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THIS VOLUME TS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. o ^ 217 6 8 r ■> 1 1 1 1 1 The p moirs of ] tiripj mem make of a wliicli is 1 the fruit o guard the time and ] all his oth well, but never cam much knoi • things, sue tliat this pi others; bul The present edition of Winthrop Sargent's "Me- moirs of Major Andre » is published, as the most lit- tinoj memorial which those who loved him best can make of a life now ended. For, although this work, which is but one of many historical essays that were the fruit of his studious youth, would alone suffice to guard their author's name "against the tooth of time and razure of oblivion," none the less do it and all his other writings seem, to those who knew him well, but the vernal promise of an autumn which never came. Yet, in what he accomplished, is so much knowledge, so correct a judgment of men and things, such graceful power of thought and style, that this promise may stand beside the riper work of others ; but " Lycidaa ig dead, dead ere his prime." I 9 3 ', I: The connect our Rev more cl( to have all who dertakini obtaininc with my spared tc self. E' examined " mumble been care ous matte brought t by joining all with w nected skt cral of th use of (su a copy of PREFACE. if''"' The romanho nature of the circumstances which nect the name of Major Andrd with the histo^f our Revolufon .nduced me some time ago to inline more closely into the details of a cha.cte!- that TZ t have msp.red so warm an interest in the mindsTf -s^Tat^frrcrr^'- ^" ''' - oB.ining information has ^JlZZZC With my labors nor desires ^T. • • / ? 1 ut-hires. j\o pains mdeerl wp^o spared to procure intelligence conceding Ant T self. Everj rep„s.tory that could be heard of was mumble their wisdom o'er the gossip's bowl" have been carefully gathered and sifted ' Th„s, ml „T ous matter more or loss relevant to his sto.y lis be n brought together from one quarter or anothe T and S w'th'wh?^' '" ''""'"' '''-"'y •'- '-own a eral of the manuscript authorities that I have made a cofv^t :; ''^. """'' "' '"^ «-^ c'-'-t a copy of Stedinan's American War, and the ori^i- m J I I ..'^^^^^hI tH^^^I viii PKEIACE. nal Journals and papers of members of eitlier party m our Kevolution) appeared to me to possess no light value, and I thought it well to take advantage of an opportunity to set their contents before the world ere the documents themselves should perish ; for, as honest old Aubrey says - " 'tis pitie that they should fall into the merciless hands of women, and be put under pic^i." This consideration may perhaps apologize for the insertion of more than one paragraph whose direct connection with the subject of this volume might not otherwise be very manifest. With these acquisitions, however, in hand, and with such sketches of the political and social condition of affiu'rs during the period as naturally followed the thread of the °tory, the preparation of the following pages gave me a very pleasant employment for some leisure country weeks. Whether they will prove as easy in the reading as they Avere in the writing is another question. If I have not entirely pursued the plan commemorated by Miguel Cervantes, and eked out my task with profuse histories of every giant or river which crosses its path, I have at least avoided pestering the reader with J myriad of references and authorities. There are in- deed vouchers for the facts put forward : but to drag them all in on every occasion great or small, would too much cumber my text. As it is, I fear that the critical reader will find the book amenable to the censure of the nobleman in Guzman D'Alfarache, who, having ordered a picture of his horse, com- PREFACE. IX plained that tliougl. indeed his steed was faithfully enough drawn, the canvas was so loaded with other objects — temples, trees, and the setting sun — that poor Bavieca was the least prominent part of the production. This is a fault of which no one is more conscious than myself; yet there is room for a hope that It may still find pardon, since many of the pas- sages which are not immediately personal to Andrd himself are nevertheless more or less involved with the mighty events in which he was concerned, and often are compiled from sources hitherto unexplored For access to many of these I am especially indebted to the kindness of Mr. Sparks, Mr. Bancroft, and Mr. John Carter Brown, whose American library is the most admirable collection of the kind that I have ever seen in private hands. To Mr. Tefft of Sa- vannah, Mr. Cope, Mr. Townsend Ward, and Mr Penington of Philadelphia, and to several others, I am under obligations for valuable aid and friendly suggestions. ^ The map that accompanies this volume is engraved from a number of original military drawings by Ville- franche and other engineers, and preserved by Major Sargent of the American Army, who was stationed at West Pomt as aide to General Howe until that of- hcer was relieved by Arnold. WiNTHRop Sargent. i [Andrd's Pan Miss Scwai [Failure of An( Day.— Mai [Andidjoins tli —He cornea |Po!itical Condi ton, jCondition of C the Sorel. — ] [Andre's Captivi oners — Andi Mr. Cope. — Henry Clintoi CONTEOTS. CHAPTER I. P"8« [Andrew's Parentage, Birth, and Early Life.- Nicliol-i. S^ a i^ I MissScward.-HisCourtship.-/ctterstoS;^st^^^^^^^ , CHAPTER ir. I Failure of Andre's Courtship. _ Richard Lovell Edffcworth Thn I Day. -Marriage and Death of Miss Snevd '^'^°^«'^"'- " ^'»«n'a3 - ' 28 CHAPTER HI. TT„ „ . t . ^^•'itaiij. — vouuition ot the ^He comes to America. - State of American Affairs! CHAPTER IV. [Political Condition of Massachusetts in 1774. -State of Affairs at Bos- 39 57 CHAPTER V. Pthfsll'^ ^r"n^'. t" 1775. -Operations on Lake Champlain and I the Sorel. -Fall of Fort St. John, and Capture of Andrd, . yj CHAPTER VI. hone'.'^Tndrd';"^'?'^ '"'' '"^-"^yl-nia.- Treatment of Pris- Sir 6one 1 J^^'^^'^ns with the Americans. - His Letters to lien,; cLr w!'^'.*"'* Promotion. -Sir Charles Grev.-Sir llcnry Chnton and tlie Operations on the Hudson, . . " ^3 t Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. Paft The British embark for Philadelphia. — Brandywino, the Paoli, and Germantown. — Andre's Humanity. — Occupation and Fortification of Philadelphia. — Character of the City in 1777, . . . .100 CHAPTER VIII. Affairs at Piiiladelphia. — Disorders and Discontents. — Fall of Red Bank. — Andr(5 follows Grey with Howe to Whitemarsh.— Charac- ter of Sir William Howe, 123 ill' CHAPTER IX. The British Army in Philadelphia. — Features of the Occupation — Sir William Ergkine. — Abercrombie. — Simcoe. — Lord Cathcart. — Tarleton. — Andre's Social Relations in the City. — Verses composed by him. — Amateur Theatricals. — Misconduct of the Royal Arms. — The Mischianza. — Andre's Account of it. —Howe removed from the Command, 113 CHAPTER X. Evacuation of Philadelphia. — Battle of Monmouth. — D'Estaing's Ar- rival. — Andr(5 accompanies Grey against New Bedford. — His Sa- tirical Verses on the Investment of Newport. — Aide to Clinton. — Character of this General. — Andre's Verses upon an American Duel, 182 CHAPTER XI. New York in 1778. — Andrd's Political Essay. — His Favor with Clin- ton. -Receives the Surrender of Fort La Fayette. — Letter to Mrs. Arnold. — Commencement of Arnold's Intrigue. — Appointed Deputy Adjutant-General.— Siege of Charleston. —Letter to Savannah.— Accused of entering Charleston as a Spy, 206 CHAPTER XII. Clinton returns to New York. — Proposed Attack on Rochambeau. — Plans for a Loyal Uprising. — Anecdotes of Andre. — The Cow-Chase, 230 CHAPTER XIII. Progress of Arnold's Treason. — Condition of American Affairs in 1780. — Plans for Surrendering West Point. — Letters between Andr6 and Arnold. — An Interview Concerted. — Andrd's Last Hours in New York, 2501 CONTENTS. XIII CHAPTER XIV. ^"S" I Robinson Bcnt (o Communicate with Arnold. - Correspondence. - An- dr.^ goes to the Vulture. -Correspondence withClinton and Arnold. - Joshua Hett Smith selected as Arnold's Messenger, . 260 CHAPTER XV. I Hans for Iteturn. — Sets out with Smith bv Land, . CHAPTER XVI. . [Andre's Journey _ AVcstchester County. - Skinners and Cow-boys. - Andrd s Capture. -Various Accounts of its Circumstances, 302 CHAPTER X\IL |A..drd a Prisoner in our Lines. - Intercourse with American O/llcers. -Letters to Washington. -Arnold's Escape, . . . 321 CHAPTER XVIH. mUtedrfcourtTrr ''""'~ f "' '' ^"'^P'''^"- " "'« ^aso sub- mitted to a Court of Enquiry. - Its Decision approved by Washing- s 33(i CHAPTER XIX. Indre's Deportment after the Death-Warrant. - Letters to Clinton and between Washington and the British Generals. - li.nsfo sub stitutmg Arnold for Andrd. - The Execution delaved . 357 CHAPTER XX. «v-Chase, 230 p'^-^petlients of the British to procure Andr(5's Liberation ure. — Correspondence in the Case, .... — Their Fail- 373 CHAPTER XXI. Uvdrd_ applies to be Shot. - His Request denied. - He is hanged - ory. — His Remains removed to Westminster Abbev 300 XIV CONTENTS. CHAriER XXII. ^"'^ Considerations upon the Justice of Andrd's Sentence. — Conflicting Opinions. — Cliaractei* of our Generals. — Reflections on AndrtS's Fate, 413 APPENDIX. No. I. Benedict Arnold, . 447 No. II. The Captors, 461 No. III. "Verses connected with Andre's Execution, .... 464 1 No. IV. Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge to General Heath, . . 469 j Index. , , . , . . . 473 9^1 ■1 '% J HIH f[cj. MAJt, H N ANDRE, ^^^^7>^ ^<^ c/:r-C I J'Ttun 1 Uli UnrmaBlf ) |Andr<5'3 Pai Si ACCOR] lauthorities, jrefugee fai Icounty of ] nal or the ] lily nan born at L 5witzerlan( portion of ] le carried ( [where also, )f these, I phe only on earlier metl Notwithsi family in Ei appear to h knanent. Ir plie biograf persons beai pourse it is aajority of i LIFE OP MAJOR ANDEi CHAPTER I. k"""^'' '■"'"'T' ".i'-''^""" ^-"^y Life -Nicholas St. A„drf._Mi» AccoBD.No to Dcbrett, Burke, and other geneaWical authonfes, John Andre was descended from a Preneh fc-efugee fam.ly, settled in England, a. SoutI,an,pton, in "he tounty of Hants , but whether this descent was by the pate ! M or the maternal line, does not appear. His mother, wh^e ^am,Iy name was Girardot, though of French parentai^e, was born at London. .His father was a native of Geneva^ po, .on of h,s We must have been passed in London, where .0 carried on an extensive business in the Levant trade, and Of tLI n" T^'-'^r' ""'•' "^'''^^ ^ «-- "^e Of these. Dr. Andree, of Hatton Gardens, was apparently khe only one who preserved what is said to have been "^ tarher method of spelling the family name. rat^lvkEllf T •!" "=^*'"'«^''™"' of " port of the Andre raraily m England, ,ts connections upon the continent would hppear to have been the most numerous and the most pe . hanent. Indee , the name is not an uncommon one, and fbe btographical dictionaries supply a numerous li t "f persons bearmg it, and distinguished in various Ii„e„ Of ourse It .8 impossible to trace any relationship between the .ajonty of these and the subject of this memoir. D™ „„ q lit (3 m- 11 m i ill" !l ill! i 2 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. her sojourn at Naples, not long after Major Andre's death, Mrs. Piozzi relates that she became acquainted with "the Swedish minister, Monsieur Andre, uncle to the lamented officer who perished in our sovereign's service in America : " but the only result of recent inquiries, set on foot in Sweden and carried as far as the isle of Gottland, in the Baltic, is to discredit her assertion. There exist, indeed, in that kingdom, the families of Andre and Andree, which have given to the state men of high official rank; yet there is no reason to suppose that Major Andre was of the same blood. Turning to Germany, however, we are more successful. Branches of the stock from which he sprung have long been seated at Frankfort-on-the-Maine and at Offenbach ; some of the members of which are very well known to the world as publishers and editors of numerous musical works, and es- pecially of = Mozart's. The most celebrated of these was Johann Andre, author of the opera of The Potter, who was born at Offenbach in 1741, and who died in 1799.- Though as yet opportunity is wanting to verify the suppo- sition, there is strong reason to believe that a near connec- tion existed between the immediate family of Major Andrd and the once celebrated Nicholas St. Andre of Southampton ; — a character whose career is scarcely to be paralleled even in the pages of Gil Bias. This person came over to England, from his native Switzerland, at a very early age, and, prolv ably, towards the close of the seventeenth century. By his own account, his origin was perfectly respectable, and even distinguished ; and in his later days he would assert that by right he was possessed of a title. Yet he arrived in Eng- land in the train of a Jewish family, and, it is said, in a menial position. He was related to a famous dancing-mas- ter of the same name who is mentioned in Dryden's Mac Flecknoe, published in 1 682 : " St. Andre's feet ne'er kept more equal time; " and was himself originally destined for a fencing or ii danc- ! M NICHOLAS ST. ANDBlfi. 3 ing masler. His knowledge of tl,e Frenc* ton.r„e extended .0 all .he pvovincial dialects, and it is conjoet„redTat he was for a t,me, a teaeher of that lan..ua»e. his sister / tan y followed this occupation at a ae^r^ir Z" ItiU being early placed with a surgeon he ranidiv „ -1 ..eh a considerable, though perhaps rp^XiXowel^Hn that scenee, that he soon rose to a conspicuou polu on and To an mv,„c,ble assurance he united such a variety of ac comphshments that we need not wonder at his rece lin" Z t;^.ular,y eU noli^lt^- —- ^Zt 723 1,1 "ri"' '^ «"""'" ™^ --""""S remarkab e I rorth wifhT ' '^^/'-^bbit-breeder of Godalming, came poiin with her wonderful taU «f a i ' ° kadiest of her believers Til r f ' ''"' "'"""« the .e r,„,,-/- --tp:^^^^^^^ t - « rabbi.... .^be learner^n- L,: 1" ^^yTo:;^ s la LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. In ( III !i believed in the fable, but wrote a pamphlet to prove, in its occurrence, the fulfilment of a prophecy in Esdras. In short, as Lord Onslow wrote to the great naturalist, Sir Hans Sloane, (Dec. 4, 1726,) all England was disturbed by this story. But Queen Caroline having charged Dr. Ches- elden to investigate the matter, the imposture was speedily exposed, and they whose countenance had given it all Us weight were now visited with a full measure of public oppro- brium. Swift, and perhaps Arbuthnot, had already taken up the pen against St. Andre, and now Hogarth seized on him. In the print of Mary Tofts, he is introduced ; and in another entitled The Wise Men of Godliman, the figure marked A is designed for the court anatomist. Again, in the print of The Doctors in Labor, he figures as a merry-andrew ; and by a host of coarse caricatures and doggerel ballads his weak- ness was stigmatized an,d made yet more ridiculous. In De- cember, 1726, the affair was burlesqued upon the stage, — a new rabbit-scene being added to the play of The Necroman- cer ; and in 1727, the ballad of St. Andre's Miscarriage was sung through the streets : " He dissected, compared, and dlstinguish'd likewise. The make of these rabbits, their growth and their size; He preserv'd them in spirits and — a little too late, Preserv'd ( Vertue sculpsit) a neat copperplate." The consequence was, that on his return to Court he was so coldly treated that he would never reappear; nor, though continuing to hold his appointment till his death, would he touch the°official salary. A more amusing circumstance was his testiness for the future upon the subject of rabbits ; absol lutely forbidding any allusion, even to their name, being evcrl again made in his presence. °0n the 27th of May, 1730, St. Andre married Ladyl Betty Molyneux, the childless widow of Samuel Molyneux,! M. P., who brought him, it was said, £30,000. The lady's conduct was so imprudent that she was forthwith dismissed by the Queen from her service. Mr. Molyneux was but re-f NICHOLAS ST. ANDR^. 5 cently dead, and whispers named her as his murderer: nor thd her second husband escape a share of the imputation. The Rev. Dr. Madden, of Dublin, however, having made use of this scandal in a pamphlet, St. Andre at once prose- cuted him successfully for defamation. But the accusation has been immortalized by Pope, in the second dialogue of he Epilogue to his Satires, where "the poisoning dame" is brought mto discussion. St. Andre had once the good for- tune to attend the poet when he was upset in Lord Bolin- broke s coach as it returned from Dawley. His fingers were I mcurably wounded, and this being the nearest surgeon, was called in.* About 1755, he took up his permanent abode at with Lady Betty passed on her death to Sir Capel Moly- neux; and St Andre's expensive tastes dissipated much of what remained. Architecture was one of his hobbies; and large sums were squandered on a house at Chepstow. About a mile's distance from Southampton, he erected a thoroughly inconvenient dwelling, which he called Belle-Vue, and boalted Ut as constructed "on the true principles of anatly' He had, however, another dwelling within the town, with a large and valuable library; and here he died in M.rch 1776 being then upwards of ninety-six years of a-e St. Andre is represented as having beenbose in religion md m morals; of a vivacious and agreeable manner in ^on- .ersation ; his speech abounding in foreign idioms; his coun- tenanco fierce and muscular. In earlier life his manners lust have been polite and graceful, from the social positLn o which he rose ; but Nichols, who wrote of him after d ath Ud who characterizes him as "a profligate man of an amo-' ra,no,. Voltaire, on occasion tlfe de e^^^^^^^ ^"-'' "- tecuiiiarv dishonesty THp P.rl ,V. *^^^«"'»n «f the latter in a piece of y St. A^dre, ^vhrfeld ^n. t?M tr hi,' Vo'.f'""^"? '^' ^^ "- P--"- fouse, but from the kingdon'f!!';^:;;!;:';^^^ -'^ ^-n the j^> • s 3 ' 11 i it ( !'! ':■ I I'J iiii ! I 111' ! Ill 6 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDKi;;. rous constitution," declares that " no man will be hardy enongli to assert that the figure, manners, and language of St. Andre were those of a gentleman." Such was the character with whom, as has already been observed, John Andre was probably nearly allied by blood as well as by name ; though why the latter was altered to Andre or Andree, we do not know. It is not likely that any of the lineage now reside in England. About 1820 or 1825, when a young French gentleman, M. Ernest Andre, came over from Paris on a visit to the surviving sisters of Major Andre, he was declared by those ladies to be their nearest living relative. Where John Andre was born, cannot with certainty be stated. It may have occurred at London, where his father, after the fashion of those days, had long had his dwelling and his place of business under one roof, in Warnford Court, Throgmorton Street. Or it may have been at Southampton, since in 1780 we find his mother, then a widow and chiefly residing with her brother, Mr. Girardot, in Old Broad Street, London, yet still possessing a house there. We are able to fix the date of his birth with more accuracy ; although, even on this head, the contemporaneous accounts are conflicting: one pointing to the year 1749, and another to 1752 ; Avhile llose puts it at London, in 1750. But the monumental inscrip- tion in Westminster Abbey that says " he fell a sacrifice to his zeal for his king and country, on the 2d of October, 1780, aged twenty-nine," and which is followed by Lord Mahon, is borne out by a letter of Andre's own, written in October, 1769, in which he speaks of himself as "a poor novice of eighteen." Hence we may fairly ascribe the period of his birth to the year 1751. The very little that is known respecting Andre's earlier years, renders it proper to be particular in presenting to the reader such details, naked though they be, as can now be I laid hold of; and even these do not always agree, as they come to us from his contemporaries. One story gives West- EARLY LFFli. j minster as tlie scene of his education, and with a particular, ity that brings to mind the circumstantial evidence of Sheri- dan's double-letter scene, even fixes the date "nea^ the latter end of Dr. Markham's time, now Archbishop of York " I„ this case, he might have had for school-mates Thomas and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, so renowned afterwards in the serv.ce of their country in the war that cost Andre his hfe; while for a master he would have had a man whom Gibbon distinguished, among the whole bench of En-^lish bishops for eminent scholarship and skill in the instruction of youth. This was the prelate, too, whose feelings towards insurgent America are thus alluded to by Lord John Towns- heiid : " To Cramner's stake be Adams ty'd ; Mild aiarklmm preaching by his side The traitor's heart ivill gain : For if he sees the blaze expire, Locke's works he '11 fling to wake the fire, And put him out of fain." [Another account, however, says that he was first placed at Hackney under a Mr. Newcombe ; whence he was after a time withdrawn, and sent for several years to Geneva to com- plete his education. It may be that both of these stories are correct ; that from Hackney he went to St. Paul's, and thence to Geneva: but wherever he was taught, his acquirements were such as to reflect honor alike on^the teacher and the pup.l. He was master of many things that in those days hmd which, indeed, even m these are to be found rather in exceptions than the rule. The modern European languages -. I. ,ench German, Italian, &c.-are said to have be^en possessed by him in singular perfection; while in music painting, drawing, and dancing, he particularly excelled' When we consider that with these accomplishments m^s Ijomed a nature always ambitious of distinction, a mind orvi:r\ r f" '"^^ °' ''-- ^^^^-^"^ -^--^ -t only nith a taste for poetry, but with considerable readiness in I to 8 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDR£. ( i. 111! Ill ita composition ; and a person which, though slender, was re- markably active and graceful, we need not wonder that his attractions were such as to win the favor of all with whom he came in contact. At the university of Geneva, he was remarked for a diligent student, and for an active and in- quiring mind; and in especial was distinguished by his proficiency in the schools of mathematics and of military drawings. To his skill in this last branch, his subsequent rapid advancement in the army was in great pai't attrib- utable. Andre's father was a respectable merchant, whose success had been sufficiently great to convince him that his own pro- fession was the very best his son could embrace ; yet not suf- ficient to enable him to give that son a fortune which would I permit him to follow the bent of his own inclinations. In this relation, it would seem as though the old gentleman had pursued very much the same course as that adopted by the elder Osbaldistone, in Rob Roy ; and to a certain extent the | consequences were alike. Summoned home from the conti- nent, young Andr^ found a place assigned him in his father's I counting-house, where for some time he appears to have! undergone that training which it was hoped and expected! would enable him to carry on successfully the business thatj had already afforded a competency to its founder. For, inl the process of time, his father had found himself in conditionj to withdraw from at least the more laborious cares of his at-[ fairs, and, abandoning the residence in Throgmorton Street, had removed his household to a country-seat at Clapton, called The Manor House. This building, now used for nl school, is still standing opposite to Brook House, Claptoiil Gate ; and the graves of several of its former occupants arc! to be seen in Hackney churchyard, hard by the old tower. Although at this stage in his career there is no evidence| that John Andre's conduct was that of "A clerk condemned his father's soul to cross, Who penned a stanza when he should engross;" IH i! I I EARLY LIFt g Yet we may fairly infer, from his own lar. ,.ua^e llmt thp .nn. nerc al line of life chalked out for him was le 1 o I Zo" limn the profession of arms ; that, like younc. Frank Osb!, Une, n preference to any other active pu.u L wouM Loose the army ; and that the desk and stooi " by a smaU etl- em a gloomy compting-house in Warnford Cour^'' wol ave been joyfully exchanged for the sash and gorge and hy barrack.yard in the United ICingdom. The benfof Ms pbere m which he was best calculated to attain success t his years were too few, to enable him to oppose 1^* ther s wishes ; and in 1767 or 17G8, when about s'^ en o ^venteen years of age, he entered the countin.-hou e No at e death of his father, which occurred at°tle louse apton, in April, 1769, make at the time any materia dif- rence m the nature of his avocations. 1 What family was left by the elder Andre can only be fc ^'^ ''' '"' ''^' ^" ''''' '^-•^- ^- widow, there 1 remamed a, second son, William Lewis, who was d^ht en f r ^ r/; '"'^ '^""'- ^^'' ^^'' ^' ««'J to have en distinguished for a poetical talent. In her Monodv ^nd on his departure for America : "Dimcloudsof AVoe! ye veil each sprightly grace Tliat us'd to sparkle in Mauia's face My tuneful Anna to her lute complains, But Gnef '8 fond throbs an-cst the parting strains. Fair as the silver blossom on the thorn, Soft as the spirit of the vernal morn, Louisa, chase those trembling fears, that prove Th' ungovem'd terror's of a sister's love ; They bend thy sweet head, like yon lucid flow'r T lat shnnks and fades beneath the summer's show'r. Oh ! smile, my sisters, on this destin'd day And with the radiant omen gild my way ! '' these sisters, Louisa Catherine was born about 1754 and h lUnnaU about 1752, according to the inscripttnst 4& I I? 10 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDIit. ill the churchyard nt Bath-IIampton, where they are burled ; — the h\st of these two dates going far to fix that of Major Andr<5's birth as of 1751. In 1780 also there were yet living at London two brothers of the elder Andre : Mr. David Andr(5 of New Broad Street, and Mr. John Lewis Andrt), of Warnford Court, Throgmorton Street ; who were known to the community as respectable Turkey merchants, and who doubtless still carried on at the old place the business in which their brother had prospered well, but which their nephews had declined. For it was not l John alone who renounced the ledger for the spontoon. Not very long after he entered the army he was followed by his only brother, whose years forbid the supposition that he could ever have had any prolonged experience in the mysteries of trade. During some months after his father's death, John Andre | was probably sufficiently occupied with new and urgent cares, to prevent his taking any active step towards freeing himself I from the chains of business. From circumstances we may conclude that the summer of 1769 — the year in which hcl became the head of his mother's house — was passed by tliel family at Buxton, Matlock, and other places in the interiorj of England, whither it was customary for invalids, and per- sons whose health was impaired by affliction, to resort for re-l lief and change of scene : and if it was not now that he first! became acquainted with Miss Seward, it is at least almostj certain that he formed with another lady a friendship thatj left its coloring on the whole of his future life. Anna Seward, the eulogist of Major Andre, was bom aJ Eyam, in Derbyshire, in 1747. The bishop's palace ail Lichfield, in which her father — who was a canon of tliM cathedral there — resided, was the head-quarters of the litJ erary world of that region, and of the better classes of societj| generally ; and we are told, by one well fitted to judge, tha at this period Miss Seward, by grace and beauty of persoj and by conversational skill, was amply qualified to maintaij MISS SE\VAIU>. 11 Ihe „,,n,etio„s of ,l,o l,o„,,c. Sl.o was bcide. of „„ en.hu.i- |...e, no. ,„ ™y ™„,„,uic disposition, „„a not a li..,„ ;. , o tl pcrpctmtton of,. «„, „f pootry, " ,„o,t of wl.ici, "Tyl cxeciTiblc. Wuh man^ virtues she np,,e„rs to have no^^ sensed a certain spieo of that self-conceit which re ul, from an exaggerated opinion of one', own capacity a'd iVZ t.c aUuston that savors rather of personal than of literary fe:z::^rnTf-df ?""r" ^""^^ """ "--'f - » - cehng than of dehcate and tender friendship seems ever to .ave subststed. .u,d the lines in which she bewailed 1,1 „n" Stgr '*""^ '"' ''""'- -^-^^» «n-- etcrred to ri,e httle circle that was accustomed to pav its Lomage to M.ss Seward and to receive her smiles and Sscs m re turn ,f not a constellation of the first magnitudnm pnseda least many names which in those days occupied a respectable rank n the republic of lett«v, p "<-^"P'eu a ihpm »,o= n_ rv ."'^Fuuneot letters. Foremost among hem was Dr. Darwin, the author of The Botanic Garden but, unless we except the lines — uaiucn, "Soon bWI tliy am, unconqucroa steam, afar Uiag the slow barge, or drive llie rapid car," toter known to this generation by Canning's sarcastic par- o»n. Then fdlow Hayley, the author of the Triumphs of rcmper; Sir Brooke Boothby; Richard Lovell Edgewortl, • U. eccentric Thomas D.ay, whose story of Sandfoid a d Mer^n for a time rivalled even Robinson Crusoe in pop. ur, ty ; and others, either residents of Lichfield or sojour' fs had been attracted thither by " its good report." Thu emote from London to be beyond many of the terrors of its superior autltoiity, the cathedral critics of Lichfield liv d and 19 IJFK OF MAJOR ANDUl^;. wroto, and praistnl ench other for ppront ftiithor-*, anil were wo may supposo as happy as this heliof could inaku them. A traveUer iti Knghuul, shortly after Major Andre's death, relates that being in 1782 at Ila^^ley, tlie seat of P2arl Fer- rers and the scene of many of the younger Lyttleton's ex- traordinary exploits, he was assured by his lordship's brother- in-law, Mr. Green, of Portugal House, Birmingham, that at the very mansion thay were then in he had introduced the unfortunate Major Andre to Miss Seward, afterwards so well known for her genius, her connection with Andre, and her sorrows. We may presume that liiis introduction occurred in the pummer of 17G9. At this time the family of Mr. Thomas Seward comprised not only his wife and his daughter Anna, but also a young lady, IMiss Ilonora Sneyd, a daughter of Edward, the young- est son of Kalpli Sneyd, Esq., of Bishton, in Staffordshire. Mrs. Sneyd dying at an early period, the daughters were kindly taken in charge by her friends and kindred, and the care of Ilonora fell to the faithful hands of Mrs. Seward. As nearer her own age, a greater intimacy than with Anna naturally grew up between the orphan and Miss Sally Sew- 1 ai'd, a young(;r sister ; but she dying when Ilonora was thir- teen, the latter was left to the immediate companionship of the elder daughter, from whom she derived much of her literary taste. In all respects, we are told. Miss Sneyd was I treated as one of Mrs. Seward's family, and it was impossible to perceive that any discrimination was made by the motherl between her own and her adopted child. " It was at Buxton or at Matlock," says Mr. Edgeworth ' " that Andre first met Honora Sneyd." Matlock Bath, about! two miles from the straggling little village of Matlock inl Derbyshire, was a favorite watering-place, where a pleasantj freedom of social intercourse is said to have then prevailed] People coming together for the first time, and passing weeks! in the same house, were content to regard each other ail acquaintances and to have their enjoyments in commonj COUUTSIIII'. 13 TIk! spot itself is singularly picturesque, lyin-r on tl.o fuh of tl.o JMassou Hill, to whose sumuiit a patirwas con- tnvcd throuj,'li groves of lir-tree.s. On every hand, the eye rests upon the lofty Tors, or hills of the region ; and the Lovers Walk, !,y the river Derwent, was doubtless then as .t IS now chosen for many a happy stroll. Buxton too was celebrated for its medicinal wells, and was also in the Peak of iJerbyshire. Mr. Seward had a living in the Peak whither iti his summer visits he was accomi)anied by his daughter, and probably by others of his household, —at all events, it was at Buxton that the two families, from Lichfield and from Claj)ton, were together in the summer of 17G9, and it was there that the young merchant of Warnford Court be- came so irretrievably enamored of a lady whose charms seem by all accounts to have been sutHcient to subdue less suseep- tible hearts than his own. A me^zotinto engraving after Komney, which was esteemed by her friends as the perfect though unintentional resemblance of Ilonora Sneyd at a period " when she was surrounded by all her virgin glorie^ — beauty and grace, sensibility and goodness, superior in-' tell.gence and unswerving truth," — conveys an idea of cliarms that would justify the description of her at this period by the man who should best be entitled to pronounce a verdict. " Her memory," said her future husband, '' was not copiously stored with poetry; and, though in no way de- hcient, her knowledge had not been much enlarged by books • hut her sentiments were on all subjects so just, and were de- livered with such blushing modesty, — though not without anairof conscious worth,— as to command attention from every one capable of appreciating female excellence. Her person was graceful, her features beautiful, and their expres- sion such as to heighten the eloquence of everything she Isaid." Blue eyes and golden hair were the inheritance of Ithe family ; but in her face there would seem to have leven now been visible some hectic trait— some negative jpymbol of that latent disorder, which at fifteen years had \i 14 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDE^. ! li 'iiiii! III ill ! Ill iiiiii iiiiii i ii iiiii!| !i;iii threatened her life, and by which it was finally to be con- cluded. Such being Honora's graces, it is no wonder that Andr^ was j as heartily and as quickly impressed by them as many others were doomed to be ; nor is it strange that he should speedily have avrakened a corresponding sentiment in the fair one's breast. It is one of the most attractive features of his char- acter, that — unlike many who are the life and idol of every circle but their own, and are charming everywhere but at home — Andre was even more prized by his nearest fam- iliars than by the world without. The better he was known, the better he was loved ; and the endearing appellation of cher Jean, which was constantly bestowed upon him by his family, soon found a place on the lips of his fi'iends. A I glance at his portrait will go far to explain this secret of inspiring attachment. His features, as delicate in their lines] and expression as those of a woman, at once reveal a tender- ness and a vivacity that could scarcely belong to a disposi- tion not originally possessed of a very considerable degree I of natural refinement. To what extent these characteristics j were developed and increased by cultivation will in timej appear. It does not seem that the lovers at Buxton were long ini coming to an understanding. Miss Seward, both then and! afterwards, took a deep interest in the affair and looked willil the fullest favor on the suitor. An opportunity was sooni afforded for him to make his earliest essay at painting tliol likeness of a human face, and two miniatures of Miss Sneydl were the first fruits of his pencil. One of these — appar-j ently the least perfect — he gave at the time to Miss Sewardl who retained it through her life : the other was, of course! reserved by the artist for his own consolation, although tliel favorable reception which his addresses had received on all hands must have given him abundant reason to hope for tlij ultimate possession of the beautiful original. It was not unJ til they had reflected on the youth of both parties in respecj COURTSHIP. 15 to wedlock, and the absence of present means to enable them to be provided with such a maintenance as they had each been brought up to anticipate, that the seniors looked coldly on the affair. And even then, the most that was agreed upon by Mrs. Andre and Mr. Sneyd, was that since an im- mediate marriage was out of the question, and a long en- gagement between two very young people, separated °by a distance of a hundred miles and more, was not desirable, it was wiser that they should be kept apart as much as possible, trusting that time would either wean them from their attach- ment, or bring the means of gratifying it. On these terras the parting took place; but it will be seen that, as might have been expected under such circumstances, one if not both of tne lovers regarded it as anything but final. It even seems, from the first of the letters presently to be given, that Andre accompanied Miss Seward and Miss Sneyd on their return to Lichfield; and hy letters and by personal inter- views, an intercourse was kept up between them for some months longer. It was during the progress of his courtship at Buxton, that Andre made known to his Lichfield friends his aversion to commerce, and probably his desire for the army. The rep- i-esentations of Miss Seward that it was so much ibr his interest in every way to adhere steadily to his present em- ployment, and above all that it was the only means by which I he could procure the wealth necessary to secure his union with Miss Sneyd, prevailed upon him for a season to stick to I the desk. « When an impertinent consciousness," he says, j" whispers in my ear, that I am not of the right stuff for a merchant, I draw my Honora's picture from my bosom, and the sight of that dear talisman so inspirits my industry, that no toil appears oppressive." The reader may compare with some interest this confession with the sentiments, uttered at the same period, of another young occupant of a stool in a counting-house, whose career was destined to cross Andre's in the most interesting period of his life. "I contemn," 16 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDKl-. 11 wrote Alexander Hamilton, in 17G9, " the grovelling condi- tion of a desk, to which my fortune condemns me, and would willingly risk my life, though not my character, to exalt my station ; I mean to prepare the way for futurity." Before Andre parted from " the dear Lichfieldians," to return to Clapton and his daily avocations in Throgmorton | Street, a correspondence appears to have been arranged be- tween Miss Seward and himself, the burden of which, as | may well be guessed, was to be Honora. His epistles, which sometimes covered letters to Miss Sneyd, were evidently de- signed to pass from the hands of his fair correspondent to those of her adopted sister ; while in return he should re- ceive every intelligence of the young lady's movements and welfare, and occasionally a postscript from her own pen. There was nothing clandestine in this arrangement, little indeed as it may have accorded with the plans of the parents of the lovers. Miss Sneyd's conduct throughout, seems toj have been ingenuous and discreet ; while Andre availed him- self of a fair and friendly means of obtaining that informa- tion which was naturally so desirable to one in his position. I His letters were often adorned with hasty pen or pencil sketches of such objects of interest as were germain to the text, and the specimens which follow give ample proof, 38 Miss Seward justly observes, of his wit and vivacity. " His I epistolary writings," says Mr. Sparks, " so far as specimens of them have been preserved, show a delicacy of sentiment,! a playfulness of imagination, and an ease of style, whicbj could proceed only from native refinement and a high degree I of culture." " The best means, next to biography written byl the person himself, of obtaining an insight into his character,! is afforded," remarks Maria Edgeworth, " by his private letj ters." There is sufficient excuse in their own contents fori here presenting those of Andre to Miss Seward ; but thcl reason suggested by Miss Edgeworth affords an additional! motive. It will be observed that he addresses the lady nsl his Julia ; for no other cause that can be guessed at but thatj I iV: LETTERS TO mSS SEWAKD. 17 her real name was Anna. But such tricks of the pen were then counted among the delicacies of a sentimental corre- spondence ; as is pleasantly described in VAmie Inconnue. The journey to Shrewsbury, alluded to below, was made to visit Elizabeth, Mr. Sneyd's fifth daughter, who had been brought up by and resided with her relatives, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Powys of the Abbey. The letters themselves were first printed in connection with Miss Seward's Monody upon their writer. MR. ANDRE TO MISS SEWARD. CLArroN, Oct. 3, 1769. From their agreeable excursion to Shrewsbury, my dear- est friends are by this time returned to their beloved Lich- field. Once again have they beheld those fortunate spires, the constant witnesses of all their pains and pleasures. I can well conceive the emotions of joy which their first ap- pearance, from the neighboring hills, excites after absence ; they seem to welcome you home, and invite you to reiterate those hours of happiness, of which they are a species of monument. I shall have an eternal love and reverence for them. Never shall I forget the joy that danced in Honora's eyes, when she first shewed them to me from Need wood For-* est, on our return with you from Buxton to Lichfield. I re- member she called them the ladies of the valley, — their light- ness and elegance deserve the title. Oh ! how I loved them from that instant ! My enthusiasm concerning them is carried farther even than your's and Honora's, for every object that has a pyramidical form, recalls them to my recollection, with a sensation that brings the tear of pleasure into my eyes. How happy you must have been at Shrewsbury! only that you tell me, alas ! that dear Honora was not so well as you wished during your stay there. — I always hope the best. My impatient spirit rejects every obtruding idea, which I have not fortitude to support. — - Dr. Darwin's skill, and your 18 LIFE OF MAJOS ANimt. tender care, will remove that sad pain in her side, which makes writing troublesome and injurious to her ; which robs her poor Cher Jean of those precious pages, with which, he flatters himself, she would otherwise have indulged him. So your happiness at Shrewsbury scorned to be indebted to public amusements? Five Virgins — united in the soft bonds of friendship ! How I should have liked to have made the sixth ! — But you surprise me by such an absolute exclu- sion of the Beaux : — I certainly thought that when five wise virgins were watching at midnight it must have been in expectation of the bridegroom's coming. "We are at this instant five virgins, writing round the same table — my three sisters, Mr. Ewer, and myself. I beg no reflections injurious to the honor of poor Cher Jean. My mother is gone to pay a visit, and has left us in possession of the old coach ; but as for nags, we can boast of only two long-tails, and my sisters say they are sorry cattle, being no other than my friend Ewer and myself, who, to say truth, have enormous pig-tails. My dear Boissier is come to town ; he has brought a little of the soldier with him, but he is the same honest, warm, in- telligent friend I always found him. He sacrifices the town diversions, since I will not partake of them. • We are jealous of your correspondents, who are so nu- merous. — Yet, write to the Andres often, my dear Julia, for who are they that will value your letters quite so much as we value them ? — The least scrap of a letter will be received with the greatest joy ; write, therefore, tho' it were only to give us the comfort of having a piece of paper which has recently passed thro' your hands ; — Honora will put in a little postscript, were it only to tell me that she is mi/ very sincere friend, who will neither give me love nor comfort — very short indeed, Honora, was thy last post- script ! — But I am too presumptuous ; — I will not scratch out, but I imsay — from the little there was I received i more joy than I deserve. — This Cher Jean is an imper- LETTERS TO MISS SEWARD. 19 tinent fellow, but he will grow discreet in time; — you must consider him as a poor novice of eighteen, who for all the sins he may commit is sufficiently punished in the single evil of being one hundred and twenty miles from Lichfield. My mother and sisters will go to Putney in a fii\M days to stay some time; — we none of us like Clapton: — / need not care, for I am all day long in town ; but it is avoiding Scylla to fall into Charybdis. You paint to me the pleasant vale of Stow in the richest autumnal coloring. In return, I must tell you that my zephyrs are wafted through cracks 'in the wainscot; for murmuring streams, I have dirty kennels; for bleating flocks, grunting pigs ; and squalling cats for birds that incessantly warble. I have said something of this sort in my letter to Miss Spearman, and am twinged with the idea of these letters being confronted, and that I shall recall to your memory the fiit Knight's love-letters to Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Page. Julia, perhaps thou fanciest I am merry. Alas ! But I do not wish to make you as doleful as myself; and besides, when I would express the tender feelings of my soul, I have no language which does them any justice; if I had, I should regret that you could not have it fresher, and that whatever one communicates by letter must go such a roundabout way, before it reaches one's correspondent : from the writer's heart through his head, arm, hand, pen, ink, paper, over many a weary hill and dale, to the eye, head, and heart of the reader. I have often regretted our not possessing a sort of faculty which should enable our sensations, remarks, &c., to arise from their source in a sort of exhalation, and fall upon our paper in words and phrases properly adapted to express them, without passing through an imagination whose opera- tions so often fail to second those of the heart. Then what a metamorphose we should see in people's style ! How elo- quent those who are truly attached ! how stupid they who falsely profess affection ! Perhaps the former had never been able to express half their regard ; while the latter, by their 20 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. I '1 i llii!ll lilllli iii III! flowers of rhetoric, had made us believe a thousand times more than they ever felt — but this is whimsical moralizing. My sisters' Penserosos were dispersed on their arrival in town, by the joy of seeing Louisa and their dear little Brother Billy again, our kind and excellent Uncle Girardot, and Uncle Lewis Andre. I was glad to see them, but they complained, not without reason, of the gloom upon my coun- tenance. Billy wept for joy that we were returned, while poor Cher Jean was ready to weep for sorrow. Louisa is grown still handsomer since we left her. Our sisters Mary and Anne, knowing your partiality to beauty, are afraid that when they shall introduce her to you, she will put their noses out of joint. Billy is not old enough for me to be afraid of in the rival-way, else I should keep him aloof, for his heart is formed of those affectionate materials, so dear to the ingen- uous taste of Julia and her Honora. I sympathize in your resentment against the canonical Dons, who stumpify the heads of those good green people, beneath whose friendly shade so many of your happiest hours have glided away, — but they defy them ; let them stumpify as much as they please, time will repair the mis- chief, — their verdant arms will again extend, and invite you to their shelter. The evenings grow long. I hope your conversation round the fire will sometimes fall on the Andres ; it will be a great comfort to them that they are remembered. We chink our glasses to your healths at every meal. " Here's to our Lichfieldian friends," says Nanny; — "Oh-h," says Mary; — " With all my soul," say I ; — " Aliens," cries my mother ; — and the draught seems nectar. The libation made, we begin our uncloying themes, and so beguile the gloomy evening. Mr. and Mrs. Seward will accept my most affectionate respects. My male friend at Lichfield will join in your conversation on the Andres. Among thd numerous good qualities he is possessed of, he certainly has gratitude, and then he cann him. I, in p happy hours for him, and i clous ointmen rounds you, t to the whole and ardor of tionate and fa Mr. Peter tor Ewer, Jr. said, of Willi of England,) were valued raembered in From the ments of gair converse with fervent wish t begin, as pe profession wi disadvantageo a middle-aged colored clothe ceive a comeh a pen with all ough brandish with types an I disembogue tl upon bales of per ; while, in • xi -ft LETTERS TO MISS SEWARD. 21 then lie cannot forget those who so sincerely love and esteem him. I, in particular, shall always recall with pleasure the liappy hours I have passed in his company. My friendship for him, and for your family, has diffused itself, like the pre- cious ointment from Aaron's beard, on every thing which sur- rounds you, therefore I beg that you would give my amities to the whole town. Persuade Honora to forgive the length and ardor of the enclosed, and believe me truly your affec- tionate and faithful friend, J. Andr6. Mr. Peter Boissier, of the 11th Dragoons, and Mr. Wal- ter Ewer, Jr., of Dyer's Court, Aldermanbury, (a son, it is said, of William Ewer, Esq., in 1778 a director of the Bank of England,) who are mentioned in the preceding letter, were valued friends of Andre's, and are affectionately re- membered in his will. MR. ANDRE TO MISS SEWARD. London, Oct. 19, 1769. From the midst of books, papers, bills, and other imple- ments of gain, let me lift up my drowsy head awhile to converse with dear Julia. And first, as I know she has a fervent wish to see me a quill-driver, I must tell her, that I begin, as people are wont to do, to look upon my future profession with great partiality. I no longer see it in so disadvantageous a light. Instead of figuring a merchant as a middle-aged man, with a bob-wig, a rough beard, in snuff- colored clothes, grasping a guinea in his red hand, I con- ceive a comely young man, with a tolerable pig-tail, wielding a pen with all the noble fierceness of the Duke of Marlbor- ough brandishing a truncheon upon a sign-post, surrounded with types and emblems, and canopied with cornucopias that I disembogue their stores upon his head ; Mercuries reclined upon bales of goods ; Genii playing with pens, ink, and pa- per ; while, in perspective, his gorgeous vessels, " launched on ,.il 22 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRl*:. !' '':w the bosom of the silver Tlmmes," are wafting to distant lands the produce of this commercial nation. Thus all the mercan- tile glories croud on my fancy, emblazoned in the most reful- gent colouring of an ardent imagination. Borne on her soar- ing pinions I wing my flight to the time Avhen Heaven shall have crowned my labors with success and opulence. I see sumptuous palaces rising to receive me ; I see orphans and widows, and painters, and fiddlei's, and poets, and builders, protected and encouraged ; and when the fabric is pretty nearly finished by my shattered pericranium, I cast my eyes around, and find John Andre, by a small coal-fire, in a gloomy CO' ipting-house in Warnford Court, nothing so little as what I has been making himself, and, in all probability, never to be much more than he is at present. But oh : my dear Honora! — it is for thy sake only I wish for wealth. — ,You say she was somewhat better at the time you wrote last. I must flatter myself that she will soon be without any re mains of this threatening disease. It is seven o'clock : you and Honora, with two or three more select friends, are now probably encircling your dress- ing-room fireplace. What would I not give to enlarge that circle ! The idea of a clean hearth, and a snug circle round it, formed by a few select friends, transports me. You seem combined together against the inclemency of the weather, the hurry, bustle, ceremony, censoriousness, and envy of the world. The purity, the warmth, the kindly influence of fire — to all for whom it is kindled — is a good emblem of the friendship of such amiable minds as Julia's and her Honora's. Since I cannot be there in reality, pray imagine me with you ; admit me to your conversoiiones, — think how I wish I for the blessing of joining them ! and be persuaded that I take part in all your pleasures, in the dear hope, that ere very long, your blazing hearth will burn again for me. Pray keep me a place ; — let the poker, tongs, or shovel, repre- [ sent me. But you have Dutch tiles, which are infinitely! better; so let Moses, or Aaron, or Balaam's ass be my| representative. LETTERS TO 5HSS SEWARD. 23 But time calls me to Clapton. I quit you abruptly till lo-morrow, when, if .1 do not tear the nonsense I have been writing, I may perhaps increase its quantity. Signora Cyn- thia is in clouded majesty. Silvered with her beams, I am ubout to jog to Clapton upon my own stumps; musin^ as I homeward plod my way — ah ! need I name the subject of my contemplations ? ITiursdaif, I had a sweet walk home last night, and found the Clap- tomans, with their fair guest, a Miss Mourgue, very well. My sisters send their amities, and will write in a few days. This morning I returned to town. It has been the finest dayimagmable; a solemn mildness was Effused throughout the blue horizon ; its light was clear and a inct, rather^than idazzhng; — the serene beams of the autumnal sun, gilded lulls, variegated woods, glittering spires, ruminatin- herds boundmg flocks, — all combined to enchant the eyes, expand the heart, and « chase all sorrow but despair." In the midst of such a scene, no lesser sorrow can prevent our sympathy with nature. A calmness, a benevolent disposition seizes us with sweet insinuating power; the very brute creation seem sensible of these beauties ; there is a species of mild chear- fulness in the face of a lamb, which I have but indiflferently expressed in a corner of my paper, and a demure, contented look m an ox, which, in the fear of expressing still worse, I I leave unattempted. Business calls me away. I must dispatch my letter. Yet Iwhat does it contain ? — No matter. You like anything bet- Iter than news; — indeed, you never told me so, but I have fcn mtuitive knowledge upon the subject, from the sympathy ^vhich I have constantly perceived in the taste of Julia and \:ker Jean. What is it to you or me — If here in the city we have nothing but riot, If the Spital-field Weavers can't be kept quiet; If the weather is fine, or tlie streets should be dirty Or if Mr. Dick Wilson died aged of thirty ? ' I 'f:. i illilil 'l!!ii!:' 'i!;| 84 LIFE OV MAJOll ANDIlt. — But if I was to hearken to the versifying grumbling I feel within me, I should fill my paper, antl not have room left to entreat that you would plead my cause to Honora more eloquently than the enclosed letter has the power of doing. Apropos of verses, you desire me to recollect my random de- scription of the engaging appearance of the charming Mrs. . Here it is at your service : — Then rustling and bustling the lady comes down, With a flaming red face, and a broad yellow gown, And a hobbling out-of-breath gait, and a frown. This little French cousin of ours, Delarise, was ray sister I Mary's playfellow at Paris. His sprightliness engages my sisters extremely. Doubtless they tell much of him to you| in their letters. How sorry I am to bid you adieu ! Oh, let me not be fo^| got by the friends most dear to you at Lichfield ! — Lich- field! Ah, of what magic letters is that little word composed'.! How graceful it looks when it is written ! Let nobody talk to me of its original meaning, "the field of blood!" Oh, no such thing ! — It is the field of joy ! " The beautiful city that lifts her fair head in the valley, and says, I am, and there is none beside me!" Who says she is vain? Julia will not say so, nor yet Honora, and least of all their de- voted Jo"N Andr£. In reference to the allusion in the last paragraph of thiil letter, Miss Seward very learnedly explained, that Lichfieldl does not signify "the field of blood," but "the field of deal bodies." The error is of little importance. Between thef dates of this and the next epistle, he had visited Lichfield and once again beheld the face of his lady-love. MR. ANDR^ TO MISS SEWARD. Clapton, November 1, 1769. My ears still ring with the sounds of " Oh, Jack ! 01^ LETTEHS TO MISS SEWAKD. 25 Jack ! IIow do the dear Lichfieldians ? What do they say ? What are they about? What did you do while you were with them ? " " Have patience," said I, " good people ! " and began my story, which they devoured with as much joy- ful avidity m Adam did Gabriel's tidings of Heaven. My mother and sisters are all very well, and delighted with their little Frenchman, who is a very agreeable lad. Surely you applaud the fortitude with which I left you I Did I not come off with flying colors ? It was a great effort ; for, alas ! this recreant heart did not second the smiling cour- age of the countenance ; nor is it yet as it ought to be, from the hopes it may reasonably entertain of seeing you all again ere the winter's dreary hours are past. Julia, my dear Julia, I gild them with tidings of my beloved Ilonora ! Oh that you may be enabled to tell me that she regains her health, and her charming vivacity ! Your sympathizing heart partakes I all the joys and pains of your friends. Never can I forget its kind offices, which were of such moment to my peace. Mine is formed for friendship, and I am blessed in being able to place so well the purest passion of an ingenuous mind. IIow am I honoured in Mr. and Mrs. Seward's attachment to me ! Charming were the anticipations which beguiled the long tracts of hill, and dale, and plain, that divide London from Lichfield! With what delight my eager eyes drank jtheir first view of the spires ! What rapture didl not feel Ion entering your gates! — in flying up the hall-steps ! — in jrushing into the dining-room! — in meeting the gladdened leyes of dear Julia and her enchanting friend ! That instant jconvinced me of the truth of Rousseau's observation, " that |thcre are moments worth ages." Shall not these moments return ? Ah, Julia ! the cold hand of absence is heavy upon the heart of your poor Cher Jean ! — he is forced to hammer Into it perpetually every consoling argument that the magic kvand of Hope can conjure up ; viz., that every moment of industrious absence advances his journey, you know whither, may sometimes make excursions to Lichfield, and bask in 21768S 2G LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRl!:. Ii!i:^ the liglit of my Ilonora'd eyes. Sustain me, Hope ! nothin;; on my part shall be wanting which shall induce thee io fulfil thy blossoming promises. The happy, social circle — Julia, llonora, Miss S Miss B n, her brother. Miss S e, Mr. R n, &c. — are now, perhaps, enlivening your dressing-room, the dear blue region, as llonora calls it, with the sensible observation, the tasteful criticism, or the elegant song ; dreading the iron tongue of the nine o'clock bell, which disperses the beings whom friendship and kindred virtues had drawn together. My imagination attaches itself to all, even the inanimate objects which surround Honora and her Julia, that have be- held their graces and virtues exjjand and ripen ; — my dear Ilonora's, from their infant bud. The sleepy Claptonian train are gone to bed, somewhat wearied with their excursion to Enfield, whither they have this day carried their favourite little Frenchman, — so great a favourite, the parting was quite tragical. I walked hither from town, as usual, to-night. No hour of the twenty-four is so precious to me as that devoted to this solitary wafk. Oh, my friend, I am A\r from possessing the patient frame of mind I so continually invoke. Why is Lichfield an hundred and twenty miles from me ? There is no moderation in the dis- tance. Fifty or sixty miles had been a great deal too much ; but then, there would have been less opposition from author- ity to my frequent visits. I conjure you, supply the want of these blessings by frequent letters. I must not, will not, ask them of Honora, since the use of the pen is forbid to her declining health ; I will content myself, as usual, with a post- script from her in your epistles. My sisters are charmed with the packet which arrived yesterday, and which they will answer soon. As yet I have said nothing of our journey. We met an entertaining Irish gentleman at Dunchurch, and, being fel- low-sufferers in cold and hunger, joined interests, ordered four horses, and stuffed three in a chaise. It is not to you I LETTEUS TO MISS SEWAItD. 