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-■■.v^;' V.
MIMOCWY RESOIUTION TEST CHART
ANSIond ISO TEST CHART No 2
1.0
I.I
t I" 12.0
2.2
125 i 1.4
1.8
1.6
A :^PPLIED_IM^GE In
^•b: ^88 - S999 -
DOMINION OF CANADA
DKPARTMENT OF ACRICULTURE
Branch of the Live Stock Commiisioner
SAVINE IIUSBANDEY
IN CANADA
BY
J. B. SPENCEB, B.S.A.
Bulletin Xo. 17
Published by direction of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont
6461ft— 1
AVGUST 1. lei-1
.Tulv 1. i;i|t,
7'.; //..' Il„i,„„i.lll. . II.. Mh.lJ.y ,.f \,t,,. ullinr.
SiH. I'll.' -iipplir- ..I' liull.liii- Ni.-. Ill ;ni.l II '■( the I.ivc SIim'I; I'.iMlirli, ili-.ilillj,'
iv-.|ii'cti\rl,\ \vill] •• Thr rrnilii.tiMi, ,.( l:, I (..r the r.iitMi Markit'' iiml " 'I'ho
lli-tiir.v and Cliar.H t,i-i-l !■■- ■.! ili.' Ir.i.JinL' llriiiU '.l' Swine rran-il in Canada." liavo
I'l iiic I'XJiaii-t'il,
rill- n\iial ■'! till' -uiiii- iiiilii-tr^. ni"n' i-|ri'i'ialK in the \n-tiTri prnviin'i'-, ninl
It- iin|iMilan. 1- in all part- i.t tirr I •■ imini'.ii. an' n -|"Oi-il li- <..r a knai iliiMaiid for
ri'li ililc hti-iMl iirr .HI ill. -iilij. il. I M niiri llii- drinah'l a nciv li ill. tin mtitli'd " Swiiio
llN-lMiiilrv in ('aiiada" li.i- Ik in nn pai'.il
What may lie ni;ardid a- tlir Mandaid -..thai- ,,1 Hull, tin- in and II have U'l'ii
pii-rrvi'd .iiid n\i-i.|. and In tin'-.' have In . u addi'd in'"' nialirial cnn-titiitinLr tlio
I'Xpi'iii' ■ and i'ii'lli...l- 1.1 -nr.'i--l III -uln.' lai-ii- in varimi-i di!.trict- of Canada.
.\'i'U inliii'inati.iii lia- al-.. In-cn aild.d on ill.' ;ni|">rtant ipii.-ti,.n of lion-iiifr, a- well
a> o. iilril.nti.Mi- Iroin olli.'i'i'- of th.' ll.'idtli ..|' .\niln,il- lir.m.'li ..n -iibjiTt- rclatiliu' ti>
till' li.allli ..t ( '.inadi.iri -wino.
I liiTouilh tran-niit ll py wlii.-li ha- h.'on pn-pan-d hy N[r. .T. 15. .•-ipcmtiT,
H.S..\.. I'Mit.ir ami Chiil ..f tlu' I'uhli.'ations Hranoh, tlio .nitli..r of the two former
-wine bulletin-, i-siie.j l.y the I.iv.' St...'k Hraiieh. an. I re.'..rnMieiid that it he printed
for di-trihutioii .i- liiilh'tin N'... 17. entitle.! "Suine ii'i-hndry in Caniuhi."
1 h.iM' th.' hen. .or to he. -ii'.
V.air ohidi.'iil -ervaiil.
joji.v liUKiiir.
J.n. ,<liiii- i'oinmissiunir.
■<fr
\xA
:|-
coNTKX'rs
l.rld r i»I '1 rali^nntt.tl
< 'on(«'til'« . , , .
lA»t of lltu»tratioti'<
Th» H;i.im Hon
Mrnil
H'ort' )iiiarl*-ri
lio.lv .
Mini) (luiirtrrn . .
lTn(Ii-«ir;iM<' Wnnn tor 1>
llntlniwh*-!! hnK»,
Overfill hiiM"
rreni.iliir»-l\' flnNh.-.l
l>^•.
S. w
in ('.111.
II -!
r ;;i
Ilk,
Hrpi'iN (>•■ Sw in
Tlw Viirkshir-
Till' 'funworth
Till. H»rl<«hiri>
'I'lii- i|u''(tpr Wliitiv
Th.» polniKl-Cliinri ,
Thf ! Mir(,i' ,fpr»*-v . ,
Thi' llaiiipxliirc
Thf* rrr>'lii'ff FI'Til
M^lp.tior of the BOW,
^fit'i [Mill of Ihf Nir**
I'nri- rif hri-fililnf utoi U
The f;>' ' nvvinR pen
T' c '•< .11
!;■ iriiiL: :itiil flnt?»»iinir ,
I'ftstunni? anti poiliril^
I 'ost 111' I alf^inir swint*
I 'll-.! Ill' UMIII .■' llifTlTi
r'nniliTtvn'.s or '(irrectixi
KooiVh
("luviT 1 1 'nriiinnn rnl t
AlfMlfa, .
Itaiip, . , .
Hoots
Pot itOPS
I,>a,ry l)y-nro(luf'tH , . ,
ThP ajMt.-ni of feedintr tn 1
Pork proilui'tion on ("anailian larniM
Whev in pork rroduction
I'V. illnp on farma. ,
l-'oorlinK Hkim rnllk
Kii-itntf hoKS without ilalry ofTal
I'orU iiroihiitioii on tlip jira rips,.
HouMnK , , ,
I'aro of sows , . ,
Weanini;
raMlnrt' ami sollini; i-rops, , ,
' Ir.uii mixtures
Keturna from Krain as pork, , ,
SeIf-fee(linK in pasture
Houalnff
rlaii anil deatTiplion of iiiovaM-- ;■> n
The larKe pIkki ry . , ,
A wdl-liKhteil plBKery
H' usiiiR on ihe I-:xper;iniMital K.n ms
The MaiilonaUI I'ollepe I'ikki ry, ,
The 'rade in hoR jirodticts. , , , , . ,
.Meat insppition
Uiaeaaes ....
lloK iholera
.■^\it;ptoms
lOvaniinmir a hor a^ter death from Hotr Cholera. . . .
Mow the (liH* age is dealt with in Canada
I Mej n .It: anil ■! -i;!'t>rt'ni7 preml^sea
Het:ulatioiis relating to Hoi? Cholera and Swine ria^ue
Tuberfulo:!is
<'ause- •
S\ iii|itoin,s
t:t
n
n
I';
111
l^
.'II
.'(
Tl
1?
:i,T
II
:ii-,
37
IT
■\n
:ts
m
19
J9
♦
41
t2
42
1.1
4fi
47
4 9
."lO
Tin
SO
50
.'.n
r.i
51
52
53
."i4
I'll
'11
I". 4
Rfi
fi7
■.i;i-
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig
I
Fig
2
Fig.
3
Fig.
i
Fig.
5
Fig.
C
Fig.
7
Fig.
,s
Fig.
9
Fig.
10
Fig.
11.
FlB.
U".
Fig.
13.
Fig.
11.
Fig.
15.
Fig.
Ifi.
Fig.
17.
Fig.
IS.
Fig.
19.
Fig.
20.
Fig.
21.
Fig.
22.
Fig.
23,
Fig.
21.
Fig.
2ii.
Fig,
2t;.
Flk.
27.
Fig.
2S.
Fig.
29.
Fig.
30.
Fig.
31.
t.q.
32.
Fig.
33.
Fig.
34.
Fig.
35.
Diagram Showing Toirits of the Hog.
Uiiflnishcd Hogs.
Hogs Too Short an<l Kat for Eximrl Trad
Ideal Hogs for the IJaron Tradi'
Side of Unfinished ilog.
No. 1 Wiltshire Side,
A Side too Thick ami Kat
A SluiirtUDt at the l',icKiim i lulls.-
Yorkshire Hoar,
Vork.sliire Sow
Taniwortli iJoar
Tamworth Sow
Uerkshire Hoar
Rerkshire Sow,
Chester White Sow.
I'oland-China Herd,
Oliroe-.lersey Roar
Duroc-Jerspy Sow,
Hampshire Hoar.
Hampshire S()W.
H01.'5 of flood T\ pe on
I lathering Hok Feed in
.n.idian l-'arni
Canadian Corn Belt
Scene on a Hok K.irrii in tlu Canadian Corji K-Il
Self Feeders on an Alberta Hog Farm.
Movalile Tens in Feed Lots
The I'ortahle Pen.
A Well Lighted Pigucry.
F'loor rian of Well Lighted I'iggery,
Interior view of Well Lighted I'iggery
Main ^igge^^, Central K.xperimental Farm.
Floor Plan of Kx[)erimental Farm I'iggery,
Macdonald College rig.t'ery,
Swiniring Front of Ten
Croiind Floor of MacdonaM College rigKer\
Cross Section of 'i'r(.ui;]i and SwingiriL- Front
^^^^^^^^Mm^^^^mc^mmt^
SWrNE HUSBANDRY IN CANADA
THE BACON HOQ.
I'litil the j^wine rai^t-rs in Caiiiula adopted the bacon type as their model, Cana-
diiui pork i)rodiicts posjcssod a very indifferent reputation. Since then a valuable
export tradi' has heiMi built up. In competition with the finest bacon in the world.
Canadian liacon ccininiaiuii a price on the Hritish market very close to the top. It?
exccllcMi'c h:is ajipcali'd aUo to the iionie consumer until tlie Canadian market is able
to ab>orh a hirjrcr and lar-ix proportion so that less and less can be spared for thf
export trade. For this reason there should be no relaxation on the part of the hreedrr
to adhere to the bacon model in iii.s breeding and feedinjr operations.
I loirs, like other classes of live stock, must be judged, first from the standpoint
of the market, and M'eondly fnmi their adaptability to yield profitable returns for food
consume.l. Form, condition and weight largely determine the appreciation of the
markit. wlnle on constitution, nervous temperament and feeding qualities, de{>ond the
thrift or ahility to convert the ma.ximum of large quantities of food into a valuable
marketable producf.
Happily, in the raising of swine for the bacon industry the interests of the pro-
ducer anil eon-nmer in no way <'ontlict. It was for a time contended by many farmers
that it . M,t uu>vv to produce the bacon hog than the animal of the thick'fat type.
The r.-;ilt,- obtained at pxpprirnent stations, supported by the experience of manv
extensive and successful breeders, have all gone to show that, if anything, the contrary
is true, hi experiments by Prof. Day, at the Ontario Agricultural College, out of six
groups nf piizs tlie -roups scored first and third by the packer on the basis of their
adaptability tor the export trade, were fir.st and second in economy of gain.
It eannot l>e d.'iiied that more skilful breeding and feeding is required to produce
''"• '' " '"'-• '""^ it '!"<■« not Tiecps.sarily require more food to produce a pound of
gain than is required by hosrs of other types.
The he- re.piired for the production of the Wiltshire side is illustrated in Fi-s
4 and S. In weiudit he shuold be not less than 170 pounds nor more than 220 pounds,
the ino-t di-iniblc weight beinfi from 180 to 20»J ponuds alive when fasted.
As will 1m^ seen, he is a smooth, trim, evenly-developed pig, of great length, fair
defitb and moderate thieknes. Described in detail, he should conform closely to the
tollowing: -
Head.
Snout should be for the breed moderately fine and of medium length V very ^h-.ri
«tnbl,y nose is usually associatt><i with a short, thick body; on the other hand, a very
long, narrow snout and head, like a long face on a steer, geuerally indi.-ate- y.,.'t
feeding qualities.
i:ar< should be fine in ti-xture. firmly attached and alertly carried. A
loo.sely-carried ear indicates a slupirish temperament, delicate constitution
feeding (pialities.
/;.v«'v.^ The eye is an e.xcelleut index of the health and also of tlie nervous ten,.
I-erament. Any departuro from the normal in health and vigour will be indieited
as ,,„iekly and surely by tlie eye as by any other organ. A smaU sunken, dull ,.v,-
IS an alnio>t ui^tfaduig indication of a sluggish circulation and low vitality; a wild
«_as.v.!,L' eve ,.,,.,..»,.= .,.,,rrv^.,;= ,^.,p,-.;( ;„,, ^i,^. j^ j^j^j^.^ i^^j^j^yy^. ^^^^ ^,.
size and piemment. bright but placul. indicate health, docilitv and pood feedii,.^
qualities. ' ~
rse and
id poor
fi)(!]«
8
■Jowl, light, trim niid nent. A large flaliby jowl is objectionable, not only because
it is of little value, but it is usually associated with excessive fat and flabbiness
throughout.
Xeck. of medium li'ngth, and showing no tondenoy to arch on top. A pig with
an nrcliinp neck will cut tod thick over the top of the shoulders. (See Fig. .*.)
Fore Quarters.
Shoulders, light and smooth. They should be very compact on top, and no wider
than the rest of the back. It is important that the shoulder blades be upright; it is
not enough that a pig be long from tip to tip, he must be long from shoulder blade
to ham. Some apparently lengthy pigs will cut a short side of bacon, because of
faulty conformation of the shoulder, the shouldi'r blades being tuo oblique and run-
ning back too far into the side.
Breast, of good width and full, indicating a large chest with ilenty of room for
vital organs. Sometimes the apparent width of the brca.st is increased by faulty
attachment of the forelegs, they being tacked on, so to speak, on the outside of the
body. This conformation is always aeeonipanicd with a rough shoulder.
Forelegs, set well apart withnut going to the extreme already spoken of, medium
length and straight: pastern < strong, upright and moderately fine. The legs should
be of fair length. Nature insists on preserving a certain measure of symmetry or
co-relation of parts, and a short-legged animal is usually a short-bodied animal. It
is hard to get them long and lnw; and since our aim is to breed for long sides, we
must be willing to allow a corresiionding length )f leg. Excessively fine bone is
usually associated with a tendency to fatten at the expense of growth, and this, of
course, is fatal to the production ..f the Wiltshire side; on the other hand, very coarse
bone is indicative (if general gros<ii(>~s thruiigbnut, am] is therefore undesirable.
Body.
ISach. of medium width, rising slightly above the straight line, and forming a
slight arch from neck to tail. A sagging back indicates a lack of muscle or lean meat
throughout. Note the excessive fat and lack of lean flesh or muscle down the back
in Fig. 7.
Siimetinies a pig will i-liow a dr.ip in the back just behind the shoulder. This
often indicates a weak e(ln^titu^lou. The back shuidd be nicely rounded from side
to side, anil of me<lium width. A broad, flat back ia usually associated with a short,
thick, ehunky eoiifonnation throughout. On the other hand the ribs should not fall
away tofi abruptly from the backbone, giving the formation known as a " herring back."
A back rit' this descii|itioTi will, on cutting, be found to be bare ami lacking in muscle
or lean tlesli.
/joiii should be >trong and full, but not unduly an'hed. It should be of the -aine
width as the rest of the back and well ci/vered with flesh.
.~>'i(/i'. — .Since the side is the most valuable part of a baron hog, it should be long,
smooth, and tilled out even with the shoulder and bam: it should be deep enough to
provide for constitution, liut not so d(>ep as to give mi excc=s of fliiu, flabliy belly
meat. See Figs. 4 and note length of side from shoulder to point of ham; note also
the trim, firm belly and entire absence of llabbincss. Fig, shows a Wiltshire side
of the ty[ie that niamis the highest |irie i the Ijigli-li market; contnist Fig. 5
with Fig. f). The former are worth .10 cents per humiredweight livo weight more on
the Canadian market tliaii the bitter. The lii-t -ells readily on the iMiglish market,
while the other is almost unsaleable,
1 1 carl -girth should be full, indie.iting constiiul ion ; the fore llank should bp woll
let down and full heliirul the elbow. Tbe iiacker e,,iild i],,t olijeet t<i a slightly
tucked-iiji aiipearan>>e beliind the forelcL's, but it is a l',iiilt that the breeder and fi'oder
cannot afford to ovei-look. This is an opjiortune time to sound a note of warning to
9
HM-p is ■.\ ii..ticr:ilil<. tiiiilcin-y ti)«Mi-cl ovfi-tiiiriip^.; with Inck of
Mtiv i,f our linHHliiiir herds. .Iiidpc^ at oxhihitioiis are in part
('iniiuliiiii hroi'ders
^ ' "IT" ' "">""!- i"ius. .111(1^1'^ ui cxiuniiKiiis nri' in part
to blame lor this. In too many cases undue stress is laid on smoothness of shoulder,
length of side, shapeliness of iuim. etc-., while those feature's of the eonfonnation that
indieate .'onstitution are apparently iirnorcd. This is quite ripht in bacon classes-
these should lo judged wholly on tlieir adaptahility to the re(|uirements of the con-
feumer. but in judging breedinp classes the interests of tlu' producer must not he over-
looked or even he placed second to those of the .•onsumor. Fortmiatelv the two can
be easily harmonized; the depth and fullness of the chest and fore flank necessary to
(five r.iom for the vital organs do not imply roughness of shoulder, shortness of side,
or paiinchiness of belly, or in any other w.iy defact from the value of the carcass.
flin.l flank, well let down and full, irivin- a strai-hl underlin,. which shouhl be
markedly trim and neat, showinfj n,, thihhiues-.
Hird Quarters.
Hump should he the sanu. wi.lth as the back, of ;,- 1 leuKth. ami dropping gradu-
ally from the hun to the tail, and nicelv rounded over th,. top from shle vo side.
//„m. very trim an,l neat, taperinir gradually to ll:e hock, heavily muscled and
hrm. .\ny t..nd..„cy to llahhiias, or folds is very undesirable, rig. 7 shows an ideal
mim inni- up: note that it is medium in size ami tapers evenlv down to the hock
on.w','"r' II"^ •'''■'"■;■ ","! :""','■"''■ "■' "■'**' '"'"■'^^ "■'"'■^''''>' "•-'" "f^'-'rt but not bowed
str r r ' '";"%'";"''' )^ '•''^;!" ^"';1 "."<lerately tine. „nd the pasterns upriK'ht and
stroij,. Ih,,v shouhl be of medium Uv.Xh. :,s aliva.'v mention,.! in describin- the
forelegs: a very short lej. usually indicates a short. ..ompact conformation through-
out. while eNe'css.ve i.ru.irth ot leg is often associated with poor feeding qualities
Quahf,i is a gen..ral term somewhat hard to .lefine. but readily recognized by the
experienced stockman. To say that a ,ug has lots of quality is to implv that i!
general appearanaee denotes ^.ood breeding; that he has a elean-eiit. trim, tidy attrao-
.ve appearance. w,th no si..,, of eoarseue.s as indicated in the bone, .skin a'nd hair;
that he ,- s.ymm,.tr,eal. , ,, „„., .! „oru,ally ,!ev,.|ope.l : and ,h:,t he is a.'tive in his
m..Veni,lir-. hut lieltlliT wil,| ,TOs^ „„,. restless.
10
UNDESIRABLE HOGS FOR BACON PRODUCTION.
There ;iro 11 iiiiiiiIht nf classcj ef iiii(lc-.ir:iMe Iiei;- l.eini: nuirl.c le.l f.iv l.ieen at
.ill .-casen-i of the year. Tliese iiiehide \iiiliiii>lieil. .i\i'ii'.it. vreniiituvely 'ii 'n'i liogs,
:iml >(■«■? that luive teen ii^ed for bree.linir imrpe-e-, ( tf tlie-e the nniini-h, ! ;,iunials
are most objootionaWe, and diiritii.' most .•icason- ,ii-e marketed in iiuinhcr- leif of all
|iropnrti..ii to what thoy should be.
Unfinished Hogs.
.\i eurdiiii; to reports from a iiumler •:{ the lari^e paekin^ e.impanies. tlii> propor-
fiuii of uiiliiii>lied liofl^ i^ iiiiieh too lar-'e, ruiiiiliii;- at times as hifili as \'< per cent
i>f the total receipts nt paeUiii^ houses in oenti-al Ontario, JO per eent in Eastern
Ontario and Quebec, and about IT) per cent in Western Ontario. In the western
provinces proportionately fewer light hoi^s are marketed, the tendency being to err
in the opposite extreme. The markoting of tiieir hogs is a very serious matter from
the standpoint of all coiicernod, as such pigs dress poorly, giving a low i)ercentage
of carcass, and they make suidi inferior meat that the repntatioii of Canadian bacon
-tands in danger of serious injury if many of these pigs are sent forward as b i.
Why hog raisers persist in sending this untini-hed -liitV t<i market is not easy to
understand, un'jss it is the comparatively high price of coarse grains whicli are
necessary in finishing these animals, and perhaps in some cases a tear that the high
values for hogs which have prevailed for some time would suddenly drop. These,
however, are not valid reasons when the injury such animals do the traib is con-
sidered. The "grass" or unfinished hog is a serious menace to the b.icon industry,
and the time has come when tiie fanners, the huyers and the jiackers ought tn co-
operate against him.
One of the leading Caiuidian piprk packer.- and expurtei-s, speaking of ihe oli.iec-
tions to the unfinished hog, says: "lie wiui't make guci;! haeon ; he is an unprolitahle
hog to ship alive, an unprofitable hog to slauglit<'r, and when he is made into bacon
it is thin and to\igh and has to be sold at a hcav; reduction on select goods."" Another
packer says: '"The thin unfinished hog is not a bacon jiroducer at all, and should be
kept hack an ! fed up until it weighs not less than 1*^0 pounds. When thin sides are
eonverted into haeon they invariably cause trouble as well as direct monetary lo-s."'
Still another packer expresses his vimvs upon the light hog. lie says: "The chief
objection to unfinished hogs for bacon is that they shrink in killing about ." to 8
jier cent more than when they are fini-bed, whi<'h coiisecpuMitly makes the bacon so
much dearer; and in the Old Countr.v they do not want sides weighing le-- than ."lO
pounds, which means that the hog must be at least KIO pounds and in good llesli in
order to produce .'lO-pound sides: anything below HiO pounds makes bacon whieli i-
iinrj. -irabli> and hard to sell."
In Kngland the buyers refer to the bacon from thin hogs as " ,-ki'i and misery.'"
Some of them have btK'ome very emphatic in their deinineiation of it, statin" that
the liaeon trade has already re(*ive<l serious injury from it. and the sooner it
is stopped from being sent over the better it will be f(.r the trade. A hog that is too
thin to n:ak3 bacon of a desirable weiglit and (piality is similar to any other inferior
product, inasmuch as it lowers the value of the better goods and seriously injures
the trade to which it belongs.
1 ' ■ .> j- • 1 11 I ' ' - ' • ....
t :;:. - ,.i:i:^ wvu rciire,sci:i^s lHC Ci.i.ss r-r Hog.- KliurtU a:? uuiioi^iieii , litese annnai*-
are of a good type for bacon production, but they are in only held condition. Fig. 5
shows a -ide of a thin pig.
"v :-f*~-^^''-->:.:-*'^-—^^ ■ .:y-^^'<^4^'
'■■-:V,r;-;v:'i;.^^:l:■;V;;•,rr;:-J.;::--:Irv^^^
'' '"\nm.lu i'wlX'l'' '!r '""■;'." "'!'''■ ''•■'",", " VV": ","'""'' "''•' "■■iKi"",; fr..„> IS., t., L^«, lb.
ThoHa
ik nhurt
■^mk'^k^iAx ;:^»fi .i-^i'#:-!:^^r5^^a«fe
Kit,'. '. Sid.' i.f untiiii,.|i.-d h,v. Nut.' tlip nii.lii.' Ii'iiim.'>.H, »!».. tli.- kIihIIowh.io. ..f Inyer .if fat—'/ t.i 1
Ml. aliiiij; ih.' Ipiii'k ami thillll. s» I.f tut i>ll til.' liiMi'l- SI. I.'.
Fiir. ;'■ — N'";. 1 Wilt'.liii'.' Si.l.'. \,,t.. th.' .'V.'n mlinivtiirp i.f fat ami l.'iiti in.-at, als.. tl..' nnifnrMiit\ ami
il-'ptii I.f layer. It fat-]!, t.i'J iti.— al iiik the liack fnim .n.l t.i .'iiil .if si.l,-.
!■-. 7.-S,.l
: ir;:L-i; ana ra:. Ai.:. tli--
lii'litii iif lat— 2S t.i .> UL- al.iTiK' til.' hack.
l.i
Overfat Hogs.
Xctwithslaiidiii:,' tlH- r,„t flint tin' (U-crfnt li(,ff has boon proiu-hod apaiii3t fnr
.veai-^ by tlioso intor.'st.-.l i„ tlio .Unci.,, ii,P,it of tlio hiirh-olnss bicii trade, and tlic
tact rhat tl.o pri.v pai.l f,,r tli.-,. anlinal.s is frcqiK'titly cut to the extent of n,,,.-
.|iiart,>i- ..( a .viit ♦., ..nr-half .■cut per i'.,imil f.r flic liv,. hup. th.- supplv of overdone
aniMi :l- ,ni,l[MU,-.s niH.'h toi -,vaf. M;..r.- c-p.'cially .lurin-.' th.- lat^. fall an.l winter
<c:i-!i^ III,' dcrnan.l f.ir the p.^rk fr..iii -ii.-h aiiiriiaN is hccv.niiiiff l<>s« and l.'s». and
as a ri 'u- il-c 1, ■,.■., i, fr..in sii.h Ih.l's will have f,. he s..l.l at say an average of .--. «hillinjrs
P'v UJ ,.,,111. Is l.'ss than prim.. I.mii. Why fheso animals are kept so lonjr at the
froiirrh 1- a my-tcry niilc-s if is (.. eit.'h an in pr..v,.l market. Tt s> ems to be an . ver-
lonk.Ml !;„■! that fl„. last f.'vv ,..„,, .Is of ,„, ov.rl'at h- - ;ir.. prM.lii.vd at a much ^renter
';''':"" -' "'■■"' ''"• ^'i'"'' nnniher ,,r i.,.:iiids a.M..l to an animal appr..aehin(r the
';":,'■' ' ''t'""- '« '- th,.,vf.,r.. ,■!,., r tli;,f a f.v.ha- uho h.dds his hoffs hcvond the
'"",- ' "'''-« •''"'•'' ^'^ ''f ■' '"- '-^<'n I '^'li hr r. c.iv,.- an a.lvaneo in price and is not
.l...'k,..l inr ..vcrf;,fnc.-s r.-.|lis i„,t ,,fi, „ -..enivd l,y h.-l,li„p. There is n.. donbt that
<•:. ->■ n-s rnl, the tei'iler. ■■■.■.■dinfr .■\i).riini nts have sh.wii that li.itrs .!o not frivo good
r.;- . - t..r l,,„l ,-,.,, -nmcl mILt llicy have ,,.-cd th,- finishc.l cidifiM,,. , S,>e table
nn.h r ■' ( est of Cain ami DifTerent Stages of firowth." pape 30.)
■|'lv marki-tin- of h, -s that ..\.'c,m| J-Jii poun.ls liv.. m i-!it -lionl.l 1 . .li.,...iiraRcd
!nr tl,- pro.ln..ti.m ,.f ln<: u. :- -^u-h r:,v< •. lo,s l.nth t . il„. pr...ln...^r an^l th.. paek.T
!•;- :; rcprc.sents the o\erfat Iclt. uhi!.> Fi- 7 shows th,. .-lass ..f si,]c l,c prn.hi. -cs.
P'cniaturely Finished Hjgs.
