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I HV WILLIAM SAUXDLRS, F.R.S.C, K,ll,.» , f till" .\mr>ricim Associutioii for tho Advaiu .Miu'iit of Soiunco, Follow of tlio K.iyal Mi.roscopioal Sociiity of l.omloii, KiikIhiuI, I'residoiit of tho Kiitomolosioal Society ul Ontario, Kilitur of tho " Cuiiadiaii Kntoniolotrist," I'rosideiit of tlio Fniit- Crovvors' AsHociafioii of Ontario, (,'orro.t|ioii(ling Jlornbor of tlio Aiii.'iiian Krilomological Soi-ioty, I'liiladolpliia, of tho Ihillalo Socioty of Natural Scioiiccs, thi> Nalnial History Socioty id' Jloiitreal, etc. ll.M'STllATKn WITH FOUR IKINDRKI) AND FOIITV WOOD-CUTS. PHI I. A DKI.l'iriA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. LONDON: 16 S U T II A iMPT N STIIRKT. STRAND. 1 8 8 ',]. Copyright, 1883, by J. 11. LipnNCdiT A Co. DEDICATIO]S[. To (l.e Fruit-Growors of AnuM-ica this work is respectfully dedi- oatod. with an earnest l.ope ,l..t it may be of praetioal use to ti.e.n '" t''« wurfaro with destructive insects in which they are con- stiititly enf:;a^ed. W. SAUNDERS. PREFACE. TiiK ciiltivatioii of fruit in America lias of late years become of >■<> much commercial imj)ortance, as well as do- iin'-tic interest, that no apolouy is necessary for ofVerinti' to lli(! iVuit-tirowinti- community a work of wiiich they must have loMij: felt the need. 'flic amateur who plants a city lot, ami the farmer who devotes a ])ortion of his land to the cultivation of those iVuits which furnish from niontli to nior/h pleasant and ehant^eful variety to the tahle, as well as those who orow fruit to siip|)ly tlu; home and foreign markets, are alike in- terested in making this pursuit a success. Injurious insects are so universally distributed that there is no |)art of our continent where fruit-culture can be jirolitably carried on without some elfort beint:; made to subdue them. Amonjj; the insect hosts we have friends as well as foes, and it is to tlu' friendly species that nature has assi<:;ne(l tlie task of kecpiiii; in subjection those which are destructive; these, in many instances, do their work most thoroughly, devouriiij:; in some eases the e^gs, in others the bodies, of their victims. It is not uncommon to find the antipathy to insects carried so far that a war of extermination is waged on all, and thus many of man's most ellicient allies are consigned to destruction. The information necessarv to enable the fruit-urower to 6 PREFACE. (leal intelligently with this subjeet hius not hitherto been easily aeeessible, having been ditrused ehiefly among a large nnniluT of voluniinons State and Departmental reports and books on seientifie entomology, where the practical knowledge is so ninch encnmbered with scientific and other details as to make liie acquisition of it too laborious a process for those M hose time is so fully occupied during that ])eriod when the information is most needed. It has been the aim of the author of this work to bring together all the important facts relating to insects known to be injurious to fruits in all j)arts of (/"anada and the United States, to add to the information thus obtained the knowl- edge he has acquired of the habits and life-history of many of our insect pests by an experience of over twenty years as a fruit-grower and a student of entom(>logy, and to i)re- sent the results in as concise and plain a manner as possible, avoiding all scientific phraseology except such as is iR'cessary to accuracy. The arrangement adopted under the several headings, by which the insect pests which attack the ditlerent parts of the tree or vine under consideration are grouped together, will, it is lioped, with the aid of the illustrations, greatly facilitate the determination of any injurious species. When having before him its history briefiy traced and the remedies which liave been found most useful in subduing it, the reader will at onc(! be enabled to decide as to the best methods to be tiinployed. The author desires to make the fullest acknowledgment to those of whose work he iuus availed himself. The writings of Say, Peck, Harris, Fitch, Clemens, Glover, Walsh, Riley, Lintner, Comstock, Le JJaron, Thomas, French, Packard, < irot riiii KngJ inadl ict'cr tlie \\ I teen I PREFACE. I'nnj? ^ <;r()t(', Lcconto, Horn, Ihiiron, CIkuuIkts, Tloward, Cook, riil.r, (.'ivsson, Feniiild, KcUicott, Wiliet, Jictlmiie, Potiit, K()i;trs, U(H'(1, Flotchor, IIarrin<:;ton, and others liavo hcoii made trihutarv ; and in some instances, where the inseet referred to has not l)een the snhjeet of personal observation, the words of the anthor ch'awn from have to some extent I»een used, modified so as to hrinj; them into harmony with tile general aim of this woric. To the writings of ( '. \\ Rih'v, of Washington, the author is eHj)eeially indebted ; his Missouri Reports and subsecpient entomological reports in <'onneetion with the Department of Agrieiilture at Wasiiington have becii found invtiluable. The material contained in the ehaj)ter on orange insects has been derived mainly from the excellent i'e|)ort of J. II. Comstoek as Entomologist to the U. H. Department of Agrieidture for the year 1880, and from his subseiiuent writings; from a [)aper on tiie parasites which attack scale- insects, by L. (). Howard, in the same report; also from the writings of Townend Glover and C. V. Ililey, from a treatise on oraiig(! insects, by William 11. Ashmead, from a pamphlet on insects injurious to fruit-trees in California, l)y Matthew Cooke, and from the writings of Dr. S. V. Chapin and others in the iirst report of the Board of State Agricul- turid Commissioners of California. To J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, the author is under much obligation for his kindly aid in revising the nomenclature. An acknowledgment is also due to the following specialists, who have revised lists submitted to them of the names of insects in their de|)artments : Dr. (leorge II. Horn, E. T. Cresson, A. U. (Jrote, P. Uhler, J. 11. Comstoek, iind L. (). Howard. r It El AVE. y ^ / / / / Tliroujjfli the libcralitv of the Council of the Eiitomoloy-ifnl Society of Ontario, permission wjis grar.lcii to liave electro- tvpes made from anv of the cuts in the Society's collection, and from this source a larjje number of fi<;ures have been obtained. Many of these were purchased by the Society froni C. ^'. Ivilev, and some are the work of Worthiny;ton (i Smith, of London, England, and other English and Anieri can engravers. Nos. 21, 22, 31, 93, 102, 104, IIG, 137, 141, 142, \\:^. 1(19, 199, 201, 205, 206, 291, 292, 305, 321, 332, 347, and 348 were purchased from C. V. Riley. Nos. 20, 151, 152, 167, and 208 were kindly loaned by A. S. Forbes, of Normal, Illinois. Through the kind liberality of the Hon. George B. Loring. U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, permission was granted to obtain electrotyj)es of the following, which have appeared in the Commissioner's reports : Nos. 13, 15, 32, 35, 42, 96, 108, 114, 115, 126, 181, 195, 248, 270, 286, 287, 288, 377, J93, :{94, 400, 403, 404, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, <j 413, 414, 416, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 428, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436. Nos. 8, 25, 63, 109, 13' 144, 329, 338, 350, and 401 were purchased from Dr. A. S. Packard. By kind permission, the following were copied from Town- end Glover's excellent plates : Nos. 9, 49, 66, 78, 82, 83, 87, 111, 121, 146, 147, 148, 150, 155, 163, 202, 209. 236, 23 i< . 249, 282, 293, 294, 295, 296, 300, 315, 320, 322, 333, 367. 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 440. From Harris's works: Nos. 11, 86, 120, 159, 174, 188. From the reports of C.V.Riley: Nos. 101, 103,105, 107, 228, 229, 230, 378, 379. 1m .",01. 1m 118, PliKFACE. 9 From the reports of Dr. As;i Filch : Nos. oO, 1)7, I'S, 5Ji), Fr(»m Dr. A. S. I'iickard's works : Nos. IG, llU, 11;), ! 17, 118, 111>, 150, 157, 158, 1G2, 176, 177, 82.'), 328, ;J81, 382, ;)83, 384, 385, 380, 387, 388. From B. Wal>li's first report No. 14^^ was copied, No. 55 from one of Cvriis Thomas's reports, No. 187 from a |)lati' |)iihlishc(l l)y W. IT. Edwards; Nos. 427 and 130 were eopieil (reduced in size) from the rej>ort of th' TJ. S. Coai- inissiouer of Agrieidtiire for 1880, Nos. 438 and 130 from a treatise on insects injurious to fruit-trees ;^ California. ! s' Mattliew (Jooke, and Nos. 308, ;>00, 402, 4u5, 415. 41.", 425, and 43V irom a treatise on o-ange insects, by ^^iIIiam II. Ash mead. The remainder have been drawn from nature and eniiiavd for this woi'k eiiiefly by tlie foHowing artists, wlio have also engraved the co{)ies : II. H. Niehol, of Washington ; W'or- tliington G. Smith, of London, Fngland ; H. Fabi r iV' Son, and Crosscup it West, of rhihidel[)hia ; and 1*. J. Edmunds, of Lon(k)n, Ontario. Throughout this work, where an author's name, foHowing the scientiiic name of an insect, is enclosed in parentheses, it is an indication that the antiiority is for the species onlv, and that the genus has been ciianged since the insect was described. This is in accordance with the recommeiidvtion of the Dritish Association made sonic vears ago, antl is now vi'rv gencrallv atlopted. WM. SAUNDERS. London, Ontario, Canada, Ajiril 11, 188:?. mtJM m if Inskcts I ^i to No. '2 Inski'ts 1 ( iih'liiili Inskcts i -'lit mill Inskcts i to No. 'J ].VSKCTS 1 Mo. liUfll Inskctn i: I to No. lii l'- 1 NSKcTs i; i No. L'li-J) ,'t ] NSKCTS 1> ) ] NSKCTS I> OOIS^TEIS^TS. Page Insects iNJuuiors to thk Ai'I'LE (including No. 1 to No. 04) l:'-!;)',* Inskcts inmurious to ihk Pear (including No. 05 to No. 82) HO-lOl Inskcts iN.juurors to thk Plum (including No. 83 to No. 9(i) lO'J I'.n) Inskcts iN.iURior.s to thk PkaiII (including No. 07 to No. 101?) 191-200 Inskcts iN.iriiioLs to tmk Ai'khot and Nkctarink . 200 Inskcts i.nmuhiol's to iiik Cukuiiy (including No. 104 to No. 118) . . L>()1-'J21 In.sects injl'kiol-.s to thk tiriMK (including No. ll'J to No. 121) 222-220 Inskcts in.h itiors to the (Iiiatk (including No. 122 to No. 17:5) 227-;]02 Inskcis iN.iiiuois TO thk Kasphkhry (including No. 171 t.. No. 185) .",();!- :n 7 Inskcts iN.rruiors to thk IJi.ackmkiuiy (including No. 18ti to No. IS'.i) ;!18-320 Inskcts iN.nuiors to the Stkawhkhkv (iniduding No. l',)0 to No. 201 ) :!2; -835 Inskcts iN.nuiors to thk Hkh and White Ckkkant (including No. 202 to No. 215) 330-353 Insects iN.iiKUirs to iiik IJi.ack CruitAN t ( iocluding Nos. 21(1 mid 217) 3.')4-350 iNsKirrs iN.iriuor.s to the (ioosKitKiuiY ^including No. 218 to No. 220) ;i57-300 Inskcis iN.iritiois to thk Melon (including No. 221 to No. 22(1) . . . • 301-308 Insects in.ii'iuois to imk (.'haniikiuiy (including No. 227 t'> Nil. 23.S) ■ . . . 309-370 Insei'Ts iN.M;Riors ro iiik OuANiiE (including No. 239 tn No. 204) 377-422 Insects in.iuriocs to iiik Omvk ( No. 205) .... 423 Insects in.iikiois to the Fui^No. 200) . , , . 424 u -.11 r-3^WWWW mmmmmm ins: Tins tJlO tiMl under l iiili's :ili( ties sori the li'cc llie rooi U|K)11 (' tain in (■())n])an iioilii's ( the :i|)|)( .•'ix time tViMU til tli(> liin( knotted The insc indicate The a j;'ists (u that it ii sucking INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUITS. ^1^ INSECTS INJIIIIIOUS TO THE APPLE. ATTACKING THE ROOTS. No. 1. — The Apple-root Plant-louse. Srhlzmuinii htniijiva (TIiuisiii.). Tjiis iiisoci ai^pcai's in two iorins, one of wliicli attacks tJio trunk of the appU'-trci; (see ^so. 9), tlu,' other works undor the j2;roun(l and ])ro(.luces on tlie roots wart-like swell- iiiiis and excrescences of all shapes and si/cs. These deformi- ties seriously diniinish the normal supply of nourishment for the tive, and where very numerous induce i2;radual decay of the I'oots, and o(!casionallv result in the death of the tree. Upon close examination the excrescences arc foinid to con- tain in their crevices very minute pale-yellow lice, often ac- companied by lar<:;cr win>z;cd ones. Tin; former have their bodies covered with a hlnish-white cottony matter, havinj^ the a|)j)earanc(> of mould, the lilamcnts of which are live or six times as lono' as th(; insects themselves, and are secreted tVom tiic upper part of the body, more particularly from the hinder portion of the back. In Fi^'. 1, a represents a knotted root, h a windless louse, and c a winded specimen. The ins(>ets an; both majiiiilied ; the short lines at the sides indicate their natural siw. 'i'he apple-root i)lant-louse is believed by some entomolo- nists to be a native ins(>ct, whiles others hold to the opinion that it has been importetl from luu'op(>. It is nourished by snckinj; the juices of the tree, pi'rcinu; the tender roots with l:; 14 IXSECTS IXJUIilOVS TO THE Al'I'LE. its proboscis. Jn tiie very younn; lice this instrtiinciit, wIhii at rest and folded under the abdomen, is longer than the body, but in the more mature specimens it is only about twd- thirdsthe length nf Fui. 1. the bodv. AVhilc it usually ooniines it- sell' to the roots of trees, it issometinic- found oji tlu! suck- '^:^^j) ers that sj)ring \\\\ around them, and .,7/i — t^ II ^ F -- sometimes a!«n Hs^y / c \ about the stump of an amputated branch, but in every instance it mav be recoy-nized bv the bluish-white cottony matter with which its body is covered. If this cottony covering be forcibly removed, it will be Ibniid that in two or three days the insect will liave again produced sulficient to enveloj) itself completely. Occasionally the ma- ture lice crawl u|) the branches of the trees during the sinii- mer, where they also form colonies, and then are Unown :i> the \\'oolly Aphis of the Apple. This form of the insect will be refiirred to more fidly under Xo. 'J. The appearance of this root-louse is reconled in DowniiiL' - " JEorticultnrist" as early as 1848, at which time thousand- of voung trees were found to be so badiv iid'ested that tiiev had to be destroyed. Since that period it has been gradually but widely disseminated, estal)lishing colonies almost ever\ - where, in the North, South, East, and West. Where a tree i- siclvly from any unknown cause, and no borers can be found sapping its vitals, the presence of this pest may he suspected. In such cases the earth shoidd be r(MUov<'(l from the root- about the surfa<'e, and ihese carefully c.xamined, when, il warty swellings are discovered, no time should be lost in taking steps to destroy the insidious foe. Iiiinc(liet<. — The most successful mean.s yet devised for de- ATTACKING TIIK ROOTS. I') lor (It stroviriir these root-liee is the use of scahliiii!;-h()t wtitcr freelv pDiired aroiiiRl the roots of the trees. If the trees are re- iiiaiiiiiii^ in the .-oil, the roots may be hiitl ban; and the water used nearly boiling without injury; but where they have been taken up for the purpose of transplanting, and arc to be dippi'd in the hot water, the temperature should nut exeeed 150° Fahr. ; under these eireunistanees from 120° to loO" woidil sidliee for the purpose. A nndeh |)laeed amund the tre^s for st)me time previous to treatment has been ibund useful in bringing the liee to the surfaee, where they ean be more readily reaehed by the hot water. Drenehing the I'oots with soa[)suds has also been reeommended, to be followed by a liberal dressing of ashes on the surfaee. There are several i'ricndly inseets whieh prey u[)on the root-louse. A very minute four-winged lly, Aj>hr/iiniK iiudi (see Fig, 15), is |)arasitie on it, and the larva of a small beetle belonging to the Lady-bird family, Sci/mitn.s ecrrlcdflf^, i'vviU on it. This friend is diflieult to re('o<rni/e amonti- the lice, from the fact that it is also covered on the back with little tufts of woolly matter secreted from its body ; these larvie are, however, larger than the lice, and much more ac- tive, and may be i'urther distinguished by the woolly matter being of an even length, and arranged on the back in trans- verse rows. The perfect beetle is very small, being but one- (wcntielh of an inch long, with a dark-brown body ;md a light-brown thorax. The beetle has been observed preying on lice about the surface of the ground. A third friendly insect, probably the most ellicient check upon the increjuse of these liee, is known as the Root-louse Syrpli\is lly, i'lpha r(i((icuiii Riley, which in its larval state I'ccmIs upon them. It is then in the form of a footless magg(»t, which, when full grown, is about a (juarti'r of an inch long ( l''ig. 2, a), of a dirty yellow color, and usually so covered with dirt and with the woolly matter of the lice it has de- voiM'ed that it is not casilv discerned. The cl>'<!;.s from which these larva; are produced arc laid by the lly (Fig. 2, c) in the* 16 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. I Fiu. 2. spriiii;. The larva* nmtiire during tlio suinnu'r, aiid in tho i'all cliaiiire to the pnpa state, as shown at h in the figure, tVoin which the peit'eet fly emerges th(! following spring. The larva, ehrysalis, and fly are all luag- nilied in the figure. -7,,;^ The fly measures, when its wings arc cxjjanded, nearly half" an inch aeross; its body is black, the head hairy with shori white hairs, tlu! tho- rax also similarly hairy and finely punctated; the abdomen finely punctated, and adorned with long white hairs; legs partly reddish, partly black ; wings transparent, with black veins. Til ATTACKING THE TRUNK. No, 2. — The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. Siijx'rdd rinidida Fiihr. The r(iund-head(!d ap))le-tree bonn* is a native of America, wliose existence was unrecorded bel'ore 1824, wIkmj it was de- scril)cd by Thomas Say. Thi» y(!ar following, its destructive character was observed about Albany, N.Y. It is now very widely and generally distribiUcd, and probably it was so at that time, although unnoticed, since it iidiabits our native crabs and thorn-bushes and also the common June-berry, Amchtnchicr OoKuIcnsis. W'hile jin^ferring the apple, it also makes its home in tlie pear, cpiince, and mountain-ash. In its |)erfect state it is a very handsome beetle (Fig. '5, «), about three-fourths of an inch long, cylindrical in form, of a palc- brown color above, with two broad creamy-white stripes ruiniing the whole Iciigth of it."? body; the faeo and under ATTACKING TllK TliVSK. 17 tlu" til VCIV so :it ii:ilivr )(M'1'V, t !\1S(. . Il> alxHil ^lri|)('s muU'i" siirlacr aiv luiary-wliito, the antciuiie and legs ^-ray. Tlie Icmak's aiv lari^or than the males, and have shorter autennic. The Ixcile makes its appearance dnrinj; the monilis of Juno and .hilv, nsnally remaining in eoncoalment during the day, and heeoming aetive at dusk. The eggs are depositetl late in June and during July, one Vui. :{. i in a |)Ia('(', on the bark of the tree near its base. Within two weeks the young worms are hatched, and at onc(! commence with their shai'p mandibles to gnaw their way through the ()iit<'r bark to the interior. It is generally conceded that tlu; larva is thnu; years in reaching maturity. The young ones lie for ihe first y<>ar in the sa|)-wood and inner bark, excavating Hat, shallow caviti(,'s, about the size of a silver dollar, which aie filled with their sawdust-like eastings. The holes by which tluw enter, being small, 'A\\\ soon iilled up, though not until a few grains of castings have fallen from them. Their pros- tuce may, however, often be detected ii'i young trees tVom the bark becoming dark-colored and sometimes dry and dead enough to (M'a(!k. Through these crai^ks some of the cast- iiiuN generally protrude, and fall to the grouiul in a little liiap ; this takes place es|)ecially in the s|)riug of tin; year, when, with tin; frecpient rains, they become swollen by the absoi'ption of moisture. On the a|»proaeh of winter the larva descends to the low(.'r nart of its burrow, where 18 iysf:cTS INJURIOUS to riri-: aitle. it (loubtk'ss roinaiiis inactive until tiie iollowin*; spriiii:. Dm'ini^ the next season it attains about halt' its growth, still living on the sap-wood, where it does great daniauv. and when, as ot'ten happi'ns, there are several of the^c borers in a single tree, thev will sometimes cause its death by comj)letely girdling it. After another winter's rest, the larva again becomes active, and towards the end of th • following season, when ap[)roaching maturity, it cuts a cylin- drical ])assag(! upwards, varying in length, into the solid wood, afterwards extending it outward to the bark, some- times cutting entirely through the tree, at other times turn- ing back at diiferent angles. The upper part of the cavity is then fdled with a sawdust-like powder, after which the larva turns roiuid and returns to the part nearest the heart of the tree, which portion it enlarges by tearing oil' tlio fibres, with which it carefully and securely closes the lower portion of its gallery, so as to protect it elfectually from the a[)proacli of enemies at either end. Having thus perfected its arrangements, it again turns round so as to have its heail upwards, when it rests from its labors in the interior of the p.isM'.ge until the following spring, when the mature larva sheds it.-" skin and discloses the chrysalis. In this conditinn it I'emains about two or three weeks, when the perfect beetle escapes. At ilrst its bodv and wing-cases arc soft and flabbv, but in a few days they harden, when the beetle makes its way through the sawdust-like; castings in the upj)er end of the jiassage, and cuts with its |)owerful jaws a smooth, round hole through the bark, from which it escapes. 'Hie larvji (Fig. <}, a) is of u whitish (;olor, with a roimd head of a chestiuit-brown, polished and horny, and the jaws black. It has also a yellow horny-looking spot on the first segment behind the head. It is without feet, but moves about in its l)urrows by the alternate contraction and ex- pansion of the segments of its boily. When full grown it is over an inch in length. Tlie color of tlie chrysalis (Fig. 3, b) is lighter tliun that '^ :M 1 m m of the >' th( ■ l)a( ATTACK I SG THE TliUSK. 19 :^ oC the hirva, aiul it lias transverse rows of minute spines on the back, and a few at the extremity of the body. RoimJieti. — The yoiuiii; h\rva, as ah'eady stated, may often be detected by the diseoh)ration of the l)ark. In such in- stances, if the outer (hu'U-colored surfaec; be scraped with a knii'e, hite in August or early in September, so as to expose the clear wiiite bark beneath, the Iurkin<i; enemy mav be ilis- covered and destroyed. Later they may be detected by their castings, which have been pushed out of the crevices of the hark and have fallen in little heaps on the ground. When lirst discharged, these look as if they had been forced through the barrels of a minute double-barrelled gun, being arranged closely togetlu-r in two parallel strings. Those which liavtj burrowed deeper may sometimes be reached by a stout wire thrust into their holes, or by cutting through tiie bark at the upper end of the chamber, and pouring scalding water into the opening, so that it may soak through the castings and penetrate to the insect. Among the preventive measures, alhalino washes or solu- tions are probably the most ellicient, since experiments have demonstrated that they are repulsive to the insect, and that the beetle will not lav her eggs on trees i)roteeted bv such washes. S()ft-s(\.[) reduced to the consistence of a thick l)aint by tlu; addition of a strong solution of washing-soda ill water is perhaps as good a foiniula as can be suggested : this, if applied to the bark of the tree, especially about the base or collar, and also extended upwards to the crotches, where the main branches have their origin, will cover tli(> whole surface liable to attack, and, if ap|)lied during the iiioniing of a warm day, will dry in a lew hours, and form a tenacious coating, not easily dissolved by rain. The soap solution shoidd be applied early in June, and a second time during the early part of July. ^^ ■'5^ m 20 INSECTS IXJUJilOVS TO THE APPLE. Fig. 4. No. 3. — The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. Chrijsohothrisfemiirata (Fabr.). Tilis borcT is also a luitivo of Ainorioa, and is in its in:i- ture state a beetle belonj^ing to the family Biiprcstiche. Ir is a very active creature, one which courts the light of dav and delights to bask in tiie hot sunsiiine, running up and down the bark of a tree with great rapidity, but instantlv taking wing if an attempt be made to capture it. The beetle measures from tliree-ein'hths to half an inch or more in h.'nirtli. (^ee Fig. 4, d, where it is shown somewhat enlarged.) ]t is of a flattish oblong form and of a shining greenish-black color, each of its wing-cases having three raised lines, [ )j: the onter two interrupted by two itn- ])resse(l transvi-rse spots of a brassy color, dividing each wing-cover into three nearly e(pud portions. Tlie under side of the body and the legs ^B» /<( ^^\ shine like burnished copper; the feet /JBkI^ ^^fM' are shining grc-n. JimM'c c This j)est is common almost every- where, aill'cting alike the I'rosty re- gions of the North, the great West. It is nuich more abundant than tlir two-stripeil borer, and is a most formidable enemy to apple- cultiu'e. it attacks also the jjcar, the pliun, and sometiuKs the peach. In the Southwestern States it begins to appeiir during the latter part of May, and is found during most of the summer months ; in the Northern States and Canada its time of api)carance is June and July. It docs not confine its attacks to the base of the tree, but affects the trunk mon; or loss throughout, and sometimes the larger branches. The eggs, which are yellow and irregularly ribbed, arc very small, about one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an ovoidal form, flattened at one end, and are fastened by the female W and the suunv South more s( 1(1 a ehi « nearly iliangc.'' uradnal and in having roams a The grub, w (latteno( swollen riMjuires been de its tran> Heme ill its s Iocs ; bt (lestrov( dialcid [larasite niie of in I'ig. The otl they be tiles kn Alth from th A or tree; ATTACKISG TlIK TJiUXK. 21 TJi M Itli :i iilutinous suh.^taiice, usually uudor the loose scales or witliiii the erac-ks and crevices of the hark; sometimes singly, at other times several in a group. The young larva soon hatches, and, having eateu its way through the outer bark, Ibcds ou the sa[)-\vood within, where, boring broad and flattish channels, a single specimen will sometimes girdle a small tree. As the larva ai)proaches maturity, it usually bores into the more solid wood, working upward, and, when about to dumge to a chrysalis, cuts a passage back again to the outside, eating nearly but not (piite through the bark. Within its retreat it elianges to a chrysalis (Fig. 4, h), which is at first white, but gradually a[)proaches in color to that of the future beetle, and in about three weeks the perfect insect emerges, and, having eaten through the thin covering of bark, escapes and roams at large to continue the work of destruction. The mature larva (Fig. 4, a) is a pale-yellow footless grub, with its anterior end enormously enlarged, round, and flattened. At c in the iigun! the under side of the anterior swollen portion of the body is shown. Whether this larva requires one or two seasons to reach maturity has not yet been determined with certainty, but the opinion prevails that its transformations are completed in a single year. Reined icff. — One might reasonably suppose that this larva in its snug retreat would be safe from the attack of outside foes; but it is hunted and devoured by woodpeckers, and also (lesti'oyed by insect ])arasites. A very small fly, a species of Chalcid, destroys many of the larvfe; besides which tv.'o larger parasites have been bred from them by Prof. C. V. lliley, one of which, Bracon charm lliley, is represented magoified in Fig. 5, the hair-lines at the side showing its natural size. The other s[)ecies, Ci'i/jifus r/raKator Say, is somewhat larger: tliey both belong to that very useful group of four-winged flies known as Ichneumons. Although healthy, well-established trees are not exempt fronj the attacks of this enemy, it is found that sickly trees or trees newly transplanted are more liable to suffer, es- 22 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO T/IE APPLE. Fir.. T). ju'cijilly oil the southwest side, whore the hark is often iir-i injured hy exposure to the sun, resulting in what is culliil sun-scald. All trees should he carefully examined early in tin fall, when the young larva, it' present, may often be detectnj by the discoloration of the bark, which sometimes has a flattened and dried appearance, or by a slight exudation of sap, or In the presence of the sawdust- liUo castings. Whenever such indications are seen, tiie part- shouhl at once be cut into with a knife and the intruder de- stroyed. As a j)reventive me:i>- ure there is nothing better than coating the bark of the trunk and larger branches with a mixture of soft-soaj) and solution of soda, as recommend (d Fid. I-,, for the two-striped borer (^o. 2). No. 4. — The Long^-horned Borer. Leptosf>/lus aculij'er (Say). Although distributed over a wide area, this is by no means a common insect, and seldom appears in sufficient numbers to cause the fruit-grower any uneasiness. The beetle (Fig. 6j i> of rather an elegant form, with long, tapering an- tenna of a gray color, prettily banded with black. It is a little more tl in a third of an inch long, o! a brownish-gray color, with many small, thorn-like points upon its wing-covers. There is also a T- sliaped band, margined with black, a little behind the middle of the wing-cases. The perfect in.sect appears about the last of August, when it occasionally deposits its eggs upon the trunks of apple-trees, which shortly hatch into small grub.s, and the.se eat their way M ATTACK I S(J THE TRUXK. '2:1 tliroiii;li and burrow under the bark, Tliey are very similar in :ij)])earanee to the young' larvte of tlie two-striped borer, but (liller in their hal)its ; tliey tbrni h)ng, narrow, winding (racks under the bark, but upon the outer surface of the wood, which are made broader as the hirva inereases in size. Tliis larva is also Ibund uiuler the bark of oak-trees. Remedies, — Shouhl the inseet at any time j)rove destructive, it< ravasres mav l)e prevented or controlled l)v the use of the alkaline wash applied to the l)ark, as recommended for the two-striped borer (No. 2), deferring its application until the early part of August. No. 5.— The Stag Beetle. Lucanus dama Thunb. This hirge and powerful beetle is a very common insect, belonging to the familv <!allcd Lamellicorncs, or leaf-horned beetles, from the leaf-like joints of their antenna?. In the male (Fig. 7) the u{)[)er jaws or mandibles are largely de- veloped, curved like a sickle, and furnished internallv bevond the mid- die with a small tooth; those of the female are much shorter, and also toothed. The body measures from one to one and a quarter inches in length, exclusive of the jaws, and is of a deep mahogany-browu color. The head of the male is broad and smooth ; that of the female narrowed and roughened with indentations. The beetle appears during the months of July and August, and is very vigorous on the wing, Hying with a loud, buzzing sound during the evening and niizht, when it frequently enters houses, to the annoyance of the occupants. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to remark that this beetle is not venomous, and that it never attempts to bite without provocation. 24- INSECTS IXJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. if Vu:. S. Tlio eggs are laid in the ereviees of the bark of trees, esjict'ially near the roots. The kirvffi live in deeaying wood, and are f'onnd in the trnnks and roots of varions kinds of ti-i'cs, partienlarly those of old aj)j)le-trees; they are alMi foinul in old ehci'ry-trccs, willows, and oaks. They arc said to be six years in completing their growth, living all the time on the wood of the tree, redncing it to a coarse |iowd( r resend)ling sawdnst. 'J'he matnre larva is a large, thicic. whitish grnb, with a reddish-brown, horny-lnoking head, dark mandibles, and reddish legs. (See J'^ig. <S, <f.) The body is enrved when at rest, th<' hintler segments bein^; brought towards the head. When the larva has at- tained I'ull size it remains in its burrow, and encloses itself in an oval eiicooii (Fig. 8, 6) formed of frag- ments of v.'ood and bark cemented together with a gliie-like secretion, and within this enclosure it is trans- ibrmed into a pnj)a of a yellowish-white color. Through the partially transparent niend)rane the limbs of th(> future beetle arc dindy seen, and in due time the mature insect bursts its lilmy covering, crawls through the |)assage previously gnawi'd by the lar\a, and emerges to the light of day. As this bcctli' allects oidy old and decaying trees, it seldom does nuich harm. The use ol' the alkaline wash reconunended for \(). "1 woidd no doubt deter the beetles from depositing their (>gg8 on trees so protected, and thus any mischief tiicy might otherwise do coidd be presented. No. 6.— The Apple-bark Beetle. Mntiiiillninn imili (Filcli). The a|)ple-bark beetle is a small insect aliont one-tenth of an inch long (see l''ig. !l, wlioro it h .sliown much magnified) ; it IS color and : punct or ex t recs, badly to wit loose snuill lui-atK insect coiinn some :f trees ii is yet dillicu I Thi is fou wood ( K ig. ill lei with llioriis eye-!il to the tliora> the b( atoms with side t It is 1 ■ ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 25 it is eyliiulrical in form, smooth and sleiuler, iiiul varies in color from dark cht'stnut-hrown to nearly black. Its le^s and antonnte arc ])alc-yello\visli, and its thorax minutely j)nnctatcd ; the ])osterior end of the body is abrn])tly notched or excavated. The insect bores under the bark of apple- li'ees, sometimes attaekiii}^ young;, thrifty trees, which, when hadly aifeeted, arc apt, soon after ])Utting forth their leavt's, to wither suddenly, as if scorelied by lire; the bark becomes loosened from tlu^ wood, and soon after, these small beetles ap])ear crawling thn)ug'h minute per- ^"" "'■ t'orations in the bark like kirge pin-holes. This '>^f\i-'' insect usually appears in July; it is seldom very -^"y " conunon, but has been reported as destructive in /I some [)arts of jMassachusetts, where many young wiy trees are said to have been ruined by it. So little is yet known of the history and habits of this pest that it is ditlicult to say what would be the best remedy for it. -^^ \ Fiii. 10. No. 7.~The Eyed Elater A/iiifs iiculdlns ( Ljimi.). This is the largest of ou'- Elalers, or " spring-l)eetles," and is found with its larva in tlu! decaying wood of old apple-trees. The beetle ( l''ig. 10) is an inch and a half or more in lenglli, of a dack color, s|)rinkled with numerous whitish dots. ( )ii the thorax there are tno huge \elvety black eye-like spots, which have given origin to llie eoniniou name ol" the insect. Tli(> thorax is about oiie-lliird the length ol' the body, and is powdered with whitish atoms or scales; the wing-cases are ridu'cd with longitudinal lines, Miid the under side of the body and legs thickly |>owdere(i with white, it is found ill (he perfect state ii; June and July. '^iS, 2G JXSEOTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. ^ WV t.l * The matiu'L' larva (Fig. 11), which attains its i'lill growth early in April, is about two and a half inches long, nearly four-tenths of an inch across about the middle, tajjerini^- j^,,,_ J] slightly towards each extremity. The iiend 1 I Lj \t_:^^^ is l)roail, brownish, and rough above ; the jaws very strong, curved, and [lointed ; the terminal seij:- ment of the body l)lackish, roughened with small j)ointed tul)ercles, with a deep semicircular notch at the end, and armed at the sides with small teeth, the two hinilermost of wlii(!li are long, forked, and curved upwarls like hooks; under this hinder segment is a large Heshy foot, furnished behind with little claws, and around the sides with short spines; it has six true legs, — a pair under each of the first three segments. Early in spring the larva easts its skin a, id becomes a chrysalis, and in due time there emerges from il a |)erfect l)eetlc. This l>eetle, when placed u|)()n its back on a Hat surface, lias tlu; power of springing suddenly into the air, and, while moving, turning its body, thus recovering its natural |H)silion. This unusual movement combines with its curious |)romineiit eye-like spots to make it a constant source; of wonder and interest. Since it feeds only on decaying woiid, it scarcely (k'servc- 1<» be classed with destructive insects; vet, bciiiu' occa>ioiially found in the wood of the apple-tree, it is worthy of mention I, ere. No. 8. — The R ugh Osmotlerma. This insect, also, lives in the larval slate in the decaying wood of the apple, as wc;!! as in that of the <'hen'y, <!on- suniing the wood and imiucing more I'apid deca\ . It is a large, white, lleshy grub, with a reddish, hard-shelled head. In the autumn each larva makes for itself an oval cell ol' fragments of wood, eemenle<l together with a glutinous nm- S ATTACh'JXG Till-: lU'iAyCHES. 27 ■I Yia. 12. tcrial, ill wliich it iin(ler<2;()c.s its traiisforiiuitioas, ap) (liirinLi' tlie iiiontli of July us a largo, })iii-l)li,-li-l)laok beetle (Fig. 12), about an iiieli long, with rough wing-oases. The head is hollowed out on the toj), the under side of the body smooth, and the legs short and stout. It (!onooals itself during the .lav, but is active at night, feeding upon the saj) which Hows from the bark. Since the larva feeds only on decaying wood, the iniiiry inllicted, if any, can only be of a trilling character. )earing ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. ''9 Fi(i. 13. No. 9. — The Woolly-louse of the Apple. Sc/iizoiii'urd hniii/rrd (Iliuisin.). This is the sain(^ species as the api)lo-root plant-louse (Xo. 1), bill in this fbrin the insects attack the trtnik and limbs of the ;i|)pie-troe, living in oltistors, and seta'oting over themselves small patches of a eo((on-lil<e covering. (See Fig. l'>, where the insects are represented magnified.) They iii'o often Ibuiul about the base of twigs or suckers springing from the tnmk, and tdso tibout the base of .^.j^.^:, the trunk itself, and around recent "/ • ' /"; ''^ wounds in (he bark. In autumn they 1iv..;, tDinmotdy iillect the axils of the leal- >lall<s (Fig. 13), towards the ends of twigs, and somelimes multiply to such nil cxlcnl as 1(» cov(>r the; whole nii- <lcr surface' of the limbs and als > ol' the Iriiidv, the tree? looUing as though whitewashed. Thev are said to allecl most those tree, which J 28 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. Jiiii I* 'i! l-l vit'Id swoet fruit. This woolly-louse is very coiuinon in Europe, especially in Germany, the north of Franee, and Enolantl, where it is more destructive than in this country, and, although gent'rally known there under the name ol' the "American ]iliglit," it is believed to be indigenous to Europe, and to have been originally brought from Eurojie to America. ]t api)ears to thrive only in comparatively cold climates, and in this country occurs in this form most abun- dantly in the New England Slates. Under eacih of the little patches of down there is usually i'onnd one lai'ge female with her yoimg. When fully grown the female is nearly one-tenth of an inch long, oval in form, with bhu'l-c head and fe(;t, dusky legs and anteniuo, and yel- lowish abdomen. She is covered with a white, mealy powder, and has a tuft of white down grow'ing upon the hinder part ol' her back, which is easily detached. During the summer tlu^ j)aren(s ar(> wingless, and the young are produced alive, bin about the middle ol' October, among the wingless specimens, ajjpear a considerable nund)er both of males and females with wings, ami these have but little of the downy std)stance upon their bodies, which are nearly black and ratlu'r plump. The lore Avings are large, and about twice as h)ng as the narrower hind wings. In Fig. 14 the winged insect is re|)i'esented much mng- nified ; also a grouj) of the larvie magnilied, JJ and an apphvtwig, natural si/e, showing one of (he o|)enings in the barkciuised by this insect. The wing('(| I'emales lly from tree to tree to deposit eggs for allot Iwr gen- oration the following spring, — a fact which should liiduee ■J ATTACKING THE BRASCHES. 29 I friilt-growors to take particular pains to dostroy tlioso lico wlK'rcver tbiind, for the colony that is permitted this year to establish itself upon some worthless tree, or on the shoot.s or suckers at its base, will iuruish the winged parents of countless hosts that may establish themselves next year <<;i iIk; choicest trees in the orchard. The insects are extremely iiardv, and will endure a considerable amount of frost, and it is ([uite probable that some of them survive the winter in the l>i'rfect state in the cracks of the bark of the trees. The Ciiti's are so small that thev refiuire a niat:;nifviu<»'-<>lass to enable one to see them, and are deposited in the crevices of the bark at or near the surface of the ground, especially about the base of suckers, where such are permitted to grow. The young, Avheu tirst hatched, are covered with very line down, and appear in the spring of the year like little s[)'X'ks ol' mould on the trees. .Vs the .season advances, and the in- sect increases in si/e, its cottony coating becomes moi'c dis- tinct, the fibres increasing in length and ai)parently issuing tVom all the pores of the skin of the abdomen. This coating is very easily removed, adhering to the fingers when touched. UolJi young and old derive their nourishment from the s;ip of the tree, and the constant punctures they make give rise to warts and excrescences on the l)ark, and openings in it, and, where very ninnerous, the limbs attacked become s'ckly, the leaves turn yellow and drop oil", and sometimes the tree dies. Jicmcdicx, — 'l'h(! very small lour- winged ('halcid (ly, Aitlicl'inuH maU llald., which "s highly magnilied in Tig. 15, and winch has already been referred to under Xo. 1, |)i'(ys also oil this woollv aphis. The ladv- liirds and their larvie, also the larvie of the lace-wing flies and syrphus tlies, feed on all speckles of planl-lice, and are very useful in keei)ing th(>m within bounds. These friuiKlly insects will 1)0 fully treated of under the Apple- Kid. 1-). ^<w 30 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. Ill tree Aphis, No. 57. Tlic vigorous use of ;i stiff brush wet with the alkaline solution of soap," recommended under No. 2, will also be found very efficient, or a solution made by mixing tive pounds of fresh lime with one pound of snlj)hur and two gallons of water, and heating until the sul{)hur is dissolved. After destroying those on the trunk, and cutting away all suckers, the earth should be removed from about the base of the trunk, the parts below the siu'face cleaned, and tVesh earth placed about the roots. Spiders devour large numbers of these lice, spinning their webs over the colo:ii(S and feeding at their leisure. No. 10. — The Apple Liopus. Liopus facehis Say. This is another of the long-horned borers which has been found in the larva! state boring into the decaying limbs of apple-trees. The larva, when full grown, is a (juarter of an inch long or more, is slender, with the anterior segtnents en- larged ami swollen, is covered with line short hairs, and has the end of the abdomen rather blunt. The beetle, which is shown magnilied in Fig. !(!, is a handsome one, a slender little creature, rather less than a quarter of an inch in length, of a pale ash-gray color with a purplish tinge. The long antcnnjo arc yellowish brown, except at the b:ise and between the joints, where the color is darker. The wing-covers are smooth, and on their anterior {)()r- tion is an irregular i-ounded dark spot; a broad b'aek band crosses the hinder portion, leaving the tip ])ale gray ; there are also several additional blackish dots and slreaks distrib- uted over the upper surface. Tlu^ beetles ap|)ear late in June and early in July, and lay their eggs on the bark of the branches, from which the young larvju hati'h and bore in under tlio bark, where they become Fiu. IC. hemg ATTACKLWG THE BRANCHES. 31 -i ■•1 full (Town aixl undergo their triinsfornuitions heiore the I'ol- lowintr midsummer. This is a rare insect in most i)arts of America, and is not likely to prove a serious trouble anywiiere. No. 11. — The Apple-tree Primer. J'JUqj/iidiou fillosuDi (l''!iljr.). This is also a long-horned beetle, of cylindrical form, of a (lull-blaclvish color, with brownish wing-cases. The antennje in llie male are longer than the body, and in the female, which is re|)resente<l in Fig. 17, are ecjual to it. The entire body is covered with short grayish hairs, which, from their deuseness in some j)laces on the thorax and wing-covers, form pale spots. The under side of the body is of a chestnut-brown color. The insect affects chieHy the oak-tree, but also attacks the ai)ple, and, although not often found in great abundance, is very generally distributed over most of the Northern United States and Canada. The peculiar habits and instincts of this insect are very interesting. The; parent ' beetle })laccs an egg in the axil of a leaf on a fresh green twig j)roceeding from a moderate-sized limb. When the young larva hatches, it burrows into the centre of the twig and down towards its base, consuming in its course the soft l)idpy matter of which this {)art of the twig is com- posed. By the time it reaches the main lind) it has become -nlliciently matured to be able to feed upon the iiarder wood, and makes its way into the branch, when the hollow twig it has vacated gradually withers and drops off. The Iai-\a, being now about half grown, eats its way a short distance through the middle of the bnuich, and then proceeds de- liberatelv to sever its connec^tion with the tree bv truawiu"- away the woody fibre to such an extent that the first storm of wind snaps the branch (»ff. This is rather a delicate operation for the insect to perfoi-ni, and re(piires wonderful instinctive skill, for should it guaw away too much of the ^ 32 INSECTS IXJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. Fui. 18. woody interior the brandi ini<^lit break during the process, — an accident which would probably crush the workman to <leath ; but the insect rarely miscalculates : it leaves tli(! bark and just enough of the woody fibre untouched to sustali the branch until it has time to make good its retreat in the burrow, the opening of which it carefully stops up wi gnawed fragments of wood. If the limb be short, it severs all the woody fd)res, leaving it fastened only by the bark ; if longer, a few of the woody iibres on the upi)er side arc left ; and if very long and heavy, not more than three-fourths of the wood will be cut through. Having ])erfornied the operation and closed its hole so tliat the jarring of the brandi when it falls may not shake out the occu[)ant, the larva retreats to the spot at which it first entered the limb. After the branch has fallen it eats its way gradually through the centre of the limb for a distance of from six to twelve inches, when, having completed its growth, it is transformed to a chrysalis with- in the enclosure. Sometimes thi- cliange takes j)lace in the autunni, but more frcipiently it is deferred until the spring, and from the pupa the beetle escapes during the month of dune. The larva (Fig. 18) when full grown is a little more than hall' an inch long, thickest towards the )"'ad, tapcM'ing gradually backwards. The head is small and black, the body yellowish white, with a lew indistinct darkci" marking-. It has six very minute legs attached to the antci'ior segments. In the figure the larva is shown magnified. 'I'he pupa is about the same size as the larva, of a whitish color, and is shown in Fig. IJ), also magnilied, in its burr(')w. Iinn''(Ucs. — Birds are active agents in the destruction of these larvie ; they seek them out in their places of retreat and ¥ ous, t braiic mature oir, c tl ATTACK I yO THE liRANCIIKS. 33 devour them. Sliuiild tliey lit any time beeome very numer- ous, they may easily be di.s[)ose(l of by gatherint?: the i'alleu braneiie.s and burniug theui belbre the iuseet has time to mature. No. 12.— The Parallel Elaphidion. Elapliidion 2>ctrallelinii Nowin. This insect in the larval state occasionally bores into the twigs of apple and plum trees. Tiie beetle (Fig. 20, c) is a little more than half an inch long, of a dull-i)ro\vnish i'olor, closely resembling ^'o. II in appearance and habits, but smaller in si/.e. The egg is laid by the parent insect near the axil of one of the leaf-buds, \vher(3 the yoinig larva, when hatched, bores into the twig, enlarging the chiinnel as it increases in size, iiiially transfornung to a chrysalis within its burrow, and es- caping at maturity in the [)erfect state. In the llgure, a shows the larva, h the twig split open, showing the euclosetl chrysalis, k the end of the twig cut oiV, a the beetle, I the basal joints of the tnitenna, j tlu; tip of th( Fi(i, 20. wing-case, d the head, c maxilla, f labium, (J mandible, and h the an- tenna of the larva. This I'ihiphidion is ratlu-r a rare insect, and, although it may occasionally be found injurious, it is not likely to become so to auv considerable extent. No. 13. — The Apple-twig Borer. .liii])hici'nis birnudaliis (Say). The apple-twig borer is a small cylindrical beetle (Fig. 21), from one-fourth to one-third of an inch in length, of a dark chestnut-brown color above, black beneath. The ibre part ol' its thorax is roughened with nn'nute elevated points, and, 3 ■^ 34 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. in the maU's, fiirnislicil with two little lionif- ; the male may also be further (listiii<;iiishe(l I'rom the female by its haviiiiz; two small thoni-liUe piojeetioiis from the extrt^mities of the wiiij^-eovers. Unlike most other borers, which <lo tlieir mischief in the larval state, this insect worUs in the beetle state, borin*^ into the branches of a})i)le, pear, and cherry ti'ccs, just ai)ove a Fig. L'l. Fi.i. '_'•_'. .-ome bud, and working downwards throug-h the ])ith in a cylindri cal burrow one or two inches lout:;. (Sec»Fi>i. 22, c and (/.) The holes appear to be made [)artly for the [)urj)()seof obtain- ino; food, and partly to serve as places of concealment for the beetles; they are made by both sexes alike, and the beetles are found in them occasionally in the middle of winter, as well as in the summer, usually wit!i the head downwards. They work throuu^hout tlu; summer months, causini«,' the twiys operated on to wither and their leaves to turn brown. U[)on examination, a perforation about the size of a knittin<;-needlc is found near one of the i)uds from six inches to a loot from the end of the twi*;'. This insect does not often occur in such numbers as to iuHict any material dama_<:;e, but occasionally as many as ten have been found work inn- at once on a two- or three-year-old tree ; they also alfect the twigs of larger trees. The twigs so injured are very liable to break oif wiili high winds. There is uot inu(tii known as yet about the earlier stages o!' this inse(it ; the larva is said to have been found feeding ujxmi j^rajje-canes, into which also tiie beetle occasionally bore~. The beetle is found from Pennsylvania to Mississippi, also in Th ATTACKIXO THE JlRAXCiriJS. 35 the (.••(•liiinls of New Jersey, Micliiii'an, JUinoi.s, Iowa, aixl Kansas. Should it at any time inflict serious injury, llu; (.iilv reniedv as yet su«:;ij;este(l is to searcli for the bored twigs ill June and July, and eut them oil' and hum them. I I Fia. 2;]. No. 14. — The Imbricated Snout-beetle. J'Jpiccerus imbricatus (Say). This is a small snout-beetle or weevil, which is comniou in some loealiti(>s on apple and cherry trees and injures them l»v jj^nawini^ the twigs and iVuit. It is most frequently found in the Western States, especially in parts of Iowa ■Aud Kansas. It is a very variabl(> bceth;; usually it is of a silvery- wliitc color, with dark luark- ings, as shown in Fig. '2'-\, i)ut sometimes these latter are wiiolly or partly wanting. Xothing is as yet known of its history in the earlier stages of its existence. Should this weevil ever occur in suflicient numbers to ex- cite alarm, they could |)robal)ly be collected by jarring the li'ces, as in the case of the plum-weevil, and then destroyed. No. 15. — The Seventeen-year Locust. Ciridlii .scji/cndd-lni Linn. The seventeen-year locust is an insect very well known lliroiighout the United States, and is sometimes met with in ( aiiada. As its name im|)lies, it generally reipiires seventeen years in which to complete its transformations, neai'lv the \\ hole of this period l)eing sj)ent under ground. The perfi'ct insect measures, when its wings an; expanded, iVom two and a half to three inches across. It is represented at c in I'^ig. 24. The body is stout and blackish, the wings 36 I y SECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. tnuispaioiit, the tliifk anterior edge ami large veins are orange-red, and near the front margin, towards tiie tip, there is a dusUv, zigzag line resembling a W. The rings of the abdomen are edged witii dull orange, and the legs are of the same hue. The locusts appear in the South earlier than in MM i I' the North ; their usual time is during the latter part of May, and they disappear (>arly in .Tuly. After ])airing, the female deposits her eggs in the twigs of different trees, puncturing and sawing small slits in them, as shown in Fig. 24, d, which she does by means of her sharp beak, which is composed of three portions; the two outer are beset with small teeth like a saw, while the centre one is a spe:i -pointed piercer. Tn these slits she ])laces her eggs. These (e, Fig. 24) are of a pearly-white color, one-twelfth of an incli long, and ta})cr to an obtuse point at each end. They are dej)osited in pairs, side by side, with a j)ortion of woody iibre between them, and placed in the cavity some- what obliquely, so that one end points upwards. When two I! i ATTACKIXG THE BRANCHES. 37 o-os have thus Ik'oh (loposited, the insect withdraws her piercer or 11 moment, and then inserts it again and drops two more egus n a line with tiie first, and so on until she has filled the slit i-oni one end to the other. She then removes to u little (Us- ance and makes another similar nest : it is not uncommon o find from fif"teen to twenty of such fissures in the same limb. The cicada thus passes from limb to limb and from tree to tree until her store of four or five hundred eggs is exhausted, when, worn out by her excessive labors, she dies. The punctured twigs are so weakened by the operations of the insect that they frequently break off Avhen swayed by rough Pwiiids, and the injury thus caused to young fruit-trees in oi'cliards or nurseries is sometimes very serious ; in most in- stances, however, if the trees are vigorous, they eventually recover from their wounds. The eggs hatch in about six weeks or less, the young larva being of a yellowish-white color, and appearing as shown in Fig. 25. It is active and rapid in its movemenis, and slioi'tly after its esca{)e from the egg drops to the ground, and immediately proceeds to bury itself in the soil by means of its l)road and strong fore feet, which are admiral)ly adajjted tor digging. Once under the surface, these larvte attach themselves to the snccident roots of plants and trees, and, ~''- puncturing them with their ^ \.'. >^-. beaks, imbibe the vegetable juices, which form their sole iioiu'ishmcnt. 'J'hey do not usually descend very deej)ly into the ground, but remain where juicy roots .iro most abundant, and the only marked alteration to which they are -iibject during the long period of their existence under groinid is a gradual increase in size. As the time for their transformation approaches, they as- cend towards the surface, making cyluidrical burrows al)out live-eighths of an inch in diameter, often circuitous, seldom 38 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. M I ,1 /; Fig. 2G. ^fF\ exnc'tly i)ci-pciKli('iilar, and those are firmly cemented and vurnisjieti so as to be \vater-tit;!it. A.s the in.sect proj^resses, the cliamber is tiihid below by the earthy matter removed in its progress, but the upper portion, to the extent of six or eight inches, is empty, and serves as a dwell- ing-place tor the insecit until tlie [)eriod for its exit arrives. Here it remains tor some days, ascending to the top of the hole in line weather for warmth and air, and occasionally looking out as if (o reconnoitre, but descending again on the _. Occurrence of cold or wet weather. In locali- ties that are low or im- perfectly drained, the insects sometimes continue their galleries from four to six inches above ground, as shown in Fig. 20, leaving a [)la('e of egirss at the surface, c, and in the npj)er end of these dry chambers the pupjc patiently await the time lor (heir next change. This ])eriod, although an active one, is the pupal stage of the insects' existence, and finally, when fidly matured, they issue from the giound (see a, Fig. 21), crawl uj) the trunk of a tree or any other object to which they can attach them- selves securely by their claws, and, having ri^sted awhile, j)reparc to cast their skins. After some struggling, a longi- tudinal I'cnt is made on the back, and through this the en- closed cicada pushes its liead, and then gradually withdraws itself, leaving the (Hupty pupa skin adhering, as shown at b in Fig. 21. The esca|u' from the |>upa usually occurs between six and nine in the ev(>ning, and about ten minutes are occupied by the insect in entirely iVeehig itself from the enclosiii'c. ,\t ««■ tlicv ll >j'!^^^l <$!HH l;i>l< )( '*^^^l iiiu.-i<'; '«i wings, v^8 very l; 'M whicli ,Jb trees a 1 iiijiu'c ^mm Ap 'Im^B these IB handle ^B tliat 1 ^m As ilu ^B sii)le tl H^ lliere !• 1 iVuin 1 ATTACKIXG THE li RANCHES. .".9 tlic boJy is soft and wliito, excepting a black |»atcli on bacU, and the wings arc small and soft, but within an are fully devclo|)ed, and before morning the niatuic cts are ready for iiiglit. They sometimes issue from the lind in immense numbers; above fifteen hundred have known to arise beneath a single a|)[)le-tree, and in some tt- the whole surface of the soil )ias, by their operiiLon.s, ilpared almost as full of holes as a honej'-conib. teiiiedic.^. — On escaping from the ground, they are attacked /arious enemies. Jiirds and j)redaceous insects devour itfti ; hogs and poultry feed on them greedily; and in the %g<'d state! they are also subject to the attacks of parasites. It 00i^ that human agency can eflect but little in the way of stay- ing the progress ot these invaders, and the only tinie when anv- I tiling can be done is early in the morning, when the wing(,'d insects newly escaped and in a comparatively feeble and hcl[)- Ic-s condition may be crushed and destroyed ; but when onc^e they have ac(piired their full power of wing, it is a hopeless ta.-k to attempt to arrest their course. The .nales have a iimsical appai'atus ou each side of the body ju.'-t behind (he wings, which acts like a pair of kettle-drums, producing a very louil, shrill sound. Although partial to (ndv-trees, on which tiny most abound, they are veiy destructive" to other frees and shrubs, and frc(juently injure appki-trees. A nopular idea prevails that AC'l^-'i, these insects are dangerous to '^' IVvT: v),i^ handle, that they sting, and that their sling is venontous. As (heir beaks {a, Fig. 27) are sliarp and .strong, U is p- - sible that under provocation fliey may insert the.s<', but, since there is no poison-gland attached, there is little moi'c to fear tVnm their punctiu'c than iVom the piercing (if a needle. 1 1 40 jySECTS INJVlilOLS TO THE APPLK. \i •M. 28. No. io.- -The Oyster-shell Bark-louse. M;itil(tsitls piDitoniiji l)Oii(.'li('>. This is a very dcsti'iictive niul [/Pniicioiis insect, which pi-c- vails tliroiiiijhout the Xorthcni United States and Canada, and in some of the S(nuh(;rn States also. It was ii>trodne( J iiv;;, Eni-o|)e more than ei<ility years a;jc('. Jt appeal^ in (he I'orni of minnte scales, abo'.it oiie-sixth of an inch lono;, of a brownish or ij^ravish color, closely rescmblini;; that of t!ie hark of the tree, and somewhat like the shell of an oyster in sha|i(', adhcrinii' to the surface of the bark, as shown in ]''i<r. -''^. iuid ))laced irre<>;ularly, most of th(iii lenixthu'ise of the limb or twii;', with the smallr end n|)wards. In sonu; instances the branches of apple-trees may be fonnd literally covered and crowded with these sca'es; and where thns so prevalent they seriously impair the health and vieor of the tree, and sometimes cause its death. Under each of these scaks will be found a mass of eii'i>s varvii! V in nund)t'r I'roin liftecn oc twenty to one luindred or more; these ilurin<>,' (he winter or early s|)rinj»; will be fonn<l to be white in cidoi, bni befori! hatchini;" they change to a yidlowish hue, soon after which the yount; insects appear. This u>nally occurs late in !May or early in June, and, if the weather is coid, the yonnj: lice will remain several days undi'r the scales befor(> dis- j)crsinji; over the ti'cc. As it becomes warmer, they leave thch- shelter, and niay be seen rimniuii' all over the twins looking for suitable liycations to which to attach thems(d\('s. 'I'hc\ then, under a maun ilyinn-ii lass, present the ap|)caranc(! shown at li, I'^ii;. lil), their actual lcn<;'th bcin<i' only about one- hundredth of an inch; to the unaided eye they ap|)ear a>- n)crc specks. A lar!j;(> proportion of them soon become fixt-d around the base of the sith'-shootsof the leiMuinal (wiii's, wheic, inserting their tiny sliar[> beaks, they sid)sist upon the sap of ■I .■I 1 the i-.-iK at;} and delac and ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 41 the tree. In a lew duvs a fringe of delicate waxy threads issues from their bodies, wlieii they liavo the appearance shown .,t a. Grathially tlie insect assumes the form shown at A ; o and () represent the h)use as it approaches maturity, and when (lel;tched from the scale; 1 shows tiie egg higidy magnilied ; ami 8 one of the antennae of the young lice, also much enlarged, j'.cforc the K)\\(\ of the season the louse has secreted lor itself rx^ '¥'S. A -IvK the scfily covering shown at 7, in which it lives and matiu'cs. Tlio scale is ligui'ed as it appears from the under side when raised and with the louse in it. liy the nnddle of August this female louse has become little else than a hag of eggs, and (he process of depositing these now hegins, tlu^ body of (ho j)ari'ut shrinking day by day, until finally, when this work is coDipIcted, it becfo'Mcs a mere atom at the narrow end el t!»e scale, and is scarcely Moliceable. 'VUi' sei'es of the male louse are seldom seen ; they are luu'^l iV<'(|ueJUi/ found upon the leaves, both on the upper and ui\dor rides; they are smaller in si/e than those of the female, and did'ereni als(y in sha;ie. The male scale is shown at (', b'ig. 150, in which -ut is also rc|)resent(!d the male insect, uuieh magiufied, with wings closed and expanded. Only one brood is produced anmially in the North, the eggs remaining unchanged un(l(>r the scale lor about nine luunths ; but in some parts of the South the insoct is double- 42 jysKCTS INJLRIOI'S TO THE APPLE. brooiled, the iirst brood hatching in May, llie .second in September. As the oy.stor-shell bark-louse retains power of motion only for a few days at most after hatching, it is mainly disseminated to distant [)lac! .5 by thedistril)ution of young trees from infe.^tid nurseries. In the orchard and its immediate neighl)orlu)od il may be s[)read by being carried on the feet of birds, or attadud \% to the larger insects, or may be aided by the wind in j)assing from tree to tree, while it is itself so brisk in its active state that it can travel two or three inches in a minute, and hence tniglit in this way reach a ])oiiit two or three rods distant be- fore it would perish. Although this insect essentially belongs to the ap])le-tr(H\ it is frequently Ibiind on the pear, an(f sometimes on the plum and the currant-bush. l!ciiic(Jics, — -A species of mile (r'"ig. JH), Ti/rn(/li/p}iii.^ iiKihi^i (Sliimeri, preys on the l()us(> as well as on its eggs: and (his mile, so insignillcant that it can scarcely be seen wiiiioul a magnifviug-glass, has ])robably done more to k(H'p this or- chai'd-pcst within boinids than any other thing. Under the scales may sometimes be fomid a small active larva devouring the og<i's. Tnis i, the progeny of a small four-winged parasite, belonging to the family Clialcididic. named Aiilic/iiins vii/ll/dnpiflis \jo Ihiron. In l''ig. 02 we have a rt'presentation of this insect lii<:hly magnilied. I'onght inu,' an as thei this ol renuKU should sBH are act strong meiide Ulg-SO( ATTACKING THE BRANCIIRS. 43 Another iViciid is the t\vi('e-,stal)b(i(l huly-bird, C'hihclionis bivn/iierus Mills. (Fig. 133), lui iii.soct easily recogiiiml by its Fi(i. :*,!. Fio. 32. )M)lislu'(l black wino-cases with a blood-rcd spot on cacli. Jts larva, a bristly-looking little (Teatiiro (Fig. 34), of a "r.ivish color, is very active, and dcNoni's l;iru,(' numbers of tlie lice; tlio ]) rfect beetle also (Ills tlieni. 1'ho bark-lice and tlieir eggs iii'c (Icvoured also by some of our insect-eating Fi(i. hn-d Mi |)iirinu' tlie winter the trees should be ex- aiiiined and the scales sci'aped olf, and thus a larg(! |)roporliou of the insects may be destroyed. Still, it is almost impos- .-ililc to cleanse the trees entirely in this way, esjiecially the smaller branches; and hence the insect should be Ibiighl also at the lime when the eggs are hatch- '"' " ' iiig and the young lice crawling over the limbs, as then lh(>y are lendci" and easily killed. With this obju't in view, the time of hatching of the I'cnmants left after the winter or s|)i'ing scraj)ing should be watcluM', and, while the young larvie are active, the twigs should be brushed with a strong solution of soft-soap and washing-soda, as i( m- iiieiidcd imder No. 2, or syringed with a solution of wash- iii^';-soda in water, maile by dissolving half a pound or more 1 1 1 ! I M u JXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. ill :i paill'iil. Painting the twigs and branches with lin,-(((l oil has also been tried with success. As a [)recautionary measure, every young tree should bo carefully examined before being planted, and if found infcshd should be thorouii'hlv cleansed. W No. 17.— The Scurfy Bark-louse. Chionaspis fiu'J'iirus (Fitch). This insect, which has long been known under the name of Harris's Bark-louse, Anpidlotu>< Ilcwrisii Walsh, is now fouml to have been first described by Dr. Fitch, and hence nuist in future bear the name given to it by him. It resembles in sonic respects the oyster-shell bark-louse, yet is sufficiently dissimilar to be readily distinguished from it. In this species the scale of the f'"tv.i]e, which is by far the most abundant, is obldiiji' in form, pointed below, very flat, of a grayish-white coloi-, and aboi t one ^enth of an inch long. (See Fig. 35, 1 and 1 c; ihe latter represents a scale highly magnified.) The eg«is un<ler the scale of the oyster-shell bark-louse during the winter an; white, while these arc pur[)lish red. The eggs of this species hatch ab(>ut th(! same date as the other, but the larvic are red or rcdtlish brown in color. This insect does not mature so rapidly as the oyster-shell species; the eggs are said not to Ik; fully developed under the scale until the middle ol' September. Tlu> scale of the male, which is very much smaller and narrower, and not more than one-thir- tieth of an inch long, is shown in the figure, magnified, at 1 <t ; the male insect in the winged state, highly magnilied, at 1 h. This is a native insect, which has existed from time imme- morial in the l<]ast. West, ami South, its original hom<> beiiiLi, on the bark of our native crab-trees. In the warmer pari- of the South it is more common than the oyster-shell bark- louse. It is found cliiedy on the apple, but sometimes alllx'S the |)ear and also the mountain-ash. It is lar Ies8 common than the imjioi'tcd oyster-shell bark-louse, and is nowhere anything like so injurious as that insect. fe ATTACKING THE BRAXCIIES. 45 Remedies. — Tlie scurfy bark-louse is saitl to be preyed upon by the same miles wliich attack the oyster-shell species; it is Fiu. 35. also (levonred by the larva of the twice-stabbed Uiay-bird. ,fe The same artificial lemeilics should be used in this instance <a as are recommended in the other. No. 18 —The Buffalo Tree-hopper. Cerem buhalm {Fal)r.). This insect belona;s to thc^order lleinipt(>ra. Tt is an active iiun|)injj creature, about one-tiiird oC an inch lont;- (Fi,i];. '^0), of a liju'ht ^"rass-i;reen coloi-, with, whitish dots and u pale- ^■ 43 ISSECTH INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. Fid ;!i;. yellowish streak alonsi; each side. On the I'ront there i.> a shar|) process or [)oint jiittiiii^ out hori/ontally on cai ii side, reniindini;; one of the horns of a hull or hutlalo, which has g-iven to the insect its common name of bnt!alo tree- hopper. It> body is three-sided, not nnliUe a beeeh-nut in form, and it is furnished with a sharp- /l^HN T pointed beak, with which it i)unctures the J f^wh > bark and sucks the sap from the trees. •^ It is common on ai)[)le and many other trees from July until the end of the season. The eutis are said to be laid in rows, in n series of punctures made by the ovipositor of the female; and the youni; larvie, which are g"rass-<2,ieen like their parent-, feed also on the saj) of the leaves and twij^s. Jn the larval state, before the power of ^\i^\\t is acquired, the iuscct is easily cau_i>;ht and destroyed; but it is not easy to suggest a remeily for so active a creature as the perfcci insect is. It cainiot be killed by any poisonous application, as it feeds oidy on sap. It has been suggested that where they are so numerous as to injure fruit-trees they may Ixi I'rightened away by frequently shaking the trees, as they are very shy and timorous. It is, however, scarcely probable that this insect will ever become a source of mucli annoyance to the fruit-iirowei'. No. 19. — The Thorn-bush Tree-hopper. Fid. 37. with Theliii rni/<ri/i Fitcli. Tliis is an insect similar in structtu'o and habits to the bulValo tree-hopper. It is common on aj)ple- trees, but more couimon on thorn-bushes, in July and August, when it n)ay be seen resting u|)on the small limbs and sucking the sap. \\'lien approached, it leaps away a sudden spring, and is lost lO view. iiul ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 47 It is a llttk more than oiie-tliinl of an iiicli l(»ii.i^ (see Fiji;. 37), with a three-sided body, bhick, varied with eiiestniit- brown, with a large white spot on eaeh side, which e\ton(h'd f forward becomes a band across the front. There is also a I white band across the hind i)art of its back, and a jnotnber- I iiiice extending npwanls on the front part of its body. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. jj-o_ 20. — The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar. C/isioaiinpa Americana Ilarris. This insect is a native of the more northern Atlantic States, and has probably been carried westward in the egg-state at- laehed to the twigs of yonng trees. It iidiabits now almost all parts of the United States and Canada. Tlie motii is of a pale dnll-reddish or reddish-brown color, (trossed by two ohhqne parallel whitish lines, the space between these lines being nsualiy paler than the general color, although some- limes quite as dark, or dark(!r. In the male (Fig. 38) the aiiteiiiia> are pectinate, or feather-like, and slightly so in the reinale (Fig. oH). When fully expanded, the wings of the li'iiiale will measure an inch and a half or more across; the male is smaUer. The hollow tongue or tidui by which mo lis and butterHies imbibe "their Ibod is entirely wanting in this s|)e('ies; iience it has no power of taking food, and lives but a very few days in the winged state, merely long enough lo n 48 ixsKCTs ixjuiuors TO Tin-: apple. if provide for a future ueneration bv the (loi)o.sitioii of ymu Tlie moth remains at rest and concealed durint:; tlic day, but ix'comes very active at nicrht, when it enters liiihted ronnn attracted by tlie t^lare, and becomes so dazzled and bewild ivi, that it darts crazily about, here and there, tinimping it-clf against the walls, furniture, and Hoor of the room in tli^ most erratic; manner, then circles around the lamp or gas-li^lit with great velocity, finally dashing into the flame, wlien, wiih wings and antennto severely singed, it retreats into some nh- scure corner, 11 c moths are most abundant during the Tum two weeks in July. Tlic eggs are deposited during that month upnn Fir;. 40. ilie smaller twigs of our fruit-trees in ring-like clus- ters, each composed of from fifteen to twenty rows, containing in all from two to three hundred. Tlic eggs are conical and about one-twentieth of an indi long, firndy cemented together, and coated with a tough varnish, im|)ervious to rain, the clusters pn- senting the appearance shown in Fig. 40. In h'iu, 41, at c, a similar chister is shown with the gun imv covering; removed, showini; the manner in which ilic eggs are arranged. The voung larva^ ai'(^ fidlv matured in the eo;*' before winter comes, and they remain in this enclosing! in a torj)id state throughout the cold weather, hatching during the first warm days of spring. They usually appear during I lie last week in April or early in iNFay. depending much on the ])revailing temperature. Their first meal is nade of poi- tions of the gummy material with which the egg-masses aiv covered, and with tlie strength thus gained they proceed ;ir once to work. At this time the bnds are bursting, thus pio- viding these young larva3 with an abundance of suitable ten(l( r food. It sometimes haj)j)ens, however, that after tliey uw hatched cold weather returns and vegetable growth is tempo- rarily arrested. To meet this emergency they have tlie ])ower of sustaining hunger for a considerable time, and will usually live but s( iiMihii l;ir\a' ai'i'oss (lay, but I r()nni< in tlic as-Iiti-lit -'11, with )m(' (il)- 1k' lir.-t I upon <e cliis- y rows, Tl,.. M illrli with a rs ])iv- II Fiu. ::iiiniiiv it'll the le ci^o '(! in a iiir the i,i>- the m the r por- es MIV L'cd ;ir s pi'ii- oiKhr y WW inipo- )o\v('r luillv f ATTACKING THE LKAVES. 49 live from ten to twelve (lays when wholly dejirivetl of food ; I, lit severe Crost is fatal to them in this tender condition, and iiiuhitiides of them sometimes ])erish from this eauso. These larvje are tent-muUers, and soon after birth they heirin to eon- strnet for themselves a shelter by extendini;- sheets of web ;i<'ross the nearest fork of the twij^ upon which they were Fig. 41. hatched. As they increase in size, they construct additional layers of silk over tho.so ]>revionsly made, attachin*^ them to (lie neiiihborinii' twigs, and leaving between the layers «; '"o enough for the caterpillars to pass. The tent or nest v. •; ti completed is iri'egnlar in form, abont eight or ten inches in diameter, and the holes through which the caterpillars enter a.-e situated near the extremities c angles of the nest, and into this they retreat at night or in stormy weather, also at other ■i I 'ii h\SECTS L\JURIOiS TO THE APPLE. times wbon not f'eedinj^. In five or six weeks they beeoiue i'lill thrown, Jiiul then measure about an inen and tliree-fjuartcrs ill leni!;tli, and j)resent tlie a))|)('arance shown iii Fit;. 41. 'ilie l)(Hly is hairv and black, with a white stripe down the back, and on eacii side of this central stripe there are a number of sliort, irregidar, h>ngitiidinal veHow Hues. On the si- paler lines, with spots and streaks of ])ale blue. The ....tiir side of the body is nearly black. These caterpillars have regular times for feeding, issnln- from the o})enings in their tent in processional order, nsuallv once in tlie forenoon and once in the afternoon. I.i verv warm weather they sometimes repose upon the outside of the nest, literally covering it and making it aj)pear quite black with their bodiei^. They are very voracious, and devour the leaves of the trees they are on with great rapidity; it is esti- mated that each larva when approaching maturity will con- sume two leaves in a day, so that every day that a nest of such marauders is j)erniitted to remain on a tree ihere is a sa'" 'o of about five hunch'cd leaves. Where there happen several nests on one tree, or if the tree itself is small, they ofti'u strij) every vestige of foliage from it, and in neglected orchards the tret's are sometimes seen as bare of leaves in June as they are iu midwinter. As the caterpillars arrive al matiu'ity they leave the trees and wander about in all direc- tions in search of suitable ])laees in which to hide during their chrysalis stage. A favorite place is the angle formed by the projection of the cap-l)v)ards of fences or fenec-i)Osts. I Fere they construct oblong oval cocoons (Fig. 41, d) of a yellow color, formed of a double web, the outer one loosely woven and slight in texture, the inner one tough "ud thick. In its construction the silk is mixed with a pasty substance, which, when dry, becomes powdery and resend)les sulphur in appearance. Within these cocoons the larva:; change to brown ehrysalids, from which, in about two or three weeks, the moths escaj)e. This insect feeds on many different trees, but is particularly fond of the apple and wild I'herry. I >-(iinc, within .\.M-,:>' l;,tc ll" With in:iy 1 toi-n t i- not liunc c;isily tended times \ will l»e partly 11 lili ATTACK IS a THE LEAVES. 61 .kIi r •t j-^;:«| Bcmedles. — Since the tciit-catorpillar is so easily detected |)v its eoMspieiious nest, it need never l)eeoine very trouble- some, as the larvie may be easily destroyed while slK'lteriii<r within it. Thev st'ldoin leave' the nest to feed until after 9 A.M.. and usnallv return before sundown ; hence the early and laic liour.s of the day are the best times Ibr destroyini^ them. With a suitable ladder and a u'loved hand the livini;- mass iiKiv be seized and crushed in a moment, or the nest may be toiMi from the tree and trami)led under foot. Where a laddi'r is ni>t at hand, the nests may be removed by a pole with a bunch of ra^s tied around the end of it. This work is most casilv done while the larvjc are younii', and should be at- tended to as soon as the cobweb-like nests can be seen. .Somc- liiiics when the nest is destroyed a porti(»n of the caterpillais will l>e absent feeding, and within a few days it may be fotiml partlv repaired, with the remnants of tlie host within it : so that to subdue them entirely repeated visii- to the orchard >hnul(l be made, and not a fragment of a nest permitted to lemain. Governments might well enforce under [)enalties the (lest ruction of these caterpillars, as their nests are so conspic- uiiii- that there can be no excuse for neglecting to destroy them, and it is unfair that a careful and vigilant fruit-grower sliduld be compelled to sulfer from year to year from the nei;lect of a careless or indolent neighbor. Neglected trees are soon stripped of their leaves, and become prematurely exhausted by having to rei)roduce at an unseasonable time , their lost foliage; with fruit-trees this is so great a tax on i their vital powers that they usually bear little or no fruit the ' following season. The cig-clusters may be sought for and \ destroyed during the winter months, when, the trees being leafless, a practised eye will readily detect them. A doudy (lay should be selected for this purpose, to avoid the incon- venience of too nuich glare from the sky. Several j)arasites attack this insect. A minute Ichneumon fly, about onc-twenty-tifth of an inch in length, is parasitic on the eggs. By means of a long ovipo.^'.^)r it bores through H ■'>■" 52 INSKCTS LXJlIx'/Oi'S TO THK AI'PLK Vu:. A-2. tlio (inter L''umniy covsriii^" mikI ogi>--sliell, and (lepo.'.Its its ( L;i,'s within (lie oi>g of the tciit-caterpillar, wlicro tlic y()nn<;' <rriilis <»(" tlio parasite liatt;li ami I'wd njion the contenls of the ejiu-. shell of onr enemy. A small mite, very similar (o that shown in I'ig. 31, is alsc. vt'iy dcstrnctive to these ej^gs, eatinu,- into them and feedin*; on their oeenpants. Two laru'er Jchneniiiiiii ilies j)i'ey n|)()n the caterpillar, Piiiijihi v(»i(jni,'<ifor (Say) (Fi.ii'. 42) and Icliinu. iitoit III/ IIS lirnlle, as x^cli as one or mnn. _^-<^V species of 'J'aehina (lies, two-winded in- i~-^ seets a little laro-er than the eomiiKm honse-tly, similar to Fi_<;'. 40. All thc-M latter parasites watch ('leir oppoilnnity when the growing; eaterpillir is feeding, and dej)osit theii" eggs on or nnder the skin of their vi(,'tim, which shortly hatch, when the giiili^ hurrow into the bodies of the tent-caterpillars and I'vvd ( n them, carefully avoiding the de.-^trnction of the vital organs. The inlesteu larva^ usually reach maturity and construct their cocoons, hut atier a time, instead oi' the moth, one or more of thes( friendly insects make their appearance. Several preda- eeous insects also devour the larvte ; these are referred to in detail under Xo. 21. No. 21. — The Forest Tent-caterpillar. C/lNiiii'(tiii/>ii .s\i//rii!ii'i' Iliii'ris. This insect closely I'csemUIes t!ie connnon (I'nI-caterpillar. Xo. 20. The moth (A, I'^ig. I.')) is of a similar color, hiii pidei", or moi'c yellowish. The space oetween the twoohliipic lines is usually darker than the rest of the wing, and the lines thems(!lves aiH! dark hrown instead of whitish. In tli" figure, (I repH'sents (he (\go-clus(er, c one of the eggs, nuK'h enlarged, as seen from the (op, 'J a side-view of (he same. The egL:>< of ihis species may he disiinguished by their almost ur.il'orm diiu'ieter and by their being cut olV s(piarely at each ( ud. Th" number of eggs in each cluster is usually ATTACK! S'i THE LHAVEK. ry,\ Vu;. [:\. fVoin three tc fndi' Imndred ; they are whife, about onc-twenty- jil'th of an Inch louu", and oiie-lortieth wide, rounded at the l.ase, ji'i-athially eidari>- iiin' towards the apex, wheic they are iiiar- :^iiii'(l l»y a proiiiineiit lini.aud ha\H'a suidvcu >|i((l in the centre. The (MM, are (k'posiled in cireies, and wi > eae!i CO W eiic is seerefe<l a small (|iKintiiy of <-'iuuiny iiialtfT, whieh liiMuiy la-lens it to the twii;' and also to the adjoininsj: e<»:i;, and upon liceoiiiino' dry forms aeo:'.t!"i»; of hrown vai'uish over the pale vn<X. Like file tent-eaterpiilar. tile yoniiL!: Iarva> l)ee(»nie fully Inrined in the cliiis before winlt'r, and remain within them in ;i torpid condition until sprinji'. The lar\a^ in this instance also hatch about the time of the hnr-iiiii:' (if the buds, and in the absence of food are endowed wiili -iinilar powers of endurance. It is said they have been kinwii to sur\ive a fust of three weeks' duraliv)n. While vnuiiu', ihev >pin a slight web or tent auainst the side of the trunk or branches of the (r<'e on whieh they are situated, but, Irniii its pecidiar color )r sliiiht texture, it is seldom noticed. Ill diis early sta^'c they often manifest slrann'e processionary liabils, mai'chiiiii; about in sin(;le or double eolunni, oi .' larva Ml iiiiiiiediately following; anothei" that when thus erossin<2,' a si(|e\^alk or othci' smooth siu'face they a|>pear at a little dis- tance like black streaks or pieces of black c!ord stretched iieros- it. l"'rom the liiiK! they are half };'ro\vn, until they ajipi'oaeh iiiaturily, they seem to have a j^rcat fondness Ibr exercise, and deliuht (o travel in rows aloui;' fcnee-boiU'ds, wliieh they do at a very brisk pace when in search of food. Ill about six weeks this larva becomes lull e'rown ( b'i<:'. I 1 1, and is then an inch and a Ik'.II' or more in lenu'th, of a miOti o4 I.XSKCTS I.XJURIUiS TD THE A/'l'LK. V\i.. 4t. |):il('-l)liiisli color, s|)riiikI(Ml all over with black j)oints jiml (lots. On the ba(!k is a row ol' (en or ele\H!n oval or (lianioinU sliaped white spots, hy wliii'h it may he :it onee (listint^nish<!(l iVoin the comnion teiii- caterpillar, while on the sides there are palc- yellowisl; sti'ipes, somewhat broken, aiul mixed with iiray. U'lie hairs on the body aiv i'ox-colored, mixcvl v.ith coarser whitish hair-. Tiie caterpillars attain IViii growth ai)out tin; middle of Jnne. Oecasionidly, dnrini;' the lattt. ])art ol' JNIay, when about hali' ui^twii and cxireinciv voracious, these larv:e will a|)pear in pir- iect swarms and attract u'enerai attenlimi. During; the latter pait of the day, and iVc- rpiently also in the mcrnino-, they collect on the ti'iinks ainl larger l)ranehes (»!" the trees in larye black masses, which aiv so easily reached tliat they seem to invite d( strncti(tn. While |»articiilarly injurious to the a|)ple, they also attack variuu> species of forest-trees, such as oak, thorn, ash, l)asswo(ul, beech. j)linn, cherry, walimt, hickory, etc., and sometimes lai'i:i' clinn|)s of woo<l may be sei'U in dune (piitc bare of Ibliaui' iVom the <levastation caused by this insect, w.hilc underueaili the ii'roiind is covered with small black urains of exuvin. Jt is often very abundant in the West, and octiasionally e(piallv destructive in the South, es|)e(Mally in CTeor«iia and 'rcnuessee. When full sxrown, this larva spins a cocoon (see I'^ii;'. 4iM closely resemblin<; that of tin! tent-catci-pillar, usually within the shelter of a leaf, the cdois of which ixvo, jiartly drawn toir*>(her. Within siicli an enclosure there; is };'en»'rally one cocoon, but in times of p;reat abundance, iuid where the eii- closuri' is lai'iic enout;"ii, there; a''e ol'iei; (wo or three coe(M)ii> toi;'ei!ier. At such periods almost esciy hif or fra^nieut ol a leaf is so occupied, and, the whitish-yellow cocoons beinii' (»nly |)ar(ly hidden, and the leaves hangiui;' willi their weinhi. one is impressed with the idea that the: tree is laden wiili sonic ^SHJI , 1 T'l\ 1 CKL\ G THE L KA I ' ES. .JO t Fia. 4-j. st[-ani!;e sort of iViiit. If leave:s ivinnot be had I'or >lielter, llio oicnoii^ will 1k' t'oiiiKi uiidor tlio bark of trees, in every siiit- .,1,1,. ci'eviee or hid" i;';-i)laoo in j'cncc-, or under Iol'-. In two ,ir three day.s the enek).-;ed larva ,'li;ui^e.s to 11 ehry.salis of a red- (li-.li-l)ro\vn color, densely clothed with short pale-yellowish hair, and in the eoiir.se of two or three wrrksthe tnoth appears, which, like the in-tct last described, No. i^t), is nocturnal in its habits, :iii<l live> liul a lew days, \vhen, Ii;i\ 111^' provided i'or tl\e contin- uance of its .species, it jjerishes. lidtH'd'HK. — The e_i!;n'-cluster.s >ln)uld be sou;i,ht for and de- ~t roved durino- the winter inouilis. When the caterpillars nr(! yomiii', they will dro[), stis- |ieii(icd by a silken thread, in Miiil-air, if the bnuich on which I hey ai'c fc'dint;' be su(kleidy -I ruck ; advantaii'c may i)e taken (if this lialtil, and by swinu'ini; a stick around, the threads may lie eatheri'd in with the larvjc attached to them. When the caterpillars iiave become half 5ji;rown, the trees shoidd be tre(piently ins|)ected, early in the mornine', ;uid the conn;rcoalcil masses crusheil and deslroyi'd with a stilV broom or some other (Mpially suitable; implement. Diiriui;' the day they are so constantly on the move, that a youn^' tree lhoroiii>hly cleansed from them in the morning!; may be crowded ayain helbre evcninii'. To iivoid the nece-sily of constant watch- iiii:, strips of cotton biittiiiii', three or four inches wide, HJioiild be tied around the tree about hali'-\v«y up the trunk; thesis A 56 LXSECTS I.yjUJilOUS TO THE Al'I'LE. IkuuIs should 1)0 tied ti<2;litly in the middlo. Kacli caterpillar is f'urnislu'd wit'i (bur pairs of Hesliy prologs, wliicli nic fViiit>;od with s'.iiail horny iiooks, and on the insect's tryiii"- to [)ass over the coUon these hooks g-et so entangled in tliu fibres that I'ni'lher progress becomes very difficult, and is .seldom persisted in. A shower of rain will pack the fibres of the cotton somewhat, but where the string fastening it !