27 need npologizc for talking in raptures of an higler, whom we in.;t on the roud. IIi.s cart Imd passed us, and was at a con- si(l('ral)Io distance, when, looking back, he perceived that our chaise had stopped, and that the driver seemed mending some- thing. He ran up to him, and, with a face full of honest anxiety, pity, good-nature, and every sweet affection under lieavcn, asked him if we wanted anything; that he had plenty of nails, ropes, &c. in his cart. That wretch of a j)Ostilion made no other reply than, « We want nothing, mas- ter." From the same impulse, the good Irishman, Mi-. Till, and myself thrust our heads instantly out of the chaise, and tried to recompense the honest creature for this surly reply by every kind and grateful acknowledgment, and by forcin- upon him a little pecuniary tribute. My benevolence will be the warmer while I live, for the treasured remembrance of this higler's countenance. I know you will interest yourself in my destiny. I have now completely subdued my aversion to the profession of a merchant, and hope in time to acquire an inclination for it. Yet God forbid I should ever love what I am to make I the object of my attention! — that vile trash, which I care j not for, but only as it may be the fqture means of procuring the blessing of my soul. Thus all my mercantile calcula^ tions go to the tune of dear Honora. When an impertinent consciousness whispers in my ear, that I am not of the right stuff for a merchant, I draw my Ilonora's picture from my bosom, and the sight of that dear talisman so inspirits ray industry, that no toil appears oppressive. The poetic task you set me is in a sad method : my head land heart are too full of other matters to be engrossed by a |draggle-tail'd wench of the Heliconian puddle. I am going to try my interest in parliament. — How you jstare ! — it is to procure a frank. Be so good as to give the lenclosed to Honora, — it will speak to her ; — aud do you say leverything that is kind for me to every other distinguished jfnend of the dressing-room circle ; encourage them in their ) m I «1! i 28 LIFE OF »UJOR ANDR£. obliging desire of scribbling in your letters, but do not let! them take Honora's corner of the sheet. Adieu ! May you all possess that cheerfulness denied tol youv Cher Jean. I fear it hurts my mother to see my musinJ moods ; but I can neither help nor overcome them. Tiiel near hopes of another excursion to Lichfield could alone dis| perse every gloomy vapor of my imagination. Again, and yet again, Adieu ! J. Andr^. NOTWITIIS [powerful a fr j Seward, Andr ithat in all lov lloves, and the jliave been ver jcategory. Se lust necessar Which permis tended, must ^ngs, even hac This is at lea feanie time com ii'iifci s ■;'. 'ii'i CHAPTER II. I Failure of Andrd's Courtship. _ Richard Lovell Edgeworth.-Thoma« Day. — Marriage and Death of Miss Sneyd. NoTAnxiiSTANDiNO his ardoi', and the presence of so I powerful a friend at court as he must have had in Miss iSeward, Andre's suit did not prosper. There is a saying, Ithat in all love affairs there are two parties — the one who lloves, and the one who is loved ; and it does not seem to Ihave been very long before Miss Sneyd came into the latter jcategory. Separation, and consideration of the delay that lust necessarily attend that acquirement of fortune upon l^vhich permission for Andre to renew his addresses de- pended, must doubtless have done much to cool her feel- Bngs, even had they originally been as warm as his own. This is at least the view taken by her friend, who at the feame time commemorates the fidelity of the opposite party: " Now Prudence, in her cold and tlirifty care, Frowu'd on the maid, and bade the youth despair; For power parental sternly saw, and strove To tear the lily bands of plighted love ; Nor strove in vain; — but, while the fair one's sighs Disperse like April-storms in sunny skies. The firmer lover, with unswerving truth, To his first passion consecrates his youth." the lady's feelings, in short, cooled down so sufficiently, that Ihere soon came to be no reason why she should not ic- |eive the addresses of other suitors. In 1770, Mr. Richard .oyeU Edgeworth was paying a Christmas visit to Lichfield, Ind thus mentions the impression he received of the state of Iffairs between Andre and Miss Sneyd : it being then about fighteen months since their first meeting at Buxton, and but I 11 O tn 3 P4 if 1 i .'ii i 1 I i ' ■ 30 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. Utile over a year from the date of the letters that closed the last chapter : — "Whilst I was upon this visit, Mr. Andre, afterwards j Major Andre, who lost his life so unfortunately in Amer- ica, came to Lichfield The first time I saw Major! Andre at the palace, I did not perceive from his manner, or from that of the young lady, that any attachment sub- sisted between them. On the contrary, from the great atten- tion which Miss Seward paid to him, and from the constant! admiration which Mr. Andre bestowed upon her, I thought that, though there was a considerable disproportion in their ages, there might exist some courtship between them. Mis3 Seward, however, undeceived me. I never met Mr. Andrei and from all that I then saw, or have since known, agam ; I believe that Miss Honora Sneyd was never much disap-l pointed by the conclusion of this attachment. Mr. Andrei appeared to me to be pleased and dazzled by the lady. Shej admired and estimated highly his talents ; but he did notj possess the reasoning mind which she required." Mr. Edgeworth had undoubtedly what many will reckon al good opportunity of ascertaining the lady's sentiments onl this subject ; for Honora Sneyd eventually became his wife Whether, however, a woman always lays bare the secrets of herj youthful breast to the man whom she marries, even thouglij he possesses " a reasoning mind," is another question. To bej sure, having himself entered four times into the state of wedJ lock, Mr. Edgeworth had unusual means of coming to a conJ elusion upon this point ; but it may well be doubted whetheif a more than common impression might not have been madej on Miss Sneyd's heart by the attractions of such a person si her disappointed lover. Even while acknowledging the exj pediency of the course prescribed by the heads of both famj ilies, and yielding to their authority, she must have beenT sensible of the value of the qualities she was compelled forego. From Mr. Edgeworth's own words it may be i ferred, that at this period she had formed a high, not to sayi RICHARD LOVELL EDGE WORTH. 31 romantic estimate of what was to be looked for in the man whom she should wed. When he left her in 1771, with a view of going abroad, he says : « In various incidental conversations I endeavored to convince her, that young women who had not large fortunes should not disdain to marry, even though the romantic notions of finding heroes, or prodi-ies of men might not be entirely gratified. Honora listened, and as- sented." These remarks of Mr. Edgeworth concerning plajor Andre are entitled to considerable weight; not alone because of the well-known character for probity and discern- ment of the writer and of his more distinguished daughter by whom the Memoirs were completed and edited, but alsJ from the fact that they were given to the world while yet a sister of Andre was living and in England: from whom, or rather from whose circle of friends, any misstatement on this Ihead might have met a ready correction.* Richard Lovell Edgeworth, who ultimately became Mi*s Sneyd's successful wooer, is happily hit off, as he appeared in 1813, by Lord Byron. «I thought Edgeworth a fine old •fellow, of a clarety, elderly, red complexion, but active, brisk, and endless. He was seventy, but did not look fifty — no nor forty-eight even." When be first met Honora, however' he was but of twenty-five or twenty-six years, though already h man of some note. He had married on slender means, Kvhile his father yet lived ; and had married unhappily. [ My wife, prudent, domestic, and affectionate ; but she was ►lot of a cheerful temper. She lamented about trifles ; and fhe lamenting of a female with whom we live does not ren- per home delightful." He was, too, what may be called no- lional; and, charmed with the theories of Rousseau, must beeds bring up his son after the manner of Emile, with bare leet and arms, and to a sturdy independence. While this |:onnection subsisted, his visits to his friend Mr. Day brought * The clear handwriting of Maria Edgeworth across the title-pafre of a s a (^ *^ . li f I : -r, ■ 11 '"ililiillll 32 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. 1 I ! \ : iilii ' '• '•■ ■"lip I ;! ! i I him into constant intercourse with Miss Sneyd ; " when," says he, — " for the first time in my life I saw a woman that equalled the picture of perfection which existed in my imag- ination. I had long suffered from the want of that cheerful- ness in a wife, without which marriage could not be agreeable to a man of such a temper as mine. I had borne this evil, I believe, with patience ; but my not being happy at home ex- posed me to the danger of being too happy elsewhere. The i charms and superior character of Miss Honora Sneyd made | an impression on my mind, such as I had never felt before." Other gentlemen, whom he names, intimate at the palace, were unanimous in their approbation of this lady ; all but | Mr. Day. Thomas Day, the eccentric, benevolent, unpractical author I of Sandford and Merton, (once the delight of all the school- boy-world,) was now residing close to Lichfield. Notwith- standing his peculiar views respecting the sex, he could not I refrain from frequently tempting his fate; and what was more extraordinary, expected that with a person neither formed by nature nor cultivated by art to please, he should win some woman, wiser than the rest of her sex, though not! less fair, who should feel for him the most romantic and everlasting attachment, — a paragon, who for him would for-| get the follies and vanities of her kind ; who Should go like our maidens clad in grey, And live in a cottage on love. His appearance was not in his favor : he seldom combed his I hair, and generally set aside, as beneath the dignity of manJ the graces of fashionable life. He was tall, round-shoulderedl and pitted with the small-pox ; — but he had £1,200 a yearl Large white arms, long petticoats, and a robust frame, were! in his reckoning, indispensable qualifications to the womanj he could love. And yet, as might have been expected, wj very soon find him addressing Miss Sneyd, whom he had all first undervalued for her accomplishments, and who possessed! THOMAS DAY. 33 Jill the suitable degree not one of his requirements. He hail Iprcviously endeavored to supply himself with a mate pre- Icisely to his liking, by taking two orphans, (from a Found- tting Hospital, I believe,) and rearing them in his own way khat he might choose one for his wife when they arrived at Kvomanhood ; but the experiment was a failure. One of his Wards, he soon ascertained, would not suit him ; and the other by a somewhat slower process, came to the conclusion that he .ould not suit her. Anticipating the ingenious device by irhich, in Canning's Double Arrangement, an En-lish bar- b's love of liberty and of beef is equally expressed in the litle of one of the characters, he had endowed this girl brith a name designed to compliment at once the river Sev- ern and the memory of Algernon Sidney. Sabrina Sidney In time learned that the efforts of her patron to give her self lomraand, by unexpectedly discharging pistols close to her lar, or by dropping melted sealing-wax upon her bare shoul- lers, were practices little calculated to ensure her domestic appmess ; and she sought repose in the arms of a less philo- bphical bridegroom. But early in 1771, and pendin- this liscovery by the fair Sabrina, Mr. Day resolved to wo^ and I'm Miss Sneyd. Her friends afforded him every facility in lis suit, and he was continually at her side. But, notwith- landing the friendship that grew up between them, the lady ton arrived at a conclusion adverse to his desires ; and when kwards the end of the summer, he sent her by the hands of Is friendly ambassador a voluminous proposal of marriage [at was probably overspread with terms and conditions, she' [turned him a hearty denial. She said that she would not bdmit the unqualified control of a husband over all her ftions; she did not feel that seclusion from society was in- kpensably necessary to preserve female virtue, or to secure kmestic happiness. Upon terms of reasonable equality, she Ipposed that mutual confidence might best subsist; she said lat,as Mr. Day had decidedly declared his determination live m perfect seclusion from what is usually called tlic I i it • iJ II i I i ( 84 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. ;ili iilllHifcl,! world, it was fit she should as decidedly declare she would not change her present mode of life, with which she had no I reason to be dissatisfied, for any dark and untried system that could be proposed to her." This refusal sent poor Mr. Day to bed, to be bled for a fever; from which, in a space, ' he came forth with philosophic equanimity, to seek the hand of Miss Elizabeth Sneyd as ineffectually as he had sought her sister's. To return to Honora; it must not be supposed that Mr. Day was blind to Mr. Edgeworth's admiration of this lady, though no one else perceived it ; and as his friend was all ready a married man, he urged his removal from a neighbor- hood so dangerous to his peace of mind. In fact, when Mr, I Day's fate was decided, the partially repressed passion of hii envoy returned with redoubled violence, and he found it necessary to retire to the continent. But the death of his wife and his father left him, in the spring of 1773, free to pursue his inclinations; and he again came to Lichfield Here he found Miss Sneyd, happily rid of a disorder that| had threatened the destruction of her sight, and more beau-L tiful than ever ; " and though surrounded by lovers, still lierl own mistress." The wooing was speedy and successful, bull apparently not Avithout interruption. It is true that in 1771,1 he says Miss Seward declared her friend was free from anjl engagement or attachment incompatible with her receivirj a suitor's addresses ; but the little slaps, which he now J then bestows upon that lady, seem to point her out as notl altogether favoring the current of his love. She had beeJ the first, he asserts, to perceive the impression Honora hJ made on him, several years before ; and he gives her crediil for a magnanimous preference of her friend's praises to hetl own. But after rather ungallantly referring to her rivalijl with Mrs. Darwin for the doctor's hand, he lets us perceivel that at their first acquaintance Miss Seward, ignorant of hiil being already provided for, was not herself unwilling to makel an impression upon his heart. And when he comes to M MK. F.DOEWORTH AND MISS SEWAItD. 35 couruliip of Us second wife, he once or twice has occasion lo „o.,ce ,e.. aga,„ For whether because of the mpidity with wiuch the funeral baked meats were succeeded by (he mar nage banquet, or because she still cherished a hope that An- dre m,ght yet be the happy man, she does nof appear "„ have greatly encouraged the affair. Mr. Edgeworth indeed, b sides h,s .n.„ns,c worth and a respectable positio; amonJ the landed gentry, possessed advantage, of fortune which I Andre could not lay chtim to; but Miss Seward was enthj s,asl,c m her d.sposition, and perhaps looked upon her friend [.n Wamford Court as capable of founding i„ his mercanWe PU..U. 8 a house as illustrious and as dignified as that of De la Pole of the third Edwar^-, ,eig„, or of GreviUe, "th^ flower of woolstaplers," in the days of James I., eJch of I wh,ch sprung to nobility fro:n successful commerce and each of wh,ch has allied its own with the gr^a. names 'of ^e mn^ h,tory, wth Chaucer, and with Sidney. Nor would his entrance mto the army operate against this idea. In the American war, the leader who united the highest social and n«hta.y:unk-I,ord Cornwallis- traced the first start to piiic hand"! graces. n«| ifess that ob- ard, he wajj was relatcdl Day, (i:9;,)| ppears as i| DUITH OF JUS3 SNEVI). gj ios ,,riv,,,oly printed in large type f„ the use of their el,i|. clren. This waa probably the earliest essay towards in tiUin,! youthful m na. Then- idea was then to have eorapleted the work and U was for them that Day eon,n,eneed his Sanlford andMerton; but Mrs. Edgeworth's siekness put a dose to herhtei^ry abors Day expanded his proposed sli. t , e mio a delightful book, and many lon/years ifter M • Edgeworth induded Harry and /uey in C Eart ie^Z n he meanwhile, a prey to the insidious attaeks of a "^0: seated eonsumpfon, Mrs. Edgeworth was sinking intotlfe grave Her husband, whose passion burned unabated „, rates the elos.ng seenes with much pathos : _ "The mo 1 1 , loved as a wife, a sister, and a friend, of any person I I ever known. Each of her own f.,^; ""^.P"*>" ^ •>»'« — y, prefe.ed .e^^ r!: ^^ rnZdtd'r pi"ow of sueh ^^^■o.js:::z^^^::Zst: could eompass. This appears from a lette?: tru M n m her last hours to a near kinswoman :_" I have eve 'v btang, and I am h..ppy. The conversation of my beW J husband, when my breath will let me have it, is my gr a e' dehght; he procures me every comfort •.„,! n. / °7 '' said he thought he should. colZfCj:'.;:; ll'^Z can case and assist my weakness. ^ ° ' Like a kind angel whispers peace, And smooths the bed of death.' "' It was her dying request that her husband should marrv her .».er Ehzabeth, who, like herself, had been soughTi" ma age by h,s friend Day. This desire Mr. Edfeworth ful fil ed, and she also dying, he took in fourth Cws the ^^r of the late Admiral Beaufort ; and here we wm Lve ™. It was m honor of his second wife, we are told tiZ l.e gave her name ,0 the town of SneydU.ugh, in Not' 68 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDRfi. Carolina; a province in which ho possessed some hinded i,,. terests. In 1780, the same year that witne^^sed Andre's I death, died a second Honora Edgeworth, the only survivincr daughter of Honora Sneyd. The little tale of Rivuletlju published in Early Lessons, and some drawings that are yet preserved, attest this child's resemblance in talents to her mother; — she resembled her as well in constitution, and in the source of her death. AnJrd joins t II( ! I Every I has been u marriage to Andre to re army. Mr. came disgusi from his bitt sorrows in tl after mentit other hand, ish army in i outbreak of i distinguished I very properh ered trifles." I Miss Seward [Andre's cons [Ilonora's wee "Th( Yet Till Am The « hove hidings of He quitted his pr America." T elapsed betwe CHAPTER III. Anard joins the Army. - Visits Germany. -Condition of tl.c Ser^-ice. - He comes to America. -State of Am .ican Affairs. ^''*'- Every historical writer, who has treated of the subiect has been under the impression that it was despair at the' inarnage to another of the woman whom he loved which led Andre to renounce his previous occupation and to enter the army Mr. Sparks says, "From that moment Andrd be- came d.sgusted with his pursuits, and resolved to seek relief from his bitter associations, and dissipate the memory of his sorrows in the turmoil and dangers of war." Lord Mahon after mentioning the marriage, remarks, -Andre, on the other hand, to seek relief from his sorrows, joined the Brit- ish army m Canada, with a Lieutenant's commission, at the outbreak of the war." The error was one into which these distinguished writers were reasonably led, but which may ''T TTl^ *? '"^'''"'"^ ^^ '^'^ "snapper-up of unconsid- ered tnfles. It was probably through the statements of Miss Seward that the mistake originated; who asserts that Andre s constancy remained unshaken until he heard of ilonora's weddin"-. "Though four long years a night of absence prove Yet Hope's fond star shone trembling on his love : J 111 hovering Rumour chas'd the pleasing dream, And veil'd with raven-wing the silver beam." The "hovering Rumour" she explains to have been "the tidings of Honora's marriage. Ui)on that event Mr. Andre irrL'" rf 't" " r ™^^^^^"^' -ly keen observer; he doubtless noted all that he saw- aud .he state of things in the colonies was, beyond <,LZ: of a n,-,ture to excite the anxious attention of every considering' h»n u. .authority. Domestic troubles were more than appre .ended by the ministry, .and the intervention of the mSv i™s7tr: "^^ •"-; ^"^ '^p^'- •" '"« »-p'« ™^ ' - h 1 ot .''f r '^"°*" '™"''' "•"•«•'»'■« be points .„ 4G LIFE OF MAJOll ANDRlS. .•W:'= At this very moment, liowever, it is probable that our Revolution could have been turned aside by a change of British policy. The bulk of the patriotic party here were in opposition as Englishmen less than Americans. They applauded the words of Chatham and Rockingham, and re- garded North as their political enemy, ard the misleader of the king. They did not know that it was the king who guided his ministers, and who really is chiefly responsible for the production of measures of questionable constitution- ality, and as impolitic as impracticable.* The general tone of whig feeling in Philadelphia had from the first been cautious but firm. The public sympathy was, it is true, warmly enHsted for the Bostonians ; but the public mind was not as yet filed to that hostility to England which prevailed in Massachusetts. The first Continental Congress, however, was now met ; and as it was in session at Phila- delphia from 5th September to 26th October, 1774, we may reasonably conclude that its doings were not disregarded by Andre. The secrecy in which the conduct of this body was wrapt, prevents us to-day from knowing much more than what appears on its published record; but by contempo- raries, many things must have at least been surmised, which are lost to us forever. It sufficiently appears that the boasted unanimity of the assembly had no foundation in fact. At an early stage it seems to have been agreed, by * It is curious to note how entirely North's dispositions were misun(le^ stood. It is now known that attachment to tlie king rather than desire of power kept him at the head of affairs, and committed him to the most ob- noxious measures. Inheriting more of tlie capacity than the ambition of the Lord-Keeper, he would have preferred pleasure to fame; and when he was figured in America as devising new schemes of oppression, was, per- haps, frolicking with Thurlow and Rigby, or making bout$ rimes at the dinner-table. Of his skill in this line, an anecdote is preserved. Lord Sandwich so placed a lame Mr. Melligan that his name came to North's turn in tagging verses. The result was thus sung by the Prime Minister :- " Oh, pity poor Mr. Melligan ! Who, walking along Pallmall, Hurt his foot when down he fell, And fears he won't get well again! » STATE OF AMERICAN AFFAIUS. 47 way of lending weight to every conclusion, that the decision ot a majority should be acquiesced in by all; and that no one should reveal anything that transpired without express pernnss.on of congress. After this arrangement had been settled upon, we are told, by a well-informed tory pamphlet" eer o the day, tlmt when some strong measures were int. duced and earned, the effect on the minority was like " tl'e tl'" HaU So";"' " ^'^ '"^'"° '' ^ ^^-^ " - Carpen! tr la 1 So far as can be now gathered, we may infer that to th.s congress came several delegates who had re- solved m the.r secret hearts upon secession from Britain andwhbse axmwasto produce war rather than reconcilia- tion * Whether or not they represented the wishes of hel own constituents they certainly did not in this fulfil the dosu-es of the colonies generally; and it was necessary, by evasion or dema , to deceive the country at large with LIi professions, untd nearly two years later, when a majority of congress was ready to unite in the resolve of indepen^ dence. At the close of the war, a Boston statesman Z re erred to his own services in producing the result : - Here, m my retreat, like another Catiline, the collar around my neck, in danger of the severest punishmen I la.d down the plan of the revolt ; I endeavoreS to pruade my timid accomplices that a most glorious revolutio'n "^ Ipanie! ttSmtg 'a^d ^^^3" ' T'f ''''"" ' ^'^^^^^^^^ ^-' lith views altog^^fctZS'r "' '"T '' "^^ -«->l>'y wl,at. bating . d'esignin; j^o si r XtaT" Op'Ih '"'^' '' '""' "^^ pendency upon G-at Ikitlin „f .n ^ ! ^^ ^^''° '"^"' '^^•* '"^1^- ject. I'ytlL^he pul^ the re waT^e'ir "" ^f ^---ite pro- fcion, and often upon no occasion a a 1 'n it Z "''"'^ ^"''""'""^'^ «^^^- Iconcerted to produce what wc aJl nrnf ' . . "T ''*''" '"'" ™^"«"^«« ^^^e [time that we uni^^rsaC,^^^^^^^ to deprecate; nay, at the very jof our liearts I 2 fo . J I' ^^'''"'^^ «^ ^^^'^^'^'^ *« ^'^iiess the pm-ity our invo In Uxe e ^°" '"r'''"l ""^ "^ ^^^^^^ '' '"-y «f «4ave Ion of a mal's V a itv' whn • I T7' '"*''"'"'" '^' ™°^* favourable opin- tndwhen rerepS;cra "^^^^^ ^- ^'^ -^ Fo prevent the neStTof-dS;' T-'- «^'"«">^ P"'-^"^"^ nieasure^ r 1 necessity of doing it." - Lmriffston to Laurens, Sedg. Liv. 48 LFFE OF MAJOli ANDRl^. be the result of our efforts, but I scarcely dai-ed to hope it ; and what I have seen realized appears to me like a dream. You know by what obscure intrigues, by what unfaithful, ness to tlie mother-country, a powerful party was formed; how the minds of the people were irritated, before we could provoke the insurrection." Had it been avowed in the Congress of 1774, that the end of some of its leaders was a democratic and independent gov- ernment, it is probable that a vast majority of the American people would have repulsed them with indignation. By dis- simulation, however, they maintained the control until affairs were sufficiently ripe. For indeed the issue was very clear. America was at this moment disciplining her troops with the view of resisting the enforcement of certain acts of Parlia- ment. It was folly to suppose that this course would not end in open hostilities, unless the acts were repealed ; and hostilities once begun, subjugation or independence was the inevitable result. More far-sighted than their colleague?, they perceived that it was only necessary to keep both coun- tries moving in their present course to render a collision cer- tain. Indeed, despite the loyal protestations that America put forth during the ensuing twelvemonth, there can be little question but that Thurlow was correct in asserting that at the end of 1774 open rebellion existed in the colonies. Nor could anything have more entirely aided this party I in congress than the course pursued in England by tlie leaders of the two great factions. On the one hand they were told by the most eminent men in the state, that their cause was just and their resistance laudable ; — Chatham and Burke, Richmond and Granby applauded their course; Savile upheld it as " a justifiable rebellion." On the other, as though with full intent to stimulate into rage against England, every American who had not as yet drawn the sword, the halls of Parliament cctjoed with the denials to our countrymen of the most ordinii y attributes of manhood. In STATE OF AAIEKICAN AFFAUiS. 49 tlic Lords, Sandwich pronounced his American fellow-sub- jects to be cowards, and only regretted that there was no probability of the king's troops encountering at once " two hundred thousand of such a rabble, armed with old rusty firelocks, pistols, staves, clubs, and broomsticks ; " and thus exterminating rebellion at one blow. The speaker's brother might have given him a different idea of American prowess, since he had been sufficiently beaten, in the streets of Bos- ton, by a smaller man from Roxbury, for some wild frolic. But he preferred the testimony of Sir Peter Warren as to the misconduct of the New England troops at Louisbourg in 1745 ; testimony which, if true, convicts them of cow- ardice not unlike that for which Lord George Germain, the incoming Secretary of State, had been cashiered by a court-martial. Li the Commons, too, Colonel Grant, who knew the Americans well, was certain they would not fight. They possessed not a single military trait, and would ne°ver stand to meet an English bayonet. He had been in Amer- ica, and disHked their language and their way of life, and thought them altogether entirely "out of humanity's reach." He forgot to add, however, that his own services amon'- the Alleghanies had not been of a very triumphant charact ter; and it is pleasant to believe that Cruger, an American- born, reminded him of this fact in his reply, since we find him called to order as being personal. But these boastful and injurious words had at least one good effect : they pro- voked the Americans. Even Washington was disturbed by such wholesale slanders, and long after, when some British troops had been badly treated at Lexington, found occasion to remmd his friends in London of Lord Sandwich's lan- guage. If such then was the sentiment in the senate, we need hardly ask how American valor was esteemed in the royal camp ; but, in truth, there appears to have been such an in- linite disdain of its opponents in this quarter, that, considering all thuigs, it is almost wonderful that the king's cause was -f^ ^m fJ-i S 50 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. not ruined outright at the very commencement of the war As the Roman soldiery scornfully held every civilian to be a peasant, and as the Christians, improving on this, extended the word pagan to every one not of their faith, — so the English officer of that day seems to have deemed the colonist as the basest of all base mohairs. One gallant general thought a single regiment would be sufficient to march from Massachusetts to Georgia, and to make singing-boys of all the people. Another (the natural brother of the king) more moderately writes from Florida, that " three or four regi- ments would completely settle those scoundrels " in Carolina. Robertson thought it very dastardly in the Yankees to get behind a wall ; and all considered it mere idiocy to look for anything like a contested field. But there were plenty of men who recollected how the very same language bad been held by the king's officers before Falkirk and Preston, and what a running commentary ensued thereon. But the most unfortunate encouragement that America received from England, was the assurance that the latter country, whether by reason of the general aversion to the war, whether because of its own comparative feebleness, would not hold out beyff- p„ i 11.0 .own of Boston, couXT': y' """^ """" '''^"-"X to the home authority. The full of P .nTi i 7 ^"^"'""'^'^^ stron- bond of fo.. fi . I ^^^"^"^ ^'""^ removed tlie -"uii^ uona ot tear, that once formed a mrt nf *?.« r .i foS ,0 r ^ ^ '" ""^ """='• ?"'•' of ^'™*»> looked rn M 1" T ""■ ^""••■■"""■'"^'' '" "'"o^' every I radical sense, tlieir commerce had lono inevitable result, and, like Mosos )l to P f ■ , "' '^"'"•^ """^ " K°od people," wrote ta „t f ""' ' "!■ '"'™ ''e™ •■• f-e people ; 'and if y™ f'oplc. Ihus already preparcd to resent tbe measures of I m 58 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. government, they derived new zeal from the counsels of their spiritual guides. Great as is still the influence in secular matters of the clergy of New England, it was then enormous; and m political controversies was exercised even more power- fully than to-day, and more openly. In every ordinary ac- tion of life, it was usual to join the world's business with religious duty; and where the force of conscience failed, the effect of long continued habit controlled the conduct of men* And the clergy of New England, naturally disturbed at the increase, under quasi-royal protection, of prelatic forms of worship, and professionally vexed at the division of their power with a growing rival, were of one voice in their ar^^u. ments. Thus, while we find the churchman of New En^la°nd almost universally to have been a tory, the Congregatfonal- ists, and whosoever adhered to the Calvinistic forms of wor- * A conversation between James Otis and a member of the Assembly fij)m Boston (apparently Thomas Gushing,) «i„ which the satire," savs Mr. 1 udor, ' ,f ,t bears a little hard on the character of those times is not wlolly mapphcable to most others," will better exemplify this positio., Ofs observed, "They talk of sending mc to the next' General S." - i ou will never succeed in the General Court." - " Not succeed ' and why not, pray ? " " Why, Mr. Otis, you have ten times the learnt much greater ab it es than I have, but you know nothing of huma^ nl- , T ~u ,"'^*'°^' I ^ish you would give me .ome lessons." -"Be patient and I w.ldo so with pleasure. In the fii-st place, what meeting do you gi Dr Sewall's." - - Very well, you must stand up in strmon tin e you mus look devout and deeply attentive. Do you have family prayers?" ""wt' - ,1^'"'"?"'^^''"^''*' what does your, amily consist of?" - Why, only four or five commonly; but at this tmie I have one of Dr, Sewall s samts, who ,s a nurse of my wife." - " Ah ! that is the very thins; you must talk .^hg.on with her in a serious manner; you must have famif; mThJ. ''^^^^ ""7 :;•'"'« «''« i« in your house: that woman can do vol. more harn or good than any other person: she will spread your f^nic ^Z^IT ^rffS-^*'«"- ' ^- '''- t«" yo", by way o/ example, nd L ?I ''' "^V *^'" '' *'"■"" ''''^'' ^«^°»-« «» ^1^'tion comes on I send to the cooper and get all my casks put in order; I say nothing about hearths or the chimneys; I have the carpenter to make some repairs in .he o'll r 'T r'^^ I °^^" SO down to the ship-yards about elevc, tion ^v Jth them. 1 hey all vote for me." - ( Tudor^s Olis, p. 91. ) POLITICAL CON^moN OF MASSACHLSF.TO « 1774. 59 sWp as prached in that country, were as universally „hi.,- favorite bugbear Ami. T > ''l""'^°I"'<=y- This was a »s litllo differing f™„ demo', afd.'b 1(7' "'""'''' lliey listened to the tale .h»/ . ''''™ ''"P' »' epis'oopacy, every tent tor ':^ir:i:fu,d''r ''"T'^' "' i.3 mother's side; and weie fain ,f ! """'^^ ^'^'" fall upon them s^ soon Is a b2.' f7' """ ''''""' ™'''" land soil. Intelli..ent Id ^ f °"' P'^'^'^'' ^o* E-g- stronger evidence of thTl' i f ^^ '^' ^''"^<^'^- ^o o ciiuence ot the coincidence of polltiVil nnri ^^r • feeling in this crisis can be found thJ ^'°"' "=-n!t ^Jbiefe^Iafdlr ,:; 0^^^^ ^ """"' moved by one reb'fnnn ^„« combined. IJiey were ;o .uaU"rr:r::; rt-rzLr "-i duction of ! " ? ''"'^^ '''»"''■ '""'« '•"Sifted the inlro- vneie but in the hopes or the fears of the colonist. T- ^ iTu:;:';:: r' '- r- "»*' -^ ^ -^^ -- ■■nation fVch h 'iT' ^^^'1 " '" "'^ ^P'"'""' 'l"'"- "•onder,°he" Itl T ''^ "'" P™?'" "' '"'SO. No i^preeatir; LSI™ :^:1ht"^ "'^ "■"•' """"• fJ'e Almicrhtv Tn ci J °,' f""* *^'»^ ^^G"* prayers invoked ^''•own 1 ef I, -e '• "?; 'f f >^/^«--^' ^'- -cks, and to aui.,0.. in the depths of the ocean. '^ Oh Lord," GO LIFE OF MAJOIi ANDUI^. liHi imiJi prayed a fervent divine, "if our enemies will fi;rht us, let them have fighting enough ! If more soldiers arc on their way hither, send them, oh Lord ! to the bottom of the sea" Impelled thus by their original inclinations, stimulated by their clergy, and dexterously guided by astute leaders, the people presented a front that no royal governor could repel or confuse. It was then that what is now called a cauL system was first brought into practical use, through the skiil ot Samuel Adams and some other whig leaders. Before any puuhc meeting of importance came off, the measures and men to be supported were carefully but secretly decided upon by a council of three or four chiefs. The combination of their personal adherents at the meeting was generally suf- hcent to decide the question, and to give the tone to its pro- ceedings ; while any opposition was effectually quashed by a lack of union or preparation among their adversaries The appointment of General Gage to the government of Massachusetts would, under ordinary circumstances, have been an advantage to both crown and people. His poll t.cs, so far as we know, were not harsh; -on the repeal of tue Stamp Act, in 17G0, his mansion at New York Avas bril- lantly illuminated ;_ and he had chosen a wife in this coun- try. In a military sense, he must have been familiar with the land ; for so long before as 1755 he had led the 44th re-iment under Braddock, and been wounded by the side of Washin- ton. But the leaders of the whigs now saw in his appoint- ment u diabolical design, amounting to more than a studied msult to the province. The Port Bill had been received at Boston on the 10th of May, 1774. Gage arrived on the l^th ; and on the same day a town-meeting displayed a firm and unconciliatory temper. On the 17th, Gage was formally proclaimed ; but even at the banquet in Faneuil Hall, which formed part of the ceremonies of the day, the disposition ot the people was displayed by the hisses with which they greeted his toast to his predecessor, Mr. Hutchinson. Yet, though he was thus early warned of the popular tendencj, I'OUHCAL CONDITION OF MASSACHUSETTS IN 1774. 01 ..,.1 ll.ough he never concealed the condition of ,l,i„„, from ..mself or 1,h superiors, his letters to lord Dartmoml H„™g h the summer and fall of 1774 were cal™, an. oft 1 opeful Th,ngs were always worse than when he wm " la,t, bu ere he wrote again, they would probably be on U e mend. Ihus ,t came that little reliance was placed on Ih reports; and the opposition openly declared tl.aU e had ccved n„n,s.ers. "No event has turned out as he fori I or gave reason to hope ; the next letter constantly con.radic ' .0 expeetat-on ra,sed by the former." But he soon si v t| a ho cvd government of the pt^vince was nearly at an en I he courts of jusfee were little more than a puppetlow 1.0 judges were driven from the bench, and the'^h, i s I' ftscd to be sworn. Almost within cannon-shot of Boston iLousands of people surrounded the house of OHver the 1 ■enant-governor, and by force compelled him to ^iln uTh pohncal papers as they chose. Danforth, Lee, a^d „ he members of the council, were similarly handled "it „ ..lature too had, ,„ May, almost ignored the existen e of°. oyalgoverno,-, and, despite his proclamation of dUsltion W provided for a provincial congress. The ancic,^^ lb™ of e.v,l government was indeed dead, for the General C™,rt never met more, and the power of the colony wa,™ l^j V ded between a royal governor and a rebel le! sllre ,n assachusetts became an independent state h Oc obe r Mi, twelve out of fourteen counties sent representatits . : .s pmvn,c,al congress, at Salem , and it forthwith proceeded act m every respect as the lawful government of th" a„d makntg provision for raising, arming, and contro «ni ,„ «.i» that of negro slavery ; and a letter directed to the ehtn- ta was read ,. .■,:,,., whether, when the masters vc e , "s 'e deba e, :,. was moved that " the m.altcr now subside • " aid 11 subsided accordingly. TheT -lim .ne,„. . i . ' n/. int.r aim seems to have been to 62 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. VAin look exclusively to the main point, and to ignore all others. Thus, in December, 1774, when the Baptist churches sought to avail themselves of the opportunity of procuring religious liberty, they were gracefully put aside by the congress. And though rumor alleged that at the same time it refused to direct the immediate taking up of arms against the king's troops until the other colonies could be involved, yet it wem on accumulating guns and ammunition, and electing generals. In all that it did it had the support of the people. They who opposed its action were far more respectable in social rank than in numbers. Putnam and Willard, Saltonstall, Vassall, and Borland, Fitch, Stark, Ruggles, and Babcock, in vam sought by their character and authority to stay the tide. These ' 7 Scioices Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 # V iV \\ '^""^V^ 68 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDElS. . Cramped up thus „„hin the toBm-Iimite, and deprived by for .he,r lodging „r aecommodation, Ihe British were forced t u,e many hbcrtie, «i.h the publie ediflees of the plaeeTld we may be sure they were little loath to eonvert'^theSou"' Church .no a r di„g.schly that, eknowl- rst gun ts Con- up the . The loiakin «, and fight, y, and A-dS to Amer- ations, L and I he dis* Mohawks is very curious. One of the motives urged to induce the savage "to whet his hatchet" is t'ue probable increase of popery in Canada! It is probable that most of these applications were occasioned by the wish to keep the fronuers safe, and to weaken England; but there were cases which such considerations could scarce have reached, and where the barbarian was employed simply as a warrior. " We need not be tender of calling on the savages," wrote Gage to Dartmouth, in June, 1775, "as the rebels have shown us the example by bringing as many Indians down against us here as they could collect." At a later day Washington was authorized to employ the In- dians in the continental service at his discretion, and to pay them $100 for every officer, and $30 for every pri- vate that they captured; but the Massachusetts Congress was probably the first party in the war to bring them on the field. Their employment afterwards by the British was made a famous theme of reproach, by Americans as well as Englishmen, against Suffolk who had vindicated the step: — " We've ^ayed the virgins, babes and wives, With tomahawks and scalping-knives, Which God and Nature gave us." Without the means of connecting Andre directly with any incident in the occupation of Boston, a sketch of the military features of the place and time has now been given, with intent to present those points which would most proba- bly have had a chief interest to him. Were there any rea- son to think that he remained with Gage so late as Feb- ruary, 1775, he might be suspected of a part in some such expedition as that of Brown and De Berniere, — two officers sent out in disguise by the general to make a reconnaissance of the country, through Suffolk and Worcester counties, where the whigs had their chief magazines ; perhaps with an eye to a descent. The spies were selected apparently as having recently arrived from Canada, and therefore as l:-X twa 70 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. less apt to be known as royal officers. They returned from a perilous and f^ilsome journey, well supplied with plans and SKetches ; and a very entertaining report of their expe- dition is preserved. We may imagine how Andre's pencil and pen would have been busied, not only with the more legitimate duty of the occasion, but with such episodes as the militia review at Buckminster's tavern, which was fol- lowed by an address from the commander, "recommending patience, coolness, and bravery, (which indeed they much p'jeded,) particularly told them they would always con- quer if they did not break, and recommended them to charge us coolly, and wait for our fire, and everything would succeed with them, -quotes Ca3sar and Pompey. Brigadiers Putnam and Ward, and all such great men- put them in mind of Cape Breton, and all the battles' they, had gained for his majesty in the last war, and ob- served that the regulars must have been ruined but for them. After so learned and spirited an harangue, he dis- missed the parade, and the whole company came into the house and drank till nine o'clock, and then returned to their respective homes full of pot- valor." Condition ( i From by sea to most danj since his necessity « and we mi difficulty ii the northe inconsiderj path; but perliaps th the captui 1774, by a instruction; beat of dri riedly and awing the { or, they ha their chief Such an ev the annals < in connects the range o must have report upon deed such U CHAPTER V. Condition of Canada in 1775.- OperaU^^ ,„^ ^^ Sorel. -Fall of Fort St. John, and Capture of Andrd. From Boston Andrd might have passed either by land or by sea to Canada. The former route would have been the most dangerous for a known adherent of the crown ; but smce his arrival in America, there had probably been no necessity of his connection with the army being made public, and we may therefore conjecture, that he encountered little difficulty m getting out of the town, or on his road through the northern parts of New Enguu.d. There was indeed no inconsiderable share of loyalty among the people along his path; but the whig element decidedly predominated ; and perhaps the first overt act of rebellion on the continent was he capture of the fort at Portsmouth, on December 13th, 1774, by a band of three or four hundred men, acting under instructions from the Boston whigs. They rushed in by beat of drum, disregarding the four-pounders that were huiv- nedly and harmlessly discharged against them ; and over- awing the garrison of six invalids, and binding the command- cr, they hauled down the royal colors, and bore off (as was Uieir chief design) all the arms and ammunition of the post, buch an event as this ought to occupy an important place in Uie annals of our early violations of existing laws; and taken m connection with gll that had elsewhere transpired within the range of his observation since his arrival at Philadelphia, must have furnished Andre with matter for a very sufficient report upon the temper and designs of the Americans, if in- deed such task had been assigned him. All this, however, is ,if. 72 LIFE OF MAJOH ANDR£. conjectural. We only know that he at last roioined his re-i- ment, the seventh, in Canada. ° Sir Guy Carleton, the military and civil commander of the province of Quebec (v.hich comprehended both Canadas) had arrived there in September, 1774. He was a man of clear and extensive judgment, great administrative faculties, large experience, and winning manners ; and though turned of fifty, an active and skilful soldier. With the character of the Canadians he was well acquainted, and the extraordinary official powers that he was vested with appear to have been used so sagaciously as to procure most important advantages for England, without alienating the hearts of the people Among our own leaders there was an opinion that it was lucky for America that the ministry should have so far gone out of their way, — as by a private arrangement with him — to have given to Howe and Burgoyne the command of 'the royal arms ; for the appointment, by the customs of the ser- vice, pertained to Sir Guy, and it is very certain that he would have made a better chief than either of his substitutes. He seems, too, to have been a supporter of the cabinet • yet his praises were sounded by their staunchest opponents,' and the Duke of Richmond passed a most glowing eulogium upon him at this period in the House of Ljrds. In his present position he had the advantage of some familiarity with the patriots who were shortly to be brought against him. Mont- gomery and St. Clair had fought by his side when Mont- calm fell, and as quartermaster of Wolfe's array he must have had some knowledge of Charles Lee and Putnam, of Starke, Schuyler, and Wooster. Such was the General under whose command Andr^ had first experience of actual war. The people of Canada at this date, if not so warmly at- tached to the British government as a few years sooner they had been to that of France, were at least not generally dis- contented. The provisions of the Quebec act gave them httle uneasiness. Unused to democratical forms of govern- CONDITION OIi^ CANADA IN 1775. 73 ment, they did not share in the anger of the whigs in En-- land and the more southern colonies, at a law which cave them no part in the administration of public affairs, while the free toleration of the Catholic religion was necessarily ^teful to a population that was Catholic almost to a man But our leaders in Massachusetts and elsewhere did not rehsh the idea of going into a war with England without strivmg to make allies rather than enemies of a country that lay m such dangerous contiguity to their own; and secret emissaries were already among the Canadians. In further- ance of this end congress sent forth to them an able address, which, translated into French and distributed in manuscript produced a good effect among that people ; but it unfortu ' nutely inspired some of their principal men to examine the address to the people of England, made at the same time. Ihis document, while it did not flatter the civil capabilities of the Canadians, inveighed with great warmth a-ainst the countenance pariiament had given to their creed ; which was declared to be the disseminator of impiety, persecution, and murder over all the worid. These passages provoked the violent resentment of the readers, who openly cursed "the perfidious, double-faced congress," and hesitated no loncrer in renewing their allegiance to King George. This conse- quence should have been foreseen. «I beg leave," wrote over an English friend to America, in January, 177.5 « to caution you against any strictures on the Roman Catholic religion, as it will be much more advantageous for you to conciliate to you the Canadians, than to exasperate or rouse the people here; let us alone to do that." The few active sympathizers that congress possessed in Canada were chiefly new-comers, whose zeal was more abundant than their dis- cretion. On the day fixed for the Quebec act to go into Torce, (May 1, 1775,) the king's bust on the parade at Mont- real was found to have been blackened during the night, and adorned with a rosary of potatoes and a wooden cmss, to which this label was added : Le Pope du Canada, ou h sol ^'si 74 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. Anghis. This insult greatly exasperated the government as well as the people. Meanwhile, matters with Gage were coming to a crisis and Carleton left no store unturned to put his own govern-' ment m condition to render every service in its power to the crown. He seems indeed to have for a time meditated a march upon Boston, and two officers were sent out with pri- vate instructions to explore a military route. But the enter- pnse of the Americans, and the fortunes of war, soon gave him abundant occupation at home. The course which an army would, it was thought, be obliged to follow in passing between Canada and the other colonies, was well known. Lake Champlain, commencing near the upper waters of the Hudson, and stretching one hundred and twenty miles to the north, pours its waters through the Sorel into the St. Lawrence, between Montreal and Quebec. This lake was commanded by the fortresses of Ticonderoga, erected near its communication with Lake George, and of Crown Point, situated farther to the north. At the head of navigation on the Sorel, Fort Chambly was erected, and twelve miles to the southward was the post of bt. Johns. To garrison these places would, in time of war demand large forces ; but in peace they were of course held by slender guards. In fact, the only troops that Carleton now iiad in Lower Canada were the 7th and 26th recriments numbering 717 men, all told. The 8th regiment^was in Upper Canada; and all were broken up into various and scattered detachments. As Ticonderoga was known to contain large military stores of which we were very destitute, it ^as concerted to seize this' post so soon as hostilities should commence. A secret emis- sary of the Boston Committee appears to have so mana-ed the affair that when, on the 10th of May, three weeks after °the Lexington fight, he accompanied the Americans in a ni-ht- surprise of the fortress, he was surprised to find the gates closed. A wicket, however, stood conveniently open, and giving t "with ui expressec risoned tl pretence j the sentrj by any of tween two in the cou by Colone The An they were Johns wei or destroy( the secret i was struck way to Tic reason to s of one hun and was b foil. To tl Chambly. fhen at St. British resi So long i knew that j therefore at quarter. O the defence the 7th and artillery sen the ship-car The summe regain the cc Johns. Thi; riverside, ani m OPKUATtONS ON LAKE CUMPLAtN AND THK SO«K,.. 7J giving .he Indian war-whoop, ,ho a,saih,n.s pound in "wuh uncommon rancour," ,« Ethan Allen, their dJf cxp„,.ed it The forty-four men of the 26 h Jho tf' r»ned the place, were compelled to surrender wi h hardH pretence a. rea.stanee, beyond the .napping of his flreloek bv he sentry, and t would seem that the oMy injury re tej by any of the vetors wa, in consequence of a dLute be .ween two of the leaders as ,o their conduct in the busfne,, ; Jsrerrir- ^'"""' ■=""»" - "'-tiiykired-.- .. ":er ° c:::r;r r r ""r™-""' T I . . *^*^"wn roint, t>kenesborou"^h anrl Sf or uctroyed, and a few more soldiers taken prisoners «,„ the secret of the expedition had leaked out blve the bfow was struck, and large reinforcements ^re actually „„ tuZ way to Tieonderoga when it was captured. There is even .eason o suppose that Andre was of the party. I consS of one hundred and twenty men, with si'pieces of Znon » i 80 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. Chambly. On the 18th of October, Major Stopford of the 7th, with nearly 100 of his men, surrendered tliis post, in which, as in a place of security, were lodged not only the stores for St. Johns, but the women and children of the troops that defended it, and to which the beleaguered garri- son already meditated a retreat. It may be noted that Liv- ingston, whose conduct on this occasion so greatly promoted the event that reduced Andre to captivity, was the same offi- cer who, a few yenrs later, was indirectly the cause of his final and fatal arrest. " The capture of Chamblee occa- sioned many others," wrote Sir Henry Clinton, long after. Lamb also, the artillery officer at West Point on this last oc- casion, now pointed the guns against the walls within which Andre fought. The colors of the 7th were among the spoils taken at Chambly. They were sent to Philadelphia; and their keeping, after presentation to congress, being probably confided to the President, they were, wrote John Adams to his wife, « hung up in Mrs. Hancock's chamber with great splendor and eleguuce."* These were the first standards captured ;n this war. The garrison of St. Johns was now put on half allowance, and the siege was more vigorously conducted. Montgomery's men seem at length to have permitted his views to be carried out ; and on the 29th October, a battery was erected, under the fire of the fort, on an eminence to the north which entire- ly commanded it. On the next day ten guns and mortars were * The 7th lost its colors again before the war was ended. One of these, taken at Yorktown, is preserved, as the gift of Washington, at Alexandria' Va. It is of heavy twilled silk, seventy-two inches long by sixty-four wide, and presents the red and white crosses on a blue field. In the centre, in silk embroidery, is the crown above a rose surrounded by a garter with the legend, Honi soil qui mal ypense. The royal warrant of July 1, 1751, pre- scribes for the 7th :—" In the centre of their colours the Rose within the Garter, and the Crown over it: the White Horse in the corners of the sec- ond Colour." This colour now also bears by royal warrant the words: — Martinique, Talavera, Albuhera, Badr-Joz, Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Orthes, Peninsula, Toulouse ; — memorials of victories that may well obliter- ate the scenes of America. m> mounted and assa to Carle relieve 1 intrenchi a sally f party wa retreat ti new batt incessant from the flag to P defeat, ar post shou ising to days. T prisoner ( ration fro honors of baggage, ^ and on tl ti-oops we; said Mon The office were to be not to be i case his p cans ; and place of ( master fro to settle its this duty ; taken at ( with most at liberty. in the defei 5 CAPTURE OF ANDR6. 81 brd of the is post, in t only the 3n of the red garri- that Liv- promoted same offi- ise of his i\6e oeca- 3ng after, is last oc- bin which the spoils >hia; and probably ^dams to ith great standards llowance, gomery's 3 carried id, under h entire- ars were 5 of these, lexandria, four wide, centre, in r with the 1751, pre- i^ithin the if the sec- words : — Pyrenees, 11 obliter- raounted, and preparations made for a general cannonade and assault. Tidings of affairs had however been conveyed to Carleton, who marched with a strong force of irregulars to relieve the place. His design was to attack the American intrenchments, while Preston at the same time should make a sally from within. But on the 30th October, Sir Guy's p»irly was intercepted and defeated, and he was compelled to retreat to Montreal. On the evening of November 1st, the new battery and the old four-gun work having kept up an incessant fire through the day, which was briskly returned from the forty-eight pieces of the fort, Montgomery sent a flag to Preston with one of the prisoners taken at Carleton's defeat, and a request that, since relief was now hopeless, the post should be surrendered. To this Preston replied, prom- ising to offer proposals if relief should not appear within four days. These terms were peremptorily declined. Another prisoner of superior rank was sent to Preston, with a decla- ration from Montgomery, that the only means to insure the honors of war for the garrison and the safety of the officers' baggage, was to surrender at once. The Englishman yielded, and on the 2nd, articles of capitulation were signed. The troops were allowed all the honors of war. " This was due," said Montgomery, « to their fortitude and perseverance." The officers were to retain their side-arms ; their firearms were to be kept in pledge ; the effects of the garrison were not to be withheld unless a prisoner should escape, in which case his property was to be given as plunder to the Ameri- cans ; and the prisoners were to pass into Connecticut, or such place of detention as congress might provide. A quarter- master from each corps was also to go on parole to Montreal to settle its business and bring up its baggage. For the 7tli, this duty fell upon Andre ; seven of its officers had been taken at Chambly, and thirteen more were now captives with most of its privates. About sixty men only remained at liberty. These had been retained by Carleton, and shared in the defence of Quebec. At 9 a. m., on the 3rd November, 5 H,^ 82 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. 1775, the Americans entered St. Johns ; and the English, to the number of six hundred, marching out and grounding their arms on a plain to the westward, became prisoners of war. They were immediately embarked for Ticonderoga. The principal losses to either side during this siege seem to have been by desertions. Of our people, but nine were kiUed, and four or five wounded. " You know we take good care of ourselves," wrote Montgomery. Nor could the Brit- ish casualties have been very numerous, since the defence was conducted with hardly an attempt at a sortie ; though such measures might have been very advantageous to the besieged. But for the capture of Chambly, and the final adoption of our general's plan of investment, the fort would not have fallen at all, either by assault or starvation ; for assault was only practicable from that quarter whence our men had at first shrunk, with an impression that they were to be betrayed and trepanned under the guns of the place. Besides, at the time of surrender, very many of our troops were importunate to go home. Their enlistments were near- ly out, and they were utterly unaccustomed to the severities of military life, or to prolonged absence from their families. Few indeed of the hundreds of sick that were sent to Ticon^ deroga ever returned to camp. « The greater part of them are so averse to going back, that they pretend sickness and skulk about; and some, even officers, go away without leave; nor can I get the better of them," wrote Schuyler to con' gress. Had the siege endured much longer, probably half of our army would have retired. As it was, Howe, at Bos- ton, had little idea that all was not going on well on the Sore), till the Americans furnished him with a newspaper account of our victories. On the 14th November, Washington pub- lished the grateful intelligence to the army beleaguering Howe: and the countersign for the day was " Montgomery"" the parole, « St. Johns." A thousand copies of the account of the capture were printed by congress for distribution in England. Andre's Ca — Andrd Exchangi the Open The St from the , observed. time, to d less. The rather mc gage, prot November the same j striving to frain from like, from enemy's hs with the 1 army had goraery wi "I wish gentlemen t of the worl reform disc ble. The tillery Con because I y, Johns. I y disgraced tl lation, for tl CHAPTER VI. Andre's Captivity. -Detained in Pennsylvania. - Treatm^nf .e p.- -Andre's Relations with the Americans !1 His Lette™ fn M p "'"• Exchange and Promotion. - Sir Charles Grev st w A- ?""'•"" the Operations on the Hudson. ^' ~ ^" ^^'"'^ ^''"^" ""*^ The stipulation that their effects should not be withheld fi-om the garnson of St. Johns does not seem to have been observed It but was too customary on both sides, at thi! :r ThtTrt T-'^'T '' *^^ ^-q"-'- spoil the those of a 5nor. " I )te Andre xcept the th. Pre. Ticonde- Lmericans lost hare- however, m travel- wth regi- hen sent, t; where tribution, 3. This )ntest, as resented the pris- iving from , Such was if he sur- na Sneyd, accidental urrounded s, supemr end, Mrs. ave which laid Hon- itbful and s first at- rable and ANDRli'S CAPTIVITY. 85 oners of war should be made to work "like negro slaves to gain their daily subsistence, or reduced to the wretched alter- native, to perish by famine or take up arms a-^ainst their king and country." Up to Montgomery's arrival at the Sorel, mdeed, there were no prisoners of war to speak of subject to the control of Congress ? and no systematic prep- arations for their disposition had been made. It was now however, ordered that the officers taken at St. Johns should contmue their course to Connecticut, while the privates should be brought to Pennsylvania, where there were greater con- veniences for subsisting so many men. But it was to guard agamst such a separation that the officers had obtained Schuyler's promise that they should not be parted from their soldiers. On the one hand, it was important that they should see that their followers were not abused; on the other, that attempts to seduce them into the American service should be thwarted. Accordingly, when the instruc- tions of Congress reached the officer who was leadin.