Aicihcr unilesn-ahlo class of \u,'j. lor the production .,f tin., hacuu i~ the prcma-
tm.iy :nuslH..l p.i-s wvishiii- fim,, I 1.", i,, i,l.) po,,,„l, |iv,. w.io-ht. Th.'sr .-.r.. d..,nir
""i.'h t.. injur., the reputation ,.f CanMlian lu....n. .\> a ruh.. the animal- of this
cla.ss :n:- pN'MMinj- to the ,.y,., fhcy kill ,,ut a liiiih piv,p,.rtion of m.-at to the ..a"ea.-s,
mi.l fh,y sat.sly the ,,:,late nf th.- Mnii.r. ,-p.-.ially when eaten fr.sh, hut wh.ai
ma.l.. ihto ha...,ii th,.y ,h. not till th.. iv.iuir.-menfs of the mark..t. The .i,c i- ..hi.. ti.,n-
.nh!.. to iho buyers; packers tell ns that this class of Roods cannot 1 e s.,1,! at a profit
•'11 tin- l.ou.h.n market. I-^,r this n-as,,,, if is .hvi.lc.ily unwise to f,. ■■,.,• Ir -s aloie' t.i
Ih.. tini>l;.-,l .fat., that liav,. n..t h;hl tun,, t., attain a w.i-ht of at l,.asi 1mi pouiafs
Ih.iv IS a .ieman.i for ha.'on n,;,.l.. from th..^,. li..Hit. wcll-iini-hcd pijjs. hut it is
-o limit,.,! that lh,.r.. i- alu^v. ,lani;,.r ,.f an ,.v,.r.iii.ply. wh, ,, fho price is .,,,-,. f.. fill
several -hiilniL'S p..r hiiidin du-,i..^hf. ami fh^. --, ck h.c.mes a .Irag on tlio market. The
'"- "' ''"- '•'■'" '-^ ii"t ''"■ I n:ll .f th.. I,r,-.,| i , wlii,-h it h.-hin-s. ,„„. il„. ,.|i:,r,i,-t..r of
"■'■ ^"'i'"''!. I'i't rafli,.r t,. tl v,.r L',.ner,,sity ,,f th,- f,.,.,l,.r wh,, has k, pt Irs ,-lMr-e
'■';n' ii,..l Ml ,.1,,.-,. ,p,arl,-rs and |ur,-,.,l it al,,n- t'r.iii an .Mrly a:;,, to the tini-l;,,l M.imai
.,1 -:-rt ,lim,.n-.|.,ii^ an,l |iisiitii,.i,.nt w,it_'hf at fmni 1 ti. .•. in,,nfhs ,,1,1.
as ba
to tn
in tl,
tlesh,.
many
ninvi-
that :
u',,od
well-.;
older
Sows.
'■ "."'^"'>' "/ ''"■ '•'■-"'- "'■ i",-s that ;,,.nv,. at tl„^ p:„.k,nj: l,on.,.s ,.,,ntaiii more
- .-t s,,ws that have rear...l one ,.r iii .r,. litt,.r.^ ,.f pi-s. These can rarelv be used
■■en .iro.lueers; the -n.at ma.ioritv are not ha..oii animals aii,l never shoni.i he sent
.irk..f in • bacon comiition. As a rule, those that are n.,t heavy ■■nc f.io thin
-I. :iml therefore may be .dassed ms nnlini-hcl ; an.l th.,se that a.v uvll ..no„ph
d an- too lieavy to yiehl sides siiitalde for the ba(.,,n trad... The pro.nc,. of so
-t tlu-e s,ws m shipments of bacon hogrs is larsrely due to the too common hut
^e ,ira..tice of turnin? off broo.l sows while still young instead of allowim; those
; " ■'-:••- ■ ■ •' ''.- '-r-l .,= niath.-iiB ior a ntimbcr ,a yc-ai>, nuikinj;
mothers .,t larce liftei-s. While it is true that some first litters turn out to be
i..im-'. vi;r,,r,,ns animals, the sn-at bulk of th.-m are not so strong .as litters fn.m
sows. T,, .•..ntimi.' to hr.-.'.| ,,iily from these itnmafiir
ire sows, turning them of!
It
aft.T llir lirsl litter, i> In |«T|...tiiatc woiik « rntluT tli in «trciiKtli in tli,- iiHliviilii.iU
of the hor.l. wliirh will in tinm sli„w itself in ii race of gwiiie thut urc net )re...l
thrivera, iin.l tiro prone to iiilnients nnd ui iiknejiscs that will seriously interfere with
profitmnkinp in piu nariiiR. To nmrket younjr l.rood sow- in nip<lium tlo.h is t..
injure the bacon industry both .lireetly and indirectly- directly in lowcrin;r th-
•verajfe ipiality of eiir bacon, and indirectly in weakcniiip the constitution ..f o,,,-
bacon lierd>.
The question will arise: what is t) be done with the animals that have oiitlive.l
their profitable usefuliuvs in the breeding herd f It b:is been shown that it i^ imt
in the mterot of the indu.-try to turn lb,.tn otr a. bacon animals. It is the animaK
of this class that may he depended upon to >upply the heavv pork and lard trade
and for this purpose they shoiihl be made thick fat. How to make them so at a
profit IS n question of importance. ,\ thin sow placed in a pen and f<N] nlm(,st exeln-
sivel.v on ffvain will, i„ all prob.ibilit. , -..it her bead otT " before she is thick fat
but there are better way- of fattenin;: such an anlnial. The diet of an oM .sow ot^
Staff should be composed largely of such ciieap foods as mangels and sugar beet-^
if in sea.soii, or pasture crops such as i'lover. alfalfa, rape, etc,; a vigorous sow or
rtag getting an abundance of any of those foods will gain rnpidlv. and if given ,
moderate grain ration will soon Ik- fit for the marliet.
The best time to pla.'C a thin sow in the " feed lot " is in the earlv summer alter
her spring litter has been weaned and she has dried oflF. If turned on a lu.xnriaut
pasture and given a small grain ration, gradually increasing it, she will as i rule in
from eight to twelve weeks be fat en., igb to m,.et the reqiiirements of the market
While the gains made by such an animal have cost lni;b pi-r hundredweight it sboubl
N^ remembered that she has ;riven a profit many tiin,- over a- a mother, and it i^ the
Inst hundred ... Iw., „f i.Mi,, that ivnder^ bcr .nti, an-a- of niarkcfible vdu,-
. V' ;2^?^-^.^^,5RiLi^r-
6461S-:!i
■f-ji»^r-^;
BREEDS OF SWINE IN CANADA.
I ill l.ivt'Hs ,,f -wine iiiusi r,,iiiii„,i,ly l,iv,l In.,,! in (',iii:hI:i ar.' tli,- V,,rls.|nf tlie
.innvnrlli. th.- I{..rl<shiro, nn.l tli.. ClM-trr Wliil,.. 11,,. PclimlChinH. tho Diiroc-
.'iTSpy ,111.1 tlu- Hiiinpshirp ,r,> ,il^„ hm] t.. v„iii,. ..xti'iit. Tii.' Ynrl^shiro an. I th.. I'.iiii-
wnrtl. iiro m^ogniziMl ,is 1.,,,- . -p.^-'inliy .ultnhl,. f.,r |„„.,„i pr,Ml,i..ti.>i, ; wliil,. th.-
li.Tlvsliirc. flio Cliet^for Wliit,' nii.l tiio Hampshire ..f t
illt.Tlllr.liiitc IKisitiiill Im'Iw I till
lirliniK In tlii» fnt nr liinl-pr.iil
Stiitc>.
impnivotl type occupv mi
II iiii'l till' 'tiI tvp(M. Thn reiiiiiiniiii.' twn
iiii: .-In-. viTv p,ipiil:ir ii, ij,,. c.rti l.olt nf tlic I'niti'.l
Til,' r.'lative niiiiierioil staiidiu)? in Canada nf lli,. l,r,.,.,N nani.',! i^ fairly well
imlicat,.,] by the fnct that in l!.l:i thoro u.rr n :-.,nl,.,l l,v tla- I»„imi,i,,„ 'swi,,,.
l!ro,.,l..r<i As,«oriati,m poilier..,.. of 1.U4 Y,.rl<sliir,.., ;i.7o| I !,.rl< shirrs. TOO Tai.nvortha
I :.'syh.M..r Whites, 477 l>uiaii,l-Chi„;,s. 7:!! l»,ir„o .I,.,-,..v-. ami 1«9 l[ntiip>hii^8.'
.M<-mln.is uf thf. notniiii,,,. Swii,,' Hnv-lors' Assnnatinn arc .'harK..,! for rcKi^tralion
of pe<!iRri-<>s. incliKliiic rortiti.^at... :,() .-..i.ts i-.u-h: iinn-nw.mh.'rs. $1 • tran^frrs •>n
cents cadi. The ensf of ni...nl.,.r~hip in the l)on,i„io„ Swine liree-iiTs' Assoeiatin',, j.
12 per anniiiii. Application forms, -iviii- ri.los of oiury. ninv he procun-.l from the
Aeeoiintnnf. N'ational Livi- Stod; Koconls. Ottawa
THE YORKSHIRE.
Tiio ^'orkshire hojr
, , , , '"■''■'>■ '-^ i-hiiiiied hy iii-torians of the lireed to have
.•esoe-ide<l altnost dinvtly from the oM Kn^flish ho^ eommo,, in tlie northern .-ountit^
»t RnKhaid as tar bael> as the hejrinniiiK of the eijrliteeiith ,v„tiirv. This ho., was
lonp 111 head and body and stoo.l hijrh off the frronnd. II,. w.,. „arr.,w in l.odv. ,',arse
larue ears, ami took a lon(f time to m ture.
in bone. h;i,l
Kig. !!. — Vdrk-liiic hoar.
t.. improve tile breed until about ITtin. ulieii Hubert liakewlj. the
l.it;it. was doi
lanions stock improver .if that time, is said t
,.,..,o„, Mo,.K improver .u mat time, is saul to havo applie.l the principles by which the
i'.nphsh Leicester sheep was ..volved from the ol.l type. This was to perpetuate only
he smaller, finer and more compact animals, which he found l.a.l a greater aptitude to
tatteii than the more ramry and coiir..or tyi't's. S^.^me aiitboritios .•■brim "U t'--' 1'
Vorkshiro was much heljied l.y the introduction of crosses of the White Leicester a
breed of swine of a finer and thicker type than the Yorkshire was at that time.
5%l .Jt^ r.i^ ♦
17
lu .MK the early part of the niM..,....Mth ....„tury. l„.t ,,. i, ,,n.|.al,|, ,h»t n.n ny u ar
»...■ « hand ,„ ,ho work. Th.. Yorkshire man. as is well k„o v„. ,. a lover o Rood ock
..Md .t ., not Burpr.sinK to ti„.| that the swu.e kept in the eountv of York « "e eoual"
f not ,uper,or. to those f„„„.l i„ „„, ,„„.., „,,, „f „„. „,„„„^.; ^^I,.,, the „ ve of
sS rrf'^r'-^-'-^-
l^re^p.•,•tl^eof fh.,,e p,,ii,ts whi,'!, urr oo^r.i f,,r in an e-til,li,ii,.,l l,r,.,..! Tl '
iil't^t::™"!::" •"'■'-'' '■""■' -•" -' "' '- •- .•"■v.h.hi.o;': ';i::
«how. that the ,;peon;;e\tr;;^-::;;"h^:.':t;;';;u"^ ■ ■"'^'' "^ ""■ '^-^-^
I he improve,! Yorlv.hire is one „f the lar^-est hrre.ls „f swine It 1 ■ I , , .1
""y "f " '1-r.. l.„t i,. ,|,iek-ne,s is „nt s„ .re., ■„ ,1 ' 1. , ^V■^"■ l '""
Vulk-h
For crc-sin- ..r -nnlinfr pur|io>,.<.
aeoount of its size, \i-oiir, rnnseiiliir d.
It stroiifrly tnin-mits to its otTspriiiL'
whieh they rear a ko(„1 proportion.
ft vieioiis <ian, i> almost unheard ,.( in tl,.. l.r,'i"d''an,V l|,'"v
the yonnp are vi>r,,rous from the tirst
the improve,! Yorkshire i. iin.var|ias<od on
;'v..i..pM,ent an,! ,.ther ,!,..iral.l,. qoaliti.v, which
lie.ows have larL',. ]i,t,.rs of „„if,.n„ ,i,e. „f
■"■• -..■l,l,,m iKvona. .-Inmsy at farrowinj; time,
re ,'xeelliait nurses, wliile
19
lurn to rcvcrl -fimowliit froKi tlip oitrvme lenirtli •nd nizfl which wore held in favour
li.v tho iMfly lirri'diT!* of l)iicori pin*, until the niodi»m YiirUnhiro in n nintHitli, leiifrttiy
iiiiinud lliMt timfiiriH fairly <>nriy mid makee very i<oonnniii-iil irnii>ii «'iihiT in th(> tx'ii or
•Ml im-tmi' iipiiii the fi.od it consiittini. Animals of thin brt^sl nm ai'tivo aixl yi-t grcntia
III di>iiiii«iti.iii, mikI th<y v('r>' riiri'ly go off their fwt. A maturo bmir in "how condi-
tion Blioiild wcicli not lods tliaii T(M> poiindM, and a mature »<>w »K»<l roiiiids. Well-
:rii»licii (ijim from i; tu 7 monihn old Khoiild rt'ai'h u tiiarki-tnlile condilioii wciRhing
from ]"» to '.'JO pound-
Till! Vork-hiro is wliili' in .•oiour, Hiaclc *\mU on the skin do not dinqiialify, but
tlio aim of the line ilcr -liould Ko ti> riHliico tho»e to a mininiiim. The pr«'««'nci' of hlack
li lirs ia rctfiinlid l>y antlioritii* ih to justify diwinalitlcatioii.
The tviijcal ^■|lrU-llirl• i- loiin and deep in proportion to widta; (lyinnielriiMl and
-niooth: if4 luick i- -^lii-'litix- ari'lifd; th« nlw wrll npruiiK; its iinderiiiio ancl nidiit
trim, uliaiirlit ami li'vol, :iiid il^ body is tirnily itiiptiortod liy wril-placpd Ickii of iM(>dium
IpiiKtli.
Till' points of cxiilli-iiii' for Vorksliiro swine should conform n» nearly a< po^tiiblc
'o tile irr|\iircmciits .1' tho liaonri trade, with <liie regard for con-tifutioiial viu'oiir and
i:i-vfri .line <|n:ilitie<.
THE TAMWOBTH.
Tlir l.innvorlli i- |ir(ri.,il,ly the purest of the modern brtysls of >wine. t li;i\inif
I .eti imprMVcd more largely by selection ...id care than by the ititroduction ot tlie bbxxt
if other breed-. One hi-toriaii claims that foundation 8toi-k was introduced into
i:nslnnil frmn Ireland by Sir l!obert Peel about 1.S1.5. but others siieak of it- Is'inif
I'l'-ntiful in the Midland r,, unties of Knjriand previous to that dat^\ Sir Robert Twl
i- said to have maintained a herd (.f this sort near the town of Tamworth 1 from wheiict?
ilie brei'd takes its name), in South Staffordshire, until the time o» bis death, in IS.Vi.
Diirimr .1 l.m? period the breed was little seen outside of the counties of l.eieester-
-hiv,.. '^tafT.ird-liire and Norlliamptonshirp. It was -t that time a dark red :.?m| irri«lv
I'ilf. 11— T;iin«iirth Itoar.
animal that was abl.' to tliiive on pasture during the summer and beachniits atid
acorns found in the forests, during iho fall and early winter. The original stock was
lonp ill the limb. long and thin in the snout and head, and flat in 'le rib. The pigs
were active, hardy, good grazers and very prolific, but were slow in maturiiiK. Being
rather -pare in body they carried very little fat, and when fatted and slaughtered they
are paid to have produced a large proportion of flesh.
In later times, after the country had become inclo8e<l and land began to be brought
under cultivation, a quietor pig. -vith a greater disposition to fatten, was desired. In
the effort to produce such an animal, cros.ses of pigs having a strong infusion of
19
.\-,p..l..au l,l,.,,.| w..r. iMtr,..lu.....|, h „ also .u.,| thai . f.-w bm.,l..r. u^ a whito pig
Hi'iiiii,,! I,..rk«liiri'. l-.-,v mimI ,,tli,.r iiiii.rovwl l.r.T.ls.
, , """"■'- .l,-l,..,l 1,, n,|,„.,„i, ,1,„ |„„„,l, „, I,,,,,,, „„.n.„.iM« th.. depth
"I l"-K. .11,1 inipn.v;,,- |1„. I,.,.,|,„t; .|n..lili.', „f tl.,. .uiii ^
- Ml..'. 11». i.M, north ,h,.n ,..„„. i,„. pr„nii,„.„.. „. ,,„ i„„,„„„ „,
ill. ur
I L' . I i I 1 -
• piiti' I
.■■.ll-t;i'
ll,
. -tnl.Il
.'111 illl|i
lialiit III' cMiiMTtinu' it-i fnrid hiti
'rail inoiit. This hr,.,,| ..t ono aMiimed
■ M.t p Ml,. M,,,,,,,,. ,hc ,0-t Mirts in nrifnin. Tunnv-rth. w.-r,. ^ivoi, m .oparat.-
i;..iL'. ~..io,„h ,,imI fairly ,h;y. Iiav,,,,' a rnndrntnly li^ht f„r,. ,.,„l n,„l ,1...,,
.•;r .•arri;...',. i- ..;,..v ;,,i,l a.-livr ,,„ .tniiiL', -friiirht I,--/
Ilk- IL'.- Tiiiiiw.,,!!, S,,^^
,,'" '■"'"'" ""• '""^^■■'■''' '^ «^''''" -'• - ^' 'l.>l-'ulour.a .:.in. Ir.. fm.n black
v.,s-r:-M;p;,/iiri;:i^
.0 pinjnds. n.,d s„us about GOO to 05O pound.. Sows and barrow/t t Tre wiLly
.itho,,, „.r,oo,..,. eo„stitu;;lai' v;K::;'tnd'e;i;.,c;;,;:;';:Ht^l.''^ '"'-" '^^'^
m.M
THE BERKSHIRE.
The Berkshire is one of the oldest of the improved breeds of swine. .\li,io tli:in !i
century ago it was bred in large numbers in and nliout the oi.unty cif BerUshire, K]]}.'-
land. whence it obtained its name. At that time it was a lartre iniinial. somewhat
coarse in body, and liaving Lirpe pendent ears. In cohjur it varied fr..ni tawny t..
reddish brown, with bhiek spots. Karly in tlie ninetecutii century tlio breed under-
went considerable improveiiieiit, botli in lierkshire and in the adjoining countie-. It
is claimed by historians that improvement was ctlected by the introdiieti -n of crosses
of the finer Chinese and Xeai)olitan brecMJs a'nl the perpetuation of the tin. r types
found in Endish herds. About the year l.S2.-| the breed had assnmeil a fairly uniform
and desir.-il.le type, and the darker colours beiran to bo (juite <:ener.il.
It was not initil l-^iii' that the brcod wa^^ .ir^cn a ^epar^ti' cliiss at tli<> shnA .•{ tbn
Royal Aprrieultiiral Society in Kntrland. Soon after this. (■..ni;'ctiti.,n in the >h.i\v rin-
became keen between the various improvi<r« of tlie breed, r-A<-\\ ei.nliniMjr hi- e\hibi!- t~
animals of his own lireediiifr. Th,- Iienetits ihrived from tlii- Here v.tv marked. ■.\u<'
it was not bini; liefore the b-ei'd reaehed n i.oint n{ , NeeHeuee tb:.| w,,iil,i 1, i ]■■'. \
Vin. t.i,- l;.ik-|.iie l'.,«i
pri/e.i :it the |re>e,,t time. They v. ere of line a|iMMr;niee and vitv hardy, ,,t' ii,..,\ -i/e
aid bi-tli, and yet will, out eoar,-eiH-<. 'I'l: w^ weiv pn.lilie and" the ,,ir-r,ii-
vifiei-,,!!-. 'i'liey matured early, pmduelnir a lliiek eai-ea>s of lean meat •■( tin,- .p. lity
i'y the time tiiey Were 1 l' ni,.i,i!,- ,,i,l. I',, ,,, ,'„,, ,i„„, ,i„. ;„,,,,, ,v,.rs ..\ i!,e lir.'l
were M,.t -o au.xinu^ about exlenial m.arkinL'- :, - ihe e,,minereial value of ili, .mim,,!-,
uiidei- the.-e favourabl.- enndu,,,,,- a \(^ry deHra'ele ei,,:,, ,,r lioe- wa, |,r. ,l,ie. ,! Tl,,,
exeellenee of the breed, beeauie >,, marked liiat it attraet,,] 'h,. attention ,,i riei, men
wh.isoon heeanie its fancier- and exiiibitors and wli-.-e tir.-i th..iii.'hl to,, fn-nently wa-
tbe prediK'tion of pri/e winn.i-s of -ueli a i>pe ami f. natie,, a- pk a-,'d tiiei,- whim'-
llij-'li iTiees were paid i'er eertain exli-eu.e typ, -, ,vi,,eh natur.dlv set breeder^
^^■■^•" '"<■"'- to prodiuv tk;e kind that found lav,,u-. Darimr this period the breed
was under.L'oin^' an unde-iraMe ebau-e. whieh wa- festered still more bv a k,vn .iemand
for show animals from Im.v rs ni the Tnit.Ml .><tat,-. The main aim ef the-e importer-
wa-^ t , -eeure pri/e-winin ii- aiiinial.:. r,r such a< e,.,ilnrmed to their famv The chief
points aim.'d at were a -be,-t tnrned-ui. .nont. lieaw in-.vk thi.'k ncek wide ^Lnulder..
and a fat back. Tlie eolour ..f ,I,e ,,,,.,,,„ a.y I!erk-l,i,v was at that time fairlv well
establi-hed 11, th,. l,p.,.,l. altliMiLd, a while vpladi on the .\,\r ami r.Mldish mark<'ab,,ut
the li,idy were not unerunmoii.
Witli the advent io the fniti'd States ,d the thiek fai I'olaiul-f'b;,,,, .1,,. ,t i
fer iino,rte,i n.'rksiiire- drepp,,! ,,(1 vry eon-i,ierably, an.i Kneli^l, breeder'- e.im^
:^«M*V^ts'5^J
21
nu.nmi t,> j^ivo attention to IrnirthoninK tl„. fonn of tl.oir stock. Towards the end of
l.e past century the hreed ha.i horome eonsiderahly lengthened an.T aV a r«uuM
Lave the s.vrnmetneal. airly lon^. fleshy type of Berkshire. \Vl,le7his breed r^Uin^
s popular, y,n Canada in a marked doKree. it ea„ not a, yet l,e said to have b^Z
rt\re';:rty e \;hiie':::;,rTr^ "' ^'^ '"''''-■ ^■"■"^-^- '^^ breeders stin i
to t.ie larrt type «hile n any others arc perp..tua:in2: only the longer and more fle«hv
representatives of the.r herds. For bacon production a cross hettectV Berkshire
2r::z^:::^li:iz:!r ^---■•■- ^^ ----- -=^- -^^ ^:;
The ■Rnrkslurc is hhu-k with white on feet, fnce and tip of tail An occasional
-i.i.nll sfdash on the arm is not re-arded as an obicction V uJ.LhU "7'""°"«'
-vL ho,dd,.r or other part of the body i. rcardel'l ^ most^iX: ^ Si.I ^
M .n,re boars ,n show cond.fon should wei.d, not h^s than 550 poundrand
Ki^- H. - B>ik>liirf Sow.
--'-e sows in sinular ll,.sh not less than -1.0 p„„„ds. The Berkshire r.H,uins about
THE CHESTER WHITE.
An improven,ent of the hree.l'was ;':nu;;::c^|' 'j i"^, S^' :f /f!^ ''^'^
-.enced an impr^v::!;'" '';,;, I^si^' b'"'-;;;^:^^!''^ districts .,„.
-f the imported stock. The produce of the f^r.t clo I Prepotent blood
'^ri.inal stock of the countrv'tha he L bl "d ^ eleir ""f T""''^'" "^ '^'
.;n;Hn. ..rme. of the dist^ct^ ^ncoJi^^i^ th^ imSl::;^^;^^^':
svstem of careful selection and brcedimr was undertaken with tl- I f '^
-•urin, a more suitable animal for the market. The mpr;^:™ Lt is^^^^ t.i7l
. ontinuous until the breed acouired nn nnv,aM„ .^„„.„.:. . "* '^ f""^ *° *'«^^ ^IT"
deman.l for breeding stock soon exhausted the available 'anTmnls '''t^^""'^""^- ' ^'^
f;4(;i8— 4 '" i"" a^auanie animals. This circumstancw
'■Tit "■-,«>■
22
l>rovi(lo<l \uisrnipiilc.ii~ nioii ;iii oppDi-tunily t'l.r iloini.' tlie hrrrd ^i -n-i.Miv in jury WhitP
pigs of all l'orin> and dcsoriptioiis were bought vip and .■^eiit ahroud a- Clic'stcr Wliitos.
The reaction w.i- -ivci-r. as tlic breed re<'eived an unjustitied e .i'd( iii;Liti..:i. The
demaiKl for stork fell off -erion«ly. and breeders of tlie fjennine Chcstor Whito were
able to a.L'ain build up tlieir li(>rd-;. While the stoeU h;id iindercone ni n!i iniprciMiuent
in quality, no attempt bad boon niaile to re(liire the -\m\ Tiiey wero • :--ed mum hl: tho
large breeds, and as sueli they r(<aebeil tlie pcrioil wlirn tlieir brocdors -:nv tin- wisdom
of brrediiiLr to a -tandard. wbii-h they beiran to <lo about the lieLriuniiiL' ..f ih.- last
quarter of the pa-t century. Since that time inipriivcment ha- boon oontinu ■-. It
has become one of the nio-t pojiular breeds tl:'-oiic;bout the I'nitcd Slati-- .ci nil
/)f its early-inaturins: and ea-y fccdiuL' (pialitic-. In a few cases I'anadiin b' ■ha--
have sontrht, by sclo'tion ami manairrincnt, to develop tile form and (pn\lify -! animal
looked up"n with favour by iho pack(-rs ami are now iiroilueimr an animal intei-me<liati>
between the bacon and lard ty|ies; but as lircd in tlie I'liiteii States, tSc Cle-tei-
White i~ rather a " <M.rn belt" than a ba<'on animal. .\s a cra/ins.' hou it i- .■lainicd t..
excel most ,.r the other breeds. Tt is moderately baiir. thirl; and ili-eji and .iiii!',.!:o in
conformatii'ii.
tiir. IV -Clif>t.r Willi. .■>,,».
k or bliii-
S I1I1-.
The cr.1,,111- i- while, no black hairs beintr admissihlc. iila
the bkin are imt iiiaonimon. Hreeders aim to avoid these as mii
hair has a tendency to bo wavy and even curly i.- some instane't>s.
Boars in show condition should reach (!(K) pounds at 2 years of .a^ic ; a
tlie sanio a^re and condition, oiK) pounds. Pij.'s T months old in market fi
weitrli from b"^0 to L'Ott pound-.
The standard of e.\cellen.'c for the Chester Whiti", adopted by the vari.
States Itecord Associations, calls for an animal having.' woll-arclied \„
shoulders and back -<pialifieat!ons undesirable for bacon production. Fnan
(toint of the Canadian breeder, the standard should be modified to oonf.
rcfpiirements of the bac..n trailc, ns nearly as is consistent with the natural
isties of the breed.
I Spot> .Ml
mMc. Th,
nd -..w- .,|
.nil -h'.iil.i
.us t'niteil
■'■k. 1 roail
the stan.l-
.rm t.> till'
.■haractei-
23
THE POLAND-CHINA.
iirnwi,,^:. M„.l t c e'tv ,f -i, P '' • '''''"'""'"^ "^■'•'-' favourable to swi,,,-
-." of th;;;<';:.r ^; 'X::^';; ;,, ;:'!:-:7 - ^'';v ^"-'^ t.. past eo„tur>.
the most profitable f.-uJo of Lu , ""*■' "'*'"« ^"« "' ^hat tinio
"V -i'""'is at u:J'^Tri:z!v:\ '::\:::T::'r, 'i*""'"^- .^"'■■'; ''-'- --
"f til,, animals was as iMi,„,rt.,Mt ■, .. , . , """■''*"'• '" "'"* •'"-tivity
TlM. .„,nula,i:.,. .UuV, 1 i'V'^ —•■; oxtHMnely oos,„o,,oli,a„ in thoir make-up.
<listn,.ts «h..ii,-e thev ..-ime ■uhI I, ,1 ■ ^Mrl.■tles cmim,,,, i,, ibe
y -^ ..re,.,..,,^ u";; :;:;'i p ;:;:-/:;':::r'',;'hr'- '" '•;'■ ^"'"^ "^ •""
wav,, t|„. artivitv of tho •.nin,,! 1 "1 r...„|. ,,,,,1 the nitro.luetion ,.t rail-
"'■'•i-' -.1 shorter i,! th.: b" ' ' ^' """^'''' ""'"'• ^""' ""■>■ -"''"^ '"—
thatllilim':;^; •;;::;;:';;;:;;:'■;":;:';, ''■••;r'-r^ "»■ ^ianu vane., „. bn..!.