> tied around (he middle, tiic upper iialf washes down and makes a sort of roof overhanging the lower portion, which in great measure |)rotects it from tlie weather. These larvje are seldom abun- dant for manv years in succession. for in tinu's of great pk'iity their natural enemies multiply with X| amazing rapidity, yevoral jiar- asites destroy them. Two species of Ichnemnon Hies prey on them, also a two-winged Tachina fly, closely resend)ling the lied-tailed 'Jachina fly, Xinionra fcKctaiin' (Kirkp.) (l''ig. IG), which attacks the army-worm, but this fly is wiilmut the red tail. Fi(i. 47. !l Fid. IS. A s|)ecies i){' bug (iremiptcra) attacks (he larvic just when tiiey are eoiisl i ucting their cocoons, and sucks them empiv, ATTACKIXG THE LEAVES. 57 Fio. lit. wliilc some of tlie insect-feeding birds devour tliein ii'rcodily, c-niriallv the black-billed cuckoo. Thei'e are several species di' ni'edaceoiis insects belonii'ini; to the (Urnh'uhv, or ground- hecilcs, which are very acti\-e in their habits, ;ind diligently limit for them and eat them, notably the Green Caterpillar- jimiter, (\ff<).s<nii(i scnitdfor (Fabr.) (l<"'ig. 47), and the C'o|)|)er- sjxitteil C'alosoma, Cdloxohia c<i/i(huu (Fabr.) (Fi<;'. 48). 'i'hey aic sometimes destroyed in j2;reat numbers by a fungoid disease, which arrests their })roirress when ahout lull <i'''o\\ii, and the aU'ectcd s|i(('imens may be found attached to fences and trees, retaining an ap- z:, pcarance almost natural, but when handled tluy will often be found so iiiucli (lecaye(l as to burst with a Liculle touch. An Ichneinnon Hv, I'iiiipfd pvddUx ("resson (Fig. 4i)), is a parasite on this larva, while mites j)rey U|)on the eggs, identical with those which feed on the eggs of the common tent-caterpillar. No. 22.— The White-marked Tussock-moth. (h'i/i/i(t /ciifiis/ii/iiKi (Sill, \ Alili.). 'llio or<'har(list, walking among his iVuit-lrces after the leaves have fallen, or dining the winter months, will frc- ([iii'iuly liiid a dead leaf or leaves fastened iierc and there to llie bi'anches of his trees ; on e.\aminalion, llies(> will usually lie Ibiiiid to contain a giay cocoon, with in most instances a mass of eggs fastened to it. ( )n breaking into this mass, which is brittle, it will be found to include lV(»m three hun- <liv(| to live hiuidred eggs, alioiit oiie-t wenty-fd'th of an inch in diameter, of a white color, nearly globidar, and llattened Oil the u|)|)er side. They are placed in three or four layers, the intei'slices being lilled with a frothy, gelatinous matter, which makes them adhere securely together, and o\'er all is a thick coating of the stuue material, with a nearly smooth grayish-whito Hurfuce, of u cous-ex form, which elTectiially 58 I y SECTS JXJi'RIOUS TO THE Al'/'LK. ])i't'vcnts the lodij^niont of any water on it. The oijjr-niass is attached to an empty L>;ray cocoon, tlie f'ornier abode of the female which deposited them. About the nucUlle of May the eji'tis liatch, when tiie yoiiii;^^ larvJU at <»nce j)n)ceed to devour the; leaves of the tree on wiiich thiy are jjlaced, when distmbed letting themselves down by a silken thread, remaining suspended until danticr is past, when they climb up the thread and regain their former position. When mature, they are very handsome, and present the appearance shown in Fig. oO, arc more than Fig. 00. on II w lie cater ing lurni </ th: T riidii an inch long, of a bright-yellow color, with the head and two small j)rotuberances on the hinder part of the biick of a bril- liant coral-red. Along tlie back there are four cream-colored brush-like tufts, two long black |)lumes on the anterior ])art ol'lhe body, and one on the posterior. The sides are clothed with long, fine yellow hairs. There is a narrow black oi' brown stripe along the back, and a wider dusky stripe on each side. There are two broods during the season, the fu'st completing their larval growth and spinning their cocoons about the middle of .Inly ; the second hatching towards the last of July and completing their growth by the end of August, the moths from (heso latter depositing the eggs, which remain on the trees during the winter. The cocoon, as already stated, is spun in the leaf; it is of a loose texture, gray in color, and has woven into it numerous liairs derived from the Ixtdy of i\\o caterpillar. The enclosed chrysalis is ol" an oval form and brown color, Hometimes whitish 4 •A •I ■A' % A TTA CKl y G THE L KA I A'S'. 59 on the under side, ami is covered with short hairs (U- down. In ;il)oiit a f()rtni,ijjlit the motii of the siimnier brood is hatched, wiii'ii one iniu'ht reasonably exjjeet that iVoni so haiidsoini' a (•aterj)illar there would ai)i)ear a moth with some corrospond- jnii; beautv, but any such expectation is doomed to disappoint- ininl. Jn I'^iji;. 51, c shows the chrysalis oi' the lemale, and d that of the male. The female moth is win<>;less, or provided with the merest rudiments of winoj.s; her body is of a light-<;ray color, of an Fi.i. .M. V\i\. .-,;]. obloiig'-oval form, with rather lonj^ Icos^ and is distended with eijgs; indeed, she is more like an animated bni; of e<:;y;s than anythiuij,' else. (See Fi<>'. o2, where she is represented attached to the empty eoeoon from which she has escaped.) After her escape, she patiently waits the attendaiUH; of the male, and then lu^nins to place her etj;<«s on the outside of her own cocoon, fastening- them tjiere in the manner already described. During this |)rocess her body contracts very nnich, ;md soon after her work is linished she dro|)s down to th(! groiuul and dies. The niide moth (I*"'ig. oo) is of an ashen-gray color, llie fori! wings being crosst'd by wavy bands of a darker shade ; I here is a small black' s|)ot on the outer edge near the ti|), an obli(|ne blackish stripi^ beyond it, and a nunute white; ei'csccn* near the outer hind angle. The body is gray, with \\ smtdl black tuft near the base of the abdomen. The wiiigH, when expaixled, measure about an inch and a tpiarter across. I"l 60 jySKCTS IXJi'/i/OCS TO TIIK APPLE. Since the i'einale i.s wingless, and invariably attaches her eggs to the ()ut>i(le of her own cocoon, the insect can onlv spread by the wanderings of the ca.ter|)i liars, or the careless introduction of eggs on young trees, A'o doubt the latter has been the most ])rolilic source of mischief. Although not usually very injurious, it becomes at tinies a perfect pe>i to the fruit-grower, stripi)ing the trees almost bare of leaves and disliii'uring the fruit bv gnawing its surface. While very partial to the ajtple, it attacks also the plum and pear, and is said to feed occasionally on the elm, majjle, horse-chest- nut, and oak. Rvuu'dlvK. — riie increase of this insect may be easily pre- vented by collecting and destroying the eggs during the win- ter months. In gathering the cocoons, all those having no egg-masses attached should be left, as they contain either the empty chrysalids of the male or the chrysalids of j)arasites. Nine dilVerent species of files, four-winged and two-winge(l, are known to be parasitic on this insect in the catei'pillar state No. 23. — The Yellow necked Apple-tree Caterpillar. Jhitdiiii iiiiiiislrd (Driiry). The motl' of this species was first described by Mr. Drury, an eminent Engli>h entomologist, in 177-'), from s|)i'cimens received by him from \ew York, it measures, when its wings are expanded, about two inches across (>t'e l^'ig. T)!), and is of a light-brown color, with the head and a large; spot on the thorax chcstiuit-brown. On the fore wings there; are from tlii'ce to five transverse brown lines, oiu; or two sj)ots near ilie middle (sometimes wanting), and the outer margin also of the same color. The hind wings ar(> pale yellow, without markings. When in reposi-, tla; hinder |)art of its liodv lllnti i '% <^l: C J ',4 A TTA CKL\G Til /•; L K. I I ES. 61 |)()(lv is raised up, :iiul the tore lei:;s stretcluul out. The iiKiths aj)|)(';ir iVoiii the ini(hlle of Juno until the end ol'July. i-]i(|i rciiiulc deposits lier stock of eggs in ;i single cluster (if fidiii .-eventv to one hun(h'ed in number. Tiiey are white, loiuid, less than one-thirtii'th of an* inch in diameter, placed ,-i(le l)V side in nearly straight rows, and firmly cemented to each othei', as well as to the surface of the leaf on which they are placed. Those first laid begin to hatch during the third week in Julv, while others ar(! three or four weeks later, so that some broods are neui full grown, while others are small and but a few days old. The young larvic eat only the under side and pulpy i)art of the leaves, leaving the veins and upj)er side untouched, but as tluy increase in size and strength they devour the whole of the leaf except the stem. When young they are brown, striped with white, but as they mature they i)ecome darker in enlor, with yellow stripes ; they attain their fidl growth in al)itiil five or six weeks, when they are about two inches long. The head is large and black, the next seginent, sometimes called the neck, of a dull orange color, a black stripe ex- tending down the back, and three stripes of the sanu! color alteiuating with ibur yellow stripes on each side. The body i> tliirdy clothed with long, soft, whitish hairs. The larv;e are invariably found clustered closely together on a limb, on \rliieh, beginning with the tender leaves at the extremity, they gradually devour all before them, leaving the braiKfh {)er- I'tctly bai'e. Its leafless condition soon attracts attention, and on examination it is found to bo loaded with those catcrpil- lai's crowded together. The position tlu'V tissume wl'.en at rest is very odd, and is well shown in Fig. 55 ; both ex- tremities are raised, tlit; body being bent, and resting otdy on the four middle pairs of legs. If touched or tilarmed, tluy throw u|) their heads and tails with a jerk, at the same; time bending the body until the two extremities almost meet over the bacik j they also jerk their heads from side to side. They all eut together, crowded u[)on the under surface of g| 62 hXSECTS h\ J Villous TO THE Al^PLE. the leavos, alon<^ tlio inargius of which appears a row of sliiniiig black heatls, witli each nioiitli busily engaged in di- vouring the portion near it, and when the meal is finished they arrauLrc themselves side by side along th • branches which they have strippeil. If one branch does not afford food enough, they attack another; and when full grown and ready to tran>- form, they nearly all leave the tree at the same time, descending by night to the ground, where they burrow- under the surface to the dej)th of from two to four inches, and after a time cast their caterpillar skins and become naked, brown chrysalids. They remain in the pupa stat(> until the following July, when iiie moths escape and takt' wing. Although sometimes very abundant and destructive, this insect is not usually very common ; some years a few clusters may be seen, and then several seasons may pass before they are met with again. The nakedness of the lind)s they attack soon attracts attentiv,.i, when the larva? may be easily de- stroyed by crushing them on the tree, or by cutting off the branches and throwing them into the fire. A small Ichneu- mon parasite is known to |)rey on them, which may in some measure account for th(> irregularity of their appearance. f No. 24. — The Red-humped Apple-tree Caterpillar. r (Edcma.sia coiiriiuia (Siii. & A1>1).). This insect very much resembles in habits the yellow- necked a|>|)le-trec caterpillar (No. 23). The moth (Fig. 50) a[)j)ears about the last of June. Tlu- fore wings are dark brown on the inner, and grayish on tlic outer mai'gin, with a dot near the middle, a spot near eacii angle, and several longitudinal streaks along the liiud mai'gin, all dark brown. The hind wings of the male are brownish, ATTACKING THE LEAVES. C3 IS )!• (lirtv wliitc, those of the i'emule dii-ky brown ; the body s li'iht brown, tlie thorax of ii darker shade. When ex- naiwlcd, the winn's measure from an inch to an indi and a (juartcr across. The female deposits her eggs in a ehister, on ihe under side ota leaf, (hn-ing tlie month of July, where theysliortly liatch into tinv eaterpdhirs, whieh at first consume only the sub- stance of the under side ot i!ie leaf, leaving the ui)[)er surface uiihrokcii, but as they increase in si/e they cat the entire leaf. \\ Ikii not eating, they remain close together, sometimes com- i.lclclv covering the branch they rest upon. Having come to maturity, which occurs during August or early in Scptem- hci', the larva appears as represented in J^^ig. o7. The head \< coral-red, and there is a hump on the back on the fourth x'wvi or segment of the same color ; the body is traced lengtli- \\i<(' by slender black, yellow, and white lines, and has two rows of black j)rickles along the back, and other shorter ones upon the sides, from each of which there arises a fine hair. The liinckM- segments taper a little, and are always elevated, :r- shown in the figure, when the insect is not crawling. Tt nuMsures, when fidl grown, about an inch and a quarter long. Tli(>so eatei pillars entirely consume the leaves of the branch on wlii.'h they are placed, and when these are insufficient the ailjoining branches are laid under tribute. When handled, (liey discharge a transparent fhiid having a strong acid smell, wliicli (lonl)tlcss serves as a defence against enemies, especially bir<ls, since their habit of feeding o|)enly in large flocks reu- (Ifi's them pttrticularly liable to attack from these ever-active Iocs. ■19^ 64 INSKCTS ISjriilOCS TO THE Al'l'LE. Fici. 58. When full <;T()\vn, tlioy all disappear about the same time, (le.sceiidiuiij from the trees to the ground, where they cnii- cial themselves under leaves, upon or slii^htly under the mu- face, and after a lon«;' time change to brown chrvsalids, :is shown in Fig. 58, and remain in the piij)a state until late in .lime or early in Jidy of the following ycnr, wlicn the j»erft'ct moths api)ear. Jn the Xorth there is only one brood during ihc year, but in the South they are said to be douliK- brooded. They are very generally distril)Uted, but seldom abundant, and, while preferring the apple, feed also on the plum, cherry, rose, thorn, and |>( ar. As thev maintain their gregarious habits dining their eii- tire larval existence, they can easily be gathered and destroycil, cither by cutting off the lindj ami burning it, or bv dislod^- iiig tlicm by suddenly jarring the limb, when they fall to the ground and may be tram|)led under foot. These larvte are also destroyed by parasites belonging to the family of Ichneu- mons, but it IS not yet known to what species we are i n( lebt ('(I for this friendly help. clost Wi'lKl ill M it i- iii(i(<' iiiciii. cliicl WW \\ T Nos. 25 and 26. — Canker-worms. Anisoplerijx vernala (Peck), and A. ponicturia Harris. These are two distinct species of insects which have been confounded under the common name of canker-worm, and,;is their habits and aj)pearance are so similar, it will be conveiii cut to treat of them under one heading. The moths from the h[^w\qs poineUiria leave the ground chiefly in the fall, those of venuitd, partly in the fall, but more abundantly in th< ^prii;^. A. pohtddria, known as the l*\ill C'aidcer-w. ill liivt claim our attention. I^ate in the season, wl .my of the leaves have fallen, and severe frosts have cut ( vthir that is tender, a walk in the woods or through the orchai i on a sunny afternoon is not void of interest. Here and there slen- der, d(>licate, silky-winged moths may be seen flitting about, enjoying the sunshine. On capturing one and exannning it ■**<- ATTACKING THE LEAVES. Oo .,"« ;W ^1 closely, Nve find it to be almost trans|);ireiit, and one is led to wonder wlivso trail t^ereatnre siiould seleet so blealc a season in MJiieh to appear; but, delieatc; as its structure seems to be, it is nevertheless one of the hardiest of its raee, requiring-, indeed, a considerable de<;ree of cold for its perfect develop- nicnt. These are the male moths of the eaidcer-worm, and chiellv those oi' pometaria, the fall canker-worm. 'J'he iemales arc wini^less. Fig. fhe eu'i^s of this species [a and b, Fii^. 59) are flattened a!>i)ve, have a central puncture and a brown circle near the honlt'i', ai-e laid side by side in regular ma.-ses (r, Fig. 50), often ;i- many as a hundred together, and generally placed in exposed situations on the twigs or branches (»t' the tree. They usually hatch about the time when the young leaves of the apple push i'roni tht' I Hid, when the little caidcer- wonns cluster uj)on and consume the tender leaves, and, on the ;ipproach of cold or wet weather, creep for shelter into the bi'>om of the exjianding bud or into the opening flowers. The newly-hatched caterpillar is of a pale olive-green color, with the head and horny part of the second segment of u very pale hue. When full grown, it measures about an inch in length. ])resenting the aj'pearance shown at/. Fig. 59 ; in the i^anie figure, c represents a side view of one of the segments of the body, enlarged so as to show its mnrkings. 'J'hese caterpillars are called loopers, because they alternately loop and extend their bodies when in motion. They arc also known as measuring-worms. They vary in color from iireenish yellow to dusky or even dark brown, with broad loui^itudinal yellowish or j)aler stripes along each side. When 1 t eating, they usually assume a slilF j)ostin'e, either flat and i)arallel with the twijis on which thev rest, or at an ani>;le of about forty-five degrees; in either case, since they closely 6 I oi; jysHCTs jxjf.iiiovs TO Till': ai'Pli:. rowoiublo ill (\i\ov the hiaiicli on v.liicli lluT rest, they ii>ii- ally cIihU' detoction. W'Ik ii full grown, tlicy Icuvct tlic tivis oi*^lici" by crccpi.ii;' down tlio (nuik or l)y letting:; lliciiiscKi s down by silken tlnvads iVoni the hfanclics. Wdicn thus sii-- |:endo(l in uroat nnni! hts, as is iVcMjuiMitly the ease, under lli" linihs ot" trees overhanuini:; roads and sidewalks, they heeoinc a ui'eat annoyan(!e, espeeially to sensitive ])eo|)le,and are ol'tcii swept oiV by passinj]:; vehieles, and in this manner sonietinii - distrihnted over a eonsidenddt! area. Ilavinj;- reat lied, the ground., <'„-y l)urri)\v int<» it to a depth of from two to six ine!ie>, wheic ihey make a rathe touuli eoeuou of bull-eolored silk, interwoven with particles ol' ('■■u'th. The chrysalis is about half an inch long, of a liglii gi'ayish-hrow n color, that ol' the niah' slender and I'urnished with wing-cast's, that of the female larger and without wing cases. 'I'he ehrysalids remain in the ground throughout tlir stuiiiner, and th(> moths usually aj»j)ear on tho v.ing (hiring the mild weather which succeeds the lirst severe frosts in autumn. 'I'he female moth of each spoeiis is without wings, and sluggish ill movement, with a very odd spider lik<' a|)|)earancc. (Sec A, Fig. t.n.) With V ^ r:' V^^ "^^^ . -"^ -^^ cii-s, ■ sh,> dra-s her ,.>N ^ir-i. Ksi%. ^r-..^-^*^^^j. ^.^ , weary way along in a most ungainly manner niilil she reaches tin l»ase of a suitable tree, up which she cliiiibs, and there awaits the arrival ol' lli(\ male ller iiody is of a uniform shining ash color above, and gray Ix'iieatli ; it is from three to four tertlis of an inch in lenglli. The fore wings of the male (I'^ig. (>(), <i) iiic of a brownish- gray coh.r, very glossy, and are crossetl by two rather irregu- lar whitish bauds, the outer on(! enlnrging near the ii])c\, \vliert\ it forms a large ])ah> spot. The hind wings are grayisli brown, with a faint central blackish dot and a iiioii' or less distiftcl whitish band crossing them. il 6 CO ''nVi'"",. ha- ■:;j ., i; ll i lie % ihc. <s '■;« of a fj >. lil.Ml (lilt 1 1^. ai'r:i! -■^^ ■i* hiuu (•rev hale! I :^^ ■a i ATTACK I. \(' TJiK LEAVES. G7 Anisoplcrp' vcniata, \i\n)\yn as tlio Sprinn' ( ^ankor-worm, has ail oval-sliajKxl 0)i,g, sliowii at 6 in l"'i<j;. (il, liiglily \i\ng- inl'ud; the iiatmal size is shown in ihc small cluster adjoin in<;' ; tliev arc '' "'• '''• of a very delicate texture and pearly i^^^^ i,^:-l~j lustre, and are lai<i in masses with- out auv reirularity or order in their ainuiijjenient, olten a.? nuiny as a hundred together, usually liiddtMi in crevices of the bark of trees. They hateli at the same time as the other .«pecies. The young eater[)illar is of a dark olive-green f)r brown cmIup, with a black shining head, and a liornv plate ot" the >aMK! color on the to|) of the next segment; they, too, are al>out an inch long when lull grown, and present then the appearance shown at ff. Fig. 01. In the same ligure, c rep- I csents a side view, and d a back view, of one of the segments, enlarged so as to show their markings more distinelly. W'Ik'U full grown, this ealei'pillar elosoly resend)les that of the other s|»eeics, and the body is e(pially variabh? in color. Ill ihis lilt! head is mottled and s|)otted, and has two paki triuisverse lines in front; th(! body is longitudinally striped with many narrow pale lines; along the sides it becomes (lc(!per in color, and down the middle of the back are some l)la(!kis!i spots. Their habits are similar to thosi; of the other species, and they attain full growth about the sanu; lime. 'i'li(( <'hrysali(ls, which are found about tlu; sanu! depth under gi'oinid, are similar in color to those of pomrhirid, but llic cocoon is nmch more fragile, and is (jasily torn to j)iee,OH. Sometimes the moth esea|)es from tlie (ihrysalis in theautumn, bill more frecpKMitly during the first warm days ol' spring. The abdomen of the t'emale {h, Fig. (12), as well as tiuvt of ihc male, has in this spe-aos, upon the hinder margin of each of the rings, two transverse rows (tf stilV reddish s|»ines ; at '/ ill the fignn; is represented a joint of the abdomen, en- larged, showing tluise spines. The female also has a retractile j| jySECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE APPLi:. Ss« Hms8>' ovipositor, shown in the li^iire at c; this is wanting in tlic otiier species ; c represents a jxtrtion ot' one of )ier anteniiie. TJie lore win<>\s of the male are pak>r tiuui in poitid<i)''ut,'A\n\. more transparent; they are ash-eoh)rcd or brown- ish gray, and of a silky ap|)earanee. X broken whitish band crosses the wings near the outer margin, aiid three interrupted brownish lines between that tu.d the base ; there is an ol)li(iuc black dash near the tip of the fore wings, and a nearly continuous l)laclv line at the base of the friny;r. The hind Avings are plain pale ash color, or very light gray, with a dusky dot about the middle. licmcd'uK. — To attatdv an enemy with success it is essential that we know his vulnerable poinLs. In this instance, sinc(! ihe fenudis are without wings, if they can be prevented from crawling up the trees to dejjosit their eggs, a great point will be gained. Various measures iiave been employed to secure this end, all belonging to one or other of two classes, — first, those that prevent the ascension of the moth by entangling her feel and holding her there, or by drowning her; second, those which look Id a similar end by ])revcnting her from getting a foothold, and causing her to I: 11 repeatedly to the ground until she becomes exhausted ai)d dies. Jn the first class is included tar, mixed with oil to jirevent its drying, and applied either directly around the body of the tree, or on strips of old canvas or still' paper, about liv(> or six inches wide, and tied in the middle with a string; refus(! sorghum molasses, |)rinler's ink, and slow-drying varnishes, are used in a similar manner. 'I'in, lead, and i-ubber troughs, to contain oil, also belong to this class of I'cmedies, and have uU been used with uiore or less success. Jn the use of any of the first-named sticky substances, it should be borne in mind that they must be lve|)t sticky by freipient renewal of the surface in mild weather, uv i 4 I I till as lc;i rrli to a \' ai'i' >\\v I. we ATTACKING THE LEAVES. ;:i )r .V the a|)i)lic:ition will be useless; they slioiikl also be applied as early as the latter part of October, and ke[)t on until the leaves are expanded in the ibllowing spring. It must also be rcincnibered that some of the moths, defeated in their attempts to climb the trees, will deposit their eggs near the ground, or aii\ where, in faet, below the barrier, and that tiie tiny yonng worms hatoheil from thenj v,'ill pass without difHeulty through a verv small opening. Ileuee, whether troughs or b;mdages are used, care nmst be taken to jill up all the irregularities of .-m'faec! in the baric of the tree;:, so that no oi)enings shall be loft through whieh they may pass. Cotton batting answers well in most eases for this ])urpose. Till' sei'ond (ihiss of remedies consists of various ingiMiioiis devices, in the way of collars of metal, wood, or glass fasten('<l aioinul the tree and sloping downward like an inverted funnel. These, although they prevent the i>u)tlis from ascending the tree, olfer but littli; obstatde to the ])rogress of tlie yonng (■alei'|)illars unless the ojienings between the collar and the tfci' are carcriiily packed, ai-d hence they often fail of entire success. Those belonging to the first class are said to be the .sin-est and best, and while it must be admitted that it involves iiiiich time and labor to renew so often aiu' for so long a jjoriod (he lar or other sticky application so as to make; it an cfrectual harrier to the ascent of the insect, still it will pay, wherever the canker-worm aboiuids, to give this matter the attention re(piisite to insiu'c success. The limited pinver of motion possessed bv the female usuallv conlines this insect within narrow limits, ansl \\q\uv. it is local in its attacks, sometimes alioimdin'i; in one orchard and beinur scareelv known in a neighboring one; but when it has obtained a footing, and is iiegle(!ted, it usually nudtipli(>s j^rodigiously. Strong winds will >om( times carry the larva* from one tree to another iu>ar hv. When the worms lu'c onc(! on the tree, if th(^ \vvv. is small, they may be dislodged by jarring, when they all drop, suspended in mid-air by silken threads; then, by swinging a stick above them, the threads may be collected and the larvie laMimiaiMm V INSECTS IXJUHIOUS TO THE APPLE. V broii};lit to tlie ground and destroyed. Fall ploughing has been recommended to destroy the ehrysalids hv turning them up, wlien they are likely to be either killed by exposure or devoured by birds. Hogs also are very useful in destroyin;^ this i)est by rooting up the ehrysalids and eating them. These insects liave many natural enemies. A small mite, Xof/irics ucivo)'u.s Packard (Fig. 03), destroys the eggs. A mi mite jiarasitic fly deposits her egg> ^vithin tlie eggs of the canker-worm and destroys them. In the larval state they are i)reyed on by a small Ibur-wingcil lly, a species of Microgaster, which, afdM' having fed upon its victim to i'ull growth, eats its way out, and constructs a small oval white cocoon altachcd to the bodv of the cater[)illar. A species of Tachiiia, a two-winged llv similar to Fig. 4G, No. Kui. c,;}. >1 is also a jiarasite on thes e worms. i'red iceous msecits also feed upon them, especially the Green Catci-pillar-hunlii' (Fig. 47), the Copper-spotted Calosoma (Fig. 18), and the Rapacious SoMicr-hug, ^Sill<^(l (Vmdoiia (Say) (Fig. (M). The h i- rlini .vl sllMIC ;l1si> |i Fid. 01. Fraternal Potler-wasp, KiimcnoH fratrnni.^ Say {<t, Fig. ()5), stores (he cells lor her young with canker-worms, often ])laciiig as many as iiftci'ii or twenty in a single cell, in the ligure, at ATTACK no THE LEAVES. n h is shown the clay cell of tliis insect entire ; iit c tlio same cut tlii'oii'jjii, showing' lu)\v it is packed with these larvrj. These cells are sonietinies attacheil to phmts aiul sonutinies con- structed under the h)osc bark of trees. Insect-eating birds ;iIso devour hirge numbers of canker-worms. These insects are not coniined to the aj)i)le-tree : ebn- (lecs are freijuently eaten bare by them; thev attack also the pluni, cherry, linden, and many other trees. They are eoiiiiiinn ill the Eastern and \\\'stern States, and also in some |);iii< 111' Cana<la. No. 27.--The Fall Web-worm. Hi/j)Iniiiiri(i tcxiur lliirris. Alter the webs of the tent-caterpillars have been carelully removed in the s[)rino;, and the fruit-grower is perhaps (lattcr- \\\\f himself with the idea that his troubles in this dinn'tion nrc about (tvei-, towards the end of summer lu; m;iy be mor- tified to find his trees again adorned with webs enclosing swaiiiis of hungry caterpillars, devouring the Ibliage. Thi, is the fall w(>b-worin, an insect totally diHerent in all its stages iVoiii the common tent-caterpillar. The moth (»f this species deposits her eggs in broail patches on the under side of tlu; leaves, near the end of a branch, during the latter part of Mav or e;iily in dime. These hatch in the monlli of dune, -liilv, or August ; during the earlier period in t!ie warmer (li-(riet-. and later in the (bolder ones. As sniiii as (he young larva; appear they begin to eat, iind to >pin a well over themselves for protection. 'i'li(>y devour only llie pulpy |)orti()n of the leaves, leaving th(> veins and skin of tiie under sui'face untouched. While young, they are of a |iali'--yellowi.sh color, sparingly hairy, with two rows of black marks along (he body, \^'lu!n full grown, (hey are an iii(;li ('!• iiio)-e ill Icngdi, and vary greatly in their markings; some examples an; pale yellow or giHienish, others much darker and <•!' a bhiish-blattk hue. 'Hie head is black, and (here is a broad dii'^ky or blackish stri[)e down the back ; along; each side is a 72 INSECT.J ISJURIOUS TO THE Al'PLi:. 'A Fui. 06. yellowish band, .spccklod more or less with blaek. The body is covered with long straight hairs, grouped in tufts, arisin^^r from small black or orange-yel- low protuberances, of which thcri; are a number on each segment. The hairs are sometimes of u dirty white, with a few black -' ones intersj)ersed, sometimes red- dish brown ; they are hingest towards the extremities of the body. Unlike the common tent-caterpillars, these la^'vos do not wander from their nests to Iced until nearly full grown, but extend the web over their whole feeding-gromid, constantly enclosing fresh portions of the branch occupied, until sometimes the web covers a space several feet long, the whole enclosed portion having a scorched or withered look, as if it had been blighted. When nearly at their fidl growth, they suddenly abandon their social habits and scatter far and wide, feedint>; on almost anv t2;re('n thiii^ thev meet with. Thev are verv active, and riui briskly when disturbed. DiM'ing September and October these caterpillars descend to the ground and burrow a short distance under the surface, or creep under crevices of bark or some such shelter above ground, where they form slight cocioons of silk, interwoven with hairs i'rom their bodies. Within these cocoons tluy soon change to chrysalids of a dark-brown color (Fig. 67). Fia. 07. Fia. 08. V* smooth, polished, and faintly punetaled, with aswcilling about the middle. In this condition they remain until the following year. The moth (Fig. ()<S) is of a nnlk white color, without spots ; fre(|i pea I'll feede clierr i ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 73 tlie ;uiteiina3 are gray, those of the male doubly feathered be- low, tliosG of tlie female with two rows of iniiuite teeth only; {\\i- lV(tiit thighs arc tawny yellow, the feet blackish l)i-o\vn. Wluii the winii'S are expanded they measure about one and a quarter inches across. The moth Hies only at night. In the Northcru United States and Canada there is oidy one brood of this insect in the season, but in the Soutli it is frcfjiientlv double-brooded, the iirst brood of the larvto ap- pearing in June, the second in August. It is a very general I'ccder; besides the apple, it also eats the leaves of tlu; plum, ciuTry, pear, hickory, ash, elm, willow, oak, beec;!), i)utton- wood, grape, currant, blackberry, raspberry, and clover. From their birth, the web-si)inning habits of these larvse promptly lead to their detection, and as soon as seen tney should be removed by cutting off the twig or braiu'h and (lestroving it; if bevond ordinarv reach, the branch niav l)e cut oil' by attaching a pair of pruning-shears to a pole and pulling one handle with a string. As they remain constantly inider the web for so Icjng a period, the removal of the branch insures in most instances the destruction of the whole colony. No parasites have yet been recorded as preyiug on them, but many carnivorous in- sects devour them. The Spined Soldier-bug, l\)(Jmis t^plnosus (Dallas) (Fig. (>i)), attacks them, piercing their bodies with its beak and sucking them empty. This i'riendly insect is. represented in the iigure at b, with one pair of wings extended, the othei" clo.scd ; at a, a magnified view ol' the beak is given. No. 28. — The Cecropia .Emperor-moth. Plahjsamia Cecropia (liiiui.). Among the many beautiful insects native to this country, (here are none which excite more delight and astonishment than the Cecjropia nu)tli. Its .size is enormous, measuring, when its wings are spread, from live to seven Inches a"ross, f!i 74 lASECrS INJURIOUS TO THE AI'l'LIJ. 1 while its beauty is siieh as to oliann all hcliolders. Flo;, 70 ijjivcs a very ^ood rej)rc,sontatioii of this niagiiiticciit motli. Botli the . iVoiit and hind wings arc of a rich brown, the anterior pair grayi.sii shaded with red, (he [xisterior inoie pi ..ti'.>irwt^» L I line, ATTACKISG THE LEAVES. to uiiiroriiilv l)r()\vii, and about the middle ol" each of the wing's i- a nearlv ki(hiey-shaped white spot, shaded more or loss with ivd, :ind margined with blaek. A wavy (hill-red band crosses (.ai'li of the wings, edged within witli white, the edging wide and distinct on the hind wings, and more ov less faint on the ficiit pair. The enter edges of the wings are of a pale silUy blow II, in which, on the anterior [)air, runs an irregular didl- biarlv liiH>, which on the hind wings is replaced by a double broken baiul of the same hue. The front wings, next to the slinulders, are dull red, with a curved white and black band, and near their tips is an eye-like spot with a bluish-white cn-ceiii. The upper side of the body and the legs are dull red, with a wide band behind the head, and the liirnhn* e<lges of tlic rings of the abdomen white; the under side of the Ijodv is also marked with white. Diu'ing the winter months, when the apple-trees are ieaf- Ic--, the large cocoons of this insect are frequently fouml liriiily attached to the twigs; they also occur on many other trees and shrid)s, for in its ('aterj)illar state it is a very general i'eeder. The cocoon (F.\^'. 71) is about three inches long and an inch or more broad in its widest jtart, pod- shaped, of a rusty-gray or brownish color; it is formed cd" two layers of silk, the outer one not unlike strong brown paper, and within this a ([uantity of loose silken fibres covei- iiiii an imior, oval, closely-woven cocoon, containing a large hrown chrysalis. Snuglv enclosed within this double wrap- per. I he chrysalis remains uninjured by the variations of temi)erature diu'ing the winter, l^ate in May, or early in .lime, the pu[)a-case is ruptured by the struggles of its occu- jiMiit, and the newly-born moth begins to work its way out (»r the cocoon; to lessen (he labor, a fltnd is secreted from ;il>iiiil the mouth, which softens the fibres; then a tearing, seiaping sound is heard, made by the insect working with the claws on its lore feet, pulling away the softened threads and packing thenj on each side to make; a passage I'or its body. Tlie i)lace of exit is the smaller end of the (iocoon, whic-h is b_ 76 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. more loosely made tluiii any other part, and through whieh, at'icr the internal obstacles are overcome, the passage is etllrtc 1 without nuich furtiier trouble. Fii>t through the opening is thrust the front pair of bushy-looking I^ nrs. the shar[) claws of which fasten on tiie outside structure; tiion with an effort the head is drawn forward, disphvying the bcautifid feather-like antennic; next the thorax, on wiru'li are borne the other two pairs (if legs, is liberated, and Hnally tlic escape is completed by the with- drawal of the abdomen. An odd- looking creature it is at first, widi its large, plump, juicy body, and its thick, small wings not much larger than those of a liumble-bee. 'i'lic insect now seeks a good location where the wiiiffs may hano; down in a position favorable for expandiiin, when in a short time they undergo a marvellous i^rowth, attaininu" their full size in from half an hour to an hour. Soon after tiieir exit these moths seek their mates, and shortly tin female begins to defjosit her eggs, a process which occupies considerable time, since there are two or three hundred to dispose of, and they are usually laid in pairs, firmly fastened with a glutinous material, on the under side of a leaf of tin; tree or shrub which is U) form the future food of the caterpillar. The egg is nearly one-tenth of an inch long, ahnost round, of a dull creamy- white color, with a reddish s[)ot or streak near the middle. The 1 (lays, meal shiniii; the sai ra))id, too tig At cac ■•; ill an M reprcse ATTACKING THE LKAVK^. ^^■g'>^, %% TIic (lunition of the egg-state is usually from a week to ten (lavs, when the young larva eats its way out, making its first meal of the empty egg-shell. At first it is blaelc, with little siiiniiig black knohs on its body, from which arise hairs of the same color. AVith a ravenous appetite, its growth is very rapid, and I'rom time to time its exterior coat or skin becomes too tiii'lit for its comfort, when it is ruptured and tiirown off. At each of these changes or moultings the caterpillar appears ill ail altered garb, until finally it assumes tiie appearance rejirc^ented in Fig. 72. It is a gigantic creature, from three Fit 1 1 III;'. to four inches long, and nearly as thick as a man's tlunnb; its color is |)ale green ; the hn-ge warts or tuberciles on the third and fourth segments are coral-red, the others on the back are yellow, except those on the secontl and terminal .segments, which, in common with the smaller tubercles along the side, are blue. During its growth from the diminutive creature as it esca])es from the egg to the monstrous-looking lull-grown specimen, it consumes an immense amount of vcge- tai)le I'ood ; and especially as it api)roaches maturity is this voracious ap|)etite aj)parent. Where one or two have been ])laced on a young apple-tree, they may in a short time strip it entirely bare; the loss of foliage during the growing period 78 INSECTS IXJriilOUS TO Till-: APPLE. h ])revent.s the proper ripening of the wood, and often endangers the life of the tree. Remedies. — The natural increase of this insect is great, and wise provisions have been made to keep it within due boiuids. Being so conspicuous an object, it often forms a dainty iik al for the larger insectivorous birds; there are also eneniiis which attack tiie egg and '■ '"■ young larva, and sevcnil species of parasites which , live within the l)ody of ' the caterpillar, and finallv destroy it either in the lar- val or the chrysalis state; it is believed that fully four-fifths of the larvre perish in this manner. The largest o^' these pprasites, and perhaps the commonest of them all, is the Lony;- tailed 0])hion, 0})hion iiki- cruruiii (Fiinn.) (Fig. 73), a large, yellowish-brown Ichneumon. The female of this Hy deposits her eggs on the skin of her victim, where the young larvfe soon hatch, and, eating their way to the interior, prey upon the fatty j)ortions of the cater- j)illar. Ai'ter the latter has attained full growth, formed its cocoon, and become a chrys- alis, the enclosed para-ite causes its death. When iull grown, the larva of this jiar- asite is a large, fat, footless grub (Fig. 74), which spins an oV)long-oval cocoon with- in the Cecroj)ia chrysalis, and escapes as a fly, sometimes in the autumn, but more frequently in the following spring. A two-winged fly, a species of Tachina (Fig. 46), is also veiy frequently found as a parasite on the caterpillar. The larva Fk). 74. niiied also fe( ■— M ATTACK I XG THE LEAVES. 79 of this pai'a>ite is a fat, fleshy, Ibotless grub, of a traiisliu'cnt vcll(»\v color, and about half an inch in length. A third para- site is a sn)all four-winged liy, known as the ( Vcropia (,'halcis- tlv, Smicra mar'm (Uiley) (Fig. 75). In tin; figure the ffy is Fi... 7.'). I'^Ki 7i5. Fio. ^~\ iiiitcli nuiL'uified ; the short lines at the side show its natural size, A fourth friendly liclper is an Icliueunion fly, known nm\v[' the name of the (Vcropia Cryptus, Cri/pfus e.ftrematis Cresson, which infests the C'ecroj>ia larva in iiwat niuubers, filling its chrysalis so entirely with its thin, papery cocoons (hui a transverse section i)ours a strong resemblance to a piece of lioney-comb. (Sec Fig. 70.) The flies of this parasite escape in June, the female presenting the appearance shown in Fig. 77, where it is niiK^h mag- nilied, the short line at the side showing its natural size. Another two-winged parasite is Gai'rdx anchnra Loew. While very partial to the apjile, the larva of Cecropia will also feed on the cherry, plum, pear, maple, willow, lilac, Eng- 80 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. \'\A\ alik'r, red ciu'niiit, and lia/d ; also on llu,' liickoiy, birch, elm, hi iiey-l()eu;st, harheny, hawthorn, and elder, Durint; the winter their cocoons should he looked for and destroyed ; the lar\ ;e also may In; subdued i)y hand-pickinjj;, — ilu^ir work, as well as their r.ppeai'auee, beinj:; so conspieuuiis iliai tliev are readilv detected. ¥>A\. 78. >-^^^^ No. 29. — The Unicorn Prominent. (.'telodiisii.-i nniciiniis iSm. \- Alil).\ Thc^ larva of tliis moth is a very siniiular-Iookiiijij creature. (See Fill,'. 78.) It is re<ldish brown, variei^ated with white, on the hack, with a lari;e brown head ; the sides ol' (he second :uid third .^^eginonts are ^reeu, and i'rom the toj) of the Iburth a prominent horn is projected, 'riierc' :u'e on the body a lew short liairs, scarccdy visible to the naked eye ; tlic j)osterlor se<.!;ment, with the hindcrmost pair of feel, i^ always raised when the insect is at rest, but it <;enerally uses tiuvc feet in walking'. In .VuL.',ust and September tliis lar\a may lie found nearly full ^■rown. At first catini;' a nolcli, about the si/e of its body, in the side of the leaf on which It i.s feeding, luid j)Iaeiug it.self in (his notch, with the humps on its body somewhat reseinl)lin<jj the irrt'gularities in the margin ol' lh(> ])artly-ealen leaf, it is not easily (lete(!ted. J'jvenlually il consumes ihc entire leaf, except !i small portion of the base. When mature, it measures from an inch to an inch and a (piai'ler in ienglh, and, while generally solitary ni its habits, sometimes three or four are found together eating tlic leaves of the sani(> twig. IJesides the ap|)le, it i'eeds mi tlie i)lum, d' gwood, rose, ahhir, and svinterberry. When full grown, which i^ lowai'ds the end of Re])tomber, it descends from the tree, and under fallen Iea\'cs on the ground constructs a thin, almost transparent, jiapery coeooii, wi'h bits of leaves attached to the outside. A consideraltl" time elajises after lh(> cocfjon is formed before the caterpillar i ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 81 (,'liaii"'c'S to a brown chrysjilis. The inotli docs not appeal- until tine following suiunier, anil is nio.st eoninion in July. (See Fi^^ 79.) The fore wings are light brown, variegated with patches ol' trnienish white, with many wavy linos of a dark-bi-ow n (nli>r, two of which enclose a small whitish space; at l!ie base there i- a shoi't blachish mark near the middle; the tij) and the outer hind margin ai'c whitisli, tinged with ivd in the males, and near the outer liiiid angle there are two hhwk (lushes and one; small white dash. The hind wings of the male are dirty white, with a, dusky spot on the inner hind angle, those of tlui female sometimes entirely dusky. The hody is brownish, with two narrow bla<'k bands across the frdiit part of the thorax. When the wings are expanded, this moth measures I'rom an incb aiid a (piarter to an inch and a Jialf across. It is (l()id)le-br<)(td(!d in the South, the moths of the first brood apjx.'aring early in .)inu', those of the second in August; in the North it is also sometimes dodhle-brooded. This insect is rarely present in suHicicnt tunnbers to do atiy material damage ; ai. 1 it seldom attracts the notice of the fiiiit-grower, uidess by die singular appearance of the cater- pillar and its re:oa* 'cabl(> cond)ination of c(dors. No para- sites hiivo yet been re-'orded as pnyingon it, though doubtless it sulTcrs in this way in coiumou with most other insects, no No. 30,— The Turnus Swallow-tail. Vapilio luriius I, inn. Every one must luivo j^een the large lin-nus swallow-tail l)utti'rllv floatiiiix about in the warm days of June and dulv, eiijoving the .'•unshiuc, drinking from the wayside pool, or :-ippiiig th(> honey from llowcrs. It is one of our largest and hiuid.somest butterllies, mea.'^uring, when its wings ai'e ex- m j.\si:cTs jyjujuurs to the M'Pi.f.. piiiul'"!, about (our iiiclics across. (Sec Fig. 80.) The wiiios areol'a rich, pale loiiioii-ycllov color, baiuh'tl and hordci'cd with hhicU ; on the I'orc; wings arc lum- hhiciv bars, the inner one extending entirely across tliu wing, the outer ones hc- ('(»inii!g shorter as tliev approach tlie api'.\. The front inai- gin is edged with hhicU, and tlio outer margin has a wid^' border of the same, in winch is set a row of eiglit or nim pale-yi'Mow spots, the h)wer ones less distinct. ''9. Vxii MO The hind wings are crossed by a streak of bhick, which is abnost a continu"lion of the iinier band on the 'ore wings; there is a short bhick streak a little beyond, and a wide black border, wideidng as it approaches the iiniei" angle of the wing. I^nclosed within this bolder, and towards its (inter cilgc, arc six luindai' spots, the upper and lower ones reddish, the others yellow ; above autl about these spots, ami especially towards the iinier ungle of the wing, tlii' black bordering is thickly powdered with blue scales. The onlcr nuirgin of the hind wings is scalhtped aixl partly edged with yellow; the iiuicr margin is bordered with brownish black Ibr about two- W A T TA CKING Til E L E. I I 'KS. .s;i m F* tliir(I> ul' its k'li^tli, i'ollowcd hv a snuill vcIIdw paU'li, wliidi i- >iic('i('(k'(l by a lai'<2;('r l)lack spot, centred witli a crescent dI" l)li!c atoms, and bounded below by an iri'e<;'idar i'ed(li>li >|»()t, iiiai'uined witbin with yellow. The hind wings terminate in two K)n«i' black (ails edj^'ed on the insiik; with yellow. 'J'he IkkIv is black above, mar<;ined with pale yellowish; below, Ncllowish streaked with black. The under surface of the wiii^s resend)les the up])er, but is |)aler. This insect passes the winter in the ehi-ysalis state, and ap- pears fu'st on the win<z; i'roin tlui middle to the end of Mav, Itiit becomes moic plenlifnl durinj;' the latter |)ari o| -liine.tnd e;irl\' in .Iidy. The etrys arc deposited siiiii'ly <>" the leaves dl' ilie apple and other trees and shrubs (»n which the larva (vv<.h\ they are about f)ne-( wenty-foiirtli ol'au inch in dianu!- ti I', nearly round, of a dark-j^reen c(tlor, with a smooth sur- I !''( , In ai»oul ten or l>velveday> the eu^s benin to clian^c ct.ior, becominii,' darker, and i?rowin;;' verv dark Just bel'oro the c.-cape of llie larva'. The vci'y youn^^ caterpillars are black, roughened with small brownish-black tubercles, with the first segment thicki'iied, of a did!, glossy tkish (folor, a |H'oiiiinent tiesliy tid)ercle on each side, and a j)ateh </f while ell ili(3 seventh and eighth segments. When lull grown, it ap|)ears as in Fig. 81. It is then IVom an inch and a half to two int'liuH long, with a rather liirge reddish-brown IicikI, and a green ^_^ body, which is thick- ;>J*^^'!i^- W.- est towanis the head f^^/lvT <"'■>■• ^>" <•'<' ii'i- ■* ■■ ^'""■'"■'ms^iii^^^i^^y...... tenor Heginenis (he green is ol" a, darker sbiade, but paler on thy sides of the body, and partly covered with a whitish bloom. On ilu; (ront edge of (lie first Hcginent is a I'aised yellow fold, which slighdy ovc'rhangs (he head, and from which, wlien irri- Ui(«'d, the hirva protrudes a yellow, lieshy, forked organ, at Kid. SI. 84 JXSIJCTS JAJiliJOrS TO THE AJ'J'Li:. ""■■m mm tlic stiinc tiiiu' ,ui\iiig ofl' a (lis:ii>;rec'ablL' odor, wliicli is (loiil)i. less used as a means of deience against its eneniies. On each side of the third segment is an eye-like spot, nearly oviil, yellow, enelosed hy a ring of blaelc, (-er/.i-ed witii a small elongated blue dot, whieh is also set in blaek. On the hindii- portion of the fourth segment is another raised yellow ioM. bordered behind with rich velvety blaek ; the latter is sei n only when the larva is in motion. On the terminal segmeiii there is a similar fold, ilattened above, with a slight })roiii- beranee on eaeh side. On the fifth segment are two blih' dots, one on eaeh side, and there; are traces on the hindt r segments of similar dots, arranged in longitudinal rows. The imder surface is paler than the upper, with a whiti>li bloom. When the caterpillar is about to change to a chrysalis, whii'h is usually diUMUg the early part of August, the coler of the body grows gradually ilarkei-, until it becomes dark reddish brown, with the sides nearly black, and the biii!' dots become nuich more distinct. Having selected a suitable spot in whii'h to pass the chry.sdis state, it spins a web oC silk, into which the hooks on the hind legs are (irmly fastened ; then, having jireparcd and stretched across a silken band er loop to su|)i)ort its body in the middle, it casts its larval skin, and remains a dull-brown chrysalis, of the form shown in Fig. 82, until the following spring. This insect is very widely distributed, being found in nearly all parts of the United States and Canada. 'I'iie caterpil- lar feeds on a number of dilVerent trees, but chielly allecis tin; apple, cherry, thorn, and basswood. As it is always .solitary in its habits, it i> never likely to causi! much injury. South of lVnnsylvani;i (he female of tiiis species of butterfly usually loses its yellow color and becomes nearly black, while the other ,sex retains its nurmal hue. Fui. W. ii& I 4 ATTACK I SO THE LEAVES. 85 u No. 31.— The Blind-eyed Sphinx. Sin rri nihil ft >\vivrii/>is (Sin. \' Alth.). I)uriii<i' SoptemUor, and sometimes as late as the hegiiininj^ ot' October, there may be loiind occasionally oii the apple-tree, f'ccdinu; on the leaves, a thick, <'yliii(irical ('aterj)illar, about two and a h;dt' inches lon<i;, with a u'l-ecn triani«;nlai' iioad, bordered with white, an apple-<2;reeM body, paler on the back, but deeper iiK'oJor alon,<>' the sides, with its skin roiiti'hened with niiniert)tis white -ti])ped ^rannhitions, hiivin«>; a stout lioi-n on the hinder part of its back, of a hluish-ijreen color, wirii J''"'- ^■'>- x'vtii obli(pie sti'ipes on cncli side, oC a pale yel- low, th(^ last one of a hriixhter vellow than the uilici's and exteudini;' to the base of tlu! horn. This is the larva of the hliiid-eyed sphinx, represented in 1*^1^-. So. Wh<n full Lirown, it h'aves the tree and buries itself iu FiQ. S4. the earth, wliere it ehauees lo a chrysalis of a chesmut-brown eolor. smooth, witli a short termiiud spine. The moth (l^^i^. 84) appi'jirs from May to .lulv. Mit diicllv g0 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. in June, and is very liandsome. The body is fawn-eolored ; on the top of the th.orax is a eliestnnt-eohired stripe, and on tlie abdomen a dark-brown line. The front win<^s are lawn- colored, clouded and striped with bntwn ; the hind wings arc rose-coloxnl in the middle, with a brownish patch at tiic tij), crosf-ed by two or three short whitish lines, and haviiiii near the inner an^le a black spot with a pale-blue centre. This moth nieasnres, when its wings are spread, about thiNc inches across. It is c()mj)aratively a rare insect, and has never been known to cause any serious injury. While partial to the apple-ti'ec, the caterpillar will also feed on the |)linn and wild cherry. The moth remains hidden during the day, but becomes very active at dusk. No. 32.— The Apple Sphinx. S]>Jihix (i())(liiis i'viun. '[ his insect belongs to the same family as No. 31, viz., the yphingida", or Sphinx family, and there is a general re- semblance between the two sj)ecies in all their stages. The larva of the aj)ple sphinx is a thick, cylindrical, ap|)le-greeii worm, about two and a hr.lf inches long, with a reddish-brown horn projecting from the hinder ])art of its back, and with seven oi)li(pie stri|)es along each side, of a violet color, mar- gined behind with white. I (ate in the autumn it leaves off feeding and buries itsell' deeply in the earth, where it changes to a brown chrysalis with a short detached tongue-case. Here it remains until the following season. The perfect insect is a strong, narrow-winged moth, which appears on the wing from the latter part of May to the cmhI of .[iMie. (I'ig. ■'^•k) Its fore wings are dark brown, vai'ieil with ash-gray, vith bhuik streaks within the V(;ins uid n white dot near the middle, resting on a long black line. The hind wings are gray, with a bind across the middli', and ;i wide maruinal band (.f black. The iVinges of the wings are »,i,'iU't».i.'-. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 87 wliito, the head and thorax bhu;kish brown. The abdomen is dark gray, with a central l)hieU line, and alternate black and irravisli bands partly encircling it. When the wings are ex- Fid. 85. panded, the moth measures from three to three and a half inches across. This also is a night-liyer. No. 33. — The American Lappet-moth. Gastropaclia Americana llarriH. This sii\gnlar insect is found in the larval state in Julvand August, resting in tiie daytime on the twigs or limbs of the :ip|»Ie-trcc, feeding at night. Its body is broad, convex above, and perfectly flat beneath, and when at rest it closely resem- l)li's a natural swelling of the bark. Ft is of an ash-gray color, fringed close to the under surl'aiH' on each side with infts ol' blackish and gray hairs s|)ringing iron) pi-ojeiiting inbcrcles. On the hinder ])ai't of the (hii'd segrucut there is a bright-scarlet velvety band, and a similar one o'l tlu; fourth segment, neither of which is seen except when tlu; larva is in motion. On the second segment there arc two small tu- bercles on eacih side, and one on each side of (he r(>maining segments; from these tubercles are given out tufts of grayish liaii-s mingled with whiU' ones. 'V\n\ under side of (he bo<ly isorange-eolorccl, with a central rowof dianu)nd-sliapcd black- isji spots. In general ajjpearauce it nuich resembles l<"'ig. 87. 1 88 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Al'PLE. Wln'ii ready to transform, it attaelios it.selt" to a limb ami there encloses itself in a gray eoeoon, which aj)|)ears like a slight swelling of the liinl), and in this enclosure it changes to a brown chrysalis, in which state it remains until the month of June following, when the j)erfeet insect (vscapes. The moth (Fig. <SG) is of a tawny reddish-brown color, with the hinder and inner edges of the fore wings and the outer edges of the hind wings notched ; the notches are mar- gined with white, JJoth pairs of wings are crossed by a rathei- broad, interrnjjted, whitish band, not very clearly shown in the tignre, which, on the anterior wings, does not always extend tn the front margin. In the female the jxile bands and dark lines are sometimes wanting, the wings being almost entirely of a red-brown color. The moth measures, when its wings are expanded, from ;ui inch and a half to an inch and thi'ee- (puirters across. The eggs are laid on the leaves of the apple tree; late in June, and are very j)retty ol)je(!ts under a magnifying-glass. They measure about one-twentit'th of an inch long, are oval, flattened at the base and also above, and a little thicker atone end than at the other. In (iolor they are white, with peculiai' bhuik markings; at each end is a cresceut-shaj)ed stripe, with a dot below it, and on both the flattened surfaces there are markings like (yes, each formed by an oval spot in the centre, with a curved .stripe above' and a shorter straight one below ; between and j)arallel to the two eyebrow-like marks (here is another black stripe. The whole surface is covered with a net-work, the meshes of which are iri-egnlar, with a depressed dot in the centre of each. This insect feeds also ou the <'hen'y and the oak. Jt is not at all common, an<i probably will never be a source of much annoyance to the fruit-grower. ,T;%t,«i»««Tinyi'xv>-»— ■ ^. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 89 No. 34. — The Velleda Lappet-moth. To/i/i/c velleda (Stoll). Tlio ('aterj)ill;u' of lliis spt'cics is very siii)il;ir in ;i|)[)('ariuico Miul liiil)it,s to that of llu' American Lappcjl-iuc^tli, No. o."], with some slight (lin'crciK'es in I'olor and markings. The t"till- i;rii\\n hii'va is two inches oi' moi'c in length, with a small, Hat head, nearly hidden beneath two j)rojecting tiit'ts of hair jiinn the second segment. It is represented partly grown in Fin-. S7. The body is bluish iiiav, with manv I'aint paler longitndinal lines ; across the upper part of the fourth seg- iiu'iit there is a narrow velvety l)hick band, more conspicuous when the caterpillar is in motion. On each .segment above there a.re two wai'ts with short black hairs, of which those on the foiu'th segment, anterior to the band, are most prominent. Tlii'i-e are a few short black and grav hairs scattered over the hodv. The side i'ringes which border the body close to the under siu'face are composed of spreading tufts of light-gray mingled with black hairs, of luiequal length, [)roceeding IVom warts nearly one-tenth of an inch long. The under side is of a pale-red or orange color, with black spots. This caterpillar, when at rest, closely resembles the color of the twig to which it is attached, and hence is difficidt to detect. It reaches maturity during the month of 'July, and is found on tlu^ cherry and elm, as well as on tlu! apple. Tlie cocoon, which is usually attatihed to one of the branches of the tree on whi(!h the larva has led, is ubout un inch and a half long and half an inch wnde, oval, convex above, and tlattened on the luidcM' side ; it is of a brownish-gray color, with a few blackish hairs interwoven with the silk. The moth (Fig. 88) is usually Ibund in August and Sej)- tcmber. It has ti large, thick, woolly body, of a white color, variegated with bluish gray ; its l(>gs are thick and very INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. hairy. On the fore wings are two hroad, chirk-gray bands, in- tervening l)etween three narrow, wavy, white bands; the veins are white and j)roniinent. The hind wings are gray, with a white hind borch'r, and aoross the niiihllc UmmM^* tliere is a broad, faint, whitish •"A ^^^^ band. On the top of the thonix is an obhmg, bhiekisli-brown spof, widenini; behin(h The males arc not nnifli more than half the size of the females; the former, when tlieir wings are exj)an(led, measure about an ineh and a half a(!ross, the latter nearly two and a half inehes. hWn; that last described, this is a rare insect, and one never liUely to appear in snflieient numbers to be troublesome. No. 35. — The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller. Cacoecia rosaceana (Iliirris). 'I'his moth is a member of a very large family of small moths called Tortrices, or, ])opularly, leaf- rollers, because their larvae have the habit of rolling uj) the leaves, or por- tions of them, forming hollow cylinders, firmly fastened with silken threads, in which they live, and where they are j)artly protected from birds and other enemies. Most of these insects, when disturbed, slij) (piickly out of their enclosure and let themselves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, and thus frecpiently escape danger. Soon after the buds of the a|)|)le-tree begin to open, tiie caterpillars of the obliijue-banded leaf-roller commence tlieir labors. They coil np and fasten together the small and tender leaves, whicli thus furnish them at once with shelter and food. A\'hen full grown, they are about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a pale-green or yellowish-green color, sometimes reddish or brownish, with the lica<l and top of the fii'st seg- ment brown ; there is usually a darker green stripe along the bacik, and a few smooth dots on each segment, from each of which there arises a short, line hair. In I'^'ig. 89 this larva is sh ill ro sk ill ATTACKISG THE LEAVES. 91 shown somcwliat lua^iiirted ; also tlie chrysalis, which is about ilic natural size, licsidos consuming the leaves, this jeaf- rollci" is vcrv iond of (inawing the skin of tiie youui;:; fruit, ant to I such Fio. S't. iihraded spots soon hecoiuc brown and rusty, and sometimes crack. When mature, the larva lines the inner surface of its d\veHing-|)laco with a web of silk, and then changes to a chrysalis of a dark-brown color. (See Fig. 80.) Towards the end of .June, or early in »Iuly, with the help of some little thorns (111 the hinder segments, the chrysalis wriggles itself half- way out of the nest, and shortly after tlu; imprisoned moth escapes. This is a short, broad, flat moth, resembling a bell in outline when its wings are closed (see Fig. 90); but when expanded (Fig. 91), they ap[)ear arched on the front edge, Fig. 90. ^^91 Fio. !U. curving in a contrary direction near the tip. The body is reddish brown, the fore wings of a light cinnamon-brown color, crossed with little, wavy, darker brown lines, and with three broad, oblicjue, dark-brown bauds, one of which covers the base of the wings and is sometimes indistinct or want- ing; the second crosses the middle of the wings; and tli(> third, which is broad on the front edge and narrow behind, is near tlu^ outer hind margin. The hind wings are ochre- yellow, with the folded part next to the body blackish. AV^hen the wings are expanded, the moth measures about an inch across. The cater[)illars are found on the apple, pear, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) (p. i^r C/j SLo 1.0 I.I ': Ilia u. 2 2 20 1.8 [ ■ 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► I V, <^ .^% c^ ^^ /(^ PhotogTciphic Sciences Corporation S V ^ ♦"..^x ^ \ \ #lV ^% > '«\ ;\ 73 WEST MAIN STREEi WEBSTER, NY US80 (716) 873-4i03 '•C^'.. v* ^ 92 L\si-:(rrs ixjcniors to riii: ai'/'lk. pliiiii, |»('!i('li, cliciTv, rose, riisphcrrv, i^oosclxTry, ciirnuif, sti'iiwlHTrv, and |)n)l)iil>ly sonic other plants, slinibs, aiul tnrs. li'ciih lic^-.— ln llic larval stale fliis insect is infested by a parasite, a species ol' Iclinetinion. A siniile |)arasite almost fills tli(! I)()(ly (»!' tlie caterpillar, and yet the latter li'oes on actively I'eedinii-, and <;'r<»\\s to inatnrity withont showing- any si^ns of inennvcnionce. When about to enter the chrysalis state, the occnpant eats its way ont of the body of its victim, wliicli shrinks np and dies, and the parasite spins a cocoon within the Icaly enclostii'c, and forms a chrysalis nearly as larn;e as that of the leaf-rtillcr, from which, in <\\U'. time, a fonr-wini>;ed lly esca|)es. The depredations of this foe ai'c sonH'times sorions, more especially when it selects as its abode the terminal branches of the tree, and thns checks its nrowth. N\'lienever |)raeti- cable, the curled and twisted ebistcrs ol' leaves sIdiiM be pinched and the larva' crnshed ; if out of reach, syrininin^- with powdered hellebore ..nd water, in tlu^ proportion of an (tnnee to ii pailfnl of water, or with Paris-o-reen and water, in the pro|)oKion of a teaspo(»nfiil to a pailfnl of water will destroy many of them. No. 36. — The Lesser Apple-leaf Folder. Tii'ds Diiiliravdiu!. ( lii! Hanm). The eaterpillai" of this .species is a small greenish worm, smooth, with a pale-brown head and whitish markiniis. Those of the lirst bn»od make their appi-araneo with the o|)eninu; foliage in sprinu; ; the opp(«>iie edtics of the tender leaves are drawn tonether upwards, and fastened with h silken web, thns Ibrininu; ii roof over the insect, which serves the double purpose of shelt(>r and protection. The second brood, hatchiiii;' later in the season from e<i<j;s laid on the surface of the mature and less yielding!; leaf, do not dr.aw its edn'cs lo- jj;e(her, but simply (lonstruel a web over the siu'faee of the loaf. When miitiir(>, the caterpillar cats oil' the upper cuticle of part of u loiif, and brings the (idges togethijr, tying thoin th wi sUI ATTACKISa THE LEAVES. d;] with .silken ilircads, and then lines the en('h>.snre with tine wiiite sill<. Within this <Miri('(l leat" the hirva chaniies to a hrown chrysalis, alxtiit three-tenths of an inch loni;. Sonic ot' the scy;tnents ot" the body arc Inrnishcd with minnte spines, and thi' posterior extremity with two hooks, bent downwards, with which the |>npa works itself half-way out ot" tiu' enclo- sure before the niotii escapes. The moth is abont one-third of an inch lonjr, and measures, when its win^s are spread, half an inch or more aero-s. Its head, thorax, and l"(»re win«^s are ot" a brii^ht-oramic color, the hind win<;s, body, atid 1cjj:s whitish, \\\i\\ a silken lustre. The lirst moths ap|)ear early in the season, in time to deposit their eggs on tin; young foliage as it bursts \\w buds; the second brood a|>pear during the latter half of .luly. This insect sometime;! oeenrs in great nnml«;rs, destroying the leaves of apple-trees, particularly young trees, giving them I lie appearance of being s(!orehed by lire. When it bi'comes necessary to destrov then), tht; remedies im-ntioned under No. 30 should be promptly applied. No. 37. — The Leaf-crumpler. I'/ii/ris iiiiU(jrn(lla l/clli-r). The fruit-grower will fre(piently find, on examining his a|»ple-trees in wintci", clustei's oi" curious little eases, jiartly hidden by ]»ortions of crinnpled and withered leaves. The cases (Fig. O'i, ca, h) reseml)le long miniature horns, wide at one end, tapering almost to a point at the other, and twisted in a very odd manner. 'I'he withered leaves are lirinlv fastened to the cases and to the twig i)y silken threads, and the case itself, which is attached to tlu^ bark of the twig on which it is placed, is curiously constructed of silk inter- woven with the dried castings ot" the artificer. The inner siuTace of the ease is whitish and smooth, the exterior rougher and of .1 yellowish-brown color. These odd little ctises are the work of the larvio of tiie 94 lySKCTS ISJVIUOVS TO THE APPLE. Leaf'-criiniplcr, tlie young of wliicii :i|)|)('ar late in tlie snni- nier and attain about one-third of tlu'ir growth hcfore winter sets in, ^Vt'ter constnut- "■■ '^"" ing iheir places of alxxlc, they remain in them all winter in a torpid .state. Fig. J*.'] represents one of these eases well covered with withered leaves. As soon as tiie warmth of a spring snn causes the l)uds to expand, the cater|)illar resumes its activity, and, leaving its ease in search ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 95 1)V the early part of June its j^rowtli is eompleted. It then shuts itself up in its case and changes to a reddish-hrowu chrvsalis, about four-tenths of an ineh long, from which, in about two weeks, the perfect moth escapes. When its wings are expanded, the moth (see d, Fig. 92) measures about seven-tent!is of an inch across. Its fore wings are pale brown, with patches ;ind streaks of silvery white, the hind wings plain brownish white; the under side of both wings is paler. There is oidy one brood diu'ing the vcMr, the moths depositing their eggs during Jtdy. Remediefi. — One would imagine that a caterpillar protected as this one is, within its (^ase, wouhl be secure from all ene- mies, but it is not so; a small Ichneumon fly is a parasite upon it ; so, also, is a two-winged Taehiiia Hy, TacJuna phijcifu' (Le JJaron), which closely resend)les the common house-fly. It is not often that this insect is very numerous in any one orchard, but where it is abundant it sometimes inflicts a con- siderable amount of damage, consuming the young foliagt; and materially retarding the growth of the tree. The only way to destroy them is to pick the cases with the (!rum|)led leaves off the trees during the winter and burn or crush them. Jiesiiles the ai)p!e, it feeds on the cherry, (pi i nee, and plum, and occasionally on the peach. No. 38.— The Eye-spotted Bud-moth. Tinduceni nreUaiut (Scliiir). The caterpillar of this insect sele<!ts the opening bud as its |)oint of attack. Ft is a small, cylindrical, naked larva (s(>e Fig. 9 4), about three-quarters of an inch in length, ol' a pale, dull, brownisji color, with small warts on its bo(ly, from which arise flue short hairs; the head !uid the top of the next segment are black. Its tenement (ionsisis of a dried, blackened leaf, |)ortions of which tu'e drawn together so as to nitdie a rude case, the (uni- tral part of which is lined with silk. It is very partial to Fio. 'M. §|i INSECTS INJURIOIS TO Till-: AI'l'LK. tlio blossoms aiul iiowlv-roriivot; fruit, thorobv oaiisiuir srroai (lisappoiiitmoiit to fViiit-^rowcrs, who have jjerliaps waited iiaiieutlv for vears tor the tVuit of some new or interostiiiL'' variety, aiul have their ho[)es excited by soeiiij^, it may be, a sinj^le buiu'h of blossoms set well and apnear promisiiijx, when this mischier-niaker commenoes its depredations on the youiii:; fruit, drawinti; the several portions toirether with threads of" silU, and partly devourins^ them. It sometimes contents itself with injurin<ij the leaves oidy, drawiiii^ oin' after another around its small inside ease until there is formed a little cluster of withered and blackeni'd leaves. Another of its tricks is to j^naw a hole into the top of the branch from which a buneii of blossoms issues, and, tunnel- ling it down the centre, cause its death. Titese larvte ai'c nsuallvfull tirowu bv the middle of June. Avlieii they change to dark-brown clnysal ids within their nests, from which the j)erfect insects escape in Jidy. The moth ( Fij»;. 1*4) measiu'cs, when its wiiij^s are expanded, about half an inch across. Jt is of an ash-<>rav color. Thr fore win<rs ha\e a whitish-tn'av band across tlie mi( Id! anil there arc two small eye-like spots on each of them, one, lU'ar the tip, composed of four little black marks on a light-brown ground, the other, near the hiiid angle, formed l)y three inimUe black spot.s arranged in a triangle, with sometimes a black dot in the centre. The hind wings are dusky brown. The attacks of tiiis insfvt arc not restricted to the ap|»le; it is injurious also to the cherry and ])lum. Small aiul in- significant as it appears, it is capabhf of much mischief. Tln' only remedy suggt'sted is to pull off and (iriish the withered cliistcM's of leaves containing the caterpillars or chrysalids early in the spring. No. 39.— The Apple-bud Worm. Fjccopnis inaldiin Feniald. This insect, recently recorded as injurious, has seriously injured the apple-trees in the orchards of N(»rthcrn Illinois, ATTACKIXG TIN-: LEAVES. 97 l)v (IcvouriiiL; the t(>nniiiiil buds on tlio hraiiclu's. In tin? l;irv:tl stat(! the niiscliicr is duni'; ii is tluMi a small palc- i>Tt'cni>li or vcllo\visli-u;roeii {'at('r|)illar, soinotinu's tiiiijctl witli pink on the back. Its head is yellowish, with a black dot on each side, and there is a patch or shield of a yellowish eoloi- on tli<' n|>per part ot' the iie.vt setxinent. The ei:>;s from which these larvie hatch an; deposited >in"lv upon the terminal buds. The voniiu; larva, after de- vonrinii; the bud, fastens the leaf-stalk of one of the leaves •rrowinu' near the tip to the side of the branch, aii<l thus fiirm?' for itself a soi't of burrow l)etween the leal-stalk and the branch, in which it hides dnriuii" the day, issninn' from its retreat at nii^ht to feed on the leaf so secured. When this is consumed, il is said U\ feeil for a time on tlu' newly-formed wood, and sometimes eats its way a shoi't distance into the t\\ i^'. 'i'he caterpillar about this time deserts its bui'row on the branch, and couKfructs a yellow, woolly twbe or case upon one of the leaves, in which it lives, issuiuii; at niti'ht to ['vr{\ as lierelofore, and when the leaf on which it is placed is almost cuMsnmcd, the larva draj^s the eas(> to an adjoiniui;- leaf. As il approaches maturity, it becomes of a dark llesh-color ; its body is marked with a number of small shiniuj;' spots, and its head and the horuv shield oil the next seji'ment are black. When full f^rown, it measures about half an inch in leuiith; it then closes its ease with a silken lid and chan<i-es to a chrys- alis within it, fronj which the moth a[)[)ears sibout a week or ten days later. The fore wiii<;s of the inotli are white, mottled and s|)otted with areenish brown; there is a larj^e t!;rayish-brown spot at till' tip, mottled with white, and another, towards the base of lh(> winjr, of a darker shadt; ; the front edae is nioltlcd with grayish brown. The hind win^s xxw. dusky. Tiiere is only ou(> brood of these insects duriuu; the year. Tile tips ol' the infested branches usually die back as far as the base ol' the lirst peri'ect leaf, where a new bud forms, which takes the place of the terminal bud, As the brancii {)H L\si:(TS LW/lJiJors TO TIIK Al'l'/J-:. I" ' from this now-f'onnod \nu\ is late in slartinir, and (Iocs not jjrow straight, tlic iiijiirv caused by this in>o<'t inti'rl'oivs seri- ously witli the tii'owth ot' the tree, iMid also mars its beauty. A small lehueuiuon Hy, Microdiiscdriiioiflo^ Cresson, attacks this hud-worm, deposit in<>; an ejrj^ in the body of each eater- pillar, which, hatchinj^, produces a footless ma_u;<i;ot, that lives within the body of the cater|)illar until it is al)ont ready t<> l)Ccome a chrysalis, when the mairt^ot issues from its body and the larva dies. The parasite spins within the silUeii cast! of its host a toui^h white cocoon about one-fourth of an inch lonir, i'rom which the j)erfect fly issues in about a foi'tniiiht. Where these insects are very troublesome they may be de- stroyed by syriiiiiintr the trees with Paris-i^reen or London- purple mixed with water, in the [)ro|)()rtion of (Hie or two teaspoonfuls of the i)oison to two gallons of water. Their nund)ers may also be lessened by hand-pickinu;, gathering- them while still in their burrows near the tops of the twig .gs. I*^ Fig. %. No. 40. — The Green Apple-leaf-tyer. Tod.s CimlcifUa (Uiloy). This is a small yellowish-green caterpillar (<f, Fig. 95), with a horny iiead and neck of a deej)er yellowish shade, the head being luarked with a crescerit-siiaped black mark. It belongs also to the leaf-rollers or leaf-folders, and draws the '^ edges of th(! leaf together, as shown in th(> figure at r/, and lives within the fold. In feed- ing, it eats the leaf entirely through. It is a very nind)le little creature, and when dis- turbed wriggh's (piickly out of its ease and drojwtothe ground. The larva changes to a brown chrysalis (A, Fig. 1)5) within the fold of the leaf, which is lined with silk. When the time approaciies for the moth to ATTACKISa THE LEAVES. 90 ('S(':i|K', the clirysalis wriiii^lcs itself so far out that tlie head MiMJocts h( voiid the enclosure, as siiowii at'/, soon after which the moth appears. Tlie front wings of the moth (c, Fi<>'. 95) are of a t;h)->y, (I:iik ash-tfray color, the hind win<:;s a little paler ; when its winiis are spread, it mi'asures about an inch across. This insect closely resembles No. 30 in all its diiHreiit stai^cs, and it is i robable that both insects are sliijjhtly-modihcd Iniiiis of the same s[)ecies. No. 41. — The Apple-leaf-sewer. Phoxoplcn's iinlxx'iihtna (OliMii.). In the perfect state, this insect is a smsdl moth beloni;inu: to the Tortricidio, or Fieaf-rollers. It passes the winter in the larval condition in roUed-up apple-leaves which lie on the trround. Early in April the larvic chan<>e to chrysalids, 1111(1 about ten days afterwards the moths begin to appear, and contiiuie to issue for several weeks. The n»oth is white, with brown markings, as shown in Fig. I'd, at c. The eggs are laid in Jinie, and the larva is found Fia. 9(5. tliroughout the siunmer and autinnn on apple-leaves. It folds the leaves together, as shown at h in the figiu'e, making the edges meet, so that the whole leaf forms a hollow case, within which it lives and feeds on the softer tissues. The larva is of a yellowish-green color, with a yellow head, and 100 jysECTS JAJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. with a liorny .sliiold on tlio next sej^ineiit, a little darker, with ii blade (lot on each side. On each of the reniainini; segments there are a number of pale, shining, raised dots, from every one of which arises a single hair. On the approach (>f winter the larva lines its chamber with silk, and falls with the leaf t<» the grouixi, where it remains unchangeil until early the loUowing spring, when it becomes a yellowish-brown chrys- alis. As the time apj)roaches for the escape of the moth, the chrysalis wriggles its way through the j)artly-decayed leal- case at the back, and |)rotrudes as shown at 6 in the figure, .soon after which the moth escapes. This larva sometimes prevails to such an extent as seri- ously to injure the foliage of aj)ple-trees ; in such cases the most obvious remedv is to gather carefully in the autumn all the fallen leaves with the enclosed larvte and burn them. No. 42. — The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. re)ii])elia Hammondi Uilcy. This insect occurs in the larval state in the autumn, ami sometimes during tiie sununer also, and is especially injurious to young orchards and nurseries, uiving the foliage a rustv. blighted appearance, caused hV th th le larva (levournig tiie green pulpy parts of the upper snr- iae(> of tiie leaves and leaving the closely-netted veins with the under skin untouched. The larva (Fig. 97, a) is of a pale- brownish color, about half iiii inch long, with darker lines, a> shown at /;, where one of the segments is l.iiihl v mairm fio<l sometimes the color assumes a greenish shade. Behind tiie head there are four shiny-black tubercles, as shown at c, in the figure, also magnilied. 'i'ho larva covers the surface; ol' ATTACK I SCi THE LEAVES. 101 tlic loal" with loos(! silky throuds, attaclicd to wliicli will l>e ritiuul a iiiimbcr <»t" small hlaclv <;rains ot' ('.\cirint'iititi(»tis iiiattor, and uiuIlt this roiiirh foveriiij' the larva iVeds. It sometimes leeds smijly and someUmes in ;i;i't)Ups ; in tl 10 l;i(ter case a number of the leaves are drawn together, and (lie larva; live and feed within this shelter. Th di dl le enrvsalis is nsnallv lornied anioiiLj tlie leaves m a th very slight coeoon, and is about a f|narter ot an inch Ion aiK 1 of ili I i)aie i-br own color, TI le winter is j)assed in the chrysalis stat'?, and tiio moths aj)|)ear diirin th d> M. IV or lUllc fiillowing. When its wings arc spread, tlie moth measures nearly half an inch across; it is of a deep piirplish-gray color, with a glossy surface, ;ind has two silvi'ry-gray bands across the wings, as shown in the lignrc, at <1, where it is magnilied; the cross-lines l)elow the fignre indicate the natural size. lieincdicx. — 'I'his pest may be subdued by hand-piclving if begun in good season. It is preyed on by two species of small Ichneumon flics, and bv several carnivorous insects. No. 43. — The Many-dotted Apple-worm. Kolophana iiudami (Kitcli). In June, and again in August or .September, there is somc- liines found on ai)j)le-leaves, in considerable nnmbers, a rather (liick, cylindrical, ligiit-green worm, an inch or more in length, with five white longitndinal lines and numerous whitish dots. These are the larvie of Nohpluina iiidhitui. They eat irregular notches in the margins and holes in the middle of the leaves, and do not feed in groups, but arc solitary in their habits, scattered among the foliage. riioy begin to appear about ilie last of May, and live openly exposed on the under side of the loaves, without forming any web or fold in the leaf for protection. On reaching maturity, which for the early brood is about the bust of June, the larva selects a leaf and draws together a jwrtioti of it with silken threads, forming a hollow tube, within which it spins a slight silky cocoon and ]0l> jysKcis lyjviuuvs to Tin-: ai'I'LE. fliaiiiTt'.-j t»» a brown clirvsalis. In this iiiiu-tivc coiKlitioii tlie insect remains for three or four weeks, sometimes longer, when the moth appears. Tlie moth (Fig. 9<S) is a very j)retty ohjeet. Its i.irc wiii^> are ash-<;rav, whiti.-h towards the outer maruin, and crossed by tliree irreguhii' hiack lines, which ai"(,' faint or indistinct towards tlie inner edge; near the miihlle of the wing there is often a round, whitish spot, with a hhick (h)t in the middle. The hind wings are (hdl-whitish, dusky towards the tip>. Beneath, hoth wings an; of a silvery-wiiitish luu;, sprinkh'd with bhickish (h>ts towards the outer edges. W'iien the Avings are expanded, they measure from three-quarters ol' an inch to an inch or more across. The Hrst moths ap|)ear early in sj)ring, and attach their egiis to the young foliage; the second brood appear in .Inly. These attach their eggs to the leaves, and proiluce larvte in August and September, which, when their growth is com- pleted, change to chrysalids within the folded leaves, m> already described, and are carried to the ground with tin fall of the leaves in autumn, where they j)ass the winter in the pupa state and ))roduce moths in the following spring. These larvie I'eed also on cherry, peach, elm, poplar, and other trees. Tiiey are seldom sufficiently numerous to be troublesome, but if at any time a remedy is required thev mav be destroyed bv syringing the !'"ves with Paris-green or hellebore mixed with water, as reconunended for No. 80. AVhen the trees on \vhich thev are feeding are suddenly jarred, the larvje will drop to the ground, and by taking advantage of this peculiarity they riiay be captured and destroyed. No. 44. — The Palmer-worm. Yps'ilnphits pditirtel/iis (Harris). This larva ajjpears on apple-trees during the latter ]>art of June, and at times is excessively numerous and destructive. , I TTA ( h'lya Tin: i. /;. 1 1 es. 103 Jt lives in socictios, makiiiir its lioiiu' in a tiuiss of' lialt'-catcn niitl lirowiit'il leaves, drawn to^t'tlicr i)y silken threatls, tVoni wliieli it (lr()|)s, wlien the tret; or hraneli is jaiTi'd, suspended in tlie air 1)V a tliiead of silU. Tlio larva is of a pale yellowish- oreen color, with a diisUy or Maekish stri|)e aloiiir each side, (lined ahove hy a narrow whitish stripe ; there is also adnskv line alont; the middle of the hack. Its head is shilling; yel- jiiw, anil the top ol" the next segment is ot" th(! same color; on each rintr tiiero are several small black dots, from each of which arises a line yellow hair. While yonnij, the caterpillars eat only the green l>nlpy tissue of tiie leaves, leavinu; the net- work of vi'ins entire ; later on, they consume tlu ■ hole of the leaf except its coarser veins. They also iVe(pieni;; gnaw holes or irregular t'avities in tlu' young apples. Tliese larva* I'eed on the leaves of the cherry as well as thos "f the appl<'. When full L:"own,they are about iialf an inch long, 'i'hey then change to chrysaiids within the mass ot" eatoii leaves oc- cnpi I by the larvte, and ordinarily spin a slight cocoon in a lold of a leaf, but when they are very abundant the Ibliage is so entirely consinned that they have to lo<)k for shi'lter elsewh(!ro. Their chrysaiids are then often f(jund under dry leaves on the surface of the groun<l, in crevices in the bark of the tree, and in other suitable hiding-places. The ciirysalis is about a (piarter (»f an inch long; at first it is of a tawny- yellow color, which gradually changes to a darker hue. In ten or twelve days the j)erfect insect is produced. The moth (Fig. 01)) is of an ash-gray color. The fore wings are sprinkled with black atoms, aud havefoiu' black dots near tiie middle, and six or seven smaller ones alony; tiie hinder marijin. The hind wings are dusky above and beneath, with a glossy a/.ure~blue reflection, l)lackish veins, and long, dusky fringes. The antennoe are alternately striped v.ith black and white. Sometimes the fore winj;s are of a tawny yellow, in other Fi(i. '.to. I 104 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. specimens they are tinged with piirj)li.sh red, and in some tlio dots are faint or eulirely wanting. Tliey rest with tlieir h)nn-, narrow wings folded together and laid tlat nj)on their haeks. Remedies. — Showering the trees with whale-oil soap and water has been reconiniended, but the use of Paris-green and water, as direetcd for No. 35, would j)rove more elleetual ; the water would dislodge many of the larvie, and the remaindci' would be destroyed by eating the poisoned leaves. In the year 1791 the orchards and forests of Xew Eniilaiid were overrun with this larva, and many of the trees |)erishe(I. Jt was at that time that the inseet received the p()i)ular name of Palmer-worm, which it has ever since retained. Another remarkable visitation occurred in 1853, which exteniled all over the Eastern States, and also over the eastern part of tlic State of New York. It was first observed about the middle of June, and so rapid was the destruction it occasioned tliiii in a few days it was everywhere the leading topic of conver- sation and was generally regarded as a new and uidcnown insect. The trees attack(>(l assumed a brown and witiuM-eil api)earance, looking as though they had been scorched bv fire. Ap])le-trees and oaks snlfered most, but nearly all oIIkt trees and shrubs were more or less injured. The weather was dry and hot previous to and during this pei'iod, but on the liOth of June copious rains fell, when tin; worms sud(U'nI\- disappeared, the rain doubtless dislodging them, and perhaps drowning a large number of tliem. 'I'he fruit-crop in those sections that year was almost destroyed, from tiio trees losing their leaves l)v this insect. The following year tliev were (piite scarce, and since then they have not a|»|)e;ir((l in such iilarming numbers. Ther«! are two other insects found on th(! apple-leaves re- sembling the Palmer-worm, and having similar habits, which are described by Dr. Asa I'^ilch as distinct, but which are probably varieties only of th(> common Palmer-worm. One of these is described iw **the comrade Palmer-worm, C/iain- chiliin ('ou(iihcr)i(tf(((iis,'^ The larva of this is fotuid in com- ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 105 paiiv witli the coniinon Palmer-worm, iVom wliicli it ditU'rs oiilv ill luiviiiu; the lieml and the ii[)j)er ))ai't of the second seii;- iiientof a })olished hhiek color. The iiiotii of this hlack-iieaded larva ditf'ers from the common Palmer-worm moth chiefly in the ground-color of the wings, which are dark brown on the imier half, with the outer half white, the latter sometimes tinged with tawny yellowish. The otlier insect is des<'i'il)e(l as "the tawny-striped Palmer-worm, Ch'ffnclil/us iiKi/ijo/i- cl/ns,'' and is a slender, pale-yellowish larva, similar in size to the ordinar\ Palmer-worm, with a tawny-yellow stripe along each side of the hack, broadly margined above and IkIow with white. The head is j)ale yellow, and there are a lew minute dots scattered ov(!r the siM'face of th(> body, from each of which arises ;• tine hair. It aj)|)ears during the early part of July, which is a little later than the common I'almer- worm,but has j)recisely similar habits. TJie moth is ash-gray and ,u;lossy, often with a jjurplish-rcd retlection, and dilfers from the moth of the common sj)ecies in that the fore wings arc not spriidvled with blac^k atoms, and in having in addition to the dots on the fore wings a tawny-ycllow band towards the tij>s, edged with whitish in I'ront. Shoidd these prove to be distinct and at any time; troublesome', the treatment sug- gcsted for the common l*almer-worm will be eipially ai)plica- blc in either case. No. 45. — Climbing Cut-worms. These are the caterpillars of various night-Hying moths, !Uid are well known to horticulturists and gardeners every- where. Most of tile species itre ]»articularly destructive to yoinig cabbage-plants and similar voiuig and tender vcge- tation, cutting or severing the plants, when but three or foiu" incluw high, just al)ov(! or lu'low the ground, from which habit tiiey derive their common name. 