.1 • CIHM Microfiche Series (IVIonographs) ICMH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the irrtages in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming are checked below. Coloured covers / Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged / Couverture endommagee □ Covers restored and/or laminated / Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps / Cartes geographiques en couleur □ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations / Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur □ Bound with other material / Relie avec d'autres documents Only edition available / Seule Edition disponibie Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin / La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge intdrieure. Blank leaves added during restorations may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming / II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas et6 film§es. Additional comments / Commentairt J suppl6mentaires: a D L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a et6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- plaire qui sont peut-etre uniques du point de vue bibli- ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la m6tho- de normale de filmage sont indiques ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag6es □ Pages restored and/or laminated / Pages restaurees et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / Pages d§color6es, tachetees ou piquees I I Pages detached / Pages detach^es I »y[ Showthrough / Transparence □ Quality of print varies / Quality inegale de I'impression Includes supplementary material / Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image / Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es h nouveau de fafon k obtenir la meilleure image possible. Opposing pages with varying colouration or discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des colorations variables ou des decolorations sont filmees deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image possible. D D D D This item Is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below / Ce document est U\m6 au taux de rMuetlon indiqui cl-dessous. 10x 14x 18x 22x 26x 30x J 12x 16x 20x 24x 28x 32x The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library Agriculture Canada L'exemplaire film^ fut reproduit grdce i la g^nArositd de: Bibliotheque Agriculture Canada The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6x6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de l'exemplaire i\\m6. et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim^e sont film6s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commen^ant par la premiire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol Y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaltra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmis 6 des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichi, il est filmi 6 partir de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche 6 droite. et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -■■.v^;' V. MIMOCWY RESOIUTION TEST CHART ANSIond ISO TEST CHART No 2 1.0 I.I t I" 12.0 2.2 125 i 1.4 1.8 1.6 A :^PPLIED_IM^GE In ^•b: ^88 - S999 - DOMINION OF CANADA DKPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE Branch of the Live Stock Commiisioner SAVINE IIUSBANDEY IN CANADA BY J. B. SPENCEB, B.S.A. Bulletin Xo. 17 Published by direction of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont 6461ft— 1 AVGUST 1. lei-1 .Tulv 1. i;i|t, 7'.; //..' Il„i,„„i.lll. . II.. Mh.lJ.y ,.f \,t,,. ullinr. SiH. I'll.' -iipplir- ..I' liull.liii- Ni.-. Ill ;ni.l II '■( the I.ivc SIim'I; I'.iMlirli, ili-.ilillj,' iv-.|ii'cti\rl,\ \vill] •• Thr rrnilii.tiMi, ,.( l:, I (..r the r.iitMi Markit'' iiml " 'I'ho lli-tiir.v and Cliar.H t,i-i-l !■■- ■.! ili.' Ir.i.JinL' llriiiU '.l' Swine rran-il in Canada." liavo I'l iiic I'XJiaii-t'il, rill- n\iial ■'! till' -uiiii- iiiilii-tr^. ni"n' i-|ri'i'ialK in the \n-tiTri prnviin'i'-, ninl It- iin|iMilan. 1- in all part- i.t tirr I •■ imini'.ii. an' n -|"Oi-il li- <..r a knai iliiMaiid for ri'li ililc hti-iMl iirr .HI ill. -iilij. il. I M niiri llii- drinah'l a nciv li ill. tin mtitli'd " Swiiio llN-lMiiilrv in ('aiiada" li.i- Ik in nn pai'.il What may lie ni;ardid a- tlir Mandaid -..thai- ,,1 Hull, tin- in and II have U'l'ii pii-rrvi'd .iiid n\i-i.|. and In tin'-.' have In . u addi'd in'"' nialirial cnn-titiitinLr tlio I'Xpi'iii' ■ and i'ii'lli...l- 1.1 -nr.'i--l III -uln.' lai-ii- in varimi-i di!.trict- of Canada. .\'i'U inliii'inati.iii lia- al-.. In-cn aild.d on ill.' ;ni|">rtant ipii.-ti,.n of lion-iiifr, a- well a> o. iilril.nti.Mi- Iroin olli.'i'i'- of th.' ll.'idtli ..|' .\niln,il- lir.m.'li ..n -iibjiTt- rclatiliu' ti> till' li.allli ..t ( '.inadi.iri -wino. I liiTouilh tran-niit ll py wlii.-li ha- h.'on pn-pan-d hy N[r. .T. 15. .•-ipcmtiT, H.S..\.. I'Mit.ir ami Chiil ..f tlu' I'uhli.'ations Hranoh, tlio .nitli..r of the two former -wine bulletin-, i-siie.j l.y the I.iv.' St...'k Hraiieh. an. I re.'..rnMieiid that it he printed for di-trihutioii .i- liiilh'tin N'... 17. entitle.! "Suine ii'i-hndry in Caniuhi." 1 h.iM' th.' hen. .or to he. -ii'. V.air ohidi.'iil -ervaiil. joji.v liUKiiir. J.n. , llntlniwh*-!! hnK», Overfill hiiM" rreni.iliir»-l\' flnNh.-.l l>^•. S. w in ('.111. II -! r ;;i Ilk, Hrpi'iN (>•■ Sw in Tlw Viirkshir- Till' 'funworth Till. H»rl<«hiri> 'I'lii- i|u''(tpr Wliitiv Th.» polniKl-Cliinri , Thf ! Mir(,i' ,fpr»*-v . , Thi' llaiiipxliirc Thf* rrr>'lii'ff FI'Til M^lp.tior of the BOW, ^fit'i [Mill of Ihf Nir** I'nri- rif hri-fililnf utoi U The f;>' ' nvvinR pen T' c '•< .11 !;■ iriiiL: :itiil flnt?»»iinir , I'ftstunni? anti poiliril^ I 'ost 111' I alf^inir swint* I 'll-.! Ill' UMIII .■' llifTlTi r'nniliTtvn'.s or '(irrectixi KooiVh ("luviT 1 1 'nriiinnn rnl t AlfMlfa, . Itaiip, . , . Hoots Pot itOPS I,>a,ry l)y-nro(luf'tH , . , ThP ajMt.-ni of feedintr tn 1 Pork proilui'tion on ("anailian larniM Whev in pork rroduction I'V. illnp on farma. , l-'oorlinK Hkim rnllk Kii-itntf hoKS without ilalry ofTal I'orU iiroihiitioii on tlip jira rips,. HouMnK , , , I'aro of sows , . , Weanini; raMlnrt' ami sollini; i-rops, , , ' Ir.uii mixtures Keturna from Krain as pork, , , SeIf-fee(linK in pasture Houalnff rlaii anil deatTiplion of iiiovaM-- ;■> n The larKe pIkki ry . , , A wdl-liKhteil plBKery H' usiiiR on ihe I-:xper;iniMital K.n ms The MaiilonaUI I'ollepe I'ikki ry, , The 'rade in hoR jirodticts. , , , , . , .Meat insppition Uiaeaaes .... lloK iholera .■^\it;ptoms lOvaniinmir a hor a^ter death from Hotr Cholera. . . . Mow the (liH* age is dealt with in Canada I Mej n .It: anil ■! -i;!'t>rt'ni7 preml^sea Het:ulatioiis relating to Hoi? Cholera and Swine ria^ue Tuberfulo:!is <'ause- • S\ iii|itoin,s t:t n n I'; 111 l^ .'II .'( Tl 1? :i,T II :ii-, 37 IT ■\n :ts m 19 J9 ♦ 41 t2 42 1.1 4fi 47 4 9 ."lO Tin SO 50 .'.n r.i 51 52 53 ."i4 I'll '11 I". 4 Rfi fi7 ■.i;i- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig I Fig 2 Fig. 3 Fig. i Fig. 5 Fig. C Fig. 7 Fig. ,s Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11. FlB. U". Fig. 13. Fig. 11. Fig. 15. Fig. Ifi. Fig. 17. Fig. IS. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. Fig. 23, Fig. 21. Fig. 2ii. Fig, 2t;. Flk. 27. Fig. 2S. Fig. 29. Fig. 30. Fig. 31. t.q. 32. Fig. 33. Fig. 34. Fig. 35. Diagram Showing Toirits of the Hog. Uiiflnishcd Hogs. Hogs Too Short anorh a hirjrcr and lar-ix proportion so that less and less can be spared for thf export trade. For this reason there should be no relaxation on the part of the hreedrr to adhere to the bacon model in iii.s breeding and feedinjr operations. I loirs, like other classes of live stock, must be judged, first from the standpoint of the market, and M'eondly fnmi their adaptability to yield profitable returns for food consume.l. Form, condition and weight largely determine the appreciation of the markit. wlnle on constitution, nervous temperament and feeding qualities, de{>ond the thrift or ahility to convert the ma.ximum of large quantities of food into a valuable marketable producf. Happily, in the raising of swine for the bacon industry the interests of the pro- ducer anil eon-nmer in no way <'ontlict. It was for a time contended by many farmers that it . M,t uu>vv to produce the bacon hog than the animal of the thick'fat type. The r.-;ilt,- obtained at pxpprirnent stations, supported by the experience of manv extensive and successful breeders, have all gone to show that, if anything, the contrary is true, hi experiments by Prof. Day, at the Ontario Agricultural College, out of six groups nf piizs tlie -roups scored first and third by the packer on the basis of their adaptability tor the export trade, were fir.st and second in economy of gain. It eannot l>e d.'iiied that more skilful breeding and feeding is required to produce ''"• '' " '"'-• '""^ it '!"<■« not Tiecps.sarily require more food to produce a pound of gain than is required by hosrs of other types. The he- re.piired for the production of the Wiltshire side is illustrated in Fi-s 4 and S. In weiudit he shuold be not less than 170 pounds nor more than 220 pounds, the ino-t di-iniblc weight beinfi from 180 to 20»J ponuds alive when fasted. As will 1m^ seen, he is a smooth, trim, evenly-developed pig, of great length, fair defitb and moderate thieknes. Described in detail, he should conform closely to the tollowing: - Head. Snout should be for the breed moderately fine and of medium length V very ^h-.ri «tnbl,y nose is usually associatt>t ui^tfaduig indication of a sluggish circulation and low vitality; a wild «_as.v.!,L' eve ,.,,.,..»,.= .,.,,rrv^.,;= ,^.,p,-.;( ;„,, ^i,^. j^ j^j^j^.^ i^^j^j^yy^. ^^^^ ^,. size and piemment. bright but placul. indicate health, docilitv and pood feedii,.^ qualities. ' ~ rse and id poor fi)(!]« 8 ■Jowl, light, trim niid nent. A large flaliby jowl is objectionable, not only because it is of little value, but it is usually associated with excessive fat and flabbiness throughout. Xeck. of medium li'ngth, and showing no tondenoy to arch on top. A pig with an nrcliinp neck will cut tod thick over the top of the shoulders. (See Fig. .*.) Fore Quarters. Shoulders, light and smooth. They should be very compact on top, and no wider than the rest of the back. It is important that the shoulder blades be upright; it is not enough that a pig be long from tip to tip, he must be long from shoulder blade to ham. Some apparently lengthy pigs will cut a short side of bacon, because of faulty conformation of the shoulder, the shouldi'r blades being tuo oblique and run- ning back too far into the side. Breast, of good width and full, indicating a large chest with ilenty of room for vital organs. Sometimes the apparent width of the brca.st is increased by faulty attachment of the forelegs, they being tacked on, so to speak, on the outside of the body. This conformation is always aeeonipanicd with a rough shoulder. Forelegs, set well apart withnut going to the extreme already spoken of, medium length and straight: pastern < strong, upright and moderately fine. The legs should be of fair length. Nature insists on preserving a certain measure of symmetry or co-relation of parts, and a short-legged animal is usually a short-bodied animal. It is hard to get them long and lnw; and since our aim is to breed for long sides, we must be willing to allow a corresiionding length )f leg. Excessively fine bone is usually associated with a tendency to fatten at the expense of growth, and this, of course, is fatal to the production ..f the Wiltshire side; on the other hand, very coarse bone is indicative (if general gros~s thruiigbnut, am] is therefore undesirable. Body. ISach. of medium width, rising slightly above the straight line, and forming a slight arch from neck to tail. A sagging back indicates a lack of muscle or lean meat throughout. Note the excessive fat and lack of lean flesh or muscle down the back in Fig. 7. Siimetinies a pig will i-liow a dr.ip in the back just behind the shoulder. This often indicates a weak e(ln^titu^lou. The back shuidd be nicely rounded from side to side, anil of metrong and full, but not unduly an'hed. It should be of the -aine width as the rest of the back and well ci/vered with flesh. .~>'i(/i'. — .Since the side is the most valuable part of a baron hog, it should be long, smooth, and tilled out even with the shoulder and bam: it should be deep enough to provide for constitution, liut not so d(>ep as to give mi excc=s of fliiu, flabliy belly meat. See Figs. 4 and note length of side from shoulder to point of ham; note also the trim, firm belly and entire absence of llabbincss. Fig, shows a Wiltshire side of the ty[ie that niamis the highest |irie i the Ijigli-li market; contnist Fig. 5 with Fig. f). The former are worth .10 cents per humiredweight livo weight more on the Canadian market tliaii the bitter. The lii-t -ells readily on the iMiglish market, while the other is almost unsaleable, 1 1 carl -girth should be full, indie.iting constiiul ion ; the fore llank should bp woll let down and full heliirul the elbow. Tbe iiacker e,,iild i],,t olijeet t>e beliind the forelcL's, but it is a l',iiilt that the breeder and fi'oder cannot afford to ovei-look. This is an opjiortune time to sound a note of warning to 9 HM-p is ■.\ ii..ticr:ilil<. tiiiilcin-y ti)«Mi-cl ovfi-tiiiriip^.; with Inck of Mtiv i,f our linHHliiiir herds. .Iiidpc^ at oxhihitioiis are in part ('iniiuliiiii hroi'ders ^ ' "IT" ' "">""!- i"ius. .111(1^1'^ ui cxiuniiKiiis nri' in part to blame lor this. In too many cases undue stress is laid on smoothness of shoulder, length of side, shapeliness of iuim. etc-., while those feature's of the eonfonnation that indieate .'onstitution are apparently iirnorcd. This is quite ripht in bacon classes- these should lo judged wholly on tlieir adaptahility to the re(|uirements of the con- feumer. but in judging breedinp classes the interests of tlu' producer must not he over- looked or even he placed second to those of the .•onsumor. Fortmiatelv the two can be easily harmonized; the depth and fullness of the chest and fore flank necessary to (five r.iom for the vital organs do not imply roughness of shoulder, shortness of side, or paiinchiness of belly, or in any other w.iy defact from the value of the carcass. flin.l flank, well let down and full, irivin- a strai-hl underlin,. which shouhl be markedly trim and neat, showinfj n,, thihhiues-. Hird Quarters. Hump should he the sanu. wi.lth as the back, of ;,- 1 leuKth. ami dropping gradu- ally from the hun to the tail, and nicelv rounded over th,. top from shle vo side. //„m. very trim an,l neat, taperinir gradually to ll:e hock, heavily muscled and hrm. .\ny t..nd..„cy to llahhiias, or folds is very undesirable, rig. 7 shows an ideal mim inni- up: note that it is medium in size ami tapers evenlv down to the hock on.w','"r' II"^ •'''■'"■;■ ","! :""','■"''■ "■' "■'**' '"'"■'^^ "■'"'■^''''>' "•-'" "f^'-'rt but not bowed str r r ' '";"%'";"''' )^ '•''^;!" ^"';1 "."lieil. .i\i'ii'.it. vreniiituvely 'ii 'n'i liogs, :iml >(■«■? that luive teen ii^ed for bree.linir imrpe-e-, ( tf tlie-e the nniini-h, ! ;,iunials are most objootionaWe, and diiritii.' most .•icason- ,ii-e marketed in iiuinhcr- leif of all |iropnrti..ii to what thoy should be. Unfinished Hogs. .\i eurdiiii; to reports from a iiumler •:{ the lari^e paekin^ e.impanies. tlii> propor- fiuii of uiiliiii>lied liofl^ i^ iiiiieh too lar-'e, ruiiiiliii;- at times as hifili as \'< per cent i>f the total receipts nt paeUiii^ houses in oenti-al Ontario, JO per eent in Eastern Ontario and Quebec, and about IT) per cent in Western Ontario. In the western provinces proportionately fewer light hoi^s are marketed, the tendency being to err in the opposite extreme. The markoting of tiieir hogs is a very serious matter from the standpoint of all coiicernod, as such pigs dress poorly, giving a low i)ercentage of carcass, and they make suidi inferior meat that the repntatioii of Canadian bacon -tands in danger of serious injury if many of these pigs are sent forward as b i. Why hog raisers persist in sending this untini-hed -liitV t and hard to sell." In Kngland the buyers refer to the bacon from thin hogs as " ,-ki'i and misery.'" Some of them have btK'ome very emphatic in their deinineiation of it, statin" that the liaeon trade has already re(*ive j- • 1 11 I ' ' - ' • .... t :;:. - ,.i:i:^ wvu rciire,sci:i^s lHC Ci.i.ss r-r Hog.