer 
 (li-(riet-. and later in the (bolder ones. 
 
 As sniiii as (he young larva; appear they begin to eat, iind to 
 >pin a well over themselves for protection. 'i'li(>y devour only 
 llie pulpy |)orti()n of the leaves, leaving th(> veins and skin of 
 tiie under sui'face untouched. While young, they are of a 
 |iali'--yellowi.sh color, sparingly hairy, with two rows of black 
 marks along (he body, \^'lu!n full grown, (hey are an iii(;li 
 ('!• iiio)-e ill Icngdi, and vary greatly in their markings; some 
 examples an; pale yellow or giHienish, others much darker and 
 <•!' a bhiish-blattk hue. 'Hie head is black, and (here is a broad 
 dii'^ky or blackish stri[)e down the back ; along; each side is a 
 
72 
 
 INSECT.J ISJURIOUS TO THE Al'PLi:. 
 
 'A 
 
 Fui. 06. 
 
 yellowish band, .spccklod more or less with blaek. The body 
 is covered with long straight hairs, grouped in tufts, arisin^^r 
 
 from small black or orange-yel- 
 low protuberances, of which thcri; 
 are a number on each segment. 
 The hairs are sometimes of u 
 dirty white, with a few black 
 -' ones intersj)ersed, sometimes red- 
 dish brown ; they are hingest 
 towards the extremities of the body. Unlike the common 
 tent-caterpillars, these la^'vos do not wander from their nests 
 to Iced until nearly full grown, but extend the web over their 
 whole feeding-gromid, constantly enclosing fresh portions of 
 the branch occupied, until sometimes the web covers a space 
 several feet long, the whole enclosed portion having a scorched 
 or withered look, as if it had been blighted. When nearly 
 at their fidl growth, they suddenly abandon their social habits 
 and scatter far and wide, feedint>; on almost anv t2;re('n thiii^ 
 thev meet with. Thev are verv active, and riui briskly when 
 disturbed. 
 
 DiM'ing September and October these caterpillars descend 
 to the ground and burrow a short distance under the surface, 
 or creep under crevices of bark or some such shelter above 
 ground, where they form slight cocioons of silk, interwoven 
 with hairs i'rom their bodies. Within these cocoons tluy 
 soon change to chrysalids of a dark-brown color (Fig. 67). 
 
 Fia. 07. Fia. 08. 
 
 V* 
 
 smooth, polished, and faintly punetaled, with aswcilling about 
 the middle. In this condition they remain until the following 
 year. 
 
 The moth (Fig. ()<S) is of a nnlk white color, without spots ; 
 
 fre(|i 
 pea I'll 
 feede 
 clierr 
 
 i 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 73 
 
 tlie ;uiteiina3 are gray, those of the male doubly feathered be- 
 low, tliosG of tlie female with two rows of iniiuite teeth only; 
 {\\i- lV(tiit thighs arc tawny yellow, the feet blackish l)i-o\vn. 
 Wluii the winii'S are expanded they measure about one and 
 a quarter inches across. The moth Hies only at night. 
 
 In the Northcru United States and Canada there is oidy 
 one brood of this insect in the season, but in the Soutli it is 
 frcfjiientlv double-brooded, the iirst brood of the larvto ap- 
 pearing in June, the second in August. It is a very general 
 I'ccder; besides the apple, it also eats the leaves of tlu; plum, 
 ciuTry, pear, hickory, ash, elm, willow, oak, beec;!), i)utton- 
 wood, grape, currant, blackberry, raspberry, and clover. 
 
 From their birth, the web-si)inning habits of these larvse 
 promptly lead to their detection, and as soon as seen tney 
 should be removed by cutting off the twig or braiu'h and 
 (lestroving it; if bevond ordinarv reach, the branch niav l)e 
 cut oil' by attaching a pair of pruning-shears to a pole and 
 pulling one handle with a string. As they remain constantly 
 inider the web for so Icjng a period, the removal of the branch 
 insures in most instances the destruction of 
 the whole colony. 
 
 No parasites have yet been recorded as 
 preyiug on them, but many carnivorous in- 
 sects devour them. The Spined Soldier-bug, 
 l\)(Jmis t^plnosus (Dallas) (Fig. (>i)), attacks 
 them, piercing their bodies with its beak 
 and sucking them empty. This i'riendly insect is. represented 
 in the iigure at b, with one pair of wings extended, the othei" 
 clo.scd ; at a, a magnified view ol' the beak is given. 
 
 No. 28. — The Cecropia .Emperor-moth. 
 
 Plahjsamia Cecropia (liiiui.). 
 
 Among the many beautiful insects native to this country, 
 (here are none which excite more delight and astonishment 
 than the Cecjropia nu)tli. Its .size is enormous, measuring, 
 when its wings are spread, from live to seven Inches a"ross, 
 
f!i 
 
 74 
 
 lASECrS INJURIOUS TO THE AI'l'LIJ. 
 
 1 
 
 while its beauty is siieh as to oliann all hcliolders. Flo;, 70 
 ijjivcs a very ^ood rej)rc,sontatioii of this niagiiiticciit motli. 
 
 Botli the . iVoiit and hind wings arc of a rich brown, the 
 anterior pair grayi.sii shaded with red, (he [xisterior inoie 
 
 pi 
 
 ..ti'.>irwt^» 
 
 L 
 
 I line, 
 
ATTACKISG THE LEAVES. 
 
 to 
 
 
 uiiiroriiilv l)r()\vii, and about the middle ol" each of the wing's 
 i- a nearlv ki(hiey-shaped white spot, shaded more or loss with 
 ivd, :ind margined with blaek. A wavy (hill-red band crosses 
 (.ai'li of the wings, edged within witli white, the edging wide 
 and distinct on the hind wings, and more ov less faint on the 
 ficiit pair. The enter edges of the wings are of a pale silUy 
 blow II, in which, on the anterior [)air, runs an irregular didl- 
 biarlv liiH>, which on the hind wings is replaced by a double 
 broken baiul of the same hue. The front wings, next to the 
 slinulders, are dull red, with a curved white and black band, 
 and near their tips is an eye-like spot with a bluish-white 
 cn-ceiii. The upper side of the body and the legs are dull 
 red, with a wide band behind the head, and the liirnhn* e<lges 
 of tlic rings of the abdomen white; the under side of the 
 Ijodv is also marked with white. 
 
 Diu'ing the winter months, when the apple-trees are ieaf- 
 Ic--, the large cocoons of this insect are frequently fouml 
 liriiily attached to the twigs; they also occur on many other 
 trees and shrid)s, for in its ('aterj)illar state it is a very 
 general i'eeder. The cocoon (F.\^'. 71) is about three inches 
 long and an inch or more broad in its widest jtart, pod- 
 shaped, of a rusty-gray or brownish color; it is formed cd" 
 two layers of silk, the outer one not unlike strong brown 
 paper, and within this a ([uantity of loose silken fibres covei- 
 iiiii an imior, oval, closely-woven cocoon, containing a large 
 hrown chrysalis. Snuglv enclosed within this double wrap- 
 per. I he chrysalis remains uninjured by the variations of 
 temi)erature diu'ing the winter, l^ate in May, or early in 
 .lime, the pu[)a-case is ruptured by the struggles of its occu- 
 jiMiit, and the newly-born moth begins to work its way out 
 (»r the cocoon; to lessen (he labor, a fltnd is secreted from 
 ;il>iiiil the mouth, which softens the fibres; then a tearing, 
 seiaping sound is heard, made by the insect working with the 
 claws on its lore feet, pulling away the softened threads and 
 packing thenj on each side to make; a passage I'or its body. 
 Tlie i)lace of exit is the smaller end of the (iocoon, whic-h is 
 
 b_ 
 
76 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 more loosely made tluiii any other part, and through whieh, at'icr 
 the internal obstacles are overcome, the passage is etllrtc 1 
 
 without nuich furtiier trouble. Fii>t 
 through the opening is thrust the 
 front pair of bushy-looking I^ nrs. 
 the shar[) claws of which fasten on 
 tiie outside structure; tiion with an 
 effort the head is drawn forward, 
 disphvying the bcautifid feather-like 
 antennic; next the thorax, on wiru'li 
 are borne the other two pairs (if 
 legs, is liberated, and Hnally tlic 
 escape is completed by the with- 
 drawal of the abdomen. An odd- 
 looking creature it is at first, widi 
 its large, plump, juicy body, and its 
 thick, small wings not much larger 
 than those of a liumble-bee. 'i'lic 
 insect now seeks a good location 
 where the wiiiffs may hano; down in 
 a position favorable for expandiiin, 
 when in a short time they undergo 
 a marvellous i^rowth, attaininu" their 
 full size in from half an hour to an 
 hour. 
 
 Soon after tiieir exit these moths 
 seek their mates, and shortly tin 
 female begins to defjosit her eggs, a 
 process which occupies considerable 
 time, since there are two or three 
 hundred to dispose of, and they are 
 usually laid in pairs, firmly fastened with a glutinous material, 
 on the under side of a leaf of tin; tree or shrub which is U) 
 form the future food of the caterpillar. The egg is nearly 
 one-tenth of an inch long, ahnost round, of a dull creamy- 
 white color, with a reddish s[)ot or streak near the middle. 
 
 The 
 
 1 
 
 (lays, 
 
 
 meal 
 
 
 shiniii; 
 
 
 the sai 
 
 
 ra))id, 
 
 
 too tig 
 
 
 At cac 
 
 ■•; 
 
 ill an 
 
 M 
 
 reprcse 
 
ATTACKING THE LKAVK^. 
 
 ^^■g'>^, 
 
 %% 
 
 TIic (lunition of the egg-state is usually from a week to ten 
 (lavs, when the young larva eats its way out, making its first 
 meal of the empty egg-shell. At first it is blaelc, with little 
 siiiniiig black knohs on its body, from which arise hairs of 
 the same color. AVith a ravenous appetite, its growth is very 
 rapid, and I'rom time to time its exterior coat or skin becomes 
 too tiii'lit for its comfort, when it is ruptured and tiirown off. 
 At each of these changes or moultings the caterpillar appears 
 ill ail altered garb, until finally it assumes tiie appearance 
 rejirc^ented in Fig. 72. It is a gigantic creature, from three 
 
 Fit 
 
 1 1 III;'. 
 
 to four inches long, and nearly as thick as a man's tlunnb; 
 its color is |)ale green ; the hn-ge warts or tuberciles on the 
 third and fourth segments are coral-red, the others on the 
 back are yellow, except those on the secontl and terminal 
 .segments, which, in common with the smaller tubercles along 
 the side, are blue. During its growth from the diminutive 
 creature as it esca])es from the egg to the monstrous-looking 
 lull-grown specimen, it consumes an immense amount of vcge- 
 tai)le I'ood ; and especially as it api)roaches maturity is this 
 voracious ap|)etite aj)parent. Where one or two have been 
 ])laced on a young apple-tree, they may in a short time strip 
 it entirely bare; the loss of foliage during the growing period 
 
78 
 
 INSECTS IXJriilOUS TO Till-: APPLE. 
 
 h 
 
 ])revent.s the proper ripening of the wood, and often endangers 
 the life of the tree. 
 
 Remedies. — The natural increase of this insect is great, and 
 wise provisions have been made to keep it within due boiuids. 
 Being so conspicuous an object, it often forms a dainty iik al 
 for the larger insectivorous birds; there are also eneniiis 
 
 which attack tiie egg and 
 '■ '"■ young larva, and sevcnil 
 
 species of parasites which 
 , live within the l)ody of 
 ' the caterpillar, and finallv 
 destroy it either in the lar- 
 val or the chrysalis state; 
 it is believed that fully 
 four-fifths of the larvre 
 perish in this manner. The 
 largest o^' these pprasites, 
 and perhaps the commonest 
 of them all, is the Lony;- 
 tailed 0])hion, 0})hion iiki- 
 cruruiii (Fiinn.) (Fig. 73), a large, yellowish-brown Ichneumon. 
 The female of this Hy deposits her eggs on the skin of her 
 victim, where the young larvfe soon hatch, and, eating their 
 way to the interior, prey upon the fatty j)ortions of the cater- 
 j)illar. Ai'ter the latter has attained full growth, formed its 
 
 cocoon, and become a chrys- 
 alis, the enclosed para-ite 
 causes its death. When iull 
 grown, the larva of this jiar- 
 asite is a large, fat, footless 
 grub (Fig. 74), which spins 
 an oV)long-oval cocoon with- 
 in the Cecroj)ia chrysalis, and escapes as a fly, sometimes in 
 the autumn, but more frequently in the following spring. 
 A two-winged fly, a species of Tachina (Fig. 46), is also veiy 
 frequently found as a parasite on the caterpillar. The larva 
 
 Fk). 74. 
 
 niiied 
 
 also fe( 
 
 ■— M 
 
ATTACK I XG THE LEAVES. 
 
 79 
 
 of this pai'a>ite is a fat, fleshy, Ibotless grub, of a traiisliu'cnt 
 vcll(»\v color, and about half an inch in length. A third para- 
 site is a sn)all four-winged liy, known as the ( Vcropia (,'halcis- 
 tlv, Smicra mar'm (Uiley) (Fig. 75). In tin; figure the ffy is 
 
 Fi... 7.'). 
 
 I'^Ki 7i5. 
 
 Fio. 
 
 ^~\ 
 
 iiiitcli nuiL'uified ; the short lines at the side show its natural 
 
 size, A fourth friendly liclper is an Icliueunion fly, known 
 
 nm\v[' the name of the 
 
 (Vcropia Cryptus, Cri/pfus 
 
 e.ftrematis Cresson, which 
 
 infests the C'ecroj>ia larva 
 
 in iiwat niuubers, filling its 
 
 chrysalis so entirely with 
 
 its thin, papery cocoons 
 
 (hui a transverse section 
 
 i)ours a strong resemblance 
 
 to a piece of lioney-comb. 
 
 (Sec Fig. 70.) The flies of 
 
 this parasite escape in June, 
 
 the female presenting the 
 
 appearance shown in Fig. 
 
 77, where it is niiK^h mag- 
 
 nilied, the short line at the side showing its natural size. 
 
 Another two-winged parasite is Gai'rdx anchnra Loew. 
 
 While very partial to the apjile, the larva of Cecropia will 
 also feed on the cherry, plum, pear, maple, willow, lilac, Eng- 
 
80 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 \'\A\ alik'r, red ciu'niiit, and lia/d ; also on llu,' liickoiy, birch, 
 elm, hi iiey-l()eu;st, harheny, hawthorn, and elder, 
 
 Durint; the winter their cocoons should he looked for and 
 destroyed ; the lar\ ;e also may In; subdued i)y hand-pickinjj;, — 
 ilu^ir work, as well as their r.ppeai'auee, beinj:; so conspieuuiis 
 iliai tliev are readilv detected. 
 
 ¥>A\. 78. 
 
 >-^^^^ 
 
 No. 29. — The Unicorn Prominent. 
 
 (.'telodiisii.-i nniciiniis iSm. \- Alil).\ 
 
 Thc^ larva of tliis moth is a very siniiular-Iookiiijij creature. 
 (See Fill,'. 78.) It is re<ldish brown, variei^ated with white, on 
 
 the hack, with a lari;e brown head ; the 
 sides ol' (he second :uid third .^^eginonts 
 are ^reeu, and i'rom the toj) of the 
 Iburth a prominent horn is projected, 
 'riierc' :u'e on the body a lew short 
 liairs, scarccdy visible to the naked eye ; 
 tlic j)osterlor se<.!;ment, with the hindcrmost pair of feel, i^ 
 always raised when the insect is at rest, but it <;enerally uses 
 tiuvc feet in walking'. In .VuL.',ust and September tliis lar\a 
 may lie found nearly full ^■rown. At first catini;' a nolcli, 
 about the si/e of its body, in the side of the leaf on which It 
 i.s feeding, luid j)Iaeiug it.self in (his notch, with the humps 
 on its body somewhat reseinl)lin<jj the irrt'gularities in the 
 margin ol' lh(> ])artly-ealen leaf, it is not easily (lete(!ted. 
 J'jvenlually il consumes ihc entire leaf, except !i small portion 
 of the base. When mature, it measures from an inch to an 
 inch and a (piai'ler in ienglh, and, while generally solitary ni 
 its habits, sometimes three or four are found together eating 
 tlic leaves of the sani(> twig. IJesides the ap|)le, it i'eeds mi 
 tlie i)lum, d' gwood, rose, ahhir, and svinterberry. 
 
 When full grown, which i^ lowai'ds the end of Re])tomber, 
 it descends from the tree, and under fallen Iea\'cs on the 
 ground constructs a thin, almost transparent, jiapery coeooii, 
 wi'h bits of leaves attached to the outside. A consideraltl" 
 time elajises after lh(> cocfjon is formed before the caterpillar 
 
 i 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 81 
 
 (,'liaii"'c'S to a brown chrysjilis. The inotli docs not appeal- 
 until tine following suiunier, anil is nio.st eoninion in July. 
 (See Fi^^ 79.) 
 
 The fore wings are light brown, variegated with patches 
 ol' trnienish white, with many wavy linos of a dark-bi-ow n 
 (nli>r, two of which enclose a small 
 whitish space; at l!ie base there 
 i- a shoi't blachish mark near the 
 middle; the tij) and the outer hind 
 margin ai'c whitisli, tinged with 
 ivd in the males, and near the outer 
 liiiid angle there are two hhwk 
 (lushes and one; small white dash. The hind wings of the 
 male are dirty white, with a, dusky spot on the inner hind 
 angle, those of tlui female sometimes entirely dusky. The 
 hody is brownish, with two narrow bla<'k bands across the 
 frdiit part of the thorax. When the wings are expanded, 
 this moth measures I'rom an incb aiid a (piarter to an inch 
 and a Jialf across. It is (l()id)le-br<)(td(!d in the South, the 
 moths of the first brood apjx.'aring early in .)inu', those of 
 the second in August; in the North it is also sometimes 
 dodhle-brooded. 
 
 This insect is rarely present in suHicicnt tunnbers to do 
 atiy material damage ; ai. 1 it seldom attracts the notice of the 
 fiiiit-grower, uidess by die singular appearance of the cater- 
 pillar and its re:oa* 'cabl(> cond)ination of c(dors. No para- 
 sites hiivo yet been re-'orded as pnyingon it, though doubtless 
 it sulTcrs in this way in coiumou with most other insects, 
 
 no 
 
 No. 30,— The Turnus Swallow-tail. 
 
 Vapilio luriius I, inn. 
 
 Every one must luivo j^een the large lin-nus swallow-tail 
 l)utti'rllv floatiiiix about in the warm days of June and dulv, 
 eiijoving the .'•unshiuc, drinking from the wayside pool, or 
 :-ippiiig th(> honey from llowcrs. It is one of our largest and 
 hiuid.somest butterllies, mea.'^uring, when its wings ai'e ex- 
 
m 
 
 j.\si:cTs jyjujuurs to the M'Pi.f.. 
 
 piiiul'"!, about (our iiiclics across. (Sec Fig. 80.) The wiiios 
 areol'a rich, pale loiiioii-ycllov color, baiuh'tl and hordci'cd 
 with hhicU ; on the I'orc; wings arc lum- hhiciv bars, the inner 
 one extending entirely across tliu wing, the outer ones hc- 
 ('(»inii!g shorter as tliev approach tlie api'.\. The front inai- 
 gin is edged with hhicU, and tlio outer margin has a wid^' 
 border of the same, in winch is set a row of eiglit or nim 
 pale-yi'Mow spots, the h)wer ones less distinct. 
 
 ''9. 
 
 Vxii MO 
 
 The hind wings are crossed by a streak of bhick, which is 
 abnost a continu"lion of the iinier band on the 'ore wings; 
 there is a short bhick streak a little beyond, and a wide black 
 border, wideidng as it approaches the iiniei" angle of the 
 wing. I^nclosed within this bolder, and towards its (inter 
 cilgc, arc six luindai' spots, the upper and lower ones reddish, 
 the others yellow ; above autl about these spots, ami especially 
 towards the iinier ungle of the wing, tlii' black bordering is 
 thickly powdered with blue scales. The onlcr nuirgin of the 
 hind wings is scalhtped aixl partly edged with yellow; the 
 iiuicr margin is bordered with brownish black Ibr about two- 
 
 W 
 
A T TA CKING Til E L E. I I 'KS. 
 
 .s;i 
 
 m 
 
 F* 
 
 tliir(I> ul' its k'li^tli, i'ollowcd hv a snuill vcIIdw paU'li, wliidi 
 i- >iic('i('(k'(l by a lai'<2;('r l)lack spot, centred witli a crescent dI" 
 l)li!c atoms, and bounded below by an iri'e<;'idar i'ed(li>li >|»()t, 
 iiiai'uined witbin with yellow. The hind wings terminate in 
 two K)n«i' black (ails edj^'ed on the insiik; with yellow. 'J'he 
 IkkIv is black above, mar<;ined with pale yellowish; below, 
 Ncllowish streaked with black. The under surface of the 
 wiii^s resend)les the up])er, but is |)aler. 
 
 This insect passes the winter in the ehi-ysalis state, and ap- 
 pears fu'st on the win<z; i'roin tlui middle to the end of Mav, 
 Itiit becomes moic plenlifnl durinj;' the latter |)ari o| -liine.tnd 
 e;irl\' in .Iidy. The etrys arc deposited siiiii'ly <>" the leaves 
 dl' ilie apple and other trees and shrubs (»n which the larva 
 (vv<.h\ they are about f)ne-( wenty-foiirtli ol'au inch in dianu!- 
 ti I', nearly round, of a dark-j^reen c(tlor, with a smooth sur- 
 I !''( , In ai»oul ten or l>velveday> the eu^s benin to clian^c 
 ct.ior, becominii,' darker, and i?rowin;;' verv dark Just bel'oro 
 the c.-cape of llie larva'. The vci'y youn^^ caterpillars are 
 black, roughened with small brownish-black tubercles, with 
 the first segment thicki'iied, of a did!, glossy tkish (folor, a 
 |H'oiiiinent tiesliy tid)ercle on each side, and a j)ateh </f while 
 ell ili(3 seventh and eighth segments. 
 
 When lull grown, it ap|)ears as in Fig. 81. It is then 
 IVom an inch and a half to two int'liuH long, with a rather 
 liirge reddish-brown 
 IicikI, and a green ^_^ 
 
 body, which is thick- ;>J*^^'!i^- W.- 
 
 est towanis the head f^^/lvT 
 
 <"'■>■• ^>" <•'<' ii'i- ■* ■■ ^'""■'"■'ms^iii^^^i^^y...... 
 
 tenor Heginenis (he 
 
 green is ol" a, darker sbiade, but paler on thy sides of the 
 body, and partly covered with a whitish bloom. On ilu; 
 (ront edge of (lie first Hcginent is a I'aised yellow fold, which 
 slighdy ovc'rhangs (he head, and from which, wlien irri- 
 Ui(«'d, the hirva protrudes a yellow, lieshy, forked organ, at 
 
 Kid. SI. 
 
84 
 
 JXSIJCTS JAJiliJOrS TO THE AJ'J'Li:. 
 
 ""■■m 
 
 mm 
 
 
 tlic stiinc tiiiu' ,ui\iiig ofl' a (lis:ii>;rec'ablL' odor, wliicli is (loiil)i. 
 less used as a means of deience against its eneniies. On each 
 side of the third segment is an eye-like spot, nearly oviil, 
 yellow, enelosed hy a ring of blaelc, (-er/.i-ed witii a small 
 elongated blue dot, whieh is also set in blaek. On the hindii- 
 portion of the fourth segment is another raised yellow ioM. 
 bordered behind with rich velvety blaek ; the latter is sei n 
 only when the larva is in motion. On the terminal segmeiii 
 there is a similar fold, ilattened above, with a slight })roiii- 
 beranee on eaeh side. On the fifth segment are two blih' 
 dots, one on eaeh side, and there; are traces on the hindt r 
 segments of similar dots, arranged in longitudinal rows. 
 The imder surface is paler than the upper, with a whiti>li 
 bloom. 
 
 When the caterpillar is about to change to a chrysalis, 
 whii'h is usually diUMUg the early part of August, the coler 
 of the body grows gradually ilarkei-, until it becomes dark 
 reddish brown, with the sides nearly black, and the biii!' 
 dots become nuich more distinct. Having selected a suitable 
 spot in whii'h to pass the chry.sdis state, it spins a web oC 
 silk, into which the hooks on the hind legs are (irmly fastened ; 
 then, having jireparcd and stretched across a silken band er 
 loop to su|)i)ort its body in the middle, it casts its larval skin, 
 
 and remains a dull-brown chrysalis, of the 
 form shown in Fig. 82, until the following 
 spring. 
 
 This insect is very widely distributed, 
 being found in nearly all parts of the 
 United States and Canada. 'I'iie caterpil- 
 lar feeds on a number of dilVerent trees, 
 but chielly allecis tin; apple, cherry, thorn, 
 and basswood. As it is always .solitary in its habits, it i> 
 never likely to causi! much injury. South of lVnnsylvani;i 
 (he female of tiiis species of butterfly usually loses its yellow 
 color and becomes nearly black, while the other ,sex retains 
 its nurmal hue. 
 
 Fui. W. 
 
 
 ii& 
 
I 
 
 4 
 
 ATTACK I SO THE LEAVES. 
 
 85 
 
 u 
 
 No. 31.— The Blind-eyed Sphinx. 
 
 Sin rri nihil ft >\vivrii/>is (Sin. \' Alth.). 
 
 I)uriii<i' SoptemUor, and sometimes as late as the hegiiininj^ 
 ot' October, there may be loiind occasionally oii the apple-tree, 
 f'ccdinu; on the leaves, a thick, <'yliii(irical ('aterj)illar, about two 
 and a h;dt' inches lon<i;, with a u'l-ecn triani«;nlai' iioad, bordered 
 with white, an apple-<2;reeM body, paler on the back, but deeper 
 iiK'oJor alon,<>' the sides, with its skin roiiti'hened with niiniert)tis 
 white -ti])ped ^rannhitions, hiivin«>; a stout lioi-n on the hinder 
 part of its back, of a 
 
 hluish-ijreen color, wirii J''"'- ^■'>- 
 
 x'vtii obli(pie sti'ipes on 
 cncli side, oC a pale yel- 
 low, th(^ last one of a 
 hriixhter vellow than the 
 uilici's and exteudini;' to 
 the base of tlu! horn. 
 This is the larva of the 
 hliiid-eyed sphinx, represented in 1*^1^-. So. 
 
 Wh<n full Lirown, it h'aves the tree and buries itself iu 
 
 FiQ. S4. 
 
 the earth, wliere it ehauees lo a chrysalis of a chesmut-brown 
 eolor. smooth, witli a short termiiud spine. 
 
 The moth (l^^i^. 84) appi'jirs from May to .lulv. Mit diicllv 
 
g0 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 in June, and is very liandsome. The body is fawn-eolored ; 
 on the top of the th.orax is a eliestnnt-eohired stripe, and on 
 tlie abdomen a dark-brown line. The front win<^s are lawn- 
 colored, clouded and striped with bntwn ; the hind wings arc 
 rose-coloxnl in the middle, with a brownish patch at tiic 
 tij), crosf-ed by two or three short whitish lines, and haviiiii 
 near the inner an^le a black spot with a pale-blue centre. 
 This moth nieasnres, when its wings are spread, about thiNc 
 inches across. 
 
 It is c()mj)aratively a rare insect, and has never been known 
 to cause any serious injury. While partial to the apple-ti'ec, 
 the caterpillar will also feed on the |)linn and wild cherry. 
 The moth remains hidden during the day, but becomes very 
 active at dusk. 
 
 No. 32.— The Apple Sphinx. 
 
 S]>Jihix (i())(liiis i'viun. 
 
 '[ his insect belongs to the same family as No. 31, viz., the 
 yphingida", or Sphinx family, and there is a general re- 
 semblance between the two sj)ecies in all their stages. The 
 larva of the aj)ple sphinx is a thick, cylindrical, ap|)le-greeii 
 worm, about two and a hr.lf inches long, with a reddish-brown 
 horn projecting from the hinder ])art of its back, and with 
 seven oi)li(pie stri|)es along each side, of a violet color, mar- 
 gined behind with white. 
 
 I (ate in the autumn it leaves off feeding and buries itsell' 
 deeply in the earth, where it changes to a brown chrysalis 
 with a short detached tongue-case. Here it remains until 
 the following season. 
 
 The perfect insect is a strong, narrow-winged moth, which 
 appears on the wing from the latter part of May to the cmhI 
 of .[iMie. (I'ig. ■'^•k) Its fore wings are dark brown, vai'ieil 
 with ash-gray, vith bhuik streaks within the V(;ins uid n 
 white dot near the middle, resting on a long black line. The 
 hind wings are gray, with a bind across the middli', and ;i 
 wide maruinal band (.f black. The iVinges of the wings are 
 
 »,i,'iU't».i.'-. 
 

 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 87 
 
 wliito, the head and thorax bhu;kish brown. The abdomen 
 is dark gray, with a central l)hieU line, and alternate black and 
 irravisli bands partly encircling it. When the wings are ex- 
 
 Fid. 85. 
 
 panded, the moth measures from three to three and a half 
 inches across. This also is a night-liyer. 
 
 No. 33. — The American Lappet-moth. 
 
 Gastropaclia Americana llarriH. 
 
 This sii\gnlar insect is found in the larval state in Julvand 
 August, resting in tiie daytime on the twigs or limbs of the 
 :ip|»Ie-trcc, feeding at night. Its body is broad, convex above, 
 and perfectly flat beneath, and when at rest it closely resem- 
 l)li's a natural swelling of the bark. Ft is of an ash-gray 
 color, fringed close to the under surl'aiH' on each side with 
 infts ol' blackish and gray hairs s|)ringing iron) pi-ojeiiting 
 inbcrcles. On the hinder ])ai't of the (hii'd segrucut there is 
 a bright-scarlet velvety band, and a similar one o'l tlu; fourth 
 segment, neither of which is seen except when tlu; larva is 
 in motion. On the second segment there arc two small tu- 
 bercles on eacih side, and one on each side of (he r(>maining 
 segments; from these tubercles are given out tufts of grayish 
 liaii-s mingled with whiU' ones. 'V\n\ under side of (he bo<ly 
 isorange-eolorccl, with a central rowof dianu)nd-sliapcd black- 
 isji spots. In general ajjpearauce it nuich resembles l<"'ig. 87. 
 
 1 
 
88 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Al'PLE. 
 
 Wln'ii ready to transform, it attaelios it.selt" to a limb ami 
 there encloses itself in a gray eoeoon, which aj)|)ears like a 
 slight swelling of the liinl), and in this enclosure it changes 
 to a brown chrysalis, in which state it remains until the 
 month of June following, when the j)erfeet insect (vscapes. 
 
 The moth (Fig. <SG) is of a tawny reddish-brown color, 
 with the hinder and inner edges of the fore wings and the 
 
 outer edges of the hind wings 
 notched ; the notches are mar- 
 gined with white, JJoth pairs of 
 wings are crossed by a rathei- 
 broad, interrnjjted, whitish band, 
 not very clearly shown in the 
 tignre, which, on the anterior 
 wings, does not always extend tn 
 the front margin. In the female the jxile bands and dark 
 lines are sometimes wanting, the wings being almost entirely 
 of a red-brown color. The moth measures, when its wings 
 are expanded, from ;ui inch and a half to an inch and thi'ee- 
 (puirters across. 
 
 The eggs are laid on the leaves of the apple tree; late in 
 June, and are very j)retty ol)je(!ts under a magnifying-glass. 
 They measure about one-twentit'th of an inch long, are oval, 
 flattened at the base and also above, and a little thicker atone 
 end than at the other. In (iolor they are white, with peculiai' 
 bhuik markings; at each end is a cresceut-shaj)ed stripe, with 
 a dot below it, and on both the flattened surfaces there are 
 markings like (yes, each formed by an oval spot in the 
 centre, with a curved .stripe above' and a shorter straight one 
 below ; between and j)arallel to the two eyebrow-like marks 
 (here is another black stripe. The whole surface is covered 
 with a net-work, the meshes of which are iri-egnlar, with a 
 depressed dot in the centre of each. This insect feeds also 
 ou the <'hen'y and the oak. Jt is not at all common, an<i 
 probably will never be a source of much annoyance to the 
 fruit-grower. 
 
 ,T;%t,«i»««Tinyi'xv>-»— ■ 
 
^. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 89 
 
 No. 34. — The Velleda Lappet-moth. 
 
 To/i/i/c velleda (Stoll). 
 
 Tlio ('aterj)ill;u' of lliis spt'cics is very siii)il;ir in ;i|)[)('ariuico 
 Miul liiil)it,s to that of llu' American Lappcjl-iuc^tli, No. o."], 
 with some slight (lin'crciK'es in I'olor and markings. The t"till- 
 i;rii\\n hii'va is two inches oi' moi'c in length, with a small, 
 Hat head, nearly hidden beneath two j)rojecting tiit'ts of hair 
 jiinn the second segment. It is represented partly grown in 
 Fin-. S7. The body is bluish 
 iiiav, with manv I'aint paler 
 longitndinal lines ; across the 
 upper part of the fourth seg- 
 iiu'iit there is a narrow velvety 
 l)hick band, more conspicuous 
 when the caterpillar is in motion. On each .segment above 
 there a.re two wai'ts with short black hairs, of which those on 
 the foiu'th segment, anterior to the band, are most prominent. 
 Tlii'i-e are a few short black and grav hairs scattered over the 
 hodv. The side i'ringes which border the body close to the 
 under siu'face are composed of spreading tufts of light-gray 
 mingled with black hairs, of luiequal length, [)roceeding IVom 
 warts nearly one-tenth of an inch long. The under side is of 
 a pale-red or orange color, with black spots. This caterpillar, 
 when at rest, closely resembles the color of the twig to which 
 it is attached, and hence is difficidt to detect. It reaches 
 maturity during the month of 'July, and is found on tlu^ 
 cherry and elm, as well as on tlu! apple. 
 
 Tlie cocoon, which is usually attatihed to one of the branches 
 of the tree on whi(!h the larva has led, is ubout un inch and 
 a half long and half an inch wnde, oval, convex above, and 
 tlattened on the luidcM' side ; it is of a brownish-gray color, 
 with a few blackish hairs interwoven with the silk. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 88) is usually Ibund in August and Sej)- 
 tcmber. It has ti large, thick, woolly body, of a white color, 
 variegated with bluish gray ; its l(>gs are thick and very 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 hairy. On the fore wings are two hroad, chirk-gray bands, in- 
 tervening l)etween three narrow, wavy, white bands; the veins 
 
 are white and j)roniinent. The 
 hind wings are gray, with a white 
 hind borch'r, and aoross the niiihllc 
 UmmM^* tliere is a broad, faint, whitish 
 •"A ^^^^ band. On the top of the thonix 
 
 is an obhmg, bhiekisli-brown spof, 
 widenini; behin(h The males arc 
 not nnifli more than half the size of the females; the former, 
 when tlieir wings are exj)an(led, measure about an ineh and a 
 half a(!ross, the latter nearly two and a half inehes. hWn; 
 that last described, this is a rare insect, and one never liUely 
 to appear in snflieient numbers to be troublesome. 
 
 No. 35. — The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller. 
 
 Cacoecia rosaceana (Iliirris). 
 
 'I'his moth is a member of a very large family of small 
 moths called Tortrices, or, ])opularly, leaf- rollers, because 
 their larvae have the habit of rolling uj) the leaves, or por- 
 tions of them, forming hollow cylinders, firmly fastened with 
 silken threads, in which they live, and where they are j)artly 
 protected from birds and other enemies. Most of these 
 insects, when disturbed, slij) (piickly out of their enclosure 
 and let themselves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, 
 and thus frecpiently escape danger. 
 
 Soon after the buds of the a|)|)le-tree begin to open, tiie 
 caterpillars of the obliijue-banded leaf-roller commence tlieir 
 labors. They coil np and fasten together the small and tender 
 leaves, whicli thus furnish them at once with shelter and food. 
 A\'hen full grown, they are about three-quarters of an inch 
 in length, of a pale-green or yellowish-green color, sometimes 
 reddish or brownish, with the lica<l and top of the fii'st seg- 
 ment brown ; there is usually a darker green stripe along the 
 bacik, and a few smooth dots on each segment, from each of 
 which there arises a short, line hair. In I'^'ig. 89 this larva is 
 
 sh 
 ill 
 ro 
 sk 
 ill 
 
ATTACKISG THE LEAVES. 
 
 91 
 
 shown somcwliat lua^iiirted ; also tlie chrysalis, which is about 
 ilic natural size, licsidos consuming the leaves, this jeaf- 
 rollci" is vcrv iond of (inawing the 
 
 skin of tiie youui;:; fruit, ant 
 
 to 
 
 I such 
 
 Fio. S't. 
 
 iihraded spots soon hecoiuc brown 
 and rusty, and sometimes crack. 
 
 When mature, the larva lines the 
 inner surface of its d\veHing-|)laco 
 with a web of silk, and then changes 
 to a chrysalis of a dark-brown color. 
 (See Fig. 80.) Towards the end of 
 .June, or early in »Iuly, with the help of some little thorns 
 (111 the hinder segments, the chrysalis wriggles itself half- 
 way out of the nest, and shortly after tlu; imprisoned moth 
 escapes. 
 
 This is a short, broad, flat moth, resembling a bell in 
 outline when its wings are closed (see Fig. 90); but when 
 expanded (Fig. 91), they ap[)ear arched on the front edge, 
 
 Fig. 90. 
 
 ^^91 
 
 Fio. !U. 
 
 curving in a contrary direction near the tip. The body is 
 reddish brown, the fore wings of a light cinnamon-brown 
 color, crossed with little, wavy, darker brown lines, and with 
 three broad, oblicjue, dark-brown bauds, one of which covers 
 the base of the wings and is sometimes indistinct or want- 
 ing; the second crosses the middle of the wings; and tli(> 
 third, which is broad on the front edge and narrow behind, 
 is near tlu^ outer hind margin. The hind wings are ochre- 
 yellow, with the folded part next to the body blackish. 
 AV^hen the wings are expanded, the moth measures about an 
 inch across. The cater[)illars are found on the apple, pear, 
 
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92 
 
 L\si-:(rrs ixjcniors to riii: ai'/'lk. 
 
 pliiiii, |»('!i('li, cliciTv, rose, riisphcrrv, i^oosclxTry, ciirnuif, 
 sti'iiwlHTrv, and |)n)l)iil>ly sonic other plants, slinibs, aiul tnrs. 
 
 li'ciih lic^-.— ln llic larval stale fliis insect is infested by a 
 parasite, a species ol' Iclinetinion. A siniile |)arasite almost 
 fills tli(! I)()(ly (»!' tlie caterpillar, and yet the latter li'oes on 
 actively I'eedinii-, and <;'r<»\\s to inatnrity withont showing- any 
 si^ns of inennvcnionce. When about to enter the chrysalis 
 state, the occnpant eats its way ont of the body of its victim, 
 wliicli shrinks np and dies, and the parasite spins a cocoon 
 within the Icaly enclostii'c, and forms a chrysalis nearly as 
 larn;e as that of the leaf-rtillcr, from which, in <\\U'. time, a 
 fonr-wini>;ed lly esca|)es. 
 
 The depredations of this foe ai'c sonH'times sorions, more 
 especially when it selects as its abode the terminal branches 
 of the tree, and thns checks its nrowth. N\'lienever |)raeti- 
 cable, the curled and twisted ebistcrs ol' leaves sIdiiM be 
 pinched and the larva' crnshed ; if out of reach, syrininin^- 
 with powdered hellebore ..nd water, in tlu^ proportion of an 
 (tnnee to ii pailfnl of water, or with Paris-o-reen and water, in 
 the pro|)oKion of a teaspo(»nfiil to a pailfnl of water will 
 destroy many of them. 
 
 No. 36. — The Lesser Apple-leaf Folder. 
 
 Tii'ds Diiiliravdiu!. ( lii! Hanm). 
 
 The eaterpillai" of this .species is a small greenish worm, 
 smooth, with a pale-brown head and whitish markiniis. 
 Those of the lirst bn»od make their appi-araneo with the 
 o|)eninu; foliage in sprinu; ; the opp(«>iie edtics of the tender 
 leaves are drawn tonether upwards, and fastened with h silken 
 web, thns Ibrininu; ii roof over the insect, which serves the 
 double purpose of shelt(>r and protection. The second brood, 
 hatchiiii;' later in the season from e<i<j;s laid on the surface of 
 the mature and less yielding!; leaf, do not dr.aw its edn'cs lo- 
 jj;e(her, but simply (lonstruel a web over the siu'faee of the 
 loaf. When miitiir(>, the caterpillar cats oil' the upper cuticle 
 of part of u loiif, and brings the (idges togethijr, tying thoin 
 
 th 
 
 wi 
 
 sUI 
 
ATTACKISa THE LEAVES. 
 
 d;] 
 
 with .silken ilircads, and then lines the en('h>.snre with tine 
 wiiite sill<. 
 
 Within this <Miri('(l leat" the hirva chaniies to a hrown 
 chrysalis, alxtiit three-tenths of an inch loni;. Sonic ot' the 
 scy;tnents ot" the body arc Inrnishcd with minnte spines, and 
 thi' posterior extremity with two hooks, bent downwards, 
 with which the |>npa works itself half-way out ot" tiu' enclo- 
 sure before the niotii escapes. 
 
 The moth is abont one-third of an inch lonjr, and measures, 
 when its win^s are spread, half an inch or more aero-s. Its 
 head, thorax, and l"(»re win«^s are ot" a brii^ht-oramic color, 
 the hind win<;s, body, atid 1cjj:s whitish, \\\i\\ a silken lustre. 
 The lirst moths ap|)ear early in the season, in time to deposit 
 their eggs on tin; young foliage as it bursts \\w buds; the 
 second brood a|>pear during the latter half of .luly. 
 
 This insect sometime;! oeenrs in great nnml«;rs, destroying 
 the leaves of apple-trees, particularly young trees, giving them 
 I lie appearance of being s(!orehed by lire. When it bi'comes 
 necessary to destrov then), tht; remedies im-ntioned under No. 
 30 should be promptly applied. 
 
 No. 37. — The Leaf-crumpler. 
 
 I'/ii/ris iiiiU(jrn(lla l/clli-r). 
 
 The fruit-grower will fre(piently find, on examining his 
 a|»ple-trees in wintci", clustei's oi" curious little eases, jiartly 
 hidden by ]»ortions of crinnpled and withered leaves. The 
 cases (Fig. O'i, ca, h) reseml)le long miniature horns, wide at 
 one end, tapering almost to a point at the other, and twisted 
 in a very odd manner. 'I'he withered leaves are lirinlv 
 fastened to the cases and to the twig i)y silken threads, and 
 the case itself, which is attached to tlu^ bark of the twig on 
 which it is placed, is curiously constructed of silk inter- 
 woven with the dried castings ot" the artificer. The inner 
 siuTace of the ease is whitish and smooth, the exterior rougher 
 and of .1 yellowish-brown color. 
 
 These odd little ctises are the work of the larvio of tiie 
 
94 
 
 lySKCTS ISJVIUOVS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 Leaf'-criiniplcr, tlie young of wliicii :i|)|)('ar late in tlie snni- 
 nier and attain about one-third of tlu'ir growth hcfore winter 
 
 sets in, ^Vt'ter constnut- 
 "■■ '^"" ing iheir places of alxxlc, 
 
 they remain in them all 
 winter in a torpid .state. 
 Fig. J*.'] represents one of 
 these eases well covered 
 with withered leaves. As 
 soon as tiie warmth of a 
 spring snn causes the l)uds 
 to expand, the cater|)illar 
 resumes its activity, and, 
 leaving its ease in search 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 95 
 
 1)V the early part of June its j^rowtli is eompleted. It 
 then shuts itself up in its case and changes to a reddish-hrowu 
 chrvsalis, about four-tenths of an ineh long, from which, in 
 about two weeks, the perfect moth escapes. 
 
 When its wings are expanded, the moth (see d, Fig. 92) 
 measures about seven-tent!is of an inch across. Its fore 
 wings are pale brown, with patches ;ind streaks of silvery 
 white, the hind wings plain brownish white; the under side 
 of both wings is paler. There is oidy one brood diu'ing the 
 vcMr, the moths depositing their eggs during Jtdy. 
 
 Remediefi. — One would imagine that a caterpillar protected 
 as this one is, within its (^ase, wouhl be secure from all ene- 
 mies, but it is not so; a small Ichneumon fly is a parasite 
 upon it ; so, also, is a two-winged Taehiiia Hy, TacJuna phijcifu' 
 (Le JJaron), which closely resend)les the common house-fly. 
 
 It is not often that this insect is very numerous in any one 
 orchard, but where it is abundant it sometimes inflicts a con- 
 siderable amount of damage, consuming the young foliagt; 
 and materially retarding the growth of the tree. The only 
 way to destroy them is to pick the cases with the (!rum|)led 
 leaves off the trees during the winter and burn or crush 
 them. Jiesiiles the ai)p!e, it feeds on the cherry, (pi i nee, 
 and plum, and occasionally on the peach. 
 
 No. 38.— The Eye-spotted Bud-moth. 
 
 Tinduceni nreUaiut (Scliiir). 
 
 The caterpillar of this insect sele<!ts the opening bud as its 
 |)oint of attack. Ft is a small, cylindrical, naked larva (s(>e 
 Fig. 9 4), about three-quarters of an inch in length, ol' a pale, 
 dull, brownisji color, with small warts on its 
 bo(ly, from which arise flue short hairs; the 
 head !uid the top of the next segment are 
 black. Its tenement (ionsisis of a dried, 
 blackened leaf, |)ortions of which tu'e drawn 
 together so as to nitdie a rude case, the (uni- 
 tral part of which is lined with silk. It is very partial to 
 
 Fio. 'M. 
 
§|i INSECTS INJURIOIS TO Till-: AI'l'LK. 
 
 tlio blossoms aiul iiowlv-roriivot; fruit, thorobv oaiisiuir srroai 
 (lisappoiiitmoiit to fViiit-^rowcrs, who have jjerliaps waited 
 iiaiieutlv for vears tor the tVuit of some new or interostiiiL'' 
 variety, aiul have their ho[)es excited by soeiiij^, it may be, a 
 sinj^le buiu'h of blossoms set well and apnear promisiiijx, 
 when this mischier-niaker commenoes its depredations on 
 the youiii:; fruit, drawinti; the several portions toirether with 
 threads of" silU, and partly devourins^ them. It sometimes 
 contents itself with injurin<ij the leaves oidy, drawiiii^ oin' 
 after another around its small inside ease until there is 
 formed a little cluster of withered and blackeni'd leaves. 
 Another of its tricks is to j^naw a hole into the top of the 
 branch from which a buneii of blossoms issues, and, tunnel- 
 ling it down the centre, cause its death. 
 
 Titese larvte ai'c nsuallvfull tirowu bv the middle of June. 
 Avlieii they change to dark-brown clnysal ids within their nests, 
 from which the j)erfect insects escape in Jidy. 
 
 The moth ( Fij»;. 1*4) measiu'cs, when its wiiij^s are expanded, 
 about half an inch across. Jt is of an ash-<>rav color. Thr 
 
 fore win<rs ha\e a whitish-tn'av 
 
 band 
 
 across tlie mi( 
 
 Id! 
 
 anil 
 
 there arc two small eye-like spots on each of them, one, lU'ar 
 the tip, composed of four little black marks on a light-brown 
 ground, the other, near the hiiid angle, formed l)y three 
 inimUe black spot.s arranged in a triangle, with sometimes 
 a black dot in the centre. The hind wings are dusky brown. 
 The attacks of tiiis insfvt arc not restricted to the ap|»le; 
 it is injurious also to the cherry and ])lum. Small aiul in- 
 significant as it appears, it is capabhf of much mischief. Tln' 
 only remedy suggt'sted is to pull off and (iriish the withered 
 cliistcM's of leaves containing the caterpillars or chrysalids 
 early in the spring. 
 
 
 No. 39.— The Apple-bud Worm. 
 
 Fjccopnis inaldiin Feniald. 
 
 This insect, recently recorded as injurious, has seriously 
 injured the apple-trees in the orchards of N(»rthcrn Illinois, 
 
ATTACKIXG TIN-: LEAVES. 
 
 97 
 
 l)v (IcvouriiiL; the t(>nniiiiil buds on tlio hraiiclu's. In tin? 
 l;irv:tl stat(! the niiscliicr is duni'; ii is tluMi a small palc- 
 i>Tt'cni>li or vcllo\visli-u;roeii {'at('r|)illar, soinotinu's tiiiijctl witli 
 pink on the back. Its head is yellowish, with a black dot on 
 each side, and there is a patch or shield of a yellowish eoloi- 
 on tli<' n|>per part ot' the iie.vt setxinent. 
 
 The ei:>;s from which these larvie hatch an; deposited 
 >in"lv upon the terminal buds. The voniiu; larva, after de- 
 vonrinii; the bud, fastens the leaf-stalk of one of the leaves 
 •rrowinu' near the tip to the side of the branch, aii<l thus 
 fiirm?' for itself a soi't of burrow l)etween the leal-stalk and 
 the branch, in which it hides dnriuii" the day, issninn' from its 
 retreat at nii^ht to feed on the leaf so secured. When this is 
 consumed, il is said U\ feeil for a time on tlu' newly-formed 
 wood, and sometimes eats its way a shoi't distance into the 
 t\\ i^'. 'i'he caterpillar about this time deserts its bui'row on 
 the branch, and couKfructs a yellow, woolly twbe or case upon 
 one of the leaves, in which it lives, issuiuii; at niti'ht to ['vr{\ as 
 lierelofore, and when the leaf on which it is placed is almost 
 cuMsnmcd, the larva draj^s the eas(> to an adjoiniui;- leaf. As 
 il approaches maturity, it becomes of a dark llesh-color ; its 
 body is marked with a number of small shiniuj;' spots, and 
 its head and the horuv shield oil the next seji'ment are black. 
 When full f^rown, it measures about half an inch in leuiith; 
 it then closes its ease with a silken lid and chan<i-es to a chrys- 
 alis within it, fronj which the moth a[)[)ears sibout a week or 
 ten days later. 
 
 The fore wiii<;s of the inotli are white, mottled and s|)otted 
 with areenish brown; there is a larj^e t!;rayish-brown spot 
 at till' tip, mottled with white, and another, towards the base 
 of lh(> winjr, of a darker shadt; ; the front edae is nioltlcd 
 with grayish brown. The hind win^s xxw. dusky. Tiiere is 
 only ou(> brood of these insects duriuu; the year. 
 
 Tile tips ol' the infested branches usually die back as far 
 as the base ol' the lirst peri'ect leaf, where a new bud forms, 
 which takes the place of the terminal bud, As the brancii 
 
{)H 
 
 L\si:(TS LW/lJiJors TO TIIK Al'l'/J-:. 
 
 I" ' 
 
 from this now-f'onnod \nu\ is late in slartinir, and (Iocs not 
 jjrow straight, tlic iiijiirv caused by this in>o<'t inti'rl'oivs seri- 
 ously witli the tii'owth ot' the tree, iMid also mars its beauty. 
 
 A small lehueuiuon Hy, Microdiiscdriiioiflo^ Cresson, attacks 
 this hud-worm, deposit in<>; an ejrj^ in the body of each eater- 
 pillar, which, hatchinj^, produces a footless ma_u;<i;ot, that lives 
 within the body of the cater|)illar until it is al)ont ready t<> 
 l)Ccome a chrysalis, when the mairt^ot issues from its body and 
 the larva dies. The parasite spins within the silUeii cast! of 
 its host a toui^h white cocoon about one-fourth of an inch 
 lonir, i'rom which the j)erfect fly issues in about a foi'tniiiht. 
 
 Where these insects are very troublesome they may be de- 
 stroyed by syriiiiiintr the trees with Paris-i^reen or London- 
 purple mixed with water, in the [)ro|)()rtion of (Hie or two 
 teaspoonfuls of the i)oison to two gallons of water. Their 
 nund)ers may also be lessened by hand-pickinu;, gathering- 
 them while still in their burrows near the tops of the twig 
 
 .gs. 
 
 I*^ 
 
 Fig. %. 
 
 No. 40. — The Green Apple-leaf-tyer. 
 
 Tod.s CimlcifUa (Uiloy). 
 
 This is a small yellowish-green caterpillar (<f, Fig. 95), 
 with a horny iiead and neck of a deej)er yellowish shade, the 
 head being luarked with a crescerit-siiaped black mark. It 
 
 belongs also to the leaf-rollers 
 or leaf-folders, and draws the 
 '^ edges of th(! leaf together, as 
 shown in th(> figure at r/, and 
 lives within the fold. In feed- 
 ing, it eats the leaf entirely 
 through. It is a very nind)le 
 little creature, and when dis- 
 turbed wriggh's (piickly out of 
 its ease and drojwtothe ground. 
 The larva changes to a brown 
 chrysalis (A, Fig. 1)5) within the fold of the leaf, which is 
 lined with silk. When the time approaciies for the moth to 
 
ATTACKISa THE LEAVES. 
 
 90 
 
 ('S(':i|K', the clirysalis wriiii^lcs itself so far out that tlie head 
 MiMJocts h( voiid the enclosure, as siiowii at'/, soon after which 
 the moth appears. 
 
 Tlie front wings of the moth (c, Fi<>'. 95) are of a t;h)->y, 
 (I:iik ash-tfray color, the hind win<:;s a little paler ; when its 
 winiis are spread, it mi'asures about an inch across. 
 
 This insect closely resembles No. 30 in all its diiHreiit 
 stai^cs, and it is i robable that both insects are sliijjhtly-modihcd 
 Iniiiis of the same s[)ecies. 
 
 No. 41. — The Apple-leaf-sewer. 
 
 Phoxoplcn's iinlxx'iihtna (OliMii.). 
 
 In the perfect state, this insect is a smsdl moth beloni;inu: 
 to the Tortricidio, or Fieaf-rollers. It passes the winter in 
 the larval condition in roUed-up apple-leaves which lie on 
 the trround. Early in April the larvic chan<>e to chrysalids, 
 1111(1 about ten days afterwards the moths begin to appear, 
 and contiiuie to issue for several weeks. 
 
 The n»oth is white, with brown markings, as shown in Fig. 
 I'd, at c. The eggs are laid in Jinie, and the larva is found 
 
 Fia. 9(5. 
 
 tliroughout the siunmer and autinnn on apple-leaves. It 
 folds the leaves together, as shown at h in the figiu'e, making 
 the edges meet, so that the whole leaf forms a hollow case, 
 within which it lives and feeds on the softer tissues. The 
 larva is of a yellowish-green color, with a yellow head, and 
 
100 
 
 jysECTS JAJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 with a liorny .sliiold on tlio next sej^ineiit, a little darker, with 
 ii blade (lot on each side. On each of the reniainini; segments 
 there are a number of pale, shining, raised dots, from every 
 one of which arises a single hair. On the approach (>f winter 
 the larva lines its chamber with silk, and falls with the leaf 
 t<» the grouixi, where it remains unchangeil until early the 
 loUowing spring, when it becomes a yellowish-brown chrys- 
 alis. As the time apj)roaches for the escape of the moth, the 
 chrysalis wriggles its way through the j)artly-decayed leal- 
 case at the back, and |)rotrudes as shown at 6 in the figure, 
 .soon after which the moth escapes. 
 
 This larva sometimes prevails to such an extent as seri- 
 ously to injure the foliage of aj)ple-trees ; in such cases the 
 most obvious remedv is to gather carefully in the autumn 
 all the fallen leaves with the enclosed larvte and burn them. 
 
 No. 42. — The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. 
 
 re)ii])elia Hammondi Uilcy. 
 
 This insect occurs in the larval state in the autumn, ami 
 sometimes during tiie sununer also, and is especially injurious 
 to young orchards and nurseries, uiving the foliage a rustv. 
 
 blighted appearance, caused 
 
 hV 
 
 th 
 
 th 
 
 le larva (levournig tiie green 
 pulpy parts of the upper snr- 
 iae(> of tiie leaves and leaving 
 the closely-netted veins with the 
 under skin untouched. The 
 larva (Fig. 97, a) is of a pale- 
 brownish color, about half iiii 
 inch long, with darker lines, a> 
 shown at /;, where one of the 
 
 segments is 
 
 l.iiihl 
 
 v mairm 
 
 fio<l 
 
 sometimes the color assumes a 
 greenish shade. Behind tiie 
 head there are four shiny-black tubercles, as shown at c, in 
 the figure, also magnilied. 'i'ho larva covers the surface; ol' 
 
ATTACK I SCi THE LEAVES. 
 
 101 
 
 tlic loal" with loos(! silky throuds, attaclicd to wliicli will l>e 
 ritiuul a iiiimbcr <»t" small hlaclv <;rains ot' ('.\cirint'iititi(»tis 
 iiiattor, and uiuIlt this roiiirh foveriiij' the larva iVeds. It 
 
 sometimes leeds smijly and someUmes in ;i;i't)Ups ; in 
 
 tl 
 
 10 
 
 l;i(ter case a number of the leaves are drawn together, and 
 (lie larva; live and feed within this shelter. 
 
 Th 
 
 di 
 
 dl 
 
 le enrvsalis is nsnallv lornied anioiiLj tlie leaves m a 
 
 th 
 
 very slight coeoon, and is about a f|narter ot an inch Ion 
 
 aiK 
 
 1 of 
 ili 
 
 I i)aie 
 
 i-br 
 
 own color, 
 
 TI 
 
 le winter is j)assed in the 
 
 chrysalis stat'?, and tiio moths aj)|)ear diirin 
 
 th 
 
 d> 
 
 M. 
 
 IV or 
 
 lUllc 
 
 fiillowing. 
 
 When its wings arc spread, tlie moth measures nearly half 
 an inch across; it is of a deep piirplish-gray color, with a 
 glossy surface, ;ind has two silvi'ry-gray bands across the 
 wings, as shown in the lignrc, at <1, where it is magnilied; the 
 cross-lines l)elow the fignre indicate the natural size. 
 
 lieincdicx. — 'I'his pest may be subdued by hand-piclving if 
 begun in good season. It is preyed on by two species of 
 small Ichneumon flics, and bv several carnivorous insects. 
 
 No. 43. — The Many-dotted Apple-worm. 
 
 Kolophana iiudami (Kitcli). 
 
 In June, and again in August or .September, there is somc- 
 liines found on ai)j)le-leaves, in considerable nnmbers, a rather 
 (liick, cylindrical, ligiit-green worm, an inch or more in length, 
 with five white longitndinal lines and numerous whitish dots. 
 These are the larvie of Nohpluina iiidhitui. They eat irregular 
 notches in the margins and holes in the middle of the leaves, 
 and do not feed in groups, but arc solitary in their habits, 
 scattered among the foliage. riioy begin to appear about 
 ilie last of May, and live openly exposed on the under side 
 of the loaves, without forming any web or fold in the leaf 
 for protection. On reaching maturity, which for the early 
 brood is about the bust of June, the larva selects a leaf and 
 draws together a jwrtioti of it with silken threads, forming a 
 hollow tube, within which it spins a slight silky cocoon and 
 
]0l> 
 
 jysKcis lyjviuuvs to Tin-: ai'I'LE. 
 
 fliaiiiTt'.-j t»» a brown clirvsalis. In this iiiiu-tivc coiKlitioii tlie 
 insect remains for three or four weeks, sometimes longer, when 
 the moth appears. 
 
 Tlie moth (Fig. 9<S) is a very j)retty ohjeet. Its i.irc wiii^> 
 are ash-<;rav, whiti.-h towards the outer maruin, and crossed 
 
 by tliree irreguhii' hiack lines, which 
 ai"(,' faint or indistinct towards tlie 
 inner edge; near the miihlle of the 
 wing there is often a round, whitish 
 spot, with a hhick (h)t in the middle. 
 The hind wings are (hdl-whitish, dusky towards the tip>. 
 Beneath, hoth wings an; of a silvery-wiiitish luu;, sprinkh'd 
 with bhickish (h>ts towards the outer edges. W'iien the 
 Avings are expanded, they measure from three-quarters ol' an 
 inch to an inch or more across. 
 
 The Hrst moths ap|)ear early in sj)ring, and attach their 
 egiis to the young foliage; the second brood appear in .Inly. 
 These attach their eggs to the leaves, and proiluce larvte 
 in August and September, which, when their growth is com- 
 pleted, change to chrysalids within the folded leaves, m> 
 already described, and are carried to the ground with tin 
 fall of the leaves in autumn, where they j)ass the winter in 
 the pupa state and ))roduce moths in the following spring. 
 
 These larvie I'eed also on cherry, peach, elm, poplar, and 
 other trees. Tiiey are seldom sufficiently numerous to be 
 troublesome, but if at any time a remedy is required thev 
 mav be destroyed bv syringing the !'"ves with Paris-green 
 or hellebore mixed with water, as reconunended for No. 80. 
 AVhen the trees on \vhich thev are feeding are suddenly 
 jarred, the larvje will drop to the ground, and by taking 
 advantage of this peculiarity they riiay be captured and 
 
 destroyed. 
 
 No. 44. — The Palmer-worm. 
 
 Yps'ilnphits pditirtel/iis (Harris). 
 
 This larva ajjpears on apple-trees during the latter ]>art of 
 June, and at times is excessively numerous and destructive. 
 
, I TTA ( h'lya Tin: i. /;. 1 1 es. 
 
 103 
 
 Jt lives in socictios, makiiiir its lioiiu' in a tiuiss of' lialt'-catcn 
 niitl lirowiit'il leaves, drawn to^t'tlicr i)y silken threatls, tVoni 
 wliieli it (lr()|)s, wlien the tret; or hraneli is jaiTi'd, suspended in 
 tlie air 1)V a tliiead of silU. Tlio larva is of a pale yellowish- 
 oreen color, with a diisUy or Maekish stri|)e aloiiir each side, 
 (lined ahove hy a narrow whitish stripe ; there is also adnskv 
 line alont; the middle of the hack. Its head is shilling; yel- 
 jiiw, anil the top ol" the next segment is ot" th(! same color; 
 on each rintr tiiero are several small black dots, from each of 
 which arises a line yellow hair. While yonnij, the caterpillars 
 eat only the green l>nlpy tissue of tiie leaves, leavinu; the net- 
 work of vi'ins entire ; later on, they consume tlu ■ hole of 
 the leaf except its coarser veins. They also iVe(pieni;; gnaw 
 holes or irregular t'avities in tlu' young apples. Tliese larva* 
 I'eed on the leaves of the cherry as well as thos "f the appl<'. 
 
 When full L:"own,they are about iialf an inch long, 'i'hey 
 then change to chrysaiids within the mass ot" eatoii leaves oc- 
 cnpi I by the larvte, and ordinarily spin a slight cocoon in a 
 lold of a leaf, but when they are very abundant the Ibliage 
 is so entirely consinned that they have to lo<)k for shi'lter 
 elsewh(!ro. Their chrysaiids are then often f(jund under dry 
 leaves on the surface of the groun<l, in crevices in the bark of 
 the tree, and in other suitable hiding-places. The ciirysalis 
 is about a (piarter (»f an inch long; at first it is of a tawny- 
 yellow color, which gradually changes 
 to a darker hue. In ten or twelve 
 days the j)erfect insect is produced. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 01)) is of an ash-gray 
 color. The fore wings are sprinkled 
 with black atoms, aud havefoiu' black 
 dots near tiie middle, and six or seven 
 smaller ones alony; tiie hinder marijin. 
 The hind wings are dusky above and beneath, with a glossy 
 a/.ure~blue reflection, l)lackish veins, and long, dusky fringes. 
 The antennoe are alternately striped v.ith black and white. 
 Sometimes the fore winj;s are of a tawny yellow, in other 
 
 Fi(i. '.to. 
 
 I 
 
104 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 specimens they are tinged with piirj)li.sh red, and in some tlio 
 dots are faint or eulirely wanting. Tliey rest with tlieir h)nn-, 
 narrow wings folded together and laid tlat nj)on their haeks. 
 
 Remedies. — Showering the trees with whale-oil soap and 
 water has been reconiniended, but the use of Paris-green and 
 water, as direetcd for No. 35, would j)rove more elleetual ; the 
 water would dislodge many of the larvie, and the remaindci' 
 would be destroyed by eating the poisoned leaves. 
 
 In the year 1791 the orchards and forests of Xew Eniilaiid 
 were overrun with this larva, and many of the trees |)erishe(I. 
 Jt was at that time that the inseet received the p()i)ular name 
 of Palmer-worm, which it has ever since retained. Another 
 remarkable visitation occurred in 1853, which exteniled all 
 over the Eastern States, and also over the eastern part of tlic 
 State of New York. It was first observed about the middle 
 of June, and so rapid was the destruction it occasioned tliiii 
 in a few days it was everywhere the leading topic of conver- 
 sation and was generally regarded as a new and uidcnown 
 insect. The trees attack(>(l assumed a brown and witiuM-eil 
 api)earance, looking as though they had been scorched bv 
 fire. Ap])le-trees and oaks snlfered most, but nearly all oIIkt 
 trees and shrubs were more or less injured. The weather was 
 dry and hot previous to and during this pei'iod, but on the 
 liOth of June copious rains fell, when tin; worms sud(U'nI\- 
 disappeared, the rain doubtless dislodging them, and perhaps 
 drowning a large number of tliem. 'I'he fruit-crop in those 
 sections that year was almost destroyed, from tiio trees losing 
 their leaves l)v this insect. The following year tliev were 
 (piite scarce, and since then they have not a|»|)e;ir((l in such 
 iilarming numbers. 
 
 Ther«! are two other insects found on th(! apple-leaves re- 
 sembling the Palmer-worm, and having similar habits, which 
 are described by Dr. Asa I'^ilch as distinct, but which are 
 probably varieties only of th(> common Palmer-worm. One 
 of these is described iw **the comrade Palmer-worm, C/iain- 
 chiliin ('ou(iihcr)i(tf(((iis,'^ The larva of this is fotuid in com- 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 105 
 
 paiiv witli the coniinon Palmer-worm, iVom wliicli it ditU'rs 
 oiilv ill luiviiiu; the lieml and the ii[)j)er ))ai't of the second seii;- 
 iiientof a })olished hhiek color. The iiiotii of this hlack-iieaded 
 larva ditf'ers from the common Palmer-worm moth chiefly in 
 the ground-color of the wings, which are dark brown on the 
 imier half, with the outer half white, the latter sometimes 
 tinged with tawny yellowish. The otlier insect is des<'i'il)e(l 
 as "the tawny-striped Palmer-worm, Ch'ffnclil/us iiKi/ijo/i- 
 cl/ns,'' and is a slender, pale-yellowish larva, similar in size 
 to the ordinar\ Palmer-worm, with a tawny-yellow stripe 
 along each side of the hack, broadly margined above and 
 IkIow with white. The head is j)ale yellow, and there are a 
 lew minute dots scattered ov(!r the siM'face of th(> body, from 
 each of which arises ;• tine hair. It aj)|)ears during the early 
 part of July, which is a little later than the common I'almer- 
 worm,but has j)recisely similar habits. TJie moth is ash-gray 
 and ,u;lossy, often with a jjurplish-rcd retlection, and dilfers 
 from the moth of the common sj)ecies in that the fore wings 
 arc not spriidvled with blac^k atoms, and in having in addition 
 to the dots on the fore wings a tawny-ycllow band towards 
 the tij>s, edged with whitish in I'ront. Shoidd these prove to 
 be distinct and at any time; troublesome', the treatment sug- 
 gcsted for the common l*almer-worm will be eipially ai)plica- 
 blc in either case. 
 
 No. 45. — Climbing Cut-worms. 
 
 These are the caterpillars of various night-Hying moths, 
 !Uid are well known to horticulturists and gardeners every- 
 where. Most of tile species itre ]»articularly destructive to 
 yoinig cabbage-plants and similar voiuig and tender vcge- 
 tation, cutting or severing the plants, when but three or foiu" 
 incluw high, just al)ov(! or lu'low the ground, from which habit 
 tiiey derive their common name. 'I'hey are active only at 
 night, remaining concealed dining the day ju^t under the 
 surface of the eai'th in the immediate neighlxtrhood of their 
 I'eeding-grounds. Some of the species are known as climbing 
 
]0G 
 
 jxsixTs rxjuniois to the apple. 
 
 Fio. 100. 
 
 ciit-wonns, and liavo tlio lialiit of ascondiiiu- fruit-trees at 
 iiiiilit and eoniinittini^ threat havoc aiuoiiu- tlie expaiidiiii^ Imds 
 and vouni; foliaLje, and it is to these that we here pai'tietihirlv 
 refer. Oreliards having a lij^ht, sandy soil are mneh more 
 lial)le to attack than those with astitVand heavy soil, W'Ik re 
 the bnds and foliaj;eof trees or vines are l)einL!; destroyed with- 
 out apparent cause, eliinhinii' cnt-wornis shoidd be searched 
 for, when the lnrkin<>; foes will nsnally l)e found buried in 
 the soil ntit far from the base of the trees or vines injin-cd. 
 
 'J'hc several species of cliinbino; tut-wornis, while dilTei'inif 
 in si/e, color, and markings, are mneh alike, being all smooth, 
 nakeil larva' of some shade of gray, green, 
 brown, or black, with y-ravish or duskv 
 markings. 
 
 The Variegated Cut-worm, Ac/rotls saii- 
 c!(t (irid)ner). One of the eggs of this 
 species is represented in Fig. KH), much 
 enlarged ; also a patch of the same, num- 
 ||/ bering several hmidreds, on a twig. The 
 egg is round and Hattened, of a pinkish 
 color, and very prettily ribbed and orna- 
 mented. These are often laid on twigs of 
 the api)le, cherry, ant! j)each. 
 
 'J'he young liirvio, when hatched, arc 
 very small, and of a dull-vellowish coloi-, 
 with darker spots. At fu'st, it is said, they do not hide them- 
 selves under tlu; ground, but ac(|uire this habit after their 
 fu'st moult, which takes place about a week after they are 
 hatched. They become lull grown before the middle of June, 
 when they ])resi'nt the appearance shown in Fig. 101, which 
 shows the larva as at rest ; when extended and in motion, it 
 is nearlv two iin'hes long. 'J'h(> figure at the side ri'presents 
 the head magnilied, showing its markings more distinctly. 
 The lull-grown larva is of a dull ilesh-color, mottled with 
 brown and black, with elongated velvety black markings on 
 caeii side. 
 
 u 
 
ATTACKING TlfK LEAVES. 
 
 107 
 
 When mature, the larva enters the j^round, where it forni.s 
 an oval, .smooth cavity (see Fig. 102), within whieh it changes 
 
 Fio. 101. 
 
 Fhi. 102. 
 
 to a chrysalis of a deep inahogany-hrown color, pointed at 
 the extrLiiiity. 
 
 Within a few days the moth (Fig. lO.")) api)ears, which 
 measures, ^vhen its wings are expanded, about an inch and 
 three-quarters across. The 
 fore wings are of a grayish- i'"'- l'>-''- 
 
 hi'own color, marked with 
 hrownish hlack ; the hind 
 wings are white and pearly, 
 shaded towards the margin 
 \\ ith pale brown. 
 
 The Dark-sided Cut- 
 worm, Af/roti.s ( hcliratui lli- 
 ley, is another of the climbing species. The caterpillar ((/,l*''ig. 
 104) is a little over an inch in length, of a dingy ash-gray 
 color above, much 
 dark(>r along the sides 
 of the body. The 
 chrysalis, which is 
 formed under ground, 
 is about seven-tenths 
 of an inch long, of a 
 yellowish-brown color, 
 with darker brown markings. The nuth is light gray, marked 
 and shaded with brown. 
 
 The(!limbiiig('ul-worm, Ai/rofisKiutiidi'iis iviley. The larva 
 of this insect is a verv active climber, and does a great deal of 
 
 
108 
 
 INSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 injury to fruit-trees. It is represoiitcd in Fi^^ 105 in the act of 
 
 (levourinsr the buds 
 
 'l\w family of cut-worms is a hir^c one, and embraces 
 nuniy other (h'structive species, but none of tliem, except 
 thoHG above mentioned, are Unown to have the liabit of 
 elimbiujLj; trees. Some of tlie other injurious species will be 
 
ATTACKING THE LKAVES. 
 
 109 
 
 Fra. 107. 
 
 referred to when treating of the insects wliieli injiiro the 
 strawberry. 
 
 Remedies. — One of the most effectual remedies auainst the 
 (']iml)ii)«>: cut-worms is to fasten 
 strips of tin or zinc around the 
 tree, cut in such a way as to 
 form, wiien applied, a sort of 
 inverted finniel ; this forms an 
 cU'ectual barrier to their ascent. 
 TJiey may also be collected by 
 vi; itinij; the trees after <lark and 
 jarring or shaking them over 
 sheets spread on the ground. It has also been suggested to 
 (HiT holes about the trees, or on one side of them, with nearlv 
 perpendicular sides, when the cut-worms, being clumsy in 
 their movements, are very likely to fall into them, and will 
 not be able to get out again. Sprinkling the foliage with 
 J^iris-grecn or hellebore mixed with water, as reconnnended 
 for Xo. 35, would no doubt poison them. 
 
 There are several parasites, both Ichneumons and Tachina 
 flies, which attack cut-worn)s and greatly lessen their numbers. 
 Some of the carnivorous beetles (see Figs. 47 and 48) also feed 
 upon them. 
 
 No. 46. — The Lime-tree Winter-moth. 
 
 Hybernia tUian'n Harris. 
 
 The caterpillar of this spcniies is a span-worn), not unlike 
 the canker-worm, but larger and dilferently marked. The 
 h(!ad is dull red, with a V-shaped mark on the front; the 
 body yellow above, with many longitudinal black lines ; the 
 Milder side is paler. When full grown, it is about an inch and 
 a (piarter long. Besides the apple, it feeds on basswo(id,elm, 
 and idckory. The larva) hat( h early in the s|)ring, and some- 
 times prove very desti'uciive to the foliage. Jn Fig. 10(S they 
 are represcMited both feeding and at rest. They complete their 
 growth about the middle ol' June, when, letting themselves 
 
i? ** 
 
 no 
 
 JNSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE AI'I'LE. 
 
 down from the trees by a silken thread, they burrow into the 
 <i;round, forming a little oblong cell, five or six inches below 
 the surface, within whieh the change to a chrysalis takes 
 place, and from which the moth usually comes out late in 
 
 Fiii. 108. 
 
 (\'tol er or early in November, but occasionally this hitter 
 change does not take place until spring. 
 
 The male moths have large and delicate wings (see Fig. 
 108)an<l feathered antenuie. The fore wings, which measure, 
 when expanded, about an inch and a half a(a'oss, are of a 
 rusty-buff color, sprinkled with brownish dots, and with two 
 ti'ansverse wavy brown lines, the inner one often indistinct, 
 while between the bands an<l neai" the edge of the wiiig there 
 is generally a brown dot. The h nd wings are paler, with a 
 sniidl brownish dot in the middle; the body is similar in color 
 to the fore wings. 
 
ATTACK I so Tin-: LEAVES. 
 
 Tlic f'onuile, also .shown in Fij;. 108, is u wingless, spider- 
 like croatnre, witli slender, thread-like antenna;, yellowish- 
 w hitt.' bodv, s[)rinUle(l on the sides with black dots, and with 
 t\v() black spots on the to|) of each ring except the last, 
 which has only one. The head is black in front, and the legs 
 :ire rin^-'cd with black. She is fnrnished with a jointed ovi- 
 positor, which can be protrnded or drawn in at [)leasnre, and 
 iVmn which the eggs are deposited. As soon as the tenudes 
 Icivc the gronnil, they climb np the trees and await the 
 attendance of the males. 
 
 'file eggs are oval, of a pale-yellow color, and covered with 
 a net-work of raised lines. They are laid in little clusters 
 here and there on the branches. 
 
 As the habits of this insect are similar to those of the 
 canker-worm, the remedies recommended for the latter will 
 prove equally efficient in this instance. 
 
 No. 47.— The White Eugonia. 
 
 I'jll(/'llli(l, SKh.silJIKiyilt (|[llIlIH'l'). 
 
 This insect has only recently bticn reported as injurious to 
 the foliage of the apple. It has long been known as de- 
 structive to shade-trees, particularly the elm. From a (!om- 
 iniinication to the "Canadian Kntomologist," vol. xiv. p. oO, 
 l»v Mr. Charles li. Dodge, of 
 Washington, D.C, it appears *''"• ^^'^• 
 
 that the larva of this moth 
 has become exceedingly in- 
 jurious to a[)pl(!-trees in some 
 parts of (iri'orgia. 
 
 The moth is pure white, 
 and measures, when its wings 
 are s|)rea<l, about an iiu'h and 
 a hall' across. In the male 
 tlie antemneare i)eetinated or 
 toothed (l''ig. iOU represents a male); in the female they are 
 much less toothed. Wiien resting on the trees, these moths 
 
112 
 
 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 \ M 
 
 Fio. 110. 
 
 are easily disturbed, and on the slightest alarm drop to tlio 
 ground for protection. 
 
 The eggs are usually deposited on the under side of (lie 
 limbs, near the tops of the trees, in patches, consisting often 
 of many hundreds, arranged in roAvs closely crowded togellici-. 
 Thev are smooth, irreu;ularlv ovoid, slio-htlv flattened on tlic 
 sides, rounded at the bottom, while the toj> is depressed, 
 with a whitish rim or edge, forming a perfect oval ring. 'Hk 
 euu" hatches about the 1st of iSfav. 
 
 The caterpillar (Fig. 110) is dark brown, with a largo reij 
 licad ; the terminal segment is also red. It lives in this 
 
 stage about forty days, and then changes 
 to a chrysalis, in which condition it re- 
 mains about ian days, when tlie moth 
 S^ escai)es. This insect,- when very abiui- 
 dant, devours the leaves of almost every 
 variety of tree, bush, and shrub. 
 
 AVhero abundant, they may be ])oisoned, and the orchaid 
 ])rotected, by syringing the trees with Paris-green and water, 
 in the })roportion of a teaspoon ful of the poison to two gallons 
 of water. 
 
 No. 48. — The Hag-Moth Caterpillar. 
 Phohcfron inthecium {'^\\\. &. \])]).). 
 
 The cate. |.illar of this moth is a curious, slug-like creature, 
 of a dark-brown color, flattened, oblong, or nearly square in 
 
 form, with curious, fleshy a|)|H'nil- 
 ages protruding from the sides of 
 its body. The three middle ones arc 
 longest, measuring about half :iii 
 inch long, and have their (mkI-; 
 curved. When this larva is handled, 
 the fleshy horns become detached, 
 '^J'i and when spiiuiing its <!ocoon it 
 detaches them and fastens them to 
 the outside. Fig. Ill gives a side view as well as a l)a(!k view 
 of this larva. It feeds on the cherry as well as the apple. 
 
 FlQ. 111. 
 
ATTACKING Till-: LEAVES. 
 
 113 
 
 Tlio cocoon is .small, round, and conn)act, usually fastened 
 [n ;i limb or twig of the tree on wliieli the larva has fed. 
 
 TJie moth escapes in about ten days. It is of a dusky- 
 luown color, the front win^s variegated with pale yellowish 
 l)i()\vn, and crossed by a narrow, wavy, curved band of the 
 Slime color, edged near the outer margin with dark brown, and 
 having near the middle a light-brow spot. When its wings 
 ;iiv expanded, it measures from an inch to an inch and a 
 (iiiaitcr across. It is an insect which lias always hitherto 
 Ihcm rare, and is never likely to do nuich injury. 
 
 No. 49.— The Saddle-back Caterpillar. 
 
 Emprelia stimulea Cleinous. 
 
 This caterpillar, which ir, represented in Fig. 112, a, a back 
 
 view, h^ a side view, is often found feeding on apple-leaves, 
 
 al-o (.n those of the cherry, 
 
 , •; Fio. 1112. 
 
 (riMjx", raspl)erry, currant, 
 
 iwe,al tinea, Indian corn, and 
 sumach. Jt is of a reddish- 
 brown color, rounded above, 
 llattencd beneath, armed 
 with ])rickly thorns, which 
 arc longest on thefourtii and 
 tenth segments, and with a 
 hriiiht pea-green p:- tch,s(»mc- 
 what resembling a saddle in 
 form, over the middle portion of the body, centred with a 
 broad, cllijjtical, reddish spot, the red spot and green patch 
 hotli being edged with white. The thorns with which the 
 liddv is armed sting like a nettle when applied to the back of 
 \\\r hand, or any other part where the skin is tender, and the 
 parts touched swell with watery pustules, the irritati(Mi being 
 a('((>m|)anied with nuich itching. The under part of the body 
 of the larva is f1esh-c(jlored ; there are three pairs of thoracic 
 
 leg-:, but the thick, tleshy, abdt)minal legs found in most other 
 
 8 
 
 1 ; 
 ! I 
 
T^ 
 
 114 
 
 jysKcTs jyjriiiors to the apple. 
 
 Fid. nn. 
 
 caterpillars arc wanting in tills spceits, and the larva gli(k< 
 
 alony; with a snail-like motion. 
 
 Tiie cocoon is rounded, almost .spherical, and is surronndcd 
 
 with a loose silken wel). 
 
 The moth (Fig. 113) ai)pears on the wing from the middlr 
 
 to the end of June ; hut it is a rare insect, and is seUlom 
 
 captured even hy collectors. The 
 wings are of a deep, rich, reddish, 
 velvety brown, with a dark streak 
 about the middle of the fore wings, 
 extending from the body half-way 
 across, and on this is a golden 
 si)ot ; there are also two golden 
 
 sj)ots near the apex of the wing. When the wings are spread 
 
 they measure nearly an inch and a half across. 
 
 In the larval state this insect is preyed on by a small Lli- 
 
 neumon fly, and, never being abundant, other remedies are 
 
 not needed to subdue it. 
 
 
 No. 50. — The Apple-leaf Miner. 
 
 Tiacheria maHfoHeUa demons. 
 
 The larva of this insect lives within the leaf of the apple- 
 tree, between the upper and the under skin, devouring the sot't 
 tissues, and burrowing an irregidar chaiuiel, which begins as 
 a slender white line, dilating as the larva increases in size, and 
 ultimately becoming an irregular brownish j)atch, sometimes 
 extending to, or over, the place of beginning. The caterpillar 
 is of a pale-green color, with a brown head, and the next seg- 
 ment brownish. 
 
 When about to change to a ]Mipa, the leaf is drawn into a 
 ibid, which is cai'pctcd with silk, and in this encrlosuro the 
 chrysalis is formed, the change occurring during SeptemlHi'. 
 When the leaf i'alls, its occui)ant falls with it, and remains on 
 the ground within the foldeil leaf until the following May. 
 
 The moth is a tiny creature, measuring, when its wings are 
 spread, a little more than a quarter of an inch acro.ss. The 
 
 -.■ui'r..-:^-v..y..u:i:j/.i:'jv..^-i.H«.;.. «3At.'MCn.ifc jnM 
 
ATTACh'IXG TIIF LEAVES. 
 
 115 
 
 jure \vin"'s are of a shining dark brown, snffnscd with a tinge 
 of i)nri)le, and slightly du>ted with dull-yellowish atoms. The 
 liiiul wings are dark gray. 
 
 This insect also mines the leaves of the wild crab-apple, 
 ilitl't'rent species of thorn, the blackberry, and the ra-ipbcrry, 
 but ha-s never been known to do any material injury. 
 
 No. 51. — The Apple-tree Case-bearer. 
 
 Colcop/iora malivorella Uiloy. 
 
 With the opening of spring there will sometimes be found 
 on tilt' twigs of apple-trees curious little pistol -shaped cases as 
 «;liown at a, Fig. 114. Each of these (»n examination will be 
 
 Fiu. 114. 
 
 ■r. 
 Ill 
 
 ro 
 
 t'oiMul to contain a larva, possessing the power of moving fron» 
 phice to place and carrying its protecting case with it. These 
 cuMS arc very tough, almost liorny in their texture, and seem 
 10 be proof against the attack of insect enemies. As the buds 
 lu'siin to swell, the cases will be found here and there sticking 
 on them, while the active little foe within is busily devouring 
 their interior. In this way many of the fruit-buds are de- 
 .stfovcd, nothing but hollow shells beiny; left. As the season 
 advances, the c^iterpillars leave the twigs and fiisten on the 
 
ir^ 
 
 m 
 
 jysKCTs ixjvinors to tiiE apple. 
 
 loaves, oil which they also teed, sometimes rexliiciiifij them i 
 mere skeletons. Late in June the change to chrysalis takes 
 place, anil the moths appear on the wing in July. They flv 
 at night, anil deposit their eggs on the leaves; these eggs hutch 
 during August and September, the larvjv living and feedinu' 
 on the under side of the leaves until frost comes, when before 
 the leaves fall they migrate to the twigs, and, fastening their 
 od<l little cases firmly with silken threads, remain torj)id urn II 
 the following spring; then, aroused to activity by the tir>t 
 warm days, they attack the swelling buds, as already (k'scribed. 
 The larva (7;, Fig. 114) is of a ])ale-yellow color, with a faini 
 rosy tint, a bhujk head, and a few short hairs on its body. Tii 
 the figure it is much magnified ; the hair-line adjoining shows 
 its natural size; c represents the chrysalis, and d the niotli, 
 both enlarged. The wing? if the moth are brown, with white 
 scales, head and thorax white, abdomen whitish, all dotted 
 with bi-own scales. The wings, when expanded, measure a 
 little more than half an inch across. 
 
 No. 52. — The Resplendent Shield-bearer. 
 
 Anpidisca splcmlorijcrellii (,'lemeus. 
 
 Occasionally there may be found on the limbs of apjilc- 
 trees during the winter clusters of little oval seed-lik(! bodies, 
 as shown at <J, Fig. llo; these on exa?nination will be louiid 
 to be fm'med of miiuitc portions of apple-leaves, and on open- 
 ing one of them it will be seen to contain a small yellowish 
 larva, or, if the season be advanced, perhaps a chrysalis. 
 