^ the prisoners to Connecticut by way of the Hudson River, he could only obey them so far as to bring on with him to Pennsyl- vania all of the 7th that were taken at St. Johns, officers as well as privates. As he came down the Hudson, however Andre was encountered by Knox, -_ afterwards one of the Board that pronounced on his fate, and now on his road to the north to select cannon for the siege of Boston, from the spoils on Champlain. Chance compelled the two youn- men to pass the night in the same cottage, and even in the°same bed. There were many points of resemblance between them. Their ages were alike ; they had each renounced the pursuits of trade for the profession of arms ; each had made a study of his new occupation ; and neither was devoid of literary tastes and habits. Much of the night was consumed in pleasing conversation on topics that were rarely, perhaps, broached in such circumstances; and the intelligence and refinement displayed by Andre in the discussion of subjects that were equally ii. 4ing to Knox, left an impression 1 .. I,.. 3 ;.T 74.'''^^ "" ""'^-^ "'^'^ ^^« "^™-* precipitation." - Lush. amraunii regi- VICTORIES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON. 97 forethought. New York was occupied ; Fort Washin..ton taken with its 2000 Americans ; and Washington compelled to retreat through Jersey into Pennsylvania, with Cornwallis thundering at his heels and pressing the pursuit with hot urgency Had Howe (as he might easily have done) passed a force from Staten Island to Brunswick, where much of our ammunition, light artillery, &c., had been sent on in advance it could have destroyed them all, and in every human proba- bility have intercepted the letreat and crushed our army be- tween Itself and Cornwallis. This was the opinion, not onlv among our men, but in the royal lines; and Clinton had vain- ly urged that the Rhode Island expedition should have been "landed at Amboy, to have cooperated with Lord Cornwallis or embarked on board Lord Howe's fleet, landed in Dela' ware, and taken possession of Philadelphia." * Our affairs now began to look very desperate. We had been driven out of Canada. Washington, though invested by Congress with a dictatorship, saw his forces fluctuating be- tween 2000 to 3000 men, disorganized, and one mi<.ht have feared, almost ripe for dissolution. Numbers in the seat of war were daily resuming fealty to the crown, and the con- tagion spread even into the higher ranks of the army.f Con- gress had adjourned to Baltimore. The paper-money had depreciated. Lee, on whom many relied as on a second Charles of Sweden, was led away captive by Harcourt's dragoons while yet the pen was wet which had testified to Gates his contempt for his chieftain : — « entre nous, a cer- tain great man is most damnably deficient." At this crisis, his strength swollen by militia to 5000 men, Washington aimed a deadly blow at the chain of posts unwisely estob- hshed and carelessly maintained across Jersey. Rahl was cut to pieces ; Cornwallis out-generalled ; and the victories of Trenton and Princeton, which in a European campai-n might scarce figure as more than brilliant affliirs, were as the * Paine's American Crisis, No. I. - Sir H. Clinton's MS. t Warren ; i. 353. i.%. '!■ 98 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. Howe might vainly console himself with the reflection that the neglect oHus subordinates had invited surprise, and th! an exasperated population withheld intelligence fi'om thei Hessmn plunderers. These contingencies he should have p«>- vided agamst The fault was his own, and it was Washing- ton s care to gloriously profit by it.* ^ «en?r/f ^^"'^ *' ^""^ ^"'^' ^"^^^ ^''^ P^^P^^^'J «nd pre- rented to Howe a memoir upon the existing war. In it ho doubtless set forth the conclusions taught him by a year's active ervace m Canada, with the astute and energetic Carleton by h.s temporary intercourse as a prisoner with the gene ous Schuyler and Montgomery, and their followers in the north by his long confinement among the rural population of Penn- sylvania; and by the impressions he had received, and the compansons he was able to make of the relative positions of affairs m 1774, when Congress first met, and in 1777, when *" There were who thought (and who were not silenti that a .1..- across Jersey n.ight be dangerous. General Howe wrote to General G^ ton thus, a few days before the misfortune —'I havA h..^ ^e"frai ^hn- .0 run a chaia .cr», jr.^,, „,e U.C^l'mL'TZ t r„Zf ""''" Gencr. Grant [wa.] principally („ blame ; he should ha" vlted M, •„,;; clou, and „ffl„erilk„„„,,„e„.s of J,a S? *:,;,; -^^^^^^^^ and 1,92, prove, what he himself thinta of hi. conduct In imT'Zl, Hesa,an Corporal would have been so imposed uln^ 4iTl T Washington did not march to Brunswick ^^^': ' f/'""'^" from plundering, we had no business Ttak; up winte "^ter L a di " tnct we wished to preser\'e loval Th« tt.c • ^^'"r^'l"*"'''^^ ^" * «"g the tories in the ^Y^u w 1 fi'r ^T^^'r^''^ ^''^'''^'' ^^«« '^^' ^««tructed by hi „ g.ve h,m these a„,we«. You will u,e„ be ex.„,i„ei by tlfe Queen She HOWE'S SALLY INTO NEW JERSEY 101 of force that Howe made into Jersey on the 14th of June, but the column to which he was attached did not come into action. This was at a juncture when our army, inferior in strength, had nothing to hope from being forced into a gen- eral engagement; which, for that very reason, was desired by the enemy. We were encamped in a very defensible, but by no means impregnable ground.* It was the British policy to seduce us from these lines ; and by a simulated retreat, they partially succeeded. « This feint of Sir William Howe," confesses Clinton, "was well imagined and well executed, but Washington began to grow wary." The Americans fell back with slight damage to their posts in the hills, securing the passes which Cornwallis had sought to occupy ; and there was nothing left for the foe but to return to the place whence he came, to boldly essay the hostile camp, or to leave our people in their security, and, by intercepting their supplies, or even crossing the Delaware, finally force Washington to march out. This last seemed to many of the English the roost feasible manoeuvre. "I had planned this very move in 1779," wrote Clinton, some years later, « under promise of early reinforcements, and had taken every previous step to it ; but reinforcements not arriving till September, I was obliged to relinquish it." f On this occasion, however, Howe thought it wisest to go quietly back towards New Yhk ; whence he soon sailed with the bulk of the troops. Clin- ton was left to hold the city with what remained ; " making in all 7000 ; great proportion of which were raw provin- cials." X From Sir Henry's own manuscript notes, it may be as well to insert here some further narrative of the doings of the royal arms on the Hudson. It will be recollected that, while he was « forbid to do anything offensive that could endanger * "In this position Washington had the Eariton in front so as [to be] strongly posted, but not entirely secure: for his communication might have drawn him from it." — ainton MS. t CUnton MS. j Il^ij * ^ 102 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. New York," it wns impossible for Clinton to remain indifTei*. ent to the fate of Burgoyne. In his own words : — " When Sir H. Clinton had received a reinforcement of 1700 recruits from Europe, and had determined on a move up the Hudson, he wrote to Sir W. Howe his intention and his motives for doing it ; though he considered an attempt on the forts as rather desperate, he thought the times required such exertions. He feared he should not succeed, but flat, tered himself he had nothing to apprehend but failure with- out any fatal consequences to New York. Sir W. Howe in answer told him that if his object was not of the greatest consequence, and almost certain of success, and in a short time, he was ordered to return, and send to Sir W. Howe the troops he had moved with, as Washington reinforced by Putnam had been enabled to attack him on the 9th, and that if he was not joined by the troops I had moved with, or till he was, he could not open the Delaware. I mention this fact and Su- W. Howe's reasons for withdrawing the force I had moved with : had I received this letter of Sir W. Howe's before I had moved, it must have stopt me; but receivinir H. Chnton received this letter the 29th of Sen- tember and moved the 2nd of October. On the 27th Sept , G. Gates [Burgoyne?] had received information that hi galhes, gunboats, &c., on Lake George had been surprised and destroyed by Gen. Lincoln, and he had consequently lost h.s communication with Canada. 'Tis pity he had not * Clinton MS. fuiawer. OPERATIONS ON TIIK IIUOSOJT. 103 instantly Mkn back to recover ti.em ; but Ibinking, '.ia pro. «.-ncd, be w,» under orders to Albany, bo reque,; .„ kio,v of me wbe ber I ean meet bim tbero or .up .ly bin, after- But tbo results of tbe second Saratoga battle, on tbe 7th October, rather moditied tbo Britisb plans "On the very day of this action, by givin" tbe enemv jealousy for the Kast side. Sir ,1. cLL llnded on Z L vefr , r""'"'" "' Tbunderberg, and by a tolera- biy well combmed move, and tbe ,vondorf„l exertion of the troops under Ins command, took all tbe forts by assault." f rius aecomphsbed, the partial attempt to succor Burgoyne and to brmg „m supplies was proceeded in, and Vauian was embarked fof that purpose _" „fu,r tbe chain was h^ken, the cl«=vaux-de.frieze removed, and provision f" .000 men for C months prepared General Vuugban bad orders to pr<,ceed immediately as bigb as his pilots could carry hm, to fee for Burgoyne, cooperate with him, and join Iiim if required." •' IJut on the 13th October, Burgoyne was compelled to open negotiations for surrender; and neither Clinton nor VauXn accomplished more for his relief than the destruction at Eso. pus. Disappointed in their chief hope, the British presently eturned to New York : - that such was mainly the motive o^ the expedition sufficiently appears by the important private memorandums of Sir Henry himself, as above printed. * Clintou MS. flbid. CHAPTER VII. Phecious time was spent in fruitless nttempts to brin-- Waslnng on to battle on equal ground in Jersey, e«, S resolved to e.reumvent our army by means of the fleeraL o „pp,«aeh Pbiladelphia from .notber quarter. tLs eheme d. approved by some of his immediate subonlinates, ,vas care funy eoneealed from the rest of the troops, who, o'n the 23d Lt % . ' T". """"■''"'' "' ^'»''°>'' '" ?<"■'■««' igno- rance of tbeir destination.. The media JcHia of the sehoolmcn-the ealeulation of possible eonsequenees of events that did not happen-can alone determine the^tTec of another plan of the eampaign. Had a powerful Zl marehed northwardly to aet in conneetion with Bur^y^ 'he surrender at Saratoga might have been prevented tl.e royal army increased in strength, and time still eft operate agau,st Philadelphia ere the season closed. A few »h.ps of war threatening the New Engh.nd coast or cannon! «d.„g Boston, m_ight have dmwn to another quarter the II l ..a that thronged to the aid of Gates. Nor did all his iZr eventually much better Howe's situation. At Brunswick I was but s,x,y miles from Philadelphia, at Elk, he was set Hie movo to the southward LT 1,T ' "''° "'" ""' "Probate General liurgo vL SerM r , . T^"^ "' " «'«P'«'i»n »lth ., n."tsjr wih^;; ;e;rarfriZ^rrA,^r'^i^r opinion that Philadelphia had better close than If ,T' ^"'"'"'^ required an army to defend it." -clrZm ' '' '"""P"'^"' "^ " ACTION AT DRANDYWINE. 107 enty ; and if our army's iHisition was less strong at Brantly- u ine, Its spirit was better and its force increased When ho appeared in the Chesapeake, his brother the Admiral with line and plummet and in seaman's garb lead- ing the boat that guided the fleet's course, it was questioned at I hilade phia whether Sir William aimed at Baltimore, or a yet higher point. All doubts vanished on the 2oth of August when ho landed. The debarcation was flnished on the 27th; and on the 28th, he marched seven miles and fixed hemd-quarters at the head of Elk, posting the troops two miles off.^ On the 3rd of September, he led part of his army toAickms tav-ern; the light infantry and yiigers skirmishing with the American advanced parties for a mile and a hal^ and losing a dozen men in killed and wounded. Knyphau- sen had been detached across Elk Ferry to Cecil Court-house to collect stores, and now rejoined at Aickin's; and on the Gth Grants division also came up. Hence, by easy stages, with Galloway in his coach following in the rear, Howe passed on through a fertile and friendly country; while on Sunday the 24th of August, our army had marched through Philadelphia to meet him. Cheerful but half naked, their hats adorned with green boughs, and drum and fife soundinc. merrily, they came down Front and up Chestnut streets, and so over the Schuylkill. On the 11th of September, the citi- zens hearkened to the roar of the artillery; and gathering by groups, according to their political inclinations, in the squares or public places, speculated in hope or in fear upon the re- sults of the day. It was an unfortunate day for America, but less so than might have been. With 13000 men, and in the best position the region afforded, Washington waited the attack. He could do no better. By a larger and better force, and by manoju- vres as well conceived as executed, he was surprised and driven from the ground. At four a. m., Howe and Corn- walhs marched from Kennett's Square with their left column, led by Grey, Mathew, and Agnew, and crossing the Brandy- , Grey marched an^Ifjirl '^'T ,""•= *• "' »' ..».mH- defile, with the XliZ'.l "fj"''''' »»'' » ftn'ry. The nature of the serv.ee » ', "'' ^'' "s'" ■•"■ corps ,v„s known through , he wnr f -f'"^"""'- '^"^"^'^ perate eondue. in fight and hZ.."^ ""•"""" ""'J "«■ .-i-U h, a "eo„st?tuti;n:u ^^hltur "V"' -=-"-»■ thesivord." Surprise nnrf.„ j ™^""'* "'« "■■b'irament of Smallwo«l lay b^,' T :;'"? "^'-^"^ ^^ ^"ceess, for enforced a measure that he L JZ '"T ''A "'' ^"^''^hman wl'icl. he got in Amenea ,v K ""' '" ^'""''"y' «"<1 "y ■nade his men untrCe*! ! '""' "' ^''■■^''" «'-^- He Not „ shot ecu dtetd "tLTr-""' ''"'"='' <"" "- A-'s "".one.. Wayne him'jf'XT "Tfierd r ' '=""7'^ °" ">» marvellous virtues of eold s.«.7\ . .f " """ "''"' '" 'h'^ of Grey's movement, and Zk ,'17''^ "" "PP"*" precaution, he had ii, le on^t ' ^ ' "T"^^'' '""'y P™Per 'ise resistance. At four a^, T ^ "" ""' '""^'>^'°" '» P™- 'ho light of his fires^gldtd'h 'ir^trr '"'='^''' """ Americans, unable to form and ^r? ? ■ ' """"P' '■'''"= « all, were instantly ry'oneued^?^'"" ""'""'"^'^ »' "»' killed and wounded at 150 Ue V vl '"""""' P"' *« and upwards: two rrun, tn , °'"'' '"^'"n ^ays 800 «« <*»» Thus we lost 7,000 barrels of fl„„r GERMANTOWN. Ill iiness." He i^ern, on the -fore) about ! 1500 men and militia, next day to urse, it was >e A. M., of 'ests and a -<1 light in- Wayne's 1 and des- as charac- rament of uccess, for "glishman y, and by '^rei/. He the flints. ly on the 'th in the apprised y proper to prac- 2ed, and p. TJie y or no^ put the lys soo SI'S were ht, and ith but n-Ioads owards I'e that f flour for one item. Having now cleverly got between Wu..iin«- ton and the Schuylkill, Howe passed that stream unop-ose'd below the Forge and descended towards Philadelph. » de- stroying powder-mills, and taking a few prisoners and cannon on the route. On the 25th, he moved in two columns to Germantown; and on the 26th, says a royal eye-witness, at eleven a. m., Cornwallis, with 3000 men, and accompanied by Harcourt, Erskine, and a cavalcade of distinguished offi- cers, as well as Galloway, Story, the Aliens, and other lead- ing tones, entered the town among the loudest acclamations of the loyal population who had » too long suffered the yoke of arbitrary power." Other citizens have described the scenes of that day: the grenadiers, steadfast and composed, splen- didly equipped, with their music sounding the Ion- unheard strains of God save the King, as they caught at'' the chil- dren's hands in passing, with friendly greeting; the bearded Hessians, terrible in brass-fronted helmets, keeping step to wild strains that to the popular ear spoke of plunder and pillage in every note ; the closed houses ; and the throngs of citizens, clad in their best array, that lined the streets which they had patrolled by night since the 23rd, in suspicion that the retiring Americans were disposed to fire the town. A deputation besought Howe not to give it up to plunder. * On the 25th, he sent a letter to Thomas Willing, assuring the people that they should not be disturbed if they remained tranquil. Meantime the main army rested at Germantown, while strong detachments moved against the American posts' that still commanded the Delaware and prevented the arrival of the fleet. The loss of Philadelphia was grievous to the Americans, and almost unlooked for;* and Washington determined, by a * "Sept. 19, 1777. This morning about 1 o'clock an express arrived to Congress giving an account of the British Army having got to the Swedes Ford on the other side of Schuylkill, which so much alarmed the gentle- men of the Congress, the military officers, and otlier friends to the general cause of American Freedom, that they decamped with the utmost precip- itation and m the greatest confusion; insomuch that one of the delegates ■1^' ,i .IM! |i ly identi- untry and es, others ilief. To d equally f impure onviction lich they But the Iged, is a r turn to 1 the old CHAPTER VIII. Affairs at Philadelphia. — Disorders and Discontents. — Fall of Red Bank. — Andr6 follows Grey with Howe to Whitemarsh. — Character of Sir William Howe. In the spring of 1777 a clever Philadelphia writer had divided the people into five classes. The Rank Tories came first. The Moderate Tories were such as preferred the English connection of 1763, valued worldly prosperity, hated New England, and loved the Rank Tories. The Timid Whigs distrusted American power, the cost of the war, and the continental paper-money; but were not disinclined to Independence, if it could be got. Avarice was supposed to be their mainspring. The Furious Whigs, says the writer, injure the cause of Liberty as much by their violence as the Timid Whigs by their fears. They think the destruction of Howe's array less important than the detection and punish- ment of the most insignificant tory ; that the common forms of justice should be suspended towards a tory criminal ; and that a man who only speaks against our common defence should be tomahawked, scalped, and roasted alive. They are likewise all cowards, who skulk under the cover of an office, or a sickly family, whei; they are called on to oppose the foe in the field. Woe to the community that is governed by this class of men. Lastly, he enumerates the Staunch Whigs — temperate, firm, and true; friends to their country, but holding life and goods as less than American Independence. The three orders first named now prevailed in Philadelphia ; and it is not too much to say that a majority of them owed to this circumstance their conversion to opposite sentiments. The conduct of the royal army was far from satisfactorv. . «^ W St, Sp^^ iiiii^ 124 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRl-:. Ihe Quakers, habitually benevolent yet tenacious of the ri^rhtg of property, were shocked at once by its looseness of momis and us severity of discipline. Their effects had been already diminished by American exactions, yet they were reported to have made a free gift of £6,000 to the British on their arrival, and to have subsequently been called on for £20,000 more. 1 heir first grievance was the pillaging to which the cit- izens were subjected, and to which many of the army became so accustomed during the war, that its reduction on the peace was the means, according to Scott, of inundating Great Brit- ain with ruffians of every description ; so that in Edinburgh alone six or seven disbanded soldiers would be under sen- tence of death at the same time. While yet at Germantown, Uie 33rd though a pattern regiment in the field, was distin- guished for Its light fingers ; but the Hessians were the bold- est operators. Their pay, which was to come from their own sovereign, was not provided regularly, and their discipline consequently was bad enough to give Howe trouble in cor- recting It. With the English privates they did not get on p easaiUly ; arrogant, full of the idea of immediate allofments of land, and of living in free quarters with unlimited license o plunder, they incensed the inhabitants to such a de^rree that many a farmer who hesitated to slay his fellow-country-' men, thought as little when he had the opportunity to shoot a Hessian as a hawk. Their officers could not understand ^hy war should not be waged here as they had seen it in Europe. « No American town," they said, "has been laid under contribution; and what is there to destroy.? Wooden houses deserted of their inhabitants, pigs, and poultry t » In the general confusion that prevailed between the ar/ival of the army and its final going into quarters, no doubt un- usual license prevailed; and the newspapers of the day are fined with notices of robberies, several of them upon British othcers. Seventeen watchmen were hitherto sufficient to protect the city ; but when the army and fleet swelled the population to the neighborhood of 50,000, a hundred and J of the rights Jss of morals been already ere reported ish on their for £20,000 •hich tlie cit- rmy became 3n the peace Great Brit- i Edinburgh under sen- ermantown, , was distin- re the bold- n their own r discipline uble in cor- not get on ! allotments ited license I a degree, •w-country- ty to shoot understand seen it in been laid Wooden poultry ! " the arrival doubt un- le day are on British fficient to i^elled the dred and DISORDERS AND DISCONTENTS. 12fi twenty were scarce thought enough. A stringent proclama- tion of the General's as to these practices was issued on the 7th November; but it proved a dead letter against the disorders that in one or another form had irritated some of the best people. The neighboring farms were freely spoiled by the soldiery. On the 28th September one of Harcourt's dragoons had four hundred lashes for such an offence, and another was hanged ; and their commander gave the utmost offence to the distressed proprietors by his peremptory re- fusal to listen to their intercessions to spare the backs and the lives of his troopers who had robbed the king's liegemen. About the same time a foraging party brought in a gi-eat number of cattle from the neighborhood of Darby, to the discontent of their owners. On the 19th October a hundred Hessians went foraging, or rather robbing, among the farms where now stands the Naval Asylum, Their officer per- mitted them to take all the vegetables they could find. A person interested thus describes the scene: " Being afraid they would take our cabbage, I applied for a guard for the house and garden, which was immediately granted, and by that means prevented our cabbage from being plundered. After they had taken all John King's cabbage they marched off. [I] brought our cabbage home. It was surprizing to see with what rapidity they run to and with what voraciousness they seized upon John King's cab- bage and potatoes, who remained a silent spectator t"© their infamous depredations." The Hessians repeated their visit the next day, taking everything in the way of hay, vegetables, &c., that they could lay hands upon, until a squad of Harcourt's dragoons arrived and interfered, and made them go back. Bu°t for weeks the thing was continued ; the officers sanctioned the plunder of vegetables, &c., till the people were thoroughly provoked. They were even compelled at last to remove°and conceal their fences lest the British should take them for fuel ; and the fields were thus left open and unprotected. P 126 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. Nor was it till the 9th January, 1778, when the patrol was ordered to stop and examine every one found in the streets without a lantern between tattoo (8.30 p.m.) and rev- breaker » * ""^^^ ''^^''^ ""*' ^'^^"^ *"" ^^^ nocturnal house- A succession of skirmishes had ensued along the lines ever since the British arrived. On the 27th September, a can- nonade was kept up from 9 to 10 a.m. between four guns m their shore-batteries and our little fleet of a fricrate of 34 and a ship of 18 guns, four row-galleys, and a schooner, till the frigate grounded and struck, and the others retired. The schooner as she came down lost her foremast and was aban- doned. At 3 p. m., about 100 of our men attacked about 30 liritish on the ground now occupied by the Naval Asylum, (probably of Harcourt's dragoons who were posted there,) and t! . i'"''^'^''""^''^ *^'^^ ""^ ^^^''' «ffi««'-^ «»d two men. On the 4th October, after shots had been exchanged for an hour without effect, three American columns, with two field-pieces appeared on the opposite side of the Schuylkill, at the Middle' Ferry, and opened a general fire on 30 dismounted dragoons who guarded it. Reinforcements arriving to the latter, our men retreated leaving their guns by the water-side, but soon returned and bore them away. Only one man (an Ameri- can) was wounded in this affair, which was witnessed by many of the citizens. On the 6th, 300 wounded British were brought from Germantown and lodged in the Seceders' w.*nf«t"'' "'''''''^ ""^ "'" '*'' ^""^ ^" ^«"S ^^"^d t° produce such an order we may suppose some personal motive now prevailed Perhaps the a2 last preceding ,ts appearance may have had an effect. The following notfc nidi l/f T/'rh "-'^^''^ •^^"- ^' 1^^«- I^ >^o"'d be curiou! TZ T ■ T.^ ^"^ ^""^"^ '■ - " ^^'-^^ ^«*"«««^ ^««'«'-^- Was stolen out of a house m Walnui Street, Sunday evening last, the following arUdestiz A Clare coloured ratteen suit of clothes, lined with blue satin SsC gledgo^d buttons; a pair of white casshner breeches, some shirt LSced ^A. with everal other things: also a ladies black silk hat and cloak Whoever will secure the thief and effects shall receive the above reward: and^for the effects without the thief Two Guineas upon their delil^yTo t"e' HOWE'S POSITION. 127 and the Pine Street Presbyterian churches, and the old theatre ; and the worst injured in the City Hospital. The wounded Americans, who were already neglected, were placed in the Presbyterian church and in two new houses m 4th Street. On the 12th, our patrols were ranging through all t^e vicinity and seizing obnoxious tories. On the night of the 6th 300 militia had entered Chester and captured The loyal sheriff of Sussex County, for whose arrest the Delaware government had offered $300 reward ; and at 4 a. m, on the 15th, a party cut the rope of the Middle Ferry and exchanged platoon fires with the light dragoons. On the evening of the 16th the troops left at Wilmington, who it was supposed would have attacked Red Bank, where our flag was hoVsted that very morning, arrived at Philadelphia, leaving their sick and wounded at Gray's Ferry. A number of Hessians fol- lowed on the 20th. Howe had written to Clinton that he was not strong enough to open the Delaware, and ordered reinforcements to be sent to him. On the 21st October, Donop with 2500 Hessians marched against Red Bank, crossing the Dela- ware in flat-bottomed boats sent up by night from the fleet, and passing from Cooper's Ferry to Haddonfield, where a quantity of stores were captured. This post and that on Mud Island each about five miles below Philadelphia, together ^ with the chevaux-de-frise they protected, controlled the navi- gation of the Delaware. Till it was free Howe's position was a simple cul-de-sac: parted from his supplies, and scarcity already exhibited, he rested within a triangle of which the Delaware and Schuylkill were the sides and his works the base. If the attack meditated in the American camp was thus made dangerous, so also was his own removal : for our army in at least equal numbers lay before him, and so long as the fleet could be shut out there was a prospect of reducing him by starvation, or by a ruinous and imperfect retreat across Jersey. The importance of clearing the way was therefore well understood by "the great count," as he '1 11 \ 128 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. was callea ,n Philadelphia, when, for the especial distinction ot himself and his men, Donop applied ouL of turn for this command. For the Americans he had indeed a most sov- ereign contempt; but it is possible that other circumstances may have governed his conduct. There were feuds in the army ; and his countrymen had been freely spoken of. The Americans with great reason regarded them with utter ab- horrence. The English Opposition, unmindful of the treaty stipulations that sent them, perhaps against their inclinations, to this country, lavished continual contumely on their heads, lo the sea-stock of old hock wine their chief had laid in ere sailing, ministers were invoked to add the irresistible tempta- tion of plenty of sour-krout for « the dear-bought cut-throats " ; and m the coach that De Heister insisted on carrying with him over the ocean, it was almost wished that he might lie coffined beneath the waves like Pharaoh in his chariot. Iheir services were ridiculed, and an English nobleman sang, m relation to officers of the Brunswick corps,— " We shall not with much sorrow read How Sclatzen, Knotzen, Blatzchun bleed Unless we break a tooth." Howe was opposed politically to ministers, and it is proba- ble these and other diatribes reached head-quarters ; and hough Andre, by long residence in Germany, was prepared to live in friendly relations with Donop, all of the army were not. De Heister had already gone home in a rage ; and it is not hkely his subordinates were less sensitive. A sufficient rampart, too high and steep to be carried without ladders and surrounded by an abatis and ditch, constituted the fort • It was defended by 300 valiant men. On the morning of the 22nd October, Donop halted just beyond its cannon-shot, and a drum followed by an officer brought a summons to surren- der. "The King of England," were the words, "orders his rebellious subjects to lay down their arms ; and they are warned that if they stand the battle they shall receive no quarter." The garrison replied that they were content m THE ASSAULT ON RED BANK. 129 neither to give quarter nor to take it. At 4 r. m., the one- t^rstoTTh" /? "'^'r-""'' ""= «--- -'""do the storm The first outworic was earried ; and, „i,h shouts of tnumph and waving of haU,-as thinking he day he r own, - they advaneed against the abatis. But Donop seel to have now entertained no such thought of victory. ThTu" he saw success was almost impossible, he resolved to proceed ! and g,vmg h,s watch and purse to a bastard son of Lori ot the fight It was 8a,d at the time in Philadelphia that he cons.dered h.s orders to be peremptory, and indeed they were so esteemed there, but Howe in his despatch of the 25 h s,mply observes that they were "to proceed to the attack ' wh,le m h,sNarrative he affirms them to have been discretL a.7, aceordmg to the chances of suceeeding. It is probabL a Donop-s haughty spirit could not brook the shame, aftt all that had passed, of returning alive and unsuccessful. Bu the ratnpart w^ unattainable without ladders or pioneers A front and a flank fire mowed down the assailants. T^ drummer that had approached the fort in the mornin-. beat the charge at their head: he was a marked man, and fel on the first fire; and with him the officer who br^u.ht ho Z77 ^^'J'"^^"" ^"'o vainly with their sword „„ the abatts, and the men strove to tear it down , they fell bv scores m the attempt. Donop himself, distinguished by his nS '"if C' '""''""^ ^'""'' "" "hioh was display d he order he bore, was struck in the hip, swooned, and was eft for dead. A few of his men sheltered themselves b" ncalh the parapet; the rest fled. When all was over, a feeble vo.ce was heard among the heaps of slain, saying Whoever you are, draw me hence." He was ex rie.Ld° and our men demanded of him if he was still determined to give no quarter. « I am in your hands," he replied ; " you aTreT" m ^™"f f": Ascertaining that it was Mauduit, a French officer, who had taken him up _ " Je suis content," I'ecMcd, "je meurs entre les mains de riionncur memo " fTli] 130 LIFK OF MAJOIi ANDRlS. Every care was given him, for "Washington was anxious that he should be saved ; but he died ia three days. He was in- timate with St. Germain, tlie French minister of war ; and his last hours were bestowed on a letter recommending Mau- duit to his favor. " It is finishing a noble career early," he calmly said when the end approached ; " but I die the vic- tim of my ambition and of my sovereign's avarice." In Eng- land, Townshend satirically suggested that proper care and twenty pounds sterling would have provided ladders, and saved to the Treasury the cost of 600 slain Hessians at forty pounds a man. " Sir William's Conquests raise a smile. Lo, Red-Bank yields, and eke Mud Isle, Which Hessians storm'd— pell-mell! The ditch was wet — they had no bladders, The wall was high — they had no ladders. So Donop fought and fell ! " But it was not until a month later that the works, so skil- fully planned by the unfortunate Coudray, were beaten down by the royal batteries to an extent which compelled their evac- uation, and left Lord Howe master of the stream. Mean- time small parties of our people kept up a constant disturb- ance along the lines, approaching within half a mile of the Kensington outposts. A royal detachment, crossing the Schuylkill on the 22nd, broke up the floating bridge at Gray's, and brought it up to the Middle Ferry. On the 2Gth the picket on the farther side was attacked for fifteen minutes by our people till a regiment had crossed the bridge for its relief; but soon after the floods came out and carried the structure away. These little affairs kept the enemy perpetually in motion. They were busied also with building two floating batteries on the Schuylkill, which, though when launched were too leaky for use, were presently put in bet- ter trim and sent down against Red Bank. Three or four brigs and sloops with provisions seem to have slipped up from the fleet on the 11th November: but over 300 sail Hi i i'j: FALL OF KED BANK. 131 still lingered below, by whose absence 12,000 men had al- ready been detained in idleness for seven precious weeks Excessive rains and the cutting of the dykes retarded the Enghsh works. In relieving guard, their men marched some- times breast-deep in water. The American works were how- ever now ceasing to be tenable ; that on Mud Island was aban- doned on the ICth ; and on the 18th, Cornwallis, with Grey and 2500 men, crossed the Schuylkill at the Middle Ferry to attack Ked Bank. On the way to Chester Andre saw a few more of the horrors of war. At the Blue Bell Tavern the American picket retreated within doors and from the win- dows shot down a couple of grenadiers. Their comrades burst m and, ere their officers could prevent, bayoneted five of our men. The rest were taken. Plunder prevailed on the road, and the houses of whigs were consumed. By 11 A. M. the British were crossing the Delaware at Chester, and, with the troops just come from New York, were so rapidly pushed against Red Bank, that it was impossible to relieve It. The place was evacuated on the 20th. Of the vessels that had been sheltered by its guns some were fired and, at four A. M. on the 2l8t, came drifting up the river on the flood-tide to withm two miles of the city ; but carried back by the ebb, exploded harmlessly after flaming for five hours. In the thick fog that prevailed, the gondolas passed by, despite the heavy firing of the English frigate Delaware. It was thus known that Red Bank had fallen ; and as the design of a for- ward movement hinged on that event, the loyal believed that Cornwallis was now to pass up to Burlington and thence get into Washington's rear. On the morning of November 24th the fleet began to come in and business to revive. Corn- wallis brought 400 cattle from Jersey on the ensuing day; and on the next, while sixty-three sail were in sight between the town and Gloucester Point, Lord Howe came on shore and the citizens made up their minds that Sir William would not pursue Washington that winter. They learned their mistake, however, on the following day; for so ill were .' 51 132 LIFE 01' MAJOR ANDRlS. Ill A Howe's secrets kept that it was the town-talk that the mahi army would march on the 2nd December. Detachmenia were sent over Schuylkill; suspected spies were seized ; and various country-houses, some the property of tories, were fired because the American pickets had found them a con- venient ambush whence to shoot down the enemy. Most of the buildings along the lines were by this time destroyed ; and it was even expected that Germantown would soon be' burned. Leaving a few regiments to guard the city, the British army marched forth by the Germantown road at eight p. m. December 4th, the van led by Cornwallis and the rest by Knyphausen. Howe's object was to find a weak place in the fortified camp at Whitemarsh, or to tempt our army, now strongly reinforced, into a battle for the recovery of Phila- delphia ; but the public impression was that he had gone out to fight Washington wherever he found him. Tiie camp fires were lighted at Chestnut Hill, which, soon after, a body of Americans under Irvine attempted to occupy. They were discomfited, however, by Abercromby with the light brigade, and the general made prisoner. Here the English remained till the 7th ; when, reluctant to essay Washington's right, they moved at one a. m. towards his left, and took post'^on Edgehill. A sharp skirmish was created by Morgan, whose rifles disputed the ground as long as they could, while to the left Grey encountered and easily put to flight a considerable party, chiefly of militia. Grey's night-march led him to their outposts. He formed with the Queen's Rangers on his left, the light infantry of the guards on his right, and his brigade in the centre. The Hessians and Anspach Chasseurs, with the field-pieces, were in the van. The Americans were out- flanked on either side, and outrun by the guards, who turned their flight across the fire of the centre and left. This affair appears to have occurred in Cheltenhajn township, Mont- gomery county. On the 8th, Howe abandoned all hope of finding a vulner- AUDRt WITH GREY AND HOWK. 133 able place in our lines, and Washington restraining his per- M.n« desire to go forth and give them the meetin.^ they sought the British turned their faces homewards. L four V. M., Grey and Cornwallis, whose troops were the last to move retn-ed At that precise time Sin.coe was vatchin<. the entrance of a squad of our dragoons into a trap he had cunnmgly baited, when Andrd galloped up with peremptory orckM-s to withdraw. The others .vere already on the march^ nnd at nine r. m, to the confusion and amazement of Phila- dolphia, the British ingloriously reentered the lines * As tney came down the Old York Road, they burned, for some reason, he Ki.mg Sun Buildings ; but, ex. .pt 700 cattle and he spoils of every farm-house that lay in a Hessian's path, here was nothing at all to show for all this effort and panxde Lre sailing for England, Cornwallis foraged the country beyond Schuylkill towards Chester; routing Potter as he wont and finding a success very grievous to all who had m.ytliing to lose, and who fruitlessly claimed redress from bead-quarters. Another large force went to Darby on the 22ud ; and stripping it of 1000 tons of forage returned on the -8th with a parcel of prisoners; of whom two officers and thirty men had been cunningly beguiled into ambuscade by .couple of the 17th dragoons. At seven p. m. on Christmas Lve, the city was enlivened by a brisk but unsupported can- nonade with twelve-pounders on the lines between 3rd and 4th streets ; and this was its last taste of battle in the year 1/7/. The troops, on the 30th and 31st December, went into good wmter-quarters. With the exception of a transport, that was swept from her moorings by the ice to be stranded and house; SCL he LTf so^e" •:?:rs "Z^^^^ .? ■''' T tions and the general plan of acUon, he ptt u a/; ord "d IZ 7T ■>-• 134 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDr£. ! plundered on the Jersey shore, nothing more occurred of Bufficient note to excite attention. The severities of the winter of 1777-8 were keenly felt by the poor of Philadelphia ; and even the better classes, no longer able to procure fresh provisions by means of the river, which was obstructed by ice on the 30th of December, found additional aggravation in the spirit that permitted the Amer- Joans to hold their position at Valley Forge, and thence to restrain supplies from the country by severities which at this day seem hardly just. "The laws of war," said Marshal Conway, "sanction the infliction of death on those who fur- nish food to an enemy only when such aids are needful to existence; not where they are rather matters of luxury." The army commissariat was always capable of being replen- ished by the fleet, and there was no longer hope or* attempt to reduce Howe by starvation ; but the inhabitants were on another footing. They remembered, in their hunger, how the officers who entered on the 2Gth of September, with all their civility to the people, professed the most bitter determination to pursue our army to the last extremity ; but their amaze- ment is also recorded at the self-confidence of the English and their contempt of the Americans, whom they stigmatized as " a cowardly and insignificant set of people." There were not wanting, even in Congress, men who had heard Cope's officers at Preston hold the same terms of the Scots, declar- ing they would never remain to face the British bayonet : yet who had seen these very boasters fly pusiUaniraously be- fore the Highlanders without striking a blow. The impulse that at first led to the formation of Loyal Associations and Provincial Corps had not been fostered. The Quakers even were at one time expected by their antagonists to appear in arms. " Thee and thou, in Philadelphia," wrote an Ameri- can officer (Oct. 6th, 1777), « now find a religion will not serve that doth not turn weathercock-like. They be^in to say to each other — ' Will thee take a gun, — hope the^e will appear in the field ; ' " — but when flour was at three guineas FIRST BATTLE AT STILLWATER. Idd occurred of Ilio l.uiidred, and other things in proportion, they rather thought of obtaining assistance through Dr. Fothcrgill, ft-otn tlieir friends in England, to be repaid at the end of the troubles, than of fultilling (he predictions of their enemies. Nor was a British army longer to be esteemed invincible by rebels. Burgoyne's was a case in point. On the 3rd of October, imperf'^ct rumors of the first battle at Stillwater flew from lip to lip. Gates was beaten. A letter was in town, with a postscript in Irish which told how a partial en- gagement on the 18th of September had been unfavorable to Burgoyne; but that returaing on the 10th to bury his dead, a general action ensued in which he was entirely suc- cessful, and was in full march on Albany. A man who had been in Albany on the 19th was at once arrested; but he of course knew nothing of Sir John's advance. His fall was known to Washington on the 18th of October ; but Ilowe'a army scouted at the story, while the citizens believed it. The Frenchman who brought in Donop's wounded officers was questioned on the possibility of such an event. " I know the fact is so," he answered, "you must explain it as you can." Foremost in capacity among the local loyalists was Galloway. Sir William employed him in municipal affairs, but in other respects gave him the cold shoulder. Galloway was not in- sensible of the supineness of the campaign, nor, as he be- lieved, of the cause. His friends shared in his discontent, and he has recorded its origin. At Philadelphia, he says, Howe found 4482 fencible inhabitants, of whom about 1,000 Avere Quakers and perhaps fifty secret foes. An elev- enth of the whole population had fled. A militia of 3500 men should have been forthwith organized ; that, with the shipping and 1000 regulars, could have held the lines against anything but Washington's main army, which Howe might thus be at liberty to attack at Valley Forge. He should have invited the loyal men of the Chesapeake and Delaware peninsula to rise, and supplied them with arms and ammuni- tion, and a few regulars. In three days he would have had 'mm Ijfll T ::*^ II '' i nn $1 Ml :! nil 13G LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. 2000 tories in the field, who would soon increase to GOOO or 8000. A covering post at Wilmington would put Washing- ton between it and the loyalists, should he march against them ; while the army at Philadelphia would be but one day's distance by water, or two by land. He cited the fact that even with the insufficient means that were taken to raise men, over 1100 of the Philadelphians joined the British; but particularly was he sensitive of the refusal to permit him to raise a regiment. A warrant for a single troop was vouch- safed him ; in two months it was full and efficient. The General put aside his services in the recruiting line, and gave the warrant to « an unpopular country tavern-keeper, for whom he [Howe] thought his servants in the kitchen the most proper company." Fifty gentlemen from Monmouth, New Jersey, brought their services to Sir William, "but the General was inaccessible ; they could not, after several days attendance, procure an audience." Such are the charges Galloway brought forward ; and it is no wonder he found ready listeners. Sir William and Lord Howe were the sons of the second Viscount Howe, and were in an illegitimate way kinsmen to the King. The late King William spoke of Lord Howe as « indeed a sort of connexion of the family." When that coarse, vulgar, vicious little profligate, George Louis, the first of the Hanoverian line, came over to reign in England, he brought among his German mistresses a Madame ^Kiel- mansegge, whose mother had filled a questionable position near his own father. Once in England, she was of course placed on the pension and the peerage rolls ; and in 1721, while his wife languished out her life in a dungeon, Georc^e created her Countess of Leinster and of Darlington, and Baroness Brentford. By the usual means of l^er office, though her appearance was far from pleasing, she accumu- lated wealth. Walpole paints the fright into which his child- hood was thrown by an interview with this "fat woman of Brentford." " The fierce, black eyes, large and rollin- be- CHARACTER OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE. 137 neath two lofty arched eyebrows ; two acres of cheeks spread with crimson, an ocean of neck, that overflowed and was not distinguished from the lower parts of her body, and no part restrained by stays, — no wonder that a child dreaded such an ogress." The child that she bore to the king was, in 1719, married to Lord Howe ; and though she was never publicly acknowledged as George's daughter, her own child was always treated by Princess Amelia, daughter of George II., as of the blood-royal. There were whispers also of a relationship of the same nature as with the Howes, between George III. and Lord North; their resemblance was so great, according to Wraxall, as to be pointed out by George's father to Lord Guilford The ill feeling between North and Howe, so natural to the royal line, would not belie this tale. John Adams asserts that the Howes were poor, brave men, who had wasted their estates in election contests and had now nothing to sell but their votes and their swords. Sir William represented Nottingham in the Commons ; and the expenses of carrying that town in 1768 were said by Lord Chesterfield to have been full £30,000 to the winner, and not less to the losing candidate. Letters from London in 1775 aver that both Howe and Clinton went with reluc- tance to America ; but they were told they must do this or starve. In Parliament he was in the chair of Committee of the Whole House, on the 20th of March, 1775, when the Commons considered American affairs. From nine p. m. to one A. M. it was one scene of confusion and altercation, dur- ing which a member called on him to publish in the Colonies, that whenever evidence in their favor was produced, the prime minister « was either fast asleep, and did not hear it ; or, if awake, was talking so loud as even to prevent others from hearing it." As next in command to Gage, he led the assault at Bunker Hill, where his " disposition was exceeding soldier-like ; in my opinion, it was perfect," said Burgoyne. Others however discovered in this action his habitual neg- lect to press fortune to the utmost whp.n Clinton was vainl" 'pa 138 LIFE OF MAJOR AUDRt. urging the pursuit of the Americans crowded on a narrow causeway. It would seem that ministers were then perplexed to find a suitable chief commander. With little show of probabd.ty, Prince Ferdinand was spoken of on either side ; but th,s nommation would never have suited Germain fwho wjis soon to represent America in the cabinet), for it would have brought him into direct contact with the man by whoso means he had been himself cashiered for misconduct at Min- den. ihe veteran Amherst was also mentioned ; and a con- temporary historian alleges the post was even tendered to the aged Oglethorpe, who, in 1745, had been refused any com- mand whatsoever. The ancient Jacobite however sturdily refused the appointment, unless he were permitted to comply wuh American demands; and this the ministry would not thmk of. Accordmgly, Dartmouth informed Howe on the 2nd of Augusi, 1775, of his prospective position, and bade hira transmit a fuU statement of everything that he would need to insure success. Yet the nature of his politics at this time may, perhaps, be fairly deduced from an address of his constituency to the throne that was in his absence presented by his brother, the Viscount. The constitutionality of the steps against America was questioned, their expediency de- nied, and especially was regretted the presence, in such a ser- vice of their representative -"a descendant of that noble famib^ which in every walk of glory has equalled the Roman name. Howe himself averred that he accepted the com- mand by desire of his friends in opposition; and it is not to be denied that, if his conduct in this country was detri- mental to the triumph of the British arms, it was at least often stamped with sterling traits. At Bunker Hill, where he was struck by a spent ball, he would have preserved the wounded Warren. He captured Fort Washington in a man- ner to indicate that he prized the lives of his men. He might have made a more dashing attack, but not a surer or sater. lo his prisoners he was not so considerate ; and the treatment that he suffered them to receive would alone poI- CHARACTER OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE. 13d lute his fame. Ethan Allen, not backward himself to inflict scourging or exile where a disputed land-title was concerned, lifts up his voice against Sir William's commissary of pris- oners, a native of Allen's own region ; and declared that "legions of infernal devils, with all their tremendous horrors, were impatiently ready to receive Howe and him, with all their detestable accomplices, into the most exquisite agonies of the hottest regions of hell-fire." As for his provosb-mar- shal, Major Cunningham, " a burly, ill-naturea Irishman, of sixty years," humanity shrinks from the recital of his cruel- ties, and almost regrets that it cannot find reason to believe that the justice of the nation he so long disgraced did not provide him a halter. Few worse men have dangled from a gibbet. There is satisfaction in the reflection that, when the British evacuated New York in 1783, the insolence of ofiice led him to quarrel with the man who had a little prematurely hoisted ihe American flag ; and that he was soundly belabored with a broomstick by an indignant virago. His quarters in rhiladelphia were plundered by robbers of his own ranks ; foremost among whom was a hag named Marshall, well- known on the battle-field as the " bag and hatchet woman," — - a title that sufficiently indicates her horrid trade. Cunning- ham's prison was in Walnut Street below 6th, and the neigh- boring Potter's Field (now Washington Square) received his victims. It was at the time told of this human beast, that when chanty supplied a vessel of broth to his starving cap- tives, he would divert himself by kicking it over, and seeing the prisoners fall sprawling on the earth, striving to lap up the food with their tongues. As for the hulks in which our people were shut up at New York, we need not go behind the confession of Sir William Napier — "The annals of civ- ilized nations furnish nothing more inhuman towards the captives of war than the prison-ships of England." The fact seems to be that Howe prized his own comfort too highly to disturb himself much about his duties. Charles Lee, who long had him in the highest love and reverence, describes him as :.M«*i| Jllill lllillM ' il lilil l|i ill 140 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. being « naturally good-humored, complaisant, but illiterate and indolent to the last degree, unless as an executive soldier, in which capacity he is all fire and activity, brave and cool as Julius Cresar." Yet his enemies also asserted that since 1776 he had never met Washington but in force really superior; and nineteen occasions were cited in which he might have over- turned the Americans. At Long Islai I his men were hardly restrmned for three days from attacking our lines. He lin- gered in camp, when he should have passed to New Ilochelle and hemmed up his foe in New York. At Brandywine, by the most judicious manoeuvres, he enclosed Washington be- tween his two columns and impassable waters. He indolently suffered the defeated party to remain undisturbed all ni-ht withm eight miles of the field, and, by five days' inactivfty, lost all the fruits of victory. At Germantown, it was Mus- grave who saved the day ; and even then there was no gen- eral pursuit. Nothing was extenuated, and not a little set down m malice. The people were discontented with his pri- vate life. He appropriated to himself Mrs. Pemberton's coach and horses ; he was fond of his bottle ; he kept a mistress ; - even the more discreet among his own officers were abashed at his luxurious habits, and his inaccessibility to affairs of importance. Across the ocean. Burns caught up the story of his slothful ease. •' Poor Tammy Gago within a cage Was kept at Boston ha', man, Till Willie Howe took o'er the knowc For Philadelphia, man. Wi' sword and gun he thought a sin Guid Christian blood to draw, man : But at New-York, wi' knife and fork, Sir-loin he hackcvi sma', man." The Admiral and himself, bitterly remarks a contemporary, had alike the sullen family gloom ; but while Lord Howe was devoted to business, his brother hated and avoided it « Their uniform character through life has been, and is to this day, haughty, morose, hard-hearted, and inflexible." This CHARACTER OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE. 141 aversion to public affairs, and the consequent pecunJary dis- orders that ensued in their management, may perhaps give another color to the allegation that Sir William was privately mterested m various transactions by which riches were got at the expense of government. He was said to be a secret partner with Coffin, a large military shopkeeper who attended the army. Certainly the expenditures of his campaigns were beyond all reasonable bounds. In every profitable branch of the service, wrote Wedderburne at the time, the pecula- tion was as enormous as indecent. Both the troops and the treasury were robbed : "the hospitals are pest-houses and the provisions served out are poison. Those that are to be bought are sold at the highest prices of a monopoly." No wonder the most loyal Englishman winced at this wanton and fruit- less waste of taxation, and apostrophized his country, in- sulted by Americans, — " Wlio force thee from thy native right Because thy heroes will not fight; — Perfidious men, who millions gain By each protracted, slow campaign ! " The F- nch officers in Washington's camp were amazed at Howe's inactivity. « After Brandywine," said Du Portail, " he might have exterminated our army " ; and his sluggish- ness while they were at Valley Forge was an ineffable blun- der. " Had he moved against them in force, they could not have held their encampment," says Marshall. An opinion was (no doubt falsely) at this time attributed to La Fayette, that as any general but Howe would have beaten Washing- ton, so any other than Washington would have beaten How^; and ministers trembled lest Gates should march from Sara- toga and, joining the main army, subdue Philadelphia and Its garrison. But Sir William was already anxious to retire. There was ill blood between Germain and himself; and not even the king could persuade the Colonial Secretary to treat his General with proper confidence. In July, 1778, hu re- turned to London, « richer in money than laurels," says Wal- ill I! Illlll^ w II I 142 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. pole. " The only bays he possessed," said another, " were those that drew his coach." His reception by the cabinet was not encouraging ; and he endeavored to cast the blame of his want of success at its door. In this he but partially succeeded. A parliamentary investigation took such a turn that it was dropped on motion of his friends. He was not reemployed in the war ; and the nation, and even his own constituents of Nottingham, seem to have been content to have done with him. " General HoAve is a gallant commander — There are others as gallant as he " was the general conclusion. In 1799 he succeeded to his brother's Irish titles ; and died childless in 1814. In person he was tall and portly, full six feet in height, and, to Phil- adelphia eyes, of stately and dignified manners. His enforced withdrawal from the field of professional service was in some measure compensated by the social and political influence which secured him in a lucrative and honorable office under the crown. Illii CHAPTER IX. '^wS^'^i™^ '"^ Philadelphia. -Features of the Occupation. - Sir Wilham Er8kme.-Abercrombie._Simcoe.-Lord Cathcart. _ Tarle- ton -Andre's Social Relations in the City. _ Verses composed by S. -Amateur Theatncals.- Misconduct of the Roval Arms - The Z duanza.-Andrd's Account of it.-Howe removed from the Com- The year 1778 found the British at Phikdelphia in snu- quarters, unembarrassed by the cares of the field and, excep't (or occasional detachments, free from other military duties than the necessary details of garrison life. The triflin- affairs that occurred tfcring the remainder of the season," served rather as a zest to the pleasures which engaged them, than as a serious occupation. Our army lay the while — from the 19th December to the 18th June -at Valley Forge, on the west side of the Schuylkill. The camp was placed on the rugged hiU-side of a deep valley, through which flows a creek. On the east and south it was fortified with a ditch six feet wide and three feet deep, and a mound four feet hi-h that might easily be overthrown (said Anbury, an English°officer who visited the spot,) by six-pounders. On the left was the bchuylkill, over which a bridge was built by the Americans to keep up their communications. On every arch was carved a general's name ; that in the centre bore Washington's, and the date of its erection. The rear was protected by a preci- pice and thick woods. From December to May, continues our authority, Howe could have readily carried these lines • at any time in the spring he could have besieged them. The sufferings of the men were intolerable ; they deserted hy tens and by fifties ; and they often appeared in Philadel- phia almost naked, without shoes, a tattered blanket sir: m 144 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. i ji'il'i'''! I M |l. I |t to their waists — but with their arms. Those they were al- ways allowed by the English to sell. It is incredible that, however bad his intelligence from the country-people might be, Howe could not have found guides among these to lead him to our camp. It is known that there were not provisions in store to enable "Washington to hold out. He must have abandoned his lines or starved; and he had not sufficient means to remove his equipage. Sickness prevailed ; eleven liospitals were kej)! up at one time. None but the Virginia troops were provided with anything like enough clothing ; and, to crown all, Congress was busier with schemes to sup- plant and remove Washington", than to listen to the griev- ances of his followers and supply their just demands.