'I'hey are active only at night, remaining concealed dining the day ju^t under the surface of the eai'th in the immediate neighlxtrhood of their I'eeding-grounds. Some of the species are known as climbing ]0G jxsixTs rxjuniois to the apple. Fio. 100. ciit-wonns, and liavo tlio lialiit of ascondiiiu- fruit-trees at iiiiilit and eoniinittini^ threat havoc aiuoiiu- tlie expaiidiiii^ Imds and vouni; foliaLje, and it is to these that we here pai'tietihirlv refer. Oreliards having a lij^ht, sandy soil are mneh more lial)le to attack than those with astitVand heavy soil, W'Ik re the bnds and foliaj;eof trees or vines are l)einL!; destroyed with- out apparent cause, eliinhinii' cnt-wornis shoidd be searched for, when the lnrkin<>; foes will nsnally l)e found buried in the soil ntit far from the base of the trees or vines injin-cd. 'J'hc several species of cliinbino; tut-wornis, while dilTei'inif in si/e, color, and markings, are mneh alike, being all smooth, nakeil larva' of some shade of gray, green, brown, or black, with y-ravish or duskv markings. The Variegated Cut-worm, Ac/rotls saii- c!(t (irid)ner). One of the eggs of this species is represented in Fig. KH), much enlarged ; also a patch of the same, num- ||/ bering several hmidreds, on a twig. The egg is round and Hattened, of a pinkish color, and very prettily ribbed and orna- mented. These are often laid on twigs of the api)le, cherry, ant! j)each. 'J'he young liirvio, when hatched, arc very small, and of a dull-vellowish coloi-, with darker spots. At fu'st, it is said, they do not hide them- selves under tlu; ground, but ac(|uire this habit after their fu'st moult, which takes place about a week after they are hatched. They become lull grown before the middle of June, when they ])resi'nt the appearance shown in Fig. 101, which shows the larva as at rest ; when extended and in motion, it is nearlv two iin'hes long. 'J'h(> figure at the side ri'presents the head magnilied, showing its markings more distinctly. The lull-grown larva is of a dull ilesh-color, mottled with brown and black, with elongated velvety black markings on caeii side. u ATTACKING TlfK LEAVES. 107 When mature, the larva enters the j^round, where it forni.s an oval, .smooth cavity (see Fig. 102), within whieh it changes Fio. 101. Fhi. 102. to a chrysalis of a deep inahogany-hrown color, pointed at the extrLiiiity. Within a few days the moth (Fig. lO.")) api)ears, which measures, ^vhen its wings are expanded, about an inch and three-quarters across. The fore wings are of a grayish- i'"'- l'>-''- hi'own color, marked with hrownish hlack ; the hind wings are white and pearly, shaded towards the margin \\ ith pale brown. The Dark-sided Cut- worm, Af/roti.s ( hcliratui lli- ley, is another of the climbing species. The caterpillar ((/,l*''ig. 104) is a little over an inch in length, of a dingy ash-gray color above, much dark(>r along the sides of the body. The chrysalis, which is formed under ground, is about seven-tenths of an inch long, of a yellowish-brown color, with darker brown markings. The nuth is light gray, marked and shaded with brown. The(!limbiiig('ul-worm, Ai/rofisKiutiidi'iis iviley. The larva of this insect is a verv active climber, and does a great deal of 108 INSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE APPLE. injury to fruit-trees. It is represoiitcd in Fi^^ 105 in the act of (levourinsr the buds 'l\w family of cut-worms is a hir^c one, and embraces nuniy other (h'structive species, but none of tliem, except thoHG above mentioned, are Unown to have the liabit of elimbiujLj; trees. Some of tlie other injurious species will be ATTACKING THE LKAVES. 109 Fra. 107. referred to when treating of the insects wliieli injiiro the strawberry. Remedies. — One of the most effectual remedies auainst the (']iml)ii)«>: cut-worms is to fasten strips of tin or zinc around the tree, cut in such a way as to form, wiien applied, a sort of inverted finniel ; this forms an cU'ectual barrier to their ascent. TJiey may also be collected by vi; itinij; the trees after <lark and jarring or shaking them over sheets spread on the ground. It has also been suggested to (HiT holes about the trees, or on one side of them, with nearlv perpendicular sides, when the cut-worms, being clumsy in their movements, are very likely to fall into them, and will not be able to get out again. Sprinkling the foliage with J^iris-grecn or hellebore mixed with water, as reconnnended for Xo. 35, would no doubt poison them. There are several parasites, both Ichneumons and Tachina flies, which attack cut-worn)s and greatly lessen their numbers. Some of the carnivorous beetles (see Figs. 47 and 48) also feed upon them. No. 46. — The Lime-tree Winter-moth. Hybernia tUian'n Harris. The caterpillar of this spcniies is a span-worn), not unlike the canker-worm, but larger and dilferently marked. The h(!ad is dull red, with a V-shaped mark on the front; the body yellow above, with many longitudinal black lines ; the Milder side is paler. When full grown, it is about an inch and a (piarter long. Besides the apple, it feeds on basswo(id,elm, and idckory. The larva) hat( h early in the s|)ring, and some- times prove very desti'uciive to the foliage. Jn Fig. 10(S they are represcMited both feeding and at rest. They complete their growth about the middle ol' June, when, letting themselves i? ** no JNSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE AI'I'LE. down from the trees by a silken thread, they burrow into the <i;round, forming a little oblong cell, five or six inches below the surface, within whieh the change to a chrysalis takes place, and from which the moth usually comes out late in Fiii. 108. (\'tol er or early in November, but occasionally this hitter change does not take place until spring. The male moths have large and delicate wings (see Fig. 108)an<l feathered antenuie. The fore wings, which measure, when expanded, about an inch and a half a(a'oss, are of a rusty-buff color, sprinkled with brownish dots, and with two ti'ansverse wavy brown lines, the inner one often indistinct, while between the bands an<l neai" the edge of the wiiig there is generally a brown dot. The h nd wings are paler, with a sniidl brownish dot in the middle; the body is similar in color to the fore wings. ATTACK I so Tin-: LEAVES. Tlic f'onuile, also .shown in Fij;. 108, is u wingless, spider- like croatnre, witli slender, thread-like antenna;, yellowish- w hitt.' bodv, s[)rinUle(l on the sides with black dots, and with t\v() black spots on the to|) of each ring except the last, which has only one. The head is black in front, and the legs :ire rin^-'cd with black. She is fnrnished with a jointed ovi- positor, which can be protrnded or drawn in at [)leasnre, and iVmn which the eggs are deposited. As soon as the tenudes Icivc the gronnil, they climb np the trees and await the attendance of the males. 'file eggs are oval, of a pale-yellow color, and covered with a net-work of raised lines. They are laid in little clusters here and there on the branches. As the habits of this insect are similar to those of the canker-worm, the remedies recommended for the latter will prove equally efficient in this instance. No. 47.— The White Eugonia. I'jll(/'llli(l, SKh.silJIKiyilt (|[llIlIH'l'). This insect has only recently bticn reported as injurious to the foliage of the apple. It has long been known as de- structive to shade-trees, particularly the elm. From a (!om- iniinication to the "Canadian Kntomologist," vol. xiv. p. oO, l»v Mr. Charles li. Dodge, of Washington, D.C, it appears *''"• ^^'^• that the larva of this moth has become exceedingly in- jurious to a[)pl(!-trees in some parts of (iri'orgia. The moth is pure white, and measures, when its wings are s|)rea<l, about an iiu'h and a hall' across. In the male tlie antemneare i)eetinated or toothed (l''ig. iOU represents a male); in the female they are much less toothed. Wiien resting on the trees, these moths 112 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. \ M Fio. 110. are easily disturbed, and on the slightest alarm drop to tlio ground for protection. The eggs are usually deposited on the under side of (lie limbs, near the tops of the trees, in patches, consisting often of many hundreds, arranged in roAvs closely crowded togellici-. Thev are smooth, irreu;ularlv ovoid, slio-htlv flattened on tlic sides, rounded at the bottom, while the toj> is depressed, with a whitish rim or edge, forming a perfect oval ring. 'Hk euu" hatches about the 1st of iSfav. The caterpillar (Fig. 110) is dark brown, with a largo reij licad ; the terminal segment is also red. It lives in this stage about forty days, and then changes to a chrysalis, in which condition it re- mains about ian days, when tlie moth S^ escai)es. This insect,- when very abiui- dant, devours the leaves of almost every variety of tree, bush, and shrub. AVhero abundant, they may be ])oisoned, and the orchaid ])rotected, by syringing the trees with Paris-green and water, in the })roportion of a teaspoon ful of the poison to two gallons of water. No. 48. — The Hag-Moth Caterpillar. Phohcfron inthecium {'^\\\. &. \])]).). The cate. |.illar of this moth is a curious, slug-like creature, of a dark-brown color, flattened, oblong, or nearly square in form, with curious, fleshy a|)|H'nil- ages protruding from the sides of its body. The three middle ones arc longest, measuring about half :iii inch long, and have their (mkI-; curved. When this larva is handled, the fleshy horns become detached, '^J'i and when spiiuiing its <!ocoon it detaches them and fastens them to the outside. Fig. Ill gives a side view as well as a l)a(!k view of this larva. It feeds on the cherry as well as the apple. FlQ. 111. ATTACKING Till-: LEAVES. 113 Tlio cocoon is .small, round, and conn)act, usually fastened [n ;i limb or twig of the tree on wliieli the larva has fed. TJie moth escapes in about ten days. It is of a dusky- luown color, the front win^s variegated with pale yellowish l)i()\vn, and crossed by a narrow, wavy, curved band of the Slime color, edged near the outer margin with dark brown, and having near the middle a light-brow spot. When its wings ;iiv expanded, it measures from an inch to an inch and a (iiiaitcr across. It is an insect which lias always hitherto Ihcm rare, and is never likely to do nuich injury. No. 49.— The Saddle-back Caterpillar. Emprelia stimulea Cleinous. This caterpillar, which ir, represented in Fig. 112, a, a back view, h^ a side view, is often found feeding on apple-leaves, al-o (.n those of the cherry, , •; Fio. 1112. (riMjx", raspl)erry, currant, iwe,al tinea, Indian corn, and sumach. Jt is of a reddish- brown color, rounded above, llattencd beneath, armed with ])rickly thorns, which arc longest on thefourtii and tenth segments, and with a hriiiht pea-green p:- tch,s(»mc- what resembling a saddle in form, over the middle portion of the body, centred with a broad, cllijjtical, reddish spot, the red spot and green patch hotli being edged with white. The thorns with which the liddv is armed sting like a nettle when applied to the back of \\\r hand, or any other part where the skin is tender, and the parts touched swell with watery pustules, the irritati(Mi being a('((>m|)anied with nuich itching. The under part of the body of the larva is f1esh-c(jlored ; there are three pairs of thoracic leg-:, but the thick, tleshy, abdt)minal legs found in most other 8 1 ; ! I T^ 114 jysKcTs jyjriiiors to the apple. Fid. nn. caterpillars arc wanting in tills spceits, and the larva gli(k< alony; with a snail-like motion. Tiie cocoon is rounded, almost .spherical, and is surronndcd with a loose silken wel). The moth (Fig. 113) ai)pears on the wing from the middlr to the end of June ; hut it is a rare insect, and is seUlom captured even hy collectors. The wings are of a deep, rich, reddish, velvety brown, with a dark streak about the middle of the fore wings, extending from the body half-way across, and on this is a golden si)ot ; there are also two golden sj)ots near the apex of the wing. When the wings are spread they measure nearly an inch and a half across. In the larval state this insect is preyed on by a small Lli- neumon fly, and, never being abundant, other remedies are not needed to subdue it. No. 50. — The Apple-leaf Miner. Tiacheria maHfoHeUa demons. The larva of this insect lives within the leaf of the apple- tree, between the upper and the under skin, devouring the sot't tissues, and burrowing an irregidar chaiuiel, which begins as a slender white line, dilating as the larva increases in size, and ultimately becoming an irregular brownish j)atch, sometimes extending to, or over, the place of beginning. The caterpillar is of a pale-green color, with a brown head, and the next seg- ment brownish. When about to change to a ]Mipa, the leaf is drawn into a ibid, which is cai'pctcd with silk, and in this encrlosuro the chrysalis is formed, the change occurring during SeptemlHi'. When the leaf i'alls, its occui)ant falls with it, and remains on the ground within the foldeil leaf until the following May. The moth is a tiny creature, measuring, when its wings are spread, a little more than a quarter of an inch acro.ss. The -.■ui'r..-:^-v..y..u:i:j/.i:'jv..^-i.H«.;.. «3At.'MCn.ifc jnM ATTACh'IXG TIIF LEAVES. 115 jure \vin"'s are of a shining dark brown, snffnscd with a tinge of i)nri)le, and slightly du>ted with dull-yellowish atoms. The liiiul wings are dark gray. This insect also mines the leaves of the wild crab-apple, ilitl't'rent species of thorn, the blackberry, and the ra-ipbcrry, but ha-s never been known to do any material injury. No. 51. — The Apple-tree Case-bearer. Colcop/iora malivorella Uiloy. With the opening of spring there will sometimes be found on tilt' twigs of apple-trees curious little pistol -shaped cases as «;liown at a, Fig. 114. Each of these (»n examination will be Fiu. 114. ■r. Ill ro t'oiMul to contain a larva, possessing the power of moving fron» phice to place and carrying its protecting case with it. These cuMS arc very tough, almost liorny in their texture, and seem 10 be proof against the attack of insect enemies. As the buds lu'siin to swell, the cases will be found here and there sticking on them, while the active little foe within is busily devouring their interior. In this way many of the fruit-buds are de- .stfovcd, nothing but hollow shells beiny; left. As the season advances, the c^iterpillars leave the twigs and fiisten on the ir^ m jysKCTs ixjvinors to tiiE apple. loaves, oil which they also teed, sometimes rexliiciiifij them i mere skeletons. Late in June the change to chrysalis takes place, anil the moths appear on the wing in July. They flv at night, anil deposit their eggs on the leaves; these eggs hutch during August and September, the larvjv living and feedinu' on the under side of the leaves until frost comes, when before the leaves fall they migrate to the twigs, and, fastening their od<l little cases firmly with silken threads, remain torj)id urn II the following spring; then, aroused to activity by the tir>t warm days, they attack the swelling buds, as already (k'scribed. The larva (7;, Fig. 114) is of a ])ale-yellow color, with a faini rosy tint, a bhujk head, and a few short hairs on its body. Tii the figure it is much magnified ; the hair-line adjoining shows its natural size; c represents the chrysalis, and d the niotli, both enlarged. The wing? if the moth are brown, with white scales, head and thorax white, abdomen whitish, all dotted with bi-own scales. The wings, when expanded, measure a little more than half an inch across. No. 52. — The Resplendent Shield-bearer. Anpidisca splcmlorijcrellii (,'lemeus. Occasionally there may be found on the limbs of apjilc- trees during the winter clusters of little oval seed-lik(! bodies, as shown at <J, Fig. llo; these on exa?nination will be louiid to be fm'med of miiuitc portions of apple-leaves, and on open- ing one of them it will be seen to contain a small yellowish larva, or, if the season be advanced, perhaps a chrysalis. PiuMiig the month of May a very small but very beautiful moth escapes from each of these enclosures. The moth is rep- resented at /; in Fig. 115, much magnified. Its head is golden, the antenna^ i)rown, tinged with gold ; the fore wings from the l)ase to the middle are of a leaden gray with a nu.'tallic lustre, and from the middle to the tip golden ; a broad silvery streak extends from the front edge to about the middle, margined with a dark color on both sides; there are also other streaks and spots of silvery and dark brown. The hind wings are ^T^^Tln^-^l^fAll.) irf'^V j^ij WJli yK .aW^ ldFiJffii-.y^ V^H;TrA.»V'*Un 11 .MltiiiMJ . HW^linin ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 117 of :i rich deep gray iniirginecl with a long ycllowish-browii tVinfc. It is an active little oroatiire, riiimiii<;' about on tlie u|)i)er surl'aee of the leaves in the sunshine, with its wings closclv lolcled to its body. The efgs are laid on the apple-leaves, and the young larva Fiu. 115. iiil 'I'- ll!! I, he re. larc -t« when hatched penetrates to the interior of the leaf, mining it, leaving the upper and under surfaces unbroken, but forming Ml'icr a time an irregular, dark-colored blotch upon the leaf. When mature, it forms from the leafy blotch its little case, and, crawling with it, fastens it securely to a near twig or branch of the tree. At this period the larva presents the I 1 itKaaaaJM 118 Ii\SECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. appearaiu'O shown at b, and is then abont one-eighth of an inch long, and of a yellowish-brown color, with a dark head. Shortly, contracting within its case, it appears as shown at c. and iinally transforms to a chrvsalis, as seen at /'in the ihnwv There are two broods during the season, the moths apj)iai- ing in May and again in July and August, the first brood of the larva} being found in June, the set-oud brood at the latter end of the season. lic^ncdu's. — A minute parasitic fly, sliown at h in Fig. 1 lo, attacks this tiny creature and destroys it. (All these figiu-es, except that of the leaf, are much magnified, the short lines at the side or below showing the natural si/e.) Should these insects prevail to such an extent as to require man's inter- ference, the cases nught be scraj)ed from the branches and destroyed during the winter, or the limbs brushed with the alkaline wash or the mixture of sul[)hur and lime recom- mended for the woolly a})])le- louse, ]S'o. 9. No. 53. — The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix. Jhiccuhitrlx ppinlJhIicUa Clciiions. Tin' larva of this insect feeds externally on the leav(>s of apple-trees, and is very active, letting itself down from the tree by a silken thread wlnn di-^turbed. When full grown, it is nearly half an inch long, with a brown head and a dark yellowish-green body, its anterior portion tinged with re(ldi>li, and having a few short hairs scattered over its surface. A\'lien lull grown, the cater[)illar sj)ins an idongated, whili>h cocoon, attached to the twig on the leaves of which il has been feeding; this cocoon is ribbed longitudinally, as shown at />, l''ig. 1 H), and within this enclosure the larva changes to a brown chrysalis. The second brood is found late in the autumn, the insect remaining in (he chrysalis state during the winter. The moths issue; the following spring, when they lay eggs for the first brood of caterpillars, which are I'onud injuring the foliage during the month of June. The fore wings of the moth (c, Fig. IIG) are whitish, ATTACK I SG THE LEAVES. 119 has own to tlu' thr [uiul Itisli, I Fid. Il(> tiiHi-cd with pale yeUow, and dusted with brown. On the miiltlli-' of tiic inner margin is a lartre, oval patch of darlc brown, form i no-, when the wings are closed, a couspiou- ,) IS. nearly ronnd spot ; th<»re is a wide streak of the siime hue op|)osite, ox- teiiiling to the front niarii'in, and a dark- l)ro\vn spot near the (ij). In the fignre till moth is shown hiulily magnilied. Sometimes tins insect appears in immense Miitnbers, and then becomes injurious. Juiimlicx, — As the cocoons of the second brood remain attached to the trees all winter, abundant opj)ortunity is nll'onled to destroy them. Any oily or alkaline liquid brushed over them will usually i)enetrate and destroy the enclosed inject. A minute parasitic; fly is destructive to this ])est, and the cocooiis may often be found perforated with small round holes at one end, through which thest; tiny friends have escaped. No. 54. — The Apple Lyonetia. Lyondia mcrnUlla Piu^kard. This is a tiny moth, but a very beautilul <»u<\ which np- pcMrs early in the summer; its wings, when expanded, meas- nre only one-filth of an inch across. It is .shown, nuieh magnilied, in Fig. 117. T' e lore wings i\\\\ of a, light slate-gray on the inner half, while the outer half is bright <ii';uige, enclosing two white bands, one arising on the front edge, tlu; other on the inner margin, l)oth nearly meeting in the middle ol' the wing; these white bands are margined (xternalb' with black. 120 ly SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. There is a conspicuous black spot near the fringe, from wiii(^h arises a pencil of black hairs. The larva (Fig. 118), which feeds on apple-leaves, is small, Hattened, and of a green color. It constructs from the skii, of the leaf a flattened, oval case, in Fi(i. 118. Fid. 110. ^vi,i^.i, it lives ; the case is o\\cn at eacji /''^T/^ [ end, and is drawn about by ihe I:u'v;t (" //^^l as it moves from place to place. The ^ P^^jt^ case is re[)resented in Fig. 119. (lioth .^^im'- case and larva are magnified.) Tho larva becomes full grown about the end of August, and attaches its cocoon to the bark of lh(> li-cp on which it is feeding, changing there to a chrvsalis, in which condition it remains until the following si)ring. No. 55. — The Rosy Hispa. Odoiifiifd yi)sr<( (Wol)or). This is a small, flat, rough, coarsely-punctated beetle, lis wing-covers forming an oblong s(iuare, as shown in Fig. TJu; there are three smooth, raised, longitudinal lines on each nf them, spotted with red, while the sj)aces between Fid. I'JO. jirc deej)ly punctated with doul)lc rows of dots. T!ie head is small, the antenna' short, thickened toNv'ards the end, and the thora.x rough idxive, striped with deep red on each side. The nndi r side of the bodv is usuallv darker in color, some- times bhu'kish. This beeth! is found iVmn the latter i)art of May until the middle ol" done, :\\u\ deposits its eggs on the leaves of the apple-d'ce. These are suiall, rough, and of a blackish coloi", fastened to the snrt'aee of the leaves, sometimes singly and souictimes in clusters of four or five. The lai'va', when hatched, eat their wiiy into the interioi- of the Liaf, wher(> they feed upon its green, pulpy suhstani'c, leaving the; skin above and below enlii'c, which soon turns brown and dry, forming; a blister-like spot. The lurva, when ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 121 full grown, wliicli is usually during the month of July, is about onc-lifth of an incii long, oblong in fo m, rather broader before than behind, flattened, .soft, and of u yellowisli- white color, with the head and neck blackish and of a horny consistence. Each of the thn^e anterior segments has a pair of legs; the other segments are provided with small fleshy warts at the sides, and transverse rows of little rasp-lik(^ points above and beneath. The cater[)illar changes to a chrysalis within the leaf, iVnm which, ill about a week, the j)erfect insect escapes. WMthin these blister-like spots the larva, pupa, or freshly-transformed beetle may often be found. This insect never occurs in suf- ficient mimbers to be a source of much trouble. li No. 56.— The Cloaked Chrysomela. Ghiptoscelis crijpticiis (Stiy). This is another beetle which devours the foliagi^ of the apple-tree, also that of the oak-tree. It is of a thick, cylin- drical form, about oiio-third of an inch long, with its head Slink into the thorax, and the thorax narrower than (he body, it is of a j)ale ash-gi'ay color, from being •'''«'• l-'- entirely covered with short whitish hairs. 'I'he \ / closed wing-covers have a small notch at the top of tlieir suture. At thejunct ion of the wing-covers with ^' (he thorax there is a dusky spot. This insect is rcpresent(>d in l-'ig. 121. No. 57. — The Apple-tree Aphis. A/i/lis llhlll I'lllll". During the winter (liei'c n)ay often be found in the crevices iind cracks ol' the bark of the twigs of (he ap|>le-ti'ee, and also about the l)ase of the buds, a uunduM" of very minute, oval, shining black eggs. These are tlu' I'ggs of the apple- tree a|)his, known also as tlu' apple-leaf nphis, A/tlii.^ iiutfi' foliu' {'"itch. They a!'(« deposite(l in the autnnni, and v.'hen 122 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. first l;ii(l are of a light yellow or tureen col(jr, hut griuUially become darker, and tiiiallv black. As soon as the buds beoin to expand in the s])ring, these eggs hatch into tiny lice, which locate themselves n[)on thi; swelling bnds and the small, tender leaves, and, inserting their beaks, feed on the juices. All the lice thus hatched at this |)erio<l of" the year are females, and reach matnrity in ten or twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living young, j)rodncing about two daily for two or three weeks, alter which the older ones die. The young locate about the parents as closely as they can stow themselves, and they also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve days, and are as prolilic as their predecessors. They thus increase so rapidly that as fast as new leaves expand colonies are ready to occupy them. As the season advances, some of the females acquire wings, and, dispersing, found new colonies on other trees. When cold weather approaches, males as well as females are j)r(Hhiced, and the season closes with th<! deposit of a stock of eggs for the continuance of the species another year. When newly born, the aj)ple aj)his is almost white, but soon becomes of a pale, dull greenish yellow, 'i'he mature; females are generally without wings; their bodies arc oval in form, less than (inc-tcnth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish- green col or, often st ri | )(.( 1 with deei)er gi'cen. 'fhe eyes are black, honey- tubes green, and there is a sh(trt, tail-iik(> appen- dage of a black color. The accompanying il- lustration (Fig. 122) of a winged maleand wing- less female, highly juag- iiilied, shows the struc- tiiiH! and shtipe of tlie insect; its beak, wliich proceeds i'rom Fid. \'2-2, ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 123 the uiuler side of tlie head, is liero hidden from view in tiie iiialo, but can be seen in the female. Tlie winged females and the males are very sin)ilar in color. The head, thorax, and antcnnje are black, with the neck usually oreen. The abdomen is short and thick, of an oval form and bright-i»;reen color, with a row of black dots along each side; the nectaries and tail-like appendage are black; the \vin«s are transparent, with dark-brown veins. Most of the insects belonging to this lamily are provided with two little tubes or knoos, which project, one on each siile, from the hinder part of their bodies; these are called hn;iey-tubes, or nectaries, and from them is secreted in con- >.mlerable quantities a sweet fluid. This fluid falling upon the Ie;ives and evaporating gives them a shiny ai)pearauce, as il' coated with varnish, and for the purpose of feeding u[)oii this sweet deposit, which is known as honey -dew, different sj)ecies of ants and flies are found visiting them. Ants also visit the colonies of aphides and stroke the insects with their antenna; to induce them to part with some of the sweet liquid, which is greedily sipped up. This Ihiitl is saiil to serve as food for a day or two to the newly-born young. The leaves of trees infested by these insects become dis- torted and twisted backwards, often with their tips pressing against the twig from which they grow, and they thus form a covering lor the aj)hides, })rotc('ting them from rain. An inlested tree may be distinguished at some distance by this bending back of the leaves and young twigs. It is stated that the scab on the fruit of the apple-tree often owes its origin to tlie punctures of these plant-lice. This species, which was originally imported from I'iUropp, is now found in ap|)le-orchards all over the Northern ITniled States and Canada. Jiciiu'dica. — Sci'aping the dead bark olfthi' trees during the winter and washing them with a solution ot' soft soap and soda, ;is recommended lor Xo. 2, the two-striped borer, would be beneficial, by destroying the eggs. Syringing the trees, about TF 124 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. the time tlie biuls are bursting, with strong soap-snds, weak ]ye, or tobacco-water, the hitter made by boiling one; pouiul of the rougii stems or leaves in a gallon of water, will destroy a large number of the young lice. A frost occurring after a few days of warm weather will kill millions of them; in the egg state the insects can endure any amount of frost, but the young aphis quickly perishes wlien the temperature falls below the freezing-point. Myriads of these aphides are devoured by Lady-birds and their larv;e. In Fig. 12.'] is repres(Mited the Nine-spotted Fui. l'J.3. Fi(i. VIA. I/idy-bird, Coccincl/a novrmnofafa Herbst, one of our com- monest species, which is found almost everywhere; it is of a brick-red color, and is ornamented with nine black spots. The Two-spotted Laily-bird, Adalla hlpundcttd (Linn.) (Fig. 124), is also extremely common. This is very similar in color to tiie nine-spotted s])ecies, but in this one there is only a single .s[)ot on each wing-ease. In the figure the insect is shown magnified. Fig. 12o rcp''esents tiie Plain Lady-bird, Ci/ch)ic<Ia sun- f/uinea (Linn.). This is somewhat smaller in size than the last two species named, of a lighter shaile of red, and without any spots on its wing-cases. It is known also as Cocciticlld man (1(1. The Comely Jiaily-bird, CocdncUa venuda M((ls. (Fig. 12G), is pink, with ten large black spots, the hinder ones being united together. The Thirtcen-spottcd Lady-bii'd, Illjijindtnnid. lo-ptmctaia (HeJ'bst), is shown in V\\i. 127 ; it is larger than (\Ka)if/ainai, and has thirteen black s|)ots on a brick-red ground. In Fig. 128, c, is represented the Convergent Lady-bird, ATTACKL\Q THE LKAVES. 125 mppodamia convergena Gucr., wliicli is of an orange red, marked with bhiek and white. The hirva is shown of its Fra. 12fi. Fui. IL'7. natural size at a, its colors being black, orange, and blue, and when full grown it attaches itself to the under side of a leaf and changes to a chrysalis, which is shown at b. The Spotted Lady-bird, Mef/illa macidata (De J'"'- l-'>. Goer) (see Fig. 129), is of a pinkish color, some- *^^£' times pale red. It has large black blotches, twelve 'jWfflp^l in all, on its wing-cases; two on one wing-cover are inW^'^c opposite to and touch two on the other. Fig. 180 represents the Fifteen-spotted Lady-bird, Anati.s 1') -punctata, (Oliv.), the largest of them all. It is a very Fig. 130. ^•M^\ V variable insect ; at </, f',/', r/, ai'c shown lour ol' the dilVerent fornis under wiiich it is seen ; a shows the hu'va in the act ol' devouring a young larva of the Colorado j)olato-beetlc, ti which it is also partial, wliile b represents the chrysalis. The I'ainted Lady-bird, /farinania. picJa (Hand), is a vimw pretty little insect. (See Fig. l;]I.) At b it is shown of tiie natural si/.e, ut c enlarged ; it is of a pale straw-color, marked with black, as in the figuiv. The larva, a, is of a dusky 126 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. brown, with paler markings. Tliis species is most commonly found feeding on lice which attack tiie pine. All the Lady-birds are very nseful creatures, and, with their Fiu. 131. Fiu. 132. 't h larvfe, should he encouraged and [)rotected by the fruit-grower in every possible way. The larvjo of the Lace-winged or Golden-eyed Flics, dirij- s()p(i,aiv c'cpially destructive to aphides, roaming about among them like so many tigers with appetites almost insatiable. Al h, Fig. 132, (Mie of these larvte is shown, and at a some of the ciXiX'^, which are attached to the end of line upi'ight threads or stalks. The.-e arc usually I'ound in clusters. The perfect in- Fi(i. l:!:i. Fig, 134. sect has four delicate, transparent, whitish wings (sec Fig. lo'A) netted like fine lace, bright-golden eyes, and a beautiful griH'ii body. Fig. 134 shows the same insect with its wings closed ; also a side view of a cluster of eggs. While bean- Fu! 135. ^ ' tiful to look at, the insects are oifcnsive to han lie, '¥^ as when touched they qv.'J a very sickening, pun- gent, and persistent odoi'. Other friendly lu^lpers in this good work arc the larvio of the Syrphus Hies. 'I'hcsc arc ileshy larva>, thick and blunt behind, and pointed in front. (See Fig. !.'>").) Their mouths are furnished with a triple-j)ointed dart, with ATTACKING THE FRUIT, 127 Fio.lSC. which tliey seize and pieire tlieir prey, and, elevating it, as shown in the fignre, deliberately snek it dry. They ait' quite blind, but tiie cgjr.s from whicii thev hatch are deposited by the ])arent flies in the midst of the colonies of plant- lice, wliere they gr()j)e about and obtain an al)undance of Ibod without much trouble. In Fig. l;j(j is shown one of the flies. They are l)lack with iransparcnt winsrs, a„d .,n l.rettdy ornamented with yellow stripes across their bodies. ATTACKING THE muiT. No. 58.— The Codling Moth. Carpocapm po7noneUa {Linn.). In t',0 accompanying figure, 137, a shows the burrowino-s of tins larva, b the point where it eiiected its entrance, e the larva full grown, h the anterior part of its body, ^^'^' ^^7. magnified, d the chrvs- ah's, i the cocoon, / the moth with its win'>-s closed, and </ the same with wings expanded. A better representation of the moth is given, mag- nilled, ill Fig. 188. The larger ojieniiig at the side of the apple shows whei'e the larva lias escaped. This is one of the "'" i most troubh-some insects with which fruit-growers have to contend, and although of foreign origin, having been im- fuil - grown ^-•^STi' 128 INSECTS IXJUJilOUS TO THE APPLE. Fi(i. 1^8. ported from Europe about tlie beginning of the ])resent ceii- tiiiy, it is now found in ahnost all parts of North America, entailing an inuuense yearly loss upon a})ple-gro\vers. The early brood of moths a])pear on the wing about the time of the opening of the apple-blossoms, when the femak' deposits lier tiny yellow eggs singly in the calyx or eye, just as the young ap|)le is forming; in a few instances they have been ol)served in the hollow at the stalk end, and occasionally on the smootii surface of the cheek of the apple, in about a week the egg liatches, and tlii; linv worm at once be<>;ins to eat throu(i;li the a})plc to the core. Usually its cast- ings are pushed out tlirough the hole by which it has entered, the passage being enlarged from time to time for this purpose. Some of the castings commonly adhere to the apple ; hence, before the worm is full grown, infested fruit may generally be detected by the mass of red- dish-brown exuviai protruding from the eye. Sometimes as the larva approaches maturity it eats a passage through the apj)le at the side, as shown in the figure, and out of this opening thrusts its castings, and through it the larva, when full grown, escapes. The head and ui)per portion of the first segment of the young larva are usually black, but as it ap- j)roaches maturity these change to a brown color. The body is of a tlesh-color, or i)inkish tint, more highly colored on the back ; it is also sprinkleil with minute, elevated points, from each of which there arises a single fine hair. In three or four weeks from the time of liatching the early brood of larva> attain full growth, when tiie occupied a|)pl(s generally I'all prematurely to the ground, sometimes with the worm in them, but more commonly after it lias escaped. The larva>, which leave the a])ples while still on the trees, either crawl down the branches to the trunk of the tree, or let them- selves down to the ground by a fine silken thread, which they spin at will. In either case, whether they crawl up or down, ATTACKING THE FllUlT. 129 \ (1)0 (rroator portion of them find their way to tiie trunks of* the tir(>s, whore, luuler tiie rough bark and in cracks and (•iT\ ifi's, tiiey spill their cocoons. Having selected a suitable iiiding-plaee, the larva constructs a p:i[)ery-lo()king silken cocoon, shown at i in the figure, which is white inside, and disguised on the outside by attaching to the silky threads small fragments of the bark of the tree or other available debris. After the cocoon is conii)leted, the change to the chrysalis takes place in the early brood in aljout tiii-ee days. At first the pupa is of a pale-yellow color, deep- ening in a day or two to pale brown ; the insect remains in this condition about two weeks, when the moth escapes. Each moth is ca|)able of laying on an average probably not Ics.-, than fifty eggs, but these are not all matured at once; by careful dissection they maybe found in the body of the moth in ditlerent stages of development. Hence they are de[)ositcd successively, extending over a period probably of from one to I wo weeks or more; add to this the fact that some of the moths are retarded in their development in the s|)ring, and it is easy to account for the finding of larvoD of various sizes at the same time ; indeed, sometimes the later specimens from the first brood will not liave escaped from the fruit before some of the young larvae of the second brood make their ap- pearance, the broods thus, as it were, overlapping each other, and very much extending the period for the appearance of the winged insects. The moth {[}, Fig. 137), although small, is a beautiful object. The fore wings are marked with alternate irregular, transverse, wavy streaks of ash-gray and brown, and have on the inner hind angle a large, tawny-brown spot, with streaks of light bronze or copper color, nearly in the form of a horse- shoe ; at a little distance they resemble watered silk. The hind wiu*s and abdomen are of a light yellowish brown, with the lustre of satin. The moth conceals itself during the daytime, and appears only at night, and, since it is not read- ily attracted by light, is seldom seen. The second brood t)f 9 130 IS SECTS ISJl'IilOUS TO Till-: APPLE. luotlis are iisiiiilly on tlic \vin,<; dnrini^ the latter Iialf of Jiilv, Mlien they pair, and in a lew days the female beiriiis to (U'- ])osit hei* egj^s tor the laler brood of larvfe, generally selectiii-^ for this purpose the later api)les. 'J'hese larvte mature diirinLj the autumn or early winter months; if they eseape before tlie fruit is gathered, they seek some sheltered nook under tlir loose bark of a tree or other eonvenient hiding-plaee ; Ijiit if carried with the fruit into the cellar, they may often 1)( found about the barrels and bins in which it is stored ; a favorite hiding-place is between the hoops and staves of the ap|)le-barrels, where they are found sometimes by hundreds. If thus provided with snug winter-quarters, and through negligence allowed to escai)e, the fruit-grower nui<t expect to sutfer inereaseu loss from his want of care. Having fixed on a suitable spot, the larva s[)ins its little tough cocoon, firmlv fastened to the place of attachment, and within this it ic- mains in the larval state until early the followirig spring, when it changes to a brown chrysalis, and s!;ortly afterwards the moth appears, to begin the work of the opening seiLson. J3esides injuring the apple, it is very destructive to the pear : it is also found on the wild crab, and occasionally on the plum and peach. Sometimes two larvto will be found in the same fruit. Jicmedk'ti. — The most effective method yet devised fi)r re- ducing the nund)ers of this insect is to trap the larvfo and chrvsalids and destrov them. This is best done bv applvini:' bands around the trunks of the trees about six inches in width ; strips of old sacking, carpet, cloth; oi' fabric of any kind will serve the purpose, and, although uoi so durable, many u-c common brown paper. Whatevr:- material is used, it should be wound entirely round the tree once or twice, and fastened with a string or tack. \\'ithin such enclosures the larvte hide and transform. The bands should be applied not later than the 1st of June, and visited every eight or ten days until the last of August, each time taken off and examined, and all the worms and chrysalids found under them destroyed : thev ATTACKIXG THE FRUIT. 131 should also be visitotl once after the crop is secured. Some persons prefer to use narrower bands, not nu)re than Ibnr iiicljcs wide, and fasten them with a tack, while others se- cure them in their phice by merely tnckinj^ the end nnder. Usnally tiie cocoons under the bandages are partly attached to the tree and partly to the bandage, so that when the latter is removed the cocoon is toru asunder, when it often hapjiens that the larva or chrysalis will fall to the ground, and, if it escapes notice, may there complete its transformations. \Vide- iiiouthed bottles partly filled with sweetened water, and hung ill the trees, have been recommended as traps for the codling moth, but there is no reliable evidence that any appreciai)le iuMiefit has ever been derived from their use. There is no doubt that a large number of moths can be ea[)tured in this maimer, but it is a rare thing to find a codling moth among them. Neither is the {)lan of lighting tires in the orchard of much avail, since codling motlis are rarely attracted by light. It has also been asserted that syringing the trees, about the time when the fruit is setting, with a mixture of Paris-green or London-pur[)leand water will deter the moths from placing their eggs on the apples, and thus protect the fruit from injury. The fallen fruit should be j)romptly gathered and ile- stroved. It has been reconi- mended that hogs be ke[)t in the orchard for the purpose of devouring sucii fruit; and, where they can be so kept without injury to the trees or to other crofis, they will no doubt prove useful. This insect, while in the lar- val state, is so protected within the apple that it enjoys great immunity from insect enemies. Nevertheless it is occasion- ally reached by the ever-watchful Ichneumons, two species- Fig. 139. 132 hWSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE APPLE of whicli are known to occur as parasites within tlie bodies of the larvae. They have been bred by Mr. C. V. Kiley, who (iescribes tiiem in his fifth Missouri Iveport. One is a small black fly, from one-fourth to one-half inch in lengtli ; its Icos are reddish, the hind pair having a broad white ring. It is called the liing-legged Pimpla, Fimpla annuUpcx Br., and is represented, much magnified, in Fig. 18*J. The otlu r species is about the ^'lo- l-l^- same size, but more slender, and of a yellow or brownisli- vellow color. The female is provided with a long ovipos- J itor, as seen in Fig. 140, where tlic insect is shown highly magnified. The abdomen of the nude is represented to the right of the figure. This spo cies is known as the Delicate liong- sting, jMdcrocniirus dc/icahin (Vesson. These useful insect friends are nol yd ."•ufliciently numer- ous to check materially ihe increase rf the codling moili, and it is doubtful if (hey ever will be. When flic codling worm has left (he fruit in which it has been feeding, and while wandering about in seru'ch of a suitable spot in which to pass its chrysalis stage, it is liable (o lie attacked by any of (he ground-beetles, Oinihidn', both in (hcMr larval and their perfect state, also by the larvie of soldier-beetles and oflier ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 133 cariiivorouH insects. Some of the smaller insectivorous birds iiiv also said to devour this insect both in the larval and iti ihc pupal condition. No. 59. — The Apple Curculio. Antkoiwmus quadrifjibbus Say. This is a small beetle, u little smaller than a plum curculio, (if a dull-brown color, having a lont;, thin snout, which sticks (lilt more or lc.?s horizontally, and cannot bo folded under the hiidv, as is the case with many species of Curculio. This snout in the female is as long as the body ; in the male it is about half that length. In addition to the i)rominent snout, ii is furnished with four conspiciuous brownish-red humps to- wards the hinder part of its body, from which it takes its spccilic name, qiuidrif/ibhu,^. I ncluding the snout, its length is a (jiiarter of an inch or more. In the accompanying figure, III, liic insect is magnified ; a rep- , , . J . , Fig. Ml. resents a back view, (> a side view; th.e outline at the left shows its natural size. Its hodv is (lull brown, shaded witli rusty r('<l ; the tliorax and aiiicrior third of the wing- ('(i\ crs are grayish. riiis is a native American insect which formerly bred ex- chisively 111 the wild cnibs aiui haws; it is singl(>-bi"ood(>d, and j)asses tiie winter in the beetle state, 'riic, beetle ap|)ears (|iiite early, and the huva may oft(Mi be found hatche<l Ix'fore ih(.' middle of June, and in various stages 'M' its ;• < 'th in the fruit during .Fune, duly, and August. The beetle with its long snout drills holes into the young appl(>s, much like the puncture of a hot needle, tiie hole liciiig round, and surrounded by a blackisii margin. Those which are drilled bv the insect when feeding are about one- tenth of an inch deep, and scooihhI out broadly at the bottom; 134 LWSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Al'l'LE. tlio.se wliicli the fomaiu makes for lier eggs are scooped out still more broadly, and the egg is placed at the bottom. TIk; egg is of a yellowish color, aud in shape a long osal, lu'ing about one-twenty-iif'th of an inch in length and not quite hall" that in width. As soon as the larva hatches, i*^^ burrov s to the heart of the fruit, where it feeds around the core, which beconn'S i)artly iilled with rust-red excrement. In about a month it attains full si/.e, when it presents the r.ppcaraiicc shown in Fig. 142 ; b represents the larva highly magnified, antl a the chrysalis. 1'he larva is a soft, white grub, nearly hall' an inch in length, with a veilowish-brown head and jaws. Its body is mucli wriidded, the spaces ^^^' ^'^'-- between the folds being of a bluish-black color; there is also a line of a bluish shade down the back. Having no legs, it is incaj)able of much movement, and rc;- riains within the fruil it oc- cu[)ies, changing there to a chrysalis of a whitish color (see Fig. 142 (i), and in two or three weeks, when perfected, the beetle outs a hole through the \'v\\\t and escapes. When feeding, this insect makes a number of holes or ])uncturcs, and aroinid these a hard knot or swelling forms, which much disfigures the fruit ; |)ears, as well as apples, arc injured in this way. The infeste<l fruits do not usually fall to the ground, as do ap|)les all'ccted by the codling worm, bin I'l'inain attached to the tree, and the insect, iVom its liabii of living within the fruit through all its stages, is a diilicnlt one to destroy. Picking the all'eclcd s|)eciinen8 i'roin the tree, and vigorousls jarring the tree during the time when the beetle is about, will bring it to the ground, where it can be destroyed in the same manner as recommended for the plum curculio. iM^rtunately^ it is seldom found in such i ATTACK IXG THE FRUIT. 135 jihmulaiu'O lis to do imicli (lama<i;o to the fruit-crop. In S)iitlu'rii Jlliiiois and in some portions of Missouri it has ir.oved destructive, but in most of the Northern United States and in Canachi, ah hough common on thorn-bushes and (■i;ib-ai)ples, it sehloin attack,-: the more vahiable fruits to any considerable extent. or lie Ull III lil u he 'II llll lie I'll \A No. 60.— The Apple Maggot. Tnjpeta pomonella Wills';. This is a footless niagi^ot, shown at a, Fi<^. 143, taperini^ to :i point Ml front, and cut squarely olf behind, which lives in tlic pulp of the aj)ple, and tunnels it with winding channels, iiiakiiiii' here and there little roundish diseoloi'cd excavations alioiit the size of :i jx'a. This maggot is of a greenish-white color, about one-fifth of an inch long, with a pointed head and a pah^brown, ilattish, .rough tubercle behind it; the hin.Ier segment has two pale-l)rown tubercles below. The pupa is ol' a pale yellowish-brown color, and dilfers iVoiii the larva only in being contracted in length ; in this in- siaiice the (ru(^ pupa is enclosed within the shrunken skin of ihe larva. When about to change, the maggot leaves the apple, aiul, falling to the ground, bin-rows under the surface, and there (Miters the chrysalis state, in whii h condition it re- mains until the middle of the following summer, when the perioct insect escapes ii' the form of a two-winged fly. T!i!' lly (/>, ]*'ig. 14.')) is about one-lifth of an inch long, and mcLV-fiires, when its wings are expanded, nearly half an inch across. 'Mie head and legs are ''ust-rcd, the thorax shining blaek, "wic »r less marked with iiravish or white; tlu; ab- doineii IS black, with dusky hairs, and with whitish hair-s bor- (li'ring the s|)aces between the segments of the body. 4'ho wings arc whitish glassy, with dusky bands. This insei't is single-brooded, the fly appearing in .July, when, by nu'ans of a sharp ovipnsitoi", it inserts its eggs into the substance of die apple. It fre(|uently attacks apples which have been previously perforated by the codling worm, and it preler.s the ]'Mi jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APPLE. tliiii-skinned sunimor and fall aj)|)les to the winter varieties It is, however, fVe(ineiitly foiuul in apples whieli have heen stored, and has thus proved very troublesome in many i)arts Vu:. \V.\. of the eountry, ? oeeially in Massaeliusetts, Conneetieut, and New York. It i; . Ve insect, found feeding on haws, and probably also on t'ra.) . >les. WKn' No. ei.~The Apple Midge. ' Scinrn mnli. (Fitch). Tills is also a small maui>;ot, found devouring the flesh ot ripened and stored apples, and hastening their decay. Jt ap- pears to attack cniefly, if not wholly, those spe(!imens which have been previously perforated by the codling worm, thus adding to the damage caused by that destructive pest, and when this insect has completed its transl'ormations within the a|)plc, the hole made by the codling worm aifords this fly a ready means of exit. 'J'he larvio are long and slender, tapering gradually to a point at the head, the hinder end being blunt; they ju'c of -i glassy-white color, and semi-transparent. When present, llicy arc; generally fbinid in considerable numbers, and they buri'ow many channels through tlu; flesh of tlu' apple, converting ii. into a spongy substance of a dull-yel'owish color. The elmngc toa chrysalis lakes place within the I'ruit. The |)upa is about one-eighth of an inch long, somewhat sticky on the surface, of an elongated, oval Ibrm, pointed at on(! end, ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 137 and rounclecl at tlic other; the heiul, thorax, and wiuii-cases are bhick ; tlie abdomen is dull yeUow. The perfeet insect very much resembles the Hessian Hy in appearance, except tliat its legs are not so long and slender. The head, antenna}, and thorax are black ; the abdomen dnsky, almost black, with a pale-yellow band at each of the sutures; beneath it is yellow, with a dusky patch on the middle of each segment; the tip of the abdomen, ovii)ositor, and legs, are black. The wings arc dull hyaline, tinged with a smoky hue, and about one-fourth longer than the body. This insect has not thus far proved very destructive, and from its habits is scarcely likely to become so. No. 62.— The Apple Fly. JJrosnpJiild. / This is a two-winged fly, an undetermined species of Jirosoplii/d, very similar in its habits to the apple midge, hut it usually attacks th(! earlier varieties, showing a pref- erence for sucii as are sweet. The larva (see «, Fig. 144) Fio. 144. (i, generally enters the aj^ple where it has been bored by the cod- ling worm, or through the punctures made by the a|)j>lo cur- ciilio, and sonu'times through the calyx when the apple is quite sound. In August the fly (see Fig. 144,6) matures and dej)osits eggs for another brood, and successive generations follow until winter begins. The chrysalids may be found dining the winter in tiie bottoms of apple-barrels, and in this inacttive state they remain until the following season. Usually r^ i I 138 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Al'I'LE. several insects are found in the same aj)i)le, and sometimes the fruit is ahnost alive witli them, when, being rapidly riddled with their borings, it speedily decays. < No. 63 —The Apple Thrips. Phlceot /trips maU Fitcli. Tin's is a very small insect, about one-eighteenth of an inch long. It is slender, of a blackish-purj)le color, with narrow, silvery-white wings. Occasionally apples are found early in August, small and withered, with a cavity near their tip, about the size of a pea, and the surface of a blackened color, appearing as if the cavity had been gnawetl out. Within this may usually be founil one of these apple thrips, which had probal)ly taken up its residence on the fruit while it was very small, and by frequent puncturing day alter day the apple has been stunted i»i ;ls growth, and tinally withers. This insect has never yet pi-oved very injurious; shoidd ii ever become S' , ' ^^.udd be a dilHcidt one to exterminate. Svringing thoroughlv with tobacco-water or a solution of whale-oil soap would })robably prove etficaeious. No. 64. — The Ash-gray Pinion. IjillKiphanc antennata (Wnlker.) This insect is a moth, the larva of whiisii has occasionally Fici. 145. been i'ound boring into young apples and peaches during the month of .Iun(>. Fig. 145 illustrates its mode of procedure. im ATTACKING THE FRUIT 139 Xlie caterpillar is pale y;reen, with eream-eolored spots, and a broad, ereani-eolored band along the sides. When I'uU grown, it leaves the frnit and works its way under the snrfaee of the ground, where it forms a very thin, filmy, silken cocoon, within which it changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis. The moth escapes in the autumn, and is of a dull asii-gray color, with its fore wings variegated with darker gray, or o-rayish brown, as shown in the ligiu'e. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH APFEOT THE APPLE. In addition to those already enuineratal, the following insects are injurious to the apple, but, since they are more destructive to other fruits, they will be referred to under (iliicr headings. ATTACKIN(r THE UKAXCIIKS. The pear-blight beetle. No. 08; the New York weevil. No. 100; and the red-shonldered Sinoxylon, No. l-'iO. ATTACKING Till: LKAVJvS. The tarnished plant-bug. No. 71 ; the pear-tree leaf-miner, No. 74; grasshopj)ers, No. 80; the gray dagger-moth, No. 84; the waved J^agoa, No. 89; the blue-sj)angled j)ea('h-tr(H! ('ater[)illar, No. 102; the Jo emperor-moth. No. 112; the Ursula butterlly, No. 1 Ki ; the basket or bag- worm. No. 120; the white-lined Deilephila, No. 13G ; the rose-beetle. No. l-")! ; ;ind the smeared dagger, Xo. 194. ATTACKING TIIK FUl'IT. The melancholy Cetonia, No. 82; and the j)lum curculio, No. 94. t INSECTS liNJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. ATTACKING THE TRUNK. No. 65. — The Pear-tree Borer. uEjeria pt/ri (Harris). This is a whitish grub, resembling that of the peach-tree borer, but much srnaller, wliicli feeds chiefly upon the inner hiyers of the bark of the pear-tree. Its presence may be detected from its Jiabit of throwing out castings resembling fine sawdust, which are readily seen upon the bark of the tree. Before the larva changes to a chrysalis it eats a passage tlirough the bark, leaving only the thinnest possible covering unbroken. Retiring towards the interior, it changes to a chrysalis, anil late in the summer the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, pushing against the paper-like covering which conceals its place of retreat, ruptures it, and, j)rojecting itself from the orifice, the moth soon bursts its prison-house and e.scapes, leaving nothing but the em})ty skin behind it The moth (Fig. 14G) is somewhat like a small wasp, of a purj>lish or bluish-black color, with three golden-yellow stripes on its abdomen ; the edges of the collar, Fio. 146. the shoulder-covers, and the fan-shaped brush on "kh^i^w the tail are of the same golden-yellow hue. Tlie wings, which, when expanded, measure more than half an inch across,. are clear and glass-like, with their veins and fringes purplish black, and acro^s the tips of the fore wings is a broad dark band with a copi)ery lustre. The under side is pale yellow. Jicmcdk's. — The trees should be examined in the spring, and if evidences of the presence of these larvre are found, they shoidd be searched for and destroyed. As a preventive measure, paint the trees with the mixture of soft-soap an(' 140 ^ ATTACKING THE TRUNK. 141 solution of soda, as recommendod for the round-headed borer of the apple (No. 2), or mound tlie trees about midsummer with eartli, as recommended for the peacli-tree borer (Xo. 97). No. 66.— The Pigeon Tremex. Trcinex Coliunba Linn. The female Pigeon Tremex is represented in Fig. 147. It is a large wasp-like creature, which measures, when its wings are expanded, nearly two inches across. The body is l*'i^>- 147. cylindrical, and about an inch and a half long ex- chisive of its boring instru- ment, which projects about three-eighths of an inch be- yoivl the body. The wings are of a smoky-brown color, and semi-transparent ; the iiead and thorax are reddisii, varied with black, and the al)donien is black, crossed by seven yellow bands, all except the first two Interrupted in the middle. The horny tail and a round spot at its base are ochre-yellow. The male (Fig. 148) is unlike the female: it is smaller and has no borer. Its wings are more transparent; the body is reddish, varied with black, in ibrm somewhat flattened, rather wider be- hind, and ends with a conictal horn. The length of the bodv is iVom three- Ibnrths of an inch to an inch or more, and the wings expand about au inch and a half The female bores into tiie wood of the tree with her borer, and, when the iiole is made deep enough, drops an egg into it. The egg is Fxu. ns MHHMUm TT^ m 142 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. ohlong-ovjil, pointed at both ends, and rather less than one- twentieth of an inch in lengtii. The larva is soft, yellowish white, of a cylindrieal form, rounded behind, with a eonical horny point on the upi)er part of the hinder extremity, and when mature is about an ineh and a half long. It bores deeply into the interior of the wood. liesides the pear, it is injurious to the buttonwood, elm, and maple. From its secluded habits, this insect is a dilHeult one to cope with ; fortunately, it is seldom present in sutticient num- bers to be very injurious. It is said to be destroyed by Ichneumon flies, species of I'impla, furnisiied with very long ovipositors, with which they bore into the trunks of trees inhabited by these Tremex larvje, and deposit their eggs in them: these hatch into grubs, which consume their substance and cause their death. ATTACKING THE BKAN0HE3. R> i'i I or later No. 67. — The Twig-girdler. Oncidercs ciiirfitld/us (Say). This beetle nearly amputates pear twigs during tlie latter half of August and the earlv Q part of September. The female makes pep- ^ Ibrations (Fig. 149, b) in the smaller bran.'hcs ..,/ of the tree upon which she lives, and in these ••;. deposits lier eggs, one of which is shown of the natural size at c. She then j)roceeds to gnaw a groove about one-tenth of an inch wide and about a similar deptli all around the branch, as shown in the figure, when the exterior por- tion dies, and tiie larva, w'hen hatched, feeds up(»n the dead wood. The girdled twigs sooner lall to the ground, and in them the insect completes ATTACK! ^'G THE BRANCHES. 143 its transt()riiiati()n.s, and liiuiUy e.sciipes as a perfect beetle. This insect is about eleven-twentieths of an inch in length, with a robust body of a brownish-gray color with dull red- dish-yellow dots, and having a broad gray band across the middle of the wing-cases. The antennte are longer than the bodv. The beetle is more eoninion on the hiekorv than on the pear. To subdue the insect, the dead and fallen twigs should be uiithercd and burnt. No. 68.— The Pear-blight Beetle. A'i/lcbonis j)i/rl (Peck). During the lieat of niidsnninier, twigs of the ?>ear-tree some- times become suddenly blighted, the leaves and fruit wither, and a discoloration of the bark takes place, followed by the speedy death of the j)art atl'ected. Most frequently these etfects arc the result of tire-blight, a mysterious disease, probably of a fungoid character, but occasionally they are due to the agency of the pear-blight beetle. In these latter instances there will be found, on examination, small perforations like pin-holes at the base of some of the buds, and from these issue small cylin- drical beetles, shown nuignilied in Fig. 150, about one-tenth of an inch long, of a deep brown or black color, with antennas and legs of a rusty red. The thorax is Fia.150. short, very convex, rounded and roughened ; the wing-covers are thickly but minntely punctated, the dots being arranged in rows; the hinder [)art of the body terminates in an abrupt and sudden slope. The beetle (lej)osits its eggs at the base of the bud, and when hatched the young larva follows the course of the eye of the bud towards the pith, around which it p; consuming the tissues in its course, thus interfering with the circulation and causing the twig to wither. The larva changes to a pupa, and subsequently to a ' 'etle, in the bottom of its biuM'ow, and makes its escape frcm the tree in the latter part of June or the beginning of July, depositing its eggs before cs. 144 JNSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. August 1ms passed. Tlie liole made by the beetle when it i.s escaping is a little more than one-twentieth of an inch in diameter. It was formerly snjiposed that these insects infested onlv such trees as were unhealthy or were already dying, but it has been shown that sound and healthy trees are attacked and scvcrclv injured bv them. Neither are they limited in their operations to the twigs, but sometimes attack the trunk also. It is said that there are two broods each year, the early one nurtured in the trunk, and when these reach maturity, the newly-groAvn twigs, ofllering a more dainty repast, are accord- ingly attacked and destroyed. The injuries inflicted by thi.s insect are not confined wholly to the pear; occasionally it is found on the ap[)le, apricot, and plum. The only remedy which has been suggested is to cut off the blighted limbs below the injured part and burn them before the beetle has escaped. The damage caused by this insect must not be confounded with the well-known lire-blight on the pear, since that, as already remarked, is a disease j)r()bal)ly of a fungoid character, and is entirely independent of insect agency. IIP No. 69. — The Pear-tree Bark-louse. LecanUim pyri (Schrank). This insect is found on the under side of the limbs of youno; and thrifty pear-trees, adhering closely to the bark. It ap- ])ears in the form of a hemis])herical scale about one-fifth of an inch in diameter, of a chestnut-brown color, sometimes marked with faint blackish streaks, and having on its surface some shallow indentations. The outer margin is wrinkletl. These scales, when mature, are the dead bodies of the feni;de.s covering and protecting their young; some are darker in color than others, and there are some smaller ones which are of a dull-yellow hue. Under the scales the young lice are interspersed through a mass of white cotton-like matter, which subseipiently increases ATTACKING THE lillASCIIES. 145 it) volume and protrmlos iVoin under the seule. Karly in tlie Mason lliey crawl out and distribute themselves over the smooth hark, appeai-ing as minute whitish speeUs. When ma!iiiitied, they are found to be of an oval form, somewhat flattened, about one-hundredth of an inch lono;, of a dnil- wjiite color, with six legs and short antennae. 'J'he yoiuig larvie soon attach tiiemselvcs to the bark, which they punc- tiu'e with their beaks, living on the sap, and during the season materially increase in siz(>. They pass the winter in a torpid state, and in the spring the uiales enter the pupal condition, and subsequently appear as minute two-winged flies, while the females gradually grow to the size and I'orni of the scales already referred to, after which, dying, their dried bodies remain to serve as a shelter for their offspring. This is believed to be the same insect as occurs upon the pear-tree in l'>uro])e, and is said to be peculiar to the [)ear. Remedies. — Fortunatelv, these insects are of such a size that they are easily seen. They should be Iu(»ked for during the latter part of June, at which time tlie females will have attained their full size, and, when discovered, should be |)roinptly removed. The under side of the limbs should also be well scrubbed with a brush dipped in some alkaline solution. A small, four-winged parasite lives in the bodies of the females, feeds upon their substance and destroys them, and forms a chrysalis under the scale. When tliis Hy matures, it gnaws a round hole through the scale and esca[)es. a es No. 70.— The Pear-tree Psylla. PsijUa pi/ri Sclunidb. Diu'ing the luiddle of May, when growth is rapid, the smaller limbs and twigs of pear-trees are sometimes observed to droop ; a close examination reveals a copious exudation of sap from about the axils of the leaves, so abundant that it drops Uj)ou the foliage below, and sometimes runs down tlie branches to the ground. Flies and ants gather '>rt)und in crowds to sip 10 ! 146 J^'SJ'JCTs jyjLJuois to the peau. the sweets, and by their busy bustle draw atteiiiion to the mischief p»' .gTe,-;sin<^, Witii a magnifying lens the authors of the injury may be observed immersed in the sap about the axils of the leaves. This inseet is-: known as the Pear-tree Psylla, a small, yellow, )uni})ing creature, flattened in form, and provided with short let^s, a broad head, and sharp beak. With the beak are made the punctures from which the sap exuiles. In rare instances they occur in immense ^i"- 1^1- inimbers, when almost everv leaf on a tree will seem to be iilfected ; all growth is at once arrested, ;'.nd frecpiently the tree loses a considerable portion of its leaves. Wlu-n in the pupa state with the wings developing, iliey present the appearaniie shown in Fig. 151 ; n rej)resents the under side, h the upper side ; the i)erfeet winged insect i;; shown in Fig. lo2, all highly magnilied. The color of the pupa is deep orang(!-red, the thorn x strij)cd with black, and the abdomen l)la(!kish brown. T()war<ls tlu; end of the summer they attain matu- rity, when tliey arc fur- nished with trans|)areiit wiuii's ; the head is deeplv notched in from; color orange-yellow, with the abdomen greenish. Length one-tenth of an ireh. lii'iiH'd'u'x. — Paint the twigs with a strong solution iX soft- snap, as recommended for No. 2, or syringe the trees with strong soapsuds. Fi(i. ir.i>. m ATTACKING THE BUDS. 147 ATTACKING THE BUDS. Fig. l.-).!. No. 71.— The Tarnished Plant-bug. Li/l/iis lineolarls [l^. Beativ.). Tliis insect, wliic'lj is represented magnilied in Fi<j^. 15,'^, is iibont one-fifth of an inch h)ng, and varies in color from (hill dark brown to a j^reenish or dirty yellowish brown, tlu; males being gen(!r- ;ill\' darker than the females. The head i" \ellowish, with three liarrow, reddish stripes ; the beak or sucker is abont one- tliird the ]enij;tli of the body, mhI when j not in use is folded n})on the breast. The ^ thorax lias a yellow margin and several yellowish lines rniniino- lengthwise; behind the thorax is a yellow V-like mark, some- times more or less indistinct. The wings are dusky brown, and the legs dnll yellow. It passes the wintei in the perfect sUite, taking shelter among rubbish, or in other convenient hiding-places, and early in May, as soon as vegetation starts, it begins its dep- redations. Concealing itself within the voiiiig leaves of the ex[)aiidiiig bii;is of the pear, it punctures them about tlusir base and a'ong their edges, extracting their juices with its beak. 'I'he ])uiicture of the insect seems to luvve a poisonous ellecft, and the result is to disfigure; and ometiines entirely destroy the young leaves, causing them to black(Mi and wither. These insects are also partial to (he unopened buds, piercing them from the outside, and sucking them nearly dry, when they also become withe: -d and blackened. iSometimes a whole branch will be thus alfected, being first stunted, then wilheriiig, and finally dying. Early in the morning these plant-bugs are in a sluggish condition, and may be found buried in the expanding leaves, but as tiie (hiy advances and the temperature rises they become active, and when ap- M— — lliiiliiiillliiMM nr 148 IXSECTS IXJURIors TO THE PEAR. proaclied dodge quickly about from place to place, drop to the ground, or else take \\h\\x. mid Hy away. In common with most true bugs, they have when handled a disagreeable odor. In the course of two or three weeks they disappear, or cease to be suffivMently injuriojis to attract attention. It is stated that they dej)osit their eggs on the leaves, and (hat later in the season the voiuii; and old bugs niav be found tDgether. The young bug-, are green, but in other respects do not difier from their j)arents, except in lacking wings. While they seem particularly partial to the p' . -', they attack also the young leaves of the quince, apple, plum, and ch<u'ry, as well as (hose of many herbaceous ])lants. Jiaaah'cs. — First of all, clean culture, so as to leave no shelter I'or the bug in which to winter over. When they appear in spring, shake them from the trees very early in the morning, while they arc in a toi'pid state, and destroy them. i No. 72. — The Oak Platycerus. I'/ii/i/fcnis ijiierois (Wohor). This is an insect belonging to the family of stag beetles, which has occasionally been found injurious to pear-trees in Illinois by devouring the buds. In the larval stale it feeds on decaying wood in old oak logs and stumj>s. It matures and a|)p<'ars as a beetle about the time that ihe buds ' ■ * ■ of the pear are bursting, and contiiuies feeding ibr (lU many days, completely eating out the swelling buds JjB^ iiiid the ends of the new shoots. } \ It is a blackish beetle, of a grcH'uish cast, with ril)l)e<l wing-covers, and nearly half an inch in length. It is r(!|)resented in l^'ig. lol. As this has hitherto been compai'atively a rare beetle, it is scarcely likely evei' to prove generally troublesome to pear-growers. ATTACKING THE FLOWEL'S. 149 ATTACKING THE FLOWEES. No. 73. — The Pear-tree Blister-beetle. J'<)iiijili(ij)iva aenea (fsay). This i? a groenish-bluc or brassy-looking beetle, ratlier more than bait' an inch long (see Fig. lo5), with head and thorax punctated and somewhat hairy, the wing- ca-es roughened aud with two slightly-elevuted l"''<j- l-J--»- lines. These beetles have been found injurious to pear- biossoms both in Michigan and in Pennsylvania. They begin their work by devoiiring the corolla, then the pistil an<! calyx, and a portion of the iorming iruit, but are said to avoid the stamens. They will occasionally eat small })ortions of the tender foliage, and are usually most abundant on the tops of the trees aud about the extremities of the limbs. They also attack the hlossoms of the cherry, plum, and (piince, but have not been observetl on the aj)ple or j)each. This pest is easily controlled. On jarring the tri'es they drop at once to the groinid, ajid if taken in the cool of the morning are very sluggish in their movements. Later in I he day, in the heat of the sun, they become much more active, and ily readily. i I I ATTAOKINa THE LEAVES. No. 74. — The Pear-tree Leaf-miner. I.illiordllitis iji iiiiiitif<lla I'lU'kai'il. The larva of iliis insect mines the leaves of the pear, and also tiiose of tiie apple. It is very small, of a pale-reddish color, with a black hcid and a black patch on the np|)er part of the next segment. In l<'ig. 15(1 it is shown magnified, it mam 150 I A SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FEAR. usually dmw.s two leaves toy;etlier and fastens them with silken libres, or else folds one up and eats the surface, inakinji; unsightly blotches, which J'^ic liiC- I'j- I'J"- disfigure and injure tin; (He of August, the larva changes to a long, slender chrysalis within this mine (Fig. 157, also niagnified). The moths a])})ear a few days after- wards. When its wings are expanded, the moth (Fig. 158, en- larged) measures about one-third of an inch across. The fore wings are dark grav, with a roum! blackish spot on the middle of the inner edge of th« wing, which is not shown in the figure, also an eye-like spot on the outer edge, with a black pu|)il. As the season advances, these insects sometimes become very abundant, and towards the end of autumn a large pro- j)()i'tion of the leaves of the pear and apple trees become l)l(»tched anil ilisligured froin their work. Since they pass the winter in tiie larval or chrysalis (jonditiou in their leafy en- closures, their numbers may l)e materially i-educed by gathering all the fallen leaves in the autumn and burning them. Fio. 158. No. 75.— The Pear-tree Slug. Scldndria rerasi Pook. In the year 175)0, Prof. Feck, of Massachusetts, wrote a pamphlet entitled "Natural History of the Slug-worm," which was printed in {{(tstou the same year by ord(>i' of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society and was awarded the So- ciety's premium of fifty dollars and a gold medal. Alihough more than uinet\ years have |)ass«'d sinc(! that. j)amphlet was written, not much has be(!n added in the interval to our ktiowledge of the history and habits of this insect. In th(! mean time, however, it has spread over the greater portion of ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 151 Fio. 159. tlie United States and Canada, injuring more or le?>.s seriously the foliage of our pear, cherry, quince, and i)hini trees every year. This insect passes the winter in tiie chrysalis state under (rround ; the flies, the progenitors of the mischievous l)r()od of slugs, appearing on the wing in the Northern States and Canada from about tlie third week in ^NFay until the middle of June. The fly (Fig. 159) is of a glossy blac'lv color, will four transparent wings, the front pair heing crossed by a dusky cloud ; the vcius jur brownish, and the legs dull yellow, with black thighs, except the hind pair, which are black at both extremities, and dull yellow in the middle. The female fly is more than one-lifth of an inch long; the male is somewhat smaller. When the trees on which these flies are at work are jarred or shaken, or if the flies are otherwise disturbed, they fall to the ground, whei'e, folding tlielr anteniuc under their bodies jiiid bending tlie head forward and under, they remain for a time motionless. Tl'.o saw-flies have been so called from the fact tliat in most of the species the females are provided with a saw-like aj)- pciulage at the end of the body, by which slits are (!ut in the li'avcs of the trees, shrubs, or plants ou which the larvte \W^\, in which slits the eggs are deposited. The female of this species l)egins to deposit lier eggs early in June; they are placed singly within little semicircular incisions through the skin of the leaf, sometimes on the under side and sometimes on (he upper. In about a fortnight these eggs hatch. The newly-batched slug is at first white, l)ut soon a slimy matter oozes out of tlie skin and covers the uppc>r j)ai'i of the bodv with an olive-colored stic^ky coating. After changing its skin four times, it attains the length of iialf an iuc^h or more (see Fig. lOO, «), and is then nearly lull grown. It is a dis- gusting-looking creature, a slimy, bhu kish, or olive-brown slug, with the anterior pjirt of its body so swollen as to re- "'•^''"'"'""■■'"" T^ 152 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. Fid. KiO. senibie somewliata tadpole in form, and liaving a disagreeable and sickening odor, 'i'he head is small, of a reddish color, and is almost entirely concealed nnder the front segments. It is of a dull-yellowish color beneath, with twenty very short legs, one pair under each segment except the fourth and the last. After the last moult it loses its slimy appearance and (l:ul< color, and appears in a clean yellow skin en ti rely free from slime; its form is also (ihangcd, being proportionately longer. In a few houis after this change it leaves the tree and crawls or falls to the ground, where it buries itself to a depth of from one io three or four inches. By repeated movements of the body the earth is pressed firmly on all sides, and an oblong- oval chamber is formed, which is afterwards litied with a sticky, glossy substance, which makes it retain its shape. Within this little earthen cell the insect changes to a chrysalis, and in about a ibitnight finishes its transformations, breaks open the en- closure, crawls to the surface of the grounil, and appears in the winsjced form. About the third week in July the flies arc actively engaged in depositing eggs for a second brood, the young slugs ap[)ear- ing early in August. They reach maturity in about four weeks, then retire under ground, change to chrysalids, and remain in that condition until thi' following spring. Pear and cherry growers shouKi l)e on the lookout for this destructive pest about the middle of .Fune, and again early in August, and if the young larvic are then abundant they should be promptly attended to, since if neglected tluy soon play sad havoc with the foliage, feeding upon the upper side of the leaves and consuming the tissues, leaving only tlu^ veins and under skin. Tlie Ibliage, dep«'ived of its substance, withers and becomes tlark-colored, as if sconihed by fire, and soon after- wards it drops from the trees. In a badly-infested p<'ar orchard, ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 153 wliole rows of trees mjiy sometimes be seen as bare of foliage (luring the early days of July as they are in niidwinttM". In .such instances the trees are obliged to throw out new leaves ; and this extra effort so exhausts their vigor as to interfere seriously with their fruit-producing |)t)wer the followiu!^ vear. Although very abundant iii a given locality one season, these slugs may be very scarce the next, as I hey are Hable to be destroyed in the interval by enemies and by uiifuvorable climatic influences. Rciaedies. — Hellebore in powder, mixed with water in the pi-oj)ortion of an ounce to two gallons, and applied to tlie foliage with a syringe or a watering-pot, promptly <lestroys this slug; and Paris-green, applied in the same manner, in the proportion of a teaspoonful to the same quantity of water, would doubtless serve a similar purpose. Fresh air-slaked lime dusted on the foliage is said to be an eflicicnt remedy. It has been recommendetl to dust the foliage with sand, ashes, and road dust, but these are unsatisfactory measures, and of little value. A very minute Ichnemnon fly is said to lay its eggs within the eggs of this saw-fly, and from its tiny egg a little maggot is hatc;hed, which lives within the egg of the saw-fly and consumes it. No. 76. — The Green Pear-tree Slug. Another species of saw-fly, as yet undetermined, also attacks the leaves of the pear. The larva' appear from about the first to the middle of .lune, and eat holes in the leaves or semi- circular portions from th<;edge. They are about half an inch in length, nearly cylindrical in form, tapering slightly towards the hinder segments. The head is rather small, pale green with a yellowish tinge, and has a dark-brown dot on each side ; the jaws are tij)ped with brown. The body above is semi- tiansparentjof a grass-green color faintly tinged with yellow, the yellow most apparent on tlu^ posterior segments ; tl"'rc is a line down the l)aek ol" a slightly deeper shade of green, and one along each side, close to the under surface, of a |ialer hue. HMMMMlttlAMii^llill 1 154 IXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. mi The under side is similar to the upper; feet whitisli irreeu, semi-triuisparent. About the middle of June this larva seeks some suitable hiding-plaee, sueh as a crevice in the bari^ of the tree, or other sheher, and there makes and fastens firmly a small, brownish, papery-looking cocoon, in which it undergoes its ti-ansformations and remains until the Ibllowing spring, when the j)erfcct fly ap[)ears. The fly bears a general resemblance to that of the j)ear-tree slug, but is smaller. Tiie remedies applicable to the pear-tree slug would serve equally well in this instance; l)ut these insects are seldom found in sufficient abundance to require a remedy. No. 77.— The Goldsmith-beetle. Cotulpa lanij/eia (Linn.). This is, without doubt, one of the most beautiful of all our leaf-eating beetles. It is nearly an inch in length (see Fig. IGl), of a broad, oval form, with the wing-oases of a rich yellow {!olor and pale metallic lustre, while the top of the head and the thorax gleam with burnished gold of a brilliant reddish cast. The under surface has a polished coppery hue, and is thi(dvly covered with whitish, woolly hairs: this latter characteristic has suggested its spe- cific name, hmi<jcva, or wool -bearer. This insect appears late in May and during the month of June, and is distributed over a very wide aiva, being found in most of the Northern United States and in Canada; and, although seldom very abundant, rarclv <loes a .season pass without some t)f them being seen. Dm-iiig the day they are inactive, and may be found clinging t(i the under side of the leaves of trees, often drawing together two or three leaves and holding them with their sharp claws for the purpose of concealing themselves. At dusk they issue from their hiding-places and fly about with a buz/ing sound A TTA CKIXG THE L E. 1 1 VvV. 1 r.x anioin'' the branches of trees, the' tender leiivcs of which they devour. The pear, oak, pophir, hickory, silver abele, and sweet-giun all snfl'er more or less from their attacks. J^ike tlic common May-bit<^, this beautiful creature is attracted by liolit, and often tlies into lighted rooms on summer even- iiiiis, dashing against everything it meets with, to the great aliirm of nervous inmates. In some seasons they are coni- iiiuativcly common, and may then be readily captured by shaking the trees on which they are lodged, in the daytime, when they do not attempt to fly, but I'all at once to the ground. The beetle is short-ii.ed. The female deposits her eggs ill the ground at varying deptiis during the latter part of .liuic, and, having thus provided for the continuance of her species, dies. The lives of the males are of still shorter (lin-ation. The eggs are laid during the uight, the whole mimber probably not exceeding twenty ; they are very large tor the size of the beetle, being nearly one-tenth of an inch in length, of a long, ovoid form, and a white, translucent a|tp('arance. In about three weeks the young larva is hatched ; it is of a (hdl-white color, with a polished, horny head of a yellowish hrown, feet of the same hue, and the extremity of the abdomen lead-color. The mature larva (Fig. 162) is a thick, whitish, fleshy grub, very similar in appearance to that of the May-bug, which is i'amiliarly known as " the white grub." It lives in the ground and feeds on the roots of plants, and is thus sometimes very destruc- tive to strawberry-plants. It is said that the grub is three years in reaching its full growth ; linall} , it matures in the autumn, and late the same season or early in the following spring changes to a beetle. 1 I WMMMiAlMlll 156 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEAR. No. 78. — The Iridescent Serica. Serica iriculor Siiy. This beetle is said to liave proved very injurious to pear- trees in New Jersey by devouring tlie leaves. It is of an oval form, about one-fifth of an inch long, of a didl bluisli- blaclc color, and clothed with long, fine, silky hairs, especially on the thorax ; it is represented in Fig. 16^3. 163. rj^j^j^ insect has the same habit of dr()p[)ing to the -<iSS ground when the trees are jarred or shaken as the goldsmith-beetle (No. 77), and if it proves at any time troublesome it may be collected in this way and destroyed. It is not known how or where the larva of this species lives, but it probably dwells under ground and feeds on the roots of plants. No. 79. — The Pear-tree Aphis. An undetermined species of aphi.j sometimes attacks the leaves of the pear-tree early in Juno, causing them to twist and curl up very much. In the |)upa state these insects are active, with the wings partly developed. They are then green, with a row of brownish dots along the back, which are smaller on the anterior 'gments and larger on the middle ones ; there are also some streaks of the same color along each side. The wings are enclosed in cases on the sides about half the length of the body; body plunip ; lionoy-tubos j)alc whitish, tipped with black; feet pale whitish. All the specimens seen at this time have partly or fully developed wings. In the perfect winged specimens the head is black ; thorax l)la{!k above, greenish below; body brownish blacik above, green on the sides and beneath, with a few blackish dots; anlennro brownish black. When the insect escapes from the j)upa state, tlio empty pupa skin is left attached to the under surface of the curled leaves. ATTACKING THE LKAVKS. 15; The remedies reconiineiuled for tlie apple-tree aphis (No. 57) will be serviceable for this insect also. No. 80. — Grasshoppers, or Locusts. In addition to the insects already treated of, several s|)eoies (tf grasshoppers, or, more correctly, locusts, attack the leaves dt' tlie pear, and, when abundant, will often entirely strip vonng trees of their foliage. In Fig. 164 we have a rej)re- .-.