- KliurtU a:? uuiioi^iieii , litese annnai*- are of a good type for bacon production, but they are in only held condition. Fig. 5 shows a -ide of a thin pig. "v :-f*~-^^''-->:.:-*'^-—^^ ■ .:y-^^'<^4^' '■■-:V,r;-;v:'i;.^^:l:■;V;;•,rr;:-J.;::--:Irv^^^ '' '"\nm.lu i'wlX'l'' '!r '""■;'." "'!'''■ ''•■'",", " VV": ","'""'' "''•' "■■iKi"",; fr..„> IS., t., L^«, lb. ThoHa ik nhurt ■^mk'^k^iAx ;:^»fi .i-^i'#:-!:^^r5^^a«fe Kit,'. '. Sid.' i.f untiiii,.|i.-d h,v. Nut.' tlip nii.lii.' Ii'iiim.'>.H, »!».. tli.- kIihIIowh.io. ..f Inyer .if fat—'/ t.i 1 Ml. aliiiij; ih.' Ipiii'k ami thillll. s» I.f tut i>ll til.' liiMi'l- SI. I.'. Fiir. ;'■ — N'";. 1 Wilt'.liii'.' Si.l.'. \,,t.. th.' .'V.'n mlinivtiirp i.f fat ami l.'iiti in.-at, als.. tl..' nnifnrMiit\ ami il-'ptii I.f layer. It fat-]!, t.i'J iti.— al iiik the liack fnim .n.l t.i .'iiil .if si.l,-. !■-. 7.-S,.l : ir;:L-i; ana ra:. Ai.:. tli-- lii'litii iif lat— 2S t.i .> UL- al.iTiK' til.' hack. l.i Overfat Hogs. Xctwithslaiidiii:,' tlH- r,„t flint tin' (U-crfnt li(,ff has boon proiu-hod apaiii3t fnr .veai-^ by tlioso intor.'st.-.l i„ tlio .Unci.,, ii,P,it of tlio hiirh-olnss bicii trade, and tlic tact rhat tl.o pri.v pai.l f,,r tli.-,. anlinal.s is frcqiK'titly cut to the extent of n,,,.- .|iiart,>i- ..( a .viit ♦., ..nr-half .■cut per i'.,imil f.r flic liv,. hup. th.- supplv of overdone aniMi :l- ,ni,l[MU,-.s niH.'h toi -,vaf. M;..r.- c-p.'cially .lurin-.' th.- lat^. fall an.l winter s« and l.'s». and as a ri 'u- il-c 1, ■,.■., i, fr..in sii.h Ih.l's will have f,. he s..l.l at say an average of .--. «hillinjrs P'v UJ ,.,,111. Is l.'ss than prim.. I.mii. Why fheso animals are kept so lonjr at the froiirrh 1- a my-tcry niilc-s if is (.. eit.'h an in pr..v,.l market. Tt s> ems to be an . ver- lonk.Ml !;„■! that fl„. last f.'vv ,..„,, .Is of ,„, ov.rl'at h- - ;ir.. prM.lii.vd at a much ^renter ';''':"" -' "'■■"' ''"• ^'i'"'' nnniher ,,r i.,.:iiids a.M..l to an animal appr..aehin(r the ';":,'■' ' ''t'""- '« '- th,.,vf.,r.. ,■!,., r tli;,f a f.v.ha- uho h.dds his hoffs hcvond the '"",- ' "'''-« •''"'•'' ^'^ ''f ■' '"- '-^<'n I '^'li hr r. c.iv,.- an a.lvaneo in price and is not .l...'k,..l inr ..vcrf;,fnc.-s r.-.|lis i„,t ,,fi, „ -..enivd l,y h.-l,li„p. There is n.. donbt that <•:. ->■ n-s rnl, the tei'iler. ■■■.■.■dinfr .■\i).riini nts have sh.wii that li.itrs .!o not frivo good r.;- . - t..r l,,„l ,-,.,, -nmcl mILt llicy have ,,.-cd th,- finishc.l cidifiM,,. , S,>e table nn.h r ■' ( est of Cain ami DifTerent Stages of firowth." pape 30.) ■|'lv marki-tin- of h, -s that ..\.'c,m| J-Jii poun.ls liv.. m i-!it -lionl.l 1 . .li.,...iiraRcd !nr tl,- pro.ln..ti.m ,.f ln<: u. :- -^u-h r:,v< •. lo,s l.nth t . il„. pr...ln...^r an^l th.. paek.T !•;- :; rcprc.sents the o\erfat Iclt. uhi!.> Fi- 7 shows th,. .-lass ..f si,]c l,c prn.hi. -cs. P'cniaturely Finished Hjgs. Aicihcr unilesn-ahlo class of \u,'j. lor the production .,f tin., hacuu i~ the prcma- tm.iy :nuslH..l p.i-s wvishiii- fim,, I 1.", i,, i,l.) po,,,„l, |iv,. w.io-ht. Th.'sr .-.r.. d..,nir ""i.'h t.. injur., the reputation ,.f CanMlian lu....n. .\> a ruh.. the animal- of this cla.ss :n:- pN'MMinj- to the ,.y,., fhcy kill ,,ut a liiiih piv,p,.rtion of m.-at to the ..a"ea.-s, mi.l fh,y sat.sly the ,,:,late nf th.- Mnii.r. ,-p.-.ially when eaten fr.sh, hut wh.ai ma.l.. ihto ha...,ii th,.y ,h. not till th.. iv.iuir.-menfs of the mark..t. The .i,c i- ..hi.. ti.,n- .nh!.. to iho buyers; packers tell ns that this class of Roods cannot 1 e s.,1,! at a profit •'11 tin- l.ou.h.n market. I-^,r this n-as,,,, if is .hvi.lc.ily unwise to f,. ■■,.,• Ir -s aloie' t.i Ih.. tini>l;.-,l .fat., that liav,. n..t h;hl tun,, t., attain a w.i-ht of at l,.asi 1mi pouiafs Ih.iv IS a .ieman.i for ha.'on n,;,.l.. from th..^,. li..Hit. wcll-iini-hcd pijjs. hut it is -o limit,.,! that lh,.r.. i- alu^v. ,lani;,.r ,.f an ,.v,.r.iii.ply. wh, ,, fho price is .,,,-,. f.. fill several -hiilniL'S p..r hiiidin du-,i..^hf. ami fh^. --, ck h.c.mes a .Irag on tlio market. The '"- "' ''"- '•'■'" '-^ ii"t ''"■ I n:ll .f th.. I,r,-.,| i , wlii,-h it h.-hin-s. ,„„. il„. ,.|i:,r,i,-t..r of "■'■ ^"'i'"''!. I'i't rafli,.r t,. tl v,.r L',.ner,,sity ,,f th,- f,.,.,l,.r wh,, has k, pt Irs ,-lMr-e '■';n' ii,..l Ml ,.1,,.-,. ,p,arl,-rs and |ur,-,.,l it al,,n- t'r.iii an .Mrly a:;,, to the tini-l;,,l M.imai .,1 -:-rt ,lim,.n-.|.,ii^ an,l |iisiitii,.i,.nt w,it_'hf at fmni 1 ti. .•. in,,nfhs ,,1,1. as ba to tn in tl, tlesh,. many ninvi- that : u',,od well-.; older Sows. '■ "."'^"'>' "/ ''"■ '•'■-"'- "'■ i",-s that ;,,.nv,. at tl„^ p:„.k,nj: l,on.,.s ,.,,ntaiii more - .-t s,,ws that have rear...l one ,.r iii .r,. litt,.r.^ ,.f pi-s. These can rarelv be used ■■en .iro.lueers; the -n.at ma.ioritv are not ha..oii animals aii,l never shoni.i he sent .irk..f in • bacon comiition. As a rule, those that are n.,t heavy ■■nc f.io thin -I. :iml therefore may be .dassed ms nnlini-hcl ; an.l th.,se that a.v uvll ..no„ph d an- too lieavy to yiehl sides siiitalde for the ba(.,,n trad... The pro.nc,. of so -t tlu-e s,ws m shipments of bacon hogrs is larsrely due to the too common hut ^e ,ira..tice of turnin? off broo.l sows while still young instead of allowim; those ; " ■'-:••- ■ ■ •' ''.- '-r-l .,= niath.-iiB ior a ntimbcr ,a yc-ai>, nuikinj; mothers .,t larce liftei-s. While it is true that some first litters turn out to be i..im-'. vi;r,,r,,ns animals, the sn-at bulk of th.-m are not so strong .as litters fn.m sows. T,, .•..ntimi.' to hr.-.'.| ,,iily from these itnmafiir ire sows, turning them of! It aft.T llir lirsl litter, i> In |«T|...tiiatc woiik « rntluT tli in «trciiKtli in tli,- iiHliviilii.iU of the hor.l. wliirh will in tinm sli„w itself in ii race of gwiiie thut urc net )re...l thrivera, iin.l tiro prone to iiilnients nnd ui iiknejiscs that will seriously interfere with profitmnkinp in piu nariiiR. To nmrket younjr l.rood sow- in nip. The question will arise: what is t) be done with the animals that have oiitlive.l their profitable usefuliuvs in the breeding herd f It b:is been shown that it i^ imt in the mterot of the indu.-try to turn lb,.tn otr a. bacon animals. It is the animaK of this class that may he depended upon to >upply the heavv pork and lard trade and for this purpose they shoiihl be made thick fat. How to make them so at a profit IS n question of importance. ,\ thin sow placed in a pen and f ,il^„ hm] t.. v„iii,. ..xti'iit. Tii.' Ynrl^shiro an. I th.. I'.iiii- wnrtl. iiro m^ogniziMl ,is 1.,,,- . -p.^-'inliy .ultnhl,. f.,r |„„.,„i pr,Ml,i..ti.>i, ; wliil,. th.- li.Tlvsliirc. flio Cliet^for Wliit,' nii.l tiio Hampshire ..f t illt.Tlllr.liiitc IKisitiiill Im'Iw I till lirliniK In tlii» fnt nr liinl-pr.iil Stiitc>. impnivotl type occupv mi II iiii'l till' 'tiI tvp(M. Thn reiiiiiiniiii.' twn iiii: .-In-. viTv p,ipiil:ir ii, ij,,. c.rti l.olt nf tlic I'niti'.l Til,' r.'lative niiiiierioil staiidiu)? in Canada nf lli,. l,r,.,.,N nani.',! i^ fairly well imlicat,.,] by the fnct that in l!.l:i thoro u.rr n :-.,nl,.,l l,v tla- I»„imi,i,,„ 'swi,,,. l!ro,.,l..ruiaii,l-Chi„;,s. 7:!! l»,ir„o .I,.,-,..v-. ami 1«9 l[ntiip>hii^8.' .M<-mln.is uf thf. notniiii,,,. Swii,,' Hnv-lors' Assnnatinn arc .'harK..,! for rcKi^tralion of pes. incliKliiic rortiti.^at... :,() .-..i.ts i-.u-h: iinn-nw.mh.'rs. $1 • tran^frrs •>n cents cadi. The ensf of ni...nl.,.r~hip in the l)on,i„io„ Swine liree-iiTs' Assoeiatin',, j. 12 per anniiiii. Application forms, -iviii- ri.los of oiury. ninv he procun-.l from the Aeeoiintnnf. N'ational Livi- Stod; Koconls. Ottawa THE YORKSHIRE. Tiio ^'orkshire hojr , , , , '"■''■'>■ '-^ i-hiiiiied hy iii-torians of the lireed to have .•esoe-ide as the hejrinniiiK of the eijrliteeiith ,v„tiirv. This ho., was lonp 111 head and body and stoo.l hijrh off the frronnd. II,. w.,. „arr.,w in l.odv. ,',arse larue ears, ami took a lon(f time to m ture. in bone. h;i,l Kig. !!. — Vdrk-liiic hoar. t.. improve tile breed until about ITtin. ulieii Hubert liakewlj. the l.it;it. was doi lanions stock improver .if that time, is said t ,.,..,o„, Mo,.K improver .u mat time, is saul to havo applie.l the principles by which the i'.nphsh Leicester sheep was ..volved from the ol.l type. This was to perpetuate only he smaller, finer and more compact animals, which he found l.a.l a greater aptitude to tatteii than the more ramry and coiir..or tyi't's. S^.^me aiitboritios .•■brim "U t'--' 1' Vorkshiro was much heljied l.y the introduction of crosses of the White Leicester a breed of swine of a finer and thicker type than the Yorkshire was at that time. 5%l .Jt^ r.i^ ♦ 17 lu .MK the early part of the niM..,....Mth ....„tury. l„.t ,,. i, ,,n.|.al,|, ,h»t n.n ny u ar »...■ « hand ,„ ,ho work. Th.. Yorkshire man. as is well k„o v„. ,. a lover o Rood ock ..Md .t ., not Burpr.sinK to ti„.| that the swu.e kept in the eountv of York « "e eoual" f not ,uper,or. to those f„„„.l i„ „„, ,„„.., „,,, „f „„. „,„„„^.; ^^I,.,, the „ ve of sS rrf'^r'-^-'-^- l^re^p.•,•tl^eof fh.,,e p,,ii,ts whi,'!, urr oo^r.i f,,r in an e-til,li,ii,.,l l,r,.,..! Tl ' iil't^t::™"!::" •"'■'-'' '■""■' -•" -' "' '- •- .•"■v.h.hi.o;': ';i:: «how. that the ,;peon;;e\tr;;^-::;;"h^:.':t;;';;u"^ ■ ■"'^'' "^ ""■ '^-^-^ I he improve,! Yorlv.hire is one „f the lar^-est hrre.ls „f swine It 1 ■ I , , .1 ""y "f " '1-r.. l.„t i,. ,|,iek-ne,s is „nt s„ .re., ■„ ,1 ' 1. , ^V■^"■ l '"" Vulk-h For crc-sin- ..r -nnlinfr pur|io>,.<. aeoount of its size, \i-oiir, rnnseiiliir d. It stroiifrly tnin-mits to its otTspriiiL' whieh they rear a ko(„1 proportion. ft vieioiis almost unheard ,.( in tl,.. l.r,'i"d''an,V l|,'"v the yonnp are vi>r,,rous from the tirst the improve,! Yorkshire i. iin.var|iasnriy mid makee very iii «'iihiT in th(> tx'ii or •Ml im-tmi' iipiiii the fi.od it consiittini. Animals of thin brt^sl nm ai'tivo aixl yi-t grcntia III di>iiiii«iti.iii, mikI th' riiri'ly go off their fwt. A maturo bmir in "how condi- tion Blioiild wcicli not lods tliaii T(M> poiindM, and a mature »<>w »K» riHliico tho»e to a mininiiim. The pr«'««'nci' of hlack li lirs ia rctfiinlid l>y antlioritii* ih to justify diwinalitlcatioii. The tviijcal ^■|lrU-llirl• i- loiin and deep in proportion to widta; (lyinnielriiMl and -niooth: if4 luick i- -^lii-'litix- ari'lifd; th« nlw wrll npruiiK; its iinderiiiio ancl nidiit trim, uliaiirlit ami li'vol, :iiid il^ body is tirnily itiiptiortod liy wril-placpd Ickii of iM(>dium IpiiKtli. Till' points of cxiilli-iiii' for Vorksliiro swine should conform n» nearly a< po^tiiblc 'o tile irr|\iircmciits .1' tho liaonri trade, with wine. t li;i\inif I .eti imprMVcd more largely by selection ...id care than by the ititroduction ot tlie bbxxt if other breed-. One hi-toriaii claims that foundation 8toi-k was introduced into i:nslnnil frmn Ireland by Sir l!obert Peel about 1.S1.5. but others siieak of it- Is'inif I'l'-ntiful in the Midland r,, unties of Knjriand previous to that dat^\ Sir Robert Twl i- said to have maintained a herd (.f this sort near the town of Tamworth 1 from wheiict? ilie brei'd takes its name), in South Staffordshire, until the time o» bis death, in IS.Vi. Diirimr .1 l.m? period the breed was little seen outside of the counties of l.eieester- -hiv,.. '^tafT.ird-liire and Norlliamptonshirp. It was -t that time a dark red :.?m| irri«lv I'ilf. 11— T;iin«iirth Itoar. animal that was abl.' to tliiive on pasture during the summer and beachniits atid acorns found in the forests, during iho fall and early winter. The original stock was lonp ill the limb. long and thin in the snout and head, and flat in 'le rib. The pigs were active, hardy, good grazers and very prolific, but were slow in maturiiiK. Being rather -pare in body they carried very little fat, and when fatted and slaughtered they are paid to have produced a large proportion of flesh. In later times, after the country had become inclo8el-'ulour.a .:.in. Ir.. fm.n black v.,s-r:-M;p;,/iiri;:i^ .0 pinjnds. n.,d s„us about GOO to 05O pound.. Sows and barrow/t t Tre wiLly .itho,,, „.r,oo,..,. eo„stitu;;lai' v;K::;'tnd'e;i;.,c;;,;:;';:Ht^l.''^ '"'-" '^^'^ m.M THE BERKSHIRE. The Berkshire is one of the oldest of the improved breeds of swine. .\li,io tli:in !i century ago it was bred in large numbers in and nliout the oi.unty cif BerUshire, K]]}.'- land. whence it obtained its name. At that time it was a lartre iniinial. somewhat coarse in body, and liaving Lirpe pendent ears. In cohjur it varied fr..ni tawny t.. reddish brown, with bhiek spots. Karly in tlie ninetecutii century tlio breed under- went considerable improveiiieiit, botli in lierkshire and in the adjoining countie-. It is claimed by historians that improvement was ctlected by the introdiieti -n of crosses of the finer Chinese and Xeai)olitan brecMJs a'nl the perpetuation of the tin. r types found in Endish herds. About the year l.S2.-| the breed had assnmeil a fairly uniform and desir.-il.le type, and the darker colours beiran to bo (juite <:ener.il. It was not initil l-^iii' that the brcod wa^^ .ir^cn a ^epar^ti' cliiss at tli<> shnA .•{ tbn Royal Aprrieultiiral Society in Kntrland. Soon after this. (■..ni;'ctiti.,n in the >h.i\v rin- became keen between the various improvie,,t time. They v. ere of line a|iMMr;niee and vitv hardy, ,,t' ii,..,\ -i/e aid bi-tli, and yet will, out eoar,-eiH-<. 'I'l: w^ weiv pn.lilie and" the ,,ir-r,ii- vifiei-,,!!-. 'i'liey matured early, pmduelnir a lliiek eai-ea>s of lean meat •■( tin,- .p. lity i'y the time tiiey Were 1 l' ni,.i,i!,- ,,i,l. I',, ,,, ,'„,, ,i„„, ,i„. ;„,,,,, ,v,.rs ..\ i!,e lir.'l were M,.t -o au.xinu^ about exlenial m.arkinL'- :, - ihe e,,minereial value of ili, .mim,,!-, uiidei- the.-e favourabl.- enndu,,,,,- a \(^ry deHra'ele ei,,:,, ,,r lioe- wa, |,r. ,l,ie. ,! Tl,,, exeellenee of the breed, beeauie >,, marked liiat it attraet,,] 'h,. attention ,,i riei, men wh.isoon heeanie its fancier- and exiiibitors and wli-.-e tir.-i th..iii.'hl to,, fn-nently wa- tbe prediK'tion of pri/e winn.i-s of -ueli a i>pe ami f. natie,, a- pk a-,'d tiiei,- whim'- llij-'li iTiees were paid i'er eertain exli-eu.e typ, -, ,vi,,eh natur.dlv set breeder^ ^^■■^•" '"<■"'- to prodiuv tk;e kind that found lav,,u-. Darimr this period the breed was under.L'oin^' an unde-iraMe ebau-e. whieh wa- festered still more bv a k,vn .iemand for show animals from Im.v rs ni the Tnit.Ml .> j^ivo attention to IrnirthoninK tl„. fonn of tl.oir stock. Towards the end of l.e past century the hreed ha.i horome eonsiderahly lengthened an.T aV a r«uuM Lave the s.vrnmetneal. airly lon^. fleshy type of Berkshire. \Vl,le7his breed r^Uin^ s popular, y,n Canada in a marked doKree. it ea„ not a, yet l,e said to have b^Z rt\re';:rty e \;hiie':::;,rTr^ "' ^'^ '"''''-■ ^■"■"^-^- '^^ breeders stin i to t.ie larrt type «hile n any others arc perp..tua:in2: only the longer and more fle«hv representatives of the.r herds. For bacon production a cross hettectV Berkshire 2r::z^:::^li:iz:!r ^---■•■- ^^ ----- -=^- -^^ ^:; The ■Rnrkslurc is hhu-k with white on feet, fnce and tip of tail An occasional -i.i.nll sfdash on the arm is not re-arded as an obicction V uJ.LhU "7'""°"«' -vL ho,dd,.r or other part of the body i. rcardel'l ^ most^iX: ^ Si.I ^ M .n,re boars ,n show cond.fon should wei.d, not h^s than 550 poundrand Ki^- H. - B>ik>liirf Sow. --'-e sows in sinular ll,.sh not less than -1.0 p„„„ds. The Berkshire r.H,uins about THE CHESTER WHITE. An improven,ent of the hree.l'was ;':nu;;::c^|' 'j i"^, S^' :f /f!^ ''^'^ -.enced an impr^v::!;'" '';,;, I^si^' b'"'-;;;^:^^!''^ districts .,„. -f the imported stock. The produce of the f^r.t clo I Prepotent blood '^ri.inal stock of the countrv'tha he L bl "d ^ eleir ""f T""''^'" "^ '^' .;n;Hn. ..rme. of the dist^ct^ ^ncoJi^^i^ th^ imSl::;^^;^^^': svstem of careful selection and brcedimr was undertaken with tl- I f '^ -•urin, a more suitable animal for the market. The mpr;^:™ Lt is^^^^ t.i7l . ontinuous until the breed acouired nn nnv,aM„ .^„„.