-nenlal „, tbe f,,nnati„„ „r wl/r I ;-"/." '-'"he n.an, ero.-,.., i„,-,ru-
■i Tb.. Ii,.rk-bi,.e ^av, ,',,., ";:""' '■" '"■'-';'■< '''-' '"■ h -ero intvo-
-- -'I -I- f^.....,n„. „.,al ,. i ;, ' -;'•■""•-'■•' ^>-„etr,-, tb- Hi. Cbi,,,
' i>!-r;;/;r'::r;: ,:r'- '-■ "
IV'. li:
..' <■!,
MM If.
inaii.v .1
i.':ii:'s 111 ,.,,,,
an. I l.itteniii- (lualitie-. of tl
.1 col,
ir prior i,, ]-
tbaii
1 eoloiir or particular f.
leailiii^' breed
ami eolour i
abiput tbe ilat
le animals w,
rin. I[
I'p t.. ibi-
st .Ie>irabb
ivinir .soeure,! the de
e mentiniici. deebjed in a
■n-iclered ot mmOi prea
time tile ijicui,
Old upon tl
n.nnl,er„t „r.ani.at,ons b;,d l,ee„ f„nned i„ ,!
.bind-Cb
t(>r impi.rtnnf
ireil qualities of fatf.ninf
ri'iieral way up,>n tbr l,,n
W
iniin a le
till
111. maliirity am! ti
•e ad,.pted al
tl
le same st.indard of
n the inlrrests of tl
w y(>ars a
ill the Pnland-Ci
improving tb
exeiMli'nec.
.\tt
ami mo-t nt
■It
.1 tl
im.i one of tbe
e (piality and fatt
ention wa.^ piven m b;i-tr
le I nited States. .\,.itb,
most eeniii.niieal
eiiinir powers until
iiieat-niakuiir b,);.'- of tl
we now
le fireiit '
ll;
I no rcM|iii,.oments of tbe I:
•ll'Ils tt
Jaeoii trade ; bin
ited Willi ill,. ,|,.v,.l,
e tlie l)ret>(i
Ill of tbe (
not bioked
eoril
111 a,'i'or,laii(>i' witb
upon witb fi
!iii:idniii bai'on iiujiist
ivonr
ry.
24
III genonil .ipiPOiiniMi'i' llic l'ol;iiiil-( liiiiu i- i'i)iii|i:ii't. ^yiriiiirtriiMl. full and rouinl,
smooth ami iiicliru'd tn iiMs>ivpnr>s iti luiilil. TIk* rliiiriU'tcri-^tic culour is black, vi't<U
white fill f:u'i> or Inwor jaw, whito on foot nnil tip of tnil; :i fow -iii.ill cU'iir white spnt-a
on boily are not olijrctionahlc Hoars '2 .vpars o! ' and over in vrooii pomlition shoi.M
weigh not less than 'Hm) pMuinl-, and sous of sanio jltp and pondition not leas than TiiX)
pounds.
THE DUROC-JERSEY.
The Duroc-Jprsp,v lio;^. ai'i-iu-dinvr to the nio~t anthintic historians of the brwd. ir"
the outponie of a union of tl.o iwo cla-sps of n-d swino kn >wn rpsppctively as the Duro.s
and tlip Jerspy Ileds. 'I'hc lalter liavo I .en kuown (o exist in a eonditioi. of greator irr
less purity in Xew Jerspy and otlier Allantip stales for upwards of seventy years, while
the fornipr was for a Ifinir linii> tlie li'a.lmi: lioj; raised in Saratojra eounty. New York
The.lorspy Reds were larRp in si/p, rather line in ciuality, and of fair length and thi<"k
ness. It is believed (hat the .lei-.-iy Ued is de-cendi d from the earliest importations of
the Berk shires, which in lli< ir early days were of a variety of colours, includint; hvi.
sandy and reddish brown, ^llotted with lilaci<. It i- considered probable that the
Durops were desopiided from the same parent ■ tock. but of this there is less p,-rtaii:ty
The two variptip.s wprp for many years kept amid ditl'prent piivironniPiits whipli would
accoinit for the lack of similarity betwien thi'in when liny were united, at a date prior
to T^.^O, to form the Tluroc-.Tprsey brepd.
I'in 17, Ii'aor .l.r-.y l;..;,
The breed, troni il- eaily days, has bivn noted for docdity. prolilicacy and ba-di-
hood, (pinlities which have been W(>ll maintained. Si/e ancl weight were aimed at by
improvers through many general ions, and some twenty-fivp vears ago the nvpra^'p of
ibe breed was larger than at ihp present day. Tn 1~T7 breeders in Saratoga and
Washington r-omities, New York, agrei-d upon a staiulard of characteristics tliat has
been varied bat little by more rocpiitly f.irmcd rpcord associations. Durin:.'- the iiasi
two decades the breed has been imnro pd in ipiality. pa-y-fpoding and i-.-uly-matcrini!
riropensities, and is now bidd in about ,<pial favour with tho I'oland-I 'bina and llic
Clipst.r White in the leading pork-prodncinir areas .if the TTnited States.
The Onrop-.Terspy has a nundier of admirers in Canada, hut its thick-, fat form.
as sicn in ihc Iciiding herds of iIip rnited States, is so nnsuilcd to the rcpiireincnt-
i). ;;:r r.-c.;, rr.c;, tnat os pio]M,i,inr> iiM> not c.\lend«l greatly norlti of the niter-
national bonndarv.
.N
*?>'"
25
Tlio niir..r-.I,T-o.v. uith it- iiic„l..r;il.'i.v l..nL', sfnii-lit 1i,m,I, drooiun- ear?-, ai,.!
•m.oth. iieiit l.o.ly, li,,,,- M rMliiT ,■1..-.. n -.Miil.hinr,. to ihc rnhui(i-( hiii,, ij, form- it
IS ...mpwlint str..M,L'..r i„ liiul,. li.Mr. :.' ,v,.;n-. ..1,| i„ ^ ] ,.o,i.lition slmiil 1 wri-'i not
\-'lt!. is. — I),,,,,,.,!,.,,., , S ,».
I.'v. than m)0 pc.Mii.l-. nii.l -..ws of .-iniilav us,' anil cniHlition ."lOO p,,ini,ls Tlirir colour
i^ rhcrry red will i uilirr ailiiii-xtiirc.
THE HAMPSHIRE.
riie Ilampsiiiro l>ol(.„si> to the class of nio(liuni-lzr,l I,,,--. 1 i„. f;,.-, ,. -tramlit.
aim the ear inclines forward la.t d..e- not droop like that of the I',, land-China. The
iowl, sh(julder an<l ham arc somewhat liuhter than tho-c ..f a Ivpical fm h,,L' As a
ral.'. too, it has hss width nf had;, n litth' in.ov lenirth c' -id., and -li-htiv h-s depth
■■* -hIp thnn a ho- ,.f tl,,. .Irh'tl.v fat ,-la-s. The hreed ina.v he ch-crilu.d ;,- -o, nowhere
h.t vcon the hacon t.vpe .ind the fat tvpe in cont'orniatiou.
■ li'ur as folic. w - : ■'
■'"iir ooiifiistin
■' '<'"'■ i'lc. .1 A — M.j Mi.m, dc-crihcs the
1-r thc.v an. c.ithc-r li-t,.d ,,r \,].u-k<. th, ,,)o-t fa-hionable
t l.lac.l< cxtrcnciiics with a whit,, hclt. Ir : t,, !2 inc-hes wide.
rmf^:.i:^-X^i^'
26
■oLaLI. information .....nlh/J itsor'i,!,' """""'''''* '" "'*""' '''"'"''<■ ""^
.-.tabli.he,! l,r,v.l- the nuXr TuZ i^ '''"''■ "" '" <••""'>'--"" ^vitl, the „l,lor
Ifampshin. Iuks onlv re<4^t v o.;„;7i ' : "-^ ""' 'T"' °"-"'»^ ^'^ "'" ^-^ "'^t the
Cann.la as yot. '' ""' '""' """' '" '"-'''""'•^ ^'id-'ly -listrilua,.,! in
.en.S';':^:'Siv':;;;;:f,,;;;::i ::,:'''-• "-^ ^•'""- - •'^^ '.ni,o „„if,.n„ i„
UiKiwii, varia-
I'ii.', ■.1>. Il.,i,i|,.sl„n S.,« .
-'-"•. 'n:sr;::;;;fi:'::i,;::r,:i::/;^r'v'''^- '^ - 't- '"- ""• - ••- - -
'liff.T,.,„, ns a rule. fr.U 1 e ,.: ^ Li h i Tn' 'T'""" r"'^ " '•"•^"' ''"'' ^ -•>•
;H.r. .i,,,.. the IIan.,.hi. fall, lir^';^ ^r^'' ; i^ • ' '^ 'r ^-^ ''''^-
111 'Hiality of flesh the [[aiiinshlr,. l,,- . i- i
™i l„ the -IreBsed eare.ss .:>:; J;;;-.,;'':; ^illl^r:;-^??', Z' !l- !"-?« a «ood
P---.ita.e „f lean an,I i- .JJr:)Vf^,:!::!:i:^,';; '"^'' "^""""- "^ "'-•' --ries a high
T ♦-w ,
-a^^'l-ti'l', "T"""^ ""' ^7"^":: """'''"" ""^ JI""'>-»'i'-e scorn. ,„ l,o ^ivi,,^ ^ood
Mv:i:!t;:'s:;;!:7i,^;::,;;,ti;;''l:T',;'::", """ "- - "-""' ■;" ■'.=
THE BREEDING HERD.
..r a bad bacon h,.., 1^-^^,:^: tu:'z'i:i: '^ " rT''\ ' r'
SELECTION OF THE SOW.
Care .sli„„l,l be taken in sclcrtinK tin. f,.nial<.. of lli,. I,..,- I t 1
noisy, di^runtontprf -.,«•■ ,„ i . " "' '■•''•'S|""-"t">^-' llini, ., ruvinjr.
Pisrs the ability to ^ive n lar^eflo v of „,n - i n. rl 'f ""l ""^^ •^''•f'^ J"-'- ■^"'""»f
I'-teristi.-; that is to s-v iXr, T f \ % " ^"""'•'' *'''»'' t^an a brocl ohar-
, uiar 8 to s...^, rntlcrorit fnmihcs nf the saino hrp; J. (liffnr t.„ -- ;, .i,-
i« i.nt lit-, 1 """^■"°-'' n '•'"'k "f vital fore,.; and an animal with tlii-- .■harM-fori^ti,.
^r.v.n number of p,>. eaeh year to pav expen ^ M i " , , ,|r 7 ""' "
and ill-nourished pi,^.. " '' '"'""■ "^ ^'^'•^'^" "^ '■i'-'''f«'" -^^'^- t^^ I v
Th,
SELECTION OF THE SIRE.
He is mu-'h more than half of the 1 , r 11 '" " "" •' f"'^' °^ <'"' '^"'1 =
"- --V" <!'• '.n^.';::' :::r;i;::,;i;;;;: --*-• ^^ --n./^--
-nly when he is the more inten-elv I,,-,. 1 T ""^I"^'"?-'; ihis, <.f courfe, is true
i." important that ho ^ome of a li,,; „f ',.'1 ' " '"," 7'""^'' ""*' '"' ''*'' P'^re-hred. it
-Ht are retnarKab.e for unifortnity and' iiidivMual ' u::^t' li't ^V^'l^^^'',::!:;;
H- jti'iij
.-n.""^ ■'tii™'".,!;™'";''","'/""'" "'" ! •'■■'' "' """ '"• ""' ''■' i"v,^i„«
,^^^^^^^^ ui s,.o. ^.K„„r ,„„1 t,...nM,l,t,v ,i.,„ ,h,. oontinucl us.. „f immature
--'.1 i„„ „ot cnsilv loser J^^^r^^^^^^^ "^ appo.nuuv so ,..-,l,v rc-oo^.
■■ .tonnn,.etl,nni „ ;; ,,^i : :,'r '7 T' ""; "''""^ ''^^"'•^•" '^^"•--- "^
-^s .^ uo„l,l \^i^:u^\ ," T^ l-.r l.nt 1,0 ,nu.t not l.^ve .„oh exoo.-ivo rough-
•Al.h.n.l/soulo p/mC :^;kT7- ' """"' '•■"^''"'' '^■••'"'^"•- '^"^■•^ '"> "'i-^ P-nt.
..v.o,i,.,„.,. lo., „ V f '' '"'■ '' ■-''"'"' ''"'"' ^hen olmosi„s a L.^.r our
'...:.: .;:. ^.'.t;^,: ,:r' :,; :;:^,^=' --f tr^ ^' ^^'^ '■''^'^ "-^ -'''>■■' ''-^«
<■'- -.a >mnll i„ „.,mbo v " !'• t\T \ '^"'"'-'^ ^" '" ^'"" ""^ '''^ ""«"
fn..n uT-akncs of tl e .pi mo or \'Z n,^ , •"^'''vy j'oar ,3 also more likely to suffer
.■rooko,l i„ l,is loss T To 1 , fTi .'"' ^'"^.'■?/'--'->''.v weak in his joints and
-ui rn.,„.i„e.s of hon"'^ r ,, X ^j;:,r:,r /r"*"n •'^•^^'^ °^ ""'^'«''
alli.vi uitl, eront si/o \ „„ ,1 „Vn • '' '''''""'^'^ '" " ^"''- "■•e often
1-.^ n. will tho ho'vv .1 ,1 1 ^'T >' '■;""""" ^^"'^f"' ^°' "t "'^""t twioe a.
^ -•- '"- ^'-^■. 'r;\::::ii-::i-';^:::e- j-'^ ^" -^ t,. .o.
CARE OF BREEDING STOCK.
--'';:':::„ j:r .S;,':!. ;r.::;ior ■,'■'■;"'";■■' ^"'""■" '^^ -'--• '- «'-"-' •^^
'■•■nlnro to provi,lo f„ n ^ oi n 1 1 ' , l: '"^^^'f-'-^ ."^ *''« b.eedin, herd it is the
^'no„ tl.o nm of a p^nturo .hllnJl ^s^^'tial to lus welfare. If the sows cnn be
n-r.i.-e Httlo elso to'Ct f tirtTo'T' '' '';-^-*"'''^ '" ''"*"'"" *'->• -''
I'avo wator and sholtor i^f t o • , ,vo ooo. T "^ ™ *'°"- '^'''^ ""^*' ''^ <=°""«-
-allow .o nMu.h tl,o boMor A ,, I;;,; ,.?:,?": ."L".:','""'",^ ^f^r ■" -■'-■h they n.,y
iK'nithy and froo from vermin Sbolto'r'i!. LJf " m"jT' , "^ '^'-''-'t""^' a hog's skin
,„^Y
30
.trow ir. «h„.l, ,h.,v „„,v l,„.|,|l... If ,|,..,r .l.,,„„„ „„„„..,., .,,,. ,„„.,.. ,„„ w,„.„ ,l„v
.■h.n^W ,„„..M,v „M K,„„^ out into tl,.. v,r,l a.ul th.,- will „„t .o ,„ril,v take .' :,„ ';:.l.
Tl.ry sIiomM Iu. f,.,l „n nutriti,.,,- l,ut .,ot t n.vntn,,,'.! f„o,l Mat„r. ihnltv
of root , pr,.f.rnl,ly n,n„«r..|s or s„P.,r Iwvt.. Durins „ v.n- ..„1,| s„„p , ,„„ Jr „
.l.oul.1 1„. „,v,.„ ,., assist, ,„ ,„:,i„tan,i„^. th- ann,,,,! I,..at. A-'ll,,. s ,ws ., , , , ■ 1
ni;, '" """^^""T "f "''""r.'l^ ■^l.oul.l 1.0 ..nuh.nll.v ,l,.,.n.a n,| , ,„
plemo nt of «nM„ .•orrns,,o,„l,„^l.v in.Tn, ,s tl„. s,.ns„„ a,lva,„vs n,, , ,- . I
MU „f „..sh-for„n„, r„th..r than of a fat or U.^.^rlZ:. .ha'! t.^ 's, ^.s
'.rmi,!, liMirs ,s ..x,vlh.„t. so is uroinul oats; hailrv ,.r .-..n, .hnnhl I I 1
;;n^...s .lilot , „,,h so„„. fonn of .iairy hv-pr t. ( f.. a H , : „: ,;"f '
"hoar,,,. ,„ ,ho,r effe,.t on thn s.stom. Sows wintor-.l in th./wa T i! a, Vi:
-.T ,t .o n,..,,„ ,, „.„„. Thoy will „, .,„„„„,, ,,;.„., i„ „ . „, :^ . , ' ;, "
the rP<„ur..mo„ts of ,l„. .y^tcn,; a,„I to c-o,npol tl„.m to tnUo w.t, r , • „
|U^un^ osp..,.ially i„ ,.,,|., ...th... is to in.,!oso an „n ^-^J^ uZ ::::i:"
wat.r. whi.h so,,,,. f,.,.,l,.rs ..n„,p,.| ,h, ,r ho^w to talco in tho forn, of ,hi„ .h,,,,, ■ I , I
.s an ,,„w:,rr,.,„t,.,l «a-t,. that not n,any .an afford. "' ' "'■
. . ""■ "'' !'" f'!""' '" '"■ "'""■■'" "t i" M.<' wi.il..,,,,.' of l,ro„l sows ,. ,„ ,„. , I,
and .an. for ,h,n„ ,„ s„,.h a wa.v that tho -pri,,^ litto,., will oon-i^t of „o I ,:
well-„oMr,.l„.,| hoalthy. vi^,„.ons pi.s, and that ,ho ..w, th,.„„ol vi i:
....^■..d':,., ;;::„;:;:• ^yri;:a;;;,;;::'d;,-^
tion to tins. ,.us kopt ,.|os,.ly oonfinod and fod l.irpolv ,„, -rain ..ro L , 1m 'l
Sr ':: . ■■ niX a . fTT'"! ^'^ " ''"■'•'•"" ''r-"' ^v..:i.^:::: ::)■:::•":■::
ump aro as l,k oK ., „„t to d.'Vonr a portm,, ,f „ot all of thrir otT-pri,,- c^, ,1,
contrary. o.p,.,.,on,.,. has shown that tl„. sy-,o.„ of wi„to,.i„. pr,. ',o Iv ,! ;„. , , '
.n^1 "::l; t,;',: ir;,:,;- -r= - r h^r ":,;;:-„;:;,;' ; 'rt
.^....■al r,n,o „.,.,v,.s. U is also i„,por,a„t that tho atLZt ^ ? t: 1 t ;i::'Uth
the sow: a ,ow nnnnt.s spont on hor ovory dav with a stiff hr„s , w, 1 .
.nvosttnont of ti.no. This '-onrryin,. favonr"' with thV sow o , t ■ T
thoron-h-i.'..ii,u- and ..aoossful stookman l^a.r,,, ,,| ,h,
The Farrswing Pen.
I. ■!;.■ Jnai IS
Mi'l'i-iii^:- awav
I ho bn...d,„. ,Ha, .honhl not ho to. lar.v; a!..,„t s ,oo, s.p.a,-.-
t",< l,„yo. thon. ,s „an..^.r i„ .-old wo .th.-r of ,ho „owlv-fa,Towod pi ^s „.
from ,h,. dan, ,„.,t„„. h-, and porishin. f,-.,,, tho oMd. Th X^
t,;;,'i:,.:;;;;r!7,:-r^;!;:L::;|;;--;;::::-.::"r ■ r-:-'"^^
Hro ap, to ,„ tan.^lod no i„ It an,l ho ov'rlaid hv ,I,o sow .-.,„.-to,.
^ .\., Imuror .o aftor far,-owi„^ ,l,o s„w should ho ^ven a .h-lol. ..( , ..
,;■ ', ''" '■"'- 'i'""' Ilia, I a iiaiaimi o,. two of sliorts or nioil 1... ■ 1 .■ i rr
.11
I Y'"' •; • "• 'irst w....k ,1... ,s pH.in:, „ll sl... will ..at up cloan. .\„r«,n^ sow, , ,.1,
rap , l> ,M ll..sh in s,„t.. ot tlw s, .k,ll'„l f„.,|i„.v Tlii.- I,„w,.v..r is „„ rHl,.-!!, n
Mill- ...■„,. v.ri.ty .1 ,1 1„. i,.,r,„|.,.-,.,l in..', ,1., ..w'/niti,,,, ..xtr. ,■ ruV
liM,.r la ,.„.,, ;: -""''""' ^'l-'-^'-^- , ; - .1-.. i..,p„.ta„t ,l,a, b,„l, .„„• a,,-!
riv,. ,,„. I,,,.., I, „ , i ^' — I/'-'" "- ..l-HH, an.. .l„.,v i, ,„.rhap. no l„.,„.r cor-
•^'■'-''••' --^ '."::.::'. 'n^;: ,:':,'
::;-.:,^-;:;:;:;::;;-:iL-;:;:;;::;-
'PI, r,, 1 , , , "^ ' ' ' '• "" '^ "'11 "'•'•wMlio purp..s.. v.'rv- well
'•;it M.' -., u,.|l ,1 til. .- 1 .1 . , .T in u. M>- ul.l. |,x that tun,, th.'.v s 1011 (1 bo
V..,,. Vi::/::,j,l:,:;i:::fi:;:; ;!:'■;:: ,:;;::t;';:;,:'':;; "-- f- ;^o .
;;:;;L:'^rr:;n';,,.'::;:z■ ;;:;:;; :-^-^ :'H':;:';:;':;;:;:^t;:^i:tn-
.l:.y< for .In. pur,..,-,. T "i- n 1 i' ." ' "'■ V" ''"" "'"' "•"'''"" ^'^ " ^^^
""■ ..l.J.-t f'.r ul,i..|, 1,0 „.a. lof, .,,1, ,|„. ,ian, ""•' '''^^"^""^
.'^..ni..tnn<'- tlu' milk t<. 'th aiv ali,,,,rn,illv In. .' ,,. I I • , .
'1- -^^•'s n,l.lor an,l la,.,.ra,o ,l,o . -nn a^ ^^,,' ^o I, I Tr'T """" !" r"'^"'
.!i-.-lnnro,I tV,n, ,li-o-fivo tn.nll '"""""-" '>' I"- !'n-', riioy frnpiently bopomo
-l-ul,ll,o.o .^, ,„';•■,„;"''' ^"•" ""■" '--vn a, .'Ma..k toeth'' They
,, ,„.^„.,..,. ,,,„,„;;,',' ,';' 'rr,:-" - •"■".•.■.l. Many ^r^^,.^ make it
^"•' -^ ^''-v. n!';:^:;:::, -l^-t 'riLt::;;;;,: '' "-'"''^-"-
The Boar.
B.'i.iM. i,ii„ „,. ,,., \', . ' ;;" ■ '"" '■■' '"! ';">-^ ';""■ ••"»< t" >«k"i ... .v„i.i
-:"i ™." -r „..;„„i ,;;;:, '::!.;z!:.T:z:'T.^-'r''"-<r- »' ""■ ■■»■"■
tni<e. caiiin. into Jw. i '..:::,:',,;: !r'"t " r/'' -^^ ''^"'''^•' ' ->
-ith ann,...n„.nt an.I ooo ,,an.,n ( ,". n 1 I'p ' T' '"t"' " ^""'''^"' '''"'
ln-< skin an,| l.air healthv an.l a,-,iv ■ ',, ■ ' t ,"T ''i''."^'""'.-^- ^ " '"" -^ '->-
l^ ill.,! 1. 1
ilk. Th.-
•an llicin-
111 tic .-.kiih
REARING AND FINISHINO.
Cure is ne<'o.,nry „t woaniMK time to grt th.- pi^* .ufrly ,.vrr tl>M rri.i- n. tl,cir
l.ve. u,Kl w.ll ..ar,...l w.tl.out any M-riou, M-thark. M:,„y br.....l..r. ,.,.ri.i,o ,l„ profit
r,n ^t'm.<..l n,.m,.l „f „,,v ku,,! i. mKv,,v. unprutitaM... „„,1 thi- i- ,l,„.l,ly
mat might linvp l.»'.;ii uvoulcil.
A.uoiijf the f .or- iiit,, whi.'h o,„. m m..«t |i„|,l,. ,„ f^.n ^,t „,|, (j,,,,.
tmliiiK u strong pruiri rati.,,, |,, rompoMSMt.. fnr th.- log, of the mothcr''-
pijfs. It well n,aiu.K.Ml. ^liouM 1„ r.,ll,,;f m, Cr.vly „t thr Iruujrh as nrarlv
■™- '""' "" '•'"""<'•• -'"'"I'l I .■!.• iu tl„. rat,,,,, „„1,.„ it I,.. ,„ .,;i,i".,
Another „„.,ak,. ,- ,l.„ .„• overUvli,,^. li,,„,„ u,.. r,.,n,.v;,l „f ,1,,. sow. ju-, a.
the ,ow ,.s take,, away, the fee,ler. either fr.,,,, „.„,ake,. hi,„|„e... ,„ „,e pi,,/„, .v,,,"
a fa. ure proper y t., eMm,a,e their re.,uire,„e„t.. ,„a.v ovvrfood to n.eh «„ extent
hat food often l,es ,„ the tro„j:h In,,.. o„e fee,lin>r t„ a),other. Thi. i. n mistake
or tvvr reasons: the -veanli,,^.,, ,„\~.,u^ their dan,, are te,„pted to overtax their
jh^e..,vo .yst....,.; and the por.ion of ,he food ,e„.ai„i„K i," the trough is apt t
become foul n. , result of ler„,entati„n a,„l oth.r eau.es. In either ca.r digestive
troubk. w,ll i,.,.vitably foih.w; a,„l the-,., if „.„ ,,„., ,„ the pig are i i astr'2
the owner, ehanec ot protit. Whih- the o.he,- ,..,ren,e al.„ mu.t he uvoide.l. it .-
(Z U t " v"' '"'"','.", '■'■■■ ■'■ ''"' ' ""■ ^'''" "'■ "■"l-f.".li„. tl,a„ t.; over
feed. Ideal eon,l,t,ons wool,! 1,., ,„ ,„.,| ,t fre.p,e,„ r..«ular i„t,.rval. as much a.s thev
alt, I- l,,,hi,j:. It is ,i,,t ,,ften p.,s-ihl.. ■ rinik, oi:-
il. I'lit ih,- iH.irer u-,. ean appr,,aeh to .. u;c bett<'r
>■ ppeil oai-J, Mipp!e,iieiit,e,l witl, a little skim milk.
u,anli,i;r pij:<. It i- rieh in a>h and protein f,.r
■lie- an, I n.iis, !,.,, ,ii„, eniMint: th,. pig t,. huil,l
will eut up clean .„ a few n,iini!, -i
practiee eonf,irm wh,,lly i,, ih,. i,i,
will be our sneiess.
A „,ixture of nii,ldliiiL's an, I ,
I'onstitntes an excellent ,;,ti,„[ f,,r
the nourishment of the ;.'r,,winu' 1 ,.,
up framework rather than ,„ lay „„ ,.,. I, „.„ ,„.|, ,■„„,;.,„„ „„. ^; ,
rhdi'",,T> I f, "'" 'r " ■"■"■" "^■'"^''''" ■■""' '"- --'>• 'li^-ted ti,; , x
.^^:l! a'l: -L;'.;::::!r^:;;::.
muldlin^^^y diirerent mil,- vari,. fr,„„ eoar-,.. S.^^^Wed^fW T^ -^ ,::
"^^istlJ^bSf a:r^e:";uir:o?^^,;:: zt:: -aK"-'^- " -----^^-'^
Roots or some other kin, I ,,f irreeii foo,! elf),,.^ i., »i c c
S; z:zzz:r::\T -:;;::: S.:t Eit ^^i FSz
32
PASTURING AND SOIIINO
Kxp.THn,.Mts ,„,„|„,.,,.,| i„ ,.,,,,, ,,^,^. , , , ,1 , .•
In tt.i, ..x,„.ri„,ent .l,ir,v.f.,„r ,.,«s L o7 I ■^-'r- ..,, nr,. „l„. I hy „.,,in».
win. ..■c.-s. ,0 „„ out,i,lo van). M, Vt^.n v,-,- ""^ "^ "" '" "'"'' ^'^ '''' '*'"
'n-.k. I„,^.^, w,.r,. f,.,l iwi.v , ,l,v «l,„ ■„ ," ' ''■'■^""■" '-". oMf^id.- ami
'ir>. a-ul ,.„n.i.u of t«.„ ,.:'i: ,'';;',:;'; ,::'"''' ;■,'' -'f'^- ''•'"• "-I wa. fo.l
hoK. w.T,. fed. in n.KJitin, , ,1 , , "^ ' " >ni-l.ll..,K l,y .v...Kh. The m.,i,l.-
whi,.h ,1 ,1,.' 1,„ w.. , ril ■• ""! '""""•■ ""■ '^""^' ^-'"f- - tl-«t o^
"" "'■'•■'"'• ' • ..II . I u i si, , ' "■ '■•^'"■'•i'":"' «"^ ••".■ '"■•"- I on .T„lv 6. and
n.. ... s, ..„ iL-L .;r i"'^,:::' r:^ f. ""■ 7"r'" "'-^ -- -ady f.. ship.