 PiuMiig the month of May a very small but very beautiful 
 moth escapes from each of these enclosures. The moth is rep- 
 resented at /; in Fig. 115, much magnified. Its head is golden, 
 the antenna^ i)rown, tinged with gold ; the fore wings from the 
 l)ase to the middle are of a leaden gray with a nu.'tallic lustre, 
 and from the middle to the tip golden ; a broad silvery streak 
 extends from the front edge to about the middle, margined 
 with a dark color on both sides; there are also other streaks 
 and spots of silvery and dark brown. The hind wings are 
 
 ^T^^Tln^-^l^fAll.) irf'^V j^ij WJli yK .aW^ ldFiJffii-.y^ V^H;TrA.»V'*Un 11 .MltiiiMJ . HW^linin 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 117 
 
 of :i rich deep gray iniirginecl with a long ycllowish-browii 
 tVinfc. It is an active little oroatiire, riiimiii<;' about on tlie 
 u|)i)er surl'aee of the leaves in the sunshine, with its wings 
 closclv lolcled to its body. 
 The efgs are laid on the apple-leaves, and the young larva 
 
 Fiu. 115. 
 
 iiil 
 
 'I'- 
 ll!! I, 
 
 he 
 re. 
 
 larc 
 
 -t« 
 
 when hatched penetrates to the interior of the leaf, mining it, 
 leaving the upper and under surfaces unbroken, but forming 
 Ml'icr a time an irregular, dark-colored blotch upon the leaf. 
 When mature, it forms from the leafy blotch its little case, 
 and, crawling with it, fastens it securely to a near twig or 
 branch of the tree. At this period the larva presents the 
 
 I 1 
 
 itKaaaaJM 
 
118 
 
 Ii\SECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 appearaiu'O shown at b, and is then abont one-eighth of an 
 inch long, and of a yellowish-brown color, with a dark head. 
 Shortly, contracting within its case, it appears as shown at c. 
 and iinally transforms to a chrvsalis, as seen at /'in the ihnwv 
 
 There are two broods during the season, the moths apj)iai- 
 ing in May and again in July and August, the first brood of 
 the larva} being found in June, the set-oud brood at the latter 
 end of the season. 
 
 lic^ncdu's. — A minute parasitic fly, sliown at h in Fig. 1 lo, 
 attacks this tiny creature and destroys it. (All these figiu-es, 
 except that of the leaf, are much magnified, the short lines 
 at the side or below showing the natural si/e.) Should these 
 insects prevail to such an extent as to require man's inter- 
 ference, the cases nught be scraj)ed from the branches and 
 destroyed during the winter, or the limbs brushed with the 
 alkaline wash or the mixture of sul[)hur and lime recom- 
 mended for the woolly a})])le- louse, ]S'o. 9. 
 
 No. 53. — The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix. 
 
 Jhiccuhitrlx ppinlJhIicUa Clciiions. 
 
 Tin' larva of this insect feeds externally on the leav(>s of 
 apple-trees, and is very active, letting itself down from the 
 tree by a silken thread wlnn di-^turbed. When full grown, 
 it is nearly half an inch long, with a brown head and a dark 
 yellowish-green body, its anterior portion tinged with re(ldi>li, 
 and having a few short hairs scattered over its surface. 
 
 A\'lien lull grown, the cater[)illar sj)ins an idongated, whili>h 
 cocoon, attached to the twig on the leaves of which il has 
 been feeding; this cocoon is ribbed longitudinally, as shown 
 at />, l''ig. 1 H), and within this enclosure the larva changes to 
 a brown chrysalis. The second brood is found late in the 
 autumn, the insect remaining in (he chrysalis state during the 
 winter. The moths issue; the following spring, when they 
 lay eggs for the first brood of caterpillars, which are I'onud 
 injuring the foliage during the month of June. 
 
 The fore wings of the moth (c, Fig. IIG) are whitish, 
 
ATTACK I SG THE LEAVES. 
 
 119 
 
 has 
 own 
 
 to 
 
 tlu' 
 thr 
 
 [uiul 
 
 Itisli, 
 
 I 
 
 Fid. Il(> 
 
 tiiHi-cd with pale yeUow, and dusted with brown. On the 
 
 miiltlli-' of tiic inner margin is a lartre, oval patch of darlc 
 
 brown, form i no-, 
 
 when the wings are 
 
 closed, a couspiou- 
 
 ,) IS. nearly ronnd 
 
 spot ; th<»re is a wide 
 
 streak of the siime 
 
 hue op|)osite, ox- 
 
 teiiiling to the front 
 
 niarii'in, and a dark- 
 
 l)ro\vn spot near the 
 
 (ij). In the fignre 
 
 till moth is shown 
 
 hiulily magnilied. Sometimes tins insect appears in immense 
 
 Miitnbers, and then becomes injurious. 
 
 Juiimlicx, — As the cocoons of the second brood remain 
 
 attached to the trees all winter, abundant opj)ortunity is 
 
 nll'onled to destroy them. Any oily or alkaline liquid brushed 
 
 over them will usually i)enetrate and destroy the enclosed 
 
 inject. A minute parasitic; fly is destructive to this ])est, 
 
 and the cocooiis may often be found perforated with small 
 
 round holes at one end, through which thest; tiny friends have 
 
 escaped. 
 
 No. 54. — The Apple Lyonetia. 
 
 Lyondia mcrnUlla Piu^kard. 
 
 This is a tiny moth, but a very beautilul <»u<\ which np- 
 pcMrs early in the summer; its wings, when expanded, meas- 
 nre only one-filth of an inch across. It is 
 .shown, nuieh magnilied, in Fig. 117. T' e 
 lore wings i\\\\ of a, light slate-gray on the 
 inner half, while the outer half is bright 
 <ii';uige, enclosing two white bands, one 
 arising on the front edge, tlu; other on the 
 inner margin, l)oth nearly meeting in the middle ol' the 
 wing; these white bands are margined (xternalb' with black. 
 
120 
 
 ly SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 There is a conspicuous black spot near the fringe, from wiii(^h 
 arises a pencil of black hairs. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 118), which feeds on apple-leaves, is small, 
 Hattened, and of a green color. It constructs from the skii, 
 
 of the leaf a flattened, oval case, in 
 Fi(i. 118. Fid. 110. ^vi,i^.i, it lives ; the case is o\\cn at eacji 
 
 /''^T/^ [ end, and is drawn about by ihe I:u'v;t 
 (" //^^l as it moves from place to place. The 
 
 ^ P^^jt^ case is re[)resented in Fig. 119. (lioth 
 .^^im'- case and larva are magnified.) Tho 
 larva becomes full grown about the 
 end of August, and attaches its cocoon to the bark of lh(> li-cp 
 on which it is feeding, changing there to a chrvsalis, in which 
 condition it remains until the following si)ring. 
 
 No. 55. — The Rosy Hispa. 
 
 Odoiifiifd yi)sr<( (Wol)or). 
 
 This is a small, flat, rough, coarsely-punctated beetle, lis 
 
 wing-covers forming an oblong s(iuare, as shown in Fig. TJu; 
 
 there are three smooth, raised, longitudinal lines on each nf 
 
 them, spotted with red, while the sj)aces between 
 
 Fid. I'JO. jirc deej)ly punctated with doul)lc rows of dots. 
 
 T!ie head is small, the antenna' short, thickened 
 
 toNv'ards the end, and the thora.x rough idxive, 
 
 striped with deep red on each side. The nndi r 
 
 side of the bodv is usuallv darker in color, some- 
 
 times bhu'kish. This beeth! is found iVmn the 
 
 latter i)art of May until the middle ol" done, :\\u\ 
 
 deposits its eggs on the leaves of the apple-d'ce. These are 
 
 suiall, rough, and of a blackish coloi", fastened to the snrt'aee 
 
 of the leaves, sometimes singly and souictimes in clusters of 
 
 four or five. 
 
 The lai'va', when hatched, eat their wiiy into the interioi- 
 of the Liaf, wher(> they feed upon its green, pulpy suhstani'c, 
 leaving the; skin above and below enlii'c, which soon turns 
 brown and dry, forming; a blister-like spot. The lurva, when 
 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 121 
 
 full grown, wliicli is usually during the month of July, is 
 about onc-lifth of an incii long, oblong in fo m, rather 
 broader before than behind, flattened, .soft, and of u yellowisli- 
 white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny 
 consistence. Each of the thn^e anterior segments has a pair 
 of legs; the other segments are provided with small fleshy 
 warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasp-lik(^ 
 points above and beneath. 
 
 The cater[)illar changes to a chrysalis within the leaf, iVnm 
 which, ill about a week, the j)erfect insect escapes. WMthin 
 these blister-like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed 
 beetle may often be found. This insect never occurs in suf- 
 ficient mimbers to be a source of much trouble. 
 
 li 
 
 No. 56.— The Cloaked Chrysomela. 
 
 Ghiptoscelis crijpticiis (Stiy). 
 
 This is another beetle which devours the foliagi^ of the 
 apple-tree, also that of the oak-tree. It is of a thick, cylin- 
 drical form, about oiio-third of an inch long, with its head 
 Slink into the thorax, and the thorax narrower than 
 (he body, it is of a j)ale ash-gi'ay color, from being •'''«'• l-'- 
 entirely covered with short whitish hairs. 'I'he \ / 
 closed wing-covers have a small notch at the top of 
 tlieir suture. At thejunct ion of the wing-covers with ^' 
 (he thorax there is a dusky spot. This insect is 
 rcpresent(>d in l-'ig. 121. 
 
 No. 57. — The Apple-tree Aphis. 
 
 A/i/lis llhlll I'lllll". 
 
 During the winter (liei'c n)ay often be found in the crevices 
 iind cracks ol' the bark of the twigs of (he ap|>le-ti'ee, and 
 also about the l)ase of the buds, a uunduM" of very minute, 
 oval, shining black eggs. These are tlu' I'ggs of the apple- 
 tree a|)his, known also as tlu' apple-leaf nphis, A/tlii.^ iiutfi' 
 foliu' {'"itch. They a!'(« deposite(l in the autnnni, and v.'hen 
 
122 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 first l;ii(l are of a light yellow or tureen col(jr, hut griuUially 
 become darker, and tiiiallv black. 
 
 As soon as the buds beoin to expand in the s])ring, these 
 eggs hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves n[)on thi; 
 swelling bnds and the small, tender leaves, and, inserting their 
 beaks, feed on the juices. All the lice thus hatched at this 
 |)erio<l of" the year are females, and reach matnrity in ten or 
 twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living 
 young, j)rodncing about two daily for two or three weeks, 
 alter which the older ones die. The young locate about the 
 parents as closely as they can stow themselves, and they 
 also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve days, and 
 are as prolilic as their predecessors. They thus increase so 
 rapidly that as fast as new leaves expand colonies are ready 
 to occupy them. As the season advances, some of the females 
 acquire wings, and, dispersing, found new colonies on other 
 trees. When cold weather approaches, males as well as 
 females are j)r(Hhiced, and the season closes with th<! deposit 
 of a stock of eggs for the continuance of the species another 
 year. 
 
 When newly born, the aj)ple aj)his is almost white, but 
 soon becomes of a pale, dull greenish yellow, 'i'he mature; 
 females are generally without wings; their bodies arc oval in 
 form, less than (inc-tcnth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish- 
 green col or, often st ri | )(.( 1 
 with deei)er gi'cen. 'fhe 
 eyes are black, honey- 
 tubes green, and there is 
 a sh(trt, tail-iik(> appen- 
 dage of a black color. 
 The accompanying il- 
 lustration (Fig. 122) of 
 a winged maleand wing- 
 less female, highly juag- 
 iiilied, shows the struc- 
 tiiiH! and shtipe of tlie insect; its beak, wliich proceeds i'rom 
 
 Fid. \'2-2, 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 123 
 
 the uiuler side of tlie head, is liero hidden from view in tiie 
 iiialo, but can be seen in the female. 
 
 Tlie winged females and the males are very sin)ilar in color. 
 The head, thorax, and antcnnje are black, with the neck usually 
 oreen. The abdomen is short and thick, of an oval form 
 and bright-i»;reen color, with a row of black dots along each 
 side; the nectaries and tail-like appendage are black; the 
 \vin«s are transparent, with dark-brown veins. 
 
 Most of the insects belonging to this lamily are provided 
 with two little tubes or knoos, which project, one on each 
 siile, from the hinder part of their bodies; these are called 
 hn;iey-tubes, or nectaries, and from them is secreted in con- 
 >.mlerable quantities a sweet fluid. This fluid falling upon 
 the Ie;ives and evaporating gives them a shiny ai)pearauce, as 
 il' coated with varnish, and for the purpose of feeding u[)oii 
 this sweet deposit, which is known as honey -dew, different 
 sj)ecies of ants and flies are found visiting them. Ants also 
 visit the colonies of aphides and stroke the insects with their 
 antenna; to induce them to part with some of the sweet liquid, 
 which is greedily sipped up. This Ihiitl is saiil to serve as 
 food for a day or two to the newly-born young. 
 
 The leaves of trees infested by these insects become dis- 
 torted and twisted backwards, often with their tips pressing 
 against the twig from which they grow, and they thus form 
 a covering lor the aj)hides, })rotc('ting them from rain. An 
 inlested tree may be distinguished at some distance by this 
 bending back of the leaves and young twigs. It is stated 
 that the scab on the fruit of the apple-tree often owes its 
 origin to tlie punctures of these plant-lice. This species, 
 which was originally imported from I'iUropp, is now found 
 in ap|)le-orchards all over the Northern ITniled States and 
 Canada. 
 
 Jiciiu'dica. — Sci'aping the dead bark olfthi' trees during the 
 winter and washing them with a solution ot' soft soap and soda, 
 ;is recommended lor Xo. 2, the two-striped borer, would be 
 beneficial, by destroying the eggs. Syringing the trees, about 
 
TF 
 
 124 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 the time tlie biuls are bursting, with strong soap-snds, weak 
 ]ye, or tobacco-water, the hitter made by boiling one; pouiul 
 of the rougii stems or leaves in a gallon of water, will destroy 
 a large number of the young lice. A frost occurring after 
 a few days of warm weather will kill millions of them; in 
 the egg state the insects can endure any amount of frost, but 
 the young aphis quickly perishes wlien the temperature falls 
 below the freezing-point. 
 
 Myriads of these aphides are devoured by Lady-birds and 
 their larv;e. In Fig. 12.'] is repres(Mited the Nine-spotted 
 
 Fui. l'J.3. 
 
 Fi(i. VIA. 
 
 I/idy-bird, Coccincl/a novrmnofafa Herbst, one of our com- 
 monest species, which is found almost everywhere; it is of a 
 brick-red color, and is ornamented with nine black spots. 
 
 The Two-spotted Laily-bird, Adalla hlpundcttd (Linn.) 
 (Fig. 124), is also extremely common. This is very similar in 
 color to tiie nine-spotted s])ecies, but in this one there is only 
 a single .s[)ot on each wing-ease. In the figure the insect is 
 shown magnified. 
 
 Fig. 12o rcp''esents tiie Plain Lady-bird, Ci/ch)ic<Ia sun- 
 f/uinea (Linn.). This is somewhat smaller in size than the 
 last two species named, of a lighter shaile of red, and without 
 any spots on its wing-cases. It is known also as Cocciticlld 
 man (1(1. 
 
 The Comely Jiaily-bird, CocdncUa venuda M((ls. (Fig. 12G), 
 is pink, with ten large black spots, the hinder ones being 
 united together. 
 
 The Thirtcen-spottcd Lady-bii'd, Illjijindtnnid. lo-ptmctaia 
 (HeJ'bst), is shown in V\\i. 127 ; it is larger than (\Ka)if/ainai, 
 and has thirteen black s|)ots on a brick-red ground. 
 
 In Fig. 128, c, is represented the Convergent Lady-bird, 
 
ATTACKL\Q THE LKAVES. 
 
 125 
 
 mppodamia convergena Gucr., wliicli is of an orange red, 
 marked with bhiek and white. The hirva is shown of its 
 
 Fra. 12fi. 
 
 Fui. IL'7. 
 
 natural size at a, its colors being black, orange, and blue, 
 and when full grown it attaches itself to the under side of a 
 leaf and changes to a chrysalis, which is shown at b. 
 
 The Spotted Lady-bird, Mef/illa macidata (De J'"'- l-'>. 
 Goer) (see Fig. 129), is of a pinkish color, some- *^^£' 
 times pale red. It has large black blotches, twelve 'jWfflp^l 
 in all, on its wing-cases; two on one wing-cover are inW^'^c 
 opposite to and touch two on the other. 
 
 Fig. 180 represents the Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird, Anati.s 
 1') -punctata, (Oliv.), the largest of them all. It is a very 
 
 Fig. 130. 
 
 ^•M^\ 
 
 V 
 
 variable insect ; at </, f',/', r/, ai'c shown lour ol' the dilVerent 
 fornis under wiiich it is seen ; a shows the hu'va in the act 
 ol' devouring a young larva of the Colorado j)olato-beetlc, 
 ti which it is also partial, wliile b represents the chrysalis. 
 
 The I'ainted Lady-bird, /farinania. picJa (Hand), is a vimw 
 pretty little insect. (See Fig. l;]I.) At b it is shown of tiie 
 natural si/.e, ut c enlarged ; it is of a pale straw-color, marked 
 with black, as in the figuiv. The larva, a, is of a dusky 
 
126 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 brown, with paler markings. Tliis species is most commonly 
 found feeding on lice which attack tiie pine. 
 
 All the Lady-birds are very nseful creatures, and, with their 
 
 Fiu. 131. 
 
 Fiu. 132. 
 
 't h 
 
 larvfe, should he encouraged and [)rotected by the fruit-grower 
 in every possible way. 
 
 The larvjo of the Lace-winged or Golden-eyed Flics, dirij- 
 s()p(i,aiv c'cpially destructive to aphides, roaming about among 
 them like so many tigers with appetites almost insatiable. Al 
 h, Fig. 132, (Mie of these larvte is shown, and at a some of the 
 ciXiX'^, which are attached to the end of line upi'ight threads or 
 stalks. The.-e arc usually I'ound in clusters. The perfect in- 
 
 Fi(i. l:!:i. 
 
 Fig, 134. 
 
 sect has four delicate, transparent, whitish wings (sec Fig. lo'A) 
 
 netted like fine lace, bright-golden eyes, and a beautiful griH'ii 
 
 body. Fig. 134 shows the same insect with its wings closed ; 
 
 also a side view of a cluster of eggs. While bean- 
 Fu! 135. 
 
 ^ ' tiful to look at, the insects are oifcnsive to han lie, 
 
 '¥^ as when touched they qv.'J a very sickening, pun- 
 gent, and persistent odoi'. 
 
 Other friendly lu^lpers in this good work arc the 
 larvio of the Syrphus Hies. 'I'hcsc arc ileshy larva>, 
 thick and blunt behind, and pointed in front. (See Fig. !.'>").) 
 Their mouths are furnished with a triple-j)ointed dart, with 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT, 
 
 127 
 
 Fio.lSC. 
 
 which tliey seize and pieire tlieir prey, and, elevating it, as 
 shown in the fignre, deliberately snek it dry. They ait' quite 
 blind, but tiie cgjr.s from whicii thev 
 hatch are deposited by the ])arent flies 
 in the midst of the colonies of plant- 
 lice, wliere they gr()j)e about and obtain 
 an al)undance of Ibod without much 
 trouble. In Fig. l;j(j is shown one of 
 the flies. They are l)lack with iransparcnt winsrs, a„d .,n 
 l.rettdy ornamented with yellow stripes across their bodies. 
 
 ATTACKING THE muiT. 
 
 No. 58.— The Codling Moth. 
 
 Carpocapm po7noneUa {Linn.). 
 In t',0 accompanying figure, 137, a shows the burrowino-s 
 
 of tins larva, b the point where it eiiected its entrance, e the 
 
 larva full grown, h the 
 
 anterior part of its body, ^^'^' ^^7. 
 
 magnified, d the chrvs- 
 ah's, i the cocoon, / the 
 moth with its win'>-s 
 closed, and </ the same 
 with wings expanded. A 
 better representation of 
 the moth is given, mag- 
 nilled, ill Fig. 188. The 
 larger ojieniiig at the 
 side of the apple shows 
 whei'e the 
 larva lias escaped. 
 
 This is one of the "'" i 
 
 most troubh-some insects with which fruit-growers have to 
 contend, and although of foreign origin, having been im- 
 
 fuil - grown 
 
 ^-•^STi' 
 
128 
 
 INSECTS IXJUJilOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 Fi(i. 1^8. 
 
 ported from Europe about tlie beginning of the ])resent ceii- 
 tiiiy, it is now found in ahnost all parts of North America, 
 entailing an inuuense yearly loss upon a})ple-gro\vers. 
 
 The early brood of moths a])pear on the wing about the 
 time of the opening of the apple-blossoms, when the femak' 
 deposits lier tiny yellow eggs singly in the calyx or eye, just 
 as the young ap|)le is forming; in a few instances they have 
 
 been ol)served in the hollow at the stalk 
 end, and occasionally on the smootii 
 surface of the cheek of the apple, in 
 about a week the egg liatches, and tlii; 
 linv worm at once be<>;ins to eat throu(i;li 
 the a})plc to the core. Usually its cast- 
 ings are pushed out tlirough the hole 
 by which it has entered, the passage being enlarged from 
 time to time for this purpose. Some of the castings commonly 
 adhere to the apple ; hence, before the worm is full grown, 
 infested fruit may generally be detected by the mass of red- 
 dish-brown exuviai protruding from the eye. Sometimes as 
 the larva approaches maturity it eats a passage through the 
 apj)le at the side, as shown in the figure, and out of this 
 opening thrusts its castings, and through it the larva, when 
 full grown, escapes. The head and ui)per portion of the first 
 segment of the young larva are usually black, but as it ap- 
 j)roaches maturity these change to a brown color. The body 
 is of a tlesh-color, or i)inkish tint, more highly colored on 
 the back ; it is also sprinkleil with minute, elevated points, 
 from each of which there arises a single fine hair. 
 
 In three or four weeks from the time of liatching the early 
 brood of larva> attain full growth, when tiie occupied a|)pl(s 
 generally I'all prematurely to the ground, sometimes with the 
 worm in them, but more commonly after it lias escaped. The 
 larva>, which leave the a])ples while still on the trees, either 
 crawl down the branches to the trunk of the tree, or let them- 
 selves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, which they 
 spin at will. In either case, whether they crawl up or down, 
 
ATTACKING THE FllUlT. 
 
 129 
 
 \ 
 
 (1)0 (rroator portion of them find their way to tiie trunks of* 
 the tir(>s, whore, luuler tiie rough bark and in cracks and 
 (•iT\ ifi's, tiiey spill their cocoons. 
 
 Having selected a suitable iiiding-plaee, the larva constructs 
 a p:i[)ery-lo()king silken cocoon, shown at i in the figure, which 
 is white inside, and disguised on the outside by attaching to 
 the silky threads small fragments of the bark of the tree or 
 other available debris. After the cocoon is conii)leted, the 
 change to the chrysalis takes place in the early brood in aljout 
 tiii-ee days. At first the pupa is of a pale-yellow color, deep- 
 ening in a day or two to pale brown ; the insect remains in 
 this condition about two weeks, when the moth escapes. 
 
 Each moth is ca|)able of laying on an average probably not 
 Ics.-, than fifty eggs, but these are not all matured at once; by 
 careful dissection they maybe found in the body of the moth 
 in ditlerent stages of development. Hence they are de[)ositcd 
 successively, extending over a period probably of from one 
 to I wo weeks or more; add to this the fact that some of the 
 moths are retarded in their development in the s|)ring, and 
 it is easy to account for the finding of larvoD of various sizes 
 at the same time ; indeed, sometimes the later specimens from 
 the first brood will not liave escaped from the fruit before 
 some of the young larvae of the second brood make their ap- 
 pearance, the broods thus, as it were, overlapping each other, 
 and very much extending the period for the appearance of 
 the winged insects. 
 
 The moth {[}, Fig. 137), although small, is a beautiful 
 object. The fore wings are marked with alternate irregular, 
 transverse, wavy streaks of ash-gray and brown, and have on 
 the inner hind angle a large, tawny-brown spot, with streaks 
 of light bronze or copper color, nearly in the form of a horse- 
 shoe ; at a little distance they resemble watered silk. The 
 hind wiu*s and abdomen are of a light yellowish brown, 
 with the lustre of satin. The moth conceals itself during the 
 daytime, and appears only at night, and, since it is not read- 
 ily attracted by light, is seldom seen. The second brood t)f 
 
 9 
 
130 
 
 IS SECTS ISJl'IilOUS TO Till-: APPLE. 
 
 luotlis are iisiiiilly on tlic \vin,<; dnrini^ the latter Iialf of Jiilv, 
 Mlien they pair, and in a lew days the female beiriiis to (U'- 
 ])osit hei* egj^s tor the laler brood of larvfe, generally selectiii-^ 
 for this purpose the later api)les. 'J'hese larvte mature diirinLj 
 the autumn or early winter months; if they eseape before tlie 
 fruit is gathered, they seek some sheltered nook under tlir 
 loose bark of a tree or other eonvenient hiding-plaee ; Ijiit 
 if carried with the fruit into the cellar, they may often 1)( 
 found about the barrels and bins in which it is stored ; a 
 favorite hiding-place is between the hoops and staves of the 
 ap|)le-barrels, where they are found sometimes by hundreds. 
 If thus provided with snug winter-quarters, and through 
 negligence allowed to escai)e, the fruit-grower nui<t expect to 
 sutfer inereaseu loss from his want of care. Having fixed on 
 a suitable spot, the larva s[)ins its little tough cocoon, firmlv 
 fastened to the place of attachment, and within this it ic- 
 mains in the larval state until early the followirig spring, 
 when it changes to a brown chrysalis, and s!;ortly afterwards 
 the moth appears, to begin the work of the opening seiLson. 
 
 J3esides injuring the apple, it is very destructive to the pear : 
 it is also found on the wild crab, and occasionally on the plum 
 and peach. Sometimes two larvto will be found in the same 
 fruit. 
 
 Jicmedk'ti. — The most effective method yet devised fi)r re- 
 ducing the nund)ers of this insect is to trap the larvfo and 
 chrvsalids and destrov them. This is best done bv applvini:' 
 bands around the trunks of the trees about six inches in width ; 
 strips of old sacking, carpet, cloth; oi' fabric of any kind will 
 serve the purpose, and, although uoi so durable, many u-c 
 common brown paper. Whatevr:- material is used, it should 
 be wound entirely round the tree once or twice, and fastened 
 with a string or tack. \\'ithin such enclosures the larvte hide 
 and transform. The bands should be applied not later than 
 the 1st of June, and visited every eight or ten days until the 
 last of August, each time taken off and examined, and all 
 the worms and chrysalids found under them destroyed : thev 
 
ATTACKIXG THE FRUIT. 
 
 131 
 
 should also be visitotl once after the crop is secured. Some 
 persons prefer to use narrower bands, not nu)re than Ibnr 
 iiicljcs wide, and fasten them with a tack, while others se- 
 cure them in their phice by merely tnckinj^ the end nnder. 
 Usnally tiie cocoons under the bandages are partly attached 
 to the tree and partly to the bandage, so that when the latter 
 is removed the cocoon is toru asunder, when it often hapjiens 
 that the larva or chrysalis will fall to the ground, and, if it 
 escapes notice, may there complete its transformations. \Vide- 
 iiiouthed bottles partly filled with sweetened water, and hung 
 ill the trees, have been recommended as traps for the codling 
 moth, but there is no reliable evidence that any appreciai)le 
 iuMiefit has ever been derived from their use. There is no 
 doubt that a large number of moths can be ea[)tured in this 
 maimer, but it is a rare thing to find a codling moth among 
 them. Neither is the {)lan of lighting tires in the orchard of 
 much avail, since codling motlis are rarely attracted by light. 
 It has also been asserted that syringing the trees, about the 
 time when the fruit is setting, with a mixture of Paris-green 
 or London-pur[)leand water will deter the moths from placing 
 their eggs on the apples, and thus protect the fruit from injury. 
 
 The fallen fruit should be 
 j)romptly gathered and ile- 
 stroved. It has been reconi- 
 mended that hogs be ke[)t in 
 the orchard for the purpose of 
 devouring sucii fruit; and, 
 where they can be so kept 
 without injury to the trees or 
 to other crofis, they will no 
 doubt prove useful. 
 
 This insect, while in the lar- 
 val state, is so protected within 
 the apple that it enjoys great 
 immunity from insect enemies. Nevertheless it is occasion- 
 ally reached by the ever-watchful Ichneumons, two species- 
 
 Fig. 139. 
 
132 
 
 hWSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE APPLE 
 
 of whicli are known to occur as parasites within tlie bodies of 
 the larvae. They have been bred by Mr. C. V. Kiley, who 
 (iescribes tiiem in his fifth Missouri Iveport. One is a small 
 black fly, from one-fourth to one-half inch in lengtli ; its Icos 
 are reddish, the hind pair having a broad white ring. It 
 is called the liing-legged Pimpla, Fimpla annuUpcx Br., and 
 is represented, much magnified, in Fig. 18*J. The otlu r 
 
 species is about the 
 ^'lo- l-l^- same size, but more 
 
 slender, and of a 
 yellow or brownisli- 
 vellow color. The 
 female is provided 
 with a long ovipos- 
 J itor, as seen in 
 Fig. 140, where tlic 
 insect is shown 
 highly magnified. 
 The abdomen of the 
 nude is represented 
 to the right of the 
 figure. This spo 
 cies is known as 
 the Delicate liong- 
 sting, jMdcrocniirus 
 dc/icahin (Vesson. 
 These useful insect 
 friends are nol yd 
 ."•ufliciently numer- 
 ous to check materially ihe increase rf the codling moili, 
 and it is doubtful if (hey ever will be. When flic codling 
 worm has left (he fruit in which it has been feeding, and while 
 wandering about in seru'ch of a suitable spot in which to pass 
 its chrysalis stage, it is liable (o lie attacked by any of (he 
 ground-beetles, Oinihidn', both in (hcMr larval and their 
 perfect state, also by the larvie of soldier-beetles and oflier 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 133 
 
 cariiivorouH insects. Some of the smaller insectivorous birds 
 iiiv also said to devour this insect both in the larval and 
 iti ihc pupal condition. 
 
 No. 59. — The Apple Curculio. 
 
 Antkoiwmus quadrifjibbus Say. 
 
 This is a small beetle, u little smaller than a plum curculio, 
 (if a dull-brown color, having a lont;, thin snout, which sticks 
 (lilt more or lc.?s horizontally, and cannot bo folded under the 
 hiidv, as is the case with many species of Curculio. This 
 snout in the female is as long as the body ; in the male it is 
 about half that length. In addition to the i)rominent snout, 
 ii is furnished with four conspiciuous brownish-red humps to- 
 wards the hinder part of its body, from which it takes its 
 spccilic name, qiuidrif/ibhu,^. I ncluding the snout, its length is a 
 (jiiarter of an inch or more. In the accompanying figure, III, 
 
 liic insect is magnified ; a rep- 
 
 , , . J . , Fig. Ml. 
 
 resents a back view, (> a side 
 
 view; th.e outline at the left 
 
 shows its natural size. Its 
 
 hodv is (lull brown, shaded 
 
 witli rusty r('<l ; the tliorax 
 
 and aiiicrior third of the wing- 
 
 ('(i\ crs are grayish. 
 
 riiis is a native American 
 insect which formerly bred ex- 
 chisively 111 the wild cnibs aiui haws; it is singl(>-bi"ood(>d, 
 and j)asses tiie winter in the beetle state, 'riic, beetle ap|)ears 
 (|iiite early, and the huva may oft(Mi be found hatche<l Ix'fore 
 ih(.' middle of June, and in various stages 'M' its ;• < 'th in 
 the fruit during .Fune, duly, and August. 
 
 The beetle with its long snout drills holes into the young 
 appl(>s, much like the puncture of a hot needle, tiie hole 
 liciiig round, and surrounded by a blackisii margin. Those 
 which are drilled bv the insect when feeding are about one- 
 tenth of an inch deep, and scooihhI out broadly at the bottom; 
 
134 
 
 LWSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Al'l'LE. 
 
 tlio.se wliicli the fomaiu makes for lier eggs are scooped out 
 still more broadly, and the egg is placed at the bottom. TIk; 
 egg is of a yellowish color, aud in shape a long osal, lu'ing 
 about one-twenty-iif'th of an inch in length and not quite hall" 
 that in width. As soon as the larva hatches, i*^^ burrov s to 
 the heart of the fruit, where it feeds around the core, which 
 beconn'S i)artly iilled with rust-red excrement. In about a 
 month it attains full si/.e, when it presents the r.ppcaraiicc 
 shown in Fig. 142 ; b represents the larva highly magnified, 
 antl a the chrysalis. 
 
 1'he larva is a soft, white grub, nearly hall' an inch in 
 length, with a veilowish-brown head and jaws. Its body is 
 
 mucli wriidded, the spaces 
 ^^^' ^'^'-- between the folds being of 
 
 a bluish-black color; there is 
 also a line of a bluish shade 
 down the back. Having 
 no legs, it is incaj)able of 
 much movement, and rc;- 
 riains within the fruil it oc- 
 cu[)ies, changing there to a 
 chrysalis of a whitish color 
 (see Fig. 142 (i), and in two or three weeks, when perfected, 
 the beetle outs a hole through the \'v\\\t and escapes. 
 
 When feeding, this insect makes a number of holes or 
 ])uncturcs, and aroinid these a hard knot or swelling forms, 
 which much disfigures the fruit ; |)ears, as well as apples, arc 
 injured in this way. The infeste<l fruits do not usually fall 
 to the ground, as do ap|)les all'ccted by the codling worm, bin 
 I'l'inain attached to the tree, and the insect, iVom its liabii 
 of living within the fruit through all its stages, is a diilicnlt 
 one to destroy. Picking the all'eclcd s|)eciinen8 i'roin the 
 tree, and vigorousls jarring the tree during the time when 
 the beetle is about, will bring it to the ground, where it can 
 be destroyed in the same manner as recommended for the 
 plum curculio. iM^rtunately^ it is seldom found in such 
 
i 
 
 ATTACK IXG THE FRUIT. 
 
 135 
 
 jihmulaiu'O lis to do imicli (lama<i;o to the fruit-crop. In 
 S)iitlu'rii Jlliiiois and in some portions of Missouri it has 
 ir.oved destructive, but in most of the Northern United 
 States and in Canachi, ah hough common on thorn-bushes and 
 (■i;ib-ai)ples, it sehloin attack,-: the more vahiable fruits to any 
 considerable extent. 
 
 or 
 
 lie 
 
 Ull 
 
 III 
 
 lil 
 
 u 
 
 he 
 'II 
 llll 
 lie 
 I'll 
 
 \A 
 
 No. 60.— The Apple Maggot. 
 
 Tnjpeta pomonella Wills';. 
 
 This is a footless niagi^ot, shown at a, Fi<^. 143, taperini^ to 
 :i point Ml front, and cut squarely olf behind, which lives in 
 tlic pulp of the aj)ple, and tunnels it with winding channels, 
 iiiakiiiii' here and there little roundish diseoloi'cd excavations 
 alioiit the size of :i jx'a. This maggot is of a greenish-white 
 color, about one-fifth of an inch long, with a pointed head 
 and a pah^brown, ilattish, .rough tubercle behind it; the 
 hin.Ier segment has two pale-l)rown tubercles below. 
 
 The pupa is ol' a pale yellowish-brown color, and dilfers 
 iVoiii the larva only in being contracted in length ; in this in- 
 siaiice the (ru(^ pupa is enclosed within the shrunken skin of 
 ihe larva. When about to change, the maggot leaves the 
 apple, aiul, falling to the ground, bin-rows under the surface, 
 and there (Miters the chrysalis state, in whii h condition it re- 
 mains until the middle of the following summer, when the 
 perioct insect escapes ii' the form of a two-winged fly. 
 
 T!i!' lly (/>, ]*'ig. 14.')) is about one-lifth of an inch long, and 
 mcLV-fiires, when its wings are expanded, nearly half an inch 
 across. 'Mie head and legs are ''ust-rcd, the thorax shining 
 blaek, "wic »r less marked with iiravish or white; tlu; ab- 
 doineii IS black, with dusky hairs, and with whitish hair-s bor- 
 (li'ring the s|)aces between the segments of the body. 4'ho 
 wings arc whitish glassy, with dusky bands. This insei't is 
 single-brooded, the fly appearing in .July, when, by nu'ans of 
 a sharp ovipnsitoi", it inserts its eggs into the substance of 
 die apple. It fre(|uently attacks apples which have been 
 previously perforated by the codling worm, and it preler.s the 
 
]'Mi 
 
 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. 
 
 tliiii-skinned sunimor and fall aj)|)les to the winter varieties 
 It is, however, fVe(ineiitly foiuul in apples whieli have heen 
 stored, and has thus proved very troublesome in many i)arts 
 
 Vu:. \V.\. 
 
 of the eountry, ? oeeially in Massaeliusetts, Conneetieut, and 
 New York. It i; . Ve insect, found feeding on haws, and 
 probably also on t'ra.) . >les. 
 
 WKn' 
 
 No. ei.~The Apple Midge. ' 
 
 Scinrn mnli. (Fitch). 
 
 Tills is also a small maui>;ot, found devouring the flesh ot 
 ripened and stored apples, and hastening their decay. Jt ap- 
 pears to attack cniefly, if not wholly, those spe(!imens which 
 have been previously perforated by the codling worm, thus 
 adding to the damage caused by that destructive pest, and 
 when this insect has completed its transl'ormations within 
 the a|)plc, the hole made by the codling worm aifords this fly 
 a ready means of exit. 
 
 'J'he larvio are long and slender, tapering gradually to a 
 point at the head, the hinder end being blunt; they ju'c of -i 
 glassy-white color, and semi-transparent. When present, llicy 
 arc; generally fbinid in considerable numbers, and they buri'ow 
 many channels through tlu; flesh of tlu' apple, converting ii. 
 into a spongy substance of a dull-yel'owish color. 
 
 The elmngc toa chrysalis lakes place within the I'ruit. The 
 |)upa is about one-eighth of an inch long, somewhat sticky on 
 the surface, of an elongated, oval Ibrm, pointed at on(! end, 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 137 
 
 and rounclecl at tlic other; the heiul, thorax, and wiuii-cases 
 are bhick ; tlie abdomen is dull yeUow. 
 
 The perfeet insect very much resembles the Hessian Hy in 
 appearance, except tliat its legs are not so long and slender. 
 The head, antenna}, and thorax are black ; the abdomen 
 dnsky, almost black, with a pale-yellow band at each of the 
 sutures; beneath it is yellow, with a dusky patch on the 
 middle of each segment; the tip of the abdomen, ovii)ositor, 
 and legs, are black. The wings arc dull hyaline, tinged with 
 a smoky hue, and about one-fourth longer than the body. 
 
 This insect has not thus far proved very destructive, and 
 from its habits is scarcely likely to become so. 
 
 No. 62.— The Apple Fly. 
 
 JJrosnpJiild. / 
 
 This is a two-winged fly, an undetermined species of 
 Jirosoplii/d, very similar in its habits to the apple midge, 
 hut it usually attacks th(! earlier varieties, showing a pref- 
 erence for sucii as are sweet. The larva (see «, Fig. 144) 
 
 Fio. 144. 
 
 (i, 
 
 generally enters the aj^ple where it has been bored by the cod- 
 ling worm, or through the punctures made by the a|)j>lo cur- 
 ciilio, and sonu'times through the calyx when the apple is 
 quite sound. In August the fly (see Fig. 144,6) matures and 
 dej)osits eggs for another brood, and successive generations 
 follow until winter begins. The chrysalids may be found 
 dining the winter in tiie bottoms of apple-barrels, and in this 
 inacttive state they remain until the following season. Usually 
 
r^ 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 138 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Al'I'LE. 
 
 several insects are found in the same aj)i)le, and sometimes the 
 fruit is ahnost alive witli them, when, being rapidly riddled 
 
 with their borings, it speedily decays. 
 
 < 
 
 No. 63 —The Apple Thrips. 
 
 Phlceot /trips maU Fitcli. 
 
 Tin's is a very small insect, about one-eighteenth of an inch 
 long. It is slender, of a blackish-purj)le color, with narrow, 
 silvery-white wings. Occasionally apples are found early in 
 August, small and withered, with a cavity near their tip, 
 about the size of a pea, and the surface of a blackened color, 
 appearing as if the cavity had been gnawetl out. Within this 
 may usually be founil one of these apple thrips, which had 
 probal)ly taken up its residence on the fruit while it was very 
 small, and by frequent puncturing day alter day the apple has 
 been stunted i»i ;ls growth, and tinally withers. 
 
 This insect has never yet pi-oved very injurious; shoidd ii 
 ever become S' , ' ^^.udd be a dilHcidt one to exterminate. 
 Svringing thoroughlv with tobacco-water or a solution of 
 whale-oil soap would })robably prove etficaeious. 
 
 No. 64. — The Ash-gray Pinion. 
 
 IjillKiphanc antennata (Wnlker.) 
 
 This insect is a moth, the larva of whiisii has occasionally 
 
 Fici. 145. 
 
 been i'ound boring into young apples and peaches during the 
 month of .Iun(>. Fig. 145 illustrates its mode of procedure. 
 
 im 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT 
 
 139 
 
 Xlie caterpillar is pale y;reen, with eream-eolored spots, and a 
 broad, ereani-eolored band along the sides. When I'uU grown, 
 it leaves the frnit and works its way under the snrfaee of 
 the ground, where it forms a very thin, filmy, silken cocoon, 
 within which it changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis. 
 
 The moth escapes in the autumn, and is of a dull asii-gray 
 color, with its fore wings variegated with darker gray, or 
 o-rayish brown, as shown in the ligiu'e. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 APFEOT THE APPLE. 
 
 In addition to those already enuineratal, the following 
 insects are injurious to the apple, but, since they are more 
 destructive to other fruits, they will be referred to under 
 (iliicr headings. 
 
 ATTACKIN(r THE UKAXCIIKS. 
 
 The pear-blight beetle. No. 08; the New York weevil. 
 No. 100; and the red-shonldered Sinoxylon, No. l-'iO. 
 
 ATTACKING Till: LKAVJvS. 
 
 The tarnished plant-bug. No. 71 ; the pear-tree leaf-miner, 
 No. 74; grasshopj)ers, No. 80; the gray dagger-moth, No. 
 84; the waved J^agoa, No. 89; the blue-sj)angled j)ea('h-tr(H! 
 ('ater[)illar, No. 102; the Jo emperor-moth. No. 112; the 
 Ursula butterlly, No. 1 Ki ; the basket or bag- worm. No. 120; 
 the white-lined Deilephila, No. 13G ; the rose-beetle. No. l-")! ; 
 ;ind the smeared dagger, Xo. 194. 
 
 ATTACKING TIIK FUl'IT. 
 
 The melancholy Cetonia, No. 82; and the j)lum curculio, 
 
 No. 94. 
 
t 
 
 INSECTS liNJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 
 
 ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
 
 No. 65. — The Pear-tree Borer. 
 
 uEjeria pt/ri (Harris). 
 
 This is a whitish grub, resembling that of the peach-tree 
 borer, but much srnaller, wliicli feeds chiefly upon the inner 
 hiyers of the bark of the pear-tree. Its presence may be 
 detected from its Jiabit of throwing out castings resembling 
 fine sawdust, which are readily seen upon the bark of the 
 tree. Before the larva changes to a chrysalis it eats a passage 
 tlirough the bark, leaving only the thinnest possible covering 
 unbroken. Retiring towards the interior, it changes to a 
 chrysalis, anil late in the summer the chrysalis wriggles itself 
 forward, and, pushing against the paper-like covering which 
 conceals its place of retreat, ruptures it, and, j)rojecting itself 
 from the orifice, the moth soon bursts its prison-house and 
 e.scapes, leaving nothing but the em})ty skin behind it 
 
 The moth (Fig. 14G) is somewhat like a small wasp, of 
 
 a purj>lish or bluish-black color, with three golden-yellow 
 
 stripes on its abdomen ; the edges of the collar, 
 
 Fio. 146. the shoulder-covers, and the fan-shaped brush on 
 
 "kh^i^w the tail are of the same golden-yellow hue. Tlie 
 
 wings, which, when expanded, measure more than 
 
 half an inch across,. are clear and glass-like, with 
 
 their veins and fringes purplish black, and acro^s 
 
 the tips of the fore wings is a broad dark band with a copi)ery 
 
 lustre. The under side is pale yellow. 
 
 Jicmcdk's. — The trees should be examined in the spring, 
 
 and if evidences of the presence of these larvre are found, 
 
 they shoidd be searched for and destroyed. As a preventive 
 
 measure, paint the trees with the mixture of soft-soap an(' 
 
 140 
 
^ 
 
 ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
 
 141 
 
 solution of soda, as recommendod for the round-headed borer 
 of the apple (No. 2), or mound tlie trees about midsummer 
 with eartli, as recommended for the peacli-tree borer (Xo. 97). 
 
 No. 66.— The Pigeon Tremex. 
 
 Trcinex Coliunba Linn. 
 
 The female Pigeon Tremex is represented in Fig. 147. It 
 is a large wasp-like creature, which measures, when its wings 
 are expanded, nearly two 
 inches across. The body is l*'i^>- 147. 
 
 cylindrical, and about an 
 inch and a half long ex- 
 chisive of its boring instru- 
 ment, which projects about 
 three-eighths of an inch be- 
 yoivl the body. The wings 
 are of a smoky-brown color, 
 and semi-transparent ; the 
 iiead and thorax are reddisii, 
 varied with black, and the 
 al)donien is black, crossed by 
 seven yellow bands, all except the first two Interrupted in 
 the middle. The horny tail and a round spot at its base are 
 ochre-yellow. 
 
 The male (Fig. 148) is unlike the female: it is smaller and 
 has no borer. Its wings are more transparent; the body is 
 reddish, varied with black, in ibrm 
 somewhat flattened, rather wider be- 
 hind, and ends with a conictal horn. 
 The length of the bodv is iVom three- 
 Ibnrths of an inch to an inch or more, 
 and the wings expand about au inch 
 and a half 
 
 The female bores into tiie wood of 
 the tree with her borer, and, when the 
 iiole is made deep enough, drops an egg into it. The egg is 
 
 Fxu. ns 
 
 MHHMUm 
 
TT^ 
 
 m 
 
 142 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 
 
 ohlong-ovjil, pointed at both ends, and rather less than one- 
 twentieth of an inch in lengtii. 
 
 The larva is soft, yellowish white, of a cylindrieal form, 
 rounded behind, with a eonical horny point on the upi)er 
 part of the hinder extremity, and when mature is about an 
 ineh and a half long. It bores deeply into the interior of the 
 wood. liesides the pear, it is injurious to the buttonwood, 
 elm, and maple. 
 
 From its secluded habits, this insect is a dilHeult one to 
 cope with ; fortunately, it is seldom present in sutticient num- 
 bers to be very injurious. It is said to be destroyed by 
 Ichneumon flies, species of I'impla, furnisiied with very long 
 ovipositors, with which they bore into the trunks of trees 
 inhabited by these Tremex larvje, and deposit their eggs in 
 them: these hatch into grubs, which consume their substance 
 and cause their death. 
 
 ATTACKING THE BKAN0HE3. 
 
 R> i'i I 
 
 or later 
 
 No. 67. — The Twig-girdler. 
 
 Oncidercs ciiirfitld/us (Say). 
 
 This beetle nearly amputates pear twigs 
 during tlie latter half of August and the earlv 
 Q part of September. The female makes pep- 
 ^ Ibrations (Fig. 149, b) in the smaller bran.'hcs 
 ..,/ of the tree upon which she lives, and in these 
 ••;. deposits lier eggs, one of which is shown of the 
 natural size at c. She then j)roceeds to gnaw 
 a groove about one-tenth of an inch wide and 
 about a similar deptli all around the branch, 
 as shown in the figure, when the exterior por- 
 tion dies, and tiie larva, w'hen hatched, feeds 
 up(»n the dead wood. The girdled twigs sooner 
 lall to the ground, and in them the insect completes 
 
ATTACK! ^'G THE BRANCHES. 
 
 143 
 
 its transt()riiiati()n.s, and liiuiUy e.sciipes as a perfect beetle. 
 This insect is about eleven-twentieths of an inch in length, 
 with a robust body of a brownish-gray color with dull red- 
 dish-yellow dots, and having a broad gray band across the 
 middle of the wing-cases. The antennte are longer than the 
 bodv. The beetle is more eoninion on the hiekorv than on 
 the pear. 
 
 To subdue the insect, the dead and fallen twigs should be 
 uiithercd and burnt. 
 
 No. 68.— The Pear-blight Beetle. 
 
 A'i/lcbonis j)i/rl (Peck). 
 
 During the lieat of niidsnninier, twigs of the ?>ear-tree some- 
 times become suddenly blighted, the leaves and fruit wither, 
 and a discoloration of the bark takes place, followed by the 
 speedy death of the j)art atl'ected. Most frequently these etfects 
 arc the result of tire-blight, a mysterious disease, probably of a 
 fungoid character, but occasionally they are due to the agency 
 of the pear-blight beetle. In these latter instances there will 
 be found, on examination, small perforations like pin-holes at 
 the base of some of the buds, and from these issue small cylin- 
 drical beetles, shown nuignilied in Fig. 150, about one-tenth 
 of an inch long, of a deep brown or black color, with 
 antennas and legs of a rusty red. The thorax is Fia.150. 
 short, very convex, rounded and roughened ; the 
 wing-covers are thickly but minntely punctated, the 
 dots being arranged in rows; the hinder [)art of the 
 body terminates in an abrupt and sudden slope. 
 
 The beetle (lej)osits its eggs at the base of the bud, 
 and when hatched the young larva follows the course 
 of the eye of the bud towards the pith, around which it p; 
 consuming the tissues in its course, thus interfering with the 
 circulation and causing the twig to wither. The larva changes 
 to a pupa, and subsequently to a ' 'etle, in the bottom of its 
 biuM'ow, and makes its escape frcm the tree in the latter part 
 of June or the beginning of July, depositing its eggs before 
 
 cs. 
 
144 
 
 JNSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 
 
 August 1ms passed. Tlie liole made by the beetle when it i.s 
 escaping is a little more than one-twentieth of an inch in 
 diameter. 
 
 It was formerly snjiposed that these insects infested onlv 
 such trees as were unhealthy or were already dying, but it has 
 been shown that sound and healthy trees are attacked and 
 scvcrclv injured bv them. Neither are they limited in their 
 operations to the twigs, but sometimes attack the trunk also. 
 It is said that there are two broods each year, the early one 
 nurtured in the trunk, and when these reach maturity, the 
 newly-groAvn twigs, ofllering a more dainty repast, are accord- 
 ingly attacked and destroyed. 
 
 The injuries inflicted by thi.s insect are not confined wholly 
 to the pear; occasionally it is found on the ap[)le, apricot, 
 and plum. The only remedy which has been suggested is to 
 cut off the blighted limbs below the injured part and burn 
 them before the beetle has escaped. 
 
 The damage caused by this insect must not be confounded 
 with the well-known lire-blight on the pear, since that, as 
 already remarked, is a disease j)r()bal)ly of a fungoid character, 
 and is entirely independent of insect agency. 
 
 IIP 
 
 No. 69. — The Pear-tree Bark-louse. 
 
 LecanUim pyri (Schrank). 
 
 This insect is found on the under side of the limbs of youno; 
 and thrifty pear-trees, adhering closely to the bark. It ap- 
 ])ears in the form of a hemis])herical scale about one-fifth of 
 an inch in diameter, of a chestnut-brown color, sometimes 
 marked with faint blackish streaks, and having on its surface 
 some shallow indentations. The outer margin is wrinkletl. 
 These scales, when mature, are the dead bodies of the feni;de.s 
 covering and protecting their young; some are darker in color 
 than others, and there are some smaller ones which are of a 
 dull-yellow hue. 
 
 Under the scales the young lice are interspersed through a 
 mass of white cotton-like matter, which subseipiently increases 
 
ATTACKING THE lillASCIIES. 
 
 145 
 
 it) volume and protrmlos iVoin under the seule. Karly in tlie 
 Mason lliey crawl out and distribute themselves over the 
 smooth hark, appeai-ing as minute whitish speeUs. When 
 ma!iiiitied, they are found to be of an oval form, somewhat 
 flattened, about one-hundredth of an inch lono;, of a dnil- 
 wjiite color, with six legs and short antennae. 'J'he yoiuig 
 larvie soon attach tiiemselvcs to the bark, which they punc- 
 tiu'e with their beaks, living on the sap, and during the season 
 materially increase in siz(>. They pass the winter in a torpid 
 state, and in the spring the uiales enter the pupal condition, 
 and subsequently appear as minute two-winged flies, while the 
 females gradually grow to the size and I'orni of the scales 
 already referred to, after which, dying, their dried bodies 
 remain to serve as a shelter for their offspring. This is 
 believed to be the same insect as occurs upon the pear-tree 
 in l'>uro])e, and is said to be peculiar to the [)ear. 
 
 Remedies. — Fortunatelv, these insects are of such a size that 
 they are easily seen. They should be Iu(»ked for during the 
 latter part of June, at which time tlie females will have 
 attained their full size, and, when discovered, should be 
 |)roinptly removed. The under side of the limbs should 
 also be well scrubbed with a brush dipped in some alkaline 
 solution. 
 
 A small, four-winged parasite lives in the bodies of the 
 females, feeds upon their substance and destroys them, and 
 forms a chrysalis under the scale. When tliis Hy matures, it 
 gnaws a round hole through the scale and esca[)es. 
 
 a 
 
 es 
 
 No. 70.— The Pear-tree Psylla. 
 
 PsijUa pi/ri Sclunidb. 
 
 Diu'ing the luiddle of May, when growth is rapid, the smaller 
 limbs and twigs of pear-trees are sometimes observed to droop ; 
 a close examination reveals a copious exudation of sap from 
 about the axils of the leaves, so abundant that it drops Uj)ou 
 the foliage below, and sometimes runs down tlie branches to 
 the ground. Flies and ants gather '>rt)und in crowds to sip 
 
 10 
 
 ! 
 
146 
 
 J^'SJ'JCTs jyjLJuois to the peau. 
 
 the sweets, and by their busy bustle draw atteiiiion to the 
 mischief p»' .gTe,-;sin<^, Witii a magnifying lens the authors 
 of the injury may be observed immersed in the sap about the 
 axils of the leaves. 
 
 This inseet is-: known as the Pear-tree Psylla, a small, yellow, 
 )uni})ing creature, flattened in form, and provided with short 
 let^s, a broad head, and sharp beak. With the beak are made 
 the punctures from which the sap exuiles. In rare instances 
 
 they occur in immense 
 ^i"- 1^1- inimbers, when almost 
 
 everv leaf on a tree will 
 seem to be iilfected ; all 
 growth is at once arrested, 
 ;'.nd frecpiently the tree loses 
 a considerable portion of 
 its leaves. Wlu-n in the 
 pupa state with the wings 
 developing, iliey present the appearaniie shown in Fig. 151 ; 
 n rej)resents the under side, h the upper side ; the i)erfeet 
 winged insect i;; shown in Fig. lo2, all highly magnilied. 
 
 The color of the pupa is 
 deep orang(!-red, the thorn x 
 strij)cd with black, and the 
 abdomen l)la(!kish brown. 
 T()war<ls tlu; end of the 
 summer they attain matu- 
 rity, when tliey arc fur- 
 nished with trans|)areiit 
 wiuii's ; the head is deeplv 
 notched in from; color orange-yellow, with the abdomen 
 greenish. Length one-tenth of an ireh. 
 
 lii'iiH'd'u'x. — Paint the twigs with a strong solution iX soft- 
 snap, as recommended for No. 2, or syringe the trees with 
 strong soapsuds. 
 
 Fi(i. ir.i>. 
 
m 
 
 ATTACKING THE BUDS. 
 
 147 
 
 ATTACKING THE BUDS. 
 
 Fig. l.-).!. 
 
 No. 71.— The Tarnished Plant-bug. 
 
 Li/l/iis lineolarls [l^. Beativ.). 
 
 Tliis insect, wliic'lj is represented magnilied in Fi<j^. 15,'^, is 
 iibont one-fifth of an inch h)ng, and varies in color from 
 (hill dark brown to a j^reenish or dirty 
 yellowish brown, tlu; males being gen(!r- 
 ;ill\' darker than the females. The head 
 i" \ellowish, with three liarrow, reddish 
 stripes ; the beak or sucker is abont one- 
 tliird the ]enij;tli of the body, mhI when j 
 not in use is folded n})on the breast. The ^ 
 thorax lias a yellow margin and several 
 yellowish lines rniniino- lengthwise; behind 
 the thorax is a yellow V-like mark, some- 
 times more or less indistinct. The wings are dusky brown, 
 and the legs dnll yellow. 
 
 It passes the wintei in the perfect sUite, taking shelter 
 among rubbish, or in other convenient hiding-places, and 
 early in May, as soon as vegetation starts, it begins its dep- 
 redations. Concealing itself within the voiiiig leaves of the 
 ex[)aiidiiig bii;is of the pear, it punctures them about tlusir 
 base and a'ong their edges, extracting their juices with its 
 beak. 'I'he ])uiicture of the insect seems to luvve a poisonous 
 ellecft, and the result is to disfigure; and ometiines entirely 
 destroy the young leaves, causing them to black(Mi and wither. 
 These insects are also partial to (he unopened buds, piercing 
 them from the outside, and sucking them nearly dry, when 
 they also become withe: -d and blackened. iSometimes a 
 whole branch will be thus alfected, being first stunted, then 
 wilheriiig, and finally dying. Early in the morning these 
 plant-bugs are in a sluggish condition, and may be found 
 buried in the expanding leaves, but as tiie (hiy advances 
 and the temperature rises they become active, and when ap- 
 
 M— — lliiiliiiillliiMM 
 
nr 
 
 148 
 
 IXSECTS IXJURIors TO THE PEAR. 
 
 proaclied dodge quickly about from place to place, drop to 
 the ground, or else take \\h\\x. mid Hy away. In common 
 with most true bugs, they have when handled a disagreeable 
 odor. In the course of two or three weeks they disappear, 
 or cease to be suffivMently injuriojis to attract attention. 
 
 It is stated that they dej)osit their eggs on the leaves, and 
 (hat later in the season the voiuii; and old bugs niav be found 
 tDgether. The young bug-, are green, but in other respects 
 do not difier from their j)arents, except in lacking wings. 
 While they seem particularly partial to the p' . -', they attack 
 also the young leaves of the quince, apple, plum, and ch<u'ry, 
 as well as (hose of many herbaceous ])lants. 
 
 Jiaaah'cs. — First of all, clean culture, so as to leave no 
 shelter I'or the bug in which to winter over. When they 
 appear in spring, shake them from the trees very early in the 
 morning, while they arc in a toi'pid state, and destroy them. 
 
 i 
 
 No. 72. — The Oak Platycerus. 
 
 I'/ii/i/fcnis ijiierois (Wohor). 
 
 This is an insect belonging to the family of stag beetles, 
 
 which has occasionally been found injurious to pear-trees in 
 
 Illinois by devouring the buds. In the larval stale it feeds 
 
 on decaying wood in old oak logs and stumj>s. It matures 
 
 and a|)p<'ars as a beetle about the time that ihe buds 
 
 ' ■ * ■ of the pear are bursting, and contiiuies feeding ibr 
 
 (lU many days, completely eating out the swelling buds 
 
 JjB^ iiiid the ends of the new shoots. 
 
 } \ It is a blackish beetle, of a grcH'uish cast, with 
 
 ril)l)e<l wing-covers, and nearly half an inch in 
 
 length. It is r(!|)resented in l^'ig. lol. As this has hitherto 
 
 been compai'atively a rare beetle, it is scarcely likely evei' to 
 
 prove generally troublesome to pear-growers. 
 
ATTACKING THE FLOWEL'S. 
 
 149 
 
 ATTACKING THE FLOWEES. 
 
 No. 73. — The Pear-tree Blister-beetle. 
 
 J'<)iiijili(ij)iva aenea (fsay). 
 
 This i? a groenish-bluc or brassy-looking beetle, ratlier 
 more than bait' an inch long (see Fig. lo5), with head and 
 thorax punctated and somewhat hairy, the wing- 
 ca-es roughened aud with two slightly-elevuted l"''<j- l-J--»- 
 lines. 
 
 These beetles have been found injurious to pear- 
 biossoms both in Michigan and in Pennsylvania. 
 They begin their work by devoiiring the corolla, 
 then the pistil an<! calyx, and a portion of the 
 iorming iruit, but are said to avoid the stamens. 
 They will occasionally eat small })ortions of the tender foliage, 
 and are usually most abundant on the tops of the trees aud 
 about the extremities of the limbs. They also attack the 
 hlossoms of the cherry, plum, and (piince, but have not been 
 observetl on the aj)ple or j)each. 
 
 This pest is easily controlled. On jarring the tri'es they 
 drop at once to the groinid, ajid if taken in the cool of the 
 morning are very sluggish in their movements. Later in 
 I he day, in the heat of the sun, they become much more 
 active, and ily readily. 
 
 i I 
 
 I 
 
 ATTAOKINa THE LEAVES. 
 No. 74. — The Pear-tree Leaf-miner. 
 
 I.illiordllitis iji iiiiiitif<lla I'lU'kai'il. 
 
 The larva of iliis insect mines the leaves of the pear, and 
 also tiiose of tiie apple. It is very small, of a pale-reddish 
 color, with a black hcid and a black patch on the np|)er part 
 of the next segment. In l<'ig. 15(1 it is shown magnified, it 
 
 mam 
 
150 
 
 I A SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FEAR. 
 
 usually dmw.s two leaves toy;etlier and fastens them with 
 silken libres, or else folds one up and eats the surface, inakinji; 
 
 unsightly blotches, which 
 J'^ic liiC- I'j- I'J"- disfigure and injure tin; 
 
 (He of August, the larva 
 changes to a long, slender chrysalis within this mine (Fig. 
 157, also niagnified). The moths a])})ear a few days after- 
 wards. 
 
 When its wings are expanded, the moth (Fig. 158, en- 
 larged) measures about one-third of an inch across. The 
 
 fore wings are dark grav, with a roum! 
 blackish spot on the middle of the inner 
 edge of th« wing, which is not shown 
 in the figure, also an eye-like spot on 
 the outer edge, with a black pu|)il. 
 
 As the season advances, these insects 
 sometimes become very abundant, and 
 towards the end of autumn a large pro- 
 j)()i'tion of the leaves of the pear and apple trees become 
 l)l(»tched anil ilisligured froin their work. Since they pass the 
 winter in tiie larval or chrysalis (jonditiou in their leafy en- 
 closures, their numbers may l)e materially i-educed by gathering 
 all the fallen leaves in the autumn and burning them. 
 
 Fio. 158. 
 
 No. 75.— The Pear-tree Slug. 
 
 Scldndria rerasi Pook. 
 
 In the year 175)0, Prof. Feck, of Massachusetts, wrote a 
 pamphlet entitled "Natural History of the Slug-worm," 
 which was printed in {{(tstou the same year by ord(>i' of the 
 Massachusetts Agricultural Society and was awarded the So- 
 ciety's premium of fifty dollars and a gold medal. Alihough 
 more than uinet\ years have |)ass«'d sinc(! that. j)amphlet 
 was written, not much has be(!n added in the interval to our 
 ktiowledge of the history and habits of this insect. In th(! 
 mean time, however, it has spread over the greater portion of 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 151 
 
 Fio. 159. 
 
 tlie United States and Canada, injuring more or le?>.s seriously 
 the foliage of our pear, cherry, quince, and i)hini trees every 
 
 year. 
 
 This insect passes the winter in tiie chrysalis state under 
 (rround ; the flies, the progenitors of the mischievous l)r()od 
 of slugs, appearing on the wing in the Northern States and 
 Canada from about tlie third week in ^NFay until the middle 
 of June. The fly (Fig. 159) is of a glossy blac'lv color, 
 will four transparent wings, the front pair 
 heing crossed by a dusky cloud ; the vcius 
 jur brownish, and the legs dull yellow, with 
 black thighs, except the hind pair, which are 
 black at both extremities, and dull yellow in 
 the middle. The female fly is more than 
 one-lifth of an inch long; the male is somewhat smaller. 
 When the trees on which these flies are at work are jarred 
 or shaken, or if the flies are otherwise disturbed, they fall to 
 the ground, whei'e, folding tlielr anteniuc under their bodies 
 jiiid bending tlie head forward and under, they remain for a 
 time motionless. 
 
 Tl'.o saw-flies have been so called from the fact tliat in most 
 of the species the females are provided with a saw-like aj)- 
 pciulage at the end of the body, by which slits are (!ut in the 
 li'avcs of the trees, shrubs, or plants ou which the larvte \W^\, 
 in which slits the eggs are deposited. The female of this 
 species l)egins to deposit lier eggs early in June; they are 
 placed singly within little semicircular incisions through the 
 skin of the leaf, sometimes on the under side and sometimes 
 on (he upper. In about a fortnight these eggs hatch. 
 
 The newly-batched slug is at first white, l)ut soon a slimy 
 matter oozes out of tlie skin and covers the uppc>r j)ai'i of the 
 bodv with an olive-colored stic^ky coating. After changing 
 its skin four times, it attains the length of iialf an iuc^h or more 
 (see Fig. lOO, «), and is then nearly lull grown. It is a dis- 
 gusting-looking creature, a slimy, bhu kish, or olive-brown 
 slug, with the anterior pjirt of its body so swollen as to re- 
 
 "'•^''"'"'""■■'"" 
 
T^ 
 
 152 
 
 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 
 
 
 Fid. KiO. 
 
 senibie somewliata tadpole in form, and liaving a disagreeable 
 and sickening odor, 'i'he head is small, of a reddish color, and 
 is almost entirely concealed nnder the front segments. It is 
 of a dull-yellowish color beneath, with twenty 
 very short legs, one pair under each segment 
 except the fourth and the last. After the last 
 moult it loses its slimy appearance and (l:ul< 
 color, and appears in a clean yellow skin en 
 ti rely free from slime; its form is also (ihangcd, 
 being proportionately longer. In a few houis 
 after this change it leaves the tree and crawls 
 or falls to the ground, where it buries itself to 
 a depth of from one io three or four inches. 
 By repeated movements of the body the earth 
 is pressed firmly on all sides, and an oblong- 
 oval chamber is formed, which is afterwards 
 litied with a sticky, glossy substance, which 
 makes it retain its shape. Within this little 
 earthen cell the insect changes to a chrysalis, and in about a 
 ibitnight finishes its transformations, breaks open the en- 
 closure, crawls to the surface of the grounil, and appears in 
 the winsjced form. 
 
 About the third week in July the flies arc actively engaged 
 in depositing eggs for a second brood, the young slugs ap[)ear- 
 ing early in August. They reach maturity in about four 
 weeks, then retire under ground, change to chrysalids, and 
 remain in that condition until thi' following spring. 
 
 Pear and cherry growers shouKi l)e on the lookout for this 
 destructive pest about the middle of .Fune, and again early in 
 August, and if the young larvic are then abundant they should 
 be promptly attended to, since if neglected tluy soon play sad 
 havoc with the foliage, feeding upon the upper side of the 
 leaves and consuming the tissues, leaving only tlu^ veins and 
 under skin. Tlie Ibliage, dep«'ived of its substance, withers 
 and becomes tlark-colored, as if sconihed by fire, and soon after- 
 wards it drops from the trees. In a badly-infested p<'ar orchard, 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 153 
 
 wliole rows of trees mjiy sometimes be seen as bare of foliage 
 (luring the early days of July as they are in niidwinttM". In 
 .such instances the trees are obliged to throw out new leaves ; 
 and this extra effort so exhausts their vigor as to interfere 
 seriously with their fruit-producing |)t)wer the followiu!^ 
 vear. Although very abundant iii a given locality one 
 season, these slugs may be very scarce the next, as I hey are 
 Hable to be destroyed in the interval by enemies and by 
 uiifuvorable climatic influences. 
 
 Rciaedies. — Hellebore in powder, mixed with water in the 
 pi-oj)ortion of an ounce to two gallons, and applied to tlie 
 foliage with a syringe or a watering-pot, promptly <lestroys 
 this slug; and Paris-green, applied in the same manner, in 
 the proportion of a teaspoonful to the same quantity of water, 
 would doubtless serve a similar purpose. Fresh air-slaked 
 lime dusted on the foliage is said to be an eflicicnt remedy. 
 It has been recommendetl to dust the foliage with sand, ashes, 
 and road dust, but these are unsatisfactory measures, and of 
 little value. A very minute Ichnemnon fly is said to lay 
 its eggs within the eggs of this saw-fly, and from its tiny egg 
 a little maggot is hatc;hed, which lives within the egg of the 
 saw-fly and consumes it. 
 
 No. 76. — The Green Pear-tree Slug. 
 
 Another species of saw-fly, as yet undetermined, also attacks 
 the leaves of the pear. The larva' appear from about the 
 first to the middle of .lune, and eat holes in the leaves or semi- 
 circular portions from th<;edge. They are about half an inch 
 in length, nearly cylindrical in form, tapering slightly towards 
 the hinder segments. The head is rather small, pale green 
 with a yellowish tinge, and has a dark-brown dot on each side ; 
 the jaws are tij)ped with brown. The body above is semi- 
 tiansparentjof a grass-green color faintly tinged with yellow, 
 the yellow most apparent on tlu^ posterior segments ; tl"'rc is 
 a line down the l)aek ol" a slightly deeper shade of green, and 
 one along each side, close to the under surface, of a |ialer hue. 
 
 HMMMMlttlAMii^llill 
 
1 
 
 154 
 
 IXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 
 
 mi 
 
 The under side is similar to the upper; feet whitisli irreeu, 
 semi-triuisparent. 
 
 About the middle of June this larva seeks some suitable 
 hiding-plaee, sueh as a crevice in the bari^ of the tree, or 
 other sheher, and there makes and fastens firmly a small, 
 brownish, papery-looking cocoon, in which it undergoes its 
 ti-ansformations and remains until the Ibllowing spring, when 
 the j)erfcct fly ap[)ears. 
 
 The fly bears a general resemblance to that of the j)ear-tree 
 slug, but is smaller. 
 
 Tiie remedies applicable to the pear-tree slug would serve 
 equally well in this instance; l)ut these insects are seldom 
 found in sufficient abundance to require a remedy. 
 
 No. 77.— The Goldsmith-beetle. 
 
 Cotulpa lanij/eia (Linn.). 
 
 This is, without doubt, one of the most beautiful of all our 
 leaf-eating beetles. It is nearly an inch in length (see Fig. 
 IGl), of a broad, oval form, with the wing-oases of a rich 
 yellow {!olor and pale metallic lustre, while the 
 top of the head and the thorax gleam with 
 burnished gold of a brilliant reddish cast. The 
 under surface has a polished coppery hue, and 
 is thi(dvly covered with whitish, woolly hairs: 
 this latter characteristic has suggested its spe- 
 cific name, hmi<jcva, or wool -bearer. 
 
 This insect appears late in May and during 
 the month of June, and is distributed over a 
 very wide aiva, being found in most of the Northern United 
 States and in Canada; and, although seldom very abundant, 
 rarclv <loes a .season pass without some t)f them being seen. 
 Dm-iiig the day they are inactive, and may be found clinging 
 t(i the under side of the leaves of trees, often drawing together 
 two or three leaves and holding them with their sharp claws 
 for the purpose of concealing themselves. At dusk they issue 
 from their hiding-places and fly about with a buz/ing sound 
 
A TTA CKIXG THE L E. 1 1 VvV. 
 
 1 r.x 
 
 anioin'' the branches of trees, the' tender leiivcs of which they 
 devour. The pear, oak, pophir, hickory, silver abele, and 
 sweet-giun all snfl'er more or less from their attacks. J^ike 
 tlic common May-bit<^, this beautiful creature is attracted by 
 liolit, and often tlies into lighted rooms on summer even- 
 iiiiis, dashing against everything it meets with, to the great 
 aliirm of nervous inmates. In some seasons they are coni- 
 iiiuativcly common, and may then be readily captured by 
 shaking the trees on which they are lodged, in the daytime, 
 when they do not attempt to fly, but I'all at once to the 
 ground. 
 
 The beetle is short-ii.ed. The female deposits her eggs 
 ill the ground at varying deptiis during the latter part of 
 .liuic, and, having thus provided for the continuance of her 
 species, dies. The lives of the males are of still shorter 
 (lin-ation. The eggs are laid during the uight, the whole 
 mimber probably not exceeding twenty ; they are very large 
 tor the size of the beetle, being nearly one-tenth of an inch 
 in length, of a long, ovoid form, and a white, translucent 
 a|tp('arance. 
 
 In about three weeks the young larva is hatched ; it is of a 
 (hdl-white color, with a polished, horny head of a yellowish 
 hrown, feet of the same hue, and the extremity 
 of the abdomen lead-color. The mature larva 
 (Fig. 162) is a thick, whitish, fleshy grub, very 
 similar in appearance to that of the May-bug, 
 which is i'amiliarly known as " the white grub." 
 It lives in the ground and feeds on the roots 
 of plants, and is thus sometimes very destruc- 
 tive to strawberry-plants. It is said that the 
 grub is three years in reaching its full growth ; linall} , it 
 matures in the autumn, and late the same season or early in 
 the following spring changes to a beetle. 
 
 1 I 
 
 WMMMiAlMlll 
 
156 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. 
 
 No. 78. — The Iridescent Serica. 
 
 Serica iriculor Siiy. 
 
 This beetle is said to liave proved very injurious to pear- 
 trees in New Jersey by devouring tlie leaves. It is of an 
 oval form, about one-fifth of an inch long, of a didl bluisli- 
 blaclc color, and clothed with long, fine, silky hairs, especially 
 on the thorax ; it is represented in Fig. 16^3. 
 163. rj^j^j^ insect has the same habit of dr()p[)ing to the 
 
 -<iSS ground when the trees are jarred or shaken as the 
 goldsmith-beetle (No. 77), and if it proves at any 
 time troublesome it may be collected in this way and 
 destroyed. It is not known how or where the larva of this 
 species lives, but it probably dwells under ground and feeds 
 on the roots of plants. 
 
 
 No. 79. — The Pear-tree Aphis. 
 
 An undetermined species of aphi.j sometimes attacks the 
 leaves of the pear-tree early in Juno, causing them to twist 
 and curl up very much. In the |)upa state these insects are 
 active, with the wings partly developed. They are then 
 green, with a row of brownish dots along the back, which 
 are smaller on the anterior 'gments and larger on the middle 
 ones ; there are also some streaks of the same color along 
 each side. The wings are enclosed in cases on the sides 
 about half the length of the body; body plunip ; lionoy-tubos 
 j)alc whitish, tipped with black; feet pale whitish. All the 
 specimens seen at this time have partly or fully developed 
 wings. 
 
 In the perfect winged specimens the head is black ; thorax 
 l)la{!k above, greenish below; body brownish blacik above, 
 green on the sides and beneath, with a few blackish dots; 
 anlennro brownish black. When the insect escapes from the 
 j)upa state, tlio empty pupa skin is left attached to the under 
 surface of the curled leaves. 
 
ATTACKING THE LKAVKS. 
 
 15; 
 
 The remedies reconiineiuled for tlie apple-tree aphis (No. 
 57) will be serviceable for this insect also. 
 
 No. 80. — Grasshoppers, or Locusts. 
 
 In addition to the insects already treated of, several s|)eoies 
 (tf grasshoppers, or, more correctly, locusts, attack the leaves 
 dt' tlie pear, and, when abundant, will often entirely strip 
 vonng trees of their foliage. In Fig. 164 we have a rej)re- 
 .-.(■ntation of the red-le<^ged locust, Caloptenus Jemur-rahruiit 
 (De Geer), one of our connnonest sj)ecies, which is abundant 
 (vorywhere, from Maine to Minnesota, throughout the givater 
 portion of Canada, and from Pennsylvania to Kansas. In 
 ]'"ig. 105 is shown the noted Rocky Moiuitain locust, (J<dop- 
 
 Fiu. 1G4. 
 
 Fig. K; 
 
 tenus sprctus Thomas, which has proved so terribly destructive 
 in the AY est and Northwest. Although much resembling the 
 red-legged locust in size and general appearance, the wings 
 are longer, and there are other points of ditference which 
 enable the entomologist readily to separate the sj)ecies. These, 
 however, need not be enumerated here. In Fig. 166 the 
 females of the Rocky Moiuitain locust arc de[)icte(l at a, a, a, 
 in the act of depositing their eggs. These eggs are laid in 
 the ground in masses, in which the eggs are carefully arranged, 
 and the whole coated with a gummy covering. In the lower 
 part (>f the figure one of the egg-masses is shown with one 
 end open, others in position at d and e, and the eggs separated 
 at c; /sliows where an egg-mass luus been deposited ami the 
 aperture closed. 
 
 In Fig. 167 another common sj)ocies is represented, — at a 
 in the immature or larval state, at b in the mature or perfect 
 condition. This insect is known under the name of the green- 
 
158 
 
 INSECTS INJIRIOUS TO TlIK PEAR. 
 
 faced locust, Trnf/ocephalu virkUfasciata (De Gccr). IMieie 
 are many otlicr species which might be referred to, l)ut 
 
 Fiu. 16G. 
 
 
 these will suffice to illustrate the family, al^ ^he members of 
 which are destructive, esfjecially during the latter ^ nrt of tlu; 
 summer. 
 
 When young trees are deprived of their leaves in the midst 
 of their growth, they fail to ripen their wood proj)erly, and 
 their vitality is weakened so that they are more liable to 
 
 Fig. 1G7. 
 
 iiijuiy from winter, and also more prone to disease. Gras-^- 
 hoppers do not confine their attacks to the pear, b'" ,<ir 
 
 also the leaves of young aj)ple, plum, and other tr 
 
 To desiroy these pests, the trees, when not fruiui^'-, msu 
 be syringed with Paris-green and water in the proportion • t 
 two teaspoonfuls of the poison to two gallons of water. 
 
 lit. -"^"■-*-|^-^'_j^4yi^ 
 
ATTACKISG THE FRUIT. 
 
 159 
 
 ATTACKING THE FEUIT. 
 
 Fui. 168. 
 
 No. 81. — The Indian Cetonia. 
 
 Euphoria Iiula (Linn.). 
 
 Tliis is one of the earliest insect visitors in sprin*::, appear- 
 ing towards the end of April or in the be<rinninir of May, 
 when it flies about in dry lields on the borders of woods on 
 sunny days, making a loud i)nzzin«2; sound like a bee. It is 
 little more than half an inch in length (see Fig. 168), and 
 has a broad body, obtuse behind. The head and 
 thorax are of a blackish cop})er-brown, thickly 
 covered with short, greenish-yellow hairs. The 
 w iiig-cases are light yellowish brown, with a num- 
 htT of irregular black spots. The under side of the 
 hodv is black and very hairy; the legs are dull 
 led. A variety of this species is occasionally met \ '""^ I 
 with entirely black. 
 
 'flie early brood are fond of sucking the sweet sap which 
 exudes from wounded trees or freshly-cut stumps; in Septeiu- 
 l)('r a second brood appear, and these injure fruits, bun-owing 
 into ripe pears almost to their middle, revelling on their 
 ■iweets, and inducing rai)id decay. They also attack peaches 
 and grapes. 
 
 Nothing has vet been recorded in reference to the larval 
 history of this species. It is probable that the late brood of 
 beetles hibernate, passing the winter in a torpid state, hidden 
 in sheltered places, and awakening with the return of spring, 
 \vhen they issue from their retreats, al'ter which, having 
 deposited eggs for another brood, they die. 
 
 The only remedy suggested for these insects is to catch and 
 destroy them. They are seldom very abundant. 
 
160 
 
 JXSECTS INJUR JO US TO THE PEAR. 
 
 T 
 
 (Xo. 
 
 lis i 
 
 SI) 
 
 Fi(i. K;'.) 
 
 No. 82.— The Melancholy Cetonia. 
 
 Kiipli<i)i(t viclitnclioUca ((lory). 
 
 nsoct belongs to the same oenus as the Iiulian Cetonia 
 . and is very siniihir to it in appearance and iiahits, 
 but is somewhat smaller. (See Fig. I(j5).) 
 
 Tliis beetle has also been found eatiii_t>: i'lto ript- 
 pears, and oeeasionally apples. Jt is ibimd in the 
 South in eotton-bdlls, in the holes left by the boll- 
 worrii. It ap'poars to frequent the bolls for the 
 purpose of consiuii'i ^ the exuding sap. 
 
 M 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 
 AITECT THE PEAE. 
 
 ATTACK IXf 5 TITK IJOOT. 
 
 The broad-iieeked Prionus, No. 122, is oeeasionally verv 
 destructive to the roots of the ])ear. 
 
 ATTACKINO TIF I', TRUNK. 
 
 The round-headed !ip|)le-tree-borer, N(\ 2, and the flat- 
 headed apple-tr(;e borer, \o. o, both injure the pear, and arc 
 often foui.d uiKh'r the bark, especially about the base of llie 
 tiiink. 
 
 ATTA(M<I.N(i TIIK JllJANOIlKS. 
 
 Tlie appl(>-t\vig borer, Xo. 1.') ; tl:e oysler-shell barlc-Ionse, 
 No 10; the scurfy bark-louse, N^o, 17 ; and the New York 
 weevil, No. 100, all ad'eet the branches of the pear-tree. 
 
 ATTACKINO DIK I-KAVKS. 
 
 Many of llu^ insects which devour the leav(\s of other 
 fruit-trees feed also on tlntse of (he pear, such as fh(> wliite- 
 niarked tussock-moth, N^o. 22; the red-humped apjile-tree 
 
SUPPLEMKXTA RV LIST. 
 
 161 
 
 caterpillar, No. 24; tlie ihll wc^h-wonn, No. 27; the Ceeropia 
 einj)eror-Miotli, No. 28; (ho ol)liq.ie4)aiKlecl leal-roller, No 
 35; the eye-spotted I)ii(l-,noth, No. 88; -ra.ss hoppers, or 
 locusts, No. 80; the l)Jtie-spani.le(l peach-tree caterpillar, 
 Xo. 102; and the basket worm, or l)a,i;-worni, No. 120. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FUUIT. 
 
 The odlino. Mu.th, Xo. 58, so destructive to the fruit of the 
 ii|)ple, is almost equally injurious to that of the pear. 'I1,c 
 plum eurculio, No. 94, and the quince '."ureulio, No. 121, also 
 alfi'ct this fruit. 
 
 11 
 
 I m m(k 1 4 1 J tmm 
 
If 
 
 LNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 83.— The Plum-tree Sphinx. 
 
 Sji/u'iix (hiijiif'( rdnnii (Sni. it AIjIl). 
 
 'I'lio moths hc'Ioiigiiig" to tlic f'ainily Unowii as Sphinx nidths 
 arc peculiar in tlieii'forni and habits, Thcii" bodies arc robii>t, 
 and their winiis arc usually h)ni;' and narrow and j)osscss ^rcat 
 .strength and capacily lor rapid llight. (.)n the wing (hcv 
 nnu'h reseiuble humming-birds, and hence ar(> frcijnontly called 
 
 f 
 
 Fig. 170. 
 
 spi'cics i-cuimIu toi'pi 
 
 1 
 
 hununing-l)ii'd ni<ith>. Must i»|' th 
 diu'ln"" tli<^ dav, but become ai'tive al)ou( ihisk, when thev 
 may be .seen poising in llie air over some Howei', with their 
 winu's rai)idly vibrating, and |)ro(h)cing a hiunming sound. 
 
 The |)lnm sphinx is a liandsomc insect, and is well ivpre- 
 Hcnted in Vig. IVO. It appears as a molh during the monih 
 of .June ; its bodv is a 
 l(>2 
 
 ibdiit an inch and a hail' long, and its 
 
ATTAVKIXG Till: LEAVKS. 
 
 163 
 
 -wings expand f'roiu thrt'c and a halt' to t'onr indios. The 
 wings are of a pnrph'.sh-brown color, the anterior pair having 
 a stripe of white on their front edge, and one of a fawn coK)r 
 on tiieir enter edge ; there are also three or foni- ohlicpie hlaek 
 streaks, and a hlaek dot on the white stri[)e. The hind wings 
 jiave two whitish, wavy stripes, with a fawn-eolored stripe 
 also on their oiitei" edge. The head and thorax are hlaekish 
 brown, with a whitish-fawn color at the sides; the eyes are 
 v(>rv prominent, and the snout-like projection in front consists 
 of the two palpi or feelers, within which lies the probdst'is or 
 tongue, snugly coiled up between thenv like the mainspring 
 of a watch ; in the iiguix! this j)r(>boscis is shown i)artly ex- 
 tended. When stretched to its full length, it is as long as tin; 
 hodv, and is used by tlu; insect in extracting honey from 
 ilowers. The body is brown, with a central line and a band 
 on eitluM" side of black, the latter containing four or livedingv- 
 wliite spots. 
 
 The moth deposits her »ggs singly on the leaves of the 
 plum. 'J'lic egg is about one-lifteenth of an inch long, slightlv 
 ovaly with a smooth surface, and of a j)ale ycllowish-gi-ceu 
 color. It hatches in from six to eight days, when the yciiug 
 larva eats its way out through the siiie of the egg; its first 
 meal is usually made from the egg-shell, which it partly or 
 
 wlinllv de\'OUl'S. 
 
 The newly-hatched lai'\'a is oue-f(»ui'th of an Inch long, ot'a 
 p;ik! ycllowish-grccn <'olor, with a few slightly-elevated whitish 
 tubercles on every segment, from ea(;h of which arises a single 
 fme short hair; the caudal horn is black. The full-grown 
 caterpillar is about three and a half inches long(st'e l''ig. 171), 
 of a beaulifni a|)ple-green color, with a latcu'al dark-biMw ii or 
 blackish stripe. On each side of the body th<M'e are >evcn 
 broad oblicpu^ white bands, borderi'd in flout with light 
 purple or mauvi;; the stigmata or breathing-pures, which are 
 ranged along each sid(^ of the body, arc of ii bright orange- 
 yellow. The caudal horn is long, dark brown, with a yel- 
 lowish tint about the base at tho sides. After satisfying its 
 
1G4 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 rapacious appetite, this larva often assumes for a time tlie 
 peculiar rigid appearance shown in the cut. Though pre- 
 senting a Ibrmidahle aspect, it is perfectly harmless, and may 
 
 Fig. 171. 
 
 be handled with impunity; it may be found on the trees fioiii 
 the middle of July to the end of August. 
 