„.:. . "* '^ f""^ *° *'«^^ ^IT" deman.l for breeding stock soon exhausted the available 'anTmnls '''t^^""'^""^- ' ^'^ f;4(;i8— 4 '" i"" a^auanie animals. This circumstancw '■Tit "■-,«>■ 22 l>rovi(lo and dcsoriptioiis were bought vip and .■^eiit ahroud a- Clic'stcr Wliitos. The reaction w.i- -ivci-r. as tlic breed re<'eived an unjustitied e .i'd( iii;Liti..:i. The demaiKl for stork fell off -erion«ly. and breeders of tlie fjennine Chcstor Whito were able to a.L'ain build up tlieir li(>rd-;. While the stoeU h;id iindercone ni n!i iniprciMiuent in quality, no attempt bad boon niaile to re(liire the -\m\ Tiiey wero • :--ed mum hl: tho large breeds, and as sueli they r( between the bacon and lard ty|ies; but as lircd in tlie I'liiteii States, tSc Cle-tei- White i~ rather a " t.r Willi. .■>,,». k or bliii- S I1I1-. The cr.1,,111- i- while, no black hairs beintr admissihlc. iila the bkin are imt iiiaonimon. Hreeders aim to avoid these as mii hair has a tendency to bo wavy and even curly i.- some instane't>s. Boars in show condition should reach (!(K) pounds at 2 years of .a^ic ; a tlie sanio a^re and condition, oiK) pounds. Pij.'s T months old in market fi weitrli from b"^0 to L'Ott pound-. The standard of e.\cellen.'c for the Chester Whiti", adopted by the vari. States Itecord Associations, calls for an animal having.' woll-arclied \„ shoulders and back - .Ml mMc. Th, nd -..w- .,| .nil -h'.iil.i .us t'niteil ■'■k. 1 roail the stan.l- .rm t.> till' .■haractei- 23 THE POLAND-CHINA. iirnwi,,^:. M„.l t c e'tv ,f -i, P '' • '''''"'""'"^ "^■'•'-' favourable to swi,,,- -." of th;;;<';:.r ^; 'X::^';; ;,, ;:'!:-:7 - ^'';v ^"-'^ t.. past eo„tur>. the most profitable f.-uJo of Lu , ""*■' "'*'"« ^"« "' ^hat tinio "V -i'""'is at u:J'^Tri:z!v:\ '::\:::T::'r, 'i*""'"^- .^"'■■'; ''-'- -- "f til,, animals was as iMi,„,rt.,Mt ■, .. , . , """■''*"'• '" "'"* •'"-tivity TlM. .„,nula,i:.,. .UuV, 1 i'V'^ —•■; oxtHMnely oos,„o,,oli,a„ in thoir make-up. ■ -"''"^ '"— thatllilim':;^; •;;::;;:';;;:;;:'■;":;:';, ''■••;r'-r^ "»■ ^ianu vane., „. bn..!. -nenlal „, tbe f,,nnati„„ „r wl/r I ;-"/." '-'"he n.an, ero.-,.., i„,-,ru- ■i Tb.. Ii,.rk-bi,.e ^av, ,',,., ";:""' '■" '"■'-';'■< '''-' '"■ h -ero intvo- -- -'I -I- f^.....,n„. „.,al ,. i ;, ' -;'•■""•-'■•' ^>-„etr,-, tb- Hi. Cbi,,, ' i>!-r;;/;r'::r;: ,:r'- '-■ " IV'. li: ..' <■!, MM If. inaii.v .1 i.':ii:'s 111 ,.,,,, an. I l.itteniii- (lualitie-. of tl .1 col, ir prior i,, ]- tbaii 1 eoloiir or particular f. leailiii^' breed ami eolour i abiput tbe ilat le animals w, rin. I[ I'p t.. ibi- st .Ie>irabb ivinir .soeure,! the de e mentiniici. deebjed in a ■n-iclered ot mmOi prea time tile ijicui, Old upon tl n.nnl,er„t „r.ani.at,ons b;,d l,ee„ f„nned i„ ,! .bind-Cb t(>r impi.rtnnf ireil qualities of fatf.ninf ri'iieral way up,>n tbr l,,n W iniin a le till 111. maliirity am! ti •e ad,.pted al tl le same st.indard of n the inlrrests of tl w y(>ars a ill the Pnland-Ci improving tb exeiMli'nec. .\tt ami mo-t nt ■It .1 tl im.i one of tbe e (piality and fatt ention wa.^ piven m b;i-tr le I nited States. .\,.itb, most eeniii.niieal eiiinir powers until iiieat-niakuiir b,);.'- of tl we now le fireiit ' ll; I no rcM|iii,.oments of tbe I: •ll'Ils tt Jaeoii trade ; bin ited Willi ill,. ,|,.v,.l, e tlie l)ret>(i Ill of tbe ( not bioked eoril 111 a,'i'or,laii(>i' witb upon witb fi !iii:idniii bai'on iiujiist ivonr ry. 24 III genonil .ipiPOiiniMi'i' llic l'ol;iiiil-( liiiiu i- i'i)iii|i:ii't. ^yiriiiirtriiMl. full and rouinl, smooth ami iiicliru'd tn iiMs>ivpnr>s iti luiilil. TIk* rliiiriU'tcri-^tic culour is black, vi't or Inwor jaw, whito on foot nnil tip of tnil; :i fow -iii.ill cU'iir white spnt-a on boily are not olijrctionahlc Hoars '2 .vpars o! ' and over in vrooii pomlition shoi.M weigh not less than 'Hm) pMuinl-, and sous of sanio jltp and pondition not leas than TiiX) pounds. THE DUROC-JERSEY. The Duroc-Jprsp,v lio;^. ai'i-iu-dinvr to the nio~t anthintic historians of the brwd. ir" the outponie of a union of tl.o iwo cla-sps of n-d swino kn >wn rpsppctively as the Duro.s and tlip Jerspy Ileds. 'I'hc lalter liavo I .en kuown (o exist in a eonditioi. of greator irr less purity in Xew Jerspy and otlier Allantip stales for upwards of seventy years, while the fornipr was for a Ifinir linii> tlie li'a.lmi: lioj; raised in Saratojra eounty. New York The.lorspy Reds were larRp in si/p, rather line in ciuality, and of fair length and thi<"k ness. It is believed (hat the .lei-.-iy Ued is de-cendi d from the earliest importations of the Berk shires, which in lli< ir early days were of a variety of colours, includint; hvi. sandy and reddish brown, ^llotted with lilaci<. It i- considered probable that the Durops were desopiided from the same parent ■ tock. but of this there is less p,-rtaii:ty The two variptip.s wprp for many years kept amid ditl'prent piivironniPiits whipli would accoinit for the lack of similarity betwien thi'in when liny were united, at a date prior to T^.^O, to form the Tluroc-.Tprsey brepd. I'in 17, Ii'aor .l.r-.y l;..;, The breed, troni il- eaily days, has bivn noted for docdity. prolilicacy and ba-di- hood, (pinlities which have been W(>ll maintained. Si/e ancl weight were aimed at by improvers through many general ions, and some twenty-fivp vears ago the nvpra^'p of ibe breed was larger than at ihp present day. Tn 1~T7 breeders in Saratoga and Washington r-omities, New York, agrei-d upon a staiulard of characteristics tliat has been varied bat little by more rocpiitly f.irmcd rpcord associations. Durin:.'- the iiasi two decades the breed has been imnro pd in ipiality. pa-y-fpoding and i-.-uly-matcrini! riropensities, and is now bidd in about , iiM> not c.\lend«l greatly norlti of the niter- national bonndarv. .N *?>'" 25 Tlio niir..r-.I,T-o.v. uith it- iiic„l..r;il.'i.v l..nL', sfnii-lit 1i,m,I, drooiun- ear?-, ai,.! •m.oth. iieiit l.o.ly, li,,,,- M rMliiT ,■1..-.. n -.Miil.hinr,. to ihc rnhui(i-( hiii,, ij, form- it IS ...mpwlint str..M,L'..r i„ liiul,. li.Mr. :.' ,v,.;n-. ..1,| i„ ^ ] ,.o,i.lition slmiil 1 wri-'i not \-'lt!. is. — I),,,,,,.,!,.,,., , S ,». I.'v. than m)0 pc.Mii.l-. nii.l -..ws of .-iniilav us,' anil cniHlition ."lOO p,,ini,ls Tlirir colour i^ rhcrry red will i uilirr ailiiii-xtiirc. THE HAMPSHIRE. riie Ilampsiiiro l>ol(.„si> to the class of nio(liuni-lzr,l I,,,--. 1 i„. f;,.-, ,. -tramlit. aim the ear inclines forward la.t d..e- not droop like that of the I',, land-China. The iowl, sh(julder an'--"" ^vitl, the „l,lor Ifampshin. Iuks onlv re<4^t v o.;„;7i ' : "-^ ""' 'T"' °"-"'»^ ^'^ "'" ^-^ "'^t the Cann.la as yot. '' ""' '""' """' '" '"-'''""'•^ ^'id-'ly -listrilua,.,! in .en.S';':^:'Siv':;;;;:f,,;;;::i ::,:'''-• "-^ ^•'""- - •'^^ '.ni,o „„if,.n„ i„ UiKiwii, varia- I'ii.', ■.1>. Il.,i,i|,.sl„n S.,« . -'-"•. 'n:sr;::;;;fi:'::i,;::r,:i::/;^r'v'''^- '^ - 't- '"- ""• - ••- - - 'liff.T,.,„, ns a rule. fr.U 1 e ,.: ^ Li h i Tn' 'T'""" r"'^ " '•"•^"' ''"'' ^ -•>• ;H.r. .i,,,.. the IIan.,.hi. fall, lir^';^ ^r^'' ; i^ • ' '^ 'r ^-^ ''''^- 111 'Hiality of flesh the [[aiiinshlr,. l,,- . i- i ™i l„ the -IreBsed eare.ss .:>:; J;;;-.,;'':; ^illl^r:;-^??', Z' !l- !"-?« a «ood P---.ita.e „f lean an,I i- .JJr:)Vf^,:!::!:i:^,';; '"^'' "^""""- "^ "'-•' --ries a high T ♦-w , -a^^'l-ti'l', "T"""^ ""' ^7"^":: """'''"" ""^ JI""'>-»'i'-e scorn. ,„ l,o ^ivi,,^ ^ood Mv:i:!t;:'s:;;!:7i,^;::,;;,ti;;''l:T',;'::", """ "- - "-""' ■;" ■'.= THE BREEDING HERD. ..r a bad bacon h,.., 1^-^^,:^: tu:'z'i:i: '^ " rT''\ ' r' SELECTION OF THE SOW. Care .sli„„l,l be taken in sclcrtinK tin. f,.nial<.. of lli,. I,..,- I t 1 noisy, di^runtontprf -.,«•■ ,„ i . " "' '■•''•'S|""-"t">^-' llini, ., ruvinjr. Pisrs the ability to ^ive n lar^eflo v of „,n - i n. rl 'f ""l ""^^ •^''•f'^ J"-'- ■^"'""»f I'-teristi.-; that is to s-v iXr, T f \ % " ^"""'•'' *'''»'' t^an a brocl ohar- , uiar 8 to s...^, rntlcrorit fnmihcs nf the saino hrp; J. (liffnr t.„ -- ;, .i,- i« i.nt lit-, 1 """^■"°-'' n '•'"'k "f vital fore,.; and an animal with tlii-- .■harM-fori^ti,. ^r.v.n number of p,>. eaeh year to pav expen ^ M i " , , ,|r 7 ""' " and ill-nourished pi,^.. " '' '"'""■ "^ ^'^'•^'^" "^ '■i'-'''f«'" -^^'^- t^^ I v Th, SELECTION OF THE SIRE. He is mu-'h more than half of the 1 , r 11 '" " "" •' f"'^' °^ <'"' '^"'1 = "- --V" "'i-^ P-nt. ..v.o,i,.,„.,. lo., „ V f '' '"'■ '' ■-''"'"' ''"'"' ^hen olmosi„s a L.^.r our '...:.: .;:. ^.'.t;^,: ,:r' :,; :;:^,^=' --f tr^ ^' ^^'^ '■''^'^ "-^ -'''>■■' ''-^« <■'- -.a >mnll i„ „.,mbo v " !'• t\T \ '^"'"'-'^ ^" '" ^'"" ""^ '''^ ""«" fn..n uT-akncs of tl e .pi mo or \'Z n,^ , •"^'''vy j'oar ,3 also more likely to suffer .■rooko,l i„ l,is loss T To 1 , fTi .'"' ^'"^.'■?/'--'->''.v weak in his joints and -ui rn.,„.i„e.s of hon"'^ r ,, X ^j;:,r:,r /r"*"n •'^•^^'^ °^ ""'^'«'' alli.vi uitl, eront si/o \ „„ ,1 „Vn • '' '''''""'^'^ '" " ^"''- "■•e often 1-.^ n. will tho ho'vv .1 ,1 1 ^'T >' '■;""""" ^^"'^f"' ^°' "t "'^""t twioe a. ^ -•- '"- ^'-^■. 'r;\::::ii-::i-';^:::e- j-'^ ^" -^ t,. .o. CARE OF BREEDING STOCK. --'';:':::„ j:r .S;,':!. ;r.::;ior ■,'■'■;"'";■■' ^"'""■" '^^ -'--• '- «'-"-' •^^ '■•■nlnro to provi,lo f„ n ^ oi n 1 1 ' , l: '"^^^'f-'-^ ."^ *''« b.eedin, herd it is the ^'no„ tl.o nm of a p^nturo .hllnJl ^s^^'tial to lus welfare. If the sows cnn be n-r.i.-e Httlo elso to'Ct f tirtTo'T' '' '';-^-*"'''^ '" ''"*"'"" *'->• -'' I'avo wator and sholtor i^f t o • , ,vo ooo. T "^ ™ *'°"- '^'''^ ""^*' ''^ <=°""«- -allow .o nMu.h tl,o boMor A ,, I;;,; ,.?:,?": ."L".:','""'",^ ^f^r ■" -■'-■h they n.,y iK'nithy and froo from vermin Sbolto'r'i!. LJf " m"jT' , "^ '^'-''-'t""^' a hog's skin ,„^Y 30 .trow ir. «h„.l, ,h.,v „„,v l,„.|,|l... If ,|,..,r .l.,,„„„ „„„„..,., .,,,. ,„„.,.. ,„„ w,„.„ ,l„v .■h.n^W ,„„..M,v „M K,„„^ out into tl,.. v,r,l a.ul th.,- will „„t .o ,„ril,v take .' :,„ ';:.l. Tl.ry sIiomM Iu. f,.,l „n nutriti,.,,- l,ut .,ot t n.vntn,,,'.! f„o,l Mat„r. ihnltv of root , pr,.f.rnl,ly n,n„«r..|s or s„P.,r Iwvt.. Durins „ v.n- ..„1,| s„„p , ,„„ Jr „ .l.oul.1 1„. „,v,.„ ,., assist, ,„ ,„:,i„tan,i„^. th- ann,,,,! I,..at. A-'ll,,. s ,ws ., , , , ■ 1 ni;, '" """^^""T "f "''""r.'l^ ■^l.oul.l 1.0 ..nuh.nll.v ,l,.,.n.a n,| , ,„ plemo nt of «nM„ .•orrns,,o,„l,„^l.v in.Tn, ,s tl„. s,.ns„„ a,lva,„vs n,, , ,- . I MU „f „..sh-for„n„, r„th..r than of a fat or U.^.^rlZ:. .ha'! t.^ 's, ^.s '.rmi,!, liMirs ,s ..x,vlh.„t. so is uroinul oats; hailrv ,.r .-..n, .hnnhl I I 1 ;;n^...s .lilot , „,,h so„„. fonn of .iairy hv-pr t. ( f.. a H , : „: ,;"f ' "hoar,,,. ,„ ,ho,r effe,.t on thn s.stom. Sows wintor-.l in th./wa T i! a, Vi: -.T ,t .o n,..,,„ ,, „.„„. Thoy will „, .,„„„„,, ,,;.„., i„ „ . „, :^ . , ' ;, " the rP<„ur..mo„ts of ,l„. .y^tcn,; a,„I to c-o,npol tl„.m to tnUo w.t, r , • „ |U^un^ osp..,.ially i„ ,.,,|., ...th... is to in.,!oso an „n ^-^J^ uZ ::::i:" wat.r. whi.h so,,,,. f,.,.,l,.rs ..n„,p,.| ,h, ,r ho^w to talco in tho forn, of ,hi„ .h,,,,, ■ I , I .s an ,,„w:,rr,.,„t,.,l «a-t,. that not n,any .an afford. "' ' "'■ . . ""■ "'' !'" f'!""' '" '"■ "'""■■'" "t i" M.<' wi.il..,,,,.' of l,ro„l sows ,. ,„ ,„. , I, and .an. for ,h,n„ ,„ s„,.h a wa.v that tho -pri,,^ litto,., will oon-i^t of „o I ,: well-„oMr,.l„.,| hoalthy. vi^,„.ons pi.s, and that ,ho ..w, th,.„„ol vi i: ....^■..d':,., ;;::„;:;:• ^yri;:a;;;,;;::'d;,-^ tion to tins. ,.us kopt ,.|os,.ly oonfinod and fod l.irpolv ,„, -rain ..ro L , 1m 'l Sr ':: . ■■ niX a . fTT'"! ^'^ " ''"■'•'•"" ''r-"' ^v..:i.^:::: ::)■:::•":■:: ump aro as l,k oK ., „„t to d.'Vonr a portm,, ,f „ot all of thrir otT-pri,,- c^, ,1, contrary. o.p,.,.,on,.,. has shown that tl„. sy-,o.„ of wi„to,.i„. pr,. ',o Iv ,! ;„. , , ' .n^1 "::l; t,;',: ir;,:,;- -r= - r h^r ":,;;:-„;:;,;' ; 'rt .^....■al r,n,o „.,.,v,.s. U is also i„,por,a„t that tho atLZt ^ ? t: 1 t ;i::'Uth the sow: a ,ow nnnnt.s spont on hor ovory dav with a stiff hr„s , w, 1 . .nvosttnont of ti.no. This '-onrryin,. favonr"' with thV sow o , t ■ T thoron-h-i.'..ii,u- and ..aoossful stookman l^a.r,,, ,,| ,h, The Farrswing Pen. I. ■!;.■ Jnai IS Mi'l'i-iii^:- awav I ho bn...d,„. ,Ha, .honhl not ho to. lar.v; a!..,„t s ,oo, s.p.a,-.- t",< l,„yo. thon. ,s „an..^.r i„ .-old wo .th.-r of ,ho „owlv-fa,Towod pi ^s „. from ,h,. dan, ,„.,t„„. h-, and porishin. f,-.,,, tho oMd. Th X^ t,;;,'i:,.:;;;;r!7,:-r^;!;:L::;|;;--;;::::-.::"r ■ r-:-'"^^ Hro ap, to ,„ tan.^lod no i„ It an,l ho ov'rlaid hv ,I,o sow .-.,„.-to,. ^ .\., Imuror .o aftor far,-owi„^ ,l,o s„w should ho ^ven a .h-lol. ..( , .. ,;■ ', ''" '■"'- 'i'""' Ilia, I a iiaiaimi o,. two of sliorts or nioil 1... ■ 1 .■ i rr .11 I Y'"' •; • "• 'irst w....k ,1... ,s pH.in:, „ll sl... will ..at up cloan. .\„r«,n^ sow, , ,.1, rap , l> ,M ll..sh in s,„t.. ot tlw s, .k,ll'„l f„.,|i„.v Tlii.- I,„w,.v..r is „„ rHl,.-!!, n Mill- ...■„,. v.ri.ty .1 ,1 1„. i,.,r,„|.,.-,.,l in..', ,1., ..w'/niti,,,, ..xtr. ,■ ruV liM,.r la ,.„.,, ;: -""''""' ^'l-'-^'-^- , ; - .1-.. i..,p„.ta„t ,l,a, b,„l, .„„• a,,-! riv,. ,,„. I,,,.., I, „ , i ^' — I/'-'" "- ..l-HH, an.. .l„.,v i, ,„.rhap. no l„.,„.r cor- •^'■'-''••' --^ '."::.::'. 'n^;: ,:':,' ::;-.:,^-;:;:;:;::;;-:iL-;:;:;;::;- 'PI, r,, 1 , , , "^ ' ' ' '• "" '^ "'11 "'•'•wMlio purp..s.. v.'rv- well '•;it M.' -., u,.|l ,1 til. .- 1 .1 . , .T in u. M>- ul.l. |,x that tun,, th.'.v s 1011 (1 bo V..,,. Vi::/::,j,l:,:;i:::fi:;:; ;!:'■;:: ,:;;::t;';:;,:'':;; "-- f- ;^o . ;;:;;L:'^rr:;n';,,.'::;:z■ ;;:;:;; :-^-^ :'H':;:';:;':;;:;:^t;:^i:tn- .l:.y< for .In. pur,..,-,. T "i- n 1 i' ." ' "'■ V" ''"" "'"' "•"'''"" ^'^ " ^^^ ""■ ..l.J.-t f'.r ul,i..|, 1,0 „.a. lof, .,,1, ,|„. ,ian, ""•' '''^^"^""^ .'^..ni..tnn<'- tlu' milk t<. 'th aiv ali,,,,rn,illv In. .' ,,. I I • , . '1- -^^•'s n,l.lor an,l la,.,.ra,o ,l,o . -nn a^ ^^,,' ^o I, I Tr'T """" !" r"'^"' .!i-.-lnnro,I tV,n, ,li-o-fivo tn.nll '"""""-" '>' I"- !'n-', riioy frnpiently bopomo -l-ul,ll,o.o .^, ,„';•■,„;"''' ^"•" ""■" '--vn a, .'Ma..k toeth'' They ,, ,„.^„.,..,. ,,,„,„;;,',' ,';' 'rr,:-" - •"■".•.■.l. Many ^r^^,.^ make it ^"•' -^ ^''-v. n!';:^:;:::, -l^-t 'riLt::;;;;,: '' "-'"''^-"- The Boar. B.'i.iM. i,ii„ „,. ,,., \', . ' ;;" ■ '"" '■■' '"! ';">-^ ';""■ ••"»< t" >«k"i ... .v„i.i -:"i ™." -r „..;„„i ,;;;:, '::!.;z!:.T:z:'T.^-'r''"- -ith ann,...n„.nt an.I ooo ,,an.,n ( ,". n 1 I'p ' T' '"t"' " ^""'''^"' '''"' ln-< skin an,| l.air healthv an.l a,-,iv ■ ',, ■ ' t ,"T ''i''."^'""'.-^- ^ " '"" -^ '->- l^ ill.,! 1. 1 ilk. Th.- •an llicin- 111 tic .-.kiih REARING AND FINISHINO. Cure is ne<'o.,nry „t woaniMK time to grt th.- pi^* .ufrly ,.vrr tl>M rri.i- n. tl,cir l.ve. u,Kl w.ll ..ar,...l w.tl.out any M-riou, M-thark. M:,„y br.....l..r. ,.,.ri.i,o ,l„ profit r,n ^t'm.<..l n,.m,.l „f „,,v ku,,! i. mKv,,v. unprutitaM... „„,1 thi- i- ,l,„.l,ly mat might linvp l.»'.;ii uvoulcil. A.uoiijf the f .or- iiit,, whi.'h o,„. m m..«t |i„|,l,. ,„ f^.n ^,t „,|, (j,,,,. tmliiiK u strong pruiri rati.,,, |,, rompoMSMt.. fnr th.- log, of the mothcr''- pijfs. It well n,aiu.K.Ml. ^liouM 1„ r.,ll,,;f m, Cr.vly „t thr Iruujrh as nrarlv ■™- '""' "" '•'"""<'•• -'"'"I'l I .■!.• iu tl„. rat,,,,, „„1,.„ it I,.. ,„ .,;i,i"., Another „„.,ak,. ,- ,l.„ .„• overUvli,,^. li,,„,„ u,.. r,.,n,.v;,l „f ,1,,. sow. ju-, a. the ,ow ,.s take,, away, the fee,ler. either fr.,,,, „.„,ake,. hi,„|„e... ,„ „,e pi,,/„, .v,,," a fa. ure proper y t., eMm,a,e their re.,uire,„e„t.. ,„a.v ovvrfood to n.eh «„ extent hat food often l,es ,„ the tro„j:h In,,.. o„e fee,lin>r t„ a),other. Thi. i. n mistake or tvvr reasons: the -veanli,,^.,, ,„\~.,u^ their dan,, are te,„pted to overtax their jh^e..,vo .yst....,.; and the por.ion of ,he food ,e„.ai„i„K i," the trough is apt t become foul n. , result of ler„,entati„n a,„l oth.r eau.es. In either ca.r digestive troubk. w,ll i,.,.vitably foih.w; a,„l the-,., if „.„ ,,„., ,„ the pig are i i astr'2 the owner, ehanec ot protit. Whih- the o.he,- ,..,ren,e al.„ mu.t he uvoide.l. it .- (Z U t " v"' '"'"','.", '■'■■■ ■'■ ''"' ' ""■ ^'''" "'■ "■"l-f.".li„. tl,a„ t.; over feed. Ideal eon,l,t,ons wool,! 1,., ,„ ,„.,| ,t fre.p,e,„ r..«ular i„t,.rval. as much a.s thev alt, I- l,,,hi,j:. It is ,i,,t ,,ften p.,s-ihl.. ■ rinik, oi:- il. I'lit ih,- iH.irer u-,. ean appr,,aeh to .. u;c bett<'r >■ ppeil oai-J, Mipp!e,iieiit,e,l witl, a little skim milk. u,anli,i;r pij:<. It i- rieh in a>h and protein f,.r ■lie- an, I n.iis, !,.,, ,ii„, eniMint: th,. pig t,. huil,l will eut up clean .