..nfin,>l,..dandhadtol..,,.; ^v; ,.,, vtrr '■.""■■""?'" * ->> -- "till
to th.> slau^htor house. N.'^.-".f-r 1l', «•„.,. .I,..,v. too. wre .hip,K.,l
"1^^ -.vM,p fed in the pens rs'c. p,„u,ds. """' "" f"^*'"'^" ■'-■'^
P"iiniis
, n,,. ;m,.M„j, ho„v refM.rted .,„ t'he",'':'J;, ,,, f.,||„u.s- •• Tl I . 1 ■
which >,„, .ei.t t.. im i< ii,..t ,„.f „f .,1. 1 ■""""^- II'.' hi-t shipment of ho(r<
with.,,1, ,.,.ep,i„„ .how ve "'^^rr ;,;^::',;:;; ':'^"/;: --^ '■• ^- "'^.t an ,he sidL
r-p..r. 1- il.at all the sides « de V , ' / , T ';• """"'"'■ ''"' ^"""" '^^^^-^or'.
to ,„,,, wa, that there was pa .t^ellvotr '';''"' *'"" '"'■'''" ^' "^ """" ^«1"«
i" tl.e .r.,„r« ,heni.eKes. wh h ^ r i r riV'T'^"; l^'^ ''■*•-" -'-• either
two .'roup,. Whatever yn„r me ho. ,f e ' li : , , V , '' "■"' '*' '"; '" """'-■'^^^tin^ the
ho^rs. von eertainly havl. di,e,„-. re ,,.,!„ ,?'"•'" ""'''^ '" "'-'■ ""'i-'-
I. In this experiment f.^'dinp Imtr, ,,n pi<ture „r ■. 1
whereas leedinK in pens witi, sum. li„!- f " "^ '* '''''■>' M!«'nsive method.
^'. All the ho.s produced i-.u.,,::,'' ^'/ii ! ^ t r^^v^T,; -"" ''-'^^ '1 '"^'^'••
of a previous exr.erinient with ra-e an.l l' „.s , I ''""^- "• ' '"" ''■".'.rm.s the result
foe.l with a liheral meal rat io^ p '.':., ':u;:::,r i' ,^ ■'"'''•' -"-''^ '>.' .n-en
- .:^«:::rL^::;:,;™:;-=;;-^^^^ , ,
•■• The lUMde hoL'.s consumed, o,, an aven-c „n.,.l, j , .
P.T 'lav. to,.e,her with 4^ pounds of meal ' ' '""""^' '^ '"■'■<'" *'
As tins proportion of preen feed t.. meal is practicMJlv fl
t.on ,,t roots to meal which we have used with , 'T'" '"•;">• ,''"' *a.ne as the propor-
that the use of e,pn,l wei.^hts of iccu ,^, f ,' '"'"'"• '' "'^■'"^ '''''" "' ■'-'"">
Hrm quality. --..u ulent food and meal tends to prodoc |,„.,,„ of
r.JrJt,^lZ:Zir' "' "•"'' '" ''" ""^^'•'•^ ""^^ -- i-t ahout half of that
padd':,mhSM;,':t:;r:!.i^::;:';:: ^'- ^--'V- '"^ '^'- '""' ^^^^ - ^ ^> -^n
":t':i^X';i-i:-;l';:r;i;h-'E^^^^^
.n,ount of food consnmed. there is .^ t-:^^:;^ i^mX t:;!:';;;!!-;;:,,:,^^-
iir ro<its
each
34
tlu' .Mbt of ix.rk pn..lii.-o,l in tiii, Wiiy. Whi'tlicr ,.r nm ,t will pav t,. p^iMtirr Impr* in
siiiimuT. .r to cut gn-vn foni^ro nn,l .-iirt it. to thciii in the in-ms, will (ic|«'ii(l liirgcly on
tun fii.'ilitR'* OIK- lias at his .lisposal, ospccially in llu> matter of lahonr.
Probably rape is the most valnable crop f.ir this purrosc or for pasiurinfr It
grows rapidly and may be sown at sucees^ive intervals so as to fiirni,-h a .•ontinnoua
Mipply trom the first of -Inne until the fro.t ; it furiii>lies a larjre .snpply of food from
a (.'iven area; althou^-h ho-, ,lo not take to it ivadily at. lirst thev soon aequire a taste
lor It and eat it freely.
For hogs, raix- should be s,i«n M.nicwhat ihi.-kly in rows about L>t to 2S inches
apart. Three pounds of seed i)er acre will frive a very go(,<l stand, if the .seed is of
good quality. If the rape is too tliin il -rows .omewbat eoarse in texture and tlie piga
dn not eat it so readily.
Another valuable green .Top f,>r Iiolt- is alfalfa. I'i-s are fond of it and will
make v, ry satisfaetory gains if it i> fod with .li,ereti(UL It should be fed before it
blos.ioms or it becomes too woody; and i-; not only h^ss palatable, but ;lso !e- digest-
ible. Common red eb,ver is also ..xeellent ; peas, vlehes. almost a:iy suculent forage
'Top ni;iy be used with a<lvantage.
l-or winter feeding the sueeulent i>orlion of the ration can he most eh. .iply and
■=atistaetorily furnished in the form of roots, lu-cfcrably mangels or sugar beds'
It has been pretty well established that hogs cannot be fed to the best advantage
on an exclusive grain diet, especially during tlie growin- in-riod. The result of heavy
gram feedin- is to cheek growth, and to cause the i-ig to lay on flesh and become 'too
thick and tat before the desired wiugbt has bciai attained.
IT" is the most successful fecd.T wh,. maintains hi. pi-s ,,n a cheap, bulkv. easily-
digested ration, rich in bone ami muscle forming ,lfiiient~, until th(>y reach "a wci'ht
..f from IW to LW pounds, then fhiish.- on a -t.on-cr ration until thev 'are in prime
condition, but not too fat. .md wei(.'h fi ISO to l'l'h iiounds.
THE COST OF RAISING SWINE.
I he question of ascertaining the eo,t of rai-ing ho,-, from binh to markctin- hm
■ cci, Md,jeeted to much more coiitrover,^\ than experirnei,tatio„. So t,.w swine raisers
inid time to keep an accurate account of the quantities of fe.Ml used bv their hops from
'lay to day the question of gaining information ,,„ this point is left barge Iv to experi-
n.cn, >.at,o„s Valuable data have been sccnd. through the co-oper^t ioti o /> o
>ay. ot the Ontario .Agricultural College, upon the averag .t of nusi,"/ o! to
' "" "-Phts upon Ontario farms. The work was undertaken at the sn- ,.,,i,:„ „f
one of , he leading bacon-curing firms in Canada, who encouraged it bv offcnn- to „av
fortini^hed hogs ,M» cents pe, hundredweb.dit above the market price when The pijs
ere markete.l, to those who would render a full report upon the food ,^.nsnme, In
he ho.^s frotn the time of weanitig until shipped to market, a.rf upon certain tber
IK),nts necessary ,,. an intelligent study of the question. No restrictions whatever
were placed .ipon the feeders regarding the kinds of food used or the methods of feed
iTere't 7'; ; ""■^'V-;"?^ '-: "-'-'-^ ^" t'- ''--'ion of the farniers t w l
iterests It woubl be to f„.d ,n the tnatuier found by each in his experience to vield
the.reatest pro t upon hw own farm In all, ten report. w..re rceived ealb c c , ,
P'<-ned hv a declaration of accuracy si-ncd by the experimenter
Mie fee,ling. ,„ ea.di case, was done under nornud fa
than <.ni.n .'ounties ~pre.id over n large part of tl
inn conditions, m not less
le province.
»n
■'■'"■ '"ii"»-n,.^ t.i.l,. f.,v,.s tiu. ,„„„l,f.r ;„„i l.r.,.,1 „f swi,,.' in eul, 1,„ ,h„ f
ll
S., ..f
I'll.'- II. ,„ I.,-,. I,
«I"I1 nil. II
-Id. >„l,l
(■■"..I (■..i,-,ni,f<l.
fW t. nil
t').iciiit#2;t
P'T tiin.
N-. 1.
N,i. N.
N... III.
■■, us. I,
\ >• , I
K'l ■
I-' ^..l•k-l,ll,
I-' \"..lk,ln
I" N..il,-i,
n.-ik-i,i,,.L,;,,
^■Mk-lnl.
^ I k-llilllH.ai, T;!!;
>...|lil s.m
It ^^.lk-l,ll..
^i.lk-liii, i;in,|,.
">' - I.I.,
-•i: \s,,, l!.i,l..v.:i.V,L>ll,.;.l„,rt»,:iO,51i,.; ,„,„
(.•••l>, 7I"II.,; j,'i,.,.nil,,i,.,. •.>■, II, .
-kiiii milk, |i;jii II,
--^ -.'IL'.-, liail.v, .-.:!7( II,.; ,1,,,,,,, I,,;,, I,,,
n.alitf.ls, .s|.-, II,.; J,,.,,,.,, ci,,j,.^'
, .•fill II,.; „ki„, „„]|^. 2III11 II, '
-i: -.MHO .M.al. ,l,.„..ly, ,«,t.,. |„.a. .,,,,1 -I,,,,,, I
.•!.i:ni.: iimnp.K .-,|., ||,,; ,;;„,;
Millk. iiL'o III.
-':!■- L'.C..i .M.mI. (I...1I...V. |.,-a.-ai,a,,.,iM..M7ll,
-liort.-. KKtsil,.; niaii).'..N, :lL>(,ll|l, ■
milk. LWllli..
-'•••' I'll.'.-. I'.ail.v, mil) II, . „|,..;,, ,;„K| II, .
'■.lt>. .VIII II, ; T,|.,,|l.-, K, MUM II,'.'
■-kiiii in Ik. SMNi II,
I"' ■-■"I'X M.al, il,a,l,.y, ,«t>. v,l,.at. ,..;.,,
4L'1.I III.; >ll,„t«, .-.lU II, ; „|;,.y,'
l.'|<*' 111.; iiii.<ri.|;.iiii..,iis f,H„U
\alllt.<l ;U .*."i , '
'-'I-' '-Tl'i llailrv, iLM.-i II,.; -h,,rt-. 4.r,(HMl. •
Curil, l.\H.-) 11,.; ,|,i||;. ;,;(;,|| p, .
small i-.t.it..,., i:(l,at.'M ;„|,| ,,;,^'
tiiri' valiii..! .It .s.". iiii
r.n
yM\ M.-al, (l,ar|..v ali.l ,,at-l •►.Mil 11, ■
siicrt,., 271 II,.; milk. ;ilii;ii 11, ■'
pa-tmi. anil niv.-ii ti,il, .*.•!
":;n'i:v:,',.'k.i::"; ''" -"'" ^' ■"«"i'>': .i--'- 1".""^ »
uniil. N iirksliir,
sow.
Tamwiirth l«,,ir,
> ,ail,. Noik-hir..
■ uiil 'r.ihiivuitli s,,\v
iiiaiiKfla, :i.llKI 11,. ; 11,'ilk, '41120 11',.'
I7MI Harli.y, lill.-, II,.; short,. .■Wull,.; ,„a„.
K'' Is, IKXI II,.; milk, 12011 II,; .-,1
il.i.VH uri st„(,l,i,, „itli, lit othtr
:. ;»:t
1 ir
4 ,-,2
4 .'i2
4 it7
4 07
4 111
;t m
5 .SI
;< u
A(t..u,ii,„ ,„;,v I, ,.;,„,,, ,„ t,,^ uniformity of cost. oxroptinR lot 10 „lthn„„), ♦).»
Iri'iliiii;- w;is ill, no nnilrr ll,.. v.rL.liI i;. :..,., .f , , ' y"!^ '.^'^ id, nlthoiigh the
niothoa. of fLodin^ foiuiii i,. -liff^Mit pam'of'u;; pi^wl^^'" '"""' "' '"''" """^ °*
30
In the ca>o of lot 10 tho hou'S patliered tl,oir foo,! fr,„n August ! to September -'0
on a St., ,ble I.el. of riuxe.i oats and barley on which the cr.,, had lodgo,! badly, Icav-
mg niuch shelled Krai,, on the sronnd. Sineo the food ^-athnvd by the hogs would
have been otherwise ost, no value was plaeed npon it. Thi,> (.-n.up ,s not inelude,! in
he general averaize, but ,t is inserted in the table a. an e.xa.npu. „f how live st..k , a,>
(requently make profitable use of what would otherwise be wasted.
COST OF GAIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH.
the dady ga.n .nerease.. also, but n..t in the same ratio; so that the amount of fe^d
breeds of swmo. In report„,i; th,s e.x|>eriiue„t Prof. D.iv ^iv-- -
"In the experiments with p„ro-bre,l h,.^. a rather n.ten.sting point was brou.'ht
out me.deu.ally. It has been show,, by other e.xperin,e„t station.s th.at the eo- '.
produeing a pound of ga„> in ho,^s inereases a< the ani.nak beeome heavier. As our
pure-bred hogs were weighe.l at regular intervals and as every pound of n„.,d thev
eonsumed was earefudy we,ghe.i. an opportunity wa. afforded t„ test further the truth
of the ehum and a staten,ent of the results is give,, below. Tk>se results a,e ,.on.-
puted from tl,o ga.ns made an,l the food <.onsumed by thirty-six ho^s. .o that thev
attord very eonelusive evuieue,., lu ,.,.n,puting the avera-e weif:hts ..f tl„. h,,c,. f,,,:.
t.onsc.t pounds we,-e omitted, the ,.,-are-t whole nuud,er of pounds beiug taKe.ri;' .lu
C83C
The foHowing is a >tate„,e,., .f f„od eouM,n,ed f.r .■„, ,, .nnl of ,aiu l,v 1,,,^- „f
aitierent weights:^ . •• - t
'"^Vhile inen.,si„g in live wei.ht f,-om M ■ .u„d. ,,. ., p,„„„|,. ,„,., ,., ,,,,„j
d- 10 pounds meal per pound of gain.
"^Vhile inereasing in live weight fron, -2 p„un,l, t„ llo pounds. l,ogs n.uur,:\
3-. 5 pounds meal per pound of gain.
"While increasing ,n live weid.t from II.-, pcu,:d- 1„ Ms pounds h..gs required
4-,?8 pounds n,eal per pound of gain. r, (|.,irtii
"While inere.asing in live weight fro, MS po,,,,,!. to 170 pounds, !„ ,- re,p,ired
4-55 pounds meal i)er nound of gain. inj,..,
;'This staten.ent show, tin,; there ,s a steadv ,ne,eas,. in the a,„ou,„ of meal
required to produee a pound of gain as the hogs ,,,erease in weight and tronJ
argument ,„ t.,vuur of n,ark,.,ing ho.s by the tiu.e. „r a li„|,. uSt"t\::°Z
pounds in weight. ' "
«r. Lf- n™'"'{ 'n'"'' '':'"'-,'■ '^'^-'^ ^'■'•' t><"li"P'' f^iv.s the followi,,:. data whiel,
7^ ■■ r '^'-'.''"l"'"" "'ll >"■ found e.peeially interesting. ,„ ,],. ,„..,,,,„, |
f'^'^"-- ""■ f 1 "-'"1 '- valued at $1 per hundredweight. '
\V..,t'l,t.,t |.,
1 "i t ' ' .■»( I,
.VI tM Kk,.
ii.ii t.. ]:,!>.
l.')0 o. ■Jiiii.
2011 1'l uvhi.
2.VI to .'a.Hi.
:«)i) t,..^-^).
1,1..
l.i..
1,1,.
Ml
1,1. ^
J* .-I
.(s
;)
11
171
■J ■ *'.'{
.
7s
I'.'S
17t
l.'i
III
II
I'J
pHI
IMI
107
117
v.ir>
4s!l
;(iN,
;( .■!".
t 7a
-1 '.t,l
:< i::
7'>
rn'i
IIHI
4.(7
ISJ
L' a:i
( INI
) ■"
1 ■-■-'
•>7l'
S
tt'i
2*2.'t
" 111
L' '.*!
I ;{,,
I'.IS
4 '.is
IL'll
.■t
1!"
To.':.
1 1"
7 .'lO
L* 71
1 .11',
1 III
.Ml
.•. II
37
CONDIMENTS OR CORRECTIVES.
t'^o past,, f..n, p,,;: h,: ! :, ,;• ;;: ::, ::t"^ r- '"^^'■- 'i^ ^'-^ ■- -'* •'"
.^ysU.,„ crave.. It i.s tl.e crav,,,,. ,,.,;,, !"\*;.' '')''"' -"■ethn,.^ for which hi.
trond, a,„l the si.le. „f th en "':. /'"'^'^ " :""'.'"■'' V'i^ '<' ?naw and t,.ar at th,
nnde,.,.„.,h 1 1 ...a, he ,:;:„. Vh:;' m' '-"■;-";!-'"--'« i^ not well
boon ..t,,tcd, a l,og may be .reft „ - 1 '" ' *"'"'= ""■• •'"" ''^'^ '''••''"^'^•
boca„.e .vtain^Ln on , ; "r""" '""'"" "'' "■"' ^'"^ •*« '-''-"^ starved.
..ttrih„te,l |,v >onie ,,;:,,%;''''• 'T "'■"'"'■"•"''>■ ^''^I'licd. It has been
' liareoal i> prohahly one ,.> ihe he.f eu,Tee,,> 1 ,
"l'ta,„edii will, ,;,v toko,,, ., o.noi-i, "",""'^'-- ^""1 ^^-i'"" It oan he readil.v
1 iiKo I, h,iH,hi-ls o! e,,rii,-oh i-lrii-e . il ,. ■• 1 I i
'>'■ -'1>: :.' ,l„art,. of ai,--lah,.l l,„',e- Vl", h I'T ' "', ' ,'""" '•''^"•'''^"1; ^ Pounds
well doun with a shovel or other ,K.„e; id H r' T*'"-- '"''"'^ '''- •■'-^•■'-'
"'■ '-l-'-s and di-.,,lv,. it in 1 , , v;' ' ^'""^"""''''^ •"■•^= 'h'^u take l.i pound..
f'-H- ••.^.... and ph.eeJh:::/;:.",;,':;'-':^''^- ';■','•- •-'"- -"to the selt.
The ehareoal fnrni.h,.. the reu, ,,..| „ i '' '-""f'^nts at pleasure.'
- 'i- <■ i. and is al.o au le 1 .':■"';'"':' '^ "'""'' "'^'>- ''-•- been lackiu,
P-as ,. . v,d„al.!e tonie and ";1;;^,;, :""""" '"'■ '''^'-"^- '-"''l'-- -Inl" the co,:
It th,' i-harcal i? hanl to ■■■,■( ,t, ol-,,.,, ," ■ , i ,
rich in J,nn,us. It i- ,,„e.tion^ .K. ,. . 1 ( i 'r """ ''^ «™'^ "'' '^^"■"'
vepetahl,. n,o„l,i taken fn-n, 1 .M I, u'' '"•"'""' '"•"''• "'-' ^"d.. o,
^aily. it ,. a.toni.hin;r to se w „ , f ,[{! ? "'n'""'^' '"' ''"•"^^" '" ''-l' ■-'
l-ahh an,i thr.ft of the a„in,s\ ' ! ', ^^ 'f V'"' "-; -'^ the in,proved
tnc! u. Cronn.l hon,.. wo„,l -.-ho f '''"'"" '" ^l-' l-^'l'-r who ha. never before
a.non. ,he .,hs,a„ee, ,:., an.l' r..,.o;nn:en.i:d f .'r th:ri:::;:;r "''' ^^ '' ^"" "" ^''^
FOODS.
llie o.\ti-a,)rdn,.,ry tlirift ,,f pi". ,,<' -ill .,,r ., ,
the n,en,her. of the swine , n, .:ion t t ' vN ,"] ",,' """;"■ ''.■■'•"— '^ -H'-,. P.
WM.. .he ,nore pronounced b..e..,„se I)-, i- 1, i. , '^ ' '"" '''"''' •''*^"- ''■!"-
'"•'•'■'">f''l '■■•r I'.v the feedin.^ of n il „ ,1 P ^^ ^""^^ '-....utlv hou.^ed. It w:,-
wl,c,v n...l „c..-,r,lin^ to tho season ^f the le'r ' '"'" ''""'^ ^"'' ''"^■'^ -- --.v
-.1 u,;:;.;!l::,t-x',:';;;j:^ '' rri^;:::;-"' '■'7-- -■' i''^^"- ^..^ ^.^.^.n.. ho. ,.
fann have rea,.hed the -au,e .^onc h^ .7' n ""' — "|"l/-o,lcrs on t!,e ordinarv
-IH'U fed with heavy grains far in ."e.. '''r'-.'"— / 1^ 1-v a feeding value
g:ra.,Mff animal au.i is therefor,, able t ,',li..es , f "■"' ' ■' ""t^"'"*^- The ho. is ..,
ha. a salutary ,-f^-et on the .li^e.tive n^o T h^ T'"''' "' '^'""""^ '"^'"'^''^^ ^''i"''
lenpth.s an,] n,ix th.^n, with crain slops T ' „„• /""'^ ''"' ^'^'^«> ^"'^'i^ i"to short
"" ;'- " • - in racks a,, the more U,a n :r'T r^"""-^ "'"^ '"''''''- ^^'"'l'
nn,l an o,-casional feeder cooks Ids turnips l,,,; 1 i ' "" ^"^ '^'^"^'^ "•• P'^'P''^-
thern ,n one or other form up to the fi "i J, " -''f '%^"' Practicnlly all feeders use
-.Hlk arc available in generous nuantities! ' ""'"' ^'"■^"- '^"'' '"'"< "r butter-
At the rentral F.\-perimcot„! I.' .1.. . ,
:w
pounds. On aUalfa .nature ''^-;;;- ,;-;'':, ::'::Vh;l:;;' .L,,,. wh. . V-.lin.
r.iot- and menl in <'l..se qiuirt.Ts. (,r..wini: i
having nn outside run. but f..r li.ttcnin.i;,
fcfdinff is such as to maintain
-..l;ir l.ocfs showrd that with .he f..rnior. (hi ^t
lu-alth
. (pnirtrrs <.nvo the best r.'^iilts wli.-n .h.-
d thrift .V comparison of manycls with
w;,s !fi!.--'i\ nnd with ih.' hi..cr f-.O.-i
fo,.ds.
,„.r inn pounds of jrain hy J.ii-'s ca.mir .lic~.
Clover (Commcn Red).
,,,. „,„„„„„ ,„,, „,„,,, „i„„„ .. . ,.:..urc or a. a par, of th.^wuiter
,,„;,„. fo. .rowin. ,.i.s i^-ll ^nown. St,.w.r. in ■;;;^- -r ' ^ ; J i;;^;
Animal." r,.,.,.,- au oxpcrimcn m wh.c ■ ^ -;----.: j,„^,^„„.„. ,„,, ,,,0
Another lot -"^'"\^2:l\L show,.,l tho best appotito. the preat.-st thrif.. and
■ ■ • ■ IK) jioiHul^i each in
with their mc;il L'aintMl 14:'
iu!r.
miNtuT-e. The h.f !:..tiiur . , , ,,
„„„,. th.. -..:.db-t i.aiu<. The p,.^ ^.....n- meal alone ^:i
.Jd",!:,^', whih> th..s"e havimr th.. .ait .-b.vcr hay mixed
ounds e:e'h. ..r HO per cent nv.re
t ;,:r;-::,;y;;;,::^;;r;. .-an,, i, w. fo...,d tha. me.. 0,0.,. maU. a^vory
..uZZ. .,.b..i.u,e V.r milk. a. :,n a.Mi.i..n ... a .ra.u ra.„.n f..r .rowin. p.crs.
Alfalfa.
he ri.d I'h.ver
In
pas-
!.,> not
At .he Kai.sa- station, a
the wiiit.'r rati..n for fitteniu
.Ue,l.a -e,.m. ';;;- --;^:":;;:/;;::;;::,''';i;;;;':r;iir'e.t the aUaUa bare to the
:Z,:,n:l:;;e to:;:.:^: t'^:: Ul L, ,: ... therefore, that ,fa,fa pasture
-t.iek.^d. as this iilant will n..t stand <'h.«p croppm?. ^
Ifalfa hav has been f..nn.l a very protitabl,. n.l.htion to
Tlie hay iw.^d wa-^ .>f first-chis< quality, and
r 1 11 .,. .,„ „liun.-t to .•..ru It was iriveii frcHv s.. that the pif."^ ate only
r .;,:': i h.; ',:';:::;.', reieetiu. the coarser ..e,... whiC,. aUhou.,. char^
lin^ ho ho^s. were use., as bedding. It was found that the h,,r. f...tt.,i^ a UaHa
Inv in addition to their ixrain. ..onsunuHl more f...! but made much more rapid and
.onon.i,.al pain. Tho hogs receiving alfalfa hay in addition to corn ma, e an aver-
.,;.e ^in of 00.9 pounds i,i weeks, while those getti,,..' corn ab.ne gamed only .52-4
poun.l. Th.. gains per bushel of fee.l were as f.3lhnv< : -
Onebush.l era and T '•:i p..un..- alfalfa hav produc.'d. .
f)i.e bu~hol i>.)ru abin.Mir..du<-c.l
At the rtal. ^tati.... alfalfa i.ay was f.'d in a.l.liti.... to
lO.SS pounds gJ'iii
a full grain ration ot
Miopped wh..at ami bran, a.al tla' 1...l's thus fed .....sumed m..re gram aiul ma.lc mu.d.
larger and nu.r.. ,.,-.,non.i..al gains than thos.. f.xl on gram alone.
These and other results in.licate that alfalfa has a feeding vain., lu addition ...
,he actual nutrieut^ ....ntained. Tf stimulate, the appetite, aids dipCion. an.l u.ipmve-
reneral health and thrift ..f the animal. The most profitabl.. r.-ults at all stations
obtained bv frvdin- all the grain the pigs would eat in additu.n to the alfalfa,
lantitv .if ''-ed ..onsumed wee ,,btained by fe, .iiiig n
tlie gene
were
Larger trains for a triven 'lua ,- . ,,,,,,.,. \ .„
limited ..rain rati.m an,, comt-lliug tho oi^^s to eat more of the alfalfa, but much more
;., „„;„. „,„1 l...tt„r L'...i..ral thrift of the i.igs getting a full gram ration in a.l.li-
Jion"to'.lie alfidfa wa- f..un.l t,. yield a large net pr.lit, au.l ... be more sati<fa..t..ry
in every way.
:i'j
an iniiliic ninoiiiit of it.
ti.u. f,„.,.i„. „, „i^. fo,..,,:,;;,;;:;,;,'!;..!^':::''-:.'^"^ ':■■ '""'"^ ^^'"' ""■ --i -^i
Rape.
ra,„. Iu>s pr,n..,l i,-olf not only ,o 1, n„n,i ■ 1 ' |'f / ",' 7 ^'."'' ^" ''""'■ '
'l<i<nion of hnron ,,f ,1„. l.i.lu.c ,;,.. ' ' " ■''-'' '" '"' """'iM.-n,. t,, tl„. , ,.
<l<i<nion of hnron ,,f ,]„. l,i^,|,;st qnnlity.
Roots
I'n.f. Day, of ti„. Ontario .\^rio„I,„n,l C,,]!,.,,,, ,,„„,,„, ,
<lotPmiinc tlio v.ilro of ro,,t vvl,. ,, i i ■ • '-"niln. t,-,i
.roupsofpi.,w,..,.f,.;;.:;ui,;;v::' '■ '"■■-'—" -'i. a .,.
Ill ox|M rirniiit to
'in rafiMii. 1',,ut
Com,,,,
■|'..tal
\V.ii.'l,t.
'Hi. l'.i.
.M:.V 7
Ax.
K\|i.Tl.|ii-Ml .A
• o-.ii
'•"""' " »'"«-• l-'l'-v. ..■..Ml,,,,., .-.ml ,.,.„.