(■ntation of the red-le<^ged locust, Caloptenus Jemur-rahruiit (De Geer), one of our connnonest sj)ecies, which is abundant (vorywhere, from Maine to Minnesota, throughout the givater portion of Canada, and from Pennsylvania to Kansas. In ]'"ig. 105 is shown the noted Rocky Moiuitain locust, (J<dop- Fiu. 1G4. Fig. K; tenus sprctus Thomas, which has proved so terribly destructive in the AY est and Northwest. Although much resembling the red-legged locust in size and general appearance, the wings are longer, and there are other points of ditference which enable the entomologist readily to separate the sj)ecies. These, however, need not be enumerated here. In Fig. 166 the females of the Rocky Moiuitain locust arc de[)icte(l at a, a, a, in the act of depositing their eggs. These eggs are laid in the ground in masses, in which the eggs are carefully arranged, and the whole coated with a gummy covering. In the lower part (>f the figure one of the egg-masses is shown with one end open, others in position at d and e, and the eggs separated at c; /sliows where an egg-mass luus been deposited ami the aperture closed. In Fig. 167 another common sj)ocies is represented, — at a in the immature or larval state, at b in the mature or perfect condition. This insect is known under the name of the green- 158 INSECTS INJIRIOUS TO TlIK PEAR. faced locust, Trnf/ocephalu virkUfasciata (De Gccr). IMieie are many otlicr species which might be referred to, l)ut Fiu. 16G. these will suffice to illustrate the family, al^ ^he members of which are destructive, esfjecially during the latter ^ nrt of tlu; summer. When young trees are deprived of their leaves in the midst of their growth, they fail to ripen their wood proj)erly, and their vitality is weakened so that they are more liable to Fig. 1G7. iiijuiy from winter, and also more prone to disease. Gras-^- hoppers do not confine their attacks to the pear, b'" ,<ir also the leaves of young aj)ple, plum, and other tr To desiroy these pests, the trees, when not fruiui^'-, msu be syringed with Paris-green and water in the proportion • t two teaspoonfuls of the poison to two gallons of water. lit. -"^"■-*-|^-^'_j^4yi^ ATTACKISG THE FRUIT. 159 ATTACKING THE FEUIT. Fui. 168. No. 81. — The Indian Cetonia. Euphoria Iiula (Linn.). Tliis is one of the earliest insect visitors in sprin*::, appear- ing towards the end of April or in the be<rinninir of May, when it flies about in dry lields on the borders of woods on sunny days, making a loud i)nzzin«2; sound like a bee. It is little more than half an inch in length (see Fig. 168), and has a broad body, obtuse behind. The head and thorax are of a blackish cop})er-brown, thickly covered with short, greenish-yellow hairs. The w iiig-cases are light yellowish brown, with a num- htT of irregular black spots. The under side of the hodv is black and very hairy; the legs are dull led. A variety of this species is occasionally met \ '""^ I with entirely black. 'flie early brood are fond of sucking the sweet sap which exudes from wounded trees or freshly-cut stumps; in Septeiu- l)('r a second brood appear, and these injure fruits, bun-owing into ripe pears almost to their middle, revelling on their ■iweets, and inducing rai)id decay. They also attack peaches and grapes. Nothing has vet been recorded in reference to the larval history of this species. It is probable that the late brood of beetles hibernate, passing the winter in a torpid state, hidden in sheltered places, and awakening with the return of spring, \vhen they issue from their retreats, al'ter which, having deposited eggs for another brood, they die. The only remedy suggested for these insects is to catch and destroy them. They are seldom very abundant. 160 JXSECTS INJUR JO US TO THE PEAR. T (Xo. lis i SI) Fi(i. K;'.) No. 82.— The Melancholy Cetonia. Kiipli<i)i(t viclitnclioUca ((lory). nsoct belongs to the same oenus as the Iiulian Cetonia . and is very siniihir to it in appearance and iiahits, but is somewhat smaller. (See Fig. I(j5).) Tliis beetle has also been found eatiii_t>: i'lto ript- pears, and oeeasionally apples. Jt is ibimd in the South in eotton-bdlls, in the holes left by the boll- worrii. It ap'poars to frequent the bolls for the purpose of consiuii'i ^ the exuding sap. M SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH AITECT THE PEAE. ATTACK IXf 5 TITK IJOOT. The broad-iieeked Prionus, No. 122, is oeeasionally verv destructive to the roots of the ])ear. ATTACKINO TIF I', TRUNK. The round-headed !ip|)le-tree-borer, N(\ 2, and the flat- headed apple-tr(;e borer, \o. o, both injure the pear, and arc often foui.d uiKh'r the bark, especially about the base of llie tiiink. ATTA(M<I.N(i TIIK JllJANOIlKS. Tlie appl(>-t\vig borer, Xo. 1.') ; tl:e oysler-shell barlc-Ionse, No 10; the scurfy bark-louse, N^o, 17 ; and the New York weevil, No. 100, all ad'eet the branches of the pear-tree. ATTACKINO DIK I-KAVKS. Many of llu^ insects which devour the leav(\s of other fruit-trees feed also on tlntse of (he pear, such as fh(> wliite- niarked tussock-moth, N^o. 22; the red-humped apjile-tree SUPPLEMKXTA RV LIST. 161 caterpillar, No. 24; tlie ihll wc^h-wonn, No. 27; the Ceeropia einj)eror-Miotli, No. 28; (ho ol)liq.ie4)aiKlecl leal-roller, No 35; the eye-spotted I)ii(l-,noth, No. 88; -ra.ss hoppers, or locusts, No. 80; the l)Jtie-spani.le(l peach-tree caterpillar, Xo. 102; and the basket worm, or l)a,i;-worni, No. 120. ATTACKING THE FUUIT. The odlino. Mu.th, Xo. 58, so destructive to the fruit of the ii|)ple, is almost equally injurious to that of the pear. 'I1,c plum eurculio, No. 94, and the quince '."ureulio, No. 121, also alfi'ct this fruit. 11 I m m(k 1 4 1 J tmm If LNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 83.— The Plum-tree Sphinx. Sji/u'iix (hiijiif'( rdnnii (Sni. it AIjIl). 'I'lio moths hc'Ioiigiiig" to tlic f'ainily Unowii as Sphinx nidths arc peculiar in tlieii'forni and habits, Thcii" bodies arc robii>t, and their winiis arc usually h)ni;' and narrow and j)osscss ^rcat .strength and capacily lor rapid llight. (.)n the wing (hcv nnu'h reseiuble humming-birds, and hence ar(> frcijnontly called f Fig. 170. spi'cics i-cuimIu toi'pi 1 hununing-l)ii'd ni<ith>. Must i»|' th diu'ln"" tli<^ dav, but become ai'tive al)ou( ihisk, when thev may be .seen poising in llie air over some Howei', with their winu's rai)idly vibrating, and |)ro(h)cing a hiunming sound. The |)lnm sphinx is a liandsomc insect, and is well ivpre- Hcnted in Vig. IVO. It appears as a molh during the monih of .June ; its bodv is a l(>2 ibdiit an inch and a hail' long, and its ATTAVKIXG Till: LEAVKS. 163 -wings expand f'roiu thrt'c and a halt' to t'onr indios. The wings are of a pnrph'.sh-brown color, the anterior pair having a stripe of white on their front edge, and one of a fawn coK)r on tiieir enter edge ; there are also three or foni- ohlicpie hlaek streaks, and a hlaek dot on the white stri[)e. The hind wings jiave two whitish, wavy stripes, with a fawn-eolored stripe also on their oiitei" edge. The head and thorax are hlaekish brown, with a whitish-fawn color at the sides; the eyes are v(>rv prominent, and the snout-like projection in front consists of the two palpi or feelers, within which lies the probdst'is or tongue, snugly coiled up between thenv like the mainspring of a watch ; in the iiguix! this j)r(>boscis is shown i)artly ex- tended. When stretched to its full length, it is as long as tin; hodv, and is used by tlu; insect in extracting honey from ilowers. The body is brown, with a central line and a band on eitluM" side of black, the latter containing four or livedingv- wliite spots. The moth deposits her »ggs singly on the leaves of the plum. 'J'lic egg is about one-lifteenth of an inch long, slightlv ovaly with a smooth surface, and of a j)ale ycllowish-gi-ceu color. It hatches in from six to eight days, when the yciiug larva eats its way out through the siiie of the egg; its first meal is usually made from the egg-shell, which it partly or wlinllv de\'OUl'S. The newly-hatched lai'\'a is oue-f(»ui'th of an Inch long, ot'a p;ik! ycllowish-grccn <'olor, with a few slightly-elevated whitish tubercles on every segment, from ea(;h of which arises a single fme short hair; the caudal horn is black. The full-grown caterpillar is about three and a half inches long(st'e l''ig. 171), of a beaulifni a|)ple-green color, with a latcu'al dark-biMw ii or blackish stripe. On each side of the body th<M'e are >evcn broad oblicpu^ white bands, borderi'd in flout with light purple or mauvi;; the stigmata or breathing-pures, which are ranged along each sid(^ of the body, arc of ii bright orange- yellow. The caudal horn is long, dark brown, with a yel- lowish tint about the base at tho sides. After satisfying its 1G4 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. rapacious appetite, this larva often assumes for a time tlie peculiar rigid appearance shown in the cut. Though pre- senting a Ibrmidahle aspect, it is perfectly harmless, and may Fig. 171. be handled with impunity; it may be found on the trees fioiii the middle of July to the end of August. When mature, the caterpillar descends to the ground, and, having buried itself under the surface to the de|)th of several inches, prepares a convenient chamber, which it lines with a gummy, water-j)roof cement, and there changes to a chrysalis, as shown in Fiij. 172, which is about an inch and a half loni:', of a dark reddish-brown color, with a short, (hick, ]>roi('cting tongue--case. The insect reiuiiins in the ground in this condition until the ibllowing JiMie; indeed, o •- casionally specimens have been known to remain in this tor])id stale until tlu; spring of the second year following. Tlu! I'avage.s of the plum-tree sphinx are never very ex- tensive, yet it appears at times in some local ili^'.s in sulllcienl nund)crs to cause! annoyance. 'J'lie denuded twigs prr)mj>tly attract the attention of (he vigilant frtut-grower, who will soon search out and exterminate the destrover. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 165 No. 84. — The Gray Dag-ger-motli. Apatela occidenhilis ((». & R.). This is :i pretty, [)ale, silvery-gray moth, the first brood of whicii ai)[)ear on tlie win*; hitc in May or early in June. It is shown in Fii^. 173. The fore wings are pale gray, witli varions blaek lines or markings, the principal one being in the ^^" •"' form of an irregular cross, bearing f^f^^^;i>^>yVi-^'"^'''^S^ ji resemblance to the Greek letter Nr^^^;^^^^- '^^ '/'■placed sideways; this is situ- ^-^<^ '/^^O^ \ -I ated about the middle of the fore *=-<^' !^\ - '■' wing, towards the (>'^ter edge. A second smaller mark of the same character is found between this and the tip of tlie wing; a black line proceeds from the base of the wing and extends to near the middle. Thi; liind wings are dark gh)ssy gray ; the edges of both pairs have a whitish fringe, with an inner border of black spots; the body is gray. The wings, when expanded, measure from an inch and a half to two inches across. The moths dej)osit their eggs singly on t\\v leaves of phun, cherry, and ap[)le trees, and the caterpilhu- becomes fnll grown during the first or second week in July. It is then about an inch and a half long, its head Is rather large. Hat in front, bhu'k, with yellowish dots af the sides. The body is bhiisli gray ai)ove, with a wide shite-colored band down the back, in wliich is a central |)ale-orange line fVoni the second to th(! lif'th segment, [^""rom the fifth to the eleventh, iiK^lusive, each segment is ornamented with a. beau- tiful group of spots, placed in the dorsal band, two <il' them bright orang(>, one in front iind one lu^hind, and one of a gieenisji mettdlic ime on each side, each group being set in a nearly circidar patch of velvety black. There are two cream- colored stripes on the sides, whitih become indistinct towards eacii extremity, luid into which there extends from each of the black dorsal patches a short, bhmk, curved line, having behind u« J^\SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. itri base a yellowisli dot ; the sides are marked with dull ochrcy spots, and on the toji of the twelfth soginent there is a jiromi- iicnt black hump. The body is sparingly covered with whitish hairs, which are distributed chiefly along the sides. The undci- surface is of a dull-greenish color ; the feet are black. M'hen full grown, this larva spins a slight cocoon in some sheltered spot, and there changes to a chrysalis, about scven- tcnths of an inch long, of a reddish-brown eoloi', with a pol- ished surface. From these the second brood of moths appear late in July, and shortly after eggs are again deposited, from which the later brood of larvae mature about the middle of Sei)tembor, which then become chrysalids, and ])roduce moths the i'ollowing spring. This insect seldom occurs in sufficient numbers to prove very destructive; should it ever do so, it may be readily destroyed l)y syringing the trees with ]>owdered hellebore (ir Paris-green mixed with water, as recommended for the j)ear- tree slug (No. 75). The larvre are often cajjtured under the bands set as traps for the larvre of the codling moth. No. 85.— The Mottled Plum-tree Moth. Apatcla siiperans (Giien.). The caterpillar of this moth also feeds on the leaves of the ])lum, and, like that last described, is solitary in its hal)ils. li api)ears about the middle of June. It is a green cateritiHar, about an inch long, v.itii its body seeming as if laterally com- pressed, making it ai)pear higher than it is wide. There is a broiid chestnut-colored stripe along the back, margined with yellowish, and on eveiy seg- ment there are several shining tubercles, each giving rise to one or more blackish bail's; there are also a lew whitish hairs along tli(! sides of the body. l''ig. 1 71 rc|)resentsa partly-grown specimen oi' this or a very closelv allied s|)ecies. About the middle of July tin; moth (l''ig. 175) (Scapes from the cocoon. I'iie thorax and alxlomeii are gray, dotted Pici. 171. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 167 with black points; lore \viiiu;.s gr;iy, with l)hu'k or brownish- hlac'k nnu'kings; hind wings brownish gray. When ex- panded, the wings measure about an incli and a lialf ^''^"- '""'• across. This species is (h)uble- brooded. The; moths tiiat appear in Jidy ck'posit eggs iVoni wiiich hatch iarvje which reach maturity in kSeptend)er, enter the clirysalis state, and remain in this condition until the following spring. An Ichneumon Hy attacks this s|)ecies :uid destroys many of them. They are seldom numerous, and never likely to prove very troublesome. No. 86. — The Horned Span-worm. KaiiiiitnciiiiijKi fl/diin'ii/tirin (Jucii. This singular-looking cateri)illar is frecjuently found on plum-trees, devouring the leaves; it is also found on miiple, oak, and probably other trees, and on strawberry-vines. It is about seven-tenths of an inch long (see Fig. 17(5), of a gravish color, with dusky and l)lackish strc'dcs. On the hinder part of the fifth I'''>*- nu. segment are two long, curved, llcshy horns extending forward, and on the sixth segment there is a sindlar pair curving backwards. The head is spotted with brown. 'I'hcrc are two short brown tubercles on the ])ostcrior j)art of the Iburlh segUKMit, and two small gi'ay warts on i-ach of the segments behind, those on the eleventh being most |)roi:i'Mont. It jnay be found during the iirst half of .lune, and sometimes later. During the lallcr part of the montii it constrncis a slight cocoon comi)oscd ol' pieces of leaves fastened together with silken threads, and within this enclosure changes to a reddish-gray oi* j)ale-bro\vn 168 JSSKCTS jyjUIilOUS TO TIIK PLUM. Fig. 17 chrysalis, in wliicli state it continues about ten days, wlien tlie perfect insect escai)es. This is a small moth (Fij^. 177), which measures, when its wing-s are spread, from three-ijuarters of* an inch to an inch across. It is of a pale oehreous color, with re(hiish-brown lines and dots, a ring on the discal space, and just beyond it a dark, lead- colored band, which becomes an abnost square patch on the inner angle and is continuous with a broad band of the same coh)i- on the The moths are on the wing in July and early This is never likely to become a very in- jurious insect, but, from its unique appearance, it will always attract attention. hind wings in August. No. 87.— The Disippus Butterfly. Lillli'llids (lisij)l)II.S (iodt. This is one of our common butterflies, the larva of which is occasionally found feeding on the leaves of j)lum-trees. Fid. ITS. The wings of the butterfly are of a warm orange-red coloi-, with heavy black veins, and a black bordei* with white spots. In Mg. 178 the left wings represent the ii|)j)er surface, while tliose of the right, which are slightly detached from the body, show the under side. It np[)ears on the wing during tiie ATTACKING THE LEAVES. IGD latter half of June and in July, and deposits its ej;i;'s, some- times on the plum, but more frequently on th(? willow and poplar. The egg is less than one-twenty-fifth of an ineh in length, globular in form, and beautifully reticulated, as shown in Fig. Fig. 170. 179, where a represents the egg highly magnilied. It is cov- ered with short, transi)arent, hair-like spines. One of the hexagonal indentations, with its })roje('ting filaments, is shown, nuich enlarged, at d. At first it Is {)aie yellow, but as the Fig. 180. Inrva within devel()|)s it becomes j)ale gray ; the egg is gen- erally laid on the under side of a leaf, near the ti|), as seen :il in the figure. In a few days it hatches, and in about a month the larva attains its full growth, when it presents the apjiearauce shown in Fig. IJSO, at ((. It. is about an inch and a half in length; the head is pale 170 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. green, witli two dull-wliite lines down the front, rongliencd with a number of small green and greenish-white tnhereles, and ti])[)ed with two of a green color. The body above i^: a rich (hirk green, with j)at('hes and streaks of ereamy white; the second segment is smaller than the head, and its surface covered witli many whitish tubercles; the third, dull whitish green, raised considerably above the second, witli a flat ridge, having a long, brownish horn on each side, which is thickly covered with very short sj)ines. The fourth segment is similar in size to the third, with the same sort of ridge above, and a small tubercle on each side, ti])i)ed with a cluster of short, whitish s[)iues. On each segment behind these there are two tubercles emittijig clusters of whitish spines, those on the sixth and twelfth being nnich larger than the others, while on each segment behind (he fourth, except the ninth, tlun-e are sev- eral smaller tubercles of a blue color. There are two large patches of white on the upper part of the body, and a band of the same color along each side. When about to change toachrysiilis, the caterpiUar suspends itself, head downwards, and, shedding its skin, ai)p('ars as at b, Fig. 180, and in about ten or twelve days the butterfly escapes. There are two broods of this insect during the vear. The larvic from the eggs deposited by the second brootl of butter- flies hibernate when less than half grown, and complete their growth the foHowing spring. They construct from part of the leaf a curious little case, shown at c, in Fig. 180, which, being firndy fastened to the branch by silken threads, serves during the wintir months as a shelter and a hiding-place. There are sev- eral parasites which reduce the nund)ers of this insect; one is a tiny, four-winged fly, which infests the eggs [Tr'i- (•hof/rdiiiiiKt initiiifd Uiley Fig. 181, where a represents the fly; Fui. isi. A TTA VKIXU THE L K. 1 I KH. 171 />, c, its fringed wings; (/, one of its legs, and c, one of its antennoe). Another parasite is a small, hlack, four-wing(;d iiy, and a third a larger two winged-Hy ; the two latter attack the insect in its caterpillar state. ■r a v' ■ 'e No. 88.— The Polyphemus Moth. I'elea pohijtlicinu.i (Linn.). Tlie caterpillar of this in.sect, which is <ji"ien found leeding on the leaves of plum-trees, is also known as the American siik-worni, in consequence of its having been extensivelv reared for the sake of its silk. When full grown, the larva presents the appearance shown in Fig. 182, antl is over three Fig. 182. inches in lent>;th, with a verv thick hodv. It is of a handsome light yellowish-gret'ii color, with seven oblicpie pale-yellow- ish lines on each sidi' of the body; the segments, which have (he spaces between them dee[)ly indented, are each adorned with six tubercU's, which arc sometimes tinted with orange, liMve a small silvery spot on the middle, and a few hairs- arising iVom each. The head and anterioi- feel are pale brown, the spiracles pale orange, and the terminal segment bordered by an angular band resembling the letter V, of a purplish-brown color. 172 INSKCTS IXJURIOUS TO Till: PLUM. Via. 184. Wlicii iiiaturo, the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon within an enclosure ^''"- ^^■'- nsnallv formed hv drawini^ together some of the leaves of the tree it has fed u[)om. some of which arc (irmly fastened to the exterior of the struc- ture. The cocoon (Flu-. 183) is a toui2;h, pod-like enclosure, nearly oval in form, and of Ji brownish-white color, and within it the larva changes to an oval chrysalis, of a chestnut- brown color, represented in Fig. 184. Usually, the cocoons drop to the ground with the fall of the leaves, remaining there during the winter. Late in May or early in June the j)risoner escapes from its cell as a, large and most beautiful moth, the male of which is shown in Fig. 185, the female in Fig. 186. The antenna} arc feathered in both sexes, but more widely so in the male than in the female. The wings, which measure, when expanded, from live to six inches across, arc of a rich buff or ochre- yellow color, sometimes inclining to a pale-gray or cream color, and sometimes assuming a deeper, almost brown shatlc. Towards the base of the wings they are crossed by an ir- regular pale-white band, margined with red ; near the outer margin is a stripe of pale purplish white, bordered within by one of deep, rich brown, and about the; middle of each wing is a transparent eye-like spot, with a slender line across its centre; those on the front wings are largest, nearly round, margined with yellow, and edged outside^ with black. (.)n the hinder wings the sj)ots are mt)re eye-like in sha[)e, are bordered with \ellow. with a line of black ed*red with blue w ol ATTACKING THE LKAVKS. 17.] ire lie above, and the whole set in u lari>;e oval patch of cich hrowii- ish black, the widest portion of it being- above the (ive-spot, Q 00 where it is sprinkled also with blnish atoms. The front edt'e of the fore win<>js is o-pay. This lovely creature flies only at 174 lySECTS JXJi'RlOiS TO Till-: PLUM. niulit, and, when on tlic wintij, is of such ii size that it is (,ftcn mistaken lor a hat. Within a tow ihiys tiie fcnuile deposits t 1-1 2 1^ /■■if /'^^'-^M Si:^.^ .- her etrti's, uliiiii'j," >'"'•» ''inu'ly '" ''"' under side oC (he leavers, usiiallv onlv one Mil a leaf, l)nt oeea-iondly t wo or rvcn thive inav lie i'ound 'H the sum' leai'. ATTACKING Till] LEAVES. j - - The eg,ir is about one-tentli of uti inch in dianui,.,-, sll-^htlv (•(.iivox above and below, the convex portions whitish and the nearly cylinch-ical sides brown. Each female will lav (Voni nvo to three hundred eggs, which hatch in ten or W'lvo diiys. RcmarH'..— V\n^ j„,cct is subject to the attack d' nianv iWc^ particularly whil,. in the larval state. A laruc nui-.he,: f,]! \ prey to insectivorous birds, and t'.<.y als., have in^rt ...u.mic- An Tehneuinon fly, ()^,kU»i macrwum, the same as that which preys on the ( 'ecropia emperor moth, Xn. 28 (see Flo- 7;l), is a special and dangerous Ibe. This active crrttu'rc HK.voiteu be seen in summer on '•■'. win^, searching ainom-- the l.-avcs ot shrubs aii.l trees Ibr her p.vv. When fbuinr she watches her epporlunily, and phuvs .p.iHdv upon the ^'^ ' ''^''' ^■"'^"" '' •^"'^'" ovai white eno. ,,,,,,;,,,. j;,^„,,,^,^, by a small (piantity ol' a obuinous substanc attached m It This is repeated uiilil .Mght or ten eggs are placed, whi..|, in' a lew days hatch, when the tiny worms pi,,,ve tlin.nnl, the skin •.(• the caterpiUar an<l be-In I., fvrd ..n the I'atiy pur- tieiis within. Th.- polyphemus caterpillar continihs li, (;,„1 and grow, an.l usually livrs long enon-h to mak.. its ,., .,,on whrn,co,)sumed by the parasites, it dies; in to," mea.i time the Ichneumons, having <.omple(ed their growth, ehan-e to eiirysalids within the cocoon, and in tli(> following sitnuner i" plMce..!' the handsome moth, ,|,nv issues a crop of I,.),' ""■'iiiion Mies. Ti,e tH.lyph.MMUsc,!,., 'pillar |V also M.l.j.vt to !'"' '"'•'"'''^■"' '"" •■""' '"■'• parasite, a Tachin:- llv. Sh..uld the iiiMM-l ever ,.pM..a, in sunieient ni.mbers to proVe trotd)lesonie, '■' '"i" 1"' m.dily subdu.'d bv hand-picking. Il.si.les the pi'ii", tl'<' larva feeds on a varieiy of trees an<l shrubs, such as oak, hi<-koiy, ,.|m, basswood. WMlnut, maple, bmteruut hazel, rose, et<'. ' 176 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. No. 89.— The Vfaved Lagoa. L:i(,iii(i ffl.spd/d PiU'kiir<l. '^riic lurv.i oC tliis sptrit'.s is iicarl}' oval, abi>iit three {'oiii'tlis of an iiK li \ouiX; covei'cd ahove witli brownish, eveiiiv-shorn hairs, which art; rai-ed to a rid^c alon;;,- thv- niiddle of" the hack', and sloped otV on each side like the rool" ol" a house. It I'eacJics niatnrity (hirin*;' Sopteniher. when it makes a tdUgh, oval cocoon, lastened to ilu! side of a twin'oftlie i)luni- ti'ee on which it iias been I'eecUnu', and within this changes to a brown chrysal's. The (bllowint;' didylhe (op ol' the ea^e is o|)ened bv the liftiiiji' ol" a ilat, circular lid, and from it escapes a pr( I y luoth. The ini);h is of ;i sfaw-yellow or yeUowisIi-creaiu c(r|or, the fore \iin<;s nioi'c or less (hisky on the outer margin, and covei'cd witli line, Ihutcned, curled hairs, arranij:;ed in rcii'iilar waves, rnnnin<j from noai" the base to the ti|). The winus, wlii'U expandeii, niea>nre al)ont one and iliree-(|uarlei' inches across. The body and leo-s ar(> thick and woolly, and at ilie tip of the abdomen there is a tuft of haig, soft hiiirs, IbrniinLT a busily tail. It is common in the South and West, but is not often foinid in the Xorth ; i)einji,' a comparatively rai'e in- sect, it is never likely to <;'ive much troid)le to the frnit-i;-ro\ver. It is found also feediu.i;- oii the leaves of the apple and black- berr\ . No. 90.— The Streaked Thecla. T/i(</(( !<friii"-'ii llin'i'is. 'i'his is a V( rv rai'c insect, a small butterlly which has iievei been known lo inllici any material dainai;-e, but, since its larv.i has been found fecdinj;- on the leaves of the plum-lree, it is deservini!; of mentii»n. The ciiterpillai', when full ofowii, is half an inch oi' more in leiiuth, ol'a rich velvety j»tooii color, with a (iniL!;e of yellow ; (here is a stripe <),f a darker shade down (ln' back. wi(h a faint, broken, Ncllowish line alonn; (he middle. The upper pari of IS Itl- 'va is Ml, 177 ipcd <alis. .ATTACK I XG TIIK LEAVES. the bodv is fliilteiied, the sides al)rii|)tlv iiu'lincd, and str witii faint, oblique, yellowish lines. When mature, it forms a short, blunt, brown ohrv.- which in ten or twelve days produces the butterHy. This measures, when its wings are expanded, an inc^h or more across (see I'i^'. 187). Jt is of a i)lain, dark- l)i(t\\n color above, but l)eneath the win,L>:s are ])rettily ornamented with wavy white streaks. There is also a row of orange-colored, ci'eseent-shaped spots on the hinder jiortion of the j)os- lerior wings, and a lai'ge blue spot near (heir hind angle. Each of \\n\ hind wings has two thread-like tails, one longer than the other. No. 91. — The Plum-tree Catocala. (.'iifiic<(/ii, ii/lroiiid Iliihi'. About the middle of June, when jarring the j)lum-trees for (urculios, a very (airious-looking, leech-lik(^ caterpillai- Dfteii drops on the sheet s|)read beneath. It is llattened, with ils body thick in the middle and ta[)ei'ing towards each end, and of a grayish-brown color. When lull grown, it closelv resem- hlos Fig. 188 ; it is a little more than an ine'i and a half long, Fl.i. ISS. dnil grayish brown above, with two or lour small I'cddish tubercles on each segmcMit of the body, all encircled by a slight ring of black at their base. On (he upp(M' part of the ninth segment there is a stout, fleshy horn, about one-twelfth of an inch long, ])ointed, and similar in color to (he body, but with 12 '-\^y.- 178 jySKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. an irroi>'iilar t^rayislj patdi on each side. On the Iwelt'th .segment there is a low, fleshy ridge, tinted behind with <lee|) reddish brown ; there is also an oblique stripe on this segment ol" the same color, exte;idinu; Ibrward. Along the sides of the body, and close to the under surface, there is a thick iVinge of short, fleshy-lookirig hairs of a tlelicate pink color. The under side is also [)iuk, deeper in color along the middh>, with a central row of lU'arly round black spots, which are largest from the seventh to the eleventh segnuMit inclusive. The anterior segments are greenish white, tinted with rosy pink along the middle. About the third week in flune this larvti becomes full grown, when, fjistening together a few leaves with some silken fibres, it changes within this enclosure t(» a brown chrysalis, from which the perfect insect escapes in about three weeks. The moth (Fig. 189) has the fore wings of ;i lich umber Fi(i. ISO. color, diirkest on the hind margin, with a broad, dilTused ash- colored band along thi' middle, not extending to the apex, which is brown. There are also several zigzag lines of brown and while crossing these wings. Tli(> hind wings are deep nd. with a \vi(l(> black band along theoiuer margin, and a narrower baiul of (hesaiue eolor across (he middle. The moth is on (he wing during (he greater part of -Iidy and August, during which period the eggs are deposited for (he succeeding brood. ATTACKIXG Till-: LEAVES. 179 Two otlier moths iiave been observed devouring- j)luiii leaves, but not in suflieieiit luunbers to attract iiuieli attention. Tiie iirst is Lithacodo! J'asciola Boisd., tbe larva of whieb is small, of" a unitbrin grt^en coloi-, and spins a small, oval, brown cotroon between the lenves. '' '"■ ''^ • The moth is shown in Fi<r. 190. The other ^P^^*^?^^^^' is a tufted eatei-piliar, the larva of I'arorf/i/ia ^l^ri^iiP parddela G. & 11.; it is densely eovered with iiii'ht-brown hairs, and has two black pencils of lonu,- hairs jirojeetiny; in front of the head, and a single tuft of a similar character on the hinder portion of the body. No. 92.— The Leaf-cutting Bee. Meyackile brcvis Say. This is a four-winged fly belonging to the Jfi/menopfera, a species of bee, which curls up the leaves of the plum-tree, and further distigiin-^ it by «■ itting cir-'ular jiieces out of odier leaves to line the coils and form < iiambers within them, in which its eggs ari' deposited, auil whci-c the k«r\* 130 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. ivinaiu until they reach maturity. Tiie larva) do not feed on the leaves, but on pollen, or bee-bread, stored up in their cells by the parent insects. This bee is not very abundant, and is never likely to prove very injurious. It is represented in Fig. 191, with examples of the injury it does. No. 93.— The Plum-tree Aphis. Aj)/iis j>iniiiJolii Fiic\\. This aphis resembles in its appearance and habits the apple- tree aphis, Xo. 57; it is, however, much less common, it infests the under side of the phun leave>', j)uneturing them and sucking their juices, causing them to become wriidcUil and twisted. When iirst hatched, these insei'ts are of a whitish color tinged witli green, but as they increase in si/c they become of a deeper green, and when mature some of them are black, with pale- green abdomens and dusky wings. The remedies given under the ap[)le-tree aphis (No. 57) are equally applicable to this species. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. No. 94.— The Plum Curculio. Conotrachclns nenuphar (llerbst). This insect is without doubt the greatest enemy the j)luin- grower has to contend with, for when alloweil to j)ursne its course unchecked it often d(>stroys tlie entire croj). The j)er- Icct insect is a beetle belony,ini>- to a familv known under the ftcveral names of curculios, weevils, and snout-beetles. It is a small, rough, grayish or blackish beetle, about one-lifth of an inch long (shown, magnified, at c in Fig. 102), with a black, shining hunij) on the middle of each wing-case, and Ijehind this a more or less distinct band of a dull ochro-yellow color, with some whitish marks aI)out the midtUe; the snout is rather short. The lem de lays lier eggs in the young green frnil ATTACKISG THE FRUIT. LSI Fig. 192. ^^LtUJ^J' > shortly after it is formed, proceeding in tlie following mnimci'. Alighting on a plinn, she makes with her jaws, which arc at the end of her snout, a small cut through the skin of the fruit, then runs the snout ohiiqueiy under the skin to the depth of about one-sixteenth of an inch, and moves it backward and forward until the cavity is Muooth and large enough to re- ceive the egg to be j)laccd in it. She then turns round, and, drop- ping an egg into it, again turns and pushes it with her snout to the end of the passage. Subsecpiently she cuts a crescent-shaped >\'\{ in front of the hole, as shown at d, so as to undermine tiie egg and leave it in a sort of flap, iter object, apparently, being to wilt the piece around the egg and thus prevent the growing fruit from crushing it. The whole operation occupies about five miiuites. The stock of eggs at \\\v. disposal of a single female has been variously estimated at from fifty to one hundred, of which slu; deposits from five to ten a day, her activitv varving with the temperature. The egg is of an oblong-oval form, of a j)early-wlii((' color, niid large enough to be distinctlv seen with the naked eve, IJy lifting the fiaj) with the finger-nail or with the point of a knife it can be readily found. Jn warm and genial weather it will hatch in three or four days, but in cold and chilly weather it will remain a week or even longn' before hatching. The young larva is a tiny, soft, footless g''ub, with a horny head. It immediately begins to feed on the green llcsh of the fruit, boring a tortuous channel as il proceeds, until it I'cacihes the centre, wliere it feeds around the stone. It attains its lull growth in from three to live weeks, when it is about two-lifths of an inch long, ol' a glassy yellowish-white color, with a light-brown head, a })alc line along each side of (he 182 ly SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. Ixxly, a row of minute black bristles below tlie lines, a second low, less distinct, above, and a lew pale hairs towards the hinder extremity. At a, Fig. 192, it is shown niai;nilied. The skin of the larva beini^ semi-transparent, the coh)r of the internal organs shows through, imparting to the central por- tions of the body a reddish hue. The irritation arising from the wound and the gnawing of the grub causes the fruit to become diseased antl gummy, and it falls prematurely to the ground, generally before the larva is (juite full grown. AVithin the fallen })lum the growth of the larva is completed, when, forsaking the fruit it has destroyed, it enters the ground, bury- ing itself from four to six inches deep, where, turning round and round, it compresses the earth on all sides, until a smooth oval cavity is formed, within which, in a few days, the larva changes to a chrysalis, shown, enlarge], at h, Fig. 192, and in from three to six weeks is transformed to a beetle, which is at fii'st soft and of a reddish color, but soon hardens, and, assuming its natural hue, makes its way through the soil to the surface and escai)os. The insect is single-brooded, the beetle hibei'uating in secluded sj)ots, under the loose bark of trees and in other suitable ])laces. About the time the i)him-ti'ecs blossom the curculios are on the alert, and as soon as the iViiit is formed the work of destruction begins. Both males and females puncture the fruit to feed on it, but only the lenudes make the peculiar crescent-shaped marks described. Tluy are nnich more numerous during the early part of tlu; season than later on, and when the weather is warm they are active at night, and de|)osit eggs then as well as in the daytime. Diu'ing the middle of the day, and also on warm nights, the beetle readily takes wing; it is less active during the morning and evening. IJesides tin; plum, the jjcach, nectarine, and apricot also sulfer nuich from its attacks, and it is very in- jurious to the cherry. In this latter (Use th(> infested i'ruit remains hanging on the tree, luid tlu! i)resence of the enemy is often unnoticed. The beetle also occasionally de[)osits its ATTACK ISO THE FIU'lT. 183 etriis ill tlie pear ami aj)))!!', hut in these fruits it rarely matures: oitlier tl;^ egi^ fails to hateli, or tin; youiiu; larva perishes soon litter hatehiiiir. This insect is native to this country, and has in the past fed on the wild plums, on which it may still be found in considerable numbers. It varies much in relative :il)un(I'ance from year to year, belii^ much scarcer in some -casons than in others. Jh'medie.s. — When the i)lum eureulio is alarmed, it suddenly folds its legs close to its body, turns its snout under its breast, ;uul falls to the <;round, where it remains motionless, lein-ninu; death. Advantaue is taken of this j)eculiarity to eatch and destroy the insect: a sheet is spread under the tree, and tiie tree and its branches are suddenly jarred, when the beetles fall on the sheet, where they may be gathered up and destroyed. A convenient form of sheet may be made with two or foiu- widths of cotton (depending; on the size of the tree), and of the requisite length, stitched oaly half-way up the middle, to allow the trunk of the tree to pass to the centre, and having each of tiie sides tacked to along strip of wood, about an inch Mjuare, so that the sheet may be conveniently handled and spreatl. Small trees may be jarred with the hand ; larger ones should have a branch cut otf, leaving a stum[) several inches long, which may be struck with a mallet, or a hole mav be bored in the trunk and a broad-headed iron spike in- serted, which is to be struck with a hammer, avoiding as far as j)nictieable any bruising of the bark. As it is important to catch as many of the beetles as })ossible before any mischief is done, jarring slxMdd be begun uhile the trees are in blossom, and continued daily, morning and evening, if the insects are abundant, for three or four weeks, or until they beeouK! very scarce. A form of cureulio-catcher, known as Dr. Hidl's, is an excellent contrivance where a large orchard has to be eared for. It (ionsists of a wheelbarrow on which is mounted a large inverted unibrella, split in front to receive the trunk ol' the tree, against which the machine, which is provided with a padded bumper, is driven with force suilicient to jar ■feMiJoUJAiMikiUUtJli 1.S4 IXSKCTS IS.tlRKHS TO THE I'LUM. the cureiilios down into the umbrella, where they are collected and destroyed. It is very iin[)ortant that the fallen plums slionid he ])roni|)tly jjjathered and burnt or scalded, so as to destroy the larva before it has time to escape. Indeed, to make ))lum-cnlture a success, the jarring- of the trees and the natliei-in"; of the fallen fruit must be re<ji;ularlv continued, and should be regartled as one of the necessary departments of labor belonging to it. Many other remedies have been suggested, but they arc all of little value compared with those already given. One of these is to place hogs in plum and ])each orchards to devour the fallen i'ruit ; and it is said to have proved in some in- stances a very successful and inex})ensive way of disposing of a large portion of the curculios. Hens with their broods of chickens enclosed within the plum-orehard will devour a large number of the larvte of the curculio. It has also been advised to place chi[)s or shingles, or strips of cloth or canvas, on the ground, under which some of the beetles will take shelter, when they may be easily captured. Various compoiuids have been suggested with which to syringe the ibliaue; hanging bottles of sweetened water on the trees to attract the beetles, scattciing air-slaked lime through the foli- au'c, and smokintr the insects out bv burning tar oeeasionallv under the trees, have also been advised. As a})reventive measure, plum-orchards should n(»t be planted near a wood, as the curculios tind j)lcnty of shelter there, and arc likely to be more numerous than in more open ground; also avoid giving them sheltci', by I'emoving and burning all rid)bish that may accumulate about the trees. There are many insects which devour the curculio larva as it escapes from the fiuit, while some cat into the fruit as it lies upon the ground, seize the culprits, drag them out, and eat them. Foremost among these beuelicial in.sects are two or three species of conunon Fi(i. in:!. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. 185 (' round-beetles belonging to the Carabid;i ; of these tlie Pennsylvania ground-beetle, HarpaliiH l^nHylvanicua (De Gecr), is by far the most eouunon, and niay be met with at all Fio. IM. limes during the season. Fig. 193 shows it somewhat mag- nified, and Fig. 194 represents the larva of the same inseet, of the natural size, in the aet of devom"ing a curculio larva ; at b its formidable jaws are shown, mag- nified. Fig. 195 shows a larva of one of the larger speeies of this useful family, magnifuHl. The larva of the soldier-beetle, ('Ikul- (io(j)iatln(H AmericanuH (Forst.), is also a usefid atrent \\\ ( lestn ovm<r tiie curouiio. It is shown at (t, h'ig. 196, and a mauriitied Fig. lOf;. Fro. m; view of its head and jaws at b. This little iVientl often works its way into the fruit in search of its prey, sometimes entering it while still on the tree. The perf<>ot beetle (Fig. 197) may be found during the summer on the flowei-s of the golden-rod, Solidago. The larvjB of the laee-wing tii(!s, of the genus Cliri/.Hopa, one of which is shown in Fig. 132, also devour them ; and ants have been known to destroy the grubs m^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A {/ V ^ <^% w- w. €< 1.0 !?«- IM I.I ■ ' mwm IM IM 1.8 1-25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" ■ > "/a ^M e: # S' ^"W .) 0%^*^ ^ '% A /A V Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WCS1 MAIN SIRflT WeBSTER.NY IdSaO (716) a73-4S03 V <v <^ 4>^ \\ \ ^€ <>\<^ 1 % Cp. I 186 iysj:cTs ixjnuous to the i'lvm. iA li. •ife; 1 i 1 1 1 as tiny leave the fruit to enter tlie ground. A minute yellmv Tlirijjs, scareely one-twentieth of an inch lonji;, is Fia. l'J8. ^Tn said to seek out and devour hirge (juantitios of theejriis of tlie cureulio. Two species of parasites ^OJV are known to attack the '^^vl' larva <il' this just. One, 1' knoAvn as the Sigalphiis eun'ulio i)arasite, Si(/(ifj)ln(.^ cnrcnllonis Fiteh, is a small, black, four-winged Hy, rep- resented in FiiT. 198, wliore a shows the male, and h the female. With 'cr sharp ovipositor the leniale punctures the skin of the cureulio larva, Fid. 'Joo. "■^•^ and deposits an egg undc'r- n(>ath, which in due time produces a larva, as shown atfr. Fig. IIM). When the cureulio larva is destroyed by the jiarasite, the lattei* enoloHos itself in n small, tough cocoon of yellowish silk, b, and then gradually aasumes the pu|)a state, as sho\"i'u at c ; all these figures are magnilied. The other species, known as the Forizou cureulio A TTA CKl Sa THE Fli I '/ T. 187 |i:ir;i,sitc, Porizon cnuotraclicli Riley, is also iiii Icliiu'iiinon lly, witji similar habits and of about the saino size as the speoii's just rcforrcHl to. In Fi<^. 200, (i ivi)rosents the fomale, and h the mall', botli magnilit'd. Xcithcr of those parasites lias vet appeared in sufficient numbers to act as an ellicient clu'ck on the increase of the plum curculio. No. 95. — The Plum-gouger. Cocroinrus scntc.l/dri.s (lii-c). While this insect has some |)oints of resemblance to the phiin curculio, it is in other respects so dilferent as to be easily distinguished. The beetle, which is shown magnilied in Fig. L'Ol, is about five-sixteenths ol' an inch long, with the thorax and legs of an oehrc-vellow color, while the head and wing-cases are brown, witiialeaden- iirav tint, the latter with whitish and black Spots scattered irregularly over tiieir surfac e. Tlie wing-eases are without liumps; the snout is somewhat longer than the thorax, and projects forward or downward, but cannot be Iblded under the breast as in the case of the plum curculio. It, appears in spring- about the same time as the j)lum curculio, but, instead of making a creseent-sha])ed slit in the; plum, it bores a round hole like the puncturt! of a i)in. The eggs are deposite«l in the Ibllowing manner. With the mimUe but powerful jaws at the tip of the snout of the female, a hol(! is UMu\o about four-lifths as dee|) as the snout is long, which is enlarged at the end and gouged out .somewhat in the form of a gourd. The egg is |)laced in the excavation, and pushed down with the .snout until it reaches the receptacle prepared for it. After being deposite<l, it swells from absorp- tion of the surrounding moistin'e, and within a few days the young larva escapes. On escaping from the egg, it makes an almost straight course I'or the kernel of the plum, through tlu* soft shell of which 188 lySKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM. it makes its wuv, and foods iij)()n the contents until fidl u:;r()\vn. When nearly niatnie, the hirva, hy ii wise instinc^t, prepares ii way for the escape of the future beetle by euttinir a round hole through the now hard stone. The larva is of a milk-white color, with a large, horny, yellowish-white head, and jaws tipped with brown. It enters the eiu'ysalis state within the plum-stone, and, when mature, the beetle passes through the hole bored by the larva, makes its way through the flesh, and escapes. While the normal habit of the plum curculio is to feed on the flesh outside the; |)lum-stone, which latter it only (uraslon- ally penetrates, the plum-gouger lives and matures within, JJoth sexes of the itlum-irouuer bore cylindrical holes in the fruit for food ; and where the insect abounds, the growing fruit will be found covered with these punctures, from which more or less gum exudes, and the fruit becomes knotty and worth- less, but does not readily drop, as do those which have been injured by the plum ciurulio. The insect is single-brooded, and re(piires a longer time to mature than the plum curculio; eggs dej)osited in June do not produce beetles until the end of August or early in September. It appears to be uidiuown in the Kastern States, but is verv generallv distributed through- h 1 ess common. out the valley of tlu' Mississippi. It is nuit and does far le^.^ injury, than the plum curculio, although occasionally it is found in almost equal abundance. It is said to pass the wintc;r in the beetle state. Remedies. — This beetle may be collected by jarring the trees in the manner described for the plum ciu'culio, although it does not drop (piite so readily ; it also takes wing quickly, and 1 lenco IS not so easdv see ureil. No. 96.— The Saddled Leaf-hopper. lii/l/itincdjiK.s ilUdldiiits iSay. This insect is occasionally injurioiLS to the plum, by punc- turing the stems of the I'ruit and sucking the fluids wiiich SUPPLEMEj\TA liV LIST. 189 sliould go to nourish aiul matiiro it. It is a small loat-hopper (shown in Fig. '-02), about one-fifth of an inch long, of a darlv-hrown or black color, with a snlphnr- '"'i^'- -^^-• vcUow spot like a saddle npon the middle of its back, and in Iront of tiiis a band of pale yellow, — the lie-ul and niuK'r side being of the same color. It is un- likely tljat this insect will es'er occur in sufliclent mnnbers to cau:-c much injury. ^ SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH AFFECT THE PLUM. ATTACKIN(J THE HOOTS. The jK-ach-tree borer, No. 07, sometimes invades the j)lnm- trce, an<l burrows about the collar and into the larger roots ailjact'Ut without causing an exudation of guni, as in the peach. Young trees are most liable to injury. A'rrACKIXCJ TIIK TRUNK. Tiie flat-headed ajiple-tree borer, No. .'}, frequently attacks the j)lum and materially injures the tree. ATTACKING THE IJMHS AND UHANCHES. The parallel Elaphidiou, No. 12; the pear-blight beetle, No. G8 ; the New York weevd. No. 100; and the tree- cricket, No. 178. AITACKINO THE LEAVES. The a|)ple-tree teut-eaterj)illar, No. 20; the forest tent- caterj)illar. No. 21 ; the rvhite-inark(>d tussock-moth, No. 22 ; the caidvcr-worms, Nos. 2o and 20; the fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia enij)eror itioth. No. 28 ; the unicorn pr .i- nent, No. 29 ; the blind-eyed sphinx, No. 31 ; the obliipie- banded leaf-roller, No. 35; the leaf-crumpler. No. 37; the eye-spotted bud-moth, No. 38; the tarnished plant-bug. No. r* 190 INSECTS ly.JUHIOUS TO THE PLUM. 71 ; llio poar-tivo slug, No. 75; the May-hootlo, No. 11;) ; the Uisiihi huttcrtiy, No. IIG; the iKiskct-wonu, or l)ii<;-\voriii, No. 120; ;he oyraiuichil <;rji|)c-viiie ('aterpilhir, No. 147; the jiTape-vino floa-beotio, No. 1 50; the rose-beetle, No. 151; and the eufraiit Aniphidasys, No. 21 1, all devour the leaves, while the pear-tice blister-beetle, Xo. 73, eats both leaves and blossoms. ATTA(MvIN(i tin; FlU IT. The eodling moth, No. 58, occasionally injures the fruit; .so, also, do bees and wasps, when it is fully ripe. li 1 1 H 1 H I 1 WM iffS! p;7 the INSECTS LXJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. ATTACKING THE TEUNK. No. 97.— The Peach-tree Borer. .lu/cn'ii exiliii.sii Say. This notorious |)cst, so (lostruefivc t<» poat-li-orchiinls, is very widely disseiniiiated. The parent insect l)eIoniis to a laiiiily of moths known as .K<rerians, which, havinj:; trans- parent win<;s and slender bodies, stroniily resemble certain wasps and iiornets, and, as they Hy in the daytime only, and are theji very active on the winj;, tlu; resemblance becomes still more striking. The m(»th ai)pears in the Northern States and ("ani.da from abont the middle of .fnly to the end of Anu;nst; in the Sontii it ai>pears nnieh earlier, — in some localities as early as the latter part of ^fay. The sexes differ very much in appearance. In Fig. 20.'], n represents the female, and b the male. The female is mnch the larger, ^" '"• -^• and has a broad, heavy abdomen. The body is of a glossy steel-bine color with a pnrplish reflection, and a broad l»aiid of orange-yellow across the abdonien. The fore wings are oparpie, and similar in color to the body, their tips and fringes having a purplish lint both above and beneath. The hind wi igs are transparent :md broailly margined with steel-bine; when tlie wings are ex- ))an(lcd, the moth measures about an inch and a half acro.«s. The male is smaller, its wings seldom measuring more than an inch ; its body, which is also of steel-blue color, with golden- vellow markings and a glossv, satin-like lustre, is nuii-h more 101 ;ill»" 192 jysKCTs ixjrniors to the I'eacii. sk'ndcr tlian that of the f'einuK'. The aiitcniue arc bhick and (k'list'ly i"riii<^o(l on the inner side with nnmerous line, short hairs, the hitter a featnre absent in the I'einaW. Tiie head and thorax are marked with yeUow, and the al)(h)in('n has two slender yellow hands above, and a white line on eaeh side of the tuft of hairs at its tip. The win<;s are iran-pari'nt, the veins, inaruins, and fringe steel-blue, and astei'1-blue bainl extends nearly acntss beyond the middle. The feet and legs are marked with yellow and white. The female deposits lu-r eggs on the bark of tlie tree at the surfaee of the ground. They are about one-fiftieth of an ineh long, with a seulptured sui-faee, oval in form, slightly flattened, and of a dull-yellowish color. They ai-e deposited singly, are fastened to the surfaee of the bark by a gummy secretion, and sometimes have a few of the (kirk-blue scales from the tij) of the abdomen of the female attached to them. As soon as the larva is hat(;hed, it works downwards in the bark of the root, forming a small winding channel, which soon becomes filled with gum. As it incivases in size, it devours the bark and sap-wood, and causes a copious exuda- tion of gum, which eventually forms a thick mass around the base of the tree, intermingUd with the casting-; of the worm. When full grown (see Fig. 204), the larva measures over half an inch in length, and nearly a (piar- ter of an inch in diameter. It is a naked, soft, cylindrical grub, of a pale whitish-yellow color, with a reddish, horny-looking liead and black jaws ; the upper part of the next segment is similar in appearance to the head, hut of a paler shade. The under surface resem- bles the up|)er in color; the three anterior pairs of claw-like feet are tipped with brown ; the five hinder pairs of thick, fieshy prolegs are yellow, each of the latter margined with a fringe of very minute reddish-brown hooks. Tliere are a few scattered hairs over the surface of tiie body, each arising from a pale-reddish, wart-like dot. The larvae may be found of FiQ. '204. ^ ^''''fl^JWj^Js-.. " 1 'inirntirnnniinr A TTA Ch'I A (/ 77/ /•; TK UXK. 193 (liffereiit sizes all tlin)ii<r|i tlie fjiU iiiul winter mimtlis, some (iiiite voiinir associated witii others nearlv full ui'owii. Duriii<r the winter the lariier ones rest, with their heads u[)wanls, in >iiiooth, longitudinal grooves which they have excavated, the li.ick part being covered with castings mingled with gutn and silken threads, forming a kind of cell, the cavity of which is considerablv larger than the worm inhabiting it: the smaller ones usually lie in the gum, or between it and the wood of the trunk or root. In badly-infested trees the whole of the bark at the base or collar is sometimes consumed for an inch or two below the surface. Nor does the insect always confine itself to the base of the tree; occasionally it attacks the trunk farther up, and sonietinies the forks of the limbs; but the exuding Liuni invariably points out the spot where the ibc is at work. When about to l)ecome a pupa, the larva crawls uj)wards 1(1 the surface of tlu ground, and cou'-tructs a pod-like ease, (if a leathery structure, made from its castings mixed with iiuin and threads of silk. It is about fhree-(iuarters of an inch long, of a brown color, oval in form, with its (Mids I'ounded ; its inner surface is smooth, and it is fastened against iJie side of the root, often sunk in a groove gnawed for liiat |iur|)ose, Avith its up|)er end protruding slightly above the .-url'aee (»f the ground. W the earth has recently been dis- tiu'bed about the surface of the tree, so as to make it lie loose, the larva will often form its cocoon an inch or more below the surface. The enclosed ])upa is at first white, but soon becomes of a pale tawny-yellow color, with a darker ring at eacli of the sutures of the body ; the pupa state lasts some three weeks or more. This is an American insec^t, unknown on tlu' j)cacli-trees of other countries. Its operations are not confined to the peach ; it works also on the plum, although in this instance no gum exudes from the tree, and it is quite probable that before the introduction of the |)each into this country the larva lived in the roots of tiie wild i)lum, which it has now almost entirely forsaken. 18 194 I.XSKCTS IXjriUOUS TO THE PEACH. licinedies. — Sevonil rfinetlics Lave been pivipc tsed to meet this evil. Wiiere the larvne are present, they are readily de- tected in consequence of the exudation of gum ; hence early in spring the trees should he carefully examined, a little of the earth removed from ahout the base, and, if masses of gum are found, the larva? searched for and destroyed. Hot watci' is said to be very effectual in killing them ; it shoidd be used very hot, and after the earth has been removed, so as to insure its reaching the culprits before it cools. Among the preventive measures, much has been written in favor of mounding the trees, banking the earth up around the trunk to the height of a foot or more, and pressing it firmly about the tree. Some allow the mounds to renuiin permanently, but the better plan seems to be to mound up late in the spring or towards midsummer, and level off the ground again in September, after egg-laying has ceased and the moths have disappeared. This treatment is said to make the bark vciy tender and liable to injury during the winter, and it is recom- mended by some to defer its aj>plication until the fourth year, by which time the bark will have become sufficiently thickcncil and hardy to endure the treatment without injury. Placing around the roots a bed of cinders, ashes, or lime, plastering the base of the trunk with mortar or clay and covering it with stout ))aper, coating the tree with an api)lication of soa)) or tobacco-water, have all had their advocates; but the weight of testimony is in favor of the removal of the larva^ with the knife late in the autumn or early in the spring, and sul)se(|ucntly mounding the trees in the manner already described. Another remedy proposed is to cover the trunk with straw in the following manner. Scrape the earth away from the collar, i)lace a handful of straight straw erect around the trunk, fastening it with twine, then retui'u the soil, which will keep the ends of the straw in their place. The straw should entirely cover the bark, and the twine be loosened as the trunk increases in size. Trees so protected arc said to ATTACKIXO THE liRAXCHES. 195 have remaincKl uiiinjnrod while all around tlioin liave suffered iVniu the borer. No. 98.— The Elm-bark Beetle. I'/ihvo/riliii.s- liininaris (irarris). Tills insect is very conitnon on elm-trees; it also occa'^ion- aliy attacks the peach-tree, especially when iVoni any cause it has become diseased. In August or Sej)tember there a[)pcar -mall perforations like pin-holes in the bark, from which issue minute cylindrical beetles about one-tenth of an inch lontjjof* a (lark-brown color, with the wing-cases deeply impressed with punctated furrows, and covereil with short hairs; the tiiorax is also punctated. This species has never occurred on thi; |Ha<h in sullicient innnbers to attract general attention, or to require the adoption of any special remedies. ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. No. 99. — The Peach-tree Bark-louse. Lccaniuin jicrsiiiK (I'ahr. ). This is an insect very sinular in appearance and habits to the pear-tree bark-louse, ^»o. (59. Jt is found attached to the .-iiKioth bark of the peach twigs, iVctpiently biside a bud or at the base of a twig, a|)pearing as a black hemispherical shell about the size and shape of a split j)ea ; its surface is uneven, shining, commonly showing a pale margin, and a stripe up »u the middle. It feeds upon the sap, piercing the bark with its proboscis, and ind)ibing the juices. When mature, the n.'inoval of the scale discloses a nndtitude of eggs, which in due time hatch, and the young larvae scatter over the twigs, and, fastening themselves to the bark, become permanently located, and live the full term of their lives without changing their position. 190 ISSECTS ISJVRIOVS TO THE PEACH. No. 100.— The New York Weevil. Ilhyccrnts iioi'ehoracensis (Forster). This is ;i .siiout-beotle or cn.rciilio, the hirgest species we hiive ill this country. It appeal's in May or June, and injures tVnit-treos hy eatin*; the biuls and !j;na\viniij into tiie twigs at theii- hase, often causing them to break and Call; it also gnaws ofl' the tender bark early in the season before the buds have ex[)anded, and later eats the leaves oil' just at their base, and devours the tender shoots. It is from four to six tenths ot' an inch in length (see c, Fig. 205), of an iish-gray color marked with black; on each of its wing-cases there are four whitish lines interrupted by black dots, and three smaller ones on the thorax. The scutcl, which is at the point of junction of the wing-cases with the thorax, is yellowish. The beetle is said to be more active at night <;•, ;n in ;'' A the day, and seems to show a preference |1 ( a. for the tender, succulent shoots of the •Tpplc, although it makes quite free with those of the |)caeh, pear, plum, and cherry. Sometimes it occurs in swarms in nurseries, when it seriously injures the young trees. In the East it is seldom present in sufficient numbers to ]>rove injurious, but it is very common in the valley of the Missis- sippi. The 1. "'a is found in the twigs and tender branches of the bur-oak, and probably also in those of the pig-nut hickory. When the female is about to deposit an egg, she makes a longitudinal excavation with iier jaws, as shown at a in Fig. 205, eating upwards under the bark, and afterwards turns round and places an egg in the opening. The larva (h in the figure) is a soft, footless grub, of a pale-yellow color, with a tawny head; it is not known whether A TTA Ch'l .\a Til E L KA 1 •/;.S\ 197 it iiiHlorgoes its traiiriformatioiis within the twig, or enters the (••round to pass the clirvsalis state. Hcmc.d'wx. — There seems to be none other than to catch and kill this niis(;hiei'"-iiiaker. In coinnion with ahuost all other ciirciillos, this l)eetle lias the hahit ot" falling to the ground when alarmed, and hence may he captured hy jarring the trees in the manner directeil for the plum tMirculio, No. 94. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. • No. 101. — The Peach-tree Leaf-roller. Pt\irholovn\ pemicana (Fitch). Early in spring, when the yoimg leaves are expanding, a small worm sometin >- attacks tl)' ui, and, drawing them to- gether with fine -ilken threads, secretes itself within, and feeds upon them. This iMva i^ rather slender, of a pale- green color, with a pale, dull-yellowish head, and a whitish streak along eatih side of its back. When full grown, it changes to a chrysalis within its nest, where it rnmains about two weeks, and then escapes as a moth. The fore wings of the moth are of a reddish-yellow color, varied with black; at the base th<y are paler; there is a large, white, triangular sj)ot on the middle of the outer margin, and a transverse streak of the same hue within the hind margin. This latter is divided by the veins crossing it into about four spots, and is bordei'ed on its anterior side by a curved black hand. When its wings are spread., this moth measures nearly three-quarters of an inch across. It has never yet beon re- ported as very destructive anywhere, and is scarcely likely to re([iiire the application of any special remedy. No. 102. — The Blue-spangled Peach-tree Caterpillar. Calliniorpha Lecontei Boisd., var. fulvicosfa Clom. Very early in spring tiiere may sometimes be found shel- tered under the loose bark of peach-trees, and sometimes also J 98 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PEACH. on upple-trccs, small black cater[)illars covered with short stiff hairs and studded with iniimte blue spots. As soon as the leaves begin to expand, these larvie issue from their hiding- places and feed upon tiieni. They grow rapidly, and soon attain their full size, when they are nearly an inch long, and appear as shown at a. Fig. 20G ; c shows an enlarged side Fig. 200. view of one of the segments of the body, and d a back view <»(' the same. The full-grown caterpillar is of a velvety l)lack color above, and pale bluish, speckled with black, below. There is a deep orange line along the back, and a more distinct wavy and broken line along each side. The warts from which the bristly hairs issu(» iwv of a steel-blue color, with a polished surface, which reflects the light so as to make them appear (juitc brilliant. I'he larva selects some sheltered sjwt and there s{)ins a slight cocoon of white silk, within which it changes to a chrvsidis of a pur|)li>h-l)rown color, finely ])unctated, and terminating in a flattened plate tipped with yellowish-brown, curled bristles. The moth issues diu-ing the early part of June in the Northern and Middle Stales; it is of a milk-white or cream color, with the head, collar, and ba^^e and tip of the abdomen orange-yellow. On the under side the anterior margins of the wings, tile legs, and tiie body partake of the same hue. When spread, the' wings measure about one and three-ipiarter inches ac^ross. ..TTACKING TlIK LEAVES. 198 Be medics. — When these larvto are minieroiis they sometimes do considerable danuige to the young foliage of the peaeh-tree. Tliev may be s..bdaed by hand-i)ieking, or by shaking them iVoin the trees and crushing them under foot, or by syringing the leaves of the trees with l*aris-green and water in the proportion of a teaspoonful to two gallons of water. No. 103.— The Peach-tree Aphis. Mi/ziis pcrsira' Siilzcr. This aphis begins to work upon the young leaves of the j)eaeh-trees almost as soon as they burst from the bud, and continues throughout the greater part of the season, unless swept off, as sometimes haj)pens with suri)rising rapidity, by insect enemies. These lice live together in crowds under the leaves, and suck their juices, causing them to become thickenl'd and curled, forming hollows with corresponding reddish swellings above; frerpiently the curled leaves fall j)rematiu'ely to the ground. The jjcrfect winged females are about one-eighth of an inch long, black, with the untler side of the abdomen dull i«'reeu, the winu;less females rustv red, with the ancenuje, legs, and honey-tubes greenish. The winged males are bright yellow, streaked with l)rown, with black honey-tubes. The Misects which prey on the apple-tree aphis, Xo. 57, feed on this species also, and the remedies recomiuended for that insect are equally applicable to this one. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHIOH AFFECT THE PEACH. A'rrACKINd TIIH T'.!UNK. The llat-headed appl(!-tree bori f, No. .'i, and the divaricated Biiprestis, No. 101, both injure the trunk of the peach-tree. 200 I y SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT, ETC. ATTACKING THE BPwVNClIES. The buffalo tree-hopper, No. 18; the red-shoiildered Siii- oxylon, No. 130; the tree-cricket, No. 178; niid the stniw- herry root-horer, No. 190, all attack tiie branches. The stalk-borer, No. 201, soiuetiines bores into the buds and vounn' branches. l!'! ATTACKING THE LEAVES. The ol)lique-banded leaf-roller. No. 35; the leaf-crnniplcr. No. 37 ; the many-dotted apple-worm. No. 43 ; the saddled leaf-hopper. No. 96; the basket- worm, or bag-worn). No. 120; the rose-beetle. No. 151 ; and the smeared dagger, No. 194, devour the leaves. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. The codling moth. No. 58; the ash-gray pinion. No. 64; the Indian Cetonia, No. 81 ; and the j)lum curculio. No. 94, all affect the fruit, the last-named insect being especially injurious. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE APRICOT AND THE NECTARINE. 'I I The nectarine and aj)ricot, being closely related to tlu^ peach, are liable to be injured by the same insects ; besides tliosc enumerated as allecting tlu; peach, the a|)ricot occasion- ally suffers in its branclus i'rom the attacks of the pear-blight beetle, No. 68. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THK CHERRY. ATTACKING THE TRUNK. Fiu. '207. No. 104. — The Divaricated Buprestis. ■ ■ Diccrcn divaricata (Siiy). This is a beetle belonging to the lUniily Buprestidse, most of the nienibeiv, of wliich are readilv disringuiHliod bv their coj)pery or bronzed appearance. This s|)ecies (see Fig. 207) is from seven to nine tenths of an inch in length, copper-colored, and sometimes brassy, and thickly covered with little indentations. The thorax is furrowed in the middle, and the wing-covers are marked with numerous irregular imj)ressed lines and small, elevated, blackish s|)ots. The wing- cases taper much behind, and ilieir long and narrow tips are blunt-pointed, and sprend apart a little, the latter pecidiarity having given to the insect its specifu; name, dmiricata. The beetles may be found suiming them- selves upon tlu! limbs of cherry and peach trees during June, Jidv. and August: thev are active creatin-es, running brisklv up and down the trunks of the trees in tiie sunshine. The female deposits her eggs on tiie cultivated and wild cherry-trees, and also on the pca(!h, and, when liatchcd, the young larva bores through the bark and lives in and de- slroys the sap-wood underneath. It is a fliittencd larva, witii its anterior segments very much eidarged, and closely re- send)le8 tiiat of the Hat-headed apple-tree borer, No. 3, Fig. 4, but is larger. Tiiis insect is seldom veiy troublesome; should it require attention, the remedies recommended for No. 3 will be equally applicable t() this species. 201 202 INSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. No. 105. — The Spotted Horn-beetle. Dynastes titijus (Linn.). Tliis i.s an onorinous beetle, some two inelies in length, exelusive of its liorn.s. It is of ii pale-olive eolor, with the wing-covers spotted and dotted with black. In the males the middle of the thorax is extended forward in tlie i'orm of a long bliick horn, which is hairy along its under side, and usually notched at its tip, as if Ibrmed to receive the sharp Fig. 208. poll simi »t of another lar 1 lorn, w hich curves n tl l)Wi dsf u'dstrom le crown of tl le liead. There are two other horns be- tween these, short anc Tl I sharp-pointed, female is le smaller Ik th ui th male, and unarmed, ex(!ept with a small tubercle on the head. L^iu;. rei)rcsen ts tl le male 208 k The beetle occasionally varies in color: specimens have been found with chestnut-brown wing-covers, others with the thorax black ; and in one instance a male was taken with one of the wing-covers black, while the other was of the normal character, Tl le larva o f tl MS msec t b ores HI o ld,d e<'avintjr cherrv-trees. It somewhat resembles that of the rough Osmoderma, Mo. 8, l)nt is much larger. The beetle is ircipicnlly met with in the Suiilh, and is sometimes found as far north as Pennsylvania, bill llu> dumaire it inllicts is verv sliirht. ATTACK I so THE BRANCHES. 203 Fill. '_W». ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. No. 106. —The Dog-day Cicada. Cicada tihicvn Limi. In appoarauoe this insect very mndi resembles the seven- teen-year locust, No. 15, but differs from it by oecurrin<«; in more or less al)undance every year durino" the months of August and .September, when it sometimes wounds the small limbs of the cherry and deposits its c<rgs therein. The body is black on the uj)per side, the head and thorax being spotted and marked with olive-green. The wings are large, trans- j)arent, and strongly veined, the i)rincipal veins having a greenish tint. The under side of the body is coated with a whitish powder, legs greenish. This cicada, which is shown in Fig. 200, is very generally distributed throughout the Xorthern United States and the j)rovincc of Ontario, and the shrill notes ol' the /^^ males may be heard almost everywhere during warm davs in August, from ti'U o'clock in the morning until two in the afternoon. The males only are nuisical, and their drums are situated in cavities in the sides of the anterior segments of their robust bodies. The larva is unknown, but doubtless glosely resembles that of the seventeen-year locust ; the juipa also is very siuiilar, and iia-s been found beneath (iherry, maple, and elm trees. The ravages of this insect have never been sullicieiitly important to attract much attention. No. 107. — The Cherry-tree Bark-louse. liCraninm vvrasi/vx Vitcli. This is a bark-louse very much resembling that of the pear-tree, Lccdiiiiiiii j>i/i'i, \o. (li*. it may l)e found in ^^^^^latimi^^jLj, 204 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ClIEIiRV spring adhering to the under side of the limbs of cherry- trees and sucking their juices. The shell is hemispherical in ft)rm, black, rnorc or less mottled with pale dull-yellow dots. On lifting this shell, a mass of minute eggs is found, which shortly hatch, whereupon the insects spread over the bark of the succulent twigs, and, piercing it, subsist upon the juices, passing through the various stages of their growth before the winter approaches. The remedies recommended for L. pyri \\\\\ be equally ap})licable in this case. No. 108. — The Cherry-tree Scale-insect. As))idi()fHs ccrani. Fitch. On examining the limbs of the choke-cherrv in winter, there will sometimes be found on the bark a small, roundish .scale like a tiny blister, which, when raised, discloses a cluster of vciy minute (hdl-reddish eggs, the product of the cherry scale-insect, which is believed to be identical with the S(!urfy bark-louse. No. 17, and to which the same remedies may be a})plied. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 109. — The Violaceous Flea-beetle. Crcpidudera IMxhics (Linn.). From about the middle of jNIay until August tiiere may often be found on the leaves of cherry-trees snudl flea-beetles, about i)ne-tenth of an in(!h long, and of a l))-illiant 'oppery, violet, or greenish-black color, with the antenuffi Oi" a pale yellow, the under side black, and the legs, except the hinder thighs, dull pale yellow. Though small, this is a very active insect. It gnaws round pieces out of the luider side of the leaf, leavirg the npi)er skin unbroken, and sometimes eats entirely through, making munerous small holes in the young leaves at the ends of the limbs. Jt has not yet proved sufliciently troublesome to require any special remedy. t ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 205 s > ,'e 10 Ls 'f,' Fio. 'JIO. No. 110. — The Promethea Emperor-moth. Callosamia Promethea (Dniry). During the winter there may frequently be seen on cherry- trees, particuhirly the wihl species, a twisted leaf hangin<>; here and there after all the others Inive fallen. A closer examination shows each of these to contain a lon<^, oval, -ilken cocoon (see Fig. 210), the stem of the leaf l)ein<>; secured to the twig on which it grew with silken threads. The silk is wound round the twig for ;il)out half an inch on each side, then carried down around the leaf-stalk to the cocoon, the whole being so firmly I'astened that the leaf with the cocoon cannot be detached without much force. This is the cocoon of the Promethea emperor-moth. Besides the cherry, it is found on the sassa- fras, lilac, button-bush, and occa- sionally on other trees and shrubs. The njotli escapes late in June or early in July. I*^ is a handsome in- sect, and measures, when its wings are expanded, from three and a half to nearly four and a half inches across. The sexes differ very much in appenrance: the wings of the niide (Fig. 211) are brownish black, those of the female (Fig. 212) light reddish brown. In both, the wings are crossed by a wavy whitish line near the middle, and a clay-colored border along the hind edges. Both also have an eye-like black spot, with a pale-bluish crescent within, near the tij) of the fore wings. Near the middle of each of the wings of the female there is an angular reddish-white s[)ot, edged with black ; the same is visible on the under side of tiie wings of the male, but is seldom seen on the upper side. iidliiiiHHI w^ 20() INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE ClIEIiRV. The foinalc lays licr eggs in small oliisters of five or six or more togetlier; tiiey are of a ercainy-wliite color, ahgiit oiie- FiG. 211. sixteenth of an inch in diameter, with an oehreous-yellow spot on tlie ujiper side. They hatch towards the end of July. Vu:. 'IVl. The newly-liatched larva is about one-third of an inch long, pale green, with yellow bands and faint rows of black tuber- ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 207 Fig. 213. ck'.s. After it has pas.sed the second moult it apjiears as seen at a. From tiie end of August until late in 8ej)teinl)cr it may be found full grown, when it measures two inches or more in length and about half an inch in diameter, and presents the apj)earance shown at b in Fig. 213. It is of a bluish-green or sometimes of a greenish-vellow color, with the head, ^cat, and hinder segments yellow. There arc about eight small warts or short horns of a deep-blue color on each segment, except the two uppermost on the top of the third and fourth segments, which are of a rich coral-red color, and a long one on the top of the twelfth ring, which is yellow. The caterpillar is found feed- ing on the cherry, ash, sassafras, poplar, azalea, cephtdanthus, or button-bush, and other shrubs and trees. Although the ash is a very common food-plant for the larva, it is rarely, if ever, that a cocoon is found upon it; the leaf-stalks being so very long, it is probably too laborious a task for the cater- pillars to I'asten them to the twigs, and hence they wander off in search of leaves witii shorter stalks and of a thicker, more leathery structure, such as the cherry or the lilac, which form a substantial covering for the cocoon. The cocoons arc often perforated by birds during the winter and their contents devoured. The insect is also subject to the attacks of a small four-winged parasite, a species of Ich- neumon. w 208 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHE lilt V. No. 111.— The Purblind Sphinx. Snieriiithus inynps (Sm. & Abb.). There are .sonietiims fouiul on clierrv-trees, devouring; the ieave.«, in the month of Augnst, hirge, cylindrical, greeu larvte, about two iiichis h)ng, with a curved horn at the end of the body. The liead is blui.sli green, with a briglit-yellow line ow the sides; the body is green, with a row of reddish-brown spots on each side of the back, and another siniihir row lower down near the breathing-j)ores. Along each side there are six obliqm; bright-yellow bands, and two short yellow lines on the anterior .segments. The horn is green, tinted with yellow at the sides. This is the larva of the purblind sphinx. When full grown, it buries itself under the ground, wlicre it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, and in this condition remains until the follow'ing June or July, when the perfect insect escapes. The moth is a very handsome one (.see Fig. 214), and meas- ures, when its wings are expanded, about two and a half inches across. The head and thorax are chocolate-brown with a purplisii tinge, the thorax having a tawny yellow stripe down the middle;; the abdomen is brown, with dull-yellowish spots. The fore wings are chocolate-brown, with black bands and patches, and are angulated and excavated on the hind n)argin. The hind wings are dull yellow, with the outer half chocolate- brown, and have an eye-like spot towards the inner margin, blai k, with a large pale-blue centre. ATTACKIXG THE LEAVES. 209 The insect is u nire one, and not likely ever to occur in suflicicnt nuinhors to do nuich injury. No. 112. — The lo Emperor-moth. Jlyperchiria Id (liiiin.). This very beautiful insect appears in June and July. It remains inactive durint:- the dav, but Hies about after ilusk. The sexes diifer in both size and color, the male (I'^ig. 21o) Fio. 215. beini^ the smaller. It is of adcep-ycllow color, with pur|)lish- brown niMrkiui^s; on the fore wiiios are two ()l)Ii(|ue wavy lines near the outer margin, a zig/ag line near the l)ase, antl other blackish dots and markiiiii's. The hind wings are of a deeper ochre-yellow, and are shaded with pur[)le next the body; within the hind margin is a curve<l purplish band, and inside this a smaller one of a dark-purj)lish sluule, while al)out the middle of the wing there is a large, round, blue spot with a whitish centre and eiuilosed in a .broad ring of brownish black. The antcnuix) of the male are beautifully featheretl, and the wings measure, when expanded, about two and a half inches across. The female (Fig. 210) measures from three to three and a half inches. Th.e .'intennai are but very slightly feathered; the fore wings ar(! purplish brown mingled with gray, the wavy lines crossing the wings being also gray. There is a brown spot about the middle, margined U 210 iys:£CTS INJURIOUS to the ClIERRl' hy an irregular gray line, and towards the base the wings are densely clothed with a wool-like covering. The hind wings are very similar to those of the male; the thorax and legs are purplish brown, the abdomen oehrc-yellow, with a purplish- red edging on each ring. Shortly after i)airing, the female deposits her eggs in clus- ters, sometimes as many as twenty or thirty in one group, Fi(i. 'J 10. They are top-shajicd, compressed on both sides, and flattened above, about one-sixteenth of an inch long, and one-twentieth of an inch in the longest diameter, creamy white in color, with a yellowish spot above, which gradually becomes darker as it approaches maturity, until it is almost black, when the yellow larva within begins to show through the translucent sides. The young larvto are darker in color than the more matured specimens; they keep together in little swarms, and when moving from one place to another follow each other in regular processionary order, a single cater[)illar taking the lead, closely followed sometin "s by one or two in single file, then by two, three, four, or more, in regular ranks. When about half grown, tliey lose this habit, and, se[)arating, each one shifts ibr itself. The larva attains maturitv durino; August, when it measures two and a half inches or more in length and is ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 211 ircd len liar cly wo, lalf ifts icn is of ;i correspond in<^ thickness. (See Y'v^. 217.) It is of a delicate pale-jrrceii color, paler, ai)proacliini;- whitish, along the back, with a broad dusky -white stripe on Fn;. 21i. each side, margined with reddish lilac; breathing- j)ores yellow, ringed with brown. The body is cov- ered with clusters of green branching spines tipped with black, arising from >inall warts, of which there arc a number o\\ each segment. These spines are very sharp, and when the insect is care- lessly handled they sting severely, producing on the more tender portions of the skin an irritation, accompanied by redness and raised white blotches, very similar to that of the stint^ing nettle. Fiy;. 218 siiows some of these branch i no- spines magnified, 6 being stouter and more acute than the others. When full grown, the larva descends to the ground, and, drawing together i)ortions of dead leaves or other rubbish to form :ui outer covering, constructs within this a slight cocoon of tough, gummy, brown change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis is rather short and thick, of a pale-brown color, with a few reddish bristles on the abdominal joints, and a tuft of the same at the end. AVhile common on the cherry, this caterpillar i ^es not con- fine itself to one kind of food, but is also found feeding on the apple, thorn, willow, elm, dogwood, balsam poplar, sas- siiic Ik, in which the 91 O lASLCTS IXJUniOUS TO THE CIIERRV mPIi saf'ras, locust, oak, currant, clover, cotton, and other plants, shrubs, and trees. It is much more plentiful in some seasons than in others, but, in consequence ol" its usini;" so many dif- ferent sorts of food, it is seldom noticed as very injurious to any particular Uintl of tree, shrub, or i)lant. Should it prove troublesome, it may easily be subdued by hand-pickin<^, (he operator usin<;' a pair of gloves while engaged in the work. The larva is attacked by [)arasites, j)articularly by a small, undetermined, four-winged fly. The long-tailed Opliion, Opliioii maerurum, referred to under No. 28 (see Fig. H',]), also preys upon it. No. 113.— The May-beetle. LnchiiosfcnKifnsca (Friilil.). Every one must be familiar with the jNIay-beetle, — or May- bug, as it is commonly called, — a buzzing beetle, with ti slow but wild and errati(! (light, which comes ihumping against the windows of lighted rooms in (he evenings in jNIay and early in June, and, where tin; windows are o])en, dashes in without a moment's consideration, bumping against walls, ceiling, and articles of furniture, occasionally (lroj)j>ing to the lloor, thei, suddenly I'ising again. It sometimes lands uninvited on onii's face or neck, or, worse still, on one's head, where its sharp (^laws l)ecom(! entangled in the hair in a most unpleasant manner. It is a ihii-k-bodied, chestnut-brown or l)lack beetle (see Fig. 210, .*> and 4), from eight to nine tenths of an inch in h'ugth. Its head and thorax are j)unctated with small indentations ; the wing-covers, though glossy and shining, are roughened with shallow, indented j)oints, and upon each tlwre are two or three slightly elevated lines running length- wise. Its legs arc tawny yellowish, and the breast is covered with ])ale-yellowish iiairs; the; under sui'face is j)aler than the up|)er. During the day the beetles remain in repose, but are active at idght, wl*en they (congregate upon cherry, plum, and other trees, devoin'ing the leaves, — octjisionally, wiien very niunerous, entirely stripping th(! trees of Ibliage. I'heir ATTACK IS a Tin: LKAVES. 213 strong j;v\vs are well adapted for eiittiiii*; llieir food, and their notched or double elaws support them securely on the t'oHaL^e. Tlic i'eniale is said to de[)osit hereijus between the roots of jjrass, en{!h)se(l in a ball of earth; they ar(! white, translucent, and spherical, and about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. When hatched, the small white grubs begin at once to feed upon the rootlets of plants; they are several ycai's in reaching niaturitv, and hence larva} of dillerent sizes are usuallv found Fig. 219. av to nds ■ad, lost 1 (ir IS willi ng, ach glh- rcd III.' are and /cry leir •^iiJSliiPil. in the ground at tlie same time. Wlion full grown, (hey arc almost as tliick as a man's little finp'i" ; (hey ai'c soft and white, have !i horny head of a brownish color, and six legs; the hinder part of the l)o»ly is usually curved undei', as shown at -, l*'ig. 219. T'lis larva is generally known as "(he while grub," and is very injurious to strawberries, devouring (he roofs and destroying the plants ; i( feeds also upon the roo(s of grasH ami oduM* plants, and when very numerous i( ■;() in- jures pas(ure-lands and lawns (hat large portions of (he (nrf eaii bo lifted with (he hand and rollecl over like a |)ieeo of carpet, so cdiiplelelv ".'-e (h(< roots devoured. When cold weather approat ';cs, tlie grub l)uries itself in (he ground deep ■iiMJiillnifiiiM ■MS 214 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ClIEIiRV. enough to be beyond the reach of frost, and there remains until the following spring. Fio. 2'JO. Flu. L'L^l. A\'licM ready for its next change, tlie larva forms a cavity in the ground, bv turnintj; itself round and round and pressing the earth until it moulds a cell of suitable form and size, which it lines with a glutinous secretion, so that the cell may better retain its form, and within this it changes at first to a i)U})a (shown at 1 l^^ig. 219), and finally produces tlie perfect bectk'. liemedicH. — It is very difficult to reach the larva^ under ground with any remedy other than digging for them and destroying them. lings arc very fond of them, and, rvhcu turned into places where the grubs are al)undant, will root up the ground and devour them in immense quantities. They are likewise eaten bv domestic fowls and insectivorous birds; crows especially arc so pai'tial to them that they will often be seen following the plough, so as to pich out these choice morsels from the freshly-turned turrow. An insect jiara- site, the unadorned Tiphia, Tiphkt inonutta Say, is also actively (Migaged in destroying tiic whit(! grnl). l<\'C(piently, when digging the grotnid, a j)alc-l)rown, egg-shaped cocoon is turned up (see c, Fig. 220); within this, when fresh, will be found a whilisii grub, represented at h, which, during its '^: t^-i H ^ ATTACKIXG THE LEAVES. 215 oTOWth has led upon the larva of the jNIav-hcetle. Within tliis smig' enclosure it soon ehanges to a ehrysiilis, and finally assumes the perfect form, as shown at a in the Hgure. The tlv is black, with sometimes ;i faint hlnisii tint, with dusky wintrs, and the IkhIv more or less covered with ])ale-vellow hairs, whicli are thickest on the under side. A curious whitish funj^us sometimes attacks this larva and destroys it, li^rowing' out at the sides of the iiead ; the pro- (MlH>rance or si)rout rapidly increases in size, often attaining a length of thrcH' or i'our inches, when il j)resents the aj)pear- ance shown in h'ig. 221. A very large ninid)er frequently die from this cause. Trees infested with the beetles should he shaken early in the morning, when the insects will fall, and mav be collected on sheets and killed by IxMug thrown into .