„ a few n,iini!, -i practiee eonf,irm wh,,lly i,, ih,. i,i, will be our sneiess. A „,ixture of nii,ldliiiL's an, I , I'onstitntes an excellent ,;,ti,„[ f,,r the nourishment of the ;.'r,,winu' 1 ,., up framework rather than ,„ lay „„ ,.,. I, „.„ ,„.|, ,■„„,;.,„„ „„. ^; , rhdi'",,T> I f, "'" 'r " ■"■"■" "^■'"^''''" ■■""' '"- --'>• 'li^-ted ti,; , x .^^:l! a'l: -L;'.;::::!r^:;;::. muldlin^^^y diirerent mil,- vari,. fr,„„ eoar-,.. S.^^^Wed^fW T^ -^ ,:: "^^istlJ^bSf a:r^e:";uir:o?^^,;:: zt:: -aK"-'^- " -----^^-'^ Roots or some other kin, I ,,f irreeii foo,! elf),,.^ i., »i c c S; z:zzz:r::\T -:;;::: S.:t Eit ^^i FSz 32 PASTURING AND SOIIINO Kxp.THn,.Mts ,„,„|„,.,,.,| i„ ,.,,,,, ,,^,^. , , , ,1 , .• In tt.i, ..x,„.ri„,ent .l,ir,v.f.,„r ,.,«s L o7 I ■^-'r- ..,, nr,. „l„. I hy „.,,in». win. ..■c.-s. ,0 „„ out,i,lo van). M, Vt^.n v,-,- ""^ "^ "" '" "'"'' ^'^ '''' '*'" 'n-.k. I„,^.^, w,.r,. f,.,l iwi.v , ,l,v «l,„ ■„ ," ' ''■'■^""■" '-". oMf^id.- ami 'ir>. a-ul ,.„n.i.u of t«.„ ,.:'i: ,'';;',:;'; ,::'"''' ;■,'' -'f'^- ''•'"• "-I wa. fo.l hoK. w.T,. fed. in n.KJitin, , ,1 , , "^ ' " >ni-l.ll..,K l,y .v...Kh. The m.,i,l.- whi,.h ,1 ,1,.' 1,„ w.. , ril ■• ""! '""""•■ ""■ '^""^' ^-'"f- - tl-«t o^ "" "'■'•■'"'• ' • ..II . I u i si, , ' "■ '■•^'"■'•i'":"' «"^ ••".■ '"■•"- I on .T„lv 6. and n.. ... s, ..„ iL-L .;r i"'^,:::' r:^ f. ""■ 7"r'" "'-^ -- -ady f.. ship. ..nfin,>l,..dandhadtol..,,.; ^v; ,.,, vtrr '■.""■■""?'" * ->> -- "till to th.> slau^htor house. N.'^.-".f-r 1l', «•„.,. .I,..,v. too. wre .hip,K.,l "1^^ -.vM,p fed in the pens rs'c. p,„u,ds. """' "" f"^*'"'^" ■'-■'^ P"iiniis , n,,. ;m,.M„j, ho„v refM.rted .,„ t'he",'':'J;, ,,, f.,||„u.s- •• Tl I . 1 ■ which >,„, .ei.t t.. im i< ii,..t ,„.f „f .,1. 1 ■""""^- II'.' hi-t shipment of ho(r< with.,,1, ,.,.ep,i„„ .how ve "'^^rr ;,;^::',;:;; ':'^"/;: --^ '■• ^- "'^.t an ,he sidL r-p..r. 1- il.at all the sides « de V , ' / , T ';• """"'"'■ ''"' ^"""" '^^^^-^or'. to ,„,,, wa, that there was pa .t^ellvotr '';''"' *'"" '"'■'''" ^' "^ """" ^«1"« i" tl.e .r.,„r« ,heni.eKes. wh h ^ r i r riV'T'^"; l^'^ ''■*•-" -'-• either two .'roup,. Whatever yn„r me ho. ,f e ' li : , , V , '' "■"' '*' '"; '" """'-■'^^^tin^ the ho^rs. von eertainly havl. di,e,„-. re ,,.,!„ ,?'"•'" ""'''^ '" "'-'■ ""'i-'- I. In this experiment f.^'dinp Imtr, ,,n pi' M!«'nsive method. ^'. All the ho.s produced i-.u.,,::,'' ^'/ii ! ^ t r^^v^T,; -"" ''-'^^ '1 '"^'^'•• of a previous exr.erinient with ra-e an.l l' „.s , I ''""^- "• ' '"" ''■".'.rm.s the result foe.l with a liheral meal rat io^ p '.':., ':u;:::,r i' ,^ ■'"'''•' -"-''^ '>.' .n-en - .:^«:::rL^::;:,;™:;-=;;-^^^^ , , •■• The lUMde hoL'.s consumed, o,, an aven-c „n.,.l, j , . P.T 'lav. to,.e,her with 4^ pounds of meal ' ' '""""^' '^ '"■'■<'" *' As tins proportion of preen feed t.. meal is practicMJlv fl t.on ,,t roots to meal which we have used with , 'T'" '"•;">• ,''"' *a.ne as the propor- that the use of e,pn,l wei.^hts of iccu ,^, f ,' '"'"'"• '' "'^■'"^ '''''" "' ■'-'""> Hrm quality. --..u ulent food and meal tends to prodoc |,„.,,„ of r.JrJt,^lZ:Zir' "' "•"'' '" ''" ""^^'•'•^ ""^^ -- i-t ahout half of that padd':,mhSM;,':t:;r:!.i^::;:';:: ^'- ^--'V- '"^ '^'- '""' ^^^^ - ^ ^> -^n ":t':i^X';i-i:-;l';:r;i;h-'E^^^^^ .n,ount of food consnmed. there is .^ t-:^^:;^ i^mX t:;!:';;;!!-;;:,,:,^^- iir ro matter of lahonr. Probably rape is the most valnable crop f.ir this purrosc or for pasiurinfr It grows rapidly and may be sown at sucees^ive intervals so as to fiirni,-h a .•ontinnoua Mipply trom the first of -Inne until the fro.t ; it furiii>lies a larjre .snpply of food from a (.'iven area; althou^-h ho-, ,lo not take to it ivadily at. lirst thev soon aequire a taste lor It and eat it freely. For hogs, raix- should be s,i«n M.nicwhat ihi.-kly in rows about L>t to 2S inches apart. Three pounds of seed i)er acre will frive a very go(,r Iiolt- is alfalfa. I'i-s are fond of it and will make v, ry satisfaetory gains if it i> fod with .li,ereti(UL It should be fed before it blos.ioms or it becomes too woody; and i-; not only h^ss palatable, but ;lso !e- digest- ible. Common red eb,ver is also ..xeellent ; peas, vlehes. almost a:iy suculent forage 'Top ni;iy be used with aorlion of the ration can he most eh. .iply and ■=atistaetorily furnished in the form of roots, lu-cfcrably mangels or sugar beds' It has been pretty well established that hogs cannot be fed to the best advantage on an exclusive grain diet, especially during tlie growin- in-riod. The result of heavy gram feedin- is to cheek growth, and to cause the i-ig to lay on flesh and become 'too thick and tat before the desired wiugbt has bciai attained. IT" is the most successful fecd.T wh,. maintains hi. pi-s ,,n a cheap, bulkv. easily- digested ration, rich in bone ami muscle forming ,lfiiient~, until th(>y reach "a wci'ht ..f from IW to LW pounds, then fhiish.- on a -t.on-cr ration until thev 'are in prime condition, but not too fat. .md wei(.'h fi ISO to l'l'h iiounds. THE COST OF RAISING SWINE. I he question of ascertaining the eo,t of rai-ing ho,-, from binh to markctin- hm ■ cci, Md,jeeted to much more coiitrover,^\ than experirnei,tatio„. So t,.w swine raisers inid time to keep an accurate account of the quantities of fe.Ml used bv their hops from 'lay to day the question of gaining information ,,„ this point is left barge Iv to experi- n.cn, >.at,o„s Valuable data have been sccnd. through the co-oper^t ioti o /> o >ay. ot the Ontario .Agricultural College, upon the averag .t of nusi,"/ o! to ' "" "-Phts upon Ontario farms. The work was undertaken at the sn- ,.,,i,:„ „f one of , he leading bacon-curing firms in Canada, who encouraged it bv offcnn- to „av fortini^hed hogs ,M» cents pe, hundredweb.dit above the market price when The pijs ere markete.l, to those who would render a full report upon the food ,^.nsnme, In he ho.^s frotn the time of weanitig until shipped to market, a.rf upon certain tber IK),nts necessary ,,. an intelligent study of the question. No restrictions whatever were placed .ipon the feeders regarding the kinds of food used or the methods of feed iTere't 7'; ; ""■^'V-;"?^ '-: "-'-'-^ ^" t'- ''--'ion of the farniers t w l iterests It woubl be to f„.d ,n the tnatuier found by each in his experience to vield the.reatest pro t upon hw own farm In all, ten report. w..re rceived ealb c c , , P'<-ned hv a declaration of accuracy si-ncd by the experimenter Mie fee,ling. ,„ ea.di case, was done under nornud fa than <.ni.n .'ounties ~pre.id over n large part of tl inn conditions, m not less le province. »n ■'■'"■ '"ii"»-n,.^ t.i.l,. f.,v,.s tiu. ,„„„l,f.r ;„„i l.r.,.,1 „f swi,,.' in eul, 1,„ ,h„ f ll S., ..f I'll.'- II. ,„ I.,-,. I, «I"I1 nil. II -Id. >„l,l (■■"..I (■..i,-,ni,f• , I K'l ■ I-' ^..l•k-l,ll, I-' \"..lk,ln I" N..il,-i, n.-ik-i,i,,.L,;,, ^■Mk-lnl. ^ I k-llilllH.ai, T;!!; >...|lil s.m It ^^.lk-l,ll.. ^i.lk-liii, i;in,|,. ">' - I.I., -•i: \s,,, l!.i,l..v.:i.V,L>ll,.;.l„,rt»,:iO,51i,.; ,„,„ (.•••l>, 7I"II.,; j,'i,.,.nil,,i,.,. •.>■, II, . -kiiii milk, |i;jii II, --^ -.'IL'.-, liail.v, .-.:!7( II,.; ,1,,,,,,, I,,;,, I,,, n.alitf.ls, .s|.-, II,.; J,,.,,,.,, ci,,j,.^' , .•fill II,.; „ki„, „„]|^. 2III11 II, ' -i: -.MHO .M.al. ,l,.„..ly, ,«,t.,. |„.a. .,,,,1 -I,,,,,, I .•!.i:ni.: iimnp.K .-,|., ||,,; ,;;„,; Millk. iiL'o III. -':!■- L'.C..i .M.mI. (I...1I...V. |.,-a.-ai,a,,.,iM..M7ll, -liort.-. KKtsil,.; niaii).'..N, :lL>(,ll|l, ■ milk. LWllli.. -'•••' I'll.'.-. I'.ail.v, mil) II, . „|,..;,, ,;„K| II, . '■.lt>. .VIII II, ; T,|.,,|l.-, K, MUM II,'.' ■-kiiii in Ik. SMNi II, I"' ■-■"I'X M.al, il,a,l,.y, ,«t>. v,l,.at. ,..;.,, 4L'1.I III.; >ll,„t«, .-.lU II, ; „|;,.y,' l.'|<*' 111.; iiii.': .i--'- 1".""^ » uniil. N iirksliir, sow. Tamwiirth l«,,ir, > ,ail,. Noik-hir.. ■ uiil 'r.ihiivuitli s,,\v iiiaiiKfla, :i.llKI 11,. ; 11,'ilk, '41120 11',.' I7MI Harli.y, lill.-, II,.; short,. .■Wull,.; ,„a„. K'' Is, IKXI II,.; milk, 12011 II,; .-,1 il.i.VH uri st„(,l,i,, „itli, lit othtr :. ;»:t 1 ir 4 ,-,2 4 .'i2 4 it7 4 07 4 111 ;t m 5 .SI ;< u A(t..u,ii,„ ,„;,v I, ,.;,„,,, ,„ t,,^ uniformity of cost. oxroptinR lot 10 „lthn„„), ♦).» Iri'iliiii;- w;is ill, no nnilrr ll,.. v.rL.liI i;. :..,., .f , , ' y"!^ '.^'^ id, nlthoiigh the niothoa. of fLodin^ foiuiii i,. -liff^Mit pam'of'u;; pi^wl^^'" '"""' "' '"''" """^ °* 30 In the ca>o of lot 10 tho hou'S patliered tl,oir foo,! fr,„n August ! to September -'0 on a St., ,ble I.el. of riuxe.i oats and barley on which the cr.,, had lodgo,! badly, Icav- mg niuch shelled Krai,, on the sronnd. Sineo the food ^-athnvd by the hogs would have been otherwise ost, no value was plaeed npon it. Thi,> (.-n.up ,s not inelude,! in he general averaize, but ,t is inserted in the table a. an e.xa.npu. „f how live st..k , a,> (requently make profitable use of what would otherwise be wasted. COST OF GAIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH. the dady ga.n .nerease.. also, but n..t in the same ratio; so that the amount of fe^d breeds of swmo. In report„,i; th,s e.x|>eriiue„t Prof. D.iv ^iv-- - "In the experiments with p„ro-bre,l h,.^. a rather n.ten.sting point was brou.'ht out me.deu.ally. It has been show,, by other e.xperin,e„t station.s th.at the eo- '. produeing a pound of ga„> in ho,^s inereases a< the ani.nak beeome heavier. As our pure-bred hogs were weighe.l at regular intervals and as every pound of n„.,d thev eonsumed was earefudy we,ghe.i. an opportunity wa. afforded t„ test further the truth of the ehum and a staten,ent of the results is give,, below. Tk>se results a,e ,.on.- puted from tl,o ga.ns made an,l the food <.onsumed by thirty-six ho^s. .o that thev attord very eonelusive evuieue,., lu ,.,.n,puting the avera-e weif:hts ..f tl„. h,,c,. f,,,:. t.onsc.t pounds we,-e omitted, the ,.,-are-t whole nuud,er of pounds beiug taKe.ri;' .lu C83C The foHowing is a >tate„,e,., .f f„od eouM,n,ed f.r .■„, ,, .nnl of ,aiu l,v 1,,,^- „f aitierent weights:^ . •• - t '"^Vhile inen.,si„g in live wei.ht f,-om M ■ .u„d. ,,. ., p,„„„|,. ,„,., ,., ,,,,„j d- 10 pounds meal per pound of gain. "^Vhile inereasing in live weight fron, -2 p„un,l, t„ llo pounds. l,ogs n.uur,:\ 3-. 5 pounds meal per pound of gain. "While increasing ,n live weid.t from II.-, pcu,:d- 1„ Ms pounds h..gs required 4-,?8 pounds n,eal per pound of gain. r, (|.,irtii "While inere.asing in live weight fro, MS po,,,,,!. to 170 pounds, !„ ,- re,p,ired 4-55 pounds meal i)er nound of gain. inj,.., ;'This staten.ent show, tin,; there ,s a steadv ,ne,eas,. in the a,„ou,„ of meal required to produee a pound of gain as the hogs ,,,erease in weight and tronJ argument ,„ t.,vuur of n,ark,.,ing ho.s by the tiu.e. „r a li„|,. uSt"t\::°Z pounds in weight. ' " «r. Lf- n™'"'{ 'n'"'' '':'"'-,'■ '^'^-'^ ^'■'•' t><"li"P'' f^iv.s the followi,,:. data whiel, 7^ ■■ r '^'-'.''"l"'"" "'ll >"■ found e.peeially interesting. ,„ ,],. ,„..,,,,„, | f'^'^"-- ""■ f 1 "-'"1 '- valued at $1 per hundredweight. ' \V..,t'l,t.,t |., 1 "i t ' ' .■»( I, .VI tM Kk,. ii.ii t.. ]:,!>. l.')0 o. ■Jiiii. 2011 1'l uvhi. 2.VI to .'a.Hi. :«)i) t,..^-^). 1,1.. l.i.. 1,1,. Ml 1,1. ^ J* .-I .(s ;) 11 171 ■J ■ *'.'{ . 7s I'.'S 17t l.'i III II I'J pHI IMI 107 117 v.ir> 4s!l ;(iN, ;( .■!". t 7a -1 '.t,l :< i:: 7'> rn'i IIHI 4.(7 ISJ L' a:i ( INI ) ■" 1 ■-■-' •>7l' S tt'i 2*2.'t " 111 L' '.*! I ;{,, I'.IS 4 '.is IL'll .■t 1!" To.':. 1 1" 7 .'lO L* 71 1 .11', 1 III .Ml .•. II 37 CONDIMENTS OR CORRECTIVES. t'^o past,, f..n, p,,;: h,: ! :, ,;• ;;: ::, ::t"^ r- '"^^'■- 'i^ ^'-^ ■- -'* •'" .^ysU.,„ crave.. It i.s tl.e crav,,,,. ,,.,;,, !"\*;.' '')''"' -"■ethn,.^ for which hi. trond, a,„l the si.le. „f th en "':. /'"'^'^ " :""'.'"■'' V'i^ '<' ?naw and t,.ar at th, nnde,.,.„.,h 1 1 ...a, he ,:;:„. Vh:;' m' '-"■;-";!-'"--'« i^ not well boon ..t,,tcd, a l,og may be .reft „ - 1 '" ' *"'"'= ""■• •'"" ''^'^ '''••''"^'^• boca„.e .vtain^Ln on , ; "r""" '""'"" "'' "■"' ^'"^ •*« '-''-"^ starved. ..ttrih„te,l |,v >onie ,,;:,,%;''''• 'T "'■"'"'■"•"''>■ ^''^I'licd. It has been ' liareoal i> prohahly one ,.> ihe he.f eu,Tee,,> 1 , "l'ta,„edii will, ,;,v toko,,, ., o.noi-i, "",""'^'-- ^""1 ^^-i'"" It oan he readil.v 1 iiKo I, h,iH,hi-ls o! e,,rii,-oh i-lrii-e . il ,. ■• 1 I i '>'■ -'1>: :.' ,l„art,. of ai,--lah,.l l,„',e- Vl", h I'T ' "', ' ,'""" '•''^"•'''^"1; ^ Pounds well doun with a shovel or other ,K.„e; id H r' T*'"-- '"''"'^ '''- •■'-^•■'-' "'■ '-l-'-s and di-.,,lv,. it in 1 , , v;' ' ^'""^"""''''^ •"■•^= 'h'^u take l.i pound.. f'-H- ••.^.... and ph.eeJh:::/;:.",;,':;'-':^''^- ';■','•- •-'"- -"to the selt. The ehareoal fnrni.h,.. the reu, ,,..| „ i '' '-""f'^nts at pleasure.' - 'i- <■ i. and is al.o au le 1 .':■"';'"':' '^ "'""'' "'^'>- ''-•- been lackiu, P-as ,. . v,d„al.!e tonie and ";1;;^,;, :""""" '"'■ '''^'-"^- '-"''l'-- -Inl" the co,: It th,' i-harcal i? hanl to ■■■,■( ,t, ol-,,.,, ," ■ , i , rich in J,nn,us. It i- ,,„e.tion^ .K. ,. . 1 ( i 'r """ ''^ «™'^ "'' '^^"■"' vepetahl,. n,o„l,i taken fn-n, 1 .M I, u'' '"•"'""' '"•"''• "'-' ^"d.. o, ^aily. it ,. a.toni.hin;r to se w „ , f ,[{! ? "'n'""'^' '"' ''"•"^^" '" ''-l' ■-' l-ahh an,i thr.ft of the a„in,s\ ' ! ', ^^ 'f V'"' "-; -'^ the in,proved tnc! u. Cronn.l hon,.. wo„,l -.-ho f '''"'"" '" ^l-' l-^'l'-r who ha. never before a.non. ,he .,hs,a„ee, ,:., an.l' r..,.o;nn:en.i:d f .'r th:ri:::;:;r "''' ^^ '' ^"" "" ^''^ FOODS. llie o.\ti-a,)rdn,.,ry tlirift ,,f pi". ,,<' -ill .,,r ., , the n,en,her. of the swine , n, .:ion t t ' vN ,"] ",,' """;"■ ''.■■'•"— '^ -H'-,. P. WM.. .he ,nore pronounced b..e..,„se I)-, i- 1, i. , '^ ' '"" '''"''' •''*^"- ''■!"- '"•'•'■'">f''l '■■•r I'.v the feedin.^ of n il „ ,1 P ^^ ^""^^ '-....utlv hou.^ed. It w:,- wl,c,v n...l „c..-,r,lin^ to tho season ^f the le'r ' '"'" ''""'^ ^"'' ''"^■'^ -- --.v -.1 u,;:;.;!l::,t-x',:';;;j:^ '' rri^;:::;-"' '■'7-- -■' i''^^"- ^..^ ^.^.^.n.. ho. ,. fann have rea,.hed the -au,e .^onc h^ .7' n ""' — "|"l/-o,lcrs on t!,e ordinarv -IH'U fed with heavy grains far in ."e.. '''r'-.'"— / 1^ 1-v a feeding value g:ra.,Mff animal au.i is therefor,, able t ,',li..es , f "■"' ' ■' ""t^"'"*^- The ho. is .., ha. a salutary ,-f^-et on the .li^e.tive n^o T h^ T'"''' "' '^'""""^ '"^'"'^''^^ ^''i"'' lenpth.s an,] n,ix th.^n, with crain slops T ' „„• /""'^ ''"' ^'^'^«> ^"'^'i^ i"to short "" ;'- " • - in racks a,, the more U,a n :r'T r^"""-^ "'"^ '"''''''- ^^'"'l' nn,l an o,-casional feeder cooks Ids turnips l,,,; 1 i ' "" ^"^ '^'^"^'^ "•• P'^'P''^- thern ,n one or other form up to the fi "i J, " -''f '%^"' Practicnlly all feeders use -.Hlk arc available in generous nuantities! ' ""'"' ^'"■^"- '^"'' '"'"< "r butter- At the rentral F.\-perimcot„! I.' .1.. . , :w pounds. On aUalfa .nature ''^-;;;- ,;-;'':, ::'::Vh;l:;;' .L,,,. wh. . V-.lin. r.iot- and menl in <'l..se qiuirt.Ts. (,r..wini: i having nn outside run. but f..r li.ttcnin.i;, fcfdinff is such as to maintain -..l;ir l.ocfs showrd that with .he f..rnior. (hi ^t lu-alth . (pnirtrrs <.nvo the best r.'^iilts wli.-n .h.- d thrift .V comparison of manycls with w;,s !fi!.--'i\ nnd with ih.' hi..cr f-.O.-i fo,.ds. ,„.r inn pounds of jrain hy J.ii-'s ca.mir .lic~. Clover (Commcn Red). ,,,. „,„„„„„ ,„,, „,„,,, „i„„„ .. . ,.:..urc or a. a par, of th.^wuiter ,,„;,„. fo. .rowin. ,.i.s i^-ll ^nown. St,.w.r. in ■;;;^- -r ' ^ ; J i;;^; Animal." r,.,.,.,- au oxpcrimcn m wh.c ■ ^ -;----.: j,„^,^„„.„. ,„,, ,,,0 Another lot -"^'"\^2:l\L show,.,l tho best appotito. the preat.-st thrif.. and ■ ■ • ■ IK) jioiHul^i each in with their mc;il L'aintMl 14:' iu!r. miNtuT-e. The h.f !:..tiiur . , , ,, „„„,. th.. -..:.db-t i.aiu<. The p,.^ ^.....n- meal alone ^:i .Jd",!:,^', whih> th..s"e havimr th.. .ait .-b.vcr hay mixed ounds e:e'h. ..r HO per cent nv.re t ;,:r;-::,;y;;;,::^;;r;. .-an,, i, w. fo...,d tha. me.. 0,0.,. maU. a^vory ..uZZ. .,.b..i.u,e V.r milk. a. :,n a.Mi.i..n ... a .ra.u ra.„.n f..r .rowin. p.crs. Alfalfa. he ri.d I'h.ver In pas- !.,> not At .he Kai.sa- station, a the wiiit.'r rati..n for fitteniu .Ue,l.a -e,.m. ';;;- --;^:":;;:/;;::;;::,''';i;;;;':r;iir'e.t the aUaUa bare to the :Z,:,n:l:;;e to:;:.:^: t'^:: Ul L, ,: ... therefore, that ,fa,fa pasture -t.iek.^d. as this iilant will n..t stand <'h.«p croppm?. ^ Ifalfa hav has been f..nn.l a very protitabl,. n.l.htion to Tlie hay iw.