 When mature, the caterpillar descends to the ground, and, 
 having buried itself under the surface to the de|)th of several 
 inches, prepares a convenient chamber, which it lines with a 
 gummy, water-j)roof cement, and there changes to a chrysalis, 
 as shown in Fiij. 172, which is about an inch and a half loni:', 
 
 of a dark reddish-brown 
 color, with a short, (hick, 
 ]>roi('cting tongue--case. The 
 insect reiuiiins in the ground 
 in this condition until the 
 ibllowing JiMie; indeed, o •- 
 casionally specimens have been known to remain in this tor])id 
 stale until tlu; spring of the second year following. 
 
 Tlu! I'avage.s of the plum-tree sphinx are never very ex- 
 tensive, yet it appears at times in some local ili^'.s in sulllcienl 
 nund)crs to cause! annoyance. 'J'lie denuded twigs prr)mj>tly 
 attract the attention of (he vigilant frtut-grower, who will 
 soon search out and exterminate the destrover. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 165 
 
 No. 84. — The Gray Dag-ger-motli. 
 
 Apatela occidenhilis ((». & R.). 
 
 This is :i pretty, [)ale, silvery-gray moth, the first brood of 
 whicii ai)[)ear on tlie win*; hitc in May or early in June. It 
 is shown in Fii^. 173. The fore wings are pale gray, witli 
 varions blaek lines or markings, 
 the principal one being in the ^^" •"' 
 
 form of an irregular cross, bearing f^f^^^;i>^>yVi-^'"^'''^S^ 
 ji resemblance to the Greek letter Nr^^^;^^^^- '^^ 
 '/'■placed sideways; this is situ- ^-^<^ '/^^O^ \ -I 
 ated about the middle of the fore *=-<^' !^\ - '■' 
 
 wing, towards the (>'^ter edge. A 
 
 second smaller mark of the same character is found between 
 this and the tip of tlie wing; a black line proceeds from the 
 base of the wing and extends to near the middle. Thi; liind 
 wings are dark gh)ssy gray ; the edges of both pairs have a 
 whitish fringe, with an inner border of black spots; the body 
 is gray. The wings, when expanded, measure from an inch 
 and a half to two inches across. 
 
 The moths dej)osit their eggs singly on t\\v leaves of phun, 
 cherry, and ap[)le trees, and the caterpilhu- becomes fnll 
 grown during the first or second week in July. It is then 
 about an inch and a half long, its head Is rather large. 
 Hat in front, bhu'k, with yellowish dots af the sides. The 
 body is bhiisli gray ai)ove, with a wide shite-colored band 
 down the back, in wliich is a central |)ale-orange line fVoni 
 the second to th(! lif'th segment, [^""rom the fifth to the 
 eleventh, iiK^lusive, each segment is ornamented with a. beau- 
 tiful group of spots, placed in the dorsal band, two <il' them 
 bright orang(>, one in front iind one lu^hind, and one of a 
 gieenisji mettdlic ime on each side, each group being set in a 
 nearly circidar patch of velvety black. There are two cream- 
 colored stripes on the sides, whitih become indistinct towards 
 eacii extremity, luid into which there extends from each of the 
 black dorsal patches a short, bhmk, curved line, having behind 
 
u« 
 
 J^\SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 itri base a yellowisli dot ; the sides are marked with dull ochrcy 
 spots, and on the toji of the twelfth soginent there is a jiromi- 
 iicnt black hump. The body is sparingly covered with whitish 
 hairs, which are distributed chiefly along the sides. The undci- 
 surface is of a dull-greenish color ; the feet are black. 
 
 M'hen full grown, this larva spins a slight cocoon in some 
 sheltered spot, and there changes to a chrysalis, about scven- 
 tcnths of an inch long, of a reddish-brown eoloi', with a pol- 
 ished surface. From these the second brood of moths appear 
 late in July, and shortly after eggs are again deposited, from 
 which the later brood of larvae mature about the middle of 
 Sei)tembor, which then become chrysalids, and ])roduce moths 
 the i'ollowing spring. 
 
 This insect seldom occurs in sufficient numbers to prove 
 very destructive; should it ever do so, it may be readily 
 destroyed l)y syringing the trees with ]>owdered hellebore (ir 
 Paris-green mixed with water, as recommended for the j)ear- 
 tree slug (No. 75). The larvre are often cajjtured under the 
 bands set as traps for the larvre of the codling moth. 
 
 No. 85.— The Mottled Plum-tree Moth. 
 
 Apatcla siiperans (Giien.). 
 
 The caterpillar of this moth also feeds on the leaves of the 
 ])lum, and, like that last described, is solitary in its hal)ils. li 
 api)ears about the middle of June. It is a green cateritiHar, 
 about an inch long, v.itii its body seeming as if laterally com- 
 pressed, making it ai)pear higher than it is wide. There is a 
 broiid chestnut-colored stripe along the back, 
 margined with yellowish, and on eveiy seg- 
 ment there are several shining tubercles, each 
 giving rise to one or more blackish bail's; 
 there are also a lew whitish hairs along tli(! 
 sides of the body. l''ig. 1 71 rc|)resentsa partly-grown specimen 
 oi' this or a very closelv allied s|)ecies. 
 
 About the middle of July tin; moth (l''ig. 175) (Scapes 
 from the cocoon. I'iie thorax and alxlomeii are gray, dotted 
 
 Pici. 171. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 167 
 
 with black points; lore \viiiu;.s gr;iy, with l)hu'k or brownish- 
 hlac'k nnu'kings; hind wings brownish gray. When ex- 
 panded, the wings measure 
 about an incli and a lialf ^''^"- '""'• 
 
 across. 
 
 This species is (h)uble- 
 brooded. The; moths tiiat 
 appear in Jidy ck'posit eggs 
 iVoni wiiich hatch iarvje which 
 reach maturity in kSeptend)er, 
 enter the clirysalis state, and remain in this condition until 
 the following spring. An Ichneumon Hy attacks this s|)ecies 
 :uid destroys many of them. They are seldom numerous, 
 and never likely to prove very troublesome. 
 
 No. 86. — The Horned Span-worm. 
 
 KaiiiiitnciiiiijKi fl/diin'ii/tirin (Jucii. 
 
 This singular-looking cateri)illar is frecjuently found on 
 plum-trees, devouring the leaves; it is also found on miiple, 
 oak, and probably other trees, and on strawberry-vines. It 
 is about seven-tenths of an inch long (see Fig. 17(5), of a 
 gravish color, with dusky and l)lackish 
 strc'dcs. On the hinder part of the fifth I'''>*- nu. 
 
 segment are two long, curved, llcshy horns 
 extending forward, and on the sixth segment 
 there is a sindlar pair curving backwards. 
 The head is spotted with brown. 'I'hcrc are 
 two short brown tubercles on the ])ostcrior 
 j)art of the Iburlh segUKMit, and two small 
 gi'ay warts on i-ach of the segments behind, those on the 
 eleventh being most |)roi:i'Mont. It jnay be found during the 
 iirst half of .lune, and sometimes later. During the lallcr 
 part of the montii it constrncis a slight cocoon comi)oscd 
 ol' pieces of leaves fastened together with silken threads, and 
 within this enclosure changes to a reddish-gray oi* j)ale-bro\vn 
 
168 
 
 JSSKCTS jyjUIilOUS TO TIIK PLUM. 
 
 Fig. 17 
 
 chrysalis, in wliicli state it continues about ten days, wlien tlie 
 perfect insect escai)es. 
 
 This is a small moth (Fij^. 177), which measures, when its 
 wing-s are spread, from three-ijuarters of* an inch to an inch 
 across. It is of a pale oehreous color, with 
 re(hiish-brown lines and dots, a ring on the 
 discal space, and just beyond it a dark, lead- 
 colored band, which becomes an abnost square 
 patch on the inner angle and is continuous 
 with a broad band of the same coh)i- on the 
 The moths are on the wing in July and early 
 This is never likely to become a very in- 
 jurious insect, but, from its unique appearance, it will always 
 attract attention. 
 
 hind wings 
 in August. 
 
 No. 87.— The Disippus Butterfly. 
 
 Lillli'llids (lisij)l)II.S (iodt. 
 
 This is one of our common butterflies, the larva of which 
 is occasionally found feeding on the leaves of j)lum-trees. 
 
 Fid. ITS. 
 
 The wings of the butterfly are of a warm orange-red coloi-, 
 with heavy black veins, and a black bordei* with white spots. 
 In Mg. 178 the left wings represent the ii|)j)er surface, while 
 tliose of the right, which are slightly detached from the body, 
 show the under side. It np[)ears on the wing during tiie 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 IGD 
 
 latter half of June and in July, and deposits its ej;i;'s, some- 
 times on the plum, but more frequently on th(? willow and 
 poplar. 
 
 The egg is less than one-twenty-fifth of an ineh in length, 
 globular in form, and beautifully reticulated, as shown in Fig. 
 
 Fig. 170. 
 
 179, where a represents the egg highly magnilied. It is cov- 
 ered with short, transi)arent, hair-like spines. One of the 
 hexagonal indentations, with its })roje('ting filaments, is shown, 
 nuich enlarged, at d. At first it Is {)aie yellow, but as the 
 
 Fig. 180. 
 
 Inrva within devel()|)s it becomes j)ale gray ; the egg is gen- 
 erally laid on the under side of a leaf, near the ti|), as seen 
 :il in the figure. In a few days it hatches, and in about a 
 month the larva attains its full growth, when it presents the 
 apjiearauce shown in Fig. IJSO, at ((. 
 
 It. is about an inch and a half in length; the head is pale 
 
170 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 green, witli two dull-wliite lines down the front, rongliencd 
 with a number of small green and greenish-white tnhereles, 
 and ti])[)ed with two of a green color. The body above i^: 
 a rich (hirk green, with j)at('hes and streaks of ereamy white; 
 the second segment is smaller than the head, and its surface 
 covered witli many whitish tubercles; the third, dull whitish 
 green, raised considerably above the second, witli a flat ridge, 
 having a long, brownish horn on each side, which is thickly 
 covered with very short sj)ines. The fourth segment is similar 
 in size to the third, with the same sort of ridge above, and a 
 small tubercle on each side, ti])i)ed with a cluster of short, 
 whitish s[)iues. On each segment behind these there are two 
 tubercles emittijig clusters of whitish spines, those on the sixth 
 and twelfth being nnich larger than the others, while on each 
 segment behind (he fourth, except the ninth, tlun-e are sev- 
 eral smaller tubercles of a blue color. There are two large 
 patches of white on the upper part of the body, and a band 
 of the same color along each side. 
 
 When about to change toachrysiilis, the caterpiUar suspends 
 itself, head downwards, and, shedding its skin, ai)p('ars as at b, 
 Fig. 180, and in about ten or twelve days the butterfly escapes. 
 There are two broods of this insect during the vear. The 
 larvic from the eggs deposited by the second brootl of butter- 
 flies hibernate when less than half grown, and complete their 
 growth the foHowing spring. They construct from part of 
 
 the leaf a curious little case, 
 shown at c, in Fig. 180, which, 
 being firndy fastened to the 
 branch by silken threads, 
 serves during the wintir 
 months as a shelter and a 
 hiding-place. There are sev- 
 eral parasites which reduce 
 the nund)ers of this insect; 
 one is a tiny, four-winged fly, which infests the eggs [Tr'i- 
 (•hof/rdiiiiiKt initiiifd Uiley Fig. 181, where a represents the fly; 
 
 Fui. isi. 
 
A TTA VKIXU THE L K. 1 I KH. 
 
 171 
 
 />, c, its fringed wings; (/, one of its legs, and c, one of its 
 antennoe). Another parasite is a small, hlack, four-wing(;d 
 iiy, and a third a larger two winged-Hy ; the two latter attack 
 the insect in its caterpillar state. 
 
 ■r 
 a 
 
 v' ■ 
 
 'e 
 
 
 No. 88.— The Polyphemus Moth. 
 
 I'elea pohijtlicinu.i (Linn.). 
 
 Tlie caterpillar of this in.sect, which is <ji"ien found leeding 
 on the leaves of plum-trees, is also known as the American 
 siik-worni, in consequence of its having been extensivelv 
 reared for the sake of its silk. When full grown, the larva 
 presents the appearance shown in Fig. 182, antl is over three 
 
 Fig. 182. 
 
 inches in lent>;th, with a verv thick hodv. It is of a handsome 
 light yellowish-gret'ii color, with seven oblicpie pale-yellow- 
 ish lines on each sidi' of the body; the segments, which have 
 (he spaces between them dee[)ly indented, are each adorned 
 with six tubercU's, which arc sometimes tinted with orange, 
 liMve a small silvery spot on the middle, and a few hairs- 
 arising iVom each. The head and anterioi- feel are pale 
 brown, the spiracles pale orange, and the terminal segment 
 bordered by an angular band resembling the letter V, of a 
 purplish-brown color. 
 
 
172 
 
 INSKCTS IXJURIOUS TO Till: PLUM. 
 
 Via. 184. 
 
 Wlicii iiiaturo, the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon 
 
 within an enclosure 
 ^''"- ^^■'- nsnallv formed hv 
 
 drawini^ together some 
 of the leaves of the 
 tree it has fed u[)om. 
 some of which arc 
 (irmly fastened to the 
 exterior of the struc- 
 ture. The cocoon (Flu-. 
 183) is a toui2;h, pod-like enclosure, nearly oval in form, and 
 of Ji brownish-white color, and within it the larva changes to 
 
 an oval chrysalis, of a chestnut- 
 brown color, represented in Fig. 
 184. Usually, the cocoons drop 
 to the ground with the fall of the 
 leaves, remaining there during 
 the winter. 
 
 Late in May or early in June 
 the j)risoner escapes from its cell 
 as a, large and most beautiful moth, the male of which is 
 shown in Fig. 185, the female in Fig. 186. The antenna} arc 
 feathered in both sexes, but more widely so in the male than 
 in the female. The wings, which measure, when expanded, 
 from live to six inches across, arc of a rich buff or ochre- 
 yellow color, sometimes inclining to a pale-gray or cream 
 color, and sometimes assuming a deeper, almost brown shatlc. 
 Towards the base of the wings they are crossed by an ir- 
 regular pale-white band, margined with red ; near the outer 
 margin is a stripe of pale purplish white, bordered within by 
 one of deep, rich brown, and about the; middle of each wing 
 is a transparent eye-like spot, with a slender line across its 
 centre; those on the front wings are largest, nearly round, 
 margined with yellow, and edged outside^ with black. (.)n 
 the hinder wings the sj)ots are mt)re eye-like in sha[)e, are 
 bordered with \ellow. with a line of black ed*red with blue 
 
 w 
 
 ol 
 
ATTACKING THE LKAVKS. 
 
 17.] 
 
 ire 
 lie 
 
 above, and the whole set in u lari>;e oval patch of cich hrowii- 
 ish black, the widest portion of it being- above the (ive-spot, 
 
 Q 
 
 00 
 
 where it is sprinkled also with blnish atoms. The front edt'e 
 of the fore win<>js is o-pay. This lovely creature flies only at 
 
174 
 
 lySECTS JXJi'RlOiS TO Till-: PLUM. 
 
 niulit, and, when on tlic wintij, is of such ii size that it is (,ftcn 
 mistaken lor a hat. Within a tow ihiys tiie fcnuile deposits 
 
 
 t 
 
 1-1 
 
 2 
 1^ 
 
 /■■if /'^^'-^M Si:^.^ .- 
 
 her etrti's, uliiiii'j," >'"'•» ''inu'ly '" ''"' under side oC (he leavers, 
 usiiallv onlv one Mil a leaf, l)nt oeea-iondly t wo or rvcn thive 
 inav lie i'ound 'H the sum' leai'. 
 
ATTACKING Till] LEAVES. j - - 
 
 The eg,ir is about one-tentli of uti inch in dianui,.,-, sll-^htlv 
 (•(.iivox above and below, the convex portions whitish and the 
 nearly cylinch-ical sides brown. Each female will lav (Voni 
 nvo to three hundred eggs, which hatch in ten or W'lvo 
 diiys. 
 
 RcmarH'..— V\n^ j„,cct is subject to the attack d' nianv iWc^ 
 particularly whil,. in the larval state. A laruc nui-.he,: f,]! \ 
 prey to insectivorous birds, and t'.<.y als., have in^rt ...u.mic- 
 An Tehneuinon fly, ()^,kU»i macrwum, the same as that 
 which preys on the ( 'ecropia emperor moth, Xn. 28 (see Flo- 
 7;l), is a special and dangerous Ibe. This active crrttu'rc 
 HK.voiteu be seen in summer on '•■'. win^, searching ainom-- 
 the l.-avcs ot shrubs aii.l trees Ibr her p.vv. When fbuinr 
 she watches her epporlunily, and phuvs .p.iHdv upon the 
 
 ^'^ ' ''^''' ^■"'^"" '' •^"'^'" ovai white eno. ,,,,,,;,,,. j;,^„,,,^,^, 
 
 by a small (piantity ol' a obuinous substanc attached m It 
 This is repeated uiilil .Mght or ten eggs are placed, whi..|, in' 
 a lew days hatch, when the tiny worms pi,,,ve tlin.nnl, the 
 skin •.(• the caterpiUar an<l be-In I., fvrd ..n the I'atiy pur- 
 tieiis within. Th.- polyphemus caterpillar continihs li, (;,„1 
 and grow, an.l usually livrs long enon-h to mak.. its ,., .,,on 
 whrn,co,)sumed by the parasites, it dies; in to," mea.i time 
 the Ichneumons, having <.omple(ed their growth, ehan-e to 
 eiirysalids within the cocoon, and in tli(> following sitnuner 
 i" plMce..!' the handsome moth, ,|,nv issues a crop of I,.),' 
 ""■'iiiion Mies. Ti,e tH.lyph.MMUsc,!,., 'pillar |V also M.l.j.vt to 
 !'"' '"'•'"'''^■"' '"" •■""' '"■'• parasite, a Tachin:- llv. Sh..uld the 
 iiiMM-l ever ,.pM..a, in sunieient ni.mbers to proVe trotd)lesonie, 
 '■' '"i" 1"' m.dily subdu.'d bv hand-picking. Il.si.les the 
 pi'ii", tl'<' larva feeds on a varieiy of trees an<l shrubs, such 
 as oak, hi<-koiy, ,.|m, basswood. WMlnut, maple, bmteruut 
 hazel, rose, et<'. ' 
 
176 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 No. 89.— The Vfaved Lagoa. 
 
 L:i(,iii(i ffl.spd/d PiU'kiir<l. 
 
 '^riic lurv.i oC tliis sptrit'.s is iicarl}' oval, abi>iit three {'oiii'tlis 
 of an iiK li \ouiX; covei'cd ahove witli brownish, eveiiiv-shorn 
 hairs, which art; rai-ed to a rid^c alon;;,- thv- niiddle of" the 
 hack', and sloped otV on each side like the rool" ol" a house. 
 
 It I'eacJics niatnrity (hirin*;' Sopteniher. when it makes a 
 tdUgh, oval cocoon, lastened to ilu! side of a twin'oftlie i)luni- 
 ti'ee on which it iias been I'eecUnu', and within this changes to 
 a brown chrysal's. The (bllowint;' didylhe (op ol' the ea^e 
 is o|)ened bv the liftiiiji' ol" a ilat, circular lid, and from it 
 escapes a pr( I y luoth. 
 
 The ini);h is of ;i sfaw-yellow or yeUowisIi-creaiu c(r|or, 
 the fore \iin<;s nioi'c or less (hisky on the outer margin, and 
 covei'cd witli line, Ihutcned, curled hairs, arranij:;ed in rcii'iilar 
 waves, rnnnin<j from noai" the base to the ti|). The winus, 
 wlii'U expandeii, niea>nre al)ont one and iliree-(|uarlei' inches 
 across. The body and leo-s ar(> thick and woolly, and at ilie 
 tip of the abdomen there is a tuft of haig, soft hiiirs, IbrniinLT 
 a busily tail. It is common in the South and West, but is 
 not often foinid in the Xorth ; i)einji,' a comparatively rai'e in- 
 sect, it is never likely to <;'ive much troid)le to the frnit-i;-ro\ver. 
 It is found also feediu.i;- oii the leaves of the apple and black- 
 berr\ . 
 
 No. 90.— The Streaked Thecla. 
 
 T/i(</(( !<friii"-'ii llin'i'is. 
 
 'i'his is a V( rv rai'c insect, a small butterlly which has iievei 
 been known lo inllici any material dainai;-e, but, since its larv.i 
 has been found fecdinj;- on the leaves of the plum-lree, it is 
 deservini!; of mentii»n. 
 
 The ciiterpillai', when full ofowii, is half an inch oi' more 
 in leiiuth, ol'a rich velvety j»tooii color, with a (iniL!;e of yellow ; 
 (here is a stripe <),f a darker shade down (ln' back. wi(h a faint, 
 broken, Ncllowish line alonn; (he middle. The upper pari of 
 
IS 
 
 Itl- 
 
 'va 
 
 is 
 
 Ml, 
 
 177 
 ipcd 
 
 <alis. 
 
 .ATTACK I XG TIIK LEAVES. 
 
 the bodv is fliilteiied, the sides al)rii|)tlv iiu'lincd, and str 
 witii faint, oblique, yellowish lines. 
 
 When mature, it forms a short, blunt, brown ohrv.- 
 which in ten or twelve days produces 
 the butterHy. 
 
 This measures, when its wings are 
 expanded, an inc^h or more across (see 
 I'i^'. 187). Jt is of a i)lain, dark- 
 l)i(t\\n color above, but l)eneath the 
 win,L>:s are ])rettily ornamented with 
 wavy white streaks. There is also a 
 row of orange-colored, ci'eseent-shaped 
 spots on the hinder jiortion of the j)os- 
 lerior wings, and a lai'ge blue spot near 
 (heir hind angle. Each of \\n\ hind 
 wings has two thread-like tails, one longer than the other. 
 
 No. 91. — The Plum-tree Catocala. 
 
 (.'iifiic<(/ii, ii/lroiiid Iliihi'. 
 
 About the middle of June, when jarring the j)lum-trees for 
 (urculios, a very (airious-looking, leech-lik(^ caterpillai- Dfteii 
 drops on the sheet s|)read beneath. It is llattened, with ils 
 body thick in the middle and ta[)ei'ing towards each end, and 
 of a grayish-brown color. When lull grown, it closelv resem- 
 hlos Fig. 188 ; it is a little more than an ine'i and a half long, 
 
 Fl.i. ISS. 
 
 dnil grayish brown above, with two or lour small I'cddish 
 tubercles on each segmcMit of the body, all encircled by a slight 
 ring of black at their base. On (he upp(M' part of the ninth 
 segment there is a stout, fleshy horn, about one-twelfth of an 
 inch long, ])ointed, and similar in color to (he body, but with 
 
 12 
 
'-\^y.- 
 
 178 
 
 jySKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 an irroi>'iilar t^rayislj patdi on each side. On the Iwelt'th 
 .segment there is a low, fleshy ridge, tinted behind with <lee|) 
 reddish brown ; there is also an oblique stripe on this segment 
 ol" the same color, exte;idinu; Ibrward. Along the sides of the 
 body, and close to the under surface, there is a thick iVinge 
 of short, fleshy-lookirig hairs of a tlelicate pink color. The 
 under side is also [)iuk, deeper in color along the middh>, with 
 a central row of lU'arly round black spots, which are largest 
 from the seventh to the eleventh segnuMit inclusive. The 
 anterior segments are greenish white, tinted with rosy pink 
 along the middle. 
 
 About the third week in flune this larvti becomes full 
 grown, when, fjistening together a few leaves with some 
 silken fibres, it changes within this enclosure t(» a brown 
 chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes in about three 
 weeks. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 189) has the fore wings of ;i lich umber 
 
 Fi(i. ISO. 
 
 color, diirkest on the hind margin, with a broad, dilTused ash- 
 colored band along thi' middle, not extending to the apex, 
 which is brown. There are also several zigzag lines of brown 
 and while crossing these wings. Tli(> hind wings are deep 
 nd. with a \vi(l(> black band along theoiuer margin, and a 
 narrower baiul of (hesaiue eolor across (he middle. The moth 
 is on (he wing during (he greater part of -Iidy and August, 
 during which period the eggs are deposited for (he succeeding 
 brood. 
 
ATTACKIXG Till-: LEAVES. 
 
 179 
 
 Two otlier moths iiave been observed devouring- j)luiii 
 leaves, but not in suflieieiit luunbers to attract iiuieli attention. 
 Tiie iirst is Lithacodo! J'asciola Boisd., tbe larva of whieb is 
 small, of" a unitbrin grt^en coloi-, and spins a 
 small, oval, brown cotroon between the lenves. '' '"■ ''^ • 
 The moth is shown in Fi<r. 190. The other ^P^^*^?^^^^' 
 is a tufted eatei-piliar, the larva of I'arorf/i/ia ^l^ri^iiP 
 parddela G. & 11.; it is densely eovered with 
 iiii'ht-brown hairs, and has two black pencils of lonu,- hairs 
 jirojeetiny; in front of the head, and a single tuft of a similar 
 character on the hinder portion of the body. 
 
 No. 92.— The Leaf-cutting Bee. 
 Meyackile brcvis Say. 
 
 This is a four-winged fly belonging to the Jfi/menopfera, a 
 species of bee, which curls up the leaves of the plum-tree, 
 
 and further distigiin-^ it by «■ itting cir-'ular jiieces out of 
 odier leaves to line the coils and form < iiambers within 
 them, in which its eggs ari' deposited, auil whci-c the k«r\* 
 
130 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 ivinaiu until they reach maturity. Tiie larva) do not feed 
 on the leaves, but on pollen, or bee-bread, stored up in their 
 cells by the parent insects. This bee is not very abundant, 
 and is never likely to prove very injurious. It is represented 
 in Fig. 191, with examples of the injury it does. 
 
 No. 93.— The Plum-tree Aphis. 
 
 Aj)/iis j>iniiiJolii Fiic\\. 
 
 This aphis resembles in its appearance and habits the apple- 
 tree aphis, Xo. 57; it is, however, much less common, it 
 infests the under side of the phun leave>', j)uneturing them 
 and sucking their juices, causing them to become wriidcUil 
 and twisted. When iirst hatched, these insei'ts are of a 
 whitish color tinged witli green, but as they increase in si/c 
 they become of a deeper green, and when mature some of 
 them are black, with pale- green abdomens and dusky wings. 
 The remedies given under the ap[)le-tree aphis (No. 57) are 
 equally applicable to this species. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 No. 94.— The Plum Curculio. 
 
 Conotrachclns nenuphar (llerbst). 
 
 This insect is without doubt the greatest enemy the j)luin- 
 grower has to contend with, for when alloweil to j)ursne its 
 course unchecked it often d(>stroys tlie entire croj). The j)er- 
 Icct insect is a beetle belony,ini>- to a familv known under the 
 ftcveral names of curculios, weevils, and snout-beetles. It is a 
 small, rough, grayish or blackish beetle, about one-lifth of an 
 inch long (shown, magnified, at c in Fig. 102), with a black, 
 shining hunij) on the middle of each wing-case, and Ijehind 
 this a more or less distinct band of a dull ochro-yellow color, 
 with some whitish marks aI)out the midtUe; the snout is rather 
 short. The lem de lays lier eggs in the young green frnil 
 
ATTACKISG THE FRUIT. 
 
 LSI 
 
 Fig. 192. 
 
 ^^LtUJ^J' 
 
 > 
 
 shortly after it is formed, proceeding in tlie following mnimci'. 
 Alighting on a plinn, she makes with her jaws, which arc at 
 the end of her snout, a small 
 cut through the skin of the fruit, 
 then runs the snout ohiiqueiy 
 under the skin to the depth 
 of about one-sixteenth of an 
 inch, and moves it backward 
 and forward until the cavity is 
 Muooth and large enough to re- 
 ceive the egg to be j)laccd in it. 
 She then turns round, and, drop- 
 ping an egg into it, again turns 
 and pushes it with her snout to 
 
 the end of the passage. Subsecpiently she cuts a crescent-shaped 
 >\'\{ in front of the hole, as shown at d, so as to undermine tiie 
 egg and leave it in a sort of flap, iter object, apparently, 
 being to wilt the piece around the egg and thus prevent the 
 growing fruit from crushing it. The whole operation occupies 
 about five miiuites. The stock of eggs at \\\v. disposal of a 
 single female has been variously estimated at from fifty to 
 one hundred, of which slu; deposits from five to ten a day, 
 her activitv varving with the temperature. 
 
 The egg is of an oblong-oval form, of a j)early-wlii((' color, 
 niid large enough to be distinctlv seen with the naked eve, 
 IJy lifting the fiaj) with the finger-nail or with the point of a 
 knife it can be readily found. Jn warm and genial weather 
 it will hatch in three or four days, but in cold and chilly 
 weather it will remain a week or even longn' before hatching. 
 
 The young larva is a tiny, soft, footless g''ub, with a horny 
 head. It immediately begins to feed on the green llcsh of 
 the fruit, boring a tortuous channel as il proceeds, until it 
 I'cacihes the centre, wliere it feeds around the stone. It attains 
 its lull growth in from three to live weeks, when it is about 
 two-lifths of an inch long, ol' a glassy yellowish-white color, 
 with a light-brown head, a })alc line along each side of (he 
 
182 
 
 ly SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 Ixxly, a row of minute black bristles below tlie lines, a 
 second low, less distinct, above, and a lew pale hairs towards 
 the hinder extremity. At a, Fig. 192, it is shown niai;nilied. 
 The skin of the larva beini^ semi-transparent, the coh)r of the 
 internal organs shows through, imparting to the central por- 
 tions of the body a reddish hue. The irritation arising from 
 the wound and the gnawing of the grub causes the fruit to 
 become diseased antl gummy, and it falls prematurely to the 
 ground, generally before the larva is (juite full grown. AVithin 
 the fallen })lum the growth of the larva is completed, when, 
 forsaking the fruit it has destroyed, it enters the ground, bury- 
 ing itself from four to six inches deep, where, turning round 
 and round, it compresses the earth on all sides, until a smooth 
 oval cavity is formed, within which, in a few days, the larva 
 changes to a chrysalis, shown, enlarge], at h, Fig. 192, and 
 in from three to six weeks is transformed to a beetle, which 
 is at fii'st soft and of a reddish color, but soon hardens, and, 
 assuming its natural hue, makes its way through the soil to 
 the surface and escai)os. 
 
 The insect is single-brooded, the beetle hibei'uating in 
 secluded sj)ots, under the loose bark of trees and in other 
 suitable ])laces. About the time the i)him-ti'ecs blossom 
 the curculios are on the alert, and as soon as the iViiit is 
 formed the work of destruction begins. Both males and 
 females puncture the fruit to feed on it, but only the lenudes 
 make the peculiar crescent-shaped marks described. Tluy 
 are nnich more numerous during the early part of tlu; season 
 than later on, and when the weather is warm they are active 
 at night, and de|)osit eggs then as well as in the daytime. 
 Diu'ing the middle of the day, and also on warm nights, the 
 beetle readily takes wing; it is less active during the morning 
 and evening. IJesides tin; plum, the jjcach, nectarine, and 
 apricot also sulfer nuich from its attacks, and it is very in- 
 jurious to the cherry. In this latter (Use th(> infested i'ruit 
 remains hanging on the tree, luid tlu! i)resence of the enemy 
 is often unnoticed. The beetle also occasionally de[)osits its 
 
ATTACK ISO THE FIU'lT. 
 
 183 
 
 etriis ill tlie pear ami aj)))!!', hut in these fruits it rarely matures: 
 oitlier tl;^ egi^ fails to hateli, or tin; youiiu; larva perishes soon 
 litter hatehiiiir. This insect is native to this country, and has 
 in the past fed on the wild plums, on which it may still be 
 found in considerable numbers. It varies much in relative 
 :il)un(I'ance from year to year, belii^ much scarcer in some 
 -casons than in others. 
 
 Jh'medie.s. — When the i)lum eureulio is alarmed, it suddenly 
 folds its legs close to its body, turns its snout under its breast, 
 ;uul falls to the <;round, where it remains motionless, lein-ninu; 
 death. Advantaue is taken of this j)eculiarity to eatch and 
 destroy the insect: a sheet is spread under the tree, and tiie 
 tree and its branches are suddenly jarred, when the beetles fall 
 on the sheet, where they may be gathered up and destroyed. 
 A convenient form of sheet may be made with two or foiu- 
 widths of cotton (depending; on the size of the tree), and of 
 the requisite length, stitched oaly half-way up the middle, to 
 allow the trunk of the tree to pass to the centre, and having 
 each of tiie sides tacked to along strip of wood, about an inch 
 Mjuare, so that the sheet may be conveniently handled and 
 spreatl. Small trees may be jarred with the hand ; larger 
 ones should have a branch cut otf, leaving a stum[) several 
 inches long, which may be struck with a mallet, or a hole 
 mav be bored in the trunk and a broad-headed iron spike in- 
 serted, which is to be struck with a hammer, avoiding as far as 
 j)nictieable any bruising of the bark. As it is important to 
 catch as many of the beetles as })ossible before any mischief is 
 done, jarring slxMdd be begun uhile the trees are in blossom, 
 and continued daily, morning and evening, if the insects are 
 abundant, for three or four weeks, or until they beeouK! very 
 scarce. A form of cureulio-catcher, known as Dr. Hidl's, is 
 an excellent contrivance where a large orchard has to be 
 eared for. It (ionsists of a wheelbarrow on which is mounted 
 a large inverted unibrella, split in front to receive the trunk 
 ol' the tree, against which the machine, which is provided 
 with a padded bumper, is driven with force suilicient to jar 
 
 ■feMiJoUJAiMikiUUtJli 
 
1.S4 
 
 IXSKCTS IS.tlRKHS TO THE I'LUM. 
 
 the cureiilios down into the umbrella, where they are collected 
 and destroyed. It is very iin[)ortant that the fallen plums 
 slionid he ])roni|)tly jjjathered and burnt or scalded, so as to 
 destroy the larva before it has time to escape. Indeed, to 
 make ))lum-cnlture a success, the jarring- of the trees and the 
 natliei-in"; of the fallen fruit must be re<ji;ularlv continued, 
 and should be regartled as one of the necessary departments 
 of labor belonging to it. 
 
 Many other remedies have been suggested, but they arc all 
 of little value compared with those already given. One of 
 these is to place hogs in plum and ])each orchards to devour 
 the fallen i'ruit ; and it is said to have proved in some in- 
 stances a very successful and inex})ensive way of disposing 
 of a large portion of the curculios. Hens with their broods 
 of chickens enclosed within the plum-orehard will devour 
 a large number of the larvte of the curculio. It has also 
 been advised to place chi[)s or shingles, or strips of cloth or 
 canvas, on the ground, under which some of the beetles will 
 take shelter, when they may be easily captured. Various 
 compoiuids have been suggested with which to syringe the 
 ibliaue; hanging bottles of sweetened water on the trees to 
 attract the beetles, scattciing air-slaked lime through the foli- 
 au'c, and smokintr the insects out bv burning tar oeeasionallv 
 under the trees, have also been advised. As 
 a})reventive measure, plum-orchards should 
 n(»t be planted near a wood, as the curculios 
 tind j)lcnty of shelter there, and arc likely 
 to be more numerous than in more open 
 ground; also avoid giving them sheltci', by 
 I'emoving and burning all rid)bish that may 
 accumulate about the trees. 
 
 There are many insects which devour the 
 curculio larva as it escapes from the fiuit, 
 while some cat into the fruit as it lies upon the ground, seize 
 the culprits, drag them out, and eat them. Foremost among 
 these beuelicial in.sects are two or three species of conunon 
 
 Fi(i. in:!. 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 185 
 
 (' round-beetles belonging to the Carabid;i ; of these tlie 
 Pennsylvania ground-beetle, HarpaliiH l^nHylvanicua (De 
 Gecr), is by far the most eouunon, and niay be met with at all 
 
 Fio. IM. 
 
 limes during the season. Fig. 193 shows it somewhat mag- 
 nified, and Fig. 194 represents the larva of the same inseet, 
 of the natural size, in the aet of devom"ing a curculio larva ; 
 at b its formidable jaws are shown, mag- 
 nified. Fig. 195 shows a larva of one of 
 the larger speeies of this useful family, 
 magnifuHl. 
 
 The larva of the soldier-beetle, ('Ikul- 
 (io(j)iatln(H AmericanuH (Forst.), is also a 
 
 usefid atrent \\\ ( 
 
 lestn 
 
 ovm<r tiie curouiio. 
 
 It 
 
 is shown at (t, h'ig. 196, and a mauriitied 
 
 Fig. lOf;. 
 
 Fro. m; 
 
 view of its head and jaws at b. This little iVientl often 
 works its way into the fruit in search of its prey, sometimes 
 entering it while still on the tree. The perf<>ot beetle (Fig. 
 197) may be found during the summer on the flowei-s of the 
 golden-rod, Solidago. The larvjB of the laee-wing tii(!s, of the 
 genus Cliri/.Hopa, one of which is shown in Fig. 132, also 
 devour them ; and ants have been known to destroy the grubs 
 
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 iysj:cTs ixjnuous to the i'lvm. 
 
 iA li. 
 
 •ife; 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 as tiny leave the fruit to enter tlie ground. A minute 
 yellmv Tlirijjs, scareely one-twentieth of an inch lonji;, is 
 
 Fia. l'J8. 
 
 ^Tn 
 
 said to seek out and devour hirge (juantitios of theejriis of tlie 
 cureulio. 
 
 Two species of parasites 
 
 ^OJV are known to attack the 
 '^^vl' larva <il' this just. One, 
 
 1' 
 knoAvn as the Sigalphiis 
 
 eun'ulio i)arasite, Si(/(ifj)ln(.^ 
 cnrcnllonis Fiteh, is a small, 
 black, four-winged Hy, rep- 
 resented in FiiT. 198, wliore a shows the male, and h the 
 female. With 'cr sharp ovipositor the leniale punctures the 
 
 skin of the cureulio larva, 
 
 Fid. 'Joo. 
 
 "■^•^ 
 
 and deposits an egg undc'r- 
 n(>ath, which in due time 
 produces a larva, as shown 
 atfr. Fig. IIM). When the 
 cureulio larva is destroyed 
 by the jiarasite, the lattei* 
 enoloHos itself in n small, 
 tough cocoon of yellowish 
 silk, b, and then gradually 
 aasumes the pu|)a state, as sho\"i'u at c ; all these figures are 
 magnilied. The other species, known as the Forizou cureulio 
 
 
A TTA CKl Sa THE Fli I '/ T. 
 
 187 
 
 |i:ir;i,sitc, Porizon cnuotraclicli Riley, is also iiii Icliiu'iiinon lly, 
 witji similar habits and of about the saino size as the speoii's 
 just rcforrcHl to. In Fi<^. 200, (i ivi)rosents the fomale, and 
 h the mall', botli magnilit'd. Xcithcr of those parasites lias 
 vet appeared in sufficient numbers to act as an ellicient clu'ck 
 on the increase of the plum curculio. 
 
 No. 95. — The Plum-gouger. 
 
 Cocroinrus scntc.l/dri.s (lii-c). 
 
 While this insect has some |)oints of resemblance to the 
 phiin curculio, it is in other respects so dilferent as to be easily 
 distinguished. The beetle, which is shown magnilied in Fig. 
 L'Ol, is about five-sixteenths ol' an inch long, with the thorax 
 and legs of an oehrc-vellow color, while the 
 head and wing-cases are brown, witiialeaden- 
 iirav tint, the latter with whitish and black 
 Spots scattered irregularly over tiieir surfac e. 
 Tlie wing-eases are without liumps; the snout 
 is somewhat longer than the thorax, and 
 projects forward or downward, but cannot 
 be Iblded under the breast as in the case of 
 the plum curculio. It, appears in spring- 
 about the same time as the j)lum curculio, but, instead of 
 making a creseent-sha])ed slit in the; plum, it bores a round 
 hole like the puncturt! of a i)in. 
 
 The eggs are deposite«l in the Ibllowing manner. With the 
 mimUe but powerful jaws at the tip of the snout of the female, 
 a hol(! is UMu\o about four-lifths as dee|) as the snout is long, 
 which is enlarged at the end and gouged out .somewhat in the 
 form of a gourd. The egg is |)laced in the excavation, and 
 pushed down with the .snout until it reaches the receptacle 
 prepared for it. After being deposite<l, it swells from absorp- 
 tion of the surrounding moistin'e, and within a few days the 
 young larva escapes. 
 
 On escaping from the egg, it makes an almost straight course 
 I'or the kernel of the plum, through tlu* soft shell of which 
 
188 
 
 lySKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 it makes its wuv, and foods iij)()n the contents until fidl 
 u:;r()\vn. When nearly niatnie, the hirva, hy ii wise instinc^t, 
 prepares ii way for the escape of the future beetle by euttinir 
 a round hole through the now hard stone. The larva is of a 
 milk-white color, with a large, horny, yellowish-white head, 
 and jaws tipped with brown. It enters the eiu'ysalis state 
 within the plum-stone, and, when mature, the beetle passes 
 through the hole bored by the larva, makes its way through 
 the flesh, and escapes. 
 
 While the normal habit of the plum curculio is to feed on 
 the flesh outside the; |)lum-stone, which latter it only (uraslon- 
 ally penetrates, the plum-gouger lives and matures within, 
 JJoth sexes of the itlum-irouuer bore cylindrical holes in the 
 fruit for food ; and where the insect abounds, the growing fruit 
 will be found covered with these punctures, from which more 
 or less gum exudes, and the fruit becomes knotty and worth- 
 less, but does not readily drop, as do those which have been 
 injured by the plum ciurulio. The insect is single-brooded, 
 and re(piires a longer time to mature than the plum curculio; 
 eggs dej)osited in June do not produce beetles until the end 
 of August or early in September. It appears to be uidiuown 
 in the Kastern States, but is verv generallv distributed through- 
 
 h 1 
 
 ess common. 
 
 out the valley of tlu' Mississippi. It is nuit 
 and does far le^.^ injury, than the plum curculio, although 
 occasionally it is found in almost equal abundance. It is 
 said to pass the wintc;r in the beetle state. 
 
 Remedies. — This beetle may be collected by jarring the 
 trees in the manner described for the plum ciu'culio, although 
 it does not drop (piite so readily ; it also takes wing quickly, 
 
 and 1 
 
 lenco IS not so easdv see 
 
 ureil. 
 
 No. 96.— The Saddled Leaf-hopper. 
 
 lii/l/itincdjiK.s ilUdldiiits iSay. 
 
 This insect is occasionally injurioiLS to the plum, by punc- 
 turing the stems of the I'ruit and sucking the fluids wiiich 
 
SUPPLEMEj\TA liV LIST. 
 
 189 
 
 sliould go to nourish aiul matiiro it. It is a small loat-hopper 
 (shown in Fig. '-02), about one-fifth of an inch long, 
 of a darlv-hrown or black color, with a snlphnr- '"'i^'- -^^-• 
 vcUow spot like a saddle npon the middle of its back, 
 and in Iront of tiiis a band of pale yellow, — the lie-ul 
 and niuK'r side being of the same color. It is un- 
 likely tljat this insect will es'er occur in sufliclent mnnbers to 
 cau:-c much injury. 
 
 ^ 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 
 AFFECT THE PLUM. 
 
 ATTACKIN(J THE HOOTS. 
 
 The jK-ach-tree borer, No. 07, sometimes invades the j)lnm- 
 trce, an<l burrows about the collar and into the larger roots 
 ailjact'Ut without causing an exudation of guni, as in the 
 peach. Young trees are most liable to injury. 
 
 A'rrACKIXCJ TIIK TRUNK. 
 
 Tiie flat-headed ajiple-tree borer, No. .'}, frequently attacks 
 the j)lum and materially injures the tree. 
 
 ATTACKING THE IJMHS AND UHANCHES. 
 
 The parallel Elaphidiou, No. 12; the pear-blight beetle, 
 No. G8 ; the New York weevd. No. 100; and the tree- 
 cricket, No. 178. 
 
 AITACKINO THE LEAVES. 
 
 The a|)ple-tree teut-eaterj)illar, No. 20; the forest tent- 
 caterj)illar. No. 21 ; the rvhite-inark(>d tussock-moth, No. 22 ; 
 the caidvcr-worms, Nos. 2o and 20; the fall web-worm, No. 
 27 ; the Cecropia enij)eror itioth. No. 28 ; the unicorn pr .i- 
 nent, No. 29 ; the blind-eyed sphinx, No. 31 ; the obliipie- 
 banded leaf-roller, No. 35; the leaf-crumpler. No. 37; the 
 eye-spotted bud-moth, No. 38; the tarnished plant-bug. No. 
 
r* 
 
 190 
 
 INSECTS ly.JUHIOUS TO THE PLUM. 
 
 71 ; llio poar-tivo slug, No. 75; the May-hootlo, No. 11;) ; the 
 Uisiihi huttcrtiy, No. IIG; the iKiskct-wonu, or l)ii<;-\voriii, 
 No. 120; ;he oyraiuichil <;rji|)c-viiie ('aterpilhir, No. 147; the 
 jiTape-vino floa-beotio, No. 1 50; the rose-beetle, No. 151; 
 and the eufraiit Aniphidasys, No. 21 1, all devour the leaves, 
 while the pear-tice blister-beetle, Xo. 73, eats both leaves and 
 blossoms. 
 
 ATTA(MvIN(i tin; FlU IT. 
 
 The eodling moth, No. 58, occasionally injures the fruit; 
 .so, also, do bees and wasps, when it is fully ripe. 
 
 li 
 
 1 
 
 1 H 
 
 1 H 
 
 I 
 
 1 WM 
 
 iffS! 
 
 p;7 
 
the 
 
 INSECTS LXJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 
 
 ATTACKING THE TEUNK. 
 No. 97.— The Peach-tree Borer. 
 
 .lu/cn'ii exiliii.sii Say. 
 
 This notorious |)cst, so (lostruefivc t<» poat-li-orchiinls, is 
 very widely disseiniiiated. The parent insect l)eIoniis to a 
 laiiiily of moths known as .K<rerians, which, havinj:; trans- 
 parent win<;s and slender bodies, stroniily resemble certain 
 wasps and iiornets, and, as they Hy in the daytime only, and 
 are theji very active on the winj;, tlu; resemblance becomes still 
 more striking. The m(»th ai)pears in the Northern States and 
 ("ani.da from abont the middle of .fnly to the end of Anu;nst; 
 in the Sontii it ai>pears nnieh earlier, — in some localities as 
 early as the latter part of ^fay. The sexes differ very much 
 in appearance. In Fig. 20.'], n represents the female, and b 
 the male. The female 
 
 is mnch the larger, ^" '"• -^• 
 
 and has a broad, heavy 
 abdomen. The body 
 is of a glossy steel-bine 
 color with a pnrplish 
 reflection, and a broad 
 l»aiid of orange-yellow 
 across the abdonien. The fore wings are oparpie, and similar 
 in color to the body, their tips and fringes having a purplish 
 lint both above and beneath. The hind wi igs are transparent 
 :md broailly margined with steel-bine; when tlie wings are ex- 
 ))an(lcd, the moth measures about an inch and a half acro.«s. 
 The male is smaller, its wings seldom measuring more than 
 an inch ; its body, which is also of steel-blue color, with golden- 
 
 vellow markings and a glossv, satin-like lustre, is nuii-h more 
 
 101 
 
;ill»" 
 
 192 
 
 jysKCTs ixjrniors to the I'eacii. 
 
 sk'ndcr tlian that of the f'einuK'. The aiitcniue arc bhick 
 and (k'list'ly i"riii<^o(l on the inner side with nnmerous line, 
 short hairs, the hitter a featnre absent in the I'einaW. Tiie 
 head and thorax are marked with yeUow, and the al)(h)in('n 
 has two slender yellow hands above, and a white line on eaeh 
 side of the tuft of hairs at its tip. The win<;s are iran-pari'nt, 
 the veins, inaruins, and fringe steel-blue, and astei'1-blue bainl 
 extends nearly acntss beyond the middle. The feet and legs 
 are marked with yellow and white. 
 
 The female deposits lu-r eggs on the bark of tlie tree at 
 the surfaee of the ground. They are about one-fiftieth of an 
 ineh long, with a seulptured sui-faee, oval in form, slightly 
 flattened, and of a dull-yellowish color. They ai-e deposited 
 singly, are fastened to the surfaee of the bark by a gummy 
 secretion, and sometimes have a few of the (kirk-blue scales 
 from the tij) of the abdomen of the female attached to them. 
 As soon as the larva is hat(;hed, it works downwards in the 
 bark of the root, forming a small winding channel, which 
 soon becomes filled with gum. As it incivases in size, it 
 devours the bark and sap-wood, and causes a copious exuda- 
 tion of gum, which eventually forms a thick mass around the 
 base of the tree, intermingUd with the casting-; of the worm. 
 When full grown (see Fig. 204), the larva measures over half 
 
 an inch in length, and nearly a (piar- 
 ter of an inch in diameter. It is a 
 naked, soft, cylindrical grub, of a pale 
 whitish-yellow color, with a reddish, 
 horny-looking liead and black jaws ; 
 the upper part of the next segment is similar in appearance 
 to the head, hut of a paler shade. The under surface resem- 
 bles the up|)er in color; the three anterior pairs of claw-like 
 feet are tipped with brown ; the five hinder pairs of thick, 
 fieshy prolegs are yellow, each of the latter margined with a 
 fringe of very minute reddish-brown hooks. Tliere are a few 
 scattered hairs over the surface of tiie body, each arising from 
 a pale-reddish, wart-like dot. The larvae may be found of 
 
 FiQ. '204. 
 
 ^ ^''''fl^JWj^Js-.. 
 
 " 
 
 1 'inirntirnnniinr 
 
A TTA Ch'I A (/ 77/ /•; TK UXK. 
 
 193 
 
 (liffereiit sizes all tlin)ii<r|i tlie fjiU iiiul winter mimtlis, some 
 (iiiite voiinir associated witii others nearlv full ui'owii. Duriii<r 
 the winter the lariier ones rest, with their heads u[)wanls, in 
 >iiiooth, longitudinal grooves which they have excavated, the 
 li.ick part being covered with castings mingled with gutn and 
 silken threads, forming a kind of cell, the cavity of which is 
 considerablv larger than the worm inhabiting it: the smaller 
 ones usually lie in the gum, or between it and the wood of the 
 trunk or root. In badly-infested trees the whole of the bark 
 at the base or collar is sometimes consumed for an inch or two 
 below the surface. Nor does the insect always confine itself 
 to the base of the tree; occasionally it attacks the trunk farther 
 up, and sonietinies the forks of the limbs; but the exuding 
 Liuni invariably points out the spot where the ibc is at work. 
 
 When about to l)ecome a pupa, the larva crawls uj)wards 
 1(1 the surface of tlu ground, and cou'-tructs a pod-like ease, 
 (if a leathery structure, made from its castings mixed with 
 iiuin and threads of silk. It is about fhree-(iuarters of an 
 inch long, of a brown color, oval in form, with its (Mids 
 I'ounded ; its inner surface is smooth, and it is fastened against 
 iJie side of the root, often sunk in a groove gnawed for liiat 
 |iur|)ose, Avith its up|)er end protruding slightly above the 
 .-url'aee (»f the ground. W the earth has recently been dis- 
 tiu'bed about the surface of the tree, so as to make it lie loose, 
 the larva will often form its cocoon an inch or more below 
 the surface. The enclosed ])upa is at first white, but soon 
 becomes of a pale tawny-yellow color, with a darker ring at 
 eacli of the sutures of the body ; the pupa state lasts some 
 three weeks or more. 
 
 This is an American insec^t, unknown on tlu' j)cacli-trees of 
 
 other countries. Its operations are not confined to the peach ; 
 
 it works also on the plum, although in this instance no gum 
 
 exudes from the tree, and it is quite probable that before the 
 
 introduction of the |)each into this country the larva lived in 
 
 the roots of tiie wild i)lum, which it has now almost entirely 
 
 forsaken. 
 
 18 
 
194 
 
 I.XSKCTS IXjriUOUS TO THE PEACH. 
 
 licinedies. — Sevonil rfinetlics Lave been pivipc tsed to meet 
 this evil. Wiiere the larvne are present, they are readily de- 
 tected in consequence of the exudation of gum ; hence early 
 in spring the trees should he carefully examined, a little of the 
 earth removed from ahout the base, and, if masses of gum 
 are found, the larva? searched for and destroyed. Hot watci' 
 is said to be very effectual in killing them ; it shoidd be 
 used very hot, and after the earth has been removed, so as to 
 insure its reaching the culprits before it cools. Among the 
 preventive measures, much has been written in favor of 
 mounding the trees, banking the earth up around the trunk 
 to the height of a foot or more, and pressing it firmly about 
 the tree. Some allow the mounds to renuiin permanently, 
 but the better plan seems to be to mound up late in the 
 spring or towards midsummer, and level off the ground again 
 in September, after egg-laying has ceased and the moths have 
 disappeared. This treatment is said to make the bark vciy 
 tender and liable to injury during the winter, and it is recom- 
 mended by some to defer its aj>plication until the fourth year, 
 by which time the bark will have become sufficiently thickcncil 
 and hardy to endure the treatment without injury. Placing 
 around the roots a bed of cinders, ashes, or lime, plastering 
 the base of the trunk with mortar or clay and covering it 
 with stout ))aper, coating the tree with an api)lication of soa)) 
 or tobacco-water, have all had their advocates; but the weight 
 of testimony is in favor of the removal of the larva^ with 
 the knife late in the autumn or early in the spring, and 
 sul)se(|ucntly mounding the trees in the manner already 
 described. 
 
 Another remedy proposed is to cover the trunk with straw 
 in the following manner. Scrape the earth away from the 
 collar, i)lace a handful of straight straw erect around the 
 trunk, fastening it with twine, then retui'u the soil, which 
 will keep the ends of the straw in their place. The straw 
 should entirely cover the bark, and the twine be loosened as 
 the trunk increases in size. Trees so protected arc said to 
 
ATTACKIXO THE liRAXCHES. 
 
 195 
 
 have remaincKl uiiinjnrod while all around tlioin liave suffered 
 iVniu the borer. 
 
 No. 98.— The Elm-bark Beetle. 
 
 I'/ihvo/riliii.s- liininaris (irarris). 
 
 Tills insect is very conitnon on elm-trees; it also occa'^ion- 
 aliy attacks the peach-tree, especially when iVoni any cause it 
 has become diseased. In August or Sej)tember there a[)pcar 
 -mall perforations like pin-holes in the bark, from which issue 
 minute cylindrical beetles about one-tenth of an inch lontjjof* 
 a (lark-brown color, with the wing-cases deeply impressed with 
 punctated furrows, and covereil with short hairs; the tiiorax 
 is also punctated. This species has never occurred on thi; 
 |Ha<h in sullicient innnbers to attract general attention, or to 
 require the adoption of any special remedies. 
 
 ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 No. 99. — The Peach-tree Bark-louse. 
 
 Lccaniuin jicrsiiiK (I'ahr. ). 
 
 This is an insect very sinular in appearance and habits to 
 the pear-tree bark-louse, ^»o. (59. Jt is found attached to the 
 .-iiKioth bark of the peach twigs, iVctpiently biside a bud or 
 at the base of a twig, a|)pearing as a black hemispherical shell 
 about the size and shape of a split j)ea ; its surface is uneven, 
 shining, commonly showing a pale margin, and a stripe up »u 
 the middle. It feeds upon the sap, piercing the bark with 
 its proboscis, and ind)ibing the juices. When mature, the 
 n.'inoval of the scale discloses a nndtitude of eggs, which in 
 due time hatch, and the young larvae scatter over the twigs, 
 and, fastening themselves to the bark, become permanently 
 located, and live the full term of their lives without changing 
 their position. 
 
190 
 
 ISSECTS ISJVRIOVS TO THE PEACH. 
 
 No. 100.— The New York Weevil. 
 
 Ilhyccrnts iioi'ehoracensis (Forster). 
 
 This is ;i .siiout-beotle or cn.rciilio, the hirgest species we 
 hiive ill this country. It appeal's in May or June, and injures 
 tVnit-treos hy eatin*; the biuls and !j;na\viniij into tiie twigs at 
 theii- hase, often causing them to break and Call; it also gnaws 
 ofl' the tender bark early in the season before the buds have 
 ex[)anded, and later eats the leaves oil' just at their base, and 
 devours the tender shoots. It is from four to six tenths ot' 
 an inch in length (see c, Fig. 205), of an iish-gray color marked 
 
 with black; on each of its wing-cases 
 there are four whitish lines interrupted 
 by black dots, and three smaller ones on 
 the thorax. The scutcl, which is at the 
 point of junction of the wing-cases with 
 the thorax, is yellowish. The beetle is 
 said to be more active at night <;•, ;n in 
 ;'' A the day, and seems to show a preference 
 |1 ( a. for the tender, succulent shoots of the 
 •Tpplc, although it makes quite free with 
 those of the |)caeh, pear, plum, and 
 cherry. Sometimes it occurs in swarms 
 in nurseries, when it seriously injures the 
 young trees. In the East it is seldom 
 present in sufficient numbers to ]>rove 
 injurious, but it is very common in the valley of the Missis- 
 sippi. The 1. "'a is found in the twigs and tender branches 
 of the bur-oak, and probably also in those of the pig-nut 
 hickory. 
 
 When the female is about to deposit an egg, she makes a 
 longitudinal excavation with iier jaws, as shown at a in Fig. 
 205, eating upwards under the bark, and afterwards turns 
 round and places an egg in the opening. 
 
 The larva (h in the figure) is a soft, footless grub, of a 
 pale-yellow color, with a tawny head; it is not known whether 
 
A TTA Ch'l .\a Til E L KA 1 •/;.S\ 
 
 197 
 
 it iiiHlorgoes its traiiriformatioiis within the twig, or enters the 
 (••round to pass the clirvsalis state. 
 
 Hcmc.d'wx. — There seems to be none other than to catch and 
 kill this niis(;hiei'"-iiiaker. In coinnion with ahuost all other 
 ciirciillos, this l)eetle lias the hahit ot" falling to the ground 
 when alarmed, and hence may he captured hy jarring the 
 trees in the manner directeil for the plum tMirculio, No. 94. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 • 
 
 No. 101. — The Peach-tree Leaf-roller. 
 
 Pt\irholovn\ pemicana (Fitch). 
 
 Early in spring, when the yoimg leaves are expanding, a 
 small worm sometin >- attacks tl)' ui, and, drawing them to- 
 gether with fine -ilken threads, secretes itself within, and 
 feeds upon them. This iMva i^ rather slender, of a pale- 
 green color, with a pale, dull-yellowish head, and a whitish 
 streak along eatih side of its back. When full grown, it 
 changes to a chrysalis within its nest, where it rnmains about 
 two weeks, and then escapes as a moth. 
 
 The fore wings of the moth are of a reddish-yellow color, 
 varied with black; at the base th<y are paler; there is a large, 
 white, triangular sj)ot on the middle of the outer margin, and 
 a transverse streak of the same hue within the hind margin. 
 This latter is divided by the veins crossing it into about four 
 spots, and is bordei'ed on its anterior side by a curved black 
 hand. When its wings are spread., this moth measures nearly 
 three-quarters of an inch across. It has never yet beon re- 
 ported as very destructive anywhere, and is scarcely likely to 
 re([iiire the application of any special remedy. 
 
 No. 102. — The Blue-spangled Peach-tree Caterpillar. 
 
 Calliniorpha Lecontei Boisd., var. fulvicosfa Clom. 
 
 Very early in spring tiiere may sometimes be found shel- 
 tered under the loose bark of peach-trees, and sometimes also 
 
J 98 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. 
 
 on upple-trccs, small black cater[)illars covered with short 
 stiff hairs and studded with iniimte blue spots. As soon as 
 the leaves begin to expand, these larvie issue from their hiding- 
 places and feed upon tiieni. They grow rapidly, and soon 
 attain their full size, when they are nearly an inch long, and 
 appear as shown at a. Fig. 20G ; c shows an enlarged side 
 
 Fig. 200. 
 
 view of one of the segments of the body, and d a back view 
 <»(' the same. The full-grown caterpillar is of a velvety 
 l)lack color above, and pale bluish, speckled with black, below. 
 There is a deep orange line along the back, and a more distinct 
 wavy and broken line along each side. The warts from which 
 the bristly hairs issu(» iwv of a steel-blue color, with a polished 
 surface, which reflects the light so as to make them appear 
 (juitc brilliant. 
 
 I'he larva selects some sheltered sjwt and there s{)ins a slight 
 cocoon of white silk, within which it changes to a chrvsidis 
 of a pur|)li>h-l)rown color, finely ])unctated, and terminating in 
 a flattened plate tipped with yellowish-brown, curled bristles. 
 
 The moth issues diu-ing the early part of June in the 
 Northern and Middle Stales; it is of a milk-white or cream 
 color, with the head, collar, and ba^^e and tip of the abdomen 
 orange-yellow. On the under side the anterior margins of 
 the wings, tile legs, and tiie body partake of the same hue. 
 When spread, the' wings measure about one and three-ipiarter 
 inches ac^ross. 
 
..TTACKING TlIK LEAVES. 
 
 198 
 
 Be medics. — When these larvto are minieroiis they sometimes 
 do considerable danuige to the young foliage of the peaeh-tree. 
 Tliev may be s..bdaed by hand-i)ieking, or by shaking them 
 iVoin the trees and crushing them under foot, or by syringing 
 the leaves of the trees with l*aris-green and water in the 
 proportion of a teaspoonful to two gallons of water. 
 
 No. 103.— The Peach-tree Aphis. 
 
 Mi/ziis pcrsira' Siilzcr. 
 
 This aphis begins to work upon the young leaves of the 
 j)eaeh-trees almost as soon as they burst from the bud, and 
 continues throughout the greater part of the season, unless 
 swept off, as sometimes haj)pens with suri)rising rapidity, by 
 insect enemies. These lice live together in crowds under 
 the leaves, and suck their juices, causing them to become 
 thickenl'd and curled, forming hollows with corresponding 
 reddish swellings above; frerpiently the curled leaves fall 
 j)rematiu'ely to the ground. The jjcrfect winged females are 
 about one-eighth of an inch long, black, with the untler side 
 of the abdomen dull i«'reeu, the winu;less females rustv red, 
 with the ancenuje, legs, and honey-tubes greenish. The 
 winged males are bright yellow, streaked with l)rown, with 
 black honey-tubes. 
 
 The Misects which prey on the apple-tree aphis, Xo. 57, 
 feed on this species also, and the remedies recomiuended for 
 that insect are equally applicable to this one. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHIOH 
 AFFECT THE PEACH. 
 
 A'rrACKINd TIIH T'.!UNK. 
 
 The llat-headed appl(!-tree bori f, No. .'i, and the divaricated 
 Biiprestis, No. 101, both injure the trunk of the peach-tree. 
 
200 I y SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT, ETC. 
 
 ATTACKING THE BPwVNClIES. 
 
 The buffalo tree-hopper, No. 18; the red-shoiildered Siii- 
 oxylon, No. 130; the tree-cricket, No. 178; niid the stniw- 
 herry root-horer, No. 190, all attack tiie branches. The 
 stalk-borer, No. 201, soiuetiines bores into the buds and 
 vounn' branches. 
 
 l!'! 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 The ol)lique-banded leaf-roller. No. 35; the leaf-crnniplcr. 
 No. 37 ; the many-dotted apple-worm. No. 43 ; the saddled 
 leaf-hopper. No. 96; the basket- worm, or bag-worn). No. 120; 
 the rose-beetle. No. 151 ; and the smeared dagger, No. 194, 
 devour the leaves. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 The codling moth. No. 58; the ash-gray pinion. No. 64; 
 the Indian Cetonia, No. 81 ; and the j)lum curculio. No. 94, 
 all affect the fruit, the last-named insect being especially 
 injurious. 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT AND THE 
 
 NECTARINE. 
 
 'I I 
 
 The nectarine and aj)ricot, being closely related to tlu^ 
 peach, are liable to be injured by the same insects ; besides 
 tliosc enumerated as allecting tlu; peach, the a|)ricot occasion- 
 ally suffers in its branclus i'rom the attacks of the pear-blight 
 beetle, No. 68. 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THK CHERRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
 
 Fiu. '207. 
 
 No. 104. — The Divaricated Buprestis. 
 
 ■ ■ Diccrcn divaricata (Siiy). 
 
 This is a beetle belonging to the lUniily Buprestidse, most 
 of the nienibeiv, of wliich are readilv disringuiHliod bv their 
 coj)pery or bronzed appearance. This s|)ecies (see Fig. 207) 
 is from seven to nine tenths of an inch in length, 
 copper-colored, and sometimes brassy, and thickly 
 covered with little indentations. The thorax is 
 furrowed in the middle, and the wing-covers are 
 marked with numerous irregular imj)ressed lines 
 and small, elevated, blackish s|)ots. The wing- 
 cases taper much behind, and ilieir long and narrow 
 tips are blunt-pointed, and sprend apart a little, 
 the latter pecidiarity having given to the insect its specifu; 
 name, dmiricata. The beetles may be found suiming them- 
 selves upon tlu! limbs of cherry and peach trees during June, 
 Jidv. and August: thev are active creatin-es, running brisklv 
 up and down the trunks of the trees in tiie sunshine. 
 
 The female deposits her eggs on tiie cultivated and wild 
 cherry-trees, and also on the pca(!h, and, when liatchcd, the 
 young larva bores through the bark and lives in and de- 
 slroys the sap-wood underneath. It is a fliittencd larva, witii 
 its anterior segments very much eidarged, and closely re- 
 send)le8 tiiat of the Hat-headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, Fig. 
 4, but is larger. Tiiis insect is seldom veiy troublesome; 
 should it require attention, the remedies recommended for 
 
 No. 3 will be equally applicable t() this species. 
 
 201 
 
202 
 
 INSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 
 
 No. 105. — The Spotted Horn-beetle. 
 
 Dynastes titijus (Linn.). 
 
 Tliis i.s an onorinous beetle, some two inelies in length, 
 exelusive of its liorn.s. It is of ii pale-olive eolor, with the 
 wing-covers spotted and dotted with black. In the males 
 the middle of the thorax is extended forward in tlie i'orm of 
 a long bliick horn, which is hairy along its under side, and 
 
 usually notched at 
 its tip, as if Ibrmed 
 to receive the sharp 
 
 Fig. 208. 
 
 poll 
 simi 
 
 »t of another 
 
 lar 1 
 
 lorn, w 
 
 hich 
 
 curves n 
 
 tl 
 
 l)Wi 
 
 dsf 
 
 u'dstrom 
 
 le crown 
 
 of tl 
 
 le 
 
 liead. There are 
 two other horns be- 
 tween these, short 
 
 anc 
 Tl 
 
 I sharp-pointed, 
 female is 
 
 le 
 
 smaller 
 
 Ik 
 
 th 
 
 ui 
 
 th 
 
 male, and unarmed, 
 ex(!ept with a small 
 tubercle on the 
 
 head. 
 
 L^iu;. 
 
 rei)rcsen 
 
 ts tl 
 
 le male 
 
 208 
 k 
 
 The beetle occasionally varies in color: specimens have 
 been found with chestnut-brown wing-covers, others with the 
 thorax black ; and in one instance a male was taken with one 
 of the wing-covers black, while the other was of the normal 
 
 character, 
 
 Tl 
 
 le larva o 
 
 f tl 
 
 MS msec 
 
 t b 
 
 ores HI o 
 
 ld,d 
 
 e<'avintjr cherrv-trees. 
 
 It somewhat resembles that of the rough Osmoderma, Mo. 8, 
 l)nt is much larger. The beetle is ircipicnlly met with in the 
 Suiilh, and is sometimes found as far north as Pennsylvania, 
 bill llu> dumaire it inllicts is verv sliirht. 
 
ATTACK I so THE BRANCHES. 
 
 203 
 
 Fill. '_W». 
 
 ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 No. 106. —The Dog-day Cicada. 
 
 Cicada tihicvn Limi. 
 
 In appoarauoe this insect very mndi resembles the seven- 
 teen-year locust, No. 15, but differs from it by oecurrin<«; in 
 more or less al)undance every year durino" the months of 
 August and .September, when it sometimes wounds the small 
 limbs of the cherry and deposits its c<rgs therein. The body 
 is black on the uj)per side, the head and thorax being spotted 
 and marked with olive-green. The wings are large, trans- 
 j)arent, and strongly veined, the i)rincipal veins having a 
 greenish tint. The under side of the 
 body is coated with a whitish powder, 
 legs greenish. This cicada, which is 
 shown in Fig. 200, is very generally 
 distributed throughout the Xorthern 
 United States and the j)rovincc of 
 Ontario, and the shrill notes ol' the /^^ 
 males may be heard almost everywhere 
 during warm davs in August, from ti'U 
 o'clock in the morning until two in 
 the afternoon. The males only are 
 nuisical, and their drums are situated 
 in cavities in the sides of the anterior 
 segments of their robust bodies. 
 
 The larva is unknown, but doubtless glosely resembles that 
 of the seventeen-year locust ; the juipa also is very siuiilar, and 
 iia-s been found beneath (iherry, maple, and elm trees. The 
 ravages of this insect have never been sullicieiitly important 
 to attract much attention. 
 
 No. 107. — The Cherry-tree Bark-louse. 
 
 liCraninm vvrasi/vx Vitcli. 
 This is a bark-louse very much resembling that of the 
 pear-tree, Lccdiiiiiiii j>i/i'i, \o. (li*. it may l)e found in 
 
 ^^^^^latimi^^jLj, 
 
204 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ClIEIiRV 
 
 spring adhering to the under side of the limbs of cherry- 
 trees and sucking their juices. The shell is hemispherical in 
 ft)rm, black, rnorc or less mottled with pale dull-yellow dots. 
 On lifting this shell, a mass of minute eggs is found, which 
 shortly hatch, whereupon the insects spread over the bark of 
 the succulent twigs, and, piercing it, subsist upon the juices, 
 passing through the various stages of their growth before the 
 winter approaches. The remedies recommended for L. pyri 
 \\\\\ be equally ap})licable in this case. 
 
 No. 108. — The Cherry-tree Scale-insect. 
 
 As))idi()fHs ccrani. Fitch. 
 
 On examining the limbs of the choke-cherrv in winter, 
 there will sometimes be found on the bark a small, roundish 
 .scale like a tiny blister, which, when raised, discloses a cluster 
 of vciy minute (hdl-reddish eggs, the product of the cherry 
 scale-insect, which is believed to be identical with the S(!urfy 
 bark-louse. No. 17, and to which the same remedies may be 
 a})plied. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 109. — The Violaceous Flea-beetle. 
 
 Crcpidudera IMxhics (Linn.). 
 
 From about the middle of jNIay until August tiiere may 
 often be found on the leaves of cherry-trees snudl flea-beetles, 
 about i)ne-tenth of an in(!h long, and of a l))-illiant 'oppery, 
 violet, or greenish-black color, with the antenuffi Oi" a pale 
 yellow, the under side black, and the legs, except the hinder 
 thighs, dull pale yellow. Though small, this is a very active 
 insect. It gnaws round pieces out of the luider side of the 
 leaf, leavirg the npi)er skin unbroken, and sometimes eats 
 entirely through, making munerous small holes in the young 
 leaves at the ends of the limbs. Jt has not yet proved 
 sufliciently troublesome to require any special remedy. 
 
t 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 205 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 
 ,'e 
 
 10 
 
 Ls 
 
 'f,' 
 
 Fio. 'JIO. 
 
 No. 110. — The Promethea Emperor-moth. 
 
 Callosamia Promethea (Dniry). 
 
 During the winter there may frequently be seen on cherry- 
 trees, particuhirly the wihl species, a twisted leaf hangin<>; here 
 and there after all the others Inive 
 fallen. A closer examination shows 
 each of these to contain a lon<^, oval, 
 -ilken cocoon (see Fig. 210), the stem 
 of the leaf l)ein<>; secured to the twig 
 on which it grew with silken threads. 
 The silk is wound round the twig for 
 ;il)out half an inch on each side, then 
 carried down around the leaf-stalk to 
 the cocoon, the whole being so firmly 
 I'astened that the leaf with the cocoon 
 cannot be detached without much 
 force. This is the cocoon of the 
 Promethea emperor-moth. Besides 
 the cherry, it is found on the sassa- 
 fras, lilac, button-bush, and occa- 
 sionally on other trees and shrubs. 
 
 The njotli escapes late in June or 
 early in July. I*^ is a handsome in- 
 sect, and measures, when its wings are expanded, from three 
 and a half to nearly four and a half inches across. The 
 sexes differ very much in appenrance: the wings of the niide 
 (Fig. 211) are brownish black, those of the female (Fig. 212) 
 light reddish brown. In both, the wings are crossed by a 
 wavy whitish line near the middle, and a clay-colored border 
 along the hind edges. Both also have an eye-like black spot, 
 with a pale-bluish crescent within, near the tij) of the fore 
 wings. Near the middle of each of the wings of the female 
 there is an angular reddish-white s[)ot, edged with black ; the 
 same is visible on the under side of tiie wings of the male, 
 but is seldom seen on the upper side. 
 
 iidliiiiHHI 
 
w^ 
 
 20() 
 
 INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE ClIEIiRV. 
 
 The foinalc lays licr eggs in small oliisters of five or six or 
 more togetlier; tiiey are of a ercainy-wliite color, ahgiit oiie- 
 
 FiG. 211. 
 
 sixteenth of an inch in diameter, with an oehreous-yellow 
 spot on tlie ujiper side. They hatch towards the end of July. 
 
 Vu:. 'IVl. 
 
 The newly-liatched larva is about one-third of an inch long, 
 pale green, with yellow bands and faint rows of black tuber- 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 207 
 
 Fig. 213. 
 
 ck'.s. After it has pas.sed the second moult it apjiears as seen 
 
 at a. From tiie end of August until late in 8ej)teinl)cr it may 
 
 be found full grown, when it measures two inches or more in 
 
 length and about half an inch in diameter, and presents the 
 
 apj)earance shown at b in Fig. 213. It is of a bluish-green or 
 
 sometimes of a greenish-vellow 
 
 color, with the head, ^cat, and 
 
 hinder segments yellow. There 
 
 arc about eight small warts or 
 
 short horns of a deep-blue color 
 
 on each segment, except the 
 
 two uppermost on the top of 
 
 the third and fourth segments, 
 
 which are of a rich coral-red 
 
 color, and a long one on the 
 
 top of the twelfth ring, which 
 
 is yellow. 
 
 The caterpillar is found feed- 
 ing on the cherry, ash, sassafras, 
 poplar, azalea, cephtdanthus, or 
 button-bush, and other shrubs 
 and trees. Although the ash 
 is a very common food-plant 
 for the larva, it is rarely, if 
 ever, that a cocoon is found 
 upon it; the leaf-stalks being 
 so very long, it is probably too laborious a task for the cater- 
 pillars to I'asten them to the twigs, and hence they wander off 
 in search of leaves witii shorter stalks and of a thicker, more 
 leathery structure, such as the cherry or the lilac, which form 
 a substantial covering for the cocoon. 
 
 The cocoons arc often perforated by birds during the winter 
 and their contents devoured. The insect is also subject to 
 the attacks of a small four-winged parasite, a species of Ich- 
 neumon. 
 
w 
 
 208 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHE lilt V. 
 
 No. 111.— The Purblind Sphinx. 
 
 Snieriiithus inynps (Sm. & Abb.). 
 
 There are .sonietiims fouiul on clierrv-trees, devouring; the 
 ieave.«, in the month of Augnst, hirge, cylindrical, greeu larvte, 
 about two iiichis h)ng, with a curved horn at the end of the 
 body. The liead is blui.sli green, with a briglit-yellow line ow 
 the sides; the body is green, with a row of reddish-brown spots 
 on each side of the back, and another siniihir row lower down 
 near the breathing-j)ores. Along each side there are six obliqm; 
 bright-yellow bands, and two short yellow lines on the anterior 
 .segments. The horn is green, tinted with yellow at the sides. 
 This is the larva of the purblind sphinx. 
 
 When full grown, it buries itself under the ground, wlicre 
 it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, and in this condition 
 remains until the follow'ing June or July, when the perfect 
 insect escapes. 
 
 The moth is a very handsome one (.see Fig. 214), and meas- 
 ures, when its wings are expanded, about two and a half inches 
 
 across. The head and thorax are chocolate-brown with a 
 purplisii tinge, the thorax having a tawny yellow stripe down 
 the middle;; the abdomen is brown, with dull-yellowish spots. 
 The fore wings are chocolate-brown, with black bands and 
 patches, and are angulated and excavated on the hind n)argin. 
 The hind wings are dull yellow, with the outer half chocolate- 
 brown, and have an eye-like spot towards the inner margin, 
 blai k, with a large pale-blue centre. 
 
ATTACKIXG THE LEAVES. 
 
 209 
 
 The insect is u nire one, and not likely ever to occur in 
 suflicicnt nuinhors to do nuich injury. 
 
 No. 112. — The lo Emperor-moth. 
 
 Jlyperchiria Id (liiiin.). 
 
 This very beautiful insect appears in June and July. It 
 remains inactive durint:- the dav, but Hies about after ilusk. 
 The sexes diifer in both size and color, the male (I'^ig. 21o) 
 
 Fio. 215. 
 
 beini^ the smaller. It is of adcep-ycllow color, with pur|)lish- 
 
 brown niMrkiui^s; on the fore wiiios are two ()l)Ii(|ue wavy 
 
 lines near the outer margin, a zig/ag line near the l)ase, antl 
 
 other blackish dots and markiiiii's. The hind wings are of 
 
 a deeper ochre-yellow, and are shaded with pur[)le next the 
 
 body; within the hind margin is a curve<l purplish band, 
 
 and inside this a smaller one of a dark-purj)lish sluule, while 
 
 al)out the middle of the wing there is a large, round, blue 
 
 spot with a whitish centre and eiuilosed in a .broad ring of 
 
 brownish black. The antcnuix) of the male are beautifully 
 
 featheretl, and the wings measure, when expanded, about two 
 
 and a half inches across. The female (Fig. 210) measures 
 
 from three to three and a half inches. Th.e .'intennai are but 
 
 very slightly feathered; the fore wings ar(! purplish brown 
 
 mingled with gray, the wavy lines crossing the wings being 
 
 also gray. There is a brown spot about the middle, margined 
 
 U 
 
210 
 
 iys:£CTS INJURIOUS to the ClIERRl' 
 
 hy an irregular gray line, and towards the base the wings are 
 densely clothed with a wool-like covering. The hind wings 
 are very similar to those of the male; the thorax and legs are 
 purplish brown, the abdomen oehrc-yellow, with a purplish- 
 red edging on each ring. 
 
 Shortly after i)airing, the female deposits her eggs in clus- 
 ters, sometimes as many as twenty or thirty in one group, 
 
 Fi(i. 'J 10. 
 
 They are top-shajicd, compressed on both sides, and flattened 
 above, about one-sixteenth of an inch long, and one-twentieth 
 of an inch in the longest diameter, creamy white in color, 
 with a yellowish spot above, which gradually becomes darker 
 as it approaches maturity, until it is almost black, when the 
 yellow larva within begins to show through the translucent 
 sides. 
 
 The young larvto are darker in color than the more matured 
 specimens; they keep together in little swarms, and when 
 moving from one place to another follow each other in regular 
 processionary order, a single cater[)illar taking the lead, closely 
 followed sometin "s by one or two in single file, then by two, 
 three, four, or more, in regular ranks. When about half 
 grown, tliey lose this habit, and, se[)arating, each one shifts 
 ibr itself. The larva attains maturitv durino; August, when 
 it measures two and a half inches or more in length and is 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 211 
 
 ircd 
 len 
 liar 
 cly 
 wo, 
 lalf 
 ifts 
 icn 
 is 
 
 of ;i correspond in<^ thickness. (See Y'v^. 217.) It is of a 
 delicate pale-jrrceii color, paler, ai)proacliini;- whitish, along 
 the back, with a broad 
 dusky -white stripe on Fn;. 21i. 
 
 each side, margined with 
 reddish lilac; breathing- 
 j)ores yellow, ringed with 
 brown. The body is cov- 
 ered with clusters of green 
 branching spines tipped 
 with black, arising from 
 >inall warts, of which 
 there arc a number o\\ 
 each segment. These 
 spines are very sharp, and 
 when the insect is care- 
 lessly handled they sting 
 severely, producing on the 
 more tender portions of 
 the skin an irritation, accompanied by redness and raised 
 white blotches, very similar to that of the stint^ing nettle. 
 Fiy;. 218 siiows some of these branch i no- 
 spines magnified, 6 being stouter and more 
 acute than the others. 
 
 When full grown, the larva descends to 
 the ground, and, drawing together i)ortions 
 of dead leaves or other rubbish to form 
 :ui outer covering, constructs within this 
 a slight cocoon of tough, gummy, brown 
 change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis is rather 
 short and thick, of a pale-brown color, with a few reddish 
 bristles on the abdominal joints, and a tuft of the same at 
 the end. 
 
 AVhile common on the cherry, this caterpillar i ^es not con- 
 fine itself to one kind of food, but is also found feeding on 
 the apple, thorn, willow, elm, dogwood, balsam poplar, sas- 
 
 siiic 
 
 Ik, in which the 
 
91 O 
 
 lASLCTS IXJUniOUS TO THE CIIERRV 
 
 mPIi 
 
 saf'ras, locust, oak, currant, clover, cotton, and other plants, 
 shrubs, and trees. It is much more plentiful in some seasons 
 than in others, but, in consequence ol" its usini;" so many dif- 
 ferent sorts of food, it is seldom noticed as very injurious to 
 any particular Uintl of tree, shrub, or i)lant. Should it prove 
 troublesome, it may easily be subdued by hand-pickin<^, (he 
 operator usin<;' a pair of gloves while engaged in the work. 
 The larva is attacked by [)arasites, j)articularly by a small, 
 undetermined, four-winged fly. The long-tailed Opliion, 
 Opliioii maerurum, referred to under No. 28 (see Fig. H',]), 
 also preys upon it. 
 
 No. 113.— The May-beetle. 
 
 LnchiiosfcnKifnsca (Friilil.). 
 
 Every one must be familiar with the jNIay-beetle, — or May- 
 bug, as it is commonly called, — a buzzing beetle, with ti slow 
 but wild and errati(! (light, which comes ihumping against 
 the windows of lighted rooms in (he evenings in jNIay and 
 early in June, and, where tin; windows are o])en, dashes in 
 without a moment's consideration, bumping against walls, 
 ceiling, and articles of furniture, occasionally (lroj)j>ing to 
 the lloor, thei, suddenly I'ising again. It sometimes lands 
 uninvited on onii's face or neck, or, worse still, on one's head, 
 where its sharp (^laws l)ecom(! entangled in the hair in a most 
 unpleasant manner. It is a ihii-k-bodied, chestnut-brown or 
 l)lack beetle (see Fig. 210, .*> and 4), from eight to nine tenths 
 of an inch in h'ugth. Its head and thorax are j)unctated with 
 small indentations ; the wing-covers, though glossy and shining, 
 are roughened with shallow, indented j)oints, and upon each 
 tlwre are two or three slightly elevated lines running length- 
 wise. Its legs arc tawny yellowish, and the breast is covered 
 with ])ale-yellowish iiairs; the; under sui'face is j)aler than the 
 up|)er. During the day the beetles remain in repose, but are 
 active at idght, wl*en they (congregate upon cherry, plum, and 
 other trees, devoin'ing the leaves, — octjisionally, wiien very 
 niunerous, entirely stripping th(! trees of Ibliage. I'heir 
 
ATTACK IS a Tin: LKAVES. 
 
 213 
 
 strong j;v\vs are well adapted for eiittiiii*; llieir food, and their 
 notched or double elaws support them securely on the t'oHaL^e. 
 Tlic i'eniale is said to de[)osit hereijus between the roots of 
 jjrass, en{!h)se(l in a ball of earth; they ar(! white, translucent, 
 and spherical, and about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. 
 When hatched, the small white grubs begin at once to feed 
 upon the rootlets of plants; they are several ycai's in reaching 
 niaturitv, and hence larva} of dillerent sizes are usuallv found 
 
 Fig. 219. 
 
 av 
 
 to 
 
 nds 
 ■ad, 
 lost 
 1 (ir 
 
 IS 
 
 willi 
 
 ng, 
 
 ach 
 
 glh- 
 
 rcd 
 
 III.' 
 
 are 
 
 and 
 
 /cry 
 
 leir 
 
 •^iiJSliiPil. 
 
 in the ground at tlie same time. Wlion full grown, (hey arc 
 almost as tliick as a man's little finp'i" ; (hey ai'c soft and white, 
 have !i horny head of a brownish color, and six legs; the 
 hinder part of the l)o»ly is usually curved undei', as shown at 
 -, l*'ig. 219. T'lis larva is generally known as "(he while 
 grub," and is very injurious to strawberries, devouring (he 
 roofs and destroying the plants ; i( feeds also upon the roo(s 
 of grasH ami oduM* plants, and when very numerous i( ■;() in- 
 jures pas(ure-lands and lawns (hat large portions of (he (nrf 
 eaii bo lifted with (he hand and rollecl over like a |)ieeo 
 of carpet, so cdiiplelelv ".'-e (h(< roots devoured. When cold 
 weather approat ';cs, tlie grub l)uries itself in (he ground deep 
 
 ■iiMJiillnifiiiM 
 
 ■MS 
 
214 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ClIEIiRV. 
 
 enough to be beyond the reach of frost, and there remains 
 until the following spring. 
 
 Fio. 2'JO. 
 
 Flu. L'L^l. 
 