-(■aiding water. iJcsides the cherry and plum, these insects feed on the Lombardy j)oplar and the oaks. On account of the length of time the larva takes to mature, the beetles are not often abundant during two successive seasons. No. 114. — The Cherry-tree Tortrix. Cdcoecia ceraalrorinia (Fitcli). Ivirly in Jidy thei'e may often be found on the choke- cheri'y, and sometimes also on tin; cultivated cherry, one or niori! branches having all their leaves and twigs drawn together with a web of silken threads. On opening one of these enclosures, there will be Ibund a large nund)er of active yellow larviw 'lMies(> ai'e about five-eighths of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, the head black, body above yellow, a little paler between the segments, with a few very line yellowish hairs. The anterior |>ortion of tlie second segment and the hinder portion of the ternunal one are black; there is also a faint <lorsal line of a darker shade. 'J'he under side is sindlar to the upper in color, and the si.K anterior claw-like feet are black. The (ihrysalis is formed within the tiest in which the larva luiH li\'ed, and is of a pale-brown color. The niolli, when at mn w^ 21(5 IXSKCTS IXJCRIOl'S TO Till-: ClIERRV Fiu. rest, is broad and flat, the outer edge of the fore wiiij^s heiiij^ rounded towards tlie base, and straight from the middle to the tip, and when its wings are spread (see Fig. 222) it meas- ures from three-quarters of an inch to an inch across. The fore wings are crossed by ii-rcgnhu' wavy baiuls, alternately of bright ochre-yellow and pale, dnll, leaden blue ; the yellow bands are varied witii darker spots, the most c()ns[)icnons one of which is j)laced on the onter margin near the tip, and from this sj)ot a broader ochre- yellow band extends towards the hind margin, and curves thence to the imier angle ; the hind wings and entir'* uuder snrl'ace are pale ochre-yellow. Where this insect is found to be injur'ous, the webs con- taining the larviG and chrysaiids should be gathered and destroyed before the winged moths matnre. No. 115. — The Cherry-tree Plant-louse. }fi/'.iis i-i riisi (Falir.). This black, disgusting-looking louse begins to appear on the leaves of the cidtivatcd (iherry almost as soon as they are ex- ])andcd, being hatched from eggs deposited on the branches the previous aultunn, and they nudtiply so fast that tlie under side of the young foliage is soon almost entirely covered with them, and the growth of the tre(> stunted by their contiiuial appropritition of its juices. They crowd together in dense masses, often two dccj), standing on each other's backs, with only suflicicnt space between to enable them to insert their extended beaks into the leaves. In a few days these insects multi|)ly enormously, their black bodies covering not oidv the under side of I lie leaves but also the leaf-stalks, arid cluster- ing about thc! stems and gi-ecn heads of the young fruit, while swarms of flies and other insects, attracted by the sweet exu- dations iVom tlu! bodies of the lice, keep u|) a constant hum and bu// around tlu; iid'csted trees. 'rh(> presence of these aphides in such numbers has the ATTACKING TIIK LEAVES. 217 effect of attraotiiii^ to the tree tlieir natural enemies, wliich also multiply with <>;reat rapidity and make astouisiiiiig- havoc among their defenecless victims. The lady-hirds and their larvie, also the larviu of Syrphns Hies and hice-winu:; ilit's, many of which are referred to under Xo. 57, appear in abundance among them, tearing and devouring them with the greatest ferocity, and usually within two or three weeks the armies of lice are completely annihilated, and the leaves of the trees ap[)ear clean again. I^ater in the season the lice appear a second time, but occupy only the tender leaves at the ends of the slioots, some of them usnallv I'emaininir ihere durinu: the rest of the summer. On the aj)proacli of cold weather, males are produced, and suhsecpiently a stock of eggs is placed by the females about the base; of the buds and in tiie li^sures of the bark of the branches, wdiere they remain unhatched until the following sjiring. These lice may be killed by thoroughly drenching them with weak lye, strong .S()ai)suds, <tr tobacco-water, but what- ever solution may be used it must come in contact with tlu> lice in order to be elfectual ; (lij)ping the extremities of the limbs in such solutions, where such a cour.se is ])racticable, will quickly destroy them. 'I'he easiest i-emedy, however, is to aid nature by introducing among the colonics a nundK-r of lady- birds and other enemies, who at once set to work to devour them with gi'eat vigor. A vt'rv nnuute Jclmeumon 11 v, a species of Ai)hidius ( Trio.ri/ft rerdsjiliis l"'itch), is parasitic upon these lice and di'stroys largo numbers of them. the No. 116.— The Ursula Butterfly. Liincnilis uranla Fiihr. This is a mediuni-si/ed but haudsonu^ butterfly, which is soon on the wing during th(> months ol' fJuui' and July. It is represented in b'ig. 22.'). Its wings arc of a blackisii brown color glossed with ii bluish lint, and with thrc(\ tnarginal rows of bluish crescents of varviui"' si/e. in the I'cmaic the inner row is less marked, and each crescent is su|)p()rlc(l bcliind by ■i>.liJti,...tury •218 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CIIERRV. a (Iceji-oranuo patch or point. On the fore wings tliorc aro several white spots towards the tip. The margins of both wings are slightly cienate, the liollows being edged with white. AVhen the wings are spread, they measure about three inches across. Tiie i'emale dej)osits her eggs on the leaves of the cherry, both wild and cultivated, and occasionally also on those of Fig. ::2:5 the apple and plum. The full-grown larva is about an inch and a quarter long, of an olive-green color vari(\gated with russet, white, re(ldish yellow, and ochreous, with two h)ng reddish horns behind its head, and two tubercles on (>ach of tiie other segments, all green excej)t those on the fifth seg- ment, which are reddish. The chrysalis is I'ussety marked M'ith white, is suspended by its tail, and has on the middle of its back a curious and prominciut projection like a lloman nose. Both the larva and thi; chrvsalis resemble that of Jjhnen'dis disippm, Fig. 17<S. This insect is met with only occasionally, an<l has never been re|)or(ed as destructive any- where. It is found as i'ar north as the Province of Ontario in Canada, but is mu»'h more common in the jNliddle and JSouthern States. I :s tliere are lis of both '<lj^od with iljout thivo tlie cherry, 1 those of It an inch itod with two loilir 1 eacli of fifth soiT- inarlced e middh? > Ilomaii that of ith only ive any- Onfario Idle and ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 219 No. 117.— The Cherry-tree Thecla. Thecla titus Fa1)r. This is a very pretty little butterfiy, bettor known as Tliecla mopsns. (See Fig. 224.) It is of a dark-brown color above, with a row of seven or eight orangc-eolored spots near the margin of the hind wings, which are larger and more conspicnous on the nnder than on the npper side. The wings beneath are light brown, with a row of deej) bnt bright oi-ange spots near the hind margins of both j)airs, an inner and more irregnlar row of small black spots, encircled with white, and on the middle oi' the hind wings two similar sj)ots, placed close toge'^her. In flight it is active, bnt its movements are of a jerky natnrc. The wings nieasnre, when expanded, an inch and a qnarter or more across. The caterpillar, which is fonnd feeding on cherry leaves dnring the month of May, is a cnrions flat creatnre, re- sembling a wood-lonse in ontline, of a dnll-green color, per- vaded bv a vellowish tint. There is a i)atch of rose color on the anterior segr»ients, and another larger one on the hinder extremity. The chrysalis is pale brown and glossy, with many small dark-brown or blackish dots distribnted over the whole surface, and thickly covered with very short brown hairs, scarcely visible without a magnilying-lens. The butterfly appears about the middle of July, and is very ])artial to the flowers of the " butterfly- weed," Ascl<'j)i<ts tiiherosa, as well as to those of the common milkweed, A.sr/cpids cnrnnti Tills inscHit is never found in suiUcient abundance to be injurious, but whenever met with it excites the curiosity of the observer. M 220 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CHERRY. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. No. 118.— The Cherry Bug. Mefapodhis femorafus ( Fabr. ) . Fig. oor This insect, wliich belongs to the order Ilemiptera, is said to injnre the fruit of the cherry in the Western States by ])unc- turing it with its bcalc and sucUing the juices. It is rep- resented in Fig. 225. It is said to attack only the sweet varieties of cherry. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICli AFFECT THE CHERRY. ATTACKING THE ROOTS. The larva of the stag-beetle, No. 5, also that of the rough Osniodernia, No. 8, occasic -ariy injure the roots of the ciierry, but chiefly affect those trees which arc old and decaying. ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. The apple-twig borer, No. 13 ; the imbricated snout-beetle, No. 14; and the New York weevil, No. 100. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. The leaves of the cherry-tree suffer from all the following: the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, No. 20; the forest tent-cutcr- pillar. No. 21 ; the white-marked tussock-moth, No. 22 ; the i-ed-humped apple-tree caterpillar, No. 24; the canker-worms, Nos. 25 and 20 ; the fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the Cecropia emperor-moth. No. 28; the lurnus swallow-tail, No. 30; the SUPPLEMENTARY LIST. 901 American lappf't-inotli, No. 33; the obliqvio-bancleJ leui- loller, No. 35; the leaf-cnimpler, No. 37 ; tlie eye-spotted hud-moth, No. 38 ; the luanv-tlotted apple-worm, No. 43 ; the pahiier-worni. No. 44 ; the hag'-moth eaterpillar, No. 48; the saddle-back caterpillar, No. 49; the tarnished j>lant- hiig, No. 71 ; the pear-tree slug, No. 75 ; the gray dagger- moth, No. 84; the Di.sippus butterfly. No. 87; the blue- .s[)angled peach-tree caterpillar, No. 102; the baskot-v/orin, or bag-worm. No. 120; and the rose-beetle, No. 151. The pear-tree blister-beetle, No. 73, devours the blossoms as well as the young leaves. ATTACKING THE FIIUIT. The plum curoulio, No. 94, affects the fruit to an alarming extent in many sections, and, since the cherries do not drop i'rom the trees as the plums do, from the injuries caused by this insect, the extent of its depredations is not easily ascer- tained. Tt is not unusual to find a considerable proportion of the ripe cherries in the markets containing the larva of this curculio, nearly full grown. T^ INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. ATTACKING THE TRUNK. No. 119.— The Quince Scale. Aspidiolus cijdunice Coinstock. This scale is found on the qiiince-troe in Florida. It is of a gray color, somewhat transparent, very convex in form, and about six-hundredths of an inch in diameter. Where it is found injurious, it may be removed from the trunk and limbs with a stilf brush dipped in a strong solution of soap. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. «. No. 120. — The Basket-worm, or Bag-worm. 'Thyridopleryx cjihcmcraiformis (Haworth). During the winter the curious weather-beaten bags of this insect may be seen hanging from many diiferent sorts of trees, both evergreen and deciduous. In the latter class they are found on the quince, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, elm, maple, locust, and linden, and in the former on arbor-vita.', Norway sjuuce, and red cedar. If a number of these bags are gathered in the winter and cut open, many of them will be found empty, but the greater portion will be seen to present the appearance shown at e in Fig. 22G, being in fact partly full of soft, yellow eggs. Those which do not contain eggs are male bags, md the empty chrysalis skin of the male is generally found protruding from the lower end. The eggs are soft, opaque, obovate in form, about one- twentieth of an inch long, and surrounded by more or less 2*22 ATTACK I X(i THE I.KAVES. 22;} fawn-oolorcd silUv down ; thev liatdi <lurini>; Mav ov carlv ill JuiK'. 'J'lie vouny; larvtc arc of a brown color ; tluv arc vcrv active, tunl begin at once to make tor themselves coverings of sillv, to wliicli they fasten bits of the leaves of the tree on which they are feeding, forming small cones, as -howii at// ill the ligurc. As the larvfe grow, they increase the size of their enclosures or bags from the bottom, until they become so large and heavy that they hang instead of remaining Fifi. 2'J(;. bags upright, as at first. By the end of Julj' the caterpillars become full grown, wiien they appear as shown at f, Fig. 22G, -where the larva is seen with its liead and a jiortion of its anterior segments ])rotru(lod from the bag. When taken out of the enclosure at this stage, it presents the appearance shown at a in 'the figure, that portion of the body which has been covered by the bag being soft, and of a dull-brownish color, inclining to red at the sides, while the three anterior segments, which are exj)osed when the insect is feeding or travelling, are horny and mottled with black and white. The small, fleshy prolcgs on the middle and liindcr segments are fringed with numerous hooks, by which the larva is ^.^^■r.^../.-. w 224 lySECTS ISJURIOIS TO THE quiNVJ-:. onahl'jd to clinfj; to the silUcn liiiiiii.'' of its hair mikI ihwa: it aloiii;- wlierever it <i;oos. TIk' outer surface of the haii; is rough and irregular from th(i ))rotrii(liiig poi'tion.s of the stems and leaves which are wovi'ii into it. Durinj; their growth tliese catei-|)i]lars are slow travellers, seldom leaving the tree on which tli(>y were hatched ; hnt when ahoiit full grown thev become much more active, and often lower them- selves to the ground by silken threads, and slowly wander from place to {)lace. \\'heii about to change to chrvsalids, they fasten their bags securely to the twigs of the trees ovi which they hai)i)i'n to l)c, and then underti^o their chau're. The male chrvsalis, shown at b, Fig. 220, is nnich smaller than the female, which is seen Avitliin the bag at e. The female moth is wingless, and never leaves the bag, but works her wav to its lower orifice, and there awaits the attend- ance of the male. She is not only without wings, but is de>- titute of legs also ; in short, she seems to be nothing more than a yellowish bag of eggs with a ring of soft, pale-brown, silky hair near the tail. She is represented at c in the figure. The male [d, Fig. 226) has transparent wings and a black body, ami is very active on the wing during the warmer ],ortions of the <lay. After pairitig, the female deposits her eggs, intermingled with fawn-colored dowm, within the empty pupa-case, and when this task is completed she works her way out of the case, drops exhausted to the ground, and dies. The bag-worm is a Southern rather than a Northern insect, although it is found as far north as New Jersey and New York, t.'id' occasionally in Massachusetts ; it is extremely loctil in its chars -'ter, often abounding in one jxirticular neighbor- hood li'id totally unknown a few miles away. Where they occur in abundance they often almost entirely defoliate the trees they attack ; this, however, may be easily prevented by gathering the cases which contain the eggs for the next brood during the wintei" and destroying them. There are two species of Ichneumon wliich attack the bag-worm : one of ■ineasBBMHapi ATTACKING THE FRUIT. •117y tliem, Cn/ptiis inqniaitor (Say) {¥h^. 227), is about two iiftlisof ail inch ]()n<^, tlie other, IlemiUirn thi/ridoptrri/.c RUvy, is about (iiie-tliircl of an inch loiij:;; tlie male is shown in Fig. 228, the female in Fig. 229, both magnified. Five or six of this Vui. 221 Fig. '228. Fig. 22!). Fig. 2:^,0. latter species will sometimes occujn' the body of a single caterpillar. After destroying their victim they spin for them- selves tongh, white, silken cocoons within the bag, a section of which is shown in Fig. 230. Fia. 2.11. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. No. 121. — The Quince Curculio. Conotrachelus cnthviji Walsli. This is a broad-shouldered snout-beetle, larger than the plum curculio, No. 94, and has a longer snout ; in Fig. 2ol, a shows a side view of the in.sect, b a back view. It is of an ash-gray color, mottled with ochre-yel- low and whitish, with a dusky almost triangular spot at the l)ase of the thorax above, and seven narrow longi- tudinal elevations on the wing-covers, with two row's of dots between etu'h. It is an indigenous insect, having its iiome in the wild liaws, in which it is frequently found, but it is also very injurious to the quince. It appears during the month of June, and punctures the young fruit, making a cylindrical 22G INSKCrS INJURlOiS TO THE QUIXCE. hole a little lar<i;ei* tlitiii is siiflicient to admit the e^t!:, mid onhirged at the base. Within this rece[)taele the egg is placed, and hatches there in a few days. The larva does not penetrate to the core, but burrows in the fruit near the surface; it resenil)les the larva of the plmn cureulio in ap- pearance, but is somewhat larger, and has a narrow dusky line down the bacU. In about a month it becomes full grown, when it leaves the fruit through a cylindrical opening and buries itself two or three Inches in the ground, where ii remains during the autunui, winter, and early spring months without change. It becomes a chrysalis early in May, and assumes the beetle Ibrm a few days aftcrwarils. The beetle also feeds on the quince, burying itself completely in the substance of the fruit; it oceasicmally attacks the pear. Where these beetles prove destructive they may be collected by jarring, as recommended for the plum curcnlio; and care should be taken to destroy all the fruit which falls prema- turely to the ground. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH AFFECT THE QUINCE. ATTACKING TIIK TRUNK. The round-headed apple-tree borer, No. 2. ATTACKIN(i TIIK liEAVKS. The leaf-crumplf'r, No. .'J7 ; the tarnished plant-bug, No. 71 ; and the |)ear-tree slug, No. 75. The jjcar-trec blister- beetle, No. 73, eats both the (lowers and the leaves. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GHAPE. ATTACKING THE EOOTS. No. 122. — The Broad-necked Prionus. Prionus laticolUs (Drurj'). This is a gigtintic borer (Fij^. 232), iVoin two aiul ti half to three inches in length, of a yellowish-wliito color, with a FiQ. 232. Hhiall, horny, reddish-brown head, and a bluish line down the bacU, whi( h cuts for itself a cylindrical hole through the centre of the i-oot of the vine, a little below the surface; and wlien till! root is barely Itirge enough to contain the larva, nothing but a thin skin of l.)ark is left, but this is always ibund entire, so that the inse(;t cannot be easily discovered, it is prcbable that it lives in the larval state about three years, and that it changes to a chrysalis (i'^'g. 233) within tiio root towards the end of Jun<'. Tlie beetle a|)|)ear~ about ■'< middle of July, and is known as the Broad-necked Prioiuis. i''ig. 234 represents the fiMuale, whieij measures from an inch and a (|UMrter to an inch and three-quarters in length, and is of a brownish-bhu'k color, with strong, thick jaws; the antenna* are rather slender; the tliorax is short and wide and armed at tln' sides with three teeth. Th(3 wing-covers iiave three slightly-elevated lines on each, and 227 uiA IMIiMiUUIAI i^ 228 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. arc thickly punctated. In the male the body is shorter, wliile tlie antenna; are longer, stouter, and toothed. Little or nothing can be done in the way of extirjiating these under-ground borers, as their ])resence is seldom suspected Fuj. 2:53. FiQ. '2.34. until the vine becomes sickly, or dies from the injuries they have cause(;. Where grape-vines die suddenly I'rom any uid\no\vn cause, the roots should be carefully examined, and if evidences of the pi'esence of thi>J borer are discovereil, it should be searched for and destroyed. No. 123.— The Tilo-horned Prioims. Prionus imhricornis (Linn.). Tlie larva of this beetle, a species closely allied to No. 1!?2, lias also been found devouring the roots of the grapi viu •. The larvie of theiiC two species resemble each other so cIoscIn that they are almost indistinguishable. When lull grown, the borer collects together a few fibres and chips of the roots, and with th(> aid of these constructs a loose cocoon, within which it chmigcs to a jjupa almost identical with that of i\o. 122. (See Fig. 2^1) Tliis beetle, which is represented in Fig. 2135, is ciir'^d the Tile-iiorncd Prionus because the Joints of the anteniir: •'* he "::^ ail I ATTACKING THE ROOTS. 229 male overlap one another like tilts on a roof. It is verv similar in appearance to the l)roa(l-uecke(l prionus, but the two species may be distinonished by the diiVerence in the Fig. 235. number of the joints in their antenna) : in hnh)-icnr)ii-i the niale lias about nineteen joints, and the female about sixteen, while in IdficnUii-' both sexes have twelve-jointed antennie. Any remedial measures useful for one species will be equally applicable to the other. No. 124. — The Grape-vine Root-borer. ACf/eria polisli/onnis Harris. This lavva resenddes that of the peach-tree borer, No. 1)7, in appearance and habits, but is a little lari2;er in si/e. The larvjc of the Prionus beetles have only six le<is, while this Ki^crian larva, in common with most lepidopterous insects, has sixteen legs, — six horny ones on the anterior sen'inents, and ten lleshy or mend)i'anoiis (Mies on tlu; hinder sr<>;ments, — and when full jUrown it measures from an inch to an inch ami a half in lennth. (See Fit?. 2.'^().) Tt live."? ex- clusively under ground, and consumes the barU and sap-wood y\{' the grape-roots, eating irregular furrows into th(>ir sub- Fro. 2;l(l. Ifll 230 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. Fig. 2:57. stance; sometimes it eats tlie bark, and at other times works its way under the surface. When full jj^rown, the larva forms a pod-like cocoon of a gummy sort of silk, covered with little bits of wood, bark, and earth, and situated within or adjacent to the injured root. Within this it chauiies to a brown chrysalis, which, when matiu'e, works itself out of the cocoon bv means of minute teeth, with which the segments are armed, and thence to the surface of the gromid, when the |)erfect insect escaj)es. Fig. 237 shows the cocoon with the chrys- alis j)artly protruding from it and the newly-escaped moth resting on it. The moth resembles a wasp in a])pearan(!e, and in the noise it makes during its flight. The female is shown in Fig. 238. The antemire are simjde and black, the body of a brownish- l)lack color, marked with orange or tawny yellow. There 's a bright-yellow band on the base of the second segment of its abdomen, and usually a second one on tiio fourth joint, but sometimes thi^ latter is wanting; near the tip of the abdomen below there is a short pencil of tawny orange hairs on q\\v\\ side. The fore wings are brownish black, with a more or less distinct clear patcli at the base ; the hind wings transpai'ent, with the veins, the terminal edge, and the fringe brownish black. In the male (Fig. 239) tiie antennre arc tooth, (1, excej)t for a short distance near the tip; the thorax and abdomen are darker in color, and in addition to the short pcMicils of orange hairs on the abdomen below, there are two longer ones above. The wings, when expanded, measure from an inch to an incli and a half across. The moth apjK'ars during vVugust. The f< niah^ is salil to deposit her eggs on the collar of the grape-vine, close; to the (>arlh, and the yoinig larva\ as soon as hatcihed, descend to the roots. A'JTACKLXG TlIK HOOTS. 231 This insect inhabits the Middle, Western, and some of the Southern States. It is said to have been exceedingly destructive ill North Carolina both to wild and cultivated grapes, and is reported as injurious also in Kentucky. The moth is found in the South from the latter part of June until September. It is stated that the Scuppernong grape, a variety of the fox- Lii-ape, T7^/6' vulpina, is never attacked by this borer; if this Fro. 238. Fig. '239. be so, its ravages may be prevented by grafting other vines on roots of tlie Scuppernong. When it has been ascertained that the boi'crs are at work on a vino, the earth diould be (bleared away from above the roots and the invaders searched for and destroyed ; hot water aj)plied about the roots is said to kill them. As a preventive measure, mounding the vines, as recommended for ])each-trecs, under the head of the peach- tree borer, No. 97, would probably be beneficial. No. 125. — The Grape Phylloxera. Phj/Ilnxera vastntrix Pliiticlion. This tiny foe to the grape-vine has attained great celebrity during the past few years, and miuili attention has been piiid to the study of its life-history and Iribits, in the lio|)(' of devising some practical measures for its extermination. The destruction it has occasioned in 1^^'aiice has been so great that it has become a national calamity, which tlu! government has ap|>(>inted special agents to iiuiuire into; large sums of money have also been olfered as jiri/es to be given to any one who 232 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. shall discover an efficient remedy for this insijct |)e8t. At the same time it has made ahirniing progress in Portugal, also in Switzerland and in some parts of Germany, and among vines nnder glass in England. It is a native of America, ■whence it lias doubtless been carried to France; it is common thronghoutthe greater portion of the United States and in one of its forms in Canada; but our native grape-vines seem to endure the attacks of the insect nnich better than do those of KnroiJC. llecently it has appeared on the Pacific slope, in the fertile vineyards of California, where the European varieties are largely cultivated, and hence its introduction there will probably [)rove disastrous to grape-culture. This insect is found in two different forms: in one instance on the leaf, where it produt^es greenish-red or yellow galls of vai'ious shapes and sizes, and is known as the type Gal/ax'ola, or gall-inhabiting; in the other and more destructive form, on the root, known as the type Radleicola, or root-inhabiting, causing at first swellings on the young rootlets, followed by decay, which gradually extends to the larger roots as the insects congregate u|)on them. These two forms will Ibr convenience be treated together, a slight departure from the general plan of this work. The lirst reference made to the gall-producing form was by Dr. Fitch in 1854, in tlu' "Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society," where he described it under the name of Feiiiphigas vHifuHiv. I'^arly in June there ai)|)ear upon the vine leaves small globular or cup-shajied galls of varying sizes. A section of on(! of these is shown at f/, Fig. 241 ; th(wareof a greenish-red or yellow color, with their outer surfac;e somewhat uneven and woolly. Fig. 240 represents a leaf badly iid'estcd with these galls. On o|)cning one of the freshly-formed galls, it will be found to contain from one to four orange-colored lice, many v :y nniuiti', sliining, oval, whitish eggs, and usually a considerable nund)er of young lice, not nuich larger than the eggs, and of the same color. Soon the gall becomes over-))opulated, and the surplus lice ATTACKING THE ROOTS. •233 wander oil' tlirougli its j)artly-()pcne{l mouth on the upper hide of the lent", anil establish themselves either on the same leaf or on adjoining young leaves, wlu!re the irritation oe- casioned hy their punetures eauses tlie formation of nrw galls, within whieh the liee remain, .\fter a time the older lice die, and the galls wlfuh they have inhal)ited open out and gradually become flattened and almost ol)literateil ; hence it may happen that the galls on the older leaves on a vine will Fi(i. 240. K^. M ■J^.^ t0^ ■^ be empty, while those on the younger ones are swarming with occupants. Tho'se galls are very common on the Clinton grape and other varieties of the same type, and are also found to a greater or less extent on most other culli\ate(l sorts. TJiey sometimes occur in such abundance as (o cause the leaves to turn briwu and drop to tlu; ground ; and instances ai'e recorded where vines have been defoliated from this cause. 'J'he nnndxT of eiro's iu a simile ijall will vnrv from (iftv to foui' or live hundred, according to its si/,e. There are sevei'al genera- tions of the lice during the season, and they continue to extend the sphere of tJK'ir operations throughout the greater j)art of the suujincr. liHtc in the scii^oii, as the leaves become KdMMM 234 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE Gil APE. less succulent, the lice seek other quarters, niul many of them find tlieir way to the roots of the vines and ''stablisii them- selves on the smaller rootlets. By the end of September the galls are usually deserted. In Fig. 241 we have this type Fig. 241. i: of the insect illustrated : a shows a front view of the young louse, and b a back view of the same, c the egg, d a section of one of the galls, e a swollen tendril,/, rj, h, mature egg- bearing gall-lice, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, l antenna>, and J the two-jointed tarsus. When on the roots, the lice subsist also by suction, and their punctures result in abnormal swellings on the young rootlets, as shown at a in Fig. 242. These eventually decay, and this decay is not confined to the swollen portions, but involves the adjacent tissue, and thus the insects are induced to betake themselves to fresh jiortions of the living roots, until at last the larger ones become involved, and they, too, literally waste away. In Fig. 242 we have the root-inhabiting type, Radicicola, illustrated: a, roots of Clinton vine, showing swellings; h, young louse, as it appears when ' ibernating; c, r/, antomiie and leg of same ; e, f, g, reprcf ent the more mature lice. ATTACKISG THE ROOTS. 2:35 It is also further illustrated in Fig. 243, where a shows a healthy root, b one on which the lice are workinj^, c a root which is decaying and has been tleserted by them ; (J,d,d, in- dicate how the lice are found on the larger roots; e represents the female pupa, seen from above, / the same from below, f/ winged female, dorsal view, h the same, ventral view, I the antennje of the winged insect, and j the wingless female, lay- ing eggs on the roots; Ic indicates how the punctures of the lice cause the larger roots to rot. Most of these figures are Fig 242. highly magnified, the short lines or dots at the side showing the natural size. During the first year of the insect's presence the outward manifestations of the disease are very slight, although the fibrous roots may at this time be covered with the little swell- ings; but, if the attack is severe, the second year the leaves assume a sickly yellowish cast, and the usual vigorous yearly growth of cane is much reduced. In course of time the vino usually dies; but, before this takes place, the lice, having little or no healthy tissue to work on, leave the dying vine and seek for food elsewhere, either wandering under ground among the interlacing roots of adjacent vines, or crawling over the 236 IS SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. siirtUce of the irroiuid in search of more congenial ([uarter.s. During the winter many of theni remain torpid, and at that season they assnnie a (hill-brownisli (joloi, so like that of tlie ATTACKIXG THE ROOTS. 23< these ogt^s liatcli, and the young one.s shortly beeomc eirg-laying mothers like the first, and, like them, also remain wingless. After several generations of these egg-bearing liee have l)een produeed, a number of individuals about the middle of sum- mer aequire wings. Tliese also are all females, and they issue from the ground, and, rising in the air, liy, or are carried with the wind, to neighboring vineyards, where they deposit eggs on the under side of the leaves among their downy liairs, beneatii the loosened bark of the branches and trunk, or in crevices of the ground about the base of the vine. Occasionally individual root-lice abandon their underground habits and I'orni galls on the leaves. The complete life-history of this insect is extremely inter- esting and curious, and those desiring further information as to the ditferent modifications of form assumed bv the insect in the course of its development will find it given with much minuteness of detail in the fifth, sixth, seventh; and eighth "Reports on the Insects of Missouri," by C. Y. Riley. lioncdies. — This is an extremely diflicudt insect to subdue, and various means for the purpose have been suggested, none of which appear to be entirely satisfactory. Flooding the vineyards, wdiere practicable, seems to be more successful than any other measure, but the submergence must be total and prolonged to the extent of from twenty-five to thirty days; it should be undertaken in September or October, when it is said that the root-lice will be drowned and the vines come out uninjured. Bisulphide of carbon is stated by some to be an efficient remedv ; it is introduced into the soil bv means of an auger with a hollow shank, into which this liquid is poured ; several holes are made about each vine, and two or three ounces are poured into each hole. Beiii^ ' :<.tremely offensive in odor and very volatile, its vai)or permeates the soil in every direc- tion, and is said to kill the lice without injuring the vines. This su' jtance should be handled with caution, as its vapor is very inflammable and explosive. Alkaline stdpho-carbon- T^ 238 INSECTS INJVRIOVS TO THE GRAPE. ates are also recomiiienclcd ; those are gradually decomposed in the soil and give oflf sulphuretted hydrogen and bisulphide of carbon. Carbolic aeid mixed with water, in the propor- ticm of one ])art of the acid to fifty or one hundred parts of water, has also been used with advantage, })oured into two or three holes made around the base of each vine with an iron bar to the deptli of a foot or more. Soot is also recommendcMJ to be strewed around the vines. It is stated that the insect is let ..jurious to vines grown on sandy soil, also to those grown on lands impregnated with salt. Since large numbers of these insects, both winged and wingless, are known to crawl over the surface of the grountl in August and September, it has been suggested to sprinkle the ground about the vines at this period with quicklime, ashes, sulphur, salt, or other substances destructive to insect life. The application f)f fertilizers rich in jjotash and annno- nia, such as ashes mixed Vvith stable-manure or sal ammo- niac, has been found useful. A simple remedy for the gall- inhabiting type is to pluck the le;r as soon as the galls ap})ear and destroy them. Several species of predaceous insects prey on this louse. A black species of Thrips with white-fringed wings [Thrips pliyUo.vene Kiley, see Fig. 244) de})osits its eggs within the gall, which when hatched produce larvae of a blood- ///l'///lM0^i^-- red color, which i)lav sad -'^^ havoc among the lice. The larva of a Syrphus fly, F'lpiza radicum, which feeds on the root-louse of the apple (see Fig. 2), has also been found attacking the Phylloxera. Another useful friend is a small mite {Tyroghjphus phyltoxenv P. & li., see Fig. 245), which devours the lice; and associated with Fig. 244. ATTACK I XG THE ROOTS. 2:39 this is sometimes fouiul anotlier species {Ifop/ophora ardaia Kiley) of II very curious form, remiiuliiig one «»f :i imisscl. Fill:. 24G represents this insect in ilitferent attitmlfs, lii^^hiy inatriiified. The giill-inhabitini^ type is very subject to the attacks of a small two-winged fly, Dlplo,sis yrassator Fyles, which deposits Fi . -IA: its eggs either in the gall or at its entrance, from which the larva is soon produced. This, although destitute of legs, is very active, and, groping about in the interior of the gall, seizes on the young lice soon after they are hatched and sucks them dry. It does not appear at first to attack the parent lice; Pig. 24G. the tender progeny are more to its liking, and these are produced in sufficient numbers to furnish it with a constant supply of fresh food. In some instances one larva, in others two are found in a single gall, and as they increase in size they devour the lice very rapidly, and before changing to the 2iU lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. Fio. 247. chrysalis state clear the ga'l entirely of" its contents. The larva (Fig. 247, a) is about one-tenth of an inch long, of a pale pinkish-yellow color, glossy and semi-trans^ irent, with a (lark line down the back on the two anterior and some of the i)osterior segments. On the terminal segment there are two short, fleshy horns united by a slight ridge; the horns are tipped with brownish black, and have a minute cluster of spines at their sun)mit. The chrysalis, shown at h in the figure, is a little less than one-tenth of an inch in length, of a reddish-brown color, with a few short hairs scattered over its surfate, and two blackish horns united by a ridge near the hinder extremity. Both the chrysalis and the larva are magnified. The ]HM"fect insect escapes in about a fortnight after the chrysalis is foi-med. Jt is a very pretty little two-winged fly, shown iiMich magnified at c in the figure, and of its natural size at d. The Phylloxei'a is also preyed on by the larva of a dull- colored lady-bird, a species of Scymnus, by several other species of the lady-bird family, and by the larviu of the lace- wing ilies referred to under No. 57. To guard against its introduction into new vineyards, the roots of young vines should be(!arefully exiunined before being planted, and if knots and lice are foinid upon them these latter may be destroyed by immersing the roots in hot soap- suds or tobaci'o-watcr. Our native Americiui vines are found to withstand (he attacks of this insect much better than do those of Kuro|)eaii ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 241 ori<2;in ; lience by grat'tiiit; the more susfeptiblo varieties on these hardier sorts, the ill efFeets nroducod bv the lice inav in some measure be counteracted. The roots recommended to be used as stocks are those of Concord, Clinton, llerbemont, Cun- ningham, Norton's Virginia, Kentz, Cynthiana, and Taylor. The Clinton, one of the varieties reeomm Mided, is particularly liable to the attaei<s of the gall-producing type of Phylloxera, but the lice are seldom found to any great extent on its roots, and the vine is so vigorous a grower that a slight attack would not ])r()duee any perceptible injury. ATTACKING THE BEANOHES. No. 126. — The Grape-vine Bark-louse. Pah)inaria iinninwrdhilis liutlivoii. Durinj; the month of June there are .sometimes foiuid on th'j branches of the grape-vine, brown, hemispherical scales, from under one end of which there protrudes a cotton-like sub.stance, which increases in size until the bco;inning of July, bv which time it has beeonu; a mass about foiu* times as large as the scale, (See Fig. 2-18.) This cottony niiitter contains the q\i;'j:,^ of (he in- sect, :uid very soon there issue iVom it miimt(^, oval, yellowish-white lice, which distribute themselves over the branches, to which tiiey attach themselves, and shortly become stationary, sucking the juices. This species is bebeved to be (he sauK; as the I{;uro[)ean scale-insect of the vine. These scales are not usually found in any great al)undanee, and may be readily scraped oil' with a knife or other suitabhi instrument, whlcih should be done before the young liee escape. It] 242 JASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. No. 127. — The Four-spotted Spittle-insect. Aphropliora Ji.-notala Say. OccasioiuvUy there appear upon the brandies in June spots of wliite, frotliy matter, resembling spittle, embedded in whieli is found a soft, pale, wingless inseet, which punctures the barU and sucks the juices from the branch, at the same time secreting ovf^r and around itself this s])ittle-like covering. The perfect or winged insect (see Fig. 249) is a flattened tree-hopper of a brown color -v .lich occurs upon the vines in the early Fin. 249. part of July. It is -ibout three-tenths of an inch \f:^ '<"^g5 'fs Aving-cover, .-e brown, with a blackish s[)ot 'i^^l '^'' ^''^' ^'1^' "^ second one on the middle of the outer 'W^ jiiiirgin, and a third one at the base, with the spaces between the spots whitish. Should tiiis insect at any time prove injurious, it may be easily destroyed by tlie hand while in the soft, wingless form enclo.sed in its frothy covering. No. 128, — Signoret's Spittle-insect. Aphroi^hora Sif/iwreli Fitch. This is an insect very similar in habits and appe; 'ance to No. 127, surrounding itself while in the soft or larval condi- tion with the same sort of frothy mass. W'^hen perfect, it is a litthi more than three tenths of an inch long, of a tawny- brown color clouded with dull white, :>.!'.d thickly punctated with black dots. The wing-covers have on their inner n>argin, near the tij), a small white spot, and another larger one o|»po- site this on the outer margin ; but the wings are not spotted with black as in No. 127. No. 129.— The Two-spotted Tree-hopper. Eilf/iciinptt hinolaitt (Siiv), This is a sniad Init vciy odd-looking brown ins(H't, \vith two yellowish spots on (he edge of the back, and i |vrolongation ill front like the beak of u bird. Jt sometimes |)uncturos the ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. 243 or tender steins of the grape, eausing them to wilt and turn l)ro\vn. Wliile this tree-hopj)er is occasionally found on tlie vine, it is much more common on the red-hud, Cercis ; but its favorite home is on the wafer-ash, Ptelea trifoUatd. No. 130. — The Red-shouldered Sinoxylon. Sinvxijlon basilar e (Siiy), The ku'va of this insect (Fig. 250, a) bores into the stems of grape-vines, and sometimes also into the branches and trunks of aj)ple and peach trees. It is a yellowish, ^^"^^ '^■^'^• wrinkled grub, about three- tenths of an inch long, with the anterior segments swol- len, the liead small, and the body arched or bent. The chrysalis (Fi^. 2;')(), h) is of a pale-yellowish color, and is formed in the chambers mined l)y the lai'va. Tlie beetle is shown in the figure :it <*. It is about one-fifth of an inch long, black, with a large reddish sj)ot at the base of each wing-cover. The thorax is punctated and armed with short spines in front; the wing-covers arc roughemil with dots, and ap|)ear as if cut oil'oblicjuely behind, the outer edge of the cut portion being I'nrnishcd with three teeth on each side. The only method suggested for d(!stroying this insect is to l)urn the wood infested by it. No. 131. — The Grape-vine Wound-gall. Vitis vulnus Ililoy. This curious gall, which is represented in Fig. 251, is pro- du(!ed by the Sesostris snout-beetle, Ainpclof/fi/jitcr kScsostris (Lee). The be<>tle(Fig. 252) is about one-eighth of an inch long, of a reddish-brown color, with n stout beak half as long as its body. Tin; thorax is punclated, and the wing- HMMM^dMMHI riMiMgikJkM L.. 1 244 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. Fui. 2-51. illl'l iV cases are polislied and glossy, without any markings. It appears during the eai'ly })art of July, wlien the female punc- tures the stem of the vine and de])osits an egg tiierein, which shortly hatches, producing a tiny whitish grub, wdiich lives within the swollen ])art and feeds upon it. At first th(! gall is small and inconspicuous, but towards the end of the season it assumes the form of an elongated knot or swelling, as shown in the figure; this is generally situated immediately above or below a joint. Usually there is a longitudinal depres- ij >\ou on one side, div.'ding that j)ortion into tvn prominences, which commonly have a i"osy tint. Within the gall I lie larva remains until June of the following year. ^\'hen full grown, it is about a quarter of an inch long, white, cylindrical, and footless, with a larne yellowish head. During the month of June it changes to a cluysalis, from which the })crfect beetle is produced in about a fort- night. These galls do not apjiear to injvU'e to any material extent the branches on which they occur; shoidd thevcver multiply BO as to become injurious, their increase may be readily checked by culling off and burning those jjortions of the canes on which they are situated, before tiie beetles escape. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 132. — The Green Grape-vine Sphinx. Darapsn inj/roii (Cramer). The lai'va of (his insect is one of the most (jommon and destructive of the leaf-eating insects injurious to tiie grape. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 245 The first brood of the perfect or wiiioed insect appears from tiie middle to tlie end of May, when the female deposits her eggs on the under side of the leaves, generally placing them singly, but sometimes in groups of two or three. The eggs are nearly round, about one-twentieth of an inch long, a little less in width, smooth, and of a pale yellowish-green color, changing to reddish before hatching. The young cater[)illar comes out of the egg in five or six days, when it makes its first meal on a part of the empty egg- Fi(i. 253. In and Igi'ape. shell, and then attacks the softer portions of the grape-vine leaves. When first hatclied, it is one-fifth of an inch long, of a pale yellowish-green color, with a large head, aiul having a long black horn near its posterior extremity, h;^f as long as its bodv. As it increases in si/e, tlic iiorn becomes rela- tivcly shorter and changes in color ; the markings of the larva also vary considerably at each moult. AVhen full grown, it presents the appearance shown in Fig. 253. It is then about two inches long, with u rather small head of a ])ale-green color dotted with yellow and with a pale-yellow strij)0 down each si(l(i ; the body is green, of a slightly deeper shad(^ than the head, and covered with small yellow dots or granulations ; HMI 24U JiXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. along the sides of tlie body these granulations arc so arranged as to form a series of seven oblique strij)es, extending back- wards, and margined behind with a darker green. A white lateral stripe with a dark-green margin extends from just behind the head to the horn near the other extremity. Along the back are a series of seven spots, varying in color from ri'd to pale lilac, each set in a ])atch of })alc yellow. The caudal horn is one-fifth of an inch long, and varies in color from reddish to bluish green, granulated with black in front, and sometimes yellow behind and at the tip. This larva lias the power of drawing the head and next two segments within the fourth and fifth, causing these latter to appear much distended; the feet are red, the ])rolegs pale green. tSome specimens, cspccitdly among those of the later brood, will be found exhibiting remarkable variations in color; instead of green they assume a delicate reddish-pink hue, with markings of darker shades of red and brown, which so ahcr their appearance that they might at first sight be rcacliiy taken lor a dilferent species; a careful comparison, howevei', will show the same arrangement of dots and spots as in the normal form. When full grown, the larva descends from the vine and draws a few leaves looselv together, binding them with silken threads, usually about or near the base of the vine on which it has l(>d, and within this rude structure changes to a chrysalis (see Fig. 251) of a j)al(>-brown coloi', dotted and streaked with a darker shade, and with a row ol" oval dark- bi'own spots along eacrh side. The moths from this first brood of larvic usually appear during the latter ])art of July, when they deposit eggs for a seevnd brood wliich mature late in September, pass the winter in tiie j)U[)a stale, and emerge as moths in the following ]\Iay. The wings oi' this insect, when fully expanded, measme ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 247 about two and a half inches aorofis, their form being h)ng and narrow, as shown in Fiji;. "JoO. The fore winj^.s arc of a dai'lc olive-green color, crossed by bands and streaks of greenish gray, and shaded on the outer margin with tlie same hue. The hind wings an; dull red, with a patch of greenish gi'ay next the body, shading gradually into the surrounding color. On the under side the red ajipears on the f )re wings, the hinder pair being greenish gray. The antenufcare dull white al)ove, rosy below, head and shotdder-covers deej) olivc-grctn, (he Fig. 2r.o, rest of the body of a paler shade of green; underneath the body is dull gray. This moth rests quietly during the day, tahing wing at dusk, when it is extremely active ; its flight is very swift and strong, and as it darts suddenly from flower to flower, rapidly vibrating its wings, remaining j)oised in the air over the obje(!ts of its search, while the long, sl(Mulor tongue is in- serted and the sweets extracted, it reminds one strongly of a humming-bird. The caterpillars are very destructive to the foliage of the vino, being capable of consuming an enormous quantity 1)1" food; one or two of them, when nearly full grown, will abnost strip a small vine; of its foliage in the coiii-sc of two or ihree days. \\\ some districts tiiey are said to nip off the stalks of (he half-grown clusters of gra[)es, so that they fall lairipc! to the groiuid. « ' -A 248 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. Remedies. — The readiest and most effectual method of dis- posing of" these pests is to pick them off the vines and kill them. They are easily found hy the denuded canes which mark their course, or where the foliage is dense they may be tracked by their large brown castings, which strew the ground under their places of resort. Nature has provided a very efficient t^heck to their undue increase, in a small })arasitic fly, a species of Ichneu- mon (see Fig. 256), the ieniale of which punctures the skin of the caterpillar and deposits her eggs underneath, where they soon hatch into young larv», which feed U[)on the fatty portions of their victim, avoiding the vital organs. By the time the sphinx caterpillar has become full grown, these parasitic larvre have matured, and, eating their way through the skin of their host, they construct their tiny snow-white cocoons on its body, as shown in Fig. 257, from Nvhich, in about a week, the friendly fly escapes by pushing open a nicely-fitting lid at one end of its structure. No larva thus infested ever reacihes maturity; it invariably shrivels up and dies. Fig 257. No. 133.— The Paiidorus Sphinx. Philampclus Pandorus (llUbn.). This is one of the most beautiful of our Sphinx nioths, a rare as well as lovely creature, and an object highly prized by collectors. It is found throughout the Northern United States, and occasi(mally in Canada, but is nowhere very common. It is represented in Fig. 258. Its Avings, when exi)anile(l, will measure I'rom four to four and a half inches across; they are of a light-olive color, mixed with gray, and varied Midi ])atches of a darker olive-green, rich and velvety, and some portions, esjKX'ially on the hind wings, of a rosy hue. The body is pale greenish browji, ornamented with dark-olive A TTA CKING Til E L KA \ KS. 249 ]>;itchcs. The moths appear in July, when, ai'tcr j)airiiitr, the female deposits her eg<i^s singly on the leaves of the grape- vine, or Virginia creeper, ^4???^>r/o/),s'/6' quinqtiefoIia,whG\v they shortly hatch, producing small green larvre of a ])iidvish hue along the sides, and with a very long })ink horn at the tail. As the caterpillar increases in size, the horn becomes shorter, Fio. 258. and after a time curves round, as shown at c, Fig. 2')d. As the larva approaches maturity, it changes to a reddish-brown color, aud after the third moult entirely loses the caudal horn, which is replaced by a glassy, eye-lilv! spot, '.riie mature larva, when in motion, as shown at a in the figure, will measure nearly four inches in length, but when at rest it draws the head and two adjoining segments within the fourth, as shown in the iigure at h, which shortens its body nearl}' an inch, giving it a very odd appearau'-e, with its anterior portions so blunt and thick. It is of a rich reddish-bi'own color, of a lighter shade along the back, with live nearly oval cream-colored spots along each side from the seventh to the eleventh segment inclusive. On the anterior segm(>p.ts there are a number of black dots; a dark, polished, raised, 250 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. FiQ. 259. eye-like spot in place of the tail, the breathiiit^-pores alonjj; the sides black, showing [)roniinently in the creani-colored spots. It is a very voracions feeder, and strips the vine of its leaves with such ra- pidity that it soon attracts attention. _ AVhen i'nll grown, p:/)\t descends from the vine and buries itself in the ground, where it forms an oval cell, within which it changes to a chrysa- lis. Tlie chrysalis is of a chestnut-brown ^y color, with the seg- ments roughened with impi'essed ])oints, the terminal joint having a long thi(!k spine. Tiic insect usually re- mains in the chrysa- lis state until the fol- lowing summer, but occasionally it ma- tures and escapes tiie same season. Should these larvte at any time prove trouble- some, they can be readily subdued by hand-picking. No. 134. — The Achemon Sphinx. riuUimpclus arlicmoii (l)riiry). The caterpillar of this sphinx (Fig. 2G0) is truly a formida- ble-looking creature, measuring, wdien full grown, if at rest, about three inches, and when in motion about three and a ATTACK! yo THE LKAVES. 2r)i luilf inelios. It much resemhles timt of I'aiulonis, Xo. l.j'3, aiul feeds also on the Virginia creeper [AmpclopHis (juinfjucfolin) ;i- well as on the grape-vine. The egg is laid on the under side of the leaf in July, and the young larva, when hatched, is of a light-green color, with a very conspicnous reddish- brown horn, half as long as its body, whicii, as the larva increases in size, becomes shorter, and tinally disap])ears, its place being occui)icd by a polished tubercle with a central black dot. The mature larva varies from a pale straw-color to a reddish brown, the color growing darker down the sides, Pio. 260. becoming deep brown as it approaches the under surface. An interrupted line of brown runs along the back, and another unbroken one extends along each side; Ixjlow this latter there are six eream-colored s])ots, as shown in the figure, one on each segment, from the si.\th to tiie eleventh inclusive. The body is nuich wrinkled, and dotted with minute spots, which are dark on the back, lighter :ind annulated at the sides. The head and next two segments arc small, and arc drawn within the fourth when at rest, as seen in the figure. It becomes full grown during tlu; latter part of August or early in September, and just before undergoing its next change assumes a beau- tiful piidc or crimson color. Leaving the vine, it descends to the ground, where it buries itself to the depth of several inches, and, having formed for itself a smooth cell, changes to a chrysalis (Fig. 201) of a (lark, shining, mahogany color, with the antcTior edg(\s of the segments along the back roughened with mimite points, and with a short, blunt spine at the extremity. The inse(,'i usually 252 IS SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. remains in this condition in the "-round until late in Juno the following year; but instances have been recorded where the moth has appeared the same season. Fig. 261. The moth is of a brownish-gray color, variegated uith ligln brown, and with deep-brown spots, as shown in Fig. 262. The hind wings are pink, becoming deeper red near the middle. There is a broatl gray border behind, with a row of darker Fig. 262. spots along its front edge, becom'ng t. li'^r towards the outer margin. The body is redd! , with two triangular patches of deep brown on the tl This insect is found in most a^^ ])artsof the United States and Canada where the grap* is altivated, but has never oc- curred in sufficient numbers to be injurious. It is S' conspic- ATTACKISO THE LEAVES. 253 uous in the larval state that it might easily be controlled by Ii:nul-))icldng shonkl it at any time prove tronblesome. No. 135.— The Abbot Sphinx. Thi/retis Ahbotil Swiiiiison. This is not a common insect, yet it is fonnd occasionally over a large portion of the United States and (,'anada. The oaterpilhir (see Fig, 268) attains fnll growth abont the end of Pig. 203. Jnly or the beginning of Angnst, when it measures nearly two iuid a half inches in length. It varies considerably in color, from dull yellow to reddish brown, each segment being marked transversely with six or seven fnie black lines, and longitu- dinally with dark-brown patches, giving to the larva a check- ered ai)pearance. Near the posterior extremity of the body there is a polished black tubercle above, ringed with yellow. The chrysalis is commonly formed in a little cavity on the surface of the ground, covered with a few pieces of leaves loosely fastened together and mixed with grains of earth, but it is said sometimes to bury itself below the surface. It is about an inch and a quarter long, of a dark-brown color, roughened with small indentations except between the joints, 254 JNSfJCTS INJUR JO US TO THE GRAPK. niul tcriniiiatiiig in ;i flattened point, with two suiail thorns at the entl. T!)o insect remains in the chrysalis- condition until the followinti" sprini^. The moth (Fig. 26."i) is found on the winj; from the early part of April to the entl of INTay, and measures, when its wings :ire spread, two and a half inches or more across. It is oi" u dull chocolate-brown color, the front wings hecomin*; ])ale beyond the middle, and marked with dark brown as in the fiijnre. The hind wings are vellow, with a broatl brow n IxH'der, brcakirig into a series of short lines as it approaches the bo(ly. The abdomen is furnished with tnfr.s along the sides r.ear the extremity, and when the inseet is at rest is cnr\ed upwards. It is scarcely likely that it will ever prove destructive; should it at any time become so, It may be subdued by liand- ])icking. It is preyed upon by a small species of Ichneumon tly, which in the larval state lives within the body of the si)hinx caterpillar and liiiaily destroys it. No. 136.— The White-lined Deilephila. Dcikphila lincala (Fair.). This handsome moth (sec Fig. 2G4) is a comj)aratively common insect, and has a wide goographical range, being found throughout the greater portion of tlu> United States and Canada, also in the West Indies and in ^rexieo. It is double-brooded, ap|)earing on the wing eai'Iy in .luuc, and again in S(>pteniber. Its ])erio(l of activity begins with the twilight, when it may be seen Hitting about with greai I'apidily, liovcring like a huuiming-bird over tlowers while cxtrai'tiug their nectar. TIk^ ground col^r of the fore wings is a rich greenish olive, with a j)ale-bun' stripe or bar extending along the middle of the wing from the bas-e to near the tip; ;.loMg the outer mai'gin there is another band or stripe nearly ecpial in width and of a duli-gray color, and the veins are distincily margined with white. The hind wings are small, and are crossed by a witle, rosy band, which covers a large j>ortion <»f ATTACK! AG THE LEAVES. 255 tliorns at ion until the early when its !ross. 1 1 hoconiiiii; 3\vn as in ad brown pi)roaolios ilonj:; the it rest is striictivc ; by liaiul- 'hneuiiii»n Iv of the iratively >;■(', being tl States ). It is \\\i\ ami witli the lapidiiy, 'xtrai'lini;' IS a rich insj; aion<i' j) ; i.loni;' •ly e(inal listint^ily and are Driion of tiuii surface, wliile above and below tiiis band the c(»Ior is almost black, the hinder niari^in beinj^ frinijed with 'Ahitc On the bodv there is a line of white on each side, extendinir Fig. 12(j4. from the head to the base of (he thorax, wiicrc it, unites with another line of the same color, which extends down the mid<ll(', and, dividing, sends a branch to each side. The abdomen is Kkj. !>(;; w III n greenish olive spotted witli white and black; the wings, expanded, measure about three and a half inches across. 'J'he liirvii is Ibund occasionally feeding on (he leaves of th(> grape-vine, but more commonly on purslane; it i'eeds also on turnip, buckwheat, and apple leaves. It is very variable in color. The most common form is that shown in I'ig. '2(55, where the body is yellowish green, with a row of |U'ominent mmim 256 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. :!>j)ot.s along each side, each spot consisting of two curved black lines, enclosing a crimson patch above and a i)ale-yell()\v line below, the whole being connected by a i)ale-yelIow stripe edged with black. In some ii:stances these spots are discon- nected, and the space between the black crescents is of a inii- ibrm cream-color. The breathing-pores, lower down the side, are margined with black, or l)!ack edged with yellow. The other form of the caterpillar is black, with a yellow Hue down Fuj. L'G( the back, and a <louble series of yellow spots and dots along the sides. It is shown in Fig. 200. When matni'e, it buries itself under the surface, where, ■within a smooth cavity, it (changes to a light-brown chrysalis, the moth emerging early in September, when it dej)osits eggs, from which the .'^econd brood of larvie are produced, which niatui(>, enter the ground, and change to chrysalids belbro \vinter sets in. Since it feeds mainly on plants of little value, and on these iji no great abundance, it is scarcely entitled to be classed with injuricus iiiKccts; yet on account of its being found occasionally feeding on grape l(>aves it is deserving of mention here. A two-winged parasitic lly, a s|)ecies of Tachina, iid'ests it and destrovs a lari>e number oi' {\\(\ larva\ No. 137. — The Dark-veined Deilephila. Dcilrphila c/Kiinanicyii Uiirris. This moth very closely r(\seml)les the white-lined Deile- ])hila, No. l;JG, as will be seen from Fig. 207. It Ins the same greenish-olive color, and almost the same stripes and ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 257 black \v line stripe liscoM- a \\W\- e side, The i down 1 along wlierc, rvsalis, ts eggs, ^vlli('ll hel'oro II those I'd with )()ii;dly r. A it and |])ei le- as the Ls und inarkuigs; but there are differv'nces whii-h will enable anyone w ith ease to .sej)arate the two species. JJncuta is much the larger insect, measuring, when its wings are spread, about three and a half inches, while diamtxner'd rarely exceeds two inches and three-qi arters. The central band on the fore wings in chamicncru is wider and more irregular, the thorax also is less marked with white; but the most striking point of ditlerence iii that the veins of the fore wings in lincala are ilistinctly lined with white, a characteristic wanting in cliamivDcrii The mature larva measures from two and a half to three inches in length. The head is small, dull red, with a black Fro. -2(\7. stripe across the front at base. The body above is deep olive- gi'tjen, with a polished surface; there is a pale-yellowish line along the bacrk, terminating at the base of iUv caudal horn, and on each segment, from the third to the twelfth inclusive, there is a pale-yellow spot on each side, about half-way between the dorsal line and the breathing-pores, largest on the segments I'rom the sixth to the eleventh inclusive; the spot on the twelfth s(>gment is elongated, and, extending u|»wards, terminates at the base of the horn. There; is a wide hut indistinct blackish band across the anterior part of each segment, in which the yellow spots are phmed, and iUo. sides of the body below the- spots are thi<'kly sprinkled with minute raised yellow dots. The horn is long, curved back- wards, red, tipped with black, and roughened on its surface; 17 258 JASKCIS IXJLRIOiS TO THE GRAPE. the brcatliinjr-porcs oval, yellow, and iiiar«;i iicd with dull black. Under .surface pale piuUisli green, feet black, prole«is ])ink, with a patch of black on the outside of each. This dcsci'iption of the larva was taken from three s])e('i- mens found feeding on a grape-vine early in duly. One of tlicin matured and formed a slight cocoon of leaves fastened with silken threads on the surface of the ground, after (he manner of the green grape-vine sphinx, No. Jo2; the other two died before eom[)leting their trar.sformations. This larva is said to feed also on purslane; it U not nearly so common as li)ic(d((, and is not likely ever to [)rove injui'ious to tuiy considerable extent. No. 138.— The Beautiful Wood-nymph. I'liilnjiis ijrtihi ( fiilii'.). The larva of this lovely moth is (piite destructive to the foliage of the vine, upon which the moth itself is often found resting during the daytime, its closed wings forming a steep roof over its back, and its fore legs, which have a curi<»us nnill'-like tuft of white hairs, protruded, giving the inscd a very singular aj)|)earance. When its wings are expanded, they measure about an inch and three-(piartei's across. (See Fig. 2(>8.) Its foie wings are creamy white, with a glossy surface; a wide brownish- purple st'ipe extends along the anteridi' margin, reach- ing from the base to a little bcyoud the middle of llic wing, and on the outer mar- gm 1 same broad band lue wid I'lung p(»te rioriv, and haviuir a wavv while line running through it, formed by nn'mite pearlv do<s or scales, and a didl deep-green edging on its inner side. The brownish-purple band is continued along the hinder edge, but gradually l)eeomes narrower, and terminates wluii ATTACKLWG THE LEAVES. 259 iioar the base. There are also two brownish spots near the middle of the wiiis^, one round, the otiier kidnov-shaped ; these are sometimes s;) eovered with pearly-white scales as to he indistinct above, "out arc clear and strikint;' on the under side. The hind wings are deep yellow, with a broad brownish- piu'{)le band along the hinder margin, extending nearly to the outer angle, and powdered with a few pearly-white scales ; there is a faint dot on the middle of the wing, which is more |)iv)minent on the under side. The head is black, and there is a wide black stri[)e down the back, mei-ging into a series of black spots extending to near the tip of the abdomen, which is tufted with white. The shoulder-covers are white, and the sides of the body deep yellow, with a row of black dots along each side close to the under surface. The wings IxMieath are reddish vellow, and the bodv white. The moth ihey eat small holes in the leaves, and, when at rest, throw th(,' hinder segments of the bodv lorward over the anterior i>ues, making a curious sort of loop; as they grow larger they devour all |)arts of the leaf, the framework as well as the softer substance. When nuiture, they are about an inch and a hall' long, and appear as sjiown at <( in b^ig. 2(]0. The 260 i: SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. body tapers towards the head, and becomes thicker as it a])- proaciies tiie posterior extremity; the head is orange, dotted with black, the body pale bluish, crossed by bands of orange and many lines of black. Each segment, except the head and the terminal one, is crossed by an orange band of nearly uniform width, except that on the twelfth segment, which is wider; on the terminal segment there are two bands. All these bands are dotted more or less with black, a single short brown hair arising from each dot. The number oi" black lines crossing each segment is usually six ; b shows one of the segments magnified ; at c the horny shield behind the head is shown ; and at d the hump towards the hinder extremity, all enlarged. The breath ing-pores are oval and black. The under side is very similar to the uj)per. Although partial to the vine, it feeds also on the Virginia creeper, and occasionally on the hoj). When full grown, which is usually some time during the month of August or early in September, the larva descends from the vine and seeks some suitable location in whic^h to ])ass the chrysalis state. It frequently bores into decaying wood, and is fond of taking refuge in corn-cobs ; it is also said to burrow under groiuul sometimes. In confinement it bores readily into j)ieces of cork, excavating with its jaws a chamber but little larger than the chrysalis which is to rest in it, and when finished the chamber is })rovided with a caj) or cover composed of minute fragments of cork united by a glutinous secretion. On lifting this lid, there will be seen w dark-brown chrysalis, about seven-tenths of an inch long. Sometimes the moth escapes from the chry.salis late in the .sune season, but commonly it remains in this conilition until (he following spring. This insect is subject to the attacks of a two-winged para- site, a species of Taiihina, not unlike the conunon house-lly in apj)earauce. (See Fig. 273, which shows (he insect in its (hi'ee stages of larva, chrysalis, and fiy ; sdso the anterior .segments of a caterpillar, with eggs in posidon.) This parasite is also ATTACKiyO THE LEAVES. 261 5 it iij)- , dotted orange le head nearly 'hieh is ,s. All le short i" blaeic e of the head is treniity, k. The artial to isionally ring the deseends vhich to leeaying is also inent it ; jaws a IS to rest th a eaj) teil by a seen a h long. b in the Ion vnitil '(I jiara- ise-lly ill jits three leginents le is also found on the army-worm and several other caterpillars. It is about a quarter of au inch long, with a white face, large reddish eves, a dark, liairv bodv. r>^) Fio. four dark lines down the thorax, and patches of a grayish shade along the sides of the abdomen. The ])arent fly deposits her eggs on the back of the caterpillar, usually a short distance behind the head, se- curely fastened by a glutinous sub- stance secreted with them. From tliese hatch tiny grubs, which eat their way into the l)ody of the cater[)iHar, feed upon its substance, and finally destroy it, the grubs, when mature, escaping IVom the body of their victim and clianging io oval, smooth, dark-brown chrysalids. Ijsually a large proportion of the caterpillars are infested by this friendly parasite; otherwise they would soon become a sonrcc of nuieh annoyance to grape-growers. Where artificial remedies arc re(iuired, the vines may be syringed with helkjbore and water or Paris-green and water, as directed for tlie larva of No. 140. Hand-picking may also be resorted to. No. 139.— The Pearl Wood-nymph. Eiidrj/iis H)iio (HUlmcr). This is a very near relative of Eitdri/as grata, Xo. 138, and so closely do the two species resemble each other in the larval condition that it is difficult to distinguish between them. Unio has usuiilly been regarded as a grape-feeding insect, but from re(!ent observations of ISlr. Ijintner, of Albany, Xcw York, wlu) has ibund and reared the larva on an entirely difTcr- c." plant, J'jipliorbia coloraf.iun, it is possible that it may not feed on the grape-vine at all, and that Dr. Fitch, who first an- nounced this as its food-plant, may have nustaken the larva of E. fjnita for unio. Since there seems io be some doubt about tlse matter, we shall briefly describe the insect here. 262 INSECTS JXJUJilOUS TO THE GRAPE. Fi(i. 1271. The moth (Fi*^. 271) is ;i little siimller than (jnda, iiietis- uring, when expanded, about one inch and tliree-eighths. It dill'ers also in the Ibllowing pai'- tieulars: on the fore wings the l)r<)\vnish-j)ur})le stripe on the front margin is extended farther along the wing, the bordering of the outer margin is paler and more uniform in width, the inner edge is wavy instead of .straight, and the bordering of the hind margin is wider and more distinet. The border on the hind wings is mneh paler, and extends the whole length of the outer margin. The laiA'a is nearly an ineh and a (piarter long. The head is of an orange color, spotted with Idaek, the body banded with white, black, and orange, most of the segments having three white and three black lines on each side of a central orange band. The botly tapers towards the head, the hinder segments l)eing elevated. The chrysalis is I'eddish brown, with rows of very minute teeth on the back, and a thick, blunt spine on each side of the abtlonien at the tip. No. 140.— The Eight-spotted Forester. Ah/pia orfdiiKtriiliifa (Fiiljr. ). While the moth of this species is v(!ry dilTcrent in appear- ance from Nos. 138 and 139, the larva is yt^vy similar, being white or pale bluish, with many black lines, and an orange band across each segment. This larva (Fig. 272, a) may, however, be (bstinguished by its having eirjlit black lines on each segment (counting the two which border the oi'ange baud) (see 6, Fig. 272) instead of .six; it has also a series of white spots along each side close to the under surfiun;. Tlxf orange bands are fainter on the anterior segments, and those on the nnddle segments are dotted with black, and I'rom each of these dots there arises a short whitish hair. The lirad and the u[)i)er {)art of the next segment are of a deep orange, AT TACKING THE LEAVES. 2t)3 ulong hppcur- ', heiiiii,' ()r:in<ie \) may, lint's on ' hand) white oraiiiiiv on the \\\r\\ of ■ad and |oran;^'(', Avith hluek dots and a jjohslied surface. When younu-, the larva is ])aler, with less distinct markings; it feeds on the under side ot" tiie leaf, and when alarmed can let itself 5"'" '27-> down to the ground hv ti si thread, regaining its jjosi hy the same thread when danger is })ast. When ne i'nll grown, it sometimes {•cals itself dui'ing the dayt within a folded leaf. jjofore effecting its next change, it moujds for itself an earthen cell, upon or just below the surface, which is not lined with silk, and within this enclosure is transformed into a Ijiown chrysalis, from which, in the early hrood, the moth t'scapes. in a few days. There an; usually two hroods eacdi year, the moths ai)pearing on the wing in May and August, tlie caterpillars in June and Jidy and in September. The moth is shown ate in tlicfigiu-e. It is a veiy beautiful creat' re, of a deej) blue-black color, with two large pale-yellow spots on each of the front wings, and two white spots on each of the hind wings. In the figure the fitsmale moth is repre- sented; the male has the spots on the wings projiortionately arger, and a cons|)icuous white mark along the t 11) ot tl le ahdouien. TlHishoidder-coversare yellow, and the legs j>artly orange. The wings, when sj)read, measure from an inch to an inch and a quarter or more across. This insect is very generally distributed, being found in most portions of tlie United States and Canada. Where the larva j)roves destructive, it may be subdued by syringing the foliage with Paris-green and water, in the proportion of a leaspoonful to two gallons, or powdered hellebore and water, in the proportion of one ounce to two gallons. 264 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GliAPE. Fio. 273. Cty No. 141. — The Grape-vine Epimenis. J'si/comorpha epimenis (Drury). Tliere is still another gnipe-feeding insect which, in the cat- erpillar state, bears a strong general resemblance to Nos. 1.38 and 139. The larva (Fig. 273, a) in this species is smaller, of a bhiish-white color, with fonr transverse black binds c- Ci-i^^i-:!) yjj ^.j^pjj gQgpieijf;^ ag shown at i in the fignre, and a feu- black dots, bnt lacks the oranire bands which (lis- tingnish the three species last described. The shield behind the head, the hnmpon the twelfth segment, and the anal plate are of a dnll-orange color; the dots on the hiunp are arranged as shown at c in the fignre. The yonng larva attacks the ter- minal buds of tlie vine in spring, fastening the young leaves bv a few silken tlireads, and secreting itself within the en- dostu'e. When full grown, which is usually towards the end of May, it bores into soft wood or any other suitable sub- stance, and there changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis, about four-tenths of an inch long, roughened on the joints, and having a curious, flattened, horny projection on each side of the tip. Within this enclosure it remains until the following spring, when the perfect insect escaj)es. The moth (Fig. 274) is of a velvety-black color, with a broad, irregular, white ])atch extending nearly across the front wings, and a somewhat larger and moie regularly formed spot of a didl orange-red across the hind wings. The wings tire alsd si)rinkled with brilliant purplish scales, most numerous along the outer margins, where they form a narrow band. The under side is paler, with similar markings, the purplish scales ap|)earing very distinct on the front and posterior margins of the hinder wings. The antenna^ of (he male are toothed, Fia. 274. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 265 Fi(i. 27; tliose of the female tliread-llla'. Fig. 274 represents the male. Should this insect ever prove destructive, it may be suhdiied I»y the trratmeiit recommetided for No. 140, the species last (K'scribtHl. No. 142. — The American Procris. Prncris Anwrii'dun Ifiirris. The larvseof this destructive insect feed in flocks, arranged in a sini^le row on the under side of the vine leaves, as .'ehown ill Fig. 275. The egg-clusters from which these larvtc pro- ceed, consisting of t wenty eggs or more, are fastened by the moth to the under side of the leaves. While young, the little caterpillars eat oidy the .soft ti.ssucs of the leaves, leaving the tine net-work of veins untouched, as shown on the right of the ligurc, but as they grow older tliev devour all but the larger vein.s, as shown ou the oppo- site side. They acquire full growth in August, when they measure about six-tenths of an inch in length, are of a yellow color, slightly hairy (see Fig. 270, «), with a transverse row of i)lack spots on each .segment ; they feed with their heads towanls the margin, and gradually retreat as the leaf is de- voured. When full grown, they disperse, and, retiring to some sheltered spot or crevice, construct their tough, oblong- oval cocoons, one of which is shown at c in the tigure, within which in about three days they change to shining brown cluy.s- alids (/;) about three-tenths of an inch long, from which the 2GG ISSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. Fig. 270. moths esc'ai)o in about ten or twelve days, and soon dej)osit eggs for the second brood, whieh mature hUer in the season. Some iew of them produce moths before winter ap- j)roaches, butthegi'eater poi-- tion remain in the elirysalis condition (hii'ing the winter, the moths escaping the fol- a lowing June. The moth is of a blue- black color, with an orange- yellow collar, and a notched tuft at the c.\tre;nity of the body ; the wings are very narrow, and when expanded measure nearly an inch across. In Fig. 27G, e represents the moth with the wings spread, d the same with the wings closed. This insect is more conunon in the West and South than in the East, and is sometimes very injurious. Thov mav be destroyed bv syringing the vines with Paris- green and water, as recommended for No. 140. There is a .small parasite, a black, four-winged fly, which attacks this larva and destroys it. No. 143. — The Grape-vine Leaf-roller. Drsiiiia nutriilittis AVe.stwood. This insect, although most abundant in the Southern States, is very generally distribnted, and will, no doubt, in its cater- pillar form be I'amiliar to most gnipe-growers. In Fig. 277, 1 represents the larva, natural size, 2 a magnilied view of a portion of the anterior part of its body, 3 the chrysalis, 4 the male moth, 5 the female moth. The moth is a very pretty little creature, measuring, when its wings are expanded, about nine- tenths of an inch or more across. The wings arc dark brown, nearly black, with a coppeiy Instre, and lightly fringed with white ; the fore wings have two white sj)()ts, nearly oval in form, the hind wings l)nt one white spot in the male, which is usually divit'^d, forming ATTACK ISO THE LEAVES. '207 two, in the female. The body is hhick, crossed in tlic feiniile hv two white h:uid.s, in tlie male by one only. The male moth has the antennte elbowed and thickened near the middle, in the female thev are uniform and thread-liUe. Fig. 277. There are two broods of the insect durini>; the summer. The first moths, which have passed the winter in the chrysalis state, appear early in June, and deposit tlieir ej^^gs sinuly on the leaves of the vine, wiiich are soon hatched, the yount; worm at once manifesting its lea^folding propensities by turning down a small portion of the leaf on which it is placed and livino; withiu the tube thus forined. As it increases in size, a larger ease is made, often the whole leaf being rolled into a large cylinder, wider at one end than at the othci", and firmly fastened with stout silken threads, iu this hiding- place the little active wriggling creature lives in comparative safety, issuing from it to feed on the surrounding foliage. It is so very rapid in its movements, both ba(;k\var(ls and for- wards, that it freciuently escapes detection In' suddeidy slipping out of its case when disturbed and falling to the ground. The length of the full-grown caterpillar is about three- quarters of an inch ; the body is yellowish green at the sides, a little darker above, glo,s,sy and ,semi-(raiis|)arent, with a few fine yellow hairs on each segment. The head is reddish yellow, and the next segment behind it has a crescent-shaped patch above of the same color; on the third segment there are two or three black spots on each side, and on the twelfth 2G8 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. .soo'Mieiit one. The first brood of oiiterpillars arc full grown about the last of July, when tiiey change to chrysalids, i'roiii which Hie moths escape early in August; the seeoiul brood of larva) are found on tiie vines in September. The chrysalis (3, Fig. 277) is about lialf an inch long and of ;i dark-brown color. It is usually formed within the ioided leaf; hence the last brood Avhich pass the winter in this inactive state may, in a great measure, be destroyed by carefully going over the vineyard late in the season, before the leaves fali, and |)iclcing olf the folded leaves and l)urning them; or the larvte may be destroyed earlier in the season by crushing the ibUhd leaves, taking care that the active oc.-ii- ])an(s do notesca[)c. Although this insect is usually common, it is seldom vcrv destructive anvwiiere. No. 144. — The Gartered Plume-moth. Oxi/piUiispcrtscclkladyhis (Fiteh )• The i'amily of moths to which this insect belongs are called ])lume-niotIis, from their having the wings divided, into feather- like lolics. The larva (Fig. 278, a) appears on the grai)c- vinos in spring, as soon as the young foliage has fairly started, fastening the terminal leaves into a spherical form, and living within the enclosure, where it feeds on the tender leaves and young bunchefj of blossom. It is usually .solitary in its habits, but sometimes two or three are found togethei*. ^^'hen full growji, which is usually early in Jun(>, it is about half an inch long, a.id is of a yellowish-green color, \n ith transverse rows of dull-yi'llow tuberciles, from each of whicli arises a small tuft of white hidrs. There is a lin ; down the back of a deeper green, and the body is paler l)etween the segments. The head is small, yellowish green, with a band m|" black aero,ss ihe front; feet black, tiupi'd with pale green; the |>ro- Icg.-5, which arc long and thin, are greenish. When matured, it spins a few silken threads on the under side of a leal', or in .M)me other convenient s|)ol,and, having entangled its hind I ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 2(>9 "nil grown ilids, from oiKJ brood long iiiul •itliiii till' "winter in it roved l)v on, hefure 1 bnrniiig season hy tive oc'.'ii- eonmion. are called o f'eatlier- n s[)ring, ning the idiin tlie 1 yoiniLi,' liabifs. !ien 111 1 1 an inch rse roA\s I SIIKlll ■k of a •gnieiils. ' hlaek lie |»r(i- i.ilnred, leaf, (tr is liiiid Fia. 278. legs firmly in the web of silk, sheds its hairy skin and be- comes a chrysalis. An odd-looking little thing it is (sec Fig. 278, 6), about four-tenths of an inch long, angnlar and rugged, and when touched it wriggles about very briskly. It has two rather long, compressed horns ])laced :-ide by side, extending upwards, on the middle of its back ; one of these is shown, enlarged, at c; it has also other smaller {.rojecting points and ridges. At first its color is pale yellowish green, but it soon grows darker, becoming reddish, brown, with darker spots. It remains in this condition from one to two weeks, when the perfect insect a[)i)cars. The moth, which is .shown in tlu! i'igure at (/, is an elegant little insect, its wings ineasuri.g, when exj)anded, about seven-tenths of an inch across. The fore wings are long and nariow, and cleft down the midtlle about half-way to their base, the j)osterior half of the wing ha\ing a notch in the outer margin. Their color is yellowish brown, with a metallic lustre, and .several didl-whitish streaks and spots. The iiind wings ai'(! similar in color to the iinterior pair, and are divided into three lobes; the lower division is complete, extending to the base, the upper one not more than two-thirds of the distance!. The niit(!r and hind margins of the wings, as well as all the ('dges of llieir lobes, are bordered with ii deep whitish fringe, spriidcled here and there with brown; the body is long and sleiidt'r, :md a little darker than tin; wings. The ant((nnie arc; moder- ately long and thread-like, nearly black, but beautifully dotted with white throughout their whole length. Tlu; legs are long, 270 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE QRAPE. biiiided alternately witli yellowish brown and white, the hind ones ornamented with txro pairs of diverging spuies, having at their base a iiarter-like luft of long brown seales, from whieh feature the moth derives its name. This inseet is single-brooded; it is common throughout On- tario and Quebec. >V'here troublesome, it may be sr.lxlued by hand-picking, or by pinching the clusters of leaves and crusjiing the larvse. No. 145. — The Grape-vine Cidaria. C'ularia diversilincald Ili'ihii. This is a pretty yellow moth, pro(hu'ing a geometric or looping caterpillar which consumes the foliage of the vine. The insect passes the winter in the caterpillar state, hiber- nating in some secure retreat until aroused to activity by the warmtii of spi'ing, when, after feeding a few day on the young vine leaves, it becomes a chrysalis, |)rodueing the moth about ten days afterwards. The moths within a few days deposit, their eggs on the leaves of the vine, n 'li h liatch early in .lune, and the larva^ nearly comj)Iete their growth by the end of the month, pass into the chrysalis state, and appear as moths again in duly and August. These latter deposit eggs for the second brood of larvic, which, before reaching maturity, become torpid, and rcmiiin in this (!ondition until s[>ring. The moth ( b'ig. 271)) measures, when its wings are ex- panded, about an inch and a half across. Its color is pale ociu'c-yellow, crossed by many grayish-brown lines, and clouded with patches of the same, pai'- ticulnrly along the n>argin of the wings. The bodv and leirs are similar in color lo the wings, the latter being marked with black about the joints. I^arly i" June th^- reddish geometi'ic caterpillars (»f (his ntoth are found upon the leaves, out of which they eat numerous pieces of various Hi/es and shapeH. liy liie middle of liie mouth they beconie lull Fu). 