^d wa-^ .>f first-chis< quality, and r 1 11 .,. .,„ „liun.-t to .•..ru It was iriveii frcHv s.. that the pif."^ ate only r .;,:': i h.; ',:';:::;.', reieetiu. the coarser ..e,... whiC,. aUhou.,. char^ lin^ ho ho^s. were use., as bedding. It was found that the h,,r. f...tt.,i^ a UaHa Inv in addition to their ixrain. ..onsunuHl more f...! but made much more rapid and .onon.i,.al pain. Tho hogs receiving alfalfa hay in addition to corn ma, e an aver- .,;.e ^in of 00.9 pounds i,i weeks, while those getti,,..' corn ab.ne gamed only .52-4 poun.l. Th.. gains per bushel of fee.l were as f.3lhnv< : - Onebush.l era and T '•:i p..un..- alfalfa hav produc.'d. . f)i.e bu~hol i>.)ru abin.Mir..du<-c.l At the rtal. ^tati.... alfalfa i.ay was f.'d in a.l.liti.... to lO.SS pounds gJ'iii a full grain ration ot Miopped wh..at ami bran, a.al tla' 1...l's thus fed .....sumed m..re gram aiul ma.lc mu.d. larger and nu.r.. ,.,-.,non.i..al gains than thos.. f.xl on gram alone. These and other results in.licate that alfalfa has a feeding vain., lu addition ... ,he actual nutrieut^ ....ntained. Tf stimulate, the appetite, aids dipCion. an.l u.ipmve- reneral health and thrift ..f the animal. The most profitabl.. r.-ults at all stations obtained bv frvdin- all the grain the pigs would eat in additu.n to the alfalfa, lantitv .if ''-ed ..onsumed wee ,,btained by fe, .iiiig n tlie gene were Larger trains for a triven 'lua ,- . ,,,,,,.,. \ .„ limited ..rain rati.m an,, comt-lliug tho oi^^s to eat more of the alfalfa, but much more ;., „„;„. „,„1 l...tt„r L'...i..ral thrift of the i.igs getting a full gram ration in a.l.li- Jion"to'.lie alfidfa wa- f..un.l t,. yield a large net pr.lit, au.l ... be more satis pr,n..,l i,-olf not only ,o 1, n„n,i ■ 1 ' |'f / ",' 7 ^'."'' ^" ''""'■ ' 'lng,,u„lro,„,,^ l.i.. k;..) I.I.. '.m> i..|-'ii .S.57 tl.i. oxpori,nent the ^ronps J i n^r :, .L } ■ " "", '"'" '" '"'"^^'' "- Of the various root erops. mangels an.] .„.^.,r L, , > , sw.ne feeding than turnips. Thev are , re T I , , "' ^'"'," " '" '"■'"'• ^"'^'l'"'<' '- tliom hotter and ent then, ,nore r^adilv. S J,r ' , 'V,: Ir • m that tlley are h,..t..r 1.- ., ,. •:, ' "^ ['" ^^ ''■'^'' •". addlti,, iilvantaire '" that th,.y are hetfr keepers than either' n,^,,.. . '"■ '" "^'^'"""^'1 a.Kanta^ " supply of sueeulent foo.l durin.- ,h.. n,..„ h of M v Z ^T^''' i""' ""'" *''"-^ ^""''-^h not in. .eh ehe is availahlo, ' ■""' ""' '''•''^y P^i" ..f .(.ni... when Potatoes. .!",':hT/:!'°"''' ";;'|i,--- ."• ■■-*,.,. f.,, ,„=.. „ ,,, , ■'"t~- very hnrd lo 40 ractory result. .iulo^Zu^f ''""" "'" '"' "''''"' "' "^ -^-"- -n- < Tho Dnues f.nuid -100 |,,,„,i,|- ,,f ,„,tat..,.. ,.,,,1,,! .,,,1 ,- I -.u ,■ 100 poumk of (Train f,.,l „;„, , -„„ la •„ t ' T ,"" ""''^ '"'"^ ..-Hty .^f .he ,„„.,. pn,.i„..,.,, f. ,J.:.:r;;;;;;';,;,:;':;H:\:::!-j;i,;;: ""^" liioy iited than atis- il to tlip Dairy By-products. I"und of prafr. fed, '!na„tit. . ^ ,z.. Ir.n .; ,„ ,; ,„„„„J3 „,• ^j,,^ ,■„,. ,^^,,,|, Wlien f.-eilinc: 2 iKiuiids of milk per head ler d-,v K;-, I ; ■„ v ravine of 100 pounds -rain. ' '""""'^ "^ ™'"^ etfeeted a When feeding ;] pounds niHk per lieid n,.r d.,v -oo , , ., ^nvinp of 100 pounds fjrain. ' " ■'- ' ''°""''' °^ """< ' '^^' <"1 •• Wlicn feedinu: 5-4 pouii.ls milk per lie„l iier d-,v -"■ i -avinpnf KM) pounds frrai,.. ' •' "•'•■ '"'""''^ '"'"^ "'"' "'1 ■' When feodin- ir,.7 pounds milk per h, .,d ium- li'iv — i i ■„ , ^avin-of 100 pounds prain. ' '"' '""""'' """^ etlceted a When f.->edin- IM p„„n,i, milk per i,ea,i nrr dav «... i sanng of 100 pounds ;zraiu. ' " '""""'^ As a rrsult of a very ...xhaustive experiment eondu,-to.l .t tla. V, ,, , , It wa? found that: >• i^nmi-m 't,ii;.iii When feeding 1 pound eorn meal with fr,,m l t> T „ . •i27 pounds skim milk saves 100 p ,unds meal ' '"""■''"' ^'^"" "''"^■• When feedinjr 1 pound corn meal with from " f„ - i Mfi pounds s! .n milk save. 100 poundr meal '' "^""'"'^ '''''"■^"'"' '^"'^ '"'"^' \Ahen feeding 1 pound con, meal with fr„n, :, to 7 n,,unds .,., --' pounds sknn mdk saves mo poun,ls meal ' ' When leeduig 1 p„und eorn meal with fmm 7 to !) pounds ^^■> pounds sk,m mdk saves 100 pounds meal Average of all. .^12 pounds skim milk equals 100 pounds meal .». "-™;i/;ri":,:;r::^:,c;™;;';:;izi:-™ -"• <- - 2 pounds per day--.'-,! pe,„s „er ewt milk efTeeted i eparat.ir skim milk, ds separator skin, nulk. ."4 \r, : 17.1 -n — IS.R --i.'i.f; — 11 :;.", 41 I ity I'oiu'liuic fiiit i,n,l,.r -r 'la.ui. AS .1 rcMilt ot tlu'ir e.xporirntMit.s ..>.' in:r;;;'J;;;:;'xr'''''''^ "■'""■'^ ^■^""" "■ ^'- ''■ -■^■- "^ - -" »- .i.ii r.itun. I rot. |.;,.v t.,„n,i tlua wl,,.,, U-Mmp at.out -J p„m,„|. of wl ..y to 1 o .,,,,1 .'< .v:n„ rum 7:V. to S(.. p,„„„l. of u-h.v ,..r..,.„.,| a poun.l- of -r.:n,j:els 4 pounds of boih.i potatoes, ."i pounds of lucerne o. ,". pounds of .u.^,r bed- cula eil'n. W ""^- .'" "^''^'^^''f ""J'< " >"""1^ '""i "f whey 12 pounds are cal- ■lat.d to ba^e a feed.n,:^ value of one food unit. I„ other words the feed.n,- value V 1 ->w,d of Krain (bar ey corn, wheat, short.s, etc.) has the same feeding' value a> ■ pnund,_of mdk. ^ pounds of manseh. t pounds of boiled potatoes, 5 pounds of -„.-ar ocets or ,-, pounds of fjreen lucerne, or preen vetches. The d.-et is varied aecordins to the elasses of pi.-rs, I„ class 1 the ration e.,,.,.,. .i per cent m.lk and 70 per cent fjrain, calculated in foo.l n.nts. In other words . r .^r .en'T'^,r'*'Tl''' " ^"' -' "" '"''' """^■- '" '"'^ <■''"' '-'"'" ""^ ■' P-r cent roots ; ' een odder. Fhe m.xture fed at this sta^e consists, therefrom, of 150 par.s m3 . "ught ot mangels. If lucerne or vetches were fed instead of roots this re.rt of th,. ..uxtnre would i>e 25 parts by weight of the mixture, and :Xon: .g ei^l t ca>o of .-ugar beets, boiled potatoes, etc, n-ni. intn,. riass ;5 gets 15 per cent milk, 75 per cent grain and 10 ner cvnt root- or .^rcen <» ler. Ih>s rafon consists of a mixture of 90 parts by wcid.t of milk 7 p,r't b v "eight of grain and SO parts by weight of mangel<. etc. ' Class 4— each pig gets three-quarters of one food unit fii IK- , .■ u PORK PRODUCTION ON CANADIAN FARMS. Wh.lrsw,,,,. aiv rais,.,| i,, Cmi.i.i,! nri.i.T prii.i i.mII.v ;,il .•,,n,lili..„~ ..f f:iriiMi,.. ,,. mi u„ln>ti'y „l ;n,,v iMntrnitn.i,. i, ,- ,.:,n.|..| ..„ lunlrr tlirrr ,,rincipMl .■,„„l,tinn- ^..llu^vl„^ MM'pli.'s ui hn^-s fn.iM uvnkr, ,-,■„., v. l,:„k t.> ih,- -nunv, „f ,.r.Ml,„.tin„ ,„„. rea..h,.s tl„> ratrnns „f ..l,,.,... f,,,.,,,,,,, ,„■ ,.,...„,„.,■„>, ,„■ ,1,,,-,. ,hal ,„ak,. nuvt rathw- than rinik lli,> „!,|,.,-| ,,t ,-l,i,.| ..[VmH. Ah ,nvr-t ii^al p. ' W.r .nlMc-t. ha-; -huw,, ,.l,..„-lv that p..rk ran !„■ ai,.l is vrry prutitaMy pn.|u.v,l .uaKr anv ..( (1„. ,|,n.. M.liti.ai- IIlrlitl.Mnd. ''"■'"■''"- '''•" '"Xt^ncia-r i;aiii,.l f,vi. a-lual pra.'lir,. ,, „„,,-t val,:al.|r a turn- nt mv,.sti-,t,..„ wn. ,na,l,. nil., : n.l.,,- of h,,^., -a, -.,,,- -,,-li,,M,-. In ra.-h ,.f ,1,,..,. ll,.' farm- .1 ,\u- uu.-t T'. r-i-t,.nt an.l -u fiil 1,,,^. rai-rr- ut,v v,Mlr,l. In alni.-t rv, ,v .•M- ti.. h.- was n-anl,-,! a- al„„,-t n,,T.-arv t.. pmlit m lanniii^r Tla. ra-,- will, *'"'■'' '"■ '- '•^"-'■''- ' ■'"■'I'" •' III- I -in- an,l ih- rapi.lilv ,,l ,vhir,.- w,t>. ail a|.pr..,aa,..,| l,y ,1,,,-,. who ar. al,l,. „, ,,„■„ ..ff -Inwn.nl- In.n; Inn,. ,„ tin.,- T l.,-„„.l„.,. t '";■'''■'■'■, '■"'"'""" '''"^'-'ill.^ rNp,.ri,.n 1 an,i kinHMit,-!. wa- th,. -aivitv ,,1 ,■: •, i^.nt l"'ll>. >vith„»t whH'h valnal.le UnA „,ay v,.,-y ,.;,-ily hv w.,-1,.,1 lH.,.aM-,. nnl.-- -, h.,.^ i- tl.o .I,.arth „f „,t,.ll,,-,.nt. ,.xp,.ri,.n,-,.,! l„.lp avaikil.l,. at a ,n.„l,.rat,. rat,. „f w , - tlaT ■ w,.nl,| I,,. |,.-s ,.,,„,pk,„„ f, ,,;,,!„,„ ,.,.,, ,|i„. .„ li,, „,„i| ^„ ,, I . • f"'- i; I >t,"'k IS niafLrially ml:;,.,.,l. ' WHEY IN PORK PRODUCTION. ■|'i" ,-"imti..s „f Forth. WaterW. Oyf.nl and I.an.irk in Ontari,.. at',, r, ,...i.'„iy,.,I as i.f..,lni'tivc s.,nr.'cs of wli,n-fo,l li,,--. In tl„ unty nf IVrtli many li,.-- .,,v {.A at ,.i,..rc fa.'t,iri,^s. Ono firm has ,arri,-,l tlii- „n .•..nt innnnslv f,.r fortv-tiv,. v,-irs I hi> innnlvi.r nf piizy ii-,\ j.. ah;;!!?, .-itn;!! ;.. t!:.-. ^. .-...! ...>. ,.!' T,:n,_- • : ' ' In l!'l:! OU' lioL's w..r,> tini-h,-.l „n tk,. wh,y (w^th „th,>r f,.,.,l )"t'rMi'n tla. liulk' nf"'''ni, <-nw- Ik,- kr.irs ar,' |,nr,'lias,',l. a- a riil,\ w^.i-kinn- ak.mt Inn pf,nn,U ,.a,.li ;,n,l ar,' 4:.' 4:! Ill- r.itii.ii 1- "'"■"■'' ■'! ''■■■" --" I I- •■-'■1: ", ,1,,. .,.:,-„„ v„un.vr ,,i,, .r.. l,„„d.t. Ti., -„ .n. nrn..,l ,„, .^n,s> ,:,.,Hr,. ..,„l f, ,| ul,,, wi,l, ■■ v,.,v lid,, Kn.in n„i„n nnt.l ,1.,. ...1, :,l,„„t 1. ,:„,„„U w..,.h,. Tluv .,n. ,1,..,. „., i„ ,1.. ,„,„. „,,„ ,1 „,.,, „„| kciif til. re Uiitil liiiishcii. WlMV .-nnii. tlu. ,,nii,.i,.il !■ anil i. f,.,! .u,.,, :„„i u;,,,,,. ()„.> ^:,li,„. ,„ , 1,„, Ilii> linn,!,,.,- r,.,v,v,.,| n,„. ,.al|.,i, „f ,n,x.,| rl.:,, tl,r,.. ,„„,, ,|..,'v ""inilMMu.l 1,,r aln.ut tn,. mm. nth- an.l l|„,, ^ra.liullv i.„iv.-, .| ,,, ,„ I- '■"Nlii,i;,,| mill lli,^ 1,,,:;^ aiv lini-li,-,]. I! "'" '""^ -'"'" "■■' •" '"■ '1 'i"^' »•'•" ^ Sl,,,„l,i .1,,. 1 ,,..- I ,.„;„ ,,, '. , ' , --■■■^'^i •■'•>,..■.-...■.,., ,i,„.i„,„..f,„.i- :.-;;: ;i;n,;"wl;;.,:r'" "^■" Th. ^rain mi,x„i,v ,.,„,.:.,. „f ,«■„ ..art. „-,. .|,„rr-. ,„„. part wh,.,. ,„ ■„ ,,!„ In tor pr,. ..rr,.,h irn„„„l tin-, an.l ,.,„.-lial! par. l„u-.r„|.. H„„r. Tin. i. a ,t,n.l,r.l nin,.,, a„.l H ,l,.par„.,| fr„„, wl„a, rl„. ,„ark,.t .a,, ..nplv -„l,.i,a„.s ,„.,r,. pr, 1- IH-urr,i ,„. Pan,,,' tl.,- r\u;-v,u:,km^ M-a-,,„ ,,f liu:; ,1„. !M,. 1 f,,i „.,„,„. ,,;.,,,, ,>.;nn.l-.n lis fo„. „f .rai„ f„o.i in :„l,li,|„„ ,„ ,1,„ „.h,,v fr,„„ '..no ,.„„: Tin. w' r ..I fcMl,,,.' an,! ,ann.' |,.r thn l,„,v was ,|,„„. !,y „„„ „x,..,rl, m,,.,1 ,na„ Feeding on Farms. V n: .nh,.r ot .lars,. factory patr,.,H uho i.c] th,. u ia-y fr.nn tlaar milk w.rc. v-.t,.,l .."!■ N„, Mann. Kl.l acn-s. milks Iwoh-n ,.„us. k..,.ps 4 Vcrk^hiro br 1 s,.w. ,h,,> 1 |ir>ila,-i' t\V(j 1 u-i,l,i,. n '";"%l"''->-''^"-- ■'■I'" -'"- :n-,. f,.,| wla.v u-l„.n availal.l,. ,n na-.nrr u,,.,! uitliin ,.nr u,.,.k of farr,,u-,n- an,! ar.. f,,! la'avilv ,,n!v ,vl "vaiH.I ai : wivks ,,1,1. Tla. uoiiil tnilk I' n siii-klin-. Litti-rs .ar,- , , . "'"'-" i-"' !in,'ly-Lir,.iiia! ,,at ,-l,,,p with wl>, v or -\iip , , , "','■ ■^"'■'' ''"■ '•'-- ■■''■•■ ■■ "-■'11'- "M tliry ar,. :.iv.a, maaK-Is wk,.l,- ""■' ■Mll^. n.,.i >l,.p tu,,.,. nn.il .lay uvid, l.-.n p,,nn.!~. Tiav aro tlaa, M n,.,r,' , , '■" ^""1 ■■■''' '■-•!'■ ni"l !ii,i-l„',l at .;• .,, : „„a,il ,. ,,1,|. woidiin,^ ahoa. '"■■■ '" """""■<■■ ^'•'■■■•> f 1. a- ,.!,.,, a-, allaira. ,..,-., ,. -nl,-. i.a.,.,| (..r tl ,■ la-.n il\ ,,n vvh,'. . ,-ori liiani.'1'l.- in \i inl,'r. F:irin,a- X,.. J k.-cp- f,,nrl ,w< ,,n 1: " "^"''- •'" -'■■ ' -f,.,.l.-.T-^. I la. aiiM I- t,, tlnisli tl,,. Kl7:.z:;::i ';:;;:i;;,";;:"JS' ;:!rrl.T':. :: -i-' ■! :-■ '7: ;■ «' "-'' lairl, Tins n„x,-,n. ,. allow,.,! .„ .,,k ,w,.l,,. ia.ur^ in ihr li,,ni,l an,! i. fi.,1 .,. a'u,,., „. ;-||'-^' ;"■-;-• As th,. pi.s .r,„v ,1a. ration is ,na,!o stron.or. unfl ,lnrin. tl„ "".'I '■■ ',;-;'i ■■! :'!ont on,, tnontl, .ho .r.un ration r,a,si-ts „f aruslu.,! oorr, an.l I, ark-v n ...ini. s,,ws ii-rt oa.s an,! l.ran with !i,p,i,|. T.i snni.nor, -r,.,n l',,,,,! aial ■ Th.. w,-o..,;;a ^,- aro f,.,! at noon. Sl„n is f,.,l tl,.,,. ;:.,„::, ,:;;:: V^ ,''" ""■" ^'V" " nt a„,a,t 7 n,on,l,s „l,l, w.-idtin^. a^a rnlo; ai'ait '-;; Vinials 'tu^Z^ZJ^::'!:'': ill, ~t .,| .!a> tun... aa,l ir... so.U ..m,! .-I i>. :o ,int L'l'.-. p .und.s. The foo.liiifr li< nor X,.. I fi.o,ls. pr,„ln,.,.,| I, iii'inir th.. >nnii y M.\ I'lilii'n ....w-. n.'r. th,. wli(>y from ilii.oiin p,,an,ls of mil!. >■]■> thr,... l.r 1 ■ws of i;,.rk>liiri>. T: niw, rtli an., I 14 V..r,-lnr.. I.r...,!,,:., ,■,,„„ ^vl,,,-!, 1„. ,■,,,-,.. tlnv lirt,.,- i . .■ ■.,-,,■ II , ^r:::'i!trr::::: ;i::r^^^ ---^'ir -i~t^ of l.,rl..v .•l„p :„„l i„« ..ri,|,. .r„„. i " " "" ■■"'"" '■""" K.nn.T N,.. :. f,,„N ,1,„ „.l,., ,,,,„„ ,„.„,,,^ „^^, „ _^^ , . ;: ,r;l::,^:.;V7::^u::::z:::;:^;;::;;::-^ "^^'- - -n, u ,,, ,,„. I,M^>. It I, „Hxr,i with til, >1,,,, .,|„i I, „M„I, r,.l, l„.,l I ,1 ■^^ I'"; '"- ^'1'.- >. Hni.w th..,.;;:," ,^ , : ;:■ :;:',:::,::::;:':^ -"V"-- ^ i'a -" - ••■■' - f„u,„l In ..;,,. ,>v...n., ,. ;' . . •' ■ ':" "":'"■ ""■ '•^""^ '^ P--""-" in i.-liini; iii.iiilli '""'" '■""-■ '!•■ '■'■'■I- <"" I'l-iH,,! .,,«•> wlii.i, ;,,v •,.:,, II,. I .,,,.;:r:^;.M '''■'■ '^ ''''■'''■•''''''■•■;''■' ' '■■ "'■•-'•- ■':.. ' ' •'" ' -11 1 i'''l "i, r Willi,.,- ,,ii ,■ , I' I ,. .1 , I , ,• y- '1 Ih- -I'liii- I, It, '■■ " •" I".'.!; Ill,' Miihiiiir. .11,, I .ir.' -IV, I ,, . , , II i " 1'- IM1\.',| \' II !, V. i .■\ •■l<'V,■, nil- \viii\ r:::", ':"'.;: ^ ;-' - '''••"■■■;'■" ->«■■'-■ ti,;»„;:,;,i„: j;:ii:: ,; :;; «hiM't.-i lire I'imI. I',,r v i'l^' -f,"k -.lioi-l- u-iili ui -v -■■'■''■I i l';;i'!ll, V. l.-u-l.!-;„l.. Il,, ir iiiKl y\, -litMt,- t!i, ,|,i,-t' ,-,,ti,,! "'■i:: :;;";£';'■, :;:::l:'„,;-. '"-:-->■'-- i--:M-r.:.-'-:.:^:,i ;;.■;.. till' ' -.11 .•..:l, Tl,.-.. „,.,,.:r ■■^i-|..|,.,llv 1,'is, :i Mi,,,,||,., ,,f ,.|iMm.,il, „•,:,„ II FEEDING SKIM MILK -iii.'i. ■, 1 .t, I' '•"iijun.-ii,„, With uil.rr f N. u, n- ..f "■'""■'•- i-A.-r ||, •:- Mil -luii, riiilk '■'■" illv ,.v,.rv n.rinir vi ,,,,1 ,. , , ' "'" '■*"''"'■ '^"•''"■>' l-'f'-. till' luillrriMilk fn '"'■ '"""''■•■'' l""""l- .\, t!„. Ii,.„.|„ ,„ ,|„. '"'I .1- In-h ,,s i.,,s.il,- III il iTlMllH-ry, |',,r ulll.h lir |..iys I.; ,., 1,1., i-'i.. 'iiii lmII..i,^ „ ';■'■'--'■' •.■n,.... :;:;;;:^:'::;: ■::''! r-^-'!'; -:;■-';■•- Ill'l :lll' -"III lilll.~ll..,l ImU; It |« IM .■ I ,1 (,.,,,1 i ,, , I , , " "' lllll-ll''< t'lU;,., , ■:':,:"■•■;■/;■"' '^ '•'",-, ^- ' ii-i.:,:;;;:,, ;h::;.; III, ,11 1- 1 'hi' , iitiiiiiii 1 i- U l\ , II ill HI mix ■■ihir i-"n. 'I'll!' i-f,iiii ' -.11-. .11,1 this , , 1,1 , V ; "","■;"■ ''".r 1'"' '""""''■^- "^ •'•■tt-miik , x,.„...i ■■■"■I' ^'' iii.i-i.in.'. I, w.i, .h,„ , ' , ';' ■;■ '"■"' "'"'■'' ^'^•"'•^"-''■•' -"• i-",N - Ih. Iiuttrniiilk „ ,„ „ , V """'T'' '''""" ■■ '•■■'""1- ■■'■ ■^'■-1. in a,l,ln,„i. •■:::"vr:;i;;:;:::;::;:;;:;!-';.!:;':'r;- ^'- ThJ.,l;:■:':,:::;;':,,^;::;'-^- lo ?riiii, f,H„| ,-,„iM.t,-.| ,,f ,„ I'I'I n.irs ,.,,sui,:r $-; n t,,,,. ..iim-,] wjili ,„,|K ,,,,,1 "-h wiit.r t-. ni.ik,. ;, r,iriv tin,-! I, „ Tl ■ , '' """ '" " '■i-i.-.il.o:i-iiiM,ir..„r.i. ,„„, ,.,,J . , . ""■ "I"""'- "'■■ ■''■■'" ' ' - -il-titnt,.|, ,h,. milk l„.:,i ,, | ■ ""'^ ' ''I"-' wn. ,|,„.,„„„„„.| „„, „,,„ ; . 'tho^::;, ;::;,:, |-:;-r,->';ti>.-'.i .-,. ,nk-.Mn,i. „i„ '-i.ht lit i;„i,.;„i,; ',:;■'" ""■''"-— '—■■i an,ii„.„„.h, It t,. I liiii-hine iMniHT \„. ;; fariii- ;;nii m.r,.,. „„ ,v|ii,.h li.. k..,.ps f,.„ f,,,.,. 1 ,. I , , ,. " ■ ' '"■ i>''i'r-i .'■'iirfri,,i ,-,,u^ .,,1,1 (■.. .1.,,.,. ,, f"M 1„„,„| s„w.. Ill nililiti. „ t„ tl„. tu„ littiT. 1, v,..,r 'ii wiiitiT, ami LTci'ii ..;M::;;f:;;:.:ir:;:::;,;v::::'-:^::;;:ri;,:::::i^^ »";i:::.,:;::::':;i,:;::;';: ,;:;:i:;.::"' ■ '■ - •■■'-' - ■■■■'■> poiUicK I, I'll '■"■""'■ -^'^ •■ 'l'""l I'l' 1-" nr. - -.■II I, . I , ,' 1 ir ■■"""•■' "'^'1 tl>" «r;,,,i , ....,,.y t,, (-,.,.,1 nnv ,,,.-. unl, u a.r ,. rL ,| "'-I'l ■ ri'l.v I"" I...'. .1- -knn .nilk «.„. n-,.,| ,„-,, „l I I,. ',, , ,• , ' ' r^^""r ■'''"""■;,"■ ^ ,...,..„,,„.„v ,.n,.;,,..,pMK';,,r:;,v,;::, ''':;;:: ',,"" '\;': ' " '"^ ^ '""■ ■''^''"-'•■■^■■■■p' '-■ r. ui„„ „.„nx,.,i.. . ,:,, •'"■'i'i 1 ' Mnui'.-.l- will, a 1, 1,1 .T.lh .-,1, I, , ,. '-" '— i -„ ;:v::,:,n,'!7: ;:::;,'::;:::::::;';■''' '''^ rn.-ii I,, th,. pii.r^ ,,, ;, ,^,.,.\ • ■> ■ ill, I, r- ai,.| a-|,. - .,,,• lallmr Xci, :. rr.,|ii III, |-.i| ... II I . , , '-'i.' :-Min,,, ,,.;.:/' T,::^,,;,,::;:;: ':■,':;;,•;'•:■!:-'■'■-,'-. "-- ■•" '- -'*'■" ■■ -I'.irati' |.. n. n, ,v!ii,-li ('„.v !..,,,, ,,, ,-,.,.,| u'i'f ...lU u'r, .1111,1 tih.-K-. :i,i,| „1 ■> I,,, ,,,| 11. .,f l,„.i,,v .,,1,1 „.., Tl • -I " ""'-"!■' :■""""'•'"••■»'. .-..■.n.. ,, -,„al| ,, I-.. ,,„■,,,,„ ("o'liiiK ,.,,. -^■"r.,.,..ar,.,l,„,|,i-f.„,„„,,„J„.':! '" '': """ ""•'! -'-'n „ ,1k with ,u„.,l,ipi. ■" •■ ""■■ - "I'I. I', II at :; w,., k, .ir,. 'I -l.i'ii milk .,!,.! -I,..rl,. \V. a,.li,,•.'- ^ ""'■'• ■•' '■''■^■■11 .. L- Ihii. r,.,| .,t ,-. ,,l..