* It was for us a fortunate though a most unwarlike turn that occupied such soldiers as Abercrombie, Tarleton, Musgrave, Simcoe, and De Lancy with the ordering of a ball-room or the silken trappings of the stage, rather thanithe harsh reali- ties of the field. In other scenes they proved themselves gallant and dangerous antagonists. The general demeanor of the officers billeted at Phila- delphia in private houses is described as very agreeable. Candles, fire, and a chamber were provided by the house- holder. The guest would return of an evening, take his candle, and after a little fireside-chat retire to his apartment. One unfortunate wight indeed, who had been wounded in the * General Knox and Captain Sargent, both of the artillery, were dele- /jated by their comrades to represent their necessities. The committee hav- ing heard them, one of its members took occasion to remark that much had been very -well said about the famine and the nakedness of the soldiers; yet he had not for a long time seen a fatter man than one of the gentlemen who had spoken, nor one better dressed than the other. Knox, who was of corpulent habit, was mute — probably with indignation ; but his subor- dinate rejoined that this circumstance was due to the respect his com- panions bore not only to themselves, but to Congress. The General's rank prescribed his appointment; but, beyond that, the corps could not hesitate to select as their representatives the only man among them with an ounce of superfluous flesh on his body, and the only other who possessed a com- plete suit of clothes. I I I, I I' THE BRITISH AKMY IN riHLADELPHIA. 145 neck at Germantown and who was saddled on ono of the best famines in the town, used to keep the neighborhood of 2nd Street and Taylor's Alley aware of his existence by the frantic volleys of oaths that he would pour out when, as he sat by the open window, every turn of his head to watch what went on below would throw him into new pains ; but such cases were exceptional. Several of them too had mis- tresses; and this, though offensive to morality, was neither disguised nor kept in the dark. Lieutenant-Colonel Birch of the dragoons ~ a man of high' fashion at the time — was of these ; and Major Crewe, whose jealousy of Tarleton was one of the esclandres of the day. « I saw," said a distinguished citizen, «a grand review of 18,000 British troops, on the commons that extended from Bush Hill to Southwaik. They had just received their new clothing, and made a fine ap- pearance. A very lovely English girl, the mistress of Major Williams of the artillery, drove slowly down the line in her open carriage with handsome English horses and servants. Her dress was cut and trimmed after the fashion of the regi- ment's ; the facings were the same, and the plumes. The woman was singularly beautiful." No sooner were they settled in their winter-quarters, than the English set on foot scenes of gayety that were long re- membered, and often with regret, by the younger part of the local gentry. Weekly balls, each conducted by three officers of repute, were given in the public rooms at Smith's City Tavern, in 2nd Street. Convivial associations were formed, to dine at the Bunch of Grapes or the Indian Queen. Mains of cocks were fought at a pit that was opened in Moore's Alley. As spring came on, cricket-matches were discussed. The advertisements in the newspapers give many curious hints of the levity of manners and morals that was fast springing up in the lately staid and demure city. Thefts were not infrequent ; wet-nurses were in constant de- mand ; comely white bondwomen were escaping from servi- tude. To-day Lord Rawdon's spaniel is lost near Schuylkill, 'm- ':'. * ■:i : ,. .1 1 146 LIl'E OF MAJOR ANDRfi. i ! iVfi ilHI and is to be brought back to Mrs. Sword's in Lodge Alley ; to-morrow an exhibition of glowing pictures, or a sale of books rather more free than had usually found market there ; or perchance a lecture on electricity at the college. The presence of so many young officers, not a few of them dis- tinguished by rank or by fortune, lent new life to every oc- casion of amusement. The Marquis of Lindsay, who in this year became Duke of Ancaster, was the nephew of Andre's old colonel, Lord Robert Bertie ; and Stopford, his major in Canad'i, was aLo here, a ball-manager. Lord AVilliam Mur- ray, Lieutenant-Colonel (afterwards Earl) Harcourt, Sir Henry Calder, Sir Thomas Wilson, and many other men of rank were with the troops. Here too was Sir William Er- skine, who a year or so later resigned his quartermaster- generalcy, not for ill health it is said, but because the General gave no heed to his recommendation for an ensigncy. Er- skine remained long in the service, and many stories are told of him. He protected the English rear at the retreat from Dunkirk, and in the midst of the confusion, with charming frankness and in the broadest Scotch, shouted to his comrade in this war, Dundas, as he passed, — " Davie, ye donnerf idiot, Where's a' your peevioys (pivots) the day? "—Sir David being one of those tedious tacticians wh<^ could not take one step forward without going a dozen about. Erskine was not an able officer, as Wellington afterwards found out -in the Peninsula. There, too, was the Hessian ca^dain Frederick Munchausen, aide to Howe, whose name was so ominously significant of incorrect despatches; and Abercrombie, ap- parently the same who later served and died so gallantly in Egypt, and whose mortification when the British arms were finally grounded at Yorktown =— hiding h'v face and gnash- ing his sword-hilt as he turned awav — is so picturesquely related by one of Rochambeau's staff. Of tho. c, however, who seem to have been of Andre's mor' immediate circle were Simcoe, the famous partisan officer ; Captain ] uttwell ; Sir John Wrottesley ; Captain De Lancy, afterwards his LORD CATHOAKT. 147 successor in the adjutant-generalcy ; Major Stanley (father of the late Earl of Derby) ; and Major Lord Calhcart. This hist was of an ancient Scotch family long distinguished in arms who rose to command in chief before Copenhagen in 1807; he was created an English Viscount and P^arl, and died so lately as 1843.* Another young ollicer at Philadelphia, whose part in the * Cathcart married in America (April 10, 1779) the daughter of Andrew Eliot, once collector at Philadelphia and un(!le of the first Lord Minto, better known aa author of tlie beautiful pa toral of Amyntas — "My sheep' I neglected, I Ijroke my sheep-hook," — than by his title. Mr. A. Kliot was one of the commissioners to procure Andre's release. A MS. k-tter of the time thus pleasantly describes the nuptials: " We live, it is true, for a little while, when Ueauty strikes the strings at General Pattison's concerts: but this is only on the first day of a week that sickens before it is concluded. . . . An't you tired of moralizing? Til tell you news: Lord Cathcart — "Poh, I heard it before! " " However, you just heard that he was married to Miss Eliot, but the story here is that he took himself in men ly to pass the time away in winter- (luurtcrs; and because Miss E. was a lively, pretty girl, he made violent lovo to her, wrote letters, &c. &c. Miss e'. listened and believed — 'For who could think such tender looks were meant but to deceive? ' Whether hi Lordship Jlew oft" afterwards, I know not: but Mr. E. laid the letters and the whole affair before Sir Henry. Sir H. advised Cathcart to marry : Cathcart wished to be excused till the end of the war: and the Gen- eral informed him that after having gone so fur, he must marry Miss ]•;., or quit his family. A fine girl, a good fortune, to a Scotch Lord with a moderate one, were not to be despised. You know the Peers of Scotland, having no legislative privileges, are not of that consequence that the Lords of England or even those of Ireland are. And so his Lordship married Miss Eliot, and they will soon sail for England, it is said."— Lady Cathcart appears to have had a place at court, and Peter Pindar celebrates her at Weyf'iouth, in connection with the king's insensate numners: — " ('(csar spies ijwly Cathcart with a book ; He Hies to know what 'tis — he longs to look. ' What's in your hand, my lady? let me P uow.'— ' A book, an't pleaee your mtyesty.' — 'Olio ! Book's a good thing — good tiling— I like a book Very good thing, my lady — let me look — War of America ! my lady, hee ? Bad thing, my lady ! fling, fling that away.' " A sister of Cathcart's married Sir Thomas (jraham, afterwards Lord Lyne- doch, a distinguished cavalry oiricer; another was Duchess of Athol, and a third Countess of Mansfield. ,J|I'! U8 LIFE OF MAJOIl ANDUlS. !ii 'i I III ' w I ! i i ;iippi'ii M war woA not utinoted, was Bnuustrc Tarleton. Born at Liv- erpool, the fcoii of at\ eminent merchant, he forsook, like An- dre, the compting-room for the army, and when the conte.st begun obtained a cornetcy of dragoons. Sir W. Erskine was his flrst patron; afterward.^ Clinton and Cornwallis prized and promoted him. Well but heavily made, with large muscular legs, a good soldier's face, dark complexion, small, piercing, black eyes, about five feet eight inches in height, and a capital horseman, he was the very model of a partisan leader. At this time he was but about twenty-one, and though Howe did not employ cavalry much, was always vigorous and active; "when not riding races with Major Gwynne on the commons, making love to the ladies." In England he had been guilty of some excesses ; and a whim- sical speech from the box of a theatre about one of his own kindred was quoted as an evidence of his " flow of spirits and unrestrained tongue." At the Mischianza his equipage bespoke the man. His device was a light dragoon; his motto, Swift, vigilant, and boId, — nn(\ his squire's name was Heart. On his return he was elected to Parliament by his native place, and was one of the most distinguished amor\™r outshone the mimie pageantries of the sock and bu kin • a.. went to work to prepare the needful scenery ana decorations. Andre's readiness with the brush has 1 ay been declared. On this occasion he produced effects lat m.glit have stood beside the scenic labors of Hogarth De Loutherbourg, or Stansiicld himself. His fotia^; was uncommonly spirited and gi«c, :ul. The two amateurs made . veral very useful and attractive additions to the old stock -enery; one of which, from Andre's brush, demands, says Durang, a particular record. " " It was a landscape presenting a distant champagne eouii- » lii :'!i! m 154 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDRli. try, and a winding rivulet extending from the front of the picture to the extreme distance. In the foreground and cen- tre a gentle cascade (the water exquisitely executed) was overshadowed by a group of majestic forest-trees. The per- spective was excellently preserved ; the foliage, verdure, and general colouring was artistically toned and glazed. ... It was a drop-scene, and hung about the middle of the third entrance, as called in stage-directions. The name of Andre was inscribed in large black letters on the back of it, thus placed no doubt by his own hand on its completion ; — some- times a custom with scenic artists." * On the 24th December, 1777, matters were sufficiently advanced for the undertakers to determine on the piece they should first app'^ir in, and to advertise for an accountant or sub-treasurer, a swift and clear writer for the distribution of parts, and for practised scene-shiflers and carpenters. The play first resolved on was perhaps The Wonder, or A Woman keeps a Secret. It was advertised for as " wanted immediately for the use of the theatre, to borrow or buy," on the 3rd January ; but if there was any one point on which the Presbyterian and Quaker agreed, it was in aversion to theatres, and the piece was not soon forthcoming. Accord- ingly, on the 14th January, for the benefit of the widows and orphans of the army, were given the comedies of No One's * Few persons of taste who have eve seen this drop will hesitate to con- firm its praises. The " Old South," as the theatre came to be known, sank A-om the hour when playhouses might laAvfully exist within the city limits. It became at last the resort of the most depraved of both sejJes, and the witness of their infamies. In 1821, it was turned down; and despite every effort to save the scenery, particularly the drop painted by Andrc^, its con- tents were consumed. Some part of the walls yet stand. For years pre- viously throngs of the vulgar had crowded the house every Fourth of July, to witness a piece well suited to their tastes and understandings, and found- ed on his fate. There is still preserved .at Philadelphia a figure of a British grenadier, cut out of half-inch board, six feet high, with rounded edges, and painted to the life, which tradition says was made by Andrei If so, it was proba- bly a stage decoration. It got into American hands, and was used in prac- tical joke to heartily frighten some of our ofl[icers. ARUTEUR THEATRICALS. 155 Enemy but his Own, and The Deuce is in Him. The eliaracters were represented by officers of the army and navy ; the aoors opened at 6 r. m., and the play began at 7 ; the tickets were a dollar for box or pit, and half a dollar for the gallery. No money was to be taken at the door, nor were more tickets sold than the house would hold. I have had the fortune to stumble upon a collection of specimens of all these theatrical bills, tickets, notices, &c., with an indorse- ment of the number struck off of each, that had been pre- served by James Humphreys, the printer, together with all the handbills of proclamations and the like issued durin- the Occupation. From these may be deduced some idea of what the house held. Of notices of performance, 1000 copies would be printed ; and 660 box-tickets. And so popular did the entertainment soon become, that the doors were opened ere sunset, and they who wished places kept for them had to send their servants to the house at 4 p. m. The first performance was eminently successful. Despite the legislative prohibition of public theatricals, amateur rep- resentations were in great vogue with the more refined and cultivated classes in various parts of America. In staid Con- necticut, the late venerable Bishop Griswold at the early a-e of seven shone as a page in Fair Rosamond in 1773, and In 178i, was great as Zanga in The Revenge. In Pennsy'-anla particularly among the churchmen and moderate dissenters' a like taste prevailed ; and though the playhouse could only be reached on foot, by miry and unlighted paths (for there were no hackney-coaches in those days, and very few private coaches), the ladies did not shrink to trip ihither and back home after nightfall. The house was opened for the season and the play introduced by the following prologue, which there is much reason for attributing to Andr^ both in com p.TSition iiad delivery: — PROLOGUE. Once more, ambitious of theatric ghry, ilowc'd strollina company appears before ye. C=3i ill'? P!ii| 156 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDRH:. O'er hills and dales and bogs, thro' wind and weather And many hair-breadth 'scape, we 've scrambled hither. For we, true vagrants of the Thespian race, Whilst summer lasts ne'er know a settled place. Anxious to prove the merit of our band, * A chosen squadron wanders thro' the land. How beats each Yaukie bosom at our drum — — ' Hark, Jonathan ! zaunds, here 's the strollers come ! ' Spruced up with top-knots and their Sunday dress, With eager looks the maidens round us press. — 'Jemima, see — an't this a charming sight — Look, Tabitha — Oh Lord! I wish 'twas night I ' Wing'd with variety our momenta fly, Each minute tinctur'd with a different dye. Balls we have plenty, and al Fresco too, Such as Soho or King-street never knew. Did you but see sometimes how we 're arrayed. You 'd fancy we design' d a masquerade. 'T would tire your patience was I to relate here Our routs, drums, hun-icanes, and Fetes ChampGtres. Let Ranelagh still boast her ample dome ; While heaven 's our canopy, the earth 's our room. Still let Vauxhall her marshall'd lamps display, And gild her shades with artificial day : In lofty terms old vaunting Sadler's Wells Of her tight-rope and ladder-dancing tells, But Cunningham in both by far excels. Now winter * Hark ! and I must not say No — ' But soft, a word or two before I go.' Benevolence first urged us to engage. And boldly venture on a public stage : To guard the helpless orphan's tender years, To wipe away the afflicted parent's tears, To sooth the sorrows of the widow'd breast, To lull the friendless bosom's cares to rest ; This our design — and sure in such a cause E'en Error's self might challenge some applause. With candor then our imperfections scan, And where the Actor fails, absolve the Man. • Stage-bell rings. The success of the first night was really beyond expecta- tion, and a notice was issued begging gentlemen not to bribe the door-keepers : " The Foreign Gentleman who slipped a Guinea and a half into the hands of the boxkeeper, and AMATEUR THEATRICALS. I57 (breed Ins way into the house, is requested to send to the omce of the theatre in Front-street, that it .nay be returned." huch advertisements do not occur nowadays. The perform- ances during the rest of the season were as follows : On the 26th January, The Minor, and The Deuce is in Him ; on the 9th February, The xMinor, and Duke and No Duke; on the 16th, Constant Couple, and Duke and No Duke. The allness of a chief actor and other causes prevented any more p ays tdl March 2nd, when The Constant Couple and The Mock Doctor were given ; on the 9th, The Inconstant and rhe Mock Doctor, with a display of fireworks; on the 16th, Ihe Inconstant, and Lethe ; on the 25th, The First Part of Kmg Henry IV., and The xMock Doctor ; on the 30th, The livst Part, &c., and Lethe. Then one of the actresses fell Sick; Passion AVeek came on; and nothing was played be- fore The Wonder and The Mock Doctor, on the 24th April. Ihe Lmr and A Trip to Scotland were played on the 1st May ; a copy of Douglas was advertised for on the 2nd ; on the 6th were represented The Liar, and Duke and No Duke • and on the 19th, Dr. Home's play of Douglas, and the Citizen.' Ihis was the last performance. When the curtain fell the olficers resorted to a sort of club-room that was established in the large apartments of the City Tavern, where their weekly balls were held ; and here Chades Lee was introduced in March, 17/8, after witnessing the evening's play. The bills give no distribution of parts, and we cannot tell what charac- ters came to Andre's share ; but we may well believe that in Douglas he appeared as the young hero whose feigned con- ditions so much resembled his own. "Obscure and friendless, be the army sought, Resolved to hunt for fame, and with his sword To gain distinction which his birth denied. In this attempt, unknown he might have perish'd And gain'd with all his valor but oblivion. Now graced by thee, his virtue serves no more, Beneath despair. The soldier now of hope. He stands conspicuous; fame and great renown Arc brought within the compass of his sword." -••Ii lis stm 158 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. And in another passage of the same play, we find language that indeed expresses what seems to have been the key-note of Andre's character. " Living or dead, let me but be re- nown'd," appears truly to have been the unaltered wish of his soul. Without going into too many particulars, there is abundant testimony that gambling, races, plays, and gallantries occu- pied more of the attention of the royal officers, during this winter, than was at all consistent with the good of the service. The military feats about Philadelphia, in the earliec part of 1778, were neither numerous or important. Howe aimed at little more than keeping a passage clear for the country- people, within certain bounds, to come in with marketing. The incident known as the Battle of the Kegs was celebrated by Ilopkinson in a very amusing song that, wedded to the air of Maggy Lauder, was long the favorite of the American military vocalists ; but it hardly seems to have been noticed at Philadelphia, until the whig version came in. The local newspapers say that, in January, 1778, a barrel floating down the Delaware being taken up by some boya explodeu in their hands, and killed or maimed one of them. A few days after, some of the transports fired a few guns at several other kegs that appeared on the tide ; but no particular notice of the occurrence was taken. These torpedoes were sent down in the hope that they would damage the shipping. Tiie Queen's Rangers and other troops were constantly employed in patrols and forages, but, beyond bringing in Americans whom they caught stopping and stripping the market-people, there was little to be done. Howe, too, set on foot several loyal corps of the vicinity that proved very useful. Hoven- den, with his Philadelphia Light Dragoons and some of Thomas's Bucks County Volunteers, made a foray on the 14th of February, and brought in a number of prisoners. On the next day 400 Americans came within GOO yards of one of the pickets, " and after making a terrible howling," and exchanging fires, retired leaving three dead. On the 18th, MISCONDUCT OF THE ROYAL ARMS. 159 Hovenden and Thomas passed up to Jenk's fulling-mill in Bucks, and thence to Newtown, surprising the Americans posted there to intercept market-people, and bringing in Inrty-four prisoners as well as two coach-loads of things from Galloway s country-seat. This was doubtless a prime object of the move; and it is thus we can account for the loss of invaluable papers (particularly Franklin's) respecting, our history, that were left in Galloway's hands. On th^ 23rd, Hovenden went thirty miles up the Skippack Road, and returned on the 24th, with 130 fine cattle and some pris- oners. He reported the Americans as excessively severe on market-people, and that Lacey had burned the mills about the city to the infinite misery of the town-folk; to whose poor, salted beef was now publicly distributed. Some of the Americans had great reputation as market-stoppers • these, when caught, were decorated with their spoils -- e-^s' women's shoes, and the like -and so paraded throu..hThe streets to gaol ; or were publicly whipped in the m^arket- I. ace and drummed out of town.* Simcoe very much ap- plauds the skill with which a loyalist, pretending to be an American commissary, turned a fat drove of Washington's cattle into British beef. Such little stratagems, however were usually crowned by our people with a halter. Jn these' patrollings the two antagonists occasionally came in contact. * " On Saturday last, a rebel light horseman, loaded with several wallets a ross h'« shoulders, and a large basketon his ann, full of market tuck of vhuh he had robbed the country people coming to market, was brought in aving been taken a few miles from the lines at the ve^^ t me he was pi Jn-' ; "T ,f'»'^^^'-«"7 «f J^i^ aj^pearance afforded no littl; amusem nt to tl^ populace/ -Pe.„. Ledger, Apr. 22, 1778. Galloway says that it was usud give 200 lashes to the market-people caught coming to town ; oTto "r] hem m to Howe, w,th G. 11. branded on their flesh with a hot ir;nTand t o ooal journals c March, 1778, tell of several persons, taken on tl^ r way o buy provisions bemg court-martialled at Wilmingto^ and sentenc d sTm" be hung others to be flogged. They got off with being tied to"h'e Z l.nv.s and thus receiving 250 to 500 lashes from " wired cats that cu lart P.CCOS from them at every stroke." Some enlisted wath the Antncaisl -OKI pumshment, and then deserted. So, at least, says the L dgerrNo 160 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDKlS. On the 20th of March a large party of American horse were encountered boyornl Schuylkill by the mounted yiigers, and defeated w.th loss. On another occasion, during the ^ccu-' patmn, Generals Cadwalader and Reed with one follower ridmg and recomioitring through the country, had stopped at the house of a Quaker to whom they were known. Passin-r on, and being caught in a rain, they had tu,.,ed the blue cartouche cloaks they wore so that the red lining was ex- posed to the shower, and were hastily gallopin., back to camp when as they repassed the Quaker's house, he came rushing out to them. « Gentlemen, gentlemen ! " he cried, mistaking theu. scarlet for British uniform, " if you will only turn ba k you W.1 eertamly catch General Reed and General Cadu^l- ader, who have just gone down that road ! " His confusion at discovering h,s blunder maybe guessed; and it afterwards came near to hang him when Reed was in power. For pi- otmg Abercrombie on the 1st of May, when Lacey's post at the Crooked Billet was broken up, John Roberts actully The opening of the campaign of 1778 found the British councds at LcMKlon m great perplexity. Howe's recall was n settled tlnng; but it was as yet unknown whether Z Americans would hsten to the new commissioners sent tliem or ally themselves with France. Lord Amherst . great aut onty with the king, advised that in the latter on! mgency the roval armies should be withdrawn from the con menttothe W .St Indies; and in any event, that a retr t from Philadelphia to New York should at once be made Meanwhile, Sir William was looking about for an open^^t cover Ins retirement vith an active lustre; stimulated pe! haps thereto by the triendly satire of his subordt es Z of whom (afterwards General Meadows, then the e^ten an -colone of the 55th, Howe's own regiment) blun y r . a kef ll T TTr'"? '''''''''' '^^'^^^^" ^« pleasured and asked him if he did not think it was now time to get out of OrENING OF Tire CAMPAION OF 1778. 161 Uk M „„d ,0 g,t „„ hi3 |,„,^_ o„ ,^^ j^^ ^^ ^ a™, >vas ordered ,o bo ready, wi.l, three days' provil,. and " " "«'""'■«» """"'"S. «'■■ »n enlerprbe on tl,o 5.h. But no hrge movement was made. A detaehment of 1400, indeed l-y a „,g.,t.mareh rcliced Billi„gsp„r,, where „„; people were bes.egmg some refngec, ; and, on the 24th and .he 2Cth pames (one led by De Laney) went forth sueeessfully again t l.od.es of Ameneans. Tr„„sp.orts were now fust comi^. i„ " k r^b 7,T fZ ''"*• ""•' '™'''' ""O "0- f-" I ' r. K ' "' ^'"^' *^"""'» ™» "' Billingsport j and .... the 8th he arrived at Philadelphia. On the fofh, an ex- |>ed,.,on sent on the 7th to Bordentown to b.an the Amerl can fngates and stores there returned, having sueeecded per- fee ly. On the n.ght of April 30th, Abet^rxTmbie led a party of l.ght troops, with whieh were some of James's and JW don s loyahsts, against Lacey near the Crooked Billet. By the Bruish account, Laeey re.,isted at first, bnt was forced (' fly and was pursued four miles. His loss was 80 to 100 lulled Hi^huts, and what eq«,p.nge could not be brought off were No longer relying on militia, in whatever strength, to fulfil l»ensrequ.red of a stout outlying force between 'himse f and the enemy, Washington on the 18th of May ordered La Fayette, with five guns and 2500 of the flo«er of the army to pass over the Valley Forge bridge, and take post Barren H,I1, on this sule of the Schuylkill, and about midway between the two armies. But the Quaker with whom he quartered h.mself is said to have promptly communicated the circumstance to Howe. The news reached Philadelphia that La Jayetle's "tattered retinue had abandoned their mud- Wes aiid were advancing towards Germantown. An at- Uck was mstantly concerted. There were plenty of men in H wes ranks who knew eve^inch of the ground; some of the loyalist troopers were residents of the place itself, and :»- ^-b- i/x V '^ iBii 162 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. J I were the best of guides. So inevitable appeared success that Sir William, ere setting forth, invited ladies to meet La Fay- ette at supper on his return ; while Loi*d Howe, who went along as a volunteer, prepared a frigate for the immediate transmission to England of the expected captive. In a war like this, where public opinion was so powerful, the effect of such an event would have been prodigious. It is pleasing to reflect, not only that the design failed, but that its failure was due to an officer who held American soldiership in the ex- treme of contempt, and whose whole American history, whether before or during the war, is a tissue of arrogance and shortcomings. " I was present at this move," says Sir Henry Clinton ; " it was made before I took the command. As Sir W. Howe was there, I gave no opinion abo^H the plan or execution."* To an unprofessional man, there seems to be room for but one opinion about either. The plan was admirable ; the execu- tion imperfect. With 5,000 men. Grant marched on the evening of the 19th by the Delaware Road to a sufficient distance ; when, turning to the left by Whitemarsh, he was at sunrise a mile in La Fayette's rear, and between him and the Valley Forge bridge. At a later hour. Grey (and of course Andre) brought up 2,000 men by a more direct road on the south side of the Schuylkill, and established himself at a ford two or three miles in front of La Fayette's right flank. A force was also stationed at Chestnut Hill. Thus the Americans were so environed, that in no direction could they march without encountering an enemy, unless they could repass the river ; and there was but one ford (Matson's) now available for this purpose, which was even" nearer to Grant's position than their own. Howe had, by a wonder, ordered matters so cleverly that not the least whisper of his intentions reached our people beforehand. It was on a play-night that the expedition set forth, and most of the officers were witnessing Douglas when * Clinton MS. I! HOWE'S MOVEMENT AGAINST LA FAYETTE 163 feey, hastened back with tiding. „f ,he eneo,; "pp^ i,*! llr 1, u "''^'''"S'»" "taost looked fbrwaid to retrealin,. w,«, an he could carr^, towanjs the Susqnehannal, °' M Fayette proved himself adeqnate to the oecasion In » moment, as it „ere, his dangers were revealed IT, possible means of extrication resorted to nt v °"° -ae in .he cb„rch.,ard as thTg^t tei^T^rLr fllery, by a well-directed fire, eneonraged the idea '.h, T putposed to engage. His real aim was':' cour e"'a"d' aisiance ot Grant, who was nearer to it than himself B„ fe.gaed movements as though for an attack "I ocS^ «onaI d,splay of the heads of columns, he for a time pZ I I ii •SBKftt&.sBasiBRw MD 164 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRl!:. ill Buaded the Englishman that an action was imminent. Mean- time his troops, as fast as thev could come up, were hurrying across the; ford, till at last the artillery only and a body of Oneida savages remained on this side the stream. These were also now brought over, and on the high grounds be- yond our men were secure. Grant at last came up, and ordered the advance to move on ; but too late. They saw but a party of our troops dotting the surface of the water, like the floats of a seine. The prey had escaped. Grant was hopelesp.ly in their rear ; and when Grey's column closed in, there was nothing between the British lines. The only skirmishing even that seems to have occurred was between a body of light-horse and the Oneidas. Neither had ever encountered a like foe ; and when the cavalry unexpectedly rode among the savages, the whooping and scampering of the one, and the flashing swords and curveting steeds of the other party, excited such a common terror that both fled with the utmost precipitation. Irritated and empty-handed Howe marched back to town, with no one but his own officers to blame for his ill-success.* On the 24th of May, he surren- dered the command to Clinton, and arrived in England on the 2nd of July. One of the last acts of his authority was to ordain a lottery, on the 15th of May, directed by substantial citizens, to raise £1,000 for the poor of the city. Whatever may have been his shortcomings to ministers, it is certain that Howe was beloved by his troops. He was ever careful of them in battle, and in quarters his own indul- gences were shai'ed by them. Dissipation, gambling, relaxa- tion of discipline, may have indeed tainted the army ; but they knew their leader to be personally brave, and capable in the field ; and by his very errors their own comfort was * " It will no doubt have struck whoever reads this, that La Faj'ette es- caped exactly by the same means the garrison of Fort Lee had done : with this difference, that Lord Cornwallis had not been informed of the situation of Newbridge, and Sir William Erskine repeatedly entreated General Grant to march directly to Matson's Ford. Had he done so, not a man of La Fayette's corps would have escaped." — Clinton MS. ^^^ lent. Mean- ere hurrying d a body of am. These grounds be- ame up, and . They saw )f the water, ped. Grant Dlumn closed . The only was between ler had ever jnexpectedly pering of the 5 of the other fled with the nded Howe n officers to y, he surren- England on lority was to y substantial to ministers, )3. He was s own indul- ging, relaxa- i army; but and capable comfort was La Faj'ettc es- lad done : "with of the situation 1 General Grant t a man of La THE MISCHIANZA. iq^ increased. It was thereforo resolved, by a number of those most conspicuous in the pursuit of pleasure and attachment to the General, to commemorate their esteem for him by an entertamment not less novel than splendid. This was the nature of which is expressed by its name, while its concep- nonis evidently taken from L.rd Derby's fete champetre at The Oaks, June 9th, 1774, on occasion of Lord Stanley's marriage to the Duke of Hamilton's daughter. Bur^oyne was the conductor of this elegant affair, with its malques, fireworks dancing, &c.; and for it he wrote his play,-\he 11 e Mi.chianza was suggested by a like pageant on the rhames June 23rd, 1775. Each of these festivities ~ the first of the kind in England- had been much talked of and admired at the time. Both in the plan and execution of this affair, Andre's near amance with head-quarters led him to be much concerned. His brush as well as his taste was engaged ia the decora- t|ons, nor was his pen -idle. A mock tournament -perhaps the first m America -was a part of the play; and for this he selected as esquire his brother William Lewis Andre now a lieutenant in the 7th. The appointed scene was at the' country-seat of Mr. Wharton : then a fine stately mansion, surrounded with large trees and its grounds extending unin- terruptedly to the Delaware; now pent about with factory buildings and houses, and occupied as a public school.* Here * The proprietor of this estate is described as a man of no little social Sr'S."; n ' "" --"^«tyJ«d Du^e by reason of his manne Wh „ tornd 1 1 ^ ?"■ T ^' Philadelphia, Mr. Wharton, in visiting him en" tered hat m hand. Sir William condescendingly bade him be covered • he ngratefnl to Lnends to render. The visitor, however, coolly replied that he Id uncovered for his own comfort, the day being warm, and tl a whenev he found It convement he should certainly resume his hat. He was utterlv maa had laid aside his musket to trespass on Mr. Wharton's grounds Thl owner, possessing himself of it, by threats of carrying it to thf g'rdlhoute f'M «*I*-H|; v4 id I II I l'l|jlli|ill}| 166 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. Sir Henry Calder was lodged, whose name is subscribed to the invitations. It was not a bad season for one branch of the festivity ; remarkably fine green turtle, just arrived from New Providence, and choice Claret and Madeira wines, were then in market and doubtless contributed to the cold colla- tion that crowned the whole. Much of the decorations, as the Sienna marble, &c., was on canvas, in the manner of stage- scenery. The supper-room was built however for the occa- sion, and at every toast given in it, a flourish of music was answered with three cheers. The mirrors, lustres, &c., which adorned the scene were borrowed, says Watson, from the town-folk, and all were returned uninjured, with the orna- ments that had been added still appended. Nothing in short more disastrous than the loss of a silver watch, for which a guinea reward, " and no questions asked," was offered, seems to have occurred. The young ladies of Philadelphia present numbered about fifty ; the remainder being married women. The intended wife of Captain Montresor was the leader of one rank, while the second was headed by the future bride of another officer.* The queen of the Mischianza, however, is said to have been a lady who, in describmg it afterwards, represented Andre as " the charm of the company." His compelled the man to humiliate himself thoroughly by way of penance; but no sooner was his piece returned, than he fell on the Quaker, and by menaces of wounds and death made him pass under the Caudine Forks in the most comprehensive sense of the term. * One of David Franks' daughters was manied to Captain (afterwards General) Oliver De Lancy; and another to Colonel (afterwards General Sir Henry) Johnston of the 28th, who was surprised by Wayne at Stony Point, and whom Comwallis in Ireland thus describes, July 15, 1799: " Johnston, although a wrong-headed blockhead, is adored for his defence at New Ross, and considered as the Saracen of the South." His wife was celebrated in America for her undaunted wit, that, generally exercised on the Americans, sometimes found a British subject. It was she who cor- rected Sir H. Clinton when he called on a ball-room band for "Britons strike home! " — " Britons go home, you mean," she cried.— And see Lit- tell's Graydon, 469. Fac-similes of AndriJ's drawings of costumes, &c., and of a Mischianza ticket, are in Smith and Watson ; 1847. a Miscbianza ANDBfi'S ACCOUNT OF THE MISCIIIANZA. 167 designs for the costumes of the ladies of the Burning Moun .«.n, and the Blended Rose, are still preserved. The to e was a PoI„„a,se, or flowing robe of white silk, „i,h ' Zt gled p,nk sash and spangled shoes and sto kings, a 41l pangled and trimmed with silver kee, and a towering he^ tes of pearls and jewels. The former had theif S Iolona,ses bound with blaek, and .ashes of the saml T » wharfs and house-topa towards the water were tl, oZd ,^ .speetatot-s as the boats, filled with these gayly dressed °„™h and not ess brightly elad gallants, pass^d'f^m the „S part of the e,ty to the scene of pleasure. But Andri Z- self has gtven a fall account of the whole pr„ceedr„g ANDRE TO A FRIEND. n , „ Philadelphia, May 23 I77s in ness. The ship that carries home Sir William Howe ' wall convey this letter to you, and not even the pCsu^of onversmg with my friend can seeu,^ me fi-om the Ze™, dej c..„n I see around me, or remove the share I muft take m the universal regret and disappointment which h is ap! 'rs riimTr'?"* ^"^^'^ '"-Shout the Whole arm^. need of so sk.lfal and popular a commander ; when the ex- of the eountiy and people, have added to the confidence we always placed in his conduct and abilities. Yon know he was always a favourite with .ho military; but the affeiti™ nd attachment which all ranks of ofiice^ in this arTy bear tl.em ■„ their effects. I do not believe there is upon reco^ an mstance of a a,mmandei-in.Chief having so unLTallv ndeared himself to those under hi,, commrnd ; or of ^ wo received such signal and flattering proofs of their loTe! That our sentiments might be the more universally and ut 168 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. i I 1 I equivocally known, it was resolved amongst us, that we should give him as splendid an entertainment as the shoi't< ness of the time, and our present situation, would allow us. For the expeiices, the whole army would have most chear- fully contributed ; but it was requisite to draw the line some- where, and twenty-two field-officers joined in a subscription adequate to the plan they meant to adopt. I know your curiosity will be raised on this occasion ; I shall therefore give you as particular an account of our Mischianza as I have been able to collect. From the name you will perceive that it was made up of a variety of entertainments. Four of the gentlemen subscribers were appointed managers — Sir John Wrottesley, Col. O'Hara, Major Gardiner, and Montresor, the chief engineer. On the tickets of admission, which they gave out for Monday the 18th, was engraved, in a shield, a view of the sea, with the setting sun, and on a wreath, the words Luceo discedens, aucto splendore resurgam. At top was the General's crest, with vive ! vak ! All round the shield ran a vignette, and various military trophies filled up the ground. A grand regatta began the entertainment. It consisted of three divisions. In the first was the Ferret galley, having on board several General-Officers, and a number of Ladies. In the centre, was the Hussar galley with Sir William and Lord Howe, Sir Henry Clinton, the Officers of their suite, and some Ladies. The Cornwallis galley brought up the rear, having on board General Knyphausen and his suite, three British Generals, and a party of Ladies. On each quarter of these gallies, and forming their division, were five flat boats, lined with green cloth, and filled with Ladies and Gentlemen. In front of the whole were three flat boats; with a band of music in each. Six barges rowed about each flank, to keep off the swarm of boats that covered the river from side to side. The gallies were dressed out in a variety of colours and streamers, and in each flat boat was displayed the flag of its own division. In the stream opposite the cen- 1 us, that we as the shoit- uld allow us. most chear- hc line some- . subscription [ know your lall therefore chianza as I will perceive aents. Four managers — ardiner, and 3f admiission, engraved, in an, and on a >re resurgam. I All round rophies filled It consisted alley, having er of Ladies. William and f their suite, )ught up the nd his suite, s. On each on, were five 1 Ladies and it boats; with it each flank, e river from a variety of as displayed )site the cen- ANDU^S ACCOUNT OF THE MISCHIANZA. 169 iro of .he city, ,he Fanny armed ship, magnificently dceo- a.ed^,va, placed at anchor, and at some distance ahead lay h.s Majesty's sh.p Eoebnck, with the Admiral's flag h„i„ed at he foretop-mast-head. The transport ships, extending i„ a hne the »h„le length of the town, appeared with colons flying and crowded with spectators, as were also the ope" .ngs of the several wharfs on shore, exhibiting the most pio- luresqne and enlivening scene the eye could desire. The rendezvous was at Knight's Wharf, at the northern extremilv embarked, and the signal being made by the Vi^ilant^s Zl mng sh,p, the three divisions rowed slowly down", preser" n" h , p^per mteryals, and keeping time to the music hal kd th fleet. Arrived between the Fanny and the Ma ke What-f, a signal was made f™m one of the boats ahead^and the whole ay „p„„ their oar.., while the music played^"rf »™ tUK«u,, and three cheers given from the 4sel „7rf returned from the multitude on shore. By this time Z •t'tf: ^r^-.'-.-p'^ - "-« games t^ idL'r 'the; «re tlet-efore qu.tted, and the company disposed of „ the dtfleren barges. This alteration broke [n ujin the „,^"r „f procession, but was necessary to give sufficient time for dii^ Playtng the entertainments that were prepared on shore Ihe landing-place was at the Old Fort a hi.Ie fn .!,„ :::rof tii'r "'"■"' ^-'t-^ '^^ ■»■» Wp« ;: : reception of the company about four hundred yards from the «ter by a gentle ascent. As soon as the General'sTa™ was seen to push for the shore, a salute of seventeen gm! was fired from the Roebuck, and, after some interval by "he s^me number from the Vigilant. The company, as Aey disembarked, arranged themselves into a line of proees ioT and advanced through an avenue formed by twoTe of grenadiers, and a line of light-horse supporfing each file This avenue led to a square lawn of two hundred and fifty yards on each side, lined with troops, and properly propam^ for the exhibition of a tilt and tournamenf, acc-ording to Te '1 ' I ;<'. aGi: t::».-ii 170 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. '^''flii'li ' 'hi I si customs and ordinances of ancient chivalry. We proceeded through the centre of the square. The music, consisting of all the bands of the ai-my, moved in front. The Managei's, with favours of white and blue ribbands in their breasts, fol- lowed next in order. The General, Admiral, and the rest of the company, succeeded promiscuously. In front appeared the building, bounding the view through a vista formed by two triumphal arches, erected at proper intervals in a line with the landing-place. Two pavilions, with rows of benches rising one above the other, and serv- ing as the wings of the first triumphal arch, received the Ladies; while the Gentlemen ranged themselves in con- venient order on each side. On the front seat of each pa- vilion were placed seven of the principal young Ladies of the country, dressed in Turkish habits, and wearing in their turbans the favours with which they meant to reward the several Knights who were to contend in their honour. These arrangements were scarce made when the sound of trumpets was heard at a distance ; and a band of Knights, dressed in ancient habits of white and red silk, and mounted on grey horses richly caparisoned in trappings of the same colours, entered the lists, attended by their Esquires on foot, in suit- able apparel, in the following order : Four trumpeters, properly habited, their trumpets deco- rated with small pendent banners. A herald in his robes of ceremony ; on his tunic was the device of his band, two roses intertwined, with the Motto, We droop when sepa- rated. Lord Cathcart, superbly mounted on a managed horse, appeared as chief of these Knights ; two young black slaves, with sashes and drawers of blue and white silk, wearing large silver clasps round their necks and arms, their breasts and shoulders bare, held his stirrups. On his right hand walked Capt. Hazard, and on his left Capt. Brownlow, his two Es- quires, the one bearing his lance, the other his shield. His device was Cupid riding on a Lien ; the Motto, Sur- e proceeded consisting of e Managers, ' breasts, fol- and the rest ieAv through id at proper fo pavilions, jr, and serv- reeeived the Ives in con- of each pa- g Ladies of ing in their reward the lour. These of trumpets I, dressed in ted on grey irae colours, foot, in suit- ANDRES ACCOUNT OF THE MISCHIANZA. 171 Zht u '^ Zo.e. His Lordship appeared in honour of Mi. Then came in order the Knigl.ts of his band, each attended by h.s Squire bearing his lance and shield. ^ St. Knight Hon. Capf. Cathcart, in honour of Miss N s,"; S:'S.:iT; j "c3 1^'^ %".-.- Motto, Without £nd, ' ^ ^'""^'"^ a Cu-clej 3rd. Knight, Capt. Andre, in honour of Miss P Phew n "It, Sue' T^ • ''T""' 1 ""-"' ^- ««^- ATr.,i Ai -laibot — Device, a burn n^ Hearf • Motto, Absence cannot extinguish. " ' SnHr; f "'^'^''J^'^.!' ^^""^'^^^' ^" »'«"«"^- of Miss Bond.., f^quire, Lieut. Hamilton. — Device a winrro,! w » Tt i;W.^ Jb^V iy Turn. ' ° ^ ^^''^'^ ' ^«"«' 6th. Knight, Lieut. Sloper, in honour of Miss M. Shippen Jttolto, Honour and the Fair. ' After Ihey had made the circuit of the .quare, and saluted .e Lad.es as they passed before the pavilions, they raS emselves .,, a line with that in „hich were the LadTe " rf their Device ; and their Herald (Mr Beanm„n,\ T ing into the centre of the square, aft^eTa floTrsT^^, tel proclaimed tlie following challenge • 'rampets, "The Knights of the Blended" Rose, by ,ne their Herald procla™ and assert that the Ladies of the Blended S '■ Z riS '"?' r ,r"^ "-"P"^'-"-., those „f^ lists with them, and maintain their assertions by deeds of 'arms, according to the laws of ancient chivalry^ At the thii^ repetition of the challenge the sound of i A 172 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDU£. trumpets wns heard from the opposite side of the square; and another II» -"« Ihe Knights and their lafc :„,nt . '""^ "'""'^ "^ tan o'clock, when the ItiZ « e tht ""^ """"'""''' "" nifioent bouqnet of -eker^'A^'i' ^0!"' Ttr ''=■ panned by Capt. Montresor, the 0,167^1- ^'"^"^'^ ssted of twentv diff™ "',"?.""' Engineer, and con- of beau.,. Toti^ T jnrs::L":hV '-■'""' '"•"' triumphal arch was ill„ml,!? , f' ^ '"'"="'"' P"" "f ">e of Jets ^naZX,7M^rx:::ir '"''''' "'«"' each side assumed a vari«v of ,™ ""^ "°P^'"" "" shell and flaming he^rt „T2 '""nsparent colours. Tho , . """iij, iicarD on the wmo-s sf>nf f^ffk nu- /. tains, succeeded by fireworks F-l! , ''^ ^^""" .--h stars. a„L,.j--tru'm;::Er.:'xr: LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. device in letters of light, Tes Lauriers sont immortels. — A sauteur of Rockets, bursting from the pediment, concluded the feu (Tartifice. At twelve, supper was announced, and large folding doors, hitherto artfully concealed, being suddenly thrown open, dis- covered a magnificent saloon of two hundred and ten feet by forty, and twenty-two in height, with three alcoves on each side, which served for side-boards. The ceiling was the segment of a circle, and the sides were painted of a light straw-colour, with vine-leaves and festoon-flowers, some in a bright, some in a darkish green. Fifty-six large pier-glasses, ornamented with green silk artificial flowers and ribbands ; a hundred branches with three lights in each, trimmed in the same manner as the mirrours; eighteen lustres, each with twenty-four lights, suspended from the ceiling, and orna- mented as the branches ; three hundred wax-tapers, disposed along the supper tables ; four hundred and thirty covers ; twelve hundred dishes ; twenty-four black slaves, in oriental dresses, with silver collars and bracelets, ranged in two lines and bending to the ground as the General and Admiral ap- proached the saloon : all these, forming together the most brilliant assemblage of gay objects, and appearing at once as we entered by an easy ascent, exhibited a coup d'oeil be- yond description magnificent. Towards the end of supper, the Herald of the Blended Rose, in his habit of ceremony, attended by his trumpeters, entered the saloon, and proclaimed the King's health, the Queen and Royal Family, the Army and Navy, with their respective Commanders, the Knights and their Ladies, the Ladies in general ; each of these toasts was followed by a flourish of music. After supper wo returned to the ball- room, and continued to dance till four o'clock. Such, my dear friend, is the description, though a very faint one, of the most splendid entertainment, I believe, ever given by an army to their General. But what must be most grateful to Sir W. Howe is the spirit and motives from ;, and orna- VERSES COMPOSED BY ANDRt. 177 of liU array, than alMI,, ^ . * '"'"' ""'' "'"wh-ent o»r officer., andlC »L 1 1"! ''™ ""' '""^' «""""' "f ™n,, Knyphauf "„ wl, r ""^""''""^'^ G^eral of the Hes- of his Offleer. .ClS hta"" s' T """'-^' """ """ ™. re.™. X sawTor„:t^; -"- Sr ^'- «" Adieu, &c.* honor of Howe, „t Xh twT ,"" "'" ""'"'■'" "' Down from the starry threshold of Jove's court A messenger I come, to grace your sport And at your feet th' immortal wreath I lly From ch.es of old renown, who bid me sav. WUh'^^Hl ^'"^ T "P'^'" '' P'-«° the fair, VV 1th all the sportive images of war. addressed to Mr. Ewer; Lt more IhS^^^^ ^^'^- ^^^ '"'-^^ ^ave been a^y connection both wi h AnrfaErTh^V?':"'"^'^'-*^' ^« ^^''-^ "'- to attribute the insertion of v!r "'^^ ' Magazine I am inclined America, some olZl\llZT T^' "' "i'"^'"^ ^"^^"'^^^^ ^^o™ open. ^" ''^'"^ '""'^^s of sources of information not always 9 "l^Uii' ''^«i ii. I 178 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Round Arthur's board, •when chivalry was young, In justs and tilts their manly nerves they strung: Scorning to waste the intervals of peace In sordid riot, or inglorious ease. Martial and bold their exercises were ; ^ Though Gothic, grand; though festive, yet severe! Design'd to fire the breast to deeds of worth And call th' impatient soul of glory forth. Thus train'd to virtue, when the trumpet's sound, And red cross streaming, led to holy ground ; Or violated rights, and Freedom's call. Bade them chastise the perfid}- of Gaul ; Each lover, mindful '■'' his plighted vow A hero rose, inflam'd with patriot glow. The cause of beauty his peculiar care ; His motto still — " The brave deserve the fair." Air, in Artaxerxe*. " The soldier, tir'd of war's alarms. Exults to feast on beauty's charms, And drops the spear and shield : But if the brazen trumpet sound He burns with conquest to be crown'd, And dares again the field." Oh! Le th' example copied in each heart; Let modern Britons act the ancient part ; And you, great Sir, these parting rites receive Which, bath'd in tears, your hardy veterans give ; Veterans approv'd, who never knew to yield When Howe and Glory led them to the field. To other scenes your country's sacred cause Now calls you hence, the champion of her laws. Your Veterans, to your brave successor true. By honouring him, will seek to honour you. And ye, bright nymphs, who grace this hallow'd ground, In all the blooming pride of beauty crown'd. Still strive to south the hero's generous toils. With what he deems his best reward, your smiles. The other, a little less flattering in tone, is accompanied by stage-directions. It contains also a provident compliment to the rising sun. jre: Id, VERSES COMPOSED BY ANDR£. ADDRESS 179 re; 3 ground, es. accompanied it compliment INTENDED TO HAVE BEEV RPnu^r-xr .-„ inscription: ^^aurei^wreath avith the following WheJr *^*"'^' ''"^ ™P'«"« *« decide Eno„rJ^ "' ^i'r'' ""^''^ '^' f^"'' side. Enough for us, if by such sports we strove To grace this feast of militarv love- And, joining in the wish of every heart Honour'd the friend and leader «e we p'art. When great in arms our brave forefathers rose And loos'd the British Lion on his foes ' St fj '""J^^""^^' ^'^^ P^'-J-'d to'o and base The faithless fathers of a faithless race. First to attack, tho' still the first to yie d Shrunk from their rage on Poictiers kurel'd field • Who led their steps to victory and fame. Thro every rank the martial ardor ran ; All fear'd the chieftain, but all lov'd th^ man • And fired with the soul of this bright day ' Pay'd to a Salisbury what to Howe we pay ' Shame to the envious slave that dares bemoan Their sons degenerate, or their spirit flown -! Let maddening Faction drive this guiltyl 'd With her worst foes to form th' unnatural Lnfl . In yon, brave crowd, old British cou^ge gW^ Unconquer'd, growing as the danger Jows * The Knights so distiii<- / -hcU. 180 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. With hearts as bold as e'er their fathers bore Their country they'll avenge, her fame restore. Rouz'd to the charge, mcthinks I hear them cry, Revenge and glory sparkling from each eye, — " Chain'd to our arms while Howe the battle led, " Still round these files her winga shall Conquest spread. " Lov'd tho' he goes, the spirit still remains " That with him bore us o'er these trembling plains. " On Hudson's banks * the sure presage we read " Of other triumphs to our arms decreed : " Nor fear but equal honours shall repay " Each hardy deed where Clinton leads the way ! " It need not be thought however, that honors such as Rome might have rendered to a conqueror were now paid without criticism to a general who had made no conquests. McLane took the occasion to beat up the lines so thoroughly that he was pursued to the Wissahiccon Hills ; but the pro- moters of the gala kept their fair guests tranquil. Others whose /or "• lue pies- •hen a favorite rel.?. ,^P""S-g»«'en Streets, was m*oxue resort lor rural entertahments Thnn^u long disused by the Penns, its proprietor,? the -hoie'S grounds were kept up, and officers were aceustomedT n^ v-de dinner-parties there. Two ladies of the famHy of 2 nformant, who had known Andre, were on their Tay ^7 odine with Washington and some other Am 0!^^' w ere Andi^ and his comrades had often feasted be or^ As they passed through the groves of cedars and catair -hat surrounded the mansion, they perceived simuIlaneot"v a eoT.se dangling from a limb, clad as a BritS^ offlcef which presently, as they drew nearer, swung around as !S' ''^r ""'"?' '"'•*'™ of 'h*^ «>Pe- The fLe then wa visible, calm, and stiff, as in death; but they immelwy eeogmzed it as Captain Andrd's. On approachinTthe tl"^ been Z « numerous, ."di"; elv to . ''™"r''''"« "> ""» '""""i™ "ere U«,.„d tl,.t fterJ h „„ L" . .'''.■"° '"* ""* '"" "■">"« of any peecadilirj/h. ? ^ '^"'° '° '"'"«™ «"" Andr.S was guilty appear th...ni ■""'^ ™P""<' '» h™. Certainly it does Jt S sth ZZP"""'" """ "■= '«■"" »f «■» ■■■^-^ -er eU:! I *:l ■ m ITi 184 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. ridicule of Wasliington to tiio extent at last of hearty laugh- ter at their credulity : a circumstance especially remarked by one of them, who never previously had seen him laugh. Many years later, when he was President, this lady again dined with Washington at Philadelphia ; and took occasion, she says, to remind him of his mirth. He was much dis- turbed, she said, and bade her never to refer the subject to him more ; that it was a matter he would not recur to, since it had already greatly troubled and perplexed him. The narrator of this tale, it may be added, was a lady of distinguished mental endowments, well versed even in He- brew and Greek studies ; while her comrade was daughter and sister of two of the first medical men of their day. It was hardly through ignorance therefore that they could have fallen into their delusion. Meanwhile Andre in the flesh was busily employed. " Sir Henry Clinton made no secret of his intention of quitting Philadelphia ; " * but at Valley Forge it was not for some time known whither his course would be directed. The commissioners, arriving on the 6th of June, 1778, found Lira almost ready to move. A great number of baggage-wa'^ons were gathered at Cooper's Point, on the Jersey shore of the Delaware ; and most of the artillery and stores, with several regiments, were passed over that river and secured by tem- porary works. On the night of June 17th, the lines were manned as usual, and the troops led out of quarters and biv- ouacked on the ground beyond the built-up parts of the town. This was to guard against the plunder or incendiarism of a retreating army, and to avert from Philadelphia the calamity which there is too much reason to suppose was unauthorisedly inflicted in 1776, by some of our troops, as they evacuated New York. At three a. m., on the 19th, the army marched across the commons and crossed at Gloucester Point, three miles below the centre of the city. By ten a. m. the rear- guard came over, and the march for New York began. Lord * Clinton MS. EVACUATION OF mLADELrillA. 183 iwo day, and two night, ,» Keedy iZd „„a .v , ^ T™ bulk of he tones, however, went with the arm7_«Id look their baggage with them, which was ^^L', ■ brance during the n,arch.»» 2'"" "•'""- inJ^rhtd'theLtr """if^ "' "■»"' '^•^ "=«' "■"« town, hid themselves in cellars and such places and r. ".ained behmd and the deserters ere Clinton 'reached Ne J York were estimated at 1000 • but n„rl,™„ .u, quit Philadelphia was LoTLmo GoIT HelT 7.".'" quarters all night and so late the next day tlm h? f ," bunself and h>3 servant over. Two hours after the rear .he'lvaclr"sl:'' -t "::'" ""' *'"'y ■"-•■•S'=<' "■"" Mculfes of the retreat were only begun. Clinton didl! * CUnton RfS. 1191 186 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. calculate to forajjo on hi journey, and the quantities of stores ana baggage that the transports could not receive or his ti-oops could not dispense with, formed a lino of march twelve miles long. He anticipated an attack, and as he sat on a rock and reviewed the prolonged train, he was half-inclined to destroy all his incumbrances on the spot. But this, he thought, would bo made too great a handle for triumph to his enemies ; so he manfully resolved to confide the issue to the swords of his followers and his own skill. His retreat, neces- sari), slow, was perfectly deliberate and noUiing resembling flight. The first day's march was but five miles ; and though it would seem as clear that his object must have been an unin- terrupted passage as that ours was to fall on his cumbered and attenuated line, the Englishman, by our best American judg- ment, rather invited a general action. He does not himseFf discountenance this idea. "Perhaps Washington was not quite mistaken," says he. « Perhaps Sir Henry Clinton was as desirous of bringing it to one decisive stroke, as Washing- ton seemed desirous of avoiding it."* He likewise kept hU own counsel, and not until June 24th was it known, even to his officers, what was his purposed route or destination. During May and June our army at Valley Forge had been constantly exercising and preparing for combal on a moment's warning. On the 22nd of June it crossed at Cory ell's Ferry to the same side of the Delaware with Clinton. It was stripped of all ineffective and heavy baggage, and put into trim fighting condition, and the arras were carefully cleaned and inspected. On the 24th, two day's provision was cooked ; and on the 27th, the troops were ordered to be provisioned till the 29th, inclusive, and to be kept compact and ready to move at the shortest notice. O'' - - r'?cputions were taken: — "The drums to beat on the 7na rf. When the rear is to come up, a common march ; .i .^jickon the march, a grenadier's march. These signals to begin in the rear under the direction of the brigadier of the day, and are * Clinton MS. ntities of stores receive or his f march twelve IS he sat on a IS half-inclined But this, he triumph to his >e issue to the retreat, neces- ng resembling s ; and though been an unin- cumbered and merican judg- 3 not himself gton was not Y Clinton was , as Washing- wise kept his nown, even to ination. y Forge had combat on a ssed at Cory with Clinton. ;age, and put ere carefully y's provision rdered to be ^ept compact i* procputions ,rch. "When ijljickon the begin in the day, and are BIONMOUTH. -vUh each b„Hali„„ for IN ptl t'"'" T'f ■""-'' i» .0 halt for «.f„„„.,„,„, ZZt,JT,^ P "''"'", "■"" boat, and iIm., ,o be rcpomcd C , *^""""'' "'" 10 tho rear." • ^ ^ ^^ ""'■>' »"''"•'>' » - * ilS. Am. 0. B. June 27, 1778. t Clinton MS. S , 1 I 11 !"ii!