 A\'licM ready for its next change, tlie larva 
 forms a cavity in the ground, bv turnintj; itself 
 round and round and pressing the earth until 
 it moulds a cell of suitable form and size, 
 which it lines with a glutinous secretion, so 
 that the cell may better retain its form, and 
 within this it changes at first to a i)U})a 
 (shown at 1 l^^ig. 219), and finally produces 
 tlie perfect bectk'. 
 
 liemedicH. — It is very difficult to reach the 
 larva^ under ground with any remedy other 
 than digging for them and destroying them. 
 lings arc very fond of them, and, rvhcu turned 
 into places where the grubs are al)undant, 
 will root up the ground and devour them in 
 immense quantities. They are likewise eaten 
 bv domestic fowls and insectivorous birds; 
 crows especially arc so pai'tial to them that 
 they will often be seen following the plough, 
 so as to pich out these choice morsels from 
 the freshly-turned turrow. An insect jiara- 
 site, the unadorned Tiphia, Tiphkt inonutta 
 Say, is also actively (Migaged in destroying tiic 
 whit(! grnl). l<\'C(piently, when digging the 
 grotnid, a j)alc-l)rown, egg-shaped cocoon is 
 turned up (see c, Fig. 220); within this, when fresh, will be 
 found a whilisii grub, represented at h, which, during its 
 
 '^: 
 
 t^-i 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
ATTACKIXG THE LEAVES. 
 
 215 
 
 oTOWth has led upon the larva of the jNIav-hcetle. Within 
 tliis smig' enclosure it soon ehanges to a ehrysiilis, and finally 
 assumes the perfect form, as shown at a in the Hgure. The 
 tlv is black, with sometimes ;i faint hlnisii tint, with dusky 
 wintrs, and the IkhIv more or less covered with ])ale-vellow 
 hairs, whicli are thickest on the under side. 
 
 A curious whitish funj^us sometimes attacks this larva and 
 destroys it, li^rowing' out at the sides of the iiead ; the pro- 
 (MlH>rance or si)rout rapidly increases in size, often attaining 
 a length of thrcH' or i'our inches, when il j)resents the aj)pear- 
 ance shown in h'ig. 221. A very large ninid)er frequently 
 die from this cause. Trees infested with the beetles should 
 he shaken early in the morning, when the insects will fall, and 
 mav be collected on sheets and killed by IxMug thrown into 
 .-(■aiding water. iJcsides the cherry and plum, these insects 
 feed on the Lombardy j)oplar and the oaks. On account of 
 the length of time the larva takes to mature, the beetles are 
 not often abundant during two successive seasons. 
 
 No. 114. — The Cherry-tree Tortrix. 
 
 Cdcoecia ceraalrorinia (Fitcli). 
 
 Ivirly in Jidy thei'e may often be found on the choke- 
 cheri'y, and sometimes also on tin; cultivated cherry, one or 
 niori! branches having all their leaves and twigs drawn 
 together with a web of silken threads. On opening one of 
 these enclosures, there will be Ibund a large nund)er of active 
 yellow larviw 'lMies(> ai'e about five-eighths of an inch long, 
 nearly cylindrical, the head black, body above yellow, a little 
 paler between the segments, with a few very line yellowish 
 hairs. The anterior |>ortion of tlie second segment and the 
 hinder portion of the ternunal one are black; there is also 
 a faint <lorsal line of a darker shade. 'J'he under side is 
 sindlar to the upper in color, and the si.K anterior claw-like 
 feet are black. 
 
 The (ihrysalis is formed within the tiest in which the larva 
 luiH li\'ed, and is of a pale-brown color. The niolli, when at 
 
 mn 
 
w^ 
 
 21(5 
 
 IXSKCTS IXJCRIOl'S TO Till-: ClIERRV 
 
 Fiu. 
 
 rest, is broad and flat, the outer edge of the fore wiiij^s heiiij^ 
 rounded towards tlie base, and straight from the middle to 
 the tip, and when its wings are spread (see Fig. 222) it meas- 
 ures from three-quarters of an inch to an 
 inch across. The fore wings are crossed by 
 ii-rcgnhu' wavy baiuls, alternately of bright 
 ochre-yellow and pale, dnll, leaden blue ; 
 the yellow bands are varied witii darker 
 spots, the most c()ns[)icnons one of which is j)laced on the 
 onter margin near the tip, and from this sj)ot a broader ochre- 
 yellow band extends towards the hind margin, and curves 
 thence to the imier angle ; the hind wings and entir'* uuder 
 snrl'ace are pale ochre-yellow. 
 
 Where this insect is found to be injur'ous, the webs con- 
 taining the larviG and chrysaiids should be gathered and 
 destroyed before the winged moths matnre. 
 
 No. 115. — The Cherry-tree Plant-louse. 
 
 }fi/'.iis i-i riisi (Falir.). 
 
 This black, disgusting-looking louse begins to appear on the 
 leaves of the cidtivatcd (iherry almost as soon as they are ex- 
 ])andcd, being hatched from eggs deposited on the branches 
 the previous aultunn, and they nudtiply so fast that tlie under 
 side of the young foliage is soon almost entirely covered with 
 them, and the growth of the tre(> stunted by their contiiuial 
 appropritition of its juices. They crowd together in dense 
 masses, often two dccj), standing on each other's backs, with 
 only suflicicnt space between to enable them to insert their 
 extended beaks into the leaves. In a few days these insects 
 multi|)ly enormously, their black bodies covering not oidv the 
 under side of I lie leaves but also the leaf-stalks, arid cluster- 
 ing about thc! stems and gi-ecn heads of the young fruit, while 
 swarms of flies and other insects, attracted by the sweet exu- 
 dations iVom tlu! bodies of the lice, keep u|) a constant hum 
 and bu// around tlu; iid'csted trees. 
 
 'rh(> presence of these aphides in such numbers has the 
 
ATTACKING TIIK LEAVES. 
 
 217 
 
 effect of attraotiiii^ to the tree tlieir natural enemies, wliich 
 also multiply with <>;reat rapidity and make astouisiiiiig- havoc 
 among their defenecless victims. The lady-hirds and their 
 larvie, also the larviu of Syrphns Hies and hice-winu:; ilit's, many 
 of which are referred to under Xo. 57, appear in abundance 
 among them, tearing and devouring them with the greatest 
 ferocity, and usually within two or three weeks the armies 
 of lice are completely annihilated, and the leaves of the trees 
 ap[)ear clean again. I^ater in the season the lice appear a 
 second time, but occupy only the tender leaves at the ends of 
 the slioots, some of them usnallv I'emaininir ihere durinu: the 
 rest of the summer. On the aj)proacli of cold weather, males 
 are produced, and suhsecpiently a stock of eggs is placed by 
 the females about the base; of the buds and in tiie li^sures of 
 the bark of the branches, wdiere they remain unhatched until 
 the following sjiring. 
 
 These lice may be killed by thoroughly drenching them 
 with weak lye, strong .S()ai)suds, <tr tobacco-water, but what- 
 ever solution may be used it must come in contact with tlu> 
 lice in order to be elfectual ; (lij)ping the extremities of the 
 limbs in such solutions, where such a cour.se is ])racticable, will 
 quickly destroy them. 'I'he easiest i-emedy, however, is to aid 
 nature by introducing among the colonics a nundK-r of lady- 
 birds and other enemies, who at once set to work to devour 
 them with gi'eat vigor. A vt'rv nnuute Jclmeumon 11 v, a 
 species of Ai)hidius ( Trio.ri/ft rerdsjiliis l"'itch), is parasitic upon 
 these lice and di'stroys largo numbers of them. 
 
 the 
 
 No. 116.— The Ursula Butterfly. 
 
 Liincnilis uranla Fiihr. 
 
 This is a mediuni-si/ed but haudsonu^ butterfly, which is 
 soon on the wing during th(> months ol' fJuui' and July. It is 
 represented in b'ig. 22.'). Its wings arc of a blackisii brown 
 color glossed with ii bluish lint, and with thrc(\ tnarginal rows 
 of bluish crescents of varviui"' si/e. in the I'cmaic the inner 
 row is less marked, and each crescent is su|)p()rlc(l bcliind by 
 
 ■i>.liJti,...tury 
 
•218 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CIIERRV. 
 
 a (Iceji-oranuo patch or point. On the fore wings tliorc aro 
 several white spots towards the tip. The margins of both 
 wings are slightly cienate, the liollows being edged with 
 white. AVhen the wings are spread, they measure about three 
 inches across. 
 
 Tiie i'emale dej)osits her eggs on the leaves of the cherry, 
 both wild and cultivated, and occasionally also on those of 
 
 Fig. ::2:5 
 
 the apple and plum. The full-grown larva is about an inch 
 and a quarter long, of an olive-green color vari(\gated with 
 russet, white, re(ldish yellow, and ochreous, with two h)ng 
 reddish horns behind its head, and two tubercles on (>ach of 
 tiie other segments, all green excej)t those on the fifth seg- 
 ment, which are reddish. The chrysalis is I'ussety marked 
 M'ith white, is suspended by its tail, and has on the middle 
 of its back a curious and prominciut projection like a lloman 
 nose. Both the larva and thi; chrvsalis resemble that of 
 Jjhnen'dis disippm, Fig. 17<S. This insect is met with only 
 occasionally, an<l has never been re|)or(ed as destructive any- 
 where. It is found as i'ar north as the Province of Ontario 
 in Canada, but is mu»'h more common in the jNliddle and 
 JSouthern States. 
 
I 
 
 :s tliere are 
 lis of both 
 '<lj^od with 
 iljout thivo 
 
 tlie cherry, 
 1 those of 
 
 It an inch 
 itod with 
 
 two loilir 
 
 1 eacli of 
 fifth soiT- 
 
 inarlced 
 e middh? 
 > Ilomaii 
 
 that of 
 ith only 
 ive any- 
 
 Onfario 
 Idle and 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 219 
 
 No. 117.— The Cherry-tree Thecla. 
 Thecla titus Fa1)r. 
 
 This is a very pretty little butterfiy, bettor known as 
 Tliecla mopsns. (See Fig. 224.) It is of a dark-brown 
 color above, with a row of seven or 
 eight orangc-eolored spots near the 
 margin of the hind wings, which 
 are larger and more conspicnous on 
 the nnder than on the npper side. 
 The wings beneath are light brown, 
 with a row of deej) bnt bright 
 oi-ange spots near the hind margins 
 of both j)airs, an inner and more irregnlar row of small black 
 spots, encircled with white, and on the middle oi' the hind 
 wings two similar sj)ots, placed close toge'^her. In flight it is 
 active, bnt its movements are of a jerky natnrc. The wings 
 nieasnre, when expanded, an inch and a qnarter or more 
 across. 
 
 The caterpillar, which is fonnd feeding on cherry leaves 
 dnring the month of May, is a cnrions flat creatnre, re- 
 sembling a wood-lonse in ontline, of a dnll-green color, per- 
 vaded bv a vellowish tint. There is a i)atch of rose color on 
 the anterior segr»ients, and another larger one on the hinder 
 extremity. 
 
 The chrysalis is pale brown and glossy, with many small 
 dark-brown or blackish dots distribnted over the whole 
 surface, and thickly covered with very short brown hairs, 
 scarcely visible without a magnilying-lens. The butterfly 
 appears about the middle of July, and is very ])artial to the 
 flowers of the " butterfly- weed," Ascl<'j)i<ts tiiherosa, as well as 
 to those of the common milkweed, A.sr/cpids cnrnnti 
 
 Tills inscHit is never found in suiUcient abundance to be 
 injurious, but whenever met with it excites the curiosity of the 
 observer. 
 
 M 
 
220 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 No. 118.— The Cherry Bug. 
 
 Mefapodhis femorafus ( Fabr. ) . 
 
 Fig. 
 
 oor 
 
 This insect, wliich belongs to 
 the order Ilemiptera, is said to 
 injnre the fruit of the cherry 
 in the Western States by ])unc- 
 turing it with its bcalc and 
 sucUing the juices. It is rep- 
 resented in Fig. 225. It is 
 said to attack only the sweet 
 varieties of cherry. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICli 
 AFFECT THE CHERRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 The larva of the stag-beetle, No. 5, also that of the rough 
 Osniodernia, No. 8, occasic -ariy injure the roots of the ciierry, 
 but chiefly affect those trees which arc old and decaying. 
 
 ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 The apple-twig borer, No. 13 ; the imbricated snout-beetle, 
 No. 14; and the New York weevil, No. 100. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 The leaves of the cherry-tree suffer from all the following: 
 the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, No. 20; the forest tent-cutcr- 
 pillar. No. 21 ; the white-marked tussock-moth, No. 22 ; the 
 i-ed-humped apple-tree caterpillar, No. 24; the canker-worms, 
 Nos. 25 and 20 ; the fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia 
 emperor-moth. No. 28; the lurnus swallow-tail, No. 30; the 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 
 
 901 
 
 American lappf't-inotli, No. 33; the obliqvio-bancleJ leui- 
 loller, No. 35; the leaf-cnimpler, No. 37 ; tlie eye-spotted 
 hud-moth, No. 38 ; the luanv-tlotted apple-worm, No. 43 ; 
 the pahiier-worni. No. 44 ; the hag'-moth eaterpillar, No. 
 48; the saddle-back caterpillar, No. 49; the tarnished j>lant- 
 hiig, No. 71 ; the pear-tree slug, No. 75 ; the gray dagger- 
 moth, No. 84; the Di.sippus butterfly. No. 87; the blue- 
 .s[)angled peach-tree caterpillar, No. 102; the baskot-v/orin, 
 or bag-worm. No. 120; and the rose-beetle, No. 151. The 
 pear-tree blister-beetle, No. 73, devours the blossoms as well 
 as the young leaves. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FIIUIT. 
 
 The plum curoulio, No. 94, affects the fruit to an alarming 
 extent in many sections, and, since the cherries do not drop 
 i'rom the trees as the plums do, from the injuries caused by 
 this insect, the extent of its depredations is not easily ascer- 
 tained. Tt is not unusual to find a considerable proportion 
 of the ripe cherries in the markets containing the larva of 
 this curculio, nearly full grown. 
 
T^ 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. 
 
 ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 
 
 No. 119.— The Quince Scale. 
 
 Aspidiolus cijdunice Coinstock. 
 
 This scale is found on the qiiince-troe in Florida. It is 
 of a gray color, somewhat transparent, very convex in form, 
 and about six-hundredths of an inch in diameter. Where it 
 is found injurious, it may be removed from the trunk and 
 limbs with a stilf brush dipped in a strong solution of soap. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 «. 
 
 No. 120. — The Basket-worm, or Bag-worm. 
 
 'Thyridopleryx cjihcmcraiformis (Haworth). 
 
 During the winter the curious weather-beaten bags of this 
 insect may be seen hanging from many diiferent sorts of 
 trees, both evergreen and deciduous. In the latter class they 
 are found on the quince, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, elm, 
 maple, locust, and linden, and in the former on arbor-vita.', 
 Norway sjuuce, and red cedar. If a number of these bags 
 are gathered in the winter and cut open, many of them will be 
 found empty, but the greater portion will be seen to present 
 the appearance shown at e in Fig. 22G, being in fact partly 
 full of soft, yellow eggs. Those which do not contain eggs 
 are male bags, md the empty chrysalis skin of the male is 
 generally found protruding from the lower end. 
 
 The eggs are soft, opaque, obovate in form, about one- 
 twentieth of an inch long, and surrounded by more or less 
 2*22 
 
ATTACK I X(i THE I.KAVES. 
 
 22;} 
 
 fawn-oolorcd silUv down ; thev liatdi <lurini>; Mav ov carlv 
 ill JuiK'. 
 
 'J'lie vouny; larvtc arc of a brown color ; tluv arc vcrv 
 active, tunl begin at once to make tor themselves coverings of 
 sillv, to wliicli they fasten bits of the leaves of the tree on 
 which they are feeding, forming small cones, as -howii at// 
 ill the ligurc. As the larvfe grow, they increase the size of 
 their enclosures or bags from the bottom, until they become 
 so large and heavy that they hang instead of remaining 
 
 Fifi. 2'J(;. 
 
 bags 
 
 upright, as at first. By the end of Julj' the caterpillars 
 become full grown, wiien they appear as shown at f, Fig. 
 22G, -where the larva is seen with its liead and a jiortion of 
 its anterior segments ])rotru(lod from the bag. When taken 
 out of the enclosure at this stage, it presents the appearance 
 shown at a in 'the figure, that portion of the body which has 
 been covered by the bag being soft, and of a dull-brownish 
 color, inclining to red at the sides, while the three anterior 
 segments, which are exj)osed when the insect is feeding or 
 travelling, are horny and mottled with black and white. 
 The small, fleshy prolcgs on the middle and liindcr segments 
 are fringed with numerous hooks, by which the larva is 
 
 ^.^^■r.^../.-. 
 
w 
 
 224 
 
 lySECTS ISJURIOIS TO THE quiNVJ-:. 
 
 onahl'jd to clinfj; to the silUcn liiiiiii.'' of its hair mikI ihwa: it 
 aloiii;- wlierever it <i;oos. TIk' outer surface of the haii; is 
 rough and irregular from th(i ))rotrii(liiig poi'tion.s of the 
 stems and leaves which are wovi'ii into it. Durinj; their 
 growth tliese catei-|)i]lars are slow travellers, seldom leaving 
 the tree on which tli(>y were hatched ; hnt when ahoiit full 
 grown thev become much more active, and often lower them- 
 selves to the ground by silken threads, and slowly wander 
 from place to {)lace. 
 
 \\'heii about to change to chrvsalids, they fasten their bags 
 securely to the twigs of the trees ovi which they hai)i)i'n to l)c, 
 and then underti^o their chau're. The male chrvsalis, shown at 
 b, Fig. 220, is nnich smaller than the female, which is seen 
 Avitliin the bag at e. 
 
 The female moth is wingless, and never leaves the bag, but 
 works her wav to its lower orifice, and there awaits the attend- 
 ance of the male. She is not only without wings, but is de>- 
 titute of legs also ; in short, she seems to be nothing more than 
 a yellowish bag of eggs with a ring of soft, pale-brown, silky 
 hair near the tail. She is represented at c in the figure. The 
 male [d, Fig. 226) has transparent wings and a black body, ami 
 is very active on the wing during the warmer ],ortions of the 
 <lay. After pairitig, the female deposits her eggs, intermingled 
 with fawn-colored dowm, within the empty pupa-case, and 
 when this task is completed she works her way out of the 
 case, drops exhausted to the ground, and dies. 
 
 The bag-worm is a Southern rather than a Northern insect, 
 although it is found as far north as New Jersey and New 
 York, t.'id' occasionally in Massachusetts ; it is extremely loctil 
 in its chars -'ter, often abounding in one jxirticular neighbor- 
 hood li'id totally unknown a few miles away. Where they 
 occur in abundance they often almost entirely defoliate the 
 trees they attack ; this, however, may be easily prevented 
 by gathering the cases which contain the eggs for the next 
 brood during the wintei" and destroying them. There are 
 two species of Ichneumon wliich attack the bag-worm : one of 
 
 ■ineasBBMHapi 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 •117y 
 
 tliem, Cn/ptiis inqniaitor (Say) {¥h^. 227), is about two iiftlisof 
 ail inch ]()n<^, tlie other, IlemiUirn thi/ridoptrri/.c RUvy, is about 
 (iiie-tliircl of an inch loiij:;; tlie male is shown in Fig. 228, 
 the female in Fig. 229, both magnified. Five or six of this 
 
 Vui. 221 
 
 Fig. '228. 
 
 Fig. 22!). 
 
 Fig. 2:^,0. 
 
 latter species will sometimes occujn' the body of a single 
 caterpillar. After destroying their victim they spin for them- 
 selves tongh, white, silken cocoons within the bag, a section 
 
 of which is shown in Fig. 230. 
 
 Fia. 2.11. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 No. 121. — The Quince Curculio. 
 
 Conotrachelus cnthviji Walsli. 
 
 This is a broad-shouldered snout-beetle, larger than the 
 plum curculio, No. 94, and has a longer snout ; in Fig. 2ol, a 
 shows a side view of the in.sect, b a back view. It is of an 
 ash-gray color, mottled with ochre-yel- 
 low and whitish, with a dusky almost 
 triangular spot at the l)ase of the 
 thorax above, and seven narrow longi- 
 tudinal elevations on the wing-covers, 
 with two row's of dots between etu'h. 
 It is an indigenous insect, having its 
 iiome in the wild liaws, in which it is 
 frequently found, but it is also very 
 
 injurious to the quince. It appears during the month of 
 June, and punctures the young fruit, making a cylindrical 
 
22G 
 
 INSKCrS INJURlOiS TO THE QUIXCE. 
 
 hole a little lar<i;ei* tlitiii is siiflicient to admit the e^t!:, mid 
 onhirged at the base. Within this rece[)taele the egg is 
 placed, and hatches there in a few days. The larva does 
 not penetrate to the core, but burrows in the fruit near the 
 surface; it resenil)les the larva of the plmn cureulio in ap- 
 pearance, but is somewhat larger, and has a narrow dusky 
 line down the bacU. In about a month it becomes full 
 grown, when it leaves the fruit through a cylindrical opening 
 and buries itself two or three Inches in the ground, where ii 
 remains during the autunui, winter, and early spring months 
 without change. It becomes a chrysalis early in May, and 
 assumes the beetle Ibrm a few days aftcrwarils. The beetle 
 also feeds on the quince, burying itself completely in the 
 substance of the fruit; it oceasicmally attacks the pear. 
 
 Where these beetles prove destructive they may be collected 
 by jarring, as recommended for the plum curcnlio; and care 
 should be taken to destroy all the fruit which falls prema- 
 turely to the ground. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 AFFECT THE QUINCE. 
 
 ATTACKING TIIK TRUNK. 
 The round-headed apple-tree borer, No. 2. 
 
 ATTACKIN(i TIIK liEAVKS. 
 
 The leaf-crumplf'r, No. .'J7 ; the tarnished plant-bug, No. 
 71 ; and the |)ear-tree slug, No. 75. The jjcar-trec blister- 
 beetle, No. 73, eats both the (lowers and the leaves. 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GHAPE. 
 
 ATTACKING THE EOOTS. 
 
 No. 122. — The Broad-necked Prionus. 
 
 Prionus laticolUs (Drurj'). 
 
 This is a gigtintic borer (Fij^. 232), iVoin two aiul ti half to 
 three inches in length, of a yellowish-wliito color, with a 
 
 FiQ. 232. 
 
 Hhiall, horny, reddish-brown head, and a bluish line down the 
 bacU, whi( h cuts for itself a cylindrical hole through the 
 centre of the i-oot of the vine, a little below the surface; and 
 wlien till! root is barely Itirge enough to contain the larva, 
 nothing but a thin skin of l.)ark is left, but this is always 
 ibund entire, so that the inse(;t cannot be easily discovered, 
 it is prcbable that it lives in the larval state about three 
 years, and that it changes to a chrysalis (i'^'g. 233) within tiio 
 root towards the end of Jun<'. 
 
 Tlie beetle a|)|)ear~ about ■'< middle of July, and is known 
 as the Broad-necked Prioiuis. i''ig. 234 represents the fiMuale, 
 whieij measures from an inch and a (|UMrter to an inch and 
 three-quarters in length, and is of a brownish-bhu'k color, with 
 strong, thick jaws; the antenna* are rather slender; the tliorax 
 is short and wide and armed at tln' sides with three teeth. Th(3 
 wing-covers iiave three slightly-elevated lines on each, and 
 
 227 
 
 uiA 
 
 IMIiMiUUIAI 
 
i^ 
 
 228 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 arc thickly punctated. In the male the body is shorter, 
 wliile tlie antenna; are longer, stouter, and toothed. 
 
 Little or nothing can be done in the way of extirjiating 
 these under-ground borers, as their ])resence is seldom suspected 
 
 Fuj. 2:53. 
 
 FiQ. '2.34. 
 
 until the vine becomes sickly, or dies from the injuries they 
 have cause(;. Where grape-vines die suddenly I'rom any 
 uid\no\vn cause, the roots should be carefully examined, and 
 if evidences of the pi'esence of thi>J borer are discovereil, it 
 should be searched for and destroyed. 
 
 No. 123.— The Tilo-horned Prioims. 
 
 Prionus imhricornis (Linn.). 
 
 Tlie larva of this beetle, a species closely allied to No. 1!?2, 
 lias also been found devouring the roots of the grapi viu •. 
 The larvie of theiiC two species resemble each other so cIoscIn 
 that they are almost indistinguishable. When lull grown, 
 the borer collects together a few fibres and chips of the roots, 
 and with th(> aid of these constructs a loose cocoon, within 
 which it chmigcs to a jjupa almost identical with that of 
 i\o. 122. (See Fig. 2^1) 
 
 Tliis beetle, which is represented in Fig. 2135, is ciir'^d the 
 Tile-iiorncd Prionus because the Joints of the anteniir: •'* he 
 
 "::^ 
 
 ail 
 
I 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 229 
 
 male overlap one another like tilts on a roof. It is verv 
 similar in appearance to the l)roa(l-uecke(l prionus, but the 
 two species may be distinonished by the diiVerence in the 
 
 Fig. 235. 
 
 number of the joints in their antenna) : in hnh)-icnr)ii-i the 
 niale lias about nineteen joints, and the female about sixteen, 
 while in IdficnUii-' both sexes have twelve-jointed antennie. 
 Any remedial measures useful for one species will be equally 
 applicable to the other. 
 
 No. 124. — The Grape-vine Root-borer. 
 
 ACf/eria polisli/onnis Harris. 
 This lavva resenddes that of the peach-tree borer, No. 1)7, 
 in appearance and habits, but is a little lari2;er in si/e. The 
 larvjc of the Prionus beetles have only six le<is, while this 
 Ki^crian larva, in common with most lepidopterous insects, 
 has sixteen legs, — six horny ones 
 on the anterior sen'inents, and ten 
 lleshy or mend)i'anoiis (Mies on tlu; 
 hinder sr<>;ments, — and when full 
 jUrown it measures from an inch to 
 
 an inch ami a half in lennth. (See Fit?. 2.'^().) Tt live."? ex- 
 clusively under ground, and consumes the barU and sap-wood 
 y\{' the grape-roots, eating irregular furrows into th(>ir sub- 
 
 Fro. 2;l(l. 
 
 Ifll 
 
230 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fig. 2:57. 
 
 stance; sometimes it eats tlie bark, and at other times works 
 its way under the surface. 
 
 When full jj^rown, the larva forms a pod-like cocoon of 
 a gummy sort of silk, covered with little bits of wood, bark, 
 and earth, and situated within or adjacent to the injured root. 
 Within this it chauiies to a brown chrysalis, which, when 
 matiu'e, works itself out of the cocoon bv means of minute 
 
 teeth, with which the segments 
 are armed, and thence to the 
 surface of the gromid, when the 
 |)erfect insect escaj)es. Fig. 237 
 shows the cocoon with the chrys- 
 alis j)artly protruding from it 
 and the newly-escaped moth 
 resting on it. 
 
 The moth resembles a wasp in a])pearan(!e, and in the noise 
 it makes during its flight. The female is shown in Fig. 238. 
 The antemire are simjde and black, the body of a brownish- 
 l)lack color, marked with orange or tawny yellow. There 
 's a bright-yellow band on the base of the second segment 
 of its abdomen, and usually a second one on tiio fourth 
 joint, but sometimes thi^ latter is wanting; near the tip of 
 the abdomen below there is a short pencil of tawny orange 
 hairs on q\\v\\ side. The fore wings are brownish black, with 
 a more or less distinct clear patcli at the base ; the hind wings 
 transpai'ent, with the veins, the terminal edge, and the fringe 
 brownish black. In the male (Fig. 239) tiie antennre arc 
 tooth, (1, excej)t for a short distance near the tip; the thorax 
 and abdomen are darker in color, and in addition to the 
 short pcMicils of orange hairs on the abdomen below, there 
 are two longer ones above. The wings, when expanded, 
 measure from an inch to an incli and a half across. The 
 moth apjK'ars during vVugust. 
 
 The f< niah^ is salil to deposit her eggs on the collar of the 
 grape-vine, close; to the (>arlh, and the yoinig larva\ as soon 
 as hatcihed, descend to the roots. 
 
A'JTACKLXG TlIK HOOTS. 
 
 231 
 
 This insect inhabits the Middle, Western, and some of the 
 Southern States. It is said to have been exceedingly destructive 
 ill North Carolina both to wild and cultivated grapes, and is 
 reported as injurious also in Kentucky. The moth is found 
 in the South from the latter part of June until September. 
 
 It is stated that the Scuppernong grape, a variety of the fox- 
 Lii-ape, T7^/6' vulpina, is never attacked by this borer; if this 
 
 Fro. 238. 
 
 Fig. '239. 
 
 be so, its ravages may be prevented by grafting other vines on 
 roots of tlie Scuppernong. When it has been ascertained that 
 the boi'crs are at work on a vino, the earth diould be (bleared 
 away from above the roots and the invaders searched for and 
 destroyed ; hot water aj)plied about the roots is said to kill 
 them. As a preventive measure, mounding the vines, as 
 recommended for ])each-trecs, under the head of the peach- 
 tree borer, No. 97, would probably be beneficial. 
 
 No. 125. — The Grape Phylloxera. 
 
 Phj/Ilnxera vastntrix Pliiticlion. 
 
 This tiny foe to the grape-vine has attained great celebrity 
 during the past few years, and miuili attention has been piiid 
 to the study of its life-history and Iribits, in the lio|)(' of 
 devising some practical measures for its extermination. The 
 destruction it has occasioned in 1^^'aiice has been so great that 
 it has become a national calamity, which tlu! government has 
 ap|>(>inted special agents to iiuiuire into; large sums of money 
 have also been olfered as jiri/es to be given to any one who 
 
232 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 shall discover an efficient remedy for this insijct |)e8t. At the 
 same time it has made ahirniing progress in Portugal, also 
 in Switzerland and in some parts of Germany, and among 
 vines nnder glass in England. It is a native of America, 
 ■whence it lias doubtless been carried to France; it is common 
 thronghoutthe greater portion of the United States and in one 
 of its forms in Canada; but our native grape-vines seem to 
 endure the attacks of the insect nnich better than do those of 
 KnroiJC. llecently it has appeared on the Pacific slope, in the 
 fertile vineyards of California, where the European varieties 
 are largely cultivated, and hence its introduction there will 
 probably [)rove disastrous to grape-culture. 
 
 This insect is found in two different forms: in one instance 
 on the leaf, where it produt^es greenish-red or yellow galls of 
 vai'ious shapes and sizes, and is known as the type Gal/ax'ola, 
 or gall-inhabiting; in the other and more destructive form, on 
 the root, known as the type Radleicola, or root-inhabiting, 
 causing at first swellings on the young rootlets, followed by 
 decay, which gradually extends to the larger roots as the 
 insects congregate u|)on them. These two forms will Ibr 
 convenience be treated together, a slight departure from the 
 general plan of this work. 
 
 The lirst reference made to the gall-producing form was by 
 Dr. Fitch in 1854, in tlu' "Transactions of the New York 
 State Agricultural Society," where he described it under the 
 name of Feiiiphigas vHifuHiv. I'^arly in June there ai)|)ear 
 upon the vine leaves small globular or cup-shajied galls of 
 varying sizes. A section of on(! of these is shown at f/, Fig. 
 241 ; th(wareof a greenish-red or yellow color, with their outer 
 surfac;e somewhat uneven and woolly. Fig. 240 represents a 
 leaf badly iid'estcd with these galls. On o|)cning one of the 
 freshly-formed galls, it will be found to contain from one to 
 four orange-colored lice, many v :y nniuiti', sliining, oval, 
 whitish eggs, and usually a considerable nund)er of young 
 lice, not nuich larger than the eggs, and of the same color. 
 Soon the gall becomes over-))opulated, and the surplus lice 
 
ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 •233 
 
 wander oil' tlirougli its j)artly-()pcne{l mouth on the upper 
 hide of the lent", anil establish themselves either on the same 
 leaf or on adjoining young leaves, wlu!re the irritation oe- 
 casioned hy their punetures eauses tlie formation of nrw galls, 
 within whieh the liee remain, .\fter a time the older lice 
 die, and the galls wlfuh they have inhal)ited open out and 
 gradually become flattened and almost ol)literateil ; hence it 
 may happen that the galls on the older leaves on a vine will 
 
 Fi(i. 240. 
 
 K^. 
 
 M 
 
 
 ■J^.^ 
 
 t0^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 be empty, while those on the younger ones are swarming with 
 occupants. 
 
 Tho'se galls are very common on the Clinton grape and other 
 varieties of the same type, and are also found to a greater or 
 less extent on most other culli\ate(l sorts. TJiey sometimes 
 occur in such abundance as (o cause the leaves to turn briwu 
 and drop to tlu; ground ; and instances ai'e recorded where 
 vines have been defoliated from this cause. 'J'he nnndxT 
 of eiro's iu a simile ijall will vnrv from (iftv to foui' or live 
 hundred, according to its si/,e. There are sevei'al genera- 
 tions of the lice during the season, and they continue to 
 extend the sphere of tJK'ir operations throughout the greater 
 j)art of the suujincr. liHtc in the scii^oii, as the leaves become 
 
 KdMMM 
 
234 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Gil APE. 
 
 less succulent, the lice seek other quarters, niul many of them 
 find tlieir way to the roots of the vines and ''stablisii them- 
 selves on the smaller rootlets. By the end of September the 
 galls are usually deserted. In Fig. 241 we have this type 
 
 Fig. 241. 
 
 i: 
 
 of the insect illustrated : a shows a front view of the young 
 louse, and b a back view of the same, c the egg, d a section 
 of one of the galls, e a swollen tendril,/, rj, h, mature egg- 
 bearing gall-lice, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, l antenna>, 
 and J the two-jointed tarsus. 
 
 When on the roots, the lice subsist also by suction, and their 
 punctures result in abnormal swellings on the young rootlets, 
 as shown at a in Fig. 242. These eventually decay, and this 
 decay is not confined to the swollen portions, but involves the 
 adjacent tissue, and thus the insects are induced to betake 
 themselves to fresh jiortions of the living roots, until at last 
 the larger ones become involved, and they, too, literally waste 
 away. 
 
 In Fig. 242 we have the root-inhabiting type, Radicicola, 
 illustrated: a, roots of Clinton vine, showing swellings; h, 
 young louse, as it appears when ' ibernating; c, r/, antomiie 
 and leg of same ; e, f, g, reprcf ent the more mature lice. 
 
ATTACKISG THE ROOTS. 
 
 2:35 
 
 It is also further illustrated in Fig. 243, where a shows a 
 healthy root, b one on which the lice are workinj^, c a root 
 which is decaying and has been tleserted by them ; (J,d,d, in- 
 dicate how the lice are found on the larger roots; e represents 
 the female pupa, seen from above, / the same from below, f/ 
 winged female, dorsal view, h the same, ventral view, I the 
 antennje of the winged insect, and j the wingless female, lay- 
 ing eggs on the roots; Ic indicates how the punctures of the 
 lice cause the larger roots to rot. Most of these figures are 
 
 Fig 242. 
 
 highly magnified, the short lines or dots at the side showing 
 the natural size. 
 
 During the first year of the insect's presence the outward 
 manifestations of the disease are very slight, although the 
 fibrous roots may at this time be covered with the little swell- 
 ings; but, if the attack is severe, the second year the leaves 
 assume a sickly yellowish cast, and the usual vigorous yearly 
 growth of cane is much reduced. In course of time the vino 
 usually dies; but, before this takes place, the lice, having little 
 or no healthy tissue to work on, leave the dying vine and seek 
 for food elsewhere, either wandering under ground among 
 the interlacing roots of adjacent vines, or crawling over the 
 
236 
 
 IS SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 siirtUce of the irroiuid in search of more congenial ([uarter.s. 
 During the winter many of theni remain torpid, and at that 
 season they assnnie a (hill-brownisli (joloi, so like that of tlie 
 
ATTACKIXG THE ROOTS. 
 
 23< 
 
 these ogt^s liatcli, and the young one.s shortly beeomc eirg-laying 
 mothers like the first, and, like them, also remain wingless. 
 After several generations of these egg-bearing liee have l)een 
 produeed, a number of individuals about the middle of sum- 
 mer aequire wings. Tliese also are all females, and they 
 issue from the ground, and, rising in the air, liy, or are carried 
 with the wind, to neighboring vineyards, where they deposit 
 eggs on the under side of the leaves among their downy 
 liairs, beneatii the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, 
 or in crevices of the ground about the base of the vine. 
 Occasionally individual root-lice abandon their underground 
 habits and I'orni galls on the leaves. 
 
 The complete life-history of this insect is extremely inter- 
 esting and curious, and those desiring further information as 
 to the ditferent modifications of form assumed bv the insect in 
 the course of its development will find it given with much 
 minuteness of detail in the fifth, sixth, seventh; and eighth 
 "Reports on the Insects of Missouri," by C. Y. Riley. 
 
 lioncdies. — This is an extremely diflicudt insect to subdue, 
 and various means for the purpose have been suggested, none 
 of which appear to be entirely satisfactory. Flooding the 
 vineyards, wdiere practicable, seems to be more successful than 
 any other measure, but the submergence must be total and 
 prolonged to the extent of from twenty-five to thirty days; 
 it should be undertaken in September or October, when it is 
 said that the root-lice will be drowned and the vines come 
 out uninjured. 
 
 Bisulphide of carbon is stated by some to be an efficient 
 remedv ; it is introduced into the soil bv means of an auger 
 with a hollow shank, into which this liquid is poured ; several 
 holes are made about each vine, and two or three ounces are 
 poured into each hole. Beiii^ ' :<.tremely offensive in odor 
 and very volatile, its vai)or permeates the soil in every direc- 
 tion, and is said to kill the lice without injuring the vines. 
 This su' jtance should be handled with caution, as its vapor 
 is very inflammable and explosive. Alkaline stdpho-carbon- 
 
T^ 
 
 238 
 
 INSECTS INJVRIOVS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 ates are also recomiiienclcd ; those are gradually decomposed 
 in the soil and give oflf sulphuretted hydrogen and bisulphide 
 of carbon. Carbolic aeid mixed with water, in the propor- 
 ticm of one ])art of the acid to fifty or one hundred parts of 
 water, has also been used with advantage, })oured into two or 
 three holes made around the base of each vine with an iron 
 bar to the deptli of a foot or more. Soot is also recommendcMJ 
 to be strewed around the vines. 
 
 It is stated that the insect is let ..jurious to vines grown 
 on sandy soil, also to those grown on lands impregnated with 
 salt. 
 
 Since large numbers of these insects, both winged and 
 wingless, are known to crawl over the surface of the grountl 
 in August and September, it has been suggested to sprinkle 
 the ground about the vines at this period with quicklime, 
 ashes, sulphur, salt, or other substances destructive to insect 
 life. The application f)f fertilizers rich in jjotash and annno- 
 nia, such as ashes mixed Vvith stable-manure or sal ammo- 
 niac, has been found useful. A simple remedy for the gall- 
 inhabiting type is to pluck the le;r as soon as the galls 
 ap})ear and destroy them. 
 
 Several species of predaceous insects prey on this louse. 
 A black species of Thrips with white-fringed wings [Thrips 
 pliyUo.vene Kiley, see Fig. 244) de})osits its eggs within the 
 
 gall, which when hatched 
 produce larvae of a blood- 
 ///l'///lM0^i^-- red color, which i)lav sad 
 -'^^ havoc among the lice. 
 The larva of a Syrphus 
 fly, F'lpiza radicum, which 
 feeds on the root-louse of 
 the apple (see Fig. 2), has 
 also been found attacking 
 the Phylloxera. Another 
 useful friend is a small mite {Tyroghjphus phyltoxenv P. & 
 li., see Fig. 245), which devours the lice; and associated with 
 
 Fig. 244. 
 
ATTACK I XG THE ROOTS. 
 
 2:39 
 
 this is sometimes fouiul anotlier species {Ifop/ophora ardaia 
 Kiley) of II very curious form, remiiuliiig one «»f :i imisscl. 
 Fill:. 24G represents this insect in ilitferent attitmlfs, lii^^hiy 
 inatriiified. 
 
 The giill-inhabitini^ type is very subject to the attacks of a 
 small two-winged fly, Dlplo,sis yrassator Fyles, which deposits 
 
 Fi . -IA: 
 
 
 its eggs either in the gall or at its entrance, from which the 
 larva is soon produced. This, although destitute of legs, is 
 very active, and, groping about in the interior of the gall, 
 seizes on the young lice soon after they are hatched and sucks 
 them dry. It does not appear at first to attack the parent lice; 
 
 Pig. 24G. 
 
 the tender progeny are more to its liking, and these are 
 produced in sufficient numbers to furnish it with a constant 
 supply of fresh food. In some instances one larva, in others 
 two are found in a single gall, and as they increase in size 
 they devour the lice very rapidly, and before changing to the 
 
2iU 
 
 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fio. 247. 
 
 chrysalis state clear the ga'l entirely of" its contents. The 
 larva (Fig. 247, a) is about one-tenth of an inch long, of a pale 
 
 pinkish-yellow color, glossy 
 and semi-trans^ irent, with a 
 (lark line down the back on 
 the two anterior and some 
 of the i)osterior segments. 
 On the terminal segment 
 there are two short, fleshy 
 horns united by a slight 
 ridge; the horns are tipped 
 with brownish black, and 
 have a minute cluster of 
 spines at their sun)mit. 
 
 The chrysalis, shown at h 
 in the figure, is a little less 
 than one-tenth of an inch in 
 length, of a reddish-brown 
 color, with a few short hairs scattered over its surfate, and 
 two blackish horns united by a ridge near the hinder extremity. 
 Both the chrysalis and the larva are magnified. 
 
 The ]HM"fect insect escapes in about a fortnight after the 
 chrysalis is foi-med. Jt is a very pretty little two-winged fly, 
 shown iiMich magnified at c in the figure, and of its natural 
 size at d. 
 
 The Phylloxei'a is also preyed on by the larva of a dull- 
 colored lady-bird, a species of Scymnus, by several other 
 species of the lady-bird family, and by the larviu of the lace- 
 wing ilies referred to under No. 57. 
 
 To guard against its introduction into new vineyards, the 
 roots of young vines should be(!arefully exiunined before being 
 planted, and if knots and lice are foinid upon them these 
 latter may be destroyed by immersing the roots in hot soap- 
 suds or tobaci'o-watcr. 
 
 Our native Americiui vines are found to withstand (he 
 attacks of this insect much better than do those of Kuro|)eaii 
 
ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 241 
 
 ori<2;in ; lience by grat'tiiit; the more susfeptiblo varieties on 
 these hardier sorts, the ill efFeets nroducod bv the lice inav in 
 some measure be counteracted. The roots recommended to be 
 used as stocks are those of Concord, Clinton, llerbemont, Cun- 
 ningham, Norton's Virginia, Kentz, Cynthiana, and Taylor. 
 The Clinton, one of the varieties reeomm Mided, is particularly 
 liable to the attaei<s of the gall-producing type of Phylloxera, 
 but the lice are seldom found to any great extent on its roots, 
 and the vine is so vigorous a grower that a slight attack would 
 not ])r()duee any perceptible injury. 
 
 ATTACKING THE BEANOHES. 
 
 No. 126. — The Grape-vine Bark-louse. 
 
 Pah)inaria iinninwrdhilis liutlivoii. 
 
 Durinj; the month of June there are .sometimes foiuid on 
 th'j branches of the grape-vine, brown, hemispherical scales, 
 from under one end of which there protrudes 
 a cotton-like sub.stance, which increases in 
 size until the bco;inning of July, bv which 
 time it has beeonu; a mass about foiu* times 
 as large as the scale, (See Fig. 2-18.) This 
 cottony niiitter contains the q\i;'j:,^ of (he in- 
 sect, :uid very soon there issue iVom it miimt(^, 
 oval, yellowish-white lice, which distribute 
 themselves over the branches, to which 
 tiiey attach themselves, and shortly become 
 stationary, sucking the juices. This species 
 is bebeved to be (he sauK; as the I{;uro[)ean 
 scale-insect of the vine. These scales are 
 not usually found in any great al)undanee, 
 and may be readily scraped oil' with a knife 
 or other suitabhi instrument, whlcih should 
 be done before the young liee escape. 
 
 It] 
 
242 
 
 JASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 No. 127. — The Four-spotted Spittle-insect. 
 
 Aphropliora Ji.-notala Say. 
 
 OccasioiuvUy there appear upon the brandies in June spots 
 
 of wliite, frotliy matter, resembling spittle, embedded in whieli 
 
 is found a soft, pale, wingless inseet, which punctures the barU 
 
 and sucks the juices from the branch, at the same time secreting 
 
 ovf^r and around itself this s])ittle-like covering. The perfect 
 
 or winged insect (see Fig. 249) is a flattened tree-hopper of a 
 
 brown color -v .lich occurs upon the vines in the early 
 
 Fin. 249. part of July. It is -ibout three-tenths of an inch 
 
 \f:^ '<"^g5 'fs Aving-cover, .-e brown, with a blackish s[)ot 
 
 'i^^l '^'' ^''^' ^'1^' "^ second one on the middle of the outer 
 
 'W^ jiiiirgin, and a third one at the base, with the spaces 
 
 between the spots whitish. Should tiiis insect at any time 
 
 prove injurious, it may be easily destroyed by tlie hand while 
 
 in the soft, wingless form enclo.sed in its frothy covering. 
 
 No. 128, — Signoret's Spittle-insect. 
 
 Aphroi^hora Sif/iwreli Fitch. 
 
 This is an insect very similar in habits and appe; 'ance to 
 No. 127, surrounding itself while in the soft or larval condi- 
 tion with the same sort of frothy mass. W'^hen perfect, it is 
 a litthi more than three tenths of an inch long, of a tawny- 
 brown color clouded with dull white, :>.!'.d thickly punctated 
 with black dots. The wing-covers have on their inner n>argin, 
 near the tij), a small white spot, and another larger one o|»po- 
 site this on the outer margin ; but the wings are not spotted 
 with black as in No. 127. 
 
 No. 129.— The Two-spotted Tree-hopper. 
 
 Eilf/iciinptt hinolaitt (Siiv), 
 
 This is a sniad Init vciy odd-looking brown ins(H't, \vith two 
 yellowish spots on (he edge of the back, and i |vrolongation 
 ill front like the beak of u bird. Jt sometimes |)uncturos the 
 
ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 243 
 
 or 
 
 tender steins of the grape, eausing them to wilt and turn 
 l)ro\vn. Wliile this tree-hopj)er is occasionally found on tlie 
 vine, it is much more common on the red-hud, Cercis ; but 
 its favorite home is on the wafer-ash, Ptelea trifoUatd. 
 
 No. 130. — The Red-shouldered Sinoxylon. 
 
 Sinvxijlon basilar e (Siiy), 
 
 The ku'va of this insect (Fig. 250, a) bores into the stems 
 of grape-vines, and sometimes also into the branches and 
 trunks of aj)ple and peach 
 
 trees. It is a yellowish, ^^"^^ '^■^'^• 
 
 wrinkled grub, about three- 
 tenths of an inch long, with 
 the anterior segments swol- 
 len, the liead small, and 
 the body arched or bent. 
 
 The chrysalis (Fi^. 2;')(), 
 h) is of a pale-yellowish 
 color, and is formed in the chambers mined l)y the lai'va. 
 
 Tlie beetle is shown in the figure :it <*. It is about one-fifth 
 of an inch long, black, with a large reddish sj)ot at the base 
 of each wing-cover. The thorax is punctated and armed 
 with short spines in front; the wing-covers arc roughemil 
 with dots, and ap|)ear as if cut oil'oblicjuely behind, the outer 
 edge of the cut portion being I'nrnishcd with three teeth on 
 each side. 
 
 The only method suggested for d(!stroying this insect is to 
 l)urn the wood infested by it. 
 
 No. 131. — The Grape-vine Wound-gall. 
 Vitis vulnus Ililoy. 
 
 This curious gall, which is represented in Fig. 251, is pro- 
 du(!ed by the Sesostris snout-beetle, Ainpclof/fi/jitcr kScsostris 
 (Lee). The be<>tle(Fig. 252) is about one-eighth of an inch 
 long, of a reddish-brown color, with n stout beak half as 
 long as its body. Tin; thorax is punclated, and the wing- 
 
 HMMM^dMMHI 
 
 riMiMgikJkM 
 
 L.. 
 
1 
 
 244 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fui. 2-51. 
 
 illl'l 
 
 iV 
 
 cases are polislied and glossy, without any markings. It 
 appears during the eai'ly })art of July, wlien the female punc- 
 tures the stem of the vine and de])osits an egg 
 tiierein, which shortly hatches, producing a tiny 
 whitish grub, wdiich lives within the swollen 
 ])art and feeds upon it. At first th(! gall is 
 small and inconspicuous, but towards the end of 
 the season it assumes the form of an elongated 
 knot or swelling, as shown in the figure; this is 
 generally situated immediately above or below a 
 joint. Usually there is a longitudinal depres- 
 ij >\ou on one side, div.'ding that j)ortion into tvn 
 prominences, which commonly have a i"osy tint. 
 Within the gall I lie larva remains until June 
 of the following year. ^\'hen full grown, it is 
 about a quarter of an inch long, 
 white, cylindrical, and footless, with 
 a larne yellowish head. During the 
 month of June it changes to a 
 cluysalis, from which the })crfect 
 beetle is produced in about a fort- 
 night. 
 
 These galls do not apjiear to injvU'e to any material extent 
 the branches on which they occur; shoidd thevcver multiply 
 BO as to become injurious, their increase may be readily checked 
 by culling off and burning those jjortions of the canes on which 
 they are situated, before tiie beetles escape. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 132. — The Green Grape-vine Sphinx. 
 
 Darapsn inj/roii (Cramer). 
 
 The lai'va of (his insect is one of the most (jommon and 
 destructive of the leaf-eating insects injurious to tiie grape. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 245 
 
 The first brood of the perfect or wiiioed insect appears from 
 tiie middle to tlie end of May, when the female deposits her 
 eggs on the under side of the leaves, generally placing them 
 singly, but sometimes in groups of two or three. The eggs 
 are nearly round, about one-twentieth of an inch long, a little 
 less in width, smooth, and of a pale yellowish-green color, 
 changing to reddish before hatching. 
 
 The young cater[)illar comes out of the egg in five or six 
 days, when it makes its first meal on a part of the empty egg- 
 
 Fi(i. 253. 
 
 In and 
 Igi'ape. 
 
 shell, and then attacks the softer portions of the grape-vine 
 leaves. When first hatclied, it is one-fifth of an inch long, 
 of a pale yellowish-green color, with a large head, aiul having 
 a long black horn near its posterior extremity, h;^f as long 
 as its bodv. As it increases in si/e, tlic iiorn becomes rela- 
 tivcly shorter and changes in color ; the markings of the larva 
 also vary considerably at each moult. AVhen full grown, it 
 presents the appearance shown in Fig. 253. It is then about 
 two inches long, with u rather small head of a ])ale-green 
 color dotted with yellow and with a pale-yellow strij)0 down 
 each si(l(i ; the body is green, of a slightly deeper shad(^ than 
 the head, and covered with small yellow dots or granulations ; 
 
 HMI 
 
24U 
 
 JiXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 along the sides of tlie body these granulations arc so arranged 
 as to form a series of seven oblique strij)es, extending back- 
 wards, and margined behind with a darker green. A white 
 lateral stripe with a dark-green margin extends from just 
 behind the head to the horn near the other extremity. Along 
 the back are a series of seven spots, varying in color from 
 ri'd to pale lilac, each set in a ])atch of })alc yellow. The 
 caudal horn is one-fifth of an inch long, and varies in color 
 from reddish to bluish green, granulated with black in front, 
 and sometimes yellow behind and at the tip. This larva 
 lias the power of drawing the head and next two segments 
 within the fourth and fifth, causing these latter to appear 
 much distended; the feet are red, the ])rolegs pale green. 
 tSome specimens, cspccitdly among those of the later brood, 
 will be found exhibiting remarkable variations in color; 
 instead of green they assume a delicate reddish-pink hue, with 
 markings of darker shades of red and brown, which so ahcr 
 their appearance that they might at first sight be rcacliiy 
 taken lor a dilferent species; a careful comparison, howevei', 
 will show the same arrangement of dots and spots as in the 
 normal form. 
 
 When full grown, the larva descends from the vine and 
 draws a few leaves looselv together, binding them with silken 
 threads, usually about or near the base of the vine on which 
 
 it has l(>d, and within this 
 
 rude structure changes to a 
 
 chrysalis (see Fig. 251) of a 
 
 j)al(>-brown coloi', dotted and 
 
 streaked with a darker shade, 
 
 and with a row ol" oval dark- 
 
 bi'own spots along eacrh side. 
 
 The moths from this first brood of larvic usually appear 
 
 during the latter ])art of July, when they deposit eggs for a 
 
 seevnd brood wliich mature late in September, pass the winter 
 
 in tiie j)U[)a stale, and emerge as moths in the following ]\Iay. 
 
 The wings oi' this insect, when fully expanded, measme 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 247 
 
 about two and a half inches aorofis, their form being h)ng and 
 narrow, as shown in Fiji;. "JoO. The fore winj^.s arc of a dai'lc 
 olive-green color, crossed by bands and streaks of greenish 
 gray, and shaded on the outer margin with tlie same hue. 
 The hind wings an; dull red, with a patch of greenish gi'ay 
 next the body, shading gradually into the surrounding color. 
 On the under side the red ajipears on the f )re wings, the hinder 
 pair being greenish gray. The antenufcare dull white al)ove, 
 rosy below, head and shotdder-covers deej) olivc-grctn, (he 
 
 Fig. 2r.o, 
 
 rest of the body of a paler shade of green; underneath the 
 body is dull gray. 
 
 This moth rests quietly during the day, tahing wing at 
 dusk, when it is extremely active ; its flight is very swift and 
 strong, and as it darts suddenly from flower to flower, rapidly 
 vibrating its wings, remaining j)oised in the air over the 
 obje(!ts of its search, while the long, sl(Mulor tongue is in- 
 serted and the sweets extracted, it reminds one strongly of a 
 humming-bird. 
 
 The caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of the 
 vino, being capable of consuming an enormous quantity 
 1)1" food; one or two of them, when nearly full grown, will 
 abnost strip a small vine; of its foliage in the coiii-sc of two 
 or ihree days. \\\ some districts tiiey are said to nip off the 
 stalks of (he half-grown clusters of gra[)es, so that they fall 
 lairipc! to the groiuid. 
 
« ' -A 
 
 248 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Remedies. — The readiest and most effectual method of dis- 
 posing of" these pests is to pick them off the vines and kill 
 them. They are easily found hy the denuded canes which 
 mark their course, or where the foliage is dense they may 
 be tracked by their large brown castings, 
 which strew the ground under their places 
 of resort. Nature has provided a very 
 efficient t^heck to their undue increase, in 
 a small })arasitic fly, a species of Ichneu- 
 mon (see Fig. 256), the ieniale of which 
 punctures the skin of the caterpillar and 
 deposits her eggs underneath, where they soon hatch into 
 young larv», which feed U[)on the fatty portions of their 
 victim, avoiding the vital organs. By the time the sphinx 
 caterpillar has become full grown, these parasitic larvre have 
 
 matured, and, eating their way 
 through the skin of their host, they 
 construct their tiny snow-white 
 cocoons on its body, as shown in 
 Fig. 257, from Nvhich, in about a 
 week, the friendly fly escapes by pushing open a nicely-fitting 
 lid at one end of its structure. No larva thus infested ever 
 reacihes maturity; it invariably shrivels up and dies. 
 
 Fig 257. 
 
 No. 133.— The Paiidorus Sphinx. 
 
 Philampclus Pandorus (llUbn.). 
 
 This is one of the most beautiful of our Sphinx nioths, a 
 rare as well as lovely creature, and an object highly prized by 
 collectors. It is found throughout the Northern United States, 
 and occasi(mally in Canada, but is nowhere very common. It 
 is represented in Fig. 258. Its Avings, when exi)anile(l, will 
 measure I'rom four to four and a half inches across; they are 
 of a light-olive color, mixed with gray, and varied Midi 
 ])atches of a darker olive-green, rich and velvety, and some 
 portions, esjKX'ially on the hind wings, of a rosy hue. The 
 body is pale greenish browji, ornamented with dark-olive 
 
A TTA CKING Til E L KA \ KS. 
 
 249 
 
 ]>;itchcs. The moths appear in July, when, ai'tcr j)airiiitr, 
 the female deposits her eg<i^s singly on the leaves of the grape- 
 vine, or Virginia creeper, ^4???^>r/o/),s'/6' quinqtiefoIia,whG\v they 
 shortly hatch, producing small green larvre of a ])iidvish hue 
 along the sides, and with a very long })ink horn at the tail. 
 As the caterpillar increases in size, the horn becomes shorter, 
 
 Fio. 258. 
 
 and after a time curves round, as shown at c, Fig. 2')d. As 
 the larva approaches maturity, it changes to a reddish-brown 
 color, aud after the third moult entirely loses the caudal 
 horn, which is replaced by a glassy, eye-lilv! spot, '.riie 
 mature larva, when in motion, as shown at a in the figure, 
 will measure nearly four inches in length, but when at rest it 
 draws the head and two adjoining segments within the fourth, 
 as shown in the iigure at h, which shortens its body nearl}' 
 an inch, giving it a very odd appearau'-e, with its anterior 
 portions so blunt and thick. It is of a rich reddish-bi'own 
 color, of a lighter shade along the back, with live nearly 
 oval cream-colored spots along each side from the seventh to 
 the eleventh segment inclusive. On the anterior segm(>p.ts 
 there are a number of black dots; a dark, polished, raised, 
 
250 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 FiQ. 259. 
 
 eye-like spot in place of the tail, the breathiiit^-pores alonjj; 
 the sides black, showing [)roniinently in the creani-colored 
 
 spots. It is a very 
 voracions feeder, and 
 strips the vine of its 
 leaves with such ra- 
 pidity that it soon 
 attracts attention. 
 _ AVhen i'nll grown, 
 p:/)\t descends from the 
 vine and buries itself 
 in the ground, where 
 it forms an oval 
 cell, within which it 
 changes to a chrysa- 
 lis. Tlie chrysalis is 
 of a chestnut-brown 
 ^y color, with the seg- 
 ments roughened with 
 impi'essed ])oints, the 
 terminal joint having 
 a long thi(!k spine. 
 Tiic insect usually re- 
 mains in the chrysa- 
 lis state until the fol- 
 lowing summer, but 
 occasionally it ma- 
 tures and escapes tiie 
 same season. Should these larvte at any time prove trouble- 
 some, they can be readily subdued by hand-picking. 
 
 No. 134. — The Achemon Sphinx. 
 
 riuUimpclus arlicmoii (l)riiry). 
 The caterpillar of this sphinx (Fig. 2G0) is truly a formida- 
 ble-looking creature, measuring, wdien full grown, if at rest, 
 about three inches, and when in motion about three and a 
 
ATTACK! yo THE LKAVES. 
 
 2r)i 
 
 luilf inelios. It much resemhles timt of I'aiulonis, Xo. l.j'3, 
 aiul feeds also on the Virginia creeper [AmpclopHis (juinfjucfolin) 
 ;i- well as on the grape-vine. The egg is laid on the under 
 side of the leaf in July, and the young larva, when hatched, 
 is of a light-green color, with a very conspicnous reddish- 
 brown horn, half as long as its body, whicii, as the larva 
 increases in size, becomes shorter, and tinally disap])ears, its 
 place being occui)icd by a polished tubercle with a central 
 black dot. The mature larva varies from a pale straw-color 
 to a reddish brown, the color growing darker down the sides, 
 
 Pio. 260. 
 
 becoming deep brown as it approaches the under surface. An 
 interrupted line of brown runs along the back, and another 
 unbroken one extends along each side; Ixjlow this latter there 
 are six eream-colored s])ots, as shown in the figure, one on each 
 segment, from the si.\th to tiie eleventh inclusive. The body 
 is nuich wrinkled, and dotted with minute spots, which are 
 dark on the back, lighter :ind annulated at the sides. The 
 head and next two segments arc small, and arc drawn within 
 the fourth when at rest, as seen in the figure. It becomes full 
 grown during tlu; latter part of August or early in September, 
 and just before undergoing its next change assumes a beau- 
 tiful piidc or crimson color. 
 
 Leaving the vine, it descends to the ground, where it buries 
 itself to the depth of several inches, and, having formed for 
 itself a smooth cell, changes to a chrysalis (Fig. 201) of a 
 (lark, shining, mahogany color, with the antcTior edg(\s of the 
 segments along the back roughened with mimite points, and 
 with a short, blunt spine at the extremity. The inse(,'i usually 
 
252 
 
 IS SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 remains in this condition in the "-round until late in Juno the 
 following year; but instances have been recorded where the 
 moth has appeared the same season. 
 
 Fig. 261. 
 
 The moth is of a brownish-gray color, variegated uith ligln 
 brown, and with deep-brown spots, as shown in Fig. 262. 
 The hind wings are pink, becoming deeper red near the middle. 
 There is a broatl gray border behind, with a row of darker 
 
 Fig. 262. 
 
 spots along its front edge, becom'ng t. li'^r towards the outer 
 margin. The body is redd! , with two triangular patches 
 
 of deep brown on the tl 
 
 This insect is found in most a^^ ])artsof the United States 
 and Canada where the grap* is altivated, but has never oc- 
 curred in sufficient numbers to be injurious. It is S' conspic- 
 
ATTACKISO THE LEAVES. 
 
 253 
 
 uous in the larval state that it might easily be controlled by 
 Ii:nul-))icldng shonkl it at any time prove tronblesome. 
 
 No. 135.— The Abbot Sphinx. 
 
 Thi/retis Ahbotil Swiiiiison. 
 
 This is not a common insect, yet it is fonnd occasionally 
 over a large portion of the United States and (,'anada. The 
 oaterpilhir (see Fig, 268) attains fnll growth abont the end of 
 
 Pig. 203. 
 
 Jnly or the beginning of Angnst, when it measures nearly two 
 iuid a half inches in length. It varies considerably in color, 
 from dull yellow to reddish brown, each segment being marked 
 transversely with six or seven fnie black lines, and longitu- 
 dinally with dark-brown patches, giving to the larva a check- 
 ered ai)pearance. Near the posterior extremity of the body 
 there is a polished black tubercle above, ringed with yellow. 
 
 The chrysalis is commonly formed in a little cavity on the 
 surface of the ground, covered with a few pieces of leaves 
 loosely fastened together and mixed with grains of earth, but 
 it is said sometimes to bury itself below the surface. It is 
 about an inch and a quarter long, of a dark-brown color, 
 roughened with small indentations except between the joints, 
 
254 
 
 JNSfJCTS INJUR JO US TO THE GRAPK. 
 
 niul tcriniiiatiiig in ;i flattened point, with two suiail thorns at 
 the entl. T!)o insect remains in the chrysalis- condition until 
 the followinti" sprini^. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 26."i) is found on the winj; from the early 
 part of April to the entl of INTay, and measures, when its 
 wings :ire spread, two and a half inches or more across. It 
 is oi" u dull chocolate-brown color, the front wings hecomin*; 
 ])ale beyond the middle, and marked with dark brown as in 
 the fiijnre. The hind wings are vellow, with a broatl brow n 
 IxH'der, brcakirig into a series of short lines as it approaches 
 the bo(ly. The abdomen is furnished with tnfr.s along the 
 sides r.ear the extremity, and when the inseet is at rest is 
 cnr\ed upwards. 
 
 It is scarcely likely that it will ever prove destructive; 
 should it at any time become so, It may be subdued by liand- 
 ])icking. It is preyed upon by a small species of Ichneumon 
 tly, which in the larval state lives within the body of the 
 si)hinx caterpillar and liiiaily destroys it. 
 
 No. 136.— The White-lined Deilephila. 
 
 Dcikphila lincala (Fair.). 
 
 This handsome moth (sec Fig. 2G4) is a comj)aratively 
 common insect, and has a wide goographical range, being 
 found throughout the greater portion of tlu> United States 
 and Canada, also in the West Indies and in ^rexieo. It is 
 double-brooded, ap|)earing on the wing eai'Iy in .luuc, and 
 again in S(>pteniber. Its ])erio(l of activity begins with the 
 twilight, when it may be seen Hitting about with greai I'apidily, 
 liovcring like a huuiming-bird over tlowers while cxtrai'tiug 
 their nectar. TIk^ ground col^r of the fore wings is a rich 
 greenish olive, with a j)ale-bun' stripe or bar extending along 
 the middle of the wing from the bas-e to near the tip; ;.loMg 
 the outer mai'gin there is another band or stripe nearly ecpial 
 in width and of a duli-gray color, and the veins are distincily 
 margined with white. The hind wings are small, and are 
 crossed by a witle, rosy band, which covers a large j>ortion <»f 
 
ATTACK! AG THE LEAVES. 
 
 255 
 
 tliorns at 
 ion until 
 
 the early 
 when its 
 !ross. 1 1 
 hoconiiiii; 
 3\vn as in 
 ad brown 
 pi)roaolios 
 ilonj:; the 
 it rest is 
 
 striictivc ; 
 
 by liaiul- 
 
 'hneuiiii»n 
 
 Iv of the 
 
 iratively 
 >;■(', being 
 tl States 
 ). It is 
 \\\i\ ami 
 witli the 
 lapidiiy, 
 'xtrai'lini;' 
 IS a rich 
 insj; aion<i' 
 j) ; i.loni;' 
 •ly e(inal 
 listint^ily 
 and are 
 Driion of 
 
 tiuii surface, wliile above and below tiiis band the c(»Ior is 
 almost black, the hinder niari^in beinj^ frinijed with 'Ahitc 
 On the bodv there is a line of white on each side, extendinir 
 
 Fig. 12(j4. 
 
 from the head to the base of (he thorax, wiicrc it, unites with 
 another line of the same color, which extends down the mid<ll(', 
 and, dividing, sends a branch to each side. The abdomen is 
 
 Kkj. !>(;; 
 
 w III n 
 
 greenish olive spotted witli white and black; the wings, 
 expanded, measure about three and a half inches across. 
 
 'J'he liirvii is Ibund occasionally feeding on (he leaves of th(> 
 grape-vine, but more commonly on purslane; it i'eeds also on 
 turnip, buckwheat, and apple leaves. It is very variable in 
 color. The most common form is that shown in I'ig. '2(55, 
 where the body is yellowish green, with a row of |U'ominent 
 
 mmim 
 
256 
 
 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 :!>j)ot.s along each side, each spot consisting of two curved black 
 lines, enclosing a crimson patch above and a i)ale-yell()\v line 
 below, the whole being connected by a i)ale-yelIow stripe 
 edged with black. In some ii:stances these spots are discon- 
 nected, and the space between the black crescents is of a inii- 
 ibrm cream-color. The breathing-pores, lower down the side, 
 are margined with black, or l)!ack edged with yellow. The 
 other form of the caterpillar is black, with a yellow Hue down 
 
 Fuj. L'G( 
 
 the back, and a <louble series of yellow spots and dots along 
 the sides. It is shown in Fig. 200. 
 
 When matni'e, it buries itself under the surface, where, 
 ■within a smooth cavity, it (changes to a light-brown chrysalis, 
 the moth emerging early in September, when it dej)osits eggs, 
 from which the .'^econd brood of larvie are produced, which 
 niatui(>, enter the ground, and change to chrysalids belbro 
 \vinter sets in. 
 
 Since it feeds mainly on plants of little value, and on these 
 iji no great abundance, it is scarcely entitled to be classed with 
 injuricus iiiKccts; yet on account of its being found occasionally 
 feeding on grape l(>aves it is deserving of mention here. A 
 two-winged parasitic lly, a s|)ecies of Tachina, iid'ests it and 
 destrovs a lari>e number oi' {\\(\ larva\ 
 
 No. 137. — The Dark-veined Deilephila. 
 
 Dcilrphila c/Kiinanicyii Uiirris. 
 
 This moth very closely r(\seml)les the white-lined Deile- 
 ])hila, No. l;JG, as will be seen from Fig. 207. It Ins the 
 same greenish-olive color, and almost the same stripes and 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 257 
 
 black 
 \v line 
 stripe 
 liscoM- 
 a \\W\- 
 e side, 
 The 
 i down 
 
 1 along 
 
 wlierc, 
 
 rvsalis, 
 
 ts eggs, 
 
 ^vlli('ll 
 
 hel'oro 
 
 II those 
 
 I'd with 
 
 )()ii;dly 
 
 r. A 
 
 it and 
 
 |])ei le- 
 as the 
 Ls und 
 
 inarkuigs; but there are differv'nces whii-h will enable anyone 
 w ith ease to .sej)arate the two species. JJncuta is much the 
 larger insect, measuring, when its wings are spread, about three 
 and a half inches, while diamtxner'd rarely exceeds two inches 
 and three-qi arters. The central band on the fore wings in 
 chamicncru is wider and more irregular, the thorax also is less 
 marked with white; but the most striking point of ditlerence 
 iii that the veins of the fore wings in lincala are ilistinctly 
 lined with white, a characteristic wanting in cliamivDcrii 
 
 The mature larva measures from two and a half to three 
 inches in length. The head is small, dull red, with a black 
 
 Fro. -2(\7. 
 
 stripe across the front at base. The body above is deep olive- 
 gi'tjen, with a polished surface; there is a pale-yellowish line 
 along the bacrk, terminating at the base of iUv caudal horn, 
 and on each segment, from the third to the twelfth inclusive, 
 there is a pale-yellow spot on each side, about half-way 
 between the dorsal line and the breathing-pores, largest on 
 the segments I'rom the sixth to the eleventh inclusive; the 
 spot on the twelfth s(>gment is elongated, and, extending 
 u|»wards, terminates at the base of the horn. There; is a wide 
 hut indistinct blackish band across the anterior part of each 
 segment, in which the yellow spots are phmed, and iUo. sides 
 of the body below the- spots are thi<'kly sprinkled with 
 minute raised yellow dots. The horn is long, curved back- 
 wards, red, tipped with black, and roughened on its surface; 
 
 17 
 
258 
 
 JASKCIS IXJLRIOiS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 the brcatliinjr-porcs oval, yellow, and iiiar«;i iicd with dull 
 black. Under .surface pale piuUisli green, feet black, prole«is 
 ])ink, with a patch of black on the outside of each. 
 
 This dcsci'iption of the larva was taken from three s])e('i- 
 mens found feeding on a grape-vine early in duly. One of 
 tlicin matured and formed a slight cocoon of leaves fastened 
 with silken threads on the surface of the ground, after (he 
 manner of the green grape-vine sphinx, No. Jo2; the other 
 two died before eom[)leting their trar.sformations. This larva 
 is said to feed also on purslane; it U not nearly so common 
 as li)ic(d((, and is not likely ever to [)rove injui'ious to tuiy 
 considerable extent. 
 
 No. 138.— The Beautiful Wood-nymph. 
 
 I'liilnjiis ijrtihi ( fiilii'.). 
 
 The larva of this lovely moth is (piite destructive to the 
 foliage of the vine, upon which the moth itself is often found 
 resting during the daytime, its closed wings forming a steep 
 roof over its back, and its fore legs, which have a curi<»us 
 nnill'-like tuft of white hairs, protruded, giving the inscd 
 a very singular aj)|)earance. When its wings are expanded, 
 they measure about an inch and three-(piartei's across. (See 
 Fig. 2(>8.) Its foie wings are creamy white, with a glossy 
 
 surface; a wide brownish- 
 purple st'ipe extends along 
 the anteridi' margin, reach- 
 ing from the base to a little 
 bcyoud the middle of llic 
 wing, and on the outer mar- 
 
 gm 1 
 same 
 
 broad band 
 
 lue 
 
 wid 
 
 I'lung p(»te 
 
 rioriv, and haviuir a wavv 
 
 while line running through it, formed by nn'mite pearlv do<s 
 or scales, and a didl deep-green edging on its inner side. 
 The brownish-purple band is continued along the hinder 
 edge, but gradually l)eeomes narrower, and terminates wluii 
 
ATTACKLWG THE LEAVES. 
 
 259 
 
 iioar the base. There are also two brownish spots near the 
 middle of the wiiis^, one round, the otiier kidnov-shaped ; 
 these are sometimes s;) eovered with pearly-white scales as to 
 he indistinct above, "out arc clear and strikint;' on the under 
 side. The hind wings are deep yellow, with a broad brownish- 
 piu'{)le band along the hinder margin, extending nearly to the 
 outer angle, and powdered with a few pearly-white scales ; 
 there is a faint dot on the middle of the wing, which is more 
 |)iv)minent on the under side. The head is black, and there 
 is a wide black stri[)e down the back, mei-ging into a series 
 of black spots extending to near the tip of the abdomen, 
 which is tufted with white. The shoulder-covers are white, 
 and the sides of the body deep yellow, with a row of black 
 dots along each side close to the under surface. The wings 
 IxMieath are reddish vellow, and the bodv white. The moth 
 
 ihey eat small holes in the leaves, and, when at rest, throw 
 th(,' hinder segments of the bodv lorward over the anterior 
 i>ues, making a curious sort of loop; as they grow larger 
 they devour all |)arts of the leaf, the framework as well as 
 the softer substance. When nuiture, they are about an inch 
 and a hall' long, and appear as sjiown at <( in b^ig. 2(]0. The 
 
260 
 
 i: SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 body tapers towards the head, and becomes thicker as it a])- 
 proaciies tiie posterior extremity; the head is orange, dotted 
 with black, the body pale bluish, crossed by bands of orange 
 and many lines of black. Each segment, except the head 
 and the terminal one, is crossed by an orange band of nearly 
 uniform width, except that on the twelfth segment, which is 
 wider; on the terminal segment there are two bands. All 
 these bands are dotted more or less with black, a single short 
 brown hair arising from each dot. The number oi" black 
 lines crossing each segment is usually six ; b shows one of the 
 segments magnified ; at c the horny shield behind the head is 
 shown ; and at d the hump towards the hinder extremity, 
 all enlarged. The breath ing-pores are oval and black. The 
 under side is very similar to the uj)per. Although partial to 
 the vine, it feeds also on the Virginia creeper, and occasionally 
 on the hoj). 
 
 When full grown, which is usually some time during the 
 month of August or early in September, the larva descends 
 from the vine and seeks some suitable location in whic^h to 
 ])ass the chrysalis state. It frequently bores into decaying 
 wood, and is fond of taking refuge in corn-cobs ; it is also 
 said to burrow under groiuul sometimes. In confinement it 
 bores readily into j)ieces of cork, excavating with its jaws a 
 chamber but little larger than the chrysalis which is to rest 
 in it, and when finished the chamber is })rovided with a caj) 
 or cover composed of minute fragments of cork united by a 
 glutinous secretion. On lifting this lid, there will be seen w 
 dark-brown chrysalis, about seven-tenths of an inch long. 
 Sometimes the moth escapes from the chry.salis late in the 
 .sune season, but commonly it remains in this conilition until 
 (he following spring. 
 
 This insect is subject to the attacks of a two-winged para- 
 site, a species of Taiihina, not unlike the conunon house-lly in 
 apj)earauce. (See Fig. 273, which shows (he insect in its (hi'ee 
 stages of larva, chrysalis, and fiy ; sdso the anterior .segments 
 of a caterpillar, with eggs in posidon.) This parasite is also 
 
ATTACKiyO THE LEAVES. 
 
 261 
 
 5 it iij)- 
 , dotted 
 
 orange 
 le head 
 
 nearly 
 'hieh is 
 ,s. All 
 le short 
 i" blaeic 
 e of the 
 
 head is 
 treniity, 
 k. The 
 artial to 
 isionally 
 
 ring the 
 deseends 
 vhich to 
 leeaying 
 
 is also 
 
 inent it 
 
 ; jaws a 
 
 IS to rest 
 
 th a eaj) 
 
 teil by a 
 
 seen a 
 
 h long. 
 b in the 
 Ion vnitil 
 
 '(I jiara- 
 ise-lly ill 
 jits three 
 leginents 
 le is also 
 
 found on the army-worm and several other caterpillars. It 
 is about a quarter of au inch long, with a white face, large 
 reddish eves, a dark, liairv bodv. 
 
 r>^) 
 
 Fio. 
 
 four dark lines down the thorax, 
 and patches of a grayish shade 
 along the sides of the abdomen. 
 The ])arent fly deposits her eggs on 
 the back of the caterpillar, usually 
 a short distance behind the head, se- 
 curely fastened by a glutinous sub- 
 stance secreted with them. From 
 tliese hatch tiny grubs, which eat their way into the l)ody of 
 the cater[)iHar, feed upon its substance, and finally destroy 
 it, the grubs, when mature, escaping IVom the body of their 
 victim and clianging io oval, smooth, dark-brown chrysalids. 
 Ijsually a large proportion of the caterpillars are infested by 
 this friendly parasite; otherwise they would soon become a 
 sonrcc of nuieh annoyance to grape-growers. 
 
 Where artificial remedies arc re(iuired, the vines may be 
 syringed with helkjbore and water or Paris-green and water, 
 as directed for tlie larva of No. 140. Hand-picking may 
 also be resorted to. 
 
 No. 139.— The Pearl Wood-nymph. 
 
 Eiidrj/iis H)iio (HUlmcr). 
 
 This is a very near relative of Eitdri/as grata, Xo. 138, 
 and so closely do the two species resemble each other in the 
 larval condition that it is difficult to distinguish between them. 
 Unio has usuiilly been regarded as a grape-feeding insect, but 
 from re(!ent observations of ISlr. Ijintner, of Albany, Xcw 
 York, wlu) has ibund and reared the larva on an entirely difTcr- 
 c." plant, J'jipliorbia coloraf.iun, it is possible that it may not 
 feed on the grape-vine at all, and that Dr. Fitch, who first an- 
 nounced this as its food-plant, may have nustaken the larva 
 of E. fjnita for unio. Since there seems io be some doubt 
 about tlse matter, we shall briefly describe the insect here. 
 
262 
 
 INSECTS JXJUJilOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fi(i. 1271. 
 
 The moth (Fi*^. 271) is ;i little siimller than (jnda, iiietis- 
 uring, when expanded, about one inch and tliree-eighths. 
 
 It dill'ers also in the Ibllowing pai'- 
 tieulars: on the fore wings the 
 l)r<)\vnish-j)ur})le stripe on the front 
 margin is extended farther along 
 the wing, the bordering of the outer 
 margin is paler and more uniform in 
 width, the inner edge is wavy instead 
 of .straight, and the bordering of the hind margin is wider and 
 more distinet. The border on the hind wings is mneh paler, 
 and extends the whole length of the outer margin. 
 
 The laiA'a is nearly an ineh and a (piarter long. The head 
 is of an orange color, spotted with Idaek, the body banded 
 with white, black, and orange, most of the segments having 
 three white and three black lines on each side of a central 
 orange band. The botly tapers towards the head, the hinder 
 segments l)eing elevated. 
 
 The chrysalis is I'eddish brown, with rows of very minute 
 teeth on the back, and a thick, blunt spine on each side of 
 the abtlonien at the tip. 
 
 No. 140.— The Eight-spotted Forester. 
 
 Ah/pia orfdiiKtriiliifa (Fiiljr. ). 
 
 While the moth of this species is v(!ry dilTcrent in appear- 
 ance from Nos. 138 and 139, the larva is yt^vy similar, being 
 white or pale bluish, with many black lines, and an orange 
 band across each segment. This larva (Fig. 272, a) may, 
 however, be (bstinguished by its having eirjlit black lines on 
 each segment (counting the two which border the oi'ange baud) 
 (see 6, Fig. 272) instead of .six; it has also a series of white 
 spots along each side close to the under surfiun;. Tlxf orange 
 bands are fainter on the anterior segments, and those on the 
 nnddle segments are dotted with black, and I'rom each of 
 these dots there arises a short whitish hair. The lirad and 
 the u[)i)er {)art of the next segment are of a deep orange, 
 
AT TACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 2t)3 
 
 ulong 
 
 hppcur- 
 
 ', heiiiii,' 
 
 ()r:in<ie 
 
 \) may, 
 
 lint's on 
 
 ' hand) 
 
 white 
 
 oraiiiiiv 
 
 on the 
 
 \\\r\\ of 
 
 ■ad and 
 
 |oran;^'(', 
 
 Avith hluek dots and a jjohslied surface. When younu-, the 
 larva is ])aler, with less distinct markings; it feeds on the 
 under side ot" tiie leaf, and 
 when alarmed can let itself 5"'" 
 
 '27-> 
 
 down to the ground hv ti si 
 thread, regaining its jjosi 
 hy the same thread when 
 danger is })ast. When ne 
 i'nll grown, it sometimes 
 {•cals itself dui'ing the dayt 
 within a folded leaf. 
 
 jjofore effecting its next 
 change, it moujds for itself an 
 earthen cell, upon or just below 
 the surface, which is not lined 
 
 with silk, and within this enclosure is transformed into a 
 Ijiown chrysalis, from which, in the early hrood, the moth 
 t'scapes. in a few days. There an; usually two hroods eacdi 
 year, the moths ai)pearing on the wing in May and August, 
 tlie caterpillars in June and Jidy and in September. 
 
 The moth is shown ate in tlicfigiu-e. It is a veiy beautiful 
 creat' re, of a deej) blue-black color, with two large pale-yellow 
 spots on each of the front wings, and two white spots on each 
 of the hind wings. In the figure the fitsmale moth is repre- 
 sented; the male has the spots on the wings projiortionately 
 
 arger, and a cons|)icuous white mark along 
 
 the t 
 
 11) ot 
 
 tl 
 
 le 
 
 ahdouien. TlHishoidder-coversare yellow, and the legs j>artly 
 orange. The wings, when sj)read, measure from an inch to 
 an inch and a quarter or more across. 
 
 This insect is very generally distributed, being found in 
 most portions of tlie United States and Canada. Where the 
 larva j)roves destructive, it may be subdued by syringing the 
 foliage with Paris-green and water, in the proportion of a 
 leaspoonful to two gallons, or powdered hellebore and water, 
 in the proportion of one ounce to two gallons. 
 
264 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GliAPE. 
 
 Fio. 273. 
 
 Cty 
 
 No. 141. — The Grape-vine Epimenis. 
 
 J'si/comorpha epimenis (Drury). 
 
 Tliere is still another gnipe-feeding insect which, in the cat- 
 erpillar state, bears a strong general resemblance to Nos. 1.38 
 and 139. The larva (Fig. 273, a) in this species is smaller, of 
 
 a bhiish-white color, with 
 
 fonr transverse black binds 
 c- Ci-i^^i-:!) yjj ^.j^pjj gQgpieijf;^ ag shown 
 
 at i in the fignre, and a feu- 
 black dots, bnt lacks the 
 oranire bands which (lis- 
 tingnish the three species last described. The shield behind 
 the head, the hnmpon the twelfth segment, and the anal plate 
 are of a dnll-orange color; the dots on the hiunp are arranged 
 as shown at c in the fignre. The yonng larva attacks the ter- 
 minal buds of tlie vine in spring, fastening the young leaves 
 bv a few silken tlireads, and secreting itself within the en- 
 dostu'e. When full grown, which is usually towards the end 
 of May, it bores into soft wood or any other suitable sub- 
 stance, and there changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis, about 
 four-tenths of an inch long, roughened on the joints, and 
 having a curious, flattened, horny projection on each side of 
 the tip. Within this enclosure it remains until the following 
 spring, when the perfect insect escaj)es. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 274) is of a velvety-black color, with a 
 broad, irregular, white ])atch extending nearly across the front 
 
 wings, and a somewhat larger and moie 
 
 regularly formed spot of a didl orange-red 
 
 across the hind wings. The wings tire alsd 
 
 si)rinkled with brilliant purplish scales, 
 
 most numerous along the outer margins, 
 
 where they form a narrow band. The 
 
 under side is paler, with similar markings, the purplish scales 
 
 ap|)earing very distinct on the front and posterior margins of 
 
 the hinder wings. The antenna^ of (he male are toothed, 
 
 Fia. 274. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 265 
 
 Fi(i. 27; 
 
 tliose of the female tliread-llla'. Fig. 274 represents the male. 
 Should this insect ever prove destructive, it may be suhdiied 
 I»y the trratmeiit recommetided for No. 140, the species last 
 (K'scribtHl. 
 
 No. 142. — The American Procris. 
 
 Prncris Anwrii'dun Ifiirris. 
 
 The larvseof this destructive insect feed in flocks, arranged 
 in a sini^le row on the under side of the vine leaves, as .'ehown 
 ill Fig. 275. The egg-clusters from which these larvtc pro- 
 ceed, consisting of 
 t wenty eggs or more, 
 are fastened by the 
 moth to the under 
 side of the leaves. 
 While young, the 
 little caterpillars eat 
 oidy the .soft ti.ssucs 
 of the leaves, leaving 
 the tine net-work of 
 veins untouched, as 
 shown on the right 
 of the ligurc, but 
 as they grow older 
 tliev devour all but 
 
 the larger vein.s, as 
 
 shown ou the oppo- 
 site side. They acquire full growth in August, when they 
 measure about six-tenths of an inch in length, are of a yellow 
 color, slightly hairy (see Fig. 270, «), with a transverse row 
 of i)lack spots on each .segment ; they feed with their heads 
 towanls the margin, and gradually retreat as the leaf is de- 
 voured. When full grown, they disperse, and, retiring to 
 some sheltered spot or crevice, construct their tough, oblong- 
 oval cocoons, one of which is shown at c in the tigure, within 
 which in about three days they change to shining brown cluy.s- 
 alids (/;) about three-tenths of an inch long, from which the 
 
2GG 
 
 ISSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fig. 270. 
 
 moths esc'ai)o in about ten or twelve days, and soon dej)osit 
 eggs for the second brood, whieh mature hUer in the season. 
 
 Some iew of them produce 
 moths before winter ap- 
 j)roaches, butthegi'eater poi-- 
 tion remain in the elirysalis 
 condition (hii'ing the winter, 
 the moths escaping the fol- 
 
 
 a 
 
 lowing June. 
 