219. A T TA CKL\ G THE L KA VES. 271 0, the hind nos, liaviiiu; 'ciiles, from ighout On- iiib(hie(l bv 1(1 erii:?luiiir Fi<;. L>80. "xneti'ic or the vine. iite, hlher- ity by the }s on tlie f the moth few (hivs iiteh early th by the appear as losjt e<rii\s iuaturitw iriiio'. ire ex- >r is paic rh)n(h'il I me, par- .iii of Ihi' leu'-^ ai'c iny-, the h bhlek reddish »• ieavi's, i/»'s and nic full <>;ro\vn, wlicn tliey mea.snre about an inch and a quarter louijj. (See Fig. 280.) Tiie head is dull reddish brown, the body yellowish green, with a few -mall whitish dots on eaeh .segment. On eaeh side of the seeond segment is a small reddish spot, and on the I bird a larger one of a darker shade ; (III this latter segment there is a fold in the skin, which makes the spot appear as a brown ])rominenee. The terminal seg- ment is furnished with two short, greenish spines, which extend baekwards ; the surface of the body is wrinkled; the under surface reddish, with a central reddish line, bordered with white, which is margined with dull red. These larvie are very variable in color, being sometimes yellowish green, whitish green, deep red, and oecasit)nally dark brown, nearly hlaek. When alarmed, they straighten themselves out, and remain for some time without moving, when, being so nearly of the color of the twigs they rest on, tliey usually escape detection. Where these larvtc are sufficiently numerous to prove troublesome, the vines may be syringe'd with Paris-green and water, or hellebore an<l water, as recommended for Xo. 140. No. 146.— The Yellow Woolly-bear. SitildSdiiiii \'iri/iiilcii (Kuhr.). This common caterpillar is so well known that it is searcely necessary to describe it. I'A'cry one wh' has a garden in which I'ruits oi- llowei's are grown must have ''re(pienfly met with it, for no inseet is .so uniformly common and troul)lesoino as tiiis one. It secMus to have a special liking foi* the leaves nf the grape-\iue. but it leeds also on the leaves of a great variiJty of plants, shrubs, and trees. 'I'he moth from which the larva is produced is sh(»wu at c, I'ig. 2M1, and is commoidy known as the "white miller." It passes (h(! winter in the chrysalis state, and ap|H'ars on the wing lute in April or eai'ly in May, and, when its wings iire 272 INSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. e\i)aiulcHl, measures IVom one aiul a luilt' to two inches across. 'IMie figure represents a female ; the males are somewhat smaller. Both sexes have the winj^s white, with a few black (lots, which vary in mimber in (litlerent specimens; in some there are two on each of the front wings, and three on each of th(^ hinder pair; in others the sj)ots are partly or almost entirely wanting. The dot, however, near the middle of tlu; front wings is almost always present, although sometimes very faint. The un(h'r side usually has the spots more dis- Fi(i, 281. <r2. tinct than the ni)|ier, and sometimes there is a slight tinge of yellow over its white surfiiee. The antoniKc are whit«! above, dark brown below, tlu; head and thora\ white, and the ab- domen of an orange color, usually streaked across with white, and having three rows of black sjjots, one above and one on each side. The under sid(! of" the abdomen is white, occa- sionally tinged with orange, and the thighs of the fore legs ochre-vellow. The eggs, which jwc round and yellow, are deposited on the tmder side of the leaves in large clusters, and in a few days hatch into small hairy ealeri)illars, which feed for a time in company, devouring at this tender age the under side of the leaf only, the outer skin over the eaten part soon becoming ATTACKISC THE LEAVES. 27:'» es across, iomowluit fow black in .some e on each or almost lie of the ;()uietini('s more dis- tm^e ol i(c above, 1 the ab- h white, (1 one oil lite, oeca- Ibre leys '(1 oil the ("e\v (liivs I time in le of the l)e(H)miiig yellow i'.id withered. When partly L;ro\vii, they se[)arate, eiu'h one choosing" his own i'onrse, aii<l bv this tinu! their dii^estive powers have become siiniricntly stroiio- to enabli' them to cat freely of all |>arts of the leaf. The fiill-i^rown caterpillar (Fi,u'. 281, a) is nearly two inches long-, and nsiially of a yellowish color, but the color varies i;'reatly, and in the same brood there may be found with the yellow some straw-colored and others brown, from a light to a very dark shade. On each segment there are a nuiid)er of yellowish tubercles, from each of which there arises a tuft of hairs ol' a yellowish or brownish color, sometimes intermingled with a lew black ones. 'I'hc s[)aces between the segments are crossed bv dark-brownish or sometimes black lines, and there is a line of the same color along each side ; tlic uiKJer surface of the body is dark also. When mature, it seeks some sheltered nook or cranny in which to })ass the chrysalis state, and, having found a suitable location, proceeds to divest its body of the hairy covering, and with this woven together bv silken threads it constructs a slight cocoon, within which the chrysalis is formei', of ;i I'liestnut-brown color, as shown at /; in the figiu-e. There arc at least two broods ol' this insect er.ch year, and these l)roods so intenningli> that the insect may almost always !)(> found in one or other ol its stages from May to ()ct<tb(r. This species is subject to the attack of several kinds of li:h- neiimon flies, whicii destroy iin- iiiense nitwalw^rs t)f them every year. "Mic ot these, O^ihion hl- liiiC(Ui(.s Say, is represented in Fig. 'JS2. Were it not for these friei.,llv agencies constant Iv at work th( <'ominon woolly- bears would ."lOon become very de^tru«•l ive. A-n it is, tiiey arc soinetinies very injurious; when ihi- i^ 'he .'ase. hand-[)ieking' I'Ki. 1282. 274 INSECTS INJURIOrs TO THE (.'/!. I /'E. sliould be resorted to, ami if tliis is done wliile the larvse are V()iiii<r and feediiiii: i'l eoiunanv, their destriutioii is easilv aceotnplisiied. No. 147. — The Pyramidal Grape-vine Caterpillar I'jirophihi jii/rdiin'iliiidcs ((iiicii.). This eaterpiUar ( Fiu,'. "-'vS-'^) is iVeciuciitly destructive to grape-vines, partieidarly to tiiose grown under ghiss, and may be ibiuul on the leaves lull i^rown about the niiddh! of June It is nearly an inch ^'"- -^'•- and a hall" long, the body tapering to- wards the front, and thickened l)ehini!. The head is rather small, of a whitish- given color, with the mandibles tij)ped with black; the body whitish green, a little darker on the sides, with a white stripe down the back, a little broken between the segments or rings, and widening behind. Thei-c is a bright-yellow strii)e on each side close to the under sni'face, which is most distinct on the hinder segments, and a second one of the same color, but fainter, half-way between this and the (htisal line; thi^i lattei" is more distinct on the j)osterior portion of the body, and follows the peculiar j)ronunence on the twelfth segment, as shown in the (igure. The nndei- side of the body is [)ale green. When full grown, the caterpillar descends to the groinid, and, drawing together soint! loose fallen leaves or other rni)bish, spins a slight cocoon, within which it changes to a dai'k-browu chrysalis, from which the perfec;t insect escapes in the latter part of duly. The moth (Fig. 28 I) measures, when its wings are expanded, about one and three-cpiarter inches. The Ibi-e wings ai'e<lark brown shaded with |)aler brown and with dots and wavy lines of dull white; the hind wing>^ are reddish, with a co])i)ei'y ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 275 irvjo are is easily ir i(!tive to iuid may 1)1' Jmic. an inch long, tlio •ins;- to- •ont, and hohiml. is ratlicr \vliiti>li- tlie body ite stripe or riiiu's, ;tripe <in inct on )lor, l)ni i-. latter dy, and nent, as is pale "•round, )r other Li'cs to a eseapi'- panded, iire dark ivy lines (•o|)|)('ry histre, he(!oniin<2; brown on the outer angle o(" the front edge ot" the wing, and paler towards the hinder and inner angle. The under surfaee ol" the wings is much paler tluui t lie nj»i)er. The body is dark brown, its hinder portion l)auded with lines of a paler hue. While j)artial to the grape, I he hirva feeds also on thorn, j)luni, rasj)berrv, red-bud, Cercis CiDKuIenfiia, p()j)lai-, and probably other trees, shrubs, etc. The insect is distributed over a wide area. Where they are numerous enough to prove troubU'sonie, thev may be col- lectexl and destroyed by jarring the trees or vines on which thev are feeding, when thev will (b'op to the txround. No. 148.— The Silky Pyrophila. Pi/ro/i/ii/ii /rii(/<)ji'ii/inls (Linn.). Tiie caterj)inar of this moth is of a yellowish-green <vi]or, with a few very fine brownish hairs scattered over the upper sm'faee of its body. It is found feeding on the grape-vine, and sometimes in suHieient numbers to become a source of annoyance; it attains full growth about the middle of June, when it measures an inch and a quarter or moi-e in length. The head is small, grecni, the jaws tipped with bi-own ; the upper siirl'aee of the body is yellowish gre(!n,a little pah'r be- Iween the joints; there is a white sti'ipe down the bach, and two of the same color along each side, the lowest one IxMug most distinct. On eich segment there are several small whitish dots, from each of which arises a single line hair. The under side is deeper in color than the up|K'r. When matiu'c, It changes to a brown chrysalis, a little imder the MU'lace of the groinid, from whii'h the perfect insect escapes in .July. The moth measures, when its wings are spread, about an 27H INSECTS lyjURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. inch and ii quarter across. Its lore wings are grayish brown with a silky lustre, with several pale (h)ts ou the front edge, and three short (hirk streaks near the middle. Tlie hind wings are paler. A\'heu lonnd to he injurious, the cMtcrpillars may be subilued by lKUuI-[)icking. No. 149.— The Spotted Pelidnota. Pelidiidta piimlala [ Linn.). This enemy to the grape-vine is a large and handsome beetle (Fig. 285, c), wdiieli eats the leaves, making numerous - - -^^ • ■ 'i&iiiiiiriiii ' '# -. ^^:n ■ - - holes ill tliem. It measures about an inch in length and hiilf an inch in width at its widest ))art, is nearly oval in form, ut' a (hdl i-eddish-yellow eolor, with a polished surface, and three black spots on the outer side of (\ich wing-cover. The tho- lax, which is rather darker th;in the wing-covers, is slightly bron/A'd, and has a small blaiik dot on each side; the jaws and hinder part of the head are black, so also is the scutiilhun, :i small, nearly triangular piece at the point of juncture of the W'ing-covors with the thorax. Tiie transparent, gauzy wings, ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 'J, I i liandsoinc numerous which are concealed under the wing-cases Avlien not in use, are (hirk l)r()wn. The under side of the beetle is (jari< u'reciijwith a metallic lustre, downy about the middle, with tine brownisli liairs. I ^ej^s, (lar Innmij: irreen It appears du! ing Jub and August, and is active during the day, tlying tVoui vine to vine with a heavv, awkward flight and a loud, buzziusx noise. The female deposits iier eggs in rotten wood, on which the hirva, when hatched, feeds ; tiie decaying stumps and exposed decaying roots of pear, hickory, and other trees being selected for this purpose. When full iirown, the larva measures nearly two inches iu the ti irure, lengtli, and presents the appearance shown at <i, \n It lias a chestnut-brown head and a transhiccMit, white body, and much reseuibles the larva of the .Mav-bcetle, No. ll-'J, but is of a clearer white coh>r, and has a heart-siia[)ed swelling on the terniin; 1 segment, which is short and cut off squarely. A front view of the markiny^s on this segment is <ji;ivcn at d iu the fiy-ure. When mature, it forms a slidit diicl 1 are woven its own castmgs mixed with particles ol th( cocoon, into th surrounding wood, and within this it changes to a chrysalis, as seen at b, from which the beetle escai)es about ten days afterwards; e repi-esents the antenna of the larva, and /one of its legs, both magnified. This insect is common throughout the Eastern and Western States and the central portions of Canada. Should it at any time prove injurious, it can easily 1 )e reduced m nnmhers hy hand-picking. It feeds also on the Virginia crct'ix'r, Anipe- lopsis quiiiqucfoUa. , . No. 150. — The Grape-vine Flea-beetle. (iraphi(U'ra r/ni!i/hc<i (llli^-.). This pretty but destructive little beetle (see Fig. 2S()) forces itself upon the attention of grape-growers very [)roni- inently in the sj)ring season, when, awakened by the reviving warmth of tiie sun from its winter state ()f tor[)idity, and with appetite shari)ened by its long fast, it commences its work 278 L\SKCTS IXJUJilOUS TO Tlll-l GliAPK. of (k'stnu'tioii l)v eatiii": awiiv tlic .substance of the buds as soon as tlicv hvAn to swell, thus (lestrovint;; inanv buncihes of Yw,. 'im. Vui. 2S7. ii'rapps in embryo. It goes on with this wori< for about a month, when it gradually disappears. Before leaving, Jiowever, the beetle provides for the eontinuanee of its race by depositing little clusters of orange-colored eggs on the under side; of the young vine leaves, which in u few days produce colo- nies of small, dark-brown larvffi, M'hich feed on the uj)per side of the leaves, riddling them, and when numerous they devour the whole leaf exce[)t the larger veins, and sometifnes en- tirely strip the vines of foli- age. Fig. 287 rcjjresents the larv.e in various stages of growth at work on the vine, accompanied also by some of the beetles. In three or four weeks the larva attains full growth, when it is a little more than three-tenths of an inch long, usually . I TT. I CKISd Til E L K. 1 \ ES. 279 I-'ki, 2SS. (il'a Iit;lit-I)r()\vii color, soiiiotimes dark, and occasionally j)alor an<l yollowisli. The head is black, and tlici-c arc six oi' cii2;lit sliiniii"; black dots on each of the other scy-nients of the hodv, each dot emitting a single hrownlsh hair. The under surface is paler than the upper, its feet, six in iHiiid)er, are black, and there is a fleshy, orange-colored proleg on the terminal seg- ment. It is shown niagnilied in Fig. 28(S. When mature, the larvic leave the vin(>s and descend to the irround, where thev burrow under the earth and form small, smooth, oval cells, within which they change to dark-vellowish ehrv.salids. After remaining; two oi' three weeks in this condition, the beetles issue fi-oin them, and the work of destruction goes on; but since tluy live at this season of the yeai' alto- gether on leaves, of which there is an abundance, the injuiy done is much less than in the spring. The beetle is about three-twentieths of an inch long, and varies in color from a polished steel-blue to given, and occiasionaliy to a purplish hue, with a transverse depression across the hinder [)art of the thorax. The under side is dark green, the antenuie and feet brownish black ; the thighs are stout and robust, by means of which the inse(;t is al)le to jum|) about very nimbly. One of the legs, detached from the body, is shown in Fig. 280. On the a|)i)roach of winter the beetles retire to some suitable shelter, as under leaves, pieces of bark', or in the earth immediately around the roots of the vines, A\here they remain inactive initil the following spring. Besides the vine, they feed on the A^irginia crcei)er, Ampchjji^ixtjniti'iKcfolin, and the alder, Ahnis ,sei'n(/<if(t, and sometimes eat the leaves of the plum-tree. Jicnii'dics. — To destroy the beetles it is recommended to sti'ew in the autunui air-slaked lime or unleached ashes around the inl'ested vines, removing and destroying all rid)- bish which might affonl shelter. In the spring the canes and young foliage may hn syi-ingi^d with water in which has bijen stirred a teaspoonful of Paris-green to each gallon. Strong IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I II 28 12.5 m .30 22 12.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 «i 6" — ► V. (^ /} ^^' o: s^. ^, Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEB^rt-RN y I4S80 (716) 872-4503 ,<^ '^ % ip< .<'' r 'JSO LXSKCTS IXJVIilOVS TO THE GRAPE. !«():il)-MU(ls liavo also been rocoinmciuletl, and arc deserving of trial. On ciiilly mornings the bec.'tlt's arc comparatively sing- gisli and inactive, and may then he jarred iVoin the vines on sheets r.nd c« Uected and destroyed. These insects are much more ahuiKhint in some seasons than in others. No. 151.— The Rose Beetle. Macrodtictijlus .siilispinosn.-i (Kulir.). This beetle, commoidy known as the rose-bng, attacks tlie rose, and is also very injnrions to the grape-vine, tlie apph", cherry, peach, phun, etc. Its i)ody (see Fig. 2H9) is a little more than one-thinl of an inch long, slender, and tapering a little towards each extrennty. Its color is didl yellowish when IVesh, arising I'rom its being covered with a grayish-yellow down or bloom, and its long, sprawling legs are of a dull pale-reddish hue, with the joints of the feet tipped with black and armed with verv long (flaws. The down on the bodv ot" the lu'ctle is easily rubbed off, producing quite a change in its appearance, the head, thorax, and the under side of its body bcconnng of a sinning black. These beetles soiuetimcs apjK'ar in swiirms about (he time of the blossoming of the ro-e, which in the Northern United States and Canada is usually during the second week in June; they remain about a month, at the end of which period (he males become exhausted, drop to the ground, and perish, while (he females burrow under (he surface, deposit their eggs, (hen rea})i)ear above ground, and shortly afterwards die also. ICach female lays about (hir(y eggs, which arc^ buried in (he earth (o (he depdi of from one to four inches; the eggs are about one-thirtieth of an inch in diameter, whitish, and nearly globular. In about thret! weeks they hatch, and the yoimg larva' at once begin to i'v.vd on such tender rof)ts as are within their reach. 'I'hey attain full growth in (he autumn, when they are abou( three-(piarters of an inch long and about .1 7"/'. I ( 'Kiya THE L /•:. i vi:s. •2S1 'vinj^ of 'ly slii<i;- viiu's oil re much IH'k.S llu' lie apple, s a little ider, and Its eolor its beiiiiLi; )om, and .'-reddish iliiek and ly of the <;e in its its bodv (he time Fnite.l n June ; iod tii<> perish, <it their ai'ds die lU'ied in he eji'ys ish, and and the s as are lutiimn, id about an ei<j;lith of an iiM-h in diameter, of a veUowish-whitc cnlor, with a tin^•<' of l)Ine towards the hinder extremity, which is thielv, obtuse, and rounded ; the head is pale red and lioiiiv, \\\\i\ there are a few short hairs scattered over the surface of the body. In October the larva descen<l- Itilow the reach of trost, and j)asses the winter in a tor|)id state; in the sprinij!; it approaches the siu'faee and forms foi" itself a little oval cell of earth, within which it is transfornied to a pnoa dnrlii'.'' the month oi' May. In form the pu|)a bears some resemi)lance to the perfect insect, and is of a yellowisji-white eolor, it-^ whole body beinii; enclosed in a thin film that wraps each |»art se|»arately. in .June this iilmy skin is rent, when the enchi-.-d beetle with- draws its IxHJy and limbs, bursts o|»en its earthen cell, antl forces its way to the surface ol the ^roinid, thu-- completiuii; it'^ various sta|i:;es within the space ol' one vear. Although these insects have many natural foe-, such as carnivorous e-round-beetles, inseetiviir(in< birds, (lomestie fowls, toads, etc., they ol'ten need the interveninii; hand of man to keep (hem within due bounds. When ninnerous, they may be (letaehe(l iVom the vines with a sudden and violent jar, I'alliui;' on sheets spread below to receive them. They are ntidn-ally sluijgish, do not fly readily, and are f )nd of conu'reiiatiuir in masses on the folia<'e thi'v ai'c consiiminii', and hence in the mornine", befori' the day becomes warm, they can be easily shaken from their restin^-j)Iaces, collecied, and bm'nt, crushed, or thrown into scaldini;- water. This in>ect is very |)ar(ial to the Clinton ii:ra|)e, and, where this is to be liad, will coiit:;reea(e on it in preference? (o other varieties, a j)eeiiliarity which may be made use <if by plaiuinj:: ('lin(on vines as a decoy, and (hiis ina(erially l(ssenin|L!; the labor involved in (he destrnedon of (he beedes. w 2<S2 lySKCTS IS.IURIOl'S TO THE (iiiAPE. Vu.. uno. No. 152. — The Grape-vine Fidia. Fiih'il liiin/li)iti (MlAs.). This enemy to tli(,' gnipe-viiio is ii eltc'stnut-l)n)\vii hectle (sec FiiT. 200), about a quarter of an ineli lont^, with its Ixxly (lonselv covered with verv short whitish liairs, wliioli y;ive it a hoary aj)})earan('e. Ft is Hrst seen in June, and oy the end of July lias usually disa|»|)eai"cd. Its mode oi' o|)eratiou is to cut sti'aiifht, elouijated iiole- about oue-ei<2;hth of au inch in diameter in tiie 1 leaves, and when the insects ai'e numi'rous tiieso are so thickly perforated as to be reduiied to mere shreds. This is said to be one of th(! worst f(»es the a;ra|)e-p;rower has to contend with in Missouri and Kentucky, where at times it literally swarms, and then almost entirely destroys the foliage of lar«2;e vine- yards. Tt is a native insect, found in the woods fecdini^ on the wild grape, also on the red-bud, Cnris (Janndnif^is ; ol' the vines in cultivation it is said to prefer the Concord and Norton's ^'ir^ini;l. Upon the slightest disturbance, or when danger threatens, it has the habit of doubling u|) its legs and i'alling to the ground, where for a time it remains motiotdess, feigning death in the same manner as tlu- plum cureulio. Advantage may be taken o\' this habit, and the insects col- lected by placing sheets inider the vines and jari'ing them with the hand. The grape-vine I'^idia belongs to the great family ('/iri/somcfidn', which includes the grape-viui; Hea- bcctle, the potato-beetle, and many other injiu"ious species. Of the early stages of this insect nothing is yet known. No. 163. — The Grape-vine Colaspis. Cdldspis linmiiea Fiihr. This beetle also belongs to the ('/iri/sonir/ldiv, ixm] injures the vino leaves in a manner similar to that of the species last described, riddling them with small round holes, interspersed with larger irregular ones, in a wholesale manner. It is iiwn beetle li its body icli t;ive it W llie end ts mode of iited liolcs icier ill the leroiis these rctlueed to one of the intend with lly swarms, l:iri>;e vine- feedinj^ on '(/ni.s/.s; ol' Kiieord and 'c, or when t.s lejijs and niotionU'ss, cnreulio. is(,'('ts eol- iini;- them tlie orcat vine Ih'a- is speeii'-;. lown. nd injnri's ■i|K'('ies hist itersperscd er. It is ; ATTAVKISU TIIK LEAVl'S. 28;i nearly onr-fil'th of an inch long (sec Fii;-. 2!ll ), ol" a ])ale- \eIlowisii color, with the body ih-nsely i)nnctated, and with ( levated hues on the winir- ■c< .,„ covers between the rows ^ / A' dots. It is found in ''<\yT. / most of tlie Kastern and >i^\r\ I A le- *^ Y\r.. I'll: .Middle Stat<'s, and (K vonrs also the leaves of the strawberry ; it a|)|)ears ^ ^ eaflv in Jiilv and diirini>' Aiijiriist. The e;J,•^■s are deposited either upon or in close proximity to strawberry-])lants, and when hatched tlu.' young larvic bnri'ow into the earth and i'w<\ upon the roots of the strawberrv-vines, on which thev mav he Ibiind all throii<>h the fall, wint<'r, and spiMiig months. It is a sinonlar larva, shown magnilied in Fig. 2!)l2, and has on the under side of" each ot" the legless joints a i)air of lleshy [)rojections re- minding one of legs, each tipped with two or three' still' hairs. Its bodv is vellowish or uravish white, with a vel- low jiead. The pupa is i"ormed in the earth during the month of June, the perfect insect maturing two or three wci Ivs afterwards. llcmedk'H. — The beetles may be collected by jarring them Irom the vines on sheets early in the morning, and destroyed. Ashes, soot, or lime a|)plied to I Ik; strawberry-vines will in most instances deter the beetles from depositing their eggs on them, or will destroy the young larvic as soon as hatched. No. 164. — The Red-headed Systena. Si/s/i'iiii I'riiii/dlis (Fill)!'.). This insect belongs also to the ('///7/No/;t(7/f//»', and, although very generally distributed throiigliont tlu; northern portions of America, has not until of late been recorded as injurious. During the summer of 1.S82, in some parts of the Province of Ontario, it iuHicted mu(!h injury on the vines by devour- 284 lysECTS L\JiIil()LS TO Till: a HAVE Km. 'I'.'W. K^^' iiii^ tlie <^rc('ii tissues on I lie iipiH-r side f llic leaves, caiisinn- them to (li.-eolor and eventually to witliei'. Tliis insect is rnrnisiied with stout thijuhs, which enaMc it to junip like the llea-heetle of the vine, to wliicli it is closely allied. The beetle (Im^-. '^.H:]) is about one-sixth oi" an inch in lenixth, the thorax and wint^-cases black and denseU but very finely jxinctated. The head is pale led above, between the eyes; the anteniiic are rather loiii;- and rt'ddish, with the ba>al joiiii black. The underside is brownish black. Tiie legs are well adapted lor iuni[)inii', the thiiihs being thick and robust. No. 156. — The Light-loving Anomala. AiKiiiiii/d hh'ii-tila ( Fill)!".). 'i'his insect is a beetle about one-third of an inch long (sei' V'wi. 2!) I), in form resembliiiy; the Mav-beetle, No. llu, which aj)pears late in .June or early in .Inly. It is common on both the wild and the cultivated grape-vine, feeding uj)on Fid. 'J!)4. tlie leaves. The beetle is of a pale dull-yellow color, the thorax black, margined with dull yellow, the hind part of the heal and th<' under side of the body also blaelc ; sometimes the abdomen is brown. The.se beetles o(!casionally ap|)ear in swarms, when they devotu' the foliage very rapidly, the vine leaves soon rc.'^embling a piece of net-work, only tlu^ lai'ge veins, with .some of the smaller ones, being left. liCiiicdics. — Dusting the vines with fresh air-slaked lime, or syringing tl'iem with a solution of whale-oil soap or strong tobacco-water, has been recommended. Prolnibly hellebore or Paris-green with water, as recommended for No. 1 1<>, would be mor(> elVectual. .i'rTA(Ki.\<; Tin-: ij:.\vi:s. 28/> (•tvusiii;^; iisirt is l»lc it to I) wiiicii -. '^!'-) :;lli, the >cl\ lull |):ile r<'il lHiO .'ire -ill juinl ■U. 'VUr ijr tliick loiiii; (soc ;>, which oii both iiiiLi' upon ()\V coloi', ll(»\v, the V of tht' brown. IS, when Vl'S SUOll lis, witli ;('il lime, 1)1- stl'Oll^' iclU'huni No. liO, No. 156. — The Grape-vine Saw-fly. Sr/tiii'In'il rilis Iliirii-. This is a siiiali roiii--wiiin((l \\y (Fi<i-. liH")), with :i shiniii>i,' ithii'U body, ('.\('('|)t the upper sich; ot" the thorax, which is rc<l ; the wiii<is ww scini-tiiinspai-ciit, .iiul have • lark-brown veins, the iVont |)air Ix-iiij;- cloiidi-d, '■"'<'• -•'•"•■ <pi' of a snioixv color. The lore lei:s and under ~i(ic of ijjc other le;;> are |)ale yellow or whili-h. ihe i)ody of the leniali! measures about ihi(c- teiitlis of an inch in lenutli, that ol' the male -oiuewhat less. The in-ei't is double-brooded, the first bidod of llii > appearinj^ in the sj)rinir, the .second late in .Iiily or eaily in Aimu.-t. The egi^s are laid on the under >ide o|' the terminal leaves of the vine in small clusters, and the larva', when hatelicd, feed in com|)any, side by sid( , from al)out hall" a do/.eii to fifteen or twenty in a iiioup, preserviini' their raid<> with nuicli reii'iilarity, as shown in l''i^\ 2IMI. Tli< y bciiin at one ediic of the leaf and eat the whole ol' the leaf — includini:: the ribs — to the stalk, and •"'" -"•"'• jiroceed from leaf to leaf down the branch, f* devouriuL:,' as they >:;o, until they are full urowii. When mature, they ineMsiire about livc-eii-hths of an inch in lenulh. ai'i' ■<oiii(«\vhat ^-lender and ta|>eriiiii- behind, and iliiekeneil before the middle, riicyareof a pale-yellow color, darker or i>:reenisli on the itack, with two traiiHver.se rows of minut(> black points acro.s.s each riuii;, the head and tip of the last sep;ment beiiiu; black ; the under >ide is yellowish. After the he-t moult the larva; becoiiu! entirely yellow, when tluy leave the vine<, descend to the ;j, roil I id, and burrow under its surface. There they form oval cells in the earth, which they line with silk, and within (li(>se enclosures chan^'c to chry.silids, from which the perfect Hies escape in about a fortniijht. 'I'he second brooil pass the winter in tiie ehrv.salis .^tate. In ¥\\i. 121)0 one of the oval m 2S() LXSKCTS l.XJUiaoL'S TO TIIE Glt.lJ'/-: 'I cells is shown with llio fly resting on it ; ;ils(» one of the clirvsilids. Oceasjonally tliis insect is very destrnctive, sometimes en- tirely stri|>|)ing the vines. In such cases the I'oliagc! shonid l)c ^prinUleii with hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water, in the proportions given under No. 140. No. 157. — The Grape-vine Leaf-hopper. /■'ri/l/iniiniinin'/is(\\nvr\s}. Tlie accom|)anying figure, 2U7, represents the in-^eet com- monly known among vine-growers as the "Thrip." Tlif insects are shown magn i lied ; the ?-hortei" lines adj<»in- ing indicate their natnial size. 'J'he 'iW (' figiM'e to the left ttiiilv ^ shows the mature in- sect with its wings I'Xpanded, the other the sam(> with its wings closed. It is rather moi'c than one- eighth of an incii long, crossed hy two hroail, hlood-red hands, and a diird dusky one at the apex, the anterior l)and occu- lting the base of the thorax and the l)a>e of the wing-covers, the middh> one wide ai)ove, narrowing towards the margin. Besides r/V/.s-, there are half a <lo/.en or more which are sup- posed to be distinct specits, all about the same size, and with the same habits, dill'eriiig only in the markings on the wings. ThcM' insects pass the winter in the perfect state, hiber- nating under dead leaves oi- other rubbish, the survivors be- coming active in spring, when they deposit theii' eggs on the young leaves of the vine. Thc! larvu' are hatched during the month (tf June, and resembh! the perfect insect exce|)t in size and in i)eing destitute of wings. During their growth they shed their >kins, which are nearly white, several times, and, although exceedingly delicate and gossamer-like, the of ilie UK'S Cll- ; slumld i'vw and Oct ('(im- " 'PI ; tlM. •i iuljttill- (r tlu-ii' 'x: Tlio the left latui'i' ill- its \vii)<;s till' other lliaii t»iK'- I'd hands, id occu- ii-covcrs, iiiai'iLi'm. ari' siip- nd wiili U' \vinj;s. tc. hihcr- ivors he- ;s on thi! uriiiii the 'xccpt in V iri'owth •a I tinu's, like, the ATTACK I. \(1 THE LEAVES. 287 empty skins remain for some time attached to the h'aves. The insects ieed t(ti^ether on the under si(h' ol' the h-aves, an<l are very (|nick in their movements, hoppini; hriskjy aiiout hy means of their hind li'<;<, wliich are especially titled for this pii''|)ose. They have a p(-cidiar hahit of" rnnniiiLr sidewavs, and when they sec that they are observed upon one side of a leaf" tliev will often dudp- (piickly aronnd to th(! other. Tliev ,ire fnrni>lied with a sliai'p heak or prohuscis, with whidi iliev piincliire the >kiii of the leaf, and throntxh which tliev -nek lip the saj), the exhaustion of the sap |)rodnciiii;' on the upper siii-f"ace yellowish or hrownish s|)ots. At first these spots are small and do not attract much attention, but as the insects increase in si/e the discolored spots become Parser until the whole leaf is involved, when, chaii^dni^ to a yellow (a>t, it appears as if scorc;hed, and often drops from th<; vine. Occasionally the vines become so far defoliated that the fruit fails to ri|)en. As the leaf-hopper enters the second stau;e of its cxi.-tencc, •rrespondinti; to the chrysalis stati; in other injects, diminntivo wiiiii's appear, which gradually lirow until fully i!iatiire<|, the inject meanwhile becomiiiin; increasiimly active. With the full growth of the win<;'s it ac(|iiires such jiowers of flight that it readily flies from vine to vine, and thus spreads itself in all directions. It continues its mischievotis work until lute in the season, when it seeks shelter for the winter. The Clinton, Delaware, and other thindeaved varieties siitU'r more l"r()m the attacks of these insects than do the thick, li'athery-leaved sorts, such as ( 'oiicord. These leaf-li(»p|)ers are sometimes (piite abundant in a vineyard one season and comparatively scarce the next, their preservation (le|»eiidin(r so much on favorable weather and suitable >helter for the perfeet insects tlurinj; winter. liciiicdhx. — \"arioiis measures have been siitrircsted as reine- dies. Since the insect does not consume the outer siirl;u'e of the leaf, it beeomes diflicult to di'al with it. Syriimiiiy; with stronj^ tobacco- water or soap-suds, or fiimi<;atiiii>; with tobacco (•( •J.S8 LxsKCTs ly./iiiioc.s TO Till: liiiAri:. wlioro the vines ciiii he ciirloscd, so as to prevent llii; free es- (•;i|K' of the sinoUe, are the most ellicicnt remedies. Dusting with lime, sul|>hnr and lime, hellebore and Cayenne pepjior, have all been reeonimended. Carrvju*; liiihted torches throiiu:h the vineyard at nii;lit, the folia<;e at the same time beinfj; <iis- tnrbed with a stick, will destroy a fjjreat nianv o|' them, since they fly to the lij^ht and are bnrnt. As a preventive, the ^ronnd in the nei^hborhooil of the.' vines shonld be kept tlmr- oni;hly clean, and be sevond times I'aked or otherwise di— tnrbed late in the antnmn an<l early in the sprimj;, so as to expose any concealed insects to the killini;' inlhicnce of fro-t. A species of bnii; known as the (ilassy-wini^ed .S(»ldier-l)ii:^, C(impi//(»icui'a vltripoiniiS Say, feeds on these loaf-hoppers, and devoni's lariro nnmbers ol' l''l(i.L".tS. l-'Mi.-J'.i'.t. them, ^i<,^ 2i)<S shows tin- r friendly insect in the larv: ^s^ state, and Fii^. 290 in the pe ,_. feet condition. This nsefnl Y iViend, wluMievcr scrn, shonlij ^, be protected. In both fi tin res \ the insect is matiiiified, the lino at the side showini;- the natnral si/e. The matnre insect is of a pale tureen ish-yel low coloi'. the head and thorax arc tini^cd with pink, and the npper 'vings are transparent and ornanjented with a rose-colored cross. The Grape-leaf Gall-louse. J^/ii/lloxcra vUlj'nliii Kiicli. This lias been already treated of nnder the grajx; [ihyl- loxera, Xo. 125. Tree-hoppers. Several insects may be ji;roup(>il nnder this name which at- tack the leaves of the vine, and some of them the siiccnlent branches also. .1 rr.\<i<is<i Tin: i.i:.\ i/.w. 'Jvs) No. 158. — One of tlicsc, tlic Waved riNtconia, Pmconld itn(l(it(( i"'al)ri('ius (sco J*'ii;. ."KMh, is a cNlimlrical jiiinplii;^ iiisL't't iitarly liall" an iiicli luiiu. wliidi is -aiil ti» lay its i'ir<jj.s ill siiiu'lc I'ows in liic wood of the canes. IJe- '' '" ••""• sides attacking- tlie leaves, this \nv^ puiii-inro with its '\t heak the sterns of the hunches ol" ^iMpes, caiisin«; the '^ stems to wither ami the Itnnehes t<t drop nil'. Some- l^j limes it pMm|)s out the sap so viirorously tVoni the ^ll('c^lent hi-anche.s that the drojts tall in (piick .-ncces-ion iVom its i)ody. In the sonthei-n pait^ol" Illinois this insect is at times very numerous, hecomini;' then oneol'the worst enemies the grape- grower has to contend with. No. 159. — The iSinglc-strijK'd Tree-hop|ter, TIhTki timvlll<it<i ilarris, is shaped much like a beeeh-nnt, with a perpendi<Mdar prntuberant'e on the lore pai't of its haek higher than it is wide, and its summit rounded. 'I'lu! insect is of a chestnut- hinwn ci)lor, tawny xyhite in trout, and with a white stripe; along the hack, extending from the i)rotui)erance to the lip. It is about one-third of an inch long and a (piarler of an inch in height, and may often be sin-n on grape-vines in .Inly and August. No. 160. — Another sj)ecies is the IMaek-backed 'rree-lioj)per, Acittali.^ (lor.sdlifi (I'^itch), a small, triangidiir, shining in-ect with a >mooth, rounded back. Iiscoloi- is greenish white, and it has a large black spot on its back, from the anterior corners of which a black lim; runs oif towards each eye ; the npper margin of the head and th(> breast are also black. The I'emale is about one-fifth of an inch long, the male smaller. This spiH'ies is sometimes found in considerable nund)ers on grape- vines ai)ont the last ol" Jidy, and a few stragglers usually remain until Ocitober. m 290 JXSlX-rs ISJVRIOVS TO Till. GIlAl'E. Tree-bugs. No. 163. — 'J'Ik; Modest 'ri'cc-hiijji;, Aniui modv^fd Dallas, is sinallcr, licinii' IVoiii four to (our and a lialf tenths of ;i:i incli loiiii', ol" a tawny yellow isli-<»;ray color, thiekly dotinl witii brown. Tlio winj^-cases are eoninionly red at tlieir tip-, and tlie under glassy winu;s have a brown spot at tlieii' i \- trernities. The under side is whitish, with a row of black dots alono; the middle of the alxloinon. and another on each side. This insect is one of the eoinnioncsc tree-bugs, and i- found in the autumn on a number of dilFerent trees aiitl shrubs. No. 164. — The Grape-vine Aphis. Sijtkomiphdra viticola Tlioinius. This speeies of plant-louse, which is destru(!tive to tlio leave.s and young shoots of the grape-vine, is of a dusky- A TTA CKISG THE L E. I I 'ES. 291 lin)\vii or hhickisli color, Icj^s <rrct'iii»li, iiuu'l^cd with diiskv. Most of the liw arc wiii<4lc'ss, Imt somo have wings clear aiul glassy, Nvitii brownish veins. This is helieved to he the sanin j.|)C('ies as that which infests the vine in the sonthern parts of Knrope, viz., A^tliix c/V/.s, hut the insect ha^ not yet l)e<n snlli- ciently studied to decide this with certainty. 'I'hev cluster in tiiousands on tlic ends of the branches, causinir tiie leaves to (■iu"l up and the vine to appear very unsightlv. Thev are xvn early in tiie siunnier, and usually continue but a few- weeks, as their enemies, the lady-birds and other j)redaceous insects, increase so fast as to decimate then* within that time. Tliey are common in the South and in the Middle States, but (V'ctu" only occasionally in the more northern distriet.s. Should occasion require the application of a ri^niedy, the vines may be syringed with weak lye, tobnao water, or I'iG. ao2. strong soMo-suds. >«ii No. 165. — The Broad-winged Katydid. ('//rfiipJii/llKs r.tmcAwns (Harris). This is jH'rha|)s our common- est species of katvdid, and may bo distinguished from the other species by the greater breadth iuid convexitv of its wiuir-cov- crs, which, with their strong midrib and regular venation, nnich resemble a leaf. The in- sect (Fig. .302) is about an inch and a half long, the female having a projecting ovipositor or piercer, with which the eggs are thrust into crevices and soft substances. The e<nrs are 292 IXSKCTS ISJUIilOUS TO THE GRAPE. of a dark sitite-i'olor, about one-eig'htli of an iiu-li lon<»', ami not more than one-third of this in diameter. Thoy are hiid in two contiguous rows aloig a twig or cane, the l)ark of whieh is [)reviously shaved off or made rough with the piercci. The rows are plaeed somowiiat obliquely, ()verlai)i)ing encli other a little, and are Hrmly fastened with a gummy substance. These singular-looking rows of eggs are fre([uently found on the canes of grape-vines, and always ex(Mte cui'iosity and in (piiry, anil ibr that reason they are referred to; they do nn partioidar injury to the vine. The young katydids win n hatched, which usually occurs in the following sj)ring, cai almost any tender succulent leaves, and have never been recorded as injurious. Another and a very similar s[)ecies is the Oblong-wingi li Katydid, J*/ii/!l()jjtera oblomjijolia De Geer, which is also said to deposit eggs in a sinnlar manner on grajie-twigs. No. 166.— The Trumpet Grape-gall. )'///.•)' rillfiilit Ostt'ii Siiclvcii. These arc ciu'ious, eK)ngatetl, conical galls, about one-tliii<l V,,, ..(v. of an inch lonii, of u reddish or red- dish-crimson color, sometimes indin- ^~L l^-\~\ J"i2,' '" consideralilc i'mK«'.'iiLnund)ers on ilic ' '-i- B^yr'J- (See Fiu;. :;o;!.j '^riiough usualb found only on the U|)|)er sui'face, iIhv are occasionally seen on llic undi r side also. They arc produced In- a gall-gnat, an undetermined s|)ecies of iWiilo- ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 293 ipiiit^ each is also sai'l lit ()iu>tiiii<l nch lonti', of isli 01" icd- •iin.son color, inos ii)cliii- ^rcen, nrow- coiisitlcraMr 'I's on the of the vine. Fiji. ;}();5.) >'li usually only on the surface, liny occasionally )n the undi r Iso. 'riieyaiv crt ol' (Jmdo- myici, and on cutting into tiio galls they arc found to be hollow, each containing a pale-orange larva. It is probable that the larva enters the earth to transforiu to the chrysalis, and that the fly is produced the Ibllowing season. No. 167. — The Grape-vine Filbert-gall. T7//a' cori/loldes AValsli & Hi lev. In this instance? :: rounded mass of galls from one and a half to two and a half inches in diameter sj)ritigs from a cDinmon centre at a point where a bud would naturally be I'ound. The mass (sec Fig. 304) is composed of from ten to Fui. :^04. forty opaque, woolly, greenish galls, which have a fleshy, juic^y, siib-acid interior, each with a i/iugle central, longitudinal cell, one of wiiich is shown at c in the lij^ure, about a quarter of 294 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. Fio. nOo. ail inch loiiu; and one-fourth as wide, containins^ a solitary orange-yellow larva, about one-eiglitli of an ineli long-. Tiiis is also the larva of an undetermined s[)eeies of Cecidoimjia^ a family the members of which may be recognized in the larval state by a peculiar appendage known as a breast-bone attached to the under side near the head. In this species if is almost Y-shaped, as shown at a iu the figure; the diverginn- branches terminate in two pro- jecting points, which may he extended at will, and wiiich ar(> |)r()l)ably used by the larva in abrading the soft tissues of tlu' gall so as to cause an exudation of saj), on which the larva feeds. The flies belonging to this genus are usuallv of a dull-black color, ' like that shown in Fig. oOo, a, which rci)rescnts a female fiy ; the antenna of a male is seen at h. The gall is common in July; the larger-sized specimens bear some resemblance to a bunch of filberts or liazel-nuts, hence the name filbert-gall. No. 168. — The Grape-vine Tomato-gall. Vitis tomatns lliloy. These galls form a mass of irregular, succulent swellings on the stem and leaf-stalks of the grape-vine (see Fig. 30G), very vai'iable in si/c and shape, from the single, round, cran- berry-like swelling to the irregular, bulbous j)rotuberanc('s which look much like a group of dimimitive tomatoes. Tlicy have a ycllowish-grecn exterior, with rosy cheeks, and some- times are cntii'cly red ; the interior is soft, juicy, and acid. Fach gall has several cells, as shown at a in the figure, and in each cell there is an orange-yellow larva, wliich, before the gall has entirely decayed, enters the ground, where it chatigcs to a chi-ysalis, and finally emerges as a pale-reddish gnat, with bluok liead and anteinue, and gray wings. This fly also be- ATTACKISG THE LEAVES. 295 longs to the family Cccidotni/ia, ami is known to entomologists as Lasiopfera vitk of Osten Saeken. The larvie are liable to be attacked by a parasite, and also I'lu. 30t by a species of Thrij), which invade the cells and destroy the inmates. No. 169. — The Grape-vine Apple-gall. Vilis pnmum AVivlsli & Uilcy, This i.s a globidar, flesliy, greenish gall, abont nine-tenths of an inch in diameter, which is attached by a I'ongh base, r 29(J IXSKCTS lyjURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. like that of a liazol-iiiit, to the stem of the vine. On its ex- ternal surface there are longitudinal depressions, which divide the <>;all into eiy;ht or nine sei>;nieiits. The interior is fleshv for al)ont one-eightii of its diameter, then foHow a series of elongated cells, each divided into two by a transverse partition, the lower being the shorter of the two. Fig. o()7, a, represents the exterior of the Fig. ;]07. ,, , ,. .. *<»Bres~:'*»'s>. g;>"; '', a section ol (he same, showing its interior structure. Each cell is occupied by a single larva of a bright-yellow color, with a chestnut-brown, Y-slia|)cd breiLst-bone, whicii eventually produces a gall-fly belonging to the genus Cccldomyia. This gall sometimes varies in form, being occasionally flat- tened or depressed ; when young it is downy on the outsi\le, succulent within, and is said to have a pleasant, acidulous flavor. Should any of the galls described ever become a source of annoyance, they may readily be destroyed by iiand-picking. ATTACKING THE PEUIT. No. 170. — The Grape-seed Insect. Isnsdiim n'/i.s Sainulfirs. This insect was first observed in 1808, when it threatened to become a very troublesom(> enemy to grape-culture; it was widely distributed, and, having the fecundity usually charac- teristic; of insect life, it might have Imk'U expected to inc^rease immensely; but this happily has not been the case, and of late it has seldom prevailed to any serious extent. IIbRH' ATTACK I so THE FRUIT. 297 Fui. ;}os. About tlie middle of August some berries in tlie bundles ot' gnipes may be seen shrivelling up; on o[)euing these, many of them will be I'ouud to contain only one seed, and that of an unusually large size; other larger berries will contain two seeds, also swollen, most of the seeds having a dark spot somewhere on their surface. On cutting ojx'u these seeds, the kernel will be found almost entirely consumed, and the cavity occupied by a small, milk-white, footless grub, w ith a pair of brown, hooked jaws, a smooth and glossy skin, with a few very tine, short, white hairs. I'^ig. o08 shows this hu'va highly mag- iiilied ; the small ligiwe beneath indicates its natural size. The larva changes to a (;hrysalis within the seed during the spring months, and in Jidy emerges as a lly, escaping through a small, irregular hole. The fly so much resembles that shown in Fig. 801) (which re[)resents a closely-allied form belonging to the same genus) that it is ditlicult to distinguish between the two ; a represents the female, 6 the male, f c the tmtenna of the \. female, d that of the ^' male, e the abdomen of the female, showing the segments or rings of the body,/ that of the male. All these ligtM-es are highly iiiagnilied ; the short iKiir-lines luiderneath (lu! Hies indicate the natural size. The lly is bhu'k ; the head and thorax are liiiely punctated with miinitedots; the abdomen is long and smooth, with a j)olished surface, and is placed on a short Fia. ;]0!) 298 lASKCTS IXJURIOVS TO THE GnAI'E. pedicel. The parent insect i)robably deposits her eggs on the .skill oi' the grape, and the yonng hirvae, as soon as hatched, pnnctni'e the skin and work their way to the s'cd, which they enter while it is young and soft. Many of the .itleeted grapes have a small scar on their surface, which may indicate where the insect has entered. Should this tiny foe ever become so troublesome as to rc(juire a remedy, the best one suggested is that of carefully gathering and destrovinti; the shrivelled fruit. No. 171. — The Grape-berry Moth. Endemis botraiia (Soliiff). This insect is an imported species, and has long been in- jurious to grape-culture in the south of Europe. The exact j)eriod of its introduction to America is not known, and it is only within the past few years that attention has l)een called to its ravages. Wlien abundant, it is very destrucitive ; in some instances it is said to have destroyed nearly fifty per cent, of the croj). The young larvae have usually been first observed early in July, when the infested grapes show a discoK)red spot where the worm has entered. (See Fig. olO, c.) When the grajx' Fio. :310. is opened and the contents carefully examined, tliere will generally be ibund in the \m\\) a small larva, rather long and thin, and of a whiti.sh-green color. Besides feeding on tiie ATTACKISG THE FRUIT. LM)9 niilj), it som(3tiino.s cats [jortions of the seeds, and it" the con- tents of a single berry are not snlHeient, two, three, or more are drawn together, as shown in the tigure, and fastened with a nateh of silk mixed with eastings, when the larva travels from one berry to another, eating into tliein and devouring their jniey contents. At this period its length is about an eightii of an inch or more; the head is l)laek, and the next segment has a l)JaeUish shield covering most of its upper portion; the body is dull whitish or yellowish green. As it approaches maturity, it becomes darker in color, and when al)out one-fourth of an inch long is full grown. (See 6, Fig. olO.) The body is then dull green, with a reddish tinge, and a lew short hairs, head vi'llowish green, shield on next segment dark brown, feet Idackish, })rolegs green. When the larva is full grown, it is said to form its cocoon on the leaves of the vine, cutting out for this purpose an oval flap, which is turned back on the leaf, forming a siuig enclosure, wliich it lines with silk; frecpiently it fiontents itself with rolling over u piece of the edge iA' the leaf, and within this retreat the change to a chrysalis takes place. The chrysalis is about one-fifth of an inch long, and of a yellow or yeUowish-brown color. The perfect insect, which is shown magnified at a, Fig. 310, measures, when its wings are spread, nearly foiu'-tenths of an inch across. The fore wings are of a pale dull-bluish shade, with a slight nietallic lustre, becoming lighter on the interior and posterior portions, and are ornamented with dark-brown bands nd spots. The hind wings are dull brown, deeper in color towards the margin, the body greenish brown. There are said to be two broods of this insect during the vear ; but we have never seen them at any other time than in the autnnni, wlun the grapes are approaching maturity. IxcincdU's. — As it is probable that most of the late brood pass the winter in the chrysalis state attached to the leaves, if these were gathered and burned a large number of the insects would perish. The infested grapes might also be 300 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. gathered and destroyed. This: insect is attacked by a small parasite, which doubtless does its part towards keeping the enemy in subjection. No. 172.— The Grape Curculio. Craponins iaoeqnalis (Say). This is a small l)eetle belonging to the family of Curculio.-, which passes the winter probably in the perfect state, and lay- its eggs on the young grapes some time in June or early in July. It is a diminutive and inconspicuous insect, only about one-tenth of an inch long. (See Fig. 311, where it is showu l'i<;. 311. Fia. 312. much magnified.) Its color is blacky sprinkled with grayish spots and dots, and thickly punctated. The young larva, wh(Mi hatched, enters the fruit and begins to feed upon it, its preseut'c l)eiug indicated by a discoloration on one side of the berry, as if it were prematurely ripening. A dark, circular dot soon appears in the middle of the colored spot, showing the i)oint where the insect has entered the fruit. T'he affected berry does not decay, but remains sound and plump; but it sometimes (lro[)s to the ground before it is fully ripe. In Fig. 312 asi)ecimen of the injured fruit is shown at a, and at b a magnified view of the larva, which is an elongated, footless grub, tapering towards tlie head, about one-filth of an inch long, the head large, brown- ish yellow, and horny, the body yellowish white and trans- j)arent. I.-ate in July or early in August the larva becomes full grown, when it leaves the berry, drops to the ground. ATTACK ISO THE FIUIT. :U)1 jy a small ?epiiig the Ciu'cuIko. c, and la\ - jr early in only about it is shown ith grayisli and begins iscoloration ly ripening. Idle of the has entered Hit remains Itlie <!;round ithe injured I' the larva, lowards the •ge, brown- and trans- |va becomes ho ground, and, l)urying itself in the soil, chaiigt's ti) a chrysalis, from which the beetle escapes late in August or early in Sei)temb(r. This is not a connnon insect, nor is it vers- uencrallv distributed, and the injury supposed to be done by it to ilic fruit is often more correctly chargeable to the species last referred to, since that is a much connnoner insect. 'J'he orape ciu'culio has been observed chielly in the valley of the Mississippi, but is rarely injurious to any considerable extent or over any large area. Where it is tioublesome, the vines may be jarred occasionally during the month of June, placing a sheet or an inverted umbrella under them, when the beetles will fall, and can then be gathered and destroyed, as in the ca>^e of the plum curculio. * No. 173.— Thfc Honey Bee. Apis inellijlca Linn. This useful insect, so valuable to man, is said t<» have the pernicious habit of puncturing or abrading the skin of the grape and extracting its juices. That the injury thus done is entirely due to the agency of bees has been disputed, some bee-lovers claiming that the grapes are lirst piuictured by birds or bitten by wasps and hornets, and that the bees follow and promj)tly avail themselves of the store of sweets thus laid open for their use. The evidence, however, on the whole, Seems rather strong against the bees, and there is little doubt that they frequently do abrade the skin of the fruit with their claws and afterwards extract the sw..ets with their brusli-likc tongue. fmPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH AFFECT THE GRAPE. ATTACKING THE CANES. The apple-twig borer, No. 13, the tree cricket, No. 178, 7^ 302 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GRAPE. and the mealy flata, Xo. 218, all injure the canes of tlie ^raj)e. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; the saddle-baok caterpillar, No. 49 ; and the smeared dag:i;er, No. 11)4. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. The Indian Cetonia, No. 81. INSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THK UASPBRIUIY. ATTACKING THE ROOTS. No. 174. — The Raspberry Root-borer. JEi/eria riibi Kilcy. Tliis Worur is (juito (li.stiiict from tlic ciuie-borei', Xc». 17(], th;it insect being without legs in the hirval state, while this (ine lias sixteen legs, a feature which will enable any person icadily to distinguish the one from the other. The rasj)- luiiy root-borer belongs to the sam<' family of clear-winged moths a.s the peach-borer, and there is a striking resem- blance between the two species in the several stages of their existence. JJoth the male and the female moth are shown in Fig. 313, where a re[)resents the male, and b the female. The front wings are transparent, veined with black or brownish, and heavily mar- gined with reihlish brown ; the hind wings are transparent, with dark veins, and both wings are fringed with dai'k brown. The body is black, prettily 1 anded and mai'ked with golden yel- low, as in the figure. The wings, When ex[)andcd, will measiu'e iVom three-(|uarters of an inch to an inch across. The eggs are deposited by the female (luring the hot sunnner weather on the c;uu> of the raspberry, a short distance above the ground. The young larva when hatched eats its way through the cane to the centre, where it i'eeds upon the pithy substance hi 303 ao 1 i.\s/:<-rs lyjc/uors to tju: nAsriiiinny. the interior, mikI <;i';ulii:illy cluiiiiu'ls llic cmih' to the foot, in wliicli it s|)(ii(ls the winter months, lorniin<; helorc; spiin^;- cavities of ('(jusideniblo extent. As the s]irin<j opens, it \voil<> its way lip aiz;ain, usnallv thronLih the interior of anoiher cane, to 11 heiiL;;ht of live or six inelies, where the larva, in |)re- parini^ for the exit of the fnture iDoth, eats the ciuk! in oiif place nearly throni^li, leaving- a nicix: tilni of .-kin unbroken. When full ujrown, it is al)ont an inch lonu', of a j)al(,'-yell>i\v coh)r, with a dark-hrown head, and a lew shining' (h)ts on each x'uincnt of the body. Within the cane, and near the spot specially prepared by the larva, the change to a chrys- alis takes j)lace, ai.d when the time approaches for the moth to cscai)e, the chrysalis wriii<;les itself foi-\vard, and, jjushin^ against tlie thin skin remaininij; on the cane, ruptures it, and, foi'i'ing its way throngh the opening, there awaits the esca[)e of the moth, which usually takes ])Iace within a lew hoins al'terwards. The injury thus done to the root is often followed by the death of the canes, a result sometimes incorrectly attributeti to the severe cold of winter. Little can be done towards the destruction - of this pest other than by ]ayin;j; bare the roots antl cutting out the infested j)ortions. A parasitic insect is said to attack these root-borers, and j)robably destroys many of them. Fiu. 314. No. 175. — The Raspberry-root Gall-fly. liltudlks ntdinnn Oston Sat-kon. This is a small gall-fly, which j)ro- ducesa hirge browM gall on the roots, a good rej)resentation of which is The swelling is composed of a yellow, pithy su'ljstanee, scattered throughout which are a number ol' cells, each enclosing a small white larva, the progeny of the given in Fig. 314. II ATTACK I S( I THE CASKS. ;3()5 uiill-Hy. These somi eliaiit^e to clirysalitls, aiul tlicv in turn |ii()(lii('e ..t'ter a tinii; the perfect insects, which eat their way out thi'ouj^h the substance of tlie i^all, leaving small lioles to mark the phice of exit. These galKs are not only the abode ot' the makers, the gall-flies, but are also fretjuented by other s|)ecics known as gnest-Hies, and the presence of these as well as other parasitic si)ecies in comjxmy with the normal inmates is ai)t to perplex the observer, and render^ it mon.' ditlicnlt to discover the real authors of the mischief. This gall chieHy affects the black ras[)berry ; it also o(!curs on the blackberry, and sometimes on the roots of the rose. Wherever these excrescences are found they should be col- lected and burnt. ATTACKING THE CANES. No. 176. — The Raspberry Cane-borer. Oberea bimaculatu Oliv. This insect in the larval state lives in the centre of the cane, where it burrows a })assage from above downwards, often causing the death of the cane. Its natural homo is among the wild raspberries, but it has taken very kimlly to the cultivated sorts, and appears indeed to prefer them. The jierfect insect is a long-horned beetle (see Fig. .'} 15), with a long and narrow black body, with the top of the thorax and the fore part of the breast i)ale yel- lowish; the wing-cases are covered with coarse Fiu. r.io. intlentations and slightly notched at the ends, and ^(H tiiere are two black spots on the thorax, which, /,y^l however, are sometimes wanting, and a third black ' /\ dot on the hinder edge, just where the wing-covers join the thorax. The beetles ap[)ear on the wing during the month of June, and, after pairing, the female proceeds to deposit her eggs, which she does in a very singular manner. 20 30(J INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASFBERR}'. With lior mandibles she girdles the young growing etine ne;ir the tip in two places, one ring being about an inch below the other, and between the rings the cane is pierced, and an egg thrust into its substance near the middle, its location being indicated by a small, dark-colored spot. The supply of sap being impeded or stopped, the tip of the cane above the uj)per ring soon begins to droop and wither, and shortly dies, when a touch will sever it at the point where it ha> been girdled. The egg is long and narrow and of a yellow color, is quite large for the size of the insect, and, embedded in the nioi>t substance of the cane, absorbs moisture and increases in size until in a few days a small grub hatches from it. The larva as it escapes from the egg is about one-fourteenth of an ineli long, with a yellow, smooth, glossy body, roughened at the sides, antl clothed with very minute short hairs. The head is small and reddish brown, and the anterior segments of the bodv Sivollen : it is also footless. Tiic voung larva burrows down the centre of the stem, consuming the pith until full grown, which is usually about the end of zVugu>t, when it is nearly an inch long and of a dull-ycUow color, with a small, (lark-brown head. JJy this time it has eaten its way a con- siderable distance down the cane, in which it remains during the winter, and wheiv it changes to a chrysalis, the beetle escaping the following June, when it gains its liberty by gnawing a passage through. This borer injures the black- berry as well as the nispberry. 'I'hc presence of these enemies is easily detected by the sudden drooping and withering of the tips of the canes. They begin to operate late in .lune, and continue their work lor several weeks; hence by looking over the ras|)berry j)lan- tation occasionally at this season of the year and removing all th(! withered tops down to (lie /oircsf ri)i;/, so as to insure the removal of the v^iix^ these insects may be easily kept under, I'or they are seldom numerotis. tlii' ATTACKING THE CANES. 307 tiir eanc neivr 1 inch heldw irced, and an , its location The supply le cane ahovi' 1-, and shortly whore it has cohn-, is quite in the nioi>t icreases in size it. The larva nth of an inch itrhened at the r The head is H^nicnts of the larva burrows pith until fnll ust, when it is with a small, its way a con- Miains during- is, the beetle its liberty by vs the black- etected by the of the canes, luie their work •Mspberry l)lan- uiid removing' so as to insure be easily keiH No. 177. — The Red-necked Agrilus, Agrilits ruficullis (Falir.). In tlie spring-time, when ras[)berry and blackberry canes !ire being pruned, they will often be observed .swollen in places to the length of an inch or more, in the manner shown in Fig. 316. This swelling is a l»ithy gall, and has been ntuned the ilaspberry Gouty-gall, Rxibl podagra Hi ley, and is produced hy the irritation caused by the presence of the larva of the red- necked Agrilus. The swollen portions are not smooth, as the healthy ones are, but have the sui'i'ace roughened with numer- uiis brownish slits and ridges, and when the ridges are cut into w ith a knife, there will be foiuid under each of them the passage- way of a minute borer, and either in (he ciiannel or in the soft substance adjoining, the larva will usnally bo found. Fig. 317 represents the nearly full-grown larva magnitied, the hair-line at the side indicating its njiliiral si/e. Its body is almost thread- like, and of a pale-yellowish or whitish color, with the 'ante- rior segments enlarged and flattened. The head is small and brown, the jaws black, and the tail is armed with two slender, dark-brown horns, each having three blunt teeth on the imicr edge. When fidl grown, it measures about six-tenths of an inch long. While yotmg it iidiabits chiefly the sa|)-wo(Hl, and, foil iwing i'.n irregular, spiral course, frequent'y gi-dies and destroys the cane; usually several larvro v»'lll bo found 308 INSECTS lyJUIilOUS TO THE RASPBERliV ('SC'1>1)C',> No. 178.~The Tree Cricket. (I'Jcant/itis )ilr(iis Serv. Of nil the insects aU'eetinii; the ciiiies of {\n) raspberry j)r()l)til)ly this is the most troublesonie. Fig. o\^,) i'e|)resiM!l,> tl le iiuiK', and Fig '.20 tl le lernale. T\ lev are about .seven-tenths of an incth loiiij.-, ot' a pale whitish-green color, and semi-transpa- rent, with several dusky stripes on the head an< 1 tl lorax th le iesrs and antenna! are also dnskv or dark-colored. 'I'hev are (!xceed- I'glV liveb an( I th le males (piile musical chirping meri'IIy with a loud, shrill note among the bushes all tlie day. In the autumn they attain lull growth, and it is then that the female, ATTACK I NU THE CASES. 309 ill carrviiig out lior instinctive desires to protect lier progeny )eeonies sucli an enemy to th le raspberry-grower. SI le IS tiir nislied with a long ovij)()sitor, wliieh she thrusts obh'quely more tiian halt'-wav throujjh the cane, and down the open- ing thus nKuU; siie pkiees one of iier eggs, which arc yellowish and semi-transparent, about one-eighth of an inch long, and narrow a seco ud one IS then i) th ) laced, m the same manner, alon<«;si(le of the first, and so on, until from Hve to fifteen Cii* have been placed in a row. Jn Fig. ',V1\ is shown a piece of infested cane; <t rcp- rcseuts the irregular row of punctiuvs in- dicating the presence of the eggs ; A, the .<\mii laid open, showing the eggs in posi- tion; at (3 is a magnified egg, while d shows the granulated head of the same, still more highly magnifieil. Owing to <^ [\\v. [)rcsencc of these eggs, the cane is much weaUcned, and is liabh) to break on shght provocation ; sometimes the part beyond the punctures dies, but if it sur- vives, and escai)es being broken in winter, it is very apt to break from the action of the wind on the weight of foliage as soon as it has expanded in spring, and the crop which would otherwise be realized is lost. As soon as the spring opens, the eggs begin to swell, and about midsummer, or sometimes a little earlier, the young insects hatch, which much i'esend)le the perl\'<'t insect in form, bnt: lack wings. 'I'hey at once lca\'e the raspbei'ry canes and do no further injury to ihem. At fust they ['vvi\ more or l(>ss on |)lant-l''ce, and later in the season on ri|»c fruits and other succidcut food. IJcsidi's in- juring the raspberry and blackberry, tiiey attack the cane.s ^TT 310 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE liASPBKRRV, of the i^rape and the .smaller branches of plum, [)each, and other trees. Remedies. — Cut out late in the fall or early in tlie spriiio- all those portions of the cane which contain eggs, and burn them. Wherever the eggs are deposited the regular rows of j)unctures are easily seen, and often their presence is rendered still more apparent by a partial splitting of the cane. The mature insects may also be destroyed in the autumn by sud- denly jarring the bushes or canes on which they collect, when they drop to the ground, and may be trodden uiuler foot before they have time to hop or Hy away. ATTACKING THE FLOWERS. No. 179. — The Pale-brown Byturus. Ji;// lints niiicdlor Say. Tills insect is a small l)ee(le, which is sometimes very destructive to the blossoms of the raspberry. It is a native in.sect, about three-twentieths of an inch long, of a yellowish- brown or pale-reddish color, and d(>nsely covered with fine, pale-yellow hairs. The surface of the body, when seen under a magnifying-lens, is densely |)unctated. This beetle is shown, both magnilied and of the natural siz(>, in Fig. .322. Late in ]\Iay and early in June, when the flowers are expanding, this insect is busily employed eating into and injui'ing or (l(>stroying the flower-buds. Al this period many of the flower-buds maybe found with II jjole in the side, through which (he enemy has entered and eaten away, partly m- wholly, the stamens, also the spongy receplach' on which they Where the injury is oidy partial, the flower usually expands; but when the .sexual organs are (>ntirely de- stroyed, as is often the cuso, the buds generally wither and do are ixirne ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 311 not open. The beetles attack the expanded flowers as well as tliosc which are unopened, j)artly liidinti themselves about the base of tiio ntnnerous stamens on which they are feediiiii;. Thev are seldom seen dnrinj^ the middle of the day, but work chiefly during the early hours of the morninjj^ and evening. They i'{iQ(\ on the blossoms of tiie bhickberry also, and are .-aid to eat the leaves of the raspberry occasionally. Where the flowers are injured, the fruit, if it forms at all, is always imperfect; hence, should this insect become very plentiful, it would prove a great hinderance to successful rasp- berry-culture. Fortunately, it has uever yet occurred in any u;reat nii..'bers; should it at aiiv time become numerous, its ranks might be thinned by hand-picking. « ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 180. — The Raspberry Saw-fly. Sclaiidria riihi. lljirris. The perfect insect in this instance is a four-winged fly be- longing to the order Hijiaenopterit, which appears iVom about th(! 10th of May to the beginning of June, or soon after the young leaves of the ras|)beny are put forth. Fig. o23 gives a UKigniHed view of this fly. The wings, whiiih are trans- parent, with a glossy surface and metallic hue, measure, when expanded, about half an inch across; the veins are black, and there is also a streak of black along the iVont margin, extending more than half-way to- wards the ti|)()f the wing. The anterior jmrt of the body is black, the abdomen dark reddish. In the cool of the morning, ai2 l.\SK(TS IXJURIOUS TO THE RASI'JlKIiR}' wlieii these flies are approached as they rest on the bu-ln -, thev have the habit of falling: to the *>;romi(l,aii(l tliere remain- int; inactive h)n<^ enough to permit of their being caught; bui with the increasing lieatof the day they become mueli quicker in their movements, and take wing readily when ap|)roache(l. The eggs are buried beneath the skin of the raspberry leaf, near the ribs and veins, and are placed there by means of the saw-like a{)i)aratus with whi<'h the female is provided. The egg is white and semi-transparent, with a faint yellow tinge, and a smooth, glossy surface, oval in form, and about one-thirtieth of an inch lony:. The skin covering it is so thin and transparent that the movements of tlu; enclosed lar\;i may be observed a day or two before it is hatched, and the l)lack s[)ots on the sides of the head are distinctly visible; it escapes through an irregular hole made on one side of the egg. The newly-hatched larva is about one-twelfth of an inch long, with a large, greenish-white head, having a black, eye- like spot on each side; the body nearly white, semi-transparent, and thickly covered with transverse rows of white spines. As it grows older it becomes green, very much the color of the leaf on which it is iovi]- Fig. 324. i^ st^ iiig, and on this account it would be diflicult to dis- cover were it not that it riddles the leaves by eat- ing out all the soft tissues between the coarser veins. When full grown, it meas- ures about three-(piarters of an inch in length, is of a dark-green color, it- body thickly set with pale- green, branching tubercles. The head is small, pale yel- l')wish green, with a dark-brown dot on each side. This iarva U usually foiuid on the upper surface of the leaf, in ■ ATTACK I \G THE LEAVES. 313 Fii;. 324 it is sliown of the natural siw, with portions ot' the sc'ii;nicnts niaii:nitie(l, showing tlie arrangement of liie spines (III the haek and side. On reaehing niatru'lty, which is usually iVoin the middle In the end of June, the larva k-aves the l)nsh, and, de- scending to tiio ground, penetrates heneatli the; surfjiee, and there eonstruets a little, oval, eai'thy coeoon, mixed with silicy iiiid glutinous m;itter. Tiiese eoeoons are toughly made, and may l)e taken out of the earth in whieh they are embedded, ;iiid even handled roughly, without nmeh danger of dis- lodging the larvio. They remain within thi; eoeoon for a eoiisideral)le time unchanged, linally transforming to clirysa- lids, from which the Hies esca|)e early the following spring. 'i'liese insects may i)e reailily destroyed hy syringing or sprinkling the hushes with water in which powdered hellel)or(! has been mixed, in the j)roportion of an ounce of the powder to a pailful of water. No. 181. — The Raspberry Apatela. A/Ki/iht lirinimsii (Iroto. The caterpillar of this moth, although never yet recorded as very injurious, is more or less commcn on raspbcrry- hnshes every year in some localities. It does not appear in lidcks, but feeds singly. It is a gray htiiry eatei'pillar, whi<'h attains full growth during tlu; latt(>r ])art of Jidy or in August, when it measures, if in motion, about an inch and a (jirarter long, but when at rest, owing to some of the segments ni' the body being drawn pai'tiy within the others, it does tidt measure more than an inch. The body is thicj<e-.t from the third to the seventh segment, tapering a little anteriorly aiiil p(>steriorly, and is of a brownish-black color, with a tran-;- \ei'se row of ]>aler tubercles on each segment, I'rom which spring clusters of brownish-white or grayish hairs of varying lengths. Jk'hind the third segment there is a space down tiie centre of the back where the dark color of the body is dis- tuictly seen. The head is ol' a shining black color, the upper w^ 314 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RASl'IiERllV. F\o. ?,-ln. ])()rti()n ovoiluing hv the long liairs of tlio next sc<^incnt. Tlie under side is greenish brown, with a few small clusi. r, of short brown hairs. The larva changes to a brown chrysalis within a raihcr tough cocoon fornu'd of pieces of leaves interwoven with --ilk. The moth (Fig. 325) has the fore wings gray, mottled with spots, streaks, and dots of darker shades of gray and brown. 'J'hc hind wings are of a dull pale gray, deepiMiing in color a liitle towards the outer margin. Tin; under sui'face is j)aler than the upi)er. AVhen the wings are cx- j)anded, they measure about an inch and a (puirter across. Should this insect ever become troublesonu^ it may be sub- dued by hand-picking, or destroyed by showering the busjics with water in which hellebore or Paris-green has been mixcil, in the i)roportiou of an ounce of the former or one or two teaspoonfuls of tiie latter to two gallons of water. No. 182. — The Raspberry Plume-moth. Pleroplioriis ? The caterpillar of this moth, an undetermined species of Pterophorus, lias not in any instance been suHicieutly nuincr- ous to be considered destructive, yet it is an interesting insecit, ami on this account deserves a ])a<s- ing notice. About the middle of .lune the larva reaches i'ull growth, when it is about foiii- teuths ol an inch long, of a \)\\\v yellowish-grecyn color, streaked with j)ale yellow, and with transverse rows of shining tubercles, from each of whi(!h aiisc from two to six spreading hairs of a yellowish-green color. The head is small, pale green, with a faint brown dot on ea li side. Fig. 320 represents this larva, uukjIi magnified. Fio. ^20. ATTACKING TITK LEAVES;. 315 t'xt Hc;i;nicn!. mall clufsti r.-. Wlion the larva is about to chaiij^e to a clirvsalis, it .spins a loose web of silk on a loaf or other suitable spot, to which till' chrysalis is attached. This is less than three-tenths of an jiK li long, pointed behind, enlaro;in<j; gradually towards the tVont, where, near the end, it sloj)es abruptly to the tij). Its color is pale green, with a line along the back of a deej)er shade, margined on each side with a whitish ridge; it is also more or less hairy. In about a week or ten days th(> cImts- alis changes to a darker color, shortly after which the ])erlcct insect escapes. The moth (Fig. 327), although quit(! small, is very beauti- ful ; it measures, when its wings are expanded, about half an inch across. The fore wings are of a deep brownish-copper color, with a metallic lustre, and a few dots of silvery white; they are cleft down the middle about half their de})th, the division as well as the outer edge being fringed. The hind wings, wdiich resend)lc the fore wings in color, are divided into three portions, the hinder one being almost linear, and all deeply fringed. The antennse are ringed with silvery white, and there are spots of the same color on the legs and body. Should this insect at any time j)rove troublesoni(>, it might he easily destroyed with powdered hellebore and water, as rocom mended for No. 181. , Fig. 327. Fid. iJ-JS. Fio. :vjn. No. 183. — Cliekpnorpha Ar<pis Loichtenstein, a beetle belonging to the family Chri/sonielidiv, is also said to feed occasionally on th(> raspberry. In Fig. 328 the beetle is represented of the natural size, the chrysalis in Fig. 329. It can ■scarcely be regarded as injurious, and needs but a passing notice. 816 lySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE liASPHERRV ATTACKING THE PKUIT. No. 184. — The Raspberry Geometer. SijiuMord ruhiroriiriit (Uiltiv). •e" ATTACK L\G THE I'RLIT. 317 tJitv measure about half au ineli across. The body is irrei ii above ami \vhit<! beueath. As the larvti of this insect is not usually observed until the iruit is ripe, no poisonous applications to destroy it coidd be used, and resort must be had, if unythin<^ is done, to hand- ])i(king. One species of panisitic insect is known to i)rey on It. No. 185.— The Flea-like Negro-bug. Fig. a:Jl. Corimelcvnn j)ii/iatria (jicnii. This disti'usting little pest is not at all uncommon on rij)o ra-]il»erries. Its presence may be discovered bv the fruit having- a nauseous bi((jrjy odor, but the inse(?t is so small that it is often taken into the mouth un- noticed until the disgusting flavor reveals its presence. In Fig. ool we have a Miagnitied outline of this insect, the smaller Tj sketch at the side showing its natural size. It is of a black color, w'ith a whitish stripe along each side, and is furnished with a pointed beak or sucker, with which it punctures the fruit and extracts its juices. This troid)le.some visitor is also found on the blackberry, and occasionally on the strawberry. SUPPLEMENTAKY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH ArrEOT THE RASPBEKRY. )ale-green color, ,vhcn expanded, ATTACKING THE LEAVES. The fall web-worm, No. 27 ; theoblifiue-banded leaf-rolhr, No. .'55; the .saddle-back caterpillar. No. 49; the apple leaf- iiiiner, No. 50; the yellow woolly-bear. No. 14G; the py- lamidal grape-vine caterpillar. No. 147; the neat strawberry leaf-roller, No. 193; the smeared dagger. No. 194; and the cucumber flea-beetle. No. 223. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKBERRY. Fio. 332. ATTACKING THE OANES. No. 186.— The Pithy Gall of the Blackberry. This curious ^iiW, which is represented in Fig. 332, is soiik-- tiines found on bhickberry canes. It is about two or three- inches kjng,ot'a(hirk- red or reddish-brown color, obK)n<; in tonu, with its surface un- even, witJi deej) lon- iiitudinal f'ui-rows, which divide tlie uall more or less com- pletely into four or live })ortions. Jt i> caused by a small four-winged fly, Di- astrophus ii cb ulo.siis Osten Sacken. Jl" a transverse section of this gall be made, there will be i'ound about the middle a nuniber of oblonii; cells about one-eighth pupa. of an inch loiiu', shown at b in the figure, each contain- ing a single larva or Tlie larva, which is represented enlarged at c, is about one-tenth of an inch long, white, with the mouth part? ua ATTACK L\(i Till-: CANKS. 319 reddish, and tlic hroatliinj^-poivs iind an oval spot on each side l)eliind the iiead of the same color. Tin; insect usnallv remains in the larval state dnrinu; tiie greater part of the uiiiter, then changes to a chrysalis {d, Fig. ,3o.3), the perfect jiisect appearing in spring. The Hy is ahont one-twelfth of an inch long, black, with transi)areut wings and red feet and antenna'. These gall-niakers are attacked by parasitic insects, and are also devoured by birds. No. 187.— The Seed-like Gall of the Blackberry. This is a singular gall, about one-tenth of an inch in diameter, which sometimes occurs in clusters around the canes of the blackberry, covering them with a belt of these seed- like bodies to the depth of an inch or an inch and a half. They are round, of a reddish color, and from manv of them arise more or less strong spines, and when cut into, unless they have already been emptied by birds, each one will be foimd to coniain a single larva or pupa. These trails are also caused by a small, four-winged fly closely related to that of the pithy gall, and known as Diaftfrop/ias cuHcuhvformis Osten Sacken. It is of a dark-brown or black color, w^ith red feet and antennie. No. 188.— The Blackberry Bark-louse. Lecaniitm ? An undetermined species of Lecanium is sometimes found on the c:uies of the blackberrv. This louse is of an irreo-- idar hemispherical fbrni, about one-fourth of an inch in (liatneter, and of a shining mahogany color. It ap[)ears in <>r()ups or masses attached to the canes, and eaiJi one, when lifted, is found to cover a largo nund)er of pale-pinkish egj'-s. This is very similar to the grape-vine bark-louse. No. 126, and may be treated in the same manner. wmm 320 ISSEVTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACKHKRRV. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 189.— The Blackberry Flea-louse. Fsylld raid W. & 11. This insect has been reported as common on bhickherrv leaves in some parts of New Jersey. It is a small, four- winded Hy, nuieh resembling- the pear-tre(; Psylla (No. 7<i), abont one-eighth of an inch long when its wings are closcii. 'J'lie matnre insect is like a plant-lonse in appearance, bnt its trans})arent wings are differently veined, and it has the j)()wi'r of jumping briskly when disturbed, which plant-lice never possess. The leaves atlected curl up so as to make a safe hari)iir for the lice-like larvjc, which occupy these enclosures during the greater part of the summer. To lessen their numbers, gather the curled leaves and burn them. SUPPLEMENTAKY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH AFPEOT THE BLAOKBEREY. ATTACKrX(} THE ROCyjS. Tbe ras|)berry root-borer, No. 17-4, and the raspberry-re it gall-Hy, No. 175, both injure the roots of the blackberry. ATTACKING TIIH ("AXES. The raspberry cane-borer, Xu. 17(5, and the red-iieckcil Agrilus, No. 177. ATTACKING THE EEAVES. The lall web-worm, No. 27 ; the a|)ple leaf-miner. No. ;")(); the waved Lagoa, No. (Sll ; the yellow woolly-bear, No. Md; and the neat strawberrv leaf-rv)llcr. No. 11)3. ATTACKIN(} THE ' RUIT. The Hea-like negro-bug, No. 185, is common on the fruit. DU blackberry X small, I'oiir- ^vlUi(N(). 70). iii>;s ive closed, (arance, but its has the power ant-lice never ceasafe harbnr 'losures durinL;' ;heir numbers, SECTS WHICH llie red-nockeil INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY. ATTACKING THE ROOTS. No. 190.— The Strawberry Root-borer. Anarsia Uncalella Zeller. Wiien occurrinji; in <^rcat numbers, this insect is very inju- rious, playing sad havoc with the strawl)erry-[)lauts. 'i'lu; borer is a small caterpillar, nearly hali'an inch loni;\ and ot' a reddisli-i)ink color, lading into dull yellow on the second and third sei>'ments, the anterior portion of the second segment ibo\'< l)einir smoo tl. I lor "}' -I ooknu f-!> am 1 br ownisii veiiow 11. like the heatl. On each segment there are a i'ew shining, reddish dots, from evei-y one of Avliich arises a single, fnu', vellowisli hair. The under surface is paler. This borer cats trough the crown, sometimes excavatiiiii' irretiii lar el laimc Is th laigc chambers, at other times tunnelling it in variotis diret'- tioi'.s, eating its way here and there to the surface. \^ ex- aiuined in the spring, most of the cavities will Ix; fotind to eoiitaiu a moderate-sized, soft, silky case, nearly full of cast- ings, which (hiibtless has served as a })lace of retreat for the larva during the wititer. • Early in. Tune, when mature, the catcn'pillar changes to a small, reddish-brown chrysalis, either within one oi' the cavities c.\- cav a ted in tlie crown, or amou<r Mccaved leaves or rul)l)i^li alioiit the surface, from wdiieh the moth escapes early in duly The moth (sec Fig. 'VoX) is verv small, of a dark-grav ( wlor w ilh a few l)lackish-l)rown spots and streaks on the f )re wing-. The Iringes bv)rdering the wings jire gray tinged with yellow. The moth lays an egg on the crown of the plant lat(! in duly ()!• early in August, wdiich .soon hatches; the small caler- |)illar burrows into the heart of the plant, and remains in one (if the chambers during (he winter, occupying oiieof the sliky »t 881 ' ^22 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRY cast's referred to. Tlie channels formed by this hirva throuuh the crown and larger roots of the phint soon cause it to withi i- and die; or, if it survives, to send up weakened antl ahmoi barren slioots. Tliis insect does not limit its depredations to the stravvberiv ; the larva is also found boring into the tender twigs of the peach-tree and killing the terminal bnl-. In Fig. 333 we have a representation of the larva and moth, both of the natuiil size and magnified, also of an injured peach-twig. The insect is known to at- tack th(! po;ich-trce in Europe, whence it has probably been imported to this count rv. lianeclics. — Dusting the plants with air-slaked lime or with soot has \u'vn recommended, but there seems to be no way thoroughly to destroy this pest except by diggimr up the strawberry i)lants, burning them, and planting afresh. The larvse are subject to the attacks of })arasites, which d<»iilii- less materiidiv limit their increase. m No. 191. — The Strawberry Crown-borer. Ti/I(i(l<:riu(t I'rdi/dria' (Hi ley). This is an indigenous insect, a beetle belonging to I lie fauuly of Curculios. The beetle (Fig. 334) a[)pears in -Iiiiie or July, and depd-iis ^'^"- ^'^^- an egg about the crown of the plant, from wliieli. when hatched, the Imva burrows downwiinU. eating into the siili- stance of the crown. Here it remains, boriii;: and excavating, imtil it attains full growth, wlicn it apj)ears as shown at a in tlie figure, where it is nnicii nuignilied. It is about one-fif'li nt' IRV. vii throimU it to w'nli' I' aiul aliu"-i stvuvvben y ; ATTACKING THE LEAVES. ivr wiiis of tlif L-iniiit\l ))iiU. scntutiou ni' ' thi' naluril ' an injuvnl known to ai- po, \vbeu(v it 3 this fount rv. plants w'uli OOt litis It.TU ems to 1)0 110 )y di;j;s:;in:-'' up lantin^i; at'n-li. wWxcU iloiilit- rer. loniiini;" to till' Inoars m .luiu' am I (U"l )0>ll> l)0 lit till! ci'owu ^,t, from \vlii''li. •hccKtl ;\rv;i (lownwiirtN, lito the siil.- ||' \\\V cvovvii. ■mam^ linnU'. at a in <!'*' In it OIH' inch lony;, wliite, with a hornv, yellow head. It eliaime.- an ...V... .w..^, lo a chrysalis within the root, IVoin which the beetle escapes .hiring- the month of August. Tlic beetle, shown at h and c in the figure, is about ono- sixth of an inch long, of a brown c()l()i', with several more (ir less distinct dark-brown spots, and is marlced with lines and dots. Almost all the plants infested with this larva are sure to jicrish, and old beds ai'c said to be more liable to injury than new ones. The only remedy suggested is to dig up and burn ihe plants after the ii.'uiting season is over, and before the larva has time to pass through its transformation and escape as a licetlc. ■ fif'h ol' ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 192. — Th3 Strawberry Leaf-roller. Plwxopleris frdijaria'. (W. i*c K.). This insect, whicih is sometimes designated tJic .strawberry leaf-roller, is not the only leaf-roller which attacks the leaves (if the strawberry. The cater[)illars belonging to the early hi'ood are found upon the plants diu'ing the month of .Itiiic, rolling the leaves into cvlindrical cases, fasteninsj: them with tlu'eads of sillc, and feeding within on their pnlpy substiincc, causing the Icue!' to aj>|'i'ar discolored and partly withered,. Tliey are ab""!! p;i ' third, of an inch long, and vary in color iVoin villowish In own t',,.v darker l)rown or green. The head is yellowish and horny, with a darl-: eye-like spot on each side. The second segment has a shu'ld above, colored and polished like the head, and on every segment there ar(> a tew pah.' ilitts, I'rom each of whiifh aris(« a single haii-. In h'ig. .'J.'j.'j, It i-eprcsents the larva of its natural si/e, h a magnilied view nf the head ;\nd tour succeeding segmeiils, and d the terminal segment of -iiC body. The larva ^'Mv-rae^ a chrysalis within the folded leaf late in 324 IJ^SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBKRRy. June, and appears as a moth early in Jnly. The fore ^vin^s of the moth are reddi.sli brown, streaked an;l spotted witii black and -white, ;is Fig. 335. shown in the H!i;ni'(';ir c; the hind wings and ab(h)nien are duskv; the head and thorax reddisli brown. When expanded, the winirs mcasiu-e nearly half an inch aeross. 