| urn I ids 188 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi, ton in his original opinion that the real aim of the Americans was against his baggage. — " Washington, so little desirous does he seem to have been of risking a general action, had passed the South river and put three or four of its marshy boggy branches between his army and that of the British." * It is not proposed here to give a detailed account of the battle of Monmouth. Its story has been often and well told, and the circumstances that lend it a peculiar interest as lib- erally canvassed. In common justice, however, to the rep- utation of the turbulent and irregular Lee, whose prestige was on this day so fatally damaged, I must acknowledge that his conduct before the enemy seems to me to have been un- worthy of the censure it received. The flower of the king's soldiery, it will be recollected, rested with their general on the place of their encampment till the day was weU advanced, and Knyphausen fairly under way. In such a well-chosen situation, with various natural defences or impediments intervening between himself and ou»- men, it was entirely impossible. Sir Henry thought, for the Americans to gain any advantage while he held the position: for it was difficult for them to traverse at all the bad ground to reach him ; and the ranks would necessarily fall into such disorder in the passage as to easily be cut down as fast as they appeared. Not far away were the Middletown Hills, where he would certainly be secure ; and it was evident, therefore, he must be attacked now or never. His own idea was that we aimed at his baggage ; and accordingly he per- haps resolved to give us such a handling here as would pre- vent any large bodies being thrown forward on his flanks. It is difficult to get at the precise numbers of either army. Sir Henry loosely estimated his opponents at near 20,000. Washington's own force certainly amounted to 10,684 effec- tive rank and file, exclusive of Maxwell's brigade and per- hj.ps of Morgan's regiment of GOO men, and Cadwalader's * Clinton MS. I % f I BATTLE OF MONxMOUTII. jgg 400 continentals and 100 volunteers. If these anrl n- v 13,000 orlVoOO Ten L'i' '°'^',''''^'='«=''''S»i"^' W- .0 sen at daybreak • xxrUU n „. ''o o'^ unaer Jlnyplmu- some v^rv ^„ ■"^'"'een the two opposing armies stretched r,tu ^/, T""' ^"""'^- ^""'^ "dvance, embarrassed by .h.s and by the powerful front presented by the reX „! onemy ,„,ek,y fell back, pursued i„ their own urn Lef .ngton and the resutnption of the attack ere yet the enemv cons dered capital errors j and it is certainly plain that o„r evoL r/r™""" '"^ "'"'^ "^y '^ff^ted Lthin! tuch b yond what Lee might have done, nor succeeded in'drhin! Sbr„n"- Sir r" '■""" '"^ """'^ "^ '»"•' -'■-''- nt PWlaS!? ^""T '""^ ■"='" "'••''^'•^^ " ™''«* "- army «t Philadelphia, and proceed to New York. For various ' : rdlh" r'""' '° '"^""^^ '"^ King's commands, aX at disobedience saved both army and navy. The Kinciple on' avl; lard"'' '" '"'"^' "' ""' P^"""" ^-W"g- a, ant gaarde passes to marshy bogsy branches nt singTe .«ss^ 190 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR^. bridges and attacks the British rearguard ; probably with no other intent than to amuse while another corps attempted the baggage. The British rearguard forces Lee back over all these branches beyond the Lake. Lee is met by Washinjr- ton arriving in column from Englishtown. Here of course the busmess would have finished ; but the ungovernable im- petuosity of the light troops had drawn them over the moras., and till they returned it became necessary to mask the 4th ravme to prevent the enemy from passing it and cutting rofFl the above corps ; nnd the 1st Guards and 33rd regiment under Col. Meadows and Webster, maintained the ground exposed to a crossfire, and with severe loss, till the hVht troops had retired over the bog in safety. . . . The great Frederick on hearing Sir Henry Clinton's account of this action and Lee's defence at his trial, said that when two opposite gentlemen agree in describing the ground and events ot the day, they must both be right." * The heat was in the last degree oppressive. Men fell dead m the ranks without a wound ; and the pantin^ Hes- sians swore that in such an atmosphere they would fi^ht no longer. Night at last brought relief. At 10 p.m. Clinton arrayed his weary bands, and led them to where Knyphausen was halted, three miles away in the Nut Swamp. The moon setting on that night at 10.55 p. m., barely sufficed o light his path. Our army, we are told, was unaware of the march ; but it is probable that it had little desire of re- newing a contest in which, it is pretty clear, it had as yet gained no solid advantage. For whether the end was to kill or capture Clinton's troops, or to get possession of his ba- gage, we were successful in neither. The battle was at molt a drawn one ; and the only interruption the baggage received" was when a small party would run across the^i^ad between the carts, without being permitted to attempt anything, n^re was no attack on it, and it had no losses at all. '^ Ihe merits, however, of the battle of Monmouth were * Clinton MS. BATTLE OF MOXMOUTil. ipj loudly disputed and variously canvassed. There were not blood between the two jreneral^- «n^ h,,f t , "" favor was made in the earlier orders fiZ U.i n.elet^oS"o"hi: tr™'t'- '"« ^■•-^ "P«" men who distinguished themselves uLT " ""'' such others who by their 3 „!, ^ , ' °"="'™' »"'' rhe eve™, detaehment, except those under Cul. CL 'sli 10 jom heir respective brigades immediately " ° On the other hand, Clinton's course was freely and vari- PUT* m^i ( 2iS' -j'i-^i^ I! ^3 mfi 192 LIFE OF MAJOll ANDR£. ously criticized. On the motion for thanks to him and Corn- walhs, Mr. Coke in the Commons declared that the whole march from Philadelphia to New York "was universally allowed to be the finest thing performed during the present war : " while the Earl of Shelburne characterized it as the " shameful retreat from Philadelphia, when the General escaped with his whole army, rather by chance and the misconduct of the enemy, than by the natural ability of the force under his command." With sounder cause, military critics have questioned the wisdom of the British course Why when a safe retreat was the manifest object, should bir Henry have avoided the shorter route by the Raritan and taken the longer road to Sandy Hook? This question bir Henry himself has answered, by a reference to the position of his adversaries:-- "Gates in front beyond the Raritan: Washington in the rear and left behind the Milestone Creek with the Fords of Raritan on his left to join or be joined by Gates." * Why did he pause for two days at Monmouth, when Washington was closing on his skirts, and his para- mount object should have been to get a communication with the fleet ? " No military man," quoth Clinton scornfully, "can ask this question." f And to Stedman's recapitulation ot the dangerous straits to which his army would have been reduced had Washington turned either of the British flank. Sir Henry tranquilly replies : " When the author knows the country a little better, and possible military movements m It a little better, this question may be answered."! From the various circumstances of the case, and particularly from the royal commander's evident selection of the position he fought in, and his remaining on it till the encounter act- ually occurred, it may be presumed that he had, or thou-ht he had good cause to expect at least so much success as\e experienced. "Tell General Phillips," said he to Major Clarke, « that on that day I fought iipon velvet: he will fully understand me." For my own part, though I have preferred * Clinton MS. f ibid. j jbia. i|!||. % nit A* I hS? < a)^ D'ESTAING'3 AERIVAL. jgg 10 give the story in the original language of its actors I „m unable to conjecture the reasons wherefz^m Clintontoived such sanguine anticipations of victory in pv„r„ .• That he should have exnecte,! .1. . ^ contingency. hi» baggage by just suTrch ^Th tr"™'"!' "' plausible enough; but that his :X^ 2:^17,^:^:1 their equan.m.ty under the very probable event Zts-e^ "7."=8'=^'^' ■» ■>»' «» n,y comprehension so phi„ plf Once among the Middletown Hill, thn Fn„r i ^fr."^: t: ^'"-- ■^^''^^^^^x was easy the baggage was transported, by aid of the fleer over a bridge of boats , and after delaying a litUe in hone 'f encounterino- our nrmv iU^ ^ /. . ° °P^ ®' lowed to Sta°tenIslaT "' °' "'° ™'''"^'^ '■°-« «"■ J:i!:i\!f,:t "z'ZeT- '"r ""^^^ ^""^ "" VMnia coast Rn/f "' ' """ "??'='"'■'='> »» "'o hav^folrn „efvetir"vet"r:i"'Bf™^''^ " ""'"'■' informed writers reckon tint Tn '^^'^^r'' """J "«"- Plook would have preveld I'- ^'"'■'f'' """"^ "' ^^ndy .elf was of diSo; ntn "X' ""^^■".=-, »« <"«.- -ieet had been laying^ s ndy hI SirTci r""' -ndingwith galhes'and gun-Lt h^ t ne^'cSlT'eruH twelve shins of ll,. Ii„„ • r ■ ^ Jislamg with choredwihouftleHlokr •?""'' ""'' ***»» "^P^' ^"- -erior, pisttrbut'^rs^irofr !•: ra a vast number of tran^^rt 2W r"f T "" """ "^ forward ic „„„ 'ransports . 2000 naval volunteers pressed lorward to engage ,„ ,he expected action, of whom at least * Clinton MS. 194 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. ,11 1000 were accepted; and the anger and indignation that pervaded all ranks amply supplied any deficiencies of his muster-rolls. Mates and masters of merchantmen sought places at the guns among the common sailors ; and it is highly probable that had D'Estaing got over the bar and into the harbor, he never would have got out again in command of his own ships. But there was not water, he thought, for hia larger vessels ; and in the moment when, by favorable con- juncture of wind and tide, the whole British population were agog in anticipation of attack, he put up his helm and by preconcerted arrangement with Washington bore away for Rhode Island. Scarcely was he out of sight, however, when sail after sail of Byron's command came dropping in, shat- tered and weather-beaten ; all of which must have fallen into his hands but for his withdrawal. With these, though still inferior to the French, Howe sailed to find them. Meantime Sullivan, Greene, and Lafayette, with 10,000 men, were assembled against Pigot, well entrenched with 6000 at Newport. On D'Estaing's arrival success seemed certain ; and the militia of Massachusetts, led by Hancock in person, pleased themselves with the idea of at last get- ting rid of so abhorred and dangerous a neighbor. But dis- sensions sprung up between the French and American leaders, in which the former were chiefly to blame. Howe's fleet appeared; D'Estaing stood out with the weathergage to fight him ; a storm sprung up, and the French only reap- peared at Newport to notify their intention of proceeding forthwith to refit at Boston. The remonstrances and the anger of our generals were equally vain. D'Estaing went away, and the siege was abandoned. Clinton, who had sailed with 4000 men to relieve Pigot, no sooner knew the French fleet to be gone, than he endeavored either to inter- cept Sullivan's retreat, or to find means to fall upon Provi- dence. Grey's division was with him ; and when he found it impossible to carry out his original ideas he dispatched this oificer against New Bedford, — one of the chief among the ANDBIS'S VERSES ON THE INVESTMENT OF NEWPOKT. 195 mmor seaports that lined the New England coast „n,I wroug... infinite „,,ehief ,0 British eo.^Ce O "t^; 5 h September at five r. „., Grey anehored in Clark's Cove and at s,x debarking with very slight loss, he rava.^erthe Acnstae E.ver or six miles. The fort wjs dismanUed and burned us guns demolished, and its magazine blown "p „^ wards of seventy sail of privatee,. and their pri.es eoZmed • and numbers of buildings eontaining very 4at nuZillToV ..ores reduced ,„ ashes. From 5u.za'rt% B„Tl,e «: s:d trough the baffling tides of Quiek's Hole (whifh „ nTeTer be lorgolten by any one who has ever sailed over them L : WO^'oT"'' T: "" '--0 » -'Hbution of 300 oxen, 10,000 sheep, all the arms of the militia, and £1000 .n paper-money, being the sum of the public funds on hand lakmg or destroying what vessels he found the,^. Grey re u ned from the island to New York. His este m for II a.de, however, and his desire to leave him, at his own an proaclung withd.wa. from America, on the be t poLI footmg at head-qoarters, probably induced the genCl ,o «nd by his hands in the first instance a very briff acTou I of h,s domgs to Clinton. "I write in haste," he says "and Til "t "f ' '"?-'■"-«-' beg leave' to refj^ouf^r h. late plan of operations and particulars to Captain indr^ ■> ri. value of such language, repeated ft^m the eommandl ."-olnef to the minister at London, and reiterated in throfflcW gazettes «.„ readily be appreciated by all military menT I ZZf^TJ'::' unemployed hours of his voyage to New York that Andr^ found leisure to commemorate the fi,.t frul^ of the French Alliance in these lines : _ VANKEE DOODLE'S EXPEDITION TO lillODE ISLAND. Erom Lewis Monsieur Gerard came To Congress in this town, Sir; to U,!''j^"°l'' r"" '"■^'- ""^ ""' "'° ■""»'' ""■"''• •' """''"'I I" by Germain to the Koyal Commissioners, 411i November 1778 as Iho »l./.„j i , «ccu,ed expedition under G,;y.-tej" 5. "l43«! °°'' """' l«Mll =;» 19C LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Tlicy bow'd to hint, and he to them, And tlien tliey all sat down. Sir. Chorus : Yankee Doodle, &c. Bcgar, said Monsieur, one grand coup You shall bkn(6t behold, Sir. This was believed as Gospel true, And Jonathan /eft bold, Sir. So Yankee Doodle did forget The sound of British drum, Sir; How oft it made him quake and sweat In spite of Yankee rum, Sir. He took his wallet on his back, His rifle on his shoulder, And veow'd Rhode-Island to attack Before he was much older. In dread array their tatter'd crew Advanc'd with colours spread. Sir; Their fifes played Yankee Doodle doo. King Hancock at their head, Sir. What numbers bravely cross'd the seas I cannot well determine ; A swarm of Rebels and of fleas And every other vermin. Their mighty hearts might shrink, they tho't; For all flesh only grass is ; A plenteous store they therefore brought Of whisky and molasses. They swore they'd make bold Pigot squeak, So did their good Ally, Sir, And take him prisoner in a week ; But that was all my eye. Sir. As Jonathan so much desir'd To shine in martial story, D'Estaing \iii\x politesse retir'd To leave him all the glory. He left him what was better yet; At least it was more use, Sir: HIS PnOMOTlON.-SIR CHARLES GREY 197 He left him for a quick -retreat A veiy good excuse, Sir. To stay, unless he rul'd the sea He thought would not be right, Sir; And continental troops, said he, On islands should not fight, Sir. Another cause with these combin'd 1 throw him in the dumps. Sir : I'or C hnton's name alarm'd his mind And made him stir his stumps. Sir. • Smg Yankee Doodle Doodle doo, &c.* While D'Estainnr, under oovpl r.p f -j , , repairing his fleet, Concrress nn^ w t • ^ ^ "^' ^^^ ;o alia, .be ^^^^ i^XZZtZTr^ZfZ::! ''"'7 ii« withdrawal from NewDort Th!. Til ™™ ""y fling .he a„g^ .o„g Js o7 peltl'XT*' V" tiie popalace were slill inflamed • and !!»"; l^ ^ """ "'^ in Boston, some of the Frenchmen were " '"T""« "^ '-TX«2:torr;V"F^^^^^^^^^^ «000 .r«>p. ^o aceomp;; Lc^'notrf 'r^'^ """ tempt a landing on Point Alder^n, ^ " ^"y- •" «'■ 10 attaelc or destroy tteht ' '" ^-^eavor from thence D'&.ain.'s fleet or b'Lr "" ""' "■''""''^ '^""^"■■•g = fleet , or, by se.z.ng Boston, deprive that fleet of P«« rclaM Gerard-, rl en, „n W r„ """' " "'"«'' "'« A"""™ P«- '»es were originally pS£ to hi! r*'' ?"'' '" ""' '""nectJon, S,e «prlnW here tki S let i^"! h p™"'" '' ^^''P'""- ^bey 'tash it doe, not name the alt? 'f.'''™«'°"'» f"ct, 1780; rtiel^ - one by h« friend «»d luerTrv ; ^''^S/ n " t"'.'"' ."^ ^"O":- >l»o points to Andr^ as the writer. '"'"■"'' «i""e« ."uch use in this campal'n f ' """ '"" "'"' '» "« »' ^o^^'::o^at:^':.\T t-'"' "- "^^■■"-•- The wi.l. so y„*We nTffle ' t™ ' 7 ''"' "'"'""" '» "-' '■■ouble of an arran Jl„T'h > L f""^""" "«'"' «» "'« with Clinton, m l^h intirH'f '^ 'j'"'" ^''" ^ »■•" was ordered to Canada A f .'"%''™"'" ""' » «»?""•». 10 continue in AmencTwi^ ?'" f ""^ ""■' '''"'='' ™^ *«uld lake ins^rdTf'h t ^ .?'"' " ™' ■'^"'«"' """ ^^ pan. in .h^ ^^^^J'^Z.^'J^r'- "'t-s'wrero^;e-:^;r:rr^^^^^ ■he aniount of £1300 or £200n ^"^/"'f^ "» ■•<'''•«<'>>) lo cated captaincy in the sLhanHK- kV"''"^ ^^ ""> ™- o/^.u , . ^ ^ ^*^"» ^"a Ills brother fnnlr fi^o* • xl 26lh choosing ,0 go to England .^.her h^ cl ja 7 niso leaving this country, Andre ..i,i> ... • . ^'"^ «Jor, was appointed a^' i"e „ rHrnrcLf ™"r "' 6 nor 01 JNevv York, who was second son of the Miinot be introduced here ilkw' ■ t ""P"""""' that savor of hi, style ^i ! 200 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDIlt. 4 ■ :;fe» i**j ninth EnrI of Lincoln. Tho Clintons camo from Gcoflfivy de Clinton, the builder of Kenilwortli, who, though a iiovus homo in 1129, was tho father of princely lines. In tho old days, when baronies were held by tenure and not by writ, it may bo supposed that tho Clintons were not a house of the first magnitude, since they do not appear among tho twenty- five great guardians of Magna Charta, in the beginning of the thirteenth century : not an unlucky circumstance for them in the end, as not a male descendant of the " Iron Barons " is a peer to-tlay. In person, Sir Henry was short and stout, with a full face and prominent nose : his manners reserved, and though polite, not popular with the world at large. He lad long been accustomed to arms in the best practical schools of Europe ; and Prince Ferdinand bore very honorable testimony to his capacity. At Bunker Hill, with- out waiting for orders, he flew to lead the reinforcements for Howo which were wavering in uncertainty whither to march ; and was of essential service. These officers, who " never differed in one jot of military sentiment" at this pe- riod, became afterwards rivals and foes. He was regarded by many, however, as more conspicuous for honesty, zeal, and courage, than for military genius. It was complained that he never knew when to strike. In our army, a plan for his seizure was canvassed and abandoned on the ground that his measure was exactly ascertained, and any change in the command would be for the worse. " I should be very sorry," wrote Livingston at the time of Cornwallis's fall, " to have Clinton recalled through any national resentment against him, because, as fertile as that country is in the production of blockheads, I think they cannot easily send us a greater blunderbuss, unless peradventure it should please his maj- esty himself to do us the honour of a visit." He was ac- cused, and not without appearance of reason, of an habitual indecision, that in a man vested with a great public trust often approaches imbecility. An instance of this trait oc- curred when he suffered the American and French armies to from GcoflTroy loiigli u novvs 3. In tlio old not by writ, it i house of tho g the twenty- beginning of tunce for them Iron Barons " m» short and his manners the world at 13 in the best land bore very ;er Hill, with- reinforcements ty whither to officers, who it " at this pe- was regarded esty, zeal, and mplained that a plan for his 3 ground that shange in the e very sorry," fall, " to have ment against be production us a greater 3ase his maj- He was ac- f an habitual t public trust this trait oc- nch armies to ClIAIUCTER OP SIR HENKY fUNTON. 201 rmn to the cause of tho crown A „1 "'"""'""S »»" lucky cl,„„co to strike at tl.e c,.e..,v Wmse^' , V f'"** "s once plain tl.at ll,c allies weredoL tdvl . v" ™ " it was folly not to Bi.„,I i„ , ,,'^ "'""'"' ^''•«i"i". c:..s„peak^, ::;;:: 'zzCnn ' '*' '- •"" "Mliief to consider ,^LZl ' '"'' » ••'•""■""ndcr- »l.en great srt;e~ c~7^ r'" '""""'''-' li«d a landed estate too i„ A """'"'"''■• "" ^i^oras to liave Il.avcontlns sut'°teo stsI'T' '"'•"" "'" '""""'""""^ f» confiscation ot' v, i? ,„ ' ' :V""'r "' "'° ■""-- Cornwallis in 1780. ^^''"'"'"' "'""'lisl'e.l by evcn'rlrorteTt^rMmi;"; '1"k "' "'^'""'y- "— ot Fovcd byi^'o ™"L!^l V^"" represented to and ap- «.a.e was ^IS cd and oMttl"' """ " "''^"'- "^ where." • ' ""'' ^ """ S«' "edress no- »J^:i'*™":rtx:h:t7eLr^rr' ™- =ri-etrX„St o^Vi^r"^^^^^^^^^^ friend of Sheffield iT^- I ^''''""'""^ "'« confidential ta- 13th, 17 r The s^ht off 7""^ "' *'"'™'"'^' "«-»■ bo'h array and navv n M ™""" P"™"""''! tbrougU 10 get at'^rrealT. "„ iTc!? ""'"^ " "■""™^' '"'»-" from America Is 1 , m '" ""''' »"'* '"^ retirement .umill:!! "" " ''■"°™'- H"^ '■"■' ""'ices such a eton, t„r H. C. takes leave to repeat what the King was IQ * Clinton MS. "'^t^AMta v>gBi'uiiimiW«Pif>ii*nPiiS 202 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. ^1 \i pleased to say tr him at the first audience he was called to after his return from America. — 'I always wished to see 'you, Sir Henry, in the command of my armies in America: ' but the Duke of Newcastle was so exceedingly pressing for ' your return that I was obliged at last to acquiesce.' — Sir H. Clinton had asked three times every year to have leave to resign tlie command, but his majesty would never before con- sent." * Both armies going into winter-quarters, little more oc- curred in this year of an active nature for Andre to bear part in. The French fleet was in the West Indies, where Byron was vainly endeavoring to inveigle it to action ; and the loyalists in New York were in constant hope of D'Es- tain/s destruction, and a consequent withdrawal of his court from the quarrel. " D'Estaing's blockade by Byron at Mar- tinique — one of the most fortunate events of the war — • must revive the spirits of the most drooping Tory in Phil- adelphia. The game is in our own hands, and we may expect to hear next of the taking of D'Estaing. A treaty between England and France follows of course ; and we must then shed tears of pity for poor America, laid in ruins to gratify the fatal ambition of a few artful men." f But the usual luck of " the hardy Byron " of the poet — more appropriately known as Foul-weather Jack by his sailors — did not desert him. D'Estaing was not taken; and all the tears tory eyes could command were in the end wanted for their own misfortunes. Of as little real importance, (considering that one of its heroes afterwards eat in judgment on the author's life,) was the following squib, published by Andre in Rivington's Gazette. It is a perfectly fair paraphrase, so far as details are concerned, of the pompous account of a duel between Lieutenant-governor Gadsden of Carolina, and Major-general Howe of our army, provoked by the former's published letter reflecting injuri- ously upon his opponent's military conduct. As Gadsden] * Clinton MS. \ Loyalist MS. New York, 1778. he was called to i wished to see ies in America : gly pressing for jquiesce.' — Sir to have leave to jver before con- little more oc- Andre to bear t Indies, where to action ; and hope of D'Es- val of his court Byron at Mar- of the war — J Tory in Phil- , and we may ling. A treaty )urse ; and we 3a, laid in ruins en." t of the poet — ' Jack by his 'as not taken; id were in the f as little real foes afterwards the following izette. It is a B concerned, of enant-governor 'e of our army, iflecting injuri- As Gadsden iw York, 1778. ANDM'S VEESES UPON AN AJIEfilCAN DUEL. 203 was not in Ilowe'q lin^ ^e ^^^ • nor aHog JZ hria„™T:r' T',,"""''' "«'■""='• '''''^ U.e consequent duerHlTlf,;" "'""' P"'**^"" ' ""<» i" after «hi!h an h„„„™bl e' T''' '"^ ""'"'"""'^''^ »« .roductory Imes are of course a mere blind :!! ° '"" ON THE AE.A.R BETWEEN T,^ KEBEL GENERALS HOWE AND GADDESDEN. We are favored with iho f ii ^"^^'''^«^«^^^. »• C, Sept. 1st, 1778. honour, which happer^l'^fj^^^^^^^^ the atTa. of the hour appointed for Generals H and P 1 ' I ^'^''^" '"'^'"'^ "^^ minutes before eleven -but hold it is tnn 'i? T 1 '*'='=«''rm: Yankee Doodle, doodle doo, &c them the most withering a "fm ""^f ^^, ^-<^[^ -- with retort in kind hardly so 'atefur* ^'"^TT '^'^ "^^' « air when he set out for W ' '^ ' '^'"™^ ^^«* this repeated it when Z at st^ |t LTd'a t^^ ^ ""^''^'"^"^ idea was not new. Whl r grounded at Saratoga. The against Charles Edwarft " Z 1 f """' ''" ^^^^ the Scots with the aii -1 '"=''' " ^^^^ ^'^^"S *« ""^"It "Will you play me fair play, Bonnie laddie. Highland laddie?" 205 le; IftJ CHAPTER XI. New York in 1778. -Andre's Political Essay. -His Favor with Clinton. - Receives the Surrender of Fort La Fayette. — Letter to Mrs. Arnold. - Commencement of Arnold's Intrigue. — Appointed Deputy Adjutant- General. — Siege of Charleston — Letter to Savannah. — Accused of entering Charleston as a Spy. The city of New York, for the rest of the war the British head-quarters, was far in 1778-9 from its present metropoll- tan condition. Though about a mile in length, by half a mile in width, it was inferior in population and in impor- tance to Philadelphia. Its narrow, clean, and well-paved streets were lined with neatly-built houses of wood or brick, and these for convenience of the harbor being chiefly clus- tered along the East River, were thus subjected to difficulties in the supply of fresh water. The ruin caused by the con- flagration of 1776 yet subsisted, and in The Burnt District the blackened skeletons of 500 dwellings stretched along Broadway, from Whitehall Slip up to Rector Street. To this devastation was added that of the fire which broke out at one a. m. on the 10th of August, 1778, and consumed 300 houses. The best people then lived in Wall or Pearl streets; and to arrive at the present abodes of fashion, one must have ridden through several miles of country. Ponds, hills, and open fields extended where now is nothing but leagues of stone walls and solid pavements; and the mutilated%tatues of Chatham and King George bore public witness to the civic discord that had brought them from their high estate. But no dilapidation deprived the English soldier for the first time entering the port, of " the most beautiful scene that could be imagined." On the one hand were spread the fertile shores of Long Island, abounding in game, studded with country- #lij NEW YORK IN 1778. 207 po.verf„ni,fe,tl"ltn /,'"°*^'''''=" ■'y "^''-ordered and Llhnd r„ r ""^ ""= '""'s'"^ »""» ""'""ded across Hill Tl.o ,^ ''",^^ ^'t^i tJieir guns the steeps of Lpurel naraijr capable of being preserved in a serious in- liit -^ Is:B' 208 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. m vestment of the place. A regiment held the post where Pau- lus Hook stretches out from the Jersey shore into the North Iliver. Formidable works were erected at Brooklyn Heights on that part of Long Island opposite to the city. The New Fort here would accommodate 1000 or 1500 men. Brook- lyn itself was then a small, scattered village, with a capital tavern famous for its fish-dinners, which the royal otiicers were accustomed to consume to an extent that soon made a rich man of the landlord. These fish-loving gentry relate in melancholy wise the deprivation that fell upon the town by reason of the war. They tell that New York had long been dependent on the eastern coasts for its lobsters till a well-boat was shattered in Hell-Gate, and the escaping prey populated the neighboring depths. Here they flourished in cold and in boiling water until the tremendous cannonading of the Lonr^ Island battle disturbed their retreats ; they passed away, and their accustomed haunts knew them no more. It was througli this same whirlpool of Hell-Gate that Sir James Wallace, pursued by a French fleet into the eastern end of Long Island Sound, steered the Experiment in 1777. The passage was daring and perilous ; but he brought her safely through. On Staten Island too Clinton had strong posts with 1000 or 1500 men ; and here Andr(5, with other young officers, was in the habit of visiting Simcoe's quarters, where the landlord's pretty daughter bloomed in rustic seclusion and tempted many a gallant across the waters and the hills. If the population of New York was lessened by the mi- gration of its whigs, it was abundantly recruited by the in- coming troops and tories. It was well understood that Ministers were for manifold reasons resolved to hold out longer here than in any other place ; and though many of the loyalists, " once lords of thousands," now languished in comparative destitution at London, there were throngs at New York to supply their absence. Nor was involuntary increase wanting. "Our little half-demolished town here seems crowded to iiiilii!|i {| 09t where Pau- into the North aoklyn Heights ty. The New men. Brook- with a capital 3 royal officers ; soon made a ;entry relate in 1 the town by had long been till a well-boat prey populated in cold and in g of the Long sed away, and It was through imes Wallace, af Long Island e passage was through. On 1000 or 1500 rs, was in the the landlord's and tempted Us. ed by the mi- ed by the in- derstood that i to hold out ugh many of languished in re throngs at s involuntary IS crowded to NEW YORK IN 1778. 209 i=r,1^s,'-^ -"■• '-»-• --- vt^;; Tu^- . ^^y *° ^^^^ English as Philadelnhi« The r stage was „.ised at the John Strel Theatre, wUh W ine artillery for principal tragedian. Colonel Frenol. was the low^comedy „a„, and A^ndr^, Stanley Do Wy were assigned o the youngest ensigns; and Maebeth, Kich Theh!«i. ^'""^ Stratagem, „ere ventured npon. The bottle was not negleeted: hard drinking prevailedTnd .was a point of social honor to press the ghssVprguests and during morning ,i,i^ ""= P^eh-bowlwas MycSu.' lated and healths drank by the ladies riin.n„>r ? were at. Nn 1 R„ j ■; '"""es. Ulinton s quarters !„^F 7 ; ^""■""""^ '"'"^« « the corner of 52nd Street ! Sl^r"'' ""^'^ '" ""=■» ™"« "« -=««« ; and e ery *i:s :r stT^ """-^ '™° ™'»"-' '""* - New York Th, T"- ™' """""'^ '"S^y ^ite in dosLlhr ■? r'^"" '""^""'^'^ by Admiral Digby of closing the windows for a half-past four o'clock dinner^ly, * Loyal MS. 210 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. and dining by candle-light, was as novel to tiie American stranger as the religious exactitude witli which, through rain or snow, the New Year's calls were paid. At Philadelphia, after the evacuation, the loyal young people seem to have formed a sort of coterie of their own, that made it easy for their scrupulous parents to keep away " the lively French and the gallant Continentals"; but in New York, with half- a-dozen admirers to every handsome girl, such care was hope- less. " You cannot imagine what a superfluity of danglers there is here ; so that a lady has only to look over a list of a dozen or two when she is going to walk, or to dance, or to sleigh." The tory manuscript from which I quote gives animated sketches of *^ . city belles of this day. "Of those I mentic 3d to you before, Miss T — — is said to be the greatest beauty : tall, genteel, graceful in her motions, with fine, light hair, dark speaking eyes, a complex- ion superior to the boasted one of Miss K . She sel- dom fails to captivate those who see her ; but to me she wants the greatest of female charms : she wants sensibility of fea- tures. Her sister less celebrateii is more pleasing: neither so tall, so fair, nor so regularly featured, I would sooner, were I to offer my hand to a lady's person, make choice of Miss Betsy T than her sister, who I ought to have called Mrs. B . " Miss L , the sentimental Miss L , is tall and deli- cate, features not regular, eyes not lively. There is a modest dignity in her appearance that no one could offend — it is the dignity of true unaffected iuaocence and simplicity. " Mrs. F 's person resembles N P 's: of course good, but she is not that beauty I expected to have found. Her complexion is pale, her hair the colour of Juliet's. She appears delicate and languishing, and she has the misfortune of having a fine face ruined by a very bad mouth, wide and unexpressive. ... I cannot pretend to do justice to the Miss M s : — Mild, delicate,, thoughtful, there is an air of pen- sive languor and unaffected modesty over the whole appear. iliiiir- the American NEW YOKK IN 1778. gll pleases ,l.o more for bei„. o „„!' Z ^''""'''' "'" a pair of eye, ,l,„. ca„„„t% Lr^e "el"'"'""; ""'' "j"' wl.iel. say ever,U™„ ,„„t the 1 , ses ""'7'"; '"! open and ingenuous _ clieeks (In. 1,P„ '"-'"" — " ""-"I'cad ^o«es. .in.s of u,e .se, an:t^r:tr;;":^::'r:; the graees-joiued to a„ abundance of darkl t " i, diice liiif Q,... . .1 ^'"^^ *^ver ab e to pro- itrsM." I'drii;; rnr^r';- r* «"-■- of cheerfulness th-it .. W ' '''" ^ P^'"^ ^'''-^^ ^^'^ »^o.y .i.at wi:vrse:5z' ::^ t;;r:o:: -t: more diffleult isTto de 11 , " '""'"''" '*"«''''' '' ^tiU .aeefuiness have' t^l::^:;::^:'^^^'"' '"" raised in thee a vain idea! Eyes arl t„ m,! ^'^i^'' just come to town anrl I,pn r. . ^' ^"® ^^'^^ of sixteen could „; he s 1 ,tV''T''''"""" """ " ""■' of allurements, gua ded he C tt ™? '" " "'"'"' ^° *'"" of an otHcr -ircrdieir^rn::^^^^^^^^^^^^^ nage was effected, and Mrs C S >''^'^^'°" '^ ™ai- consenting to ther^-;;^',^ ZJ^^^ ^^^^^t ' t 70U have done in sueh a ease ? • I asked a pll-coated rn^d 212 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. !iiiiipii> ill' * Done ' — replica the benevolent Chrlstiiin — * I would have cast her ofl' to the contempt and beggary she deserved ! ' ' But could you forget she was your child ? ' ^ < Yes, I would tear the remembrance of her from my bosom ! ' " — We have lately had one admitted into that mysterious order : a Miss P . Yet she would not be affronted with the a: it was Miss P celebrated for her beauty, wit and accomplishments ; indeed so immensely sensible, that he' was thought a bold officer who ventured on her. It was the Hon. Capt. Smith, eldest son of Lord Strangford of Ireland. All the observations made upon her since are that her eyes are brighter than ever. A pretty Miss G of the age of fourteen, finding marriages so very fashionable and thinkin- them very clever, eloped with a Hessian officer for want of a better. Father and mother as usual inconsolable and inex- orable: * Parents have iiinty hearts, you know, and children must be wretched.' " Under the influences that then prevailed in New York it was fashionable to be loyal ; and in such social assemblies as pretended to a tone of literary cultivation we can easily con- ceive that Andrd would not fail to put forth what power of mtellectual entertainment he possessed. Indeed, his pen was probably rarely idle ; and though it is not practicable to trace with certainty his political essays, I have no doubt that he was a constant contributor to the pages of Rivington's Ga- zette. Fortunately we are able to identify at least one of these papers, from which a fair idea of his manner may be mferred. At the mansion of Mr. Deane he is related to have won the praises of both sexes by an extempore upon Love and Fashion, which he delivered on the evenin- of January 6tli, 1779 ; nor was a Political Dream, that he°also read aloud on the same occasion, less applauded. It was print- ed m Rivington's newspaper shortly afterwards ; and it will be seen that the author was anything but sparing in his censure of those Americans who were signalized by severity against the tones. Chief-justice McKean, who presided at the con- - * I would have she deserved ! ' - ' Yes, I would I' that mysterious e affronted witli ler beauty, wit, ensiblc, that he ler. It was the ford of Ireland. e that her eyes — of the age of le and thinkin"- jr for want of a lable and inex- *v, and children 1 New York it 1 assemblies as can easily con- kvhat power of 3d, his pen was ticable to trace doubt that he ivington's Ga- b least one of anner may bo is related to tempore upon le evening of n, that he also It was print- and it will be in his censure verity against id at the con- "v ANDKfi.s POLITICAL KSSAV. 213 ^^r^'^Xr!::'7' f wo Philadelphia loyalists; and the supportfrrof ou '' '"^'*'"'"^'^ ^^^ °^ ^^'^ism, ..le co.pis:: id^:i;f!;r 1!!; - ^^ A DREAM. in the East, to Vvthf^J... • .. "'® l^rachmans l=™. How it «.a. possible ,„ aJ"Z 1' ' ""T"', '^'■ graded tliemsclvcs from ti.„ i , 7 '" """'''ind do- beo.,.e proper ZtZy'l:^':Zf':^'r' "f"'- " beasts to whose ra-one,-L<, ,l "'"''^ "^ "'»"» On t,.e o,„erX:pTe:^:^ v^fitTreeTh? "T'T'"""- i'^ several stages, „„d .o°beh Id ° r "vt^'roT T"',' record ng to its desert, in a „ew state oestc^etf fanciful observations immediately occurred tT^ ^ Besides several nair of t„Ml„ ,^ "'"='" ^^ '» 'he company, one or two buttSies t tlvT^;:;-"'' ^""'""^ -"" ances, we were lerl fn fob "°"° "^"^ acquaint- MJ^e^tertrd'lre^w^tHLT^^^^^ XIV. transmigrated into a bolf ^^ i' • , ^^"'^ man, who, from the most humble of bia =in., yencn- ...emas.r and tormentor of tb-'lblitf^^^^^^ ^ny ot bees. The poetical soul of Sappho con- '"31! ' t *?# ? j 214 LIFK OF MAJOR ANDRA. tinucd to warble in the elmrncter of the « Love-loin Night- ingale," and that of our countryman Pope (into which those o Homer, Horace, Juvenal, and Lucretius had been before blended and transfused) waa again revived and admired in the melodious Swan of Twickenham. " Full of the ideas which this singular conversation had suggested, I retired to my chamber, and had not long pressed the downy pillow before the following vision appeared to my imagination : — "^ "I fancied myself in a spacious apartment, which I soon discovered to be the hall wherein the infernal judges admin- istercd justice to the souls which had animated the bodies of men in the superior regions. To my great surprise, instead ot those grim personages which I had been taught to expect, 1 found the judges (who were then sitting) to be of a mild' gentle, and complacent appearance, unlike many dispensers of justict; in the vital air, who add terror to severity, and by their very aspect not only awe the guilty, but discourage the mnocent. At one end of the table, after a short interval appeared a numerous crowd of various shades, ushered in and conducted by Mercury, whose business it was to take charge of the criminals and see the sentences executed. As dreams are of an unaccountable nature, it will not (I presume) be thought strange that I should behold upon this occasion he shades of many men who, for aught I know, may be still living and acting a conspicuous part upon the worldly theatre. But let this be as it will, I shall go on to relate simply what appeared to me, without troubling myself whether it may meet with credit from others. "The first person called upon was the famous Chief-justice McKean, who I found had been animated by the same spirit which formerly possessed the memorable Jeffries. I could not but observe a flash of indignation in the eyes of the judges upon the approach of this culprit. His more than savage cruelty, his horrid disregard to the many oaths of allegiance he had taken, and the vile sacrifice he had made ANDHIis POLITICAL ESSAV. 215 of justico to the interests nf t-^u^w ™"J-.ncd .„ a,,,u,„c'.,r ' „ tfT b" tr'*""-. "" "■"' sidcraiion of the manv r V """""'™ ' >"" '" <=o.,. (by direction of ti.e 1" .. IV °''. '''='"^""'°"' ''»"""e'l "«t i. big with venom 'ad tatTv'"" f'!" - '•"""•' tequently ,„™ ,„ i^ „„„ de.,r„Z ' """ ••™"" «*:: Xt-if ;xz;r »- "" '^^ --, Jor and iniqui y, ias l^d!" ■ ."""''^ "P"*' »f ""•■- "■»lf> «nd l\et,rwi: tZt 1 r '" ."■" "^y of a gaunt, hollo,., and feroeiou, T ''"""'"'='' ""= '"•"<' sUll continued to be rrfT^."''''"'™T' """' "«" ''" '""S-e ™'y touched me with h" ^T /"''"' 'his time. Me,- insight into fut™ritrle„ T '.T'' "'"^'■^ ""''""'^'J »- "'e door of his ?oW bv , "^ TV"' """^ *""' '»-g «P at l«ea from time to lo thi„„?d / .r''"'' '"""'''•" "^^ '-0 ravage animal. ""^ ''^ """ '""■•''<'""S Jaw^ of thi. "The President of the Con"re« Jfr T,„ " "'■' i"'- Jay, next appeared 216 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. liNutt before the tribunal, and his trial was conducted with all the solemnity due to so distinguished a character. I heard, with emotions of astonishment and concern, that in various human forms he had been remarkable for a mixture of the lowest cunnmg and most unfeeling barbarity ; that having, in his last shape, received from nature such abilities as mi<>ht have rendered him useful in his profession, and even serviceable to the public, he had, by a semblance of virtue, acquired the confidence of his feUow-citizens, which he afterwards abused to all the horrid purposes of the most wanton rebellion, and that being indefatigable in the pursuits of ambition and avarice, by all the ways of intrigue, perfidy, and dissimula- tion, he had acquired the station of a chief justice, and, in imitation of the infamous Dudley, had framed and enforced statutes that destroyed every species of private security and repose. In fine, that by his whole conduct he had exempli- fied his own maxim that princes were not the worst and most dreadful of tyrants,* and had given a fresh demonstration that power could never be well used when lodged in mean and improper hands. " The court immediately thought fit to order that Ibis crimmal should transmigrate into the most insidious and most hateful of animals, a snake ; but to prevent his bein- able any longer to deceive, and thereby destroy, a large set of rattles was affixed to his tail, that it might warn mankind to shun so poisonous a being. "The whole Continental Army now passed in review be- fore me. They were forced to put on the shape of the timid hare, whose disposition they already possessed. With ears erect, they seemed watching the first approach of danger, and ready to fly even at the approach of it. But what was very singular, a brass collar was affixed to the neck of one of their leaders, on which I saw distinctly the following lines : — ' They win the fight, that win the race.' * See a pamphlet called (I think) The Nature and Extent of Parliamen- tary Power considered. ANDR£.s FAVOR WITH CLINTON. tent of Parliamet' 217 into a gan,c.ccK=k, who at once bet„ , " '"^ ^•, '™""^™«' - if he was „edimti„g a combat L^ "."'' ''"" "■»"' ofa few cropple crowned h™.^\,-.'"" "" "PPeonmce I could ,ee hTm atTme dt " '''/'™'^"=<' W' Purpose, and wing, and rnsl! hTfeat r/™"" "^ ■""'' ''"■'""S »■« company. The "^^ -» won the adn,ira," n of Twho h ^7" "' ^'™'°"'» ^'««'' »"-» He would prompllfo J'" '"'' '^7'^ "'"^ ""^ «»-«'• engage in th'eir aw"™ h dl;;;^^":- °'' ""' "^ '»»"' ways pohte and satisfactory ,f f ' ' ''""°"' '""''^ "'■ was sure of an answe7from 'sfr H """'""if' "" "PP"''''"' l«rs. Clinton's confil """^ "'"•'" 'wenty-four "70, hy hi, a^iZ"er:?rdr«rr'.-"" ""^ ^p^^-^- -^ of the Guatds as commi ^nt^tr r?""'!^*^' "^''« icans an exchange of p„Ws Ir-'S"'""* »■"" "'e Amor- Davies and Robm H Z" ^^ ""' '^'''°"''* ■*^""»'» ".e ^2.h May, aL L^ Tt .r^SM If f" ^r""'' "" to agree upon terms Th. a • " ^ ^''"'^^^^« ^^ort Piace that Clin.„:r;,e.^;LXre:s ttt "•" '^f •"•^' manent cartel >vere insufficient H 7 . . ^'"^'^^ P^"" they perceived a design trrcleth:?^^ ?"'/"'''^ ^'^"°^^ in their commission tha/l^T. I '"Production of terms America, and Zd t th f g^d^^ f ^"^^^-^-^ ^r was then considered- hn/i ^ "^ P"*^'^"^ exchange .;i„gnp„„i':ra;d'':n'' rx" "^T"' "™\''^'» Ikc difference between the valu°e „r Th ■ ^T™"' ''"''" *-.^ were ™„„i„: ^i^^.^roTr tiSyn": 218 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. would at least serve out the war; and no terras were pro- posed by either side that the other would accept. The busi- ness thus ended, Clinton determined to open the campaign of 1779 with a blow at the posts on Verplanck's and Stony Pomts, which commanded King's Forry and the opening passes to the highlands. Every step taken at New York was promptly communicated to Washington by his efficient spies in that city ; and he had good cause to think the heavy forces now moving were not to be confined in their opera- tions to the mere reduction of these works, but were ulti- mately designed to take ground that would interrupt his communications and divide his army. " Washington had his cattle from the Eastern provinces," said Clinton in re^mrd to the campaign of 1777, "and his corn from the Western. Could we have taken a position on either of these communi- cations we might have risked an action or retired." * If he now aimed at West Point, however, he was fated to be thwarted by the active providence of his enemies. On the 31st May, Clinton debarked a little below Haver- straw, on the west bank of the Hudson, and approached Stony Point. As he drew near. Collier with the Vulture and other light war-ships came also in sight, and the unfin- ished works were with hardly a show of opposition aban- doned by the Americans. Guns were at once haled up by the British, and a fire opened upon Fort La Fayette on Ver- planck's, against which Vaughan had led a column on the eastern shore. During the night, the Vulture and a galley anchored above the fort, and so cut oiF a retreat by water. On the following day, unable to return a fire equal to what they received, the little garrison beat a chamade. The bat- teries were stilled, and Andrc^ was dispatched to receive the surrender. " On the Glacis of Fort Fayette, June, 1st, 1779. " His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton and Commodore Sir George Collier grant to the garrison of Fort La Fayette * Clinton MS. i ' yi'i SUBRENDER OF FORT LA FAYETTE. 219 John AndrA, Aid^le-Camp." * " '» sa'd, was so relaxed in the kin«'! „ '^ !" °''<='P''n«. trusted the password to . T , ^ "'^' """ '«''=«" ™- with fruit. HavZ thus aT 7""", """^ '"PP"^" "«>■» counfy round bein» wL M't' T' "" "'^ ""'^ '" "'« barking should betray h , ° ''''>' /"•<>"-»■'. lest their vanced? The outer L.l- ""'™'"™'^' ^"yne silenlljr ad- and after a sha^ nf ^ ^Ir^r """ ^'"'^ and over 500 priLers taken Th!' JT "'' '""""^ affair whieh wi j„stly e;>ta;red o^' oT'thf ''"^ "' ^" things in the war, were ,?l Z T *^ ""^' S""""' "-ke- Ciro„n,s,a„Ilre"eme7thr'r -^"'"^ "^ '"« Fayette. Stonv P„i„, ^^'^^''"'f "■« reduction of Fort La •.4er garSnt" t^ t^"^'' ' ""'^ "" «'•'««" P- » 42 1 "^ Th?f Tr"'>" ^""'°" '»" "» other carried on vigoro^; an?lnl^Tr "'''''' ^"^^ "«» of the pen. To h Y" . "'! '""""^ "'"> <=>•'«% those '^e wifr o. GeniirizH r:r rSe^-!!- -- * This transaction was ridiculp.? h,r «„ a Kingston) in the New Jet:; Gaz^L s^thT" T-t" ^^^''"•P^ «<>- Howe could not have invested this instji^onn.?* ^'^^' " ^'' W^"'"*-" ng formality. No display of osteSati.ri ^ '''" ""'^^ '"^''^ »"™ean. t.« occasion; and Mr\I^l^;tTaT^^^^^^^ '^'^ --^""'^^^ on of h:s General, signed a cap tulition 'ir „ i k P'""'*' ^^''^ **»« *««'« solemnity on the very edge of he il ' l .''' P^'"^* "^ * vain-glorious of a flag. What, Si'r Sy c ' dtu'^int' h' f '^ '".' ^""^'^ --^^ -ve - Will a person of Mr. A^r^^'l- ^^ ^t tl^^ta^?? -" 220 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. " Head-Quarters, New York, the 16th Aug. 1779. "Madame. —Major Giles is so good as to take charge of this letter, which is meant to solicit your remembrance^ and to assure you that my respect for you, and the fair circle in which I had the honour of becoming acquainted with you, remains unimpaired by distance or political broils. It would make me very happy to become useful to you here. You know the Mesquianza made me a complete milliner. Should you not have received supplies for your fullest equipment from that department, I shall be glad to enter into the whole detail of cap-wire, needles, gauze, &c., and, to the best of ray abilities, render you in these trifles services from which I hope you would infer a zeal to be further employed. I be" you would present my best respects to your sisters, to the Miss Chews, and to Mrs. Shippen and Mrs. Chew. I have the honour to be, with the greatest regard. Madam, your most obedient and most humble servant, "John Andre." In March or April of this year General Arnold, com- manding at Philadelphia, had, under the feigned name of . Gustavus, began a secret correspondence with Clinton ; who committed the matter to the hands of Andre. The latter wrote over the signature of John Anderson ; and was replied to as « Mr. John Anderson, Merchant, to the care of James Usborn, to be left at the Reverend Mr. Odell's, New York" Though at the outset the English had no clue to their cor- respondent's identity, the character and value of his informa- tions soon led them to suspect it; and it is supposed by some that this letter to Mrs. Arnold was written with the view of making clear to her husband the character of its author, and to invite a return of confidence. This may possibly have been the case ; but all ray investigations show that the lady had not any suspicion of the dealings between the parties, or was ever intrusted by either side with tJie least knowled-re of what was going on. Equally false, in my judgment, Is HN Andre." COMMENCEMENT OF ABNOLM mTWGUE 221 contradiction of this «,n„.? .u °' '*'' "«'g'>' '•> ">« *% coneeJea •; .r/rCo l'":,""? "^.'f-"^ of "« crime. "'^tovery and punishment of the significant ••; thon.hThe^ is 1 '"="' " """'"•'"'^ «■"» f- as Mrs. Arnoif :L"rce: Jr,il"it'f ™ """' ^" ilie one just nrinterl T„ 7 . " ""^^ "Exceeded or require ThT ,■ ^ °'"' """"^ «">« to suaeest of Monk, and „. led Li W '"'" " ™"*"°» "-e exat^ple ..bstanti;, basirrri^„rp;;~: ^'-r.^- »- America, the power of Vn^u I *f ""*^^- The distresses of to a w ^^it^^::^f " ^'''^'' instead of tlie old cnloni.i . i, . "'"'"W drawn ; and .l.at .1,0 continental aS of irTJ' "' "^ ™'»"'"^'' committed to a nurelv mf i ""^ f'""«<^^ should be ish parliament! SCMbi""""" """"'"' ">« J^"'" .Ja. indissoiuU, -^-ufd^ e^rtre^airo^ '''r of commerce anrl r.f «, ♦ i • cnams of equahty, peacef„,.,;rn:[ther,;r''"'"-"' '"» '--^^ ^'-^ lainglad captured Gt-anZ 5 ^' ^" '''''^' ^^'^^ family estate was inmedThV! "'/'''"'' """^'' <"' ">« were so severe «, rZ /'"' '"■""' "'^"'^^ '» Macartney principles ;f7;sUceTha°'th'""'^ "''""■""' ""O "'^ ferredsubmittlnga'dt'lt/o?.";''''' '"'"•'"''"'' P-- laing showed little len^r T,; ^ '"= Po'^^^^'*. D'Es- abused to an extent tbf ^'"^ /?P'' ""« Plnndered and -tdistin^ird sX':r:h?Frf h^"""' ''"""'-""' tavene at the head Z\ "'^^™* <»mmand-to in- head of h,s regnnent for their protection. • See Appendix No. I. 222 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDE6. ♦S;; This course, in such direct contrast to that of De Bouillc in like circumstances, threatened Andre and those nearest and dearest to him with early poverty. His General, however, though tenderly attached to him, and doubtless entirely sym- pathizing with his private griefs, seems not to have left him their undisputed prey. In the summer heats he resorted on occasions to the cooler shores of Long Island. Quogue was one of his haunts ; where he would taste the sea breezes, and gather for his table every delicacy that the island could pro- duce. He is remembered as a jovial liver, who pushed the bottle freely ; while Andri^ with his bright, fresh face and symnaetrical figure, and wearing his hair unusually long, is described by an islander in whose house he passed three nights, as presenting « the finest model of manly beauty he had ever seen." About this period, too, circumstances brought about a considerable amelioration of his professional condi- tion. It would appear that without the knowledge or appro- bation of the Commander-in-chief, the Minister had established certain points of provincial rank very unsatisfactorily to the regular corps. In bringing about this step, Innes, Drum- mond, and the adjutant-general Lord Rawdon — all prime fa- vorites of Sir Henry's — were said to be concerned. His in- dignation was great, and the offenders were made to feel it. Rawdon was detached from head-quarters to the South, and his duties naturally devolved on that one of the deputies of the office who enjoyed the most confidential relations with Clinton. This was no other than Andre. We are told that Major Stephen Kemble, the brother-in-law of General Gage, who had long filled the deputy's post, had written to some one or other in excessively severe terms of the conduct of Sir Henry. By some mischance these documents were made known at head-quarters. The writer of course resigned his office, and went to his regiment (the 60th) in the West In- dies, where he earned promotion and distinction. The vacant deputy adjutant-generalcy was forthwith bestowed upon An- dre ; and thenceforward all the business at head-quarters of iilfijll ANDRf; APPOINTED DEPIITV «n,„n... "tPUTV ADJUTANT-GENKRAL. 223 Ihe department passed through his hand, T, „ ■he beginning „f ,he fall of 1779 ,S" , ' ™' "'"' »'"»" virtual discharge of the adin..!, , """""'■'Md the •inued till his death wCnf"'"'''^' '" "'■'■'='' <>« «""- Kawdon, the valTt chale " '"" '""' "''™'^»^'' ^"^ ™al friend, LieT &I oL 7 r""'" "" ««"''»"'^ P«- delicacy fore'ed totf^ -."itt' "'"""' ,»' '"« 2«"'. «ho™ went on with aU its da 4 „nm r "' "*"'' '^•""^' ^"""^ lion itself, as well 2Z ■. ' P""""'*'' 'o ""= »•»- friend Sitieol Ta el red'T"'""'"'" ^" Oetober, his prise to the Ra'n n'whichCT' f"" " ''""' '"'«'- or refreshment, of iver e M . f °'°''°''' "'"«"" ''«" n^ber of largr/atZo^fK^L f /"""-^ '""''' " against ]Vew York '^' ""^ ^'^ '^«" that he was e«hanld Tnj "'"^.^'' »' '-»' «> modiaed « hut well conS plttrir::! "'"^ '" '"^ '™^ « ke might be sent to New Yori 1 '"";'' """« P«'I«»i"g dalgence Colonel BayVor had h.. '""'° '' "' ""^ *'»'"«'• ■•"- ginia. Simcoe forwa^ed tht ! r """""''^ '° 6° '" ^ir- ™aereompWns;arasThLbe ""' 1 "^""'"^'o"' ""O I-ivingston, so it was ul'sw edt TgT "f ^^™°' " »as put into his hands -"!f,hT,. " *^'" ^"^rd pare your regiment for embarka Lr^ ^f" * '''''' '»™' P"*" yourself." 0„ He 26th 7^,?'/"'^ '"^"" •" ^ew York The warships :„^atiroi:tpeS:-^ manded by Marint Ar-K. ^u . ^r- expedition were com- «W -ilor, in « tfn"l Jn-'d ?'"' .■" ""^ ^'-' ••» i a- Ipili !J 224 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Gay, the famous physician of Queen Anne, the elegant au- thor of John Bull ; — was born in 171], and died in 1794. His flag-ship was damaged by a storm on the voyage ; — instead of signalling the squadron to pursue its appointed course, he led the whole convoy after himself, to the great detriment of the public good. "The good old Admiral lost his bobstay in a gale of wind— bore away— obliged the fleet to follow. It got into the gulf-stream, and bad weather did the rest."* As a consequence it was not until January 31st, 1780, that a part of the armament reached Savannah, whither such of the vessels as were not lost followed. A captured transport brought into Charleston, on the 23rd, the first sure tidinrrg of the expedition. ° Notwithstanding the peculiar importance of the city— in a manner the gate of the South — Washington was always, it is said, of opinion that evacuation was preferable to an uncertain defence. He would rather lose a town than an army. The possession of Charleston had hitherto secured to the Americans the control of the state ; but since Clinton's repulse from its approaches in 1776, care had not been taken to make it, as its value deserved, absolutely impregnable. Nevertheless its works were strong. Lying between the in- tersection of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, it could only be invested by land upon one of its three sides, where a chain of redoubts and batteries, mounting over eighty guns and mortars, and stretching from stream to stream, was itself further protected by a double abatis, a deep water canal flow- ing from Ashley to Cooper, and other fortifications. The Ashley shore was lined with batteries with fifty guns; on that of the Cooper, thirty-three were mounted; and across its mouth was a boom composed of eight sunken vessels, with chains, cables, and spars lashed between their lower masts. Five armed ships with 124 guns, and some galleys, were ar- rayed behind this cheval-de-frise. The fortifications on the island m the harbor were also strong and in good condition; * Clinton MS. *■ the elewnnt au- SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 22" landed about JHTmtZikTnV'''' ""' ""'""""-^ deliberately app^Led tl"! nT ,t' *"" ""'"^ ""^ -0 thus gave Lioeoln tij^tr" X 7'"^~'^. ei7 delay proved of use," savs S.-.H ^^'^"'"='- " *='- of both Carolinas on thaHnLf »?'"'"' P"' "'« ««» March, the BritUh passed aIw B v^rT ''" ""^ '""' »<• c"y, under the guidance of Cantain S ! ' "'""'^ "'« and on April 1st h«,ke ^rounrf h r '^ """"° "^"'^ ""vy , ".eanwhilc had forced ts,Zl?'M- ""' ''""• '^''« ""c sea , and on the 14th, the ol ^' ° ""' "'^'"^ '"'■''» "'o been kept open was 1 ^j b^ fh 77"' ■''"™ """ '""1 »«" T1.0 city was defend af el'T"^"^ '^-'"'on.t about 2600 regular and uprrdf of Tooo V"?"''"' "' "■ilitia, among „hon, was nerh.! /T '""" <"• »"'<"• feure soldier and ruler of thTuL Xh':" ''"'""' '"-^ about 1000 armed sailors, so that ih; J,". Z"" "^^'^^ was called 7000. The enom!t , ^' " ''"'^"*'™ '«'« 'i"lo greater. "They ^"000"-':;? O,"; """"""^ "•" more than 5000." t But he I ^^ ^''°'o". — " "o not herein the 2500 men that reinfn!r' 1 1,""' /''P'*'"" '" "'"o'"''" About this time An r T^^Zf^r """ ''"' ^'"■''• I a'ljulant of the garrison at Sat„rah : T' "'''""'""^ '" "'« "Head-Quarters before Pw*,,, .c,,„:„r """"="" '"™-"-or me «.noyo(l i„io .!.« officer advkd ™ w" ""^ "''8''"- ^"'o «' " "as, to W<1 out. On ..,e 10 rALIl h f r'™""'' °" ^"'«"» U,e 8>h May Ue was aL „ ,^^1^! f"'' '*'"«=<' '» ^-eld ,• „„ was rapidly ceasing .„ b" elwe ^ f"''"''" " l""^' ""■>' the proposed terras the «!„! '"* """'•' "'» "^^Pt *^e notified aiton7Lr-,r''""''' """' ' '« "'C Though it „a, no.:X u. ,V Jt"'""' '" "™'^'= "'™' English to storm the Cn L7'" T"' "^''"""^ ''''"' "'« c«.ion, a railder eounsTprevS ° A '" ""^'='«'<=' «' "- .he capitulation was dWvan Lto t tthT'''' ''^''-'^''. necessities and the laws of war em .1^ rr^r™*""- ^'«'■•■■ a«l conditions, but the rait buirpin to ",,''"""''' have been the manner of surrender T^^ «» swallow raust to march out with the horZot"'' ^^ J""" ^""'•'•^"^ flying, and shouldered ar^ T? ""''"""''"""S'"'"''" the arms were grounded W, J u ''?'"'"^'' """ "''"n nor should his drums bea\T;- f""'^ ""' "^ ™»'-). ne garrison, consuTng oTevery dl "J, ""tT" "'-«''•• in the defence of the town l!.™ ° '""' ■"■•"« "™^ tke m May OlintoVSptT^^r""- »^-- «"^ »„ »nd!;:^"„,ts'^ro;trh:st''-"'""'" """' " ^-*». not yield till the Iasrn!o„ f '"P"''""""'- That it did «J.e Napoleon- ^ilZlfo'T'"'''.'''^ •™'=' •"■'- "" "ithout at least one Z^^ZT'T" ^'"""'' ^"«'™'' J*nded at all, unless suLsf,! "'t "'"■','' ""^ '"'™ Sallantry of ,he citizens anT he M ''.* '"''"'' "'•'' "'« "Hogiee for Lincoln's ft al eri, J • V'''"'"^'' ^"<«'^- other hand, this event must »T [ J'"'S'"«'«- On the credit to Clinton. mTe^'ir ^ "'"""=" " S'^' *"'S'' ™» well-conceivcd, and ex- •This BevcrilywiM exactly relorlo,! „. v ,. l~PS«,e compelled to m„rcl,„r,vifl,. ?"'"»»■"• "h«" Coraw«ll,V, «l,e, a French or American 1°",|. " "'""' "'"' ''"'"" l»«ti"g J 'S*' -. i . 928 LIFE OF MAJOU ANDKft. :n«i ecuted in the best vein of military judgment. With a force numerically not exceeding that of his foe, and with hut trifling loss to Ijimself, he compelled nearly 7000 men strongly fortified to lay down their arms* After the fall of the city, wo are told that there was an opinion current in our army that Andre had been present in its lines during the siege as a spy ; and in 1822 it was declared that two gentlemen of repute still surviving at Charleston, affirmed at least the existence of the report in 1 780. One of these had been an officer of Clinton's ; the other, a resident of the place through and after the siege. Another witness goes further. Edward Shrewsberry, a suspected tory, but of good condition, was ill at his house in East Bay. His brother, a whig, leaving the lines to visit him, found repeatedly there' a young man clad in homespun, to whom he was introduced as a Virginian belonging to the troops then in the city ; and as such he considered the stranger. After the capitulation, meet- ing the same person at the same place, he was again present- ed to him as Major Andre ; and taxing his brother with the identity of the two characters, they were confessed to have been one and the same man. To another visitor, his son records that the stranger in homespun had been represented " as a back countryman, who had brought down cattle for the] garrison to the opposite side of the river," — an assertion j that passed unsuspected and unchallenged until months afterJ when Andre had been hanged and the visitor who related the story was returned from confinement at St. Augustine's, when the whig Shrewsberry informed him that the cattle- driver he had seen with his brother was no other than Ma- jor Andre in disguise. These declarations, coming froni| distinct and respectable sources, seem to bear the marks of i truth; and that the circumstance, if it really occurred, was | not singular, appears from the case of Col. Hamilton Bailen- * The Return of prisoners to the anny at the surrender, Mav 12th 1780 j 18 s.gned by Andre, as Deputy Adjutant-General. Those inade by tk J- leet, including seamen, &c., do not figure therein liememb. x. 76. nt. With a force be, and with but lenrly 7000 men » that there was an been present in its 12 it was declared ng at Charleston, in 1780. One of ther, a resident of )ther witness goes 1 lory, but of good . His brother, a •epeatedly there a was introduced m I the city ; and as ;apitulation, meet- fas again present- brother with the ionfessed to have T visitor, his son been represented own cattle for the I " — an assertion i titil months after, iitor who related! t St. Augustine's, j that the cattle- other than Ma- is, coming fronij ar the marks of ly occurred, was| larailton Ballen- Icr, May 12tli, 1780,1 t'liose made by (liej temenib. x. 76. A SPY AT CIIARLESTOX. 229 (line, who, in tUn vni.« i • . lengod, l,e g„vo I,!. „„„„ in "1 „^ '?" »• ^^'- <••>■"!- "01 sufficient, l,e prcluced fro,n 1,1 ""'','«""S '"^ "'«t w., Anorican works that 1 o had „, ' '' "' •""•"""'"^ "^ "'« informed of I,i, cnor aa to he nT, "/ ,'"'"''""''• "<> '™» •0 Lincoln, by «.,,„,„ „X /!'' "'" "'"•""' ""^ -"' !."