I'\ |« rill, I lit 1!
•jronp 111 ■; I,..,.. ;.. ,r„.„.| ,„„,,„, „^,
'■""'I' '^ -''"V-- ' i....l.il>ng,,u„lro,„,,^
l.i..
k;..)
I.I..
'.m>
i..|-'ii
.S.57
tl.i. oxpori,nent the ^ronps J i n^r :, .L } ■ " "", '"'" '" '"'"^^'' <l"""tities. In
.rains. It was fonnd tln^t ,h. J"^ 7^,::Z^[Z'.:;r] '^ ^^"''^'■^ ^^ -"'^ ""^
tendency was to ,^r.,wth rather than to fatten I ' , "'' -'"'r ""' "'^" ""■
exp,.r,ment to reduee the a.nonnt of root, i.'or.l r , V r"''' "'.■ "'" ''^""' "^ *''<^
inR.s reee.vnf, roots not o.ily nunle larger a ml ,'r, ^ ';"■'' ' '"""-''■ T^'^^
.■-c^a „er -p.ality of haeon than ^^^0:^;^ ^ ::Z:' '''"'^ '"" ^'•-> "-
Of the various root erops. mangels an.] .„.^.,r L, , > ,
sw.ne feeding than turnips. Thev are , re T I , , "' ^'"'," " '" '"■'"'• ^"'^'l'"'<' '-
tliom hotter and ent then, ,nore r^adilv. S J,r ' , 'V,: Ir •
m that tlley are h,..t..r 1.- ., ,. •:, ' "^ ['" ^^ ''■'^'' •". addlti,,
iilvantaire
'" that th,.y are hetfr keepers than either' n,^,,.. . '"■ '" "^'^'"""^'1 a.Kanta^
" supply of sueeulent foo.l durin.- ,h.. n,..„ h of M v Z ^T^''' i""' ""'" *''"-^ ^""''-^h
not in. .eh ehe is availahlo, ' ■""' ""' '''•''^y P^i" ..f .(.ni... when
Potatoes.
.!",':hT/:!'°"''' ";;'|i,--- ."• ■■-*,.,. f.,, ,„=.. „ ,,, ,
■'"t~- very hnrd lo
40
ractory result. .iulo^Zu^f ''""" "'" '"' "''''"' "' "^ -^-"- -n- <
Tho Dnues f.nuid -100 |,,,„,i,|- ,,f ,„,tat..,.. ,.,,,1,,! .,,,1 ,- I -.u ,■
100 poumk of (Train f,.,l „;„, , -„„ la •„ t ' T ,"" ""''^ '"'"^
..-Hty .^f .he ,„„.,. pn,.i„..,.,, f. ,J.:.:r;;;;;;';,;,:;':;H:\:::!-j;i,;;: ""^"
liioy
iited
than
atis-
il to
tlip
Dairy By-products.
I"und of prafr. fed, '!na„tit. . ^ ,z.. Ir.n .; ,„ ,; ,„„„„J3 „,• ^j,,^ ,■„,. ,^^,,,|,
Wlien f.-eilinc: 2 iKiuiids of milk per head ler d-,v K;-, I ; ■„ v
ravine of 100 pounds -rain. ' '""""'^ "^ ™'"^ etfeeted a
When feeding ;] pounds niHk per lieid n,.r d.,v -oo , , .,
^nvinp of 100 pounds fjrain. ' " ■'- ' ''°""''' °^ """< ' '^^' <"1 ••
Wlicn feedinu: 5-4 pouii.ls milk per lie„l iier d-,v -"■ i
-avinpnf KM) pounds frrai,.. ' •' "•'•■ '"'""''^ '"'"^ "'"' "'1 ■'
When feodin- ir,.7 pounds milk per h, .,d ium- li'iv — i i ■„ ,
^avin-of 100 pounds prain. ' '"' '""""'' """^ etlceted a
When f.->edin- IM p„„n,i, milk per i,ea,i nrr dav «... i
sanng of 100 pounds ;zraiu. ' " '""""'^
As a rrsult of a very ...xhaustive experiment eondu,-to.l .t tla. V, ,, , ,
It wa? found that: >• i^nmi-m 't,ii;.iii
When feeding 1 pound eorn meal with fr,,m l t> T „ .
•i27 pounds skim milk saves 100 p ,unds meal ' '"""■''"' ^'^"" "''"^■•
When feedinjr 1 pound corn meal with from " f„ - i
Mfi pounds s! .n milk save. 100 poundr meal '' "^""'"'^ '''''"■^"'"' '^"'^ '"'"^'
\Ahen feeding 1 pound con, meal with fr„n, :, to 7 n,,unds .,.,
--' pounds sknn mdk saves mo poun,ls meal ' '
When leeduig 1 p„und eorn meal with fmm 7 to !) pounds
^^■> pounds sk,m mdk saves 100 pounds meal
Average of all. .^12 pounds skim milk equals 100 pounds meal
.». "-™;i/;ri":,:;r::^:,c;™;;';:;izi:-™ -"• <- -
2 pounds per day--.'-,! pe,„s „er ewt
milk efTeeted i
eparat.ir skim milk,
ds separator skin, nulk.
."4
\r, :
17.1
-n
— IS.R
--i.'i.f;
— 11 :;.",
41
I ity I'oiu'liuic fiiit i,n,l,.r -r 'la.ui. AS .1 rcMilt ot tlu'ir e.xporirntMit.s
..>.' in:r;;;'J;;;:;'xr'''''''^ "■'""■'^ ^■^""" "■ ^'- ''■ -■^■- "^ - -"
»- .i.ii r.itun. I rot. |.;,.v t.,„n,i tlua wl,,.,, U-Mmp at.out -J p„m,„|. of wl ..y to 1 o .,,,,1
.'< .v:n„ rum 7:V. to S(.. p,„„„l. of u-h.v ,..r..,.„.,| a <avi, '. ., 1," " ,| '
^ 'rv Munlar results wrr. ol.tain.d at Wi^^onsin. ' """"
THE SYSTEM OF FEEDING IN DENMARK.
I'ii^s fed at the experiment station, in Denmark are woanod at fr,..n six t,, er.i,t
«.'el« of age and are at once delivered to the station. At th,. station pij^.s aro divi,l,.,|
•■<" tn|..- croups a<.-ordin,' to woipht. Class I „„.1,„1, s pi^s up t., 40 pound-; olas- ,
I to .,0 pounds; olass :!, <;o to U'O pounds: and .las.s -I. I,'0 pounds to d.out -00
rounds u-hen they are tinished. All foo.ls are calculated in ■ food uiits.' tn^ 'Z
pound f Kra.n. such as barle.v rn, wheat, etc.. as a basis. In roots and other .^rccn
•od the food umts are cstnnate,! on their dry matter, as. for example. > poun.l- of
-r.:n,j:els 4 pounds of boih.i potatoes, ."i pounds of lucerne o. ,". pounds of .u.^,r bed-
cula eil'n. W ""^- .'" "^''^'^^''f ""J'< " >"""1^ '""i "f whey 12 pounds are cal-
■lat.d to ba^e a feed.n,:^ value of one food unit. I„ other words the feed.n,- value
V 1 ->w,d of Krain (bar ey corn, wheat, short.s, etc.) has the same feeding' value a>
■ pnund,_of mdk. ^ pounds of manseh. t pounds of boiled potatoes, 5 pounds of -„.-ar
ocets or ,-, pounds of fjreen lucerne, or preen vetches.
The d.-et is varied aecordins to the elasses of pi.-rs, I„ class 1 the ration e.,,.,.,.
.i per cent m.lk and 70 per cent fjrain, calculated in foo.l n.nts. In other words
. r .^r .en'T'^,r'*'Tl''' " ^"' -' "" '"''' """^■- '" '"'^ <■''"' '-'"'" ""^ ■' P-r cent roots
; ' een odder. Fhe m.xture fed at this sta^e consists, therefrom, of 150 par.s m3 .
"ught ot mangels. If lucerne or vetches were fed instead of roots this re.rt of th,.
..uxtnre would i>e 25 parts by weight of the mixture, and :Xon: .g ei^l t
ca>o of .-ugar beets, boiled potatoes, etc, n-ni. intn,.
riass ;5 gets 15 per cent milk, 75 per cent grain and 10 ner cvnt root- or .^rcen
<» ler. Ih>s rafon consists of a mixture of 90 parts by wcid.t of milk 7 p,r't b v
"eight of grain and SO parts by weight of mangel<. etc. '
Class 4— each pig gets three-quarters of one food unit fii IK- , .■ u
PORK PRODUCTION ON CANADIAN FARMS.
Wh.lrsw,,,,. aiv rais,.,| i,, Cmi.i.i,! nri.i.T prii.i i.mII.v ;,il .•,,n,lili..„~ ..f f:iriiMi,.. ,,.
mi u„ln>ti'y „l ;n,,v iMntrnitn.i,. i, ,- ,.:,n.|..| ..„ lunlrr tlirrr ,,rincipMl .■,„„l,tinn-
^..llu^vl„^ MM'pli.'s ui hn^-s fn.iM uvnkr, ,-,■„., v. l,:„k t.> ih,- -nunv, „f ,.r.Ml,„.tin„ ,„„.
rea..h,.s tl„> ratrnns „f ..l,,.,... f,,,.,,,,,,, ,„■ ,.,...„,„.,■„>, ,„■ ,1,,,-,. ,hal ,„ak,. nuvt rathw-
than rinik lli,> „!,|,.,-| ,,t ,-l,i,.| ..[VmH. Ah ,nvr-t ii^al p. ' W.r .nlMc-t. ha-; -huw,, ,.l,..„-lv
that p..rk ran !„■ ai,.l is vrry prutitaMy pn.|u.v,l .uaKr anv ..( (1„. ,|,n.. M.liti.ai-
IIlrlitl.Mnd.
''"■'"■''"- '''•" '"Xt^ncia-r i;aiii,.l f,vi. a-lual pra.'lir,. ,, „„,,-t val,:al.|r a turn- nt
mv,.sti-,t,..„ wn. ,na,l,. nil., : n.l.,,- of h,,^., -a, -.,,,- -,,-li,,M,-. In ra.-h ,.f ,1,,..,. ll,.'
farm- .1 ,\u- uu.-t T'. r-i-t,.nt an.l -u fiil 1,,,^. rai-rr- ut,v v,Mlr,l. In alni.-t rv, ,v
.•M- ti.. h.- was n-anl,-,! a- al„„,-t n,,T.-arv t.. pmlit m lanniii^r Tla. ra-,- will,
*'"'■'' '"■ '- '•^"-'■''- ' ■'"■'I'" •' III- I -in- an,l ih- rapi.lilv ,,l ,vhir,.- w,t>. ail
a|.pr..,aa,..,| l,y ,1,,,-,. who ar. al,l,. „, ,,„■„ ..ff -Inwn.nl- In.n; Inn,. ,„ tin.,- T l.,-„„.l„.,. t
'";■'''■'■'■, '■"'"'""" '''"^'-'ill.^ rNp,.ri,.n 1 an,i kinHMit,-!. wa- th,. -aivitv ,,1 ,■: •, i^.nt
l"'ll>. >vith„»t whH'h valnal.le UnA „,ay v,.,-y ,.;,-ily hv w.,-1,.,1 lH.,.aM-,. nnl.-- -, h.,.^ i-
tl.o .I,.arth „f „,t,.ll,,-,.nt. ,.xp,.ri,.n,-,.,! l„.lp avaikil.l,. at a ,n.„l,.rat,. rat,. „f w , - tlaT ■
w,.nl,| I,,. |,.-s ,.,,„,pk,„„ f, ,,;,,!„,„ ,.,.,, ,|i„. .„ li,, „,„i| ^„ ,, I . •
f"'- i; I >t,"'k IS niafLrially ml:;,.,.,l. '
WHEY IN PORK PRODUCTION.
■|'i" ,-"imti..s „f Forth. WaterW. Oyf.nl and I.an.irk in Ontari,.. at',, r, ,...i.'„iy,.,I
as i.f..,lni'tivc s.,nr.'cs of wli,n-fo,l li,,--. In tl„ unty nf IVrtli many li,.-- .,,v {.A
at ,.i,..rc fa.'t,iri,^s. Ono firm has ,arri,-,l tlii- „n .•..nt innnnslv f,.r fortv-tiv,. v,-irs
I hi> innnlvi.r nf piizy ii-,\ j.. ah;;!!?, .-itn;!! ;.. t!:.-. ^. .-...! ...>. ,.!' T,:n,_- • : ' '
In l!'l:! OU' lioL's w..r,> tini-h,-.l „n tk,. wh,y (w^th „th,>r f,.,.,l )"t'rMi'n tla. liulk' nf"'''ni,
<-nw- Ik,- kr.irs ar,' |,nr,'lias,',l. a- a riil,\ w^.i-kinn- ak.mt Inn pf,nn,U ,.a,.li ;,n,l ar,'
4:.'
4:!
Ill- r.itii.ii 1-
"'"■"■'' ■'! ''■■■" --" I I- •■-'■1: ", ,1,,. .,.:,-„„ v„un.vr ,,i,, .r.. l,„„d.t. Ti., -„
.n. nrn..,l ,„, .^n,s> ,:,.,Hr,. ..,„l f, ,| ul,,, wi,l, ■■ v,.,v lid,, Kn.in n„i„n nnt.l ,1.,.
...1, :,l,„„t 1. ,:„,„„U w..,.h,. Tluv .,n. ,1,..,. „., i„ ,1.. ,„,„. „,,„ ,1 „,.,, „„|
kciif til. re Uiitil liiiishcii.
WlMV .-nnii. tlu. ,,nii,.i,.il !■ anil i. f,.,! .u,.,, :„„i u;,,,,,. ()„.> ^:,li,„. ,„ , 1,„,
Ilii> linn,!,,.,- r,.,v,v,.,| n,„. ,.al|.,i, „f ,n,x.,| rl.:,, tl,r,.. ,„„,, ,|..,'v
""inilMMu.l 1,,r aln.ut tn,. mm. nth- an.l l|„,, ^ra.liullv i.„iv.-, .| ,,, ,„
I- '■"Nlii,i;,,| mill lli,^ 1,,,:;^ aiv lini-li,-,].
I! "'" '""^ -'"'" "■■' •" '"■ '1 'i"^' »•'•" <i„.v ,„v .nvn :, -„„,,|v „t- -,„1. win, 1.
n.iially onrreru aiiv la-k ,.f il,r,l>^ Sl,,,„l,i .1,,. 1 ,,..- I ,.„;„ ,,, '. , ' ,
--■■■^'^i •■'•>,..■.-...■.,., ,i,„.i„,„..f,„.i- :.-;;: ;i;n,;"wl;;.,:r'" "^■"
Th. ^rain mi,x„i,v ,.,„,.:.,. „f ,«■„ ..art. „-,. .|,„rr-. ,„„. part wh,.,. ,„ ■„ ,,!„
In tor pr,. ..rr,.,h irn„„„l tin-, an.l ,.,„.-lial! par. l„u-.r„|.. H„„r. Tin. i. a ,t,n.l,r.l
nin,.,, a„.l H ,l,.par„.,| fr„„, wl„a, rl„. ,„ark,.t .a,, ..nplv -„l,.i,a„.s ,„.,r,. pr,
1- IH-urr,i ,„. Pan,,,' tl.,- r\u;-v,u:,km^ M-a-,,„ ,,f liu:; ,1„. !M,. 1 f,,i „.,„,„. ,,;.,,,,
,>.;nn.l-.n lis fo„. „f .rai„ f„o.i in :„l,li,|„„ ,„ ,1,„ „.h,,v fr,„„ '..no ,.„„: Tin. w' r
..I fcMl,,,.' an,! ,ann.' |,.r thn l,„,v was ,|,„„. !,y „„„ „x,..,rl, m,,.,1 ,na„
Feeding on Farms.
V n: .nh,.r ot .lars,. factory patr,.,H uho i.c] th,. u ia-y fr.nn tlaar milk w.rc. v-.t,.,l
.."!■ N„, Mann. Kl.l acn-s. milks Iwoh-n ,.„us. k..,.ps 4 Vcrk^hiro br 1 s,.w. ,h,,>
1
|ir>ila,-i' t\V(j 1
u-i,l,i,. n '";"%l"''->-''^"-- ■'■I'" -'"- :n-,. f,.,| wla.v u-l„.n availal.l,. ,n na-.nrr u,,.,!
uitliin ,.nr u,.,.k of farr,,u-,n- an,! ar.. f,,! la'avilv ,,n!v ,vl
"vaiH.I ai : wivks ,,1,1. Tla. uoiiil
tnilk I'
n siii-klin-. Litti-rs .ar,-
, , . "'"'-" i-"' !in,'ly-Lir,.iiia! ,,at ,-l,,,p with wl>, v or -\iip
, , , "','■ ■^"'■'' ''"■ '•'-- ■■''■•■ ■■ "-■'11'- "M tliry ar,. :.iv.a, maaK-Is wk,.l,-
""■' ■Mll^. n.,.i >l,.p tu,,.,. nn.il .lay uvid, l.-.n p,,nn.!~. Tiav aro tlaa, M n,.,r,'
, , '■" ^""1 ■■■''' '■-•!'■ ni"l !ii,i-l„',l at .;• .,, : „„a,il ,. ,,1,|. woidiin,^ ahoa.
'"■■■ '" """""■<■■ ^'•'■■■•> f 1. a- ,.!,.,, a-, allaira. ,..,-., ,. -nl,-. i.a.,.,| (..r tl ,■
la-.n il\ ,,n vvh,'. . ,-ori
liiani.'1'l.- in \i inl,'r.
F:irin,a- X,.. J k.-cp- f,,nrl
,w< ,,n 1:
" "^"''- •'" -'■■ ' -f,.,.l.-.T-^. I la. aiiM I- t,, tlnisli tl,,.
Kl7:.z:;::i ';:;;:i;;,";;:"JS' ;:!rrl.T':. :: -i-' ■! :-■ '7: ;■ «' "-''
lairl,
Tins n„x,-,n. ,. allow,.,! .„ .,,k ,w,.l,,. ia.ur^ in ihr li,,ni,l an,! i. fi.,1 .,. a'u,,., „.
;-||'-^' ;"■-;-• As th,. pi.s .r,„v ,1a. ration is ,na,!o stron.or. unfl ,lnrin. tl„
"".'I '■■ ',;-;'i ■■! :'!ont on,, tnontl, .ho .r.un ration r,a,si-ts „f aruslu.,! oorr, an.l I, ark-v
n ...ini. s,,ws ii-rt oa.s an,! l.ran with !i,p,i,|. T.i snni.nor, -r,.,n l',,,,,! aial ■
Th..
w,-o..,;;a ^,- aro f,.,! at noon. Sl„n is f,.,l tl,.,,. ;:.,„::, ,:;;:: V^ ,''" ""■" ^'V" "
nt a„,a,t 7 n,on,l,s „l,l, w.-idtin^. a^a rnlo; ai'ait '-;; Vinials 'tu^Z^ZJ^::'!:'':
ill, ~t .,| .!a> tun... aa,l ir... so.U ..m,! .-I
i>. :o ,int L'l'.-. p .und.s. The foo.liiifr li<
nor X,.. I fi.o,ls.
pr,„ln,.,.,| I,
iii'inir th.. >nnii
y M.\ I'lilii'n ....w-.
n.'r. th,. wli(>y from ilii.oiin p,,an,ls of mil!.
>■]■> thr,... l.r 1
■ws of i;,.rk>liiri>. T:
niw, rtli an., I
14
V..r,-lnr.. I.r...,!,,:., ,■,,„„ ^vl,,,-!, 1„. ,■,,,-,.. tlnv lirt,.,- i . .■ ■.,-,,■ II ,
^r:::'i!trr::::: ;i::r^^^ ---^'ir
-i~t^ of l.,rl..v .•l„p :„„l i„« ..ri,|,. .r„„. i " " "" ■■"'"" '■"""
K.nn.T N,.. :. f,,„N ,1,„ „.l,., ,,,,„„ ,„.„,,,^ „^^, „ _^^ ,
. ;: ,r;l::,^:.;V7::^u::::z:::;:^;;::;;::-^
"^^'-
- -n, u ,,, ,,„. I,M^>. It I, „Hxr,i with til, >1,,,, .,|„i I, „M„I, r,.l, l„.,l I ,1
■^^ I'"; '"- ^'1'.- >. Hni.w th..,.;;:," ,^ , : ;:■ :;:',:::,::::;:':^ -"V"--
^ i'a<l ;,l„.,f,^ with th.. wh..v. Thi, fann.T frciurnilv , u "" '""""'' '"''
W-. Hr kc.'|K tw,, S(iW3 whirh
I'anner X.,. 1; h ch th,. wh.-v Ir.
-unliy tan-nw i
ri'in .•iL'ht. I'll
:...,! wia., is\;:^!^h;;,h"t:,;:';l ■;:;;, t '77 "" ;■'';■"• ''"-^r' ^•^■'" -"^
^-^s ,..';:.v;:Mi H. ':;■ npi: •r;':;;:?;, '■'■ "-'ar"' ^"- :'"'--' "> -" - ••■■'
- f„u,„l In ..;,,. ,>v...n., ,. ;' . . •' ■ ':" "":'"■ ""■ '•^""^ '^ P--""-" in <Irills. a,„l
:-':;"-;^u';,:;r;;x;^;r;:^':;:;^,rhi:r;;;:
;:;:^:.r;:;;hi:,:::r;.,^T;::i:r,;::r-.:;-
••hi irr, i„„„„ls r.nl, r I ll'>i.-<th,is(.-,| w,.,di..l .If .-, nio„t|,, .,11,1 L-,|,v.
nil, iiihl
iiiiiii,..,, ,,, n. -,,;:,:::;::' ;v ;■'''■' ^■/''■'/'■■'■^ ''■•■■ ■^•■""'
I III' 111.-- .n;- \,:i iiiMilr .iiimiK llie tiiii>liini; iii.iiilli
'""'" '■""-■ '!•■ '■'■'■I- <"" I'l-iH,,! .,,«•> wlii.i, ;,,v •,.:,, II,. I
.,,,.;:r:^;.M '''■'■ '^ ''''■'''■•''''''■•■;''■' ' '■■ "'■•-'•- ■':..
' ' •'" ' -11 1 i'''l "i, r Willi,.,- ,,ii ,■ , I' I ,. .1 , I , ,•
y- '1 Ih- -I'liii- I, It,
'■■ " •" I".'.!; Ill,' Miihiiiir. .11,, I .ir.' -IV, I
,, . , , II i " 1'- IM1\.',| \' II !, V. i .■\
•■l<'V<T. vetclies :iii,| :,|i;,|,'
FlirilHT .\.,. !P Li i]i, .
;h nl , ,,r :. y,..r. .,1,1 ,r ,1,,.. ,,,„,,. ,„„,„.,,,, ,„„„„,., ^^„ ,,^^ ,^
::™X';:rw\::::-;,^,r';t';i,;l:T:--:::r';;:-r;;i::;;:;^^
'""'""- "'''■ '^■■i:.:lilllL' tliiiii |-,i (., -JOII I ,|,|,
''"'■'■I' '■•■«-. ir-ni wl,i,-h Im- iv,viv,..
iluriiiu- I ,,. ^liiiiiiH.i' III, I I-;,.. . p I ■ , ,,,,,>,■, nil- \viii\
r:::", ':"'.;: ^ ;-' - '''••"■■■;'■" ->«■■'-■ ti,;»„;:,;,i„: j;:ii:: ,; :;;
«hiM't.-i lire I'imI. I',,r v
i'l^' -f,"k -.lioi-l- u-iili ui -v
-■■'■''■I i l';;i'!ll, V. l.-u-l.!-;„l.. Il,,
ir iiiKl y\,
-litMt,- t!i, ,|,i,-t' ,-,,ti,,!
"'■i:: :;;";£';'■, :;:::l:'„,;-. '"-:-->■'-- i--:M-r.:.-'-:.:^:,i ;;.■;..
till' <imiiii
.r,-l,i,r.I i. ;,M.l !•.„- ,h,. ,,,,ui,l^l„.^. ,l:i,-i,;..
lift.Tg „r,. ii.uiillv ,- Iv f,„. ,„,,,-,„ „ ■ •'\"' ""'"■^ -^"•''- ^I"''''^
:;::mo:;:': x;:;;..;;;- ,;;:■'■„:,";:;,;;:,; ;:;'^"" ,■■ '■•■'^^-■' 'u:)::.,:^;:: :::,:,:r;::
4t)
I-'.. II l.ltrr
'-•.n. ,l„ h., ' ' - ' ■.•1;< — , .,, ,.„„„ ,i..,Iv ,f,i,.,, .,„„ ,,„,„|, „,„„„„,
111,.
'*-' ''"' I'-ll-llll.' -. .I~,,l, I ,,,,. ,,
•'^'""' ■"'■I "<>' -.11 .•..:l, Tl,.-.. „,.,,.:r
■■^i-|..|,.,llv 1,'is, :i Mi,,,,||,., ,,f ,.|iMm.,il, „•,:,„
II
FEEDING SKIM MILK
-iii.'i. ■, 1 .t,
I' '•"iijun.-ii,„, With uil.rr f N. u, n- ..f
"■'""■'•- i-A.-r ||, •:- Mil -luii, riiilk
'■'■" illv ,.v,.rv n.rinir vi ,,,,1 ,. , , ' "'" '■*"''"'■ '^"•''"■>' l-'f'-.
till' luillrriMilk fn
'"'■ '"""''■•■'' l""""l- .\, t!„. Ii,.„.|„ ,„ ,|„.
'"'I .1- In-h ,,s i.,,s.il,-
III il iTlMllH-ry, |',,r ulll.h lir |..iys I.; ,., 1,1.,
i-'i.. 'iiii lmII..i,^ „
';■'■'--'■' •.■n,.... :;:;;;:^:'::;: ■::''! r-^-'!'; -:;■-';■•-
Ill'l :lll' -"III lilll.~ll..,l ImU;
It |«
IM
.■ I ,1 (,.,,,1 i ,, , I , , " "' lllll-ll''< t'lU;,., ,
■:':,:"■•■;■/;■"' '^ '•'",-, ^- ' ii-i.:,:;;;:,, ;h::;.;
III, ,11 1- 1
'hi' , iitiiiiiii
1 i- U l\ , II ill
HI mix ■■ihir
i-"n. 'I'll!' i-f,iiii
' -.11-. .11,1 this , , 1,1 , V ; "","■;"■ ''".r 1'"' '""""''■^- "^ •'•■tt-miik , x,.„...i
■■■"■I' ^'' iii.i-i.in.'. I, w.i, .h,„ , ' , ';' ■;■ '"■"' "'"'■'' ^'^•"'•^"-''■•' -"• i-",N
- Ih. Iiuttrniiilk „ ,„ „ , V """'T'' '''""" ■■ '•■■'""1- ■■'■ ■^'■-1. in a,l,ln,„i.
•■:::"vr:;i;;:;:::;::;:;;:;!-';.!:;':'r;- ^'- ThJ.,l;:■:':,:::;;':,,^;::;'-^-
lo ?riiii, f,H„| ,-,„iM.t,-.| ,,f ,„
I'I'I n.irs ,.,,sui,:r $-; n t,,,,. ..iim-,] wjili ,„,|K ,,,,,1
"-h wiit.r t-. ni.ik,. ;, r,iriv tin,-! I, „ Tl ■ , '' """ '" "
'■i-i.-.il.o:i-iiiM,ir..„r.i. ,„„, ,.,,J . , . ""■ "I"""'- "'■■ ■''■■'" ' ' -
-il-titnt,.|, ,h,. milk l„.:,i ,, | ■ ""'^ ' ''I"-' wn. ,|,„.,„„„„„.| „„, „,,„
; . 'tho^::;, ;::;,:, |-:;-r,->';ti>.-'.i .-,. ,nk-.Mn,i. „i„
'-i.ht lit i;„i,.;„i,; ',:;■'" ""■''"-— '—■■i an,ii„.„„.h,
It t,. I liiii-hine
iMniHT \„. ;; fariii- ;;nii m.r,.,. „„ ,v|ii,.h li.. k..,.ps f,.„
f,,,.,. 1 ,. I , , ,. " ■ ' '"■ i>''i'r-i .'■'iirfri,,i ,-,,u^ .,,1,1 (■.. .1.,,.,.