 The moth is of a blue- 
 black color, with an orange- 
 yellow collar, and a notched 
 tuft at the c.\tre;nity of the body ; the wings are very narrow, 
 and when expanded measure nearly an inch across. In Fig. 
 27G, e represents the moth with the wings spread, d the same 
 with the wings closed. This insect is more conunon in the West 
 and South than in the East, and is sometimes very injurious. 
 Thov mav be destroyed bv syringing the vines with Paris- 
 green and water, as recommended for No. 140. There is a 
 .small parasite, a black, four-winged fly, which attacks this 
 larva and destroys it. 
 
 No. 143. — The Grape-vine Leaf-roller. 
 
 Drsiiiia nutriilittis AVe.stwood. 
 
 This insect, although most abundant in the Southern States, 
 is very generally distribnted, and will, no doubt, in its cater- 
 pillar form be I'amiliar to most gnipe-growers. In Fig. 277, 
 1 represents the larva, natural size, 2 a magnilied view of a 
 portion of the anterior part of its body, 3 the chrysalis, 4 the 
 male moth, 5 the female moth. 
 
 The moth is a very pretty little creature, measuring, when 
 its wings are expanded, about nine- tenths of an inch or more 
 across. The wings arc dark brown, nearly black, with a 
 coppeiy Instre, and lightly fringed with white ; the fore wings 
 have two white sj)()ts, nearly oval in form, the hind wings l)nt 
 one white spot in the male, which is usually divit'^d, forming 
 
ATTACK ISO THE LEAVES. 
 
 '207 
 
 two, in the female. The body is hhick, crossed in tlic feiniile 
 hv two white h:uid.s, in tlie male by one only. The male 
 moth has the antennte elbowed and thickened near the middle, 
 in the female thev are uniform and thread-liUe. 
 
 Fig. 277. 
 
 There are two broods of the insect durini>; the summer. 
 The first moths, which have passed the winter in the chrysalis 
 state, appear early in June, and deposit tlieir ej^^gs sinuly on 
 the leaves of the vine, wiiich are soon hatched, the yount; 
 worm at once manifesting its lea^folding propensities by 
 turning down a small portion of the leaf on which it is placed 
 and livino; withiu the tube thus forined. As it increases in 
 size, a larger ease is made, often the whole leaf being rolled 
 into a large cylinder, wider at one end than at the othci", and 
 firmly fastened with stout silken threads, iu this hiding- 
 place the little active wriggling creature lives in comparative 
 safety, issuing from it to feed on the surrounding foliage. It 
 is so very rapid in its movements, both ba(;k\var(ls and for- 
 wards, that it freciuently escapes detection In' suddeidy slipping 
 out of its case when disturbed and falling to the ground. 
 The length of the full-grown caterpillar is about three- 
 quarters of an inch ; the body is yellowish green at the sides, 
 a little darker above, glo,s,sy and ,semi-(raiis|)arent, with a few 
 fine yellow hairs on each segment. The head is reddish 
 yellow, and the next segment behind it has a crescent-shaped 
 patch above of the same color; on the third segment there 
 are two or three black spots on each side, and on the twelfth 
 
2G8 
 
 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 .soo'Mieiit one. The first brood of oiiterpillars arc full grown 
 about the last of July, when tiiey change to chrysalids, i'roiii 
 which Hie moths escape early in August; the seeoiul brood 
 of larva) are found on tiie vines in September. 
 
 The chrysalis (3, Fig. 277) is about lialf an inch long and 
 of ;i dark-brown color. It is usually formed within the 
 ioided leaf; hence the last brood Avhich pass the winter in 
 this inactive state may, in a great measure, be destroyed by 
 carefully going over the vineyard late in the season, before 
 the leaves fali, and |)iclcing olf the folded leaves and l)urning 
 them; or the larvte may be destroyed earlier in the season by 
 crushing the ibUhd leaves, taking care that the active oc.-ii- 
 ])an(s do notesca[)c. Although this insect is usually common, 
 it is seldom vcrv destructive anvwiiere. 
 
 No. 144. — The Gartered Plume-moth. 
 
 Oxi/piUiispcrtscclkladyhis (Fiteh )• 
 
 The i'amily of moths to which this insect belongs are called 
 ])lume-niotIis, from their having the wings divided, into feather- 
 like lolics. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 278, a) appears on the grai)c- vinos in spring, 
 as soon as the young foliage has fairly started, fastening the 
 terminal leaves into a spherical form, and living within the 
 enclosure, where it feeds on the tender leaves and young 
 bunchefj of blossom. It is usually .solitary in its habits, 
 but sometimes two or three are found togethei*. ^^'hen full 
 growji, which is usually early in Jun(>, it is about half an inch 
 long, a.id is of a yellowish-green color, \n ith transverse rows 
 of dull-yi'llow tuberciles, from each of whicli arises a small 
 tuft of white hidrs. There is a lin ; down the back of a 
 deeper green, and the body is paler l)etween the segments. 
 The head is small, yellowish green, with a band m|" black 
 aero,ss ihe front; feet black, tiupi'd with pale green; the |>ro- 
 Icg.-5, which arc long and thin, are greenish. When matured, 
 it spins a few silken threads on the under side of a leal', or 
 in .M)me other convenient s|)ol,and, having entangled its hind 
 
 I 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 2(>9 
 
 "nil grown 
 ilids, from 
 oiKJ brood 
 
 long iiiul 
 •itliiii till' 
 "winter in 
 it roved l)v 
 on, hefure 
 1 bnrniiig 
 season hy 
 tive oc'.'ii- 
 
 eonmion. 
 
 are called 
 o f'eatlier- 
 
 n s[)ring, 
 
 ning the 
 
 idiin tlie 
 
 1 yoiniLi,' 
 
 liabifs. 
 
 !ien 111 1 1 
 
 an inch 
 
 rse roA\s 
 
 I SIIKlll 
 
 ■k of a 
 
 •gnieiils. 
 
 ' hlaek 
 
 lie |»r(i- 
 
 i.ilnred, 
 leaf, (tr 
 is liiiid 
 
 Fia. 278. 
 
 legs firmly in the web of silk, sheds its hairy skin and be- 
 comes a chrysalis. 
 
 An odd-looking little thing it is (sec Fig. 278, 6), about 
 four-tenths of an inch long, angnlar and rugged, and when 
 touched it wriggles about very 
 briskly. It has two rather long, 
 compressed horns ])laced :-ide by 
 side, extending upwards, on the 
 middle of its back ; one of these 
 is shown, enlarged, at c; it has also 
 other smaller {.rojecting points and 
 ridges. At first its color is pale 
 yellowish green, but it soon grows 
 darker, becoming reddish, brown, 
 with darker spots. It remains in 
 this condition from one to two 
 weeks, when the perfect insect 
 a[)i)cars. 
 
 The moth, which is .shown in 
 tlu! i'igure at (/, is an elegant little 
 insect, its wings ineasuri.g, when 
 exj)anded, about seven-tenths of an 
 
 inch across. The fore wings are long and nariow, and cleft 
 down the midtlle about half-way to their base, the j)osterior 
 half of the wing ha\ing a notch in the outer margin. Their 
 color is yellowish brown, with a metallic lustre, and .several 
 didl-whitish streaks and spots. The iiind wings ai'(! similar 
 in color to the iinterior pair, and are divided into three lobes; 
 the lower division is complete, extending to the base, the 
 upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance!. The 
 niit(!r and hind margins of the wings, as well as all the ('dges of 
 llieir lobes, are bordered with ii deep whitish fringe, spriidcled 
 here and there with brown; the body is long and sleiidt'r, 
 :md a little darker than tin; wings. The ant((nnie arc; moder- 
 ately long and thread-like, nearly black, but beautifully dotted 
 with white throughout their whole length. Tlu; legs are long, 
 
270 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QRAPE. 
 
 biiiided alternately witli yellowish brown and white, the hind 
 ones ornamented with txro pairs of diverging spuies, having 
 at their base a iiarter-like luft of long brown seales, from 
 whieh feature the moth derives its name. 
 
 This inseet is single-brooded; it is common throughout On- 
 tario and Quebec. >V'here troublesome, it may be sr.lxlued by 
 hand-picking, or by pinching the clusters of leaves and crusjiing 
 
 the larvse. 
 
 No. 145. — The Grape-vine Cidaria. 
 
 C'ularia diversilincald Ili'ihii. 
 
 This is a pretty yellow moth, pro(hu'ing a geometric or 
 looping caterpillar which consumes the foliage of the vine. 
 The insect passes the winter in the caterpillar state, hiber- 
 nating in some secure retreat until aroused to activity by the 
 warmtii of spi'ing, when, after feeding a few day on the 
 young vine leaves, it becomes a chrysalis, |)rodueing the moth 
 about ten days afterwards. The moths within a few days 
 deposit, their eggs on the leaves of the vine, n 'li h liatch early 
 in .lune, and the larva^ nearly comj)Iete their growth by the 
 end of the month, pass into the chrysalis state, and appear as 
 moths again in duly and August. These latter deposit eggs 
 for the second brood of larvic, which, before reaching maturity, 
 become torpid, and rcmiiin in this (!ondition until s[>ring. 
 
 The moth ( b'ig. 271)) measures, when its wings are ex- 
 panded, about an inch and a half across. Its color is pale 
 ociu'c-yellow, crossed by many grayish-brown lines, and clouded 
 
 with patches of the same, pai'- 
 ticulnrly along the n>argin of the 
 wings. The bodv and leirs are 
 similar in color lo the wings, the 
 latter being marked with black 
 about the joints. 
 
 I^arly i" June th^- reddish 
 geometi'ic caterpillars (»f (his ntoth are found upon the leaves, 
 out of which they eat numerous pieces of various Hi/es and 
 shapeH. liy liie middle of liie mouth they beconie lull 
 
 Fu). 219. 
 
A T TA CKL\ G THE L KA VES. 
 
 271 
 
 0, the hind 
 nos, liaviiiu; 
 'ciiles, from 
 
 ighout On- 
 iiib(hie(l bv 
 
 1(1 erii:?luiiir 
 
 Fi<;. L>80. 
 
 "xneti'ic or 
 
 the vine. 
 
 iite, hlher- 
 
 ity by the 
 
 }s on tlie 
 
 f the moth 
 
 few (hivs 
 
 iiteh early 
 
 th by the 
 
 appear as 
 
 losjt e<rii\s 
 
 iuaturitw 
 
 iriiio'. 
 
 ire ex- 
 >r is paic 
 
 rh)n(h'il 
 
 I me, par- 
 
 .iii of Ihi' 
 
 leu'-^ ai'c 
 
 iny-, the 
 
 h bhlek 
 
 reddish 
 
 »• ieavi's, 
 i/»'s and 
 nic full 
 
 <>;ro\vn, wlicn tliey mea.snre about an inch and a quarter 
 louijj. (See Fig. 280.) Tiie head is dull reddish brown, the 
 body yellowish green, with a few 
 -mall whitish dots on eaeh .segment. 
 On eaeh side of the seeond segment 
 is a small reddish spot, and on the 
 I bird a larger one of a darker shade ; 
 
 (III this latter segment there is a fold in the skin, which makes 
 the spot appear as a brown ])rominenee. The terminal seg- 
 ment is furnished with two short, greenish spines, which 
 extend baekwards ; the surface of the body is wrinkled; the 
 under surface reddish, with a central reddish line, bordered 
 with white, which is margined with dull red. These larvie 
 are very variable in color, being sometimes yellowish green, 
 whitish green, deep red, and oecasit)nally dark brown, nearly 
 hlaek. When alarmed, they straighten themselves out, and 
 remain for some time without moving, when, being so nearly 
 of the color of the twigs they rest on, tliey usually escape 
 detection. 
 
 Where these larvtc are sufficiently numerous to prove 
 troublesome, the vines may be syringe'd with Paris-green and 
 water, or hellebore an<l water, as recommended for Xo. 140. 
 
 No. 146.— The Yellow Woolly-bear. 
 
 SitildSdiiiii \'iri/iiilcii (Kuhr.). 
 
 This common caterpillar is so well known that it is searcely 
 necessary to describe it. I'A'cry one wh' has a garden in 
 which I'ruits oi- llowei's are grown must have ''re(pienfly met 
 with it, for no inseet is .so uniformly common and troul)lesoino 
 as tiiis one. It secMus to have a special liking foi* the leaves 
 nf the grape-\iue. but it leeds also on the leaves of a great 
 variiJty of plants, shrubs, and trees. 
 
 'I'he moth from which the larva is produced is sh(»wu at c, 
 I'ig. 2M1, and is commoidy known as the "white miller." 
 It passes (h(! winter in the chrysalis state, and ap|H'ars on the 
 wing lute in April or eai'ly in May, and, when its wings iire 
 
272 
 
 INSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 e\i)aiulcHl, measures IVom one aiul a luilt' to two inches across. 
 'IMie figure represents a female ; the males are somewhat 
 smaller. Both sexes have the winj^s white, with a few black 
 (lots, which vary in mimber in (litlerent specimens; in some 
 there are two on each of the front wings, and three on each 
 of th(^ hinder pair; in others the sj)ots are partly or almost 
 entirely wanting. The dot, however, near the middle of tlu; 
 front wings is almost always present, although sometimes 
 very faint. The un(h'r side usually has the spots more dis- 
 
 Fi(i, 281. 
 
 <r2. 
 
 tinct than the ni)|ier, and sometimes there is a slight tinge of 
 yellow over its white surfiiee. The antoniKc are whit«! above, 
 dark brown below, tlu; head and thora\ white, and the ab- 
 domen of an orange color, usually streaked across with white, 
 and having three rows of black sjjots, one above and one on 
 each side. The under sid(! of" the abdomen is white, occa- 
 sionally tinged with orange, and the thighs of the fore legs 
 ochre-vellow. 
 
 The eggs, which jwc round and yellow, are deposited on the 
 tmder side of the leaves in large clusters, and in a few days 
 hatch into small hairy ealeri)illars, which feed for a time in 
 company, devouring at this tender age the under side of the 
 leaf only, the outer skin over the eaten part soon becoming 
 
ATTACKISC THE LEAVES. 
 
 27:'» 
 
 es across, 
 iomowluit 
 fow black 
 in .some 
 e on each 
 or almost 
 lie of the 
 ;()uietini('s 
 more dis- 
 
 tm^e ol 
 
 i(c above, 
 
 1 the ab- 
 
 h white, 
 
 (1 one oil 
 
 lite, oeca- 
 
 Ibre leys 
 
 '(1 oil the 
 ("e\v (liivs 
 I time in 
 le of the 
 l)e(H)miiig 
 
 yellow i'.id withered. When partly L;ro\vii, they se[)arate, 
 eiu'h one choosing" his own i'onrse, aii<l bv this tinu! their 
 dii^estive powers have become siiniricntly stroiio- to enabli' 
 them to cat freely of all |>arts of the leaf. 
 
 The fiill-i^rown caterpillar (Fi,u'. 281, a) is nearly two 
 inches long-, and nsiially of a yellowish color, but the color 
 varies i;'reatly, and in the same brood there may be found 
 with the yellow some straw-colored and others brown, from 
 a light to a very dark shade. On each segment there are a 
 nuiid)er of yellowish tubercles, from each of which there arises 
 a tuft of hairs ol' a yellowish or brownish color, sometimes 
 intermingled with a lew black ones. 'I'hc s[)aces between the 
 segments are crossed bv dark-brownish or sometimes black 
 lines, and there is a line of the same color along each side ; 
 tlic uiKJer surface of the body is dark also. When mature, 
 it seeks some sheltered nook or cranny in which to })ass the 
 chrysalis state, and, having found a suitable location, proceeds 
 to divest its body of the hairy covering, and with this woven 
 together bv silken threads it constructs a slight cocoon, within 
 which the chrysalis is formei', of ;i I'liestnut-brown color, as 
 shown at /; in the figiu-e. There 
 arc at least two broods ol' this 
 insect er.ch year, and these 
 l)roods so intenningli> that the 
 insect may almost always !)(> 
 found in one or other ol its 
 stages from May to ()ct<tb(r. 
 
 This species is subject to the 
 attack of several kinds of li:h- 
 neiimon flies, whicii destroy iin- 
 iiiense nitwalw^rs t)f them every 
 year. "Mic ot these, O^ihion hl- 
 
 liiiC(Ui(.s Say, is represented in Fig. 'JS2. Were it not for 
 these friei.,llv agencies constant Iv at work th( <'ominon woolly- 
 bears would ."lOon become very de^tru«•l ive. A-n it is, tiiey arc 
 soinetinies very injurious; when ihi- i^ 'he .'ase. hand-[)ieking' 
 
 I'Ki. 1282. 
 
274 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOrs TO THE (.'/!. I /'E. 
 
 sliould be resorted to, ami if tliis is done wliile the larvse are 
 V()iiii<r and feediiiii: i'l eoiunanv, their destriutioii is easilv 
 aceotnplisiied. 
 
 No. 147. — The Pyramidal Grape-vine Caterpillar 
 
 I'jirophihi jii/rdiin'iliiidcs ((iiicii.). 
 
 This eaterpiUar ( Fiu,'. "-'vS-'^) is iVeciuciitly destructive to 
 grape-vines, partieidarly to tiiose grown under ghiss, and may 
 be ibiuul on the leaves lull i^rown about the niiddh! of June 
 
 It is nearly an inch 
 ^'"- -^'•- and a hall" long, the 
 
 body tapering to- 
 wards the front, and 
 thickened l)ehini!. 
 The head is rather 
 small, of a whitish- 
 given color, with the mandibles tij)ped with black; the body 
 whitish green, a little darker on the sides, with a white stripe 
 down the back, a little broken between the segments or rings, 
 and widening behind. Thei-c is a bright-yellow strii)e on 
 each side close to the under sni'face, which is most distinct on 
 the hinder segments, and a second one of the same color, but 
 fainter, half-way between this and the (htisal line; thi^i lattei" 
 is more distinct on the j)osterior portion of the body, and 
 follows the peculiar j)ronunence on the twelfth segment, as 
 shown in the (igure. The nndei- side of the body is [)ale 
 green. 
 
 When full grown, the caterpillar descends to the groinid, 
 and, drawing together soint! loose fallen leaves or other 
 rni)bish, spins a slight cocoon, within which it changes to a 
 dai'k-browu chrysalis, from which the perfec;t insect escapes 
 in the latter part of duly. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 28 I) measures, when its wings are expanded, 
 about one and three-cpiarter inches. The Ibi-e wings ai'e<lark 
 brown shaded with |)aler brown and with dots and wavy lines 
 of dull white; the hind wing>^ are reddish, with a co])i)ei'y 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 275 
 
 irvjo are 
 is easily 
 
 ir 
 
 i(!tive to 
 
 iuid may 
 
 1)1' Jmic. 
 
 an inch 
 
 long, tlio 
 
 •ins;- to- 
 
 •ont, and 
 
 hohiml. 
 
 is ratlicr 
 
 \vliiti>li- 
 
 tlie body 
 
 ite stripe 
 
 or riiiu's, 
 
 ;tripe <in 
 
 inct on 
 
 )lor, l)ni 
 
 i-. latter 
 
 dy, and 
 
 nent, as 
 
 is pale 
 
 "•round, 
 )r other 
 
 Li'cs to a 
 eseapi'- 
 
 panded, 
 
 iire dark 
 
 ivy lines 
 
 (•o|)|)('ry 
 
 histre, he(!oniin<2; brown on the outer angle o(" the front edge 
 
 ot" the wing, and paler towards the hinder and inner angle. 
 
 The under surfaee ol" the 
 
 wings is much paler tluui 
 
 t lie nj»i)er. The body is dark 
 
 brown, its hinder portion 
 
 l)auded with lines of a paler 
 
 hue. 
 
 While j)artial to the grape, 
 I he hirva feeds also on thorn, 
 j)luni, rasj)berrv, red-bud, 
 Cercis CiDKuIenfiia, p()j)lai-, and probably other trees, shrubs, 
 etc. The insect is distributed over a wide area. Where they 
 are numerous enough to prove troubU'sonie, thev may be col- 
 lectexl and destroyed by jarring the trees or vines on which 
 thev are feeding, when thev will (b'op to the txround. 
 
 No. 148.— The Silky Pyrophila. 
 
 Pi/ro/i/ii/ii /rii(/<)ji'ii/inls (Linn.). 
 
 Tiie caterj)inar of this moth is of a yellowish-green <vi]or, 
 with a few very fine brownish hairs scattered over the upper 
 sm'faee of its body. It is found feeding on the grape-vine, 
 and sometimes in suHieient numbers to become a source of 
 annoyance; it attains full growth about the middle of June, 
 when it measures an inch and a quarter or moi-e in length. 
 The head is small, grecni, the jaws tipped with bi-own ; the 
 upper siirl'aee of the body is yellowish gre(!n,a little pah'r be- 
 Iween the joints; there is a white sti'ipe down the bach, and 
 two of the same color along each side, the lowest one IxMug 
 most distinct. On eich segment there are several small 
 whitish dots, from each of which arises a single line hair. 
 The under side is deeper in color than the up|K'r. When 
 matiu'c, It changes to a brown chrysalis, a little imder the 
 MU'lace of the groinid, from whii'h the perfect insect escapes 
 in .July. 
 
 The moth measures, when its wings are spread, about an 
 
27H 
 
 INSECTS lyjURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 inch and ii quarter across. Its lore wings are grayish brown 
 with a silky lustre, with several pale (h)ts ou the front edge, 
 and three short (hirk streaks near the middle. Tlie hind 
 wings are paler. 
 
 A\'heu lonnd to he injurious, the cMtcrpillars may be subilued 
 by lKUuI-[)icking. 
 
 No. 149.— The Spotted Pelidnota. 
 
 Pelidiidta piimlala [ Linn.). 
 
 This enemy to the grape-vine is a large and handsome 
 beetle (Fig. 285, c), wdiieli eats the leaves, making numerous 
 
 - - -^^ • ■ 'i&iiiiiiriiii ' '# -. 
 
 ^^:n ■ - - 
 
 holes ill tliem. It measures about an inch in length and hiilf 
 an inch in width at its widest ))art, is nearly oval in form, ut' 
 a (hdl i-eddish-yellow eolor, with a polished surface, and three 
 black spots on the outer side of (\ich wing-cover. The tho- 
 lax, which is rather darker th;in the wing-covers, is slightly 
 bron/A'd, and has a small blaiik dot on each side; the jaws and 
 hinder part of the head are black, so also is the scutiilhun, :i 
 small, nearly triangular piece at the point of juncture of the 
 W'ing-covors with the thorax. Tiie transparent, gauzy wings, 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 'J, I i 
 
 liandsoinc 
 numerous 
 
 which are concealed under the wing-cases Avlien not in use, are 
 (hirk l)r()wn. The under side of the beetle is (jari< u'reciijwith 
 a metallic lustre, downy about the middle, with tine brownisli 
 
 liairs. 
 
 I 
 
 ^ej^s, (lar 
 
 Innmij: irreen 
 
 It 
 
 appears du! ing 
 
 Jub 
 
 and August, and is active during the day, tlying tVoui vine to 
 vine with a heavv, awkward flight and a loud, buzziusx noise. 
 The female deposits iier eggs in rotten wood, on which the 
 hirva, when hatched, feeds ; tiie decaying stumps and exposed 
 decaying roots of pear, hickory, and other trees being selected 
 for this purpose. 
 
 When full iirown, the larva measures nearly two inches iu 
 
 the ti 
 
 irure, 
 
 lengtli, and presents the appearance shown at <i, \n 
 It lias a chestnut-brown head and a transhiccMit, white body, 
 and much reseuibles the larva of the .Mav-bcetle, No. ll-'J, 
 but is of a clearer white coh>r, and has a heart-siia[)ed swelling 
 on the terniin; 1 segment, which is short and cut off squarely. 
 A front view of the markiny^s on this segment is <ji;ivcn at d 
 
 iu the fiy-ure. When mature, it forms a slidit 
 
 diicl 
 
 1 are woven its own castmgs mixed with particles ol th( 
 
 cocoon, into 
 th 
 
 surrounding wood, and within this it changes to a chrysalis, 
 as seen at b, from which the beetle escai)es about ten days 
 afterwards; e repi-esents the antenna of the larva, and /one 
 of its legs, both magnified. 
 
 This insect is common throughout the Eastern and Western 
 States and the central portions of Canada. Should it at any 
 time prove injurious, it can easily 1 
 
 )e reduced m nnmhers hy 
 
 hand-picking. It feeds also on the Virginia crct'ix'r, Anipe- 
 lopsis quiiiqucfoUa. , . 
 
 No. 150. — The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. 
 
 (iraphi(U'ra r/ni!i/hc<i (llli^-.). 
 
 This pretty but destructive little beetle (see Fig. 2S()) 
 forces itself upon the attention of grape-growers very [)roni- 
 inently in the sj)ring season, when, awakened by the reviving 
 warmth of tiie sun from its winter state ()f tor[)idity, and 
 with appetite shari)ened by its long fast, it commences its work 
 
278 
 
 L\SKCTS IXJUJilOUS TO Tlll-l GliAPK. 
 
 of (k'stnu'tioii l)v eatiii": awiiv tlic .substance of the buds as 
 soon as tlicv hvAn to swell, thus (lestrovint;; inanv buncihes of 
 
 Yw,. 'im. Vui. 2S7. 
 
 ii'rapps in embryo. It goes 
 on with this wori< for about 
 a month, when it gradually 
 disappears. Before leaving, 
 Jiowever, the beetle provides 
 for the eontinuanee of its 
 race by depositing little 
 clusters of orange-colored 
 eggs on the under side; of 
 the young vine leaves, which 
 in u few days produce colo- 
 nies of small, dark-brown 
 larvffi, M'hich feed on the 
 uj)per side of the leaves, 
 riddling them, and when 
 numerous they devour the 
 whole leaf exce[)t the larger 
 veins, and sometifnes en- 
 tirely strip the vines of foli- 
 age. Fig. 287 rcjjresents 
 the larv.e in various stages 
 of growth at work on the vine, accompanied also by some 
 of the beetles. 
 
 In three or four weeks the larva attains full growth, when 
 it is a little more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually 
 
. I TT. I CKISd Til E L K. 1 \ ES. 
 
 279 
 
 I-'ki, 2SS. 
 
 (il'a Iit;lit-I)r()\vii color, soiiiotimes dark, and occasionally j)alor 
 an<l yollowisli. The head is black, and tlici-c arc six oi' cii2;lit 
 sliiniii"; black dots on each of the other scy-nients of the hodv, 
 each dot emitting a single hrownlsh hair. The under surface 
 is paler than the upper, its feet, six in iHiiid)er, are black, and 
 there is a fleshy, orange-colored proleg on the terminal seg- 
 ment. It is shown niagnilied in Fig. 28(S. 
 
 When mature, the larvic leave the vin(>s and descend to the 
 irround, where thev burrow under the earth and form small, 
 smooth, oval cells, within which they change to 
 dark-vellowish ehrv.salids. After remaining; two 
 oi' three weeks in this condition, the beetles issue 
 fi-oin them, and the work of destruction goes on; 
 but since tluy live at this season of the yeai' alto- 
 gether on leaves, of which there is an abundance, 
 the injuiy done is much less than in the spring. 
 
 The beetle is about three-twentieths of an inch 
 long, and varies in color from a polished steel-blue 
 to given, and occiasionaliy to a purplish hue, with 
 a transverse depression across the hinder [)art of the thorax. 
 The under side is dark green, the antenuie and feet brownish 
 black ; the thighs are stout and robust, by means of which 
 the inse(;t is al)le to jum|) about very nimbly. One of the 
 legs, detached from the body, is shown in Fig. 280. On the 
 a|)i)roach of winter the beetles retire to some suitable shelter, 
 as under leaves, pieces of bark', or in the earth immediately 
 around the roots of the vines, A\here they remain inactive 
 initil the following spring. Besides the vine, they feed on the 
 A^irginia crcei)er, Ampchjji^ixtjniti'iKcfolin, and the alder, Ahnis 
 ,sei'n(/<if(t, and sometimes eat the leaves of the plum-tree. 
 
 Jicnii'dics. — To destroy the beetles it is recommended to 
 sti'ew in the autunui air-slaked lime or unleached ashes 
 around the inl'ested vines, removing and destroying all rid)- 
 bish which might affonl shelter. In the spring the canes and 
 young foliage may hn syi-ingi^d with water in which has bijen 
 stirred a teaspoonful of Paris-green to each gallon. Strong 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 II 28 12.5 
 
 m 
 
 .30 
 
 22 
 
 12.0 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 1.25 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
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 ► 
 
 V. 
 
 (^ 
 
 /} 
 
 ^^' 
 
 o: 
 
 
 s^. 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEB^rt-RN y I4S80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
,<^ '^ 
 
 % 
 
 
 ip< 
 
 .<'' 
 
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 'JSO 
 
 LXSKCTS IXJVIilOVS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 !«():il)-MU(ls liavo also been rocoinmciuletl, and arc deserving of 
 trial. On ciiilly mornings the bec.'tlt's arc comparatively sing- 
 gisli and inactive, and may then he jarred iVoin the vines on 
 sheets r.nd c« Uected and destroyed. These insects are much 
 more ahuiKhint in some seasons than in others. 
 
 No. 151.— The Rose Beetle. 
 
 Macrodtictijlus .siilispinosn.-i (Kulir.). 
 
 This beetle, commoidy known as the rose-bng, attacks tlie 
 rose, and is also very injnrions to the grape-vine, tlie apph", 
 cherry, peach, phun, etc. Its i)ody (see Fig. 2H9) is a little 
 more than one-thinl of an inch long, slender, and 
 tapering a little towards each extrennty. Its color 
 is didl yellowish when IVesh, arising I'rom its being 
 covered with a grayish-yellow down or bloom, and 
 its long, sprawling legs are of a dull pale-reddish 
 hue, with the joints of the feet tipped with black and 
 armed with verv long (flaws. The down on the bodv ot" the 
 lu'ctle is easily rubbed off, producing quite a change in its 
 appearance, the head, thorax, and the under side of its body 
 bcconnng of a sinning black. 
 
 These beetles soiuetimcs apjK'ar in swiirms about (he time 
 of the blossoming of the ro-e, which in the Northern United 
 States and Canada is usually during the second week in June; 
 they remain about a month, at the end of which period (he 
 males become exhausted, drop to the ground, and perish, 
 while (he females burrow under (he surface, deposit their 
 eggs, (hen rea})i)ear above ground, and shortly afterwards die 
 also. 
 
 ICach female lays about (hir(y eggs, which arc^ buried in 
 (he earth (o (he depdi of from one to four inches; the eggs 
 are about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, whitish, and 
 nearly globular. In about thret! weeks they hatch, and the 
 yoimg larva' at once begin to i'v.vd on such tender rof)ts as are 
 within their reach. 'I'hey attain full growth in (he autumn, 
 when they are abou( three-(piarters of an inch long and about 
 
 
.1 7"/'. I ( 'Kiya THE L /•:. i vi:s. 
 
 •2S1 
 
 'vinj^ of 
 'ly slii<i;- 
 viiu's oil 
 re much 
 
 IH'k.S llu' 
 lie apple, 
 s a little 
 ider, and 
 Its eolor 
 its beiiiiLi; 
 )om, and 
 .'-reddish 
 iliiek and 
 ly of the 
 <;e in its 
 its bodv 
 
 (he time 
 Fnite.l 
 
 n June ; 
 iod tii<> 
 perish, 
 
 <it their 
 
 ai'ds die 
 
 lU'ied in 
 he eji'ys 
 ish, and 
 and the 
 s as are 
 lutiimn, 
 id about 
 
 an ei<j;lith of an iiM-h in diameter, of a veUowish-whitc cnlor, 
 with a tin^•<' of l)Ine towards the hinder extremity, which is 
 thielv, obtuse, and rounded ; the head is pale red and lioiiiv, 
 \\\\i\ there are a few short hairs scattered over the surface of 
 the body. In October the larva descen<l- Itilow the reach of 
 trost, and j)asses the winter in a tor|)id state; in the sprinij!; it 
 approaches the siu'faee and forms foi" itself a little oval cell 
 of earth, within which it is transfornied to a pnoa dnrlii'.'' the 
 month oi' May. 
 
 In form the pu|)a bears some resemi)lance to the perfect 
 insect, and is of a yellowisji-white eolor, it-^ whole body beinii; 
 enclosed in a thin film that wraps each |»art se|»arately. in 
 .June this iilmy skin is rent, when the enchi-.-d beetle with- 
 draws its IxHJy and limbs, bursts o|»en its earthen cell, antl 
 forces its way to the surface ol the ^roinid, thu-- completiuii; 
 it'^ various sta|i:;es within the space ol' one vear. 
 
 Although these insects have many natural foe-, such as 
 carnivorous e-round-beetles, inseetiviir(in< birds, (lomestie 
 fowls, toads, etc., they ol'ten need the interveninii; hand of 
 man to keep (hem within due bounds. When ninnerous, 
 they may be (letaehe(l iVom the vines with a sudden and 
 violent jar, I'alliui;' on sheets spread below to receive them. 
 They are ntidn-ally sluijgish, do not fly readily, and are f )nd 
 of conu'reiiatiuir in masses on the folia<'e thi'v ai'c consiiminii', 
 and hence in the mornine", befori' the day becomes warm, they 
 can be easily shaken from their restin^-j)Iaces, collecied, and 
 bm'nt, crushed, or thrown into scaldini;- water. This in>ect 
 is very |)ar(ial to the Clinton ii:ra|)e, and, where this is to be 
 liad, will coiit:;reea(e on it in preference? (o other varieties, a 
 j)eeiiliarity which may be made use <if by plaiuinj:: ('lin(on 
 vines as a decoy, and (hiis ina(erially l(ssenin|L!; the labor 
 involved in (he destrnedon of (he beedes. 
 
w 
 
 2<S2 
 
 lySKCTS IS.IURIOl'S TO THE (iiiAPE. 
 
 Vu.. uno. 
 
 No. 152. — The Grape-vine Fidia. 
 
 Fiih'il liiin/li)iti (MlAs.). 
 
 This enemy to tli(,' gnipe-viiio is ii eltc'stnut-l)n)\vii hectle 
 (sec FiiT. 200), about a quarter of an ineli lont^, with its Ixxly 
 (lonselv covered with verv short whitish liairs, wliioli y;ive it 
 a hoary aj)})earan('e. Ft is Hrst seen in June, and oy the end 
 of July lias usually disa|»|)eai"cd. Its mode oi' 
 o|)eratiou is to cut sti'aiifht, elouijated iiole- 
 about oue-ei<2;hth of au inch in diameter in tiie 
 
 1 leaves, and when the insects ai'e numi'rous tiieso 
 are so thickly perforated as to be reduiied to 
 
 mere shreds. This is said to be one of th(! 
 
 worst f(»es the a;ra|)e-p;rower has to contend with 
 in Missouri and Kentucky, where at times it literally swarms, 
 and then almost entirely destroys the foliage of lar«2;e vine- 
 yards. Tt is a native insect, found in the woods fecdini^ on 
 the wild grape, also on the red-bud, Cnris (Janndnif^is ; ol' 
 the vines in cultivation it is said to prefer the Concord and 
 Norton's ^'ir^ini;l. Upon the slightest disturbance, or when 
 danger threatens, it has the habit of doubling u|) its legs and 
 i'alling to the ground, where for a time it remains motiotdess, 
 feigning death in the same manner as tlu- plum cureulio. 
 Advantage may be taken o\' this habit, and the insects col- 
 lected by placing sheets inider the vines and jari'ing them 
 with the hand. The grape-vine I'^idia belongs to the great 
 family ('/iri/somcfidn', which includes the grape-viui; Hea- 
 bcctle, the potato-beetle, and many other injiu"ious species. 
 Of the early stages of this insect nothing is yet known. 
 
 No. 163. — The Grape-vine Colaspis. 
 
 Cdldspis linmiiea Fiihr. 
 
 This beetle also belongs to the ('/iri/sonir/ldiv, ixm] injures 
 the vino leaves in a manner similar to that of the species last 
 described, riddling them with small round holes, interspersed 
 with larger irregular ones, in a wholesale manner. It is 
 
iiwn beetle 
 li its body 
 icli t;ive it 
 W llie end 
 ts mode of 
 iited liolcs 
 icier ill the 
 leroiis these 
 rctlueed to 
 one of the 
 intend with 
 lly swarms, 
 l:iri>;e vine- 
 feedinj^ on 
 '(/ni.s/.s; ol' 
 Kiieord and 
 'c, or when 
 t.s lejijs and 
 niotionU'ss, 
 cnreulio. 
 is(,'('ts eol- 
 iini;- them 
 tlie orcat 
 vine Ih'a- 
 is speeii'-;. 
 lown. 
 
 nd injnri's 
 ■i|K'('ies hist 
 itersperscd 
 er. It is 
 
 ; 
 
 ATTAVKISU TIIK LEAVl'S. 
 
 28;i 
 
 nearly onr-fil'th of an inch long (sec Fii;-. 2!ll ), ol" a ])ale- 
 \eIlowisii color, with the body ih-nsely i)nnctated, and with 
 ( levated hues on the winir- ■c< .,„ 
 
 covers between the rows ^ / 
 
 A' dots. It is found in ''<\yT. / 
 most of tlie Kastern and >i^\r\ 
 
 I A 
 
 le- *^ 
 
 Y\r.. I'll: 
 
 
 .Middle Stat<'s, and (K 
 
 vonrs also the leaves of 
 
 the strawberry ; it a|)|)ears ^ ^ 
 
 eaflv in Jiilv and diirini>' Aiijiriist. 
 
 The e;J,•^■s are deposited either upon or in 
 close proximity to strawberry-])lants, and 
 when hatched tlu.' young larvic bnri'ow into 
 the earth and i'w<\ upon the roots of the 
 strawberrv-vines, on which thev mav he Ibiind all throii<>h 
 the fall, wint<'r, and spiMiig months. It is a sinonlar larva, 
 shown magnilied in Fig. 2!)l2, and has on the under side 
 of" each ot" the legless joints a i)air of lleshy [)rojections re- 
 minding one of legs, each tipped with two or three' still' 
 hairs. Its bodv is vellowish or uravish white, with a vel- 
 low jiead. The pupa is i"ormed in the earth during the 
 month of June, the perfect insect maturing two or three 
 wci Ivs afterwards. 
 
 llcmedk'H. — The beetles may be collected by jarring them 
 Irom the vines on sheets early in the morning, and destroyed. 
 Ashes, soot, or lime a|)plied to I Ik; strawberry-vines will in 
 most instances deter the beetles from depositing their eggs 
 on them, or will destroy the young larvic as soon as hatched. 
 
 No. 164. — The Red-headed Systena. 
 
 Si/s/i'iiii I'riiii/dlis (Fill)!'.). 
 
 This insect belongs also to the ('///7/No/;t(7/f//»', and, although 
 very generally distributed throiigliont tlu; northern portions 
 of America, has not until of late been recorded as injurious. 
 During the summer of 1.S82, in some parts of the Province 
 of Ontario, it iuHicted mu(!h injury on the vines by devour- 
 
284 
 
 lysECTS L\JiIil()LS TO Till: a HAVE 
 
 Km. 'I'.'W. 
 
 K^^' 
 
 iiii^ tlie <^rc('ii tissues on I lie iipiH-r side f llic leaves, caiisinn- 
 
 them to (li.-eolor and eventually to witliei'. Tliis insect is 
 rnrnisiied with stout thijuhs, which enaMc it to 
 junip like the llea-heetle of the vine, to wliicli 
 it is closely allied. The beetle (Im^-. '^.H:]) 
 is about one-sixth oi" an inch in lenixth, the 
 thorax and wint^-cases black and denseU but 
 very finely jxinctated. The head is pale led 
 above, between the eyes; the anteniiic are 
 rather loiii;- and rt'ddish, with the ba>al joiiii 
 black. The underside is brownish black. Tiie 
 
 legs are well adapted lor iuni[)inii', the thiiihs being thick 
 
 and robust. 
 
 No. 156. — The Light-loving Anomala. 
 
 AiKiiiiii/d hh'ii-tila ( Fill)!".). 
 
 'i'his insect is a beetle about one-third of an inch long (sei' 
 V'wi. 2!) I), in form resembliiiy; the Mav-beetle, No. llu, which 
 aj)pears late in .June or early in .Inly. It is common on both 
 the wild and the cultivated grape-vine, feeding uj)on 
 Fid. 'J!)4. tlie leaves. The beetle is of a pale dull-yellow color, 
 the thorax black, margined with dull yellow, the 
 hind part of the heal and th<' under side of the 
 body also blaelc ; sometimes the abdomen is brown. 
 The.se beetles o(!casionally ap|)ear in swarms, when 
 they devotu' the foliage very rapidly, the vine leaves soon 
 rc.'^embling a piece of net-work, only tlu^ lai'ge veins, with 
 .some of the smaller ones, being left. 
 
 liCiiicdics. — Dusting the vines with fresh air-slaked lime, 
 or syringing tl'iem with a solution of whale-oil soap or strong 
 tobacco-water, has been recommended. Prolnibly hellebore 
 or Paris-green with water, as recommended for No. 1 1<>, 
 would be mor(> elVectual. 
 
.i'rTA(Ki.\<; Tin-: ij:.\vi:s. 
 
 28/> 
 
 (•tvusiii;^; 
 iisirt is 
 
 l»lc it to 
 I) wiiicii 
 
 -. '^!'-) 
 :;lli, the 
 >cl\ lull 
 |):ile r<'il 
 lHiO .'ire 
 -ill juinl 
 
 ■U. 'VUr 
 
 ijr tliick 
 
 loiiii; (soc 
 ;>, which 
 
 oii both 
 iiiiLi' upon 
 ()\V coloi', 
 ll(»\v, the 
 V of tht' 
 
 brown. 
 
 IS, when 
 
 Vl'S SUOll 
 
 lis, witli 
 ;('il lime, 
 
 1)1- stl'Oll^' 
 
 iclU'huni 
 No. liO, 
 
 No. 156. — The Grape-vine Saw-fly. 
 
 Sr/tiii'In'il rilis Iliirii-. 
 
 This is a siiiali roiii--wiiin((l \\y (Fi<i-. liH")), with :i shiniii>i,' 
 ithii'U body, ('.\('('|)t the upper sich; ot" the thorax, which is 
 rc<l ; the wiii<is ww scini-tiiinspai-ciit, .iiul have 
 • lark-brown veins, the iVont |)air Ix-iiij;- cloiidi-d, '■"'<'• -•'•"•■ 
 <pi' of a snioixv color. The lore lei:s and under 
 ~i(ic of ijjc other le;;> are |)ale yellow or whili-h. 
 ihe i)ody of the leniali! measures about ihi(c- 
 teiitlis of an inch in lenutli, that ol' the male -oiuewhat less. 
 The in-ei't is double-brooded, the first bidod of llii > appearinj^ 
 in the sj)rinir, the .second late in .Iiily or eaily in Aimu.-t. 
 
 The egi^s are laid on the under >ide o|' the terminal leaves 
 of the vine in small clusters, and the larva', when hatelicd, 
 feed in com|)any, side by sid( , from al)out hall" a do/.eii to 
 fifteen or twenty in a iiioup, preserviini' their raid<> with 
 nuicli reii'iilarity, as shown in l''i^\ 2IMI. Tli< y bciiin at one 
 ediic of the leaf and eat the whole ol' the 
 leaf — includini:: the ribs — to the stalk, and •"'" -"•"'• 
 jiroceed from leaf to leaf down the branch, f* 
 devouriuL:,' as they >:;o, until they are full 
 urowii. When mature, they ineMsiire about 
 livc-eii-hths of an inch in lenulh. ai'i' ■<oiii(«\vhat 
 ^-lender and ta|>eriiiii- behind, and iliiekeneil 
 before the middle, riicyareof a pale-yellow 
 color, darker or i>:reenisli on the itack, with 
 two traiiHver.se rows of minut(> black points acro.s.s each riuii;, 
 the head and tip of the last sep;ment beiiiu; black ; the under 
 >ide is yellowish. After the he-t moult the larva; becoiiu! 
 entirely yellow, when tluy leave the vine<, descend to the 
 ;j, roil I id, and burrow under its surface. There they form oval 
 cells in the earth, which they line with silk, and within (li(>se 
 enclosures chan^'c to chry.silids, from which the perfect Hies 
 escape in about a fortniijht. 'I'he second brooil pass the 
 winter in tiie ehrv.salis .^tate. In ¥\\i. 121)0 one of the oval 
 
 m 
 
2S() 
 
 LXSKCTS l.XJUiaoL'S TO TIIE Glt.lJ'/-: 
 
 'I 
 
 cells is shown with llio fly resting on it ; ;ils(» one of the 
 clirvsilids. 
 
 Oceasjonally tliis insect is very destrnctive, sometimes en- 
 tirely stri|>|)ing the vines. In such cases the I'oliagc! shonid 
 l)c ^prinUleii with hellebore and water, or Paris-green and 
 water, in the proportions given under No. 140. 
 
 No. 157. — The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper. 
 
 /■'ri/l/iniiniinin'/is(\\nvr\s}. 
 
 Tlie accom|)anying figure, 2U7, represents the in-^eet com- 
 monly known among vine-growers as the "Thrip." Tlif 
 
 insects are shown 
 magn i lied ; the 
 ?-hortei" lines adj<»in- 
 ing indicate their 
 natnial size. 'J'he 
 'iW (' figiM'e to the left 
 ttiiilv ^ shows the mature in- 
 sect with its wings 
 I'Xpanded, the other 
 the sam(> with its wings closed. It is rather moi'c than one- 
 eighth of an incii long, crossed hy two hroail, hlood-red hands, 
 and a diird dusky one at the apex, the anterior l)and occu- 
 lting the base of the thorax and the l)a>e of the wing-covers, 
 the middh> one wide ai)ove, narrowing towards the margin. 
 Besides r/V/.s-, there are half a <lo/.en or more which are sup- 
 posed to be distinct specits, all about the same size, and with 
 the same habits, dill'eriiig only in the markings on the wings. 
 ThcM' insects pass the winter in the perfect state, hiber- 
 nating under dead leaves oi- other rubbish, the survivors be- 
 coming active in spring, when they deposit theii' eggs on the 
 young leaves of the vine. Thc! larvu' are hatched during the 
 month (tf June, and resembh! the perfect insect exce|)t in 
 size and in i)eing destitute of wings. During their growth 
 they shed their >kins, which are nearly white, several times, 
 and, although exceedingly delicate and gossamer-like, the 
 
of ilie 
 
 UK'S Cll- 
 
 ; slumld 
 i'vw and 
 
 Oct ('(im- 
 " 'PI 
 
 ; tlM. 
 •i iuljttill- 
 
 (r tlu-ii' 
 'x: Tlio 
 the left 
 latui'i' ill- 
 its \vii)<;s 
 till' other 
 lliaii t»iK'- 
 I'd hands, 
 id occu- 
 ii-covcrs, 
 iiiai'iLi'm. 
 ari' siip- 
 nd wiili 
 U' \vinj;s. 
 tc. hihcr- 
 ivors he- 
 ;s on thi! 
 uriiiii the 
 'xccpt in 
 V iri'owth 
 •a I tinu's, 
 like, the 
 
 ATTACK I. \(1 THE LEAVES. 
 
 287 
 
 empty skins remain for some time attached to the h'aves. 
 The insects ieed t(ti^ether on the under si(h' ol' the h-aves, an<l 
 are very (|nick in their movements, hoppini; hriskjy aiiout hy 
 means of their hind li'<;<, wliich are especially titled for this 
 pii''|)ose. They have a p(-cidiar hahit of" rnnniiiLr sidewavs, 
 and when they sec that they are observed upon one side of a 
 leaf" tliev will often dudp- (piickly aronnd to th(! other. Tliev 
 ,ire fnrni>lied with a sliai'p heak or prohuscis, with whidi 
 iliev piincliire the >kiii of the leaf, and throntxh which tliev 
 -nek lip the saj), the exhaustion of the sap |)rodnciiii;' on the 
 upper siii-f"ace yellowish or hrownish s|)ots. At first these 
 spots are small and do not attract much attention, but as the 
 insects increase in si/e the discolored spots become Parser 
 until the whole leaf is involved, when, chaii^dni^ to a yellow 
 (a>t, it appears as if scorc;hed, and often drops from th<; vine. 
 Occasionally the vines become so far defoliated that the fruit 
 fails to ri|)en. 
 
 As the leaf-hopper enters the second stau;e of its cxi.-tencc, 
 •rrespondinti; to the chrysalis stati; in other injects, diminntivo 
 wiiiii's appear, which gradually lirow until fully i!iatiire<|, the 
 inject meanwhile becomiiiin; increasiimly active. With the 
 full growth of the win<;'s it ac(|iiires such jiowers of flight 
 that it readily flies from vine to vine, and thus spreads itself 
 in all directions. It continues its mischievotis work until 
 lute in the season, when it seeks shelter for the winter. 
 
 The Clinton, Delaware, and other thindeaved varieties 
 siitU'r more l"r()m the attacks of these insects than do the thick, 
 li'athery-leaved sorts, such as ( 'oiicord. These leaf-li(»p|)ers 
 are sometimes (piite abundant in a vineyard one season and 
 comparatively scarce the next, their preservation (le|»eiidin(r 
 so much on favorable weather and suitable >helter for the 
 perfeet insects tlurinj; winter. 
 
 liciiicdhx. — \"arioiis measures have been siitrircsted as reine- 
 dies. Since the insect does not consume the outer siirl;u'e of 
 the leaf, it beeomes diflicult to di'al with it. Syriimiiiy; with 
 stronj^ tobacco- water or soap-suds, or fiimi<;atiiii>; with tobacco 
 
 (•( 
 
•J.S8 
 
 LxsKCTs ly./iiiioc.s TO Till: liiiAri:. 
 
 wlioro the vines ciiii he ciirloscd, so as to prevent llii; free es- 
 (•;i|K' of the sinoUe, are the most ellicicnt remedies. Dusting 
 with lime, sul|>hnr and lime, hellebore and Cayenne pepjior, 
 have all been reeonimended. Carrvju*; liiihted torches throiiu:h 
 the vineyard at nii;lit, the folia<;e at the same time beinfj; <iis- 
 tnrbed with a stick, will destroy a fjjreat nianv o|' them, since 
 they fly to the lij^ht and are bnrnt. As a preventive, the 
 ^ronnd in the nei^hborhooil of the.' vines shonld be kept tlmr- 
 oni;hly clean, and be sevond times I'aked or otherwise di— 
 tnrbed late in the antnmn an<l early in the sprimj;, so as to 
 expose any concealed insects to the killini;' inlhicnce of fro-t. 
 A species of bnii; known as the (ilassy-wini^ed .S(»ldier-l)ii:^, 
 C(impi//(»icui'a vltripoiniiS Say, feeds on these loaf-hoppers, 
 
 and devoni's lariro nnmbers ol' 
 
 l''l(i.L".tS. l-'Mi.-J'.i'.t. 
 
 them, ^i<,^ 2i)<S shows tin- 
 
 r friendly insect in the larv: 
 ^s^ state, and Fii^. 290 in the pe 
 
 ,_. feet condition. This nsefnl 
 
 Y iViend, wluMievcr scrn, shonlij 
 ^, be protected. In both fi tin res 
 \ the insect is matiiiified, the lino 
 at the side showini;- the natnral 
 si/e. The matnre insect is of a pale tureen ish-yel low coloi'. 
 the head and thorax arc tini^cd with pink, and the npper 
 'vings are transparent and ornanjented with a rose-colored 
 cross. 
 
 The Grape-leaf Gall-louse. 
 
 J^/ii/lloxcra vUlj'nliii Kiicli. 
 
 This lias been already treated of nnder the grajx; [ihyl- 
 loxera, Xo. 125. 
 
 Tree-hoppers. 
 
 Several insects may be ji;roup(>il nnder this name which at- 
 tack the leaves of the vine, and some of them the siiccnlent 
 branches also. 
 
.1 rr.\<i<is<i Tin: i.i:.\ i/.w. 
 
 'Jvs) 
 
 No. 158. — One of tlicsc, tlic Waved riNtconia, Pmconld 
 itn(l(it(( i"'al)ri('ius (sco J*'ii;. ."KMh, is a cNlimlrical jiiinplii;^ 
 iiisL't't iitarly liall" an iiicli luiiu. wliidi is -aiil ti» lay 
 its i'ir<jj.s ill siiiu'lc I'ows in liic wood of the canes. IJe- '' '" ••""• 
 sides attacking- tlie leaves, this \nv^ puiii-inro with its '\t 
 heak the sterns of the hunches ol" ^iMpes, caiisin«; the '^ 
 stems to wither ami the Itnnehes t<t drop nil'. Some- l^j 
 limes it pMm|)s out the sap so viirorously tVoni the 
 ^ll('c^lent hi-anche.s that the drojts tall in (piick .-ncces-ion 
 iVom its i)ody. 
 
 In the sonthei-n pait^ol" Illinois this insect is at times very 
 numerous, hecomini;' then oneol'the worst enemies the grape- 
 grower has to contend with. 
 
 No. 159. — The iSinglc-strijK'd Tree-hop|ter, TIhTki timvlll<it<i 
 ilarris, is shaped much like a beeeh-nnt, with a perpendi<Mdar 
 prntuberant'e on the lore pai't of its haek higher than it is 
 wide, and its summit rounded. 'I'lu! insect is of a chestnut- 
 hinwn ci)lor, tawny xyhite in trout, and with a white stripe; 
 along the hack, extending from the i)rotui)erance to the lip. 
 It is about one-third of an inch long and a (piarler of an 
 inch in height, and may often be sin-n on grape-vines in .Inly 
 and August. 
 
 No. 160. — Another sj)ecies is the IMaek-backed 'rree-lioj)per, 
 Acittali.^ (lor.sdlifi (I'^itch), a small, triangidiir, shining in-ect 
 with a >mooth, rounded back. Iiscoloi- is greenish white, and 
 it has a large black spot on its back, from the anterior corners 
 of which a black lim; runs oif towards each eye ; the npper 
 margin of the head and th(> breast are also black. The I'emale 
 is about one-fifth of an inch long, the male smaller. This 
 spiH'ies is sometimes found in considerable nund)ers on grape- 
 vines ai)ont the last ol" Jidy, and a few stragglers usually 
 remain until Ocitober. 
 
 m 
 
290 
 
 JXSlX-rs ISJVRIOVS TO Till. GIlAl'E. 
 
 Tree-bugs. 
 
 No. 163. — 'J'Ik; Modest 'ri'cc-hiijji;, Aniui modv^fd Dallas, is 
 
 sinallcr, licinii' IVoiii four to (our and a lialf tenths of ;i:i 
 
 incli loiiii', ol" a tawny yellow isli-<»;ray color, thiekly dotinl 
 
 witii brown. Tlio winj^-cases are eoninionly red at tlieir tip-, 
 
 and tlie under glassy winu;s have a brown spot at tlieii' i \- 
 
 trernities. The under side is whitish, with a row of black 
 
 dots alono; the middle of the alxloinon. and another on each 
 
 side. This insect is one of the eoinnioncsc tree-bugs, and i- 
 
 found in the autumn on a number of dilFerent trees aiitl 
 
 shrubs. 
 
 No. 164. — The Grape-vine Aphis. 
 
 Sijtkomiphdra viticola Tlioinius. 
 
 This speeies of plant-louse, which is destru(!tive to tlio 
 leave.s and young shoots of the grape-vine, is of a dusky- 
 
A TTA CKISG THE L E. I I 'ES. 
 
 291 
 
 lin)\vii or hhickisli color, Icj^s <rrct'iii»li, iiuu'l^cd with diiskv. 
 Most of the liw arc wiii<4lc'ss, Imt somo have wings clear aiul 
 glassy, Nvitii brownish veins. This is helieved to he the sanin 
 j.|)C('ies as that which infests the vine in the sonthern parts of 
 Knrope, viz., A^tliix c/V/.s, hut the insect ha^ not yet l)e<n snlli- 
 ciently studied to decide this with certainty. 'I'hev cluster in 
 tiiousands on tlic ends of the branches, causinir tiie leaves to 
 (■iu"l up and the vine to appear very unsightlv. Thev are 
 xvn early in tiie siunnier, and usually continue but a few- 
 weeks, as their enemies, the lady-birds and other j)redaceous 
 insects, increase so fast as to decimate then* within that time. 
 Tliey are common in the South 
 and in the Middle States, but 
 (V'ctu" only occasionally in the 
 more northern distriet.s. 
 
 Should occasion require the 
 application of a ri^niedy, the 
 vines may be syringed with 
 weak lye, tobnao water, or 
 
 I'iG. ao2. 
 
 strong soMo-suds. 
 
 >«ii 
 
 No. 165. — The Broad-winged 
 Katydid. 
 
 ('//rfiipJii/llKs r.tmcAwns (Harris). 
 
 This is jH'rha|)s our common- 
 est species of katvdid, and may 
 bo distinguished from the other 
 species by the greater breadth 
 iuid convexitv of its wiuir-cov- 
 crs, which, with their strong 
 midrib and regular venation, 
 nnich resemble a leaf. The in- 
 sect (Fig. .302) is about an inch 
 and a half long, the female 
 having a projecting ovipositor or piercer, with which the eggs 
 are thrust into crevices and soft substances. The e<nrs are 
 
292 
 
 IXSKCTS ISJUIilOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 of a dark sitite-i'olor, about one-eig'htli of an iiu-li lon<»', ami 
 not more than one-third of this in diameter. Thoy are hiid 
 in two contiguous rows aloig a twig or cane, the l)ark of 
 whieh is [)reviously shaved off or made rough with the piercci. 
 The rows are plaeed somowiiat obliquely, ()verlai)i)ing encli 
 other a little, and are Hrmly fastened with a gummy substance. 
 These singular-looking rows of eggs are fre([uently found on 
 the canes of grape-vines, and always ex(Mte cui'iosity and in 
 (piiry, anil ibr that reason they are referred to; they do nn 
 partioidar injury to the vine. The young katydids win n 
 hatched, which usually occurs in the following sj)ring, cai 
 almost any tender succulent leaves, and have never been 
 recorded as injurious. 
 
 Another and a very similar s[)ecies is the Oblong-wingi li 
 Katydid, J*/ii/!l()jjtera oblomjijolia De Geer, which is also said 
 to deposit eggs in a sinnlar manner on grajie-twigs. 
 
 No. 166.— The Trumpet Grape-gall. 
 
 )'///.•)' rillfiilit Ostt'ii Siiclvcii. 
 
 These arc ciu'ious, eK)ngatetl, conical galls, about one-tliii<l 
 V,,, ..(v. of an inch lonii, of 
 
 u reddish or red- 
 dish-crimson color, 
 sometimes indin- 
 
 ^~L l^-\~\ J"i2,' '" consideralilc 
 i'mK«'.'iiLnund)ers on ilic 
 
 ' '-i- B^yr'J- (See Fiu;. :;o;!.j 
 '^riiough usualb 
 found only on the 
 U|)|)er sui'face, iIhv 
 are occasionally 
 seen on llic undi r 
 side also. They arc 
 produced In- a gall-gnat, an undetermined s|)ecies of iWiilo- 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 293 
 
 ipiiit^ each 
 
 is also sai'l 
 
 lit ()iu>tiiii<l 
 nch lonti', of 
 isli 01" icd- 
 •iin.son color, 
 inos ii)cliii- 
 ^rcen, nrow- 
 coiisitlcraMr 
 'I's on the 
 of the vine. 
 
 Fiji. ;}();5.) 
 
 >'li usually 
 only on the 
 surface, liny 
 occasionally 
 )n the undi r 
 Iso. 'riieyaiv 
 crt ol' (Jmdo- 
 
 myici, and on cutting into tiio galls they arc found to be hollow, 
 each containing a pale-orange larva. It is probable that the 
 larva enters the earth to transforiu to the chrysalis, and that 
 the fly is produced the Ibllowing season. 
 
 No. 167. — The Grape-vine Filbert-gall. 
 
 T7//a' cori/loldes AValsli & Hi lev. 
 
 In this instance? :: rounded mass of galls from one and a 
 half to two and a half inches in diameter sj)ritigs from a 
 cDinmon centre at a point where a bud would naturally be 
 I'ound. The mass (sec Fig. 304) is composed of from ten to 
 
 Fui. :^04. 
 
 forty opaque, woolly, greenish galls, which have a fleshy, juic^y, 
 siib-acid interior, each with a i/iugle central, longitudinal cell, 
 one of wiiich is shown at c in the lij^ure, about a quarter of 
 
294 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fio. nOo. 
 
 ail inch loiiu; and one-fourth as wide, containins^ a solitary 
 orange-yellow larva, about one-eiglitli of an ineli long-. Tiiis 
 is also the larva of an undetermined s[)eeies of Cecidoimjia^ 
 a family the members of which may be recognized in the 
 larval state by a peculiar appendage known as a breast-bone 
 attached to the under side near the head. In this species if 
 is almost Y-shaped, as shown at a iu the figure; the diverginn- 
 
 branches terminate in two pro- 
 jecting points, which may he 
 extended at will, and wiiich ar(> 
 |)r()l)ably used by the larva in 
 abrading the soft tissues of tlu' 
 gall so as to cause an exudation 
 of saj), on which the larva feeds. 
 The flies belonging to this genus 
 are usuallv of a dull-black color, 
 ' like that shown in Fig. oOo, a, 
 
 which rci)rescnts a female fiy ; the antenna of a male is seen 
 at h. The gall is common in July; the larger-sized specimens 
 bear some resemblance to a bunch of filberts or liazel-nuts, 
 hence the name filbert-gall. 
 
 No. 168. — The Grape-vine Tomato-gall. 
 
 Vitis tomatns lliloy. 
 
 These galls form a mass of irregular, succulent swellings 
 on the stem and leaf-stalks of the grape-vine (see Fig. 30G), 
 very vai'iable in si/c and shape, from the single, round, cran- 
 berry-like swelling to the irregular, bulbous j)rotuberanc('s 
 which look much like a group of dimimitive tomatoes. Tlicy 
 have a ycllowish-grecn exterior, with rosy cheeks, and some- 
 times are cntii'cly red ; the interior is soft, juicy, and acid. 
 Fach gall has several cells, as shown at a in the figure, and 
 in each cell there is an orange-yellow larva, wliich, before the 
 gall has entirely decayed, enters the ground, where it chatigcs 
 to a chi-ysalis, and finally emerges as a pale-reddish gnat, with 
 bluok liead and anteinue, and gray wings. This fly also be- 
 
ATTACKISG THE LEAVES. 
 
 295 
 
 longs to the family Cccidotni/ia, ami is known to entomologists 
 as Lasiopfera vitk of Osten Saeken. 
 
 The larvie are liable to be attacked by a parasite, and also 
 
 I'lu. 30t 
 
 by a species of Thrij), which invade the cells and destroy the 
 
 inmates. 
 
 No. 169. — The Grape-vine Apple-gall. 
 
 Vilis pnmum AVivlsli & Uilcy, 
 
 This i.s a globidar, flesliy, greenish gall, abont nine-tenths 
 of an inch in diameter, which is attached by a I'ongh base, 
 
r 
 
 29(J 
 
 IXSKCTS lyjURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 like that of a liazol-iiiit, to the stem of the vine. On its ex- 
 ternal surface there are longitudinal depressions, which divide 
 the <>;all into eiy;ht or nine sei>;nieiits. The interior is fleshv 
 for al)ont one-eightii of its diameter, then foHow a series of 
 elongated cells, each divided into two by a transverse partition, 
 the lower being the shorter of the two. Fig. o()7, a, represents 
 
 the exterior of the 
 Fig. ;]07. ,, , ,. .. 
 
 *<»Bres~:'*»'s>. g;>"; '', a section ol 
 
 (he same, showing 
 its interior structure. 
 Each cell is occupied 
 by a single larva of 
 a bright-yellow color, 
 with a chestnut-brown, 
 Y-slia|)cd breiLst-bone, 
 whicii eventually produces a gall-fly belonging to the genus 
 Cccldomyia. 
 
 This gall sometimes varies in form, being occasionally flat- 
 tened or depressed ; when young it is downy on the outsi\le, 
 succulent within, and is said to have a pleasant, acidulous 
 flavor. 
 
 Should any of the galls described ever become a source of 
 annoyance, they may readily be destroyed by iiand-picking. 
 
 ATTACKING THE PEUIT. 
 
 No. 170. — The Grape-seed Insect. 
 
 Isnsdiim n'/i.s Sainulfirs. 
 
 This insect was first observed in 1808, when it threatened 
 to become a very troublesom(> enemy to grape-culture; it was 
 widely distributed, and, having the fecundity usually charac- 
 teristic; of insect life, it might have Imk'U expected to inc^rease 
 immensely; but this happily has not been the case, and of 
 late it has seldom prevailed to any serious extent. 
 
 IIbRH' 
 
ATTACK I so THE FRUIT. 
 
 297 
 
 Fui. ;}os. 
 
 About tlie middle of August some berries in tlie bundles 
 ot' gnipes may be seen shrivelling up; on o[)euing these, 
 many of them will be I'ouud to contain only one seed, and 
 that of an unusually large size; other larger berries will 
 contain two seeds, also swollen, most of the seeds having a 
 dark spot somewhere on their surface. On cutting ojx'u these 
 seeds, the kernel will be found almost entirely consumed, and 
 the cavity occupied by a small, milk-white, footless grub, 
 w ith a pair of brown, hooked jaws, a smooth and glossy skin, 
 with a few very tine, short, white hairs. 
 I'^ig. o08 shows this hu'va highly mag- 
 iiilied ; the small ligiwe beneath indicates 
 its natural size. 
 
 The larva changes to a (;hrysalis within 
 the seed during the spring months, and in Jidy emerges as a 
 lly, escaping through a small, irregular hole. 
 
 The fly so much resembles that shown in Fig. 801) (which 
 re[)resents a closely-allied form belonging to the same genus) 
 that it is ditlicult to 
 distinguish between 
 the two ; a represents 
 the female, 6 the male, f 
 c the tmtenna of the \. 
 female, d that of the ^' 
 male, e the abdomen 
 of the female, showing 
 the segments or rings 
 of the body,/ that of 
 the male. All these 
 ligtM-es are highly 
 iiiagnilied ; the short 
 iKiir-lines luiderneath 
 (lu! Hies indicate the 
 natural size. The lly is bhu'k ; the head and thorax are 
 liiiely punctated with miinitedots; the abdomen is long and 
 smooth, with a j)olished surface, and is placed on a short 
 
 Fia. ;]0!) 
 
298 
 
 lASKCTS IXJURIOVS TO THE GnAI'E. 
 
 pedicel. The parent insect i)robably deposits her eggs on the 
 .skill oi' the grape, and the yonng hirvae, as soon as hatched, 
 pnnctni'e the skin and work their way to the s'cd, which they 
 enter while it is young and soft. Many of the .itleeted grapes 
 have a small scar on their surface, which may indicate where 
 the insect has entered. 
 
 Should this tiny foe ever become so troublesome as to 
 rc(juire a remedy, the best one suggested is that of carefully 
 gathering and destrovinti; the shrivelled fruit. 
 
 No. 171. — The Grape-berry Moth. 
 
 Endemis botraiia (Soliiff). 
 
 This insect is an imported species, and has long been in- 
 jurious to grape-culture in the south of Europe. The exact 
 j)eriod of its introduction to America is not known, and it is 
 only within the past few years that attention has l)een called 
 to its ravages. Wlien abundant, it is very destrucitive ; in 
 some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per 
 cent, of the croj). 
 
 The young larvae have usually been first observed early in 
 July, when the infested grapes show a discoK)red spot where 
 the worm has entered. (See Fig. olO, c.) When the grajx' 
 
 Fio. :310. 
 
 is opened and the contents carefully examined, tliere will 
 generally be ibund in the \m\\) a small larva, rather long and 
 thin, and of a whiti.sh-green color. Besides feeding on tiie 
 
ATTACKISG THE FRUIT. 
 
 LM)9 
 
 niilj), it som(3tiino.s cats [jortions of the seeds, and it" the con- 
 tents of a single berry are not snlHeient, two, three, or more 
 are drawn together, as shown in the tigure, and fastened with a 
 nateh of silk mixed with eastings, when the larva travels from 
 one berry to another, eating into tliein and devouring their jniey 
 contents. At this period its length is about an eightii of an 
 inch or more; the head is l)laek, and the next segment has a 
 l)JaeUish shield covering most of its upper portion; the body 
 is dull whitish or yellowish green. As it approaches maturity, 
 it becomes darker in color, and when al)out one-fourth of an 
 inch long is full grown. (See 6, Fig. olO.) The body is then 
 dull green, with a reddish tinge, and a lew short hairs, head 
 vi'llowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet 
 Idackish, })rolegs green. 
 
 When the larva is full grown, it is said to form its cocoon 
 on the leaves of the vine, cutting out for this purpose an 
 oval flap, which is turned back on the leaf, forming a siuig 
 enclosure, wliich it lines with silk; frecpiently it fiontents 
 itself with rolling over u piece of the edge iA' the leaf, and 
 within this retreat the change to a chrysalis takes place. The 
 chrysalis is about one-fifth of an inch long, and of a yellow 
 or yeUowish-brown color. 
 
 The perfect insect, which is shown magnified at a, Fig. 310, 
 measures, when its wings are spread, nearly foiu'-tenths of an 
 inch across. The fore wings are of a pale dull-bluish shade, 
 with a slight nietallic lustre, becoming lighter on the interior 
 and posterior portions, and are ornamented with dark-brown 
 bands nd spots. The hind wings are dull brown, deeper in 
 color towards the margin, the body greenish brown. There 
 are said to be two broods of this insect during the vear ; but 
 we have never seen them at any other time than in the 
 autnnni, wlun the grapes are approaching maturity. 
 
 IxcincdU's. — As it is probable that most of the late brood 
 pass the winter in the chrysalis state attached to the leaves, 
 if these were gathered and burned a large number of the 
 insects would perish. The infested grapes might also be 
 
300 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 gathered and destroyed. This: insect is attacked by a small 
 parasite, which doubtless does its part towards keeping the 
 enemy in subjection. 
 
 No. 172.— The Grape Curculio. 
 
 Craponins iaoeqnalis (Say). 
 
 This is a small l)eetle belonging to the family of Curculio.-, 
 which passes the winter probably in the perfect state, and lay- 
 its eggs on the young grapes some time in June or early in 
 July. It is a diminutive and inconspicuous insect, only about 
 one-tenth of an inch long. (See Fig. 311, where it is showu 
 
 l'i<;. 311. 
 
 Fia. 312. 
 
 much magnified.) Its color is blacky sprinkled with grayish 
 spots and dots, and thickly punctated. 
 
 The young larva, wh(Mi hatched, enters the fruit and begins 
 to feed upon it, its preseut'c l)eiug indicated by a discoloration 
 on one side of the berry, as if it were prematurely ripening. 
 A dark, circular dot soon appears in the middle of the 
 colored spot, showing the i)oint where the insect has entered 
 the fruit. T'he affected berry does not decay, but remains 
 sound and plump; but it sometimes (lro[)s to the ground 
 before it is fully ripe. In Fig. 312 asi)ecimen of the injured 
 fruit is shown at a, and at b a magnified view of the larva, 
 which is an elongated, footless grub, tapering towards tlie 
 head, about one-filth of an inch long, the head large, brown- 
 ish yellow, and horny, the body yellowish white and trans- 
 j)arent. I.-ate in July or early in August the larva becomes 
 full grown, when it leaves the berry, drops to the ground. 
 
ATTACK ISO THE FIUIT. 
 
 :U)1 
 
 jy a small 
 ?epiiig the 
 
 Ciu'cuIko. 
 c, and la\ - 
 jr early in 
 only about 
 it is shown 
 
 ith grayisli 
 
 and begins 
 iscoloration 
 ly ripening. 
 Idle of the 
 has entered 
 Hit remains 
 Itlie <!;round 
 ithe injured 
 I' the larva, 
 lowards the 
 •ge, brown- 
 
 and trans- 
 |va becomes 
 
 ho ground, 
 
 and, l)urying itself in the soil, chaiigt's ti) a chrysalis, from 
 which the beetle escapes late in August or early in Sei)temb(r. 
 This is not a connnon insect, nor is it vers- uencrallv 
 distributed, and the injury supposed to be done by it to 
 ilic fruit is often more correctly chargeable to the species last 
 referred to, since that is a much connnoner insect. 'J'he 
 orape ciu'culio has been observed chielly in the valley of the 
 Mississippi, but is rarely injurious to any considerable extent 
 or over any large area. Where it is tioublesome, the vines 
 may be jarred occasionally during the month of June, placing 
 a sheet or an inverted umbrella under them, when the beetles 
 will fall, and can then be gathered and destroyed, as in the 
 ca>^e of the plum curculio. 
 
 * No. 173.— Thfc Honey Bee. 
 
 Apis inellijlca Linn. 
 
 This useful insect, so valuable to man, is said t<» have the 
 pernicious habit of puncturing or abrading the skin of the 
 grape and extracting its juices. That the injury thus done is 
 entirely due to the agency of bees has been disputed, some 
 bee-lovers claiming that the grapes are lirst piuictured by 
 birds or bitten by wasps and hornets, and that the bees follow 
 and promj)tly avail themselves of the store of sweets thus laid 
 open for their use. The evidence, however, on the whole, 
 Seems rather strong against the bees, and there is little doubt 
 that they frequently do abrade the skin of the fruit with their 
 claws and afterwards extract the sw..ets with their brusli-likc 
 tongue. 
 
 fmPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 AFFECT THE GRAPE. 
 
 ATTACKING THE CANES. 
 The apple-twig borer, No. 13, the tree cricket, No. 178, 
 
7^ 
 
 302 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. 
 
 and the mealy flata, Xo. 218, all injure the canes of tlie 
 ^raj)e. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the saddle-baok caterpillar, 
 No. 49 ; and the smeared dag:i;er, No. 11)4. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 The Indian Cetonia, No. 81. 
 
INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THK UASPBRIUIY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 No. 174. — The Raspberry Root-borer. 
 
 JEi/eria riibi Kilcy. 
 
 Tliis Worur is (juito (li.stiiict from tlic ciuie-borei', Xc». 17(], 
 th;it insect being without legs in the hirval state, while this 
 (ine lias sixteen legs, a feature which will enable any person 
 icadily to distinguish the one from the other. The rasj)- 
 luiiy root-borer belongs to the sam<' family of clear-winged 
 moths a.s the peach-borer, and there is a striking resem- 
 blance between the two species in the several stages of their 
 existence. 
 
 JJoth the male and the female moth are shown in Fig. 313, 
 where a re[)resents the male, and b the female. The front 
 wings are transparent, veined with 
 black or brownish, and heavily mar- 
 gined with reihlish brown ; the hind 
 wings are transparent, with dark veins, 
 and both wings are fringed with dai'k 
 brown. The body is black, prettily 
 1 anded and mai'ked with golden yel- 
 low, as in the figure. The wings, 
 When ex[)andcd, will measiu'e iVom 
 three-(|uarters of an inch to an inch 
 across. 
 
 The eggs are deposited by the female 
 
 (luring the hot sunnner weather on the 
 
 c;uu> of the raspberry, a short distance above the ground. 
 
 The young larva when hatched eats its way through the cane 
 
 to the centre, where it i'eeds upon the pithy substance hi 
 
 303 
 
ao 1 
 
 i.\s/:<-rs lyjc/uors to tju: nAsriiiinny. 
 
 the interior, mikI <;i';ulii:illy cluiiiiu'ls llic cmih' to the foot, in 
 wliicli it s|)(ii(ls the winter months, lorniin<; helorc; spiin^;- 
 cavities of ('(jusideniblo extent. As the s]irin<j opens, it \voil<> 
 its way lip aiz;ain, usnallv thronLih the interior of anoiher cane, 
 to 11 heiiL;;ht of live or six inelies, where the larva, in |)re- 
 parini^ for the exit of the fnture iDoth, eats the ciuk! in oiif 
 place nearly throni^li, leaving- a nicix: tilni of .-kin unbroken. 
 When full ujrown, it is al)ont an inch lonu', of a j)al(,'-yell>i\v 
 coh)r, with a dark-hrown head, and a lew shining' (h)ts on 
 each x'uincnt of the body. Within the cane, and near the 
 spot specially prepared by the larva, the change to a chrys- 
 alis takes j)lace, ai.d when the time approaches for the moth 
 to cscai)e, the chrysalis wriii<;les itself foi-\vard, and, jjushin^ 
 against tlie thin skin remaininij; on the cane, ruptures it, and, 
 foi'i'ing its way throngh the opening, there awaits the esca[)e 
 of the moth, which usually takes ])Iace within a lew hoins 
 al'terwards. 
 
 The injury thus done to the root is often followed by the 
 death of the canes, a result sometimes incorrectly attributeti 
 
 to the severe cold of winter. Little 
 can be done towards the destruction 
 - of this pest other than by ]ayin;j; 
 bare the roots antl cutting out the 
 infested j)ortions. A parasitic insect 
 is said to attack these root-borers, and 
 j)robably destroys many of them. 
 
 Fiu. 314. 
 
 No. 175. — The Raspberry-root 
 Gall-fly. 
 
 liltudlks ntdinnn Oston Sat-kon. 
 
 This is a small gall-fly, which j)ro- 
 ducesa hirge browM gall on the roots, 
 a good rej)resentation of which is 
 The swelling is composed of a yellow, 
 pithy su'ljstanee, scattered throughout which are a number ol' 
 cells, each enclosing a small white larva, the progeny of the 
 
 given in Fig. 314. 
 
 II 
 
ATTACK I S( I THE CASKS. 
 
 ;3()5 
 
 uiill-Hy. These somi eliaiit^e to clirysalitls, aiul tlicv in turn 
 |ii()(lii('e ..t'ter a tinii; the perfect insects, which eat their way 
 out thi'ouj^h the substance of tlie i^all, leaving small lioles to 
 mark the phice of exit. These galKs are not only the abode 
 ot' the makers, the gall-flies, but are also fretjuented by other 
 s|)ecics known as gnest-Hies, and the presence of these as well 
 as other parasitic si)ecies in comjxmy with the normal inmates 
 is ai)t to perplex the observer, and render^ it mon.' ditlicnlt to 
 discover the real authors of the mischief. This gall chieHy 
 affects the black ras[)berry ; it also o(!curs on the blackberry, 
 and sometimes on the roots of the rose. 
 
 Wherever these excrescences are found they should be col- 
 lected and burnt. 
 
 ATTACKING THE CANES. 
 
 No. 176. — The Raspberry Cane-borer. 
 
 Oberea bimaculatu Oliv. 
 
 This insect in the larval state lives in the centre of the 
 cane, where it burrows a })assage from above downwards, 
 often causing the death of the cane. Its natural homo is 
 among the wild raspberries, but it has taken very kimlly to 
 the cultivated sorts, and appears indeed to prefer them. 
 
 The jierfect insect is a long-horned beetle (see Fig. .'} 15), 
 with a long and narrow black body, with the top of the 
 thorax and the fore part of the breast i)ale yel- 
 lowish; the wing-cases are covered with coarse Fiu. r.io. 
 intlentations and slightly notched at the ends, and ^(H 
 tiiere are two black spots on the thorax, which, /,y^l 
 however, are sometimes wanting, and a third black ' /\ 
 dot on the hinder edge, just where the wing-covers 
 join the thorax. The beetles ap[)ear on the wing during the 
 month of June, and, after pairing, the female proceeds to 
 deposit her eggs, which she does in a very singular manner. 
 
 20 
 
30(J 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASFBERR}'. 
 
 With lior mandibles she girdles the young growing etine ne;ir 
 the tip in two places, one ring being about an inch below 
 the other, and between the rings the cane is pierced, and an 
 egg thrust into its substance near the middle, its location 
 being indicated by a small, dark-colored spot. The supply 
 of sap being impeded or stopped, the tip of the cane above 
 the uj)per ring soon begins to droop and wither, and shortly 
 dies, when a touch will sever it at the point where it ha> 
 been girdled. 
 
 The egg is long and narrow and of a yellow color, is quite 
 large for the size of the insect, and, embedded in the nioi>t 
 substance of the cane, absorbs moisture and increases in size 
 until in a few days a small grub hatches from it. The larva 
 as it escapes from the egg is about one-fourteenth of an ineli 
 long, with a yellow, smooth, glossy body, roughened at the 
 sides, antl clothed with very minute short hairs. The head is 
 small and reddish brown, and the anterior segments of the 
 bodv Sivollen : it is also footless. Tiic voung larva burrows 
 down the centre of the stem, consuming the pith until full 
 grown, which is usually about the end of zVugu>t, when it is 
 nearly an inch long and of a dull-ycUow color, with a small, 
 (lark-brown head. JJy this time it has eaten its way a con- 
 siderable distance down the cane, in which it remains during 
 the winter, and wheiv it changes to a chrysalis, the beetle 
 escaping the following June, when it gains its liberty by 
 gnawing a passage through. This borer injures the black- 
 berry as well as the nispberry. 
 
 'I'hc presence of these enemies is easily detected by the 
 sudden drooping and withering of the tips of the canes. 
 They begin to operate late in .lune, and continue their work 
 lor several weeks; hence by looking over the ras|)berry j)lan- 
 tation occasionally at this season of the year and removing 
 all th(! withered tops down to (lie /oircsf ri)i;/, so as to insure 
 the removal of the v^iix^ these insects may be easily kept 
 under, I'or they are seldom numerotis. 
 
tlii' 
 
 ATTACKING THE CANES. 
 
 307 
 
 tiir eanc neivr 
 1 inch heldw 
 irced, and an 
 , its location 
 
 The supply 
 le cane ahovi' 
 1-, and shortly 
 
 whore it has 
 
 cohn-, is quite 
 in the nioi>t 
 icreases in size 
 it. The larva 
 nth of an inch 
 itrhened at the 
 r The head is 
 H^nicnts of the 
 larva burrows 
 pith until fnll 
 ust, when it is 
 with a small, 
 its way a con- 
 Miains during- 
 is, the beetle 
 its liberty by 
 vs the black- 
 
 etected by the 
 of the canes, 
 luie their work 
 •Mspberry l)lan- 
 uiid removing' 
 so as to insure 
 be easily keiH 
 
 No. 177. — The Red-necked Agrilus, 
 
 Agrilits ruficullis (Falir.). 
 
 In tlie spring-time, when ras[)berry and blackberry canes 
 !ire being pruned, they will often be observed .swollen in 
 places to the length of an inch or more, in the manner shown 
 in Fig. 316. This swelling is a 
 l»ithy gall, and has been ntuned 
 the ilaspberry Gouty-gall, Rxibl 
 podagra Hi ley, and is produced 
 hy the irritation caused by the 
 presence of the larva of the red- 
 necked Agrilus. The swollen 
 portions are not smooth, as the 
 healthy ones are, but have the 
 sui'i'ace roughened with numer- 
 uiis brownish slits and ridges, 
 and when the ridges are cut into 
 w ith a knife, there will be foiuid 
 under each of them the passage- 
 way of a minute borer, and 
 either in (he ciiannel or in the 
 soft substance adjoining, the larva 
 will usnally bo found. Fig. 317 
 represents the nearly full-grown 
 larva magnitied, the hair-line at 
 the side indicating its njiliiral 
 si/e. Its body is almost thread- 
 like, and of a pale-yellowish or whitish color, with the 'ante- 
 rior segments enlarged and flattened. The head is small and 
 brown, the jaws black, and the tail is armed with two slender, 
 dark-brown horns, each having three blunt teeth on the imicr 
 edge. When fidl grown, it measures about six-tenths of an 
 inch long. While yotmg it iidiabits chiefly the sa|)-wo(Hl, 
 and, foil iwing i'.n irregular, spiral course, frequent'y gi-dies 
 and destroys the cane; usually several larvro v»'lll bo found 
 
308 
 
 INSECTS lyJUIilOUS TO THE RASPBERliV 
 
 ('SC'1>1)C',> 
 
 No. 178.~The Tree Cricket. 
 
 (I'Jcant/itis )ilr(iis Serv. 
 
 Of nil the insects aU'eetinii; the ciiiies of {\n) raspberry 
 j)r()l)til)ly this is the most troublesonie. Fig. o\^,) i'e|)resiM!l,> 
 
 tl 
 
 le iiuiK', and Fig 
 
 '.20 tl 
 
 le lernale. 
 
 T\ 
 
 lev 
 
 are about .seven-tenths of an incth loiiij.-, ot' 
 a pale whitish-green color, and semi-transpa- 
 rent, with several dusky stripes on the head 
 
 an< 
 
 1 tl 
 
 lorax 
 
 th 
 
 le iesrs and antenna! are also 
 
 dnskv or dark-colored. 'I'hev are (!xceed- 
 
 I'glV 
 
 liveb 
 
 an( 
 
 I th 
 
 le males (piile musical 
 
 chirping meri'IIy with a loud, shrill note 
 among the bushes all tlie day. In the 
 autumn they attain lull growth, and it is then that the female, 
 
ATTACK I NU THE CASES. 
 
 309 
 
 ill carrviiig out lior instinctive desires to protect lier progeny 
 
 )eeonies sucli an enemy 
 
 to th 
 
 le raspberry-grower. 
 
 SI 
 
 le IS tiir 
 
 nislied with a long ovij)()sitor, 
 wliieh she thrusts obh'quely 
 more tiian halt'-wav throujjh 
 the cane, and down the open- 
 ing thus nKuU; siie pkiees one of iier eggs, which arc yellowish 
 and semi-transparent, about one-eighth of an inch long, and 
 
 narrow 
 
 a seco 
 
 ud 
 
 one IS then i) 
 
 th 
 
 ) laced, 
 
 m the same manner, 
 
 alon<«;si(le of the first, and so on, until from Hve to fifteen Cii* 
 have been placed in a row. Jn Fig. ',V1\ 
 is shown a piece of infested cane; <t rcp- 
 rcseuts the irregular row of punctiuvs in- 
 dicating the presence of the eggs ; A, the 
 .<\mii laid open, showing the eggs in posi- 
 tion; at (3 is a magnified egg, while d 
 shows the granulated head of the same, 
 still more highly magnifieil. Owing to <^ 
 [\\v. [)rcsencc of these eggs, the cane is 
 much weaUcned, and is liabh) to break on 
 shght provocation ; sometimes the part 
 beyond the punctures dies, but if it sur- 
 vives, and escai)es being broken in winter, 
 it is very apt to break from the action of 
 the wind on the weight of foliage as soon 
 as it has expanded in spring, and the crop 
 which would otherwise be realized is lost. 
 As soon as the spring opens, the eggs 
 begin to swell, and about midsummer, 
 or sometimes a little earlier, the young 
 insects hatch, which much i'esend)le the 
 perl\'<'t insect in form, bnt: lack wings. 'I'hey at once lca\'e 
 the raspbei'ry canes and do no further injury to ihem. At 
 fust they ['vvi\ more or l(>ss on |)lant-l''ce, and later in the 
 season on ri|»c fruits and other succidcut food. IJcsidi's in- 
 juring the raspberry and blackberry, tiiey attack the cane.s 
 
^TT 
 
 310 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE liASPBKRRV, 
 
 of the i^rape and the .smaller branches of plum, [)each, and 
 other trees. 
 