'Die ej^gs for the seeond brood of larv.'c arc; dej>osited dnring the i;> '-r part of Jnly, the larviic attainiiijj; their fnll growth towa, • '' end of September, w'hen tliev ehan*>e to ehrvsalids, jiiU lain in that eondition dnriiic the winter, prodneing moths ilie following spring. This speeies is sometimes very destrnetive, when the plants should be sprinkled with a mixture of j)owdered hellebore and water, in the proportion of an onnee to the j)aili'nl, (ir the rolled leaves may be gathered and burnt, or the pkmtation l)loughed up in the antumn or early in the spring, and tii(! inseets destroyed by burying them; in replanting, avoid usiiii:; plants from infested distriets. i«|'! No. 193.— The Neat Strawberry Leaf-roller. Eccopsis pcj'inundana (Cleinons), This prrnieious little eater[)ilh!r appears just about the time that the strawberry blossoms are ojiening, and delights to form its protecting case by drawing the flowers and llowcr- bnds together into a ball and to feast uj)on their substance, a ])eeuliarity which renders its attacks nuieh more injnriotis than any mere consumption of leaves would be The larva is df a green coloi-, with the head and upjx'r part of the next sou,- Vuent black'. When I'tdl grown, it is about (Ive-cighths oi' an inch long, is very active in its habits, and wriggles itself quickly out of its hiding-|)lac(! when distnrbed. Late in A TTA ( 'hl\(i TlfK L KA VES. 325 Fio. 33G. Juiic or early in July it changes to a brown ciirysalis, from which, in a few days, the perfect insect escapes. The moth, wliich is shown magnified in Fig. 336, has its fore wings yellowish or greenish brown, varying much in shade of color, with irregular, lighter mark- ings crossing the wings obliquely ; the hind wings are ashy brown. The caterpillar is very destructive in some districts, and feeds upon the wild strawberry as well as upon the (uhivatcd varieties; also upon the leaves of the raspberry and black- licrry. Remedies. — Dusting the plants with air-slaked lime, soot, or ashes, or s[)rinkling them with a mixture of Paris-green and water, in the proj)ortion of one or two teaspoonfuls to two gallons of water, would no doubt prove beneficial. Tlie caterpillar is very subject to the attacks of parasites. , No. 194. — The Smeared Dagger. Apatcla ubliiiita (Siii. & Al)l).). The moths belonging to the genus Apatela are called "daggers" in England, on account of a peculiar dagger- like mark found on the front wings near the hind angle. This peculiarity being partly obliterated in this species, it has received the connnon name of the "smeared dagger." The accompanying figure, 337, rej)resents the insect in its various stages. The larva, a, is a hairy caterpillar, brightly tii-namented, and about an inch and a quarter long. It is of a deep velvety l)lack color, with a transverse row of tubercli'S on each segment, those altove 'l)eing bright red and set in a Itand of the same color, which extends down each side. From each tubercle there arises a tuft of short, stilf hairs, those on tlu^ upper part of the body being rc<l, while below they are yellowish or mixed with yellow. On each side of an imaginary line drawn down the centre of the back is a row of 326 lysEcrs iNjvuiors to the strawberry. briglit-yollow spots, two oi' more on each segment, and Ix^low these, and (;lose to tlie under surface, a briglit-yelU)\v hand, deeply indented on eacli segment. Spiracles white. Tliorc wvc also a few whitish dots scattered irregularly over tlie siirfac of the body. This cater|)illar is so conspicuous for its heiiUN that it is sure to attract the attention of every beiiolder. As soon as it is fidl grown, it draws together a lew leaves Fig. 337. or otlier loo.se nuiterial, and, with the aid of some silk, coii- stru(!ts a rude case (/;, Fig. 3.'57), within which it changes to a dark-brown ciiry.salis. The caterpillai-s of the I'all brood, which become chrysalids early in September, do not produce moths until June following. There are two broods durinj;' the season, but the members of the early one, being le.-s abundant, are not .so often .seen as thos., of the later brood. Tiie moth, which is re[)resented at c in the figure, is a very j)lain-Iooking iu.sect. Its fore wings are gray, with a row of blackish dots along the hind border. A broken, blackish, zitrzas; line, sometimes indistinct, crosses the wint>' bevond lln' middle, and there are .some darker grayish spots about tlir middle of the wing ; the hind wings are while. II mil ATTACKING THE LEAVES. This caterpillar is not confined to the strawbci-rv, but feeds •also on the leaves of the grape, aj)i)le, peach, ras{)l)erry, willow, and on the common smart-weed, Polijrjonum piuie- tdtiuii. Beinjr such a general feeder, it is never likely to become injurious. It is j)reye(l upon by several panu^itic insects, which no doubt render material aid in keeping it witiiiu due limits. No. 195. — Cut-worms. Under Xo. -15, among the iiise(;ts injurious to the apple, the reader will find reference made to those species of cut- worms which are noteil for climbing trees and tlcvouring the Ibliage, These climbing cut-worms eat also anything on the ground which may come in theii- way. There are, how- ever, a number of species which do not climb trees, and it is, as a rule, among these that we fin<l the greatest enemies to strawberry-plants. These larva% or '• woi-ms," as tliey arc called, all have a general resemblance to one auotner, being smooth and of souk; shade of greenish gray or brown, with dusky markings, or occasionally almost bhuik. IJoth the larva) and the moths arc nocturnal in their habits, and secirte themselves during the day, the moths in crevices of tlu; bark of trees or other suitable hiding-places, while the larvic buiy themselves under the ground in the neighbui-hood of the scene of their depreilations. Their life-history is brietlv told under No. 45, and need not be rej)eated here. It will suOice in this comiection to I'cfer to several reprcsciitativt' s[)ecies of the class which do not climb. The (jrreasy Cut-worm, A(/r(>(is Yj).\'i/o)i (Rolt.). This larva, which is shown in Fig. ,']38, is of a deep dull-brown color, inclini'ig to black, with |)aler longitudinal lines, a faint, broken, yellowish-white lin(! along the back, and two other indistinct j)ale lines on each side ; there are also a few shining black dots on each segment. When full grown, it is about jui inch and a ludf lony;. ■Mi 32S IJSSFAJTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAW IlEIUiV. The moth, also represented in tlie figure, has the fore \viiin> brownish gray with darker nuirkiiigs, and i)atehes of a paler color towards the ai)ex of the wing. riie hind wings are al- most white, with a pearly lustic, and nearly semi-transjKircnt. When the wings are sj)read, th( y measure about an ineh and tlii'cc- quarters across. The Striped Cut-worm,. (///v/- iis mib(/ot/iica (Ha worth). This caterpillar is of an ash gray coloi-, with broad, dark longitudinal lines, and several narrow lighter ones, and when full grown is nearly an inch and a half long. The moth is shown in Fig. 339 with its wings expanded, and Fig. 339. al,-o fro 11 bhu with its wings closed. It is of a deej)-l)rown color, with gravish, flesh-colored markings. Tlu! Fio. 3-10. , . . , r . markings are qmto characteristic, am 1 it should be easilv recogni/e(l from the figures. 'I'he Checkered JIustic, Ayrotis ^■■<- selhdd Harris (Fig. 340), is of a dark- ash color, with two [)alo spots on the t wings alternating with a triangidar and a nearly scpiare k spot. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 329 The Gla(<sy Cut-worm, TTudena dcvastatrlx (Brace). In Fitr. 341 we liave a representation of the larva. It is ol" a ^;liining' green color, with a red head and a dark-l)ro\vn, horny- FiG. 341. Pig. ?A± looking shield on the next segment. On each ring there are a ninnher of shining dots, from each of which arises a single <h()rt hair, as seen in the magiiilied segment beh)w. The moth (Fig. 342) is of a dark ashen-gray color, marked with black and white spots, streaks, and dots; the hind wings are pale brownisli gray. Many more examples of these cut-worms and their moths might be cited, but enough has been g'ven to show their trcuieral characteristics. To subdue these insects is no easy matter, since they do iii»t usually eat the foliage in the manner that other cater- pillars do, l)ut attack the plant at about the base, and, having cut it through, leave the greater portion of it to wilt and |)crish. Sprinkling the i)lants with air-slaked lime, ashes, or powdered hellebore, or showering them well with water containing Paris-green, in the proportion of one or two tea- >l)oonfuls to a pailful of water, woidd destroy many of them ; l)ut the safest way is to catch and kill tiie enemy. Where a plant is seen suddenly to wilt and die, the author of the mischief can generally be found within a few inches of the plant destroyed, and a siiort distance below the surface of the ground. These larva} are all vigorously attacked by various s})ecies of parasites. 'IM 330 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRAWBERRV No. 196.— The Spotted Paria. I'm in srx-iio/ii((i (Say). This is :i sinall hcctii', about three-ten tli.s of an inch lonix, j)ale in color, — sonictinics <]:ii-Ic, — hiivinj^ the win^-covers spoiled with bhicU, and oi-naincnted witli reuuhir rows of dot.-^, which disaj)i)ear towards the ti|) (see Fij^. 343); beneath it is blackish. It i.s a .stout insect, with a polislied Fk;. 34;]. surface, and is very active in its movements, liop- })ing briskly about when aj)proached or disturbed. Tlie beetle appears at the time when the iVuii is partly grown, which, in the northern parts of the continent, is towards the end of May. When these insects are abundant, they devour the leaves of the [)lants with such avidity that they are soon completely riddled with holes, and the crop of fruit materially injured. I^riiicdic.s. — On atrount of the advanced y-rowth of the fruit when the beetle a})pears, it would be unsafe to use strouii' poisons, such as Paris-green. It would be much safer to use hellebore, and (juite efFectual ; j)robab]y air-slaked lime, soot, or ashes dusted on the foliage would also remedy the evil. Fig. 844. A. No. 197.— The Striped Flea-beetle. Phylloireta viltata (Fabr.). This pretty little beetle, although most commonly found on young turnips and cabbages, is some- times found also eating the leaves of strawberry-plants. The beetle, which is .shown magnified in Fig. 344, i> le.ss than one-tenth of an inch long, black, witii a broad, wavy, yellowish strijjc on each wing-cover. It is very active, leaping away to a considerable distance when an at- tempt is made to catch it. Tiie larva, which is also .shown in the figure, is found on the ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 331 foil I id on the roots of young cahlKige-plants ; it is about onc-tliii-d of an inch long, white, with a dusky line on the anterior half of its body. The head is pale brown, and on the posterior extremitv is a brown spot equal to the head in size. When the larva reaches maturity, it forms a little earthen eoeoon near its feedin^-- j)]ace, and in this transf )rnis to a chrysalis (Fig. 344) of a whitish color, from whi(;h, in a few days, the l)eetle appears. The remedies recommended for the spotted Paria^ No. TJO, are equally apj)licable in this case. No. 198. — The Canadian Osmia. Osinia ('unitihnsis Crcssmi. This is a small four-winged insect which occasionally proves destructive to strawberry-plants. In Fig. 345 it is shown much magnified; its natural size is indicated by the short line at ^^«- ^'^^• the side of the figure. The head, thorax, and ai)domen in both sexes are green, and more or less densely covered with short hairs, those on the tho- rax being longest. The wings are nearly transparent, with blackish veins. The female is larger than the male. These insects nibble away the leaves, chewing the fragments into a sort of pulp, and carrying it away to l)e used in the construction of their nests. The injury done to strawberry- {)lants by them is sometimes very marked. No. 199.— The Strawberry Leaf-stem Gall. This is an elongated gall, an inch or mor* in length, found on the stalk of the leaf of the strawberry near its base, pro- duced by an undetermined species of gall-liy. Its surface is irregular and its color red, while the internal structure is spongy. If these galls are opened about the middle of July, lili'2 Ji\Si:CTS Ii\JiJilOUS TO THE STItA WBEIUIV there will be Ibuncl in each, about the centre, a small, luilk- whitc, tootle.^s li'riib, seini-tninsi)areiit, with a smooth, glossv sUiii, a wrinkled surface, and a lew line, short hairs. Its jaws are pale brown, and its length at this period is about one- sixteenth of an inch, the body ta[)ering' u little towards each extremity. This insect doubtless changes to a chrysalis within the gall, from which the Hies escape later in the season, or early the following spring. No. 200.— The Strawberry Saw-fly. Eniphijtns maculafiis Norton. Tliis insect in the p(.'rlect state is also a four-winged Hy, which in the hirval condition is very destructive to the leaves of the strawberry. The accompanying figure, 346, illustrates the insect in its various stages ; 1 shows the under side of the chrysalis, 2 a side view of the same, 3 the perfect fly, all Fio. 346. magnified; 4 the larva crawling, 6 the same at rest, 5 the perfect insect with its wings closed, and 7 the cocoon, all (»f the natural size; 8 one of the antennoB, and 9 an egg, bolh magnified. The egg is placed within the substance of the stem of the leaf early in May by means of the peculiar saw- t'l'. all, milk- th, gl(>.ssy Its jaws ihoiit oiic- ^•ard.s each ills within season, (»!• ATTACK I Mi THE LEAVES. 333 vinged fly, the leaves , illustrates side of the eet flv, all rest, 5 the coon, all of n egg, l)oth a nee of the "culiar saw- liUe apparatus with which the female is provided. It is about one-thirtieth of an inch Inim, and of a white color; its presence produces a slight swelling on the stalk, and l>y splitting the stalk so as to open the swelling the egg may he found. The etrti's ahsorl) moisture from the stem and increase in si/e, and in about a iortnight hatch, when the young worms at once begin to feeil on the leaves. At iirst they attract but little attention, as the holes they make in the leaves are small, hut as thev increase in size thev often completelv riddle the foliage and destroy its usefulness. When full grown, they arc marly three-fourths of an inch long, of a ])ale-greenish color, with a faint whitish bloom. The skin is scmi-transj)arcnt, revealing the movement of the internal organs, wliieh show through as dark-greenish j)atches. There is a broken band along each side, of a deeper shade of •rreen, and below this the bodv has a vellowish tint. The head is yellowish brown, with six black dots, thci lUws dark brown, and the under surface yellowish. The larvic fall to ihegi'ound when disturbed. When mature, they biu-row under the surface, and form oval cocoons by cementing together minute iVagments of earth, and within these enclosures the remaining transforma- tions are completed, the insect finally issuing in the perfect or winged form. The fly is black, with two rows of large whitish spots upon the abdomen ; antenna black, legs brown. The wings, when spread, measure a little more than half an inch across. Tlmse belonging to the first brood of larvre appear on the M'ing early in July, when eggs are deposited for a second brood, which are fomid during August. They comjdetc their larval growth, enter the ground, and constrtict their earthen cells, in which they remain inichanged until the following spring, when they, enter the chrysalis state and transform to flies within a few days. Heniedies, — Hellebore and water, or Paris-green and water, showered on the vines in the proportions recommended under No. 181 J will destroy them. I1 > 384 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE STRA WBKRRY. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. No. 201.— The Stalk-borer. Gortyaa nitela Guenee. Tills larva, which is commonly found in the stalks of the potato and tomato, may be said to have a rather varied taste, as it also l)ores into the stalks of the drddia, aster, :ind cockle- burr, the cob of the Indian corn, and the fruit of the straw- berry. In Fig. 'Vn we have a representation of the larv;!. Fio. ;U7. Fig. n4S. When it leaves the fruit or other substance it has occupied, it descends a little below the surface of the earth, and in a lew days changes to a brown chrysalis, from which the moth (Flu. 34S) emerges from about the iii\(\ of August to the middle of Se])tember. In case this insect siumld so multiply as to recpiire a remedy, hand-picking is the only one suggested. SUPFLEME.NTAEY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH AFFECT THE STRAWBERRY. ATTACKING THE ROOTS. The larva of the g(<ldsinith beetle. No. 77, and also thnl of the May beetle, i\o. 11.'}, attack the routs of the Htraw- berrv The latter, which is commonlv known ao the white grub, is fi'cquently V(M'y (lestruciivc. ■S- UP PLEMENTA R V LIS T. 335 ATTACKrXG TIIK LEAVES. The (.hliquo-bamlcl leaf-roller, No. 35 ; the climbing cut- ^^•or^^ jSo. 4o; the horned span-worm, No. 86 ; the grape- v.ne Colaspis, No. 153; and the currant Angerona, No. 210. ATTACKIXG THE l-'UUIT. The flea-like i.egro-bug, No. J85, is not uncommon on the fi'uit ot the strawberrv. OTS WHICH ■MHi rr- |ji;;i) INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED AND WHITE CURRANT. ATTACKING THE STEMS. Fiu. 349. No. 202. — The Imported Currant-borer. ^J'Jijivia tipulifori)us Linn. This iiisot't has for mjiiiy years been a serious iinpediiiient in the way of successful currant-culture. It is an importa- tion from Europe', where it has long proved troublesome; in the larval state it burrows up and down the interior of the stems, making them so hollow and weak that they frequently break in the s})ring from the weight of foliage when swayed by the action of the wind. The ]»arent of this destructive larva is a pretty, wasp-like moth (see Fig. 349), which measures, when its wings are ex- l)anded, about three-quarters of an inch across. The body is of a bluish-black color, the abdo- men being crossed by three narrow golden band-;, while on the th.or; x and at the base of the wings are streaks of a s milar color. The wings arc transparent, but vei,'ed and bordered with brown- ish black with a coppery lustre; the bordering is widest on the front wings, which arc also crossed bv a band of the saino color beyond the middle. The moth appears about I he middle of June, when it may be found in the hot sunshine, darling about with a raj)id (light, sipping the nectar of ilowers or basking on tlie leaves, alternately cxi>anding and closing its fan-like tail, or searching for suital)le [places in which to deposit its eggs. The female lays her eggs singly near the buds, whero in a few days they hatch into small larvte, which eat th( ir way to :J3(5 ATTACKING THE STEMS. 537 ,'lien swavoil the centre of the stem, where they 'oiiirow iij) and down, feeding on the pith all through tlie sununer, enlarging the channel as they grow oldei;, until at ia^^t thev liave formed a holl . w several Fio. :]:)0. iiu ■lies in lentrth. When i'nll trrow ihe larva (6, Fig. 350) is whitish and ilcshv, of a cvlindrieal form, with hro wn head and leirs, and a dark line "-o'^J alony: the middle of its bach. Before changing to a ohrysalis, a passage is eaten nearly through the stem, leaving merely the thin outer skin unbroken, thus pre])aring the way for the eseajie of the moth. \\'ithin this cavity the larva changes to a chrysalis («, r^ig. ooO, where both larva and chrysalis are shown magnified). Jvariy in June the chrysalis wriggles itself forward, and, pu-h- iiig against the thin skin covering its i)hice of retreat, ruptures it, and then partly thrusts itself out of the opening, when in a short time the moth bursts its prison-house and esciapes, soon depositing eggs, from which iarvie are hatched, which <iiny on the work of destruction. While this insect chiefly infests the red and white currant, it attacks the black currant also, and occasionally the? goose- berry. Where the hollow stems do not break olf, indications of the i)resence of the borers mav be found in the sicklv look of the leaves a'ul the inferi(M' size of the fruit. Jiniicdicf^'. — In the autumn orsjiringall stems found hollow should be cut out and burnt. During the jxM'iod when tin; moths are on the wing they may often be caj)tured and de- stroved in the cool of (he mornini;, at which time thev are c()m|)aratively sluggish. No. 203. — The American Currant-borer. J\seno('cnis .■mpcvuoliiliis (Snv). This borer is the larva of a beetle, and, although belong- ing to an entirely different order l'ro\u No. 20 J, is vi'ry 22 I f in H. I. ! li I "1 Fia. 351. 338 INSECTS INJURIOVS TO THE RED CURRANT. similar in its habits, but it may be tlistinguisliod by its smaller size and by the absence of feet. It is a small, white, cylindrical, footless larva, M'itl ,own head and black jaws, which also feeds upon the pith of the stems, renderini::; them hollow and often killing them. Usually several, and sometimes as many as eight or ten, of those borers are fouml within the same cane. The change to a chrysalis takes phu^e within the stalk, and in the latter part of May or early in Juno thf perfect insect escapes. This is a small, narrow, cylindrical, brownish beetle. (iS(M; Fig. 351, where it is represented magnlHed, the outline fimnv at the side showing the natural size.) The wing-cases are of a darker brown behind the middle ; there is a wdiitish dot on the anterior part of each elytron, and a hu-gc, slightly oblique, and sometimes crescent- shaped spot of the same color just behind the middle; the antennoc are slender, and nearly as long as the body. The beetle Hies during the (hiv, but is much less active than No. 202, and hence more easily captured. The cutting out and burning of the infested stalks will be found of great advantage in this instance also. This borer is sometimes attacked by [)arasites. No. 204.— The Currant Bark-louse. Lecanium ribis Fitch. « Early in the spring there are sometiuies seen on the bark of currant-stems brownish-yellow, hemispherical s(!ales, about one-third of an inch in diameter, under whi(!h will he f)un(l a quantity of minute eggs: as the season advan('(s, these hatch, when the young lice disti-ibute themselves in all directions over the twigs, puncturing them with their beaks, and absorbing the sap. Anotiier species, called the Circular Bark-louse, Aspidiolnm clrcufdrin Fitch, is mentioned by Dr. Fitch as occurring on NT. ATTACK I XG THE LEAVES. 339 !(l by its ill, whiU', lack jaws, ring thcin sometimes AMlhin tlic within the Juno th' Dtlc. (Sco tlino fi^^uif ihc.) The iwn behind clot on tlu' ,ncl a l'ar«^(', L>s crcsccnl- iiist behind slender, and nir the day, more easily It'ested stalks ilso. Tl us .'en on th 1 seal rrica ll(!ll wii es, be 111 advaneis. |(dves in all I heir beal<s, •currinjjr on (Mirraut-stalks in the form of minute, circular, flat scales, about one-tiiirtieth of an inch in diameter. These lice may be removed by scraping the stems or applying to them a strong alkaline wash. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 205. — The Imported Currant-worm. Ncmatus ventricosus King. This is the larva of one of the saw-flies, and is perhaps the most troublesome of all the insects the currant-grower lias to encounter. It is a Eur()i)ean insect, first noticed Fia. 352. ill America in 1858, and within the comparatively brief period which has since ('laj)sed it has spread over a large portion of the conti- nent. This insect usually passes tlie winter in the chrysalis condition, but occa- sionally in the larval state. Very early in the sj)ring the flies appear. The two sexes differ materially in ap- |)earance. In Fig. 352, a '" re|)rescnts the male, antl h the female, both enlarged, the lines at the side indicating their natural size. The male approaciics the common house-fly ill size, l)ut the body is scarcely so robust, and the wings, four ill luimber, are n>ore glossy. Its body is black, with a few dull-yellow spots above, the under side of the abtlomen being yellowish and the legs bright yellow ; the veins of the wings 340 i^'SKcrs JXujRious to the red currast. m , i ATTACKiyu THE LEAVES. 341 htm tlio ' yellow •iiitr tilt' (juiot or i on tli<' rows, n« )()Ut OIK- lu'li louu, r ubsorU the loaf, )unsion i^ /elopnK'ut livrva,;uiil five (lays in lcnii;th ;-t\venlic'tli ■c rouniU'd hitish and iibout ten inig lit is I irvti tl KMl |>irth of an having' a eat small i'eediii'j; re that soon f)ein«>; <'oii- renuiinin'j;. pread in Ireen color, Iduin gn'oii Ihefoiv, the jalf to Iwo- |\vill, when the course U'ee-duar- lui of two or three days. They arc represented at this stage of theii growth in Fig. 354. Wiien mature, they are about tl ters of an incli long, at which timethevseek for a suitable spot in w'hi(!ii to form their cocoons. These are sometimes made among dry leaves or rnbl)ish on the sur- face of the gi'ound, sometimes under tlie ground, and occasion- ally attached to the stems or leaves of the bush on which they have fed. The loca- tion once fixed on, the larva begins to contract in length, and spins a cocoon over itself, whi(,'h, ^vhen finished, is nearly oval, smooth, of a browMiish color and |)a[)ery texture, within which it changes to a small, delicate, whitish-green chrysalis, very fransparent, with the encased limbs and wings of the future Hy distinctly visible, from which the fly <'scapes late in June or early in duly. Soon again eggs ',\\\\ deposited, from wdiich anotiier brood of larvte are sent forth on their destructive mission, com})leting their growth before summer (doses, and in most instances changing to ohrysalids before winter. The flies composing the sei)arate broods do not all a|)peai' at once; some are weeks later than others, keeping up a reg- ular succession, and making contimial Avatchfulness necessary in order to save the foliage from destruction. They feed on the cultivated gooseberry as readily as on tiie currant, and also on the wild varieties of gooseberry. licmcdics. — A miinite parasitic fly has been found attacking the eggs by Prof. Lintner, of Albany, N. Y., closely resem- bling, if not identical with, the insect repniseuted in Fig. 181. 342 jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. Fro. O-V",. The i)r{'.<once of this parasite may be detected hy the (H>- c'oloratioii of the eggs, which become brown. A species ol' Ichneiiinon, IlcmUdes ncmativorus Walsh, is i)arasiti(; on the caterpiUar, while the placid soldier-bug, PodLvis phiclduK Uhler, also destroys the larva. This friendly insect, which is shown magnified at a in Fig. ooo, and of the natural size in the outline below, has the head, thorax, and legs black, and the ab- domen red, with an elongated bhu^k spur in the centre, crossed by a whitish line. Ii - aj)proaches a caterpillar, thrusts its pro- boscis into its victim, and sucks it until it shrivels and dies. An average-sized bug will consume several of these larva? everv day, and, where they arc plentiful, must prove a material (!heck to the increase (tf the saw-Hy. The ajjhis lions, the larv;e of the gauze- wing flies, OiVijsopa (see Fig. 132, under Xo. 57), also devour them. Notwithstanding these various aids among insects, it is usually necessary to employ other remedial measures, ;iu(l nothing is more eflficiei.t than j)owdered hellebore nuxed with water, in the [)ro])ortion >)f an ounce to a pailful, and sprinkled freely on the bushes, if thoroughly applied, most of the larvtc will be found dead or dying within an hour afterwards. If hellebore is not at hand, hot water may be used, a little liotter than one can bear the hand in, showered plentifully on the bushes. This will not injure the foliage, but will dislodge most of the larvno, and when on the ground they can be trod- den on and destroyed. Hand-j)icking may also be resorted lo, especially while the insects are young and feeding in gro(ip> of twenty to forty on a leaf. An experienced eye will soon delect them, usually on the lower leaves of the bushes, iJic little holes in the leaves aiding in their discovery. ATTACK I Na THE LEAVES. 343 No. 206.— The Native Currant Saw-fly. Prisliphora jrossidarice Wal.sli. Although thi.s is not a very eominou insect, it has \hvu icported as destructive from several localities, hi its j»er- i'ect state it is also a saw-Hy, resenibling the imported species (see 6, Fig. 35G), yet there are dirierences which the entomohi- gist c-an readily de- tect, that place this ' ■^'"■- ■'''''• insect in a diilerent genns ; such as the arrangement of" liic veins on the wings, the close resemblance of the sexes, and the marked ditlerence in the relative size of the two insects, the native species heing hut two-thirds the size of the imported one in all its various stages. The larva {a, Fig. 35(5) of this species is always; green, and is never ornamented with black spots, which arc so inimerous on the imported insect as it approaches maturity ; neither do tlu! vonng larvaj gather in large numbers on one particular leaf, but are irom the first scattered over the bushes. There are two broods in the year; the first one may be looked ibr al)Out the cud of .Tunc, and the second during the hitter part of August. The cocoons, which are similar in appearance to those of the inn)orted saw-fly, but smaller, are usually consti'ucted among the twigs and leaves of the bush on which the iarvse have I'vd. 'V\w. winged insects, of which the female is represented in the figure, have the body black, with yellow markings; the sc(!ond brood arc said to come out of chrysalis the same season, which, if correcit, involves the conclusion that the 344 INSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRAST. eggs are laid on the stems of the currant-bushes hite in the autninn. Where these insects prove troublesome, they may be subihicil with the same remedies as are recommended for No. 200. No. 207.— The Ohio Currant Saw-fly. rrislipliuta rufipes St. Fur^reaii. This insect is referred to in Dr. Fitch's twelfth " Amiiial Il('})ort" as entomologist for New York (State, as occnrriiiii iti the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1858. The Jarvre arc of a pea-gieen color, with black heads; they live together in clusters, and eat the leaves, beginning at the edge and de- vouring all except the coarser veins. As they move tliev .spin a very light web from leaf to leaf, and they are said to let tiiemsclves down to the ground, when disturbed, by a line thread of silk. When mature, they are three-eighths ol' an inch long, the segments of the body are slightly wrinkled, and along each side is a row of protubcances or warts of the same color as the body. When ready for their next change, they enter the ground and form small oval cocoons, within which they change to chry.'^alids. The fly is black, with transparent wings and light-brown legs. No. 208. — The Currant Span-worm. EuJilckiaribcaria[Vhi:\\). In many districts this is a very common insect; it may ho easily distinguished from the saw-fly cater|)illars by its pecu- liar mode of progression, arching its body into a loo|) at every step; in Fig. oo7 the larva is represented in varion- altitudes. When disturbed, it lowers itself suddenly by a silken thread I'rom the bush on which it has been feedini:, and remains suspended in mid-air until the threatened dan- ger is past, when it regains its former j)osition. It is a native insect, and is frequently found on the wild currant and goose- berry bushes in the woods. AVhen full grown, the caterpillar late in tin' he .subdiictl o. 205. A TTA CKLXG Til E L EA VES. 845 li " Aiuiual jcc'urriii^ in iirvro WW (if toLR'tlu'r ill lire and Av- move they I are said to c(l, In' a tine iihths ol' an Iv \vriiii<le<l, warts oi' the next eliaiijj;!', cons, within llgiit-browii it may no I by its piTU- n a loop at |l ill vai'ion> hdenly l>y a leu I'eediiit:', [ateiied dan- t is a iiativi" |. and goose- caterpillar measures an incli or more in length, is of a whitish color, with a wide yellow stripe down the hack, another of the same cliar- actcr along eaeli side, and a number of black spots of different sizes iiDoii each .scixment. Fig lie under white wi th side is a slight tinge of pink, is also s[>otted ^vith black, .1 1 tiKl Has a wide yellow th 2lh d- >tni)C (\o\\\\ tlie mu (lie. There is but one l)i-()od of this insect in a year ; hence there is no probability of its ever becoming so for- midable a |)est as the imported saw-fly. Tl le eggs, wliich are vtry pretty (see Fig. 358, which shows one much magnihi'd at a, and others of the natural size at b), are attached to the stems and twigs in the autumn, and remain in this coiulition until spring, when they hatch about the time the bushes are in full leaf, the larvre «»-„<,^- attaining their full growth within three; «ra2S^-» or four weeks. When ready for their next change, they descend to the ground, and, having penetrated a short distance under the surface, change to dark-brown chrysalids about half an inch long (see 3, Fig. 357), in which condition they remain two or th.ree weeks or more, when the perfect insects are liberated. The moth (Fig. 359) is of a pale-yellowish color, with several dusky spots, which vary in si/c; and form, being more SfS*' T^ Fin. n.V). 340 L\si:cTs lyjURious to the red cm h ant. jn'omiiicnt in some specimens than in otiiers, I'onninj^ sdnic- timcs one or two irregular bands across the wings, Wlicn expanded, tlu! wings 'neasure aUmit an inch and a quarter across. Within a brief period the femaU- deposits h-r eggs for the next year's brood on the twigs and branches, where tliey cn- (hu'e the lieatof tiie remaining p(M- tion of ihesunuiuu" without hatching-, and the piercing cold of the succeed- ing winter without injury, awaiting the arrival of their proper time for development the following spring. Remedies. — Powdei-ed liellebore, which is so speed v mid certain a remedy in the case of the saw-Hies, does not act with the same ])roniptitude in this instance. This larva seems to be much hai'dicr and more difljcult to destroy with poisonous substances; hence, if hellcbin'c is used, the liquid should he made twice or three times the usual strength. Pjiris-greeij is more certain and effectiud where there is uo objection to its use. lland-j)icking is more j)racticable with tliis larva, on account of its habit of letting itself down by a strong silken thread and remaining suspended; and if after striking the bush a forked stick is ])assed all around under it, all tlio hano'in"- threads mav be cauii'ht, and the larvai drawn out in groui)s and crushed with the foot. This insect is quite de- structive to the black currant, and also to the gooseberry. No. 209. — The Spinous Currant Caterpillar. Gra2)/a pi-oijiic [VA-i\m.). The parent of this caterpillar is a very handsome but- terfly, which is shown in Fig. 3G0 ; the pair of in wdiich are attached to the body show the upi)er su Am detached ]iair the under surface. Above, the fore us are of a did I reddish orange, widely bordered on the outer (Ijr' with dark brown, while within there are many spots of brown and black. The hind wings arc dark brown, tinged witii red 'ANT. A TTA CKISG THE L K. 1 \ ES. lu: UIIIJ^ SOIIH'- IffS. ^Vll^n ivsiire {il)niit 3.eS. Witllill deposits 111 r )ro()(l oil the ;rc tlu'v <ii- iminiiv4 piir- uit luitcliiivj.-, tlio siu'ct'cd- thulr propfi- speedy and j not act wiih irva scorns to ith polsoiintis lid should 1)0 L*iiris-_<i;r(H'u i> hjei'tiou to its his hirva. on strong silken striking the cr it, all the drawn out in t i-; quito de- oseherry. lUar. Iindsonie bnl- iir of '' (r sr |i)l-o - :in; lie ontei >dsr'' liots of brown »(>-od witii red and yellow linos. The body is tlii(d<ly covered with long branching sj)ines, which also vary in lino, somo being yellow, others orange, and some dark brown, many of their branches being ti})ped with black. \\'hen full grown, tlu> larva seeks some secluded s[)ot in which to change to a chrysalis; sometimes the under side if a leaf or twig is selected, and there, after spinning on the -iirface a small web of silk, its hind legs are hooked in the tihres, and it remains suspeudinl head downwards. The body soon contracts in length, and in two or three days the cater- iiillar skill is shed, and a rugged, angular-looking chrvsalis w !l 348 JASECTS INJURIOUS TO TlIK RED CUIUiANT. appears, of a brown color prettily ornamented witii silvi r\- spots. After remaining in the pnpal condition from iwv U) two weeks, the time varying M'itli the heat of tlie weatlni', the bntterily ap[)ears. There are two broods dnring the season, the hu'va- (*! tlie first one appearing kite in eTnne, those of the second matiiiiiiM; earl}'' enongh in the autumn to ad.niit of the escape ol' ih,. hutterfiy before severe frost occurs. This insect rarely apjxars in sufficient numbers to prove troublesome; should it Ixcomo numerous, hellebore and water would no doubt nrovc an ctlicient remedy, or the larvrc ;night be subdued by hand- ];icking. No. 210. — The Currant Angerona. Aiigcrona crocnfaria (Fulu- 'i. The moth from which this caterpillar is j)roduccd is ii-iiallv quite cotninon, but the larva, although often found feediiiLi mi currant leaves, feeds upon the gooseberry, strawberry, and oiln r plants besides, and hence is 'seldom sufficiently abundant dii currant-bushes to attract imnli *'*^'^^^' attention. 'J'hc accomi)anvin'' figure, 3()1. represents the larva a. little more tlian tw(.-thii(l< grown, feeding on a goosch( rrv leaf. At this period it dut-. not (lilVcr materially from the full-grown larva except in si/c. Wlien matiu'c, it is about an inch an<l a half long ar iiKirc, tapering towards the front. It is of a yelloN/ish-green cdlor, Avith an indistinct whitish line down the back, and a latii i broad ■wiiilish streak on each side below the s|)iracl(>s, bordridl above with faint purple, which increases in depth of (vildi mi the hinder segments and becomes a pui'ple stripe on the la-t one. 'I'he spiracles ai'c while, edged with purple; each m^- tn"nt of the Ixuly has its anterior portion swollen and ycllnw- i>h, and on most of the sei>'ments there are a lew minute hluok dots. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. •M< l!» W^lien the larva lias attainal it-, fall si/e, i t(l raw.' toiiiUl KT the edges of a leaf half-way or more, and, foriniiiir a slight iKt-worlc of silken threads, (changes to a chrysalis of a dark olive-green color, with a pale-greenish al)donien, a row of black dots down the hack, and anotl-er on each side, from wliich in ahont ten days or a fortnight the perfect insect ;i|>;..'ars. riie moth (Fig. 3G2) is a native of America; it tiies by (lav, and may often be seen on tlie wing about opening-^ in the borders of the forest. Its wings arc yellow, varying in Fig. 362. shade from deep to pale, with dusky spots and dots sometimes lew in nnnd)er, while in other siM'cimens thev are very nnmer- ous, the larger ones being so ar- ranged as to lorm an imperfect l)aiid across the wings. The under side is nsnally a little deci)er in color than the npper, and, when the wings are (wpanded, they measnre nearly an inch and a half across. In its native hannts the larva |)robably feeds on the wild currant, gooseberry, ami strawberry. Althongh a common insect, this is rarely comj)lained of as injnrit)ns; shonld it li'come so, the remedies recommended lor No. 181 wonld no (loMl)t be found eilicient. JNo. 211. — The Currant Amphidasys. Ai)ii>/ii<l(i!<i/s roi/iKildiid (iiii'iuv!. riie larva of this insect is also a mcasnring-worm or looped, and, althongh seldom found in snllicient numbers to prove (li>tructiv(>, instances are on record where (auu'ant-bushes have Ihiii ahnost stripped of thcii" leaves by them. The larva, when full grown, is about two inches long, and may, when Moi I'ceding, usually be found clinging to one of the leaves or branches by its hind legs, with its body extended straight FT H' • 350 jaskc'is injurious to the red curr.wt. out, so that it mio'lit easily be mistaken for the stem (.fa leaf. Its body is P'lle <>;i'een, with a darker, interrupted green line down the back, indistinet, broken transverse lines of the siiiue color, and a yellow eross line on the posterior end of cih h segment. Tiiere are two small tubeniles on the segment im- mediately behind the head, and the body is dotted with v<i\ small whitish tiibereles and a few short blaek hairs. In some speeimens there is a small brown tuberele on eaeh >iilc behind the middle, and a purplish-brown ridge on the la>t segment. When mature, the larva descends to the ground and bin-ies itself in the earth, where it eventually chana-es to a In-vsalis about seven-tenths of an Fio. 3G3. inch long and of a dark- brown color, from wliicli the moth escapes the fol- lowing spring. This is a handsoinc moth (see Fig. 363), whieli, when its wings arc spread, will measiu'c two inclu.s oi' more across. iJoth fore and hind wings are gray, dotted and streaked with black, and with a wavy light band CDSsing the wings beyond the middle. The under surface is palei- than the iii)per; the body gray, dodcd with black. This insect is a very general i'ecdcr, and on that aceomit h not likely ever to jirovc very destructive to tiie currant; it has been found feeding also on tiie plum, Missouri currai',t, red spirea, and maple. I it No. 212.— The Four-striped Plant-bug. I'oeri/(ir(i})si(s lincatus (Fiihr.). This is a bright-y-'llow bug, about three-tentiis of an inch long, with black antennie and two l)lack stripes on each of its wing-covers, the outer on(^ on each side terminating in a black dot. In Fig. 304 this insect is represented nragnilicul, ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 551 ^vith an outline tlic luitui-ul size. It punctiire.s the young leaves of the currant-bushes on both their upper ami under surliioes, causing small brown spots, not much larger than )ni-liea(l own but these are sometimes so numerous and closely j)laced that the leaves become completely withered. The in- sects are very active, and when api)roached drop quickly to the ground or Hy away. l^'io- ••''*■ They begin to feed in May or June, and continue for a month or two, often dis- tiLTuring the bushes very much and retard- th th. Wh ing ineir growth. >VJien very trouble- gome, tliey may be captured by visiting the bushes early in the morning, and, while tori)id ^\ith cold, brushing them off into a i)ail ]>artly filled with water on which ;i little coal-oil has been poured. They do not confine their attacks to currant-bushes, but often injure the dahlia by punc- turing the Hower-Gtems and causing them :o wither; they also affect the weigelia, the deut/.ia, and other shrubs. No. 213.— The Currant Plant-louse. Aphis ribis \,\n\\. Towards midsumpicr there often appear on the leaves of rod-currant bushes blister-like elevations of a brownish-red color, while on their under sides are corresponding hollows, ill which will be found a multitude of lice, some of a pale- yellowish color, witliout wings, others with transparcni wings, and bodies marked with black. It) the position these iiisecits occupy they are very dilliiMdt to destroy, except by hand-picking the leaves and burning llicm. A few lady-birds, such as are referred to under \o. f)?, introduced among them, will speetlily lessen their iium- hcrs. Ihcse lice rarely inflict any serious injury, but for a lime give the bushes an unsightly and diseased appearanco : they arc an importation from Europe, wdiere they have long boon injurious to the currant. WJ iji 352 JXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE RED CURRANT. ATTACKING THE FEUIT. No. 214. — The Currant Fruit-worm. IJiipithccia iiiterruptoj'ascicda Packard. Tliis insect is readily distingiiislied from the gooscbcny fVtiit-woriii by the number of its legs, ^vlli('h are oidy t( n, wiiile tiie gooseberry fruit-worm has sixteen. Tiie eunaiii IVuit-worm is a span-worm ; that is, it arclies its body, when in motion, with every step. When full grown, it is about five-eighth.s of an inch long, and varies in its color and mark- ings, its body is pale greenish-ash, or yellowish greon, with a dark-colored liiu; down the back, and another on each side, but occasionally this latter is wanting. Sometimes there is a row of dark-colored, lozenge-shaped s})ots along the d()r>al line, and in some instances there is a second lateral line lower down the side. On the hinder part of the terminal segnu'iit there are two short greenish spines. Tiie head varies in c(»I(»r from yellowish or greenish to light brown ; the under side of the body is white or pale greenish, with a yellow line in the middle. A\'hen full grown, it draws several leaves or other suitable jirotectiug material together, i'astens them with silken threads, and within the enelosure changes to a chrystdis, from which eventually the moth escapes. The ibre wings of the moth are of a bluish-gray color, with a bluish dot near the cenlrc of each, tuid a dark line crossing them immediately bevond the dot. No. 216.— The Currant Fly. Kpochni C(niaileusis (Loow). This insect is occasionally found attticking the fruit of both the red and th(M\hitc currant. In its perl'ect state it is a small two-winged ily, which lays its eggs on tlu! currants while they are small; the larva enters them while still green, and \'w{]>^ on their contents, leaving a round, black scar at W^i mm\ M S UPPL EMKS TA IW L IS T. 353 the point of entry. The uffe(,tG.l currants ripen i)reniaturclv, and .shortly decay an<l drop to the ground, when, on openin.. them, there will be found in each a small white umb, al^ou't oMe-tlnrd of an inch long, which, when mature, leaves the cur- rant and probably passes the chrysalis state un.ler the -round SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHIOH AFPEOT THE RED AND WHITE CURRANT. ATTACKING TilK BUAXCIIKS. The oyster-shell bark-louse. No. 16, so eomnion on the apple, is sometimes very destructive to currant-buslies. AITACKING THE LEAVES. The fall web-worm, No. 27; the Ce.Topia emperor-moth, Ao. 28; the oblique-banded leaf-roller, No. 35; the saddle- back caterpillar, No. 49 ; the lo emperor-moth. No. 112 • tlie yellow woolly-bear, No. 146; and the currant Endropia, jNo. 216, are all found feeding on currant leaves. ATTACKING THE FliUlT. The gooseberry fruit- worm, No. 2 H). INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT. ATTACKING TEE LEAVES. I. i No. 216.— The Currant Endropia. Endropia armataria (Herr. Sell.). About the middle of July there will sometimes be foniul on black-currant bushes small, nearly black, geometric cat- erpillars, dotted and marked with pale yellow, and with a series of crescent-shaped whitish spots down the back, and a row of raised dark-brown dots along each side, those on the hinder segments tip[)ed with yellow, while on the last segiiitin there is a fleshy hump or prominen(!e composed of two round tubercles. AVhen full grown, this larva is about three-quarters of an inch long, when it constructs a slight web, intorweaviiii,' portions of dead leaves or other rubbish, and within this changes to a brown chrys:Uis, in which condition it remains throughout the winter, producing the perfect insect the f'nl- lowing June. The moth is represented in Fig. 3G5, about the natural size. Its wings are yellowish brown shaded with ])uride, es- pecially on the hind wings, and with streaks and dots of a deeper shade (»f brown. The under surface is deep ycl'ow, dotted and streaked with red- dish brown. This insect is by no means common, and hence is never likely to pi'ov(> generally injin'ious to <!in'rant-l)ushes. Although it prefers the black ciu'rant, it feeds also on the leaves of the red currant. 3G4 Fic. lido. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 355 {^kW, 'S be found )inetiMo cut- iiul witli a back, and a those on the last st';j;nirni f two roiuid irpe-qnartcr- ntcrweaviu'i within l!ii> 1 it remains >eet the I'ol- tlie natural \\ ])urple, <'>- lo-s, and widi Ipcr shade et' llaee is deep led with red- ans eonuiioii, ,ly to pi'ovo rh it prefers U of the rid Fia. 36G. No. 217.— The Red Spider. TetrawjcJuis telarius (Liim.). This is a very small mite, which often proves a serious pest to gardeners, esj)ecially to those who cultivate plants under glass. Occasionally, in dry weather, it attacks the leaves of the bhu k currant and destroys them. Fig. 36G represents the male of this species, very much enlarged, tlie mite itself being scarcely visible to the unaided eye; the small dot within the circle at the side of the figure indicates the natural size of the insect. It spins a web on the under side of the leaves, of threads so slender as to be scarcely visible even with an ordinary ma<>;nifvinii;-<>;lass until woven into a net-work. Under this shelter will be found a colo'.iy, consisting of mature individuals of l)oth sexes and young mites of all ages. By the aid of their jaws, which ai'c not unlike the beak of a bird, they tear away the surface of the leaf, and plunge their beaks into the wound and suck the juicH'. The egg of this mite is nearly round, and colorless; the larva is a minute, transparent object, not unlike its parent, hut it has only six legs, and creeps along slowly. The mature mites have eight legs, and vary much in color, some being greenish marked Avitli brown specks, others rust-colored or reddish, and many of them briek-red. The leaves attacked soon indicate the presence of this in- vader by their sickly hue; the sap being sucked by a mul- titude of tiny mouths, they soon assume a yellowish cast, with patches of a grayish or lighter shade; and if the mite is allowed to pursue its course unchecked, the foliage liecomes 356 I^'SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE BLACK CURRANT. iiiiicli injured, and sometimes is destroyed. It is said to pass tlie winter under stones, concealing itself there when the leaves on which it has fed have fallen. liemedlcs. — Various preparations of sulpliur and soap have been recommended, used separately or together, mixed with water, and applied to the bushes with a syringe. Plain soap and water, or water alone, freely applied, is regarded by sonn- as efficient, as the insect is known to thrive best in a dry at- mosphere. In applying any liquid, it is necessary to wet the nnder side of the leaves in order to make the application effectual, since if ai)plied to the u])per surface only the mites would remain uninjured beneath. SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF INJURIOUS INSECTS WHICH APFECT THE BLACK CURRANT. ATTACKING THE STEMS. The imported currant-borer, No. 202. ATTACKING THE l.EAVES. The currant span-worm, No. 208. mlM^ 'ii RANT. «ai(l to pass 1 the leavos 1 soap have mixed wilh Plahi sua]) led by some ill a dry -at- y to wet the application ily the mites lOTS WHICH liNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEbElUIY. ATTACKING THE BRANCHES. No. 218.— The Mealy Flata. Pceciloptera jjriiinosa 8iiy. This is a small, four-wintred bu*^, which attacks the suc- culent slioots of the gooseberry, and sometimes the leaves, sucking the juices. It is wedge-shaped, about one-third of an inch long, almost twice as high as wide, of a dusky bluish color, covered with Avhite, meal-like powder, its wing-covers showing some faint white dots, and ^^^^'^'^'■ near their base three or four dusky ones. ' """' The insect is shown in Fig. 367 ; it is not con- fined to the gooseberry, but is found on tlu> gra|)e, also on the jiiivet and on various other shrubs. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. No. 219. — The Gooseberry Fruit-worm. Dakrumu convolufeUa (IlUbn.). This injurious insect spends the winter in the chrysalis state, enclosed in a snug, brown, papery-looking cocoon, shown at a in Fig. 308, which is hidden among leaves or other rubbish on the surface of the ground. During the latter part of April the moth appears. (See /;, Fig. 308.) Its wings, when expanded, measure nearly an inch aei'oss. The fore wings are pale gray, with dark streaks and bands ; there is a transverse dilTuse band a short distance from the base of the wing, enclosing an irregular whitish line, which terminates 357 Fig. Sfis. 358 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE GOOSEBEIiliV. PL before it reaches the front edge of tlie wing. Near tlie outer edge is another transverse band, enclosing a whitish zigzag' bnc; tiiere is also a row of blackish dots within the ontcr margin, while the veins and their branches are white ; tlif hind wings are ])aler and dusky. Tlie head, antennae, bodv, and legs are all pale gray, whiter below than al)Ove. The insect deposits its eggs on the young gooseberries shortly after they arc set. The egg soon hatches, when the voung larva burrows into the bcrrv, where it remains salcK loilged; as it increases in size it fastens several of the berrie- together witli silken threads, sometimes biting the stems oil' some of the berries, so that they may be more readily brought into the desired position, and within this retreat revels on their substance at its leisure. The larva makes but one hole in a berry^ and that barely large enough to admit its body. AVhcn disturbed, it dis{)lays great activity, and works its way backwards out of the fruit very quickly, and drops part way or entirely to the ground by a silken thread, by means of which, when danger is past, it is enabled to recover its former position. It is shown, suspended and on the fruit, in Fig. 369. When fully grown, this intruder is about three-quarters of an inch \o\vr the Ixxly thick- est in the middle, tapering slightly towards each ex- tremity. It is of a pale- green color, sometimes with a yellowish or red- dish tint, glossy and semi-trans})arent. T h e head is small, pale brown, and horny-hjoking, and on the u[)i)er surface of the next segment is a patch of the same color and appearance. When ready for its next change, which is usually before the fruit rii)ens, it lowers itself to the ground, and there spins its little silken cocioon among leaves or rubbish, as Fig. 3G9. i ATTACKING THE FRUIT. }5f) already stated, and remains as a small, brown chrysalis witliin the cocoon until the followini^ spring. There is only one brood of these insects during tlie year. The infested fruit soon indicates tli(> presence of the Iarv:i by l)econiing discolored, and, if sufficiently grown, it rijM'us prematurely, otherwise it becomes of a didl whiii-h color, and soon withers. This pest also attacks the wild gooseberry, MS well as the currant, both the white and the red variety. In this latter case, since tlie fruit is not large c nouijrh to contain the body of the larva, it draws the chisters together, and, fastening the berries to each other with silken threads, lives within the enclosure. Remedies. — Tlui most satisfact(jry method of destroying this insect is by hand-picking, ;uul its habits are such that its presence is easily detected. Any berries found color- ing j)remaLurely should be (;arefully examined, and, as the larva} slip out and fall to the ground very quickly, watch- fidness is needed to prevent their escape in this manner. Where neglected, they often increase to an alarming extent, ;u)d in some instances half the crop or more has been destroyed by them. It is recommended to let chickens run among the bushes after the fruit has been gathered, so that they may devour the chrysaiids; any leaves or rubbish under the bushes should also be gathered and burnt, and a little liiue or ashes scattered over the ground in their nlace. Dusting the bushes freelv with air-slaked lime early in the spring, and renewing it if washed off by rain, will also in irrcat measure deter the moths from denositiuLj i\\v\v esxirs on the young fruit then forming. No. 220. — The Gooseberry Midge. Cec'uhnnyia (jrossnlarioi Fitch. This .second enemy to the fruit is a very small, two-winged fly, which punctur(^s the young goos(>b('rry and deposits its tiny eggs therein. These eggs develop into minute, bright- yellow larvce of au oblong-oval form, nuich resembling the 360 I^'SECTS IXJUIUOVS TO THE GOOSEliEIUtV. midge which is fonnd in tlic c;ii* of wheat. The larva c'lianges to a pupa within the fruit, and the perfect fly escapes during tiie latter part of July. The fly is scarcely one-tenth of an inch long, nicasuriii^r from tlie head to the tips of its closed wings ; it is of a pale- yellow color, with hlack eyes, hlacUish antennio, and trans- jiarent wings tinged with dusky brown. It is ])rol)al)le that those flies which come out dinging the latter })art of July deposit eggs for a second brood in some later fruit or other suit;\ble substance, and that the larvae mature, change to cluysalids, and pass the winter under ground, producing flies the following S[)ring. RemccUcs. — All fruit found prematurely decaying or as- suming an appearance of ripeness before the time of ripening should be gathered and burnt, with all fallen gooseberries. By careful attention to this matter both of the insects which injure the fruit may be kept in subjection. f f SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OP INJUEIOUS INSECTS WHICH AFFECT THE GOOSEBEREY. ATTACKING THK LEAVES. The imported cinn'ant-worm. No. 205; the currant span- Avorm, No. 208; and the spinous currant caterpillar. No. 209, all feed on the leaves of the gooseberry as freely as th<y do on those of the currant. 4 ;i' 'he larv;i ly escaiic-^ iiicasuriiiij: of 11 paU- md trans- luring tlic (1 in some tlie larvfe nter nudcr .•iivjr; or n>- ctf ripeniiiLi; ;ooscbcrri('s. isects which 3TS WHICH hrrant spaii- [rpil tt'ce lyas INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. ATTACKING THE ROOTS. No. 221. — The Squash-vine Borer. ./•. ./( fill rill III ■liitii- IIiin'i> This hon.M" is the hirva ot" a moth belonging; to the group known as Egcrians, or (Mear-wings, which liave th(! greater j)ortion of" their wings transparent, and hence ch)s<'ly re- semble wasp.- Th ley are active iii tlie daytime, and enjov Fig. 370. tlu! warmth of the summer's sun. The moth, which is represented in Fig. .')70, is a very pretty object. Its body is about lialf an incli knig, orange-colored or tawny, Avith f\)nr or fiv^e black spots down the l)ack ; the fore wings are olive-brown and opaque, the hind wings transparent, except the margin.s and veins; the hind legs are densely fringed with long reddish and black hairs, and the wings, when expanded, measure an inch or more across. Tills active enemy deposits her v[x\i,'!i on the stems of the vouno; vines near the roots about the time thev bcirin to run, or soon after, where the young larva, when hatched, bores into the stem and devours the interior. The fuU-irrown larva ntr Fi. (Fig. 371) is about an inch long, taperi towards each extremity, soft, of a whitish color, and semi-trans[)arent, with a dark \\\\i\ down the back, caused bv the internal organs showing through the transparent skin ; there are a few short hairs on each segment, arising singly from small, hard, M'arty points. The head is small, (if a brown color, and there is a patch of a similar shade nil the next segment. 3Ul 362 I :; SECTS ixjcRiors to the melon. I When lull grown, the hirva leaves the phint antl seeks <hcher under tlic earth, where it tornis an oblong-oval ooeooii (Fig. 372) of particles of earth I'a.stemd tog(,'ther "with giunniy silk, within which ii |j transtbrnis to a shining, brown ehrys;ili-;, whieh remains unchanged until tiie f'oUow- Mig season. When the perfect insect is aboiii to esca])o, the chrysalis wriggles itself part way out of the cocoon, so that the moth when freed from the chrysalis shell may find no furtjier obstacle to its exit. The presence of this borer in the vines is soon manifested by a sickly appearance and a drooping of the foliage, wliidi, if the ca\ise is not removed, soon residts in withering ami death. Whenever a vine becomes unhealthy, the stems shoiiM be examined, and cut into ii' necessary, to remove the lurk- ing enemy. The moths may be ])rcvented from depositing their eggs Iw lightly banking up the young vines with earth, as tiny grow, as i'ar as the first blossoms. When once thf larva is within the stem, no other remedv than the kuil'e is of nuich service. ATTACKING THE STEMS. No. 222.— The Striped Squash Beetle. Diahrolicii ri/fata (Fiilir.). 'J'h!s is a troublesome enemy to the melon-grower, and is destructive not only to tlu; m.'lon, but also to the squash ami cuciunber, boring in the caterpillar state into tin' lower ])art of tlie stem, and sometimes down intu the root, while the perfect beetle feeds on the tendi r leaves of the young plants, and injuiHvs the i)uds ;iiul young shoots of later growth. The parent beetle, shown in Fig. 373, niagnillcd, makes its appearance very early in the season, as soon ns tlw yoiuig seeil-leaves of tlie vines ate above ground, and some- ATTACKING THE STKMS. 363 times eveu penctnitcs the e;u'tli ;i little in .search of the sproiit- iiijr seeds. The t'enuile deposits her eggs on the stem ol' the vine, just :il)ove or below the siirf'aee, and from the egg is soon iiateljed a young larva, whieh eats its way to the centre of the stem and consumes its substance. When full grown, it is about jbur-tenths of an inch long, slender, but little thicker than ;ui ordinary pin, of a whitish color, with a small, brownish iiead, and the end of the bodv suddenly trun- Pia. 374. <'ate(l IIT. 174 liows tlii- arva ■K highly magnified; n a back view, 1) a side view. The fu'st brood of the li irvic mature ni June and Julv dJi or in about a mouth after the eggs are laid; they then leavi; the vines and penetrate into the earth, where each one ibiins a little cavity for i Tfi m whicli It (ilKinijri's to a itself, chrysalis. JJoth back aiiil (int views of tl le chrysalis are given in I'^ig. 375, magiiifie(l. It is al)i)ut otie-hfih of an inch long, of a whitish color, with twospin(vs at the extremity of the abdomen. After remaining in the pupal state about a fortnight, the nc-fcct insect escapes, and works its way out of tiu! cell and up i > the surface of the ground. The beetle is about u (p'.in'tcr of an inch long, of a iM'ight- yellow color, with a Idack iu-ad, and broad stripes of black oii the wing-covers, which are also punctated with rows of dots. Tlu^ feet and the under side of the abdomen are black. There are two or thrct; broods during the year, and the larva has been found in the stems tl le melon-vines as late as Oct oi)er The winter is passed in the ground in the chrysalis slate. The Ix^etlcs may often be iouiid in considerable numbers in the autumn in the llowers of melon, stpiash, and jiumpkin 3(;-i INSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE MELON. vines, feeding on the pollen and other portions of the flower. 'J'hev have also been known to attaek the blossoms of the {)ear and eherry. l^ancdles. — The best remedy is to prevent tiio access of tin- beetle by covering the young vines with small boxes, oj)en ai the bottom and covered at the top with muslin. Sprinkling tlic vines with a mixt'.ire oi' Paris-green and flou'", in t H' II' propoi'tion of o)ie part of tin' former to twenty parts of t latter, air slaked lime, ))lasler >f Paris, s.jot, and ashes, have all been recommended and used with more or less advantage. The larvre should also hv. searched for and destroved ; tiir time to look for l lie lirst brood is when the vine is bcginnino' t(» I'un. If the stem close tvi the root, and the root itself, are found smooth and white, the |)1ant is uninjured ; but if thev are roughened or corrugated on tiie surface, and of a rusty color, the presence of the insect is indicated. \ parasitic two-winged lly, a species of Tachina, attacks the beetles, depositing its eggs on their bitdies, from which hatch small llcsliy grubs, which eat tlieir way into the abdo- men of tluur victims and eventually destroy them. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 223.— The Cucumber Flea-beetle. I'lfjiiilodcnt cucinncris (irnrris). Although a V( .y small insect, this is not to be clespistHJ. ]t is a beetle, about on. '-sixteenth of an inch long, with a black body, (inel\ punctated, and clothed with a whitish ])ubesccncc ; there is a deep transverse furrow across tli'' hinder j)art of the tlioiax; tin? anteinue are of a dtdl-yellnw color, and the leg« of the same hue, except the hinder |)air of thighs, which are bi'own ; thesi; latt(r are very thick ami strong, and well adapted for leaping. Fig. .'J7() I'cprcsents this insect much mayuKlcd ; the ^hort line at the side indi- ATTACK I yci Till-: LEAVES. 36 30 <at('s its natural si>5e. The beetles pass the winter conceahMl iiiuler stones or i-iihl)ish, a|)i)ear vei-y early in the seas(3n, and attack the yonnij.- nieloii and rii('unib(>r j)lants as -IH) on n as they are up. They eat small round patches Fni. ?>', 'he npix'r surface of the leaves, e( )nsiunin!j tl leir 'Ms substance, but not always eating" entirely through. Tiicy hop very actively from leaf to leaf, and are very <lestrnetive to young ])lants ; while [)artial to laclon and encumber vines, they are also fond of the potato, raspberry, turni[», cabbage, and other plants. Their larvne are minute and slentler, ta[)ering towards each end, and are said to live within the substance of the leavt>s aUaekcd; hence the j)!ants snlfer from the depredations of the larva) as '.veil as from the injuries caused by the beetles. They attain maturity, pass through the ciirysalis state, and change ii> beetles, within a few wei'ks, and there is a constant siieces- si' n of the insect in its various stages throughout the greater |. '■; oi' the summer. lieinedies. — Air-slaked lime, powdered hellebore, or Paris- green mixed with lloui, in the proportion of one |)art of the poison to twenty or thirty parts of Hour, dusted on the foliag<>, will speedily destroy them. No. 224.— The Melon Caterpillar. Kudioplis h;/aliii(ila (Linn.). This is an insect which is very widely distributed, being IoiukI throughout the greater j)art of North and South America. In sonu; parts of the Southern States it m partic- ularly destructive. The larva>, which are shown feeding on ilie leaves in Fig. 377, are, when mature, about an iiK^h and a ([uartcr long, translucent, and of a yellowish-green color, with a lew scatteretl hairs over (heir bodies. They are not eontent to feed on the leaves only, but eat into melons, cii- eiunbers, and pumj)Ivins at all stages of growth, sometimes excavating shallow cavities, and at other times piMU.'traling directly into tlu; substance of the fruit. 'J'hey spin theii- 366 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. f'ocnons in a fold of tlio leaf of tiie melon, as shown in the fi<!;iire, or on any other ])lant i^rowing near by, and eluui^e to slender, brown chrysallds, about three-quarters of an inch lonix, from whieh, in a short time, the ])erfect insect is pro- duced. '1 he moth, whii'h is also represented in Fig. 377, is voi'v beautiful. The wings are of a pearly-white color, with a Fig. 377. peculiar iridesccucc, bordered with black, and they measiu'c. when expanded, alxMil an inch across. The body and Icos ar(! of the same glistening white, and the abdomen termiiialis in a moval)le brnsh-iihe tid't ol' a pretty buff color, tippdi with white and bhicU. The nnndxr of broods of tin- insect dnrini; the year has not been delinitelv ascertained ; the winter is passed in (he chrysalis slate. ATTACKING THE FRUIT. .'{(>7 Jicmcdics. — If tho first brood of young worms oiriir Ix-Core the melons liave iittained ludf their growtli, powdered helle- hore mixed with water, in the [)ro[)ortion of an ounce to two gallons of water, and sprinicled on t)"' vines, may l»e safely used to destroy them. Strong- tobaeeo-water would also prob- ably have the same effect, while on small patches they eoidd doubtless be killed by hand. Two species of })arasitic insi'cts are known to prey on them : one is a species of Tachina lly, the other an Ichneumon fly, Cri/ptiis Inquisitor. (See Fig. 227^ where it is referred to as a tU'stroyer of the bag-woini, Xo. 120.) ATTACKING THE TRUIT. No. 225.— The Neat Cucumber Moth. Eudioplis iiifidalis (('raiii,). Another common name lor this iusict is the " |)ickle- worm," which has been given to it in conset^uenee of its larva hcnitr o ften i ounilm DK kled cucumoer bei Fio. 3m III: arva is l)Ollt an inch iopg, trans- lucent, and of a yel- lowish-white color tinged with green ; on each segment th(>re are a few sliii'htly-el(!vated shining dots, ['v< ■II cacli oi W IlK h issues a fuie hair: the head is velh mar<iinc(l with lii'own. Fig. o78 represents this lar\a, 'vith i yoiui^' cinum- Im'I' into the side o'" which i( has liored. Tht'sc i'aii'r|)illars are verv destrnctlsc in some of the Western Stat'-s. I'liey begin to appear about the mi<ldl<' of .Inly, and <'oiiiiimi' their desti'ucti\c work until late in Sept [Viiit. horiiii'' i'\iiinliMcal liol es ill It cm her and tl lev attac tl 10 Iced nil » ICSII. 3G8 IXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE MELON. % Sometimes three or four larvio Avill be found in the sanu fruit, while the presence of a sinji^le s})eciint'n will ol'tcn ";iu-( the cueunihtT to rot. \\'lien mature, the Iai\a lc;iv(-^ the fruit, and, drawinu' t<i- getl ler a lew frairmentsoF leaves on the lironiul, spins a .-liiilu eocoou, withui wliieh it ehantr*'-^ lo a sicn ler, I )i'(>\\ii elir\ -all-. iVoin which tie moth issues in eii;'ht or ten days. The in-ccts iornunjj; the late brood pass the winter in the ehrvsalis state Tlu! moth (Fig. o7'J) is of a yellowish-brown color, with a purplish reileetion, the lore \\iiiij;s haviuL;- an irreoulai- pateii, and thi^ hind winiis the lii'eater po)'tion ol' their Fro. innei' surface vellow Tl le miller -kh- has a pearly shade; the thin'hs, breast, ow ai'(; silvery while ; an( 1 abd omen bel. III! the other portions of the legs ai-e low. 'J'lie body of the female ter nates in a small, flattened, blaek brii-h squarely trimmed, the sen-meni pret^eilinu; it beiuo' of a ni.-i\ )rown eo lor al )ove. Tl le male lias a much larirer hrus h-1 re apixMida^e, formed of Ion*;, narrow scales, some of which a whitish, .some oranu;e, others brown. Roiicdirs, — This insect is a difficult one to control. If the vines arc carefully watched about the time the early broml appejir, the larva^ may be destroyed by hand while still small ; but if not discovered until after they have penetrated the fruit, the infested melons or cuenmln'rs should be gathered and fcij to hogs or scalded. Fin. nSO. No. 226.- The 12-Spotted Diabrotica. Piiilirnfifti I .'-pnih/d/ii (Oliv.). This beetle also is occasionally destructive to melons and s(piashes, eating info their substance.', It is a vellow beetle, with twelve black spots, represenfeu in Fig. .'>(S(). Jt is (closely relaled tc t!ie strijied .s(ptash beelh", No. 222. 'iiwiui: tu- ns :i .-li;^'!!! (•\\v\ sali-, riic iii-ccts 'salis stall'. ion of their lUuU'r .-i<l(' iilis, brt'a-t, very wliiic; ,oij;s a IV \('l- malc tcnni )lac'k bni-li. of a I'li.-iy hrusli-lilst' whit'li ;uo INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBEIIRY. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. No. 227.— The Cranberry Worm. Jlhopohota viicc'miana (I'lickiinl). Tli.is larva is very injurious to the foliage of eraiiberry- vines, and, on acoount of the devastation it causes, has received ill some localities the significant name of the " fire-worm." It hatciie.s in the Eastern States from the 2Uth of ]\[ay to the 1st of June, from eggs which have remained ui)on the vine all winter. These are found on the under side of the leaves m m [isses haviny; the form of a fiat circular scale of a j)ale-yellow coK)r. The larva, which is shown at a, Fig. 381, is green, with a few fine iiairs scattered over the sm*- face of it.s body. It feeds u{)on tiie tender grow- ing shoots, drawiny; the leaves toii-ethcr, fastening!; them with silhen threads, .and conccalinir itself FiQ. ;!81. \\" ithin the enclosure. When fidl grown, it spin- al i>rht cocoon, cither amoiiLi' the 1 eaves on tiie vmcs or ;Mnidst leaves and rubbisii on ih(! ground, and theie changes to a chrysalis, as shown at h in tlie figure. The j)n|)a state lasts from ten to twelve days. Fia. .182. TI le moth (see Fig. 382) is of a dark ash-color, the fore wings whitish, dusted with brown and reddish scales, with nar- row white bands on the front edge, al- broad cr vcllowisli-hrown tcrnating with bands, live of which are larger than the others, and frctiii I'nirr of these, distinct but irreguhir lines cross the wings. Tiio ti])8 of the lore wings an! dark brown and pointed. 370 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRV Tlie hind wiiiiis are dusky gray. Tlio moths are very nu- merous during the montii of June, Avhen eggs for a seeoiid brood are deposited, the larvte from which ai)i)ear early in July, succeeded by the i)erfeet insect, -which deposits the egi^.s that remain dormant until the following spring. Remedies. — For all cranberry insects flooding is the most etfectual remedy; the vines should be kept under water for two or three days, which will clear them for the time entirely fr(»m all insect pests. Where this is not practicable, the vines may be showered with a mixture of Paris-green and water, in the proportion of a teaspoonful of the poison to two gallons of water. Fires also may be lighted to attract and destroy the moths. No. 228.— The Glistening Cranberry Moth. Tcras oxijcoccana (Packard). This moth, the larva of which is said to feed on cranberry- vines, measures, when its wings are sjiread, nearly three- fourths of an inch across. Its fore wings are of a uniform reddish-brown color, with a })eculiar shining ai)pearance, tli« red tint being due to scattered bright-red scales; tiiere are no other spots or markings. The hind wings are glistening gray. The body is of a dark slate-color, with a pale tiift of hairs at the tip of the abdomen. The caterpillar has not been described. No. 229.— The Yellow Cranberry Worm. Teras vacciniivorana (Packard). In the cranberry-fields of New Jersey this is a common insect. The larva, which is shown magnilied in Fig. 383, both back and side views, draws the leaves togctjjer, fastens them with silken threads, and feeds upon their ui)i)er surface. It is of a pale-yellow color, with a slight greenish tinge, and a f(!W fine, long, pale hairs arising from prominent tubercles. When mature, it is nearly three-tenths of an inch long. The caterpillar changes to a brown chrysalis within the leafy en- ty ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 371 a very nu- r a secDiul \r onrly in its the c^5^s is the most 1- water for iine entirely le, the vines 11(1 water, in two j^allons and destroy 3th. )n cranborry- ncarly three- of a unitbrni pearance, th« s ; there are ve glistcninj:; L a pale tuft pillar has not pm. lis a common in Fig. IW3, rot her, fastens (ipper Hurlace. ]sh tinge, ami lent tubercles. |h long. The the leafy en- closure, whieli, w.ien the moth is about to escape, protrudes partly out of its hiding-place. The pupa is about a quarter Fig. 38.3. Fig. 384. of an inch long, and is repre- sented from two different as- pects in Fig. 384, both much magnified. The moth measures, when its wings are spreatl, about half an inch across; both front and hind wings are yellow, mottled with a deeper ochreous shade. • For remedies, see No. 227. No. 230. — The Red-striped Cranberry Worm. This larva, which is shown in Fig. 385, has been observed by Dr. Packard injuring the heads of cranberry-plants in Ma.ssachiisetts. It draws and fastens the leaves together and feeds on their upper surface, and sometimes constructs a tube of silk between two leaves, when the latter are severed from their connection with tlie branch and held in i)lace by silken threads. i[\ these instances the leaves speedily wither and turn brown, aud it often hap[)ens that the tips of vines over large patches will present a brown aud withered as[)ect from this cause. 372 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE CRANBEIUIV. The l;irva (see Fig. 385) is less than iialf an incli long, slen- der, and tapering a little towards eaeh extremity, of a palo Fi(i. 385. C\^ I.V /KC« l^^Cl* 1 :• /* ._:*-l-!S> 1 -f, - - . - fc i. - J _r-«C^Ji green eolor, with .>-ix longitudinal pale-reddish lines, which are broken and irregular on the anterior segments, and more distinet and wider on the hinder j)art of the body. On each segment there are several small blaek tubereles, from each ol" which arises a single hair. The moth is nndeseribed. For remedies, see No. 227. No. 231. — The Cranberry Span-worm. Ciilmia iS]). In jMassaehusctts, and espeeially in the vieinity of Harwich, this larva has proved very injiu'ious, having in one instance entirely strii)jied the foliage of about two aeres of eranberry- vines. It very much resend)les the larva of the eankcr- worm, and is about the same size; its color is dull reddish brown, with longitudinal lines and many dots of dark brown. There is a broad dusky band just above the si)iiaeles; the under side is paler than the up})er. When lull grown, it niea>iires about eight-tenths of an inch in length. The modi lias not been described. For remedies, sec No. 227. No. 232. — The Hairy Cranberry Caterpillar. Arctla Sp. This is a caterpillar which sometimes injures eraid)erry- vines in New England. It is about an inch and a half long, is covered with yellowish-gray hair, and lias longer tid'ts ((f darker hair at each end of the body. It devours the leaves ATTACKING THE LEAVES. :37;i Mig, slen- ,t' u pale- lies, wh'u'U , and nion^ , On fach oin e;icU of Dod. of lliu-\vi<li, :)ue instan*'(! (;ninl)erry- hc civukcr- uU vcnUlisli V.u'k brown, liiacles; the 11 o-rown, it The luolh lUar. (s crLUiborrv- 1 a huU* lonil, ]no;cV tul'ts of Irs tlie leaved of the young growing slioots, often depriving them entirely of foliage. No. 233.— The Cranberry Saw-fly. Prisfl})}ir>rn idciilidem Norton. This insect, which is closely allied to the imported currant- worm, Xo. 205, is destructiN-e to ci'aid)erry-vines on ( ai)e Cod. The |M'rfeet insect is a saw-fly, the female havino- a tooth' (1 ovipositor, with which she makes a slit in the leaves, depositing an egg therein. IJroods of the larva) appear early in June, and again in Auunst. When lirst hatched, thev an; pale yellowish green, )lack in the young speci hut becoiiK! darker with age; the head mens, lighter in the full-grown When mature, they measure about three-tenths of ni inch long, are cyliiulrical and smooth, with two lighter, A-hitish-green stripes ruiining the whole length of the body. ones. 1' owards tlie enc d of June they sj)in their c 'ocoons amono; withered leaves or other rubbish, from which ilies are pro- duced about ten davs afterwards. The perfect insect has the body black, the legs marked with yellowish red and black, the wings transparent, with black veins. No. 234.— The Cranberry Gall-fly. Cecidomyia Sp. About the middle of June the small leaves at the tips of the growing shoots may often be found fastened together. Within these clusters is a small, pinkish or orange-colored larva, having the form shown at h in Fig. o86, which is without logs, and wdicn tirst hatched is white. This larva sj)ins a (•(tcoon (see a in the figure), which resembles white tissue- |iai)er; this is formed among the small leaves at the end of the shoot, and within it the insect changes to a chrysalis, as shown at e. In about twelve days the perfe(?t insect, a gall-gnat, aj>pear8 (sec d, Fig. 380 ; c rei)resents the antenna of the female, nuich enlarged). This gnat is found in almost every cranberiy- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V /. .// (P.- (P, y. * (/. 1.0 I.I - IIIIIM \i. i«p IM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► V] A O el e: t / '/ -^ f Photogrdphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREEY WEBSTER, NY U580 ( 716) a7?-4S03 m .V * A 374 lysKCTs iNjrmors to the crasrf.hrv. t bog. I'liore are not usually more than two of these larvse on any one shoot, and often there is only one. The niisi-hii'l" ^\u\\^■ consists mainly in the killing of the extreme tip of the vine, which prevents the formation of a fruit- bud for the next year's growth, unless, m> is sometimes the case, the vine by nii extra effort puts th(!m out at the side. Fi(i. 3-6. \'^i^y^ii=^-^ Jiemcdics. — There is a little Chalci> - Hy parasitic on this insect, which destrov- it in large numbers. The measures nv- e ommended under No. 227 will al>(» Ijc ajyplicable here. No. 235. — The Cranberry Aphis. There is a large, red plnnt-Ioiisc whi<'li sumctimcs occurs on cranberry-vines and ])Miicturcs the Icavis and tender stems, to their manifest injury. This a|)his i- destroyed by the larva of a small lady-bird, a s|)('cics ol' Scymnus, whi(?]i larva is oval in form, and covered with a wlt'te I'uzz on its back. Flooiling will destroy this aphi.> also. No. 236.— The Cranberry Spittle Insect. Clastoptcni prutcus Fitch. 'J'his is a small, soft insect, with legs, but without wings, which is found in the early part of ,June in litlh; masses n|' froth upon growing shoots of the cranbci"ry-viMc. The frofli is the sap of the plant sucked in and then exuded by the young larva, prol)ably for <'oncealm(>nt. TIk.' insect l)i'long-> to the order Ifoinopteva, having no jaws, but a beak, through which it sucks the sap of the; plant. The |)erfect in^ect jumps with the agility of a Ilea, atid is I'ound hopping aboiu among the viu(>s. If seldom occiu's in sulllcient nund)ers to inflict material injury. It is foiniil al.-o on the blueberrv. ATTACK I Mi Till-: FIHIT. 375 ATTACKING THE FRUIT. No. 237. — The Cranberry Fruit-worm. This is the fatcrpillar of a .>^mall moth rolated to the leaf rollers, and is sliown in Fig. 3(S7. It is of a yel- iitwish-greeii color, and appears early in Ant;iist, when it injnres the frnit, entcrin*^ berry after berry, eatinj;: the inside of each, and makinu; it turn pre- iiKiturelv red. It attains its fid! y;ro\vtli bv ihc l»cginnin«jj of Septend)er, when it l)uries itself in ilie ground, where it forms a eoeoon covered with grains of sand, s(!arcelv to be distingnisiied iVom a small jiiinj) of earth, within which it chaiigi's to a chrvs- alis. Flooding is the onlv remedv siii:<i;ested for this insect Fic. .3H7. No. 238.— The Cranberry Weevil. Aiil/toiionuis sithiralis liCc. About th(> middle of Jidy, or just before the blossoms are ready to exjvand, this weevil appears. It is a small, reddi^h- lirown beetle, with a (hirk-brown head and a beak half as long as its body, shown in Fig. 388. 'J'he thorax is a little darker than the wing-covers, and is sparingly covered with short whitish liains ; tlu; wing- Fi<». .388. cases are ornamented with row.s of indentetl dots. The beetle is a little over one-eighth of an inch haig, including the beak. Having selected a blossom-bud about to expand, it drills a hole through the centre with its snout, in which is <lcposi(e<l a pale-yellow egg. The bud is tlien cut oil' by the Ix'ctle at the stem, and drops to the ground, and within it tli(> egg hatches to a dull-white grub with a yellow head and black jaws (see Fig. 388), which feeds upon the bud, and, passing through its transformations, ])roduces the perfect beetle, which cats it.s way out, leaving a round hole in the side of the de- 37(5 IXSECTS ISJURIOUS TO THE CRANBERRY. cayiii^ 1)11(1 to niiirk its place of exit. Tlie beetles soiuc- times, th()ii<r!i seldom, feed upon the berries. Tliev ni:iy lie destroyed by Hooding with water. There is a minute Clialci.s Hy which is parasitic on the larva) and destroys numbers of them. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORAMJE. SiiK'o iiiaiiy of the inscicts most injurious to tlic oranm* attack alike the hraiiclics, the k>aveS, aiul the fruit of the tree, and sometinies the trunk also, the grouping of the species, car- ried out wiien treatingof the enemies of other fruits, will not I)e attemj)ted with those of the orange. Tiie insects hdonuing to each order will he brought together and treated conscciitively, beginning with the Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies and moths. The remedies for scale-insectSyas they apply alike to all the diH'erent species, will be referred to towards the end of this section. No. 239.— The Cresphontes Butterfly. l'ti}>ili(> cnsji/ionfes Talji'. In tiie perfect state, this is a lai'ge and handsome butterfly, which measures, when its wings arc spread, from four to live inches across. The wings are black above, v ith an irregular, triangular band of broad yellow spots, covering a considera- ble portion of their surface, as shown in Fig. 38J). The hind wings hav(! two long, j)roJecting points or tails, with an oval yellow spot on each ; they are also notched, and have the indeiUations marked with yellow. The imder side is yellow- ish, with dusky veins and ma''kings, and a row ot' crescent- shaped blue spots on the hind wings. The body is black above, yellow at the sides and beneath. The eggs jire globular, and are tlepositinl singly on the leaves. The young caterpillars are very much lil<(! the full- grown ones in form and color, but the gray markings arc darker, and the white blotches not so larg(! as in the maturt? larva. When full grown, it is about two and a half inches lor^g, and very peculiarly marked. (See Fig. o!M).) Above 377 37S /.v.s/.Y'V'.s' i.xjrninrs vo rnr: o/.'/.vr;/-:. it is (lull hrowii, almost covered with irreirnlar wliitisli l)l()tc'lK's spotted with hrow.'. 'i'he first lour segments have on eaeh side a loii<>i(iidiiial while hand ; from iho fourtii to the eiuhth is a laru(> whii(> i)ateh, nearly oval in I'orm, more lysi-.cTs j.\./i jnois TO Till-: ouAxaK. iMi) ar whitish luents have or loss (lotted with brown ; another similar white or ereaiii- eolored patch, with hrowiiish dots, covei-s the posterior por- Fic. :'.',io. the fourth to I in Torm, mon; tion »»f the hody. lieliiiid the head tiicre are two h jilt, red, Heshy hoi-iis, which can ho protruded at will, and these, when extended, ( init a vry dis;i|n;roeal)le odor, which Fiii.il'.il. j)rol)al)Iy serves to pr(»tect I he caterpillar IVoin iis enemies, 'riic under side of the Ixtdy is of a hi'own- \<\\ color. The larva com- pl(>tes its n-rowth in ahont a month, when it <'li:ino'(s In a chrysali*. Tlii-; is nearly an inch and a hall' lon<; (sc(! J'^iii'. .'»!ll ), ii'rei;- ularly forked at its u|)j>er end, with a prominent point upon its hreast, and a loop ol" silk aroiinil th(> middle; tiio hindcM' extremity is also lasteiied to the sup|)ortini^ twijj; or branch, hooked in a tui't of silk. Ffs color is <>rav and brown, of Va- .'580 ISSECTS ISJURIOUS TO Till': ORAyOK. i varying sluules, and so exactly resembles that of tlic bark ot' the orai)<;e-tree that it is extremely tliflieult to deteet. In from eij^ht to sixteen (hiys after the chrysalis is formed the butterfly emermes. In Florida there are usually four broods of the butterflies in the course of the summer, the last brood winterinir in ili,. chrysalis state, from which the butterflies emerge in A|iril. The caterj)illar. which is commonly known as " the oraiiiic dog" in Florida, devours the foliage of orange-trees, sometiinc- seriously injuring young trees by stri{)i)ing tiiem bare. It may easily be subdued by hand-pi(!king, as its large size and singular appearance j)romj)tly lead to its discovery. AV'ithin the ])ast ten years this butterfly has extended its range very much, and it is now comparatively conmiDii throughout the Northern and Western States, and in the warmer parts of Canada. In the North it feeds chiefly on prickly ash, Zanthoxylam Americanum. No. 240. — The Orange Basket-worm. Plaloicctmis Glucei-i Packard. During the mouth of February this insect is found upon ; the orange-trees in different parts of Florida. The larva Fig. 3t)L'. form bl( s an ouiouir-ov case of I paner like sid)stance, interwoven with bits df leaves or bark, as shown in Fig. 3U2 ; within this it lives. When full gmwii, it is a little over half an inch long, thick and fleshy, and varies in color from liulit brown to a much darker shade. Tlic head is marked with dark and li^lii wavy lines, and is protruded from (lir case, along with the anterior segments, when the larva is feeding or moving' from place to place. The case of tin' female is about one-foiu'th larger than that of the male. W){\\ of these are shown in the fijiure. ixsi:cT.