,, f"M 1„„,„| s„w.. Ill nililiti. „ t„ tl„. tu„ littiT. 1, v,..,r '<hi,i .„■, 1 I .
iri' w.iin,., lit i; „,.,.k.; ,,I,| !■ ,i , i ,■ ! i.n ii.i.,.,| 1,,r fpciliiif.'. I'itr.=
i.''V" :i r,„„„v ,,,. i, w L ;•;„■'":' '"'"^^ "■" "" "^'^""•" ^^ f"- -'m„..|., ..r
^^ i.i,\ p<ii It! wnit.T. J--'^P<^.''iilly to youiitr piL'< thr nim< ;. ',.,1 „ „„ r, ,
; -H^-^ ^iii^ny: ^. yi,;;;;;-;,,::.,,':: s :':;;:::' ;;; ;,;;"•, ■'■';; t" ■■ ,;^ ''"■■^'^'^
17
t*'i-ii in
liru-liih-
(,,...1 . , ■ -• ■''''' - li -■ itMt.'.i >ii wiiitiT, ami LTci'ii
..;M::;;f:;;:.:ir:;:::;,;v::::'-:^::;;:ri;,:::::i^^
»";i:::.,:;::::':;i,:;::;';: ,;:;:i:;.::"' ■ '■ - •■■'-' - ■■■■'■>
poiUicK I, I'll
'■"■""'■ -^'^ •■ 'l'""l I'l' 1-" nr. - -.■II I, . I , ,' 1 ir
■■"""•■' "'^'1 tl>" «r;,,,i , ....,,.y t,, (-,.,.,1 nnv ,,,.-. unl, u a.r ,. rL ,|
"'-I'l ■ ri'l.v I"" I...'. .1- -knn .nilk «.„. n-,.,| ,„-,, „l I I,. ',, , ,• , ' '
r^^""r ■'''"""■;,"■ ^ ,...,..„,,„.„v ,.n,.;,,..,pMK';,,r:;,v,;::, ''':;;::
',,"" '\;': ' " '"^ ^ '""■ ■''^''"-'•■■^■■■■p' '-■ r. ui„„ „.„nx,.,i.. . ,:,,
•'"■'i'i 1 ' Mnui'.-.l- will, a 1, 1,1 .T.lh .-,1, I, , ,.
'-" '— i -„ ;:v::,:,n,'!7: ;:::;,'::;:::::::;';■''' '''^
rn.-ii I,, th,. pii.r^ ,,, ;, ,^,.,.\ • ■> ■ ill, I, r- ai,.| a-|,. - .,,,•
lallmr Xci, :. rr.,|ii III, |-.i| ... II I . , ,
'-'i.' :-Min,,, ,,.;.:/' T,::^,,;,,::;:;: ':■,':;;,•;'•:■!:-'■'■-,'-. "-- ■•" '-
-'*'■" ■■ -I'.irati' |.. n. n, ,v!ii,-li ('„.v !..,,,, ,,, ,-,.,.,|
u'i'f ...lU u'r, .1111,1 tih.-K-. :i,i,| „1 ■> I,,, ,,,| 11.
.,f l,„.i,,v .,,1,1 „.., Tl • -I " ""'-"!■' :■""""'•'"••■»'. .-..■.n.. ,, -,„al| ,, I-.. ,,„■,,,,„
("o'liiiK ,.,,.
-^■"r.,.,..ar,.,l,„,|,i-f.„,„„,,„J„.':! '" '': """ ""•'! -'-'n „ ,1k with ,u„.,l,ipi.
■" •■ ""■■ - "I'I. I', II at :; w,., k, .ir,.
'I -l.i'ii milk .,!,.! -I,..rl,. \V. a,.li,,•.'-
^ ""'■'• ■•' '■''■^■■11 .. L- Ihii. r,.,| .,t ,-. ,,l..|.tl..i Il'.l.v II ., '
'■"':'■"'■'.'',"■. •^-"' '"-"• ■'•. -kli„,inik i,f,.,|at tl... ,.,„.„f ,>,.„, a „,
ir.,lt, tl,i f,,, , "•i.tl,,,-,! -kiiiinilk u-illi luv-tliip)^
:iV:1vpl;;:;;;::.;::;;:™;;;,r;:-:-^;;;;,';;- ' — -' "'
-I V ■'""""' ■''""■ l'"lin^' ,.. tu..,,iv-tw, ,.,... ri.,.,
l!,.",L'rl-^. Tinx,.,! f;,a,,| :,,„| .ki,„ „,j||. ■|-|„, f 1 ,.,,„, ,.,„,! ,,,-._
I ■■ '■•n<. I.::',l l...,,r,,i.s ,,.an:;.I< iil » I ., .. t.
■; ','•■' ■• "i-ai .1 <•-•■: ',,..■■ t.,„
■skim i.iilk It > I ,., , t.iii
Total
''■■1^'- "'V -,M .1- I .||,.«-;
n lojs w.. i;)i,riK- I... (I, : 01, ...l, i,t ; ,,
1 ' " IMl'ii ■■ 'i| ■■-
' ■': II
l-',S M
L',1 1,1.
rii. 1,1
'-•- w.'- .^ !.~i;
r i Ir
1
f
•V!;a,' Hi. 1 .■.'..■ri.j.-
;::T::::,;.t;'';:.'.':x''"'''^ ...f^.^.s
RAISING HOGS WITHOUT DAIRY OFFAL.
'"'".^n: :■■,;:?;:!,,■';■,,:,:;:,.;:':■■':, -■-■'^■.n.^., .,.„.,,„„ v..,..
m,.r,. ,..,,.eial!y where the .rainTf,.! ar," .r.^r::;!' ^..^'f::,:''';.,;: l.!!:;:'! '''^ rT^'
',■' " ■'""■" '!'• ""' 'iili'T inat,-k,IIv iV.,.|| ,]„,„. ,l,.,,.rij,.,i f "i ■ r * -..--. r.,
'l.Mf sp,.,.ial ,.ar.. „a< to „e ,ak,.,i ,„ ....„i,|./ , >,,' , T '"■" 'T' '"""'"
- p-'i.'^.i.,,.. a;,:, , ..,;!;v;::,„;-"'.'::;;::'r;;.,;T;'r',v'"""'' 'r ''"^"^r '- '^"^
48
5^'
Swine pr.wers i„ some sortion., particularly i>i the vvostern provinro. .,n. f ,11 w
in. „po„ n,,,:;!:; :;:l;.;;;t t..::! """ """ '" '■^'^""' ''•^■- ^-^-^ ''^f-- -^--
in r'.onf year. ' V u' J t ;7';, " Ik V""h ""T "'"' '"'' " '"^ ^''"'■'^^•' ^^^^'^
*; 't:;i;; t::; ,:-;« r£^ : i f - -;?" -■»*' -.^ ■i'.;;™;.;^
<-■" ;-. »^ "'■;:;„;::';:;::' ;:;v; ;;: ;:::tz,:;z iJ^/h'T'"" '-,-^'
eniMiir.ii'-c t],,. I,.i,..,., i,.,, .• ■ , ■ '" "^>nirr> or > orUsliirc-- It.
-r «-'-ii»".;^^;;;™:;-,';:-™:';:r'':i ■.,'-;;::-, ; 'r
nuser- an> t.kiMu' mlvantnjre of ,i,i,. "" '^ '■''"■ •^''"'>- '■"•'1 "'"t?
k-.ps i,- six t, ..ii ^^ .i T.i:;';;,'""''"^ 'r'';"r ": ' ''"^'"•'^ "^ '^-^ i— "«
Ht fro,,, ,; to : w.i' oi,i \' ;,;:: ""•;;„'" T '■ ■;'"' "^"•'■'' "•"' •'•- ™'
"'ill- I'nt ,,s tl,e milk of the f Vm s soL'l , fo "'' '' "■';•'"'"'.',- ^"•' ^' ^"'^'il ration -f
kept i,. ,„„1 t.,o lit;.r!:„",:r, ,- l:' OnTiT ""''k ,^''-" "•^'"'"^ ♦'"" ^-^'^ --
«um>ner pactum, as well a. -.a ',,:,!, , ", "'T r'^" " """l' '''^'^"■■''"' "" ^'"■
sens.,,. Tliospri„s li„or- r,,., • ,, ;- I'nv,!,,,^. stook .li.rin.- tl,.. wint.T
^-r> r als oaoh. T " ■.;:?';:,"" ^'"='■'^ '•—"•" -til they woi.h ab,„„
increaso.ll,„t„ov,.rlV,ll,i..,vlv U. \ [ T" '""■"■" ""'' "'""'' '" ^'■^"'-'"^■
sists of corn ami shorts fo.I drv Fall llttor ' ■"■"^"'-- ""' fi'ii-l, ,,,•,' ,-.iti,,, ,,,,:-
when „,a„eels are substitl! for h 'p ^ '"^' Z^TZr''' ""'"^ '"^ -•
a sopply ,„„il tho pasturo soaso,, a.4in "rriv, • *' T ''"'"," '" '"■'""'-
alfalfa hay a„,l roots ch.ri,,^ tho win^orsoason ' ' """ "" ''"''' '"'''■ '"■^^■'"^
'>r.H.,li„^. on VJO aoros ,f ' \ ^.a'^ f^';-'-'"'--^- •■'"stor Wluto a„.l Ta,„u-„rrh
'1- Httors an. woano,, . 7L '''i l:";! "r"'"'^- ^"-'V'"' '"•'■"-''- ^ ""- -"'
"""'" --^ - .■..-■ly a- ,1„.„. i. ,,,,„„ Tl 1 :, """"' '"'"'•^ ^" °"t ^vith tl.oir
-i'l' -"">• l-'T t!,o ii,-.t n,o„l aft. u. , '"''~ ^"■" ''"' '■•■'" ^""1 ^l'""- '■•-■I
- -'''■■! -'■ :. -iir , ' f\ ,;:;;'':::^,:''''^;;:-" "--;">i- <;f .•> .^'^i oats
staik ..,,,1 alfalfa Ip.v \f,,.,. ,1 l' , ""• •""' ■"■'" ^'■" '^'""■" '"> lb-
-'■ ^Hi.,wo,i ,„ o,,,,:-,;,,.- \-r::Zr:r :;'i ""^^ ^""' -^ "- " -"••
-•■•- -■■; ' -.t'l ..'n.aL:;o/::,:::;'; ;;;.:: ::-,:::,,;";;!-;vr'-\^' i''^'
coiai II, til.- oar ami a mivti,,-,. ,,|- „.l , , i , '""' ''"isl„.,| ,„,
'•••■•-^'''i- ^ provi.iom:;:r:: '„'':;;;:";■:.' ;;^ '- '•:'-',""■♦- ^'-'^ - ■■
R? t!
woi^'Iiii,fj 17,"
Li,,- iio.,.< ;iro n,r,i,.,| i,if„ it ,.,„,! l|.
['ouikIs eaoh f..,] i,, tl.is
iK'.'oss to alfalfa past
way fra,i,r.l ali.nit :! i>oiiri.ls a day iinti
iir... IMl's
Hiii>hoil
■■^ffc^rM.^^.:^-^
1 ,-:•'
,'■"■ ■"" . -n! fc ■■«■
■**• -(\
r-iT^.-'
49
at Irum 2i'0 to lMO pounds On the main crop corn fields sufficient corn is left on the
stalk 1o provide food for the hogs of the farm v.ntil winter compels housing. About
nn^^l,.>gs n year are fed off. for which was purchased 5 tons of shorts and 2 tons of
Ivirmcr Xo. .1 follows an unusual method in tl.c summer feeding of hog^. He
stacks corn in the fall m a clover field, and when tl. .lover is tit to pasture the follow-
ing spnng the hogs are turned in and are fed sheaves of corn thrown to them from
<lay to day. After the stack ,s sufficiently lowered to enable the hogs to climb on the
top of It no more attention is required. The saving of labour in this method is
Itroam ' '"°"' " °^ "'" ™"' ^"'^'''-''- '^^^ ^°«* '^""'^ «* " running
Farmer N,_ 4. on 100 acres, keeps twenty sows. He follows the unusual method
-t tattein: - it us young sows after the first litter, which arrives in July These
-..us arc l;^;U,red until corn arrives and then finished on the com fields with alfalfa
I.a.sfure. The litters run on alfalfa pasture and re-eive a small mi.xed grain ration
m tu winter, when tlu>y are fed alfalfa hay and con, in suffi,.ient nuantiUcs t„ keep
en grounng wei. They are then turned on alfalfa pasture, where they are fed corn
in the ear until hni^icd.
.^r.u.r"'""il ^T ''' "" '■' n"''"'' '^"■"^' ^""' "'"■*=■ '" '"''''♦'"" '" ^''f"'f^' I'^'V ^""1 <■"">
. o , „. the farm a small .|uantity of shorts is p„rcha.-e,l. A labour-saving method
"J "; *"■'" '^*" fr^'' ";r '".t'v""""- ^^ '"' ''^"' ""^'■'' ''•"'• *'"^ f"™"-- ^^ouid h„g
n Ic iV'T' ":J.'"\f""- "■'"'■'' '"^ ™"«"'-^ »'■- i'i'^^'I »•">•• Alfalfa is regard,.d as
an Ideal t.iod on this farm.
I^r.uer Xo^ .; k,.ps six s„ws of Tamw.,,-,!, 1„ li„.. Kroin these, fifty-eight head
"M. rased and at .month, of a.v w,.,gh..,l .MT p„„n,ls each. Spring litters are
pastured on gra.ss an.l n.-eive slop ma.le fr.un mi.x...l grain chop and boiled beans.
''";; ''"Zt """' "" """ "■'"■" '^ ''""^'- ^"' ^^^«'""^- As soon as corn is ready
u ,s thrown to them ,n the cob. but slop feeding is continued until they are finished
On this arm the western method of following fattening cattle with hogs "s practised
i.U the liogs re.-eive. in a, hlition t,> what they pi,.k up. small rations of shorts an.
■at .-l,,,. fed 11. sh.p. The hoj,s are not alh.ue.l t.. r..niaui with the cattle at all tii e.
l>ut arc turned into the fecnl lot about three l..,uis p,.r ,lav. This f • r„ er einnh ' i
.he ,m,.,.,ance of o,,en-air f..edi„g for hogs r i^ing c^rn ts ^h^i^.^^ Z
\\liile the amount of exenase th,;v take mav .-o^t somethinc in trains t io » f 1 j
t at the thrift secured ami the saving of the labour mo;;%han''crtLw n r he
loss of weight. Hogs finished in this way alwavs ship well
Wh..tber fr,.n, a slmrta^e of help or from habit. .,r a c<m,bination of these few
of the lann,.rs viMfe, k. pt books m cumeetion with their bog feeding. All ;''re^r
however, that their pigs constitute<l very profitable branches of their farming ,1 a
t.ons. uuleed some went so far as to claim that their h.,g monev was the mott .'s fv
ac,,un-..l r-venue from the farms. None f.uiud it n......,,sarv to use ex Pens i^^, I
-.e p. ..-. m most cas« the hogs wer. kept in frame buildings norSr.ltu
■• . n. .on rary as a rule, quite airy. Freedom from draughts, and a diy b.^! in '„
a.al ,.,..a, shaded quarU-rs seem to many to b.. ail the bousing that is n,ve.ssa,y,
PORK PRODUCTION ON THE PRAIRIES.
llog raisin h.as iu..r,.ased rai.i.lly i„ the I'rairie I'rovi,,..,^ .luring the past few
years. _ Ihe continuous hi.l., prices for h.,gs fit for killing has dire..„..l the .ftte ution
of grain gn.wers to tue 'hog route"' for their e..ar.«e an.l damaged grain, w Ih"
esult tha western packing houses have been unable to absorb the su, Si, swb eh
■ " '■•■ ''•" ''■•^" *'■''-■ r.'Tivcd u. Turont,, and Montreal from
Winnipeg, while during the .same peri<,d. hogs, raised and killed as f
gary were sent east for curing.
ar w.-st as ("al-
50
,'" '"•'':" ♦''^' ■'"■'l""l« "f o.xto„,siv,. ,Vo,l,.r. OM the pr.iries .
x'llt to a i;trtri» mm ' .». ,*' i . I'r.iirit'S, s.
Tl.-ir roplioB ,,re .„„„nnrize,n,'l„w "" ""•'"'^' '''"'^ '
••ts of ((llOStidllS W<'1C
liniiliicfiori pmritnlili..
Housing.
■' =i"all prop,.nio,> of swiMo minors u.o u III • ■"' ' '"' '"'"""- '"•"'''''"'■ ^^'l""-'
..round a pilo of s.nuv ^luriu^Cl^i^^^l]:'' \"T ""■"■' """•'■ ''"'"■'■ "-^ —
'l>at will t.rn u-.,er .I.Tin^ ,1.. .„„u.; / • ' C' " T" T' ""•' "'' '■'•^""" -"•'"•'"^'■
f.pMlar i„ „,a„.v .nnti,,,,.. Th. .,. .ro l,„ri,., i , .,',""'"' '"'"'^y ';■" '^ I'-wni,,^. .,uit..
season. Any .ort of open fran.o th. v?l . ..'n " 7'"'''"^; "^ ^"■""' *'"'' "'^' "'i""''-
-x--c.llont u-inhT .l„.lt,.r ^' ' " '"■"''' '"'•-' '^ '■'aiino,! t„ pn>vi,l,.
Care of Sows.
A favoiiritr tr.Mtnu'nf for ,lry i,-,,,
'•nriimor. stuM.lc in tlio ii
"inter.
"tiinn,, ;ni,I t,, 1,\,. ;,,oun,1
'"■' '^ '" ^'""^ "■'"' t" run „„ p.s.ure m
' ^"■i"' Pil.- or in ., ,„,„ ,|„,j„j.
'■■ VO.M.K pi... -lU. ..ro^; ,:„'':;;; i ■ ">? -'■^-— - i^ not f...,..b,,.
■Pl.0.1 a,l,i proun,! wheat alter ,l„. 1„ ,,.'.,'':: '"',"," ""r' '"" ^' '"""b-- -Lo
Mr.' ^pok-ou of favourablv
"> a,e > weeks „l,i. Wla.rev.r ,.,.,| „_,|,
Weaning.
TIlM^e uli,,
falsi' t\v,, lilt,. I-..
r.- a ye.ir w
'"l-rs allow tl.. litters t„ w ■•, n H ■"'"'"" f ''■'"" '' '" ' "'^"i- ' '■
:-','-''^^vi,entre:,eri:;i;- ;::::;;■ :;::':;■;'-- '..ioa,
Ii'nin lO I,, I 1
'■'•all Ml, ,,;|t.<.
Pasture and Soiling Crops.
gnile -,0 |„.r rent ,.( h,..^ i-,,,',,
'I'alfa. „,t the majority rely „„ Jre , ' ^"^' V' ^"~ <— S,„ „
'•"•""-' l^^'II rye f„r late fallan,! ,^,r w ■ •' ^""' "^'''- '^ f""' '■■ All.,a-f, an
'""^ '■> "„.ir 1,„,. i„ ,,,•„,./'" '"-'^ "'""■'• '-".re. Only a snn.ll p,.,v..,„ ' ,; ,
Grain Mixtures.
. ^■'•':';".'i oats is tile .■nn.na,nlv-u-e,l f,„„I f
>k.n> „„lk or .neenlent paMnre. ;.x ^ I nf r I l^ 'T ^""T ^'' ' ''- i- - I
"."■S otliors a.1,1 h.nrley or wheat, l.nt v en , T "'"""'' ^'■""' '"'^ ^'-rt.
■;r more of ,!,e ration, losses „f „ ' ; j""' ^'""'^r '"■""" ^■""^'i""- r,0 p„,.
'l.-^t.vo troubles. Weanlings are' uK-'f"; "J' ^"'' "* '.■••'""• ♦•->>• ' '!.....,- '
■-.■If.feeclers nro nnito eonunonlv „ e,l f . P .> "'' °'''^' '" ""^ ^"™ <'f a tin,
m..she,l. With the forn,er e'a" s n n to.'i '' ' '""'^ ''"•'' ■■""' »'-- ^la ,
f.'..-d.n^ IS practised, nsi„,, bran free In :'"''"":" " l'"^'' •""' ''" --' -
-Hey or wh.at. or a mixture „f h':, J" "^ "»• -'ecfons hogs arc finished on ,^r,
tnets. when, tl.er,. ■,„> „ f , , ^'^' ^'""'" •'> -•'If-f.vder T„ .1
\f ., 1 "' *'■"' PriiK ITS. the win, In .r.. • • '"^- '" ontlvin(.'
•M'^^t hnirs ,.,re marketed at h.,,,, 7 f,. s ..,...,,, ""':" '^ "'".'■.• ■« 'aked ,„. |,„
" " • "■•■'"'•""^' ahont -'(K) pounds ,,
nitli
with
ei lit
and
slop.
'eini.'
sh.p
nind
.lis-
iled.
aeh.
51
Returns from Grain as Poik.
I'lnv CdiTcspnndciit.s keep apc,,uiit-i (,f tlio cu-t ..f fo,„i;,,,r \ i
";i.-;- ill tlii- pasture i,,|. iniiy cuiisi-i
Self-Feeding in Pasture.
Ill tlic UTsieni pniviniTs iiiiinv .suii ivuvr ,,- ,; I •, i i
"'"'•i' ^' l""..l,v,l cr n„„v 1,,,,.. ,„v't„r, • -' ' " ^""'^''''" ''^'■*"""'' '"' '""
-f ;il filial. 15
it IS
tl
'III' pIlStUIT Int
or
"P, I>r.-f,TiiMv ,vit> or l,.,,-l„v I 1 ' • ""^ '"""'' '^""1 "' Sram
2
4
i
Kit.', -I, S..lf Ki.-,l.-r, „„an A|l,.]i:i 11,,^. l-v,,,,,.
\V...„.rn .wine growers .l.vtu this to U- tl,.. tnost .vonoaui-al ,„etlio,l of tiui.'i
li.|.>. It IS ev„.o„t that tin. tnnho.i i. savi,,,. of hihour ami for that rea n
mu-h to common.! ,t ,n a country whor.. ,.o,„pct,M,t lahour i. .liffio, to .,
nos.dos. by this .netlKKi a lar.^T porccnta,o of fertilizing material is ret t d ,
l:i..| tlun, ,s onl.nar.l.v the ,.a.o wIumv .win,, aro k.,,t .-losolv hons...l or cJn d
>n,a ,>,,.]dock.. and the promises can 1.,- kept sanitary .ith' little .lillieul '
I- e,»,._er, reas.,n o 1„. ,eve that heeau-e of the ea-e .1,1, whieh swine .\n U
u.i.ier ,l„s method the soil -f.vder is more lar,,.ly e,nplo,ed than it shoull lo Ve
in. P,.s ^. ,.eh should K. fe,l sparingly on ilry .raiu unl,., |i,„..allv p^ie, w
milk, are ,.ften (..•rinitt^.d to have eon-tant a.-ee-s to tli,. oltC,.! ■., ,
::-;:;,'- "7 '■ '-""!- ••'-■■-■''-• .i'--'i ';..;■ ii.i.tad^^
niakmir tin- in,.>l orononneal pnms.
Ill;;
ha-
lli
tllo
in
c To
tV,l
an
ill.
nil
|,o
HOUSING.
^IICI'OSS
liHR-raisiiiff (lopciids
;.. proviso s,„n„u. tc,„,.onu„ J d i Z ^^hu:; o:""" 7'' """^ '''^''^"'^'' ^ ^
'■- tre.t su„K. with d„e o.nsi.len.ti.m A.r Lir 'f - ' "" "■"''i'^^^s "'esire
r tlioir I'linifort,
rra houses for theTr herds.
"'...ht.ons ,n thc..o str„..t„rp.s f„r one or
■■"^'''"•"'f !'>■ ' ->.. of tho f...t that
.s usuflll.v providP.) roKuIarlv. nonr Tt h n,, d n^H *; '1^ *" *"'''' '^"''^ ^-"'. ^'hi-h
IV'.
M n,,l,l,.
'■"- in l'.-..,| I„
;-^^ a„d sl,.v gains i,f ..m;!!: i;:^ "•,-:;:!;;; ;'i '^'7' '■■'"< ":- ■" ^i--. s.a,ued wea„.
n.^ed for h,„h .looping and fooditoVf! . y, '"•'' "7.^"1'"!^ this that the want, pen
■■> ^'•arm pon is nooossarv. an,l rall.nr ,Y ' '"""^^ '•"'^'•s ooniincr in oold weather
prohtab,egainsd,,ri,,gah:;s,^:i7,; ::;;,:;;--^ --'^" ; ivo to th:"':;;
life 1^* 0I0.0 housing a.Ivantageons ' ' '" •" ■'" "«''" t''"'' in a hog'.,
52
'"^'r^A.-'
•;r^ J -r*f w-v: Av -dv: >'.■.
■;>■
h; Ml ,,| ,„, pel roots a.Hl cl.oppe,! lm-mI,,. l.nu,, ,.|r., ./ivon in a rith. r .1,-v , , /
w.ll Mu„Mta,n n fine oond.tion for s»,.,-essful n,.ah,.rl,o!,!|. '•'"" "^ '''> -•'".•>.
Plan and Description of Movable Pen.
Tlic Uioverble pen shown in the iUustration on next pape i.- adaptable to v.r, ••
in « mlor. As a siunmor pen it slionid be sot in a drv loc tio„ ub,.r ,1
■n.ulat.. freely about it. In MunnuT these pens l,ou , be nl ""■ ""'
mu,.h better results bei„K obtained if the ...l^^n.' Iril't^^ ji ,7, ^ '::;,,;;ri:[;-
As a wn„er house ,t should have a sheltered location. pref;rablv el. so the b va '
...;^ir-Lr:.:"S\:::;Ju!'':^dd''b:::;'St;ir!':s
the anin.ais and the. .strength of the pen T v, i , , V VT "'"""" ' '
;;.w sius is de..bie for ^e iioor^ T^^-end;:;'-;;:':,!?:^^:; i^U'^ 'tt
^^'^inZ::; r';;x:"t;i':; t r^.r^'-.^'r r , --'^^ '"'---
iKvk e„d of eaeh of the outside sills. ' ^''"""' '" "'" *■■""' -■
FiL'ures H and (' shuw a form and si/,. ,,f ,i .,v,,. ,i ,
tl- 1-Jr^ to ;„ in and out. but it is no h '.„.!;' ""T"" ^'■'•^- ^^"" ^'"■
oon,foH. It is well to have a doorw v at ;. T ' Zu" Tt" '," 'Tl'T "'^''
■n halt so that the upper part may be 'kept M w en o in u'' i"''' '"' "'"
bans? the lower to the upper half in sueh n w ,v th , ' , '' " '"''""
.- .be h„.s enter or leave the pen. In' itn n^Mhil^'^/: '';;;; .^''T \" {'"' "'"
of the way. ()„ ..ver,. winter nid,ts the door neiv b or,,, • 1 '''' "'' '""
» l>nnk of strawv n,:nnn-e to ke,.., „ut , 1 1 i . "^^"""'' '■•^' ^' '"-'^■>- ^'urtain ,„■
a hofr-s wel.ar..; ' ''' '^'^'"'■'-''"- ^^•'"'■!> :'-.■ always detri.nental ,,.
A pen re,ui;:;:f an . 'i i " „ ■ I td^'i .'n "s "'"" '^''^ '' !''^ ''""^ ^ ^'l"- ''
-.other in Fi.. I,, whi,.h is peH,;,: ;;'■,";"""■"■ '""" '" "'' "" '" ^''•'^ '■• -'1 still
An M,„„ ,,en re,p,ires about 200 ,,.,.t ,.( lnn>l,e,-, Six,,.,.,,.f,„, |, ,.,
use. as |he<,. ,.„, without wa=te. Tbi- ,„.,. w, ■! 1 ,1 '"" '■ '";l i
Bills, and n, f,.,., .,• p,,,,,i,,, f,, i J,,,':'' "'•''■'••'- -'nure .,,, ,,
are he^l to
et of sc-antlinsr f.,r
(ivr.-i
il!>iv--,.:..v
Msm^rii^^m^^^m^i^w^Km
A I'fM ,,f thpsf liinu-iisions will ;i,'c,,i„„„ ,l ,» f
-'^'- M>„l litter. .H.„„„M..,l„t.. from ..,sl,t t., t,.„ »:r„wi„K pi^j, „,
Til.'. A M„,„,„i, ,,
-■.iM.l,,,,.. ,„,U|,,|„.,,, ,..„■ Tu. |',V il.l "', '• ,'■'""" """""• l"'"''l'l- l-t' I
1-V-. I) Sl„,„,r,u',, i,„.||„.l ,,,,„,,,„,,„„,
n<lKel>.„u-,l,i..tf..,l.,.„,n.a, Xn
IK'll i> lllt.n.1,.,1 t.. I,;,,. ,!,,„- rl..!,"l
•■V-. -Ji;. - Th,. I'.MtaKl, |',.,i.