|.tl..i Il'.l.v II ., ' '■"':'■"'■'.'',"■. •^-"' '"-"• ■'•. -kli„,inik i,f,.,|at tl... ,.,„.„f ,>,.„, a „, ir.,lt, tl,i f,,, , "•i.tl,,,-,! -kiiiinilk u-illi luv-tliip)^ :iV:1vpl;;:;;;::.;::;;:™;;;,r;:-:-^;;;;,';;- ' — -' "' -I V ■'""""' ■''""■ l'"lin^' ,.. tu..,,iv-tw, ,.,... ri.,., l!,.",L'rl-^. Tinx,.,! f;,a,,| :,,„| .ki,„ „,j||. ■|-|„, f 1 ,.,,„, ,.,„,! ,,,-._ I ■■ '■•n<. I.::',l l...,,r,,i.s ,,.an:;.I< iil » I ., .. t. ■; ','•■' ■• "i-ai .1 <•-•■: ',,..■■ t.,„ ■skim i.iilk It > I ,., , t.iii Total ''■■1^'- "'V -,M .1- I .||,.«-; n lojs w.. i;)i,riK- I... (I, : 01, ...l, i,t ; ,, 1 ' " IMl'ii ■■ 'i| ■■- ' ■': II l-',S M L',1 1,1. rii. 1,1 '-•- w.'- .^ !.~i; r i Ir 1 f •V!;a,' Hi. 1 .■.'..■ri.j.- ;::T::::,;.t;'';:.'.':x''"'''^ ...f^.^.s RAISING HOGS WITHOUT DAIRY OFFAL. '"'".^n: :■■,;:?;:!,,■';■,,:,:;:,.;:':■■':, -■-■'^■.n.^., .,.„.,,„„ v..,.. m,.r,. ,..,,.eial!y where the .rainTf,.! ar," .r.^r::;!' ^..^'f::,:''';.,;: l.!!:;:'! '''^ rT^' ',■' " ■'""■" '!'• ""' 'iili'T inat,-k,IIv iV.,.|| ,]„,„. ,l,.,,.rij,.,i f "i ■ r * -..--. r., 'l.Mf sp,.,.ial ,.ar.. „a< to „e ,ak,.,i ,„ ....„i,|./ , >,,' , T '"■" 'T' '"""'" - p-'i.'^.i.,,.. a;,:, , ..,;!;v;::,„;-"'.'::;;::'r;;.,;T;'r',v'"""'' 'r ''"^"^r '- '^"^ 48 5^' Swine pr.wers i„ some sortion., particularly i>i the vvostern provinro. .,n. f ,11 w in. „po„ n,,,:;!:; :;:l;.;;;t t..::! """ """ '" '■^'^""' ''•^■- ^-^-^ ''^f-- -^-- in r'.onf year. ' V u' J t ;7';, " Ik V""h ""T "'"' '"'' " '"^ ^''"'■'^^•' ^^^^'^ *; 't:;i;; t::; ,:-;« r£^ : i f - -;?" -■»*' -.^ ■i'.;;™;.;^ <-■" ;-. »^ "'■;:;„;::';:;::' ;:;v; ;;: ;:::tz,:;z iJ^/h'T'"" '-,-^' eniMiir.ii'-c t],,. I,.i,..,., i,.,, .• ■ , ■ '" "^>nirr> or > orUsliirc-- It. -r «-'-ii»".;^^;;;™:;-,';:-™:';:r'':i ■.,'-;;::-, ; 'r nuser- an> t.kiMu' mlvantnjre of ,i,i,. "" '^ '■''"■ •^''"'>- '■"•'1 "'"t? k-.ps i,- six t, ..ii ^^ .i T.i:;';;,'""''"^ 'r'';"r ": ' ''"^'"•'^ "^ '^-^ i— "« Ht fro,,, ,; to : w.i' oi,i \' ;,;:: ""•;;„'" T '■ ■;'"' "^"•'■'' "•"' •'•- ™' "'ill- I'nt ,,s tl,e milk of the f Vm s soL'l , fo "'' '' "■';•'"'"'.',- ^"•' ^' ^"'^'il ration -f kept i,. ,„„1 t.,o lit;.r!:„",:r, ,- l:' OnTiT ""''k ,^''-" "•^'"'"^ ♦'"" ^-^'^ -- «um>ner pactum, as well a. -.a ',,:,!, , ", "'T r'^" " """l' '''^'^"■■''"' "" ^'"■ sens.,,. Tliospri„s li„or- r,,., • ,, ;- I'nv,!,,,^. stook .li.rin.- tl,.. wint.T ^-r> r als oaoh. T " ■.;:?';:,"" ^'"='■'^ '•—"•" -til they woi.h ab,„„ increaso.ll,„t„ov,.rlV,ll,i..,vlv U. \ [ T" '""■"■" ""'' "'""'' '" ^'■^"'-'"^■ sists of corn ami shorts fo.I drv Fall llttor ' ■"■"^"'-- ""' fi'ii-l, ,,,•,' ,-.iti,,, ,,,,:- when „,a„eels are substitl! for h 'p ^ '"^' Z^TZr''' ""'"^ '"^ -• a sopply ,„„il tho pasturo soaso,, a.4in "rriv, • *' T ''"'"," '" '"■'""'- alfalfa hay a„,l roots ch.ri,,^ tho win^orsoason ' ' """ "" ''"''' '"'''■ '"■^^■'"^ '>r.H.,li„^. on VJO aoros ,f ' \ ^.a'^ f^';-'-'"'--^- •■'"stor Wluto a„.l Ta,„u-„rrh '1- Httors an. woano,, . 7L '''i l:";! "r"'"'^- ^"-'V'"' '"•'■"-''- ^ ""- -"' """'" --^ - .■..-■ly a- ,1„.„. i. ,,,,„„ Tl 1 :, """"' '"'"'•^ ^" °"t ^vith tl.oir -i'l' -"">• l-'T t!,o ii,-.t n,o„l aft. u. , '"''~ ^"■" ''"' '■•■'" ^""1 ^l'""- '■•-■I - -'''■■! -'■ :. -iir , ' f\ ,;:;;'':::^,:''''^;;:-" "--;">i- <;f .•> .^'^i oats staik ..,,,1 alfalfa Ip.v \f,,.,. ,1 l' , ""• •""' ■"■'" ^'■" '^'""■" '"> lb- -'■ ^Hi.,wo,i ,„ o,,,,:-,;,,.- \-r::Zr:r :;'i ""^^ ^""' -^ "- " -"•• -•■•- -■■; ' -.t'l ..'n.aL:;o/::,:::;'; ;;;.:: ::-,:::,,;";;!-;vr'-\^' i''^' coiai II, til.- oar ami a mivti,,-,. ,,|- „.l , , i , '""' ''"isl„.,| ,„, '•••■•-^'''i- ^ provi.iom:;:r:: '„'':;;;:";■:.' ;;^ '- '•:'-',""■♦- ^'-'^ - ■■ R? t! woi^'Iiii,fj 17," Li,,- iio.,.< ;iro n,r,i,.,| i,if„ it ,.,„,! l|. ['ouikIs eaoh f..,] i,, tl.is iK'.'oss to alfalfa past way fra,i,r.l ali.nit :! i>oiiri.ls a day iinti iir... IMl's Hiii>hoil ■■^ffc^rM.^^.:^-^ 1 ,-:•' ,'■"■ ■"" . -n! fc ■■«■ ■**• -(\ r-iT^.-' 49 at Irum 2i'0 to lMO pounds On the main crop corn fields sufficient corn is left on the stalk 1o provide food for the hogs of the farm v.ntil winter compels housing. About nn^^l,.>gs n year are fed off. for which was purchased 5 tons of shorts and 2 tons of Ivirmcr Xo. .1 follows an unusual method in tl.c summer feeding of hog^. He stacks corn in the fall m a clover field, and when tl. .lover is tit to pasture the follow- ing spnng the hogs are turned in and are fed sheaves of corn thrown to them from y are fed alfalfa hay and con, in suffi,.ient nuantiUcs t„ keep en grounng wei. They are then turned on alfalfa pasture, where they are fed corn in the ear until hni^icd. .^r.u.r"'""il ^T ''' "" '■' n"''"'' '^"■"^' ^""' "'"■*=■ '" '"''''♦'"" '" ^''f"'f^' I'^'V ^""1 <■""> . o , „. the farm a small .|uantity of shorts is p„rcha.-e,l. A labour-saving method "J "; *"■'" '^*" fr^'' ";r '".t'v""""- ^^ '"' ''^"' ""^'■'' ''•"'• *'"^ f"™"-- ^^ouid h„g n Ic iV'T' ":J.'"\f""- "■'"'■'' '"^ ™"«"'-^ »'■- i'i'^^'I »•">•• Alfalfa is regard,.d as an Ideal t.iod on this farm. I^r.uer Xo^ .; k,.ps six s„ws of Tamw.,,-,!, 1„ li„.. Kroin these, fifty-eight head "M. rased and at .month, of a.v w,.,gh..,l .MT p„„n,ls each. Spring litters are pastured on gra.ss an.l n.-eive slop ma.le fr.un mi.x...l grain chop and boiled beans. ''";; ''"Zt """' "" """ "■'"■" '^ ''""^'- ^"' ^^^«'""^- As soon as corn is ready u ,s thrown to them ,n the cob. but slop feeding is continued until they are finished On this arm the western method of following fattening cattle with hogs "s practised i.U the liogs re.-eive. in a, hlition t,> what they pi,.k up. small rations of shorts an. ■at .-l,,,. fed 11. sh.p. The hoj,s are not alh.ue.l t.. r..niaui with the cattle at all tii e. l>ut arc turned into the fecnl lot about three l..,uis p,.r ,lav. This f • r„ er einnh ' i .he ,m,.,.,ance of o,,en-air f..edi„g for hogs r i^ing c^rn ts ^h^i^.^^ Z \\liile the amount of exenase th,;v take mav .-o^t somethinc in trains t io » f 1 j t at the thrift secured ami the saving of the labour mo;;%han''crtLw n r he loss of weight. Hogs finished in this way alwavs ship well Wh..tber fr,.n, a slmrta^e of help or from habit. .,r a c of swiMo minors u.o u III • ■"' ' '"' '"'"""- '"•"'''''"'■ ^^'l""-' ..round a pilo of s.nuv ^luriu^Cl^i^^^l]:'' \"T ""■"■' """•'■ ''"'"■'■ "-^ — 'l>at will t.rn u-.,er .I.Tin^ ,1.. .„„u.; / • ' C' " T" T' ""•' "'' '■'•^""" -"•'"•'"^'■ f.pMlar i„ „,a„.v .nnti,,,,.. Th. .,. .ro l,„ri,., i , .,',""'"' '"'"'^y ';■" '^ I'-wni,,^. .,uit.. season. Any .ort of open fran.o th. v?l . ..'n " 7'"'''"^; "^ ^"■""' *'"'' "'^' "'i""''- -x--c.llont u-inhT .l„.lt,.r ^' ' " '"■"''' '"'•-' '^ '■'aiino,! t„ pn>vi,l,. Care of Sows. A favoiiritr tr.Mtnu'nf for ,lry i,-,,, '•nriimor. stuM.lc in tlio ii "inter. "tiinn,, ;ni,I t,, 1,\,. ;,,oun,1 '"■' '^ '" ^'""^ "■'"' t" run „„ p.s.ure m ' ^"■i"' Pil.- or in ., ,„,„ ,|„,j„j. '■■ VO.M.K pi... -lU. ..ro^; ,:„'':;;; i ■ ">? -'■^-— - i^ not f...,..b,,. ■Pl.0.1 a,l,i proun,! wheat alter ,l„. 1„ ,,.'.,'':: '"',"," ""r' '"" ^' '"""b-- -Lo Mr.' ^pok-ou of favourablv "> a,e > weeks „l,i. Wla.rev.r ,.,.,| „_,|, Weaning. TIlM^e uli,, falsi' t\v,, lilt,. I-.. r.- a ye.ir w '"l-rs allow tl.. litters t„ w ■•, n H ■"'"'"" f ''■'"" '' '" ' "'^"i- ' '■ :-','-''^^vi,entre:,eri:;i;- ;::::;;■ :;::':;■;'-- '..ioa, Ii'nin lO I,, I 1 '■'•all Ml, ,,;|t.<. Pasture and Soiling Crops. gnile -,0 |„.r rent ,.( h,..^ i-,,,',, 'I'alfa. „,t the majority rely „„ Jre , ' ^"^' V' ^"~ <— S,„ „ '•"•""-' l^^'II rye f„r late fallan,! ,^,r w ■ •' ^""' "^'''- '^ f""' '■■ All.,a-f, an '""^ '■> "„.ir 1,„,. i„ ,,,•„,./'" '"-'^ "'""■'• '-".re. Only a snn.ll p,.,v..,„ ' ,; , Grain Mixtures. . ^■'•':';".'i oats is tile .■nn.na,nlv-u-e,l f,„„I f >k.n> „„lk or .neenlent paMnre. ;.x ^ I nf r I l^ 'T ^""T ^'' ' ''- i- - I "."■S otliors a.1,1 h.nrley or wheat, l.nt v en , T "'"""'' ^'■""' '"'^ ^'-rt. ■;r more of ,!,e ration, losses „f „ ' ; j""' ^'""'^r '"■""" ^■""^'i""- r,0 p„,. 'l.-^t.vo troubles. Weanlings are' uK-'f"; "J' ^"'' "* '.■••'""• ♦•->>• ' '!.....,- ' ■-.■If.feeclers nro nnito eonunonlv „ e,l f . P .> "'' °'''^' '" ""^ ^"™ <'f a tin, m..she,l. With the forn,er e'a" s n n to.'i '' ' '""'^ ''"•'' ■■""' »'-- ^la , f.'..-d.n^ IS practised, nsi„,, bran free In :'"''"":" " l'"^'' •""' ''" --' - -Hey or wh.at. or a mixture „f h':, J" "^ "»• -'ecfons hogs arc finished on ,^r, tnets. when, tl.er,. ■,„> „ f , , ^'^' ^'""'" •'> -•'If-f.vder T„ .1 \f ., 1 "' *'■"' PriiK ITS. the win, In .r.. • • '"^- '" ontlvin(.' •M'^^t hnirs ,.,re marketed at h.,,,, 7 f,. s ..,...,,, ""':" '^ "'".'■.• ■« 'aked ,„. |,„ " " • "■•■'"'•""^' ahont -'(K) pounds ,, nitli with ei lit and slop. 'eini.' sh.p nind .lis- iled. aeh. 51 Returns from Grain as Poik. I'lnv CdiTcspnndciit.s keep apc,,uiit-i (,f tlio cu-t ..f fo,„i;,,,r \ i ";i.-;- ill tlii- pasture i,,|. iniiy cuiisi-i Self-Feeding in Pasture. Ill tlic UTsieni pniviniTs iiiiinv .suii ivuvr ,,- ,; I •, i i "'"'•i' ^' l""..l,v,l cr n„„v 1,,,,.. ,„v't„r, • -' ' " ^""'^''''" ''^'■*"""'' '"' '"" -f ;il filial. 15 it IS tl 'III' pIlStUIT Int or "P, I>r.-f,TiiMv ,vit> or l,.,,-l„v I 1 ' • ""^ '"""'' '^""1 "' Sram 2 4 i Kit.', -I, S..lf Ki.-,l.-r, „„an A|l,.]i:i 11,,^. l-v,,,,,. \V...„.rn .wine growers .l.vtu this to U- tl,.. tnost .vonoaui-al ,„etlio,l of tiui.'i li.|.>. It IS ev„.o„t that tin. tnnho.i i. savi,,,. of hihour ami for that rea n mu-h to common.! ,t ,n a country whor.. ,.o,„pct,M,t lahour i. .liffio, to ., nos.dos. by this .netlKKi a lar.^T porccnta,o of fertilizing material is ret t d , l:i..| tlun, ,s onl.nar.l.v the ,.a.o wIumv .win,, aro k.,,t .-losolv hons...l or cJn d >n,a ,>,,.]dock.. and the promises can 1.,- kept sanitary .ith' little .lillieul ' I- e,»,._er, reas.,n o 1„. ,eve that heeau-e of the ea-e .1,1, whieh swine .\n U u.i.ier ,l„s method the soil -f.vder is more lar,,.ly e,nplo,ed than it shoull lo Ve in. P,.s ^. ,.eh should K. fe,l sparingly on ilry .raiu unl,., |i,„..allv p^ie, w milk, are ,.ften (..•rinitt^.d to have eon-tant a.-ee-s to tli,. oltC,.! ■., , ::-;:;,'- "7 '■ '-""!- ••'-■■-■''-• .i'--'i ';..;■ ii.i.tad^^ niakmir tin- in,.>l orononneal pnms. Ill;; ha- lli tllo in c To tV,l an ill. nil |,o HOUSING. ^IICI'OSS liHR-raisiiiff (lopciids ;.. proviso s,„n„u. tc,„,.onu„ J d i Z ^^hu:; o:""" 7'' """^ '''^''^"'^'' ^ ^ '■- tre.t su„K. with d„e o.nsi.len.ti.m A.r Lir 'f - ' "" "■"''i'^^^s "'esire r tlioir I'linifort, rra houses for theTr herds. "'...ht.ons ,n thc..o str„..t„rp.s f„r one or ■■"^'''"•"'f !'>■ ' ->.. of tho f...t that .s usuflll.v providP.) roKuIarlv. nonr Tt h n,, d n^H *; '1^ *" *"'''' '^"''^ ^-"'. ^'hi-h IV'. M n,,l,l,. '■"- in l'.-..,| I„ ;-^^ a„d sl,.v gains i,f ..m;!!: i;:^ "•,-:;:!;;; ;'i '^'7' '■■'"< ":- ■" ^i--. s.a,ued wea„. n.^ed for h,„h .looping and fooditoVf! . y, '"•'' "7.^"1'"!^ this that the want, pen ■■> ^'•arm pon is nooossarv. an,l rall.nr ,Y ' '"""^^ '•"'^'•s ooniincr in oold weather prohtab,egainsd,,ri,,gah:;s,^:i7,; ::;;,:;;--^ --'^" ; ivo to th:"':;; life 1^* 0I0.0 housing a.Ivantageons ' ' '" •" ■'" "«''" t''"'' in a hog'., 52 '"^'r^A.-' •;r^ J -r*f w-v: Av -dv: >'.■. ■;>■ h; Ml ,,| ,„, pel roots a.Hl cl.oppe,! lm-mI,,. l.nu,, ,.|r., ./ivon in a rith. r .1,-v , , / w.ll Mu„Mta,n n fine oond.tion for s»,.,-essful n,.ah,.rl,o!,!|. '•'"" "^ '''> -•'".•>. Plan and Description of Movable Pen. Tlic Uioverble pen shown in the iUustration on next pape i.- adaptable to v.r, •• in « mlor. As a siunmor pen it slionid be sot in a drv loc tio„ ub,.r ,1 ■n.ulat.. freely about it. In MunnuT these pens l,ou , be nl ""■ ""' mu,.h better results bei„K obtained if the ...l^^n.' Iril't^^ ji ,7, ^ '::;,,;;ri:[;- As a wn„er house ,t should have a sheltered location. pref;rablv el. so the b va ' ...;^ir-Lr:.:"S\:::;Ju!'':^dd''b:::;'St;ir!':s the anin.ais and the. .strength of the pen T v, i , , V VT "'"""" ' ' ;;.w sius is de..bie for ^e iioor^ T^^-end;:;'-;;:':,!?:^^:; i^U'^ 'tt ^^'^inZ::; r';;x:"t;i':; t r^.r^'-.^'r r , --'^^ '"'--- iKvk e„d of eaeh of the outside sills. ' ^''"""' '" "'" *■■""' -■ FiL'ures H and (' shuw a form and si/,. ,,f ,i .,v,,. ,i , tl- 1-Jr^ to ;„ in and out. but it is no h '.„.!;' ""T"" ^'■'•^- ^^"" ^'"■ oon,foH. It is well to have a doorw v at ;. T ' Zu" Tt" '," 'Tl'T "'^'' ■n halt so that the upper part may be 'kept M w en o in u'' i"''' '"' "'" bans? the lower to the upper half in sueh n w ,v th , ' , '' " '"''"" .- .be h„.s enter or leave the pen. In' itn n^Mhil^'^/: '';;;; .^''T \" {'"' "'" of the way. ()„ ..ver,. winter nid,ts the door neiv b or,,, • 1 '''' "'' '"" » l>nnk of strawv n,:nnn-e to ke,.., „ut , 1 1 i . "^^"""'' '■•^' ^' '"-'^■>- ^'urtain ,„■ a hofr-s wel.ar..; ' ''' '^'^'"'■'-''"- ^^•'"'■!> :'-.■ always detri.nental ,,. A pen re,ui;:;:f an . 'i i " „ ■ I td^'i .'n "s "'"" '^''^ '' !''^ ''""^ ^ ^'l"- '' -.other in Fi.. I,, whi,.h is peH,;,: ;;'■,";"""■"■ '""" '" "'' "" '" ^''•'^ '■• -'1 still An M,„„ ,,en re,p,ires about 200 ,,.,.t ,.( lnn>l,e,-, Six,,.,.,,.f,„, |, ,., use. as |he<,. ,.„, without wa=te. Tbi- ,„.,. w, ■! 1 ,1 '"" '■ '";l i Bills, and n, f,.,., .,• p,,,,,i,,, f,, i J,,,':'' "'•''■'••'- -'nure .,,, ,, are he^l to et of sc-antlinsr f.,r (ivr.-i il!>iv--,.:..v Msm^rii^^m^^^m^i^w^Km A I'fM ,,f thpsf liinu-iisions will ;i,'c,,i„„„ ,l ,» f -'^'- M>„l litter. .H.„„„M..,l„t.. from ..,sl,t t., t,.„ »:r„wi„K pi^j, „, Til.'. A M„,„,„i, ,, -■.iM.l,,,,.. ,„,U|,,|„.,,, ,..„■ Tu. |',V il.l "', '• ,'■'""" """""• l"'"''l'l- l-t' I 1-V-. I) Sl„,„,r,u',, i,„.||„.l ,,,,„,,,„,,„„, n.„u-,l,i..tf..,l.,.„,n.a, Xn IK'll i> lllt.n.1,.,1 t.. I,;,,. ,!,,„- rl..!,"l •■V-. -Ji;. - Th,. I'.MtaKl, |',.,i. The Large Piggery. .>f a „,o,lon, pi,,.., u.i,ll,;'I • ,i "'^i-:;':": "-V;"" '"'■' "'^ -.st^lct^o:: rlofodoadnir..pn..i„thec..,,,rc ; , '\^ '•' "^'>- ^ '" ."-.M. for h -"■"? 2 by 4-i,„.h .=,.a,Ulinff3 o„ end ml h . '' ^^'"^''"■'"-■.v wall i. ,„ado Inmbor. Roth inside n„d oi.tsido Z,. . ;,'',"'\ '""''''"'^, "'^'''- '>'"l ">.t with r„„„h •" '"■ "'"'^ ^■"" "" '-'>■ --'^' "p'wi;: si^h;:;„r 'tl:;^" 'T-n*' II fl\ll>i(lr tIiii.' u'Miil.i .-..n-i-t ..I Pl""i-,N ,„• ImulMT .,( -,.„.\ ,|i,,,lit.v „a,l,.,| l"T,„.,„|„.ul;,rl,v au.l luviM- tl,.. rr„.|<. ,.,tt, n . 1 "■".""•■". -'"" 'l".'l".v n:uU'.\ ,,„ .'"ys^^'i:;::.:;":!-::"::!!:::: ';\'"r'': '- ^ ■-]■ '" Vhor,: This wIi.m ,.„v .r I " •' "'-'■H(, .u to I a-iiy |„tvioii. t,, tli,. atiiiu>- nrtifiWal i;o:U "'"■"'""■ •""' ""■"■'■"■'■ "'" ''''-' --■ lh.,t ,n.y l„. ,,,.,.,,.,1 „,„,„„ "' 't i. u„„i,i .i,,„.it i„ „.. b.„i,ii„. ' w ,',.".':-: :,": f'uT '" ""• "n'';";'-" 'in..~li..n ., vontilnti.m is v.tv .n.ilv .„lvo,i •, ,1 ,i ,. , '"*' '•%"'-''^'""'l 'I'" '■ -' ^ ''■" "~ 'li-'i'lvinifa^rt's in n mlcr- condition of ntn,osphore ;u;tabie ;rt r::;;!;;^ ^'^""^ "^ ^"--^ ^' ^ "> fin abundaiipe of south and west sid suiilifiht. To .;... wh<.t l„.r It 1,0 a platl,,rn, - :; ,„• | inrj,,.^ al,„v,. tl,.. fln„r. .,r elevate,! suHirientiy hiKli^to allow the |.ik's to n,u .umI,t il,. i. ,,„it,. popular throughout the enuntrv V"" ' "P^f""-s , has Iho .h^aclvantau'o of sliulluu.' out liffht to gotne extent, hut the a.lvantap. ol provi.liuu- a lar^v a.j.litional llo,,r spa.v for the animuk Where t le pen is ,.| -,„mI si/e the l,,w,r >!,■,•,, in- platf,„n, i- perhaps to he preferrwl. When tins platform is liiuited in spa.'e t,. litlle more than is sufficient for the hop^ to lie .omfortahly thero is litth. or no prohalulity of the he.Min,^. heiuK dampen..! or .o,l,.,| 111 any way hy the ho;;s. lot- the piiiil.imv of hoK rai>er. who wi-i, to l,„il,| larjre piKtre-ie-. threr -tvh.s ■ ! l.u,l,linj.'s have heen seleeteil tor .h-eripti.ui. Kaeli has been umxI suffici.ntiv to [Tove ,ts siiifahihty fro,,, tl„. -tan.li.oi,,, ot the ho:,-, tho owner ami the altoiHi.ut A Well-lighted Piggery. A |,i.i...ry po--..--,,,^ now ainl .lo-l.-ahlo foat,i,v< i- in u-e nt the Apri.-nltMral ' yll'^'e .. I rhana. III. I, w:,- ,l.-i.n,.,l l,v P,-of. William Dietrieh of that institution. h,. l.uiM,,,.. ,. u-o I,.,., l,y :;o f,vt. with an s.fo,,, ,11,.^ ,„.t„.een the two rows o, ,„,,. " - ~" ■"■•■^"^'"1 '1'^" '■■■"■^< '■•-■ "!■ !'. - i- l.t^hto.l fr„„ , ,.,,„. of win.lows on tl,,- -o„th » ^na 1 ' ■ ■.-:[,' «— -■* ~~" ~~" "—" N 5 '. s F T E E R D ; A G E V — r — ^ , . . --"i ■-':•, » J > i I'll in- I- Kin. M.