^ ixjuiiinis to the oranc.e. :5S1 On reacliiiiLT niiilnrity, \\\v. case is suspi^iidod from a loaf or twit;, and witliiii it the larva clianjxcs to a dark-ln'owii clirvs- alis ; the clirysalis of tlic male works its way partly diit (tf tile case at tlie lower end, where, alter the escape of the moth, the empty |)Upa-slvin remains. The male moth (l^'in;. .'J!>2) is djirk brown, som(>times nearly black, with delicate wiii^s, small body, and feathered antemia', and measnres, when its win!j!;s are spread, al)ont six-tenths of an inch ac'oss. Tiie lemale is win«iless, of a whitish color, and transforms within the case, where, also, the ci^lis arc laid, the yonnj^ larvje, when hatched, e-ca]>ing from the oi'ifice at the lower end. This insect lias also been found leedint>; on the leaves of the fig. The conspicuous cases constrnetcd l)y the larv;e are easily seen, wlieii thev niav be i)i<'ke(l and destroyed. No. 241. — The Orange Leaf-roller. rialyiKitii m.itrtiiKt (Walker). Dnrinn- the «;rowing season the ed^es of the yotinii; leaves oC orange-trees are often found rolled up into a sort of tui)e. These tubes are formed by a small, yt^ilowish-^rci'ii cater- pillai', which, when ("nil erown, is about three-(pia.rters of an inch lon<i', with a brown head, and a polished plate of the same <<olor on the next seo-ment, a dark stripe down the back, and an indistinct dark line alonj; each side. It is active in its movements, lives within the tube it constructs, and i'eeds upon the lblia,L!;e. Tlie larva chanij;es to a brown chrysalis, nearly half an inch louL':, within the case, from which in a few <lays a moth escapes. Th(! male dilfers from tlu; fiMuale in the markin,ij;s on its fore wini;;s. All the wind's of both sexes have a ground-color resembling that of cork, but the fore wings of the male have a dark-brown stripe along the front edge, expanding into a large spot of the same color towards the tip of the wing, i 382 LXSKCTS lyjVNIOCS TO rilE OIIASGE wliilo th(.' lore \vin«r.s of the female luive iniimte dark-liiuwn tufts, arraiiijjed in lines niuieor less tlistinet, rnnninu;<)l)li(juclv aeross tliein. The winjjjs of the male measure, when >|irea(l, nearly three-cjuarters of an inch aeross; those of the ieinale are a little lart^er. This leaf-roller has hecn found trouhli- soiiie in several loealities in Florida. \\ here it exists in sudi al)inulan('e :■> to re(|uire a remedy, haml-piekinjr should !«■ resorted to, or the trees should be syrinj;;ed with powdcnil hellebore and water, or Paris-tjreen and water, as reeuiii- nicnded under Xt). 181. No. 242.— The Orange-leaf Nothris. Solhris vilrijhliella Cliaiiibers, In the larval form this is a cvlindrieal vellow eaterpillai*. with a black head, and a black patch on the next set^mcnt. It feeds upon the half-<;rown leavi's of the new shoots of the orange, fastening them together with silken threads. It also fre(piently devours the terminal buds, ami thus materially in- jure: the <rrowth of the trise. When full <irown, it is about half an inch long, very quick in its movements, and if di.- turbeil lets itself down from the twig by a silken thread, l)y means of which it is enabled to regain its former position among the leaves when danger is past. When ready ibr its next change, the larva rolls uj> a j)orUon of a leaf, and sj)ins within the enclosure a delicate silken cocoon, in which it changes to a dark-brown chrysalis, 'i'he moth i.s found late in August and early in Sej)teinber ; it is of a grayish ochreous color, the fore wings streaked with reddish and dotted with brown, the hind wings pale gray with a reddish tint. The body is ochreous, dotted with dull red. Should this insect at any time become so abundant as to re(piire the use of remedies, those suggested for No. 241 will be ai){)lieable. jysKVTS LSJLJilOiS TO Till-: OliAM;!:. ;J83 No. 243.— The Orange leaf-notcher. Aft i fills Jldiiddiiits Horn. This is a beetle wliicli is represented iiKiy-nilied in l"'itr. :\\):\, tlie line below it iiulieatintr tlie natural si/e. It eats jagged notelies in the leaves of tin; orange, as shown in the fi <rure 1(1. distil foli guring and injuring tlie nge. It IS about a (juarter of an ineh long, of a pale greenish-blue or eoj)per color, and densely clothed with white scales. The thorax is unevenly dotted, and there are on the wing-cases ten l(;ngitudinal lines of dots of varving sizes, divided bv slight ridges. The under side of the body and legs is also scaly and hairy. Jn sonie localities in Florida these beetles are said to be very abundant. As they readily droj) when the trees are jarred, they may be easily collected on sheets spread under the trees. nuidant as to No. 244. — The Angular-winged Katydid. Microcenlrtnn nii item's IJiinii. There is, perhaps, no insect of large size so destructive to the foliage of the orange as this. It is a large green katydid, and one of the coinn^onest insects in the South. During the daytime it is seldom seen, as it is then hidden among the thick foliage of trees and shrubs, but towards dusk it leaves its hiding-places and makes the air I'csonant with its music, which is produced by rubbing the wings against the thighs. The eggs are dei)()sited in abundance upon both twigs and leaves, as shown in Fig. .3JI t at 1 a and 2 I), overlapping each other. They are of a long, oval form, Ki.;. n04 n jysKCTs Lw/i/^iors TO Tin: niiASaK {85 [y^h ami nearly flat. Tiic voiiiiy; katvdids is-uc tVnm that end of the e<;<^ which i»r(»j('ets heyoiitl the Ital", having the empty (.(Tor-sheli .-till ill |i(».-iti()ii hehiiiil. W'hc:: tirst hatched, they feed only upon the snrface of the haf. hut as thev increase in size thev devonr the whole siihstanci W'l len mature, tliev ae(jnire winu's, which eiiahle them t(. ti V reai lilv 1 roiii tree tit tree, appeariiii; as .shown at 1 in the fi<fure. From the head to the extremity of the closed wiMt^s, the fnll-Lii'own iii-<ct iiieasnres abont two and a half inches. The outer wiii^s are irreen, with leaf-like veinin<is, the nnder |>airof a i)aler green, and hcantifiilly netted; the antenna' are loni; and thread-like, and the hind lej^s slender. The female is i'lirni.- 1 with a eiirvetl ovipositor at tlu; end of the ahdomen. Fortnnately, there is a small ("halcid fly | . asiti • on the e^iis of this katydid, which, whci. iiiatnre, is iittle inoru ilian iiiie-eiiihth o'" an inch lonp; ; it is \\\v Ku^x linns mi, •oUh iA' \\ aUli. iiie female which is sh(»\' n at 2, y\'S. ri94, ha- de, . V winirs and an alKioiiKMi which -lie can ele\.itc over her thorax in a jx'cnliar manner. The male is repre.-ented at L' (I in the same fiijure. The cuii.s of this j)arasite are [)laced within the ctjgs of the katydid, where the larvio hatch and imderuo their transformations, issuing- as flies fmin circular holes which thev cut throutrh the t'LTU'-shells, as shown at '1 I). A lariic proj)ortion of the eggs of the katydid are i)arasiti/.ed liv this insei't. Jiemedles. — Collect the eggs during the winter and j)la<'e them in boxes covered with coarse wire gauze until spring, so that the parasites may be permitted to esca[)e. Several ^[)eeies of birds arc said to devour these katydids. No. 245. — The Lubber Grasshopper. Ihmuiha microptnn Scrv. This is a large .species of locust, very destructive to orange- leaves, which has received the common ?>amo of *' the lubber grassho{)per" from its sluggish habits. AVhen full grown, it is about two and a (quarter inches long, of a yellow color, tlu; 25 J 386 I\SKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. wing-cases liadod with rosy pink and barred and spotted M-itli hlaek. The larvjc are shaped like the niatnre insects, hnt have no wings. They are bhick, and are strij)ed and banded with orange-yellow. The wings of the perfect iii>i i (see Fig. 395) are so short — reaching only half-way to the Fig. 395. Fio. 390 extremity of the abdomen — that they arc quite useless for tlu- purpose of flight. Their eggs are d.'posited in the ground. Since they cannot lly, they may easily be destroyed by iiand. No. 246.— The Leaf-footed Plant-bug. Jj('j)toi/Iossiis plnjllopus (Linn.). Tiie leaf-footed plant-bug is of a reddi.-li- , brown color, with a long, sharp beak, and \^ a transverse yellowish-white band acro.ss its wing-covers. The wings, when raised, show ,^ the body, which is of a bright-red color, k t^ with blacdv spots. The siianks of tiiG hiiiii legs are flattened out into leaf-like app(>nd- ages, as shown in Fig. 39(!, This insect Is said to puncture the tender shoots and ter- minal branches of the orange-tree, often killing them. Jt also injures ripe plum-, iNsi:(yrH injurious to the orange. 387 .nd spottctl tare insects, stvipeil and erfeet iiistu't -way to tlx' useless for the in tlie ground oyecl by band. lis <>r a roa<li>li- L.iri) beak, aiul l)i\n(l across in lion raised, show •i^lit-red coh>r. Id^s of the hin.l if-liUe a\>i>end- This insect i> Isboots and tci- lno;e-trce, often Ires ripe pbmis, by pnncturinor them and sucking portions of their contents. Notwithstanding its injurious hab'\s, it has been by some writers classed among beneficial insects as a destroyer of tlic harlequin cabbage-bug. No. 247.— The Cotton-stainer. Dysdercus suturellus II. Schf. This insect, like that last described, l)elongs to the order of true bugs [Ilemipieva] ; it is commonly known as the red- bug, or cotton-stainer, and is one of the worst pests ^ith which the cotton-planters of Florida and the West Indies iiave to contend. It injures the cotton by piercing the stems an(? bolls and sucking the sap; but the principal injury to the crop is occasioned by its staining the cotton in the opening bolls with its excrement. It also attacks the fruit of the orange, puncturing the rind, sucking the juice, and causing the fruit to decay and fall to the ground. When full grown, it is from six to seven tenths of an inch long, and aj>pears as shown in Fig. 807, the thorax triangular, with its anterior part red, ])osterior por- tion black, all margined with whitish yellow. The scutellum is triangular, red, margined with pale yellow; the wing-cases arc flat, with two distinct whitish lines crossing them, which intersect each oiher near the centre; they are also partly margined with a yel- lowish line. The Uiide' side is bri<>ht red, with yellowish- white markings on the edge of each segment. Fach female produces about one hundred ov'al, amber- colored eggs, which are attached in clusters to the underside of the leaves. Th(> young buii:s are bright red, with black legs and antenna;', riiese bugs are usually Ibund in immense numbers, and where cotton has been plant<Hl between the rows of oiange-trees instances arc recorded where a large pro])or- tion of the oranges have been destroyed. The mature insects Fio. ?A)1. ;J88 hXSECTS ISJVIilOVS TO THE ORANGE. ot'tcii gather in great miml)(.'rs on lieai)s of cotton-seod, when tli(!y may be killed by pouring .scalding water upon tlieni. i No. 248.— The Orange Aphis. Si/th(illiiJ)/lnf(l cilrildlii AsllMH'llil. In Florida this speeies of plant-louse is very |)revakMit, an. I is found during the sj)ring and summer months in varioii- .stages of development, clustering on the tender shoots ami branches of the orangotree, 'J'hese lice in.sert their i)caks into the leaves and succulent twigs and live ujjou the sap. When i'ull grown, they are a little more than one-twentiitli of an inch long, black or brownish blacic, with phiiiiji. round bodies, long, yellowish antenna*, and pale-yellow Icsi-. (See Fig. 398, where they are shown magnilied.) Thewiniicd V\u. ;]!»s. specimens, one of which is seen in the ligure, are also black ; these Hy I'rom one tree to another and establish new colonic-. nciimlirs. — Svringe the trees with strong soap-suds or otluM- alkaline washes, or with strong tobacco-water. A mimbi r (»f lady-birds and their larva', also the larvie of Syr[)hus Hies, feed on these lice. Many of them are destroyed by a minute ( "lialcid fly, which lives within their bodies. This friendly species, fSfenomcKinn aphldicola Ashmead, is shown, nuuli magnilied, in F"'ig. oi)t), where a represents the female, and /> the male. The short lines at the sides indicate their natural size. They are so minute that as many as three of the perfect winged Hies have l)een known to issue from the body of a single a|)his. LXSKCTS /.V./rA'/O/'.S 7V> Tlfl-: ORASGE 08 i» ■seed, \vh( u n them. A tiny Iclincunion flv, tlic rcd-losrsiod 'J'riox^ 'nn.nia tcdaceipes Cros.^ion, also infests this species of aphis, while a third friendly parasite is a small Aj)hidius, a shininjr, bladv Fio. 39!). ■evalent, nn.l ,s HI varion- ■ shoots :ind tiieir heaks pon the sap. )nc-t\venti<ih with phiiiip. ('-yellow legr-. The winiied re a Iso hlix new ooloni'-- (-suds or otiuM' A niiinh I'T Svrphns Hies, d hv a minule This frii'M. Ih diown, muel female, am \h their natural of the perfect [the body of a ll\ . Were it not for these predaceous and j)arasilic insects, the Apiiides would soon multiply to such an extent as to ruin (lie plantations. No. 249.— The Rust Mite. P/ii/lnptiis olcimins Aslimi'uil. The rust which often occurs on the fruit of the orange was until of late regarded as <hi(! to a fungoid growth, hut recent investigators Jiave shown that it is caused l»y a veiy small, four-legged mite, which punctures llie oil-(!ells, and tli(.' exuding oil, when exposed to the inllueuceof the atmosphere, soon undergoes a ohange, assuming a dark, rusty ajipearance, which seriously depreciates the value of the fruit for market. To the unaided eye the oi'anges ap))ear dusty, but if examined with a magnilying-glass they will he seen covered with a multitude of mites of a whitish-tlesh color. A weak alkaline wash a|)plied to the fruit would doubtless <lestroy these mites. Another rust, known as " the black smut," often K[)reads ;i9o JNSKCTS IXJUJUOUS TO THE JifAAGE. over both leaves and fruit, rnakiiij»; them appear very unsiglitly. This is a inimite fun<j;oiis growth, known under the name ot FuriKif/o Hdlicind Farlow, but it is believed by some to result froni the punetures of insects, causing an exuchition, on which the fungus thrives. As a reniedy, use an alkaline solution of soap as strong a-i the tree will bear without injury. No. 250.— The Purple Scale. Mi/lildnph citrirnld I'iU'kiinl. This is one of the most common and injurious species of scale-insect found in Florida, It is confined mainly to the Fig. 400. M leaves and fruit of the orange, and sometimes disfigures the latter to such an extent as to make; it unlit for market, yd it is often seen on iVuit offered for sale. The .scale of the female is shown empty at a in Fig. 400, and ()ceu[)ied by E. I'V unsi<:htly. the name *>!' line to result ou, on wh'uli , as stroiiu; iv-^ jySECTS INJililuLS TO THE ORANGE. :vn ous species of mainly to the f^J^- Wk^. k > )-^ ya ' % 'J ' * .^ M* "^^ "^^L ^~^ ^il ■"" '\ T'^ k ^ !^ -:% ' ~ %i ^ ^iik a^.^ >--^™ ^'-*t3s*'" y^^ L disfij^ures tlie Ifor market, yot he sealo of tlu' lul oecnpied by the insect at l>. both hi<:;hly niagiiitied. It is lonj^, narrow, more or h'ss curvetl and widened posteriorly, varyint^ in (!oh>r from dark purple to rcddish-hrown, the enclosed insect, beinjji; yellowish white. That of the male, shown at c, also maj^nilied, resend)les the female scale in form, but is nearly straight, and may be at once distinguished by its smaller size. In color it is much tiie same as the female scale, but is sometimes darker, occasionally dark brown or almo.-t black. On the leaf in the liijure these scales are shown of the natural si/e. Ti diich leeggs, wnicn number iromeiglit d)er fi iteen to twentv-five under each scale, are white, and are arranged irregularly, as shown at b. They hatch in Florida about the middle of March, producing lice of the foi'in shown at b in figure 401, but so small as to be scarcelv visible without a magnifving-ixlass. They are of a white color, yellowish at both ends, and have; red eyes. For a very brief period after hatching they are active; tiien they fix themselves to one spot, where they remain stationary for tlu; rest of tlu'ir lives. Within a few days tliei'c is .secreted over the Ixtdv of the yountr louse a coveriuii- of tine cottony filaments, which, together with the skins .-lied from time to time as the Insect increases in size, are eventually formed into scales, as shown in t!ie (igure. The male develops into a winged fly (see a, l^^ig. -lOl) which is red, with long, liaii'V antenuie and transparent wings; but \\\{'. female remains within the scale antl dies there. This scale-insect is said to have been imported from 'Viniudaon some lemons sent to Florida, iiesides the lady-birds and other predaceous insects whicli attack all scale-insects, and whu'h will be referred to in detail under "Jlemedies," this one has some special Iocs. A small mite, Ti/ror/li/jilins (flonri Ashmcad, is very useful in destroving it. The egg> of the mite an? laid in December, in dusters of two or three hundred each, on the b'ui. KM. l]Q'2 IXSECTS IXJURIOUS TO THE ORASGE. im<ler side of orange loaves, close to the veins; lliey are of a recldisli-yelloNV^eolor, and about one iive-lMindrcdth of an inch lono-. Earlv in the vear there hatch from them tinv l)lood-red mites having six legs, and four oval black s])ots on the hinder part of the abdomen. Jn three or Ibnr weoLs these transform to eight-legged mites of a paler shade of red, which is the mature form. A small, four-winged tly, one-fiftieth of an inch long, de- scribed as "the blue yellow- (doaUed Chaleid," SlfpiipliDrd jla vopaUialns Ashniead, has Ix'cn found in consideral)le numbers destroying the eggs ot" this s(;;de. l'ii>'. \()'l shows this Hv, hiuhlv magnilied. Its body is blui>h black, with a yellow crescent- shaped patch b(.'hind the head ; the wings ai'e transparent and fringed with Hue hairs. Vui. 4(VJ. No. 251.— The Long Scale. Miltihtspis Gloveri, I'lickiii'd. The second most common scale-in.sect on the orange-trees in Florida is the species now under consideration. It is closely allied to No. 250, but ditfers from it in that the female scale is much narrower, and generally of a j)al( r c(»lor, its usual tint being j)ale brownish yellow, varying occasionally to daik brown. A back view ol' the female scale is shown at a in Fig. lOo, a front view at c, while the male scale is rej)resenle(l at b, — all magnilied; on the leaf and twig .ae shinvn many scales of the natural si/e. The female insect, unoer the scale, is ol' a light-])urplc hue, with the terminal segment vcllowish. The e^•^■s are \vhit(! when first laid, but become tinged with purple before hatch- ing; thev are arranged regularlv in a double row, as shown at c in the figure, 'idie newly-hati'hed lice are purplish, i f they tvre of vdtli oi" :iu 1 tliein tiny lU'k S|K)t-^ <>!> ibui" wooks hade of n'<l, K'h loiijj;, de- due yellow - (1, has hf'n J)lo miinlxis of this scale, is lly, hiiildy ,dy is l>l>i>^l» ll„\v creswnt- nd the head ; 2 hairs. ISSFAJTS IS.IIRIOUS TO THE ORAyaE 3i);5 le orano'O ■ration. lit in -tfet's It i- that tlu f a 1 )aler How, varynit;- )f the leniale at c, while liiied ; on tlie natural si/e. lew :;ht-inu' plel me. hiu li'o'os are w before hati'h- liown lish, irow, as s and resond)le No. 250, as shown at h, Flu;. 401. Tliev are active lor a brief period, and then settle permanently in are purp one spot, where thev remain stationary. 'I'he male inscH't is a veiy minute Hy, whieh is shown, hii>hly mai^nilied, in Fig. 104. It has long anteiuia^ and two trans[)arent wings. This s|)ceies is ibinid on trees of the Citrus i'amily lin-onghoiit Florida, also in liouisiana, infesting the twigs and branelics, and iinally the leaves, but rarely the trinik. There are three broods in a season. It is said to have been imported from China, and has since been disseminated by I lie distribution of infested nurs(>ry stock and by the fruit itself. This insect also has some special parasites; one, a tiny four-winged fly, ApJuiinns^ ((suidioficola Ashmead, is about one-liftieth of an inch long, oi" a light-brownish color, with WbMI^IIBlBil .•394 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. i'rint^cd wings. (See Fig. 405.) It lays an egg under each scale, tlie larva f'rcMu which is a white, fleshy, footless griili, Fia. 404. Fia. 405. that feeds upon the eggs. By the time it has consume 1 them all it lias reached full growth, M'hen it changes to a pupa, and, after remaining in this condition a few days, the fly escapes by eating a passage through the top of the scale Where this parasite does not occur, it maybe introduced wiili advantage by taking into tin' locality branches infested with scales which are known to have been parasitized. This useful insect destroys inunense num- bers of the scales, and is doubtless one of the chief natiu'al agencies provided to check their undue increase. A species of mite, Orlbales aspkUotl Ashmead, has been found feeding on the eggs of this scale-insect. It is about one-fiftieth of an inch long, of an elongated, flattened form and a dark reddish-brown color. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. ;}95 Ho. 252.— The Red Scale of California. Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell. The female scale of this species is (jnito tran.shicciit, its apparent grayish color dcponding on that oC the insect o honoath, which varies from a light greenish yellow to a hriirht reddish hrown, and when the female is I'tillv tirowii the form of its dark body shows distinctly throngh thii transparent covering, as represented at h in Fig. !()(!. TIk; scale of the male, shown at e in the figure, resend)les that of f 3D(i jysKCTS ISJVRIOUS TO THE ORANGE. iIk; female, hut is only orui-toiirtii tlie size, tlie pnsteriur side heinj^ ])rol()nge(l into a (lap, wliicli is t|iiite tliin. Tlie scal(> ar<' represented of the natural size on the leaf and twi;^. The perfeet male insect, which is winjfed, as shown, hii!;hl\ magnilied, at (t, in V\\^. -106, is li<;ht yellow, with a hrowii hand on tlie thorax, and purplish-hlack eyes. Tlu; e<j;gs arc of an ovoid form and hriuht-yeliow (!olor, from twenty ti» forty heiui^ found under each scale. 'J'his sj)ecies appears to confine it.-elf to the trees helon^ini;- to the Citrus family, and inl'ests the trunk, limhs, leaves, anil fruit, sometimes eoveriuii; the latter to such an extent as to render it unfit for market. Where these insects are very numerous, the haves turn yellow, and sometimes droj) from the trees. In Southern California there are live oi' six hrocnls «furiug tfu! year; hence it is s{)rea(iini2; witii j^ieat i'ai)i(iitv (lit' and is perhaj)s more to he in this coiuitrv. Mi (I real led tl L lan anv otiier seale-insect uiv uroves ui Ijos Anti'cies ai id in otlier th sections of Soutliern California have heen seriously injured hy it. The orange-groves in Australia have suifered from the same pest. No. 253.— The Circular Scale. Aspididtusjicus Itilcy. This is known as the red scale of Florida. In Fig. 407 the scales are shown of the natural size on the leaves of an orange-tree; a, the scale of the female; f), that of the male; c, the young larva; c antlf, diiferent stages in the formation of the scale; all these are highly magnified. Thus i'ar it has l)('cn i'ound only in the orange-groves of Florida. It mul- tiplies with givat ra|)idity, and infests indiscriminately tlu\ limhs, leaves, and fruit. The scale of the female {(i) is circular, and varies from a light to a dark reddish-hrown color, with a grav margin ; that of the male [b] is ahout one-fourth the size of the female scale, and of a dark reddish hrown, with a wdiite centre, and is prolonged into a thin Hap, of a grayish color. W jysiJCTS J.WJLJUOLS TO TIIK O/.MAV,/;. :Vj7 torior sidf Tilt' s<':il<-> :ui<l twiu. wii, liij^lily h ti brown he o«:gs arc 1 twenty to •s lK'lon>^in';; , Iciivt.'s, iin.l extent as t<> cts are very s drop from or six brt)o*ls real rapidity, >r sealivinseei , and in other iously injured isulVered from Tlio egjrs nro pale yellow, and the iiewly-hatehed larva*, .shown at r in the liixuiv, are broadly oval in outline, and are eaeh provided with six le^s, a pair ot' antenna*, and a lieak In Fig. 407 leaves of an of the male ; the formation 1uis far it has •ida. It mul- iniinately tlu- d varies from .•ray margin ; L of the female ite centre, and for suction. They appear as small specks, scarcely visible to the unaided eye; at first they are quite active, but, havini^ selected a location, soon fix themselves permanently to one spot. In a short time they secrete over their bodies fine I 398 LXSI'JCTS lyJUIilOUS TO THE ORANGE. tliroads of wax, wliii^h arc cottony in appearance. Soon ;i small, white, convex scale takes the place of this cottonv coatinj^, wiiich is depressed in the (lentre. (Sec d, Fij^. 407.) The scales gradually increase in size, and as they approach maturity there is secreted on the female scale a niass ot' cottony threads, which increases in quantity until it sonu- FiG. 408. times extends in a curved form, as shown at /, to a lengtli Hve times the diameter of the scale. In the figure all the illustrations are highly magnified, except the leaves with tlir scales on them, which are of the natural size. The male is furnished with a single pair of large, trans- ])arent wings, which enable it to fly readily. It is shown, highly magnified, in Fig. 408. No. 254.— The White Scale. Aspidioius nerii Boucli6. This scale is found on the orange and lemon trees, par- ticularly in Southern California and in Florida, where it also infests a number of other trees ai.d plants, but especially the acacia-tree. In Fig. 409 a twig of acacia is figured infested with this scale. The female scale is flat, whitish or litrht gray in color, and when mature is only about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. The eggs are of a light-ycIIow color. The scale of the female is shown at c in the figure ; the nv\\v jy SECTS IXJURIOLS TO THE uncc. Soon ;i f this cottony e f/, Fij;. 407.) they :v|)j)roach lie ji mass ot' until it soiiU'- /, to a lenijtli ! fiy;iire all the leaves with the inon trees, par- la, where it also t es])e(^ially tlu figured infested ^'hitish or light one-twelfth of ht-yellow eolor. igiire ; the ninle ^oale at b, both magnified; the htu^v ;• i; in i »ottle,l witl, ..oddish brown; ning, tr..:^::,;,' ' '""' 400 nXSKCTS INJURIOUS TO THE OILiyGE. No. 255.— The Ribbed Scale. iccri/a purchdsi MiiskoU. The adult Ic'iuale of" this species of Coeeus is covered l-y nil Cirg-sac, which is of a pale-yellowisli color, longitudinally rihbed, a little lonuer than the body of the insect, and filled with a loose, white, cottony matter containing the et^gs. A cluster of these sacs Fi(i. 11(1. is shown in Fig. 410, ol' the natural size ; the enclosed insect is ol' u dark V oranu'e-re( I col or, witi black antenn:e ;uid legs, i!< back being coyercd more or less with a white or veil u\\ isli-w hit( ])OW tier, Tl 10 cu'gs are said to niini 1 t. ber i'roni two hundred to livr hundred in each cluster, and are of a pale-red color. The ne wlv-hatched larva i-; i ed- dish or brownish, with long and slender legs. As it grows it gradually chan<)cs, becoiu- Mlif ( lark vcr HI color and irreu- ular in outline, a?id it soon bcijins to excrete tufts of waxv matter along the back and sides, I'ollowing which long, semi- transparent lilaments ai)pear. 'riic-e insects lirst attack tlu; leaves, usually along the midrib, and afterwards ungrate to the twigs and branches, and sometimes attach themselves to the trunk. They s|)read with amazing rapidity on orange and lime trees, the t runi iiid limbs of which are sometimes so com[)letely covered with them as [o a|)pear while ; the leaves turn yellow and sickly, and if no remedial measures are adopted the lvvc< sometimes die. 1'he insect has been found very destructive at Santa liarbara, where it has probably been introduced with j)lants from Australia. ^il! lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 401 covered by lo-iiudinallv t, ami lillf'l lie c<r<j;s. A uiturul si/<' ; ;ect is <>r :i [ color, witli :iml lei;s, ii- •red mon- "i' te or yellow- suid to miui- uudri'd to live li oUistor, mid d colcv. The livrva i- red- sli, willi \c\\% As it lii'o^vs au'^es, beeoin- ilorand irre<i- t lifts of waxy ell long, semi- lllv al<»ii^' the land hranelie~, They spread [t's, the trunks iletely covered rii yellow and Lted the trees l-ry deslrnetivc! it reduced with bcii No. 256.— The Chaff Scale. J'ltiid/oria J'er(juncUi Coiiistock. In this sj)oeics tlic scale of tlie female varies in for m. n<r sometimes nearly circular, but more usiia lly 'Omewhat elonuated, of a dnll-gray color, and thin in its structure. Jt resembles the bark so closely in tint that it often escapes detect ion. In lensrtli it is tibont one-sixteenth of an inch Flu. 411. the enclosed insect is nearly as broad as long. Tiiese insects vary greatly in color, some being almost white, with the extremity of the body slightly yel- low ; others are entirely yellow, while some are jmrplish, with the end of the bodv vellow. The eves are black. Scales of both .sexes are shown, magnitied, in Fig. 411, r^ h. The eggs and young larvto are pur[)lish. The scale of the male [h] is about one twenty-iifth of an inch long, and nar- row ; its color is gray, darker and gi'cenish about the middh'. The mature winge'd in- sect i.s shown in Fig. 412, much magnified; it is j)ur- plish in color, with the disk oi' the tliorax |vile and irregularly marked with pur|)lish spots. The (yes are larg(! aid very dark. There are several brood.s of the.se inscet.s during a | season, and the .scales may l)e found at any lime on the bark of the trunk and branches of the orange-trees, and to a less extent on tlu; leaves and fruit. Thev have bci'U called chall' scales, from their resem- blance to fine chart' or bran. W^ 26 ■j— il^ 402 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. Fig. 41;!. No. 257. — The Barnacle Scale. Ccroplasles cirripedifurmis Coinstoek. The color of this scale varies from <rrayish to light brown, divided by lines into regulai- segments, as sh(nvii at a in Fig. 41.'>, where one ot" tliesr scales is represented magni- fied. The enclosed insect is subglobular in ibrni, and ot" a dark reddish-brown color. 'J'he eggs are light reddish brown, ar.d rather \o\vz and slender tl le arva is dark )i'own, and very s dend er in torn). It is at lirst at^tive tor a brief periotl, thci settles in one spot, where it becomes stationary, and soon secretes over its body tufts of cottony lllaments, wiii.'h are finally condensed to a waxy con- sistence, forming j)art of the scale with which the insect is eoverc<| Tl us scale IS lonnd ni sc\ era! localities m V\ orida on botl 1 orange and (|iiince trees it is also found on a native plant, a sjiecies of J^^npatoriii m. No. 258. — The Florida Ceroplastes. (,\'r(i}>l(tsles Fluridensiii Coiiistork. This scale is at lirst white ; afterwards it becomes pink- ish, growing redder or brownish in the middle, didl white towanls the edges, some spcH'iinens being irregnlarly inottleil with brownish and yellowish white, the top ornamented with jySECTS INJUHroUS TO THE (JRAXGF 4o; into re«;uUu' roiiiitl in sov- |„ Kloridi "i> il (piinco tiTOS ; Kni>:il<)i''nim- Ix'coinos |unk- 11,., (lull wliit*' rnhirly niolllt'tl iKiinentod widi lines and dots, as shown at b in Fio;. 414. Tl often number a luuidrcd under a .sin<rle scale. Fig. 414. le e<,fg.-;, wlin-li vary in color from yellow to li;:;lit reddish brown, and 1 in are nearly oya Ibi m The yountr Jouse IS 01 a >imi- lar color, yery ac- tiye, and when lir.-t hatched iijipcais as shown in Fig. Uo, when- it is much enlariicd. Jt crawls about Ijriskiy for hail" an hour or more, then settles Fia. 41. J. on some sjiot, inserts its proboscis, and remains permanently lixed. Within a few days the limbs are drawn luider the l)(»dy, and \vhite, cottony tufts arc secreted from tlic surface; these <i,radu;illy condense, ibruun>:; waxy plates, which loyer and i)roteet the insect beneath. 'VUv scales are shown of their natural size, on a branch of ilex, in Fit;-. 411; a yoini<^ femal(! scale is shown at d, and a mature one at h, both (ularecd. This scale is common on the orange, lemon, and other trees f I 404 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. of the Citrus family in Florida; also on the fig, pomegranate, giiava, quince, Japan plum, red hay, oleander, and sweet bay, and is very abundant on the gall-berry, Ilex glabra. It is rc- i'erred to in W. H. Ashmead's "Treatise on Orange Insects" under the name of the white scale. Ceroplastoi rusci Linn. Theru are three broods during the year: the first appear in April and May, the second from the middle to the end of .July, and the third during the first two weeks in September. They increase with marvellous ra})idity, but are preyed on by a species of Chalcid fly and by other insect enemies. No. 259.— The Broad Scale. Lecanhim hcweridiim Linn. Fi"- -lie- Of all the bark-lice here treated of, few are so common, and none s(» Avidely distributed, as this species. It is found in abundance from Washington southward to Florida, also in Utah and (California, on the twigs of orange and other trees, shrubs, and ])lants; but, having so many diU'erent food- plants, it is not so de- structive ti) the oi'ange as ai'c some others which confine their attacks to trees of the Citrus family. The scale is brown, some- times (piite dark', and is represented <»f its natu- ral size on the stem of the twig in I'^ig. 110. It is ouv of the largest scales ibinid # |: ;•:. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 405 omegranuto, \ sweet bay, •a. It is re- inre Insects" rusci Linii. •st appear in ) the end ot" n September, re preyed on ^nieniies. the bark-liee tod of, few arc- in, and none s(> ilistributed, as los. It is found iidiinee fi'o»»» on southward a, also in Utah ornia, on the oran;j;e and ■es, shrubs, and .ut, havin>5 so itVeront food- is not so dv- t,, the oran<ie nc others wliifli heir attacks to u' Citrus fandly. is\)rown,sonu'- it(> dark, and i- Ited of its natu- on the stem of ■st seaU's fomid on the orange; it is of an elongated, oval form, and liigldy convex. Tiie enclosed insect is yellow, inclining to brown, of an elongated, oval form, neai'ly fiat, smooth, and shining. The young larva (sec Fig. 417) is of a long, oval form, of a vellowish color, with two long thread-like tila- ments extendin*; from the hind sey-ment. This bark-louse is much infested by parasites, no less than three distinct s[)ecics having been bi-ed from the scales. The first of thest", ( occoplKU/as cognatus Howard (see Fig. 418), is a very small, four-winged fly, the female of which, when its wings arc spread, measures about one-twelfth of an inch, the mule about one-sixteenth. The Fi(f. 418. Fi(,. •41!). body is of a dark-brown coh)r, with yellow markings; the wings are traiisp;irent. In Fig. 419 is shown another of the {)arasites of this scale- insect, known as Coini/.s bicolor Howard, a small fly, which measures, when its wings are ex[)anded, r,carly one-eighth of an inch across. The fon; wings are dnskv brown nn their outer two thirds, the imier |)ortion nt'ariy transparent, with a brownish streak ; the hind wings are nearly transparent. The body is black, the thorax brown, with black hairs. This in- sect has been found very abundant in Washington, destroying 406 hXSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OR A NO K. large quantities of the broad scale-insects which occur in niultitiulcs on the English ivy grown there. J]()th sexes of a third i)arasite, L'nri/rtus flnvus Howard, are shown in Fig. 420, a representing the male, b the female. Fio. 4'J(>. 11 The wings of the former measure, when spread, al)out one- eighth ol' an inch ; those oC the hitter, one-tenth of an inch. The hasal third of the fore; wings of the femah' is trans- |);ux'nt. the middle third dusky brown, crossed by a clear transverse band; the outer third is also dusUy brown, with two hii'ge, wcdge-shaj)e(l^ transparent spots entering it, one from eaeh side. The hind wings are nearly transparent ; the hicli occur in •o;u1, about oiic- Mitli of ;ui incli. (cmiilc is truiis- )ss(hI 1)V :v clear sky brown, with entering it, one j'anspiirent ; the ^^s,cTs js,naovs to the ouanoe ,,, '7^-' ;■! "^•''••c-yolI..u, will, brown nuirkinc. Tl , •' of a .sJn-ning n.otaNlc-.rreen col,.,- JT u '"'''" '' -'•n^^« are tran^puPc-nf TM 'T "'' ''""■'"■''-^' ^''^ <>-..o-trees in CiL ^^r^^' '"^^ '^^^ ^-'^ sl.own JnVMv nu.gnified. '''"'"' ^^" ^'^^•^^' I'^^'asites are No. 260.-The Black Scale of California. J-Pfaninm oho; Boriiiird """L .1 tenons eneniv lo '^'k;. 4l'1. •"'>"go-cuIture, boins I.crl.aps n.ore L^ener-.IK- V -i , <J'e orauire-trees in On Sh/ .i ' 'J'^tnbute.1 on .n (bat btate tlia„ any other speeie.s of sc-ale- f 408 lASECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. Fig. 4'JL>. inscpt. Besides tlie orani^e, lemon, and other ineinbers of tlu; Citrus fiiinily, it is iouiid on tlie olive, ])e:ir, aj)ricot, plum, j)onict2:ranate, apple, and a number of other trees, shrubs, and plants. 'J'he seales are usually found on the smaller twi^s. In Fig. 421 they are shown, of the natural size, on an olive- twiy;: and at (i in the same liy:ure a seale is shown niau- nitied. Tlie seales are blackish brown, marked with riducs and indentations, a- indieatcd in the liij;- ure. The eu'<;s aic of a long, oval ibrni and yellow (H)lor. The male, thouiih diligently sought for, lias not yet been discovered. In Fig. 422 is shown the male, ami Fiii. -1'28. in female larged). Fig. , 42:i the (both en- of a very interesting little fly, Tomoccra ( 'a/ifoi'' nica Howard, which is a parasite on this black scale. The wings, which arc transparent in both sexes, measure, when spread, a little more than one-eighth of an inch across. Jts general color is deep blue-black, with a metallic lustre and brown markings. The male may be distinguished from the feujale by its shorter body and peculiar antenrre. This para- site is so abtmdant in some sections that as large a proportion E. INSECTS IXJUIilOUS TO THE URASdE. 400 ii\)ors of the .ricot, \>l»iiu, , shrubs, luxl luillc'V tNvitrs. on an olive- shown in;i;4- The scaler c'ki.sh bi'ONvn, \ with vitli^es (lentatioii?^, u> ted in the lig- The e<i-^;>i i»>''' m<^ ovul form yeUow color, male, thonsih ntlv souiilit as not yet )«'•!> vered. Ki-. -I'i-i i- ntlic male, and b'ig. , -i2:'i the lie (l)oth en- Ll), of a very Icstint^ little lly, \,vcra (MViJoV' illoward, which ;mrasite on this ; seale. The s, which arc ;parent in hoth s, measure. wlicii lich across. Its ullio lustre and liished from the ,[E. This i)ara- •ire a |)roportion 1 ai'nioni. Fin. 424. as seventy-five per cent, of the scales have been known to bo destroyed by it. The female fly pierces the scale and dej)osits in it a sin<^le egg. When hatched, the larva feeds upon the ejrj^s and younuj of the bark-hmse, and later U|)oii the mother also. When full grown, it i^ nearly one-sixth of an inch long, broad, becoming narrower towards the head, of a trans- ])arent white color tinned with blackish from the alimentarv canal showing through. Tlu; larva changes to a pupa within the scale, which at first is white, but soon becomes darker in color; the fiy, on escaping, makes its exit through a round hole whieh it cuts in the back of the scale. No. 261. — The Hemispherical Scale. LrcKniniii /icitiisp/KCri'-mn Fig. 424 represi'iits this scale, of its natural size, oti orange leaves, and a magnified one at <i. Jt varies in color from light todark brown, and isoccasionally tingi'd with reddish when ma- ture, fn shape it is liemisj)herical, with the edges fiatteiied, its form varying somewhat in different situations; upon a rounded twig it be- comes less hemispheri- cal, more elongated, and its fiattened edges are bent downwards, clas})- iug the twig. The eggs are yellow- ish white, smooth, and shining. The newly- 410 ly SECTS ISJUIilOVS TO THE ORANGE. li:it('hoil larva} arc very active, and ov(M1 the adiili insect can crawl iVoni one point to another with apparent ease, carryinj;- the scale with it. Tli.is scale has been found on orange-trees near Santa JJar- bara, and doubtless exists in other lo(!alities also. In jjjreen- houses it attacks not only the orange but many other plants. No. 262. — The Common Mealy-bug. Dacfi/lupiu.'i adonidiim Linn. The insects known under the name of mealy-bugs form no scale, and are not always stationary, having the power oi' moving from one place to another; but, since they require th(^ same treatment as scale-insects, it wili be convenient to treat of them here. This species of mealy-bug is common in green-houses throughout the civilized world. The female is represented magnified in Fig. 425, 1"""- *-•''• with most of the mealy matter rc- movetl. When full grown, it is about one-eighth of an inch long, white, with a tinge of yellow, u brown band upon the middle of the ba(;k, and its whole body powdered with white, floury- looking material. The sides and ex- tremities of the bodv are armed with spines. The larva, which varies in size according to its age, is of the same form, but flatter. The male is a small winged insect, much resembling that of No. 263. In Florida it attacks the orange, guava, grape-vine, and ])ineapple, and prevails to such an extent that it is said few orange-trees have escaped its ravages except those in the interior and southern parts of the State. /•;. jySKCTS ISJIRIOUS TO THE ORASiU:. Ill lit insect can asc, carryin-i- r Santa Bav- ,, In jvroen- othcr plants. -bn»^s form no the power ol' liey require the cnient to treat is common in The female il in Fig. -l-'"^. laly matter re- ;)\vn, it is al)o\it )ng, wiiite, will I )\vn hand upon , and its whoU; Nvhite, floury- L sides and ex- |:ue armed witli ,hieh varies in |e, is of the same winged insect, lof No. 263. pks the orange, l\ils to such an ive escaped its lithern parts of No. 263. — The Destructive Mealy-bug. JJactijlopius destructor Coinistock. Tlie name dcsfrudor lias been proposed I'or this species of mealv-bug on account of the injury done bv it to oran<j;e-tree,- in l-'Iorida, where it is one of tlie most serious insect pests with whicli tlie oranije-urower has to contend. The adult female, which is shown magnified in Fiij. 420, is Fkj. 42t; diOUt one-sixtli of an iiicli lont"- e» and half that in width, and lias seventeen lateral appendages on each side, which arc nearly uni- form in length. There is a slight j)owdery secretion distributed over the body. The female begins lay- ing her eggs in a cottony mass at the extremity of the abdomen before she attains full growth, and the eifg-mass increases with her ucrowth, ijradually forciiiyc the hinder portion of the body upwards, until liually she a[)pears as if almost standing on her liead. The eo-crs are rather long, and of a bright straw-color, and, soon after hatching, the young larvje, which arc rather brighter in color than the egg, sj)read in all directions, settling prefer- ably along the midrib, on the underside of the leaves, or in the forks of they(Hing twigs, where they form large colonies, closely packed to- gether. The young are oidy slightly covereil with white powder. The male, which is re])rescnted highly magnified in Fig. 412 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE OliAXGE. 427, is fiirui.slied witli two transparent wini^s, wliifli, when spread, measure rather less than one-eighth of an inch across. Its body is olivc- ^■'"^' '*-^- brown ; tiie eyes arc dark red. The i'onr-wingcd fly shown, niueii mag- nified, in Fig. 428, the natural size oC which is indicated by the short lines on tlie left of" the figure, is a parasite on this mealy-bug, known as Enojiin^ luqiiisKoi' Howard. Its body is smooth, of a sliiniiig bhiclc, and the transparent wings are partly obscured by dusky marl^ings, as shown in tiie figure. No. 264. — The Mealy-bug with Long Threads. Darljjlopinx loiH/iJilis Coinstoek. In tliis species the adult female is nearly one-fifth of an inch long, of a light dull-yellow color^ its body being cov- ered with a whitish powder. In Fig. 429 it is represented magnified. The lateral appendages, which are seventeen in iiunil)er, arc long, the poscerior ones on each side being very long, equalling, and Sijinetiirs :s exceeding, the entire length of the body. In the );>.* \'d state the male and the female arc very much alike, but as they approach maturity striking differences appear. The female surrounds herself with cottony material, amid which the young cluster for some time after birth. The male larva forms for itself a little cottony sac or cocoon, in which it changes to a pupa, from wl lich the winged insect is pr roi luced. This is show n, mucli m :ignitied, in Fig. 4.'^0. The wings, which are transparent, GE. \\\\'\v\\, when Lii inch across. luly i- o^i^'- ; the ^'vcs aiv ed. . lour-Nvingt''l )\vn,nmchina<«;- , in Fig- ^12^' latural ^ize of 1 is indicated V)y liovt linos on the of the ligure, is n-asite on this A-4)ng, known as ipius inqnhifor r.ivd. Its hody parent wings are •n in the figure. Threads. one-fifth of nn lM„ly being cov- lit is represented lare seventeen in side being very Ihe entire lengtii and the female inatnrity striking lis liersclf with •luster for some for itself a little I to a pupa, from I is shown, muel\ are transparent, jySKCTS ISJUlilOlS TO THE ORANGE. 413 measnre, wlien spread, about one-tenth of an incli across. The body is brown ; the eves are dull red. FiQ. 420. Fig. 430. JlE.^[El)IES. In ti'eating of the remedies for seale-insects and mealy- bnus, tliose provided by natiu'c will lirst claim onr atten- tion, lender the several species di.scus.scd, reference has been made to the parasitic flics which destroy tliem, as these are often limited in their attacks to one sj)ecies. The prcda- ceons insects, which feed on them indi.^criminately, will now claim attention ; these consist mainly of various species of lady-birds. These nseful iii.sects vary in size, and are usnally red, yellow, or black, with sj)ots of one or the other of these colors. Some of them are found from the Atlantic to the J'acilic, snch as the nine-sj)otted lady-bii-d, Fiif. ! "2.'] ; tlu; ))lain lady l)ir<l, Fig. 12o; the convergent ladybird, I'ig. 128; the spotted lady-bird, Fig. 129; and the twico-stablnd lady-l)ird, Fig. 33. Tiiose which follow ai'c restricted to the Paciti(! coast, or are more abundant there. Jjady-birds, both in their larval and in their perfect state, devour .'^cale-in.sect.s, mealy-bug.s, and aphides. f 414 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. The Ashy-gray Lady-bird. Cydoneda abdominalis (Say). Tliis l,s 11 sinall-sizocl lady-bird, wliich is often found in ahundance on infested orange-trees. Its larva also is very connnon, and, when fnli grown, measures about four-tentlis of an inch long. It is blaek, variegated with orange, yellow, and greenish white, and is shown, niagnilied, at Fig. 431, n. When about to transform to '\ \>w\)x\, the larva attaehes the end of its abdomen to a leaf, when shortly the skin, splitting at the baeU of the head, gradually shrivels up towards the posterior end, revealing the ehrysalis, as shown in the figure at b. This is of a whitish color, tinged in some parts with yellowish, and ornamented witii black spots. Fia. 431. The beetle is ashy gray, with seven black spots on the thorax, and eight upon each wing-cover, arranged as shown at c in Fig. 481, where the insect is represented magnitied, the smaller iigure at the side indicating the natural si/e. The Blood-red Lady-bird. Cijcluncda sinujiiiiica (Linn.). The blood-red lady-bird is not so common as the species last described, but is nevertheless very useful. The larva is without s[)ines, flattened in form, and ornamenteil with trans- verse yellow bauds and black s[)ots ; it is most common in *lie spring, when it is exceedingly voracious and active. \GE. .)ften found in 11 also is very 3Ut tbur-tentiis oningOj yellow, it Fig. 431, «. •va attaches the J skin, splitting ip towards the I'U in the figure DUie parts with 'U spots on the anged as shown 'Uted magnified, latural size. on as tlic Hpeeies \\, The larva is enteil with trans- steomnion in *he aetive. lySECT, lAJnuors TO T,W O.UyOE. ^,,, The ol„ysali.s i., .sl,„„,, „,„s„ifi«I at a, i„ K„ n, ,, .' about a quarter of OM ;. i i ,. "' '" J- '8- 't'^.::. It is '•eprcsented ]nagin-/ie(I at Vw. 4r> h, and of tlio natural size atc,inthefigurc,isahnost iienn"spJ,enVal in fonn, :»"d reel, varying i,, thJ <J^'l»tii of its hue from a V^^^c-ivi\ to a blood-red *'"lor. 'J'lic tJiorax is in .1. E^ ''""=""""" '' '"'^ '""^ '-■■" '< -" The Cactus lady-bird. Chiloch 0) "v <■<(('( i (Linn.). " '"-^ ^'"'""' '"''«""H ut « i„ ].-i,. ,,3. :u., 1,1,,'," Fig. 4. "IS. ;'n..sc"d by a light-yellowish band about tl,. iH armed with nuuiy long, branel "ii(!<IIe, and ii:, oranelnng ,spi„r.. Tl,,, j,„,„^ .,,^^ If 416 L'ySEV'jS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. iiiagiiified, at b in the figure, is formed within the hirval skin, whii'li s})lits open ah^ng the baclv sufficiently to show tiie en- closed chrysalis, whieli is black, with a f'.'W s[)arsely-scattered tufts of fine liair. The beetle, which is seen magnified at c, indof the iiatnral size at c?, is of a shining black color, with, an ir>-egular reddish spot on each wing-case, and much resembles the twice-stabbed lady-bird of the East. (Fig. a3.) The Ambiguous Hippodamia. Hippiidaniia lunh'Kjua Leo. In many districts in California this is a very abundant ins(>ct. The larva is shown in Fig. 484 at a, and, when lull Fig. 4:14. grown, i.-' about half an inch long, of a bluish- black color above, marked with oi'angc, black, and yellowish white. 'J'he pu|)a,/>, is nearly one-third of .ui inch long, of a dull orange- vcllow, with black and yellow mai'kings. The beetle, c, d, resembles the blood-red lady-biid, but is narrower in |)ro- po»'tion to its length, and less convex in I'orm. The head is bhuik, with a whitish patch in front, and the thorax black, with a <lull-white patch on each side towards the front. In the figure, ii,h, and c are magnilied, and d shows the natnral size. INGE. tlie larval skin, to show the cii- )ar»ely-scatttiroil (1 of tlic natural i-veiiular reddish lie twice-stabbed very abundant , and, when J'ull Inish- black color wisli white. Tlie of a dull orange- The beetle, <', (/, narrower in i)ro- rni. The head is the thorax black, ds the front. In 4iows the natural ^y^^CTS INJVIUOVS TO THr, oRAXo GE. 417 The Eyed Cycloneda. Tl".. .pcvics, wl,iel, U ,.ei„.e.,onto,l n.agnifio.l at „, Fi„. 4,5, Fig. 435. J'iigered(h,sli .s|.ot on caeli. g-cover,s, with a The Five-Spotted Lady-bird. Fin. I.;.;. ;:;tr' '''^^"" '■"'•''^'''-' i-vi,,,..,....,. ,„,, 27 41S INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. In addition t») the species already named, tlie followins^ are worthy of mention : Kvochoni'ifi contridatus Mids. This is a small lady-bird, abont one-seventh of an ineh lontj:, of a red color, .with a black thorax and two black spots on the wing-covers, placed near the hinder end. The larva is about one-sixth of an inch long, yellowish, with black spots and spines. J>otli the larva and beetle are useful in destroying scale-insects, and are (piitc common among the orange groves. Sci/mnvs ccrvicaUs JNEuls. A hemispherieid beetle, about one-tenth o^' an ineh long, of a reddish-brown color, with dark-blue v overs. Its larva is pale whitish, with a few small, round "K'.r foo.l fW„„ |,e„«„l, ',„ ' ',r/ ".'•'"; "'"" '"■^""'^ 'l'»»' ""•'■ '"• '■■■■""-I ."Oolu , „ 'k''"' '■'""' "'■ '■■"■I- ••>■ l.n,.s .;':-^'"';i::CT;t;r::r;i'',!-''''- m.„. •^P'Rot „.„■ ,1,0 b,.„„„, ".,,; J"» ""■ «"-;"l 'mving a „,, „ •■7' % ^' -all ,,iooe or<::^2:i:^'^"''r"'y'''^^''- "li™ poumr „„ (|k,,„ ,i,,m , ' , '" f ''?«. so llmt tho „■„„,■ ' "•™«i' '1.0 asi,os, „.,■„: „ ; , io ' ■"''"""' '""' •"'"'>- "-iK- """■■'"Sl'lv. A II, „. i, ; : ™ "" 'I ,"",'• t" «.e,„,„c ,l,o,„ '■"■""• Iveat (i,o ,„„ , I , : •"•'■'">-'»".■ Ii..u,.,,l,e„ ,|.,„. '•y >'"' asi,,., „„H, 'o,; :;,;,: """: ": '''^i-'-o ,1..,, ,,0 ""■-''• ^:-l,,all.,„„,,,;;: "'7 ;■->■ 1.0,1,0 ,,,K. I' !■ o,M,„„o,vial ,„;,,',! "*"' '" ™"'""' I'all' a '^''"";::;:f:nr^ in..,, ' '■ '" '■"a„„o,.oial ,«,asl,, ,„. it,' f Bamnrr-^Ai iiLU.jMnma. ' j - -J^?^?? 420 IS SECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. equivalent, ten quarts of the honie-nuule lye, and make the solution up to three gallons with water. ]3efore the trees hlooni, thin out the branches by pruninjr, so that air and liii'ht may have free access to the foliage and fruit, carefully burning all the })runings; then wash or spi'ay the entire tree, trunk, limbs, and foliage, and, if j)racticable, use the wash lieated to a temperature of about 1."jO° F., which would be nearly as hot as the hand could bear. h\ two or three weeks, or about the time when the young larvic appear, the washing or sj)raying should be repeated, using the same mixture, but adding to each gallon half a })ound of flour of sulphur; or use a solution of whale-oil soap, containing from one-(][uarter to three-quarters of a ])0unci to the gallon, with half a j)ound of sulphur. If the insects are not entirely subdued, after an interval of three or for.r wcuvS a third api)licati()n maybe made. If the trees re(|uire treatment while in bloom, it is safer to use the soap th dl sohuion, as the stronger alkahne waslies sonietnnes injure tiie th tend er i>ro\v th. I H,v scales on ai)ple, [)ear, plum, clierry })eai'h, ajjricot, and nectarine trees, the solutions may be used one-third stronger, but may be made twice the ordinary strength when a})plieil with a brush to the trunk and lind)s onlv During the earlier period of their growth, scale-insects are readily de.^troved bv insecticides of moderate slrengih, es[)ecially while in the active larval stage, but when the tough scales are well ibrmed they are nmch more diflicult to exterminate. While rej)roduetion to some extent appears in be going on from AFarcli to I)ccend)er with but little ct>ssa- tion, there is no doubt that the months of jNIarch, dune, and 8eptend)er mark the api)earance of a very large ])ro[)ortioii of the successive broods; hence, during these months, reme- dies can be applied with the greatest advantage. Those pe.^ls which are unprotected by scales, such as the mealy-bugs, can be destroyed at any tinu' with com[)arative ease by the um: of the alkaline or soap solutions. IXSKCTS lyjURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. 121 . make the c the trees uit air an(l it, care fill I V I entire tree, sc the wash ch would be u the young be repeatetl, gallon half a of whale-oil quarters of a phur. If tl>^' ;al of tln-ee or It' the trees -o use the soap imes injure the plum, cherry, IS uKiy he used e the ordinary link and Und)s th, seale-inseets lerate strength, but when the nore dilVieult to juMit appears to Lit little ee^^sa- ]areh, June, au-l large proportioi' \ months, reni<- L.. Those pests IjmealY-hii^S ^""' loasehy the u^c Strong tobacco-water, hciited to about 130° F., ha.-^ also been used witli st)ine success, more particularly on the young brootls. Judging from the results obtained in a cMU'se of experi- ments lately conducted under direction of the Department of Agi'iculturo, Washington, kerosene oil in the form of emulsion j)romises to be a valuable agent in destroying tin- different species of bark-lice. A n enudsion mad(! in the following manner has been fountl most efficient. Take of kerosene oil one gallon, cow's milk, sour or fresh, half a gallon, enml;-ifv bv thorouii-li and constant ay;itation until the com- pound lias the aj)j)earance of thin butter. Dilute one pint of this creamy mixture with one and a half gallons of water, adding the water gradually, and stirring constantly, imtil all is added. Jf cow's milk cannot be got, use as a substitute two cans of condensed nulk dilute<l with twi* J its bulk of water. It is claimed by some that this diluted kerosene enudsion, wiien properly prepared, so that the oil does not sei)arate, is more elTective than the alkaline washes, and that it does not injure the trees. For the ap[)lication of these fluids several ibrmsof jiortalile pumps have been devised, in the selection of which the fruit- grower should be guided by his own reciuirements. Wlieic the orchard is large, it will pay to purchase an etlicient instru- ment for this ))nrpose. It is stated that, with a suitable piiiiip and no/.zle ibr spraying, fn^u one to two hundred trees can be thoroughly treated in a day. Since by I'ar the greater portion of the injury caused by insects to orange-trees is elfected by the scale-insects, it is im- portant that )>rompt measures be adopted to destroy them, and that every precaution be taken to j)revent their introduc- tion intodistricts hitherto exem]>t from them. Many localities have lu'cn colonized by these pests through the return of empty fruit-boxes from infested districts. These may be dis- infected by dipping them for at lea-t two ndnntes in boiling water containing not less than one pound of potash oi" half a 42-J jySECTS INJURIOUS TO THE ORANGE. jxniiid of concentrated lyo to each twenty-five gallons. These insects arc also lre(iuontly disseminated by the transportation of nursery stock from one part of the country to another. Sickly trees arc more predisposed to attack than healthy ones; hence the use of fertilizers to induce a vigorous growth lias been suggested as a leniedial measure. In planting new groves, avoid the vicinity of diseased trees if possible, as the young lice are liable to be carried some distance by winds, or o!i the feet of birds visiting the trees. NGK. jalloiiJ". Tlieso tninsportiitioii to another. than healthy i^orous growtli pUmting new )ossible, as the 2 by winds, or INSECTS LVJURIOUS TO THE OLIVE. Ifo. 265. -The Greedy Scale-insect. M^idiolHs rapax Cornstock "i'l. '.-..noon ;,,/'';■;; ;r'' '"",' '-^ '"•%'•' yoi,..., Fi(i. 4.!8. o i''i<;. i?,',). are less than one-Jiundrcdth nf .„, ■ i i ""'I larger li,„b, Vm C ' •' """"'""' '" "'« "■""!< J, X11I1U.S, can bo easdv removed wiHi -i ^wr i ^W>ped in a solution of whale-oil soan V ; ^''■"''' ^"Hl pear trees on the Pacific coast' '" '"^"^'^ ^'^'l^'^' 428 liNSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE FIG. No. 266.— The Fig-eater. Allorldnd nifida (Linn.). This beetle, which has acquired the local name of fig-eater in the South, is closely related to the Cetonias, Nos. 81 and 82, which, in the northern portions of the continent, eat the flesh of ripe pears, plums, and peaches. The fig-cater, which is shown in Fig. 440, is a very common insect in the South ; Fig. 440. it is nearly an inch long, with a robust body, the wing- case.s being velvety green, with light, cream-colo.'ed borders. No remedv has been suggested for these insects other than collectinu; and destroving them. 424 "" mim m mt r'yjjggg FIG. aniG of fig-eater ias, No.-^. (SI and )ntinent, eat the ' fig-eater, which 3t in the South ; )ody, tlie wing- •colo.'ed borders. sects other than SyNONYMICAL IfST. l-v the following list H,„ „ij,, "f tl.e in,s«ts refaTcl ,„ arc Z^ "" •' "' """"■ "■■"»•« "'■•'y not liavo l,ec„„,o fiunili.,,."' : ' I ' '"' f" "'<•' '" ""<^" "Im •^";l. as I,„vo boon „o„o,,,|w .^. ,. f '"■"''"""'' '"" ""'>■ » few „tl,o,.., „.|,ioi, have .„f|, , !' '''7"""'>"l.«is,s, ,vi.l, 4. «. i:;. i(. 1(5. ir 20. Schizoncuralani<.cra(IIa,.sa>.). ^''■"""^'""7'Z"-''i'it''h. ^Pliclinus iniili (Hald.). Sii{)orda ciindiila Pnbr. Soperila hlvitfuta Say. ChryM.bothris loniorafM" ( Fabr.) Ji'ipre^tixfeworah, Fabr. L<'ptost.yJus nculifer (Sayj. />"»((■« ncii/i/,;r(, Saj-. 3ronartbi-ani mali (Fitch). Tmninis „inl! Fitch, Ami.hiccrus bienudMtus (Say). no.trldius b/raudatn. Say. ' JEpiCionis iiiibiicatus (Say), ^^ijxinis imin-icatus Say. Myfilaspis iK.nion.m B„ueh,' ^W>'<//o,„. co„rh;for„i, (hnelin. •^l!llil<l'<p;» i,nnnc„rt!c!s l\\]cy. •IV'-oglyjiluis mains (Siiiincr). ''lf'(c»« «(,(/i/;v Shinier. Chionnsj.i,sfurfiu-us (Fitch). -^^xpldiotuH/itrfin;,., Fitch I'' 'il'l.'i oonqnisitor (Say). Gi-t//,fiig vuiiqninitnr Say .-, . *' * Ncd: lonoa leucnniio (Kirlv rarisld It p.). vncuiiui Zo 0-'iomas,aconci„na(S„,.A-.Abh) ^""-'odouta r,„ot„na S,n. & Abb Aru.so,,teryxvcrnuta(Pcck> ,. ^ ^^/'"^'■"" '-ovm^,, |.,,|._ -^. ■» otlisus sj,inosu.« (Dallas). ■8-l'iatysan,iaC.cropia,Li„„.) ^""'•"* r«vo;;/„ r,in„. '-""^'■•i miii-ia- (Kiley), Ohulc!<i men;,;- ww^y 3- Ccolodasys unicornis (^.n.^t.^bb) f""-^-""""W»/«Sm..tAbb ■ ^- Tulypc vcllchi (St„l|j. ''■"*"■";""•//« ,•.//.</„ Stull • ^'7«i'"-"~^''<'<'Mna (Harris). ' ^7''"'='"^">-""'MLeIiaroni." i liycMS in.ligcnclla (Zeller). ^ -'/'.'y .« "ci„/o WaLvl,. Tachina ,,hycit:o (Le Jtnron) ■linet)ccra.,ccllana(Schitr). "■tn\r ocelhnu, SchitF. I'i'iitl,;,,,, ur„h,n,t lliirri.. niphollth -lO. Teia.sCi.ulercllad ")7ri " OC II III UK C (liiley). 111. Kilt. •f Cinder,//,, i^ji I'y. 42; 7 426 SyNONVMICAL LIST. 41. Plioxopteris nubeculana (CIj-iii.). Aiir/ii/lnpcra nuhcculnna Cleiu. 43. Nulaphana malnna (Fitch). /{rarhfjtmiin malana Fitcli. 4t. Yi»Pfil()plius poinctellus (Harris). likinotid pomelellus Harris. Ohwtochi'lui paiiietel/iis Fitch. 4.'). Ajjrotis saiicia (Jliibiu'r). Agrotin incnniii Harris. A^'rotis clniidestina (Harris). A'</t7i((( cla)iilcgtiiia Harris. ■17. llugonia siibsignaria (Hiibnor). Endalinia aiibsir/iiaiin Hiibncr. /■.'uiioiiioa niil/si'</iniiiii Paciianl. 48. Pliobetron pithccium (Sin. & Al)b.). Limacoclea pilheciiDii ^m, & Abb. 6J. Odoutota rosea (Weber). Ilispa rosea AVcber. Uispa mavginata Say. 57. Adalia bipunctata (Linn.). Cocchiella hipnnvtaia Linn. CycIoneJa sanj^uinea (Linn.). CoccincUa Hanguinca Linn. Cocchiella ynuuda Say. Megilla maculata (De Geer). CocciuiUa maculatn Do Gcer. Hippodamia maeiilala Muls. Anatis ]5-punctata (Oliv.). Mysia 15-punctata Oliv, Huvmonia picta (Rand). Coccinella picta Rand. 61. Sciara niali (Fitch). Molobrtii) iiKili Fiteli. 64. Lithophane antcnnata Walker. Xyllna cincrca Rilej'. t37. Oncidcres cingiilatus (Say). Saperda cinguhtta Say. 68. Xyleborus pyri (Peck). Scolytua piyri Peck. Tomicus pyri Harris. 71. Lygus lineolaris (P. Beauv.). Oapsut lineolaris P. Reauv. Capsus oblineatns Say. 73. Poniphopooa aenea (Say). Lylta aenca Say. 77. Cotalpa lunigera (Linn.). Areodn lunigera Linn. ' 81. Euphoria Inda (Linn.). Vftonia Inda Linn. 82. Euphoria melancholica ((iory). Crtunia inelancliolica (Jory. 84. Apatela occidentalis ((i. <t R.l. Arronyila occidentalis (J. & R. 8.0. Apatela suporans ((iiicn.). Acronycia superaun (iucn. 88. Telea polyphenuis (Linn.). I Attncua polyphcinns Tjinn. 95. Cocectoriis scutellaris (Loc). Anthnnoinun prnnicidn Walsh. 98. Phloeutribiis iiininaris (Harris). ToinicHS Iiininaris Harris. 101). Ithycorusnoveborncensis (Foruer). Ithyrerns riircnlionidi-' Herbst. 101. Ptyohoionia persicana (Fitch). CnvKia persicana Fitch. Lozotirnia fragariana Packard, 104. Dicorcadivarieata (Say). Biiprestis divarieata Say. 109. Crcpidodera Ilelxines (Linn.). AHica nana Say. 110. CallDsainia Prumetliea (Drury). Allacns Prometliea Drury. 112. Hyperchiria lo (Linn.). Satnrnia lo Linn. 114. Caeoccia oerasivorana (Fitch). Lozottvnia cerasivorana Fitch. 117. Thecla titus Fabr. Thecla mopstts Boisd. it Lee. KiO. Sinoxylon basilare (Sjy). Apatc Ixisilaris Say. lol. Anipcloglyptcr Sesostris (Leo.). liaridiua Sesostr s Lee. Madams vitis Riley. l.'?2. Darapsa myron (Cramer). CIdvrocainpa pampinatrijc Sm. 133. Philanipelus Pandoras (Hlibner). Philampelus satellilia Linn. 144. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus (Fitch). Pterojihonts periscelidactylus Fitch. 147. Pyrophila pyrauiidoides (Ouen.). A'.nphipyra pyramidoides Ouen. 148. Pyrophila tragopoginis (Linn.). Agrotia repressus Grote. SiWONVMICAL LIST. 427 in. ,lk-a (dory)- tUcn (lory. ciifa/ii G. «t U- [(iuen.l. ■dUK (iiien. (Linn.). ^iiiiia Tiinn. avis (Koc.l. „,„•,. .-Ja Wal^h. („•(■« Uiinis. racensis(Foivtcr). „/;oM.-</'- Ilevbst. ;iei\iia (Fitoli). nii<( Fiteb. ,3„,.;..Ma Packard, ita (Say). arkala Say. ilxiues (Linn.). Say. iinctliea (Drury) ncthea Drury. (Linn.). liinn. vorana (Fitt'b). maivo'uua Fitch. ibr. !,,« BoisJ. & IiCC. liaro (Say). i-Ih Say. Sesostris (Lcc). Isosd- « Lee. lis Kiley. (Cramer). K 2)fl»'^)i)i«(r/x Sm. •andorus (Iliibner). saiellilia Linn, iscclidactylua (Fitch). periBeeUdactylnx ' Fitch, lamidoides (Oucn.). )yramidoides Gucn. ;o[)Oginis (Linn.). rensns Gtote. 150. Graptodcrn chalybea (Illig.). Ilitlticu ili(tli/he<i Illig. 1 j2. I'idia longipes (Mels.) /^<ic}iit<:plioni8 louiji/H.i Mcls. 157. Krythronoura vitis (Harris). 'J'ettitjoitia vitin ]Luri<. 165. Cyrtopliyllus concavii.s (Harris). Platijphyllum coHcavuni Harris. Phyllopteraoblongifolia(DeGeer). Locusta ohlonglfoUa Do Gecr. 171. Eudomis botrana (Schiff). Potthtna vitivnrann (W. it R.). 172. Craponius ina;qualis (Say). Ceutofhyiichita insequalis Say. 176. Oborca bimaculata Oliv. Obrrea tripuiictcita Fabr. 181. Apatcla brumosa Grote. Aronycta verrilll! Grote. 1S3. Chelymorpha Argus Lcicli. Chelymorpha cribran'a Fabr. 184. Synchlora rubivoraria (Riley). Aplodes rnhtvora Riley. 191. Tylodernia fragariw (Riley). Analcis frarjarim Riley. 192. Pho.xopteris fragariw (W. k R.). Anchylopera frar/aria; W. & R. 193. Eccopsis permundana (Clement^). Exartcma permundana ('leniens, 194. Apatela oblinita (Sm. A Abb.). Acronycta oblinita Sni. & Abb. 195. Agrotis Ypsilon (Rott.). A grot is siiffiiaa D. & S. Afjrotia telifcra Harris, Agrotis subgothica (Haworth). Agrotis jacnlifera Guen. Hadena devastatrix (Rrace). Agrotis devastator Harris. 196. Paria sex-notata (Say). Colaspis scx-notata Say. 197. Pbyllotrcta vittata (Fabr.). Crioccris vittata Fabr. Phyllotreta striolata Illig. Haltica striolata Harris. 203. Psenocerus supernotatus (Say). ClytiiH DVjiernotatHx Say. 208. Eulitchia ribearia (Fitch). KUoj)ia ribearia F'ifcli. 209. Grapta prognc (Cram.). Vanessa progiie Cram. 212. Pu.'cilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.). Lygirus lineatus Fabr. Capsus Jf-ritt(itns Say. 215. Epochra Canadensis (Loew). Trypeta Canadensis Loew. 216. Eiulroiiia arii;ataria (Herr. Sch.). J'riuryla arniataria llerr. .""(di. 219. l>akruma convolutella (Hiibn.). Zophodia convolutella lliilin. Pempelia i,ro8sulariiv Packard. Myelois convolutella Packard. 223. Crepidodera cucunieris (llarri.--). Jliiltica cucumeris Harri.-'. 224. Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.). Phukellui hyalinatalis lann. 225. Eudioptis iiitidalis (Cram.). Phake.llura iiitidalis Cram. 227. Rhopobota vacciniana (Packard). Anchylopera vaccinia n<i Packard. 228. Tcras oxyeoccana (Packard). Tortrix nxycoccana Packard. 229. Tcras vacciniivorana (Packard). Tortrix vacciniivora)ta Packard. 239. Papilio crcsjjhontes Fabr. J'apilio thoas Boisd. 241. Platynota rostrana (Walker). Teras rostrana Walkev. 258. Ccroplastes Floridcnsis Conistock. Ceroplastea rusci Linn. (A.'hmcad) 264. Cycloneda abdominalis (.Say). Coccinella abdoininalii Say. 266. AUorhina nitida (Linn.). Cotinis ititida Linn. \4< INDEX. Abljot Ppliinx, 2,73. Aciiriis mains, -li.',5. AclitMiioM Spliinx, L'')l). A(M•ol)a^;■ iti.ligciella., (25. AcTonjota oblinita, 127. " oc'fidontalis, 126. ."•'iilicrnns, ■)2('). " vuiTillii, 127. Ai'utali.-! (](n-.«alis, 280. A(lalia l)i]iuiic'tata, 121, 420. ^Egciia ouciirbitH', '.U]]. exitiosa, lOI. '■ Iioii.-^iironnis, 22'J. " P.yii, IK). " lubi, ;;i)n. " tipiilifdni.is, .'',;',(;. Agriliis niliooliis, ,■',07. Aijrotis clanilcstina, Ids, Ji'O. " Cocbranii, 1(17, ilovastator, 127. " inorinis, .|2(). " jainililcni, 127. " i-eprossiis, ■I2{i. siiucbi, lOfi, .|2t). " fcixndens, 107. " ."iibgutliica, ;]28, 12- " SurtlLSl, .127. " lolifora, 127. " ti->,>^..lla(a, .'i'l'S. " Y|,Mlon. ;!27, 127. Alans (iculatns, 25. Alkaliiu' wasiics, .IK), Alliirhina iiiliiln, .|2|,' .127. Altica nana, I2(;. Al.v|iia iii'toniai'ulatii, 2ii2. Ainliignons lii|ipu,laniia, I Aniei-icaii Iniijict-nhilb, S7 " I'rociis, 2(),5, Anipcloglvptor Si',<()siri.j, 21.!, .|2(i. Ainphiccni.s liicandatng, ;!,'!, |2j. Anipliidas.ws I'ognataiia, ,'!l!). " Anipbipvia pyiaini<Ioido.*, .12() Ainili'i.s Ci-agaiia', 127. Anar.-iia limatclla, ;I2I. An;ili.-f l,").pnniitata, 12,\ 120, Amdiylopcra IVagaiiic, 12'" nnlii'cnlana, •120, \!ii'i'ininna, 127, Angorona croi-alai-ia, ;ilS. Aiiguliir-winged katydid ;!8;i. 10. Anisopteryx pnnietiiria, 01, vcinata, 04, 425 Anoniala Imdoola, 281, Anthonomn.-: in-uniuida. 420, •inadrigiblMis, 133. " sntiiralis, ;;75, Apatc lia.'ilan.s, 420. Apatid;: l)iMuno.'in, 313, 42(i, " oblinita, 325, 427, " iieciiiL'ntali.5. 1 05, 420. " supcrans. 100. 420. Aidielinu.'< aspidioticola, 3113, " inali, 15, 1<), 495. inytilaspidis, 42. Aplii.-; niali. 121. " nialifdlia', 121. " in-unil'olii, Jxi. " ril(i.«, 35]. " vitis. 2111. Aplirophora 4-notata, 242. [ " i^ignorcti, 2 12. I Apif nicllifica, ;{(i|. A)do(l(',< rnbivora, 127. Apple bark bootic, 21. A|ijde-biid worm, !»0. Apple eiiieulio, 133, " fl.v, 137, " Mopua, 30. " I-yonetin, lltl, " iiiMggut. 135, " midge, 130, '■ Sphinx, SO, " Tbiip,-, 13S. " woi)lly-I(iusp, 27. Apple-leaf apliii.., I:'|. " ]!necnlaliix, 1 IS. " miner. II4. ,31 7. 320, " .«e\ver, \)'.), fkelelDiiizer, I1M.I. Apple rout pliinl-lonse, 1.3. Apple-treo aphis, 121. Ijorer, lial-beaded, 20 lOii bmcr, ronnd-headed, 10, 100. ISII, 11)1), ' " cnse-bearer, 1 15, caterpillar, ri'd luiniped, 02. Iflo, 220, calerpillar, yelluw-iieekcd, Oil, •J'JIt 430 INDEX. Applc-trec pruncr, ;^1. " tcnt-catei|)illnr, 47, 189, 220. Apple-twig borer, ;;;J. 160, 22", 301. Apple-worm, many-dotted, 101. Arctia fc^p., ^^72. vVrcoda hinigera, 42G. Arma inodesta, 290. •' spiiiosa, ■12;'). Artipiis Floridaniis-, .TS.T. A>li-},'ra.v pillion, i:!8, 200. A.-ii.v-grisy lady-bir.l, -114. Asipidiotu.-; au.antii, 3'Jj. •• uerafi, 204. " eonc'hilormis, 425. " eydoniw, 222. " ficiis, 3U(). " i'lirtunis, 425. llarrisii, 41, 425. " iierii, 3'J6. rapiix, 423. A^iiidifof, spleiidorirereila, 117. Att.ieus Cecropia, 425. " ])olyplieiiiiis, 420. " r<-omethea, 420. Daridiiis Pesoftris, 426. Ijr.ri'.aoie scale, 102. Basliet-wonu, or bag-worm, 139, 161, 19(1, 2110, 2:'!, 222. lieautiful wood-nymph, 258. Hees. 190. lilaeii l)aeked tree-hopper, 289. IJlaekberrv bark-louse, 319. " ' llea-lous^e, 320. Blackberry, pitliv gall of, 31 S. " seed-like gall of, 319. lilaek scale of California, 407. Uliiid-eyed Sphinx, Sy, 189. IJlue-spMngied peach-tree caterpillar, i;;9, 101, 197, 221. Blue yellow-cloaked Chalcid. 392. liostridiufi biciudatii.-^, 425. Bound tree-bug, 290. BrachytuMiia malana, 420. Bracon eharus, 21. Broail necked Prionus, 100, 227. liroiid i^calc, Kll. Broad-wingcil katydid, 201. liucculatrix piimiloliella, 118. Bii'.Valo treeiiopiier, 45, 200. Biipresti.'^ divaricata, 420. '* fcmiirata, 125. BythoseopUJ* clitell.iriiis, 188. By liiriis unioolor, 319. ('acweia ecrasivoruna, 215, 420, " rosaceana, 99, 426. Cactus lady-bird, 415. Calliniorplia lieconlei var. fulvicosta, 197. Callosamia I'rometlica, 205, 126. Caloptenas femur-rubrum, 157. " spretus, 157. Calosoma calidum, 57, 7(1. " scrutator, 57. Campyloneur.a vitripennis, 288. Canadian Osmia, 331. Canker-worms, 64, 189, 220. Capsu;; liueolaris, 420. " oblineatus, 120.' " 4-vittatus, 427. Carpocapsa jiomonella, 127. Catocahi ultronia, 177. Cecidorayic "^94. " grossularitv, .359. ■>p.. 73. Cecropia Clialcis fly, " Cry])tu?, 7. " emperor-moi.,, 73, 101, 189, 220. 353. Ceresa biibajus, 15. Cerupla^tes cirri|icdifoniiis, 102. " I'loridensis, 402, 427. " rusci, 104, 127. Cetonia Inda, 426. " melaneliolica, 420. Ceutorlivnehus inwqualis, 127. Cbair scale, 401. Chalcis mariie, 425. Chauliognathus Ainericanus, 185. Cheekeied lustie, 328. Chelymor]iha argtis, 315, 427. " cribraria, 127. Cberry-biig, 229. Cherry-tree barl<-lou.-e, 293. " plant-lous'.', 211). " scale-insect, 291. " Thecla, 219. " Torlrix, 215. Chilochorus bivulnerus, 43. '* cacti, 115, Cliionaspis furfurus, 44, 425. Chcjcrocampa ]iam|piiuitrix, 426. Clio'tochilus ciiiitiibernalflliis, 104. '' malifoiielliis, 105. " )iom('lellus, 4 20. Chrysobotlnis fenio ata, 20, 425. Clir'ysopa, 126, l^5, 312. " citri,418. Cicada sept ended m, 35. " tibicc!!, 20,1. Cidaria diversilineata, 270. " 8p., 372. CireuUir eeule, .'190. Clasiiptera proteus, 374. Cliiiibing cut-worms, 195, 335. Clisiociinipii Amerieiina, 47, " fylvaliea, 52. Cloaked Chrysomela, 121, Clyttis siipernolatiis, 427. Coccinella nbduminalis, 427. " bipuiictata, 420. •ubiuiii, 157. , l;-)7. 67, 70. , 57. ipennis, 2S8. ;'.). , 189, 220. J 2(1. .12().' 427. ella, 127. 177. ilariiv, .'>i>9. 173. l.v. ' ^ 7'. moi.,, 7;^, 1(11, 189, >?>. difonnis, 102. jiisis, U»2, 427. 104, 427. ioa, 42(). equulif'', 427. iiericaiui.", 185. }2S. s, 1^15, 427. aria, 427. oufO, 2(1.'!. louse, 210. nsi'ct, 204. I, 210. X, 215._ loni.", 41). 115. IS, 44, 425. jiinatrix, 420. iboniak'llui', 104. aliolliis, 105. tell us, 420. .) atii, 20, 425. •|,;!42. 18. in, 35. .'i. •atn, 270. «, :i74. ns, 105, WAb. iinina, 47, [ica, 52. !la. 121. IS, 427. iniiliy, 427. lata, 420. Coccinella maculiita, 420. ^" iuun<la, 124, 420. novum-notat.a, 124 picta, ..'•„. 5-iiotat;. var. Califoi 417. " ^n.n;r;uino.'i, 420. •^occophagus co;riiy,tu.s, 405 <-0(!C()torus .sciitollai-is, l.s; '40(5 Codlin- moth, 127, 101. VM)~'m Lwlo,l,.sys unicornis, 80, 425 tola.«pis Ijrunnt'a, 282. sex-notiUa, 427. Coleophora, nialiv'or<;lla, 11', Coniuly lady-bird, 124. Coniinon nioal^'-buj;, 410. Comrade iialmor-ivorm, |"o4 (.oinys blc(dor, 405. Conotrauhflus cratiDt(i, 225. „ " iifnuphar, ISO. Converjrent iady-biid, 124, 41.-! ropper-spottud Calosoma, 57, 7() (-onmcia'na puiicaiia, .^|f. Cotalpa iani^roi-a, 1^4, 42(5" < otinis nitida,427. Cotton-stainer, ,'^S7. Jranborry aphis, ;jr4. IVuit-worm, ?,7^) g=i'l-fl.V, ;i7;i. saw-fl.v. .■!7;i. " f^pan-v.orm, ;!72. ,^ spittlo insect, o74. wuevil, ;!-5. worm, .'109. < i-aponiiis ina>quii!is, ;!no, 427 trepidodt'i-ii euinimeris, ;!04,"'42r. n ,' 'I'''-"^'iiL's, 204,420." tresphontcs buttordy, ;i77. Cri()(j(M-is vittata, 427. Ci'oesia por.sjuana, 42('i. t'ryptu.s oonniiisitoi-, 425. extroinatis, 79. " ;?nilhit()r, 21. " inquisitor. 225. Ciu'umbcr lien booth', .","17 .-JUf I 'ill-rant Ainpliidasys, 1 90,';! 19.' An;,'oiui;;:,' ,;;i,j, ;;4s. " " I'liriiioiiso, ;i:is. 'I burer, American, .'!.')7. " ;i"l"Mted, ;i;iO. .330. I'.naropia, ;J5;!, ;i,v(. Il.v, ;i52. IVuit-worm, ;i52. plant-louse, ;i51. span-worm. :f44, ;{5fi, ;i60 ^-iit-wonn.'<, ;i27. r.,.i " , ,"''"''J'»»,'- '05. .-i.'LV I'yoloneda abdoniinali.s, 4| | 4i>7, nica. • < it fyrt'-divll oeiihita, 41 ; san^'uinea, 124. 11 (, 420. INDEX. IJactylopius adonidum, 110. destructor. 111. ^ , " longifilis, 412. iJakrumaconvoliiteila, ;i,-,7 4'>7 Uarapsa myroii, 24 t, 420. Bark-sided ciit-woriii. 107 JJark-veinod Deilophihi, 250 Oatana miiiistra, 00. I>eilephila cdiamicnorii, 250. " lineata, 254. Delicate lonij-stiu"-, ];;•' I>osmia mac'ulalis.^i'OO."' Destructive moalv-bii" II I Diabrotica 12-punctat7i'. .Ids'. " vittata, .'502. Diastrophus cuscutajforiiiis, ;;19. J.. " nebulosus, ;;i,s. Dicerca divnricata, 201. 420 Diplosis grassator, 239. Disippu.s butterfly, lOS, 221. divaricated I5upi-esti.«, 199 om Dog-day Cicada, 2();!. ' " " r)roso|p|iihi, v^ !;{-_ Hynastes tityii.s, 202. Dysdoreus suturclltis. ;i>7. Eccopsis malana, 90. " pormund.uia, 324, 127 l\gg para.sito, 170. l';ight-.sp()tted forester, 202. i^la|diidion paralloliiiii, 33. ? ., vilb'.-iim, 31. i'llopia nbearia, 427. Kliii-bark beetle, 195. lynphytus niaciilatus, .'!,'!2. I'|iiiprelia, stimiiloa, I I.;. Kiichoiiopa binotata, 24" i';neyrtu.s flavus, 40O. " iii(|uisitor;'ll2. lyidropia armataria, 354, (27. i-niiomos .''iibsigiiaria 420. KpiciiMus imbricatu.s, ';f5, 425. I'd'O'dira Canadensis, 352, 427 431 Eriophihis mali. Hrio.soiua py.^i, 42,-j. Krythroiieiira viti.s, 2S0, 127. Kiidaliiiia siibsii^iiaria, 42(r. " I'-udioptis hyaliiiafa, 305, 127. " nitidalis, ;107, 427. ' I'iiidoinis botrana. 299, 427, Eudryas grata, 25S. " uirio, 2(il. Hulitohia ribearia, .'! I I, 427. Kii.^'onia.subsignaria, 111, 420. iMiinenos Iratornus, 7(1. Kiilielmus niiiabilis, 3.^5. Euphoria Lnda, 159, 420 K - 1 ... ■ Hiipith ii.'< eoncavus -'01, 4: ':art niohinch(dioa, I On, 420. 'I'la interruploraseialii, 352, L'liia periniindaiia, 42: l!ixoeli(jiiiii.s eoiitrisditus, 118. 432 INDEX. Exoristii Icucania?, 42.'>. • " iihycitie, 42.- Eyed Cj'cloiu;(lii, 41 T " KlatLT, 2.i. Eye-spotted Inid-uioth, 95, 161, 189, 221. Fall wcb-worm, 71, 101, 189, 22(1, 302, ;U7, 32U, 3:)3. Fiilia loiigipes, 282, 42". Fifteen-spotted lady-bird, 125. Fig-eater, 424. Fiut-lioaded apple-tree borer, 20, 160, 189, 199. Flea-like negro-bug, 317, 320, 335. Fliesi, golden-eyed, 12(). " laee-winged, 126. Florida Cerojjlastes, 402. Forest tent-eaterpillar, 52, 189, 220. Four-spotted Spittle inseet, 242. Four-striped plant-bug, 350. Fraternal potter-wasp, 70. Gartered plume-moth, 268. Gastropacha Americana, 87. " vcUeda, 425. Gaurax aneliora, 79. (ilassy I'ut-worm, 329. Glassy-winged soldier-bug, 288. (Jlistening eranberry-motli, 370. Glyptoseeiis cryptieus, 121. (Jolden-eyed Hies, 12(). Goldsmith beetle, 154, 334. (iooseberry tVuit-worni, ;j53, 357. '■ midge, 359. Gortyna nitela, 334. Grape-berry moth, 298. Gra]jc curculiiv ;>00. " leal-gall louse, 232, 288. " Phylloxera, 231. Gra])e-seed insect, 290. Graj)c-\ ine aphis, 290. " a|)ple-gnll, 295. " bark- louse, 241. Cidaria, 270. Colaspis, 282. 335. Epimeiiis, 2()4. Fidia, 282. filbert-gall, 293. (lea -beetle, I '10, 277. loul'-hopiier, 2S(i. leaf-roller, 20(1. root -borer, 229. ';iw-lly, 2S5. loiiiafi'i-gall, 29 1. Avound-gall, 24.'!. ( !;'iiph(dilhii ocuiana, 125. (irapla juognc, .''16, 127. (iraptodera clialvbcii, 277, 427. Grassho|i|iers, 139, 157. Gray dagger-moth, 1.".9, 165, 221. <Jrea;iy cut-worm, 327. « Greedy scale-insoct, 423. Green apple-leaf-tyer, 98. " caterpillar-hunter, 57. Green-faced locust, 158. Green gra]ie-vine Sphinx, 244. " ])ear-tree slug, 153. ITadena dcvastatrix, 329, 427. Ilag-moth caterpillar, 112, 221. Hairy cranberry caterpillar, 372. llaltica chalyboa, 427. " cucumeris, 427. " striolata, 427. Harnioiiia picta, 125, 426. Harpalufl I'cnsy ivaiiicus, 185. Harris's bark-louse, 44. Hemiteles nemativorus, 342. " thyridopteryx, 225. Heini8])herical scale, 409. Ili])l)0ilauiia aniliigua, 41(). convcrgens, 125. 13-punctata, 124. " niaculata, 426. Hispa marginata, 426. " rosea, 426. Honey bee, 301. Hoplo])hora arctata, 239. lloriictl S])an-worm, I()7, 335. Ilybcrnia tiliaria, 109. II vperasjiidius coccidivora, 418. llypcrchiria lo, 209, 426. lly])hantria textor, 71. Icerya purchasi, 400. Ichneumon la^us, 52. Imbricated snout-beetle, 35, 220. Im[)orted currant-borer, 33(i, ,"156, 360. " currant-worm, .'i.'19. Indian Cetonia, 159, 200, 302. To em]icror-moth, 139, 209, 353. Iridescent Serica, 156. Isosonia. vitis, 29('). Ithycerus curculionides, 426. " novelioraccnsis, 196, 42G. Kerosene emulsion, 421. Lace-winged Hies, l*?!'., 185, 240. Lachnnstcrna fuscii, 212. Ladvbiril, ashv-g.ay, 414. '" blooil red, 414. " cactus. 115. " comely, 124. " convcrgi'ul, 124, 413. '• eyed, 417. " 11 ft ecu -spot ted, 125. " llvc-spotied, 1 17. " nine-spotted, 121, 413. " painted, 125. idain, 121, 413, 415. spotted, 125, 413. , -423. er, 1)8. iintcr, 57. 1J8. phinx, 244. :, 329, 427. iu-, 112, 221. lerpillar, 372. ,27. 427. 27. :>, 420. iiioii^, IS.J. ,44. inis, 342. teryx, 22j. L>, 409. uii, 410. •gens, 12.^. ictiita, 124. II til, 420. 120. I, 239. I, 107, 335. 109. idivora, 418. il, 420. , 71. 10. »2. )cotlo, 35, 220. joriT, 330, 350, 300. ivorin, 339. 9, 2110, 302. 1 39, 209, 353. 150. lidcs, 420. K'ciisi.s, 190, 420, ,421. i";;, IS5, 240. I, 212. ■i-y, 414. ed, 414. 1 1 5. , 1 24. tent, 124, 413. 17. siiiittcd, 125. )tt(Ml, 417. olt.'d, 124, 413. I, 125. 124, 413. 415. . 125, 413. L.'"I.V-ljird, thirtccn-.pottod. 124. ,^ twice-siiibbod. ■J3, 41; t\vo-spot(fd, 124 i'.'i^'oM (•n.-^p.itii, irij. ''i'liiiii iieuliloi:,,42.-,. ['»rf,'o gruon tl■(■L.-bu;,^ 290 l/:i,-iopierii vitis, 29.'i7 r^''Ml-cMii„pier, 93. 189. 2(10 "-'I i't'al-cuttinij l)(.e, 17;, ' '" > ["■Mf-(o(.tod phiiit-bii'jr' ysG I'tJcnniiini, 319. ffi-asiffx, 203. _' jiuinispliieiici -loj), _^ ''•^'spuridmii, 4(14. 'iit';u, 407. " pi;i-sic'iju, 195. I'.yn, 144,203. fibis, ;!;{>s. ■I'pto-lossiis phvllopiis, 3S0 l-i'pto.tvhis iuuililVn-. 2" 4--/ ^(',<s(.rMi)pk.-l,,,C MdvA: -)"•>■ .iglit-l„vin- AiicMialii, ",S,| " -niiiie(H|,.s pillicciuiM, 4"(1 ^iin<-'nitis,lisip,,„s. IDS, I'i.s . " tiisiil:i, 217 -mie-troo ,vi.it,.r-motli, Km ''i"pus fiicctus, 30. I'lpanisiiiibritiatus, 425. I'lSt of .«Vlll,||y||,(..«, 42j.' f'itlni(;i((li..s lasfiola, ify' I-itlio,.o!l,.(i,sge„,i„.,tGila, 14(1 'I'liophaiie antc^nnata, l.'is 40/j "-eiista, oblon-ifoli,,, 4:..7 ' I. "ousts, 157. ''Oiiir-hdrnod bnror, •>■> I-oiig scale, 392. I'ong-tailed Ophion, 7S Lozofa'nia..cTasivoi'aiia, 420. ]' lVa,-Mriaii;i, 420. ' '■"SMoe.-iiiM, 425. '"'''»''!• Ki-Msshopp,.,-, ;is,). I'lU'aiiiis ilaiii:i, 2.1. i-ygiiMis liiicaliis, 427. ''.v.:j;iis liiieolaiis, 147,"4L'ii I'.voiK'tia saciMicllii. | i;)" ''ytta aeiK'a, 120. 220. Maoroffiitiiis delicadij.. I3'> Mi>';n.da,.fyl„ssubspi„,,susr2S0 Many-,lo(t..dapph,:wor,M, |0| .^OO .Mcaly-tHI;;-, (•(iiiinuMl.'i |' ().' di'sinictive, 4| (. Af„,i",i . "!'"' '""" t'"<'!itls, 112. •*'<'iily Data, ;io2, ;!,-,7 ■Mr-acliil,. Iirovis, | 7!) •J|''i,^illa, inanilata, 125,420 ,'''■""•'"' l.v 'Vioiiiii. 139. 160 ■Melon cator/Mihir. 305. INDEX. Mioi-ocentnirii ictiiicrvis ;j,s3 'Mioi-odcs caiinoidi's, 98 ' ■■"odest ti-ee-bii;,', 290. " Molobnis inaii. 420. Monarthniiii inaii, 21 4"-, Mottled plmn-tioo .no'tl,,""]',;^ '^lyelois convoliitella. 427. -nysia 15-piinctata, 120. •'ly'i'aspis eitrici;,, W'M). "iovcii, .'!92. [)oiiiicurtii;is, 425. ,, " poiiioruiii, 40, 425 Myzus cerasi, 210. I'ersieie, 199. Native currant saw-(lv. 3J;; Neat ciieiiniber nioth,';iV7 strawberry leaf-rollor, ;!I •>24, Xematocampa niamentaria 1(17 ^eniatus veiitricosiis, :j;i!t NenioriL'a|,Mi(ania\ 50, 425 Aew York weevil, \?,{) ico ]" ><ine-spottrd lady-bird, 12 ( Noeiiia clandestiiia. 420 ^'olapbaiia nialiiiia,' lOl.'l-o iSothris oitritoliella, ;;S2. " ovivur.is, 70. "■ -Notodonta eoneinna. 425. uiiieornis, |25. 433 89. ,41 320. I9i;, 220. iL'tl. .Met upodiiis IViiiorati .'20. Oak i'latyoenis, 148. Oborea biinaeulata, 305, Il'7 tripiuu'tata, 4''7' Obliqut-banded leaf-rolier. HO f", 221, ;;i7. ;;;;,, ;;,;••• Ublon--win-ed katydid, 292 "doiitota rosea, 120. 420. •I'Vaiitlius ni veils. ;i08." nideiiiasia foneiiina, (;'2, 41)5 Ohio eiirrant saw-llv, .Tl I ~ Oiicideres eingulatiisi 1 C Opiiioii bllineatiis, 273. iiiaeriiriiin, 78, 1 7 ', •>!•» •aiigo aphis, 388. ' " "■ basket-worm, 38(1. Chrysopa, 418. " <1<|J,', 3S0. leal'-iintidior, ;!«;!. leaf Xothris, .•!S2. leaf-rollfr, 3S1 Orjjyia leueostij,rnia. ,07. Onbates aspidi„ti, ;!ii4. Osiiiia Canadensis, ;;;i|. MsiModerina scabra. 2(!.' Oxyptiliis periseeliductvh.s, 208 4'>(J Oyster-shell bark-iouso,' 40, Kio/a.':/. ''iiehiiepliuriis loMi'llu's |"7 '.■linted lady -bird, 125, " ' I'iile-brown Jiytiiriis, ;iio. 101, ItJii 434 INDEX. Palmcr-wdim, 102, 221. I'nnilonig S|)liinx, 248. rii|iili(» cres|>li(iiilc.«, 377, 127. thoas, 127. " tiirrnip, 81. I'iiriiJlcl Ehipliidioii, 33, 189. Pniia se.\-iiotata, 3.'1(), 127. I'arlatoria Pofsaiulii, 1(11. Paroi'gyia paialluhi, 179. Peacli-trec ai)liis. 199. " biirlv-loiiso, ]9j. " t)oi-cr, 189, 191. " Iwif-i-oUcr, 197. Poar-blight lioctic, 139, 143, 189, 200. Pear-tree aiilii?. l,'i<i. " bark-louse. 144. blister-beetle, 149, 190, 221, 22(;. " borer, MO. leaf-inincr, 139. 1 19. I'Hjila, II;"). .-lii<r, 1;)0, 190, 221, 220. '■ ^liig, green, 1.03. Pearl wooil-nynijili, 201. I'elidiiota jimietata, 271). Peiii]ielia .irros>;iilari;i>, 427. Ilaiiimondi, 100. PeiiHiliigus |iyri, 42.'). " ' v'itiloliio, 232. Peimsylvaiii.i ground-beetle, 185. Pentatoiiia ligata, 290. Penthinii oeuhiiia, 125. " viiivorana, 427. Phakellura liyajiiintnlis, 427. " nitidalis, 427. Phalena \ernala, 425. Pliilanijielus aeheuion, 25(1. " ]innd(.rus, 218, 42(1. " satellitia, 42(). Phlivottirips mali. I3S. Pliloeotiibus lirninaris, 195, 420. Phobetron iiitlieciuni, 112, 420. Phoxopteris Iragariii?, 32.'!, 427. " nubeeulana, 99, 420. Pliyeis indigenella. 93, 425. Pbyeita nebulo, 425. PhvUoidera oblongifolia, 292, 427. IMiyllotreta striolata, 427. vittata, 330, 427. Phylloxera vastatrix, 231. " vilifolia, 28S, Phytopdis oleivorus, 389, Pigeon 'I'reniex, 141. Piuipla annuli|)e.x, 132. " conquisitor, 52, 425, " iiedali", 57. ring legged, 132. Pipi/.a. radieuni, 15, 238. Pitbv srall of blaekberry, 318. Plaeid soldier-bug, ;il2. Plain hidv-bird, 121, 413, 415. Platoeceticus Qloveri, 380. Pla'ycorus quereus, 148. Platynota rostrana, ,381, 427. Platypliylluiu eoncavuni, 427. I'latvsaniia Ceoropia, 73, 425. Pluiii cureulio, I.IO, 161, 180, 200, 221. Pluni-gouger, 187. Plum-tree a]diis, 180. " Caloeala, 177. " tiiotli. mottled. 100. Sphinx, 102. PoJi.eus jilaeidus, ;i42. " spinosus, 73, 425. Poociloenpsus lineatus, .".50. 427. Poeciloptera pruinosa, .';57. Poly])henins moth, 171. Pompho]m.'a aenea, 149, 120. Porizon eonotraeheli, 187. " cureulio parasite, 180. Prioeycb; arniataria, 127. Prionus inibrieornis, 228. " latieolli.s, 227. Pri.stipliora, grossulariiv, 343. " identideui, 373. '> rulipes, 344. Proconia undata, 289. Prooris America iia, 205. Promethca ciuperor-moth, 205. Psenoccrus supernotatus, Ii;'.7, 427. Psycomorpha epimenis, 204. Psylla pyri, 145. " rubi, 320. Pterophorus ?, 314. ■' pcriseelidaetyUis, 120. Ptycholoma per.sicana, 197, 42(). Pulvinaria innumerabili.s, 241. Purblind Sphinx, 20S. Purple scale, 390. Pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, 190, "274, 317. Pyrophila jjyramidoidc?, 274, 426. '' tragopoginis, 275, 420. Quince cureulio, 161, 225. Quince scale, 222. Ra]iacious soldier-bug, 70. Raspberry Apatela, 313. " ' eane-borer, 30;), 320. " geometer, ;!!(). " gouty-gall, 307. " ])hime-molh, 314, " root-borer, 303, 320. " saw-tly, .311. Ked-headed Sy.stena, 28:'.. Ped-hnm]ied a]ipletree eiiterpillar, 62, 100, 22(1. lled-leggeJ loe\ist, 157. " Trioxy,^ 389. Red-necked Agrilus, 307, 320. Red scale of C'alil'ornia, 395. fy/)j:x. , 380. US. !8I, -127. uni, 427. , 7;^, 42,>. 161, 180, 200, 221. Ictl, IfiO. 425. s. ;;.^0. 427 , .".'.7. n. 4'J, 42(i. 187. isitu, ISO. 427. 228. r. hv, IMo. u, .S7;?. !44. noth, 205. itii.«, ;i;!7, 427. li.-, 204. ;14. ilfifitjMus, 42(5. 11, 1!)7, 426. bills, 241. 10 ciiterjiillar, I'JO, dc?, 274, 426. lis, 275, 426. ir. ro. r. ;!II5, ;!20. :!16. I, ;!ii7. th, ;ii I. , :)o;i, ;i20. II. 2s;!. I'co I'litcipiiliir, 62, •)7. .'i89. ;i07, ;!20. till, 'Mi), 436 INDEX. Trngoccphala viriilifusciata, 1 jS. Treo-lnij,'s, 290. Tree-cricket, ISO, 200, .-iOI, 308. Trce-liopjier, bliick-biickeil, 289. " JJuiriil... -I.'), 200. " singlo-sitripnd, 289. " thorn-bush, -Ifi. " two-spotted, 242. 'I'roo-hnppcrs, 2S0. 'I'reinex Coluiiiba. 141. Triehograinina ininiita, 170. TiioxyH eerasphis, 217. " testaoeii)c.s, :iS;). Trumpet leaf-gall, 292. Tr^'petii Canadensis, 427. " ]>oinonolla, l.'!.^. Turnus swallow-tail, SI, 220, 261. Tusfock-nioth, white-marked, 57, IGO, ]89, 220. Twelvc-s])otted IMabrotica, ."OS. Twieu-stabbed Indv-bird, 4;i, 413. Twig-girdlcr, 142. Two-spotted lady-bird, 124. " tree-hopper, 2-12. Tylodornia fragariiP, 322, 127. Tyroglvphud Gloveri., 3'.il. "' phyllo.>;er;e, 238. Unadorned Tipbia, 214. Unicorn prominent, SO, ISO. Ursula butterfly, 139, 190, 217. Vanessa progne, 427. Variegated cut-worm, 106. Vellcda lap])et-moth, SO. Violaceous llca-beetle, 204. \'itis coryloides, 293. " ponuim, 295. " tomatos, 294. " viticolu. 202. " vulnus, 243. Wasps, 190. Waved Lagoa, 139, 176, 320. " Proconia, 2S9. White Kugonia, 111. White-lined Deilcphila, 139, 254. White-marked tussock-moth, 57, 160, 180, 220. White scale, 398. W-marked cut-worm, lOS. Woolly-louse of the apple, 27. Xyleborus jiyri, 143, 420. Xylina cinerea, 426. Yellow cranberry-worm, 370. Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar, 60. Yellow woolly-bear, 271, 317, 320, 353. Ypsolophus pometellus, 102, 426. Zophodia convolutella, 427. THE END. .06. ). :o4. 6, 320. jk-moth, 01, 10". , 108. iipple, 27. 426. ,rm, 370. ,le-trce caterpillar, 271, 317, 320, 353. Ilus, 102, 426. ,11a, 427. 1