The Large Piggery.
.>f a „,o,lon, pi,,.., u.i,ll,;'I • ,i "'^i-:;':": "-V;"" '"'■' "'^ -.st^lct^o::
<lr,vne5s. vontilatio,,. f,-. ,„„ f,,„„ ■ , "" ^ 'lual„„.a„o„s of m pi,,„^ ,,,
irnportance. Mn..,„r.v wall. ..,p,| ,1„„ ]"^^tj^"""'r} ^'^ -ontiati,,,,. 1. of first
-nstrurtPd p..„s. hut ti.o-,. a,e ..-„•, K-p i 7 T'^ '" " "'""^^ "^^ ■■•vpniMv.ly-
--nn. Wi.ho,,t ,lou.,t woo.|^;i c^^! t;::!"'' ' " 7'' ''""■• ''--^ "- -inS
^';-"">rlofodoadnir..pn..i„thec..,,,rc ; , '\^ '•' "^'>- ^ '" ."-.M. for
h -"■"? 2 by 4-i,„.h .=,.a,Ulinff3 o„ end ml h . '' ^^'"^''"■'"-■.v wall i. ,„ado
Inmbor. Roth inside n„d oi.tsido Z,. . ;,'',"'\ '""''''"'^, "'^'''- '>'"l ">.t with r„„„h
•" '"■ "'"'^ ^■"" "" '-'>■ --'^' "p'wi;: si^h;:;„r 'tl:;^" 'T-n*'
II
fl\ll>i(lr
tIiii.' u'Miil.i .-..n-i-t ..I
Pl""i-,N ,„• ImulMT .,( -,.„.\ ,|i,,,lit.v „a,l,.,|
l"T,„.,„|„.ul;,rl,v au.l luviM- tl,.. rr„.|<. ,.,tt, n . 1 "■".""•■". -'"" 'l".'l".v n:uU'.\ ,,„
.'"ys^^'i:;::.:;":!-::"::!!:::: ';\'"r'': '- ^ ■-]■ '"
Vhor,: This wIi.m ,.„v .r I " •' "'-'■H(, .u to I a-iiy |„tvioii. t,, tli,. atiiiu>-
nrtifiWal i;o:U "'"■"'""■ •""' ""■"■'■"■'■ "'" ''''-' --■ lh.,t ,n.y l„. ,,,.,.,,.,1 „,„,„„
"' 't i. u„„i,i .i,,„.it i„ „.. b.„i,ii„. ' w ,',.".':-: :,": f'uT '" ""• "n'';";'-"
'in..~li..n ., vontilnti.m is v.tv .n.ilv .„lvo,i •, ,1 ,i ,. , '"*' '•%"'-''^'""'l 'I'"
'■ -' ^ ''■" "~ 'li-'i'lvinifa^rt's in n mlcr-
condition of ntn,osphore ;u;tabie ;rt r::;;!;;^ ^'^""^ "^ ^"--^ ^' ^ ">
fin abundaiipe of
south and west sid
suiilifiht. To <rot this a 1
very plosp in ordor tn
PS should
ocmsist of
:::.":.v III XttC. win
iiriri' proporti.
IT sfiisoii. should ha
■ f th
fon-rrvo tl
wiiiilows, whirh sh
p wall on the east.
lo warnitli .'f tlir
pen.
"nld be mailc double and
:,(]
1 lu'iv 1.. MO holtiT inalcrinl !,.,• n \u.^ vvn t!,,„r tlia., ,•,.,,..•1,1 .•..iicTot.-. Tin- Im.w-
. ^. r. IS not a su.tMhl.. notorial for tho I,,.,-, t„ li„ „„ ,,s it i, usually ool.l ami in inanv
■ •..M's dainp, men tiinui;!, Ur^,. ,|i,;n.lili, s „f Im.,|,1„.k aro i.Hed. An eleTated sleenine
[>.;... wh<.t l„.r It 1,0 a platl,,rn, - :; ,„• | inrj,,.^ al,„v,. tl,.. fln„r. .,r elevate,! suHirientiy
hiKli^to allow the |.ik's to n,u .umI,t il,. i. ,,„it,. popular throughout the enuntrv
V"" ' "P^f""-s , has Iho .h^aclvantau'o of sliulluu.' out liffht to gotne extent, hut
the a.lvantap. ol provi.liuu- a lar^v a.j.litional llo,,r spa.v for the animuk Where
t le pen is ,.| -,„mI si/e the l,,w,r >!,■,•,, in- platf,„n, i- perhaps to he preferrwl. When
tins platform is liiuited in spa.'e t,. litlle more than is sufficient for the hop^ to lie
.omfortahly thero is litth. or no prohalulity of the he.Min,^. heiuK dampen..! or .o,l,.,|
111 any way hy the ho;;s.
lot- the piiiil.imv of hoK rai>er. who wi-i, to l,„il,| larjre piKtre-ie-. threr -tvh.s
■ ! l.u,l,linj.'s have heen seleeteil tor .h-eripti.ui. Kaeli has been umxI suffici.ntiv to
[Tove ,ts siiifahihty fro,,, tl„. -tan.li.oi,,, ot the ho:,-, tho owner ami the altoiHi.ut
A Well-lighted Piggery.
A |,i.i...ry po--..--,,,^ now ainl .lo-l.-ahlo foat,i,v< i- in u-e nt the Apri.-nltMral
' yll'^'e .. I rhana. III. I, w:,- ,l.-i.n,.,l l,v P,-of. William Dietrieh of that institution.
h,. l.uiM,,,.. ,. u-o I,.,., l,y :;o f,vt. with an s.fo,,, ,11,.^ ,„.t„.een the two rows o, ,„,,.
" - ~" ■"■•■^"^'"1 '1'^" '■■■"■^< '■•-■ "!■ !'. - i- l.t^hto.l fr„„ , ,.,,„. of win.lows on tl,,- -o„th
» ^na
1
' ■ ■.-:[,'
«— -■*
~~"
~~"
"—"
N
5 '.
s
F
T
E E
R
D ;
A G
E
V — r
— ^ , .
. --"i ■-':•,
»
J
>
i I'll in- I- Kin.
M.|e of the ! :,;i!,iini:. I;..f,.rrin^ to the .i,„at,o„ of th- windows. Prof. Dietrieh writes-
. K pl,,o.nap,. in ,.o„,„.,.t, n with the width .,nd manner of eonatnietion of the
'!" ly f;., ' !:;,:::;:''':"■.'■: ::;" "J^t'' """ ^^ "'-' '\' "- ^^--'^^ day of the y.. the
„;,)> .,'■.' 'l'^"/^'' '"'■ "''I"'' I""' *viii laii u[K>n the floor of the south
, i . ',h, , I "';,"""'■■ V'" '■■""; -'''" "'"''""■■ ''''"^ ••'""^^ *he total an.ount of 1 i I,
-miiifr throndi tl„. window at thts season of the year and time of the day to fall
withui tlio (Msn. Ill lilt' iiKiniiii^' ami in the iil'liTiiocui wiicii tlit> sun is nut at its
liiRlicst pi'iiit, a part or nil nf this Ihmim of li;rlil will pass bc.voiul the pen. The luwi-r
I>iirt of the urinduw 1) in the upper part of the hiiiliiiiijr ix-rforiiis the same fuin'tiiin
for till- ix'ii on the liortli siilr of the alley iis dotw the window K for the |»eii on tii>'
80Utii (tide. By this arrarmenient llie pen tloors n ive tin- nreati>-t aniount 'it li^'lit
at a time when it is ino-t needed, vi/ . diirin;.' the winter riionth-^. t.. warm and dry
the buildinK.
'i'ho ground floor is reiireseiited hy Ki:f. l'M. The alley, S feet wide, mI1.>w^ ■•(
drivint.' a cart throiifrh either ti> lirini.' in feed, ete., .,r take nut the manuro. The
pens .'ire 10 feet wide hy II feel dnp. h!aeh lias n do.ivway leading' to the ont:-ide
whieli IS opened by slidinir iipwanU. ami a door h adiiiL' into the alley. These .loors
oiien «o as to turn the pi»rs toward the fr-nt of ilie huilM''-' where the weiirli -eale«
are situated. Fig. 29 — the interi-r view shov,> n swintrint.' panel ahove the tr.MiL'h.
r.^'J!*. IiittTiiir view nf well lit'liteil ri^'^'.rv. >lii>«iiir iln Tifrdi o.« nf |.> [..•^ lit-liinl fiMiii
'ipiwi " in'i'i\s -.
Tlie fender is made of 2iucli tubular iron bur plaooj on '.>-iiR'h iron posts of the
same dimensions and set in eoiioreto in the Hour, t! inches from the wall. This is to
preMiit the sow crushing her pips at farrowing time, as she will necessarily make her
bed in the unoccupied corner. The platform scale is fitted with a frame, and the door
opens so a.s to facilitate tiiriiiiiir pigs upon the scales. A smaller door at the opposite
end leads to a door throutrh which the pips may bo driven to a loading chute. The
larpe fivd bins have openings from the main alley, so that feed can he unloaded
directly from the wagon.
.\:: alley leads iLroui,':! the Jour beside the feed .-Drape to ih.- y.ird outside. The
two larpe yards may be U9e<l for boars. They are separate from the others and supplied
with cots and troughs outside. The remaininp yards are each 2S feet long, but may
III' any length desired and may lead fo the pasture. The yard partition-^ are made .if
«.. m. I„ „, ,.,„„„„.„.,.,„.,„,-. l.i t..,.t .,,,1 IJ f...... r..,-,„w,v,lv Th- ia.tcT ,- u.Kt
.m,l .swn.KU,. ,,..„, in.,, .nvn.v Iron, tl„. l.uil.iu,^' :u, .11. ■. i> turn,,.,] for rU„ th^
I'i'iis il |.ci|ijiri.i|.
I''.r (lr;iiPi;n;i. piiriujics tli(. tlour .il
cacii |.rn -Inpm i,, a nr.iljiic cncr :i |-iuch
.ido II
Ill'- Im-11 ,mi,1 ,,I a laiv,. hcw.t pl|H.. 'l-li.. lln,,r a;
.Iran, whirl, I..,,]. ,„ , „„„„ ,,,,;„ ,„„,i,|,, „,■ „,„ ,,„.,^j^^_^ .,.,^^ ^^^^^^_^^ .^ ^^^.^^ ,^^
. . ■ ^111,1 the .Iraitis II, av i„. Ilii-l„.,| with water.
Mil, I, Ih, hn,.ks are la„l ,,„ .,,1,. ,„ ,l„. p..„s aial „„ ,.,]«,. ,„ the alleys. A v,.o<ien
?,;■"■ ''-n—hl ,. ,.„„hl I,.. h„,l , ..n,,.,. „r ..a,.h pen ,„|. a he,l or
HOUSING ON THE EXPERIMENTAL FARMS
I-, , „uM,|.,.,. „t yenr> th.. Kxpennieptal Kar.ns have „iv.. „..!, ,,u,lv ,„ the
«..bje,., „t l,o,i.,„K swuie. In 1-.12 a new pi^.^ery was lanlt at the C.ntral K.ii,,,, a„I
of the nraneh Pann. an.i S,a„„n-. Tl„.se e,„l„„|y ,!,.. ehara-.t..,.-.!,.. ,l,at make »
l-'lK- .'to. Man, pipt'ii-y, (Vmral Kv|..t,i,ihii,„| K:irlii
an „l,.al h,,^. pen. K.^'. L'!. ..how.s a view „|- ,he pi^-ery at the ('..ntral Farn.. rh.,..e
at the l.raneh tarm.s are ei the san.e ,le>i»ni hut of h's.. six,.. Fi^..s. ;i() show,, a floor
';,'" ", ■ '" ""■"■ :""^'""'- l""l'li"!--. Tl„. po.nt.- l„.,n;; ,h.n,on-,rat,..l ,n the... huiU-
tHdin a„,l the like; eonv,-,.,,.,,,... ,„ |,„„||i„. s„„.k : p„,,„a„enev an.l, ahove all
^anit,.|li..n. Ii-ht. ventilation ami general comfort.
irandon
The |nll,,wi„,; ,!,.„. rip,i„„ |,,„ ,|„,,.i^,| ^,.,-, ^,,,,,,,, ,,, ,,_^, _^^,^^. .
I'.xperim,.„,al Farm. The h.,,.,h i, ., ,,.,., „„, ,;,„ ,,„,„, ,„■ • , ;,,., ^
-.t.Mle walls are i:! U-t hi^'h in,,,, the f„un,ia„„„ to the s.piar.. pitche.i roof.
f.*, ' Tl ^'TT """"■ ''":' ';■""■',■ '^ " "'"' "■"''■ ^""' •'"■ '"^"^ •■"•'■ '•^"'•1' l^* feet hy 12
^.Mi\.*Xi
,f.A*«Bi5u.JlP'-
a^iM
I 111- -ii(|"i'»-' [Oil, 111- iii'>t, slinwii lij -i|iuiri"- within tlir \)f\is nri' iihual i; fret
ciliiar.' I-:^ii|| fnrruwiiid |„.|i Ikw m (iii ml mil of 'J inch in.n pi|.iii(,', IJ in.-hoi above
thr llo,,r and 10 ini-lics diMr of the wall. Tlie tminflis, wliich nri' nf (Mticrcfo. nro (1
itii'hes deep mill 10 iiirhcs widi' iriHili-. aiicl V IiicImh liijfli mitsiilo.
tyinitialion. The foiiiiilatioii walls aiuj (l.Kirs (cxi'.'pt I'.ir rout cellar which i^ div i
iw i.t cciiiciit iiiii>triicti()ii. while the Nuper>tnutiiri' is woikJ.
Ihniiuv:. . Aiiii.lc dniiiiaire is provided with field tiles laid al.iiiK the inside ,,f iIh
Well, while ;in •^-iiieh H'Wer tile is laid I.el.iw Ih ntre of the iiiaiii pn«sa(j. , int.
whi.'h are diained 1-ineh Hewer tiles whieh drain .aeh pair ,,f pens. Tlies,. are shnwi.
ill the urniiiid Hour phm hy shipinR, hr<)!<en lines
lino,., 'i'lie l!eor« of the [lens are J iiiehes h.wer at the fn.rit than the level .■!
the mam passair xt the ,iens. The passape ha^ a erewn of H inches t.i tlie eeiitn-
At the rdpe of «•"' I'!is-'«e anil .lire.'tly a^'ainst the cnerete pen front a small K'utter
2 inehes wide is provided. The (Trades of the pen floors fall 2 inehea in ;! feet to the
tfutter aii.l fr.,ni :l feet bnek thev rise 1 in,.h in 2 f,.et and then J i-„lies to the baek
ot the pen
»/^o
--»»-«-
I'll.', ill. n,«.r|il;m ..f Kv|»i
i.i.f.il F.ir
S,(i.. islfi- iiii,-. The lower 10 inelies of the walls -.trr of (•..nerete, and ;,!".,. ih:-
eloselv-hiiilt w,io(lei nstruetioii. The j.o.-t.s and stnd- are ..f I'-ineli hy fi-ineli plaiiL-
iiijr. On the oMtsiilc of p^.sts and studs are two ply of hiiihlimr paper covere.l w'-.W
liiaiieil hoard.; put on vertically, with bevelled battens over craeks. The inside <ii :;,
posts and studs are covered witii a modern biiUdimr pajier. whieh is covered w .['i
J-iiich sheathinp:. The eciliiifr also is sheathed wiij, ;-iii,-h ^lulT. The mcf i- b-.n' !r,l
on the rafters ami covered with roolinp jiaper ami metal >hinsles.
As shown by the pliotosrapli and plan, frenerons iirovisioii is made for lifililin:;
Kach window has an upper and luw, ■■ sash, each sa-h containing six 10 by li'iiel,
lifflits. riu- lower sash is stationary. liie n[)per one is hinsred on the top of it an. I
fastened .at the top with a sprinir eatrh an. I eh.-eh chain. This provision albiw- t, •
opening the top windows without creatinsr a draiifrht.
Vcnttlaiion. — The building is ventilated by the Kntherford system. The in!, t-
are ^hoWn in the f-rrn of br.xr.s below the wllld.AV^ „ii ihe oiilside oi' ijie waii, xviiii.
the outlets are prf.vided within the cupolas on the top of the roof. Kach pen i- pr..
vided with a fresh-air intake. These are of c. Ui .it to the hei^'ht of the cement in
the wall, and have a wooden hood havinsr a cover at the bei^lit of the win hw sil|.
m
lli.w,' if.liil,.* riitiT III.. biiiMitiK ill th.- f,,iiM ,.f a -I'." win. I, ,,|„ ,;■ , ',w n.-'lu-,
..l>ov.. th.. l,.wl of tlu. tloor |.:„W, „|.M,iNif ,. |,r„t.vt,.,l |,y « Knit.MK I'hI, fr.-Hh-,ar
iiitiiU. i,i pn.M.M Willi :i .IniMtflit k.-.v L. r,,„tr,.| Ih.. inlliix ..f fn -1, :,,,■ Tli,. f„„i u,r
'"", Vl"" ^l'"" " "'''■"' "'' ""' '"'■'"'•■•y- tlll-MUKh Ih.. M„r l„ tl MS „„ |J,»
r.H,f, ll,.-.. Ilu.., „r.. mu.lo uf two ply i im^l. i.L.fli.MJ sli,.Hlln.u- will, , ,|rol ,ir sp.u-,.
tK.f*e..M. 111.- k.y III till,* vnililntor h pla.v.j ! fool from tl,.. ,. .||o,„ It ,- iitt..l with
■ ■oiitr.il rop.i til ni{iiliiti> tli(> oiittlnw of nir.
Th.' l.iiil.iiMK i- provi,l,..l with M lill.T .M-iir. whi-1, run, o,, ;, „„.,M tri.-k Th«
"'^"" '' ' ""■ "■■"■'■ '■^"•'"l" '■'■'■"I ""• >".unr" I'll ..Mt.i,!,.. up ,|,o .vnlro of th.. nmin
''•'""'«'■• '"■it''lHnir II. 1. 1 th.- f I ro.iii, iiUo .w,t..|.iiii^ '>v<.r tin- pfii-
li...i..;ith tl„. f, ...1 roo,„ i. a root ,.,.|l.,r hnl, has „ Moor of ...irlli It .~ ,.^.^ i.l..i
-I'll .1 ro"^.|, .hii-l,,, |!„„r ^oulihilor ulil, „pn;;hr. ul.i..|, .ir.. .Uo -|,„„.,| 1 ri-e
aloiit'siilc ll... .■,.|,;,r window^.
, ■''!"■ -'■•"" I' I '^ ^•■•n"i ah.vo ,|„. i I ,„.„„ „. |,„„ |„,|,„, ,,„,,,,„, |„„,,„„_ ^,,^,1
■lint.M will,.), op,,, 11,1,, III,. f,.,.| ,■,„„„ |„.1,.„, \ ,|,,p.,n.xi„- tiiiik :; hv :, f, , , ■,u.\ 'i
t-t ;lo..|. 1^ Mrr;,„;r,.,| „„ wl.,.,.N mimI ,-ai, l„. ,, .,| „,„l,.r tlio ,i„.;,l ,;, ,,, . fro„i ahov",'
, ' "■ ''"' ' '" ''^'^ ■■' '■'■"• '■""I-'- l'i"M.l."i with u ~l,am,.o|lmii,t,. 1 .„ as to
'■''-" '"■ ^''■"" "'" "f 'I"' l""Min^'. It al-o ha. a M„k for wa^hin.- paiU a,„l oth-r
'■(.Misils ,111,1 a tap with whi,.h '■' r.,uu.rt,;l ho.,, for wa>liii,^' tli,. p;..,.,.,.v Mjli,,. ,h^
• ■'ol;,.r an, I oHmt piirp.i^.s.
Th.. inannro ,,it, 10 f,.,.t wi,|,. |,y K' f,.,.t U,,..^, with ,,n„.„t l„,tfo,„, „ provi.lo.l at
; '"• "'.'1 "' til- Pi(.'.',.rv. It i. arrant:,.,! -„ that a wap„i >n:,v 1... !,:.,.K,.,1 i„,o it to be
r..nH,h.rahl.. ppor,,., with p.a,. of ,hi. ,|,,s„,„ i 1„„,„ ,.„,„ ,„ , i,^
-..tK-li,.tnr.v, an,! th,.,r ,.sM.ntial. inav safoly I,.. ..opi,.,] |,y -w rai^.r- n, a wnalh-r of
i.iri,'(.i- way. f,. -mt their ri.,|iiir(in,.nl-.
At th,> (Vntral Farm ih,- main piL-.-ory ,. ,i„..| ,.l,i,.ily (,„ ,|a. I,r,.,.,lin« -lock
.hi in. th.. farrowai.. an.l , ,.-aiv .uh-.p,,.,,, p,.rio,|, a,„l for ...-rtai,, ,.xp,.riii:,.ntal
^>.'rl,. 1 a. ,lry hr,.,., ,„:: -lo,-k. ii„.|:.,liM.- ,h.. ^jrowin;.' animals. .,ro house.1 at all
' ',■■'''"■ ""■'/'"''''■.'■ ^■■"■^- ■'■'!- -y-fm of simph. housing, an.i outdoor lif,. h«.
'■■■;.. . l,.mon.trat,.,! ,o .^v,. ,.N,.,.n,.,it rc-nlf^ „, pr.nnoli: :• ,h,. I„.alth ami thrift of ,h.
THE MACDONALD COLLEGE PIOOERY
i
'
111. pinufO al M....|,,H..l.i ('..ll.'^i- 1, l.,.;j l,rt luiiK, l-n.^.' I, mil hi Iv, . H;a.'-.
Ii.'lh .il wMkIi ciiiiiuTt with the If. il riMiiii .it tin; iii-l in. I. Thr nortlicrii \viii« i> ii.^i.l
for f.iltriuiiK |piiriiii.«c.-, wliili' tlif SDiiil.irii an. I Wiiriii. r -r.iii^n ,i"-vii tnr tlif i »i' .1
lir.Mitl ^..w» iluriiik' tin farniwi'iK prrn..'. Tlic f..iiiiil.i' ...n .iii.| uall^ pr.'i.iT .ii-.' Im ,'
"' ''<'liil I' n ti'. till- iiiMilf III' till' Wiill-i U'liiK' liMi'.l witji a l.is.r lit' lirii-k. Iimvi..:
a :t iiii'li :iir «|,..|,-.- l.it«. . h III., linrk .11..I tli^ . .mrrrt.' Tin ■ ■ t.n, k, au- 1.m,| ;ii .-. im 1.1
Kik' :1-.' M:i..| .ImM (■•11,;,-' l'lK-K.I\
to it liiii:ii; ..| :; led Ir.iiii tin- lli.ur, tliil- r>'uv\,n^ :ill |in»il,iliiv ,,!' tin- l.nrk- lii-iii-'
loospiifilliy the iMir". Tlip waIN an. s; f,.,.| IukIi. ll,r i-cil,n- luiii- Irvi I with tlr-
walls. Till. auKJi III lliu riiuf. wliicli i^^ a ii.iir jiitiOi. i .iisi iliitr- llir I. .It. it liciii..' U'r.!
for the storaf,'!' nf straw ami fLod.
:::::::::::::::u::.*::::u:;»:
TOPRAILIMG-
■*rr^
•SWIIiGiMC-
•WODDErf-
•PARTiTlOn-
CtMEMTTHOUCH-
I'iR' ll.i.jr? aro riiii»iructfil nf n lit tiiri)Uf;lioiit and n: .ulilitiim thr ^ll;^ll,ll^
j>i'ii~ are pruviiifd uitii neatly Htteil .iiul n-in ivahh- iihit!'.>rin>. All jk t:tii,ii- are haiit
of wonil, Kaeh pen is proviilni with a swirij; door, wlii.-h mtm - a doiiijje imriM- ,
When closed it forms part of the pelitiun in the pen and whrn swiinir haek the pigs
are e:c;.-,fd^ ::i iiicir Jicep;!!;^ pcr.3, thus f.i ".aliii^ tin- operalion of cieanini^ aiid
beddinjr. These do'>rs ure also conveniejit when moving' pif:s from one pen to the other.
Ciinereto troiiplis fitted witli a s\vinf:iiiir fn.iit. as slmuii in .-lit. s,rvr I'ur f liiii;.
t;i
Ill'
■T-5.T
I'll.'. ■■<!. n...r I'liin, ^!a^,|.,l,„l,l
r, n..,„. |.,,.
'^^m.
li.'j
A very siiiiiili' ;iiiil iffii'ieiit system of siirf:i''" (IriiiiuiKo is employed. Tlio flooM
slope 1§ inches from the feedinp pnasaRe nnd from the walls to a shallow guttT between
the sleeping i)ens und the eloanirin alley. This ■;iitter hiis a fall of four inehi'S in u
hundred feet and runs directly into the manure pit at the west end.
In the ventilaliiin ysfi in a nuniher of will insulated shafts run directly fmni the
TROMT. TO
reeoinTT-ALUY
I-
^■ilinp tliiMUKii the loft t.i the roof. These are :.'l) inclu'S .square and arc |.r..vide.l
with sli<lis at the ceilincr for refiulation. These shafts are insulated with one thiikness
of lumlicr .md paper nn each si le of the scantling frame, thus leaving an air space to
specially insulate the shaft and <iuard against the coolinsi and retarding.' ..f air
eurniif-
3^>jBr.
THE TRADE IN HOG PRODUCTS.
TIk. foliowiMK table sl.ows ,l,e exports of ba.-.,n. ha.ns nnd pork from ran;,.!:, fn.m
l-'^ii until the end of the past tiseal .vear:-
KXl'f tiers OK M(»(; MKATS KKOM CANADA.
Ki.sc»l Y.',
IHKll
KWT) .
IS!I(>
iwir.
IIKK) ,
1H05
1908
1909
litio
IJtll..
1912
1913
1914
liacim.
H,(i:(!.739
7,1H!),2«((
37,r.-jti,or>H
132.17-.,(i»W
ii«.*«5,(ir)0
i'-J,()01,itl()
70,564.iK}7
46,57ti,«H^
"i6,00H,607
.V.t.lCit.'.Mi.!
3(i,2I2,r.KI
23,«5!l,754
llaiii^.
Pork.
Ml.
Lb.
!i5.->,wt;t
1,281,391
'.Ki-.',K-.'7
f>56,4;<(>
2S<l,74li
233,899
'-',iKI7.iHJt<
519,736
2,S."i»J,18(i
1,109,550
2.«()«!,2t;:<
2,235,936
;<.173,!I.Vi
7fi9,932
3,27I,.r.'
335,343
.'t,2i2.K(i(;
599,081
3,805,91S
417,577
3,124.5!l.-,
4:<4,480
2,47i:.tt51
521,583
1,H!HI,1H2
1,811,204
Total.
M.
lli,8.-a,733
f<,7(.r,.">23
7,72r),i)81
40,(M,7fi2
i;«i,141,424
121,937,249
9,"),!U.-|,7!t2
74,171,582
49,418,770
B«,!I21,102
ta.S.dl.OW
3<I,210,.S77
27,5(11,140
rVi^^W^Z I TTf '''' *•'"'■ ""'^ '^'' y«"' °" Canadian farms,
to •!,'ri042S """'''■ *''" •■'^•'"■' ^""''■- '"'■'•''^^et' t° 2,353.828, and in Idll
sumnT!r,.t'r" 'a ""??'*■• "'":'• '" '"^'^'^ '"'■''"'"■ '"' «tfibuted to increa.inp -on-
Zw^ 7 7 "■■ ?"""^*'"^ y^«'« "^ h-'a-y export the supplies shipped ont were
Tiit with «: l' ''' ,'" "" ''■"T'""'' "^ ""*"'•'■ The western provinees. while
hi ng w.th people, were slow to produeo hogs „nt>l the past two or three year< when
..-reat .ncre„..e m prodnetion ha.s taken plaee. Tp to lOl,-) packing houses in ( utario
•air?;;;". 7'; '""*' ""^'"^ "'•^^ -^ *•■" '■■•'-' ^-akes, but the tide has t,:, d
rame prounee fanners, owing to continued liiph prices for pork, have turned their
rsireX^drf"^^^^
The e.Nports nfhop pro.luets from Cana.ia have, until quite recently been -.hnosf
■■..t.rely to Great Hr.tai... With the cn.ing into fone of the " Wil on -rni r» o •'
-ar.ff ,„ .September. 19,... the market, of the Tnited States of Am r ie we hrol
■•von ro meat products on a free ba^is. .Si,,,., that time increasing quan tT" ., ' na
.an bacon. I.n. and „„., bavc 1 , ,:„din. the. way over'this intcn , ! ,
MEAT INSPECTION.