 Remedies. — Cut out late in the fall or early in tlie spriiio- 
 all those portions of the cane which contain eggs, and burn 
 them. Wherever the eggs are deposited the regular rows of 
 j)unctures are easily seen, and often their presence is rendered 
 still more apparent by a partial splitting of the cane. The 
 mature insects may also be destroyed in the autumn by sud- 
 denly jarring the bushes or canes on which they collect, when 
 they drop to the ground, and may be trodden uiuler foot before 
 they have time to hop or Hy away. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FLOWERS. 
 
 No. 179. — The Pale-brown Byturus. 
 
 Ji;// lints niiicdlor Say. 
 
 Tills insect is a small l)ee(le, which is sometimes very 
 destructive to the blossoms of the raspberry. It is a native 
 in.sect, about three-twentieths of an inch long, of a yellowish- 
 brown or pale-reddish color, and d(>nsely covered with fine, 
 pale-yellow hairs. The surface of the body, when seen under 
 a magnifying-lens, is densely |)unctated. This beetle is 
 shown, both magnilied and of the natural siz(>, in 
 Fig. .322. 
 
 Late in ]\Iay and early in June, when the flowers 
 are expanding, this insect is busily employed eating 
 into and injui'ing or (l(>stroying the flower-buds. Al 
 this period many of the flower-buds maybe found 
 with II jjole in the side, through which (he enemy 
 has entered and eaten away, partly m- wholly, the 
 stamens, also the spongy receplach' on which they 
 Where the injury is oidy partial, the flower 
 usually expands; but when the .sexual organs are (>ntirely de- 
 stroyed, as is often the cuso, the buds generally wither and do 
 
 
 are ixirne 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 311 
 
 not open. The beetles attack the expanded flowers as well 
 as tliosc which are unopened, j)artly liidinti themselves about 
 the base of tiio ntnnerous stamens on which they are feediiiii;. 
 Thev are seldom seen dnrinj^ the middle of the day, but work 
 chiefly during the early hours of the morninjj^ and evening. 
 They i'{iQ(\ on the blossoms of tiie bhickberry also, and are 
 .-aid to eat the leaves of the raspberry occasionally. 
 
 Where the flowers are injured, the fruit, if it forms at all, 
 is always imperfect; hence, should this insect become very 
 plentiful, it would prove a great hinderance to successful rasp- 
 berry-culture. Fortunately, it has uever yet occurred in any 
 u;reat nii..'bers; should it at aiiv time become numerous, its 
 ranks might be thinned by hand-picking. 
 
 « 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 180. — The Raspberry Saw-fly. 
 
 Sclaiidria riihi. lljirris. 
 
 The perfect insect in this instance is a four-winged fly be- 
 longing to the order Hijiaenopterit, which appears iVom about 
 th(! 10th of May to the beginning of June, or soon after the 
 young leaves of the ras|)beny are put forth. Fig. o23 gives a 
 UKigniHed view of this fly. 
 The wings, whiiih are trans- 
 parent, with a glossy surface 
 and metallic hue, measure, 
 when expanded, about half 
 an inch across; the veins 
 are black, and there is also 
 a streak of black along the 
 iVont margin, extending 
 more than half-way to- 
 wards the ti|)()f the wing. The anterior jmrt of the body is 
 black, the abdomen dark reddish. In the cool of the morning, 
 
ai2 
 
 l.\SK(TS IXJURIOUS TO THE RASI'JlKIiR}' 
 
 wlieii these flies are approached as they rest on the bu-ln -, 
 thev have the habit of falling: to the *>;romi(l,aii(l tliere remain- 
 int; inactive h)n<^ enough to permit of their being caught; bui 
 with the increasing lieatof the day they become mueli quicker 
 in their movements, and take wing readily when ap|)roache(l. 
 
 The eggs are buried beneath the skin of the raspberry 
 leaf, near the ribs and veins, and are placed there by means 
 of the saw-like a{)i)aratus with whi<'h the female is provided. 
 The egg is white and semi-transparent, with a faint yellow 
 tinge, and a smooth, glossy surface, oval in form, and about 
 one-thirtieth of an inch lony:. The skin covering it is so thin 
 and transparent that the movements of tlu; enclosed lar\;i 
 may be observed a day or two before it is hatched, and the 
 l)lack s[)ots on the sides of the head are distinctly visible; it 
 escapes through an irregular hole made on one side of the egg. 
 
 The newly-hatched larva is about one-twelfth of an inch 
 long, with a large, greenish-white head, having a black, eye- 
 like spot on each side; the body nearly white, semi-transparent, 
 and thickly covered with transverse rows of white spines. 
 As it grows older it becomes green, very much the color of 
 
 the leaf on which it is iovi]- 
 
 Fig. 324. 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 
 st^ 
 
 iiig, and on this account it 
 would be diflicult to dis- 
 cover were it not that it 
 riddles the leaves by eat- 
 ing out all the soft tissues 
 between the coarser veins. 
 When full grown, it meas- 
 ures about three-(piarters 
 of an inch in length, is 
 of a dark-green color, it- 
 body thickly set with pale- 
 green, branching tubercles. 
 The head is small, pale yel- 
 l')wish green, with a dark-brown dot on each side. This 
 iarva U usually foiuid on the upper surface of the leaf, in 
 
 ■ 
 
ATTACK I \G THE LEAVES. 
 
 313 
 
 Fii;. 324 it is sliown of the natural siw, with portions ot' the 
 sc'ii;nicnts niaii:nitie(l, showing tlie arrangement of liie spines 
 (III the haek and side. 
 
 On reaehing niatru'lty, which is usually iVoin the middle 
 In the end of June, the larva k-aves the l)nsh, and, de- 
 scending to tiio ground, penetrates heneatli the; surfjiee, and 
 there eonstruets a little, oval, eai'thy coeoon, mixed with silicy 
 iiiid glutinous m;itter. Tiiese eoeoons are toughly made, and 
 may l)e taken out of the earth in whieh they are embedded, 
 ;iiid even handled roughly, without nmeh danger of dis- 
 lodging the larvio. They remain within thi; eoeoon for a 
 eoiisideral)le time unchanged, linally transforming to clirysa- 
 lids, from which the Hies esca|)e early the following spring. 
 
 'i'liese insects may i)e reailily destroyed hy syringing or 
 sprinkling the hushes with water in which powdered hellel)or(! 
 has been mixed, in the j)roportion of an ounce of the powder 
 to a pailful of water. 
 
 No. 181. — The Raspberry Apatela. 
 
 A/Ki/iht lirinimsii (Iroto. 
 
 The caterpillar of this moth, although never yet recorded 
 as very injurious, is more or less commcn on raspbcrry- 
 hnshes every year in some localities. It does not appear in 
 lidcks, but feeds singly. It is a gray htiiry eatei'pillar, whi<'h 
 attains full growth during tlu; latt(>r ])art of Jidy or in 
 August, when it measures, if in motion, about an inch and a 
 (jirarter long, but when at rest, owing to some of the segments 
 ni' the body being drawn pai'tiy within the others, it does 
 tidt measure more than an inch. The body is thicj<e-.t from 
 the third to the seventh segment, tapering a little anteriorly 
 aiiil p(>steriorly, and is of a brownish-black color, with a tran-;- 
 \ei'se row of ]>aler tubercles on each segment, I'rom which 
 spring clusters of brownish-white or grayish hairs of varying 
 lengths. Jk'hind the third segment there is a space down tiie 
 centre of the back where the dark color of the body is dis- 
 tuictly seen. The head is ol' a shining black color, the upper 
 
w^ 
 
 314 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASl'IiERllV. 
 
 F\o. ?,-ln. 
 
 ])()rti()n ovoiluing hv the long liairs of tlio next sc<^incnt. 
 Tlie under side is greenish brown, with a few small clusi. r, 
 of short brown hairs. 
 
 The larva changes to a brown chrysalis within a raihcr 
 
 tough cocoon fornu'd of pieces of leaves interwoven with --ilk. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 325) has the fore wings gray, mottled with 
 
 spots, streaks, and dots of darker shades of gray and brown. 
 
 'J'hc hind wings are of a dull pale 
 gray, deepiMiing in color a liitle 
 towards the outer margin. Tin; 
 under sui'face is j)aler than the 
 upi)er. AVhen the wings are cx- 
 j)anded, they measure about an inch 
 and a (puirter across. 
 Should this insect ever become troublesonu^ it may be sub- 
 dued by hand-picking, or destroyed by showering the busjics 
 with water in which hellebore or Paris-green has been mixcil, 
 in the i)roportiou of an ounce of the former or one or two 
 teaspoonfuls of tiie latter to two gallons of water. 
 
 No. 182. — The Raspberry Plume-moth. 
 
 Pleroplioriis ? 
 
 The caterpillar of this moth, an undetermined species of 
 Pterophorus, lias not in any instance been suHicieutly nuincr- 
 
 ous to be considered destructive, 
 yet it is an interesting insecit, ami 
 on this account deserves a ])a<s- 
 ing notice. About the middle 
 of .lune the larva reaches i'ull 
 growth, when it is about foiii- 
 teuths ol an inch long, of a \)\\\v 
 yellowish-grecyn color, streaked with j)ale yellow, and with 
 transverse rows of shining tubercles, from each of whi(!h aiisc 
 from two to six spreading hairs of a yellowish-green color. 
 The head is small, pale green, with a faint brown dot on ea li 
 side. Fig. 320 represents this larva, uukjIi magnified. 
 
 Fio. ^20. 
 
ATTACKING TITK LEAVES;. 
 
 315 
 
 t'xt Hc;i;nicn!. 
 mall clufsti r.-. 
 
 Wlion the larva is about to chaiij^e to a clirvsalis, it .spins a 
 loose web of silk on a loaf or other suitable spot, to which 
 till' chrysalis is attached. This is less than three-tenths of an 
 jiK li long, pointed behind, enlaro;in<j; gradually towards the 
 tVont, where, near the end, it sloj)es abruptly to the tij). Its 
 color is pale green, with a line along the back of a deej)er 
 shade, margined on each side with a whitish ridge; it is also 
 more or less hairy. In about a week or ten days th(> cImts- 
 alis changes to a darker color, shortly after which the ])erlcct 
 insect escapes. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 327), although quit(! small, is very beauti- 
 ful ; it measures, when its wings are expanded, about half an 
 inch across. The fore wings are of a deep 
 brownish-copper color, with a metallic lustre, 
 and a few dots of silvery white; they are 
 cleft down the middle about half their de})th, 
 the division as well as the outer edge being 
 fringed. The hind wings, wdiich resend)lc 
 the fore wings in color, are divided into three portions, the 
 hinder one being almost linear, and all deeply fringed. The 
 antennse are ringed with silvery white, and there are spots of 
 the same color on the legs and body. 
 
 Should this insect at any time j)rove troublesoni(>, it might 
 he easily destroyed with powdered hellebore and water, as 
 rocom mended for No. 181. , 
 
 Fig. 327. 
 
 Fid. iJ-JS. 
 
 Fio. :vjn. 
 
 No. 183. — Cliekpnorpha Ar<pis 
 Loichtenstein, a beetle belonging 
 to the family Chri/sonielidiv, is also 
 said to feed occasionally on th(> 
 raspberry. In Fig. 328 the beetle 
 is represented of the natural size, 
 the chrysalis in Fig. 329. It can 
 ■scarcely be regarded as injurious, and needs but a passing 
 notice. 
 
816 
 
 lySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE liASPHERRV 
 
 ATTACKING THE PKUIT. 
 No. 184. — The Raspberry Geometer. 
 
 SijiuMord ruhiroriiriit (Uiltiv). 
 
•e" 
 
 ATTACK L\G THE I'RLIT. 
 
 317 
 
 tJitv measure about half au ineli across. The body is irrei ii 
 above ami \vhit<! beueath. 
 
 As the larvti of this insect is not usually observed until 
 the iruit is ripe, no poisonous applications to destroy it coidd 
 be used, and resort must be had, if unythin<^ is done, to hand- 
 ])i(king. One species of panisitic insect is known to i)rey on 
 
 It. 
 
 No. 185.— The Flea-like Negro-bug. 
 
 Fig. a:Jl. 
 
 Corimelcvnn j)ii/iatria (jicnii. 
 
 This disti'usting little pest is not at all uncommon on rij)o 
 ra-]il»erries. Its presence may be discovered bv the fruit 
 having- a nauseous bi((jrjy odor, but the inse(?t is so small that 
 it is often taken into the mouth un- 
 noticed until the disgusting flavor reveals 
 its presence. In Fig. ool we have a 
 Miagnitied outline of this insect, the smaller Tj 
 sketch at the side showing its natural size. 
 It is of a black color, w'ith a whitish stripe 
 along each side, and is furnished with a 
 pointed beak or sucker, with which it punctures the fruit and 
 extracts its juices. This troid)le.some visitor is also found on 
 the blackberry, and occasionally on the strawberry. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAKY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 ArrEOT THE RASPBEKRY. 
 
 )ale-green color, 
 ,vhcn expanded, 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; theoblifiue-banded leaf-rolhr, 
 No. .'55; the .saddle-back caterpillar. No. 49; the apple leaf- 
 iiiiner, No. 50; the yellow woolly-bear. No. 14G; the py- 
 lamidal grape-vine caterpillar. No. 147; the neat strawberry 
 leaf-roller, No. 193; the smeared dagger. No. 194; and the 
 cucumber flea-beetle. No. 223. 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRY. 
 
 Fio. 332. 
 
 ATTACKING THE OANES. 
 
 No. 186.— The Pithy Gall of the Blackberry. 
 
 This curious ^iiW, which is represented in Fig. 332, is soiik-- 
 tiines found on bhickberry canes. It is about two or three- 
 inches kjng,ot'a(hirk- 
 red or reddish-brown 
 color, obK)n<; in tonu, 
 with its surface un- 
 even, witJi deej) lon- 
 iiitudinal f'ui-rows, 
 which divide tlie uall 
 more or less com- 
 pletely into four or 
 live })ortions. Jt i> 
 caused by a small 
 four-winged fly, Di- 
 astrophus ii cb ulo.siis 
 Osten Sacken. Jl" a 
 transverse section of 
 this gall be made, 
 there will be i'ound 
 about the middle a 
 nuniber of oblonii; 
 cells about one-eighth 
 
 pupa. 
 
 of an inch loiiu', 
 shown at b in the 
 figure, each contain- 
 ing a single larva or 
 Tlie larva, which is represented enlarged at c, is about 
 
 one-tenth of an inch long, white, with the mouth part? 
 
 ua 
 
ATTACK L\(i Till-: CANKS. 
 
 319 
 
 reddish, and tlic hroatliinj^-poivs iind an oval spot on each 
 side l)eliind the iiead of the same color. Tin; insect usnallv 
 remains in the larval state dnrinu; tiie greater part of the 
 uiiiter, then changes to a chrysalis {d, Fig. ,3o.3), the perfect 
 jiisect appearing in spring. The Hy is ahont one-twelfth of 
 an inch long, black, with transi)areut wings and red feet and 
 antenna'. 
 
 These gall-niakers are attacked by parasitic insects, and are 
 also devoured by birds. 
 
 No. 187.— The Seed-like Gall of the Blackberry. 
 
 This is a singular gall, about one-tenth of an inch in 
 diameter, which sometimes occurs in clusters around the canes 
 of the blackberry, covering them with a belt of these seed- 
 like bodies to the depth of an inch or an inch and a half. 
 They are round, of a reddish color, and from manv of them 
 arise more or less strong spines, and when cut into, unless 
 they have already been emptied by birds, each one will be 
 foimd to coniain a single larva or pupa. These trails are 
 also caused by a small, four-winged fly closely related to that 
 of the pithy gall, and known as Diaftfrop/ias cuHcuhvformis 
 Osten Sacken. It is of a dark-brown or black color, w^ith 
 red feet and antennie. 
 
 No. 188.— The Blackberry Bark-louse. 
 
 Lecaniitm ? 
 
 An undetermined species of Lecanium is sometimes found 
 on the c:uies of the blackberrv. This louse is of an irreo-- 
 idar hemispherical fbrni, about one-fourth of an inch in 
 (liatneter, and of a shining mahogany color. It ap[)ears in 
 <>r()ups or masses attached to the canes, and eaiJi one, when 
 lifted, is found to cover a largo nund)er of pale-pinkish egj'-s. 
 This is very similar to the grape-vine bark-louse. No. 126, 
 and may be treated in the same manner. 
 
wmm 
 
 320 ISSEVTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKHKRRV. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 No. 189.— The Blackberry Flea-louse. 
 
 Fsylld raid W. & 11. 
 
 This insect has been reported as common on bhickherrv 
 leaves in some parts of New Jersey. It is a small, four- 
 winded Hy, nuieh resembling- the pear-tre(; Psylla (No. 7<i), 
 abont one-eighth of an inch long when its wings are closcii. 
 'J'lie matnre insect is like a plant-lonse in appearance, bnt its 
 trans})arent wings are differently veined, and it has the j)()wi'r 
 of jumping briskly when disturbed, which plant-lice never 
 possess. The leaves atlected curl up so as to make a safe hari)iir 
 for the lice-like larvjc, which occupy these enclosures during 
 the greater part of the summer. To lessen their numbers, 
 gather the curled leaves and burn them. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAKY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 AFPEOT THE BLAOKBEREY. 
 
 ATTACKrX(} THE ROCyjS. 
 
 Tbe ras|)berry root-borer, No. 17-4, and the raspberry-re it 
 gall-Hy, No. 175, both injure the roots of the blackberry. 
 
 ATTACKING TIIH ("AXES. 
 
 The raspberry cane-borer, Xu. 17(5, and the red-iieckcil 
 Agrilus, No. 177. 
 
 ATTACKING THE EEAVES. 
 
 The lall web-worm, No. 27 ; the a|)ple leaf-miner. No. ;")(); 
 the waved Lagoa, No. (Sll ; the yellow woolly-bear, No. Md; 
 and the neat strawberrv leaf-rv)llcr. No. 11)3. 
 
 ATTACKIN(} THE ' RUIT. 
 
 The Hea-like negro-bug, No. 185, is common on the fruit. 
 
DU blackberry 
 X small, I'oiir- 
 ^vlUi(N(). 70). 
 iii>;s ive closed, 
 (arance, but its 
 has the power 
 ant-lice never 
 ceasafe harbnr 
 'losures durinL;' 
 ;heir numbers, 
 
 SECTS WHICH 
 
 llie red-nockeil 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 No. 190.— The Strawberry Root-borer. 
 
 Anarsia Uncalella Zeller. 
 
 Wiien occurrinji; in <^rcat numbers, this insect is very inju- 
 rious, playing sad havoc with the strawl)erry-[)lauts. 'i'lu; 
 borer is a small caterpillar, nearly hali'an inch loni;\ and ot' a 
 reddisli-i)ink color, lading into dull yellow on the second and 
 third sei>'ments, the anterior portion of the second segment 
 
 ibo\'< 
 
 l)einir smoo 
 
 tl. I 
 
 lor 
 
 "}' 
 
 -I 
 
 ooknu 
 
 f-!> 
 
 am 
 
 1 br 
 
 ownisii veiiow 
 
 11. 
 
 like the heatl. On each segment there are a i'ew shining, 
 reddish dots, from evei-y one of Avliich arises a single, fnu', 
 vellowisli hair. The under surface is paler. This borer cats 
 
 trough the crown, sometimes excavatiiiii' 
 
 irretiii 
 
 lar el 
 
 laimc 
 
 Is th 
 
 laigc chambers, at other times tunnelling it in variotis diret'- 
 tioi'.s, eating its way here and there to the surface. \^ ex- 
 aiuined in the spring, most of the cavities will Ix; fotind to 
 eoiitaiu a moderate-sized, soft, silky case, nearly full of cast- 
 ings, which (hiibtless has served as a })lace of retreat for 
 the larva during the wititer. • 
 
 Early in. Tune, when mature, the catcn'pillar changes to a small, 
 reddish-brown chrysalis, either within one oi' the cavities c.\- 
 
 cav 
 
 a ted 
 
 in tlie crown, or amou<r Mccaved leaves or rul)l)i^li 
 
 alioiit the surface, from wdiieh the moth escapes early in duly 
 
 The moth (sec Fig. 'VoX) is verv small, of a dark-grav ( 
 
 wlor 
 
 w ilh a few l)lackish-l)rown spots and streaks on the f )re wing-. 
 The Iringes bv)rdering the wings jire gray tinged with yellow. 
 The moth lays an egg on the crown of the plant lat(! in duly 
 ()!• early in August, wdiich .soon hatches; the small caler- 
 |)illar burrows into the heart of the plant, and remains in one 
 (if the chambers during (he winter, occupying oiieof the sliky 
 
 »t 881 ' 
 
^22 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY 
 
 cast's referred to. Tlie channels formed by this hirva throuuh 
 the crown and larger roots of the phint soon cause it to withi i- 
 and die; or, if it survives, to send up weakened antl ahmoi 
 barren slioots. 
 
 Tliis insect does not limit its depredations to the stravvberiv ; 
 the larva is also found boring into the tender twigs of the 
 
 peach-tree and killing the terminal bnl-. 
 In Fig. 333 we have a representation of 
 the larva and moth, both of the natuiil 
 size and magnified, also of an injured 
 peach-twig. The insect is known to at- 
 tack th(! po;ich-trce in Europe, whence it 
 has probably been imported to this count rv. 
 lianeclics. — Dusting the plants with 
 air-slaked lime or with soot has \u'vn 
 recommended, but there seems to be no 
 way thoroughly to destroy this pest except by diggimr up 
 the strawberry i)lants, burning them, and planting afresh. 
 The larvse are subject to the attacks of })arasites, which d<»iilii- 
 less materiidiv limit their increase. 
 
 m 
 
 No. 191. — The Strawberry Crown-borer. 
 
 Ti/I(i(l<:riu(t I'rdi/dria' (Hi ley). 
 
 This is an indigenous insect, a beetle belonging to I lie 
 fauuly of Curculios. The beetle (Fig. 334) a[)pears in -Iiiiie 
 
 or July, and depd-iis 
 ^'^"- ^'^^- an egg about the crown 
 
 of the plant, from wliieli. 
 when hatched, the Imva 
 burrows downwiinU. 
 eating into the siili- 
 stance of the crown. 
 Here it remains, boriii;: 
 and excavating, imtil it 
 attains full growth, wlicn it apj)ears as shown at a in tlie 
 figure, where it is nnicii nuignilied. It is about one-fif'li nt' 
 
IRV. 
 
 vii throimU 
 it to w'nli' I' 
 aiul aliu"-i 
 
 stvuvvben y ; 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 ivr 
 
 wiiis of tlif 
 L-iniiit\l ))iiU. 
 scntutiou ni' 
 ' thi' naluril 
 ' an injuvnl 
 known to ai- 
 po, \vbeu(v it 
 3 this fount rv. 
 plants w'uli 
 
 OOt litis It.TU 
 
 ems to 1)0 110 
 
 )y di;j;s:;in:-'' up 
 
 lantin^i; at'n-li. 
 
 wWxcU iloiilit- 
 
 rer. 
 
 loniiini;" 
 
 to till' 
 
 Inoars m .luiu' 
 
 am 
 
 I (U"l 
 
 )0>ll> 
 
 l)0 
 
 lit till! ci'owu 
 ^,t, from \vlii''li. 
 •hccKtl 
 
 ;\rv;i 
 
 (lownwiirtN, 
 lito the siil.- 
 
 ||' \\\V cvovvii. 
 
 ■mam^ 
 
 linnU'. 
 
 at a in <!'*' 
 
 In 
 
 it OIH' 
 
 inch lony;, wliite, with a hornv, yellow head. It eliaime.- 
 
 an ...V... .w..^, 
 
 lo a chrysalis within the root, IVoin which the beetle escapes 
 
 .hiring- the month of August. 
 
 Tlic beetle, shown at h and c in the figure, is about ono- 
 sixth of an inch long, of a brown c()l()i', with several more 
 (ir less distinct dark-brown spots, and is marlced with lines 
 and dots. 
 
 Almost all the plants infested with this larva are sure to 
 jicrish, and old beds ai'c said to be more liable to injury than 
 new ones. The only remedy suggested is to dig up and burn 
 ihe plants after the ii.'uiting season is over, and before the larva 
 has time to pass through its transformation and escape as a 
 licetlc. 
 
 ■ fif'h ol' 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 192. — Th3 Strawberry Leaf-roller. 
 
 Plwxopleris frdijaria'. (W. i*c K.). 
 
 This insect, whicih is sometimes designated tJic .strawberry 
 leaf-roller, is not the only leaf-roller which attacks the leaves 
 (if the strawberry. The cater[)illars belonging to the early 
 hi'ood are found upon the plants diu'ing the month of .Itiiic, 
 rolling the leaves into cvlindrical cases, fasteninsj: them with 
 tlu'eads of sillc, and feeding within on their pnlpy substiincc, 
 causing the Icue!' to aj>|'i'ar discolored and partly withered,. 
 Tliey are ab""!! p;i ' third, of an inch long, and vary in color 
 iVoin villowish In own t',,.v darker l)rown or green. The head is 
 yellowish and horny, with a darl-: eye-like spot on each side. 
 The second segment has a shu'ld above, colored and polished 
 like the head, and on every segment there ar(> a tew pah.' 
 ilitts, I'rom each of whiifh aris(« a single haii-. In h'ig. .'J.'j.'j, 
 It i-eprcsents the larva of its natural si/e, h a magnilied view 
 nf the head ;\nd tour succeeding segmeiils, and d the terminal 
 segment of -iiC body. 
 
 The larva ^'Mv-rae^ a chrysalis within the folded leaf late in 
 
324 IJ^SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBKRRy. 
 
 June, and appears as a moth early in Jnly. The fore ^vin^s 
 of the moth are reddi.sli brown, streaked an;l spotted witii 
 
 black and -white, ;is 
 Fig. 335. shown in the H!i;ni'(';ir 
 
 c; the hind wings and 
 ab(h)nien are duskv; 
 the head and thorax 
 reddisli brown. When 
 expanded, the winirs 
 mcasiu-e nearly half 
 an inch aeross. 'Die ej^gs for the seeond brood of larv.'c arc; 
 dej>osited dnring the i;> '-r part of Jnly, the larviic attainiiijj; 
 their fnll growth towa, • '' end of September, w'hen tliev 
 ehan*>e to ehrvsalids, jiiU lain in that eondition dnriiic 
 
 the winter, prodneing moths ilie following spring. 
 
 This speeies is sometimes very destrnetive, when the plants 
 should be sprinkled with a mixture of j)owdered hellebore 
 and water, in the proportion of an onnee to the j)aili'nl, (ir 
 the rolled leaves may be gathered and burnt, or the pkmtation 
 l)loughed up in the antumn or early in the spring, and tii(! 
 inseets destroyed by burying them; in replanting, avoid usiiii:; 
 plants from infested distriets. 
 
 i«|'! 
 
 No. 193.— The Neat Strawberry Leaf-roller. 
 
 Eccopsis pcj'inundana (Cleinons), 
 
 This prrnieious little eater[)ilh!r appears just about the 
 time that the strawberry blossoms are ojiening, and delights 
 to form its protecting case by drawing the flowers and llowcr- 
 bnds together into a ball and to feast uj)on their substance, a 
 ])eeuliarity which renders its attacks nuieh more injnriotis than 
 any mere consumption of leaves would be The larva is df 
 a green coloi-, with the head and upjx'r part of the next sou,- 
 Vuent black'. When I'tdl grown, it is about (Ive-cighths oi' 
 an inch long, is very active in its habits, and wriggles itself 
 quickly out of its hiding-|)lac(! when distnrbed. Late in 
 
A TTA ( 'hl\(i TlfK L KA VES. 
 
 325 
 
 Fio. 33G. 
 
 Juiic or early in July it changes to a brown ciirysalis, from 
 which, in a few days, the perfect insect escapes. 
 
 The moth, wliich is shown magnified in Fig. 336, has its 
 fore wings yellowish or greenish brown, varying much in shade 
 of color, with irregular, lighter mark- 
 ings crossing the wings obliquely ; the 
 hind wings are ashy brown. 
 
 The caterpillar is very destructive 
 in some districts, and feeds upon the 
 wild strawberry as well as upon the 
 (uhivatcd varieties; also upon the 
 leaves of the raspberry and black- 
 licrry. 
 
 Remedies. — Dusting the plants with air-slaked lime, soot, 
 or ashes, or s[)rinkling them with a mixture of Paris-green 
 and water, in the proj)ortion of one or two teaspoonfuls to 
 two gallons of water, would no doubt prove beneficial. Tlie 
 caterpillar is very subject to the attacks of parasites. , 
 
 No. 194. — The Smeared Dagger. 
 
 Apatcla ubliiiita (Siii. & Al)l).). 
 
 The moths belonging to the genus Apatela are called 
 "daggers" in England, on account of a peculiar dagger- 
 like mark found on the front wings near the hind angle. 
 This peculiarity being partly obliterated in this species, it 
 has received the connnon name of the "smeared dagger." 
 
 The accompanying figure, 337, rej)resents the insect in its 
 various stages. The larva, a, is a hairy caterpillar, brightly 
 tii-namented, and about an inch and a quarter long. It is of 
 a deep velvety l)lack color, with a transverse row of tubercli'S 
 on each segment, those altove 'l)eing bright red and set in a 
 Itand of the same color, which extends down each side. From 
 each tubercle there arises a tuft of short, stilf hairs, those 
 on tlu^ upper part of the body being rc<l, while below they 
 are yellowish or mixed with yellow. On each side of an 
 imaginary line drawn down the centre of the back is a row of 
 
326 lysEcrs iNjvuiors to the strawberry. 
 
 briglit-yollow spots, two oi' more on each segment, and Ix^low 
 these, and (;lose to tlie under surface, a briglit-yelU)\v hand, 
 deeply indented on eacli segment. Spiracles white. Tliorc wvc 
 also a few whitish dots scattered irregularly over tlie siirfac 
 of the body. This cater|)illar is so conspicuous for its heiiUN 
 that it is sure to attract the attention of every beiiolder. 
 As soon as it is fidl grown, it draws together a lew leaves 
 
 Fig. 337. 
 
 or otlier loo.se nuiterial, and, with the aid of some silk, coii- 
 stru(!ts a rude case (/;, Fig. 3.'57), within which it changes to 
 a dark-brown ciiry.salis. The caterpillai-s of the I'all brood, 
 which become chrysalids early in September, do not produce 
 moths until June following. There are two broods durinj;' 
 the season, but the members of the early one, being le.-s 
 abundant, are not .so often .seen as thos., of the later brood. 
 
 Tiie moth, which is re[)resented at c in the figure, is a very 
 j)lain-Iooking iu.sect. Its fore wings are gray, with a row of 
 blackish dots along the hind border. A broken, blackish, 
 zitrzas; line, sometimes indistinct, crosses the wint>' bevond lln' 
 middle, and there are .some darker grayish spots about tlir 
 middle of the wing ; the hind wings are while. 
 
 II 
 
 mil 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 
 This caterpillar is not confined to the strawbci-rv, but feeds 
 •also on the leaves of the grape, aj)i)le, peach, ras{)l)erry, 
 willow, and on the common smart-weed, Polijrjonum piuie- 
 tdtiuii. Beinjr such a general feeder, it is never likely to 
 become injurious. It is j)reye(l upon by several panu^itic 
 insects, which no doubt render material aid in keeping it 
 witiiiu due limits. 
 
 No. 195. — Cut-worms. 
 
 Under Xo. -15, among the iiise(;ts injurious to the apple, 
 the reader will find reference made to those species of cut- 
 worms which are noteil for climbing trees and tlcvouring the 
 Ibliage, These climbing cut-worms eat also anything on 
 the ground which may come in theii- way. There are, how- 
 ever, a number of species which do not climb trees, and it is, 
 as a rule, among these that we fin<l the greatest enemies to 
 strawberry-plants. These larva% or '• woi-ms," as tliey arc 
 called, all have a general resemblance to one auotner, being 
 smooth and of souk; shade of greenish gray or brown, with 
 dusky markings, or occasionally almost bhuik. IJoth the 
 larva) and the moths arc nocturnal in their habits, and secirte 
 themselves during the day, the moths in crevices of tlu; bark 
 of trees or other suitable hiding-places, while the larvic buiy 
 themselves under the ground in the neighbui-hood of the 
 scene of their depreilations. Their life-history is brietlv 
 told under No. 45, and need not be rej)eated here. It will 
 suOice in this comiection to I'cfer to several reprcsciitativt' 
 s[)ecies of the class which do not climb. 
 
 The (jrreasy Cut-worm, A(/r(>(is Yj).\'i/o)i (Rolt.). This larva, 
 which is shown in Fig. ,']38, is of a deep dull-brown color, 
 inclini'ig to black, with |)aler longitudinal lines, a faint, 
 broken, yellowish-white lin(! along the back, and two other 
 indistinct j)ale lines on each side ; there are also a few shining 
 black dots on each segment. When full grown, it is about 
 jui inch and a ludf lony;. 
 
■Mi 
 
 32S IJSSFAJTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAW IlEIUiV. 
 
 The moth, also represented in tlie figure, has the fore \viiin> 
 brownish gray with darker nuirkiiigs, and i)atehes of a paler 
 
 color towards the ai)ex of the 
 wing. riie hind wings are al- 
 most white, with a pearly lustic, 
 and nearly semi-transjKircnt. 
 When the wings are sj)read, th( y 
 measure about an ineh and tlii'cc- 
 quarters across. 
 
 The Striped Cut-worm,. (///v/- 
 iis mib(/ot/iica (Ha worth). This 
 caterpillar is of an ash gray coloi-, 
 with broad, dark longitudinal 
 lines, and several narrow lighter 
 ones, and when full grown is nearly an inch and a half long. 
 The moth is shown in Fig. 339 with its wings expanded, and 
 
 Fig. 339. 
 
 al,-o 
 
 fro 11 
 bhu 
 
 with its wings closed. It is of a deej)-l)rown color, with 
 
 gravish, flesh-colored markings. Tlu! 
 
 Fio. 3-10. , . . , r . 
 
 markings are qmto characteristic, am 1 
 it should be easilv recogni/e(l from 
 the figures. 
 
 'I'he Checkered JIustic, Ayrotis ^■■<- 
 selhdd Harris (Fig. 340), is of a dark- 
 ash color, with two [)alo spots on the 
 
 t wings alternating with a triangidar and a nearly scpiare 
 
 k spot. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 329 
 
 The Gla(<sy Cut-worm, TTudena dcvastatrlx (Brace). In 
 Fitr. 341 we liave a representation of the larva. It is ol" a 
 ^;liining' green color, with a red head and a dark-l)ro\vn, horny- 
 
 FiG. 341. 
 
 Pig. ?A± 
 
 looking shield on the next segment. On each ring there are 
 a ninnher of shining dots, from each of which arises a single 
 <h()rt hair, as seen in the magiiilied segment beh)w. The 
 moth (Fig. 342) is of a dark ashen-gray color, marked with 
 black and white spots, streaks, and dots; the hind wings are 
 pale brownisli gray. 
 
 Many more examples of these cut-worms and their moths 
 might be cited, but enough has been g'ven to show their 
 trcuieral characteristics. 
 
 To subdue these insects is no easy matter, since they do 
 iii»t usually eat the foliage in the manner that other cater- 
 pillars do, l)ut attack the plant at about the base, and, having 
 cut it through, leave the greater portion of it to wilt and 
 |)crish. Sprinkling the i)lants with air-slaked lime, ashes, 
 or powdered hellebore, or showering them well with water 
 containing Paris-green, in the proportion of one or two tea- 
 >l)oonfuls to a pailful of water, woidd destroy many of them ; 
 l)ut the safest way is to catch and kill tiie enemy. Where 
 a plant is seen suddenly to wilt and die, the author of the 
 mischief can generally be found within a few inches of the 
 plant destroyed, and a siiort distance below the surface of the 
 ground. These larva} are all vigorously attacked by various 
 s})ecies of parasites. 
 
'IM 
 
 330 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRV 
 
 No. 196.— The Spotted Paria. 
 
 I'm in srx-iio/ii((i (Say). 
 
 This is :i sinall hcctii', about three-ten tli.s of an inch lonix, 
 
 j)ale in color, — sonictinics <]:ii-Ic, — hiivinj^ the win^-covers 
 
 spoiled with bhicU, and oi-naincnted witli reuuhir rows of dot.-^, 
 
 which disaj)i)ear towards the ti|) (see Fij^. 343); beneath it is 
 
 blackish. It i.s a .stout insect, with a polislied 
 
 Fk;. 34;]. surface, and is very active in its movements, liop- 
 
 })ing briskly about when aj)proached or disturbed. 
 
 Tlie beetle appears at the time when the iVuii 
 
 is partly grown, which, in the northern parts 
 
 of the continent, is towards the end of May. 
 
 When these insects are abundant, they devour the leaves of 
 
 the [)lants with such avidity that they are soon completely 
 
 riddled with holes, and the crop of fruit materially injured. 
 
 I^riiicdic.s. — On atrount of the advanced y-rowth of the 
 fruit when the beetle a})pears, it would be unsafe to use strouii' 
 poisons, such as Paris-green. It would be much safer to use 
 hellebore, and (juite efFectual ; j)robab]y air-slaked lime, soot, 
 or ashes dusted on the foliage would also remedy the evil. 
 
 Fig. 844. 
 
 A. 
 
 No. 197.— The Striped Flea-beetle. 
 
 Phylloireta viltata (Fabr.). 
 
 This pretty little beetle, although most commonly found on 
 
 young turnips and cabbages, is some- 
 times found also eating the leaves of 
 strawberry-plants. The beetle, which 
 is .shown magnified in Fig. 344, i> 
 le.ss than one-tenth of an inch long, 
 black, witii a broad, wavy, yellowish 
 strijjc on each wing-cover. It is very 
 active, leaping away to a considerable distance when an at- 
 tempt is made to catch it. 
 
 Tiie larva, which is also .shown in the figure, is found on the 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 331 
 
 foil I id on the 
 
 roots of young cahlKige-plants ; it is about onc-tliii-d of an inch 
 long, white, with a dusky line on the anterior half of its body. 
 The head is pale brown, and on the posterior extremitv is a 
 brown spot equal to the head in size. When the larva reaches 
 maturity, it forms a little earthen eoeoon near its feedin^-- 
 j)]ace, and in this transf )rnis to a chrysalis (Fig. 344) of a 
 whitish color, from whi(;h, in a few days, the l)eetle appears. 
 The remedies recommended for the spotted Paria^ No. TJO, 
 are equally apj)licable in this case. 
 
 No. 198. — The Canadian Osmia. 
 
 Osinia ('unitihnsis Crcssmi. 
 
 This is a small four-winged insect which occasionally proves 
 destructive to strawberry-plants. In Fig. 345 it is shown much 
 magnified; its natural size is 
 indicated by the short line at ^^«- ^'^^• 
 
 the side of the figure. The 
 head, thorax, and ai)domen in 
 both sexes are green, and more 
 or less densely covered with 
 short hairs, those on the tho- 
 rax being longest. The wings 
 are nearly transparent, with 
 blackish veins. The female 
 is larger than the male. 
 
 These insects nibble away the leaves, chewing the fragments 
 into a sort of pulp, and carrying it away to l)e used in the 
 construction of their nests. The injury done to strawberry- 
 {)lants by them is sometimes very marked. 
 
 No. 199.— The Strawberry Leaf-stem Gall. 
 
 This is an elongated gall, an inch or mor* in length, found 
 on the stalk of the leaf of the strawberry near its base, pro- 
 duced by an undetermined species of gall-liy. Its surface is 
 irregular and its color red, while the internal structure is 
 spongy. If these galls are opened about the middle of July, 
 
lili'2 
 
 Ji\Si:CTS Ii\JiJilOUS TO THE STItA WBEIUIV 
 
 there will be Ibuncl in each, about the centre, a small, luilk- 
 whitc, tootle.^s li'riib, seini-tninsi)areiit, with a smooth, glossv 
 sUiii, a wrinkled surface, and a lew line, short hairs. Its jaws 
 are pale brown, and its length at this period is about one- 
 sixteenth of an inch, the body ta[)ering' u little towards each 
 extremity. This insect doubtless changes to a chrysalis within 
 the gall, from which the Hies escape later in the season, or 
 early the following spring. 
 
 No. 200.— The Strawberry Saw-fly. 
 
 Eniphijtns maculafiis Norton. 
 
 Tliis insect in the p(.'rlect state is also a four-winged Hy, 
 which in the hirval condition is very destructive to the leaves 
 of the strawberry. The accompanying figure, 346, illustrates 
 the insect in its various stages ; 1 shows the under side of the 
 chrysalis, 2 a side view of the same, 3 the perfect fly, all 
 
 Fio. 346. 
 
 magnified; 4 the larva crawling, 6 the same at rest, 5 the 
 perfect insect with its wings closed, and 7 the cocoon, all (»f 
 the natural size; 8 one of the antennoB, and 9 an egg, bolh 
 magnified. The egg is placed within the substance of the 
 stem of the leaf early in May by means of the peculiar saw- 
 
t'l'. 
 
 all, milk- 
 th, gl(>.ssy 
 Its jaws 
 ihoiit oiic- 
 ^•ard.s each 
 ills within 
 season, (»!• 
 
 ATTACK I Mi THE LEAVES. 
 
 333 
 
 vinged fly, 
 the leaves 
 
 , illustrates 
 side of the 
 
 eet flv, all 
 
 
 rest, 5 the 
 coon, all of 
 n egg, l)oth 
 a nee of the 
 "culiar saw- 
 
 liUe apparatus with which the female is provided. It is 
 about one-thirtieth of an inch Inim, and of a white color; 
 its presence produces a slight swelling on the stalk, and l>y 
 splitting the stalk so as to open the swelling the egg may he 
 found. The etrti's ahsorl) moisture from the stem and increase 
 in si/e, and in about a iortnight hatch, when the young worms 
 at once begin to feeil on the leaves. At iirst they attract but 
 little attention, as the holes they make in the leaves are small, 
 hut as thev increase in size thev often completelv riddle the 
 foliage and destroy its usefulness. 
 
 When full grown, they arc marly three-fourths of an inch 
 long, of a ])ale-greenish color, with a faint whitish bloom. 
 The skin is scmi-transj)arcnt, revealing the movement of the 
 internal organs, wliieh show through as dark-greenish j)atches. 
 There is a broken band along each side, of a deeper shade of 
 •rreen, and below this the bodv has a vellowish tint. The 
 head is yellowish brown, with six black dots, thci lUws dark 
 brown, and the under surface yellowish. The larvic fall to 
 ihegi'ound when disturbed. 
 
 When mature, they biu-row under the surface, and form 
 oval cocoons by cementing together minute iVagments of 
 earth, and within these enclosures the remaining transforma- 
 tions are completed, the insect finally issuing in the perfect 
 or winged form. 
 
 The fly is black, with two rows of large whitish spots upon 
 the abdomen ; antenna black, legs brown. The wings, when 
 spread, measure a little more than half an inch across. Tlmse 
 belonging to the first brood of larvre appear on the M'ing early 
 in July, when eggs are deposited for a second brood, which 
 are fomid during August. They comjdetc their larval growth, 
 enter the ground, and constrtict their earthen cells, in which 
 they remain inichanged until the following spring, when they, 
 enter the chrysalis state and transform to flies within a few days. 
 
 Heniedies, — Hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water, 
 showered on the vines in the proportions recommended under 
 No. 181 J will destroy them. 
 
I1 > 
 
 384 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRA WBKRRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 No. 201.— The Stalk-borer. 
 
 Gortyaa nitela Guenee. 
 
 Tills larva, which is commonly found in the stalks of the 
 potato and tomato, may be said to have a rather varied taste, 
 as it also l)ores into the stalks of the drddia, aster, :ind cockle- 
 burr, the cob of the Indian corn, and the fruit of the straw- 
 berry. In Fig. 'Vn we have a representation of the larv;!. 
 
 Fio. ;U7. 
 
 Fig. n4S. 
 
 When it leaves the fruit or other substance it has occupied, it 
 descends a little below the surface of the earth, and in a lew 
 days changes to a brown chrysalis, from which the moth (Flu. 
 34S) emerges from about the iii\(\ of August to the middle of 
 Se])tember. 
 
 In case this insect siumld so multiply as to recpiire a 
 remedy, hand-picking is the only one suggested. 
 
 SUPFLEME.NTAEY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 AFFECT THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 
 The larva of the g(<ldsinith beetle. No. 77, and also thnl 
 of the May beetle, i\o. 11.'}, attack the routs of the Htraw- 
 berrv The latter, which is commonlv known ao the white 
 grub, is fi'cquently V(M'y (lestruciivc. 
 
■S- UP PLEMENTA R V LIS T. 
 
 335 
 
 ATTACKrXG TIIK LEAVES. 
 
 The (.hliquo-bamlcl leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the climbing cut- 
 ^^•or^^ jSo. 4o; the horned span-worm, No. 86 ; the grape- 
 v.ne Colaspis, No. 153; and the currant Angerona, No. 210. 
 
 ATTACKIXG THE l-'UUIT. 
 
 The flea-like i.egro-bug, No. J85, is not uncommon on the 
 fi'uit ot the strawberrv. 
 
 OTS WHICH 
 
 ■MHi 
 
rr- 
 
 |ji;;i) 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED AND WHITE 
 
 CURRANT. 
 
 ATTACKING THE STEMS. 
 
 
 Fiu. 349. 
 
 No. 202. — The Imported Currant-borer. 
 
 ^J'Jijivia tipulifori)us Linn. 
 
 This iiisot't has for mjiiiy years been a serious iinpediiiient 
 in the way of successful currant-culture. It is an importa- 
 tion from Europe', where it has long proved troublesome; in 
 the larval state it burrows up and down the interior of the 
 stems, making them so hollow and weak that they frequently 
 break in the s})ring from the weight of foliage when swayed 
 by the action of the wind. 
 
 The ]»arent of this destructive larva is a pretty, wasp-like 
 moth (see Fig. 349), which measures, when its wings are ex- 
 l)anded, about three-quarters of an inch across. 
 The body is of a bluish-black color, the abdo- 
 men being crossed by three narrow golden band-;, 
 while on the th.or; x and at the base of the wings 
 are streaks of a s milar color. The wings arc 
 transparent, but vei,'ed and bordered with brown- 
 ish black with a coppery lustre; the bordering is widest on 
 the front wings, which arc also crossed bv a band of the saino 
 color beyond the middle. The moth appears about I he 
 middle of June, when it may be found in the hot sunshine, 
 darling about with a raj)id (light, sipping the nectar of ilowers 
 or basking on tlie leaves, alternately cxi>anding and closing 
 its fan-like tail, or searching for suital)le [places in which to 
 deposit its eggs. 
 
 The female lays her eggs singly near the buds, whero in a 
 few days they hatch into small larvte, which eat th( ir way to 
 :J3(5 
 
ATTACKING THE STEMS. 
 
 537 
 
 ,'lien swavoil 
 
 the centre of the stem, where they 'oiiirow iij) and down, 
 feeding on the pith all through tlie sununer, enlarging the 
 channel as they grow oldei;, until at 
 ia^^t thev liave formed a holl . w several 
 
 Fio. :]:)0. 
 
 iiu 
 
 ■lies in lentrth. When i'nll trrow 
 
 ihe larva (6, Fig. 350) is whitish and 
 ilcshv, of a cvlindrieal form, with 
 
 hro 
 
 wn head and leirs, and a dark line 
 
 "-o'^J 
 
 alony: the middle of its bach. Before 
 changing to a ohrysalis, a passage is 
 
 eaten nearly through the stem, leaving merely the thin outer 
 skin unbroken, thus pre])aring the way for the eseajie of the 
 moth. 
 
 \\'ithin this cavity the larva changes to a chrysalis («, r^ig. 
 ooO, where both larva and chrysalis are shown magnified). 
 Jvariy in June the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, pu-h- 
 iiig against the thin skin covering its i)hice of retreat, ruptures 
 it, and then partly thrusts itself out of the opening, when in 
 a short time the moth bursts its prison-house and esciapes, 
 soon depositing eggs, from which iarvie are hatched, which 
 <iiny on the work of destruction. 
 
 While this insect chiefly infests the red and white currant, 
 it attacks the black currant also, and occasionally the? goose- 
 berry. Where the hollow stems do not break olf, indications 
 of the i)resence of the borers mav be found in the sicklv look 
 of the leaves a'ul the inferi(M' size of the fruit. 
 
 Jiniicdicf^'. — In the autumn orsjiringall stems found hollow 
 should be cut out and burnt. During the jxM'iod when tin; 
 moths are on the wing they may often be caj)tured and de- 
 stroved in the cool of (he mornini;, at which time thev are 
 c()m|)aratively sluggish. 
 
 No. 203. — The American Currant-borer. 
 
 J\seno('cnis .■mpcvuoliiliis (Snv). 
 
 This borer is the larva of a beetle, and, although belong- 
 ing to an entirely different order l'ro\u No. 20 J, is vi'ry 
 
 22 
 
I f 
 
 in 
 
 H. I. 
 
 ! li I 
 
 "1 
 
 Fia. 351. 
 
 338 INSECTS INJURIOVS TO THE RED CURRANT. 
 
 similar in its habits, but it may be tlistinguisliod by its 
 smaller size and by the absence of feet. It is a small, white, 
 cylindrical, footless larva, M'itl ,own head and black jaws, 
 which also feeds upon the pith of the stems, renderini::; them 
 hollow and often killing them. Usually several, and sometimes 
 as many as eight or ten, of those borers are fouml within the 
 same cane. The change to a chrysalis takes phu^e within the 
 stalk, and in the latter part of May or early in Juno thf 
 perfect insect escapes. 
 
 This is a small, narrow, cylindrical, brownish beetle. (iS(M; 
 Fig. 351, where it is represented magnlHed, the outline fimnv 
 at the side showing the natural size.) The 
 wing-cases are of a darker brown behind 
 the middle ; there is a wdiitish dot on the 
 anterior part of each elytron, and a hu-gc, 
 slightly oblique, and sometimes crescent- 
 shaped spot of the same color just behind 
 the middle; the antennoc are slender, and 
 nearly as long as the body. The beetle Hies during the (hiv, 
 but is much less active than No. 202, and hence more easily 
 captured. The cutting out and burning of the infested stalks 
 will be found of great advantage in this instance also. This 
 borer is sometimes attacked by [)arasites. 
 
 No. 204.— The Currant Bark-louse. 
 
 Lecanium ribis Fitch. « 
 
 Early in the spring there are sometiuies seen on the 
 bark of currant-stems brownish-yellow, hemispherical s(!ales, 
 about one-third of an inch in diameter, under whi(!h will he 
 f)un(l a quantity of minute eggs: as the season advan('(s, 
 these hatch, when the young lice disti-ibute themselves in all 
 directions over the twigs, puncturing them with their beaks, 
 and absorbing the sap. 
 
 Anotiier species, called the Circular Bark-louse, Aspidiolnm 
 clrcufdrin Fitch, is mentioned by Dr. Fitch as occurring on 
 
NT. 
 
 ATTACK I XG THE LEAVES. 
 
 339 
 
 !(l by its 
 ill, whiU', 
 lack jaws, 
 ring thcin 
 sometimes 
 AMlhin tlic 
 within the 
 Juno th' 
 
 Dtlc. (Sco 
 tlino fi^^uif 
 ihc.) The 
 iwn behind 
 
 clot on tlu' 
 ,ncl a l'ar«^(', 
 L>s crcsccnl- 
 
 iiist behind 
 slender, and 
 nir the day, 
 
 more easily 
 It'ested stalks 
 
 ilso. 
 
 Tl 
 
 us 
 
 .'en on 
 
 th 
 
 1 seal 
 
 rrica 
 
 ll(!ll wii 
 
 es, 
 be 
 
 111 advaneis. 
 
 |(dves in all 
 
 I heir beal<s, 
 
 •currinjjr on 
 
 (Mirraut-stalks in the form of minute, circular, flat scales, 
 about one-tiiirtieth of an inch in diameter. 
 
 These lice may be removed by scraping the stems or 
 applying to them a strong alkaline wash. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 205. — The Imported Currant-worm. 
 
 Ncmatus ventricosus King. 
 
 This is the larva of one of the saw-flies, and is perhaps 
 the most troublesome of all the insects the currant-grower 
 lias to encounter. It is a 
 Eur()i)ean insect, first noticed 
 
 Fia. 352. 
 
 ill America in 1858, and 
 within the comparatively 
 brief period which has since 
 ('laj)sed it has spread over 
 a large portion of the conti- 
 nent. This insect usually 
 passes tlie winter in the 
 chrysalis condition, but occa- 
 sionally in the larval state. 
 
 Very early in the sj)ring 
 the flies appear. The two 
 sexes differ materially in ap- 
 |)earance. In Fig. 352, a '" 
 re|)rescnts the male, antl h the 
 female, both enlarged, the lines at the side indicating their 
 natural size. The male approaciics the common house-fly 
 ill size, l)ut the body is scarcely so robust, and the wings, four 
 ill luimber, are n>ore glossy. Its body is black, with a few 
 dull-yellow spots above, the under side of the abtlomen being 
 yellowish and the legs bright yellow ; the veins of the wings 
 
340 i^'SKcrs JXujRious to the red currast. 
 
 m 
 
 
 , i 
 
ATTACKiyu THE LEAVES. 
 
 341 
 
 htm tlio 
 ' yellow 
 •iiitr tilt' 
 (juiot or 
 
 i on tli<' 
 rows, n« 
 
 )()Ut OIK- 
 
 lu'li louu, 
 r ubsorU 
 the loaf, 
 )unsion i^ 
 /elopnK'ut 
 livrva,;uiil 
 five (lays 
 in lcnii;th 
 ;-t\venlic'tli 
 ■c rouniU'd 
 hitish and 
 iibout ten 
 
 inig 
 lit is 
 
 I 
 
 irvti 
 
 tl 
 
 KMl 
 
 |>irth of an 
 having' a 
 eat small 
 i'eediii'j; 
 
 re 
 
 that 
 
 soon 
 
 f)ein«>; <'oii- 
 renuiinin'j;. 
 
 pread in 
 Ireen color, 
 Iduin gn'oii 
 Ihefoiv, the 
 jalf to Iwo- 
 |\vill, when 
 
 the course 
 
 U'ee-duar- 
 
 lui 
 
 of two or three days. They arc represented at this stage of theii 
 
 growth in Fig. 354. Wiien mature, they are about tl 
 
 ters of an incli long, at 
 
 which timethevseek for 
 
 a suitable spot in w'hi(!ii 
 
 to form their cocoons. 
 
 These are sometimes 
 made among dry leaves 
 or rnbl)ish on the sur- 
 face of the gi'ound, 
 sometimes under tlie 
 ground, and occasion- 
 ally attached to the 
 stems or leaves of the 
 bush on which they 
 have fed. The loca- 
 tion once fixed on, the 
 larva begins to contract in length, and spins a cocoon over 
 itself, whi(,'h, ^vhen finished, is nearly oval, smooth, of a 
 browMiish color and |)a[)ery texture, within which it changes 
 to a small, delicate, whitish-green chrysalis, very fransparent, 
 with the encased limbs and wings of the future Hy distinctly 
 visible, from which the fly <'scapes late in June or early in 
 duly. Soon again eggs ',\\\\ deposited, from wdiich anotiier 
 brood of larvte are sent forth on their destructive mission, 
 com})leting their growth before summer (doses, and in most 
 instances changing to ohrysalids before winter. 
 
 The flies composing the sei)arate broods do not all a|)peai' 
 at once; some are weeks later than others, keeping up a reg- 
 ular succession, and making contimial Avatchfulness necessary 
 in order to save the foliage from destruction. They feed on 
 the cultivated gooseberry as readily as on tiie currant, and 
 also on the wild varieties of gooseberry. 
 
 licmcdics. — A miinite parasitic fly has been found attacking 
 the eggs by Prof. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., closely resem- 
 bling, if not identical with, the insect repniseuted in Fig. 181. 
 
342 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 
 
 Fro. O-V",. 
 
 The i)r{'.<once of this parasite may be detected hy the (H>- 
 c'oloratioii of the eggs, which become brown. A species ol' 
 Ichneiiinon, IlcmUdes ncmativorus Walsh, is i)arasiti(; on the 
 caterpiUar, while the placid soldier-bug, PodLvis phiclduK 
 Uhler, also destroys the larva. This friendly insect, which is 
 shown magnified at a in Fig. ooo, and of 
 the natural size in the outline below, has the 
 head, thorax, and legs black, and the ab- 
 domen red, with an elongated bhu^k spur 
 in the centre, crossed by a whitish line. Ii 
 - aj)proaches a caterpillar, thrusts its pro- 
 boscis into its victim, and sucks it until it 
 shrivels and dies. An average-sized bug 
 will consume several of these larva? everv 
 day, and, where they arc plentiful, must 
 prove a material (!heck to the increase (tf 
 the saw-Hy. The ajjhis lions, the larv;e 
 of the gauze- wing flies, OiVijsopa (see Fig. 132, under Xo. 
 57), also devour them. 
 
 Notwithstanding these various aids among insects, it is 
 usually necessary to employ other remedial measures, ;iu(l 
 nothing is more eflficiei.t than j)owdered hellebore nuxed with 
 water, in the [)ro])ortion >)f an ounce to a pailful, and sprinkled 
 freely on the bushes, if thoroughly applied, most of the 
 larvtc will be found dead or dying within an hour afterwards. 
 If hellebore is not at hand, hot water may be used, a little 
 liotter than one can bear the hand in, showered plentifully on 
 the bushes. This will not injure the foliage, but will dislodge 
 most of the larvno, and when on the ground they can be trod- 
 den on and destroyed. Hand-j)icking may also be resorted lo, 
 especially while the insects are young and feeding in gro(ip> 
 of twenty to forty on a leaf. An experienced eye will soon 
 delect them, usually on the lower leaves of the bushes, iJic 
 little holes in the leaves aiding in their discovery. 
 
ATTACK I Na THE LEAVES. 
 
 343 
 
 No. 206.— The Native Currant Saw-fly. 
 
 Prisliphora jrossidarice Wal.sli. 
 
 Although thi.s is not a very eominou insect, it has \hvu 
 icported as destructive from several localities, hi its j»er- 
 i'ect state it is also a saw-Hy, resenibling the imported species 
 (see 6, Fig. 35G), yet there are dirierences which the entomohi- 
 gist c-an readily de- 
 tect, that place this ' ■^'"■- ■'''''• 
 insect in a diilerent 
 genns ; such as the 
 arrangement of" liic 
 veins on the wings, 
 the close resemblance 
 of the sexes, and the 
 marked ditlerence in 
 the relative size of 
 the two insects, the native species heing hut two-thirds the 
 size of the imported one in all its various stages. 
 
 The larva {a, Fig. 35(5) of this species is always; green, and 
 is never ornamented with black spots, which arc so inimerous 
 on the imported insect as it approaches maturity ; neither do 
 tlu! vonng larvaj gather in large numbers on one particular 
 leaf, but are irom the first scattered over the bushes. There 
 are two broods in the year; the first one may be looked ibr 
 al)Out the cud of .Tunc, and the second during the hitter part 
 of August. 
 
 The cocoons, which are similar in appearance to those of 
 the inn)orted saw-fly, but smaller, are usually consti'ucted 
 among the twigs and leaves of the bush on which the iarvse 
 have I'vd. 
 
 'V\w. winged insects, of which the female is represented in 
 the figure, have the body black, with yellow markings; the 
 sc(!ond brood arc said to come out of chrysalis the same 
 season, which, if correcit, involves the conclusion that the 
 
344 INSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRAST. 
 
 eggs are laid on the stems of the currant-bushes hite in the 
 autninn. 
 
 Where these insects prove troublesome, they may be subihicil 
 with the same remedies as are recommended for No. 200. 
 
 No. 207.— The Ohio Currant Saw-fly. 
 
 rrislipliuta rufipes St. Fur^reaii. 
 
 This insect is referred to in Dr. Fitch's twelfth " Amiiial 
 Il('})ort" as entomologist for New York (State, as occnrriiiii iti 
 the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1858. The Jarvre arc of 
 a pea-gieen color, with black heads; they live together in 
 clusters, and eat the leaves, beginning at the edge and de- 
 vouring all except the coarser veins. As they move tliev 
 .spin a very light web from leaf to leaf, and they are said to 
 let tiiemsclves down to the ground, when disturbed, by a line 
 thread of silk. When mature, they are three-eighths ol' an 
 inch long, the segments of the body are slightly wrinkled, 
 and along each side is a row of protubcances or warts of the 
 same color as the body. When ready for their next change, 
 they enter the ground and form small oval cocoons, within 
 which they change to chry.'^alids. 
 
 The fly is black, with transparent wings and light-brown 
 legs. 
 
 No. 208. — The Currant Span-worm. 
 
 EuJilckiaribcaria[Vhi:\\). 
 
 In many districts this is a very common insect; it may ho 
 easily distinguished from the saw-fly cater|)illars by its pecu- 
 liar mode of progression, arching its body into a loo|) at 
 every step; in Fig. oo7 the larva is represented in varion- 
 altitudes. When disturbed, it lowers itself suddenly by a 
 silken thread I'rom the bush on which it has been feedini:, 
 and remains suspended in mid-air until the threatened dan- 
 ger is past, when it regains its former j)osition. It is a native 
 insect, and is frequently found on the wild currant and goose- 
 berry bushes in the woods. AVhen full grown, the caterpillar 
 
late in tin' 
 
 he .subdiictl 
 o. 205. 
 
 A TTA CKLXG Til E L EA VES. 
 
 845 
 
 li " Aiuiual 
 jcc'urriii^ in 
 iirvro WW (if 
 
 toLR'tlu'r ill 
 lire and Av- 
 move they 
 I are said to 
 c(l, In' a tine 
 iihths ol' an 
 Iv \vriiii<le<l, 
 
 warts oi' the 
 next eliaiijj;!', 
 cons, within 
 
 llgiit-browii 
 
 it may no 
 I by its piTU- 
 n a loop at 
 |l ill vai'ion> 
 hdenly l>y a 
 leu I'eediiit:', 
 [ateiied dan- 
 t is a iiativi" 
 |. and goose- 
 caterpillar 
 
 measures an incli or more in length, is of a whitish color, with 
 a wide yellow stripe down the hack, another of the same cliar- 
 actcr along eaeli side, 
 and a number of black 
 spots of different sizes 
 iiDoii each .scixment. 
 
 Fig 
 
 lie 
 
 under 
 
 white wi 
 
 th 
 
 side is 
 a slight 
 
 tinge of pink, is also 
 s[>otted ^vith black, 
 
 .1 1 
 
 tiKl Has a wide yellow 
 
 th 
 
 2lh 
 
 d- 
 
 >tni)C (\o\\\\ tlie mu 
 (lie. There is but one 
 l)i-()od of this insect in 
 a year ; hence there is 
 no probability of its 
 ever becoming so for- 
 midable a |)est as the 
 imported saw-fly. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le eggs, wliich are 
 
 vtry pretty (see Fig. 
 
 358, which shows one much magnihi'd at a, and others of 
 
 the natural size at b), are attached to the stems and twigs in 
 
 the autumn, and remain in this coiulition 
 
 until spring, when they hatch about the 
 
 time the bushes are in full leaf, the larvre «»-„<,^- 
 
 attaining their full growth within three; «ra2S^-» 
 
 or four weeks. When ready for their 
 
 next change, they descend to the ground, 
 
 and, having penetrated a short distance 
 
 under the surface, change to dark-brown 
 
 chrysalids about half an inch long (see 3, 
 
 Fig. 357), in which condition they remain two or th.ree weeks 
 
 or more, when the perfect insects are liberated. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 359) is of a pale-yellowish color, with 
 several dusky spots, which vary in si/c; and form, being more 
 
 
 SfS*' 
 
T^ 
 
 Fin. n.V). 
 
 340 L\si:cTs lyjURious to the red cm h ant. 
 
 jn'omiiicnt in some specimens than in otiiers, I'onninj^ sdnic- 
 timcs one or two irregular bands across the wings, Wlicn 
 
 expanded, tlu! wings 'neasure aUmit 
 an inch and a quarter across. Within 
 a brief period the femaU- deposits h-r 
 eggs for the next year's brood on the 
 twigs and branches, where tliey cn- 
 (hu'e the lieatof tiie remaining p(M- 
 tion of ihesunuiuu" without hatching-, 
 and the piercing cold of the succeed- 
 ing winter without injury, awaiting the arrival of their proper 
 time for development the following spring. 
 
 Remedies. — Powdei-ed liellebore, which is so speed v mid 
 certain a remedy in the case of the saw-Hies, does not act with 
 the same ])roniptitude in this instance. This larva seems to 
 be much hai'dicr and more difljcult to destroy with poisonous 
 substances; hence, if hellcbin'c is used, the liquid should he 
 made twice or three times the usual strength. Pjiris-greeij is 
 more certain and effectiud where there is uo objection to its 
 use. lland-j)icking is more j)racticable with tliis larva, on 
 account of its habit of letting itself down by a strong silken 
 thread and remaining suspended; and if after striking the 
 bush a forked stick is ])assed all around under it, all tlio 
 hano'in"- threads mav be cauii'ht, and the larvai drawn out in 
 groui)s and crushed with the foot. This insect is quite de- 
 structive to the black currant, and also to the gooseberry. 
 
 No. 209. — The Spinous Currant Caterpillar. 
 
 Gra2)/a pi-oijiic [VA-i\m.). 
 
 The parent of this caterpillar is a very handsome but- 
 terfly, which is shown in Fig. 3G0 ; the pair of in 
 wdiich are attached to the body show the upi)er su Am 
 
 detached ]iair the under surface. Above, the fore us are 
 of a did I reddish orange, widely bordered on the outer (Ijr' 
 with dark brown, while within there are many spots of brown 
 and black. The hind wings arc dark brown, tinged witii red 
 
'ANT. 
 
 A TTA CKISG THE L K. 1 \ ES. 
 
 lu: 
 
 UIIIJ^ SOIIH'- 
 IffS. ^Vll^n 
 
 ivsiire {il)niit 
 
 3.eS. Witllill 
 
 deposits 111 r 
 )ro()(l oil the 
 ;rc tlu'v <ii- 
 iminiiv4 piir- 
 uit luitcliiivj.-, 
 tlio siu'ct'cd- 
 thulr propfi- 
 
 speedy and 
 j not act wiih 
 irva scorns to 
 ith polsoiintis 
 lid should 1)0 
 L*iiris-_<i;r(H'u i> 
 hjei'tiou to its 
 his hirva. on 
 strong silken 
 striking the 
 cr it, all the 
 drawn out in 
 t i-; quito de- 
 oseherry. 
 
 lUar. 
 
 Iindsonie bnl- 
 iir of '' 
 (r sr 
 
 |i)l-o - :in; 
 
 lie ontei >dsr'' 
 
 liots of brown 
 
 »(>-od witii red 
 
 and yellow linos. The body is tlii(d<ly covered with long 
 branching sj)ines, which also vary in lino, somo being yellow, 
 others orange, and some dark brown, many of their branches 
 being ti})ped with black. 
 
 \\'hen full grown, tlu> larva seeks some secluded s[)ot in 
 which to change to a chrysalis; sometimes the under side 
 if a leaf or twig is selected, and there, after spinning on the 
 -iirface a small web of silk, its hind legs are hooked in the 
 tihres, and it remains suspeudinl head downwards. The body 
 soon contracts in length, and in two or three days the cater- 
 iiillar skill is shed, and a rugged, angular-looking chrvsalis 
 
w 
 
 !l 
 
 348 JASECTS INJURIOUS TO TlIK RED CUIUiANT. 
 
 appears, of a brown color prettily ornamented witii silvi r\- 
 
 spots. After remaining in the pnpal condition from iwv U) 
 
 two weeks, the time varying M'itli the heat of tlie weatlni', 
 
 the bntterily ap[)ears. 
 
 There are two broods dnring the season, the hu'va- (*! tlie 
 
 first one appearing kite in eTnne, those of the second matiiiiiiM; 
 
 earl}'' enongh in the autumn to ad.niit of the escape ol' ih,. 
 
 hutterfiy before severe frost occurs. This insect rarely apjxars 
 
 in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome; should it Ixcomo 
 
 numerous, hellebore and water would no doubt nrovc an 
 
 ctlicient remedy, or the larvrc ;night be subdued by hand- 
 
 ];icking. 
 
 No. 210. — The Currant Angerona. 
 
 Aiigcrona crocnfaria (Fulu- 'i. 
 
 The moth from which this caterpillar is j)roduccd is ii-iiallv 
 quite cotninon, but the larva, although often found feediiiLi mi 
 currant leaves, feeds upon the gooseberry, strawberry, and oiln r 
 plants besides, and hence is 'seldom sufficiently abundant dii 
 
 currant-bushes to attract imnli 
 *'*^'^^^' attention. 'J'hc accomi)anvin'' 
 
 figure, 3()1. represents the larva 
 a. little more tlian tw(.-thii(l< 
 grown, feeding on a goosch( rrv 
 leaf. At this period it dut-. 
 not (lilVcr materially from the 
 full-grown larva except in si/c. 
 Wlien matiu'c, it is about an inch an<l a half long ar iiKirc, 
 tapering towards the front. It is of a yelloN/ish-green cdlor, 
 Avith an indistinct whitish line down the back, and a latii i 
 broad ■wiiilish streak on each side below the s|)iracl(>s, bordridl 
 above with faint purple, which increases in depth of (vildi mi 
 the hinder segments and becomes a pui'ple stripe on the la-t 
 one. 'I'he spiracles ai'c while, edged with purple; each m^- 
 tn"nt of the Ixuly has its anterior portion swollen and ycllnw- 
 i>h, and on most of the sei>'ments there are a lew minute hluok 
 dots. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 •M< 
 
 l!» 
 
 W^lien the larva lias attainal it-, fall si/e, i 
 
 t(l 
 
 raw.' 
 
 toiiiUl 
 
 KT 
 
 the edges of a leaf half-way or more, and, foriniiiir a slight 
 iKt-worlc of silken threads, (changes to a chrysalis of a dark 
 olive-green color, with a pale-greenish al)donien, a row of 
 black dots down the hack, and anotl-er on each side, from 
 wliich in ahont ten days or a fortnight the perfect insect 
 ;i|>;..'ars. 
 
 riie moth (Fig. 3G2) is a native of America; it tiies by 
 (lav, and may often be seen on tlie wing about opening-^ in 
 the borders of the forest. Its 
 wings arc yellow, varying in 
 
 Fig. 362. 
 
 shade from deep to pale, with 
 dusky spots and dots sometimes 
 lew in nnnd)er, while in other 
 siM'cimens thev are very nnmer- 
 ous, the larger ones being so ar- 
 ranged as to lorm an imperfect 
 l)aiid across the wings. The 
 
 under side is nsnally a little deci)er in color than the npper, 
 and, when the wings are (wpanded, they measnre nearly an 
 inch and a half across. 
 
 In its native hannts the larva |)robably feeds on the wild 
 currant, gooseberry, ami strawberry. Althongh a common 
 insect, this is rarely comj)lained of as injnrit)ns; shonld it 
 li'come so, the remedies recommended lor No. 181 wonld no 
 (loMl)t be found eilicient. 
 
 JNo. 211. — The Currant Amphidasys. 
 
 Ai)ii>/ii<l(i!<i/s roi/iKildiid (iiii'iuv!. 
 
 riie larva of this insect is also a mcasnring-worm or looped, 
 and, althongh seldom found in snllicient numbers to prove 
 (li>tructiv(>, instances are on record where (auu'ant-bushes have 
 Ihiii ahnost stripped of thcii" leaves by them. The larva, 
 when full grown, is about two inches long, and may, when 
 Moi I'ceding, usually be found clinging to one of the leaves 
 or branches by its hind legs, with its body extended straight 
 
FT 
 
 H' • 
 
 350 jaskc'is injurious to the red curr.wt. 
 
 out, so that it mio'lit easily be mistaken for the stem (.fa leaf. 
 Its body is P'lle <>;i'een, with a darker, interrupted green line 
 down the back, indistinet, broken transverse lines of the siiiue 
 color, and a yellow eross line on the posterior end of cih h 
 segment. Tiiere are two small tubeniles on the segment im- 
 mediately behind the head, and the body is dotted with v<i\ 
 small whitish tiibereles and a few short blaek hairs. In 
 some speeimens there is a small brown tuberele on eaeh >iilc 
 behind the middle, and a purplish-brown ridge on the la>t 
 segment. 
 
 When mature, the larva descends to the ground and bin-ies 
 itself in the earth, where it eventually chana-es to a In-vsalis 
 
 about seven-tenths of an 
 Fio. 3G3. inch long and of a dark- 
 
 brown color, from wliicli 
 the moth escapes the fol- 
 lowing spring. 
 
 This is a handsoinc 
 moth (see Fig. 363), whieli, 
 when its wings arc spread, 
 will measiu'c two inclu.s oi' more across. iJoth fore and hind 
 wings are gray, dotted and streaked with black, and with a 
 wavy light band CDSsing the wings beyond the middle. The 
 under surface is palei- than the iii)per; the body gray, dodcd 
 with black. 
 
 This insect is a very general i'ecdcr, and on that aceomit h 
 not likely ever to jirovc very destructive to tiie currant; it 
 has been found feeding also on tiie plum, Missouri currai',t, 
 red spirea, and maple. 
 
 I it 
 
 No. 212.— The Four-striped Plant-bug. 
 
 I'oeri/(ir(i})si(s lincatus (Fiihr.). 
 
 This is a bright-y-'llow bug, about three-tentiis of an inch 
 long, with black antennie and two l)lack stripes on each of 
 its wing-covers, the outer on(^ on each side terminating in a 
 black dot. In Fig. 304 this insect is represented nragnilicul, 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 551 
 
 ^vith an outline tlic luitui-ul size. It punctiire.s the young 
 leaves of the currant-bushes on both their upper ami under 
 surliioes, causing small brown spots, not much larger than 
 
 )ni-liea(l 
 
 own 
 but these are sometimes so numerous and closely 
 
 j)laced that the leaves become completely withered. The in- 
 sects are very active, and when api)roached 
 drop quickly to the ground or Hy away. l^'io- ••''*■ 
 
 They begin to feed in May or June, and 
 continue for a month or two, often dis- 
 tiLTuring the bushes very much and retard- 
 
 th 
 
 th. Wh 
 
 ing ineir growth. >VJien very trouble- 
 gome, tliey may be captured by visiting 
 the bushes early in the morning, and, while tori)id ^\ith cold, 
 brushing them off into a i)ail ]>artly filled with water on which 
 ;i little coal-oil has been poured. They do not confine their 
 attacks to currant-bushes, but often injure the dahlia by punc- 
 turing the Hower-Gtems and causing them :o wither; they 
 also affect the weigelia, the deut/.ia, and other shrubs. 
 
 No. 213.— The Currant Plant-louse. 
 
 Aphis ribis \,\n\\. 
 
 Towards midsumpicr there often appear on the leaves of 
 rod-currant bushes blister-like elevations of a brownish-red 
 color, while on their under sides are corresponding hollows, 
 ill which will be found a multitude of lice, some of a pale- 
 yellowish color, witliout wings, others with transparcni wings, 
 and bodies marked with black. 
 
 It) the position these iiisecits occupy they are very dilliiMdt 
 to destroy, except by hand-picking the leaves and burning 
 llicm. A few lady-birds, such as are referred to under \o. 
 f)?, introduced among them, will speetlily lessen their iium- 
 hcrs. Ihcse lice rarely inflict any serious injury, but for a 
 lime give the bushes an unsightly and diseased appearanco : 
 they arc an importation from Europe, wdiere they have long 
 boon injurious to the currant. 
 
WJ 
 
 iji 
 
 352 JXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FEUIT. 
 No. 214. — The Currant Fruit-worm. 
 
 IJiipithccia iiiterruptoj'ascicda Packard. 
 
 Tliis insect is readily distingiiislied from the gooscbcny 
 fVtiit-woriii by the number of its legs, ^vlli('h are oidy t( n, 
 wiiile tiie gooseberry fruit-worm has sixteen. Tiie eunaiii 
 IVuit-worm is a span-worm ; that is, it arclies its body, when 
 in motion, with every step. When full grown, it is about 
 five-eighth.s of an inch long, and varies in its color and mark- 
 ings, its body is pale greenish-ash, or yellowish greon, with 
 a dark-colored liiu; down the back, and another on each side, 
 but occasionally this latter is wanting. Sometimes there is 
 a row of dark-colored, lozenge-shaped s})ots along the d()r>al 
 line, and in some instances there is a second lateral line lower 
 down the side. On the hinder part of the terminal segnu'iit 
 there are two short greenish spines. Tiie head varies in c(»I(»r 
 from yellowish or greenish to light brown ; the under side of 
 the body is white or pale greenish, with a yellow line in the 
 middle. 
 
 A\'hen full grown, it draws several leaves or other suitable 
 jirotectiug material together, i'astens them with silken threads, 
 and within the enelosure changes to a chrystdis, from which 
 eventually the moth escapes. 
 
 The ibre wings of the moth are of a bluish-gray color, 
 with a bluish dot near the cenlrc of each, tuid a dark line 
 crossing them immediately bevond the dot. 
 
 No. 216.— The Currant Fly. 
 
 Kpochni C(niaileusis (Loow). 
 
 This insect is occasionally found attticking the fruit of 
 both the red and th(M\hitc currant. In its perl'ect state it is 
 a small two-winged ily, which lays its eggs on tlu! currants 
 while they are small; the larva enters them while still green, 
 and \'w{]>^ on their contents, leaving a round, black scar at 
 
 W^i 
 
 mm\ M 
 
S UPPL EMKS TA IW L IS T. 
 
 353 
 
 the point of entry. The uffe(,tG.l currants ripen i)reniaturclv, 
 and .shortly decay an<l drop to the ground, when, on openin.. 
 them, there will be found in each a small white umb, al^ou't 
 oMe-tlnrd of an inch long, which, when mature, leaves the cur- 
 rant and probably passes the chrysalis state un.ler the -round 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHIOH 
 AFPEOT THE RED AND WHITE CURRANT. 
 
 ATTACKING TilK BUAXCIIKS. 
 
 The oyster-shell bark-louse. No. 16, so eomnion on the 
 apple, is sometimes very destructive to currant-buslies. 
 
 AITACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 The fall web-worm, No. 27; the Ce.Topia emperor-moth, 
 Ao. 28; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 35; the saddle- 
 back caterpillar, No. 49 ; the lo emperor-moth. No. 112 • tlie 
 yellow woolly-bear, No. 146; and the currant Endropia, 
 jNo. 216, are all found feeding on currant leaves. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FliUlT. 
 
 The gooseberry fruit- worm, No. 2 H). 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT. 
 
 ATTACKING TEE LEAVES. 
 
 I. i 
 
 No. 216.— The Currant Endropia. 
 
 Endropia armataria (Herr. Sell.). 
 
 About the middle of July there will sometimes be foniul 
 on black-currant bushes small, nearly black, geometric cat- 
 erpillars, dotted and marked with pale yellow, and with a 
 series of crescent-shaped whitish spots down the back, and a 
 row of raised dark-brown dots along each side, those on the 
 hinder segments tip[)ed with yellow, while on the last segiiitin 
 there is a fleshy hump or prominen(!e composed of two round 
 tubercles. AVhen full grown, this larva is about three-quarters 
 of an inch long, when it constructs a slight web, intorweaviiii,' 
 portions of dead leaves or other rubbish, and within this 
 changes to a brown chrys:Uis, in which condition it remains 
 throughout the winter, producing the perfect insect the f'nl- 
 lowing June. 
 
 The moth is represented in Fig. 3G5, about the natural 
 size. Its wings are yellowish brown shaded with ])uride, es- 
 pecially on the hind wings, and with 
 streaks and dots of a deeper shade (»f 
 brown. The under surface is deep 
 ycl'ow, dotted and streaked with red- 
 dish brown. 
 
 This insect is by no means common, 
 
 and hence is never likely to pi'ov(> 
 
 generally injin'ious to <!in'rant-l)ushes. Although it prefers 
 
 the black ciu'rant, it feeds also on the leaves of the red 
 
 currant. 
 3G4 
 
 Fic. lido. 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 355 
 
 {^kW, 
 
 'S be found 
 )inetiMo cut- 
 iiul witli a 
 back, and a 
 those on the 
 last st';j;nirni 
 f two roiuid 
 irpe-qnartcr- 
 ntcrweaviu'i 
 within l!ii> 
 1 it remains 
 >eet the I'ol- 
 
 tlie natural 
 \\ ])urple, <'>- 
 lo-s, and widi 
 Ipcr shade et' 
 llaee is deep 
 led with red- 
 ans eonuiioii, 
 ,ly to pi'ovo 
 rh it prefers 
 U of the rid 
 
 Fia. 36G. 
 
 No. 217.— The Red Spider. 
 
 TetrawjcJuis telarius (Liim.). 
 
 This is a very small mite, which often proves a serious pest 
 to gardeners, esj)ecially to those who cultivate plants under 
 glass. Occasionally, in dry weather, it attacks the leaves of 
 the bhu k currant and destroys them. Fig. 36G represents 
 the male of this species, very much 
 enlarged, tlie mite itself being 
 scarcely visible to the unaided eye; 
 the small dot within the circle at 
 the side of the figure indicates the 
 natural size of the insect. It spins 
 a web on the under side of the 
 leaves, of threads so slender as 
 to be scarcely visible even with 
 an ordinary ma<>;nifvinii;-<>;lass until 
 woven into a net-work. Under 
 this shelter will be found a colo'.iy, 
 consisting of mature individuals of 
 l)oth sexes and young mites of all 
 ages. By the aid of their jaws, 
 which ai'c not unlike the beak of a bird, they tear away the 
 surface of the leaf, and plunge their beaks into the wound 
 and suck the juicH'. 
 
 The egg of this mite is nearly round, and colorless; the 
 larva is a minute, transparent object, not unlike its parent, 
 hut it has only six legs, and creeps along slowly. The mature 
 mites have eight legs, and vary much in color, some being 
 greenish marked Avitli brown specks, others rust-colored or 
 reddish, and many of them briek-red. 
 
 The leaves attacked soon indicate the presence of this in- 
 vader by their sickly hue; the sap being sucked by a mul- 
 titude of tiny mouths, they soon assume a yellowish cast, 
 with patches of a grayish or lighter shade; and if the mite is 
 allowed to pursue its course unchecked, the foliage liecomes 
 
356 I^'SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT. 
 
 iiiiicli injured, and sometimes is destroyed. It is said to pass 
 tlie winter under stones, concealing itself there when the leaves 
 on which it has fed have fallen. 
 
 liemedlcs. — Various preparations of sulpliur and soap have 
 been recommended, used separately or together, mixed with 
 water, and applied to the bushes with a syringe. Plain soap 
 and water, or water alone, freely applied, is regarded by sonn- 
 as efficient, as the insect is known to thrive best in a dry at- 
 mosphere. In applying any liquid, it is necessary to wet the 
 nnder side of the leaves in order to make the application 
 effectual, since if ai)plied to the u])per surface only the mites 
 would remain uninjured beneath. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 APFECT THE BLACK CURRANT. 
 
 ATTACKING THE STEMS. 
 
 The imported currant-borer, No. 202. 
 
 ATTACKING THE l.EAVES. 
 
 The currant span-worm, No. 208. 
 
 mlM^ 'ii 
 
RANT. 
 
 «ai(l to pass 
 1 the leavos 
 
 1 soap have 
 mixed wilh 
 
 Plahi sua]) 
 led by some 
 ill a dry -at- 
 y to wet the 
 
 application 
 ily the mites 
 
 lOTS WHICH 
 
 liNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEbElUIY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 
 
 No. 218.— The Mealy Flata. 
 
 Pceciloptera jjriiinosa 8iiy. 
 
 This is a small, four-wintred bu*^, which attacks the suc- 
 culent slioots of the gooseberry, and sometimes the leaves, 
 sucking the juices. It is wedge-shaped, about one-third of an 
 inch long, almost twice as high as wide, of a dusky bluish 
 color, covered with Avhite, meal-like powder, its 
 wing-covers showing some faint white dots, and ^^^^'^'^'■ 
 near their base three or four dusky ones. ' """' 
 
 The insect is shown in Fig. 367 ; it is not con- 
 fined to the gooseberry, but is found on tlu> gra|)e, also on the 
 jiiivet and on various other shrubs. 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 No. 219. — The Gooseberry Fruit-worm. 
 
 Dakrumu convolufeUa (IlUbn.). 
 
 This injurious insect spends the winter in the chrysalis state, 
 enclosed in a snug, brown, papery-looking cocoon, shown at a 
 in Fig. 308, which is hidden among leaves or other rubbish on 
 the surface of the ground. During the 
 latter part of April the moth appears. 
 (See /;, Fig. 308.) Its wings, when 
 expanded, measure nearly an inch 
 aei'oss. The fore wings are pale gray, 
 with dark streaks and bands ; there 
 is a transverse dilTuse band a short distance from the base of 
 the wing, enclosing an irregular whitish line, which terminates 
 
 357 
 
 Fig. Sfis. 
 
358 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBEIiliV. 
 