« M ,0 add ,ha., if tl i^^ ZyZ TT'!' ''""S""'- I' " j. w- aftcward, 1"e3.o„ed b"! Xe rr"'"'' ■ '"'°"«"- m our service. ^ Scniicmen of equal cliaroclcr >'*»<vhen S H ciin, T ^""^""' ""°™ '" J'^'^r. combined move al^tt W ^ """P"^"'"' "' P^^'entcd a decisive:»^and W„ sLTr 7?'"",^''' ■"'«'" '"'™ t«^^" bination would rn^h'tv t'T^^ ""'"' """ "'»- »■»- -, .a, thint ^e;;:at:t"^ -irrttnT'""" Javc t..ansp„,..3 in reldireLTTo'cVr ' Z tTstb at^™r3° /"etb^Tkar '™' "°"^^^^^ '» ' A Cii^fo however, were Tw in™ ''■''''"f '^ "^'"^ '"'■■ These 'l.e arn>; eZrked ofti e T'"f "f ""' "" "" 2'"' ™^ don Bay; XrekZ^.f^^ ""'' "'"™J-'='' "> Hunting- by Sir H nry to t eldt , t, '?""•" "' " ^^^«^' 'J^^P'"<=heis works .bat a join't tZut ^ZITL^T^', '"' '?""= '""'^' question, and the niomlTf T"' '''"""^ ""' "^ ">« Sorely disappollted and ^ . ° LI 17,^ ■" '""= ,»™^ ''^• "-'"eaUtretornedtowtrtoVctCSr:: * Clinton MS. Marshall, iv. c. 5 t Stedm. ii. 246 " Mr »7, in age and size nea,^ my tn speeT W^ T.' ''"°""" on a fine chase : but the Rrin.i ^ ^ '"^ ™''"'<' «n.y put us to mght,ctptut"trar:r ""''■ '"'^ -'" self and the other boy amon. them Th P""^' "^'• with us for New York : and" all! ^ '"''''""^ ^'^' "f my heart ached to think how d"t esseZv" "' ""^ ^'"'• sisters would be when ni Jt f ^ ^' ""'"'" ""d Soon as they brlu^ht 1 "5, Tt f"^ ^ *'' »»' -«'>>™- with horror The jlZv „ n ,"" P"™"' ^ «^ ^'■•"* doo,. and wretTh d'cTw^a "r ^''''""' ^""^^ "' "- with the thoughts of beTn! L\ i "?" "'"'''""' '"S^'her wUh disease Ind dea h "^ '^^:^Zl TZt' """="<»- tears. Instantly a richly 7Z T « "' ^ '""^""' ""» ^ting me by tl^^n^i ^ Jk - "''"•^'' -" ^' »d,-.My dear boy, w'hat mates "oVcr/v^'xtrr I could not help it whpn T« , ^ -^ *°^*^ J"™ pect with the llpvTnri /• T'*^ "^ P'<''""' «>'' P">- mother and sisteTat hoi -"^We; w^,"""™'"' ''"> "^ said he, 'don't cry donvT ' ""' ""^ '''''^ <=''ild,' .he,ailer„rdere7him°:s7p:nfhT:t:„ldr '77 ^ was struck with the wonderfnl rfifl- , """" ■""•*• ^ a»d the rest around me flf !nn f' '""''^" "" ■»"" .hey like brutes. llLed^heTT " "" '"'^ " ''«'""=-' that's Major Andre" 'said he '7 "'^"' ^' ^^- '™'y. »f *e army; .and Uu may ,r°T ^' '""^ «'Ji'"«"'-general you, fori supp,^e fhat Z\ ^""^ '"^ """ '«' «»'' .o« 5 as he^: te ma yT;;:"-!: " '" "^'^ men.' In a shor^ f;r«« u •'^ ~ ^^"^'^ country- i.i^ coumenantlC o^uVir^^i -^T' T' ^"^^- news for you! The apnpmi i, ' ^ ^^^' ^^^ good --chLe,a„:^:;:;':--ibr»"«^rr^ I^.,„ , l« 234 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDKlS. to your fond parents, and be good boys: mind what they tell you; say your prayers; love one another; and God Al mighty will bless you.*" The month of July, 1780, furnished Andrd with an occa- sion for the best known of his verses, which seem to have been written as much to gratify his own keen perceotion of the ludicrous as to retaliate in kind the satirical assaults that were made by the other side upon himself and his friends On the 20th, our army was stationed in the upper part of Bergen county. New Jersey ; and St. Clair having the h^ht mfantry during La Fayette's visit to Rochambeau, Wayne^of course commanded the Pennsylvania line. With its two brigades, some guns of Proctor's artillery, and Moylan's dra- goons, amounting in all, perhaps, to less than 2000 men, he started from camp on an expedition that would have lon^r a,ro been forgotten but for the comic strain in which a foeman commemorated its results.* The object was to harry Bergen * The composition of the Cow-Chase may have been suggested by the fact that Andrd had boarded with John Thompson, the woodcutting age„ at New York. He also probably visited the scene of action with Clinton riie p.ece was written at Head^iuarters, No. 1, Broadway, and was given for publication to Eivmgton, whose Gazette was a thorn in the side of the Whigs of the neighborhood. Among his friends he was a merrv, jovial companionable person enough; but to his enemies he was a perf;ct pest.' Ihe Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, in his pretended recantation of Towne, savs- - However, take it Avhich way you will, there never was a lie published in rhiladelphia that could bear the least comparison with those published by James Riyington in New York. This, in my opinion, is to be imputed to he superiority not of the printer, but of the prompter or prompters. I reckon Mr. Tryon to have excelled in that branch, and probably he had manv coadjutors. What do you think of 40,000 Russians, and 20,000 Moors, which Moors too were said by Mr. Rivington to be dreadful among the women V as also of the boats building at the forks of Monongahela to carry the Congress down the river to New Orleans? These were swingers." - He made great fun too of Governor Livingston, who had imprudently taken the pen agamst him. "If Rivington is taken, I must have one of his ears, Gov. Chnton is entitled to the other; and General Washington, if he pleases, may take his head," writes Livingston in 1780; and if the Cow- Chase was felt nowhere else, it hit hard here. Fifty years after. Livings- X.1 s descendant and biographer comments on " the scurrilous and abusive cow-Chase, which no one can read without lessening his sympathv for the THE COW-CIIASE. 235 Neck and to break up a bloekl.ouse at liuWs Ferrv I r Lee, whore seventy refu-ees un^.Jr T ^ ^^ ^ ^''^ protect the British'woodc; e^s , d ^oT '"" ^"^^' ^^ Jl-t might be found in the vidnUy 1 TT '7/""" I'imself most spiritedly thoud T. ^' /^"^ ^"^^^^i' defended with fifty-two 'ear^r bl ,? , "orf " "^'1^ ^^ P--d Wayne retired, hung on is kirt • "'^ ' ^'"^^ ^^'''«" rescuing some of the snoil II ' '''''"^ '''''^^^'''^ «"d and wounded; Wayirbl/ ^ ~ ^olr^ '}^^^^ of "llie brave Sevcntv" tl» li„ ° "" ^^''-'ivors p.-ov.-.Iof.„eirvalorLdtli;;r"'°'' "'^ "''^"'" -"■ It 13 liardly needful to observe tl,^. .1 • says Mr. Sparks, with ™ueh ,1 a s c de Z '^"' ~ "'''"''' several stanzas of genuine bnmr , • ™"''"'' '=»"'»'"^ Cl.evy Chase Tbe Z ^"^ ""''^ " '^ "><"l<-'lled on cditi hav • sev al r:7: ""^."^ "^" ^ "- ""g-al n.y own b, ^^^<:^;^:::::z^;v::^:^ '"' 'r Slowed on tl,e airs in vo^ue at Am"; / ''" """"' ^''■ ■•" Rivington's paper .u.,C„d ,nu T '""' " "'"'"^ I i- "oo'-i'iea ttiat the managers of the Phil- imfortunate Andrc^," apronos nf «5f.vr , , familv. The Poem\varrucn f f S^^ "^-^™^^ -th the appearing on the 16th Auffust thoJJT \ '"Nervals; the first canto 23rcl Sept. 1780. Dunla^'r ^that R^^^^ f ''"'' ^"^ ^'^^ ^'-^ on the canto from the author on'the'day b orf "sf " T/' '^ '"^'^^'^^^ "^ ^-^ pubhshed on the very dav of hi, . . ''"* ''^ ^^^^ Arnold; it was t'^e great vogue it ha^ 21 Sd "'l ^^ ""^'^^^'^ contributed " volume from Andrd's original aut7c"rthMS iP?!,''^ '^' '''''''''' "' ""'^ Cow-Chase, in Three Cantos, P birsL" d «!! o' "'"^ ""'"^ "'^^« c'^^ions. Wayne's Attack of the Refugee 'it , H ? "^ '''° '^^'^'^^ General 'lay the 21 ,t of July, 1780. NeVS^^^^ '? ""''^°"'« I^'-'". On Fri. and The Co,v-Chase, an Ileroick Poen • ^pr'"-^''"' ^^^O, 8vo. pp. 69 : - Vork, 1780, by the 'late mIJ And ' "viU "; '^r^"" ^^-«- at New Editor. -^ ^"^"^^ ^vifh Explanatory Notes by the May live to fight another day " Saia Butler iu his deathless lay. ,, «ut ho who is i„ battle slain Can never rise to fight again:" A3 wisely thought good General Wayne London; Fielding, 1781 4to nn qo t. ■ 286 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. adelphia Assembly Balls should thenceforth add to the tunes of Burgoyne's Surrender, Clinton's Retreat, and the like, the new dancing-measure of A Trip to the Block-House^ or The Woodcutter's Triumph. THE COW-CHASE. CANTO I. Elizabeth-Town, August 1, 1780. To drive the kine one summer's morn The Tanner took his way ; * The calf shall rue, that is unborn. The jumbling of that day. And Wayne descending steers shall know, And tauntingly deride ; And call to mind, in every low, The tanning of his hide. Let Bergen cows still ruminate. Unconscious in the stall What mighty means were used to get — And lose them after all. For many heroes bold and brave From New Bridge and Tapaan ; f * [General Wayne's legal occupation.] By the wav, this order may ex- plain the last scenes of the cattle taken: — "One of "the drafts acquainted with the management of hides and tallow from each wing to be sent to the Commissary of Hides at the Magazine." - il/,S. Avi. Orderly-book Aug. 11, 1780. ^ ' t [Village in New Jersey] on Wayne's lino of march. idd to the tunes nd the like, the -House^ or The August 1, 1780. know, t— is order may ex- Irafts acquainted ng to be sent to im. Orderly-book, THE COW-CHASE. And those that drink Passaick'a wave ,♦ And those that eat soupaan J t And sons of distant Delaware, And still remoter Shannon j A ^T ^'' ""''^ ^^'^^^ rare, And Proctor with his cannon.J All wondrous proud in arms they eanae; What hero would refuse ^«^{;;^«^ the rugged path to fame Who had a pair of shoes ? § At six, the host with sweating buff Arrived at Freedom's Pole: II When Wayne who thought he'd time enough Thus speechified the whole. ° ' "Oh ye, whom Glory doth unite, Who Freedom's cause espouse ; -Whether the wing that's doomed to fioht Or that to drive the cows -^ ° ' * [A river in New Jersey.] I llie numbers of Irish in fi,-. t> called, in «.e „., ^e line o i?"S™t J™ »"" -«=■> >t .» b, corps, and its dashing a»l>i6v«menbwr >>yt^"»rxn«r equipage ofliis good lighter, were over-fcndof n.t,„^ ? '!>« Wayne's brigade ttongh my equal corps in the sen-ice""""' ""'^ """'^O "'"■ '"ger train, thfn 237 238 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. * " Ere yet you tempt your further way, . Or into action come ; Hear, soldiers, what I have to say ; And take a pint of rum. " Intemp'rate valour then will string Each nervous arm the better : So all the land shall 10 sincr. And read the General's letter.* " Know, that some paltry Refugees Whom I've a mind to fight, Are playing h — 1 among the trees That grow on yonder height. " Their fort and block-houses we'll level, And deal a horrid slaughter : We'll drive the scoundrels to the devil, And ravish wife and daughter. " I, under cover of th' attack. Whilst you are all at blows. From English-Neighbourhood and Tinack f Will drive away the cows. " For well you know the latter is The serious operation : *Jn'^ ^f"j^ probably the same printed in Almon's Remembrancer, X. 290, and credited to the Pennsylvania Packet, Aug. 1, 1780. It is from Washmgton to the President of Congress, July 26, 1780, and after narrat- ing the stoo' of the expedition, the failure of the attack on the block-house by reason of the cannon being " too light to penetrate the logs of which it was constructed," and the "intemperate valor "of our men that occasioned 80 great loss to themselves, he concludes: " I have been thus particular, lest the account of this affair should have reached Philadelphia much exagger- ated, as is commonly the case upon such occasions." t [Villages in New Jersey.] h el, THE COW-CHASE. And fighting with the Refugees U only —demonstration." His daring words, from all the crowd Such great applause did gain, Ihat every man declar'd aloud For serious work — with Wayne. Then from the cask of rum once more -luey took a heady gill • They'd fight upon the hill. But here-the muse hath not a strain -Befittmg such great deeds: Huzza, they cried. Huzza for Wayne I And shouting - ^ 239 ack t Remembrancer, 80. It is from i after narrat- he block-house 3g8 of which it hat occasioned particular, lest nuch exagger- CANTO II. Near his meridian pomp, the sun Had journey'd from th' horizon ; When fierce the dusty tribe mov'd on Of heroes drunk as poison. The sounds confus'd of boasting oaths Reecho'd through the wood : Some vow'd to sleep in dead men's deaths, And some — to swim in blood. At Irvine's nod 'twas fine to see 1 he left prepared to fight ; The while the drovers, Wayne and Lee, iJrew off upon the right. 240 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Whigh Irvine 'twas, Fame don't relate; Nor can the Muse assist her : Whether 'twas he that cocks a hat, Or hi th^t |»ives a glister. For greatly one was signalized That fought at Chestnut Hill ; And Canada immortalized The vender of the pill. Yet the attendance upon Proctor They both might have to boast of; For there was business for the doctor And hats to be dispos'd of.* Let none uncandidly infer That Stirling wanted spunk ; The self-made Peer had sure been there, But that the Peer — was drunk. But turn we to the Hudson's banks, Where stood the modest train With purpose firm, tho' slender ranks, Nor car'd a pin for Wayne. For them the unrelenting hand Of rebel fury drove, And tore from every genial band Of Friendship and of Love. And some within a dungeon's gloom. By mock tribunals hiid, * [One of the Irvines was a hatter, the other a physician ] Dr. William Irvine, after two years' captivity in Canada, now commanded the 2nd Penn- eylvania regiment. Brigadier James Irvine of the militia was, it will ^e recollected, taken at Chestnut Hill, Dec. 1777. THE COW-CllASE. Had ^vaited long a cruel doom Iiiil^endin^r o'er their head. Here one bewails a brother's fate , Ihere one a sire demands; Cut off, alas ! before their date ' % ignominious hands. And silver'd grandsires here appcar'd Jn deep distress serene ; Of reverend manners, that dcclar'd The better dajs they'd seen. Ocurs'drebellion! these are thine; -Ihme are these tales of woe » Slmll at thy dire insatiate shrine liiood never cease to flow ? And now the foe began to lead His forcps to th' attack ; Ms whisthng unto balls succeed, And make the blockhouse crack. No shot could pass, if you will take ii'cGen'ral's word for true; But 'tis a d ble mistake, For every shot went thro'.* The flrner as the rebel, press'd The loyal heroes stand. Virtue had .erv'd each honest breast, And mdustry each hand. probab.,- mistaken. Sj^ark^, yJ^TlirZ^ZL '" "'^ '* ""^ 241 ia» W8 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. ' "III vnlour'd phrenzjr ♦ Hamilton " Rodo like ft soldier big, " And Secretary Harrison " With pen stuck in his wig. " But lest their chieftain Washington " Should mourn them in the mumps,! " The fate of Withrington to shun " They fought behind the stumps" J But ah, Thadffius Posset, why Should thy poor soul elope ? And why should Titus Hooper die, Ah die — without a rope ? Apostate Murphy, thou to whom Fair Shela ne'er was cruel, In death shall hear her mourn thy doom, — " Auch, would you die, my jewel ? " — § Thee, Nathan Pumpkin, I lament. Of melancholy fate : * [Vide Lee's Trial.] — " When General Washington asked mc if I would remain in front and retain the command, or he should take it and I had answered that I undoubtedly would, and that he should see that I my- self should be one of the last to leave the field: Colonel Hamilton flourish- ing his sword immediately exclaimed - that's right, my dear General, and I will stay, and we will all die here on this spot. I could not but bo surprized at his expression, but observing him much flustered and in a sort ofphrenzy of valour, I calmly requested him," &c. Lee's Defence in Trial (ed. 1778), p. 60. — Harrison also mentioned in this verse had met Andre at Amboy: where this personal peculiarity may have been noticed. t [A disorder prevalent in the rebel lines.] t [The merit of these lines, which is doubtless veiy great, can only be felt by true connoisseurs conversant in ancient song.] For Withorington needs must I wayle As one in doleful dumps ; For when his legges were smitten off lie fought upon his stumpes. — Chevt/ Chase. \ See the Irish song in Smollett's Rehearsal. THK COW-CIIASE. 243 TI.0 grey goose, stolen as he wcnf, in lus heart's blood was wet.» Now as the %ht was further fought And bails began to thicken, ^' ii;e fray assum'd,tl.oGen'rals thought, I'le colour of a licking. Yet undis^a/d the chiefs command, And, to redeem the day, Cry, Soldiers, ciiARopr' h , reot, can only be CANTO Iir. Not all dehghts the bloody spear. Or horrid dm of battle : There are I'm sure, who'd like to hear A word about the cattle. ^t.^'^'^'/'r^^ beheld of late Near Schralenberg haranguing. Of Irvme's hearty banging. Whilst vah-ant Lee, with courage wild Most bravely did oppose ' The tears of woman and of child Who begg'd he'd leave the cows. * Against Sir Hugh Mountgomory So nghttho shaft he sett, The grey goose.,vi„g that was thereon In his hearts blood was wett.- cLu Cka.. The queer American names in f h„ . . n.vm,cs are immortalized by Irving ^''"'"'"'"^^ ^ocks, whose patro- t [Who kept a dramshop.] ^i: 9 'C f I r .„ , ^ -mm 11% t - - : m a ■ I "'«', ^ 244 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. But Wayne, of sympathizing heart, Required a relief Not all the blessings could impart Of battle or of beef: For now a prey to female charms, His soul took more delight in A lovely Hamadryad's * arms, Than cow-driving or fighting. A Nymph, the Refugees had drove Far from her native tree, Just happen'd to be on the move When up came Wayne and Lee. She in mad Anthony's fierce eye The Hero saw pourtray'd ; And, all in tears, she took him by The bridle of his jade.f "Plear" — said the Nymph — "Oh great Com- mander, " No human lamentations ; " The trees you see them cutting yonder " Are all my near relations. " And I, forlorn, implore thine aid " To free the sacred grove : " So shall thy powers be repaid '* With an Immortal's love ! " Now some, to prove she was a Goddess, Said this enchanting fair • [A deity of the woods.] t [A New-England name for a horse, mare, or gelding.] great Com- iV THE OOW-CHASE. IIadWe.e.-reafromthe^^,,,* J» all the pomp of war. That drums and meny fifes had plav-a To honor her retreat: ^ And Cunningham himself eonvey'd i'^e lady thro' the street.t Gyoat Wayne by soft compassion sway'd lo no enquiry stoops; ^ ^' I^"t takes the fair afflicted maid ^'^^^ into Yan Van Poop's. So Roman Anthony, they say, ^.grac'd th' imperial bann;r, And for a gypsy lost the day . L«ke Anthony the tanner. The Hamadryad had but half Receiv'd redress from Wayne, Came down the road amain. ' All in a cloud ofdust were seen ihe sheep, the iiorse, the goat. The gentle heifer, ass obscent Aiie yearling and the shoat. And pack-horses with fowls came by Befeather'd on each side, ^ ^'-nlard o' Lf 'j '^'^. ^7" ^-"-..)-i a V, running to '" L»en. McDniio-nii . n^. .. ,. '^ "■' '^'"^rican lines in W^sfphr-f -•'o-*ii ■ VV JiiiepiaiiiM, Jan. 'Ji 1779 • sfcficstcr county, 245 •—'.•'['asm 24G LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. Like Pegjisus, the horse that I And other poets ride. Sublime upon his stirrups rose The mighty Lee behind, And drove the terror-smitten cows Like chaff before the wind. But sudden, see the woods above Pour down another corps All helter-skelter in a drove, Like that I sung before. Irvine and terror in the van Came flying all abroad ; And cannon, colours, horse, and man. Ran tumbling to the road. Still as he fled, 'twas Irvine's cry, .And his example too : " Run on, my merry men all — for why ? The shot will not go through ? " — Five Refugees, 'tis true, were found Stiff on the blockhouse floor : But then, 'tis thought the shot went round. And in at the back door. — As when two kennels in the street, Swell'd with a recent rain, In gushing streams together meet And seek the neighboring drain : So meet these dung-born tribes in one, As swift in their career ; And so to New Bridge they ran on — But all the cows got clear. THE COW-CHASE. I*oor Parson Caldwpll oii • ^o«, 41 ^*'*"weiJ, all in wonder, ^aw the returning train ; -=::tX.---^p-- For 'twas his right to seize the spoil, and As he had done on Staton-Island With frost-bit Alexander.! In his dismay the frantiek priest Began to grow prophetic: ^Xed taken an emetick. "I v^w a future day," said he, Brighter than this day dark is • ^ia. ha! one pretty Marquis4 "And he shall eome to Paulus Hook And great atchievemonts think on :' * Kev, James Caldwell of Now t ter-master general, whose wife wasS '" T'''' ^^'"'^ «"d ^^Puty quar «ol(herof Knyphausen's comma M ;?, ^"'''"^''^ ^'^''^^ ^y * newly enllteJ provocation, as was alleged X- '']' ^'''''^'^S summer, on^o otter dow as he passed. I„ eonte "^ ^^ t' "'"P*^™^"^ ^"» ^-™ Cr tn d'ocese including Vermont, w^es a Vo '"'"' ^'^^^P Griswold of t^o detestation is frequent menZ ' . ^*^»n'ngton in 1818; "With wh«f woman i^ewJeLy. «u tl'ar ,7^"" ^^f'^'^ -tier's ki^g'^,* . y Col. F_, ^,, ,.„ Jt e onVpn •"■;^" ^^^ ''"^"^ «f th« barb.r- ot through the breast, and instantiv t^, ?'^'^°"' ^^^'^berately aimed a Mr. Caldwell was himse f kHled by an A ' ''''' °^^ ^"''^^ ofieer? '• proof of his patriotic zeal S L r. ''"'^" '"^''''^'•' ^ov. 24, 1781 T,, -e to Springfield, he eJnSS;::/btr n'^ ^^"^" ^^^^ ::,J^-can muskets. "IH. a litr"^^:^:;:^-;---.!^ '^-KlSrl^n "5^ 'r r^ ^^^'^"^^ -^ ^« ^o ^t, Earl of Stirr ^ 247 ;»» 248 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. And make a bow, and take a look, Like Satan over Lincoln. And again : " And all the land around shall glory To see the Frenchmen caper, And pretty Susan tell the story In the next Chatham paper." * This solemn prophecy of course Gave all much consolation ; Except to Wayne, who lost his horse Upon the great occasion. * Miss Susannah Livingston (bom 1748), the governor's daughter, was suspected of political authorship. Perhaps " an intercepted epistle to Ta- bitha from New York," dated Aug. 27, 178C, may be attributed to her: " Sir Hurry, it seems, was more sullen than ever ; Ami Andre complainca of much bile on the liver." " Alas, my sweet sister, I cannot but fear That something not £,ood is to happen us hero. The knight he is either involved in deep gloom. When no one hut Andre dare enter his room," &c. Though her father had no mercy for " the British scoundrels," his house of Liberty Hall was protected in the invasion of June, 1780, by Lt. Col. Gordon; who on account of his sister, the dowager Duchess of Gordon and her husband Gen. Mon-is, was always very civil to the ladies of Lord Stir- ling's connection. On this occasion he promised safety to the young ladies, "so amiable in appearance as to make it scarcely possible to suppose they are daughters of such an archfiend as the cruel and seditiour proprietor of the mansion"; and in token of the same was presented with a rose from Miss Susan's ha.i.? During the day a guard was kept at the house; nevertheless from behind it (and by a servant, it was charged), he himself was shot through tli- thigh. The whole business figured in the newspa- pers. This was the same Gordon that slept so soundly at riiiladelplua. He got into trouble in this expedition ; was tried ; and afterwards insisted on fighting and killing Lt. Col. Thomas of the 1st Guards, who had testi- fied against him. Miss Livingston married John Cleves Symmes, tlio father-in-law of President Harrison. Since this note was written, I have seen a statement printed in Riving- ton's paper, July 22nd, 1780, denying that any musket was fired from Liv. ingston's house, and alleging that the rose was bestowed not upon Gordon, but on Colonel Wurmb of the Hessians. 249 THE COW-ciIASE. His horse that carried o?I i.- TTJo »v,-i-. ^'"^'t,u all his prof*-. ilis mihtavy speeches, "' iiis corn-stalk whiskv fL i • J^est this same warrio-drJver Wov Should ever catch the roel!^"^"' ^alv*.!.' '" Ti^r" !!'■' '^'' ^''-y-<^ was brigadier of H , "orwasw::;r,srCarfr^'-'^^^"^^^^^ l'o«'ever tells us thatL J ''^ Pronounced on h k r V ,^'"- ^' "•->; model :-"'''' '' " P«««'We that Andfd here lad "^' '^'''" '^^ ''^'^^^ «f '^ * P'''-"^"J«r pair as a "^hen the opic strain was Bun^ jao poet b^ the neck was hll i''e dung-born tribo decides his fato." ' 12 ■■««1«»»>,«1., * '•'?^^^*5^Jilf"^S^t^'*Kt *J5 - . ^ f*. CHAPTER XIII. Progress of Arnold's Treason. — Condition of American Affairs in 1780. — rians for Surrendering West Point. — Letters between Andr(S and Ar- nold. — An Interview Concerted. — Andrd's Last Hours in New York. The secret correspondence with Arnold, begun in 1779, had at an early stage been intrusted by Clinton to Andre's exclusive management. The information received was valu- able, and often highly important ; nor was it long question- able from what quarter it came. In an elaborately disguised hand Arnold wrote over the signature of Gustavus, — a pseudonym perhaps suggested by the romantic story of Gustavus Vasa, in whose love of military glory, undaunted boldness, and successful revolt against the unwonted lords of his native land, he might persuade himself his own character found a counterpart. On the other part, the fictitious name of Anderson was but a transparent play upon Andre's own. The accuracy and nature of the intelligence soon gave Clin- ton concern to know with certainty its author j and once sat- isfied in his mind that this was no other than Arnold, he took his cue from circumstances, and delayed the final consum- mation until a period when the loss of a correspondent so valuable would be compensated by weightier gains than the individual defection of an officer of rank. Thus he continued to receive the most momentous revelations of our affairs ; and it may possibly have been that through these means a knowl- edge was acquired of the condition of Carolina that led to the fiill of Charleston. It is certain that his slow approaches after landing were as well calculated to bring reinforcements to the city as to himself; and it is not likely that Arnold I could have borne any very great love to Lincoln, who had PROGRESS OP ARNOLDS TREASON. Affairs in 1780 m Andr»« ble advantage to the Sh r'"'""' "'* ""« greatest possi- wea^ ofTiortL!::;- ^aTr::^- '''- ^-^'^^ - with America on almost y t ms "f m'T' '" ^'^ dependency. The me« 1! '"'«'>' "»' ''"volve days.echoed'lhe toast oT-aTI™ """"' ^' '" ^^^'^ Tl.e royal officers now pled4 'a ""i; ""'* ''"■«»"«•'" of our present unnatural d1l,es- ^"^^"^.r""""""""" America too was tired of the C A ?\"": """'' '"'"d, Ike best authority testifv tn ,1 , ""'' "^ *""esses of 0"r people bein^desimus of '' 'f' "^ " " '»«J°"'y °f ofreunrtingwitlS,Tard™r,r''"''S "» quarrel.^nd of mediated dependence tI 2 T "'""'=' ""''"' 'f "»' ™-*--^^.*hfh:;r;^rbe::;zLd!::: 4^' ,; c- *HI» •Nl. f«« O' i ' ^ ^ 1. ■"m» * «. **<■», y% /"**! 'SIMm ''*k f\, i'r- ^«^ t^^ 53 "■-.,., "-** 4* H ' ' •^ 2 *^ r.. '' '•««*■ [' "•? "^ < '"«! I "".« K." '-3Mi Im*., — 252 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. on the verge of exploaion, and the continental paper money, always really worthless though long sustained by the force of laws and bayonets, was now rapidly approximating its ultimate value. The ranks were supplied with children, whose service for nine months was bought for $1500 apiece. Hundreds even of the staff officers, said Greene in May, 1780, were ruined by the public charges they had been forced to incur, while every obstacle was opposed to a settle- ment of their accounts lest their demands on government should become fixed. " However important our cause, or valuable the blessings of liberty," he continues to Washing- ton, " it is utterly impossible to divest ourselves of our pri- vate feelings, while we are contending for them." — " It is obvious that the bulk of the people are weary of the war," said Reed in August. " There never has been a stage of the war," said Washington, " in which the dissatisfaction has been so general and so alarming." The army ill-paid, ill- fed, ill-clad, avenged its sufferings and its wrongs by such means as lay in its hands. Martial law was published to procure its supplies in states that had not a hostile ensign within their borders. Regiment after regiment rose in mu- tiny ; nor could the rope or the scourge check the devastation and desertion that marked the army's course. At this very period, despite the repeated sentences of courts-martial, and the general orders for the officer of the day on his individual authority to flog any straggler within the limit of fifty lashes, we find in Washington's own words the most unwelcome evi- dences of the necessities of his followers and their consequent marauds along the banks of the Hudson.* Not until the end * Without regard to the question of the soldier's right to quit a service where he is defrauded of his pay and detained beyond the term of his en- listment, it may simply be remarked that at no time were the lash and tlio cord more active than in 1779 and in 1780. The many-thonged and knot- ted cat which cut to the blood at every stroke, and the gauntlet, where a double file of soldiers anointed the culprit's naked body with blows from one end of their lane to the other, were in constant requisition. Floggiiif,' went bo3'ond a hundred lashes; and sometimes the criminal wixs again and of August «ns llio n„v dur. In ,. Mmn government ^leMing J^, , „^''^ ""f •''"'■''" "'"n East ";o other was stretehed forth T Zd " "■""'^'""'" «'"'o of many „,,„„ ,„ ,,, 'l^ rounder, seemed in tl,e fears w-h mortifieation and regret eon," J" .'"""• "-r chiefs when, unless the war ,vas c^' fed ' l^ ""' "V ""l>ondi„g fo-isn .reasure, America Zsttl 1'""''"" ""»P' »"' ™ops, ships, and money," "^ ^ T". "> '•'™»- " Send us "but do no. depend upon these nont """""■ •" ■^'''gennes; ^ot t was known tfat the afdof I,"" "^" ">»'> «.^ans." -e-Wy sporadic; .l.al their toanee/ ™T ""'' ^P"'" '™ ■"■'"ont subsidies. I„ 17/^ ^mZ- T^^" ""' ''°P'= "^ P«- oW, could swell the taxes of F^L" f '' "Tf ""■^' "» •"« l.e lovted from 24,000,000 of pit » "C ^''"'""".OOO. to *»" to fear that, without slf ' ""='''' *"' "ow rea- ;™»t on the other, daily widened Z "'1' ''™'^'''" »»■' "i- " Angus, i, threatened Zl"'\T°^"'""'"'"^''' ''^<'»d.- '''■^'v the warning from w 1 • ""'""' °^ ''^ Power as P"Petrated, he qu^s^red I::!'"" '''■^' '' "»= --d we.: >s»i» rc™„aed, ,h.. „i, ,„„ , "'""•' "•''^ "» "fflcer in n iTr^ '^"^ ^'»"^'^t - the oh; : e^^'^-i^e its immediate S »«^e/er.o« (e./. lH,u" .rl' *?f J^^"^« «f ^he enemy... AH ! l"'^'"!^*^ 'S'l) ■18>»'- and Pattiso„,.howent „ uSl'''^^^^^^ ^''"'-. oral information from Clinl "f !.' 7?^*' P™"''''''^ •»«= "• The details were not v« m >. rf-"*"™ ™' -^c^rned 'he fortunes of the 11 S , '"'^;'^ "''''"^'^ »° P-Pe-- to 0" the 1st of September^, TV"^ '» these generals, minister that he iSnuCtld '".' "'''"^"""^' "> '"e intimates that goverlmenfml i °" 'h« ^Ist more plainly Oenera, and IdmiXr^dLT ^iH '^T f tl>eir duty." In London Z,. f ™"^ P"™<«^ to arrival gave out that i^, "'?" ""^ "■» ""-^'^ o" their .batnewlwtuMp^ltlr^ °Tr'* '"^ ^--"-^ 'ha. would ruin tWo^tr The 1"" "r™""'' "'-"' Andre's death came in indict th?h^" T "^ ""'"«' "' tmsted with and referred Ta ?.- '^ """ """^ *"«» ''eon ana referred to Arnold's meditated treason. t MS. Clinton, De,p.3x Aug. trSO. S. P. 0., Rec. M Oo. ail . 4L 258 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. P'^'^'I'i: How far soever the secret may have been confided in the British camp, it was inviolably kept in the American ; and while Clinton was waiting the motions of the allies to strike his blow, news of the total defeat of Gates at Camden in- duced him to suspend further steps till it appeared what Washington's course would be. The reports of his spies and the force still reserved, convinced him that New York remained the object ; and Arnold soon confirmed this conclu- sion. For various reasons, however, the plan already con- certed of moving upon West Point was abandoned, and other steps resorted to. It would seem that, despite Sir Henry's language lately quoted, there was yet much to be arranged. The time for approach and surrender might indeed be settled in the mysterious and covert phrase of the correspondence between Anderson and Gustavus ; but the manner of attack, which was of course to ti-rn on that of defence, and the price of the performance, could not be so easily hit upon. From what we can gather, it may be inferred Arnold's terms were greater than Clinton thought reasonable ; and this very cir- cumstance may have induced the former to insist on an agreement beforehand with an authorized agent. On the other hand, Sir Henry was desirous (inconsistent with the previously concerted arrangement as it may seem) to ver- ify Arnold's identity, and to settle beyond peradventure the hour and means of his appearance before West Point. He therefore agreed to the proposal that Andre should be sent to meet him. Meanwhile the correspondence had been kept up ; the following is the letter that was perhaps sent in by Heron : — ARNOLD TO ANDr6. ''Auffust SOtk, 1780.— Sir : On the 24th instant I received a note from you without date, in answer to mine of the 7th of July, also a letter from your house of the 24th July, in answer to mine of the 15th, with a note from Mr. B , of the 30th July ; with an extract of a letter from Mr. J. Os- rom Mr. J. Os- to™ of (he 24ih I h» -J should have had my anslx', ""'^ ''rived earlier, y„„ stances ha, p«v,„,f, ^^^ ,,r>"- A variety of eir^" "» ■« very f„„y ;„ , (.,„ ™| Jou before. I expee. ,„ v.e>v wiih Mr. M ^ The? '"^"'^ ^''" «" "'nter- J^o- c„„,ereia, plan, I hopll^Z^f^J^,, """'. '» -«'" M e assures me that he s S „f ■ " ' P""'"'^" ^r. proposal is by „o means unreM^ T'"" """ ^'' ««' x-henhe has had a confe^nTel^u'''' ''"^ ""''''« "o doube, ""h it. He expects, when vo„!^l /?"' """ >■»" "■" olose authorised from your Hcu J ^, ' """ ^"»' •"■" be fully "-copartuershipVa^SX; »; f'T'^ »"■> P-A'^ "f "A speculation mi^ht auhr, t"""'^ ■'"<'««to«l. advantage with ..c^/^ " ''Vt": ""^ 'l^''^ "««''' 'o some "f goods at n>arket wleh yTa'r pa . ^ " ""' "'^ ""''"'''y "•« number of speeulatorfb ,oT T ,??' '° '"^I^^' ""^ y«"r making an immediate piV I ' *"" "^ "S^"-' 7" "-^ " g^eaier plenty, and mur'. "PP"'*™'' goods »f the season; both *y a^d Tet^! f""""" "'^ «'--^« »>'""<' at this juncture^ some 1„^-, "* ™"'»'' ""^ » *- part of the country sooa M,.T ' 7" "^'^""^ » «"- >» the course of ten days he wHI br~;t """"^ ^''"'"^f' that f" .• he requests me fo aSvle 1 I " P'""'"'' "f »«"g *aft o„ y„„ ,.„ f^^„^ „f;„f;';j?°; .""=« he has ordered f «h'eh you will charge on a^ „f fT^ ® ^ '■»■• "^SOO. hehalf of Mr. M-i-e & r„ «• "" "'*"<^''- I am, i„ servant, ^•' ""•' your obedient humble " !f^ "'°^" Anderson, Merchant, Gusta VM. Mr. 0«s,ir^X- ''^'"™^' "" "^ '^-^ - '"^ Keverend Translated from i^^ « 3!JI* 260 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. fences; and had written again on the 15th, when the project tions connected with the arrival of the French may have been mentioned. The terms on which he was to surrender were also doubtless named. To these Andre had replied in two notes; and, if we may suppose that B. stood for Beverly Robinson and J. O.born for Sir H. Clinton, communications irona these were likewise apparently conveyed. It ^nay be easily gathered also that the present strength of the ganison both in militia and continentals was indicated; and that the feasibihty of a coup-de-main, and the danger of the troops at Verplancks retarding such an undertaking, were suggested. It will be observed that Gustavus writes as agent for Mr ^^ *"'' ^'»^e the dash, and we have Mr. Me; in other words, himself. The reader will recollect Arnold's old motto — ^.ii totique: it M'as indeed for himself that be now acted. In this letter, the demand for an interview with a confi- dential agent of Clinton's -a man of Arnold's "own mensu- ration -with Andre in fact -was repeated: and Clinton agreed that the meeting should take place. Several fruitless efforts -two, at the least -were made for this end. In November, 1780, it was said in Londou that Commodore Johnstone, had received a letter from Rodney asserting that Andre had twice safely met Arnold, and had even acTed as his valet-de-chamhre: and that the miscarriage was due to Clinton s hesitation to acquiesce in and instantly follow out the plans then arranged. There seems little foundation for this tale. Rodney arrived at New York on the 14th September and, taking command of that station, readily listened to Sir Hen- ry s desires : — "At this period, Sir George Rodney arrived with a fleet at New lork, which made it highly probable, that Washing- ton would lay aside all thoughts against this place. It be- came therefore proper for me no longer to defer the execu- tion of a project, which would lead to such considerable when the projec' rench may have was to surrender Ire had reph'ed in stood for Beverly , communications yed. It may be li of the gan'ison 3d ; and that the ' of the troops at were suggested. 3 agent for Mr. r. Me ; in other ct Arnold's old self that he now w with a confi- 's " own mensu< d : and Clinton Several fruitless r this end. In lat Commodore 7 asserting that 1 even acted as ige was due to antly follow out 3 foundation for September and, ed to Sir Hen- J'ETTERS BETWEEN ANDRl? Avn . AJiDRE AND ARNOLD. 9fii advantages, nor to Jose so fn.V rented, and under so good a 1\" "^^^""'^3^ «« ^«s pre- Chesapeake, whieh evefybodv Z '!, ''' '"P^''"«" ^«' ^e place. Under this feinfr ^'"'^ ^'^"^^ «^ course take North River. I Ld ' .TT^ '^^ ^ "°— ^ "P t -d General KnyphausI"^ IZ^J'^'n ^" ^^«^^« «o'«ey for his Majesty's ?ervLe\v;^^^^ mL^^' :'' '''' -' •andsomely promised to give meTv '^'''''''^ ^^^^ h\8 power. ^ '^ '"^ ^^ery naval assistance in respondenTLrerfeilned 1«^ ^^^ ^^^^''^^ cor- carried on, should be rCdtr Tn'^^'f .^^«^ ^ ^^^ been person being General ArnoTd.! ''^ ''^' ^"'^ '' '" ^^^ and that in the manner fnTvhel^^^^^ '' ^''' I*-"N the forts, and troops to me I n T *" '""^"'^^^ ^''"^elf; concerted plan beUen ^^ °:^,,'r T'"^^^^ ""^^ « "Pon this expedition should be nl 7 " ^'"°'^ ^^^°P« «^nt counterplot; and I was del '• .^'' "' "'^^ ^^ «"»•?"«« or hut under such partici™; "^ ^^ '"^'^ ^'^ ^"^"^^' ^'^e con;;;:o:s^^^^^^^^^^^^^ z:z '» ^ ^^^^ ^^-^^ -^ 1777; and I had receded L^ 7 ' '''''"° '^^^^ ^^^^^e in General Arnold, "t I' "'' '"^^^""^ ^^^^ ^om "jeeting should be held with Tha' IT'^I^ "'''^^"^^ '^'' « P'an. My reasons, as I Zve I Tf ?'"^'"^ '^' ^^^I- prove the propriet^of suchlr ^'"^'^ '^'™' ^'"' ^ t^^st, Arnold had also lilZls TT '" ™^ ^^^^^ «^»-a - to make it unneces ary J^; rlet ™"f '^ " ^^^^ ^^^^^^ "Many projects for Y ''''P'''''" ^^^n'- quentlysL^rafa tempts Cd?"^^ -re formed, and conse- -Id seemed extrem^y de'ro '. Th t "'"' ^^"^''^^ ^- n>y particular confidence JlX ''™' P^^^on, who had as he described it i„ wH^" !^/ ''"' '" ^""^ ' ^^«°^« »««". " I had thought of T^' -^ '' ^'"^ mm.«ra^e,„. fon, who woullg ad ATrndelT ''" ^"^^^^^"^ ^--P" ^---natl.^:rS^-r:S^^ 262 LIFE OP MAJOR ANDR6. prevented him from ensamnfr in it P^^nn. i a . , « insisted ihnt iu 'b"o'"o in it. l^enera! Arnold finally Adjutant-Gcneral Major AndnS, who indeed had be™ .k! on the «^st Hde of the Hudson , and he notiflcrSheldort' commander, that he hoped to encoun.,.r V„ .v- ' valuable emissary. Of this t^ Z?i . • f"" T"""" " 3rd of September n, / ™ '°'^™*'^ ""• *« «... .e 4uid comT:!tV:t^trim^~:p^r" ANDERSON TO SHELDON. permitting me ^'e^^^-nl ;in;;;tn™ IS rbi^^to-tK-Tsfur ''"'?- -- 12 o'clock whPn T«wi K 7 Sunday next the 11th at -s ociocK, When I shall be happy to meet Mr fi qk^ u made, can speak on the affair. .o fh:^::t.™reer;,f:r::e :L:fr:-r ^^^^^^^ .hat the publio on neithe'r side ean^XX^^ " ""'"" to yo'ut a famT.;: """ "^ "' ""'"^ ""^ « "' '''-^'- 1 trust 1 shall not be detained but should any old ernd™ be a eanse for it, 1 should „.ther risk that'han n'^^.tl * Ctaton to lord G. Gcnnain. - Spark's ArnoH, 168. »1 Arnold finally I him should be i had been the 5d on the secret as John Ander- ■k, should meet d North Castle, led Sheldon, its this manner a iformed on the letter's plan to le arrangement wn aside. On ■ote to Sheldon m outposts. yoT li„-es by stcam. I am w.U ^n^**' have advised ge. ,o Wo sert. "" "'"> »" regard Yr. most hum- John Anderson. This letter ratlier surnrised e had not before beeT 1 .*"."' '" "'""" Anderson's o"Jec. of putting ArnoIdTa inZ' 'f " ""^o-" "' '"•nsmitted to him. He ZtMrT^T *"' " '™ »' <»'™ ™»p.cion, and directed thTtif^?'' " "•'« "> '''«'™ ""r feldon-s post, notice shodd I re'tT" f""'" """^ <» '[■e supposed intelligencer escorted? I r ''^ "P'»»3 and 'ho same ,i„e, «„ The alCirj",'''' ''^l-l-arte... At l"s post, 1,0 resolved to seek C^^n • """"' """"""'d ""h '■"'« «nd place. He 8^001 f^w "«""' "' "■» "PP^inted 0" the afternoon of the lol ^T ^'"■'" '» ''i^ l.»rge SmiA's house; and orthe mo „fn?1 111"' '"^'" «' J-""" nmeteen miles ,„ Dobb^ f"" 1°*^ ** ""■ d-'^^nded Kobinson to receive C ^' """"' ^■«'™ »«"ed with 4-P*X Vi^nf t-^ "^--'"^ -*.. H. to Washington, whose mS^,n^ ^'^' *"' "" »»rfy '™nd ■"language that is yet remembered' ™rb' '' """P'™-''' to a great heiress of the d,v T / '"" ""' ™a'-ried PWlipse, and with her acouired'lnl ^"^''"' "^ ^'^^"^^ At his house Washingtrh^ 'T T"" °" ""^ H""^"- J-cunger sister and coleiressHT " '""S"" "> "» «■« lands, t«ro mfe fr„„ W^t Pnl^ IT"""^-"^"' " ""« High- river, was a We and T,^ "' °" ""^ «ast side of the P'easant orcha.^^ and gardenr"/"'"""^ '""^'^^^ t ^"OT- TheAmeril^ nerlls "! T'™"^ "^ »'""™^ e«y since its o„ner was " Vrth:""= "'' P""'" P^P" to use it as their own • it „„! " . ^ """"'' ""« "ont J-i.ing.on-s i.ead.,:arte;.''Vb?re^n"'/ ""' ^"^ "^ Of an entertainment ffiren «f Po." T i. P'«asant anecdote «ot long before his delt" aII- ' ^''''^^^ *^ ^^ ^^^-«« '• ^'"^'••cans and others were pres 264 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. ill ent who had served in our war. At supper, the guests were led into a strange, large, low apartment, like a farmhouse kitchen, with one window and many small doors.' On a rough table were arrayed large dishes of meat and pastry, bottles, glasses, silver mugs, &c. They gazed in surprise, and memory faintly struggled to recall the scene, till La Fayette suddenly cried out, " Ah, the seven doors and one wmdow, and the silver camp-goblets such as the Marshals of France used in my youth ! We are at Washington's head-quarters on the Hudson, fifty years ago I » Robinson's circumspect and cautious character were thou^^ht needful to check the buoyancy of his comrade, and he was likewise fully acquainted with the pending negotiations. In- deed it was probably through him that Arnold's first over- tures were made. But the large acquaintance and interests he had in the region, and his knowledge of the country, made his presence additionally desirable. The interview was to occur on the east side of the river at Dobb's Ferry; but as Arnold drew near, one of those circumstances which the pious man calls providence and the profane calls luck, prevent3d an encounter that must in all human probability have resulted in the consummation of the plot. Some British gun-boats were stationed at the place which opened such a fire on the American barge that Ar- nold, though twice he strove hard to get on board, was put m deadly peril of his life and obliged to fall back. How this came to pass without Robinson's intervention we cannot im- agine; for it is impossible but that an intimation from him would have caused the firing to cease. Or had he repaired with Andre and his flag to meet the solitary barge that evi- dently belonged to an officer of rank, an interview might at once have been effected in the most plausible manner in the world. The circumstances of the case would have rendered It easy for Arnold to publicly say that he would, since they were thus thrown together, waive the prerogative of rank that otherwise might have induced him to refer the enemy's fla<^ "I-^ TLAKS KOB AN INTERVIEW WITH .bkoLP. 204 .c« for oven „ pr~ ^1?.^ ?r "" " "='"'^ "'*■ fblWed, Arnold "1^ '"?,; A "•' '""'" "' ■«='"« ">„, .bore, above .l,e fel 1 I""""'"" »"" °" "'' '^«^' but no flag came H' . , ' '^"'"'"'^<' "" '""-J"™-- "•Tibuted ,0 K^nev '1^1'' r'"" """ "'» ""'»"»'" •»re. At all evelT" ''"'\'"'<' "» "■^'-a' foundation i'o.Hand b"i^LtrdrKr-r-» tt ure of the meetino- o»n ,.ni u ^'^' ^^^ *a'l- ".at .be ^^AZnZt::::7t vr:'^'-' ferry when Arnold was flred TLT ?.""' '"'"'' "^ "■« season. Tbey could hJ» u ? ™"" ■"" '"'"f"" '" its boat wa, tZ to TuLtTo aI" "" "1''"'"'^=' ''"- ^id . rar and . vl^orou^rr^.t^S; ^^^ -job " «»: -^T - - -f tn^d r td:^ :: reasons to give &f ever JTTT ""'' ''' ''^ P'""-"" raeeting mns now be 7 ''.''° '""' ""'*"• »"' « "ew )"'• T'"' ■=»"«"» Marbois /who is^^f °" " ''""''■ •''"=^- Recording .„ known to 1) Clinl rr^"""*""'"' •'yanyauthorfues unless tt etLaJ^S !„rl"d " ""'"^ '""•"^'' ^""-M '"at stances mtbt preventTrt ""' 'P'"""'^ """'^' "™°'- «plied (0 this effect:! *" '"' ^""Jance. A,-noId »be''e^"^n.;:ntlrf ° ' • '"=' '^ '' "" "« ■"-• J' -- pendant cnq a s.x jours : profitons pour arranger nos Itv! 266 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. affaires du temps qu'il nous laisse. Vcnez, snns delai, mo trouvcr aux lignes, et nous reglerons ddfinitivement les risquos et les profits do lu societe. Tout sera prfit ; mais cette en- trevuo est indispensable, et doit preceder I'exp^dition de notrc navire." • Hardly, however, had the discoraflted and disappointed Andre returned to New York when events took a new turn. There was no longer room for doubt that the negotiation would be speedily and thoroughly elFeeted. The chosen few to whom the secret was known were elate with anxious joy ; and even they who knew not the cause could not but reflect in their countenances the satisfaction of their leaders, and the belief that at length irreparable injury was to fall on the American cause. "Let the Whigs enjoy their temporary triumph," wrote one of the best-informed loyalists about Clin- ton ; " I would have them indulged in, as I really think it is one of the last they will enjoy." Tradition relates that there were not a few who believed that Andrd was engaged in an affair that was about to ripen to a head, and from which, if • Coraplot d'Amold, &c. 91. Marbois was in 1780 secretary here to Lu- zerne's legation, and for long after French Consul-General, and Charge He was of studious and reflective habits and sound parts. John Adams thought him one of the best informed men in France. Gen. Cnss says no foreigner ever understood us so well, and few Americans better. His opportunities were good; his intimacy with the leading men of the day gave him knowl- edge of their views about Arnold, whose business was constantly discussed by the allies. All of Arnold's papers too were seized, both at West Point and Philadelphia, and apparently scattered in various hands. Perhaps he may thus have had access to information or documents now unknown Certainly some of his statements are not easily reconciled with the current history of the time ; but it is incredible that he should give, with quotation- marks, translations of letters that had no existence but in his own imagin- ation. "Marbois writes tittle-tattle and I believe does mischief," wrote Jay from the French court in 1783. The speeches that he puts in the mouths of some of the chief actors under circumstances that render it ira- possible they should have been reported, has license in long established historical usage. Every author of a certain school feels at liberty to use us hero's tongue as freely as Homer used those of Greeks and Trojans. Ces coquins," said Cond^ to De Retz, "nous font parler et agir conune Us auroient fait eux-memes a notre place." The a z, sans delai, mo ement Ics ri.squos ; mais cctto en- p^dition de notre md disappointed took a new turn, the negotiation The chosen few ith anxious joy ; (1 not but reflect leaders, and the I to fall on the their temporary lists about Clin- really think it is jlates that there engaged in an from which, if cretary here to Lu- I, and Charge. He )hn Adams thought 8 saj's no foreigner His opportunities y gave him knowl- Dnstantly discussed >oth at "West Point ands. Perhaps he ts now unknown, i with the current i^e, with quotation- n his own imagin- I mischief," wrote It he puts in the that render it im- long established at liberty to use ieks and Trojans. it et agir comme F"Jing f.„e. N„ bcl^J vl:,' '" r" ""» "' '- "«-l^ ™- fvil to his plans . „n,i ,i.,7 • """"S ""'^'""^ presaged «..cnda„ts'b"„ :,rl' 'ZT" T"'"'' "'■«'" '»» n . • " 7"o'" such provident advices n^ "S «ccnes entered Madame do B de Te.rntl" K •'". '"'""""'' "' "'" Placc. fion, Clinton Td hL 7 . "'"^ "•" ""'' "'"' ■'''■"'ived Nor was tir ;: i ;l™, •"' *f ■'^*- '- Oeparturo. is Iho „„a|lurin» and cmwTd • 7u? """^ '" ^>'»' ^«'^ »nd 34th Stree" st«d "l "1 1"° """"'•"'^ "^ ^"'^ Avenue irv-seal of T„! L ,1 ^'^^ ""' »"«!<">' *»w™ or eoun iryseat ot Jacobus Kp. Built in icii e u ■ , fem Holland, encompassed hi T ' ' '"'"'"S'" viowofthespUhngCtelter ""\^ """ "' ^"^^ the mansion remained evtr? ^ ^^°" ""^ ^''^' ^'"'<", of its founde.'s hn H 1" Idr™ "■■"" '" P<"'^'™" .hose appearance had rr, .' f™' '""'"^ """"-J""' DrearaeHntte fabulous^ T, '^ "'" ''«'"'"'f Oloffe the 'He g..ves ttt rhofr^al'^th^'T' J-"' "'■""'"'''»<' Kip's musketoon, when th„, \ """"*■• "^ H^-lri^k ^ the sur^undi g X '^;;f VT"" '""* •■'' "-" neighborhood, Kip's ZZ l/iT ^«>'""g'<'n -as in the Ho«e e^ssei ftl W itund^: f 7-'-; «Be„ 1"6, he debarked at ,L I ™.S™day, Sept. ISih, skirmisher drovTi" " IT ^ T "' '"'''^ l"^' ""» W. 2C8 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRt. they had always an officer of distinction quartered with tnera . and ,f a part of the family were in arras for Congress, as is' alleged, it is certain that others were active for the crown Jacobus Kip of Kipsburgh led a cavalry troop of his own tenantry with great gaUantry in Do Lancy's regiment ; and despite severe wounds survived long after the war, a heavy pecuniary sufferer by the cause which with most of the land- ed gentry of New York he had espoused. On September 19th Colonel Williams of the 80th, then Dilleted here, gave a dinner to Clinton and his staff as a parting compliment to Andre. How brilliant soever the com- pany, how clieerful the repa. , its memory must have ever been fraught with sadness to both host and guests. It was the last occasion of Andre's meeting his comrades in life i^our short days gone, the hands then clasped by friendshin were fettered with hostile bonds; yet nine'days'mor , a the darling of the army, the youthful hero of the hour had dangled from a gibbei. ' It was recollected with peculiar interest that when at this banquet the song came to his turn, Andre gave the favorite military chanson attributed to Wolfe, who sung it on the ev of the battle where he died. » " Why, soldiers, why Should we be melancholy, boys? Why, soldiers, why. Whose business 'tis to die ! For should next campaign Send us to him who made us, boys, We're free from pain : But should we remain, A bottle and kind landlady Mokes all well again." find a (compi Andre now ac king,) ] from D sloopoi At 1 fi'om A the rive King's ] planck'ti dexterou presence, »vas recei I'ead-qua As Li^ lartered with tnem ; for Congress, as is ive for the crown. ^ troop of his own y's regiment ; and ' the war, a heavy I most of the land- of the 80th, then md his staff as a nt soever the corn- s' must have ever d guests. It was comrades in life, ped by friendship 3 days more, and of the hour, had that when at this gave the favorite ung it on the eve }'»» CHAPTER XIV. Hell SmiU. selected as ArnolS', Me.lge^ '"'"" '"" ^'»»'''-Jo>l.u. Arnold. On (he 16(h ^7 ^^ ^mmnnications from «» .bo Vulture, Ld ,haft;T 71 "'""''" ""' "P "^ "^er "ntimely imrl^yl^V^ ,t "7 ""™ should be no ".easarably instructed in ,vha( ZZ ' '" "=»""»"'>''«■• ^^ "ight be derived from nlme T f ,"^ ""' ^'' ="y o™"" »Wp for the enterprir ShThel'elA* H "" " *"'""="« M against our privateers a„r,f .f been very success- find a band of pri ™„e" s'ol ^'T^"' ^""^ '«''<"•« "« (^^pusingnoto^rr^ekb^edH '^""f "^ ^'"»'' Andre had deliW,ted tn ?"""*? ^ome, ,n whose tragedy .0. active forr,! tltr :„d r'"' '•"' '^'"'^'^^"• th" river, the Vulture came ,„ T"^ """"^ "^ ^7 <>f King's Ferry and careeTvl ■■ r"' "'""" ^"^^ ^'^ <>( PlanckV. and Stony S^^'''^' ''^ *^ ™*^ of Ver- ^-.orouslyco„ve7^';rma.":rat Ta°" u' "'" presence, and his readine« .„ vi.u ° ° ^'^""^^ of li« « received a. V^ril- .J r " '''^""■'"''""- ^'^ '^«<'^ k»d-o.uarter. severS its ,ble '™=""'"' """ ''''"™'^»'' '» ''■'"°"'™ "'"^"^ ■"■ '""»■■-' though an „„.,uti„„ LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. part in the ruin of the plot, he may briefly be noticed here. He was the same officer who under Montgomery had borne so active share in the capture of Andre's regiment at Cham- bly ; an amiable, well-informed young man, perfectly familiar with the French tongue. He now commanded the chief out- post of West Point, a work of unusual construction, planned by Gouvion, and hardly to be reduced without time, trouble, and heavy artillery. Hither he was ordered with his regi- ment on August 4th ; the next day after Arnold, under who^se command he was placed, had been sent to West Point. Chas- tellux remarks on a breakfast the Colonel gave him of beef- steaks, tea, and grog: his larder being as illy supplied as his men's wardrobe, who were sent in because they were the worst clad troops in the army, « so that one may form some idea of their dress." Several persons were dining with Arnold when Robinson's letter was brought in. Carelessly glancing over it, he put il in his pocket, and without secrecy mentioned its contents which nominally were to ask an interview. Among the guests was Colonel Lamb, the second in command, who also had taken part in Andre's capture at St. Johns, and whose jaw was broken by a musket ball with Arnold before Quebec. He was too a good French linguist, and of much professional skill, but of restless genius and a bad temper, said Mont- gomery; brave, active, and intelligent, but very turbulent and quarrelsome. He now urged solid reasons for refusing Rob- inson's request, pointing out to Arnold the occasion such an interview would give for suspecting improper communica- tions; and not resting satisfied with a promise to consult Washington on the matter till he had ascertained from both parties that the question was made and answered. Arnold, however, showed Robinson's letter to Washington on the evening of the 18th, as they crossed together at Kin-^'s Ferry ; and great must have been his chagrin at the pos- itive terms in which he was advised of the impropriety of the chief commander of a post meeting any one himself. ROBINSON SENT TO ARNOLD. 271 'he cVil authorife. uj ?° ""* ''"™^«» """t pertained to 'han I had of mvseif •• said 1 vT-° '"'P'""" »<" Arnold discourse beins r.h. ^'*' "" ™'»«»S ">«• This f™mas,ep:rp,:;;''',,.f~;^^^^^^^^^ *--god ht: There were se<.»li .'^'"""'^ " by his superior, noticed without utiTtr''"""' '" ""'^ "'-f voyage, recalled with feaXTiXlcro ''''"''' ""^ ''"^'>™^^ siness when, after careMy ^aiin^T ""' "^""'^ ""■=«- !>«silion of the Vulture wLh w f ' '"'"" '"°'»^'«' "■« •- tone gave an ortoTr tafe „ "' I'' ^' ""<■ '" " I'm. Hi, words were inaudM. , .["""* '° """^^ "'^"^^ "ore palpable was his conff.' , ^ **" '"""Joe'- Still Ito andlid-« G^J^"["!'™ "hen ^^ l^«yette turned to "pondencewith the enemy vt It ™°' ^?'' ''*'"' " «>"«- * what has became rf 'She„ - --T. ''" k" "°" "^ P"^" ^^^^tj^rz r t"" "'^^ --""- -Wit was :reZZZi'Z:Vl^ f^-^^™- and hasty manner he »hn,.„.i , "^^ ^" * confused -ant by his remark • bu t ^, """"""''' "''« ^^ ^'Jette he subsided into si^e e " .^ ""T' ''""'^^S '"'"^^'f' of the scene came „ tt f> ™''' """ ""'' «■« """esses 'hought all wrCwnL™'?"" /'■''' <■" '"« =->«■■' "e But no such thing ^s dr^ UH ""rv" ""= ^P"'" suue passed trannnaiv „„ .uT- Washmgton and his 'hen, as far as Pe'eSl, "w et^h?!:/™"" accompanying ception and where he and T ^ V>«y'm for thei.- re- September IStlThT ';'''"''.'' "'«'"-gb' of Monday, each on his own course-.h ' „"T"I ""^ ^"'^ ''«««'«' ' '0 West Point. Thirw^ the ,»?" ''""'""'' ">» »"«^' '«'«k ing the man who had dTI' Vt °°'^'"" »f^™»W^ -neet- «" '-ad =" on the ladder of preferment, and had 272 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. t2! >ll " ilH Steadily recognized, despite the clamor of Congress and his subordmates, the existence of shining qualitiesressential in- deed to a general but not of universal occurrence in our army; j,.ho had supported firmly his lawful pretensions agamst the injustice of their common masters; and to whose unwearied integrity he owed not only his rank but his com- mand. On Arnold's part it is but fair to say that I have seen nothing save his treason to induce me to believe him one of Washington s enemies and maligners ; we know who some of these were, and that Arnold was not their friend.* But hu- man ingratitude could hardly go beyond this sacrifice he was now bent on of all the chief held dear to his own baser in- terests. Washington « went on his way, and he saw him no "n" \v,^",.!''^. ^'"^ ^'"' ^^Vpine.^, honor, and fame, fn A i ' l^^^^^o^^ "nder the usual disguise had written to Andre, but there was probably a delay in the letter's trans- mission. Indeed the manner in which the correspondence was all along conveyed is not yet known ; though at the time Arnold took command Moody, the well-known partisan and spy, was m duress at West Point, and his condition seems to have excited the general's attention. If relations existed between these two, there would be no difficulty in sendin.. messages to any quarter. When he answered Robinson's letter on the 19th, however, and in general termrdX receiving any communications except of a public nature, he concealed within the folds of his ostensible note two others of a very different tendency. Each of these documents is erroneously dated as of the 18th. ARNOLD TO KOBINSON. SeplenOer 18lh, 1780. -Sm: I parted wiih his Excel- lency General Washington this morning, who advised rae to Congress and his ities, essential in- ccurrence in our wful pretensions ■s ; and to whose nk but his com- that I have seen eve him one of low who some of iend.* But hu- sacrifice he was i own baser in- he saw him no , and fame, lise had written le letter's trans- correspondence ugh at the time n partisan and iition seems to ilations existed ilty in sending *ed Robinson's terms declined iblic nature, he ote two others * documents is COBRESPONDENCE. avoid seeing you a, it ^ ij ^^^ reasons appear to me to b"t . TT. '" "^ '">■•/• Hk d'ffferent „pi„i„„ j ^„if'J;l^°'''>^<^ ! but, if I „i^ J" «"; 1 shall sead a pe^n ^^ ^1?^^'^ ^ y» «' Pres! »■"■ «> boat and a feg of truce v"'' ""^ ^""'•'^ '>™ «c.ecy and ^ - °' ™ce. Yon „ay depend on Z --hall he kept ^^^Jf ^^.X-^-f /hatove" „" ! »''.ch I can officially act, I ^.^'j ""<■' '^ " '« a matter i„ ■".oblige you consisienti; „Tll T'^ """« ■■" "r Power b;» matter n,ust be conduT d 2h ,, ^^ '''' "o'" "oLu,^ 'J'* .t will he advisable for ,r V r ^'""'" '"'""y- 1 f "until the time appointed ir"'""'" '" «■»"'•" «be.^ " Semleman in New YoaTZ, „ '""' "x^'"^^" « 'e'ter for v«'e •"■»iness,whichlb°g ,hn,r r "■" """""•y on pri' ■""le no doubt he wUl ?« n! f- T "^ ^""^ '» «>"ard, Ld "PPoinled. Ia„,,te'" ''^ P-^'o-'^r to come at the time «»^'4iK,!nT„1,:;;':r»'o 'odge here on "»y w,sh to communicate ^ "^*'' •""■ ""^ n«>«er you September Uth Sin • n „ '» J'o-r request, I attempts, ," f ,"n ."' "°°»' "S-'^^ably prevented by the armed boat, rf Z ^'"'^ ^'='■'7. "ut wi • il^e foregomg letter was wri.f ^ '""""• -"'■on your business .rCorrSheir"""" ^°" -' 'o P<"-»"- I have no confldan, f ?^™' "' ""V other »-"/ "'ready, who h«s ;: ' nt, , / ^^^ made one to "»»»• prevented some profitable spccnla- --.vrDxrper;;t;x'hnr """"* i-^ -■"«• to 13 J- the landmg on the east side, on fe it^i »SShS3 274 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Wednesday the 20th instant, who will conduct you to a place of safety, where I will meet you. It will be necessary for you to be disguised, and, if the enemy's boats are there, it will favor my plan, as the person is not suspected by them. If I do not hear from you before, you may depend on the personV being punctual at the place above mentioned. My partner, of whom I hinted in a former letter, has about ten thousand pounds cash in hand ready for a speculation if any should offer, which appears profitable. I have also one thousand pounds on hand, and can collect fifteen hundred more m two or three days. Add to this I have some credit From these hints you may judge of the purchase that can be made. I cannot be more explicit at present. Meet me if possible. You may rest assured, that, if there is no danger in passing your lines, you will be perfectly safe where I pro- pose a meeting, of which you shall be informed on Wednes- day evening, if you think proper to be at Dobb's Ferry Adieu, and be assured of the friendship of Gustavus. September 18ih. - The foregoing I found means to send by a very honest fellow, who went to Kingsbridge on the 16th, and I have no doubt you have received it. But as there is a possibility of its miscarriage, I send a copy, and am fully persuaded that the method I have pointed out to meet you is the best and safest, provided you can obtain leave to come out.* * See Sparks's Wash. vii. 527; and "The Case of Major John Andr^ Adjutant-General to the British Amy, Who was put to Death hyihl Cat' ^leT '' ''''' '''\''''' Represented: with Ren^arksonthf sat W„ .1, . T •''? "^ °'^''" ^'^""^ "P°° '^^' «^'«"S and accursed Civi aTposteritv" "t"'i r,"' '!. ""^ ""' ""''' ^''•^^™«- '^^ execrable pn 27 t£ ~ri":^ Ckrendon." New Yo.k, Rivington, 1780. 4to. ed^e but i r """'. apparently drawn up with Clinton's know!- edge but probably never published. The only copy I have seen Is made Mr 1 . P-^^er's proofs. The above letter difirs from thagvert The Zt .H r- f ''''"'^ '''''''' ""^'''^ «'^« ^» to the ;ord Mee^ me preface to the tract is dated Nov. 28, 1780. son B down letter every charg paper cise. from '. vilie, : manoei sketch( day; t take tl certain! that on stand ra Arnold enough tion cou; Mlu:t you to a place ill be necessary for boats are there, it suspected by them, may depend on the s mentioned, ler letter, has about for a speculation if >. I have also one set fifteen hundred have some credit, irchase that can be sent. Meet me if there is no danger '• safe where I pro- armed on Wednes- at Dobb's Ferry. GUSTAVUS. ANDfifi GOES TO THE VULTURE. 