I'C
I meat inspection in (-an.ada, wlucl, is confined to establishment^ dcioL- „,,
export or ,nterprov,ncial trade, was inaugurated in ."September. 190 FroL . , "
-..ppl.cd by the Meat Inspection l.ivision of the Department of Agr cu tar h
: ng Ma'-^ ) "fou' '"":" ^'"'"!"' " '■--'-"•'''^ ■— during'tho fiscal v
- tg Ma.. .... 1914. over the previous one. The killings in eastern houses .h/.wed
■' .!.•. .ca>c «luch was more than met by an increase in the west. The following table
64
r
■m^^^mmmmm^^^iMmsMimmi^-^'i^
6j
shows the numbers and pproentages of swine slauRhtered in inspected establishments
in Eastern and Western Canada and for the whole Dominion :--
K;ist+Tn Oniiada. . .
Wi^ti rn Canaila .
Wi-'ttTii Canadii
hicrcaH*^,
AIM 'anada.
All ('»nuda
1 M K.VT'i,
> K.M'S FAriTSi
. Mah( II ;n, mm xm v.m
1!IU
IHIH
l.'.':i<l,4ti7
r.8.41 iK-ro.ntof t..ul kill.
1 4(>,li2il
10 l!-t per iiiit niKiiT llti;!.
1!I14
I'.ll.-i
.•iliH.lWI =
:«1 59 iiercfiil .if t,,tal kill.
14 34
;i:i7..-.44
14«; :(t ..i.-r llil:t.
I'.PII
1!M.(
l,7!w.i;rK;
l.iai7.741
l!K).!ll.-i
Hi i!'i;i
The following table shows the niiinber of lioirs .^Iniishtered in inspected establish-
ments in Canada since the inauguration (if Federal inspi-otinn: —
SWINK Sl.vl i.MTKHKll IN <'.X\.\1I\ \T Issl'KrlKI. K^T.M1I.1^IIM KM >.
Kinhi inontlmfnitiiin .Mail li SI, 11I0S
^'•■ai- iiiiliii({ March HI. I'.ni'.i
^■l•.■l^ i-niliii(f .March .'il, iHlii
Y.iir iiidiii); March ;fl. lull
V.iir ,-iL.lim; Manli ;il. I'.ir.'
Year endintr March HI. l!i|:{
Y.-iiniidin^' March :!1. r.il4
si;l,;iS!l
l..-iHL'.r'.";
l.eCd 4!ll,
1.4,V.',L':t7
1,N"C',!I'.I7
l.i."7,741
1 7^18, r.."*,
•?>^«fu
'^^^^mm
DISEASES.
HOG CHOLERA.
H.v F. TmHIIvNi 1,. li.A.. D.V.S., 1'./, ci/niJ-.v hinrlor (imcral.
Hoy- (.-iKiU'ra i- a coiitiif^ions dis^oase ot swine. It doos not ap|)oar to atlcot other
species of miiiiiais, ami is ciiaracterized by o.xtreinc contagioubiicss and a high death
rate. It is kiiouu in every part of tl.o world and is prevalent in the Tnited Statesi
to an alarming e.\U ut. causing on riiKius losses. In Canada, the disease appears from
time to tini(> in \,irunis parts of .ho inuntry where the infection iias lieen bronuht in
Miino way or otlicr.
The cause of the disrcui' is a !:enn, and witlmut the presence of the germ tliere
can he no hog cholera. In itlier words, such things as neglect, bad feeding, filthy
surroundings, liave no power to pro luce hog cholera. But when the infection is intro-
duceil among liogs under sucii conditions, the disease spreads with great ra))idity.
The spread of the diseatic occurs whenever the germ'- from a diseased hog gain
access to the healthy one. and this takes place ii. many different ways. Actual con-
tact of the healthy and diseased hogs is a sure way to spread the disease, but it can
he con\t'yed in many other ways.
Tile diseased hog gives ol'' i. e jjenns of the disoiise in his urine and drojipingr-. .;nd
tluis distributes infectious nuitt.T throughout his pen. pasture, or the railway car in
which ho is giung to market. Ilealtliy hogs placed in such iireniises after the diseased
ones have been removed will contract the disease.
.\ncither way infection is carried is upon the feet of men or animnby including
iiinls. Curious neighbours, wishini: ' ■ see what liog cholera looks like, may easily
take the infection home to their own hogs nn their boots i r clothing. Wandering
dogs may also act as carriers, and the common ciomestic pigeons may feed in an
jnfci-ted pen. and fly to some neigl.ibouring farm carrying the infection on their feet.
.•\noth<'r mode of infection has recently come to light and is responsible for many
outbreaks of the disease in Canada. This takes place through the feeding of uncooked
ir.irhage and swill cont.iining scraps of pork", bacon rind. etc.. in the raw state. The
eNplanation of this lies in the fact that in the I'nited States many hogs are sent to
the slaughter house when in the early stages of hog cholera, and are killed, turned
iiito pork and Consumed for food without hindrance. This is jKissible because there
IS a lapse of some days between the time when the hog becomes infected and th(> time
when he shi>ws symptoms of it. This is known as tlio period of incubation, and hogs
Sillied during this pericni nuiy. and often do. show no .symptoms to the meat inspector
that anythitig is wrcpug.
The moat from such hogs contains the germs of the disease, and sueh processes
;i- salting, spicing, or smoking do not destroy these germs. Cooking does (k>troy
thein, and as a quantity of United States pork is consumed in this country, owners
ire cautlotied not to feed kitchen refu-e to hogs unless it has first be<'n cooked.
Infection may also be carried from farm to farm in the water of a stream flowing
through an infeeteil pasttire or pig-i>en.
Symptoms.
The early symptoms are n..t characteristic of the <li-ease anil may imt enable a
definite opinion to be formed. The hog loses his aiipctite, partly or allopether, is
sluggish, disinclined to move, and if compelled to do so may cmigh. Tlicse symptoms
oecurring among iiogs in the vir^.ity of ai, outbreak of hog cholera, should be viewed
with suspicion and the nean-t \eteriiKiry in ..rctor =hoiii,| be notified at nnee.
The 8K-k hogs sc.oi. hocoino thin iiml wonk. Wiilkinf; witli ii stuKgering gait, espo
ciu ly with the liii.J legs, hut ii(,gs ma.v die in a tVw days hefore thoy have had tim,
fo hj>e much tlesh.
Tlio skin fre<iuently hcconies red in patclies the coUjur turning deeper and mor.
purplish as the disease advnnees. These patches usually oeour inside the legs, under
the hoiiy. or behind the oars, hut may bo seen nnywhen .
The eyes diseharse inueous seeretion and the'lids may bt> pumnie.l together hv it
I he bowels an" generally Inose, an.l n profuse diarrh.ra mav oocur, although ii,
some eases there may bo eonstiiiation.
The siek hog generally goes otf by himself, and is found lying in a quiet corn, >
' .V'^"'i, 'r''""""^^"'^'' '" «<■' "P- ''I' J"t's it unwillingly, stands with his back arehe.l
aiul In- l„.||.y drawn up, or moves in a weak, staggering manner, and may fall .,vei
A siek hog seldom shows all the symptoms described above, and in manv c i-, -
It re.iuirc, an expert to decide what is the matter. Tsuallv one or two of the ^vm,-
toms are well marked, such as coughing and rapi.l breathing, or diarrl.Ta and tneked-
iip appearaiK'e, or redness of the skin and discharge from the eyes
The ^vmptoms have been described at some length, so that the farmer may be on
his guard if any of them are noticed, and call in the
has time fo spread.
There is a great .lifference in the severitv of the disease ,n various outbreak-
>..iH..t,nu-s ,t IS of a s,.vere or virulent type and rapi.lly fatal. In other outbreaks tl.
type 19 mil,] an.l recovery frequent. The latter type mav be considercl iust a-
.iangerotis to the community as the form.r. as it is more dillieult to detect, and th.
recovered hogs are apt to spread the ,ii?ease far and wide before it is recognized
The duration of the disea.se is uncertain. .\ hog may die in a vorv few davs or
some weeks. Death does not always follow an attack of the di.=ease, and
a sm.all number of ho^s would survive an outbreak of the disease if it were thought
wise to permit them to do so. .S„cli ho^s, however, are carriers of the .license Th,.
germs exist in their blood, although producing no active effect. The hog is immune
but can give the disease to other hogs that arc not immune. For this reason it is bad'
policy to attempt to cure the disease The more recoveries you get. the more ehan,.c-
"f ge tmg fresh outbreaks of the disea.=e a. soon as new hogs are hrourfit into tl,.
neurhbonrhood. It ,s far better to stamp out the disease by killing all the diseased
nogs and ilisinfectmg the premises.
iiispec'or before the infectioi
may live for so
Examining a Hog After Death from Hog Cholera.
t is o ten necessary ,., examine a dead hog to make sure of the nature of n.
d>ca>r. and the following appearances may be looked for: Reddening of the <ki„
bloody red spots on the surface of any of the internal orL.,,,. c,„.l, .„ •
ilileninp
, ^„. , , . , ,. "">' "•" *'"' ii'tornal ,,rgan- such a- lungs, heart
bowels and stomach; a pe.Mihar speckled appearance of the kidnov. when tl,,- outc-
■•ovenng ,s strippe.l off. soinetbing like a turkey's egg: ulceration .'.f the inner linin.
of tl;,. laree bowel, especnlly near its junction ^.hh the small intestine; redness of
-he lyn.ph glands; enhwgemcnt of the spleen; intlanunation of the 1 „g. ,' ne ,-
monia). 1 l„. examination .dioubl be made bv an expert J' possible
^^het. Hog Cholera is suspected a veterinary inspector should be notifie.l without
dcay. Ihe owner or person in charge is bound by law to do thi.s. and if he fails to
do .so may lose his compensation for any animals slaughtered under the .\,.t beside-
being liable to a heavy fine for his neglect.
Haw the Disease is Dealt with in Canada.
The veterinary in-peofor. ,„.., making sure of the existence of hou' cholera will
have all the hogs on the prennses slaughtered immediately and their carcasses satis-
faHorily d.vtroy,,l. The inspector assesses the value of the hoj.^ slaughterc<l. and if
68
the owner has not hern Riiilty of any nejjU'Ct or infraction of the law, and carries out
the instructions of the inspector rcRarding the disinfection of the place, he will
receive cninpcnsation for his losses up to two-thirds of the assessed value.
The premises occupied hy the diseased hofts are placed in quarantine until thor-
DUjihly cleaned and disinfectwl to the satisfaction of the inspector, and no fresh hogs
nre allowed on tho premises for a period of at least three months afterward. The
inspector then revisits tlie premi.sos to make sure that tho regulations have been cum-
plied with, and, if satistled that such is tlie case, will rccummend to the Minister of
Ajfriculture the release of the premises from (luarantine. The Minister is the only
person authorized to Rrant this release, and he grants it on the recommendation of the
inspector.
Cleaning and Disinfecting Premises.
The following are the official riilrs for the clean-ing and disinfecting of premises
iilter outhreaks of hog cholera: —
After infected hogs have hoen slaughtered the carcasses should either be (•(■m-
pletely burned or buried at a depth of at least S feet; if buried, they should bo covered
til a depth of .several inches with quick lime.
In most ca.ses it will be fi>uii(l safest and most piolitable to remove and burn the
tloors, partitions and lining of pens previously occupied by infected hogs, as also any
rails, loose boards or cither lumber to which such hogs have had access.
Pens, other buildiji^Ts and fences with which affected hogs have been in contact
.ire. when peissible, to I > thoroughly gone over with hot steam or boiling water before
being coatotl with fresh lime wash, each gallon of which should contain a po'imi of
earbolic acid, croolin or otiicr germicide of equal strength.
The surface soil of pens and yards should be removed to a dejith of at least 6
inches and well mixed with fresh lime, which should also bo freely applied to the
-urliu'o of tho newly-exposed soil, (iround so treated should receive over the lime a
t'resli coating of earth or gravel. Fields, orchards and gardens to which the diseased
hogs have had access are to be ploughed as soon as possible.
Kvery precaution should be taken to prevent the conveyance of infection from
place to another by means of the clothes or shoes of persons wiio lia\i- Uen
.itlending to or otherwiso dealing with diseased hogs.
Visitors should be discouraged during o\itbreaks of disease or imtil cleansing and
'li^iiil'ecting operations, as above indicated, have been completed.
Animals, especially dugs, are frequently the means of conveying the di.*ease. and
-liouid, wherever possible, be prevented from entering infeted premises.
When, owing to severe weather or unavoidable cause, it is fnind impossible to
• leanse and disinfect immediately pens or yards formerly occupied by diseased hogs,
~\ii'ii pens or yards should be closed up in such a manner as to prevent persons or
;inimals obtaining access thert^to until s\ich cleansing and disinfection can be properly
cnrried out.
Owners of di.seased hogs should bear in mind that inspectors cannot rccominend
tlie release from quarantine of any iireini-es the disinfection of which has not been
arried out in a satisfactory manner.
.Section SSj of the Quarantine Regulations provides that the use of hog cholara
-erum, <ir virus, being considered a source of danger, the importation, manufacture,
<:i]t' or u~e .if such seruiu or virus is prohibited.
■ i|||»iiilhiii
rft:
69
REGULATIONS RELATIKO TO HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE PLAGUE.
By Drill i ill Council datid ■him- S, I'Jll, in iiiiuf of " T/n Aitiiniil ('oiiIiiukjiis Dis-
laxis Act. y.'..S.r., I'.iai;."
1. No hug whicli is or lias been iitTfctiMl with, or wliich h:i^ lirt-n i'\i.om'iI to ho^
choli-ra or swine plugue, shall be liermittid to run at large, <ir to oipnif in contact with
any hog which is not so atTcctcd.
•J. Any inspei'tor may declare to be an infected place, within the meaning of tli.
Animal Contagious Disciisos Act, any place or iireinises where the infe<tion of hii^'
<'holera or swine plague is known or suspectotl to exist.
'■'>. Mo hog or other animal, nor any portion or product thereof, sh.iU be removed
out of a place so declared to ho an infected place, without a license signed l.\ an
inspector.
4. luspeelors are hereby authorized to inspect any hogs atTecteil with hog cholera
or swine plague, or suspected of being so atTected. or which have been in contact with
aninuils so affected or suspected of being so atTected, or which have lui n in any uay
whatsoever e.xpo.sed to the contagion of hog cholera or swine plague, and for the
purpose of making such inspection may order any such animals to bo collected,
detained or isolated.
."■. The e.\iH'n.<es of. and incidental to. the collection, iaolation, seizure, (rr othri-ui^e
dealing with animals for the purpose of these regulatioiia shall be Inirne by the owners
of the animals, and no indemnity shall be allowed to the owner in case of <lainage
arising out of or resulting from siu'h actions, except as hereinafter provided.
(J. Hogs alfei'ted with hog cholera or swiiu' plague, or which have Ix'en in I'ontact
with or in close pro.ximity to hogs affeeteil with hog cholera or swine plague, ~hall on
an order signed by an inspector duly a|ipointed under the Animal ("ontagious Act. be
forthwith slaughtered and the carcasses disposed of as in such order prescribeil. <Mm-
peiisatinn to be paid to the owners of such animals if and v.-hen the Act so provides.
7. After any place or premi-^es has been declared to be an infected place on
account of the existence or suspected existence thereon of lieg cholera or swine |.I:igue,
no hogs shall be brought on to such jilace or premises, e.veept with the authority of an
inspector, tnitil the said phiiT or iiremises shall have lie. ii declared to have been free
from inft>i'tious or contagious disease, as iirovided in siHrtiou -0 of the Animal Con-
tagious Diseases .\et. and in case of the infraction of this regulation any coni| ensa-
tion to whicii tlie owner might otherwise be entitled sb'ill be withheld.
5. ComiH'usation nuiy be withl.i'ld in the eiu«e of hogs fed on uncooked garbage
or kitchen ri'fusc, or on any raw animal tlesh or similar food likel.v to convey the
infection of hog cholera <ir ~wine plague.
!». H(>fore an order is made for the payment of compensation in any of the i-asea
aforesaid, there mur.t U' produced to the Mini-tor of .\griculture a satisfactory report,
ordi'r for slaughter, certilii-ate of valuation and slaughter, and certitic.ite of <'lean>ing
and disinfection, all siirin^d by an inspc'tor.
1(1. b'very yard, stable, hog pen. or otlier ]ilace or premises, and every wagon, i-.irt,
carriage. <'ar or other vehicle, and every utensil or other thing infiK-ted or sus|ieeted
of being infe<>ted with hog cholera or swine plague shall be thormighly eleanseil ;ind
disinfectiil by and at the expense of the owner or occupier in a manner sati-f.ntory
to an inil>eetor.
TUBERCULOSIS
Tv'iHUlT T<\ll\r>i, V.S., Chiif Miill lit.-i)ril„r.
Tt if net iiiti>ij<|(>i| t.i dwell ,it iMi.v l('lij,'tli ti|H.u ;i >riciitilir ili'^crlpt ii>M nf tulwr-
eul<i>i!i. US a Very eoiiiiili'ti' mid loiiii-ist' stati'mi'iit ut' liicis <-(iiii'('rMiiis; itr, insididiis yet
>(riuii> luiliiri' has already Imm-h |iid)lis|ic(l in iiaiiiiildi't Innn. .■.pmally prepared fur
larriiiTs and iitlier> iiitire-fi'd in live sti.ek. ('..pie. nf tlii- may lie nl.tained fr.iin the
Publientidiis UraiK-h, Itipartinent ipf Affriiiiltnro, Ottawa.
\\ hile hnu ehnlera and ni:iny ..tlier ecpntaL'inu- ill- ■,!-<•> ..re nf rare onnrn'nee
niui'li^' Canadian .-wino, the sanu' cannot he said of tnl.ereulii>i-
Its existiiiec. and liH-alities in whieli it may lu' I'caind, eau U-^l U- detrrniimvl hy
the iiiliirinatinn clitained I'n.ni paekin;.' h..u>( - ■iperatiii;.' iindir the prnvi-inii- nl' the
Moat and Canned Foods Act. In -ueii plant- each animal i- earefiilly insp.'cl.Ml and
llie ilitTerent diseaspd and alm.irnial ennilitinn- t'nnnd .ire reported ilaily to the Viter-
iiniry Din'etir (ieni-ral. Stati-ties eoinpihd from the-e rep.irl- show tliat for tiie
fiscal year ending,' Mareh :il, IIU 1. U per eint of the hofrs for all Canada were affected
with tul.ercid(.sis, an inere.i,e of 4 per cent as coinpari'd with llie vear endinf.' \lareli
:!l. iflio.
1 lie-e tiirurr-- -liow an unfortiin.ile condition in connection with tlie swine indus-
try. While tlip actual monc^tary |o- in in-pci'leil pstahli-hments due t.. condcmn.itions
tor this iliseasc ah.ne dnrinfr the past year totalled *T-"'.i'ii i. it mn-l not he forirotteii
that the -laughter in the-e plant- represented only .".ii I'cr cent .,f the total idll for the
h minion. In view of ihi- far-t. thi' perccMtafrc of tidiercnlo-i- .ihovi' -tati^d i-. in all
priihaliillty. h.w.r tlian thai whicii ai-tiially exi-ts. a- the nianamr- of in-pccti' I e-tah-
li-hiiMMl- hny ,.nly -lu-h -v.ine a- are aiiparently heallhy,
Ihi- dr-ca~e i- iMit c iiiiincd to a few localitie-, n.T to any one proviiii-c. Imt is
di-tril.iitei| over till- ( iilire '•oininiou. and i- l'ciu rally f..iinil in proportion to the
PMciit to which the dairv imlnstiy has Iccn il a .loced. Tl nly marked exceiitioii
to Ihi- is n-lerl i:i the cm di-tric' of (tntnii,, whrc- ihc di-ea-e i- preval.-nt and
where dairyiiiir cannot he -aid to l.i- carrii'd irn to any L'ri'..l extent.
Cause.
It is of eoiir-e nndi-pul.d tli.it the disease i- due to the intriMJm-t ion into the
system of the ha.-ilhi- of tnlMTcidosis which, in the ease of -wine, miy -al'ciy he -aid
' '•!"■ li.v 'lie (lit:. -live rather than hy tiie re-piratory tract. The haeiiUis found in
l.ou's is almost invariahly ..f tlic bovine type. It is therefore important, if the di-case
in hofs is to he prevented, that the <li-ea.-e in ■, tth' he controlled and. if po--ih|e.
eradicated.
In order t.i -h.iw the iiiip.,rt nice ,,f 1. ovine and pon'ino tnhereulosi-, .ind ihiir
relation to ..lie aicther. T w.uil.l (pi.itc tli.' followinir extract from Circular N... liill,
I'.iireau ..f Animal liaiiisiry. wrillei. bv ,1. U. Mohler, A..M., V.M.D. aii.l If .1 Wash-
burn. n.V..^. :
•■The exp. •■-.i.aits (if the Ibireaii ..f .\iiiiiial Industry -how that wL.ai h..t;-
werc f.'d (.11 pr... r.i.!..-i- milk f..r ..nly tiiiv.- days the p -t m..»lem examimnion
held m: ila>- lit.'r iiiili.-.ilcd thai s:;.;; , er cent of the animals had he.'.. me
tiihiT.-.i|...i-. When h..-- re.. i\e,| tuhereul..u- milk f..r thirty d.iys and wore
all. .wed I., liv,. lift.v ,h,v- l..n:;,r, Ino |,er c.ait of the animals iiud developed
penerali/.iil tub. r. ail.. -is."
71
The iiu'thods by which hny;s lui'diiio ntTcctiMl may be brinfly sunimod up as follows:
(1) Till' milk f'riiiii tuUrciiloii.s oows;
(■_') liit'iM'tiHl fucci'.s of nittlc;
(;!) Kci'diiij; iiiH'ooUcd K-'rhiiiTi'.
Till' frilling' of milk mill its l.y-|iroiliirt-i from tulicniiloiN lowx is liio chief hictur
ill till' -pri'iiil of the ili.tease in swine.
Ill the proviiiic of Oiiliirio, wlnri! the ihiiryiiiK imJiistry has been fontireil ami
ilevilo|ie<l. the piii'eiitaKe of tiili('ri'iilo--i-. U.i^ liicii fouiiil to Ix' lU |H-'r cent, H4 n>raiiiht
") )K'r cent for Manitoba ami 4 per eei.i for Alberta, in wliiili provinces dairyinj; is as
yet in its infancy. In Ontario it i- fonml tliat in those Mclioiis where the milk is
separateil on the farms uml tho raw milk fiil to lioj.'-*. the perceiitatre atTecteil is hinliest.
riie niimber of atTi'(!tei| li' «•* received from .shippintf points in chi-c proximity to ciieese
factories where the whey is jiasteurized is noticeably less than those from stations in
the same districts where the by-prodiiits are not treated.
Ill Denmark, where it is eompiiKory to pa-tcnri/e all winy and skim milk before
tliiy may be fed to ho>;s, the percentage of tiiberculosis in hoKs has been materially
ri'diiiiil.
While the practice of allowing ho(rs to follow cattle in tin' feed lots doe.s not exist
to a Kri'.it extent in (Janada, it is no doubt the means by wliicb the disease is often
di>~i'miiiated. Cows affected with tuberculosis, yet sliowiim no cxtrrnal symptoms,
may Ih' found passing faeces loaded with tubereb' bacilli. Ilmrs that are |ierniitted to
come in contact with the faeces from cattle invariably Work in it, eatiiiK such undi-
gested grains as may be found, and infect them-elves if the bacilli he present.
Uncooked garbage and otial is fed to hots tliroughout the entire country, many
small slaughterers depending wholly on this nieins of getting rid of what would other-
wise becomo a nuisance, esiK'cially during the hot weather. (larbage wagons may be
seen d.iily in many of our cities, towns and villages, gathering garbage and such other
filthy and \inheard of materials as are thrown out by householders, hotels, restauranl.s,
etc. This refuse i< altogether too often taken to the outskirts and feil raw to hogs, the
meat of which is later exi>osed for sale as human food. It should tiot reipiire any
learned or scientilic arguuients to convini-e even the most uneducated that tuberculosis
mill other distvuses of swine are spread by this unsanitary i)ractice.
While the disease may also be spri'ad by infected brood sows, attendants, poultry,
etc., the danger from th(»se sources (while it uiu:-t not be minimized) is slight when
com|iared with tho contributing cau.scs iinvioiisly mentioned.
Symptoms.
It is not necessary to dwell on the symptoms or otlnr nnaiis of identification, as
it is extremely rare that even the qnalitied veterinarian is able to niaki' a reasonably
sure diagnosis by a physical examination. It is a fact that Iiol'- which \ipon slaughter
are found to 1h' affected arc freipicntly the bi-t liiii-lnd and >li .w the iiio-t thrifty
appearance of the day's kill. .\s the life of the avcrasic hog i> from »i\ to right i iths,
it can be readily understood wl.y syiu|itonis of the disease .ire ic t niorc often Men and
better understood.
As tul>erci'losis is the one disease where prevention i- po--ili|e and cure iniprob-
nble. a few sugirestions as to its pri'Vciition ami eradication are offered: —
1. Si'iiaratioii of healthy from infected animal-. In the case of c.ittlr this
can be determined by the tuberculin test.
2. With hogs fed and reared on farms where there arc tuberculoid cattle.
I would recommend that they be fed until tit for market, then slaughtered at
ail i'-t:iblisbmiHt baviuir (lovernment in-peclion so that lliry may bo carefully
examined as t.i their titiiess for human food.
^. Wlicri uU this Um btMu m riim|ili«lifd, L'unl'iil and ^ysli'iiuilir iitti nlioii
sliuiild be puid to ili^infcction anil oilier siHiiitnry rc<|iiirfiufntn, aft.T whi.li u
new htart with hfaltli.v -tock may be inudo. If (lut> attciitioii is (mid t" tho
Ih alth of till- cattl i tlii' farm, to saiiitutinu ami tlu' cli.iii'i- of proper foml.
the ilaiiKer of tho hnim hecoiiiiiin iiifeetol witli tlllH'reiilirtin will he rediieed to
a iiiinimiim.
As I,, the pr.i|K!r fo.»l, li.A.I. Ililldm No. H4 (I'liite.l States Departtiirnt of
Ai-'rieiiltiire), in ilealiliK with this si.hjeet, >tri.iit;l,v a<lvises: —
1. 'I'hat all raw pnxliict-* relumed from the creamery i>e sealdeil;
'2. If eatlle are m.t tiiherculiii-tesleil. and a hand wpHrntor i» ijwil, that the
"kiiiiined milk he Meahlcd ;
;i- That hiiK^ be i;' ..wed lo feed oid.v lirhind -iieh eattle as have sneiissfully
stood the fiibereiilin ti -t ;
4. That meat. .itT:d and fiarhat'e U. fed oidy after they have
oiifrhly ei>(ikisl.
Tho preveiitidii uf tuUrt- ide^is in ho>;s does not entail an excessive amount of
ialxMir or expen-e. and the hcnetits to he deriv.^l not oidy repay the prodtieer hut
ensure a safer meat fooil for the consumer.
When we consider thi' enormous financial loss caused tiy this disease (as !)l p«'r
cent of the ( lemiiatioiis in packing houses are due t.. tuberculosis), and the com-
parafively ea-v tminner in which it may he prevenliil. it is to he hf)ped that producers
will bestir tlicnisclves in an effort to nuiterially reduce its prevalence.
The day may not be far distant when slaughterers will buy oidy subject to post-
mortem instx'ction. In this case the modern, wideawake hop raiser will not !■. com-
pelled to hear a «liare of the lo-- isMnsioned by tl areless indifferent feeder who
forwards to market ( pirhaps in the -arne carj a iiumbur of diseased hogs, as is too
oft<m the case at present.
been tlior-
Hii
y^^si
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