 PL 
 
 before it reaches the front edge of tlie wing. Near tlie outer 
 edge is another transverse band, enclosing a whitish zigzag' 
 bnc; tiiere is also a row of blackish dots within the ontcr 
 margin, while the veins and their branches are white ; tlif 
 hind wings are ])aler and dusky. Tlie head, antennae, bodv, 
 and legs are all pale gray, whiter below than al)Ove. 
 
 The insect deposits its eggs on the young gooseberries 
 shortly after they arc set. The egg soon hatches, when the 
 voung larva burrows into the bcrrv, where it remains salcK 
 loilged; as it increases in size it fastens several of the berrie- 
 together witli silken threads, sometimes biting the stems oil' 
 some of the berries, so that they may be more readily 
 brought into the desired position, and within this retreat 
 revels on their substance at its leisure. The larva makes but 
 one hole in a berry^ and that barely large enough to admit 
 its body. AVhcn disturbed, it dis{)lays great activity, and 
 works its way backwards out of the fruit very quickly, and 
 drops part way or entirely to the ground by a silken thread, 
 by means of which, when danger is past, it is enabled to 
 recover its former position. It is shown, suspended and on 
 the fruit, in Fig. 369. When fully grown, this intruder is 
 
 about three-quarters of an 
 inch \o\vr the Ixxly thick- 
 est in the middle, tapering 
 slightly towards each ex- 
 tremity. It is of a pale- 
 green color, sometimes 
 with a yellowish or red- 
 dish tint, glossy and 
 semi-trans})arent. T h e 
 head is small, pale brown, 
 and horny-hjoking, and on the u[)i)er surface of the next 
 segment is a patch of the same color and appearance. 
 
 When ready for its next change, which is usually before 
 the fruit rii)ens, it lowers itself to the ground, and there 
 spins its little silken cocioon among leaves or rubbish, as 
 
 Fig. 3G9. 
 
 i 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 }5f) 
 
 already stated, and remains as a small, brown chrysalis witliin 
 the cocoon until the followini^ spring. There is only one 
 brood of these insects during tlie year. 
 
 The infested fruit soon indicates tli(> presence of the Iarv:i 
 by l)econiing discolored, and, if sufficiently grown, it rijM'us 
 prematurely, otherwise it becomes of a didl whiii-h color, 
 and soon withers. This pest also attacks the wild gooseberry, 
 MS well as the currant, both the white and the red variety. In 
 this latter case, since tlie fruit is not large c nouijrh to contain 
 the body of the larva, it draws the chisters together, and, 
 fastening the berries to each other with silken threads, lives 
 within the enclosure. 
 
 Remedies. — Tlui most satisfact(jry method of destroying 
 this insect is by hand-picking, ;uul its habits are such that 
 its presence is easily detected. Any berries found color- 
 ing j)remaLurely should be (;arefully examined, and, as the 
 larva} slip out and fall to the ground very quickly, watch- 
 fidness is needed to prevent their escape in this manner. 
 Where neglected, they often increase to an alarming extent, 
 ;u)d in some instances half the crop or more has been 
 destroyed by them. It is recommended to let chickens 
 run among the bushes after the fruit has been gathered, 
 so that they may devour the chrysaiids; any leaves or 
 rubbish under the bushes should also be gathered and burnt, 
 and a little liiue or ashes scattered over the ground in their 
 nlace. Dusting the bushes freelv with air-slaked lime early 
 in the spring, and renewing it if washed off by rain, will also 
 in irrcat measure deter the moths from denositiuLj i\\v\v esxirs on 
 the young fruit then forming. 
 
 No. 220. — The Gooseberry Midge. 
 
 Cec'uhnnyia (jrossnlarioi Fitch. 
 
 This .second enemy to the fruit is a very small, two-winged 
 fly, which punctur(^s the young goos(>b('rry and deposits its 
 tiny eggs therein. These eggs develop into minute, bright- 
 yellow larvce of au oblong-oval form, nuich resembling the 
 
360 I^'SECTS IXJUIUOVS TO THE GOOSEliEIUtV. 
 
 midge which is fonnd in tlic c;ii* of wheat. The larva 
 c'lianges to a pupa within the fruit, and the perfect fly escapes 
 during tiie latter part of July. 
 
 The fly is scarcely one-tenth of an inch long, nicasuriii^r 
 from tlie head to the tips of its closed wings ; it is of a pale- 
 yellow color, with hlack eyes, hlacUish antennio, and trans- 
 jiarent wings tinged with dusky brown. 
 
 It is ])rol)al)le that those flies which come out dinging the 
 latter })art of July deposit eggs for a second brood in some 
 later fruit or other suit;\ble substance, and that the larvae 
 mature, change to cluysalids, and pass the winter under 
 ground, producing flies the following S[)ring. 
 
 RemccUcs. — All fruit found prematurely decaying or as- 
 suming an appearance of ripeness before the time of ripening 
 should be gathered and burnt, with all fallen gooseberries. 
 By careful attention to this matter both of the insects which 
 injure the fruit may be kept in subjection. 
 
 f f 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OP INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH 
 AFFECT THE GOOSEBEREY. 
 
 ATTACKING THK LEAVES. 
 
 The imported cinn'ant-worm. No. 205; the currant span- 
 Avorm, No. 208; and the spinous currant caterpillar. No. 
 209, all feed on the leaves of the gooseberry as freely as th<y 
 do on those of the currant. 
 
 4 
 
;i' 
 
 'he larv;i 
 ly escaiic-^ 
 
 iiicasuriiiij: 
 of 11 paU- 
 md trans- 
 luring tlic 
 (1 in some 
 tlie larvfe 
 nter nudcr 
 
 .•iivjr; or n>- 
 ctf ripeniiiLi; 
 ;ooscbcrri('s. 
 isects which 
 
 3TS WHICH 
 
 hrrant spaii- 
 
 [rpil 
 
 tt'ce 
 
 lyas 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 
 
 ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 
 No. 221. — The Squash-vine Borer. 
 
 ./•. 
 
 ./( fill rill III 
 
 ■liitii- IIiin'i> 
 
 This hon.M" is the hirva ot" a moth belonging; to the group 
 known as Egcrians, or (Mear-wings, which liave th(! greater 
 j)ortion of" their wings transparent, and hence ch)s<'ly re- 
 
 semble wasp.- 
 
 Th 
 
 ley are active iii tlie daytime, and enjov 
 
 Fig. 370. 
 
 tlu! warmth of the summer's sun. 
 
 The moth, which is represented in Fig. 
 .')70, is a very pretty object. Its body is 
 about lialf an incli knig, orange-colored or 
 tawny, Avith f\)nr or fiv^e black spots down 
 the l)ack ; the fore wings are olive-brown 
 and opaque, the hind wings transparent, 
 except the margin.s and veins; the hind 
 legs are densely fringed with long reddish and black hairs, 
 and the wings, when expanded, measure an inch or more across. 
 
 Tills active enemy deposits her v[x\i,'!i on the stems of the 
 vouno; vines near the roots about the time thev bcirin to run, 
 or soon after, where the young larva, when hatched, bores 
 into the stem and devours the interior. The fuU-irrown larva 
 
 ntr 
 
 Fi. 
 
 (Fig. 371) is about an inch long, taperi 
 
 towards each extremity, soft, of a whitish 
 
 color, and semi-trans[)arent, with a dark 
 
 \\\\i\ down the back, caused bv the internal 
 
 organs showing through the transparent 
 
 skin ; there are a few short hairs on each segment, arising 
 
 singly from small, hard, M'arty points. The head is small, 
 
 (if a brown color, and there is a patch of a similar shade 
 
 nil the next segment. 
 
 3Ul 
 
362 
 
 I :; SECTS ixjcRiors to the melon. 
 
 I 
 
 When lull grown, the hirva leaves the phint antl seeks 
 <hcher under tlic earth, where it tornis an oblong-oval ooeooii 
 (Fig. 372) of particles of earth I'a.stemd 
 tog(,'ther "with giunniy silk, within which ii 
 |j transtbrnis to a shining, brown ehrys;ili-;, 
 whieh remains unchanged until tiie f'oUow- 
 Mig season. When the perfect insect is aboiii 
 to esca])o, the chrysalis wriggles itself part way out of the 
 cocoon, so that the moth when freed from the chrysalis shell 
 may find no furtjier obstacle to its exit. 
 
 The presence of this borer in the vines is soon manifested 
 by a sickly appearance and a drooping of the foliage, wliidi, 
 if the ca\ise is not removed, soon residts in withering ami 
 death. Whenever a vine becomes unhealthy, the stems shoiiM 
 be examined, and cut into ii' necessary, to remove the lurk- 
 ing enemy. The moths may be ])rcvented from depositing 
 their eggs Iw lightly banking up the young vines with earth, 
 as tiny grow, as i'ar as the first blossoms. When once thf 
 larva is within the stem, no other remedv than the kuil'e is 
 of nuich service. 
 
 ATTACKING THE STEMS. 
 
 No. 222.— The Striped Squash Beetle. 
 
 Diahrolicii ri/fata (Fiilir.). 
 
 'J'h!s is a troublesome enemy to the melon-grower, and is 
 destructive not only to tlu; m.'lon, but also to the squash ami 
 cuciunber, boring in the caterpillar state into tin' 
 lower ])art of tlie stem, and sometimes down intu 
 the root, while the perfect beetle feeds on the tendi r 
 leaves of the young plants, and injuiHvs the i)uds ;iiul 
 young shoots of later growth. 
 
 The parent beetle, shown in Fig. 373, niagnillcd, 
 makes its appearance very early in the season, as soon ns tlw 
 yoiuig seeil-leaves of tlie vines ate above ground, and some- 
 
ATTACKING THE STKMS. 
 
 363 
 
 times eveu penctnitcs the e;u'tli ;i little in .search of the sproiit- 
 iiijr seeds. The t'enuile deposits her eggs on the stem ol' the 
 vine, just :il)ove or below the siirf'aee, and from the egg is soon 
 iiateljed a young larva, whieh eats its way to the centre of the 
 stem and consumes its substance. When full grown, it is about 
 jbur-tenths of an inch long, slender, but little thicker than 
 ;ui ordinary pin, of a whitish color, 
 with a small, brownish iiead, and 
 the end of the bodv suddenly trun- 
 
 Pia. 374. 
 
 <'ate(l 
 
 IIT. 
 
 174 
 
 liows tlii- 
 
 arva 
 
 ■K 
 
 highly magnified; n a back view, 
 1) a side view. The fu'st brood of 
 
 the li 
 
 irvic mature ni June and Julv 
 
 dJi 
 
 or in about a mouth after the eggs 
 are laid; they then leavi; the vines 
 and penetrate into the earth, where 
 each one ibiins a little cavity for 
 
 i 
 
 Tfi 
 
 m whicli It (ilKinijri's to a 
 
 itself, 
 
 chrysalis. JJoth back aiiil 
 
 (int 
 
 views 
 
 of tl 
 
 le chrysalis are given in 
 
 I'^ig. 375, magiiifie(l. It is al)i)ut 
 
 otie-hfih of an inch long, of a whitish color, with twospin(vs at 
 the extremity of the abdomen. After remaining in the pupal 
 state about a fortnight, the nc-fcct insect escapes, and works 
 its way out of tiu! cell and up i > the surface of the ground. 
 
 The beetle is about u (p'.in'tcr of an inch long, of a iM'ight- 
 yellow color, with a Idack iu-ad, and broad stripes of black oii 
 the wing-covers, which are also punctated 
 with rows of dots. Tlu^ feet and the under 
 side of the abdomen are black. There 
 are two or thrct; broods during the year, 
 and the larva has been found in the stems 
 
 tl 
 
 le melon-vines as 
 
 late 
 
 as 
 
 Oct 
 
 oi)er 
 
 The winter is passed in the ground in the chrysalis slate. 
 The Ix^etlcs may often be iouiid in considerable numbers in 
 the autumn in the llowers of melon, stpiash, and jiumpkin 
 
3(;-i 
 
 INSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE MELON. 
 
 vines, feeding on the pollen and other portions of the flower. 
 'J'hev have also been known to attaek the blossoms of the {)ear 
 and eherry. 
 
 l^ancdles. — The best remedy is to prevent tiio access of tin- 
 beetle by covering the young vines with small boxes, oj)en ai 
 the bottom and covered at the top with muslin. Sprinkling 
 tlic vines with a mixt'.ire oi' Paris-green and flou'", in t 
 
 H' 
 
 II' 
 
 propoi'tion of o)ie part of tin' former to twenty parts of t 
 latter, air slaked lime, ))lasler >f Paris, s.jot, and ashes, have 
 all been recommended and used with more or less advantage. 
 The larvre should also hv. searched for and destroved ; tiir 
 time to look for l lie lirst brood is when the vine is bcginnino' 
 t(» I'un. If the stem close tvi the root, and the root itself, are 
 found smooth and white, the |)1ant is uninjured ; but if thev 
 are roughened or corrugated on tiie surface, and of a rusty 
 color, the presence of the insect is indicated. 
 
 \ parasitic two-winged lly, a species of Tachina, attacks 
 the beetles, depositing its eggs on their bitdies, from which 
 hatch small llcsliy grubs, which eat tlieir way into the abdo- 
 men of tluur victims and eventually destroy them. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 No. 223.— The Cucumber Flea-beetle. 
 
 I'lfjiiilodcnt cucinncris (irnrris). 
 
 Although a V( .y small insect, this is not to be clespistHJ. 
 ]t is a beetle, about on. '-sixteenth of an inch long, with a 
 black body, (inel\ punctated, and clothed with a whitish 
 ])ubesccncc ; there is a deep transverse furrow across tli'' 
 hinder j)art of the tlioiax; tin? anteinue are of a dtdl-yellnw 
 color, and the leg« of the same hue, except the hinder |)air of 
 thighs, which are bi'own ; thesi; latt(r are very thick ami 
 strong, and well adapted for leaping. Fig. .'J7() I'cprcsents 
 this insect much mayuKlcd ; the ^hort line at the side indi- 
 
ATTACK I yci Till-: LEAVES. 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 <at('s its natural si>5e. The beetles pass the winter conceahMl 
 iiiuler stones or i-iihl)ish, a|)i)ear vei-y early in the seas(3n, and 
 attack the yonnij.- nieloii and rii('unib(>r j)lants as 
 
 -IH) 
 
 on 
 
 n as they are up. They eat small round patches Fni. ?>', 
 
 'he npix'r surface of the leaves, e( 
 
 )nsiunin!j 
 
 tl 
 
 leir 
 
 'Ms 
 
 substance, but not always eating" entirely through. 
 
 Tiicy hop very actively from leaf to leaf, and are 
 
 very <lestrnetive to young ])lants ; while [)artial to 
 
 laclon and encumber vines, they are also fond of the potato, 
 
 raspberry, turni[», cabbage, and other plants. 
 
 Their larvne are minute and slentler, ta[)ering towards each 
 end, and are said to live within the substance of the leavt>s 
 aUaekcd; hence the j)!ants snlfer from the depredations of the 
 larva) as '.veil as from the injuries caused by the beetles. They 
 attain maturity, pass through the ciirysalis state, and change 
 ii> beetles, within a few wei'ks, and there is a constant siieces- 
 si' n of the insect in its various stages throughout the greater 
 |. '■; oi' the summer. 
 
 lieinedies. — Air-slaked lime, powdered hellebore, or Paris- 
 green mixed with lloui, in the proportion of one |)art of the 
 poison to twenty or thirty parts of Hour, dusted on the foliag<>, 
 will speedily destroy them. 
 
 No. 224.— The Melon Caterpillar. 
 
 Kudioplis h;/aliii(ila (Linn.). 
 
 This is an insect which is very widely distributed, being 
 IoiukI throughout the greater j)art of North and South 
 America. In sonu; parts of the Southern States it m partic- 
 ularly destructive. The larva>, which are shown feeding on 
 ilie leaves in Fig. 377, are, when mature, about an iiK^h and 
 a ([uartcr long, translucent, and of a yellowish-green color, 
 with a lew scatteretl hairs over (heir bodies. They are not 
 eontent to feed on the leaves only, but eat into melons, cii- 
 eiunbers, and pumj)Ivins at all stages of growth, sometimes 
 excavating shallow cavities, and at other times piMU.'traling 
 directly into tlu; substance of the fruit. 'J'hey spin theii- 
 
366 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 
 
 f'ocnons in a fold of tlio leaf of tiie melon, as shown in the 
 fi<!;iire, or on any other ])lant i^rowing near by, and eluui^e 
 to slender, brown chrysallds, about three-quarters of an inch 
 lonix, from whieh, in a short time, the ])erfect insect is pro- 
 duced. 
 
 '1 he moth, whii'h is also represented in Fig. 377, is voi'v 
 beautiful. The wings are of a pearly-white color, with a 
 
 Fig. 377. 
 
 peculiar iridesccucc, bordered with black, and they measiu'c. 
 when expanded, alxMil an inch across. The body and Icos 
 ar(! of the same glistening white, and the abdomen termiiialis 
 in a moval)le brnsh-iihe tid't ol' a pretty buff color, tippdi 
 with white and bhicU. The nnndxr of broods of tin- insect 
 dnrini; the year has not been delinitelv ascertained ; the winter 
 is passed in (he chrysalis slate. 
 
ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 .'{(>7 
 
 Jicmcdics. — If tho first brood of young worms oiriir Ix-Core 
 the melons liave iittained ludf their growtli, powdered helle- 
 hore mixed with water, in the [)ro[)ortion of an ounce to two 
 gallons of water, and sprinicled on t)"' vines, may l»e safely 
 used to destroy them. Strong- tobaeeo-water would also prob- 
 ably have the same effect, while on small patches they eoidd 
 doubtless be killed by hand. Two species of })arasitic insi'cts 
 are known to prey on them : one is a species of Tachina lly, 
 the other an Ichneumon fly, Cri/ptiis Inquisitor. (See Fig. 
 227^ where it is referred to as a tU'stroyer of the bag-woini, 
 Xo. 120.) 
 
 ATTACKING THE TRUIT. 
 
 No. 225.— The Neat Cucumber Moth. 
 
 Eudioplis iiifidalis (('raiii,). 
 
 Another common name lor this iusict is the " |)ickle- 
 worm," which has been given to it in conset^uenee of its larva 
 
 hcnitr o 
 
 ften i 
 
 ounilm 
 
 DK 
 
 kled 
 
 cucumoer 
 
 bei 
 
 Fio. 3m 
 
 III: 
 
 arva is 
 
 l)Ollt 
 
 an inch iopg, trans- 
 lucent, and of a yel- 
 lowish-white color 
 tinged with green ; 
 on each segment 
 th(>re are a few sliii'htly-el(!vated shining dots, ['v< 
 
 ■II cacli oi 
 
 W IlK 
 
 h issues a fuie hair: the head is velh 
 
 mar<iinc(l with 
 
 lii'own. Fig. o78 represents this lar\a, 'vith i yoiui^' cinum- 
 Im'I' into the side o'" which i( has liored. Tht'sc i'aii'r|)illars 
 are verv destrnctlsc in some of the Western Stat'-s. I'liey 
 begin to appear about the mi<ldl<' of .Inly, and <'oiiiiimi' their 
 
 desti'ucti\c work until late in 
 
 Sept 
 
 [Viiit. 
 
 horiiii'' i'\iiinliMcal 
 
 liol 
 
 es ill It 
 
 cm her 
 
 and 
 
 tl 
 
 lev attac 
 
 tl 
 
 10 
 
 Iced nil » 
 
 ICSII. 
 
3G8 
 
 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. 
 
 % 
 
 Sometimes three or four larvio Avill be found in the sanu 
 fruit, while the presence of a sinji^le s})eciint'n will ol'tcn ";iu-( 
 the cueunihtT to rot. 
 
 \\'lien mature, the Iai\a lc;iv(-^ the fruit, and, drawinu' t<i- 
 
 getl 
 
 ler a lew frairmentsoF leaves on the lironiul, spins a .-liiilu 
 
 eocoou, withui wliieh it ehantr*'-^ lo a sicn 
 
 ler, I 
 
 )i'(>\\ii elir\ -all-. 
 
 iVoin which tie moth issues in eii;'ht or ten days. The in-ccts 
 iornunjj; the late brood pass the winter in the ehrvsalis state 
 Tlu! moth (Fig. o7'J) is of a yellowish-brown color, with a 
 
 purplish reileetion, the lore \\iiiij;s 
 haviuL;- an irreoulai- pateii, and thi^ 
 hind winiis the lii'eater po)'tion ol' their 
 
 Fro. 
 
 innei' surface vellow 
 
 Tl 
 
 le miller -kh- 
 
 has a pearly shade; the thin'hs, breast, 
 ow ai'(; silvery while ; 
 
 an( 
 
 1 abd 
 
 omen 
 
 bel. 
 
 III! 
 
 the other portions of the legs ai-e 
 low. 'J'lie body of the female ter 
 nates in a small, flattened, blaek brii-h 
 squarely trimmed, the sen-meni pret^eilinu; it beiuo' of a ni.-i\ 
 
 )rown eo 
 
 lor al 
 
 )ove. 
 
 Tl 
 
 le male lias a much larirer hrus 
 
 h-1 
 
 re 
 
 apixMida^e, formed of Ion*;, narrow scales, some of which a 
 whitish, .some oranu;e, others brown. 
 
 Roiicdirs, — This insect is a difficult one to control. If the 
 vines arc carefully watched about the time the early broml 
 appejir, the larva^ may be destroyed by hand while still small ; 
 but if not discovered until after they have penetrated the 
 fruit, the infested melons or cuenmln'rs should be gathered 
 and fcij to hogs or scalded. 
 
 Fin. nSO. 
 
 No. 226.- The 12-Spotted Diabrotica. 
 
 Piiilirnfifti I .'-pnih/d/ii (Oliv.). 
 
 This beetle also is occasionally destructive to 
 melons and s(piashes, eating info their substance.', 
 It is a vellow beetle, with twelve black spots, 
 represenfeu in Fig. .'>(S(). Jt is (closely relaled tc 
 t!ie strijied .s(ptash beelh", No. 222. 
 
'iiwiui: tu- 
 ns :i .-li;^'!!! 
 (•\\v\ sali-, 
 riic iii-ccts 
 'salis stall'. 
 
 ion of their 
 lUuU'r .-i<l(' 
 iilis, brt'a-t, 
 very wliiic; 
 ,oij;s a IV \('l- 
 malc tcnni 
 )lac'k bni-li. 
 of a I'li.-iy 
 hrusli-lilst' 
 whit'li ;uo 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBEIIRY. 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 No. 227.— The Cranberry Worm. 
 
 Jlhopohota viicc'miana (I'lickiinl). 
 
 Tli.is larva is very injurious to the foliage of eraiiberry- 
 vines, and, on acoount of the devastation it causes, has received 
 ill some localities the significant name of the " fire-worm." 
 It hatciie.s in the Eastern States from the 2Uth of ]\[ay to the 
 1st of June, from eggs which have remained ui)on the vine 
 all winter. These are found on the under side of the leaves 
 
 m m 
 
 [isses haviny; the form of a fiat circular scale 
 of a j)ale-yellow coK)r. 
 
 The larva, which is shown at a, Fig. 381, is 
 green, with a few fine iiairs scattered over the sm*- 
 face of it.s body. It feeds u{)on tiie tender grow- 
 ing shoots, drawiny; the leaves toii-ethcr, fastening!; 
 them with silhen threads, .and conccalinir itself 
 
 FiQ. ;!81. 
 
 \\" 
 
 ithin the enclosure. When fidl grown, it spin- 
 
 al i>rht 
 
 cocoon, cither amoiiLi' 
 
 the 1 
 
 eaves on tiie vmcs or 
 
 ;Mnidst leaves and rubbisii on ih(! ground, and theie changes 
 to a chrysalis, as shown at h in tlie figure. 
 The j)n|)a state lasts from ten to twelve days. 
 
 Fia. .182. 
 
 TI 
 
 le moth (see Fig. 382) is of a dark 
 
 ash-color, the fore wings whitish, dusted 
 with brown and reddish scales, with nar- 
 row white bands on the front edge, al- 
 
 broad 
 
 cr vcllowisli-hrown 
 
 tcrnating with 
 
 bands, live of which are larger than the others, and frctiii 
 I'nirr of these, distinct but irreguhir lines cross the wings. 
 Tiio ti])8 of the lore wings an! dark brown and pointed. 
 
370 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRV 
 
 Tlie hind wiiiiis are dusky gray. Tlio moths are very nu- 
 merous during the montii of June, Avhen eggs for a seeoiid 
 brood are deposited, the larvte from which ai)i)ear early in 
 July, succeeded by the i)erfeet insect, -which deposits the egi^.s 
 that remain dormant until the following spring. 
 
 Remedies. — For all cranberry insects flooding is the most 
 etfectual remedy; the vines should be kept under water for 
 two or three days, which will clear them for the time entirely 
 fr(»m all insect pests. Where this is not practicable, the vines 
 may be showered with a mixture of Paris-green and water, in 
 the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to two gallons 
 of water. Fires also may be lighted to attract and destroy 
 the moths. 
 
 No. 228.— The Glistening Cranberry Moth. 
 
 Tcras oxijcoccana (Packard). 
 
 This moth, the larva of which is said to feed on cranberry- 
 vines, measures, when its wings are sjiread, nearly three- 
 fourths of an inch across. Its fore wings are of a uniform 
 reddish-brown color, with a })eculiar shining ai)pearance, tli« 
 red tint being due to scattered bright-red scales; tiiere are 
 no other spots or markings. The hind wings are glistening 
 gray. The body is of a dark slate-color, with a pale tiift 
 of hairs at the tip of the abdomen. The caterpillar has not 
 been described. 
 
 No. 229.— The Yellow Cranberry Worm. 
 
 Teras vacciniivorana (Packard). 
 
 In the cranberry-fields of New Jersey this is a common 
 insect. The larva, which is shown magnilied in Fig. 383, 
 both back and side views, draws the leaves togctjjer, fastens 
 them with silken threads, and feeds upon their ui)i)er surface. 
 It is of a pale-yellow color, with a slight greenish tinge, and 
 a f(!W fine, long, pale hairs arising from prominent tubercles. 
 When mature, it is nearly three-tenths of an inch long. The 
 caterpillar changes to a brown chrysalis within the leafy en- 
 
ty 
 
 ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 371 
 
 a very nu- 
 r a secDiul 
 \r onrly in 
 its the c^5^s 
 
 is the most 
 1- water for 
 iine entirely 
 le, the vines 
 11(1 water, in 
 two j^allons 
 and destroy 
 
 3th. 
 
 )n cranborry- 
 ncarly three- 
 of a unitbrni 
 pearance, th« 
 s ; there are 
 ve glistcninj:; 
 L a pale tuft 
 pillar has not 
 
 pm. 
 
 lis a common 
 
 in Fig. IW3, 
 rot her, fastens 
 (ipper Hurlace. 
 ]sh tinge, ami 
 lent tubercles. 
 |h long. The 
 the leafy en- 
 
 closure, whieli, w.ien the moth is about to escape, protrudes 
 partly out of its hiding-place. The pupa is about a quarter 
 
 Fig. 38.3. 
 
 Fig. 384. 
 
 of an inch long, and is repre- 
 sented from two different as- 
 pects in Fig. 384, both much 
 magnified. 
 
 The moth measures, when its 
 wings are spreatl, about half 
 an inch across; both front and 
 
 hind wings are yellow, mottled with a deeper ochreous 
 
 shade. • 
 
 For remedies, see No. 227. 
 
 No. 230. — The Red-striped Cranberry Worm. 
 
 This larva, which is shown in Fig. 385, has been observed 
 by Dr. Packard injuring the heads of cranberry-plants in 
 Ma.ssachiisetts. It draws and fastens the leaves together and 
 feeds on their upper surface, and sometimes constructs a tube 
 of silk between two leaves, when the latter are severed from 
 their connection with tlie branch and held in i)lace by silken 
 threads. i[\ these instances the leaves speedily wither and 
 turn brown, aud it often hap[)ens that the tips of vines over 
 large patches will present a brown aud withered as[)ect from 
 this cause. 
 
372 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBEIUIV. 
 
 The l;irva (see Fig. 385) is less than iialf an incli long, slen- 
 der, and tapering a little towards eaeh extremity, of a palo 
 
 Fi(i. 385. 
 
 C\^ I.V /KC« l^^Cl* 1 :• /* ._:*-l-!S> 1 -f, - - . - fc i. - J _r-«C^Ji 
 
 
 green eolor, with .>-ix longitudinal pale-reddish lines, which 
 are broken and irregular on the anterior segments, and more 
 distinet and wider on the hinder j)art of the body. On each 
 segment there are several small blaek tubereles, from each ol" 
 which arises a single hair. The moth is nndeseribed. 
 For remedies, see No. 227. 
 
 No. 231. — The Cranberry Span-worm. 
 
 Ciilmia iS]). 
 
 In jMassaehusctts, and espeeially in the vieinity of Harwich, 
 this larva has proved very injiu'ious, having in one instance 
 entirely strii)jied the foliage of about two aeres of eranberry- 
 vines. It very much resend)les the larva of the eankcr- 
 worm, and is about the same size; its color is dull reddish 
 brown, with longitudinal lines and many dots of dark brown. 
 There is a broad dusky band just above the si)iiaeles; the 
 under side is paler than the up})er. When lull grown, it 
 niea>iires about eight-tenths of an inch in length. The modi 
 lias not been described. 
 
 For remedies, sec No. 227. 
 
 No. 232. — The Hairy Cranberry Caterpillar. 
 
 Arctla Sp. 
 
 This is a caterpillar which sometimes injures eraid)erry- 
 vines in New England. It is about an inch and a half long, 
 is covered with yellowish-gray hair, and lias longer tid'ts ((f 
 darker hair at each end of the body. It devours the leaves 
 
ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 
 
 :37;i 
 
 Mig, slen- 
 ,t' u pale- 
 
 
 lies, wh'u'U 
 , and nion^ 
 , On fach 
 oin e;icU of 
 Dod. 
 
 of lliu-\vi<li, 
 :)ue instan*'(! 
 (;ninl)erry- 
 hc civukcr- 
 uU vcnUlisli 
 V.u'k brown, 
 liiacles; the 
 11 o-rown, it 
 The luolh 
 
 lUar. 
 
 (s crLUiborrv- 
 1 a huU* lonil, 
 ]no;cV tul'ts of 
 Irs tlie leaved 
 
 of the young growing slioots, often depriving them entirely 
 of foliage. 
 
 No. 233.— The Cranberry Saw-fly. 
 
 Prisfl})}ir>rn idciilidem Norton. 
 
 This insect, which is closely allied to the imported currant- 
 worm, Xo. 205, is destructiN-e to ci'aid)erry-vines on ( ai)e 
 Cod. The |M'rfeet insect is a saw-fly, the female havino- a 
 tooth' (1 ovipositor, with which she makes a slit in the leaves, 
 depositing an egg therein. IJroods of the larva) appear early 
 in June, and again in Auunst. When lirst hatched, thev an; 
 pale yellowish green, 
 
 )lack 
 
 in the young speci 
 
 hut becoiiK! darker with age; the head 
 mens, lighter in the full-grown 
 When mature, they measure about three-tenths of 
 ni inch long, are cyliiulrical and smooth, with two lighter, 
 A-hitish-green stripes ruiining the whole length of the body. 
 
 ones. 
 
 1' 
 
 owards tlie enc 
 
 d of June they sj)in their c 
 
 'ocoons amono; 
 
 withered leaves or other rubbish, from which ilies are pro- 
 duced about ten davs afterwards. 
 
 The perfect insect has the body black, the legs marked 
 with yellowish red and black, the wings transparent, with 
 black veins. 
 
 No. 234.— The Cranberry Gall-fly. 
 
 Cecidomyia Sp. 
 
 About the middle of June the small leaves at the tips of the 
 
 growing shoots may often be found fastened together. Within 
 
 these clusters is a small, pinkish or orange-colored larva, 
 
 having the form shown at h in Fig. o86, which is without 
 
 logs, and wdicn tirst hatched is white. This larva sj)ins a 
 
 (•(tcoon (see a in the figure), which resembles white tissue- 
 
 |iai)er; this is formed among the small leaves at the end of 
 
 the shoot, and within it the insect changes to a chrysalis, as 
 
 shown at e. 
 
 In about twelve days the perfe(?t insect, a gall-gnat, aj>pear8 
 
 (sec d, Fig. 380 ; c rei)resents the antenna of the female, nuich 
 
 enlarged). This gnat is found in almost every cranberiy- 
 
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 IM 
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 1.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
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 WEBSTER, NY U580 
 
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 m 
 
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 A 
 
374 
 
 lysKCTs iNjrmors to the crasrf.hrv. 
 
 t 
 
 bog. I'liore are not usually more than two of these larvse on 
 any one shoot, and often there is only one. The niisi-hii'l" ^\u\\^■ 
 consists mainly in the killing of the extreme tip of the vine, 
 
 which prevents the formation of a fruit- 
 bud for the next year's growth, unless, m> 
 is sometimes the case, the vine by nii 
 extra effort puts th(!m out at the side. 
 
 Fi(i. 3-6. 
 
 \'^i^y^ii=^-^ Jiemcdics. — There is a little Chalci> 
 
 - Hy parasitic on this insect, which destrov- 
 
 it in large numbers. The measures nv- 
 
 e ommended under No. 227 will al>(» Ijc 
 
 ajyplicable here. 
 
 No. 235. — The Cranberry Aphis. 
 
 There is a large, red plnnt-Ioiisc whi<'li 
 sumctimcs occurs on cranberry-vines and ])Miicturcs the Icavis 
 and tender stems, to their manifest injury. This a|)his i- 
 destroyed by the larva of a small lady-bird, a s|)('cics ol' 
 Scymnus, whi(?]i larva is oval in form, and covered with a 
 wlt'te I'uzz on its back. Flooiling will destroy this aphi.> 
 also. 
 
 No. 236.— The Cranberry Spittle Insect. 
 
 Clastoptcni prutcus Fitch. 
 
 'J'his is a small, soft insect, with legs, but without wings, 
 which is found in the early part of ,June in litlh; masses n|' 
 froth upon growing shoots of the cranbci"ry-viMc. The frofli 
 is the sap of the plant sucked in and then exuded by the 
 young larva, prol)ably for <'oncealm(>nt. TIk.' insect l)i'long-> 
 to the order Ifoinopteva, having no jaws, but a beak, through 
 which it sucks the sap of the; plant. 
 
 The |)erfect in^ect jumps with the agility of a Ilea, atid is 
 I'ound hopping aboiu among the viu(>s. If seldom occiu's in 
 sulllcient nund)ers to inflict material injury. It is foiniil al.-o 
 on the blueberrv. 
 
ATTACK I Mi Till-: FIHIT. 
 
 375 
 
 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 
 
 No. 237. — The Cranberry Fruit-worm. 
 
 This is the fatcrpillar of a .>^mall moth rolated to the leaf 
 rollers, and is sliown in Fig. 3(S7. It is of a yel- 
 iitwish-greeii color, and appears early in Ant;iist, 
 when it injnres the frnit, entcrin*^ berry after berry, 
 eatinj;: the inside of each, and makinu; it turn pre- 
 iiKiturelv red. It attains its fid! y;ro\vtli bv ihc 
 l»cginnin«jj of Septend)er, when it l)uries itself in ilie 
 ground, where it forms a eoeoon covered with grains 
 of sand, s(!arcelv to be distingnisiied iVom a small 
 jiiinj) of earth, within which it chaiigi's to a chrvs- 
 alis. Flooding is the onlv remedv siii:<i;ested for this insect 
 
 Fic. .3H7. 
 
 No. 238.— The Cranberry Weevil. 
 
 Aiil/toiionuis sithiralis liCc. 
 
 About th(> middle of Jidy, or just before the blossoms are 
 ready to exjvand, this weevil appears. It is a small, reddi^h- 
 lirown beetle, with a (hirk-brown head and a beak half as 
 long as its body, shown in Fig. 388. 'J'he thorax is a little 
 darker than the wing-covers, and is sparingly 
 covered with short whitish liains ; tlu; wing- Fi<». .388. 
 cases are ornamented with row.s of indentetl 
 dots. The beetle is a little over one-eighth of 
 an inch haig, including the beak. Having 
 selected a blossom-bud about to expand, it 
 drills a hole through the centre with its snout, in which is 
 <lcposi(e<l a pale-yellow egg. The bud is tlien cut oil' by the 
 Ix'ctle at the stem, and drops to the ground, and within it tli(> 
 egg hatches to a dull-white grub with a yellow head and black 
 jaws (see Fig. 388), which feeds upon the bud, and, passing 
 through its transformations, ])roduces the perfect beetle, which 
 cats it.s way out, leaving a round hole in the side of the de- 
 
37(5 
 
 IXSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. 
 
 cayiii^ 1)11(1 to niiirk its place of exit. Tlie beetles soiuc- 
 times, th()ii<r!i seldom, feed upon the berries. Tliev ni:iy lie 
 destroyed by Hooding with water. There is a minute Clialci.s 
 Hy which is parasitic on the larva) and destroys numbers of 
 them. 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORAMJE. 
 
 SiiK'o iiiaiiy of the inscicts most injurious to tlic oranm* 
 attack alike the hraiiclics, the k>aveS, aiul the fruit of the tree, 
 and sometinies the trunk also, the grouping of the species, car- 
 ried out wiien treatingof the enemies of other fruits, will not I)e 
 attemj)ted with those of the orange. Tiie insects hdonuing to 
 each order will he brought together and treated conscciitively, 
 beginning with the Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and 
 moths. The remedies for scale-insectSyas they apply alike to 
 all the diH'erent species, will be referred to towards the end 
 of this section. 
 
 No. 239.— The Cresphontes Butterfly. 
 
 l'ti}>ili(> cnsji/ionfes Talji'. 
 
 In tiie perfect state, this is a lai'ge and handsome butterfly, 
 which measures, when its wings arc spread, from four to live 
 inches across. The wings are black above, v ith an irregular, 
 triangular band of broad yellow spots, covering a considera- 
 ble portion of their surface, as shown in Fig. 38J). The hind 
 wings hav(! two long, j)roJecting points or tails, with an oval 
 yellow spot on each ; they are also notched, and have the 
 indeiUations marked with yellow. The imder side is yellow- 
 ish, with dusky veins and ma''kings, and a row ot' crescent- 
 shaped blue spots on the hind wings. The body is black 
 above, yellow at the sides and beneath. 
 
 The eggs jire globular, and are tlepositinl singly on the 
 leaves. The young caterpillars are very much lil<(! the full- 
 grown ones in form and color, but the gray markings arc 
 darker, and the white blotches not so larg(! as in the maturt? 
 larva. When full grown, it is about two and a half inches 
 lor^g, and very peculiarly marked. (See Fig. o!M).) Above 
 
 377 
 
37S 
 
 /.v.s/.Y'V'.s' i.xjrninrs vo rnr: o/.'/.vr;/-:. 
 
 it is (lull hrowii, almost covered with irreirnlar wliitisli 
 l)l()tc'lK's spotted with hrow.'. 'i'he first lour segments have 
 
 on eaeh side a loii<>i(iidiiial while hand ; from iho fourtii to 
 the eiuhth is a laru(> whii(> i)ateh, nearly oval in I'orm, more 
 
lysi-.cTs j.\./i jnois TO Till-: ouAxaK. 
 
 iMi) 
 
 ar whitish 
 luents have 
 
 or loss (lotted with brown ; another similar white or ereaiii- 
 eolored patch, with hrowiiish dots, covei-s the posterior por- 
 
 Fic. :'.',io. 
 
 the fourth to 
 I in Torm, mon; 
 
 tion »»f the hody. lieliiiid the head tiicre are two h jilt, red, 
 
 Heshy hoi-iis, which can ho protruded at will, and these, when 
 
 extended, ( init a vry 
 
 dis;i|n;roeal)le odor, which Fiii.il'.il. 
 
 j)rol)al)Iy serves to pr(»tect 
 
 I he caterpillar IVoin iis 
 
 enemies, 'riic under side 
 
 of the Ixtdy is of a hi'own- 
 
 \<\\ color. The larva com- 
 
 pl(>tes its n-rowth in ahont 
 
 a month, when it <'li:ino'(s 
 
 In a chrysali*. Tlii-; is 
 
 nearly an inch and a hall' 
 
 lon<; (sc(! J'^iii'. .'»!ll ), ii'rei;- 
 
 ularly forked at its u|)j>er end, with a prominent point upon 
 
 its hreast, and a loop ol" silk aroiinil th(> middle; tiio hindcM' 
 
 extremity is also lasteiied to the sup|)ortini^ twijj; or branch, 
 
 hooked in a tui't of silk. Ffs color is <>rav and brown, of 
 
 Va- 
 
.'580 
 
 ISSECTS ISJURIOUS TO Till': ORAyOK. 
 
 i 
 
 varying sluules, and so exactly resembles that of tlic bark 
 ot' the orai)<;e-tree that it is extremely tliflieult to deteet. In 
 from eij^ht to sixteen (hiys after the chrysalis is formed the 
 butterfly emermes. 
 
 In Florida there are usually four broods of the butterflies 
 in the course of the summer, the last brood winterinir in ili,. 
 chrysalis state, from which the butterflies emerge in A|iril. 
 The caterj)illar. which is commonly known as " the oraiiiic 
 dog" in Florida, devours the foliage of orange-trees, sometiinc- 
 seriously injuring young trees by stri{)i)ing tiiem bare. It 
 may easily be subdued by hand-pi(!king, as its large size and 
 singular appearance j)romj)tly lead to its discovery. 
 
 AV'ithin the ])ast ten years this butterfly has extended its 
 range very much, and it is now comparatively conmiDii 
 throughout the Northern and Western States, and in the 
 warmer parts of Canada. In the North it feeds chiefly on 
 prickly ash, Zanthoxylam Americanum. 
 
 No. 240. — The Orange Basket-worm. 
 
 Plaloicctmis Glucei-i Packard. 
 
 During the mouth of February this insect is found upon ; 
 the orange-trees in different parts of Florida. The larva 
 
 Fig. 3t)L'. 
 
 form 
 
 bl( 
 
 s an ouiouir-ov 
 
 case 
 
 of 
 
 I paner 
 
 like sid)stance, interwoven with bits df 
 leaves or bark, as shown in Fig. 3U2 ; 
 within this it lives. When full gmwii, 
 it is a little over half an inch long, thick 
 and fleshy, and varies in color from liulit 
 brown to a much darker shade. Tlic 
 head is marked with dark and li^lii 
 wavy lines, and is protruded from (lir 
 case, along with the anterior segments, 
 when the larva is feeding or moving' 
 from place to place. The case of tin' 
 
 female is about one-foiu'th larger than that of the male. W){\\ 
 
 of these are shown in the fijiure. 
 
ixsi:cT.^ ixjuiiinis to the oranc.e. 
 
 :5S1 
 
 On reacliiiiLT niiilnrity, \\\v. case is suspi^iidod from a loaf or 
 twit;, and witliiii it the larva clianjxcs to a dark-ln'owii clirvs- 
 alis ; the clirysalis of tlic male works its way partly diit (tf 
 tile case at tlie lower end, where, alter the escape of the moth, 
 the empty |)Upa-slvin remains. 
 
 The male moth (l^'in;. .'J!>2) is djirk brown, som(>times nearly 
 black, with delicate wiii^s, small body, and feathered antemia', 
 and measnres, when its win!j!;s are spread, al)ont six-tenths of 
 an inch ac'oss. Tiie lemale is win«iless, of a whitish color, 
 and transforms within the case, where, also, the ci^lis arc laid, 
 the yonnj^ larvje, when hatched, e-ca]>ing from the oi'ifice at 
 the lower end. This insect lias also been found leedint>; on 
 the leaves of the fig. 
 
 The conspicuous cases constrnetcd l)y the larv;e are easily 
 seen, wlieii thev niav be i)i<'ke(l and destroyed. 
 
 No. 241. — The Orange Leaf-roller. 
 
 rialyiKitii m.itrtiiKt (Walker). 
 
 Dnrinn- the «;rowing season the ed^es of the yotinii; leaves 
 oC orange-trees are often found rolled up into a sort of tui)e. 
 These tubes are formed by a small, yt^ilowish-^rci'ii cater- 
 pillai', which, when ("nil erown, is about three-(pia.rters of 
 an inch lon<i', with a brown head, and a polished plate of the 
 same <<olor on the next seo-ment, a dark stripe down the back, 
 and an indistinct dark line alonj; each side. It is active in 
 its movements, lives within the tube it constructs, and i'eeds 
 upon the lblia,L!;e. 
 
 Tlie larva chanij;es to a brown chrysalis, nearly half an inch 
 louL':, within the case, from which in a few <lays a moth 
 escapes. 
 
 Th(! male dilfers from tlu; fiMuale in the markin,ij;s on its 
 fore wini;;s. All the wind's of both sexes have a ground-color 
 resembling that of cork, but the fore wings of the male have 
 a dark-brown stripe along the front edge, expanding into a 
 large spot of the same color towards the tip of the wing, 
 
i 
 
 382 
 
 LXSKCTS lyjVNIOCS TO rilE OIIASGE 
 
 wliilo th(.' lore \vin«r.s of the female luive iniimte dark-liiuwn 
 tufts, arraiiijjed in lines niuieor less tlistinet, rnnninu;<)l)li(juclv 
 aeross tliein. The winjjjs of the male measure, when >|irea(l, 
 nearly three-cjuarters of an inch aeross; those of the ieinale 
 are a little lart^er. This leaf-roller has hecn found trouhli- 
 soiiie in several loealities in Florida. \\ here it exists in sudi 
 al)inulan('e :■> to re(|uire a remedy, haml-piekinjr should !«■ 
 resorted to, or the trees should be syrinj;;ed with powdcnil 
 hellebore and water, or Paris-tjreen and water, as reeuiii- 
 nicnded under Xt). 181. 
 
 No. 242.— The Orange-leaf Nothris. 
 
 Solhris vilrijhliella Cliaiiibers, 
 
 In the larval form this is a cvlindrieal vellow eaterpillai*. 
 with a black head, and a black patch on the next set^mcnt. 
 It feeds upon the half-<;rown leavi's of the new shoots of the 
 orange, fastening them together with silken threads. It also 
 fre(piently devours the terminal buds, ami thus materially in- 
 
 jure: 
 
 the <rrowth of the trise. When full <irown, it is about 
 
 half an inch long, very quick in its movements, and if di.- 
 turbeil lets itself down from the twig by a silken thread, l)y 
 means of which it is enabled to regain its former position 
 among the leaves when danger is past. 
 
 When ready ibr its next change, the larva rolls uj> a j)orUon 
 of a leaf, and sj)ins within the enclosure a delicate silken 
 cocoon, in which it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, 'i'he 
 moth i.s found late in August and early in Sej)teinber ; it 
 is of a grayish ochreous color, the fore wings streaked with 
 reddish and dotted with brown, the hind wings pale gray 
 with a reddish tint. The body is ochreous, dotted with dull 
 red. 
 
 Should this insect at any time become so abundant as to 
 re(piire the use of remedies, those suggested for No. 241 will 
 be ai){)lieable. 
 
jysKVTS LSJLJilOiS TO Till-: OliAM;!:. 
 
 ;J83 
 
 No. 243.— The Orange leaf-notcher. 
 
 Aft i fills Jldiiddiiits Horn. 
 
 This is a beetle wliicli is represented iiKiy-nilied in l"'itr. :\\):\, 
 tlie line below it iiulieatintr tlie natural si/e. It eats jagged 
 notelies in the leaves of tin; 
 
 orange, as shown in 
 
 the fi 
 
 <rure 
 
 1(1. 
 
 distil 
 foli 
 
 guring and injuring tlie 
 
 nge. 
 
 It 
 
 IS about a (juarter 
 
 of an ineh long, of a pale 
 
 greenish-blue or eoj)per color, 
 
 and densely clothed with 
 
 white scales. The thorax is 
 
 unevenly dotted, and there 
 
 are on the wing-cases ten 
 
 l(;ngitudinal lines of dots of 
 
 varving sizes, divided bv 
 
 slight ridges. The under side of the body and legs is also 
 
 scaly and hairy. 
 
 Jn sonie localities in Florida these beetles are said to be 
 very abundant. As they readily droj) when the trees are jarred, 
 they may be easily collected on sheets spread under the trees. 
 
 nuidant as to 
 
 No. 244. — The Angular-winged Katydid. 
 
 Microcenlrtnn nii item's IJiinii. 
 
 There is, perhaps, no insect of large size so destructive to 
 the foliage of the orange as this. It is a large green katydid, 
 and one of the coinn^onest insects in the South. 
 
 During the daytime it is seldom seen, as it is then hidden 
 among the thick foliage of trees and shrubs, but towards 
 dusk it leaves its hiding-places and makes the air I'csonant 
 with its music, which is produced by rubbing the wings 
 against the thighs. The eggs are dei)()sited in abundance 
 upon both twigs and leaves, as shown in Fig. .3JI t at 1 a and 
 2 I), overlapping each other. They are of a long, oval form, 
 
Ki.;. n04 
 
 n 
 
jysKCTs Lw/i/^iors TO Tin: niiASaK 
 
 {85 
 
 [y^h 
 
 ami nearly flat. Tiic voiiiiy; katvdids is-uc tVnm that end of 
 the e<;<^ which i»r(»j('ets heyoiitl the Ital", having the empty 
 (.(Tor-sheli .-till ill |i(».-iti()ii hehiiiil. W'hc:: tirst hatched, they 
 feed only upon the snrface of the haf. hut as thev increase in 
 size thev devonr the whole siihstanci 
 
 W'l 
 
 len mature, tliev 
 
 ae(jnire winu's, which eiiahle them 
 
 t(. ti 
 
 V reai 
 
 lilv 1 
 
 roiii tree tit 
 
 tree, appeariiii; as .shown at 1 in the fi<fure. From the head 
 to the extremity of the closed wiMt^s, the fnll-Lii'own iii-<ct 
 iiieasnres abont two and a half inches. The outer wiii^s are 
 irreen, with leaf-like veinin<is, the nnder |>airof a i)aler green, 
 and hcantifiilly netted; the antenna' are loni; and thread-like, 
 and the hind lej^s slender. The female is i'lirni.- 1 with a 
 eiirvetl ovipositor at tlu; end of the ahdomen. 
 
 Fortnnately, there is a small ("halcid fly | . asiti • on the 
 e^iis of this katydid, which, whci. iiiatnre, is iittle inoru ilian 
 iiiie-eiiihth o'" an inch lonp; ; it is \\\v Ku^x linns mi, •oUh iA' 
 \\ aUli. iiie female which is sh(»\' n at 2, y\'S. ri94, ha- 
 
 de, 
 
 . V winirs 
 
 and 
 
 an alKioiiKMi which -lie can ele\.itc over 
 
 her thorax in a jx'cnliar manner. The male is repre.-ented at 
 L' (I in the same fiijure. The cuii.s of this j)arasite are [)laced 
 within the ctjgs of the katydid, where the larvio hatch and 
 imderuo their transformations, issuing- as flies fmin circular 
 holes which thev cut throutrh the t'LTU'-shells, as shown at '1 I). 
 A lariic proj)ortion of the eggs of the katydid are i)arasiti/.ed 
 liv this insei't. 
 
 Jiemedles. — Collect the eggs during the winter and j)la<'e 
 them in boxes covered with coarse wire gauze until spring, 
 so that the parasites may be permitted to esca[)e. Several 
 ^[)eeies of birds arc said to devour these katydids. 
 
 No. 245. — The Lubber Grasshopper. 
 
 Ihmuiha microptnn Scrv. 
 
 This is a large .species of locust, very destructive to orange- 
 leaves, which has received the common ?>amo of *' the lubber 
 grassho{)per" from its sluggish habits. AVhen full grown, it 
 
 is about two and a (quarter inches long, of a yellow color, tlu; 
 
 25 
 
J 
 
 386 
 
 I\SKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 wing-cases liadod with rosy pink and barred and spotted 
 M-itli hlaek. The larvjc are shaped like the niatnre insects, 
 hnt have no wings. They are bhick, and are strij)ed and 
 banded with orange-yellow. The wings of the perfect iii>i i 
 (see Fig. 395) are so short — reaching only half-way to the 
 
 Fig. 395. 
 
 Fio. 390 
 
 extremity of the abdomen — that they arc quite useless for tlu- 
 purpose of flight. Their eggs are d.'posited in the ground. 
 Since they cannot lly, they may easily be destroyed by iiand. 
 
 No. 246.— The Leaf-footed Plant-bug. 
 
 Jj('j)toi/Iossiis plnjllopus (Linn.). 
 
 Tiie leaf-footed plant-bug is of a reddi.-li- 
 , brown color, with a long, sharp beak, and 
 \^ a transverse yellowish-white band acro.ss its 
 wing-covers. The wings, when raised, show 
 ,^ the body, which is of a bright-red color, 
 k t^ with blacdv spots. The siianks of tiiG hiiiii 
 legs are flattened out into leaf-like app(>nd- 
 ages, as shown in Fig. 39(!, This insect Is 
 said to puncture the tender shoots and ter- 
 minal branches of the orange-tree, often 
 killing them. Jt also injures ripe plum-, 
 
iNsi:(yrH injurious to the orange. 
 
 387 
 
 .nd spottctl 
 tare insects, 
 stvipeil and 
 erfeet iiistu't 
 -way to tlx' 
 
 useless for the 
 in tlie ground 
 oyecl by band. 
 
 lis <>r a roa<li>li- 
 
 L.iri) beak, aiul 
 
 l)i\n(l across in 
 
 lion raised, show 
 
 •i^lit-red coh>r. 
 Id^s of the hin.l 
 if-liUe a\>i>end- 
 This insect i> 
 Isboots and tci- 
 lno;e-trce, often 
 Ires ripe pbmis, 
 
 by pnncturinor them and sucking portions of their contents. 
 Notwithstanding its injurious hab'\s, it has been by some 
 writers classed among beneficial insects as a destroyer of tlic 
 harlequin cabbage-bug. 
 
 No. 247.— The Cotton-stainer. 
 Dysdercus suturellus II. Schf. 
 
 This insect, like that last described, l)elongs to the order of 
 true bugs [Ilemipieva] ; it is commonly known as the red- 
 bug, or cotton-stainer, and is one of the worst pests ^ith which 
 the cotton-planters of Florida and the West Indies iiave to 
 contend. It injures the cotton by piercing the stems an(? 
 bolls and sucking the sap; but the principal injury to the 
 crop is occasioned by its staining the cotton in the opening 
 bolls with its excrement. It also attacks the fruit of the 
 orange, puncturing the rind, sucking the juice, and causing 
 the fruit to decay and fall to the ground. When full grown, 
 it is from six to seven tenths of an inch long, and aj>pears as 
 shown in Fig. 807, the thorax triangular, 
 with its anterior part red, ])osterior por- 
 tion black, all margined with whitish yellow. 
 The scutellum is triangular, red, margined 
 with pale yellow; the wing-cases arc flat, 
 with two distinct whitish lines crossing them, 
 which intersect each oiher near the centre; 
 they are also partly margined with a yel- 
 lowish line. The Uiide' side is bri<>ht red, with yellowish- 
 white markings on the edge of each segment. 
 
 Fach female produces about one hundred ov'al, amber- 
 colored eggs, which are attached in clusters to the underside 
 of the leaves. Th(> young buii:s are bright red, with black 
 legs and antenna;', riiese bugs are usually Ibund in immense 
 numbers, and where cotton has been plant<Hl between the rows 
 of oiange-trees instances arc recorded where a large pro])or- 
 tion of the oranges have been destroyed. The mature insects 
 
 Fio. ?A)1. 
 
;J88 
 
 hXSECTS ISJVIilOVS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 ot'tcii gather in great miml)(.'rs on lieai)s of cotton-seod, when 
 tli(!y may be killed by pouring .scalding water upon tlieni. 
 
 i 
 
 No. 248.— The Orange Aphis. 
 
 Si/th(illiiJ)/lnf(l cilrildlii AsllMH'llil. 
 
 In Florida this speeies of plant-louse is very |)revakMit, an. I 
 is found during the sj)ring and summer months in varioii- 
 .stages of development, clustering on the tender shoots ami 
 branches of the orangotree, 'J'hese lice in.sert their i)caks 
 into the leaves and succulent twigs and live ujjou the sap. 
 When i'ull grown, they are a little more than one-twentiitli 
 of an inch long, black or brownish blacic, with phiiiiji. 
 round bodies, long, yellowish antenna*, and pale-yellow Icsi-. 
 (See Fig. 398, where they are shown magnilied.) Thewiniicd 
 
 V\u. ;]!»s. 
 
 specimens, one of which is seen in the ligure, are also black ; 
 these Hy I'rom one tree to another and establish new colonic-. 
 nciimlirs. — Svringe the trees with strong soap-suds or otluM- 
 alkaline washes, or with strong tobacco-water. A mimbi r 
 (»f lady-birds and their larva', also the larvie of Syr[)hus Hies, 
 feed on these lice. Many of them are destroyed by a minute 
 ( "lialcid fly, which lives within their bodies. This friendly 
 species, fSfenomcKinn aphldicola Ashmead, is shown, nuuli 
 magnilied, in F"'ig. oi)t), where a represents the female, and /> 
 the male. The short lines at the sides indicate their natural 
 size. They are so minute that as many as three of the perfect 
 winged Hies have l)een known to issue from the body of a 
 single a|)his. 
 
LXSKCTS /.V./rA'/O/'.S 7V> Tlfl-: ORASGE 
 
 08 i» 
 
 ■seed, \vh( u 
 n them. 
 
 A tiny Iclincunion flv, tlic rcd-losrsiod 'J'riox^ 
 
 'nn.nia 
 
 tcdaceipes Cros.^ion, also infests this species of aphis, while a 
 third friendly parasite is a small Aj)hidius, a shininjr, bladv 
 
 Fio. 39!). 
 
 ■evalent, nn.l 
 ,s HI varion- 
 ■ shoots :ind 
 
 tiieir heaks 
 pon the sap. 
 )nc-t\venti<ih 
 with phiiiip. 
 ('-yellow legr-. 
 
 The winiied 
 
 re a 
 
 Iso hlix 
 
 new ooloni'-- 
 (-suds or otiuM' 
 A niiinh 
 
 I'T 
 
 Svrphns Hies, 
 d hv a minule 
 
 This frii'M. 
 
 Ih 
 
 diown, muel 
 
 female, am 
 
 \h 
 
 their natural 
 
 of the perfect 
 
 [the body of a 
 
 ll\ . Were it not for these predaceous and j)arasilic insects, 
 the Apiiides would soon multiply to such an extent as to ruin 
 (lie plantations. 
 
 No. 249.— The Rust Mite. 
 
 P/ii/lnptiis olcimins Aslimi'uil. 
 
 The rust which often occurs on the fruit of the orange 
 was until of late regarded as <hi(! to a fungoid growth, hut 
 recent investigators Jiave shown that it is caused l»y a veiy 
 small, four-legged mite, which punctures llie oil-(!ells, and tli(.' 
 exuding oil, when exposed to the inllueuceof the atmosphere, 
 soon undergoes a ohange, assuming a dark, rusty ajipearance, 
 which seriously depreciates the value of the fruit for market. 
 To the unaided eye the oi'anges ap))ear dusty, but if examined 
 with a magnilying-glass they will he seen covered with a 
 multitude of mites of a whitish-tlesh color. 
 
 A weak alkaline wash a|)plied to the fruit would doubtless 
 <lestroy these mites. 
 
 Another rust, known as " the black smut," often K[)reads 
 
;i9o 
 
 JNSKCTS IXJUJUOUS TO THE JifAAGE. 
 
 over both leaves and fruit, rnakiiij»; them appear very unsiglitly. 
 This is a inimite fun<j;oiis growth, known under the name ot 
 FuriKif/o Hdlicind Farlow, but it is believed by some to result 
 froni the punetures of insects, causing an exuchition, on which 
 the fungus thrives. 
 
 As a reniedy, use an alkaline solution of soap as strong a-i 
 the tree will bear without injury. 
 
 No. 250.— The Purple Scale. 
 
 Mi/lildnph citrirnld I'iU'kiinl. 
 
 This is one of the most common and injurious species of 
 scale-insect found in Florida, It is confined mainly to the 
 
 Fig. 400. 
 
 M 
 
 leaves and fruit of the orange, and sometimes disfigures the 
 latter to such an extent as to make; it unlit for market, yd 
 it is often seen on iVuit offered for sale. The .scale of the 
 female is shown empty at a in Fig. 400, and ()ceu[)ied by 
 
E. 
 
 I'V unsi<:htly. 
 the name *>!' 
 line to result 
 ou, on wh'uli 
 
 , as stroiiu; iv-^ 
 
 jySECTS INJililuLS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 :vn 
 
 ous species of 
 mainly to the 
 
 f^J^- 
 
 Wk^. 
 
 k 
 
 > )-^ 
 
 ya ' 
 
 % 
 
 'J ' * .^ M* 
 
 
 "^^ "^^L 
 
 ^~^ 
 
 ^il 
 
 ■"" '\ T'^ 
 
 k ^ 
 
 !^ 
 
 -:% ' ~ 
 
 %i 
 
 ^ ^iik 
 
 
 a^.^ 
 
 >--^™ 
 
 ^'-*t3s*'" 
 
 y^^ 
 
 
 L disfij^ures tlie 
 Ifor market, yot 
 he sealo of tlu' 
 lul oecnpied by 
 
 the insect at l>. both hi<:;hly niagiiitied. It is lonj^, narrow, 
 more or h'ss curvetl and widened posteriorly, varyint^ in 
 (!oh>r from dark purple to rcddish-hrown, the enclosed insect, 
 beinjji; yellowish white. That of the male, shown at c, also 
 maj^nilied, resend)les the female scale in form, but is nearly 
 straight, and may be at once distinguished by its smaller 
 size. In color it is much tiie same as the female scale, but is 
 sometimes darker, occasionally dark brown or almo.-t black. 
 On the leaf in the liijure these scales are shown of the natural 
 
 si/e. 
 
 Ti 
 
 diich 
 
 leeggs, wnicn number iromeiglit 
 
 d)er fi 
 
 iteen to twentv-five under 
 each scale, are white, and are arranged irregularly, as shown 
 at b. They hatch in Florida about the middle of March, 
 producing lice of the foi'in shown at b in figure 401, but so 
 small as to be scarcelv visible without a magnifving-ixlass. 
 They are of a white color, yellowish at both ends, and have; 
 red eyes. For a very brief period after hatching they are 
 active; tiien they fix themselves to one spot, where they remain 
 stationary for tlu; rest of tlu'ir lives. Within a few days tliei'c 
 is .secreted over the Ixtdv of the yountr louse a coveriuii- of 
 tine cottony filaments, which, together with the skins .-lied 
 from time to time as the Insect increases in size, are eventually 
 formed into scales, as shown in t!ie (igure. The male develops 
 into a winged fly (see a, l^^ig. -lOl) which is red, with long, 
 liaii'V antenuie and transparent wings; but 
 \\\{'. female remains within the scale antl 
 dies there. 
 
 This scale-insect is said to have been 
 imported from 'Viniudaon some lemons 
 sent to Florida, iiesides the lady-birds 
 and other predaceous insects whicli attack 
 all scale-insects, and whu'h will be referred 
 to in detail under "Jlemedies," this one has some special 
 Iocs. A small mite, Ti/ror/li/jilins (flonri Ashmcad, is very 
 useful in destroving it. The egg> of the mite an? laid in 
 December, in dusters of two or three hundred each, on the 
 
 b'ui. KM. 
 
l]Q'2 
 
 IXSECTS IXJURIOUS TO THE ORASGE. 
 
 im<ler side of orange loaves, close to the veins; lliey are of 
 a recldisli-yelloNV^eolor, and about one iive-lMindrcdth of an 
 inch lono-. Earlv in the vear there hatch from them tinv 
 l)lood-red mites having six legs, and four oval black s])ots on 
 the hinder part of the abdomen. Jn three or Ibnr weoLs 
 these transform to eight-legged mites of a paler shade of red, 
 which is the mature form. 
 
 A small, four-winged tly, one-fiftieth of an inch long, de- 
 scribed as "the blue yellow- 
 (doaUed Chaleid," SlfpiipliDrd jla 
 vopaUialns Ashniead, has Ix'cn 
 found in consideral)le numbers 
 destroying the eggs ot" this s(;;de. 
 l'ii>'. \()'l shows this Hv, hiuhlv 
 magnilied. Its body is blui>h 
 black, with a yellow crescent- 
 shaped patch b(.'hind the head ; 
 the wings ai'e transparent and fringed with Hue hairs. 
 
 Vui. 4(VJ. 
 
 No. 251.— The Long Scale. 
 
 Miltihtspis Gloveri, I'lickiii'd. 
 
 The second most common scale-in.sect on the orange-trees 
 in Florida is the species now under consideration. It is 
 closely allied to No. 250, but ditfers from it in that the 
 female scale is much narrower, and generally of a j)al( r 
 c(»lor, its usual tint being j)ale brownish yellow, varying 
 occasionally to daik brown. A back view ol' the female 
 scale is shown at a in Fig. lOo, a front view at c, while 
 the male scale is rej)resenle(l at b, — all magnilied; on the 
 leaf and twig .ae shinvn many scales of the natural si/e. 
 The female insect, unoer the scale, is ol' a light-])urplc hue, 
 with the terminal segment vcllowish. The e^•^■s are \vhit(! 
 when first laid, but become tinged with purple before hatch- 
 ing; thev are arranged regularlv in a double row, as shown 
 at c in the figure, 'idie newly-hati'hed lice are purplish, 
 
 i f 
 
they tvre of 
 vdtli oi" :iu 
 
 1 tliein tiny 
 
 lU'k S|K)t-^ <>!> 
 
 ibui" wooks 
 hade of n'<l, 
 
 K'h loiijj;, de- 
 due yellow - 
 
 (1, has hf'n 
 J)lo miinlxis 
 of this scale, 
 is lly, hiiildy 
 ,dy is l>l>i>^l» 
 ll„\v creswnt- 
 nd the head ; 
 
 2 hairs. 
 
 ISSFAJTS IS.IIRIOUS TO THE ORAyaE 
 
 3i);5 
 
 le orano'O 
 
 ■ration. 
 
 lit in 
 
 -tfet's 
 It i- 
 that tlu 
 f a 1 
 
 )aler 
 
 How, varynit;- 
 
 )f the leniale 
 
 at c, while 
 
 liiied ; on tlie 
 
 natural si/e. 
 
 lew 
 
 :;ht-inu' 
 
 plel 
 
 me. 
 hiu 
 
 li'o'os are w 
 
 before hati'h- 
 
 liown 
 
 lish, 
 
 irow, as s 
 
 and resond)le No. 250, as shown at h, Flu;. 401. Tliev 
 are active lor a brief period, and then settle permanently in 
 
 are purp 
 
 one spot, where thev remain stationary. 'I'he male inscH't is 
 a veiy minute Hy, whieh is shown, hii>hly mai^nilied, in Fig. 
 104. It has long anteiuia^ and two trans[)arent wings. 
 
 This s|)ceies is ibinid on trees of the Citrus i'amily 
 lin-onghoiit Florida, also in liouisiana, infesting the twigs 
 and branelics, and iinally the leaves, but rarely the trinik. 
 There are three broods in a season. It is said to have been 
 imported from China, and has since been disseminated by 
 I lie distribution of infested nurs(>ry stock and by the fruit 
 itself. 
 
 This insect also has some special parasites; one, a tiny 
 four-winged fly, ApJuiinns^ ((suidioficola Ashmead, is about 
 one-liftieth of an inch long, oi" a light-brownish color, with 
 

 WbMI^IIBlBil 
 
 .•394 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 i'rint^cd wings. (See Fig. 405.) It lays an egg under each 
 scale, tlie larva f'rcMu which is a white, fleshy, footless griili, 
 
 Fia. 404. 
 
 Fia. 405. 
 
 that feeds upon the eggs. By the time it has consume 1 
 them all it lias reached full growth, M'hen it changes to a 
 
 pupa, and, after remaining in 
 this condition a few days, the 
 fly escapes by eating a passage 
 through the top of the scale 
 Where this parasite does not 
 occur, it maybe introduced wiili 
 advantage by taking into tin' 
 locality branches infested with 
 scales which are known to have 
 been parasitized. This useful insect destroys inunense num- 
 bers of the scales, and is doubtless one of the chief natiu'al 
 agencies provided to check their undue increase. 
 
 A species of mite, Orlbales aspkUotl Ashmead, has been 
 found feeding on the eggs of this scale-insect. It is about 
 one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an elongated, flattened form 
 and a dark reddish-brown color. 
 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 ;}95 
 
 Ho. 252.— The Red Scale of California. 
 
 Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell. 
 
 The female scale of this species is (jnito tran.shicciit, its 
 apparent grayish color dcponding on that oC the insect 
 
 o 
 
 honoath, which varies from a light greenish yellow to a 
 hriirht reddish hrown, and when the female is I'tillv tirowii 
 the form of its dark body shows distinctly throngh thii 
 transparent covering, as represented at h in Fig. !()(!. TIk; 
 scale of the male, shown at e in the figure, resend)les that of 
 
f 
 
 3D(i 
 
 jysKCTS ISJVRIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 iIk; female, hut is only orui-toiirtii tlie size, tlie pnsteriur side 
 heinj^ ])rol()nge(l into a (lap, wliicli is t|iiite tliin. Tlie scal(> 
 ar<' represented of the natural size on the leaf and twi;^. 
 The perfeet male insect, which is winjfed, as shown, hii!;hl\ 
 magnilied, at (t, in V\\^. -106, is li<;ht yellow, with a hrowii 
 hand on tlie thorax, and purplish-hlack eyes. Tlu; e<j;gs arc 
 of an ovoid form and hriuht-yeliow (!olor, from twenty ti» 
 forty heiui^ found under each scale. 
 
 'J'his sj)ecies appears to confine it.-elf to the trees helon^ini;- 
 to the Citrus family, and inl'ests the trunk, limhs, leaves, anil 
 fruit, sometimes eoveriuii; the latter to such an extent as to 
 render it unfit for market. Where these insects are very 
 numerous, the haves turn yellow, and sometimes droj) from 
 the trees. In Southern California there are live oi' six hrocnls 
 
 «furiug tfu! year; hence it is s{)rea(iini2; witii j^ieat i'ai)i(iitv 
 
 (lit' 
 
 and is perhaj)s more to he 
 in this coiuitrv. Mi 
 
 (I real 
 
 led tl 
 L 
 
 lan anv otiier seale-insect 
 
 uiv uroves ui Ijos Anti'cies ai 
 
 id 
 
 in otlier 
 
 th 
 
 sections of Soutliern California have heen seriously injured 
 hy it. The orange-groves in Australia have suifered from 
 the same pest. 
 
 No. 253.— The Circular Scale. 
 
 Aspididtusjicus Itilcy. 
 
 This is known as the red scale of Florida. In Fig. 407 
 the scales are shown of the natural size on the leaves of an 
 orange-tree; a, the scale of the female; f), that of the male; 
 c, the young larva; c antlf, diiferent stages in the formation 
 of the scale; all these are highly magnified. Thus i'ar it has 
 l)('cn i'ound only in the orange-groves of Florida. It mul- 
 tiplies with givat ra|)idity, and infests indiscriminately tlu\ 
 limhs, leaves, and fruit. 
 
 The scale of the female {(i) is circular, and varies from 
 a light to a dark reddish-hrown color, with a grav margin ; 
 that of the male [b] is ahout one-fourth the size of the female 
 scale, and of a dark reddish hrown, with a wdiite centre, and 
 is prolonged into a thin Hap, of a grayish color. 
 
 W 
 
jysiJCTS J.WJLJUOLS TO TIIK O/.MAV,/;. 
 
 :Vj7 
 
 torior sidf 
 Tilt' s<':il<-> 
 :ui<l twiu. 
 wii, liij^lily 
 h ti brown 
 he o«:gs arc 
 1 twenty to 
 
 •s lK'lon>^in';; 
 , Iciivt.'s, iin.l 
 extent as t<> 
 cts are very 
 s drop from 
 or six brt)o*ls 
 real rapidity, 
 >r sealivinseei 
 , and in other 
 iously injured 
 isulVered from 
 
 Tlio egjrs nro pale yellow, and the iiewly-hatehed larva*, 
 .shown at r in the liixuiv, are broadly oval in outline, and are 
 eaeh provided with six le^s, a pair ot' antenna*, and a lieak 
 
 In Fig. 407 
 
 leaves of an 
 
 of the male ; 
 
 the formation 
 
 1uis far it has 
 
 •ida. It mul- 
 
 iniinately tlu- 
 
 d varies from 
 
 .•ray margin ; 
 
 L of the female 
 
 ite centre, and 
 
 for suction. They appear as small specks, scarcely visible to 
 the unaided eye; at first they are quite active, but, havini^ 
 selected a location, soon fix themselves permanently to one 
 spot. In a short time they secrete over their bodies fine 
 
I 
 
 398 
 
 LXSI'JCTS lyJUIilOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 tliroads of wax, wliii^h arc cottony in appearance. Soon ;i 
 small, white, convex scale takes the place of this cottonv 
 coatinj^, wiiich is depressed in the (lentre. (Sec d, Fij^. 407.) 
 The scales gradually increase in size, and as they approach 
 maturity there is secreted on the female scale a niass ot' 
 cottony threads, which increases in quantity until it sonu- 
 
 FiG. 408. 
 
 times extends in a curved form, as shown at /, to a lengtli 
 Hve times the diameter of the scale. In the figure all the 
 illustrations are highly magnified, except the leaves with tlir 
 scales on them, which are of the natural size. 
 
 The male is furnished with a single pair of large, trans- 
 ])arent wings, which enable it to fly readily. It is shown, 
 highly magnified, in Fig. 408. 
 
 No. 254.— The White Scale. 
 
 Aspidioius nerii Boucli6. 
 
 This scale is found on the orange and lemon trees, par- 
 ticularly in Southern California and in Florida, where it also 
 infests a number of other trees ai.d plants, but especially the 
 acacia-tree. In Fig. 409 a twig of acacia is figured infested 
 with this scale. The female scale is flat, whitish or litrht 
 gray in color, and when mature is only about one-twelfth of 
 an inch in diameter. The eggs are of a light-ycIIow color. 
 The scale of the female is shown at c in the figure ; the nv\\v 
 
jy SECTS IXJURIOLS TO THE 
 
 uncc. Soon ;i 
 f this cottony 
 e f/, Fij;. 407.) 
 they :v|)j)roach 
 lie ji mass ot' 
 until it soiiU'- 
 
 /, to a lenijtli 
 ! fiy;iire all the 
 leaves with the 
 
 inon trees, par- 
 la, where it also 
 t es])e(^ially tlu 
 figured infested 
 ^'hitish or light 
 one-twelfth of 
 ht-yellow eolor. 
 igiire ; the ninle 
 
 ^oale at b, both magnified; the htu^v ;• i; in i 
 
 »ottle,l witl, ..oddish brown; ning, tr..:^::,;,' ' '""' 
 
400 
 
 nXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE OILiyGE. 
 
 No. 255.— The Ribbed Scale. 
 
 iccri/a purchdsi MiiskoU. 
 
 The adult Ic'iuale of" this species of Coeeus is covered l-y 
 nil Cirg-sac, which is of a pale-yellowisli color, longitudinally 
 rihbed, a little lonuer than the body of the insect, and filled 
 with a loose, white, cottony matter containing the et^gs. A 
 
 cluster of these sacs 
 
 Fi(i. 11(1. 
 
 is shown in Fig. 410, ol' the natural size ; 
 the enclosed insect is ol' u 
 
 dark 
 
 V oranu'e-re( 
 
 I col 
 
 or, witi 
 
 black antenn:e ;uid legs, i!< 
 back being coyercd more or 
 less with a white or veil 
 
 u\\ 
 
 isli-w 
 
 hit( 
 
 ])OW 
 
 tier, 
 
 Tl 
 
 10 cu'gs are said to niini 
 
 1 t. 
 
 ber i'roni two hundred to livr 
 hundred in each cluster, and 
 are of a pale-red color. The 
 
 ne 
 
 wlv-hatched larva i-; i 
 
 ed- 
 
 dish or brownish, with long 
 and slender legs. As it grows 
 it gradually chan<)cs, becoiu- 
 
 Mlif ( 
 
 lark 
 
 vcr HI color and irreu- 
 
 ular in outline, a?id it soon bcijins to excrete tufts of waxv 
 matter along the back and sides, I'ollowing which long, semi- 
 transparent lilaments ai)pear. 
 
 'riic-e insects lirst attack tlu; leaves, usually along the 
 midrib, and afterwards ungrate to the twigs and branches, 
 and sometimes attach themselves to the trunk. They s|)read 
 with amazing rapidity on orange and lime trees, 
 
 the t 
 
 runi 
 
 iiid limbs 
 
 of which are sometimes so com[)letely covered 
 
 with them as [o a|)pear while ; the leaves turn yellow and 
 sickly, and if no remedial measures are adopted the lvvc< 
 sometimes die. 1'he insect has been found very destructive 
 at Santa liarbara, where it has probably been introduced with 
 j)lants from Australia. 
 
 ^il! 
 
lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 401 
 
 covered by 
 lo-iiudinallv 
 t, ami lillf'l 
 lie c<r<j;s. A 
 uiturul si/<' ; 
 ;ect is <>r :i 
 [ color, witli 
 :iml lei;s, ii- 
 •red mon- "i' 
 te or yellow- 
 
 suid to miui- 
 uudri'd to live 
 li oUistor, mid 
 d colcv. The 
 livrva i- red- 
 sli, willi \c\\% 
 As it lii'o^vs 
 au'^es, beeoin- 
 ilorand irre<i- 
 t lifts of waxy 
 ell long, semi- 
 
 lllv al<»ii^' the 
 land hranelie~, 
 They spread 
 [t's, the trunks 
 iletely covered 
 rii yellow and 
 Lted the trees 
 l-ry deslrnetivc! 
 it reduced with 
 
 bcii 
 
 No. 256.— The Chaff Scale. 
 
 J'ltiid/oria J'er(juncUi Coiiistock. 
 In this sj)oeics tlic scale of tlie female varies in for 
 
 m. 
 
 n<r sometimes nearly circular, but more usiia 
 
 lly 
 
 'Omewhat 
 
 elonuated, of a dnll-gray color, and thin in its structure. Jt 
 resembles the bark so closely in tint that it often escapes 
 
 detect 
 
 ion. 
 
 In lensrtli it is tibont one-sixteenth of an inch 
 
 Flu. 411. 
 
 the enclosed insect is nearly as broad 
 as long. Tiiese insects vary greatly in 
 color, some being almost white, with 
 the extremity of the body slightly yel- 
 low ; others are entirely yellow, while 
 some are jmrplish, with the end of the 
 bodv vellow. The eves are black. 
 Scales of both .sexes are shown, magnitied, in Fig. 411, r^ h. 
 The eggs and young larvto are pur[)lish. The scale of the 
 male [h] is about one twenty-iifth of an inch long, and nar- 
 row ; its color is gray, darker and gi'cenish about the middh'. 
 
 The mature winge'd in- 
 sect i.s shown in Fig. 412, 
 much magnified; it is j)ur- 
 plish in color, with the disk 
 oi' the tliorax |vile and 
 
 irregularly marked with 
 pur|)lish spots. The (yes 
 are larg(! aid very dark. 
 There are several brood.s 
 of the.se inscet.s during a | 
 
 season, and the .scales may 
 
 l)e found at any lime on the bark of the trunk and branches 
 of the orange-trees, and to a less extent on tlu; leaves and 
 fruit. Thev have bci'U called chall' scales, from their resem- 
 blance to fine chart' or bran. 
 
 W^ 
 
 26 
 
■j— il^ 
 
 402 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 Fig. 41;!. 
 
 No. 257. — The Barnacle Scale. 
 
 Ccroplasles cirripedifurmis Coinstoek. 
 
 The color of this scale varies from <rrayish to light brown, 
 
 divided by lines into regulai- 
 segments, as sh(nvii at a in 
 Fig. 41.'>, where one ot" tliesr 
 scales is represented magni- 
 fied. The enclosed insect is 
 subglobular in ibrni, and ot" 
 a dark reddish-brown color. 
 
 'J'he eggs are light reddish 
 brown, ar.d rather \o\vz and 
 
 slender 
 
 tl 
 
 le 
 
 arva is dark 
 
 )i'own, and very s 
 
 dend 
 
 er in 
 
 torn). It is at lirst at^tive 
 tor a brief periotl, thci settles 
 in one spot, where it becomes 
 stationary, and soon secretes 
 over its body tufts of cottony 
 lllaments, wiii.'h are finally 
 condensed to a waxy con- 
 sistence, forming j)art of the 
 scale with which the insect is 
 
 eoverc<| 
 
 Tl 
 
 us scale IS lonnd ni sc\ 
 
 era! localities m 
 
 V\ 
 
 orida on 
 
 botl 
 
 1 orange and (|iiince trees 
 
 it is also found on a native plant, a sjiecies of J^^npatoriii 
 
 m. 
 
 No. 258. — The Florida Ceroplastes. 
 
 (,\'r(i}>l(tsles Fluridensiii Coiiistork. 
 This scale is at lirst white ; afterwards it becomes pink- 
 ish, growing redder or brownish in the middle, didl white 
 towanls the edges, some spcH'iinens being irregnlarly inottleil 
 with brownish and yellowish white, the top ornamented with 
 
jySECTS INJUHroUS TO THE (JRAXGF 
 
 4o; 
 
 into re«;uUu' 
 
 roiiiitl in sov- 
 |„ Kloridi "i> 
 il (piinco tiTOS ; 
 Kni>:il<)i''nim- 
 
 Ix'coinos |unk- 
 11,., (lull wliit*' 
 rnhirly niolllt'tl 
 iKiinentod widi 
 
 lines and dots, as shown at b in Fio;. 414. Tl 
 often number a luuidrcd under a .sin<rle scale. 
 
 Fig. 414. 
 
 le e<,fg.-;, wlin-li 
 vary in color 
 from yellow to li;:;lit 
 reddish brown, and 
 1 in 
 
 are nearly oya 
 
 Ibi 
 
 m 
 
 The 
 
 yountr 
 
 Jouse IS 01 a >imi- 
 lar color, yery ac- 
 tiye, and when lir.-t 
 
 hatched 
 
 iijipcais as 
 
 shown in Fig. Uo, 
 when- it is much 
 enlariicd. Jt crawls 
 about Ijriskiy for 
 hail" an hour or 
 more, then settles 
 
 Fia. 41. J. 
 
 on some sjiot, inserts its proboscis, and remains permanently 
 lixed. Within a few days the limbs are drawn luider the 
 l)(»dy, and \vhite, cottony tufts arc secreted from tlic surface; 
 these <i,radu;illy condense, ibruun>:; waxy plates, which loyer 
 and i)roteet the insect beneath. 'VUv scales are shown of 
 their natural size, on a branch of ilex, in Fit;-. 411; a yoini<^ 
 femal(! scale is shown at d, and a mature one at h, both 
 (ularecd. 
 
 This scale is common on the orange, lemon, and other trees 
 
f 
 I 
 
 404 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 of the Citrus family in Florida; also on the fig, pomegranate, 
 giiava, quince, Japan plum, red hay, oleander, and sweet bay, 
 and is very abundant on the gall-berry, Ilex glabra. It is rc- 
 i'erred to in W. H. Ashmead's "Treatise on Orange Insects" 
 under the name of the white scale. Ceroplastoi rusci Linn. 
 Theru are three broods during the year: the first appear in 
 April and May, the second from the middle to the end of 
 .July, and the third during the first two weeks in September. 
 They increase with marvellous ra})idity, but are preyed on 
 by a species of Chalcid fly and by other insect enemies. 
 
 No. 259.— The Broad Scale. 
 
 Lecanhim hcweridiim Linn. 
 
 Fi"- -lie- Of all the bark-lice 
 
 here treated of, few are 
 so common, and none s(» 
 Avidely distributed, as 
 this species. It is found 
 in abundance from 
 Washington southward 
 to Florida, also in Utah 
 and (California, on the 
 twigs of orange and 
 other trees, shrubs, and 
 ])lants; but, having so 
 many diU'erent food- 
 plants, it is not so de- 
 structive ti) the oi'ange 
 as ai'c some others which 
 confine their attacks to 
 trees of the Citrus family. 
 The scale is brown, some- 
 times (piite dark', and is 
 represented <»f its natu- 
 ral size on the stem of 
 the twig in I'^ig. 110. It is ouv of the largest scales ibinid 
 
 # |: 
 
;•:. 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 405 
 
 omegranuto, 
 \ sweet bay, 
 •a. It is re- 
 inre Insects" 
 rusci Linii. 
 •st appear in 
 ) the end ot" 
 n September, 
 re preyed on 
 ^nieniies. 
 
 the bark-liee 
 tod of, few arc- 
 in, and none s(> 
 ilistributed, as 
 los. It is found 
 iidiinee fi'o»»» 
 on southward 
 a, also in Utah 
 ornia, on the 
 oran;j;e and 
 ■es, shrubs, and 
 .ut, havin>5 so 
 itVeront food- 
 is not so dv- 
 t,, the oran<ie 
 nc others wliifli 
 heir attacks to 
 u' Citrus fandly. 
 is\)rown,sonu'- 
 it(> dark, and i- 
 Ited of its natu- 
 on the stem of 
 ■st seaU's fomid 
 
 on the orange; it is of an elongated, oval form, and liigldy 
 convex. Tiie enclosed insect is yellow, inclining to brown, 
 of an elongated, oval form, neai'ly fiat, smooth, and shining. 
 
 The young larva (sec Fig. 417) is of a long, oval form, of 
 a vellowish color, with two long thread-like tila- 
 ments extendin*; from the hind sey-ment. 
 
 This bark-louse is much infested by parasites, no 
 less than three distinct s[)ecics having been bi-ed 
 from the scales. 
 
 The first of thest", ( occoplKU/as cognatus Howard 
 (see Fig. 418), is a very small, four-winged fly, the 
 female of which, when its wings arc spread, measures about 
 one-twelfth of an inch, the mule about one-sixteenth. The 
 
 Fi(f. 418. 
 