|e of the ! :,;i!,iini:. I;..f,.rrin^ to the .i,„at,o„ of th- windows. Prof. Dietrieh writes- . K pl,,o.nap,. in ,.o„,„.,.t, n with the width .,nd manner of eonatnietion of the '!" ly f;., ' !:;,:::;:''':"■.'■: ::;" "J^t'' """ ^^ "'-' '\' "- ^^--'^^ day of the y.. the „;,)> .,'■.' 'l'^"/^'' '"'■ "''I"'' I""' *viii laii u[K>n the floor of the south , i . ',h, , I "';,"""'■■ V'" '■■""; -'''" "'"''""■■ ''''"^ ••'""^^ *he total an.ount of 1 i I, -miiifr throndi tl„. window at thts season of the year and time of the day to fall withui tlio (Msn. Ill lilt' iiKiniiii^' ami in the iil'liTiiocui wiicii tlit> sun is nut at its liiRlicst pi'iiit, a part or nil nf this Ihmim of li;rlil will pass bc.voiul the pen. The luwi-r I>iirt of the urinduw 1) in the upper part of the hiiiliiiiijr ix-rforiiis the same fuin'tiiin for till- ix'ii on the liortli siilr of the alley iis dotw the window K for the |»eii on tii>' 80Utii (tide. By this arrarmenient llie pen tloors n ive tin- nreati>-t aniount 'it li^'lit at a time when it is ino-t needed, vi/ . diirin;.' the winter riionth-^. t.. warm and dry the buildinK. 'i'ho ground floor is reiireseiited hy Ki:f. l'M. The alley, S feet wide, mI1.>w^ ■•( drivint.' a cart throiifrh either ti> lirini.' in feed, ete., .,r take nut the manuro. The pens .'ire 10 feet wide hy II feel dnp. h!aeh lias n do.ivway leading' to the ont:-ide whieli IS opened by slidinir iipwanU. ami a door h adiiiL' into the alley. These .loors oiien «o as to turn the pi»rs toward the fr-nt of ilie huilM''-' where the weiirli -eale« are situated. Fig. 29 — the interi-r view shov,> n swintrint.' panel ahove the tr.MiL'h. r.^'J!*. IiittTiiir view nf well lit'liteil ri^'^'.rv. >lii>«iiir iln Tifrdi o.« nf |.> [..•^ lit-liinl fiMiii 'ipiwi " in'i'i\s -. Tlie fender is made of 2iucli tubular iron bur plaooj on '.>-iiR'h iron posts of the same dimensions and set in eoiioreto in the Hour, t! inches from the wall. This is to preMiit the sow crushing her pips at farrowing time, as she will necessarily make her bed in the unoccupied corner. The platform scale is fitted with a frame, and the door opens so a.s to facilitate tiiriiiiiir pigs upon the scales. A smaller door at the opposite end leads to a door throutrh which the pips may bo driven to a loading chute. The larpe fivd bins have openings from the main alley, so that feed can he unloaded directly from the wagon. .\:: alley leads iLroui,':! the Jour beside the feed .-Drape to ih.- y.ird outside. The two larpe yards may be U9e turn,,.,] for rU„ th^ I'i'iis il |.ci|ijiri.i|. I''.r (lr;iiPi;n;i. piiriujics tli(. tlour .il cacii |.rn -Inpm i,, a nr.iljiic cncr :i |-iuch .ido II Ill'- Im-11 ,mi,1 ,,I a laiv,. hcw.t pl|H.. 'l-li.. lln,,r a; .Iran, whirl, I..,,]. ,„ , „„„„ ,,,,;„ ,„„,i,|,, „,■ „,„ ,,„.,^j^^_^ .,.,^^ ^^^^^^_^^ .^ ^^^.^^ ,^^ . . ■ ^111,1 the .Iraitis II, av i„. Ilii-l„.,| with water. Mil, I, Ih, hn,.ks are la„l ,,„ .,,1,. ,„ ,l„. p..„s aial „„ ,.,]«,. ,„ the alleys. A v,.o th.. Kxpennieptal Kar.ns have „iv.. „..!, ,,u,lv ,„ the «..bje,., „t l,o,i.,„K swuie. In 1-.12 a new pi^.^ery was lanlt at the C.ntral K.ii,,,, a„I of the nraneh Pann. an.i S,a„„n-. Tl„.se e,„l„„|y ,!,.. ehara-.t..,.-.!,.. ,l,at make » l-'lK- .'to. Man, pipt'ii-y, (Vmral Kv|..t,i,ihii,„| K:irlii an „l,.al h,,^. pen. K.^'. L'!. ..how.s a view „|- ,he pi^-ery at the ('..ntral Farn.. rh.,..e at the l.raneh tarm.s are ei the san.e ,le>i»ni hut of h's.. six,.. Fi^..s. ;i() show,, a floor ';,'" ", ■ '" ""■"■ :""^'""'- l""l'li"!--. Tl„. po.nt.- l„.,n;; ,h.n,on-,rat,..l ,n the... huiU- tHdin a„,l the like; eonv,-,.,,.,,,... ,„ |,„„||i„. s„„.k : p„,,„a„enev an.l, ahove all ^anit,.|li..n. Ii-ht. ventilation ami general comfort. irandon The |nll,,wi„,; ,!,.„. rip,i„„ |,,„ ,|„,,.i^,| ^,.,-, ^,,,,,,,, ,,, ,,_^, _^^,^^. . I'.xperim,.„,al Farm. The h.,,.,h i, ., ,,.,., „„, ,;,„ ,,„,„, ,„■ • , ;,,., ^ -.t.Mle walls are i:! U-t hi^'h in,,,, the f„un,ia„„„ to the s.piar.. pitche.i roof. f.*, ' Tl ^'TT """"■ ''":' ';■""■',■ '^ " "'"' "■"''■ ^""' •'"■ '"^"^ •■"•'■ '•^"'•1' l^* feet hy 12 ^.Mi\.*Xi ,f.A*«Bi5u.JlP'- a^iM I 111- -ii(|"i'»-' [Oil, 111- iii'>t, slinwii lij -i|iuiri"- within tlir \)f\is nri' iihual i; fret ciliiar.' I-:^ii|| fnrruwiiid |„.|i Ikw m (iii ml mil of 'J inch in.n pi|.iii(,', IJ in.-hoi above thr llo,,r and 10 ini-lics diMr of the wall. Tlie tminflis, wliich nri' nf (Mticrcfo. nro (1 itii'hes deep mill 10 iiirhcs widi' iriHili-. aiicl V IiicImh liijfli mitsiilo. tyinitialion. The foiiiiilatioii walls aiuj (l.Kirs (cxi'.'pt I'.ir rout cellar which i^ div i iw i.t cciiiciit iiiii>triicti()ii. while the Nuper>tnutiiri' is woikJ. Ihniiuv:. . Aiiii.lc dniiiiaire is provided with field tiles laid al.iiiK the inside ,,f iIh Well, while ;in •^-iiieh H'Wer tile is laid I.el.iw Ih ntre of the iiiaiii pn«sa(j. , int. whi.'h are diained 1-ineh Hewer tiles whieh drain .aeh pair ,,f pens. Tlies,. are shnwi. ill the urniiiid Hour phm hy shipinR, hr<)!hinsles. As shown by the pliotosrapli and plan, frenerons iirovisioii is made for lifililin:; Kach window has an upper and luw, ■■ sash, each sa-h containing six 10 by li'iiel, lifflits. riu- lower sash is stationary. liie n[)per one is hinsred on the top of it an. I fastened .at the top with a sprinir eatrh an. I eh.-eh chain. This provision albiw- t, • opening the top windows without creatinsr a draiifrht. Vcnttlaiion. — The building is ventilated by the Kntherford system. The in!, t- are ^hoWn in the f-rrn of br.xr.s below the wllld.AV^ „ii ihe oiilside oi' ijie waii, xviiii. the outlets are prf.vided within the cupolas on the top of the roof. Kach pen i- pr.. vided with a fresh-air intake. These are of c. Ui .it to the hei^'ht of the cement in the wall, and have a wooden hood havinsr a cover at the bei^lit of the win hw sil|. m lli.w,' if.liil,.* riitiT III.. biiiMitiK ill th.- f,,iiM ,.f a -I'." win. I, ,,|„ ,;■ , ',w n.-'lu-, ..l>ov.. th.. l,.wl of tlu. tloor |.:„W, „|.M,iNif ,. |,r„t.vt,.,l |,y « Knit.MK I'hI, fr.-Hh-,ar iiitiiU. i,i pn.M.M Willi :i .IniMtflit k.-.v L. r,,„tr,.| Ih.. inlliix ..f fn -1, :,,,■ Tli,. f„„i u,r '"", Vl"" ^l'"" " "'''■"' "'' ""' '"'■'"'•■•y- tlll-MUKh Ih.. M„r l„ tl MS „„ |J,» r.H,f, ll,.-.. Ilu.., „r.. mu.lo uf two ply i im^l. i.L.fli.MJ sli,.Hlln.u- will, , ,|rol ,ir sp.u-,. tK.f*e..M. 111.- k.y III till,* vnililntor h pla.v.j ! fool from tl,.. ,. .||o,„ It ,- iitt..l with ■ ■oiitr.il rop.i til ni{iiliiti> tli(> oiittlnw of nir. Th.' l.iiil.iiMK i- provi,l,..l with M lill.T .M-iir. whi-1, run, o,, ;, „„.,M tri.-k Th« "'^"" '' ' ""■ "■■"■'■ '■^"•'"l" '■'■'■"I ""• >".unr" I'll ..Mt.i,!,.. up ,|,o .vnlro of th.. nmin ''•'""'«'■• '"■it''lHnir II. 1. 1 th.- f I ro.iii, iiUo .w,t..|.iiii^ '>v<.r tin- pfii- li...i..;ith tl„. f, ...1 roo,„ i. a root ,.,.|l.,r hnl, has „ Moor of ...irlli It .~ ,.^.^ i.l..i -I'll .1 ro"^.|, .hii-l,,, |!„„r ^oulihilor ulil, „pn;;hr. ul.i..|, .ir.. .Uo -|,„„.,| 1 ri-e aloiit'siilc ll... .■,.|,;,r window^. , ■''!"■ -'■•"" I' I '^ ^•■•n"i ah.vo ,|„. i I ,„.„„ „. |,„„ |„,|,„, ,,„,,,,„, |„„,,„„_ ^,,^,1 ■lint.M will,.), op,,, 11,1,, III,. f,.,.| ,■,„„„ |„.1,.„, \ ,|,,p.,n.xi„- tiiiik :; hv :, f, , , ■,u.\ 'i t-t ;lo..|. 1^ Mrr;,„;r,.,| „„ wl.,.,.N mimI ,-ai, l„. ,, .,| „,„l,.r tlio ,i„.;,l ,;, ,,, . fro„i ahov",' , ' "■ ''"' ' '" ''^'^ ■■' '■'■"• '■""I-'- l'i"M.l."i with u ~l,am,.o|lmii,t,. 1 .„ as to '■''-" '"■ ^''■"" "'" "f 'I"' l""Min^'. It al-o ha. a M„k for wa^hin.- paiU a,„l oth-r '■(.Misils ,111,1 a tap with whi,.h '■' r.,uu.rt,;l ho.,, for wa>liii,^' tli,. p;..,.,.,.v Mjli,,. ,h^ • ■'ol;,.r an, I oHmt piirp.i^.s. Th.. inannro ,,it, 10 f,.,.t wi,|,. |,y K' f,.,.t U,,..^, with ,,n„.„t l„,tfo,„, „ provi.lo.l at ; '"• "'.'1 "' til- Pi(.'.',.rv. It i. arrant:,.,! -„ that a wap„i >n:,v 1... !,:.,.K,.,1 i„,o it to be r..nH,h.rahl.. ppor,,., with p.a,. of ,hi. ,|,,s„,„ i 1„„,„ ,.„,„ ,„ , i,^ -..tK-li,.tnr.v, an,! th,.,r ,.sM.ntial. inav safoly I,.. ..opi,.,] |,y -w rai^.r- n, a wnalh-r of i.iri,'(.i- way. f,. -mt their ri.,|iiir(in,.nl-. At th,> (Vntral Farm ih,- main piL-.-ory ,. ,i„..| ,.l,i,.ily (,„ ,|a. I,r,.,.,lin« -lock .hi in. th.. farrowai.. an.l , ,.-aiv .uh-.p,,.,,, p,.rio,|, a,„l for ...-rtai,, ,.xp,.riii:,.ntal ^>.'rl,. 1 a. ,lry hr,.,., ,„:: -lo,-k. ii„.|:.,liM.- ,h.. ^jrowin;.' animals. .,ro house.1 at all ' ',■■'''"■ ""■'/'"''''■.'■ ^■■"■^- ■'■'!- -y-fm of simph. housing, an.i outdoor lif,. h«. '■■■;.. . l,.mon.trat,.,! ,o .^v,. ,.N,.,.n,.,it rc-nlf^ „, pr.nnoli: :• ,h,. I„.alth ami thrift of ,h. THE MACDONALD COLLEGE PIOOERY i ' 111. pinufO al M....|,,H..l.i ('..ll.'^i- 1, l.,.;j l,rt luiiK, l-n.^.' I, mil hi Iv, . H;a.'-. Ii.'lh .il wMkIi ciiiiiuTt with the If. il riMiiii .it tin; iii-l in. I. Thr nortlicrii \viii« i> ii.^i.l for f.iltriuiiK |piiriiii.«c.-, wliili' tlif SDiiil.irii an. I Wiiriii. r -r.iii^n ,i"-vii tnr tlif i »i' .1 lir.Mitl ^..w» iluriiik' tin farniwi'iK prrn..'. Tlic f..iiiiil.i' ...n .iii.| uall^ pr.'i.iT .ii-.' Im ,' "' ''<'liil I' n ti'. till- iiiMilf III' till' Wiill-i U'liiK' liMi'.l witji a l.is.r lit' lirii-k. Iimvi..: a :t iiii'li :iir «|,..|,-.- l.it«. . h III., linrk .11..I tli^ . .mrrrt.' Tin ■ ■ t.n, k, au- 1.m,| ;ii .-. im 1.1 Kik' :1-.' M:i..| .ImM (■•11,;,-' l'lK-K.I\ to it liiii:ii; ..| :; led Ir.iiii tin- lli.ur, tliil- r>'uv\,n^ :ill |in»il,iliiv ,,!' tin- l.nrk- lii-iii-' loospiifilliy the iMir". Tlip waIN an. s; f,.,.| IukIi. ll,r i-cil,n- luiii- Irvi I with tlr- walls. Till. auKJi III lliu riiuf. wliicli i^^ a ii.iir jiitiOi. i .iisi iliitr- llir I. .It. it liciii..' U'r.! for the storaf,'!' nf straw ami fLod. :::::::::::::::u::.*::::u:;»: TOPRAILIMG- ■*rr^ •SWIIiGiMC- •WODDErf- •PARTiTlOn- CtMEMTTHOUCH- I'iR' ll.i.jr? aro riiii»iructfil nf n lit tiiri)Uf;lioiit and n: .ulilitiim thr ^ll;^ll,ll^ j>i'ii~ are pruviiifd uitii neatly Htteil .iiul n-in ivahh- iihit!'.>rin>. All jk t:tii,ii- are haiit of wonil, Kaeh pen is proviilni with a swirij; door, wlii.-h mtm - a doiiijje imriM- , When closed it forms part of the pelitiun in the pen and whrn swiinir haek the pigs are e:c;.-,fd^ ::i iiicir Jicep;!!;^ pcr.3, thus f.i ".aliii^ tin- operalion of cieanini^ aiid beddinjr. These do'>rs ure also conveniejit when moving' pif:s from one pen to the other. Ciinereto troiiplis fitted witli a s\vinf:iiiir fn.iit. as slmuii in .-lit. s,rvr I'ur f liiii;. t;i Ill' ■T-5.T I'll.'. ■■jBr. THE TRADE IN HOG PRODUCTS. TIk. foliowiMK table sl.ows ,l,e exports of ba.-.,n. ha.ns nnd pork from ran;,.!:, fn.m l-'^ii until the end of the past tiseal .vear:- KXl'f tiers OK M(»(; MKATS KKOM CANADA. Ki.sc»l Y.', IHKll KWT) . IS!I(> iwir. IIKK) , 1H05 1908 1909 litio IJtll.. 1912 1913 1914 liacim. H,(i:(!.739 7,1H!),2«(( 37,r.-jti,or>H 132.17-.,(i»W ii«.*«5,(ir)0 i'-J,()01,itl() 70,564.iK}7 46,57ti,«H^ "i6,00H,607 .V.t.lCit.'.Mi.! 3(i,2I2,r.KI 23,«5!l,754 llaiii^. Pork. Ml. Lb. !i5.->,wt;t 1,281,391 '.Ki-.',K-.'7 f>56,4;<(> 2S23 7,72r),i)81 40,(M,7fi2 i;«i,141,424 121,937,249 9,"),!U.-|,7!t2 74,171,582 49,418,770 B«,!I21,102 ta.S.dl.OW 3l the past two or three year< when ..-reat .ncre„..e m prodnetion ha.s taken plaee. Tp to lOl,-) packing houses in ( utario •air?;;;". 7'; '""*' ""^'"^ "'•^^ -^ *•■" '■■•'-' ^-akes, but the tide has t,:, d rame prounee fanners, owing to continued liiph prices for pork, have turned their rsireX^drf"^^^^ The e.Nports nfhop pro.luets from Cana.ia have, until quite recently been -.hnosf ■■..t.rely to Great Hr.tai... With the cn.ing into fone of the " Wil on -rni r» o •' -ar.ff ,„ .September. 19,... the market, of the Tnited States of Am r ie we hrol ■•von ro meat products on a free ba^is. .Si,,,., that time increasing quan tT" ., ' na .an bacon. I.n. and „„., bavc 1 , ,:„din. the. way over'this intcn , ! , MEAT INSPECTION. I'C I meat inspection in (-an.ada, wlucl, is confined to establishment^ dcioL- „,, export or ,nterprov,ncial trade, was inaugurated in ."September. 190 FroL . , " -..ppl.cd by the Meat Inspection l.ivision of the Department of Agr cu tar h : ng Ma'-^ ) "fou' '"":" ^'"'"!"' " '■--'-"•'''^ ■— during'tho fiscal v - tg Ma.. .... 1914. over the previous one. The killings in eastern houses .h/.wed ■' .!.•. .ca>c «luch was more than met by an increase in the west. The following table 64 r ■m^^^mmmmm^^^iMmsMimmi^-^'i^ 6j shows the numbers and pproentages of swine slauRhtered in inspected establishments in Eastern and Western Canada and for the whole Dominion :-- K;ist+Tn Oniiada. . . Wi^ti rn Canaila . Wi-'ttTii Canadii hicrcaH*^, AIM 'anada. All ('»nuda 1 M K.VT'i, > K.M'S FAriTSi . Mah( II ;n, mm xm v.m 1!IU IHIH l.'.':i,li2il 10 l!-t per iiiit niKiiT llti;!. 1!I14 I'.ll.-i .•iliH.lWI = :«1 59 iiercfiil .if t,,tal kill. 14 34 ;i:i7..-.44 14«; :(t ..i.-r llil:t. I'.PII 1!M.( l,7!w.i;rK; l.iai7.741 l!K).!ll.-i Hi i!'i;i The following table shows the niiinber of lioirs .^Iniishtered in inspected establish- ments in Canada since the inauguration (if Federal inspi-otinn: — SWINK Sl.vl i.MTKHKll IN <'.X\.\1I\ \T Issl'KrlKI. K^T.M1I.1^IIM KM >. Kinhi inontlmfnitiiin .Mail li SI, 11I0S ^'•■ai- iiiiliii({ March HI. I'.ni'.i ^■l•.■l^ i-niliii(f .March .'il, iHlii Y.iir iiidiii); March ;fl. lull V.iir ,-iL.lim; Manli ;il. I'.ir.' Year endintr March HI. l!i|:{ Y.-iiniidin^' March :!1. r.il4 si;l,;iS!l l..-iHL'.r'."; l.eCd 4!ll, 1.4,V.',L':t7 1,N"C',!I'.I7 l.i."7,741 1 7^18, r.."*, •?>^«fu '^^^^mm DISEASES. HOG CHOLERA. H.v F. TmHIIvNi 1,. li.A.. D.V.S., 1'./, ci/niJ-.v hinrlor (imcral. Hoy- (.-iKiU'ra i- a coiitiif^ions dis^oase ot swine. It doos not ap|)oar to atlcot other species of miiiiiais, ami is ciiaracterized by o.xtreinc contagioubiicss and a high death rate. It is kiiouu in every part of tl.o world and is prevalent in the Tnited Statesi to an alarming e.\U ut. causing on riiKius losses. In Canada, the disease appears from time to tini(> in \,irunis parts of .ho inuntry where the infection iias lieen bronuht in Miino way or otlicr. The cause of the disrcui' is a !:enn, and witlmut the presence of the germ tliere can he no hog cholera. In itlier words, such things as neglect, bad feeding, filthy surroundings, liave no power to pro luce hog cholera. But when the infection is intro- duceil among liogs under sucii conditions, the disease spreads with great ra))idity. The spread of the diseatic occurs whenever the germ'- from a diseased hog gain access to the healthy one. and this takes place ii. many different ways. Actual con- tact of the healthy and diseased hogs is a sure way to spread the disease, but it can he con\t'yed in many other ways. Tile diseased hog gives ol'' i. e jjenns of the disoiise in his urine and drojipingr-. .;nd tluis distributes infectious nuitt.T throughout his pen. pasture, or the railway car in which ho is giung to market. Ilealtliy hogs placed in such iireniises after the diseased ones have been removed will contract the disease. .\ncither way infection is carried is upon the feet of men or animnby including iiinls. Curious neighbours, wishini: ' ■ see what liog cholera looks like, may easily take the infection home to their own hogs nn their boots i r clothing. Wandering dogs may also act as carriers, and the common ciomestic pigeons may feed in an jnfci-ted pen. and fly to some neigl.ibouring farm carrying the infection on their feet. .•\noth<'r mode of infection has recently come to light and is responsible for many outbreaks of the disease in Canada. This takes place through the feeding of uncooked ir.irhage and swill cont.iining scraps of pork", bacon rind. etc.. in the raw state. The eNplanation of this lies in the fact that in the I'nited States many hogs are sent to the slaughter house when in the early stages of hog cholera, and are killed, turned iiito pork and Consumed for food without hindrance. This is jKissible because there IS a lapse of some days between the time when the hog becomes infected and th(> time when he shi>ws symptoms of it. This is known as tlio period of incubation, and hogs Sillied during this pericni nuiy. and often do. show no .symptoms to the meat inspector that anythitig is wrcpug. The moat from such hogs contains the germs of the disease, and sueh processes ;i- salting, spicing, or smoking do not destroy these germs. Cooking does (k>troy thein, and as a quantity of United States pork is consumed in this country, owners ire cautlotied not to feed kitchen refu-e to hogs unless it has first be<'n cooked. Infection may also be carried from farm to farm in the water of a stream flowing through an infeeteil pasttire or pig-i>en. Symptoms. The early symptoms are n..t characteristic of the e much tlesh. Tlio skin fre pumnie.l together hv it I he bowels an" generally Inose, an.l n profuse diarrh.ra mav oocur, although ii, some eases there may bo eonstiiiation. The siek hog generally goes otf by himself, and is found lying in a quiet corn, > ' .V'^"'i, 'r''""""^^"'^'' '" «<■' "P- ''I' J"t's it unwillingly, stands with his back arehe.l aiul In- l„.