275 nd means to send ingsbridge on the eived it. But as send a copy, and ve pointed out to i you can obtain In 1 • r "^'^ "oM .hat A„dersor„„„M 17! 'T'" °" '»»"' '"«' ce.ved were forwarded lo iC v "^L Mea„,i„e, those re- would seem was now, on .he Lm /,,""'' '^""y ^ " counsel on their consideral^^I to V "^"'' """^ '""> ramd, there could have appeared little d!ffl'°j!™ «a "I.""" ''^'"•'' »' h- own everything ,l,at pldence eotfd ^^^"^ "*'"' ''^'■"'"g eharging him to preser "e his7n f '"^'"' »»'' '*P«o-»"y Pape«. On this Lt .^u„ d™r He'" """ ""-""""S e>se. In the spring of 177a „k! "^ ™" «"" P"^- from New York to the Con w "* «"»°"«»«T was g^ing *, he was con>mi sioneri Td/w "\," ^''-'««- "■anoeuvres at Monmol I t , ^ ^™> "f "-o fetched some hasty pi"*" „ft' *" f^'''''^'' "'^■». Clinton ^Xi hut recolieetin'gtse^ .^T^Lr"""" "^ "" lake these, for if ,he Americans find ,, '^' J'"" """^l "ot certainly han<- von • .1, ,™""' '""' «'em on you, they'll f "^ -e." In Lilt :fZ tZ "d "■" '""^ """- Arnold were needed. His leTtt ^? ""'' "" P"^" ^""^ c»ough his own efTeetive force "„d W ' ^^"? f "" ""'""-'y 1" could have .cltled ih, IT. r ^^"shrngton's : conversa- «»ed the plan „f„,taeki and Kobinson and '■^^^■iiilji 1 "y* "^^ ■■:;;: 'Si' "«# 276 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfe. his loyp.1 dependents must have furnished guides to every gorge in the neighborhood of his ancient liome. Marbois gives a highly colored account of the scene be- tween Clinton and Andre on this occasion ; and whether imagination or memory supplied its facts, there is a con- sistency in this part of liis story which commands our atten- tion, if it does not receive our faith. The interview, he says, was insisted on by Arnold as a condition precedent to any further action. So far all had prospered to his wish. There were heard none of those vague, sinister rumors that usually attend the explosion of a conspiracy : never had a design so prodigious more happily approached its appointed term. This profound secrecy was owing to Arnold's care that the matter should remain concealed in his own bosom and those of Robinson and Andre ; and this was one of his motives for wishing to place in no other hands the information needful to bring matters to a head. But on the other part, he con- tinues, Clinton saw more danger than practical advantage in the rendezvous. He had previously refused to sanction it with his permission, and he now feared lest so many pre- cautionary measures should serve only to bring an unlucky end to an enterprise that hitherto had progressed so smoothly, but in so much danger. Andre, however, to whom great share of the glory of success must ensue, burned with im- patience to play his part. He had even, says our chronicler, conceived a hope more ambitious by far than the seizure of the forts. He thought now to fix the surrender on the very day of Washington's return to West Point, and thus to crown his achievements with the capture of our main stay and chief. But apprehending that Clinton would not view this idea with favor, he contented himself with the request to meet Arnold for the purposes already discussed. Tiie English general at length consented ; and Marbois pretends to give (in translation, of course) the very words he spoke. " Mon enfant," lui dit-il, « ton entreprise exige encore plus de sagesse que d'audace, conduis-la suivant ton desir jusqu'ii '>'< I I ce qu'elle soit consomm ' ■I un scul coup celte guerre ■ ta fi. " •» ' """" ""■'' «»" '"««• Tu sera, done comnw !^ • ' '" """"'e-ant An... Early on ll,e 20lh AnH , , /"' '""^ '«» s»dos.» '■« propoaed ,„ ^end t' t et ^^ re^'r "' ^"^^' "'-- "'!• l..m, and l,e deiermincd o ll "P" ^"^ "<'« ««» alteriug her p„si,i„„. j^^" ^^'""''''^ oppressed wiah by i" Haver,.... Bay. a «,«e a^ r/i." '^ «"' °" "-'^ "Bh wa, passed in ,„r,oZ expeei ° . ^'""" ""^ ">«= of k« ^hore, ^nr :;:e\:t: rir 9 ? ' - '• -" .W„', mediatiof lun L? ; •'''"''''''^ "■""«'' Ko"" -toaee whrj^a ™Id "^ .^.^ "="""»"»■«"-" «'«. Arnold it was fired onbv 7 K T "' " ""' "'"■'» ™«ge .reac,,er„uf Ce Vt m r:h: """ ""• "'"P'"" ""' -bled by its poaitL L z. *!,,::n^' ""' """"' ""^ first sign of pursuit It 1. • ^ T ^""'^y o" *e can to^be eompeUed to Z^Tt'"" "' ''"""' '» "" ^"'ri- fougbtbyt^asTfl:;?^:, »:„rr "" !J" """"'^ that the interview beiwJnTj - ° , """•'''''"'''"'■eaffair a-^.^eiroonse^u^rSioroLtert-r^^^^^^^^ device of the newsnan^r „ ^-^^'onea. j?or besides the ■n^eed b, S„thTrZHr on Teller'n Point, I sent a boat towards the 8lu,re presummg some communication was thereby solicited. The' boats crew on approaching received a fire from several armed men, who till then had been concealed. Fortunately none of my people were hurt, but the treacherous intentions of those who fired are not vindicated from that circumstance. I have the honor to be, &c. Let us now turn to Arnold, and see what were his plans for those commun.cations that he had not dared to trust on paper Iwo miles and a half below Stony Point, in a square' wo-stoned stone house that still stands on the Ilaverstraw Road, dwelt a man of substance named Joshua Hett Smith H.S general reputation was that of a warm whig, but Lamb whose wife was a connection, seems to have set him down as a d,safn.cted poison, and forbade any intimacy between the households. In truth he appears to have been one of tha class who run wuh the hare and hunt with the hounds. His brother the Chief-Justice, now a warm loyalist in New York was sa.d by his fellows to have hung back till the conquest of Amenca was deemed certain. Another brother at London was charged wUh seditious practices there. He himself, how- ever, was a man of education and intelligence ; and probablv was chiefly careful to keep on good terms with whom oevt was ^permost, while in heart he preferred a reconciliatLn w th Bntam on the terms then offered, to a continuance of the war for Independence. He was withal . fm.orous, yet a pry! ing, busthng sort of character; delighted 1„ Im.. a han^^ i weaghty afKurs, but devoid of the ne- :. f. e..y him wi good assurance through their implications. Famdiar ;„ his social habits, well acquainted with the country and ts inhabitants, and a landholder of some c ns quence Smith had been usefully employed by the AmeTcan .^neral Howe to bring intelligence to West P^t, atT " :tnnco I give you ving boon yestcr- ownrds the sliore, y solicited. The re from several L'd. Fortunately hcrous intentions iut circumstance. ere his plant? for trust on paper, >t, in a square, the Ilaverstraw ua Hett Smith, i^hig, but Lamb, et him down as cy between the een one of that e hounds. His t in Now York, the conquest of her at London e himself, how- ; and probably th whomsoever 1 reconciliation itinuance of the •ous, yet a pry- '''-">"■■ a han'^ in nr/y him with nted with the f some conse- the American int, and it was JOSHUA ilETT SMITH gfl " convenient ,«,,. vlZu^^T"':" '" "'""> "' ''"» ""ough of „,„ „n;,i, „„^ 3 '■' ■» «"»go.l.e,. likely „,„. 'v«» engaging in a„i„,ri.„7j*^,;^^'»'«' **"'"' ""^i™ I'o 'lq«n Smith Uritish agent within tlio Iml^ ," 8-''«"'«™ to bring „ *..ce than hi, o„„, ultZu", ""• , '^'"' "" »"'"«- f""» to Smith were carrierbu ., '"''J'"" '" ">« ^»-»'«- '"» Trial and his NarraUvc'l """""^"'"S '""cmento of ""«' ■•" ".c one ease h ' e Ta^ ^l 1?""^V"' "^ '""^ '''"=' "»ko tl.c best story he cIuM f„ ' T ["""^ '"' ""gl" 'o other, he endeavored to TuIT ^ Americans; i„ ,,,„ *-g>i»h. With these °iCr ' "''""""°" '"•"' ^''0 i-nd^re:::trs:irr«"r^^'^c,osedthe iVench alliance, and dilated on il,. "'='""' "«»'"»' "-« » despotic monarch and an, -nsli""".™' ""'"" '"""«» <>»«■• He expatiated on the IT Kr^'' ''«''""S '''" ''"'«- ■»-"'»-'— vice, and had 2 arranged for him a protection and a password by means of which he might at any time traverse our hues on l3 o water without hindrance. Hiding down, howeve afte th~'° ^"'•"'"'' ^'""'' ^'""^'"S «.at an orfer: the quartermaster to supply a light boat was ur .'ulflUed, he , wliere can I seek ^e sustained?" It ige that deep re- ich had first bent the British mes- nes, he fixed on • to conduct him .irangement was It the more prob- the 14th or 15th, val and escorted >e, the upshot of that was asked, om his residence the house might objnson's House lecessary papers the evening of • Smith indeed to his house at sequence. For his commission, he notified his ? the night. It passed the day d to have sent •und him in bed 3 rather wished ry than to em- ; and had also d by means of les on land or lowever, after It an order on ur fulfilled, he JOSHUA HETT SMITH. gg At the same .ime he received f^„r'' '°°" "' " »"'^«'- had just been brought fiZ ,t V r"^'™ ""> '""«>• that Andre'8 being on bo!rd T,l 1°"""* '° ''•^""^ W-n of Smith-, and ;„! tJe ad™ T"""/" '"^^'^ »'- '" 0"thep.eedingd»,;-::~-n%-^^ -Son''::;efti:bf^ ™an, Mr. John Anderson, Who I wkh'-^'^T' " ^«""«- ;ants, to pass and repass the gu rd! neaJ'^^^ S^^ *"^ ^^^^■ times. . ^^^"^^^Kmg's Ferry at all B. Arnold, M. Genl. On™: r ■ -irof ttir :r "i t=- "> •"« ^">'- cation had not been l„det " '""'"""' "«" ^e ex- ""■ght yet have to " end l' Dlb" ^^ " P'-Me that he additional pass wa, given:- '"^' "^'"f""' an Head- Quarters, Robin km^ tt Permission is giJen t:Z.^'''^:^itr^ ''' ''''- l^erry with three Men and « P ' '^•' ^"^ ^^ *« ^^obb's Ws of a private ZZ' L o'enTll! "^^^ ^^^^^ -- to return immediatelv. -^"tlemen in New York and N. B. He has np'rm- • Arnold, M. Genl. - ".0 tide andt- Em: '" "' ""'' """^ »" «- •'j. Am Smith had relied fnr k Samuel and Joseph CoLho r" °" 1 """P'^ "f ''■^ '»ante, accustomed ,o the water and ™>""''' "''' """' '"= ^"^^ required, however, eonSe^hir"''""" '"' '=°»«<'<'"«=- I -of a handsome eTarff f IT''"'''"™' """ "'" P™"- Panishment if .hey ref' ed ereT''''"^/^ "<"' as threats of Arnold's. They tere Teari ^ llrf T''"'' '" "' '"^'»» ""^ aight-voynge to. he enZ i^r'^' ""' ""^ '''^'■'"'''''J » aeray. ihe watchword Cwyrw was iZ 284 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRli:. given wlMch would secure them from interruption by our guard-boats ; and botli Smith and themselves were assured that the busmess was well understood by the British officers and the American, but that it was necessary for certain rea- sons to keep the matter from the tongues of the vul-ar. At last they yielded, and towards midnight of the 21st,"the boat pushed from the creek towards the Hudson. No flag was displayed from Us bow ; but tlie oarsmen as well as their passenger testify that they were told by Arnold and actually considered it .as a flag-boat to the Vulture. How far the fact that It was now an hour when a flag could not have been seen If exhibited, and the passes just given, together with the ensuing letter, go to justify this assertion, the military reader must decide. Both Arnold and Smith charged the men to have nothing to say to the crew, -an injunction that was piobably entirely disregarded. In returning, the boat was o make for a place at low-water mark on the west bank of the Hudson, between King's Ferry and the ship, being the foot of a mountain called the Long Clove. This spot is about five miles from Smith's house, and two below Hav- erstraw ; and hither Arnold proceeded on horseback attend- ed by Smith s negro servant also mounted. The letter sent to Kobmson was as follows : ARNOLD TO ROBINSON. ^(mfer 21 1780.- Sm:_ This will be delivered lo C^ Ar «" ', "■'" *'" """^"'' y^" '" " P'»<=° »f Safety. Neuher Mr Sm,.l. or any other person shall be made ac- quamted with your proposals. If they (which I doubt not) arc of such a nature that I can officially take notice of them I hall do It wuh pleasure. If not, you shall be permitted fc^ return .mmed.ately. I take it for granted Colonel Robinson v.ll not propose anything that is not for the interest of the United States as well as himself. I am, sir, &c. ARNOLD'S LE-nm TO ROBINSON. T/io art of this feller win h. ,, ^^^ ™«^n his estate a. the cost ^ft ^nt" " """ ""=?»-" <" a»d as their boat silently speeded al„„ ?^ ®'°"^ J""'"' ! ll'oy drew fresh cnerRy fZ ,1, ? "'"' * ''""""''S Me '■•<"■■ The sky „as 3^,0™!.,°""'™"'"'='' "' ™'"'«4- l-otween King^s Ferry and "Lifer's T' .^'"' '"^'^ "«- passed, and the spars of the Vuhl "' *''''' «»»» over- •'.rough the gloom. As h^/^t „?' ," """ '■"""'■■'"' from the ship, and brought tobT^l "T' '"^ ""^ ''""oa "Je was young f|„„d, and he .hi "'• '^>' *" '™« the fending off f^a, the V„U„rt , I T ^'""^ "P '" 'ho boat on board. Some rude sal„H, 1 "" ""^ "*''<'<» '<> come ofthedecl., andina JilT"7TP'«-<' hy the officer ".0 visitor descend to .he^a , I'if """^^^"O' ""O ""^e CHAPTER XV. probably awaiting Ar„oId"r artl H ■•<'g"»ental,, was deck. The captain', p„mcne,: mad himfLrCd .h^ conversation then turned on indifTerent snWed ' Meanwhile, Eobinson and Andre (who was af.he r • bed) were pondering on Arnold's let er J^,t f '" not named in the nas, h. j« i T , ^ '°™"' »'" wish, to go hims f rthtsho; '"and M T""""^ '"■ "»' earnestly urged A„dr,5 not to ^ ' For h""ow„" T.""" "'' •ively refused to leave the shfp ■ but I find '^''■^' '"' ^'^ he questioned the lawfulness of hi! " T"^'""' """ Tbo Iff,», „ J ««wiumess ot his companion's doing so Ihe If tier and passes were examined by the threp r;;.-^' f :™- ;r Lrrrad ^ rFf of war. Nor di'rl *h^ fi.- ^ "«rogation to the customs ..e case ^J^J!^-^ ^ at^^f ^ -r- - Andr.wa:i-;jrnrr=:;t;r::- ANDEfi LEAVES THE VULTCkk. and its Results >y Land. received by his sgimentals, was IS presented to offered a seat, he letter ; after e and orderinn" 1. During the fi says he took h reception on nends, and the icts. at the time in the former was )bably did not is says that he I part, he posi- evidence that 5n's doing so. three British Jast might un- 5 the customs he went alter by request of ority to grant 3 unquestion- lor willing to r'sk the loss of so v«l. ki fl»nce of e„,„,„„ ,„ J^"*; P";^e b^ refasing „,e „,. '"g.themghtof the 20tl, m^.u"""" '''"''«'■• »«- »nxio„sIy„„„eip„,ed t£'^l:^y'''\""' ^'^t. he had lest some misadventure had ? /' "'"' ""' f"" of fear fSmUk-s arrival, he hurried ZTl "f "" "'«' "»™ » •» b<= gone. He evidenr;I™Lt'd l-^ '"^ ""^ ''»P»«^"' °"'cr risk than that of I'Z^T T"'^ "'^P"'"' «> "<> o^hy some other AmerS ^c! Lm 'f'^™'' ''y Arnold refuse anything .hat mi.r^ret^ "/T '» "«' «aref„l ,o ™™y.he privilege, of W ' Cm"' '"^:'-""'■■»S from an ""« he might „i3h ,„ , ofi-r f •• ^'"'■'■•'«nd suggested "« o'her apparel, buUb! pZT"'"'" ""''• '"^ '^^^ h»' «'"'™™ hat this pe,.o„ was authorted bt T n ' ^^ "" '^°"'' h"' Andr^ was evidently eaZ'^f^ f'""^ '" '^k" his place, "niform was a large\lue t,t^/°^ '" •""'"''^ O^er his priately be worn in a SepVmbt 1'/"* "' ""S"" "PP™- - la^e boots were vS XC mT *.' "'"^^' '"" together hid the elothing benelTV ! ''"' ""'^ '""»"' «!- oubted, it did not from S'"-"'"."'^ •««'«>» ""ay be kne-r themselves en.a"ed fn , t' • '^ " " '''"■<'«"' 'hey all ™»pieion, though at°thef'r„l """""! """ "»« »ot without .*« most entire .-gnaJnee orevertr'T"'"" ""^^ "-'ared "' proof. Before leaving th!?i,7^ """ '™' "»' "'ready W the captain of the s"!e of t"TTZ"' ^'»'* '-^^ ■-« ot h,8 boat and the probable dif- \ 288 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRI-:. ^^Ilfl ficulty of returning, and asked for the loan of two oarsmen from the crew : which request was denied. I much ques- tion whether, at the distance of time when this statement was published, its exact purport may not have become a little obscured. If the demand was made it would probably have been complied with, for Andre must have expected to return that night ; and when as they were about to start, Robinson suggested that so large a boat with but two oars would be long on the way, and urged that the Vulture should send her yawl to tow them as far as convenient. Smith declined the offer lest a water-patroi should encounter them, and consider the presence of the English an infringement of the flag. In the former case, to be sure, the two new men would*' have been nominally covered by the pass ; but in either, as it turned out, it had been well for the British to have car- ried out the suggestion. No guard-boat was in the way; the Vulture's armed barge might have safely come and gone ;' and two of her seamen in Smith's boat would have brought Andre back unharmed and undiscovered. But all parties'on board seem to have considered ii; certain that Arnold's pass protected him from danger, and that he was sure to be returned as he went; else, says Sutherland, measures for bnnging him off whenever he chose by the Vulture's boats could have been easily concerted and accomplished. It is indeed a marvel that on such an errand a man should ven- ture into the lion's den, without taking every precaution to ensure a safe retreat. Had the ship's boat followed Smith's at a guarded distance, remained under the shore a few hun- dred yards off, and approached in due season, no suspicion would have been excited or discovery ensued. It was known that the tide would be strongly against a return, and it is not hkely that Smith did not name the conspicuous place whither he was now to steer : a place far below the American lines. The lateness of the night with these other circumstances would have almost compelled an astute officer to insist that his own boat should appear with a sufficient crew at a concerted 1 of two oarsmen I. I much qucs- hi3 statement was e become a little 1(1 probably have xpected to return to start, Robinson vo oars would be 3 should send her lith declined the lem, and consider i of the flag. In men would have ; in either, as it ish to have car- tas in the way ; come and gone ; lid have brought Jut all parties on lat Arnold's pass was sure to be id, measures for Vulture's boats mplished. It is man should ven- fy precaution to followed Smith's hore a few hun- 3n, no suspicion . It was known rn, and it is not :s place whither A.merican lines, imstances would ist that his own at a concerted ANDRlS LEAVES TIIE place and time. Ilappj,^ ^^ Am VULTURE. 289 «ro ,00 m„ch excited ami S*:,"? "'"' ""= "'""f «c,o™ to the remoter eme>ge„ei"lr,l,r , ^'"= ''""<"«"' ''e«I Several of ,he cret X taZ ""ff'-Wng. '■elm Smith pushed away T^,,""^"""' -""' ""d taking „,» 'ho Ude and the wea.lTas he 1"°' "f' ""'' """ '"" «<«"' Cove. He indeed JuC1T71 ''"''" '° "'" ^"S was ,0 bring hiJ eomn^Ton ,„ '""' ""=""°"^'' """ '-o W was p^vided a.Te 1 " ^ 7" ''"""'' »"" """ « ••"Me Arnold had nevertloL ? " ""''•• •"" ■' " P^-b- b-ineas at .he wa. l^"^ .^T ,™''»" "^ -''>™g all ,he conlingency. When the b,a 1° , , ^"""^"'^ ''<'■• «"<"her ''•"nd picking ,,u way th^^lh n ' "" ''"""" «"""' '"« »t an appointed place hiher 1 , !\''T ."''' ^"""^ ^™<>'>i of .1.0 .ree3: "L was'wd 1 «"'' '" ""= «>"«<=alment "p---^; whentoid:/;! ::"fj%:r.s™-* ^u, Eobmson-., delegate, whose youth n;,! .r'"" ""'' """ argned .he possession of a weW l ""'' 8<^""™««» ''"'l no. lo", he exhibited great al'n ° ^ '""'' "'"^ '" "aiUng be- Hobinson himself fad L.tt" Tu baTT" " -^°-^""»' W .0 him. This done, SmTih w,= """ "™S" '» be .boa. and leave them ogeXr Tr""'''' '» ^'^o to the ;n.o slumber while .heir land Ld^ T? ""'""'"' «""' ■ng at his exclusion from "he .' '^ '"'^^'""^ "'"'f- •rembling with aguo, une^ilv a« , 7."'™"°"' """ ■"•' ""dy ".ination of ,he interview wt!, °" ""^ '"■'"S'" ""= «er. ';e at las. went back and wnrld ?, ""='" ''"«'"' '» """o •»c to be moving. „' Td" , f r'P"---"°--« 'hat it was aadAndr.3 joined with Ut ■■"' """ '"'"' ^''"old «'um onee more ,„ . e v", re".'"''"^".'"^ ""^ '"°'""""' «» only because of their Liu L', ,"' """ "'^^ ^•'f"-"''' "». overtake them on the way °a„i "I """'^ ''"^'"'"^ ^ould '0 cannonade .he vesselT^ ^ ""angements had been made «ach .he slnp,„ndTe',: „:;;„■:->-;■': ;'^''"-» "Uo", said Andre, by Smith's 290 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. account, " before that can happen ; and the eame flag that carried you to the ship will make you safe on your return to General Arnold's command." This indeed may have been said by or to Smith himself; but the boatmen testified that they saw nothing of Arnold or of Andre after the landing : that a noise in the thicket was all they heard; and that Smith's persuasions for them to go back were very languid. It is clear that the arrangements were not yet finished, or else that Smith was ignorant of the momentous nature of the affair he was now involved in. His influence might un- doubtedly have compelled the men to return ; and had he fully perceived the importance of so doing, he surely would have exercised it. Even were the trip concluded in daylight, it would have been safer for him, had he known all, to have had the men detained with the boat on the Vulture till a week had elapsed and the plot fulfilled. Perhaps he was a little sullen at the cavalier treatment he had received, and indifferent to Andre's concern for retreat. But Mr. Sparks is of opinion that the true reason for Andre's not going back this night was the unfinished condition of the business. I take it, however, that it was just one of those cases in which men are governed by the circumstances of the moment : that were the Colquhouns willing Andr^ had been sent back ; but as they were not so, and as there were motives for prolong- ing the interview, Arnold did not press them. For though he might have here given Andr^ the papers afterwards found upon him, and the principal details of the manoeuvres to be executed by Clinton, it was impossible in the darkness to thoroughly explain the details. He had brought from head-quarters on the morning of the 21st the large official plans of the general works at West Point and of each par- ticular work, that were prepared by the engineer Duportail. It was hardly possible, even with a dark lantern, to examine these in the place where he was. He might have had them with him to give to Andr^ if he returned to the Vulture: more probably they were left at Smith's house to be ex- and had he ;rn, to examine INTERVIEW mm ARNOLD AND ,TS UKSU..TS. 291 hiWicd and explained at ercaler l<.i.i,r. a stood, therefore SmitI, ,„,7 l • ^' """""" "O" to™;U their a«,C ,;« , 1 1";?" ,'""' '.'"' '^•" ""* vant had ridden waa^^l^a ^^ Z^H^- "="™ "- w.h__Arn„h, hastened to the L::^::^]-^ ™tr^s.T:at!;:;r;:;:;:rrr'T''-^""»'" have every rcZn ,„ /.e. ^ ■•"■nembered .hat, as we lation .h7he Xuld n'tte'. l™' ^^'"'^ "''" -'"•' '">"- Now, as he en ted h"™ r w The". "T f ""^ ••°"^- -try was the flrs. inttroTltd IThtt^ "' 'T ^^t^n—iaSHr existence ot the same not on. This thonr^r if «„ • j i. , a ver, „a,™w hound, is confuted br.'o.e.&:"„T:hf Tlie unusual occurrence of an enemv'» Mr, r • K" in their neighborhood had Ised Th'e fear 'and T"° " of the inhabitants and .he troops at vZunl'THjT lion was accurately reported L .1,. " P""™' ^er posi- «ored under TelferrPoh,. 1 . T"'""'''"'- ^^' ""' ' "'•'• <"-• ncuF lu the iiiiii'iiffl i 292 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRft. bank that she touched bottom at low water. Livingston there- fore had applied to Arnold for two heavy guns, with which he was confident he could sink her ; but the request was eva- sively denied. He then on his own responsibility carried a four-pounder to a lesser promontory of Teller's, known as Gallows Toint ; and at daylight of the 22nd, taking advan- tage of the moment of low tide, commenced such sm inces- sant discharge on the vessel that for a time she " appeared to be set on fire " ; and had she not floated off with the flood and dropped down beyond range, she probably would havo been taken. Attracted by the noise, AndrcS repaired to a Avindow which commanded a view of the Vulture, and gazed painfully at her as she passed down the stream. He did not attempt to hide from his companions his annoyance r^. her change of place : but breakfast being served, the three sat down together with a show of tranquillity. The conversation turned on Arbuthnot and the fleet ; the royal army and its condition ; nothing of a particular nature was said on any side. After breakfast, Arnold and Andre retired to an upper chamber where, secure from interruption, they were closeted for hours arranging the details of their affair. Without a certain knowledge of what transpired, we are still enabled to follow with comparative confidence the line of engagements entered into. On the one hand, Arnold was perfectly aware of the value of what he was to give up, and expected to be paid handsomely. Clinton was as willing to buy as he to sell : he was, in his own words, ready to con- clude the bargain "at every risk and at any cost." Long- time had circumstances separated these currents "whicli mounting, viewed each other from afar and strove in vain to meet"; and now when the parties were at last in contact, it is impossible that the terms of union were not agreed on. Marbois says Arnold's success was to have been rewarded with £30,000 and the preservation of his rank ; and that in bis excess of caution he even wished the money put within his control in advance. Livingston therc- na, witli which he request was eva- isibility carried a lillerV, known as id, taking advan- \ such an inccs- she " appeared to ff with the flood ably would have re repaired to a ilture, and gazed am. lie did not nnoyance a*, her id, the three sat rhe conversation j'al army and its vas said on any iired to an upper ey were closeted • inspired, we are ifidenee the line and, Arnold was 5 to give up, and was as willinjT to Is, ready to con- ly cost." Long- urrents "which 1 strove in vain it last in contact, I not agreed on. been rewarded nk ; and that in loney put within >vnil AKNOLD AND ITS IJKSULTS. 293 1"^ in.cn.ion i„ cL,lf nZu .. ""'■" "',"" ""'^ '^'^^■""■^ 'l^fllea that M ,o 1 ^rr ■ ""'" "'« ""•""y "• "'» Poached ,„c wif ltC£<^'V""" "'■" '""y »"■ s..boi,di„alc8 wl,o had l,on?l ? ^ ""8"°"' ""'' '"' other solution, wo,.,d .t hr ": :' lo ^bf "' °°"™"'°" ""' o..t suspicion. Wasl,in..i ' .^"^ "" "^"^'O" «"'"•- doraonstration to abandon the post „t Z"" T" "' """"' eentratc everything at West plf N^i •*""'■*' °"'' <'""- suited him better" fi.r V . . """"S "o"'-! have a..^.dap.ed ^t:,;,^^;!^ :\^ir "^'•'"'' stream. And with n „«n„ i 71 Progress up the a line of deflee „S ft, ^''""'''' "'""■'"='-' ^""h ll.at these should be as lUtle nlf > ° "°*-'- ^"' >«-"ounti„g the heavie t g s , ow^n.T '"°' '" '"'"'' "^ -onr„ &e., in various wa^s » ^^^,.1";™ ^r'^ ?' "«= of addmg to its strencrfh r.,.* *i /• lairest pretences even With a faitm'm': deHttlr t'" T' " ^'"'^ "' A broach was n,„dc in .he tu 7FoXt„:: 'r^t ;'l"0l' a section eould march abreast • a^d 1, . 'J"'' loose boards closed the aperture No 2 "* "'"' " ^'^ for the troops in the redoubt i > J "= '"^ VrovideA - Kosoiuslfo's Un2ttlsJ^-\'" '"'""'^"°"' ''"°™ ^iinton and Rodney, who should advance against Ma St, Clair to Greene • Or/ «/* i Ton -r. preserved in the Heath MSS show lof '• ' ■^'*"'""' «^ '^« s«'ne date ">e works at that period tgetrwUhlSi? T'.""" ^' "" ^^''^^^ '" -'.ta.y stores. The h^r^^esr^.t^ ::rttY„;tf ^^^^ - ' ! 294 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Wuat Point by land and water. The route, the place of dc'barcatlon, all was agreed upon : and while our men should bo detached in various bodies to remote and seimratcd gorges, the English through the unguarded passes were to fall on them in front and in rear, and so dispose of their bands ns to encompass and capture in detail our betrayed soldiery. Hemmed in on every side by rugged acclivities or superior forces, there would be no alternative but to yield or be mowed down. The very guns and other signals to announce Clin- ton's progress were prescribed. That no mi.sund(!rstanding should occur, the largo and elaborate official plans of the forts i.id the surrounding country were spread before the negotiators ; and there were plenty of men in the royal camp who were competent guides to every mountain path and de- file. Indeed Clinton himself was well acquainted with the ground as far as King's Ferry, and, as we are told, hud visited West Point itself in 1777, ere yet the works were erected. That Rodney's flotilla might meet with no dilli- culty, Arnold had taken a most secure precaution. A mighty chain, each link of which weighed 240 pounds, was carried by anchors and huge buoys across the stream to obstruct the passage of a hostile fleet; and water-batteries were so placed as to crush any attempts to destroy or remove it. Under pretence of necessary repairs, he had a link withdrawn, which was not to be replaced for some days : and meantime a slight knot, that would yield to almost any concussion, was the only bond that held the boom together and preserved the false semblance of a real impediment. Marbois tells us that when Clinton should be within three miles of the place, two of his officers in American uniforms were to come at full gallop to Arnold's quarters, receive his final words, and hasten back to Rodney. Then the Americans remaining in the works were to be stationed in positions that should not be attacked ; for it must be borne in mind that West Point was so constructed that the possession of its superior fortresses gave command of all the others. He also alleges that the 25th or 2Gtli Sep- >-n»/ INTERVIEW VVrril ARNOLD AND ITS RESULTS. 2D5 tomber was assigned for the consummation of the conspiracy • and seems to connect this with a proposal urged by AndrJ bu resisted by Arnold for the seizure of Washfngton and his «u. te, wJio would then bo on return from Hartford. Wash- ...gton and Hamilton however concur in thinking this scheme was not planned. A British subaltern gives the version of the notions entertained at the time in the best unofficial cir- cles of the kmg s army : - " ^ho plan, had not Major Andre been discovered, was that Sir Hy. Clinton on a certain day agreed upon betweer. him and Genl. Arnold was to lay siege W '. f'^T ^'"'- '^••"'''^ ^"^ immediately to send to Washington for a reinforcement, and before that could arrive 10 surrender the place. Sir Henry was then to make a dis- I>osit.on to surprise the reinforcement, which probably would have been commanded by Genl. Washington in person. Had tlus succeeded, it must have put an end to the war." ♦ How- ever this be it is very certain, as Heath remarks, that Andre's capture was in a very critical moment and prevented the most serious consequences to our cause. We now come to the most extraordinary part of the whole transaction ; the committal by Arnold, who had hitherto been lZ7r'^'"^t"-' P"P^'''^ ^"^"^'••^ which, discovered, Was ed the entire affair. These were not of a nature to be absolute service to Clinton. They were not plans of the CO n try or of the forts. They contained nothing that might not have been carried in their bearer's memory. A sylla- bus of their most important contents might have been con- veyed in a memorandum of two lines innocent in purport or unintelligible to any but its maker. But they were docu- ments tlmt could not have come from any hand but Arnold's own and their possession would enable Clinton to compel a ulfiiment of h.s engagements. My theory therefore is that they were either tendered by Arnold or exacted by Andre as a pledge of fidelity. Perhaps Andre was already distrust- »ul by reason of his inveiglement into our lines ; perhaps he * Mathew MS. i'^l 296 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. il'lUll'!' dreaded in the hour of performance a betrayal of the plot such as was witnessed at Seaton-Niddrie in the Douglass Wars ; but evidently the papers he now took in hand against his general's orders were not necessary for his general's in- struction. They were six in number. (1.) An Estimate of the forces at West Point and its de- pendencies, Sept. 13th, 1780: showing a total of 3086 men of all sorts. (2.) An Estimate of the number of men necessary to man the works at West Point and its vicinity, showing a total, ex- clusive of the artillery corps, of 2438 troops. (3.) Artillery Orders issued by Major Bauman, Sept. 5th, 1780, showing the disposition of that corps in an alarm. (4.) Major Bauman's return of the Ordnance in the dif- ferent forts, batteries, «fec. at West Point and its dependencies, Sept. 5, 1780 : showing the distribution of 100 pieces. (5.) Copy of a statement of the condition of affairs sub- mitted by Washington to a Council of War, Sept. 6th, 1780. (6.) "Remarks on Works at Wt. Point, a Copy to be trans- mitted to his Excell'y General Washington, Sep'r 1780. Fort Arnold is built of Dry Fascines and Wood, is in a ruinous condition, incompleat, and subject to take Fire from Shells or Carcasses. Fort Putnam, Stone, Wanting great repairs, the wall on the East side broke down, and rebuilding From the Foundation ; at the West and South side have been a Chevaux-de-Frise,' on the West side broke in many Places. The East side open; two Bomb Proofs and Provision Magazine in the Fort, and Slight Wooden Barrack. — A commanding piece of ground 500 yards West, between the Fort and No. 4 — or Rocky Hill. Fort Webb, built of Fascines and Wood, a slight Work, very dry, and liable to be set on fire, as the approaches are very easy, without defenses, save a slight Abattis. Fort Wyllys, built of stone 5 feet high, the Work above trayal of the plot in the Douglass k in hand against his general's in- i*oint and its de- ntal of 3086 men necessary to man )wing a total, ex- ;. luman, Sept. 5th, n an alarm, ance in the dif- its dependencies, 00 pieces. a of affairs sub- Sept. 6th, 1780. ^opy to be trans- Sep'r 1780. d Wood, is in a take Fire from !, the wall on the he Foundation ; levaux-de-Frise, The East side fagazine in the nmanding piece t and No. 4 — PAPERS TAKEN BY ANDRfi. 297 Eedoub. No. 1 o„!rSo fh ^^""7"'""" "'" ^°"- WL North and East.id , 4 fee IM ' '"" "'"''' "■" worn a .U,U a„d si„^hl^'J^ -"» V' non on two Batteries. No Bomb Proofe ^'"'- 8 feet his,, and fo„. .'mI^'S BoU^pI";'" " ^'""^ ™" «.-;... Ahatt.. a co„„andS:^r/':r;;X"ot JiH1l;,!t^n:td^-^^^^ "r:^:!th:ttifat Jr- '"^? ^~ '--' - ~'^ ,f „' r* ^"S^"'^ '^'P"» '" Pitch, &T ^"^"^ South Redoubt, much the same as the North , r zzzt""^ .00 ,a.ds due Ea:t!:rrtte^~ ! «» the briefest s^Habt "f ." """"''"' '" ™™'« ""o-^ I one would Tnk m 1, I""''""' ""'' "■'=» ""■» '"^1. *. ineom';:ir Xt^e-un: iTh: -"-T onginals, however, Andre owpri i • i !' ' ""'''"^ ''^^ ["....-jrc ::.':.:-:•: :::?-.■;- t^ 298 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Arnold made Andre take off his boots, and conceal three of the documents between each stocking and the sole of his foot. It is not likely these dangerous testimonials would have been received had their bearer not still believed himself des- tined to go to the Vulture, which was now returned to the vicinity of her former position. Before ten a. m. of the 22nd, Arnold took his farewell and set off in his barge for head-quarters. "Before we parted," says Andre, "*some mention had been made of my crossing tlie river and go- ing another route; but I objected much against it, and thought it was settled that in the way I came I was to re- turn." But that it was not definitely so arranged appears from Arnold's injunction that if he went by land he should exchange his uniform coat for another to be supplied by Smith. To this, though pressed peremptorily, Andr^ yielded a reluctant consent. " I was induced to put on this wretched coat ! " said he afterwards, touching the sleeve of his disguise. The following safe-conducts were also calculated for either passage : — Bead Quarters, Jiobinson's House, Sep'r 22d, 1780.— Joshua Smith has permission to pass with a boat and three hands and a flag to Dobb's Ferry, on public business, and (o return immediately. B. Arnold, M. Gen. Head Quarters, EoUnson's House, Sep'r 22d, 1780.- Joshua Smith has permission to pass the guards to the White Plains, and to return ; he being on public business by my di- ^•ection. B. Arnold, M. Gen. Head Quarters, RohinsorCs House, Sep'r 22d, 1780.- Permit Mr. John Anderson to pass the guards to the White] Plains, or below, if he chuses. He being on Public Busi- ness by my Direction. B. Arnold, M. Gen. When Arnold was gone, Andre passed the anxious day in I waiting for Smith to take him off. His host's whole account! of the affair is so shuffling and evasive, and so contradictoil by t sup£ on J the J appa avow day i form Beek want I him. forme disgui of thif appea; that a worm ested 1; joinini my me counter wish tc from an Smit] I whig, ai of some through l)y land him by made no off by tl stated thi nection v get intell omitted n course wj id conceal three of the sole of his foot, lonials would have lieved himself des- )w returned to the ten A. M. of the ff in his barge for ys Andre, "some the river and go- sh against it, and came I was to re- arranged appears by land he should :o be supplied by pily, Andr^ yielded it on this wretched eve of his disguise. Iculated for either PLANS FOR RETURN. 299 pV 22ff, 1780.- 1 a boat and three c business, and to NOLO, M. Gen. 9V 22ff, 1780.- lards to the White msiness by my di- NOLD, M. Gen. //• 22cf, 1780.- ards to the White I on Public Busi- ffOLD, M. Gen. le anxious day in st's whole account d so contradicted h the evidence of his own Trial thnf , suppose him from first to lit ^ . ""'" "^'^P^"^^ ^o on Arnold's part. Ti h fto TsT' '' ""'"^''"' '^'^'^^^ t'^e English public did ^XlV:itr:i ^"xf "^^ " apparently things in l,i» canil„M ,i .T , ^^"'"' "«■''= Jay in a fruitless elrtTo't'nn "T™^'' •""•' "^ ""e form belonging to L i. t! '^ w1?" "^ "" ^""=™™ ™i- Bee.„an.s\oLr^r/cir''^,f 'r ""' "' *''^- want of authority to receive / 1 ^^^' suspected his kirn. As Webb^a;: Xl 'rrrof"" '^"■'" " "'' '" former's uniform would have i^eroP """" '''^'""' disguised progress through our iTne-I ?1 '"™'' '" ""= of this sort was susnp^,.,! , J ' ''"' "'^ """'''' "<>""ng appears in SmUh-rSt; tM""- t"""^'^^^ '""^ that carries convietion wTH "■" ° " ?"'' "'' "^'"^ worm the seeret of h"s Lul 1 , ""^'""=<'«^f°lly sought to ested but the prolct „fd ."""""'' "''°"' "°">''"S ■■»"=■- joining the ^1^^^^:':^^^/"^^ "' ^ m memory ceasp fn ,.^« j .v • "^ gazed. JVever can i.en..errn? t'rrg^t^ftrrti?-'- f '"^ wish to be on board iha v n , expressed his fi- an upper wLltlf'^nJt::"'" ™"'"" """ ^'"> Smith had three courses to pursue If i. whig, and distrusted Arnold he sll" i, ""' " '""""-" of some of the neighbor„„ offleet ' ^ "'"°" """"'" f ™«1. with his under.aki°n°,TeTh„uld ltv"1 ' ">" '" «° by land with Andre; or he should h '""'"'' ^' °"™ Mm by water in the eominV'^ft H^lT"'.*" ""'"^ ,■».* no attempt to again e„:a"e t^ h f '' "'='"""•• »« loff by the land route tHM?!^ "' "'"' '"'" ''<' *«' ,«ed that he ma et s reUo ^!T' T"' '' "■"' "" 'wtion with Mr AnderZ ''" ""=' "f '"^ ■=<>"- ''^- "'diligence f^m New To'rrira^'r "^ ^'""'^ "• omitted no opnortunitv „f j •' "'" '"""= "''"e he «rae was to be u„I .'?'"? ™ '""""''''''■' ""« "-eir be up the nver to head-quarlers, rather than 300 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. down towards the city. As for the tale that he was imposed on by Arnold to believe that his guest was a young trades- man from New York who in vanity had borrowed a British uniform, it is effectually contradicted by his half-admission that he saw him in the coat upon the Vulture, and the fact that Robinson and Sutherland were in his company when he left the vessel in this very gear. But about the ague, that rendered a night on the water injurious to his comfort and health, there is less room for cavil ; and though there is no doubt that he might, had he strongly wished it, have found means to convey Andr^ on board, he had at least a fair show of reasoning for preferring to escort him by the shore. Mounted on a horse furnished by Arnold and accompanied by Smith and his negro, Andre at length started for New York. Had he been possessed of more knowledge of the habits and customs of all classes in this country, or had greater confidence existed between his host and himself, there were a thousand chances to one that the black fellow could have served his turn better than any man that had been thought of. Every one knows how apt at clandestine practices is the black domestic servant of America. If a negro would go to a nocturnal frolic twenty miles from his master's home, the choicest steed in the stable will be found dripping in his stall on the ensuing morning, nor can any one discover the cause. If a piece of household gossip that oc- curs at bedtime is known ere daybreak to half the kitchens in the community, the informant is surely a negro. To an obstinate perverseness which often rises into almost chivalric fidelity of disposition is united in the negro's character a cer- tain spice of his savage origin that not only tells him bread eaten in secret is sweet and stolen waters pleasant; but which leads him in a manner to outwit the cunning of nature. The shortest and surest path through a swamp ; the most secluded nook or narrowest channel among a thousand islets of the coast is sure to be known to the wanderer in dark- ness as well as his own fireside. Had Andre and Smith at PLANS FOR EETURN. g^j this moment interested their attendant wUh « a iisho,a„ „„ the deio i:fv„t:;'"if''r """■" "r ^"^- lion scores of friends wl,o w^r a '?. '"'^''"'' "^"^ an experienced navigator woum'w t ""T "^ '''"^ "'"• sH^-3 side ere .He re„:;r:rd\r ^i^fetddTe' '^ CranTi? :„ jsr : th r '" -- Andr. perhaps, lil .he ^nl cava, er 0^1^ ■"• u *'^' fess his confidence in the nower ?h! I 5 "'='" P™" rather .han in .he da/s nL"; Z. tH; OrTJ" T any heed of omens in .!.„ »„,• <■ ■• "' '^ ""^ '«>k h/condi.i„n Tine" td ™?. °" "" """« ^^^''^ '">- words of Home 11 f "'""'..^"^P'-'e, the glorious bought: _ .he^Ltt cf''ri3tSe Z7 ^"^ try. " ** ^" siriKc tor your coun- CHAPTER XVI. ^::: •■^1 Andrd'8 Journey. - Westchester County. — Skinners and Cow-boys. - Andrd'a Capture. — Various Accounts of its Circumstances. The evening twiliglit was setting in when the travellers crossed the Hudson at King's Ferry, about two miles north- west of Smith's house. To his acquaintance on the road and to the officers of Verplanck's, Smith professed his destination to be Robinson's house; but while he paused to chat and drink, liis companion eschewed all conversation or delay and passed slowly on. Andre's dress at this moment was a purple or crimson coat with vellum-bound button-holes and garnished with threadbare gold-lace, which, with a tarnished beaver hat, he had obtained from his guide. The remainder of his apparel was his military undress; nankin small- clothes and handsome white-topped boots. Over all was his well-worn watch-coat with its heavy cape, buttoned closely about his neck. From Verplanck's the road, with its ancient guide-post, Dishe his di Roode toe de Kshing's Farry, led northwesterly for fourteen miles towards Salem ; intersected however at three miles distance by the dfrect highway from Peekskill through Tarrytown to New York, that follows the river and crosses the neck of Teller's Point. This would perhaps have been the best course for Andre to have pur- sued, had not Smith's false answers made it dangerous to have turned so soon down the river instead of up. By it tiie distance from Verplanck's to Dobb's Ferry, where were probably at this moment British gun-boats, was but about tvventy-two miles; and to Tarrytown but about nineteen. Five and a half miles from Verplanck's another road from Peekskill intersects that to Salem, and bending away through and Cow-boys. — ircumstances. n the travellers wo miles north- on the road and I his destination sed to chat and sation or delay 3 moment was a (utton-holes and ■ith a tarnished The remainder nankin small- >ver all was his mttoned closely with its ancient ng's Farry, led 5m ; intersected t highway from that follows the t. This would (3 to have pur- t dangerous to up. By it the '', where were was but about bout nineteen, ther road from J away through ym.m'i "ilaia ANDRJSs JOURNEV. gQ,, llio iiilorior crosses Ihc Ciolon at Pino'^ R,.ri '1.0 distance by i, ,„ Tarrvlo"„ af Tn 1,^ °'' ""'' ""''"'■' was «'»ut equally direct to White PW„s ' """" ;e^r.:::^,t;;™irtt;:„rr'Kr''r reluctant to talk, and anxious only to J on W* ^^' and nine r. m. they stumbled L osf an Arn . '" ""'"! under Captain Boyd, .ho oorn.ZTtZTjZitT' pass and declare their errnnd *?m,M. i i , ^''^"" utterin- his tale uZ ih ^ ''""^ "' hesitation in %nc/./;^;;iXTr.ert::.£ r^rsied^:;-:^^^^^^^^^^^ their proceeding further Ua't nil I 7' ™ ^^P^'^ '" disconcerted at oil , • T ° ^"'"'''^ ""' "»' " ""le forwat^tde ;it:o '2:;' ,7™'^'vr '"""■ "• p-" ful of excitln/r I ^ ^""^ ' "*"' '"^ g"'de was fear- no fire i„i •sr:;:j;p-<'" """ ■"'''"=" "- «-« for , UJ • u ""' '"»'^'= ■■^commended to tlicm for a lodgmg he sought sorae miles back the dwellinVon —"e t"hisf ""' ";■"•"' "• ''™'" -o-hTo ?nd"r-. author tv He e t,"^'""' ""' "'" ''"»™"<'" "f ">« ^ng's di t™st of the r' T"'? '"'™"''"'='' ' •"■' »"<="' -- relirtirh, v^ "mes that the farmer would not himself . t.re t,ll he had seen his two guests ensconced in one bed ™m ^" '"'"^ '""■^'^ »'■ «» hi^ """■'^ = noverMess he "ould take no pay for his humble accommodations. robtd S T1 ? ■■""'''' "'8'"' '""^'"S "nd ^'g''i"S till he il'rL ; ""^ "f ' g'™P^^ of dawn was „p and s.irrin. fh f "™^' /'' '""='" "» ""S™ ""■> bade him bri"'^ out the horses; and without waiting for breakfast, the part^ 304 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDKt. mt forth bcLmo... When ' tl.c grandeur of he UmILjT .' ""^ «n,i„ence, converse, and the mildness „f ,. , 1''"""""-^ of beguiled ,he ,im„, .ha tat len!^. T""?'' "^ '"'""''"''' Bridge before I thought we ll, "f h U'T '""'"'''■' "' "'" had reason to thinle mv Ml„» , ^ "" ""^^ '">'' ^ "<'«' .on from the ehar L7l tad Tttt t^ " Tf- '"^-'"' P- As they approached P taet Bridt r 1 '""•" * ton about twelve miles l,v^L ° ' ^ "'' """"=» "'^ Cro- P-nused to bait ..ierr t i a d .::eTk td ""r"""''''- '""' tage, whose mistress had buTthe „ !h^h ? "" ""^''''<' «"■ Ihe Skinners or Cow-bovs of aU f " ^'"' '^'""^ >-/ «»1 «nd a single cow tTh '^T"^^'' »■"« " li«le however, was nol meaTuL I' hettrdr f' '7'""''^' and her meal she prepared a sort nf 1 m *" ''" "'"'' pom that the travellcrlnr '''" P"'"''?^ °'- «<»- an-ple justice to wh ^ 1 ^ ^Tthr^f^' '''"™'' ''''' which one of them had s^°l , > , ^"temptuous sport Cow-Chasc. '" '""'^ '"=-"°«'«'J on " in The During breakfast Smith informed l.i. „„ ;»«on to part. His understand", w th Tnold" "' ',''" '"■ mue to White Plains: and had he°fI^Setit IrV "":: ^^ ^- stopped b, the eaptorfSl lit^^^ri^tatt * Smith's Narr. 44 ^5 30G LIFE OF MAJOR ANDH6. would have caniijil the matter throu;;li and without hesita- tioti. In truth, ho was probably afraid of compromising him- self by a Ion;;,.,- stay with one who evidently was not what ho seemed : or hr. may have dreaded encountering the Cow- boys below Pine's ]iridge ; for the Croton was regarded as the boundary between the English and Americans of the debatable land, or, in the langimgc of the day, the Neutral Ground. Andre had no means of opposing this determina- tion ; nor was he perhaps sorry, now that he was almost out of danger, to be'quit of his comrade. While Smith was pay- ing for the breakfast, however, he mentioned his own condi- tion as to funds, and borrowed one-half of the stock of paper- money in his guide's wallet. At parting, says Smith, he be- trayed some emotion. He charged himself with a message to his own acquaintance and Smith's brother, the Chief-justicp, and vainly urged the acceptance of his gold watch, as a keep' sake, on his guide. With mutual good wishes they separated ; and Smith hastened with his servant up the road ; dined at head-quarters with Arnold, whom he represents as satisfied with his conduct ; and supped on the next evening at P'ish- kill with Washington and his suite. Westchester County, through which Andre now pursued his solitary way, was in the beginning of the contest signal- ized by its loyalty. Throngs of its people not only publicly avowed their intention to stand by the king and to shoot down any who came in the name of Congress to disarm them, but even put a measurable restraint upon the whigs ; and re- torted in kind many of those rude monitions of "popular dis- pleasure that in other places the tories were subjected to. If a prominent whig found his fences thrown down, or the manes and tails of his choicest horses disfigured by the clipping-shears, he knew it was a political enemy that had done this. Much of the soil, particularly towards the Hud- son, was vested in large proprietors, — the Philipses, Col- dens^ De Lancys, and Van Cortlandts, — and by them culti- vated or leased out in small farms ; so that in its extent of THE SKINNERS AND COW-BOYS. 307 •''irfy miles, it },«,! presented one of thn alone pro M bv M „v " !„! "''T"' """ "™' "™'- participated in tl.o^n 1 i •. '"""^'^7- JNominally, such as Skinners stole for fh*. onir« ^p /-. » ' ^"^ purse of gold to be viddT 'n ' ° .™"'"^ "'^' ""• " ;-0fte„%er30„auClnce ":be;rrr2e''„tr league, and playing )„,„ „„,,, „^,^^. ,,„^j7"L Te " ?^ were genen.,., .cbgees who had be fetpelS f^rS homes and driven to rc.ide within the British h-nT T ' m rr; ' ?' "''"'"' !" °"^ """"O' -J ProfeXattach rs- gt t- '^rdr:ra;:hTsi^— ^ .Uted their depredations eciualV^lrnlif^d L^r. Tn" .ic'ofharJnT.h?ea'^,:;';^L:Tr:e:"f„dt7''^''r^- into New York • fl.« qi • ° warmers, and bringing them -'-4S.hervier„n,s;:trh:d^^^ ■"^ -cares, an^^ ^f.^ro'-'; ^ Ihif "''- " cnnrap as d08 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Mr. Sparks says, they had no more hesitation in visiting a wealthy whig than a tory ; and so great was the appetite for villany, that no orders, nor even the presence of a com- missioned officer could restrain them. If an American for- aging party went out from the lines, as many volunteers from the country side as could join themselves to it attended and disgraced its progress: and they would return rich with horses, cattle, bed-stuffs, clothing, and whatever portable effects they could bear away to divide at their leisure. "The militia volunteers excelled in this business," said Aaron Burr. A crowd of the best whigs in the land would follow at their heels, hoping, and sometimes obtain- ing the restoration of their property, but not oflen the pun- ishment of their robbers. When the protection of a regular party was wanting to these skulking thieves, they would maraud by night through the country round, and concert with their kindred the Cow-boys to take off their hands the plunder they could neither keep themselves nor sell within American jurisdiction. Then a meeting would occur, and the cows and sheep of the whig farmer be bartered for dry goods and gold brought by the Cow-boys from New York. A mock skirmish closed the scene of iniquity, and with pock- ets well lined and tongues loud in lying praise of their own bravery, the Skinners would return laden with booty which they pretended they had captured from a smuggling party of the enemy. Well might this state of affairs be styled a most " formidable conspiracy against the rights and claims of hu- manity ! " * To the armies on either side, rather than to any exertion of the civil authorities, is due the, praise for any attempt to suppress these banditti. The continental officers on the lines * "The Militia and Cow-boj's are very busy in driving, and it is out of iny power to prevent them. If I send the troops down below to prevent the Cow-boys the Militia are driving off in the rear, and if I have the troops above, the lower party are driving downwards, and the inhabitants are left destitute without any prospect of redress." — MS. Jameson to IleatLOd. mh, 1780. ' rs on the lines THE SKINNERS AND COW-BOYS. 309 down an inauisiiiw „ffi„ ■ f ' ° "' '""*" """■'<' bear a..va,s save i"^;lt rend "^ ^ 1'^"™ ."^ ""■«" -" caotured Hp ,-= • ^o ^* "'^ country. If to-day peacefully working in th^ir floU * . , '^ resist,— a picket-euard To , . ^^'^'' ^°"°'g^' assaulting ial«;:t™4^alli:: at\ri: rer^ «o„ o. .he passive ohedience of tj i:;;i:u':r„E e" h,d fled !nV .""^ '" ™'"'- ^°'' °f "«= fi"™-hoId^ ;je u„„ed haU^hs s^ dt^;e7:„:rd": h ground, and in the neglected orchard the f^itHed in great heaps benea.h the trees. The sturdy Ame icTwl ^ tecnbes the secne attributes all the devastaUon to he en^ me 'r^,rf "^' ^"•""^^ »" Skinners as renegades" .like, and ail vUlanous tories. He recites the tortures" h^ 310 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRt. employed to extort from the inhabitants the revelation of hoards which perhaps did not exist. The wretch would be hanged till he became insensible ; then cut down and revived, and again hanged. The case of an aged Quaker makes it probable these ruffians were nominally whigs ; for the Quak- ers were generally loyal. This poor old man had given up all his money, but more Avas required. To be sure that he was secreting nothing from them, his captors first inflicted the torment o{ scorching: they stripped him naked, immersed him in hot ashes, and roasted him as one would a potato, till the blistered skin rose from his flesh. Then he was thrice hung and cut down ; nor did his oppressors leave him while life appeared to remain. When Burr commanded the ad- vanced lines in this county, his indignation at all he wit- nessed first inspired him, he says, with a wish for arbitrary power. " I could gibbet half-a-dozen good whigs, with all the venom of an inveterate tory." Through such a region, where none were safe with aught to lose and not force to defend it, Andrd was now to go. Af- ter leaving Pine's Bridge, he was not long in resolving to abandon the route he was on and, striking to the right, to take the Tarrytown Road. It was shorter ; and if, as Boyd had warned him, he might find the Cow-boys upon it, he probably esteemed them less perilous opponents than the Skinners. It was a bright pleasant morning on Saturday, the 23rd of Sep- tember ; and he looked forward to being ere sunset once more with his friends. Few incidents for a while interrupted his solitude. At the house of Mr. Staats Hammond he paused to ask for water, and the little children who brought it him from the well bore in mind their vision of a mounted man closely wrapt in his light-blue swan-skin cloak, with high mil- itary boots and round brimmed hat, who leisurely walked his bay horse to their door. The incongruous appearance of such a good-looking steed, with its handsome double snaffle bridle and its tail and mane filled with burrs, was not lost on them. The lad held the rein while the stranger drank. ANDR£ on the TARRYTOWN road. 311 " How far is it to Tarrvfnwn ?»!,«• • , replied ,1,0 boy. '' iZZtLu, '^'''^^' ^°""»"''»' and resumed his way At Ch» """ '" *"''" "'"'' ^"'^"5. bC .,. h ," "PP""^''"=<» »"«« " now called tl,e Indrl Brod. „e had gone over nearly eleven ™i,es of „ttl an ae,„am,aneo of Us. He sTd h! c!^ 1 1^^ T^ ordered him to stand " "''"' ^"''^J'town, who the%tb:::h Hn,: i:i::r ''- r-^ ^" ^^^ -^ -- vale of Sleenv Hn 1' ? '''™ ^''^ '''" world-renowned ra::t:r:orr;her-' - --"•- --^ DoLancys and "hoseTf the W r"" • """^ ''™"^^ "'» J"=or RoLsonwasto ,a gSin' C "b:^"'',."'^ '="'"^- *it:dr;ia^r7'"^^^^^^^^^^ ^^aae, then W "r^.^fs— ^'--^ ^* ^ rou.h logs, says the venerable Knickerbocker, "laid imi 312 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. side by side, served for a bridge over this stream. On that side of the road where the brook entei-ed the wood, a group of oaks and chestnuts, matted thick with wild grape-vines, threw a cavernous gloom over it." Here, on the south or lower side of the bridge and on the west side of the path, were secreted among the bushes John Paulding, Isaac Van "Wart, and David Williams, whose presence on this occasion saved America from a mortal blow.* On the preceding day seven young men, mostly natives of or well acquainted with the neighborhood, had agreed to way- lay the road in quest of spoil. The ravages of war had de- prived them of all profitable and peaceful employment, and by their own account they were in hopes of wresting from some of the returning confederates of the Cow-boys, who had just forayed the country, a part of their ill-gotten gains. That they should have cared to encounter an armed force of any size is contradicted by the smallness and disposition of their own band ; three of whom kept the ambush, while four watched from a hill-top lest the Light-horse should come on them unawares. For as they acted under no commission nor were detached from either the continental or militia organi- zations, it might have fared badly with them to have been inten-upted by the American or the English authorities. It has been indeed said that the enterprise was permitted by the commanding officer at Salem ; yet Tallmadge, the second offi- cer and the efficient spirit of the dragoons, declared its char- acter was such that had he fallen upon it he would have arrested its members as readily as Andre himself. It is for- tunate therefore that they escaped the notice of this active and well-informed soldier. Through all this part of our narrative, a fatal combination of circumstances was working against Andre. Had he pur- sued any other road, or had he arrived here two hours earlier, he would have escaped scot-free. The party had been but little more than an hour on the ground when, between eight * See Appendix, No. II.. Ill !! ANDRES CAPTURE. 0,0 His boots, a valuX ieT^^^^^^^^ ^"^ approach, once attracted the eyTZ Till I tT '''" '^ '^^'^ ^' going to New York," said one « Th "" "''"'' ^ ^'""^^^ nian-h'ke looking man » sairl 0.1, *''""^' a gentle- pears to be well d^C;d ' d H k' "" ^'"^^•"°' " ^^« «P- better step out and Ip '"dor^"' T'^" '^" ' ^^ J'orse's tramp clattered over ^h k^ ' know him." As his feet, and Paulding, the ma e ' '^'l '^^ ^P^^"» ^° ^'-'r with presented mtket Id hTT- '^ ^'^^ P'*''^^' a^-«"«ed his destination, "j^ ads"h. r". ^^^"'' ^"^ --""«« ;o our part,." The/i w icT I [J'L'^^^ ^^ ^^'^^^ lower party," he answered • and 7 .k ^ "^^"^- " '-^he l.e seems to have be rayed an . V "' '"^^'"^ ^'''-^^ '^^'y ^'^^^ able. "Thank God I '^oJ "" ''''' ""^ ""^^^^-k- ^od, 1 am once more among friends!" he ^nerican trooper has been se ^ t ';erirhif £7'^ ."' ^"^'^^ --'^/"n drd wore: leaping from his horse to s in a w 1'' ''"f '"'^'^ ''^^^^ ^« An- officer and escaping almost under the ll T' *"" '^' ^"''P^^ «f « royal may all remember the ludicrous eee„eTn ah T? '' *^« ^"^•"^- ^e hood-Schinderhannes, the Robber of the Rh' "'' *«"■««• «f our child- Jews, amid protestations of entire novPrV ^'""^-where forty or fitly «hoes, and stockings, and di p" ay theC' ^.^ ^f ^^ '' ">"«- «-- ^oot, and how, each being told to resume his own?. 1'^ ^''^ '^''' ^^"'^•'^Jed once waged -first for the boots next frth f'' " '""°"^ ^^"^^ ^«« « scene ,s ,n the close of the eighteenth ! ''*'"'• ^^'« ^ate of this boots which Andrd wore we^ ve^ d^enTarr'"';- J'^ ""''' ^--™«n's mon acceptation has received. I^have seen f ' ^™ *^°^^ ''^^'^ '^m- the cap ure, that stood for many .^ars n Ph ."fl'u'?"'''^' ^^•"'"emorating ously displayed a pair of genuin^ comedy to^h.'^'^f-' '"' ^'^''^'^ «"0"e^ Three months previous to Andrd's d^fptr ^ ?*' '" ^'"" ''^ ^^e originals, purported to have been written bj tr Gen"' M^"".."" P^^'^^ed which wh.ch the wrfter explicitly states that t^M "^^ *" *''"• C'^'^^^". '" cannot appear in public The event of tL ?'"'''' " ^"'^ "^ ^«ot« he «cnbed m three forms, according to he ver. •''"'' '' ^'^^" «'^«^<' «••« de- ceives; byAndrd; and by tradftion It ? '" ^'T^" ^-^ ^''« ^«Ptors them- «1 of them; so the reade"^ sh.^ ha've an rnT''*' '' «"^-«'y reconcile together, and with Appendix, No U "■hJ^^T''''^ "^ '^'"P^""^' ^he-" nore particularly noticed. ' ''"*^ ^'^^ ^«Ptors themselves are 314 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. "•^l cried, as he recognized a royal uniform on Paulding's back. " I am glad to see you. I am a British officer out of the country, on particular business, and I hope you won't detain me a minute ;" and in proof of his assertion he exhibited the gold watch, which was an article then seldom possessed by the gentlemen of our service. On this they told him he was their prisoner ; that they were Americans, and he must dis- mount. He laughed, unconcernedly producing Arnold's pass and remarking, "My God, I must do anything to get along!" None but Paulding were able to read or write; and he treated the safe-conduct with little respect, after the pre- vious avowal. « Had he pulled out General Arnold's pass first, I should have let him go." They now led him aside to a gigantic whitewood or tulip- tree, twenty-six feet in girth, that stood like a landmark a little southward of the stream. "Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large enough to form trunks for ordinary trees, twisting down almost to the earth, and rising again into the air. It was connected with the tragical story of the unfortunate Andre, who had been taken prisoner hard by ; and was universally known by the name of Major Andre's Tree. The common people regarded it with a mixture of respect and superstition, partly out of sympathy for the fate of its illstarred namesake, and partly from the tale of strange sights and doleful lamentations told concerning it." Under this tree, which by a strange chance was scathed with lightning on the very day that the news of his execution came to Tarrytown, Andre was searched. He warned his captors of Arnold's displeasure at this proceeding, and pro- tested he had no letters ; but nothing would satisfy them but an examination of his person. " My lads," said he, " you will bring yourselves into trouble ": — but they vowed they did not fear it, and while by their compulsion he threw off his clothing, piece by piece, "Williams was deputed to the examination. Nothing appeared, however, till one boot was 1 one boot was ANDRE'S CAPTURE. '~4't. " r :i'?: J^r .;°-""»S - e„„ee,,e<, -and se,zi„;,h„ Jt .