 Fi(,. •41!). 
 
 
 body is of a dark-brown coh)r, with yellow markings; the 
 wings are traiisp;irent. 
 
 In Fig. 419 is shown another of the {)arasites of this scale- 
 insect, known as Coini/.s bicolor Howard, a small fly, which 
 measures, when its wings are ex[)anded, r,carly one-eighth of 
 an inch across. The fon; wings are dnskv brown nn their 
 outer two thirds, the imier |)ortion nt'ariy transparent, with a 
 brownish streak ; the hind wings are nearly transparent. The 
 body is black, the thorax brown, with black hairs. This in- 
 sect has been found very abundant in Washington, destroying 
 
406 
 
 hXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OR A NO K. 
 
 large quantities of the broad scale-insects which occur in 
 niultitiulcs on the English ivy grown there. 
 
 J]()th sexes of a third i)arasite, L'nri/rtus flnvus Howard, 
 are shown in Fig. 420, a representing the male, b the female. 
 
 Fio. 4'J(>. 
 
 11 
 
 The wings of the former measure, when spread, al)out one- 
 eighth ol' an inch ; those oC the hitter, one-tenth of an inch. 
 The hasal third of the fore; wings of the femah' is trans- 
 |);ux'nt. the middle third dusky brown, crossed by a clear 
 transverse band; the outer third is also dusUy brown, with 
 two hii'ge, wcdge-shaj)e(l^ transparent spots entering it, one 
 from eaeh side. The hind wings are nearly transparent ; the 
 
hicli occur in 
 
 •o;u1, about oiic- 
 Mitli of ;ui incli. 
 (cmiilc is truiis- 
 )ss(hI 1)V :v clear 
 sky brown, with 
 entering it, one 
 j'anspiirent ; the 
 
 ^^s,cTs js,naovs to the ouanoe ,,, 
 
 '7^-' ;■! "^•''••c-yolI..u, will, brown nuirkinc. Tl , •' 
 
 of a .sJn-ning n.otaNlc-.rreen col,.,- JT u '"'''" '' 
 
 -'•n^^« are tran^puPc-nf TM 'T "'' ''""■'"■''-^' ^''^ 
 
 <>-..o-trees in CiL ^^r^^' '"^^ '^^^ ^-'^ 
 sl.own JnVMv nu.gnified. '''"'"' ^^" ^'^^•^^' I'^^'asites are 
 
 No. 260.-The Black Scale of California. 
 
 J-Pfaninm oho; Boriiiird 
 
 """L .1 tenons eneniv lo 
 
 '^'k;. 4l'1. 
 
 •"'>"go-cuIture, boins I.crl.aps n.ore L^ener-.IK- V -i , 
 <J'e orauire-trees in On Sh/ .i ' 'J'^tnbute.1 on 
 
 .n (bat btate tlia„ any other speeie.s of sc-ale- 
 
f 
 
 408 
 
 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 Fig. 4'JL>. 
 
 inscpt. Besides tlie orani^e, lemon, and other ineinbers of tlu; 
 Citrus fiiinily, it is iouiid on tlie olive, ])e:ir, aj)ricot, plum, 
 j)onict2:ranate, apple, and a number of other trees, shrubs, and 
 plants. 'J'he seales are usually found on the smaller twi^s. 
 In Fig. 421 they are shown, of the natural size, on an olive- 
 twiy;: and at (i in the same liy:ure a seale is shown niau- 
 
 nitied. Tlie seales 
 are blackish brown, 
 marked with riducs 
 and indentations, a- 
 indieatcd in the liij;- 
 ure. The eu'<;s aic 
 of a long, oval ibrni 
 and yellow (H)lor. 
 The male, thouiih 
 diligently sought 
 for, lias not yet been 
 discovered. 
 
 In Fig. 422 is 
 shown the male, ami 
 
 Fiii. -1'28. 
 
 in 
 
 female 
 
 larged). 
 
 Fig. , 42:i the 
 
 (both en- 
 of a very 
 interesting little fly, 
 Tomoccra ( 'a/ifoi'' 
 nica Howard, which 
 is a parasite on this 
 black scale. The 
 wings, which arc 
 transparent in both 
 sexes, measure, when 
 spread, a little more than one-eighth of an inch across. Jts 
 general color is deep blue-black, with a metallic lustre and 
 brown markings. The male may be distinguished from the 
 feujale by its shorter body and peculiar antenrre. This para- 
 site is so abtmdant in some sections that as large a proportion 
 
E. 
 
 INSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE URASdE. 
 
 400 
 
 ii\)ors of the 
 .ricot, \>l»iiu, 
 , shrubs, luxl 
 luillc'V tNvitrs. 
 on an olive- 
 shown in;i;4- 
 The scaler 
 c'ki.sh bi'ONvn, 
 \ with vitli^es 
 (lentatioii?^, u> 
 ted in the lig- 
 The e<i-^;>i i»>''' 
 m<^ ovul form 
 yeUow color, 
 male, thonsih 
 ntlv souiilit 
 as not yet )«'•!> 
 vered. 
 
 Ki-. -I'i-i i- 
 ntlic male, and 
 b'ig. , -i2:'i the 
 lie (l)oth en- 
 Ll), of a very 
 Icstint^ little lly, 
 \,vcra (MViJoV' 
 illoward, which 
 ;mrasite on this 
 ; seale. The 
 s, which arc 
 ;parent in hoth 
 s, measure. wlicii 
 lich across. Its 
 ullio lustre and 
 liished from the 
 ,[E. This i)ara- 
 •ire a |)roportion 
 
 1 ai'nioni. 
 Fin. 424. 
 
 as seventy-five per cent, of the scales have been known to bo 
 destroyed by it. The female fly pierces the scale and dej)osits 
 in it a sin<^le egg. When hatched, the larva feeds upon the 
 ejrj^s and younuj of the bark-hmse, and later U|)oii the mother 
 also. When full grown, it i^ nearly one-sixth of an inch 
 long, broad, becoming narrower towards the head, of a trans- 
 ])arent white color tinned with blackish from the alimentarv 
 canal showing through. Tlu; larva changes to a pupa within 
 the scale, which at first is white, but soon becomes darker in 
 color; the fiy, on escaping, makes its exit through a round 
 hole whieh it cuts in the back of the scale. 
 
 No. 261. — The Hemispherical Scale. 
 
 LrcKniniii /icitiisp/KCri'-mn 
 
 Fig. 424 represi'iits 
 this scale, of its natural 
 size, oti orange leaves, 
 and a magnified one at 
 <i. Jt varies in color 
 from light todark brown, 
 and isoccasionally tingi'd 
 with reddish when ma- 
 ture, fn shape it is 
 liemisj)herical, with the 
 edges fiatteiied, its form 
 varying somewhat in 
 different situations; upon 
 a rounded twig it be- 
 comes less hemispheri- 
 cal, more elongated, and 
 its fiattened edges are 
 bent downwards, clas})- 
 iug the twig. 
 
 The eggs are yellow- 
 ish white, smooth, and 
 shining. The newly- 
 
410 
 
 ly SECTS ISJUIilOVS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 li:it('hoil larva} arc very active, and ov(M1 the adiili insect can 
 crawl iVoni one point to another with apparent ease, carryinj;- 
 the scale with it. 
 
 Tli.is scale has been found on orange-trees near Santa JJar- 
 bara, and doubtless exists in other lo(!alities also. In jjjreen- 
 houses it attacks not only the orange but many other plants. 
 
 No. 262. — The Common Mealy-bug. 
 
 Dacfi/lupiu.'i adonidiim Linn. 
 
 The insects known under the name of mealy-bugs form no 
 scale, and are not always stationary, having the power oi' 
 moving from one place to another; but, since they require th(^ 
 same treatment as scale-insects, it wili be convenient to treat 
 of them here. This species of mealy-bug is common in 
 green-houses throughout the civilized world. The female 
 
 is represented magnified in Fig. 425, 
 1"""- *-•''• with most of the mealy matter rc- 
 
 movetl. When full grown, it is about 
 one-eighth of an inch long, white, with 
 a tinge of yellow, u brown band upon 
 the middle of the ba(;k, and its whole 
 body powdered with white, floury- 
 looking material. The sides and ex- 
 tremities of the bodv are armed with 
 
 spines. The larva, which varies in 
 
 size according to its age, is of the same 
 
 form, but flatter. 
 
 The male is a small winged insect, 
 
 much resembling that of No. 263. 
 In Florida it attacks the orange, 
 guava, grape-vine, and ])ineapple, and prevails to such an 
 extent that it is said few orange-trees have escaped its 
 ravages except those in the interior and southern parts of 
 the State. 
 
/•;. 
 
 jySKCTS ISJIRIOUS TO THE ORASiU:. 
 
 Ill 
 
 lit insect can 
 asc, carryin-i- 
 
 r Santa Bav- 
 ,, In jvroen- 
 othcr plants. 
 
 -bn»^s form no 
 the power ol' 
 liey require the 
 cnient to treat 
 is common in 
 The female 
 il in Fig. -l-'"^. 
 laly matter re- 
 ;)\vn, it is al)o\it 
 )ng, wiiite, will I 
 )\vn hand upon 
 , and its whoU; 
 Nvhite, floury- 
 L sides and ex- 
 |:ue armed witli 
 ,hieh varies in 
 |e, is of the same 
 
 winged insect, 
 
 lof No. 263. 
 
 pks the orange, 
 
 l\ils to such an 
 
 ive escaped its 
 
 lithern parts of 
 
 No. 263. — The Destructive Mealy-bug. 
 
 JJactijlopius destructor Coinistock. 
 
 Tlie name dcsfrudor lias been proposed I'or this species of 
 mealv-bug on account of the injury done bv it to oran<j;e-tree,- 
 in l-'Iorida, where it is one of tlie most serious insect pests 
 with whicli tlie oranije-urower has to 
 contend. The adult female, which 
 is shown magnified in Fiij. 420, is 
 
 Fkj. 42t; 
 
 diOUt 
 
 one-sixtli 
 
 of 
 
 an iiicli lont"- 
 
 e» 
 
 and half that in width, and lias 
 seventeen lateral appendages on 
 each side, which arc nearly uni- 
 form in length. There is a slight 
 j)owdery secretion distributed over 
 the body. The female begins lay- 
 ing her eggs in a cottony mass at 
 
 the extremity of the abdomen before she attains full growth, 
 and the eifg-mass increases with her ucrowth, ijradually forciiiyc 
 the hinder portion of the body upwards, until liually she 
 a[)pears as if almost standing on her liead. 
 
 The eo-crs are rather long, 
 and of a bright straw-color, 
 and, soon after hatching, 
 the young larvje, which arc 
 rather brighter in color 
 than the egg, sj)read in all 
 directions, settling prefer- 
 ably along the midrib, on 
 the underside of the leaves, 
 or in the forks of they(Hing 
 twigs, where they form large 
 colonies, closely packed to- 
 gether. The young are oidy slightly covereil with white 
 powder. 
 
 The male, which is re])rescnted highly magnified in Fig. 
 
412 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OliAXGE. 
 
 427, is fiirui.slied witli two transparent wini^s, wliifli, when 
 spread, measure rather less than one-eighth of an inch across. 
 
 Its body is olivc- 
 ^■'"^' '*-^- brown ; tiie eyes arc 
 
 dark red. 
 
 The i'onr-wingcd 
 fly shown, niueii mag- 
 nified, in Fig. 428, 
 the natural size oC 
 which is indicated by 
 the short lines on tlie 
 left of" the figure, is 
 a parasite on this 
 mealy-bug, known as 
 Enojiin^ luqiiisKoi' 
 Howard. Its body 
 is smooth, of a sliiniiig bhiclc, and the transparent wings are 
 partly obscured by dusky marl^ings, as shown in tiie figure. 
 
 No. 264. — The Mealy-bug with Long Threads. 
 
 Darljjlopinx loiH/iJilis Coinstoek. 
 
 In tliis species the adult female is nearly one-fifth of an 
 inch long, of a light dull-yellow color^ its body being cov- 
 ered with a whitish powder. In Fig. 429 it is represented 
 magnified. The lateral appendages, which are seventeen in 
 iiunil)er, arc long, the poscerior ones on each side being very 
 long, equalling, and Sijinetiirs :s exceeding, the entire length 
 of the body. In the );>.* \'d state the male and the female 
 arc very much alike, but as they approach maturity striking 
 differences appear. The female surrounds herself with 
 cottony material, amid which the young cluster for some 
 time after birth. The male larva forms for itself a little 
 cottony sac or cocoon, in which it changes to a pupa, from 
 
 wl 
 
 lich the winged insect is pr 
 
 roi 
 
 luced. This is show 
 
 n, mucli 
 
 m 
 
 :ignitied, in Fig. 4.'^0. The wings, which are transparent, 
 
GE. 
 
 \\\\'\v\\, when 
 Lii inch across. 
 
 luly i- o^i^'- 
 ; the ^'vcs aiv 
 
 ed. 
 
 . lour-Nvingt''l 
 
 )\vn,nmchina<«;- 
 
 , in Fig- ^12^' 
 latural ^ize of 
 1 is indicated V)y 
 liovt linos on the 
 of the ligure, is 
 n-asite on this 
 A-4)ng, known as 
 ipius inqnhifor 
 r.ivd. Its hody 
 parent wings are 
 •n in the figure. 
 
 Threads. 
 
 one-fifth of nn 
 lM„ly being cov- 
 lit is represented 
 lare seventeen in 
 side being very 
 Ihe entire lengtii 
 and the female 
 inatnrity striking 
 lis liersclf with 
 •luster for some 
 for itself a little 
 I to a pupa, from 
 I is shown, muel\ 
 are transparent, 
 
 jySKCTS ISJUlilOlS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 413 
 
 measnre, wlien spread, about one-tenth of an incli across. 
 The body is brown ; the eves are dull red. 
 
 FiQ. 420. 
 
 Fig. 430. 
 
 JlE.^[El)IES. 
 
 In ti'eating of the remedies for seale-insects and mealy- 
 bnus, tliose provided by natiu'c will lirst claim onr atten- 
 tion, lender the several species di.scus.scd, reference has been 
 made to the parasitic flics which destroy tliem, as these are 
 often limited in their attacks to one sj)ecies. The prcda- 
 ceons insects, which feed on them indi.^criminately, will now 
 claim attention ; these consist mainly of various species of 
 lady-birds. These nseful iii.sects vary in size, and are usnally 
 red, yellow, or black, with sj)ots of one or the other of these 
 colors. Some of them are found from the Atlantic to the 
 J'acilic, snch as the nine-sj)otted lady-bii-d, Fiif. ! "2.'] ; tlu; 
 ))lain lady l)ir<l, Fig. 12o; the convergent ladybird, I'ig. 
 128; the spotted lady-bird, Fig. 129; and the twico-stablnd 
 lady-l)ird, Fig. 33. Tiiose which follow ai'c restricted to the 
 Paciti(! coast, or are more abundant there. Jjady-birds, both 
 in their larval and in their perfect state, devour .'^cale-in.sect.s, 
 mealy-bug.s, and aphides. 
 
f 
 
 414 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 The Ashy-gray Lady-bird. 
 
 Cydoneda abdominalis (Say). 
 
 Tliis l,s 11 sinall-sizocl lady-bird, wliich is often found in 
 ahundance on infested orange-trees. Its larva also is very 
 connnon, and, when fnli grown, measures about four-tentlis 
 of an inch long. It is blaek, variegated with orange, yellow, 
 and greenish white, and is shown, niagnilied, at Fig. 431, n. 
 
 When about to transform to '\ \>w\)x\, the larva attaehes the 
 end of its abdomen to a leaf, when shortly the skin, splitting 
 at the baeU of the head, gradually shrivels up towards the 
 posterior end, revealing the ehrysalis, as shown in the figure 
 at b. This is of a whitish color, tinged in some parts with 
 yellowish, and ornamented witii black spots. 
 
 Fia. 431. 
 
 The beetle is ashy gray, with seven black spots on the 
 thorax, and eight upon each wing-cover, arranged as shown 
 at c in Fig. 481, where the insect is represented magnitied, 
 the smaller iigure at the side indicating the natural si/e. 
 
 The Blood-red Lady-bird. 
 
 Cijcluncda sinujiiiiica (Linn.). 
 
 The blood-red lady-bird is not so common as the species 
 last described, but is nevertheless very useful. The larva is 
 without s[)ines, flattened in form, and ornamenteil with trans- 
 verse yellow bauds and black s[)ots ; it is most common in *lie 
 spring, when it is exceedingly voracious and active. 
 
\GE. 
 
 .)ften found in 
 11 also is very 
 3Ut tbur-tentiis 
 oningOj yellow, 
 it Fig. 431, «. 
 •va attaches the 
 J skin, splitting 
 ip towards the 
 I'U in the figure 
 DUie parts with 
 
 'U spots on the 
 anged as shown 
 'Uted magnified, 
 latural size. 
 
 on as tlic Hpeeies 
 \\, The larva is 
 enteil with trans- 
 steomnion in *he 
 aetive. 
 
 lySECT, lAJnuors TO T,W O.UyOE. ^,,, 
 
 The ol„ysali.s i., .sl,„„,, „,„s„ifi«I at a, i„ K„ n, ,, .' 
 about a quarter of OM ;. i i ,. "' '" J- '8- 't'^.::. It is 
 
 '•eprcsented ]nagin-/ie(I at Vw. 4r> 
 
 h, and of tlio natural size 
 
 atc,inthefigurc,isahnost 
 iienn"spJ,enVal in fonn, 
 :»"d reel, varying i,, thJ 
 <J^'l»tii of its hue from a 
 V^^^c-ivi\ to a blood-red 
 *'"lor. 'J'lic tJiorax is 
 
 in .1. E^ ''""=""""" '' '"'^ '""^ '-■■" '< -" 
 
 The Cactus lady-bird. 
 
 Chiloch 
 
 0) 
 
 "v <■<(('( i (Linn.). 
 
 " '"-^ ^'"'""' '"''«""H ut « i„ ].-i,. ,,3. :u., 1,1,,'," 
 
 Fig. 4. "IS. 
 
 ;'n..sc"d by a light-yellowish band about tl,. 
 iH armed with nuuiy long, branel 
 
 "ii(!<IIe, and 
 ii:, oranelnng ,spi„r.. Tl,,, j,„,„^ .,,^^ 
 
If 
 
 416 
 
 L'ySEV'jS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 iiiagiiified, at b in the figure, is formed within the hirval skin, 
 whii'li s})lits open ah^ng the baclv sufficiently to show tiie en- 
 closed chrysalis, whieli is black, with a f'.'W s[)arsely-scattered 
 tufts of fine liair. 
 
 The beetle, which is seen magnified at c, indof the iiatnral 
 size at c?, is of a shining black color, with, an ir>-egular reddish 
 spot on each wing-case, and much resembles the twice-stabbed 
 lady-bird of the East. (Fig. a3.) 
 
 The Ambiguous Hippodamia. 
 
 Hippiidaniia lunh'Kjua Leo. 
 
 In many districts in California this is a very abundant 
 ins(>ct. The larva is shown in Fig. 484 at a, and, when lull 
 
 Fig. 4:14. 
 
 grown, i.-' about half an inch long, of a bluish- black color 
 above, marked with oi'angc, black, and yellowish white. 'J'he 
 pu|)a,/>, is nearly one-third of .ui inch long, of a dull orange- 
 vcllow, with black and yellow mai'kings. The beetle, c, d, 
 resembles the blood-red lady-biid, but is narrower in |)ro- 
 po»'tion to its length, and less convex in I'orm. The head is 
 bhuik, with a whitish patch in front, and the thorax black, 
 with a <lull-white patch on each side towards the front. In 
 the figure, ii,h, and c are magnilied, and d shows the natnral 
 
 size. 
 
INGE. 
 
 tlie larval skin, 
 to show the cii- 
 )ar»ely-scatttiroil 
 
 (1 of tlic natural 
 i-veiiular reddish 
 lie twice-stabbed 
 
 very abundant 
 , and, when J'ull 
 
 Inish- black color 
 wisli white. Tlie 
 of a dull orange- 
 The beetle, <', (/, 
 narrower in i)ro- 
 rni. The head is 
 the thorax black, 
 ds the front. In 
 4iows the natural 
 
 ^y^^CTS INJVIUOVS TO THr, oRAXo 
 
 GE. 
 
 417 
 
 The Eyed Cycloneda. 
 Tl".. .pcvics, wl,iel, U ,.ei„.e.,onto,l n.agnifio.l at „, Fi„. 4,5, 
 
 Fig. 435. 
 
 J'iigered(h,sli .s|.ot on caeli. 
 
 g-cover,s, with a 
 
 The Five-Spotted Lady-bird. 
 
 Fin. I.;.;. 
 
 ;:;tr' '''^^"" '■"'•''^'''-' i-vi,,,..,....,. ,„,, 
 
 27 
 
41S 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 In addition t») the species already named, tlie followins^ are 
 worthy of mention : 
 
 Kvochoni'ifi contridatus Mids. This is a small lady-bird, 
 abont one-seventh of an ineh lontj:, of a red color, .with a black 
 thorax and two black spots on the wing-covers, placed near 
 the hinder end. The larva is about one-sixth of an inch 
 long, yellowish, with black spots and spines. J>otli the larva 
 and beetle are useful in destroying scale-insects, and are (piitc 
 common among the orange groves. 
 
 Sci/mnvs ccrvicaUs JNEuls. A hemispherieid beetle, about 
 one-tenth o^' an ineh long, of a reddish-brown color, with 
 dark-blue v overs. Its larva is pale whitish, with a few 
 
 small, round 
 
"K'.r foo.l fW„„ |,e„«„l, ',„ ' ',r/ ".'•'"; "'"" '"■^""'^ 'l'»»' 
 
 ""•'■ '"• '■■■■""-I ."Oolu , „ 'k''"' '■'""' "'■ '■■"■I- ••>■ l.n,.s 
 
 .;':-^'"';i::CT;t;r::r;i'',!-''''- m.„. 
 
 •^P'Rot „.„■ ,1,0 b,.„„„, ".,,; J"» ""■ «"-;"l 'mving a „,, „ 
 
 •■7' % ^' -all ,,iooe or<::^2:i:^'^"''r"'y'''^^''- 
 
 "li™ poumr „„ (|k,,„ ,i,,m , ' , '" f ''?«. so llmt tho „■„„,■ 
 
 ' "•™«i' '1.0 asi,os, „.,■„: „ ; , io ' ■"''"""' '""' •"'"'>- "-iK- 
 
 """■■'"Sl'lv. A II, „. i, ; : ™ "" 'I ,"",'• t" «.e,„,„c ,l,o,„ 
 
 '■"■""• Iveat (i,o ,„„ , I , : •"•'■'">-'»".■ Ii..u,.,,l,e„ ,|.,„. 
 
 '•y >'"' asi,,., „„H, 'o,; :;,;,: """: ": '''^i-'-o ,1..,, ,,0 
 
 ""■-''• ^:-l,,all.,„„,,,;;: "'7 ;■->■ 1.0,1,0 ,,,K. 
 
 I' !■ o,M,„„o,vial ,„;,,',! "*"' '" ™"'""' I'all' a 
 
 '^''"";::;:f:nr^ in..,, 
 
 ' '■ '" '■"a„„o,.oial ,«,asl,, ,„. it,' 
 
f 
 
 Bamnrr-^Ai 
 
 iiLU.jMnma. ' j - -J^?^?? 
 
 420 
 
 IS SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 equivalent, ten quarts of the honie-nuule lye, and make the 
 solution up to three gallons with water. ]3efore the trees 
 hlooni, thin out the branches by pruninjr, so that air and 
 liii'ht may have free access to the foliage and fruit, carefully 
 burning all the })runings; then wash or spi'ay the entire tree, 
 trunk, limbs, and foliage, and, if j)racticable, use the wash 
 lieated to a temperature of about 1."jO° F., which would be 
 nearly as hot as the hand could bear. 
 
 h\ two or three weeks, or about the time when the young 
 larvic appear, the washing or sj)raying should be repeated, 
 using the same mixture, but adding to each gallon half a 
 })ound of flour of sulphur; or use a solution of whale-oil 
 soap, containing from one-(][uarter to three-quarters of a 
 ])0unci to the gallon, with half a j)ound of sulphur. If the 
 insects are not entirely subdued, after an interval of three or 
 for.r wcuvS a third api)licati()n maybe made. If the trees 
 re(|uire treatment while in bloom, it is safer to use the soap 
 
 th 
 
 dl 
 
 sohuion, as the stronger alkahne waslies sonietnnes injure tiie 
 
 th 
 
 tend 
 
 er i>ro\v 
 
 th. I 
 
 H,v scales on ai)ple, [)ear, plum, clierry 
 
 })eai'h, ajjricot, and nectarine trees, the solutions may be used 
 one-third stronger, but may be made twice the ordinary 
 strength when a})plieil with a brush to the trunk and lind)s 
 
 onlv 
 
 During the earlier period of their growth, scale-insects 
 are readily de.^troved bv insecticides of moderate slrengih, 
 es[)ecially while in the active larval stage, but when the 
 tough scales are well ibrmed they are nmch more diflicult to 
 exterminate. While rej)roduetion to some extent appears in 
 be going on from AFarcli to I)ccend)er with but little ct>ssa- 
 tion, there is no doubt that the months of jNIarch, dune, and 
 8eptend)er mark the api)earance of a very large ])ro[)ortioii 
 of the successive broods; hence, during these months, reme- 
 dies can be applied with the greatest advantage. Those pe.^ls 
 which are unprotected by scales, such as the mealy-bugs, can 
 be destroyed at any tinu' with com[)arative ease by the um: 
 of the alkaline or soap solutions. 
 
IXSKCTS lyjURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 121 
 
 . make the 
 c the trees 
 uit air an(l 
 
 it, care 
 
 fill I V 
 
 I entire tree, 
 sc the wash 
 ch would be 
 
 u the young 
 
 be repeatetl, 
 gallon half a 
 
 of whale-oil 
 quarters of a 
 phur. If tl>^' 
 ;al of tln-ee or 
 It' the trees 
 -o use the soap 
 imes injure the 
 
 plum, cherry, 
 IS uKiy he used 
 e the ordinary 
 
 link and Und)s 
 
 th, seale-inseets 
 lerate strength, 
 but when the 
 nore dilVieult to 
 juMit appears to 
 Lit little ee^^sa- 
 ]areh, June, au-l 
 large proportioi' 
 \ months, reni<- 
 L.. Those pests 
 IjmealY-hii^S ^""' 
 loasehy the u^c 
 
 Strong tobacco-water, hciited to about 130° F., ha.-^ also 
 been used witli st)ine success, more particularly on the young 
 brootls. 
 
 Judging from the results obtained in a cMU'se of experi- 
 ments lately conducted under direction of the Department 
 of Agi'iculturo, Washington, kerosene oil in the form of 
 emulsion j)romises to be a valuable agent in destroying tin- 
 different species of bark-lice. A 
 
 n enudsion mad(! in the 
 following manner has been fountl most efficient. Take of 
 kerosene oil one gallon, cow's milk, sour or fresh, half a gallon, 
 enml;-ifv bv thorouii-li and constant ay;itation until the com- 
 pound lias the aj)j)earance of thin butter. Dilute one pint 
 of this creamy mixture with one and a half gallons of water, 
 adding the water gradually, and stirring constantly, imtil all 
 is added. Jf cow's milk cannot be got, use as a substitute two 
 cans of condensed nulk dilute<l with twi* J its bulk of water. 
 It is claimed by some that this diluted kerosene enudsion, 
 wiien properly prepared, so that the oil does not sei)arate, is 
 more elTective than the alkaline washes, and that it does not 
 injure the trees. 
 
 For the ap[)lication of these fluids several ibrmsof jiortalile 
 pumps have been devised, in the selection of which the fruit- 
 grower should be guided by his own reciuirements. Wlieic 
 the orchard is large, it will pay to purchase an etlicient instru- 
 ment for this ))nrpose. It is stated that, with a suitable piiiiip 
 and no/.zle ibr spraying, fn^u one to two hundred trees can 
 be thoroughly treated in a day. 
 
 Since by I'ar the greater portion of the injury caused by 
 insects to orange-trees is elfected by the scale-insects, it is im- 
 portant that )>rompt measures be adopted to destroy them, 
 and that every precaution be taken to j)revent their introduc- 
 tion intodistricts hitherto exem]>t from them. Many localities 
 have lu'cn colonized by these pests through the return of 
 empty fruit-boxes from infested districts. These may be dis- 
 infected by dipping them for at lea-t two ndnntes in boiling 
 water containing not less than one pound of potash oi" half a 
 
42-J 
 
 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 jxniiid of concentrated lyo to each twenty-five gallons. These 
 insects arc also lre(iuontly disseminated by the transportation 
 of nursery stock from one part of the country to another. 
 
 Sickly trees arc more predisposed to attack than healthy 
 ones; hence the use of fertilizers to induce a vigorous growth 
 lias been suggested as a leniedial measure. In planting new 
 groves, avoid the vicinity of diseased trees if possible, as the 
 young lice are liable to be carried some distance by winds, or 
 o!i the feet of birds visiting the trees. 
 
NGK. 
 
 jalloiiJ". Tlieso 
 tninsportiitioii 
 to another. 
 
 than healthy 
 i^orous growtli 
 
 pUmting new 
 )ossible, as the 
 2 by winds, or 
 
 INSECTS LVJURIOUS TO THE OLIVE. 
 
 Ifo. 265. 
 
 -The Greedy Scale-insect. 
 
 M^idiolHs rapax Cornstock 
 
 "i'l. '.-..noon ;,,/'';■;; ;r'' '"",' '-^ '"•%'•' yoi,..., 
 
 Fi(i. 4.!8. 
 
 o 
 
 i''i<;. i?,',). 
 
 are less than one-Jiundrcdth nf .„, ■ i i 
 
 ""'I larger li,„b, Vm C ' •' """"'""' '" "'« "■""!< 
 
 J, X11I1U.S, can bo easdv removed wiHi -i ^wr i 
 
 ^W>ped in a solution of whale-oil soan V ; ^''■"''' 
 
 ^"Hl pear trees on the Pacific coast' '" '"^"^'^ ^'^'l^'^' 
 
 428 
 
liNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIG. 
 
 No. 266.— The Fig-eater. 
 
 Allorldnd nifida (Linn.). 
 
 This beetle, which has acquired the local name of fig-eater 
 in the South, is closely related to the Cetonias, Nos. 81 and 
 82, which, in the northern portions of the continent, eat the 
 flesh of ripe pears, plums, and peaches. The fig-cater, which 
 is shown in Fig. 440, is a very common insect in the South ; 
 
 Fig. 440. 
 
 it is nearly an inch long, with a robust body, the wing- 
 case.s being velvety green, with light, cream-colo.'ed borders. 
 No remedv has been suggested for these insects other than 
 
 collectinu; and destroving them. 
 
 424 
 
"" mim m mt r'yjjggg 
 
 FIG. 
 
 aniG of fig-eater 
 ias, No.-^. (SI and 
 )ntinent, eat the 
 ' fig-eater, which 
 3t in the South ; 
 
 )ody, tlie wing- 
 •colo.'ed borders. 
 sects other than 
 
 SyNONYMICAL IfST. 
 
 l-v the following list H,„ „ij,, 
 "f tl.e in,s«ts refaTcl ,„ arc Z^ "" •' "' """"■ "■■"»•« 
 
 "'■•'y not liavo l,ec„„,o fiunili.,,."' : ' I ' '"' f" "'<•' '" ""<^" "Im 
 
 •^";l. as I,„vo boon „o„o,,,|w .^. ,. f '"■"''"""'' '"" ""'>■ 
 » few „tl,o,.., „.|,ioi, have .„f|, , !' '''7"""'>"l.«is,s, ,vi.l, 
 
 4. 
 
 «. 
 i:;. 
 i(. 
 
 1(5. 
 
 ir 
 
 20. 
 
 Schizoncuralani<.cra(IIa,.sa>.). 
 ^''■"""^'""7'Z"-''i'it''h. 
 
 ^Pliclinus iniili (Hald.). 
 
 Sii{)orda ciindiila Pnbr. 
 
 Soperila hlvitfuta Say. 
 ChryM.bothris loniorafM" ( Fabr.) 
 
 Ji'ipre^tixfeworah, Fabr. 
 L<'ptost.yJus nculifer (Sayj. 
 
 />"»((■« ncii/i/,;r(, Saj-. 
 3ronartbi-ani mali (Fitch). 
 
 Tmninis „inl! Fitch, 
 Ami.hiccrus bienudMtus (Say). 
 no.trldius b/raudatn. Say. ' 
 JEpiCionis iiiibiicatus (Say), 
 ^^ijxinis imin-icatus Say. 
 Myfilaspis iK.nion.m B„ueh,' 
 ^W>'<//o,„. co„rh;for„i, (hnelin. 
 •^l!llil<l'<p;» i,nnnc„rt!c!s l\\]cy. 
 •IV'-oglyjiluis mains (Siiiincr). 
 ''lf'(c»« «(,(/i/;v Shinier. 
 
 Chionnsj.i,sfurfiu-us (Fitch). 
 -^^xpldiotuH/itrfin;,., Fitch 
 
 I'' 'il'l.'i oonqnisitor (Say). 
 
 Gi-t//,fiig vuiiqninitnr Say 
 .-, . *' * 
 
 Ncd: 
 
 lonoa leucnniio (Kirlv 
 
 rarisld It 
 
 p.). 
 
 vncuiiui 
 
 Zo 
 
 0-'iomas,aconci„na(S„,.A-.Abh) 
 ^""-'odouta r,„ot„na S,n. & Abb 
 
 Aru.so,,teryxvcrnuta(Pcck> 
 ,. ^ ^^/'"^'■"" '-ovm^,, |.,,|._ 
 
 -^. ■» otlisus sj,inosu.« (Dallas). 
 
 ■8-l'iatysan,iaC.cropia,Li„„.) 
 ^""'•"* r«vo;;/„ r,in„. 
 '-""^'■•i miii-ia- (Kiley), 
 Ohulc!<i men;,;- ww^y 
 
 3- Ccolodasys unicornis (^.n.^t.^bb) 
 
 f""-^-""""W»/«Sm..tAbb ■ 
 ^- Tulypc vcllchi (St„l|j. 
 
 ''■"*"■";""•//« ,•.//.</„ Stull 
 
 • ^'7«i'"-"~^''<'<'Mna (Harris). 
 
 ' ^7''"'='"^">-""'MLeIiaroni." 
 i liycMS in.ligcnclla (Zeller). 
 
 ^ -'/'.'y .« "ci„/o WaLvl,. 
 Tachina ,,hycit:o (Le Jtnron) 
 
 ■linet)ccra.,ccllana(Schitr). 
 "■tn\r ocelhnu, SchitF. 
 I'i'iitl,;,,,, ur„h,n,t lliirri.. 
 
 niphollth 
 
 -lO. Teia.sCi.ulercllad 
 
 ")7ri 
 
 " OC II III UK C 
 
 (liiley). 
 
 111. Kilt. 
 
 •f Cinder,//,, i^ji 
 
 I'y. 
 42; 
 
7 
 
 426 
 
 SyNONVMICAL LIST. 
 
 41. Plioxopteris nubeculana (CIj-iii.). 
 
 Aiir/ii/lnpcra nuhcculnna Cleiu. 
 43. Nulaphana malnna (Fitch). 
 
 /{rarhfjtmiin malana Fitcli. 
 4t. Yi»Pfil()plius poinctellus (Harris). 
 
 likinotid pomelellus Harris. 
 
 Ohwtochi'lui paiiietel/iis Fitch. 
 4.'). Ajjrotis saiicia (Jliibiu'r). 
 
 Agrotin incnniii Harris. 
 A^'rotis clniidestina (Harris). 
 
 A'</t7i((( cla)iilcgtiiia Harris. 
 ■17. llugonia siibsignaria (Hiibnor). 
 
 Endalinia aiibsir/iiaiin Hiibncr. 
 
 /■.'uiioiiioa niil/si'</iniiiii Paciianl. 
 48. Pliobetron pithccium (Sin. & Al)b.). 
 
 Limacoclea pilheciiDii ^m, & Abb. 
 6J. Odoutota rosea (Weber). 
 
 Ilispa rosea AVcber. 
 
 Uispa mavginata Say. 
 57. Adalia bipunctata (Linn.). 
 
 Cocchiella hipnnvtaia Linn. 
 CycIoneJa sanj^uinea (Linn.). 
 
 CoccincUa Hanguinca Linn. 
 
 Cocchiella ynuuda Say. 
 Megilla maculata (De Geer). 
 
 CocciuiUa maculatn Do Gcer. 
 
 Hippodamia maeiilala Muls. 
 Anatis ]5-punctata (Oliv.). 
 
 Mysia 15-punctata Oliv, 
 Huvmonia picta (Rand). 
 
 Coccinella picta Rand. 
 61. Sciara niali (Fitch). 
 
 Molobrtii) iiKili Fiteli. 
 64. Lithophane antcnnata Walker. 
 
 Xyllna cincrca Rilej'. 
 t37. Oncidcres cingiilatus (Say). 
 
 Saperda cinguhtta Say. 
 68. Xyleborus pyri (Peck). 
 
 Scolytua piyri Peck. 
 
 Tomicus pyri Harris. 
 71. Lygus lineolaris (P. Beauv.). 
 
 Oapsut lineolaris P. Reauv. 
 
 Capsus oblineatns Say. 
 73. Poniphopooa aenea (Say). 
 
 Lylta aenca Say. 
 77. Cotalpa lunigera (Linn.). 
 
 Areodn lunigera Linn. 
 
 ' 81. Euphoria Inda (Linn.). 
 Vftonia Inda Linn. 
 82. Euphoria melancholica ((iory). 
 
 Crtunia inelancliolica (Jory. 
 84. Apatela occidentalis ((i. <t R.l. 
 
 Arronyila occidentalis (J. & R. 
 8.0. Apatela suporans ((iiicn.). 
 
 Acronycia superaun (iucn. 
 88. Telea polyphenuis (Linn.). 
 I Attncua polyphcinns Tjinn. 
 
 95. Cocectoriis scutellaris (Loc). 
 
 Anthnnoinun prnnicidn Walsh. 
 98. Phloeutribiis iiininaris (Harris). 
 ToinicHS Iiininaris Harris. 
 101). Ithycorusnoveborncensis (Foruer). 
 
 Ithyrerns riircnlionidi-' Herbst. 
 101. Ptyohoionia persicana (Fitch). 
 CnvKia persicana Fitch. 
 Lozotirnia fragariana Packard, 
 104. Dicorcadivarieata (Say). 
 
 Biiprestis divarieata Say. 
 
 109. Crcpidodera Ilelxines (Linn.). 
 
 AHica nana Say. 
 
 110. CallDsainia Prumetliea (Drury). 
 
 Allacns Prometliea Drury. 
 112. Hyperchiria lo (Linn.). 
 
 Satnrnia lo Linn. 
 114. Caeoccia oerasivorana (Fitch). 
 
 Lozottvnia cerasivorana Fitch. 
 117. Thecla titus Fabr. 
 
 Thecla mopstts Boisd. it Lee. 
 KiO. Sinoxylon basilare (Sjy). 
 
 Apatc Ixisilaris Say. 
 lol. Anipcloglyptcr Sesostris (Leo.). 
 
 liaridiua Sesostr s Lee. 
 
 Madams vitis Riley. 
 l.'?2. Darapsa myron (Cramer). 
 
 CIdvrocainpa pampinatrijc Sm. 
 133. Philanipelus Pandoras (Hlibner). 
 
 Philampelus satellilia Linn. 
 144. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus 
 
 (Fitch). 
 
 Pterojihonts periscelidactylus 
 
 Fitch. 
 
 147. Pyrophila pyrauiidoides (Ouen.). 
 
 A'.nphipyra pyramidoides Ouen. 
 
 148. Pyrophila tragopoginis (Linn.). 
 
 Agrotia repressus Grote. 
 
SiWONVMICAL LIST. 
 
 427 
 
 in. 
 
 ,lk-a (dory)- 
 
 tUcn (lory. 
 
 ciifa/ii G. «t U- 
 [(iuen.l. 
 ■dUK (iiien. 
 (Linn.). 
 ^iiiiia Tiinn. 
 avis (Koc.l. 
 „,„•,. .-Ja Wal^h. 
 
 („•(■« Uiinis. 
 racensis(Foivtcr). 
 
 „/;oM.-</'- Ilevbst. 
 ;iei\iia (Fitoli). 
 nii<( Fiteb. 
 ,3„,.;..Ma Packard, 
 ita (Say). 
 arkala Say. 
 ilxiues (Linn.). 
 
 Say. 
 
 iinctliea (Drury) 
 ncthea Drury. 
 (Linn.). 
 
 liinn. 
 
 vorana (Fitt'b). 
 
 maivo'uua Fitch. 
 
 ibr. 
 !,,« BoisJ. & IiCC. 
 
 liaro (Say). 
 i-Ih Say. 
 Sesostris (Lcc). 
 
 Isosd- « Lee. 
 lis Kiley. 
 
 (Cramer). 
 K 2)fl»'^)i)i«(r/x Sm. 
 •andorus (Iliibner). 
 saiellilia Linn, 
 iscclidactylua 
 
 (Fitch). 
 periBeeUdactylnx 
 ' Fitch, 
 
 lamidoides (Oucn.). 
 )yramidoides Gucn. 
 ;o[)Oginis (Linn.). 
 rensns Gtote. 
 
 150. Graptodcrn chalybea (Illig.). 
 
 Ilitlticu ili(tli/he<i Illig. 
 1 j2. I'idia longipes (Mels.) 
 
 /^<ic}iit<:plioni8 louiji/H.i Mcls. 
 157. Krythronoura vitis (Harris). 
 
 'J'ettitjoitia vitin ]Luri<. 
 165. Cyrtopliyllus concavii.s (Harris). 
 
 Platijphyllum coHcavuni Harris. 
 Phyllopteraoblongifolia(DeGeer). 
 
 Locusta ohlonglfoUa Do Gecr. 
 
 171. Eudomis botrana (Schiff). 
 
 Potthtna vitivnrann (W. it R.). 
 
 172. Craponius ina;qualis (Say). 
 
 Ceutofhyiichita insequalis Say. 
 176. Oborca bimaculata Oliv. 
 
 Obrrea tripuiictcita Fabr. 
 181. Apatcla brumosa Grote. 
 
 Aronycta verrilll! Grote. 
 1S3. Chelymorpha Argus Lcicli. 
 
 Chelymorpha cribran'a Fabr. 
 184. Synchlora rubivoraria (Riley). 
 
 Aplodes rnhtvora Riley. 
 
 191. Tylodernia fragariw (Riley). 
 
 Analcis frarjarim Riley. 
 
 192. Pho.xopteris fragariw (W. k R.). 
 
 Anchylopera frar/aria; W. & R. 
 
 193. Eccopsis permundana (Clement^). 
 
 Exartcma permundana ('leniens, 
 
 194. Apatela oblinita (Sm. A Abb.). 
 
 Acronycta oblinita Sni. & Abb. 
 
 195. Agrotis Ypsilon (Rott.). 
 
 A grot is siiffiiaa D. & S. 
 
 Afjrotia telifcra Harris, 
 Agrotis subgothica (Haworth). 
 
 Agrotis jacnlifera Guen. 
 Hadena devastatrix (Rrace). 
 
 Agrotis devastator Harris. 
 
 196. Paria sex-notata (Say). 
 
 Colaspis scx-notata Say. 
 
 197. Pbyllotrcta vittata (Fabr.). 
 
 Crioccris vittata Fabr. 
 Phyllotreta striolata Illig. 
 Haltica striolata Harris. 
 
 203. Psenocerus supernotatus (Say). 
 ClytiiH DVjiernotatHx Say. 
 
 208. Eulitchia ribearia (Fitch). 
 
 KUoj)ia ribearia F'ifcli. 
 
 209. Grapta prognc (Cram.). 
 
 Vanessa progiie Cram. 
 212. Pu.'cilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.). 
 Lygirus lineatus Fabr. 
 Capsus Jf-ritt(itns Say. 
 
 215. Epochra Canadensis (Loew). 
 
 Trypeta Canadensis Loew. 
 
 216. Eiulroiiia arii;ataria (Herr. Sch.). 
 
 J'riuryla arniataria llerr. .""(di. 
 219. l>akruma convolutella (Hiibn.). 
 Zophodia convolutella lliilin. 
 Pempelia i,ro8sulariiv Packard. 
 Myelois convolutella Packard. 
 
 223. Crepidodera cucunieris (llarri.--). 
 
 Jliiltica cucumeris Harri.-'. 
 
 224. Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.). 
 
 Phukellui hyalinatalis lann. 
 
 225. Eudioptis iiitidalis (Cram.). 
 
 Phake.llura iiitidalis Cram. 
 
 227. Rhopobota vacciniana (Packard). 
 
 Anchylopera vaccinia n<i 
 
 Packard. 
 
 228. Tcras oxyeoccana (Packard). 
 
 Tortrix nxycoccana Packard. 
 
 229. Tcras vacciniivorana (Packard). 
 
 Tortrix vacciniivora)ta Packard. 
 239. Papilio crcsjjhontes Fabr. 
 
 J'apilio thoas Boisd. 
 241. Platynota rostrana (Walker). 
 
 Teras rostrana Walkev. 
 258. Ccroplastes Floridcnsis Conistock. 
 
 Ceroplastea rusci Linn. 
 
 (A.'hmcad) 
 264. Cycloneda abdominalis (.Say). 
 
 Coccinella abdoininalii Say. 
 266. AUorhina nitida (Linn.). 
 
 Cotinis ititida Linn. 
 
\4< 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abljot Ppliinx, 2,73. 
 Aciiriis mains, -li.',5. 
 AclitMiioM Spliinx, L'')l). 
 A(M•ol)a^;■ iti.ligciella., (25. 
 AcTonjota oblinita, 127. 
 " oc'fidontalis, 126. 
 
 ."•'iilicrnns, ■)2('). 
 " vuiTillii, 127. 
 
 Ai'utali.-! (](n-.«alis, 280. 
 A(lalia l)i]iuiic'tata, 121, 420. 
 ^Egciia ouciirbitH', '.U]]. 
 exitiosa, lOI. 
 '■ Iioii.-^iironnis, 22'J. 
 " P.yii, IK). 
 
 " lubi, ;;i)n. 
 
 " tipiilifdni.is, .'',;',(;. 
 Agriliis niliooliis, ,■',07. 
 
 Aijrotis clanilcstina, Ids, Ji'O. 
 " Cocbranii, 1(17, 
 ilovastator, 127. 
 " inorinis, .|2(). 
 " jainililcni, 127. 
 " i-eprossiis, ■I2{i. 
 
 siiucbi, lOfi, .|2t). 
 " fcixndens, 107. 
 " ."iibgutliica, ;]28, 12- 
 
 " SurtlLSl, .127. 
 
 " lolifora, 127. 
 " ti->,>^..lla(a, .'i'l'S. 
 
 " Y|,Mlon. ;!27, 127. 
 
 Alans (iculatns, 25. 
 
 Alkaliiu' wasiics, .IK), 
 
 Alliirhina iiiliiln, .|2|,' .127. 
 
 Altica nana, I2(;. 
 
 Al.v|iia iii'toniai'ulatii, 2ii2. 
 
 Ainliignons lii|ipu,laniia, I 
 
 Aniei-icaii Iniijict-nhilb, S7 
 " I'rociis, 2(),5, 
 
 Anipcloglvptor Si',<()siri.j, 21.!, .|2(i. 
 Ainphiccni.s liicandatng, ;!,'!, |2j. 
 Anipliidas.ws I'ognataiia, ,'!l!). " 
 Anipbipvia pyiaini<Ioido.*, .12() 
 Ainili'i.s Ci-agaiia', 127. 
 Anar.-iia limatclla, ;I2I. 
 An;ili.-f l,").pnniitata, 12,\ 120, 
 Amdiylopcra IVagaiiic, 12'" 
 
 nnlii'cnlana, •120, 
 \!ii'i'ininna, 127, 
 Angorona croi-alai-ia, ;ilS. 
 Aiiguliir-winged katydid ;!8;i. 
 
 10. 
 
 Anisopteryx pnnietiiria, 01, 
 
 vcinata, 04, 425 
 Anoniala Imdoola, 281, 
 Anthonomn.-: in-uniuida. 420, 
 
 •inadrigiblMis, 133. 
 " sntiiralis, ;;75, 
 
 Apatc lia.'ilan.s, 420. 
 Apatid;: l)iMuno.'in, 313, 42(i, 
 " oblinita, 325, 427, 
 " iieciiiL'ntali.5. 1 05, 420. 
 " supcrans. 100. 420. 
 Aidielinu.'< aspidioticola, 3113, 
 " inali, 15, 1<), 495. 
 
 inytilaspidis, 42. 
 Aplii.-; niali. 121. 
 
 " nialifdlia', 121. 
 " in-unil'olii, Jxi. 
 " ril(i.«, 35]. 
 " vitis. 2111. 
 Aplirophora 4-notata, 242. 
 [ " i^ignorcti, 2 12. 
 
 I Apif nicllifica, ;{(i|. 
 A)do(l(',< rnbivora, 127. 
 Apple bark bootic, 21. 
 A|ijde-biid worm, !»0. 
 Apple eiiieulio, 133, 
 " fl.v, 137, 
 " Mopua, 30. 
 " I-yonetin, lltl, 
 " iiiMggut. 135, 
 " midge, 130, 
 '■ Sphinx, SO, 
 " Tbiip,-, 13S. 
 " woi)lly-I(iusp, 27. 
 Apple-leaf apliii.., I:'|. 
 
 " ]!necnlaliix, 1 IS. 
 
 " miner. II4. ,31 7. 320, 
 " .«e\ver, \)'.), 
 
 fkelelDiiizer, I1M.I. 
 Apple rout pliinl-lonse, 1.3. 
 Apple-treo aphis, 121. 
 
 Ijorer, lial-beaded, 20 lOii 
 
 bmcr, ronnd-headed, 10, 100. 
 ISII, 11)1), ' 
 
 " cnse-bearer, 1 15, 
 
 caterpillar, ri'd luiniped, 02. 
 Iflo, 220, 
 
 calerpillar, yelluw-iieekcd, 
 
 Oil, 
 
 •J'JIt 
 
430 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Applc-trec pruncr, ;^1. 
 
 " tcnt-catei|)illnr, 47, 189, 220. 
 Apple-twig borer, ;;;J. 160, 22", 301. 
 Apple-worm, many-dotted, 101. 
 Arctia fc^p., ^^72. 
 vVrcoda hinigera, 42G. 
 Arma inodesta, 290. 
 •' spiiiosa, ■12;'). 
 Artipiis Floridaniis-, .TS.T. 
 A>li-},'ra.v pillion, i:!8, 200. 
 A.-ii.v-grisy lady-bir.l, -114. 
 Asipidiotu.-; au.antii, 3'Jj. 
 •• uerafi, 204. 
 
 " eonc'hilormis, 425. 
 
 " eydoniw, 222. 
 
 " ficiis, 3U(). 
 
 " i'lirtunis, 425. 
 
 llarrisii, 41, 425. 
 " iierii, 3'J6. 
 
 rapiix, 423. 
 A^iiidifof, spleiidorirereila, 117. 
 Att.ieus Cecropia, 425. 
 " ])olyplieiiiiis, 420. 
 " r<-omethea, 420. 
 
 Daridiiis Pesoftris, 426. 
 
 Ijr.ri'.aoie scale, 102. 
 
 Basliet-wonu, or bag-worm, 139, 161, 
 
 19(1, 2110, 2:'!, 222. 
 lieautiful wood-nymph, 258. 
 Hees. 190. 
 
 lilaeii l)aeked tree-hopper, 289. 
 IJlaekberrv bark-louse, 319. 
 
 " ' llea-lous^e, 320. 
 Blackberry, pitliv gall of, 31 S. 
 
 " seed-like gall of, 319. 
 
 lilaek scale of California, 407. 
 Uliiid-eyed Sphinx, Sy, 189. 
 IJlue-spMngied peach-tree caterpillar, 
 
 i;;9, 101, 197, 221. 
 Blue yellow-cloaked Chalcid. 392. 
 liostridiufi biciudatii.-^, 425. 
 Bound tree-bug, 290. 
 BrachytuMiia malana, 420. 
 Bracon eharus, 21. 
 Broail necked Prionus, 100, 227. 
 liroiid i^calc, Kll. 
 Broad-wingcil katydid, 201. 
 liucculatrix piimiloliella, 118. 
 Bii'.Valo treeiiopiier, 45, 200. 
 Biipresti.'^ divaricata, 420. 
 
 '* fcmiirata, 125. 
 BythoseopUJ* clitell.iriiis, 188. 
 By liiriis unioolor, 319. 
 
 ('acweia ecrasivoruna, 215, 420, 
 
 " rosaceana, 99, 426. 
 Cactus lady-bird, 415. 
 Calliniorplia lieconlei var. fulvicosta, 
 
 197. 
 Callosamia I'rometlica, 205, 126. 
 
 Caloptenas femur-rubrum, 157. 
 
 " spretus, 157. 
 
 Calosoma calidum, 57, 7(1. 
 
 " scrutator, 57. 
 
 Campyloneur.a vitripennis, 288. 
 Canadian Osmia, 331. 
 Canker-worms, 64, 189, 220. 
 Capsu;; liueolaris, 420. 
 
 " oblineatus, 120.' 
 
 " 4-vittatus, 427. 
 Carpocapsa jiomonella, 127. 
 Catocahi ultronia, 177. 
 Cecidorayic "^94. 
 
 " grossularitv, .359. 
 
 ■>p.. 
 
 73. 
 
 Cecropia Clialcis fly, 
 " Cry])tu?, 7. 
 
 " emperor-moi.,, 73, 101, 189, 
 220. 353. 
 Ceresa biibajus, 15. 
 Cerupla^tes cirri|icdifoniiis, 102. 
 
 " I'loridensis, 402, 427. 
 
 " rusci, 104, 127. 
 
 Cetonia Inda, 426. 
 
 " melaneliolica, 420. 
 Ceutorlivnehus inwqualis, 127. 
 Cbair scale, 401. 
 Chalcis mariie, 425. 
 Chauliognathus Ainericanus, 185. 
 Cheekeied lustie, 328. 
 Chelymor]iha argtis, 315, 427. 
 
 " cribraria, 127. 
 
 Cberry-biig, 229. 
 Cherry-tree barl<-lou.-e, 293. 
 
 " plant-lous'.', 211). 
 
 " scale-insect, 291. 
 
 " Thecla, 219. 
 
 " Torlrix, 215. 
 
 Chilochorus bivulnerus, 43. 
 
 '* cacti, 115, 
 
 Cliionaspis furfurus, 44, 425. 
 Chcjcrocampa ]iam|piiuitrix, 426. 
 Clio'tochilus ciiiitiibernalflliis, 104. 
 
 '' malifoiielliis, 105. 
 
 " )iom('lellus, 4 20. 
 
 Chrysobotlnis fenio ata, 20, 425. 
 Clir'ysopa, 126, l^5, 312. 
 
 " citri,418. 
 
 Cicada sept ended m, 35. 
 
 " tibicc!!, 20,1. 
 Cidaria diversilineata, 270. 
 
 " 8p., 372. 
 CireuUir eeule, .'190. 
 Clasiiptera proteus, 374. 
 Cliiiibing cut-worms, 195, 335. 
 Clisiociinipii Amerieiina, 47, 
 
 " fylvaliea, 52. 
 
 Cloaked Chrysomela, 121, 
 Clyttis siipernolatiis, 427. 
 Coccinella nbduminalis, 427. 
 " bipuiictata, 420. 
 
•ubiuiii, 157. 
 , l;-)7. 
 67, 70. 
 , 57. 
 
 ipennis, 2S8. 
 ;'.). 
 
 , 189, 220. 
 J 2(1. 
 .12().' 
 427. 
 
 ella, 127. 
 177. 
 
 ilariiv, .'>i>9. 
 
 173. 
 
 l.v. ' ^ 
 
 7'. 
 
 moi.,, 7;^, 1(11, 189, 
 
 >?>. 
 
 difonnis, 102. 
 jiisis, U»2, 427. 
 104, 427. 
 
 ioa, 42(). 
 equulif'', 427. 
 
 iiericaiui.", 185. 
 
 }2S. 
 
 s, 1^15, 427. 
 
 aria, 427. 
 
 oufO, 2(1.'!. 
 
 louse, 210. 
 
 nsi'ct, 204. 
 
 I, 210. 
 
 X, 215._ 
 
 loni.", 41). 
 
 115. 
 
 IS, 44, 425. 
 
 jiinatrix, 420. 
 
 iboniak'llui', 104. 
 
 aliolliis, 105. 
 
 tell us, 420. 
 
 .) atii, 20, 425. 
 
 •|,;!42. 
 
 18. 
 
 in, 35. 
 
 .'i. 
 
 •atn, 270. 
 
 «, :i74. 
 
 ns, 105, WAb. 
 iinina, 47, 
 [ica, 52. 
 !la. 121. 
 IS, 427. 
 iniiliy, 427. 
 lata, 420. 
 
 Coccinella maculiita, 420. 
 
 ^" iuun<la, 124, 420. 
 
 novum-notat.a, 124 
 picta, ..'•„. 
 
 5-iiotat;. var. Califoi 
 417. 
 " ^n.n;r;uino.'i, 420. 
 
 •^occophagus co;riiy,tu.s, 405 
 <-0(!C()torus .sciitollai-is, l.s; '40(5 
 Codlin- moth, 127, 101. VM)~'m 
 Lwlo,l,.sys unicornis, 80, 425 
 tola.«pis Ijrunnt'a, 282. 
 
 sex-notiUa, 427. 
 Coleophora, nialiv'or<;lla, 11', 
 Coniuly lady-bird, 124. 
 Coniinon nioal^'-buj;, 410. 
 Comrade iialmor-ivorm, |"o4 
 (.oinys blc(dor, 405. 
 Conotrauhflus cratiDt(i, 225. 
 „ " iifnuphar, ISO. 
 
 Converjrent iady-biid, 124, 41.-! 
 ropper-spottud Calosoma, 57, 7() 
 (-onmcia'na puiicaiia, .^|f. 
 Cotalpa iani^roi-a, 1^4, 42(5" 
 < otinis nitida,427. 
 Cotton-stainer, ,'^S7. 
 Jranborry aphis, ;jr4. 
 
 IVuit-worm, ?,7^) 
 g=i'l-fl.V, ;i7;i. 
 saw-fl.v. .■!7;i. 
 " f^pan-v.orm, ;!72. 
 
 ,^ spittlo insect, o74. 
 
 wuevil, ;!-5. 
 worm, .'109. 
 < i-aponiiis ina>quii!is, ;!no, 427 
 trepidodt'i-ii euinimeris, ;!04,"'42r. 
 
 n ,' 'I'''-"^'iiL's, 204,420." 
 
 tresphontcs buttordy, ;i77. 
 Cri()(j(M-is vittata, 427. 
 Ci'oesia por.sjuana, 42('i. 
 t'ryptu.s oonniiisitoi-, 425. 
 extroinatis, 79. 
 " ;?nilhit()r, 21. 
 " inquisitor. 225. 
 Ciu'umbcr lien booth', .","17 .-JUf 
 I 'ill-rant Ainpliidasys, 1 90,';! 19.' 
 An;,'oiui;;:,' ,;;i,j, ;;4s. " 
 " I'liriiioiiso, ;i:is. 
 'I burer, American, .'!.')7. 
 
 " ;i"l"Mted, ;i;iO. .330. 
 I'.naropia, ;J5;!, ;i,v(. 
 Il.v, ;i52. 
 
 IVuit-worm, ;i52. 
 plant-louse, ;i51. 
 
 span-worm. :f44, ;{5fi, ;i60 
 ^-iit-wonn.'<, ;i27. 
 
 r.,.i " , ,"''"''J'»»,'- '05. .-i.'LV 
 I'yoloneda abdoniinali.s, 4| | 4i>7, 
 
 nica. 
 
 • < 
 
 it 
 
 fyrt'-divll 
 
 oeiihita, 41 ; 
 
 san^'uinea, 124. 11 (, 420. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 IJactylopius adonidum, 110. 
 destructor. 111. 
 ^ , " longifilis, 412. 
 
 iJakrumaconvoliiteila, ;i,-,7 4'>7 
 Uarapsa myroii, 24 t, 420. 
 Bark-sided ciit-woriii. 107 
 JJark-veinod Deilophihi, 250 
 Oatana miiiistra, 00. 
 I>eilephila cdiamicnorii, 250. 
 
 " lineata, 254. 
 
 Delicate lonij-stiu"-, ];;•' 
 I>osmia mac'ulalis.^i'OO."' 
 Destructive moalv-bii" II I 
 
 Diabrotica 12-punctat7i'. .Ids'. 
 " vittata, .'502. 
 
 Diastrophus cuscutajforiiiis, ;;19. 
 
 J.. " nebulosus, ;;i,s. 
 
 Dicerca divnricata, 201. 420 
 
 Diplosis grassator, 239. 
 
 Disippu.s butterfly, lOS, 221. 
 
 divaricated I5upi-esti.«, 199 om 
 
 Dog-day Cicada, 2();!. ' " " 
 
 r)roso|p|iihi, v^ !;{-_ 
 
 Hynastes tityii.s, 202. 
 Dysdoreus suturclltis. ;i>7. 
 
 Eccopsis malana, 90. 
 
 " pormund.uia, 324, 127 
 
 l\gg para.sito, 170. 
 
 l';ight-.sp()tted forester, 202. 
 
 i^la|diidion paralloliiiii, 33. 
 ? ., vilb'.-iim, 31. 
 
 i'llopia nbearia, 427. 
 
 Kliii-bark beetle, 195. 
 
 lynphytus niaciilatus, .'!,'!2. 
 
 I'|iiiprelia, stimiiloa, I I.;. 
 
 Kiichoiiopa binotata, 24" 
 
 i';neyrtu.s flavus, 40O. 
 
 " iii(|uisitor;'ll2. 
 lyidropia armataria, 354, (27. 
 i-niiomos .''iibsigiiaria 420. 
 KpiciiMus imbricatu.s, ';f5, 425. 
 I'd'O'dira Canadensis, 352, 427 
 
 431 
 
 Eriophihis mali. 
 
 Hrio.soiua py.^i, 42,-j. 
 
 Krythroiieiira viti.s, 2S0, 127. 
 
 Kiidaliiiia siibsii^iiaria, 42(r. " 
 
 I'-udioptis hyaliiiafa, 305, 127. 
 " nitidalis, ;107, 427. ' 
 I'iiidoinis botrana. 299, 427, 
 Eudryas grata, 25S. 
 " uirio, 2(il. 
 Hulitohia ribearia, .'! I I, 427. 
 Kii.^'onia.subsignaria, 111, 420. 
 iMiinenos Iratornus, 7(1. 
 Kiilielmus niiiabilis, 3.^5. 
 Euphoria Lnda, 159, 420 
 
 K - 1 ... ■ 
 
 Hiipith 
 
 ii.'< eoncavus 
 
 -'01, 4: 
 
 ':art 
 
 niohinch(dioa, I On, 420. 
 'I'la interruploraseialii, 352, 
 
 L'liia periniindaiia, 42: 
 l!ixoeli(jiiiii.s eoiitrisditus, 118. 
 
432 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Exoristii Icucania?, 42.'>. 
 
 • " iihycitie, 42.- 
 Eyed Cj'cloiu;(lii, 41 T 
 
 " KlatLT, 2.i. 
 Eye-spotted Inid-uioth, 95, 161, 189, 221. 
 
 Fall wcb-worm, 71, 101, 189, 22(1, 302, 
 
 ;U7, 32U, 3:)3. 
 Fiilia loiigipes, 282, 42". 
 Fifteen-spotted lady-bird, 125. 
 Fig-eater, 424. 
 Fiut-lioaded apple-tree borer, 20, 160, 
 
 189, 199. 
 Flea-like negro-bug, 317, 320, 335. 
 Fliesi, golden-eyed, 12(). 
 
 " laee-winged, 126. 
 Florida Cerojjlastes, 402. 
 Forest tent-eaterpillar, 52, 189, 220. 
 Four-spotted Spittle inseet, 242. 
 Four-striped plant-bug, 350. 
 Fraternal potter-wasp, 70. 
 
 Gartered plume-moth, 268. 
 Gastropacha Americana, 87. 
 
 " vcUeda, 425. 
 
 Gaurax aneliora, 79. 
 (ilassy I'ut-worm, 329. 
 Glassy-winged soldier-bug, 288. 
 (Jlistening eranberry-motli, 370. 
 Glyptoseeiis cryptieus, 121. 
 (Jolden-eyed Hies, 12(). 
 Goldsmith beetle, 154, 334. 
 (iooseberry tVuit-worni, ;j53, 357. 
 
 '■ midge, 359. 
 
 Gortyna nitela, 334. 
 Grape-berry moth, 298. 
 Gra]jc curculiiv ;>00. 
 
 " leal-gall louse, 232, 288. 
 " Phylloxera, 231. 
 Gra])e-seed insect, 290. 
 Graj)c-\ ine aphis, 290. 
 
 " a|)ple-gnll, 295. 
 
 " bark- louse, 241. 
 
 Cidaria, 270. 
 
 Colaspis, 282. 335. 
 
 Epimeiiis, 2()4. 
 
 Fidia, 282. 
 
 filbert-gall, 293. 
 
 (lea -beetle, I '10, 277. 
 
 loul'-hopiier, 2S(i. 
 
 leaf-roller, 20(1. 
 
 root -borer, 229. 
 
 ';iw-lly, 2S5. 
 
 loiiiafi'i-gall, 29 1. 
 
 Avound-gall, 24.'!. 
 ( !;'iiph(dilhii ocuiana, 125. 
 (irapla juognc, .''16, 127. 
 (iraptodera clialvbcii, 277, 427. 
 Grassho|i|iers, 139, 157. 
 Gray dagger-moth, 1.".9, 165, 221. 
 <Jrea;iy cut-worm, 327. 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 Greedy scale-insoct, 423. 
 Green apple-leaf-tyer, 98. 
 
 " caterpillar-hunter, 57. 
 Green-faced locust, 158. 
 Green gra]ie-vine Sphinx, 244. 
 
 " ])ear-tree slug, 153. 
 
 ITadena dcvastatrix, 329, 427. 
 Ilag-moth caterpillar, 112, 221. 
 Hairy cranberry caterpillar, 372. 
 llaltica chalyboa, 427. 
 
 " cucumeris, 427. 
 
 " striolata, 427. 
 Harnioiiia picta, 125, 426. 
 Harpalufl I'cnsy ivaiiicus, 185. 
 Harris's bark-louse, 44. 
 Hemiteles nemativorus, 342. 
 
 " thyridopteryx, 225. 
 
 Heini8])herical scale, 409. 
 Ili])l)0ilauiia aniliigua, 41(). 
 
 convcrgens, 125. 
 13-punctata, 124. 
 " niaculata, 426. 
 
 Hispa marginata, 426. 
 
 " rosea, 426. 
 Honey bee, 301. 
 Hoplo])hora arctata, 239. 
 lloriictl S])an-worm, I()7, 335. 
 Ilybcrnia tiliaria, 109. 
 II vperasjiidius coccidivora, 418. 
 llypcrchiria lo, 209, 426. 
 lly])hantria textor, 71. 
 
 Icerya purchasi, 400. 
 Ichneumon la^us, 52. 
 Imbricated snout-beetle, 35, 220. 
 Im[)orted currant-borer, 33(i, ,"156, 360. 
 
 " currant-worm, .'i.'19. 
 Indian Cetonia, 159, 200, 302. 
 To em]icror-moth, 139, 209, 353. 
 Iridescent Serica, 156. 
 Isosonia. vitis, 29('). 
 Ithycerus curculionides, 426. 
 
 " novelioraccnsis, 196, 42G. 
 
 Kerosene emulsion, 421. 
 
 Lace-winged Hies, l*?!'., 185, 240. 
 Lachnnstcrna fuscii, 212. 
 Ladvbiril, ashv-g.ay, 414. 
 '" blooil red, 414. 
 
 " cactus. 115. 
 
 " comely, 124. 
 
 " convcrgi'ul, 124, 413. 
 
 '• eyed, 417. 
 
 " 11 ft ecu -spot ted, 125. 
 
 " llvc-spotied, 1 17. 
 
 " nine-spotted, 121, 413. 
 
 " painted, 125. 
 
 idain, 121, 413, 415. 
 spotted, 125, 413. 
 
, -423. 
 er, 1)8. 
 iintcr, 57. 
 1J8. 
 phinx, 244. 
 
 :, 329, 427. 
 
 iu-, 112, 221. 
 
 lerpillar, 372. 
 
 ,27. 
 
 427. 
 
 27. 
 
 :>, 420. 
 
 iiioii^, IS.J. 
 
 ,44. 
 
 inis, 342. 
 
 teryx, 22j. 
 
 L>, 409. 
 
 uii, 410. 
 
 •gens, 12.^. 
 
 ictiita, 124. 
 
 II til, 420. 
 
 120. 
 
 I, 239. 
 
 I, 107, 335. 
 
 109. 
 
 idivora, 418. 
 
 il, 420. 
 
 , 71. 
 
 10. 
 
 »2. 
 
 )cotlo, 35, 220. 
 
 joriT, 330, 350, 300. 
 
 ivorin, 339. 
 
 9, 2110, 302. 
 
 1 39, 209, 353. 
 
 150. 
 
 lidcs, 420. 
 K'ciisi.s, 190, 420, 
 
 ,421. 
 
 i";;, IS5, 240. 
 
 I, 212. 
 ■i-y, 414. 
 ed, 414. 
 1 1 5. 
 , 1 24. 
 
 tent, 124, 413. 
 17. 
 
 siiiittcd, 125. 
 )tt(Ml, 417. 
 olt.'d, 124, 413. 
 I, 125. 
 
 124, 413. 415. 
 . 125, 413. 
 
 L.'"I.V-ljird, thirtccn-.pottod. 124. 
 ,^ twice-siiibbod. ■J3, 41; 
 
 t\vo-spot(fd, 124 
 i'.'i^'oM (•n.-^p.itii, irij. 
 ''i'liiiii iieuliloi:,,42.-,. 
 ['»rf,'o gruon tl■(■L.-bu;,^ 290 
 l/:i,-iopierii vitis, 29.'i7 
 r^''Ml-cMii„pier, 93. 189. 2(10 "-'I 
 i't'al-cuttinij l)(.e, 17;, ' '" > 
 
 ["■Mf-(o(.tod phiiit-bii'jr' ysG 
 I'tJcnniiini, 319. 
 
 ffi-asiffx, 203. 
 
 _' jiuinispliieiici -loj), 
 
 _^ ''•^'spuridmii, 4(14. 
 
 'iit';u, 407. 
 " pi;i-sic'iju, 195. 
 
 I'.yn, 144,203. 
 fibis, ;!;{>s. 
 ■I'pto-lossiis phvllopiis, 3S0 
 l-i'pto.tvhis iuuililVn-. 2" 4--/ 
 ^(',<s(.rMi)pk.-l,,,C MdvA: -)"•>■ 
 .iglit-l„vin- AiicMialii, ",S,| " 
 -niiiie(H|,.s pillicciuiM, 4"(1 
 ^iin<-'nitis,lisip,,„s. IDS, I'i.s 
 . " tiisiil:i, 217 
 
 -mie-troo ,vi.it,.r-motli, Km 
 ''i"pus fiicctus, 30. 
 
 I'lpanisiiiibritiatus, 425. 
 
 I'lSt of .«Vlll,||y||,(..«, 42j.' 
 
 f'itlni(;i((li..s lasfiola, ify' 
 I-itlio,.o!l,.(i,sge„,i„.,tGila, 14(1 
 'I'liophaiie antc^nnata, l.'is 40/j 
 "-eiista, oblon-ifoli,,, 4:..7 ' 
 I. "ousts, 157. 
 
 ''Oiiir-hdrnod bnror, •>■> 
 
 I-oiig scale, 392. 
 
 I'ong-tailed Ophion, 7S 
 
 Lozofa'nia..cTasivoi'aiia, 420. 
 ]' lVa,-Mriaii;i, 420. 
 
 ' '■"SMoe.-iiiM, 425. 
 
 '"'''»''!• Ki-Msshopp,.,-, ;is,). 
 I'lU'aiiiis ilaiii:i, 2.1. 
 i-ygiiMis liiicaliis, 427. 
 ''.v.:j;iis liiieolaiis, 147,"4L'ii 
 I'.voiK'tia saciMicllii. | i;)" 
 ''ytta aeiK'a, 120. 
 
 220. 
 
 Maoroffiitiiis delicadij.. I3'> 
 Mi>';n.da,.fyl„ssubspi„,,susr2S0 
 
 Many-,lo(t..dapph,:wor,M, |0| .^OO 
 
 .Mcaly-tHI;;-, (•(iiiinuMl.'i |' ().' 
 
 di'sinictive, 4| (. 
 
 Af„,i",i . "!'"' '""" t'"<'!itls, 112. 
 •*'<'iily Data, ;io2, ;!,-,7 
 
 ■Mr-acliil,. Iirovis, | 7!) 
 
 •J|''i,^illa, inanilata, 125,420 
 
 ,'''■""•'"' l.v 'Vioiiiii. 139. 160 
 
 ■Melon cator/Mihir. 305. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mioi-ocentnirii ictiiicrvis ;j,s3 
 'Mioi-odcs caiinoidi's, 98 ' 
 ■■"odest ti-ee-bii;,', 290. " 
 Molobnis inaii. 420. 
 Monarthniiii inaii, 21 4"-, 
 Mottled plmn-tioo .no'tl,,""]',;^ 
 '^lyelois convoliitella. 427. 
 -nysia 15-piinctata, 120. 
 •'ly'i'aspis eitrici;,, W'M). 
 "iovcii, .'!92. 
 [)oiiiicurtii;is, 425. 
 ,, " poiiioruiii, 40, 425 
 
 Myzus cerasi, 210. 
 
 I'ersieie, 199. 
 
 Native currant saw-(lv. 3J;; 
 Neat ciieiiniber nioth,';iV7 
 
 strawberry leaf-rollor, ;!I 
 •>24, 
 
 Xematocampa niamentaria 1(17 
 ^eniatus veiitricosiis, :j;i!t 
 NenioriL'a|,Mi(ania\ 50, 425 
 Aew York weevil, \?,{) ico ]" 
 ><ine-spottrd lady-bird, 12 ( 
 Noeiiia clandestiiia. 420 
 ^'olapbaiia nialiiiia,' lOl.'l-o 
 iSothris oitritoliella, ;;S2. 
 " ovivur.is, 70. "■ 
 -Notodonta eoneinna. 425. 
 uiiieornis, |25. 
 
 433 
 
 89. 
 ,41 
 
 320. 
 
 I9i;, 220. 
 
 iL'tl. 
 
 .Met 
 
 upodiiis IViiiorati 
 
 .'20. 
 
 Oak i'latyoenis, 148. 
 Oborea biinaeulata, 305, Il'7 
 
 tripiuu'tata, 4''7' 
 Obliqut-banded leaf-rolier. HO 
 
 f", 221, ;;i7. ;;;;,, ;;,;••• 
 Ublon--win-ed katydid, 292 
 "doiitota rosea, 120. 420. 
 •I'Vaiitlius ni veils. ;i08." 
 nideiiiasia foneiiina, (;'2, 41)5 
 Ohio eiirrant saw-llv, .Tl I ~ 
 Oiicideres eingulatiisi 1 C 
 Opiiioii bllineatiis, 273. 
 
 iiiaeriiriiin, 78, 1 7 ', •>!•» 
 •aiigo aphis, 388. ' " "■ 
 
 basket-worm, 38(1. 
 
 Chrysopa, 418. 
 " <1<|J,', 3S0. 
 
 leal'-iintidior, ;!«;!. 
 
 leaf Xothris, .•!S2. 
 
 leaf-rollfr, 3S1 
 Orjjyia leueostij,rnia. ,07. 
 Onbates aspidi„ti, ;!ii4. 
 Osiiiia Canadensis, ;;;i|. 
 MsiModerina scabra. 2(!.' 
 Oxyptiliis periseeliductvh.s, 208 4'>(J 
 Oyster-shell bark-iouso,' 40, Kio/a.':/. 
 
 ''iiehiiepliuriis loMi'llu's |"7 
 '.■linted lady -bird, 125, " ' 
 I'iile-brown Jiytiiriis, ;iio. 
 
 101, ItJii 
 
434 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Palmcr-wdim, 102, 221. 
 I'nnilonig S|)liinx, 248. 
 rii|iili(» cres|>li(iiilc.«, 377, 127. 
 thoas, 127. 
 " tiirrnip, 81. 
 I'iiriiJlcl Ehipliidioii, 33, 189. 
 Pniia se.\-iiotata, 3.'1(), 127. 
 I'arlatoria Pofsaiulii, 1(11. 
 Paroi'gyia paialluhi, 179. 
 Peacli-trec ai)liis. 199. 
 
 " biirlv-loiiso, ]9j. 
 " t)oi-cr, 189, 191. 
 " Iwif-i-oUcr, 197. 
 Poar-blight lioctic, 139, 143, 189, 200. 
 Pear-tree aiilii?. l,'i<i. 
 
 " bark-louse. 144. 
 
 blister-beetle, 149, 190, 221, 
 22(;. 
 " borer, MO. 
 
 leaf-inincr, 139. 1 19. 
 I'Hjila, II;"). 
 
 .-lii<r, 1;)0, 190, 221, 220. 
 '■ ^liig, green, 1.03. 
 
 Pearl wooil-nynijili, 201. 
 I'elidiiota jimietata, 271). 
 Peiii]ielia .irros>;iilari;i>, 427. 
 Ilaiiimondi, 100. 
 PeiiHiliigus |iyri, 42.'). 
 
 " ' v'itiloliio, 232. 
 Peimsylvaiii.i ground-beetle, 185. 
 Pentatoiiia ligata, 290. 
 Penthinii oeuhiiia, 125. 
 
 " viiivorana, 427. 
 Phakellura liyajiiintnlis, 427. 
 
 " nitidalis, 427. 
 
 Phalena \ernala, 425. 
 Pliilanijielus aeheuion, 25(1. 
 
 " ]innd(.rus, 218, 42(1. 
 
 " satellitia, 42(). 
 
 Phlivottirips mali. I3S. 
 Pliloeotiibus lirninaris, 195, 420. 
 Phobetron iiitlieciuni, 112, 420. 
 Phoxopteris Iragariii?, 32.'!, 427. 
 
 " nubeeulana, 99, 420. 
 
 Pliyeis indigenella. 93, 425. 
 Pbyeita nebulo, 425. 
 PhvUoidera oblongifolia, 292, 427. 
 IMiyllotreta striolata, 427. 
 
 vittata, 330, 427. 
 Phylloxera vastatrix, 231. 
 " vilifolia, 28S, 
 
 Phytopdis oleivorus, 389, 
 Pigeon 'I'reniex, 141. 
 Piuipla annuli|)e.x, 132. 
 
 " conquisitor, 52, 425, 
 " iiedali", 57. 
 
 ring legged, 132. 
 Pipi/.a. radieuni, 15, 238. 
 Pitbv srall of blaekberry, 318. 
 Plaeid soldier-bug, ;il2. 
 Plain hidv-bird, 121, 413, 415. 
 
 Platoeceticus Qloveri, 380. 
 Pla'ycorus quereus, 148. 
 Platynota rostrana, ,381, 427. 
 Platypliylluiu eoncavuni, 427. 
 I'latvsaniia Ceoropia, 73, 425. 
 Pluiii cureulio, I.IO, 161, 180, 200, 221. 
 Pluni-gouger, 187. 
 Plum-tree a]diis, 180. 
 
 " Caloeala, 177. 
 
 " tiiotli. mottled. 100. 
 
 Sphinx, 102. 
 PoJi.eus jilaeidus, ;i42. 
 
 " spinosus, 73, 425. 
 Poociloenpsus lineatus, .".50. 427. 
 Poeciloptera pruinosa, .';57. 
 Poly])henins moth, 171. 
 Pompho]m.'a aenea, 149, 120. 
 Porizon eonotraeheli, 187. 
 
 " cureulio parasite, 180. 
 Prioeycb; arniataria, 127. 
 Prionus inibrieornis, 228. 
 
 " latieolli.s, 227. 
 Pri.stipliora, grossulariiv, 343. 
 
 " identideui, 373. 
 
 '> rulipes, 344. 
 
 Proconia undata, 289. 
 Prooris America iia, 205. 
 Promethca ciuperor-moth, 205. 
 Psenoccrus supernotatus, Ii;'.7, 427. 
 Psycomorpha epimenis, 204. 
 Psylla pyri, 145. 
 " rubi, 320. 
 
 Pterophorus ?, 314. 
 
 ■' pcriseelidaetyUis, 120. 
 
 Ptycholoma per.sicana, 197, 42(). 
 Pulvinaria innumerabili.s, 241. 
 Purblind Sphinx, 20S. 
 Purple scale, 390. 
 Pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, 190, 
 
 "274, 317. 
 Pyrophila jjyramidoidc?, 274, 426. 
 
 '' tragopoginis, 275, 420. 
 
 Quince cureulio, 161, 225. 
 Quince scale, 222. 
 
 Ra]iacious soldier-bug, 70. 
 Raspberry Apatela, 313. 
 
 " ' eane-borer, 30;), 320. 
 
 " geometer, ;!!(). 
 
 " gouty-gall, 307. 
 
 " ])hime-molh, 314, 
 
 " root-borer, 303, 320. 
 
 " saw-tly, .311. 
 
 Ked-headed Sy.stena, 28:'.. 
 Ped-hnm]ied a]ipletree eiiterpillar, 62, 
 
 100, 22(1. 
 lled-leggeJ loe\ist, 157. 
 
 " Trioxy,^ 389. 
 
 Red-necked Agrilus, 307, 320. 
 Red scale of C'alil'ornia, 395. 
 
fy/)j:x. 
 
 , 380. 
 US. 
 
 !8I, -127. 
 uni, 427. 
 , 7;^, 42,>. 
 161, 180, 200, 221. 
 
 Ictl, IfiO. 
 
 425. 
 
 s. ;;.^0. 427 
 , .".'.7. 
 
 n. 
 
 4'J, 42(i. 
 
 187. 
 isitu, ISO. 
 
 427. 
 228. 
 
 r. 
 
 hv, IMo. 
 u, .S7;?. 
 !44. 
 
 noth, 205. 
 itii.«, ;i;!7, 427. 
 li.-, 204. 
 
 ;14. 
 
 ilfifitjMus, 42(5. 
 11, 1!)7, 426. 
 bills, 241. 
 
 10 ciiterjiillar, I'JO, 
 
 dc?, 274, 426. 
 lis, 275, 426. 
 
 ir. ro. 
 
 r. ;!II5, ;!20. 
 
 :!16. 
 I, ;!ii7. 
 th, ;ii I. 
 , :)o;i, ;i20. 
 II. 
 2s;!. 
 
 I'co I'litcipiiliir, 62, 
 
 •)7. 
 .'i89. 
 
 ;i07, ;!20. 
 till, 'Mi), 
 
436 INDEX. 
 
 Trngoccphala viriilifusciata, 1 jS. 
 Treo-lnij,'s, 290. 
 
 Tree-cricket, ISO, 200, .-iOI, 308. 
 Trce-liopjier, bliick-biickeil, 289. 
 
 " JJuiriil... -I.'), 200. 
 
 " singlo-sitripnd, 289. 
 
 " thorn-bush, -Ifi. 
 
 " two-spotted, 242. 
 
 'I'roo-hnppcrs, 2S0. 
 'I'reinex Coluiiiba. 141. 
 Triehograinina ininiita, 170. 
 TiioxyH eerasphis, 217. 
 
 " testaoeii)c.s, :iS;). 
 Trumpet leaf-gall, 292. 
 Tr^'petii Canadensis, 427. 
 
 " ]>oinonolla, l.'!.^. 
 Turnus swallow-tail, SI, 220, 261. 
 Tusfock-nioth, white-marked, 57, IGO, 
 
 ]89, 220. 
 Twelvc-s])otted IMabrotica, ."OS. 
 Twieu-stabbed Indv-bird, 4;i, 413. 
 Twig-girdlcr, 142. 
 Two-spotted lady-bird, 124. 
 
 " tree-hopper, 2-12. 
 
 Tylodornia fragariiP, 322, 127. 
 Tyroglvphud Gloveri., 3'.il. 
 
 "' phyllo.>;er;e, 238. 
 
 Unadorned Tipbia, 214. 
 Unicorn prominent, SO, ISO. 
 Ursula butterfly, 139, 190, 217. 
 
 Vanessa progne, 427. 
 Variegated cut-worm, 106. 
 Vellcda lap])et-moth, SO. 
 Violaceous llca-beetle, 204. 
 \'itis coryloides, 293. 
 
 " ponuim, 295. 
 
 " tomatos, 294. 
 
 " viticolu. 202. 
 
 " vulnus, 243. 
 
 Wasps, 190. 
 
 Waved Lagoa, 139, 176, 320. 
 
 " Proconia, 2S9. 
 White Kugonia, 111. 
 White-lined Deilcphila, 139, 254. 
 White-marked tussock-moth, 57, 160, 
 
 180, 220. 
 White scale, 398. 
 W-marked cut-worm, lOS. 
 Woolly-louse of the apple, 27. 
 
 Xyleborus jiyri, 143, 420. 
 Xylina cinerea, 426. 
 
 Yellow cranberry-worm, 370. 
 Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar, 
 
 60. 
 Yellow woolly-bear, 271, 317, 320, 353. 
 Ypsolophus pometellus, 102, 426. 
 
 Zophodia convolutella, 427. 
 
 THE END. 
 
.06. 
 ). 
 
 :o4. 
 
 6, 320. 
 
 jk-moth, 01, 10". 
 
 , 108. 
 iipple, 27. 
 
 426. 
 
 ,rm, 370. 
 
 ,le-trce caterpillar, 
 
 271, 317, 320, 353. 
 Ilus, 102, 426. 
 
 ,11a, 427. 
 
 1