||.y drawn up, or moves in a weak, staggering manner, and may fall .,vei A siek hog seldom shows all the symptoms described above, and in manv c i-, - It re.iuirc, an expert to decide what is the matter. Tsuallv one or two of the ^vm,- toms are well marked, such as coughing and rapi.l breathing, or diarrl.Ta and tneked- iip appearaiK'e, or redness of the skin and discharge from the eyes The ^vmptoms have been described at some length, so that the farmer may be on his guard if any of them are noticed, and call in the has time fo spread. There is a great .lifference in the severitv of the disease ,n various outbreak- >..iH..t,nu-s ,t IS of a s,.vere or virulent type and rapi.lly fatal. In other outbreaks tl. type 19 mil,] an.l recovery frequent. The latter type mav be considercl iust a- .iangerotis to the community as the form.r. as it is more dillieult to detect, and th. recovered hogs are apt to spread the ,ii?ease far and wide before it is recognized The duration of the disea.se is uncertain. .\ hog may die in a vorv few davs or some weeks. Death does not always follow an attack of the di.=ease, and a sm.all number of ho^s would survive an outbreak of the disease if it were thought wise to permit them to do so. .S„cli ho^s, however, are carriers of the .license Th,. germs exist in their blood, although producing no active effect. The hog is immune but can give the disease to other hogs that arc not immune. For this reason it is bad' policy to attempt to cure the disease The more recoveries you get. the more ehan,.c- "f ge tmg fresh outbreaks of the disea.=e a. soon as new hogs are hrourfit into tl,. neurhbonrhood. It ,s far better to stamp out the disease by killing all the diseased nogs and ilisinfectmg the premises. iiispec'or before the infectioi may live for so Examining a Hog After Death from Hog Cholera. t is o ten necessary ,., examine a dead hog to make sure of the nature of n. d>ca>r. and the following appearances may be looked for: Reddening of the ' "•" *'"' ii'tornal ,,rgan- such a- lungs, heart bowels and stomach; a pe.Mihar speckled appearance of the kidnov. when tl,,- outc- ■•ovenng ,s strippe.l off. soinetbing like a turkey's egg: ulceration .'.f the inner linin. of tl;,. laree bowel, especnlly near its junction ^.hh the small intestine; redness of -he lyn.ph glands; enhwgemcnt of the spleen; intlanunation of the 1 „g. ,' ne ,- monia). 1 l„. examination .dioubl be made bv an expert J' possible ^^het. Hog Cholera is suspected a veterinary inspector should be notifie.l without dcay. Ihe owner or person in charge is bound by law to do thi.s. and if he fails to do .so may lose his compensation for any animals slaughtered under the .\,.t beside- being liable to a heavy fine for his neglect. Haw the Disease is Dealt with in Canada. The veterinary in-peofor. ,„.., making sure of the existence of hou' cholera will have all the hogs on the prennses slaughtered immediately and their carcasses satis- faHorily d.vtroy,,l. The inspector assesses the value of the hoj.^ slaughtercuii(l safest and most piolitable to remove and burn the tloors, partitions and lining of pens previously occupied by infected hogs, as also any rails, loose boards or cither lumber to which such hogs have had access. Pens, other buildiji^Ts and fences with which affected hogs have been in contact .ire. when peissible, to I > thoroughly gone over with hot steam or boiling water before being coatotl with fresh lime wash, each gallon of which should contain a po'imi of earbolic acid, croolin or otiicr germicide of equal strength. The surface soil of pens and yards should be removed to a dejith of at least 6 inches and well mixed with fresh lime, which should also bo freely applied to the -urliu'o of tho newly-exposed soil, (iround so treated should receive over the lime a t'resli coating of earth or gravel. Fields, orchards and gardens to which the diseased hogs have had access are to be ploughed as soon as possible. Kvery precaution should be taken to prevent the conveyance of infection from place to another by means of the clothes or shoes of persons wiio lia\i- Uen .itlending to or otherwiso dealing with diseased hogs. Visitors should be discouraged during o\itbreaks of disease or imtil cleansing and 'li^iiil'ecting operations, as above indicated, have been completed. Animals, especially dugs, are frequently the means of conveying the di.*ease. and -liouid, wherever possible, be prevented from entering infeted premises. When, owing to severe weather or unavoidable cause, it is fnind impossible to • leanse and disinfect immediately pens or yards formerly occupied by diseased hogs, ~\ii'ii pens or yards should be closed up in such a manner as to prevent persons or ;inimals obtaining access thert^to until s\ich cleansing and disinfection can be properly cnrried out. Owners of di.seased hogs should bear in mind that inspectors cannot rccominend tlie release from quarantine of any iireini-es the disinfection of which has not been arried out in a satisfactory manner. .Section SSj of the Quarantine Regulations provides that the use of hog cholara -erum, . Mo hog or other animal, nor any portion or product thereof, sh.iU be removed out of a place so declared to ho an infected place, without a license signed l.\ an inspector. 4. luspeelors are hereby authorized to inspect any hogs atTecteil with hog cholera or swine plague, or suspected of being so atTected. or which have been in contact with aninuils so affected or suspected of being so atTected, or which have lui n in any uay whatsoever e.xpo.sed to the contagion of hog cholera or swine plague, and for the purpose of making such inspection may order any such animals to bo collected, detained or isolated. ."■. The e.\iH'n.i'tious or contagious disease, as iirovided in siHrtiou -0 of the Animal Con- tagious Diseases .\et. and in case of the infraction of this regulation any coni| ensa- tion to whicii tlie owner might otherwise be entitled sb'ill be withheld. 5. ComiH'usation nuiy be withl.i'ld in the eiu«e of hogs fed on uncooked garbage or kitchen ri'fusc, or on any raw animal tlesh or similar food likel.v to convey the infection of hog cholera fore an order is made for the payment of compensation in any of the i-asea aforesaid, there mur.t U' produced to the Mini-tor of .\griculture a satisfactory report, ordi'r for slaughter, certilii-ate of valuation and slaughter, and certitic.ite of <'lean>ing and disinfection, all siirin^d by an inspc'tor. 1(1. b'very yard, stable, hog pen. or otlier ]ilace or premises, and every wagon, i-.irt, carriage. <'ar or other vehicle, and every utensil or other thing infiK-ted or sus|ieeted of being infe<>ted with hog cholera or swine plague shall be thormighly eleanseil ;ind disinfectiil by and at the expense of the owner or occupier in a manner sati-f.ntory to an inil>eetor. TUBERCULOSIS Tv'iHUlT T<\ll\r>i, V.S., Chiif Miill lit.-i)ril„r. Tt if net iiiti>ij<|(>i| t.i dwell ,it iMi.v l('lij,'tli ti|H.u ;i >riciitilir ili'^crlpt ii>M nf tulwr- euli!i. US a Very eoiiiiili'ti' mid loiiii-ist' stati'mi'iit ut' liicis <-(iiii'('rMiiis; itr, insididiis yet >(riuii> luiliiri' has already Imm-h |iid)lis|ic(l in iiaiiiiildi't Innn. .■.pmally prepared fur larriiiTs and iitlier> iiitire-fi'd in live sti.ek. ('..pie. nf tlii- may lie nl.tained fr.iin the Publientidiis UraiK-h, Itipartinent ipf Affriiiiltnro, Ottawa. \\ hile hnu ehnlera and ni:iny ..tlier ecpntaL'inu- ill- ■,!-<•> ..re nf rare onnrn'nee niui'li^' Canadian .-wino, the sanu' cannot he said of tnl.ereulii>i- Its existiiiec. and liH-alities in whieli it may lu' I'caind, eau U-^l U- detrrniimvl hy the iiiliirinatinn clitained I'n.ni paekin;.' h..u>( - ■iperatiii;.' iindir the prnvi-inii- nl' the Moat and Canned Foods Act. In -ueii plant- each animal i- earefiilly insp.'cl.Ml and llie ilitTerent diseaspd and alm.irnial ennilitinn- t'nnnd .ire reported ilaily to the Viter- iiniry Din'etir (ieni-ral. Stati-ties eoinpihd from the-e rep.irl- show tliat for tiie fiscal year ending,' Mareh :il, IIU 1. U per eint of the hofrs for all Canada were affected with tul.ercid(.sis, an inere.i,e of 4 per cent as coinpari'd with llie vear endinf.' \lareli :!l. iflio. 1 lie-e tiirurr-- -liow an unfortiin.ile condition in connection with tlie swine indus- try. While tlip actual monc^tary |o- in in-pci'leil pstahli-hments due t.. condcmn.itions tor this iliseasc ah.ne dnrinfr the past year totalled *T-"'.i'ii i. it mn-l not he forirotteii that the -laughter in the-e plant- represented only .".ii I'cr cent .,f the total idll for the h minion. In view of ihi- far-t. thi' perccMtafrc of tidiercnlo-i- .ihovi' -tati^d i-. in all priihaliillty. h.w.r tlian thai whicii ai-tiially exi-ts. a- the nianamr- of in-pccti' I e-tah- li-hiiMMl- hny ,.nly -lu-h -v.ine a- are aiiparently heallhy, Ihi- dr-ca~e i- iMit c iiiiincd to a few localitie-, n.T to any one proviiii-c. Imt is di-tril.iitei| over till- ( iilire '•oininiou. and i- l'ciu rally f..iinil in proportion to the PMciit to which the dairv imlnstiy has Iccn il a .loced. Tl nly marked exceiitioii to Ihi- is n-lerl i:i the cm di-tric' of (tntnii,, whrc- ihc di-ea-e i- preval.-nt and where dairyiiiir cannot he -aid to l.i- carrii'd irn to any L'ri'..l extent. Cause. It is of eoiir-e nndi-pul.d tli.it the disease i- due to the intriMJm-t ion into the system of the ha.-ilhi- of tnlMTcidosis which, in the ease of -wine, miy -al'ciy he -aid ' '•!"■ li.v 'lie (lit:. -live rather than hy tiie re-piratory tract. The haeiiUis found in l.ou's is almost invariahly ..f tlic bovine type. It is therefore important, if the di-case in hofs is to he prevented, that the - lit.'r iiiili.-.ilcd thai s:;.;; , er cent of the animals had he.'.. me tiihiT.-.i|...i-. When h..-- re.. i\e,| tuhereul..u- milk f..r thirty d.iys and wore all. .wed I., liv,. lift.v ,h,v- l..n:;,r, Ino |,er c.ait of the animals iiud developed penerali/.iil tub. r. ail.. -is." 71 The iiu'thods by which hny;s lui'diiio ntTcctiMl may be brinfly sunimod up as follows: (1) Till' milk f'riiiii tuUrciiloii.s oows; (■_') liit'iM'tiHl fucci'.s of nittlc; (;!) Kci'diiij; iiiH'ooUcd K-'rhiiiTi'. Till' frilling' of milk mill its l.y-|iroiliirt-i from tulicniiloiN lowx is liio chief hictur ill till' -pri'iiil of the ili.tease in swine. Ill the proviiiic of Oiiliirio, wlnri! the ihiiryiiiK imJiistry has been fontireil ami ilevilo|ieraiiiht ") )K'r cent for Manitoba ami 4 per eei.i for Alberta, in wliiili provinces dairyinj; is as yet in its infancy. In Ontario it i- fonml tliat in those Mclioiis where the milk is separateil on the farms uml tho raw milk fiil to lioj.'-*. the perceiitatre atTecteil is hinliest. riie niimber of atTi'(!tei| li' «•* received from .shippintf points in chi-c proximity to ciieese factories where the whey is jiasteurized is noticeably less than those from stations in the same districts where the by-prodiiits are not treated. Ill Denmark, where it is eompiiKory to pa-tcnri/e all winy and skim milk before tliiy may be fed to ho>;s, the percentage of tiiberculosis in hoKs has been materially ri'diiiiil. While the practice of allowing ho(rs to follow cattle in tin' feed lots doe.s not exist to a Kri'.it extent in (Janada, it is no doubt the means by wliicb the disease is often di>~i'miiiated. Cows affected with tuberculosis, yet sliowiim no cxtrrnal symptoms, may Ih' found passing faeces loaded with tubereb' bacilli. Ilmrs that are |ierniitted to come in contact with the faeces from cattle invariably Work in it, eatiiiK such undi- gested grains as may be found, and infect them-elves if the bacilli he present. Uncooked garbage and otial is fed to hots tliroughout the entire country, many small slaughterers depending wholly on this nieins of getting rid of what would other- wise becomo a nuisance, esiK'cially during the hot weather. (larbage wagons may be seen d.iily in many of our cities, towns and villages, gathering garbage and such other filthy and \inheard of materials as are thrown out by householders, hotels, restauranl.s, etc. This refuse i< altogether too often taken to the outskirts and feil raw to hogs, the meat of which is later exi>osed for sale as human food. It should tiot reipiire any learned or scientilic arguuients to convini-e even the most uneducated that tuberculosis mill other distvuses of swine are spread by this unsanitary i)ractice. While the disease may also be spri'ad by infected brood sows, attendants, poultry, etc., the danger from th(»se sources (while it uiu:-t not be minimized) is slight when com|iared with tho contributing cau.scs iinvioiisly mentioned. Symptoms. It is not necessary to dwell on the symptoms or otlnr nnaiis of identification, as it is extremely rare that even the qnalitied veterinarian is able to niaki' a reasonably sure diagnosis by a physical examination. It is a fact that Iiol'- which \ipon slaughter are found to 1h' affected arc freipicntly the bi-t liiii-lnd and >li .w the iiio-t thrifty appearance of the day's kill. .\s the life of the avcrasic hog i> from »i\ to right i iths, it can be readily understood wl.y syiu|itonis of the disease .ire ic t niorc often Men and better understood. As tul>erci'losis is the one disease where prevention i- po--ili|e and cure iniprob- nble. a few sugirestions as to its pri'Vciition ami eradication are offered: — 1. Si'iiaratioii of healthy from infected animal-. In the case of c.ittlr this can be determined by the tuberculin test. 2. With hogs fed and reared on farms where there arc tuberculoid cattle. I would recommend that they be fed until tit for market, then slaughtered at ail i'-t:iblisbmiHt baviuir (lovernment in-peclion so that lliry may bo carefully examined as t.i their titiiess for human food. ^. Wlicri uU this Um btMu m riim|ili«lifd, L'unl'iil and ^ysli'iiuilir iitti nlioii sliuiild be puid to ili^infcction anil oilier siHiiitnry rc<|iiirfiufntn, aft.T whi.li u new htart with hfaltli.v -tock may be inudo. If (lut> attciitioii is (mid t" tho Ih alth of till- cattl i tlii' farm, to saiiitutinu ami tlu' cli.iii'i- of proper foml. the ilaiiKer of tho hnim hecoiiiiiin iiifeetol witli tlllH'reiilirtin will he rediieed to a iiiinimiim. As I,, the pr.i|K!r fo.»l, li.A.I. Ililldm No. H4 (I'liite.l States Departtiirnt of Ai-'rieiiltiire), in ilealiliK with this si.hjeet, >tri.iit;l,v ae sealdeil; '2. If eatlle are m.t tiiherculiii-tesleil. and a hand wpHrntor i» ijwil, that the "kiiiiined milk he Meahlcd ; ;i- That hiiK^ be i;' ..wed lo feed oid.v lirhind -iieh eattle as have sneiissfully stood the fiibereiilin ti -t ; 4. That meat. .itT:d and fiarhat'e U. fed oidy after they have oiifrhly ei>(ikisl. Tho preveiitidii uf tuUrt- ide^is in ho>;s does not entail an excessive amount of ialxMir or expen-e. and the hcnetits to he deriv.^l not oidy repay the prodtieer hut ensure a safer meat fooil for the consumer. When we consider thi' enormous financial loss caused tiy this disease (as !)l p«'r cent of the ( lemiiatioiis in packing houses are due t.. tuberculosis), and the com- parafively ea-v tminner in which it may he prevenliil. it is to he hf)ped that producers will bestir tlicnisclves in an effort to nuiterially reduce its prevalence. The day may not be far distant when slaughterers will buy oidy subject to post- mortem instx'ction. In this case the modern, wideawake hop raiser will not !■. com- pelled to hear a «liare of the lo-- isMnsioned by tl areless indifferent feeder who forwards to market ( pirhaps in the -arne carj a iiumbur of diseased hogs, as is too oft ■::m 1 '