^^1^1"^-"'"'" " "'" three folded half-sheels of 1! , "'"'<''■«»' »he stocking, West Point werV „r'T;"t'''';" " «>""■ '"""--S lariy furnished. « Z » °"""' '^°' "«' ''°™<> '™i- spy!" ■'^ ' '■'P^ted Paulding, "he is a They questioned him i» in ,„i ■ Pe"i but of course Ws rLr ■■' '" ""'""■™'' "'«'« Pa- him whether he wouJd e^T"" '''^"'- They asked ihey would reIeaseTn,„"f°' '" ^'^ "•'"• handsomely if surrender all he ha^ ^i^ . ' "'"f^ '''^'''^- «« would hundred gui„e„: or m! * .''nT;::'' "°f "'"^^ '' W« he «ere permitted to commu„l. f ^"'•"I'"^ "^ "^"^ S'""^'' » goods, it will bo remLbered r ° "'■"' """' ^°*- ^^ tides peculiarly precious tou. pip,: 'Tl'""" '"' "'• tonly stopped this convpr.of ^ Paulding peremp- not ten l„sand g" rTo^ld'T'""" 'f ™'""'''^ '•■«' again asked him if he Zld „ ', '^'' ^'"'^ ^'"'^'"^ offered. ..Yes, I w„:id,™:ai;:nd:r"'. ?" ""^"'"""^ that you shall," was the r.:.; , . ^ '^'' "<" ""'end all further inerrZl," Lt"; ' .'''■""" ""= P"»"er to American post, aid riu ItS """" '" '''^ ''™ •» «" forth towards heir eom™^ V° """•'• ^hey now set the ho..e on wlt^the c'n t' "" '" '""' ^""'■^'"3 '^-'''"S ties drew to.,c(her ,1 e ""f J™ '"™""=''- ^^ 'ho par- «f the remaW ; fouro? ;; ""'?™'"' '''''''^' ""= "^h-f Ln ttoe descend and pr^uce t l^rr'- """""" '■™ «' ""^ ^-« %■ " Ho then asL^h : t h taTci™?^^^^ f "is ,ua|. same time warninfr him „n, , , ' ^^* ^'"*''' " at the for if he did he ;:^": ^ "it" "r"^?' f' -«'P«' "■as resumed across .h„ !! ? } '"'"""y "'e eourae Ing roads andC . taL'.h ^"' ''''"'' ^"'"'^ ' -"M- ■narehingon either 1^^/ •■■ "'■"' "' ""= ^"<"''' »nio Andr^wL J:;t„V'^^;-™-"er bringing up the rea. Iken but shortly L „L, ? ""''''"' l^es'lons, and o.tiy. As they p.iuse,n,t the house of one of the i J. 316 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. X party, Paulding went in advance to its proprietor (perhaps his comrade's father) and said : — "Be careful how you talk ; I believe we have got a British officer." Here they tarried a little, and one of the women of the family pressed Andre to eat. " No, I thank you," he answered in sadness, " I have no appetite to take anything." Soon resuming the march in such wise as before, they at length accomplished the twelve miles that brought them to Jameson's quarters, and delivered their prisoner into his hands. We must now hear another and less pleasing narration of some of these transactions ; and particularly, so far as may be, obtain Andre's own account of the affair. The late Gen- eral King, of Ridgefield, Connecticut, then a lieutenant in Sheldon's dragoons, who had custody of him within a few hours of his arrival, relates the story Andre told, and which he himself implicitly received and always upheld as nothing but the truth. It must be premised that it was not altogether unusual for persons near the British lines to kidnap an officer riding out when none of our troops were near the city, and detain him till he promised to pay a ransom. This practice was at length in a measure checked by the officers them- selves, who not only paid the extorted gold, but caused the recipient to be imprisoned or flogged. King says, then, that Andre in the course of his revelations (which are other- wise partly sustained by what we now know) told how he was challenged near Tarrytown by three bushmen. " He says to them, I hope, gentlemen, you belong to the lower party. We do, says one. So do I, says he, and by the token of this ring and key you will let me pass.* I am a British officer on business of importance, and must not be detained. One of them took his watch from him, and ordered him to dismount. The moment this was done, he said he found he was mistaken, and he must shift his tone. He says, I am happy, gentlemen, to find I am mistaken. * This is probably another version of the production of the prisoner's watch. of the prisoner's andk£s capture. 317 you wa/rBrUish offll '" !^ ''•'"'' '"^' "'<'^- ">'<"' "^'^ X^irrj- '{"-'' ----"^^^^^^ liim w« 1 r , ^ ' " *"^y wo"'^ be directed bv Tfwp^ni- ^ ^^'^^ answered him in this wav a considerable ti™e, an" flnairw?„S'w'„^^if 7"'""'°" «.n ;o .e LZl,^-^-:: ;Set""" '" "^ are .oM wbo W kJ; X'' 'elX: ^^ettC the twenty wtr *."' "f his sons) records that for .™ I o„ hf teSr^'f T "' T'" '"^ "°»^"-'- Sivon here as he "Id it """"""="'• «" """-^ " "To this gentleman Andr^ himself related (hn. l,. P-ngdo,vn a hi,,, at ,„e foot of whieh/uttr 'a fr" ^^^^ I 318 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. cards, were the three men who took him. They were close by tlie road side, and he liad approached very near them be- fore either party discovered the other : upon seeing him, they histantly rose and seized their rifles. They approached him, and demanded who he was ? He immediately answered that he was a British officer ; supposing, from their being so near the British lines, that they belonged to that party. They then seized him, robbed him of the few guineas which he had with him, and the two watches which he then wore, one of gold and the other of silver. He offered to reward them if they would take him to New York ; they hesitated ; and in his (Andre's) opinion, the reason why they did not do so was the impossibility on his part to secure to them the per- formance of the promise." To all this must be superadded the conviction of Tallmadge, to whom the character of both captive and captors was more or less known, that the same story, which he also heard from his prisoner, was true. He most publicly avowed his belief that Andre's boots were taken off in pursuit of plunder, not of the proofs of treason ; and that had he been in condition to hand over the price demanded, he would not have been detained or discovered. The sagacity and the probity of a very distinguished soldier cannot be too highly estimated in considering the authority this declaration of his bears with it. Thus we have before us the story as told respectively by Andre and by the captors themselves. What tradition re- lates may be distrusted but not suppressed. It says that the captors were in wait for men of their acquaintance who had gone into New York with cattle to sell to the British, a share of whose money they hoped to win or otherwise get from them as they returned. They were stretched on the ground play- ing cards when Andre was discovered advancing slowly, and studying his route on a paper in his hand. As he drew near, apparently suspecting the danger that might lurk in such a covert, he quickened his pace, thrusting the paper into the boot of his off leg — a very convenient receptacle for any ANDR£'S CArXURE. ^ly 10 "Inch both parues were equally well inclT,,]. TradU,on ,„ ,|,is case has Jittle value save aa a matter „f ll.e strong ener-ctie Id rit of P > , """^ '•'"" I*"' f"'' that Ani^ wouU havHo. o7 1 17' "•"" ? " P''"""''''^'^ practices of the American armv Tl.nt n„ . 1 . *"'' prisoner is also established aid bu f 7 ""'""' "'°''' P-onthe matter n,igh Le ltd ttre " 1^ " T ."'' r:4rrm^ot!rr:ir:£^^^^^^ .a^^a^^ed With either Side that prtvirdtr^ltj " Commutare viam, retroque repulsa reverti . Nunc hue, nunc illuc, in cunctas denique partes." ■ 820 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDUfi. and presence of mind. Has it ever been considered possible that mutters might have been so ordered that nothing but force could have got him through? He avowed himself British : so did his captors, and seized him. There was more probability to a stranger of their being British, than himself. They were near the royal lines, and one of them in a royal jacket. He next produced Arnold's pass. This was thrown aside ; though there was nothing but his previous assertion, which was founded on their own stratagem, to war- rant the suspicion that it was not valid. That they thought him a spy when they searched him is more than I believe. General Heath says they knew not what he was ; nor he, whether his captors were Americans, British, or refugees. It is, however, proper to say that on every subsequent occa- sion they solemnly and steadily professed the entire purity of their conduct and motives in all this transaction. sidered possible lat nothing but vowed himself Q. There was g British, than nd one of them i's pass. Tiiis mt his previous atagera, to war- it they thought than I believe. B was ; nor he, h, or refugees, bsequent occa- 3 entire purity isaction. CHAPTER XVII. AnJn5 a Prisoner in our Lines r„f Retaining Andre'-s !.«,.=« . , f"' prize ,„ be »o" ^^ ' Z^C 'orM "'"" "'^^'"'^ ^ '- handed him over ,o Lieu -Col t'it" '""'"' "'" <^"P"'" raand of Sheldon's Dra!l„, , """'■'"'" "•'">' '" '=<>"'- «PP«.ved -Idler, of g::tn,arr" T"' " ^'•'''""'"■' "" His manly perso'n, JZfyCrZZ'rT:' '"'»S"'^ i'o bearing arc corarooJrZiyt Sh "';' """ """ lie was wounded in a servie» „t v ,i '™"='°f his timcj nnd John Ande^onf and a rartfuUerZv of'T"" "" '"'" papers threw no llc^ht on the w- \, ^° mysterious pected leas, of all things he 'i"?!'- "'''' "r^'""" »- llie pass was a nuzzle .„ v ^^ ° " ^""^'^^^ ■""» «l'»"gh a Oeviee of the en ^ to il're V "^f "' '"^ ^"^'^ »«"- "as dissension in our Tl I w ? """■ P'""' ^■^"■°^' ••'"■' conduct, when ealm "efleeUouT^l'H^"'",? r™""""^" "^ '- angry diswointment 1 1 • h ,, 'rf 1 ""' ^*=' "^ "■« "lalized it with bewihwrr f , '"'*'"' """'^ "'«« stig. «elnsions tht 'C HlraL^'II;"".^ T'' ''" "^ laps aided; for well he kZTat'ttl?" ='"'''' ?■='- army eould he look for relief If h u """ """" '" <""• 'lie affair leaked out ChZ , ! '" ""S"" '^""^ Arnold ere fore uttered not a "vlS ttf ''??.' '"='="""•• ^e there- "iA intense satLuefon Vea.7r ^ '''^^ ""^ ^^"^' ^ ""d Poine. He alread/rd /''''' i'\""« '» I'" ^-^nt to West -cdthatJohrirrsotr a'rttf;^:'''"'" ^ ^^ u a pass signed 322 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. by the general ; and Jameson thought the simplest plan would be to send the prisoner himself to head-quarters. It was his duty under ordinary circumstances tq, report the transaction to Arnold ; and accordingly in a brief note he related what was done, and dispatched Lieutenant Allen and four of the Connecticut militia with the letter and captive to West Point. The papers he transmitted by express to Washington. By these means he had discharged his duty, and at the same time given such warning of the business that but for the Vulture, of whose position he was not aware, and for the un- expected delay in his enclosures reaching the chief, Arnold really could not have escaped. When Jameson therefore is accused of imbecility on this occasion, it is well to recall his actual conduct, and to reflect on the insubordination he would have been charged with, had Arnold been innocent, in daring to report directly to the commander-in-chief, without regard to his lawful superior, to whom all details of duty should ordinarily be submitted. Andre was already advanced some distance towards West Point when, late in the day. Major Tallmadge returned to North Castle from a temporary service on which he had been detached. Tallmadge was no ordinary man ; and though now but twenty-six years of age he possessed a remarkably ma- tured judgment. His education was liberal, and ere entering the army he had taught a public school in Coimecticut. To the knowledge of mankind, and particularly of that portion of it who inhabited this part of the country, was added the especial acquirements his peculiar service involved : for from early in 1778 to the end of the war he was employed by Washington to carry on the secret correspondence with our spies in New York, and in guarding Westchester county from the depredations of Cow-boys, Skinners, and De Lan- cy's Refugee corps. The general character of every inhab- itant was a necessary part of such an officer's knowledge, and to deal with a spy a duty of his every-day life. He had moreover a laudable pride in his profession ; and now plest plan would ers. It was his the transaction he related what and four of the s to West Point, ashington. By nd at the same hat but for the and for the un- le chief, Arnold json therefore is rell to recall his nation he would locent, in daring without regard of duty should e towards West ige returned to ich he had been and though now remarkably ma- ind ere entering onnecticut. To of that portion was added the olved : for from IS employed by idence with our tchester county s, and De Lan- of every inhab- :er's knowledge, ^••day life. He ssion ; and now ANDRfi A PRISONEK. ggS that accoutrements came in from France, his troop in Sh.l don s dragoons, mounted all on dapple-gra; hor erwifh thl nofwte?nt:r r tP"' " "^^ " ^"' ^"^^ -"^<^ been seized o„;n'\heo her T.r"' "^7°^' "^"'^ '^-« together. For ^o sooner t. ^ ^"'^ ^'^ "^^^^ transpired, than coup n7thelttT^r^^^^^^ "'^^ '''' ^P^th^thisve^A^rt^^^ ments and pass, he was convinced of hic r«„^ i. . capture. Convi^cld of ArnoM ^^"""^ *° ^""'^'^ "^ ""^ „„..!, 1 ,."'""<'<' "' Arnolds innocence, Jameson n-i<. Me nZ'':r!'f '' "'^ Major., snggestLsranTnnd: ried off with fl,.c. • 7 ? ^" ^^P^^ss was hur- Wo^n .nd TaUn.!d:^r fd: ir^reATS ZT .^^'P"" ■"' ™y'"'™ «ir and r„s.~el the;; MS a gentleness and refinement in all he did .K„,^ , over to South or Lower Salpm fn f»,« r. j don's regiment. ' ' ^^^^-quarters of Shel- brottLlSGlibr;f""'r '^^^^^"'^^ 2^^^'^"^^^ -- Jv f T ; S ^^™-house, and committed to the cus- tody of Lieut. King of the Dragoons, who has left „! T' account of what ensued. ""^ "' *'"' ^mllfcllw'^ ''"'"'"' ^'^^ "" '"'^''^ g-tleman. His * ^mall-clothes were nankeen, with handsome white-top boots I 324 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. — in fact, his undress military clothes. His coat purple, with gold-lace, worn somewhat threadbare, with a small-brimmed tarnished beaver on his head. He wore his hair in a queue, with long black beard, and his clothes somewhat dirty. In this gai'b I took charge of him. After breakfast my barber came in to dress me, after which I requested him to go through the same operation, which he did. When the rib- bon was taken from his hair I observed it full of powder ; this circumstance, with others that occurred, induced rae to believe I had no ordinary person in charge. He requested permission to take the bed whilst his shirt and small-clothes could be washed. I told him that was needless, for a shirt was at his service, which he accepted. We were close pent up in a bedroom, with a vidette at the door and window. There was a spacious yard before the door, which he desired he might be permitted to walk in with me. I accordingly disposed of my guard in such a manner as to prevent an es- cape. While walking together he observed he must make a confidant of somebody, and he knew not a more proper per- son than myself, as I had appeared to befriend a stranger in distress. After settling the point between ourselves, he told me who he was, and gave me a short account of himself, from the time he was taken in St. Johns in 1775 to that time." Returning to the house, writing materials were supplied him, and since he was informed that his papers were sent to Washington, whose orders, and not Arnold's, should decide his condition, he immediately wrote to our commander. ached tte udson but a httle above West Point , and here Washington rTam Va"? « ' """"^ '""" '^'"•='' ''^^'"""' «-"^" stream. La Fayette remonstrated at the diversion • thev were already late, and their hostess expected them. « Ah," said Washington, " I know you young men are all in lov^ V ii 328 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. with Mrs. Arnold, and wish to get where she is as soon as possible. You may go and take your breakfast with her, and tell her not to wait for me. I must ride down and examine the redoubts on this side of the river, and will be there in a short time." But his suite remained also, save two aides who rode on with the message.* Breakfast was served without delay on their arrival at Robinson's House, and with Arnold's family and Burnet and some other officers they sat down in the low-ceiled room that still remains unchanged. Heavy beams extend above ; and wainscotting protects a fireplace without a mantelpiece. Opening into this was another room used by Arnold as an office. While at table, a letter was delivered to the Gen- eral. It was Jameson's of the 23rd, now brought by Allen, that told him of Andre's capture, of his detention, and of the travj ^mission to Washington of the papers that he bOre. Burnet, McHenry, and others afterwards remarked on the tranquillity with which he received the terrible tidings this scroll conveyed. Some little embarrassment he indeed be- trayed, but nothing in his manner or words indicated its momentous nature or cause. He retained his place for several minutes, joining in the general conversation : then pleading business, he begged his guests to make themselves at home while he was for a little absent from them. For he well knew that he had not a minute to lose. It was now two full days since Andr^ was taken, and Washington might in any instant come upon him in full possession of his guilty secret. To the Aides he said that he was compelled to cross to West Point without delay, and bade them tell their chief on arriving that he would speedily return. But his wife's experienced eye had already detected an agi- tation in her husband's manner which escaped those less ob- servant : and while he made his apologies to his guests, she bad * Whether these were Hamilton and McHeiuy or Shaw and McHenry, I am not clear. See Hamilton Hist. Rep. 11. 51 . Cooper's Trav. Bach. i. 211. Penn. Packet, Oct. 3, 1780. Thacher, 2fin. 1 ARNOLD'S ESCAPE. 329 also risen from Ihe board, and followed him from the apart Zr h ^"^7"»"y "--^^ri-g Allen .0 mention ,0 n„Co lain of U^t " T"' '""^ "'''■»-'"• "» ^^ ho coMwam of his barge be summoned and a horse nr,. pared "Any horse," he eried, _ « even a ZJ^XZT' Then he repaired to M,-s. Arnold's chamber and ,^i.h steL rev-ty apprised her that they must at onee part, Id t™ haps forever: that his life depended on his inst^nT /r The panic-struek woman screamed loudly while thiH^ ^s tirr-'' '-' "'-"^^ «'arm:;?:;rd';:? mistress, pressed her swooning form to his breast save « .as y kiss to his „n„onscio„s child, and passed a^i„t he lo:t?h:r':?:^i:iXof r "' 'r "''""" who followed on foo. dal^dot' the'p h^.^h Z:Z mile brought him to the water-side ; Larvev shontin. ,.l hargemen as he descended to hasted .0 h fr pC^ gef/ -g the holstei. from his saddlebow, Arnold p^ng into t boat, and ,„ his eagerness to be gone would have Z the bowman push off ere all the men were mustered. I„1 mt meat they were in the stream ; and with nervous anxietv but P slols, and retaining them in his hands kept cockin.. and haf-cockmg them along all the way. He saUt wouM^secm If inT' T """r '"^ "ow-oarsman answering 1 hta hat in their haste the erew had brought no weapons sa>^ .wo swords, his vexation was not conceded. hZ: r" e He was in his favor, and he hurried them on. He bore' ag, he said, to the Vulture, seventeen or eighteen miles be! rll H ?h \T ''"""" ' "'■'" '""" S»"°"» <"■ ■■""' should eward their labor. The oarsmen, observes Washinston b nt o Z'- '^r T"^ hy 'heir genemfs words, they bent to their work and the barge spun through the iaters Ml m iff > 330 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDUfi. Well might Arnold be in haste, for behind him and on either side was danger. As he neared King's Ferry, the ship came broadly into view, riding at anchor a little below the mooring where Andre left her and still waiting his return. Gliding between Verplanck's and Stony Points, Livingston from the shore in amazement recognized his commander waving as a white flag the handkerchief he had bound to the end of his walking-stick : and with no suspicion of the plot was nevertheless so surprised at the scene that he would fain have manned a guard-boat and come alongside of Arnold to know the meaning of such anomalous procedures. But the crews were dispersed on shore, and ere anything could be done the barge was under the Vulture's batteries. Livings- ton afterwards thought his presence in this juncture would have so disturbed the traitor that his secret would have escaped, and his person probably seized ; but it is question- able whether anything could now have shaken Arnold's composure, and whether on the first attempt at restraint he would not have blown out Livingston's brains. Alongside of the ship, Arnold unbound his handkerchief and wiped from his brow the great beads which hung there. Hastening on board, he explained to Sutherland and Robin- son the position of affairs, and calling up the bargemen, endeavored to allure them into the king's service under threats of retaining them else as prisoner? , The coxswain Larvey sturdily refused. " If General Arnold likes the king of England let him serve him," quoth he; ''we love our country, and intend to live or die in support of her cause " : and so said his six comrades. Sutherland, though indignant, would not interfere with Arnold's orders. He bade Larvey go with his flag to shore and procure some necessaries for the party ; and when they reached New York Clinton at once gave them their parole : an unusual favor to private men. Two of them, English deserters, had wept bitterly on the ship at the prospect of going to New York to be identified and hanged : once there, they slipped on board a letter of marque IIOBINSON TO WASHINGTON. 831 just ready to sail, and got away undiscovered. The re- mainder were released with a parting word and some money from Arnold, and were soon again with their friends * There was nothing to keep the Vulture longer, after a fla- Lad been sent to Verplanck's with letters to Washington from Arnold and Robinson. The first, with an enclosed letter to h.s wife and assurances of her innocence and entreaties for her protection, contained also some protestations of integrity. The last is as follows:—- ^ ROBINSON TO WASHINGTON. Vulture of Shmnk, Sept. 25th, 1780.-- Sm : I am this moment^ informed that Major Andre, Adjutant Genl. of His Majesty s Army in America, is detained as a prisoner by the army under your command. It is therefore incumbent on me to inform you of the manner of his falling into your hands : He went up with a flag, at the request of General Arnold, on publick business with him, and Imd his permit to return by land to New-York; under these circumstances Major Andr^ cannot be detained by you, without the greatest violation of flags, and contrary to the custom and usage of all nations, and as I imagine you will see this matter in the same point of view as I do, I must desire you will order him to be set at liberty, and allowed to return immediately • every step Major Andre took was by the advice and direc' tion of General Arnold, even that of taking a feigned name, and of course not liable to censure for it. I am. Sir, not for- getting our former acquaintance, your very H. Sert. Bev. Kobinson, Colo. * Heath says when Larvey was oiTered a commission in the British ser vice, he swore he would be — before he fought on both side7 buUha dscontented at not receiving from the Americans what the enemy had proposed, he sought and got his discharge from our armv. That Arnold a gave the crew their choice of going ashore or of enlisting wi h him hat one or two stayed, and the rest were sent ashore with Larvev is aSo asserted by Heath, whose authority here is very good indeed hljlil 882 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. i>iS> The anchor was weighed, and on the flag's return the ship made sail that urternoon, and reached New York the next morning. Meanwhile Jumeaon's courier in quest of Washington had passetl tiuougU South Salem and probably received there Andre's letter of the 24th. He came to Robinson's House after the chief had crossed the river. For when he heard on arrival near noon, and a full hour after Arnold's depart- ure, what that oflicer had said '^nd done, "Washington thought there was no better dine for examining the works at West Point than when its commander was on the spot. After a liurried breakfast, he hastened away to be back ere dinner- time ; followed by La Fayette and all his suite save Hamil- ton. As they crossed the river, overhung with lofty crags and hills, Washington listened for the thirteen great guns that should, salute his approach. The echoing thunders of cannon here reverberating from the opposite banks had ac- quired a sort of celebrity. But no bustle of preparation greeted his coming, nor was there any exhibition of the ibrmal pomp and ceremony of war. The party were per- mitted to land with no acknowledgment of its quality, and the commanding oliieer had barely time to hurry down tho path to receive it. To a character of Washington's punctilio this manner of reception was not agreeable. Lamb in some confusion apol- ogized for it by stating the unexpected nature of the visit. " How ! " said the Chief, " is not General Arnold here ? " "No, sir, we have not seen him on this side of the river to- day." Washington said afterwards that on this he was struck with the impropriety of Arnold's conduct, and had some mis- givings ; but he never for a moment suspected the real c. •;e. The party climbed the hill, and after an hour or two of gen- eral inspection and the tardy salute of thirteen guns being at last rendered, it returned to the other shore. As they drew near Robinson's House, Hamilton ws seen excitedly pacing the court-yard with a parcc^ of papers in his ituri) the ship ork the next shlngton had iceived there nson's House len he heard lold's depart- igton thought arks at West pot. After a k ere dinner- I save Harail- ,h lofty crags n great guns ; thunders of tanks had iic- ■ preparation bition of the ly were per- quality, and rry down tho is manner of )nfusion apol- i of the visit, nold here ? " the river to- le was struck lad some mis- lie real cr -ie. r two of gen- guns being at ton w''3 seen papers in his THli TKEASON DISCOVERED. $33 hands. These were Jameson's enelosurcs that had arrived about 2 P M., and whieh in virtue of his post the secretary had opened m h.s chief's absence. Retiring together to their exammation, they soon possessed Arnold's secret. It was at once resolved to arrest him if possible, and Hamilton and McHenry were despatched at full gallop to Verplanck's for tlm end. But .t was 4 p. m. when they started in pursuit of a man who had left at 10 a. m. ; who, ere their feet were in the stirrups, must have been under the Vulture's guns. By 7 r.M, notice that the Vulture was gone with Arnold to New lork came with llobinson's and the traitor's letters to head- quarters. Washington had not noised the treason. He saw Mrs. Arnold, whose hysterical passion satisfied all about her that she could cornmunicate nothing in regard to the business ; and to La Fayette and Knox, with eyes suffused, he had privately revealed the affair. '' Arnold is a traitor and has fled to the Bntish," said he. " Whom can we trust now ? " But the gravity of the risk was not lost on him: the very day had doubuess arrived that had originally been fixed on or the execution of the design ; and as the wind was favora- ble for an ascending fleet, there was no knowing but what an attack miglit be made that very night. Brief space sufficed to show that every thing possible had been done to facilitate r n .J'T ''■''' ^'""^ "'^^^'"'"^ ' '^'^ ''^^P' dispersed, l^orthwith the garrison was armed to the teeth, and the lines manned^ Couriers were now senf in every direction, brin..- mg up detachments of the garrisoa ; warning officers to stan°d 0.1 then- guard ; and rousing with the alarm the camp at lappaan from its midnight slumbers. When he perceived the condition of his hostess, Washington with entire calm- ness bade ue guests sit down without ceremony, since her ilaess and Arnold's absence left no other alternative: and no stranger would have conjectured from his maimer that he was in possession of the fatal secret. Ere the cloth was removed, the affiiir began to leak out 334 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRl!:. in whispers among the guests ; and it was not until the 2Gth or 27th that it was buzzed openly abroad. But when Ar- nold's letter came in, the rage which Washington had so far kept down seemed about to obtaiii full sway ; and they who were accustomed to note his every change of mood or coun- tenance saw, or thought they saw, according to La Fayette, the bursting of a mighty storm of wrath. But every angry word was suppressed. " Go," he said to an aide, " to Mrs. Arnold, and inform her that though my duty required no means should bo neglected to arrest General Arnold, I have great pleasure in acquainting her that he is now safe on board a British vessel of war." * As may be supposed, where no one knew how far the trea- son had extended or by what means it had been carried on, the wildest rumors flew from mouth to mouth ; some tolera- bly true, many intolerably unfounded. Chief among these was the still repeated tale that Andre had penetrated our works at West Point, when in truth he had been no nearer to them than the outside of the forts at King's Ferry, many miles below. The bargemen were lately and may yet be living in the full belief that they had carried Arnold and Andre up from Smith's house to head-quarters ; and described * Trav. Bach. i. 216. In this work Mr. Cooper gives several particulars of Arnold's treason, that possess a particular value from the authorities which supplied them. He heard not only La Fayette's recollections de- clared forty-five years later on the very ground, but also had " Arnold's own statement from a British officer, who was present when the latter re- lated his escape at a dinner given in New York, with an impudence that was scarcely less remarkable than his surprising self-possession." That details so valuable are so little referred to proceeds perhaps from the ex- ceeding dulness of the book : but La Fayette's evidence, given from recol- lections that in the outset were tinged with great excitement, must be cau- tiously received. Thus to Mr. Cooper he said that when McHenry entered the chamber where he was dressing for dinner, and carried off his pistols to pursue Arnold, not a word was said of the plot; nor was it apparently communicated to him till he and Knox learned it together from Washing- ton. In his Memoirs, however, the marquis distinctly asserts that "G»'^i . '^f^' ^ ^^ t [^(i> mIc"* '■' iS"''*) j ^iSt» i ' '''IH t.l ll I' I CHAPTER XVIIl. A.ndr(5 brought to "West Point. — Sent to Tappaan. — Ilis Case submitted to a Court of Enquiry. — Its Decision approved by Washington. It has been reported that Arnold bade his wife burn all hia papers. This she did not do ; and they were of course nov/ seized, and eventually scattered to the four winds of heaven. From these, and from information of his recent movements, a ray of light began to penetrate the mystery. Orders were already sent that Andrd should be brought up ; at 7 P. m. of the 25th, these were repeated, with injunctions to guard against his escape. "I would not wish Mr. Andre to be treated with insult," wrote Washington ; " but he does not appear to stand upon the footing of a common prisoner of war, and therefore he is not entitled to the usual indulgences Avhich they receive, and is to be most closely and narrowly watched." The first courier reached Sheldon's post at mid- night. Andre was in bed at the time, but he arose and pre- pared to obey the orders. A more dismal night for so dis- mal a journey could not have been found. The rain fell heavily and the skies were dark and scowling, when he part- ed with companions to whom he avowed so many obligations, and among whom, he said, whatever happened to him he could never thenceforward recognize a foe. Tl\e strong es- cort that guarded him was led by King ; and when it came to North Salem meeting-house, he met the second express, who bade him change his route. On the way, probably as a further precaution, Tallmadge and two other officers joined the party that, marching all night, came to Robinson's House on the morning of Tuesday, the 2Gth September. Smith, who had already been brought there a prisoner, gives a very ANDES AT WEST POINT. 337 that Wash,„g.o„ apoko t™! „n ;r„" ""' ""*'"'""'' strong language to wrin-. fori To e "".' ""^ "'«> dealings. ° ^ " confession of his guilty Ihaline of a p,M™t.",fr""'j'""''' P™'^' '""'-h" geneml, and if wron. hJ " '™ "^ ""> *"=<='i°" of that agreeably to LoZs He """"f''' ""' ■"<=' •""^ """"S you know that Genet Arn^Mr™:?'"^ '''^P''^''' ' ^'"' d" »n whom you l^oitZl I''' ""' """ *^^- ^"<'«- Maio. joh/An4:h:x.a:i:sj:^^^^^^^^^ '° "« fe« who were your,lt r t V^^' '""^ ""'"^^ y»" -»"- yonder treeS',"'' r I'i""' '"^P^"'' ^^ " o» ordered the g™ d T tnlT ^"'°'' "'" *»^- "^ 'h™ mc j,uaras to take me away" About two hours Infnr i.« «^ *• , horses, and soon air .Iltir 72%''! '"''"^ "«tmmpof of Washington and , i' s„ ,e Th " "''"'"' ''"'' "">^ ducted in ;n adjoining aplen?:,,™^:^""" ""' ™"- 10 repeat it: but he intim^ es Th" ' il 1 . "'" P'''^"'"'' soothe than to intimidate the 1 .""^ ""' "'""'' '" l"-m further informal o^^f 1? °""' "'"' '° P'''"='"-<= "-om Marbois, must ZllT^ consp.raey. But Smith, lil^e means here t at aX .° ''"""'^ distrustfully, and if ho indeed and asked Mm 1?°' '^"'•""S'O" saw Tallmadge -Ho„sattej;tt:u;:::ir:fiTf:^::;: 338 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. by guile what the sword could not accomplish, Washington and some of his nearest generals had peculiar cause for in- dignation. The patron and the supporters of Arnold knew too well the deadly hostility of many powerful civilians to doubt now the handle that might be made of this transaction. St. Clair and Schuyler had already suffered under the ca- lumnious suspicions of the people they defended ; and the ridiculously false but industriously propagated story, that the evacuation of Ticondcroga was purchased by Burgoyne with silver balls which, cast into our lines, were collected by St. Clair and divided between Schuyler and himself, was not dis- countenanced by the, action of Congress. Schuyler indeed, a gentleman by birth, education, and habit, had refused longer to hold a commission which subjected him to unmerited igno- miny,; but St. Clair's fortune was scanty, and though even now he was unjustly suspected of corrupt dealings with the enemy, he continued to serve in the field with unabated zeal. Nor was Washington himself, long distrusted by many in Congress, unconscious of the motive that caused his army to be attended by a permanent committee of that body ; and his earnest and fruitful confidence in Arnold gave additional vigor to his resentment at the reward his confidence had received. "Whom can we trust liow?" — he well might ask; and in the extremity of his anger, there can be no doubt as to what his favorite's fate would have been, had the fortunes of war brought him into American hands. In after life, even in the most unrestrained hours of social ease, he could not refer to the absconding, officer without the most unmitigated terms of contempt : and at the existing moment he seems evidently to have shared in the universal sentiment of the army, that by every means in their power, a dreadful punishment should be inflicted on the prisoners in his hands who stood nearest to the original offence. His letters written prior to the report of the Board of Officers show very clearly the conviction that Andre was a spy, and that Smith was equally worthy of death. To the President of Congress he comments (Sept. INDIGxXATION OF THE ARMY. 339 26th) on Andre's letter of the 24th as « Pn,i« • .^athediC „„tc„.e under .he tcWp JotoTri'^/r''"" mh ih. ° '^'^^ ^ gallows this day." On fhp JOth, the press controlled by the narfv tha. 1, ^ opposed Arnold in Philadelphi he sS If r '" f "'^ directed public oninmn f. L . Congress, loudly Hfe were";.!' frie^: L re^'o^f f' "".T " -■" ^"<'"'' Arnold's effio-y those of i„A • , o . '"""^ "^ay, with .he..ee.,hf4tTC:':r,'T^;:rd-'T™:r"'"^'' of the British Armv «„j T ^l .. ' ^"« Adj»tant-General and the other asT trl , ,'"""' ' "'" ""' '""'"''^ - " W lived, and one was „ veTh ''"r""'''" ''"™'^' '«'"' ^'^ of political feelirshoT '"'"^''^ ",""' ^ ^t this exhibition and s„pre.e hatred f ^^/^'eZLTTT'^ ' °""""" would have bartered aw,v fLT, ^ "" """^ """ - t..o„gh the, .rLritrrf':,:: riir"^ ^""^'""-'^ .«. but . ,e„e, ,„„ vtSg onTSa^S f r;';' ^7'»"' '""P""- promulgation of Arnold's nrivtf^ V "^*'^i"'=*- 1^' l^^C; shows that the inquire into the ChiSt,;Cthvwr^^^^^^^^ ";'' ""'^^^""^^ «-^ *« Phia, and to inveigh agS SchuvTe XV T" ? '"' '""'^'^^ *»* ^'"'^del. skirts from any «Lir^p eftrenSr 1 rn^ ''''''' '"'^''^ ^'^ «^^ on Schuyler's character aI^ d'lettefs'n". "'''' ''^ ™P"^*-- inferred fro. the reply to i^ t^h^,' r^ef^^rd if^^? ^"" ^•^^^' cause or onlythelcltTfl'S^^^^^^^ .'^ '^^^ -^^« *^e affair? Is Smith han^^ed ? CannTA , ^"T"" '"'""''^ '"'''' ''^'^ *^«"''^'« »o hear all the details ^f tL atrooitt l , -'^ '"^'f ' '^™ ver, curious ArnoM is not the only m:;r;f i ^r,r: ^r:?! l^f .^^^l^ ^ 'I I BBBBaai^KaHi 840 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. On the evening of the 26th, the prisoners were transported from Robinson's House across the river and securely bestowed at West Point. On the 27th, Washington, having probably resolved on the course eventually pursued, sent secret orders to Greene that he should receive them in camp on the ensu- ing day. " They will be under an escort of horse, and I wish you to have separate houses in carap ready for their reception, in which they may be kept perfectly secure ; and also strong, trusty guards trebly officered, that a part may be constantly in the room with them. They have not been permitted to be together, and must still be kept apart. I would wish the room for Mr. Andre to be a decent one, and that he may be treated with civility ; but that h^ may be so guarded as to preclude a possibility of his escaping, which he will most certainly attempt to effect, if it shall seem practicable in the most distant degree." Accordingly on the morning of the 28th, they were brought down to the landing-place; when, says Smith, "I saw the amiable Andre near me, amongst a crowd of officers. On stretching my hand out and preparing to address him, I was told by Major Tallmadge sternly that no conversation must take place between us." Each was seated in a barge well- manned, and with a favoring tide was soon at Stony Point. Here at the King's Ferry landing, a detachment of the 2nd Light Dragoons was in waiting. Tallmadge took the com- mand and, with Andre in the rear and his companion in the van, they rode away through Haverstraw towards Tappaan (or Orangetown, as it was often called), where lay the main army. A march of ten miles brought them to the house of Mr. John Coe Avhere, while Tallmadge vigilantly posted videttes and sentinels, the party dined. They resumed their journey after dinner and by a circuitous route reached Tap- countrj- suspicious of liis virtue is not the most culpable, when the blind and criminal confidence that is put in him makes him a traitor. That's bo- tween you and me." — Col. Louis de Fleury to Steuben, Oct. 6, 1780. Koj>2i's Steuben.. 625, e transported rely bestowed zing probably secret orders > on the ensu- I wish you to reception, in I also strong, be constantly erraitted to be odd wish the mt he may be guarded as to he will most cticable in the were brought ii, " I saw the ' officers. On Bss him, I was rersation must a barge well- t Stony Point, nt of the 2nd took the com- npanion in the fards Tappaan i lay the main to the house gilantly posted resumed their } reached Tap- e, when the blind raitor. That's bc- t. 6, 1780. Kopp's ANDRfi SENT TO TAPPAAN 34^ Here every atfpnfmn n,„* • « «» "» me /o lavern. uiirtserveu. Ihe one was as anxious to h'sten n, ih. passea unopposed up ,„e ste.p^'l 1^^ 'o' Fon pII" The acqu,smo„ of this key to all the works wouTd « rtn' very jar^e pait of the praises sure to follow in the train nf n=e„t, was 1 dis,! ly ' i "w™'?',!'' '" '?^'- store for him. Military glory was a7 he ' t "■""",'* '" P.y: the applause of h?ki„7andl' o^yirteT and keeper in regard to the treatarfe ^likXTr e.ve fro. our hands. Taltaadge candidly Z^'Zli he fate of h,s own classmate and friend, Nathan Hale "Ye, he w.as hanged as a spy," quoth Andre : " but sure v v. /' not consider his case and Inine alike ? " " 1^' are^^f" f *<.. The friendly olTerl^ r]::^^::^ Z BHaiBL Ji U gHWHWWWi imUfmmmm 342 LIFE OF »LUOR ANDK£. • J: deficiencies of his toilet by the loan of a dragoon cloak was declined, although it had been suggested by Andre's own comments upon the shabby apparel he was wearing; but Tallmadge's urgency at length procured its acceptance. En- veloped in its folds, he came into our quarters * We may gather from Tallmadge's reminiscences that till he drew near Tappaan, Andre had little doubt that the Americans, though exasperated at what had occurred, could not fail to view him as at the most but a spy in appearance and involuntarily ; that beyond some personal discomforts, he had nothing to fear. The ominous warning of Tallmadge was confirmed by the general order issued by Greene on the 26th, when, as senior officer in Washington's absence, he promulged to the army the explanation of the alarm which liad resounded through the camp. ''Headquarters, Orange Town, Sept. 26, 1780. —Treason of the blackest dye was yesterday discovered. General Ar- nold, who commanded at West Point, lost to every sentiment of honour, of private and public obligation, was about to de- liver that important post into the hands of the enemy. Such an event must have given the American cause a deadly wound, if not a fatal stab. Happily the Treason has been timely discovered to prevent the fatal misfortune. The Providential train of circumstances which led to it affisrds the most convincing proofs that the Liberties of America are the objects of Divine Protection. At the same time that the Treason is to be regretted, the General cannot help congrat- ulating the army in the happy discovery. Our enemies despairing of carrying their point by force, are practising every base art to effect, by bribery and corruption, what they cannot accomplish in a manly way. Great honour is due to the American army that this is the first instance of Treason of the kind, where many were to be expected from the na- ture of the dispute. And nothing is so bright an ornament * See also Tallmadge's Letter in Appendix No. IV. n cloak was Lndr^'s own earing ; but tance. En- ces that till bt that the iurred, could appearance discomforts, »f Tallmadge reene on the absence, he alarm which I. — Treason General Ar- iry sentiment about to de- lemy. Such jse a deadly son has been rtune. The to it affords America are time that the help congrat- Our enemies ire practising on, what they tiour is due to ;e of Treason I from the na- i an ornament i.lV. CLINTON TO AVASHINGTON. 343 oue as a ep, ,„ „eg„«a.. „.e ^^n^tot^l^,^ T Wllency the C«n,ma„der-i„.Cl.ief has aXd a ' 4t .oJfof hTsTf ""' '^""^"'^'^ eom™„„!ealed to Andre by p-p.uude in ,he' h„o Ti; ':„se'rd„;ird"" r nolds letter of thp 9^^^, 4^ nr 1.. ^ uiciated. Ar- Andr.. eondl u „t h 7ttX\t''- ""' '""'"'^ ™ aides nn^ ^c c • u T . ^^ erred the mnocence of his pern cf Tife 'J? ,"'""^"' ''^ <«d »<>' consider the prisoner in ini Ihlt Anf ^'""'" " "■' '""■'' '™« '""' "''"^ed Wash. r^r. 'ett::sti,i:'r^ '""; ''"^' ""-^ -^"— wnr r> ,t • ™ "■■'* " violat on of the laws of tant-General, enclosing Arnold's statement of the case. CLINTON TO WAsmsaroif. nfZ^ltLo' "'\~'"^-- B-S -forced that JorMaj^rGe rild •':: "f™ T "-" ^'opped „n- ;^eri;^..ct,--r-rh^^ jou, bn, that I permitted Major Andr^ to rm fn ivr • A of Trie rr:r; rwo^i ^ci;;^';^" t" - "'"=- ^™'«'^orhisret„r„. n,::rir:it;rd:rh: § ^ s ■■ •WSIblS!^ i i j |: m. I 1 344 LIFE OF MAJOll ANDK£. your Excellency will immediately direct that this officer has permission to return to my orders in New York. I have the honor to be, &c. ARJIOLD TO CLINTON. Mw York, 2G Septemher, 1780. — Sir : In answer to your Excellency's message, respecting your adjutant-general, Ma- jor Andre, and desiring my idea of the reasons why he is detained, being under my passports, I have the honor to in- form you, Sir, that I apprehend a few hours must restore Major Andre to your Excellency's orders, as that officer is assuredly under the protection of a flag of truce sent by me to him for the purpose of a conversation, which I requested to hold with him relating to myself, and which I wished to communicate through that officer to your Excellency. I commanded at the time at West Point, had an undoubted ric^ht to send my flag of truce for Major Andre, who came to°me under that protection, and, having held my conversa- tion with him, I delivered him confidential papers in my own handwriting to deliver to your Excellency; thinking it much properer he should return by land, I directed him to make use of the feigned name of John Anderson, under which he had, by my direction, come on shore, and gave him my passports to go to the White Plains on his way to New York. This officer therefore cannot fail of being imme- diately sent to New York, as he was invited to a conversa- tion with me, for which I sent him a flag of truce, and finally gave him passports for his safe return to your Excellency ; all of which I had then a right to do, being in the actual service of America, under the orders of General Washing- ton, and commanding general at West Point and its depen- dencies. I have the honor to be, «S:c. To these communications no answer was at present given. Washington was not perhaps sorry to keep the enemy in 'S "■AS„,.V0X0K CO.V..HS . „o.KO OK «..„, 3« »ucl, suspense concerning Andre's f..(„ pie opportunity of prcnarin "for /' """" ""■""••' »"- oint ere nny movem „ ^^I^^.^fr™:' t''"'"'' "^ ^-' He also probably wisbcd l„ ^ • f '' ""^ ""''ertaken. erals before he replied A^! T'l "'" "'"■"'»" "f '"^ g«.- of .1.0 28th repaired io ctTt'^' "">"»" '"o o-n°i„. general officer present wW, ., """'"'' " '""■■'I of over; ■Smith declares .l,e gelr "t' """' '" "" ™"™>od.^ object «,as rather to delermineT T '" ''''"■" '""" """ "^ "■'"0" » flag should ;z^: zir f ",r '■•"■■•■' "■•"- ■«me previous difficulties on I's " " 7 ' """ '""' ''oo" eule on Andre's immediate fate Tl ■■'■"'""• ""■"• '» do- absurd. There is every ret„: ^'"'^''"'■'•o" '^ manifestly 7 deigned than„ha[ L~ t;::;: "'"' r""'""'"- Kles, It must not be for^oUen ,3 f ^ ''"'"'■'' = '""^ ^"■ iaston had apparently CTJn'r ""' ""S'oomg Wash- ""■d '«ve given him dc^h^ fr";, ? ""''^ "^'-ve wdom that always characterized ,i '" '"""''" »"'' I'O refrained from actin/.^so f oommander-in-dnef, J-.^..bo_best opinion":: s'^C'osrt- ■""" "" ""- »f which justice must annrove IM. ,• " ™ '''oourse ■■e fearfully .oused eanTrd^; J'""'"! "?«■■ ^''""W no,v Wlause which was bestowed on t '"??"''''• '^'"' ™'7 ""J strength. I,on» after hi, , " .'•''^"•'"»' ^''ows its force lim narrowly observed, ha w'r"''- ?"^ "''o '™1 ^'"died '""yirritableandhiglned !l "f'™^ "'""P'' "^ "'"o- "toined a firm audi Ibll^ T'"" ""'^ ''''^'"'•"on ''■■> * The con-esponilence between M. de T may and the Count de \ cr- cennes shows how seriously, even in its lopped and mutilated state the plot affected the opinions and estimates of our allies. The party-heats ot Congress were unusually violent at this period, and its committee that at- tended the camp was falling into an unpopularity by reason of the tmc- ture of " army principles " it had imbibed. See Snarks's Wash. vn. *.o, t' " He has a great antipathy to spies, although he employs them him- self, and an utter aversion to all Indians," was written of Washwigton in the beginning; of 1780. m ; the dis- ublic danger, cause might rything com- I therefore, if of justice of e in this case ring with \m position wnr- - life, fortune, success ; and public enemy could hardly a maintaining is underhand Had he not n my opinion, is good reason r, some of our tcts of the case rriving at any an undoubted )ne week since York, Andre sembled in an own, and con- the Count de Ver- lutilated state, the riie party-heats of committee that at- cason of the tinc- Ls's Wash. vii. 2-20, mploys them him- of Wasiiliigton in ANDR,:: BROUGHT BEFORE THE HUBUNAL 847 w. be brought before you for your exam^ua.ion. Ho eZ token „„h,„ our l.nes, ,„ a ai,g„;,,a hnbi,, „i.b a ,„„s un- upon luin After a careful examination, vou will be nl<.,se,l - «peed,ly „. possible, ,0 report a preeis-e state of We' tagother „,th your opinion of the light, in which t ou»h .^' he w^lTl" h^f .^T"'"''''"''™ '" ""^ -natter, whiel pIm '''^^'•'^'■'' ">» »<"'■•''• 1 Lave the honor to be Gentlemen, Your most obedient and humble servant, The Board of General Omeer. eo„ven*:a!: t:^;?" .k",!,' '," *" '■?'■"'"'' """ ""> '"^k of composing this letter should have fallen on Hamilton, between whom rndt 171' "" '"'r""''' "'■"ost confidential was g'owl! up! aTehir^^ 'TFT:' "™' ■'-■■y --'■"'I ^ome^wT; lent or T; „ ^" V""' "' """"^ ""^ "'»' "fan indict- rl 'ric tin i?/™'"' T"""' "^ f-"' o^-y "-eader will nthe S ''"""° '='•'"■"' *'" ^"''■■'^ <="'«■■'"' «>"• lines » the n.ght in an assumed eharaeter was putting a verv w re all the ev.denee on the point. He landed without our ov„ L; n" 'T "'^ ""'' """ ■-' --o became tat or ° t , \ "f " '^ -"■'■°™.over which was a sur- mZuJ i." "' "™'«i»g'j bt^ugLt by Arnold thui the 1 nes. No one else but the sentry who c^iallen-ed l» "ppi-oacb sooms to have seen him from the time of Us i I :' I ma mu n^ "^a^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1^ ^ m 1^ m 1^ 12.2 us lAO 2.0 L25 IM III 1.6 ♦ V Pnotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 8>!2-4503 iV Is % -^ \ :\ ^' #^> -0- % '^ fi f/j r i^ 348 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDltfi. leavincr the boat to bis arrival at Smitb's house : and Arnold here t^k all the responsibility of reply. Therefore techni- cally at least Andre might have urged that in so full uniform as officers generally wear by night, and with his name and quality -fully known to the American commander, and the only American officer with whom he had thus far to do, he entered our lines. Neither does it seem that he was taken within our lines, as is alleged in the letter. Tarrytown was nearer to the British post at Kingsbridge than to any of ours. The remaining statements of the letter are exactly and literally true.* The prisoner was now called to listen to the names of the officers who composed the board. These were Major-Gene- rals Greene, Stirling, St. Clair, La Fayette, Howe, and Steu- ben ; Brigadiers Parsons, Clinton, Knox, Glover, Patterson, Hand, Huntington, and Starke. Greene was president ana John Lawrence the Judge-advocate-general. This officers share in the proceedings was limited to the preparation of ♦ The chief authorities for the Trial are the Proceedings of the Board in the original manuscript, and also as published hy Congress ; and a letter Lra Hamilton to Sears. The first was sent by Washmgton to Congress, Ocri 1780, with a view to publication: and in pamphlet form was imme- Se^ and widely diffused. In this country the observation appended by CongLs!that all the circumstances of the case show that the proceedings "werrnot guided by passion or resentment " met with general approva. In England, the Gentleman's Magazine, by no means a '";°f «"«! J«"T^' expressed the feelings of a very large class in a notice of the publication "Te above account, having been published by Congress, it may withou any very violent strain of probability be conjectured that they thought Gen. Washington's severity to Andr6 stood in need of some apology. How for the Congrtss account justifies Gen. Washington's conduct towards th brave Andfd the public will judge for themselves.'' It was however at Washincton's own desire that the account was printed. HamLn wrote not only to Sears, but to Miss Schuj^er and to Laure , and the details he gives of Andre's deportment during the trial and m h^. confinement are very interesting. One at least of .f -^/f^- «--;;; tended for a demi-publicity. La Fayette describes it as ''^^^l'"^^^^ ^ literary- talents and amiable sensibility." I have verified the Account o given by Congress by comparison with the original MSS. preserved at Washin"'ton, and have corrected some of its errors. ANDRfi'S STATE1.ENT. : and Arnold jrefore techni- ;o full uniform his name and tider, and the 3 far to do, he he was taken Carrytown was lan to any of jr are exactly e names of the B Major-Gene- [owe,and Steu- ver, Patterson, president, and This officer's preparation of igs of the Board in gress; and a letter ngton to Congress, let form was imme- ation, appended by lat the proceedings L general approval, ministerial journal, of the publication. ess, it may -without that they thought lome apology. How snduct towards tlie It was however at :ler and to Laurens, the trial and in his se letters seems in- 3 " a masterpiece of fied the A^-count as MSS. preserved at 349 His age was a!K>ut AndreTo™ anTT^ "f r""'"^- evinced hi, sympathy v,M ,y,7'- ^ '"' "'"''« """J""' presence of mind • to }«■ -n^i T f ^^id 'o preserve his and ,0 except My to ,T ^1 """™"' ''" '''^ ''"»''<»^! a,nbig„o„s He ± s^ed 1 '7'™°'""/^ "«" "e .hough. I.ave1.s forn. falrlTa^d t"y t^ Gre""^ T '}"'"' him that he was frpp tn ni ^^*^^"*' ^^^^ advised Andre's statement. On the 20th of September, I left New Ynrt t . , on hoa. ™.St nigt 0^;^^;:- B^r^ d" '^ vSe. " rigro?.s:Kh- ^-^ - r:^.?:::.ettitrerr^^^^^^^ _ — , — w»Ls TTun liim to 350 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. pi-ocecd to house, and in the way passed a guard I did not expect to see, having Sir Henry Clinton's directions not " to go within an enemy's post, or to quit my own dress. ^ In the morning A. quitted me, having himself made me put the papers I bore between my stockings and feet. Whilst he did it, he expressed a wish that in case of any accident befalling me, that they should be destroyed, which I said, of course would be the case, as when I went into the boat I should have them tied about with a string and a stone. Be- fore we parted, some mention had been made of my crossing the river, and going by another route ; but, I objected much against it, and thought it was settled that in the way I came I was also to return. Mr. to my great mortification persijsted in his deter- mination of carrying me by the other route ; and, at the de- cline of the sun, I set out on horseback, passed King's Ferry, and came to Crompond, wheve a party of militia stopped us and advised we should remain. In the morning I came with as far as within two miles and a half of Pine's Bridge, where he said he must part with me, as the Cow-boys infest- ed the road thenceforward. I was now near thirty miles from Kingsbridge, and left to the chance of passing that space undiscovered. I got to the neighbourhood of Tarry- town, which was far beyond the points described as danger- ous, when I was taken by three volunteers, who, not satisfied with my pass, rifled me, and, finding papers, made me a prisoner. I have omitted mentioning, that, when I found myself within an enemy's posts, I changed my dress. The Proceedings as published by Congress, being rather a manifesto than a report of the trial, makes no mention of this Statement. It gives however what is doubtless designed for an abstract of its contents and of his oral replies to inter- rogations. The italics are from the pamphlet. — "That he came on shore from the Vulture sloop-of- 9, beiiiK rather ritOCEEDINGS OF THE COURT. gjj alLre T„ """"f™ "«»"""«!». Tim. .he boat ho came on shore n carried no flag, and .ha. he had on a surtourl^ ue «a3 taken. That he met Gen. Arnold on the shore and ^ left the V„r "'t ''""r ""•'"=• "" "■- -'O "-'«•- ne ictt the Vulture sloop^f-war, it was understood that h^ was to return that night , but i. was then doob eTand if h! odd not return he «as promised to be c<,„«a/«^ " « „ letu.n ,n the same manner !ie came on shore , and when the qmnes n the course of the day, how he should return, when iheZttraftt::." "xr ''-i r r --' ^^ .0 had of his hein?:?,! ll^^ ot" I^^ ^r, "^t challenged by the sentry, which was the firft ni.ht he ^^l a shore. He also said, that the evening C the 2Td of Sen .ember .ns. he passed Kind's Ferry, Utween our luZ Sy and Verplanok-, Points, in the dress he is at JeZ Z and Mke said is not Us regi„„„tah, and which'^drs e procured after he landed from the Vul.ure, and when he was w, hm our posts, and that he was p,»ceedi„g to New-Y J utwas .aken on his way, at Tarry.town, °as he has met' taed ,„ h,s letter, on Saturday the 23d o^ September T„ about nme o'clock in the mornin».'' The six papers from Arnold being produced, he acknowl- edged they were found in his boots: the pass to John Ander- «a was a ^ owned and the fact that he had assumed that ! ,^^ ■^""T' '"""' '» ^''*" of September 7th (ante ge 262) was also read. He avowed himself iu author X; l«ugh :t went .0 prove his in.en.ion not to enter our 1 „e, l.e observed that it could not alfee. .he presen. case a ho w™te U in New York under Clinton's orders. ' connir ^"^/'^.'"'""S interroga.ed Major Andre about his «cep.,on of h,s coming on shore under .he sanction of a ..-e A'mW»JJiW'"n i» * WJm < , W i i W | urn 352 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRli. flag, he said, That it was impossible for him to suppose he came on shore under that sanction, and added, That if ho, came on shore under that sanction, he certainly might have returned under it. "Major Andre having acknowledged the precedmg facts, and being asked wheth r he had anything to say respecting Ihem, answered, He left them to operate with the Board." It was probably in connection with this point of a flag thnt Greene asked the question : — " When you came on shore from the Vulture, Major Andre, and met General Arnold, did you consider yourself acting as a private iudividual, or as a British officer ? " "I wore my uniform," was the reply, and undoubtedly esteemed myself to be what indeed I was, a British officer." It will be recollected that it was not as an officer he was acting and clad when he was arrested.* His personal examination was now concluded, and the prisoner being remanded into custody, the board considered Arnold's and Robinson's letters of the 25th, and Chnton's (with Arnold's statement enclosed) of the 26th September to Washington. Of their contents — or indeed of their exist- ence — U does not appear that Andre was apprised : nor was it necessary that he should be. No other testimony was pre- sented, nor indeed was there any more in the power of the board to adduce save that of Smith and the boatmen. The first was in custody; and as his preliminary examination by Washington was in the presence of La Fayette and Knox, who were of the board, as well as of Hamilton and Harrison who were not, they knew what he could say respecting Andre's cominvhose case ,u Ts characteristics was widely dissimilar. n fulfilment ol Washington's desires and with the purest mtent.ons of se.v- ing hi country, he premeditatedly entered 'he »""* ^^» Zn spy, and was detected. His own kinsman betrayed hm, Tnd h! was arrested while yet the embers smoudei-ed of tl git to of the 21st of September, 177C. and m the he.gbt o the excitement that this unjustifiable conflagratton oc^- Ined amon» the British. He was instantly hanged by orto ofTr William Howe, and the circumstances of h,s 11 Fayette is . und though approved it, jt here as in La Fayette July, 1825, 1 officer who )sing scenes, t was a pain- accomplish- not only by British army ; Island for a consideration nation of the yette himself enemies have Sreene being advocates for it his compan- 2 to a conclu- le wrote to his pe that was to w how great a i by the impu- lse disposition whose case in fulfilnaent of ntions of serv- e British lines betrayed him, )uldered of the . in the height lagration occa- tly hanged by nstances of his ANDRft SENTKNCEl) TO DKATH. 355 execution reflect disgrace upon the English arm. Um control; and who but recently I.., ^'''''' ^'"" edged snv to W..^h / , ^ ""^ ^'''^" "P »" acknowl- i^ugeu spy to Washington's n(ercessinn« Ar. j • e^and of reWiation.. Had .„e fef^lit. e^r^ Zll been p,«c„,ed for a principle „f „„„„„ ,„ „„;~V "■oold undoubtedly have at once been ,et aside Ti ^ 1 Zh ; .. ''"^'""^ "PP^--^^^ •» '^- ^oncludin. part Tboal ' report, which was signed by every .emberof ''The Board having considered the letter from his ExppI lency General Washington respecting Major Anre,!.^^^ ^^^^l^1^:Z::;^:tT r^-^^«--U see recorded tween the dates o I ale's 1^. ITJT '^"" ''^^' ^"''^'^ «P'«« be- "Sir: Nathan SeV alt? I'""-"^''* ^'''^ '" I^"t««'«'s reply. - camp as al7,~lZlVi^TZ " ''"r ^"^'^ ^^™' ^-« takea'rf n.y you n,ay ref /'assure^si aThe'^haH ^ T" "^'*^""^' ^^ ^ •'^^' " ^^ i'onor to be, &e, Israel P^l V s a^ "^'^, "'• ' ''''• ' '''''" "^« ) «ri ^ wf^jam. 1 . {5. Aftenioon, he is hanged." 35 g LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfe. General to the British army, the Confession of M.yor Andre, and the papers produced to them, Repoiit to II.s Kxcellency the Commander in Chief the following facts winch appear to them concerning Major Andre. , ,^ , , r " First, That he came on shore from the Vulture sloop of war, in the night of the 21st of September inst. on an inter- view with General Arnold, in a private and secret manner. " Secondh, That he changed his dress within our lines, and under a feigned name, and in a disguised habit, passed our ^orks at Stoney and Verplanh^s Points the evemng of he 22d of September inst. and was taken the morning of the 23d of September inst. at Tarry Town, in a disguised haht being then on his way to New-York, and, when taken, he had in his possession several papers, which contained intelligence for the enemy. • , , /. . t-> » The Board having maturely considered these facts, Do Ai so Report to His Excellency General Washmgton, that Major Andr(5, Adjutant General to the British Army, ought to be considered as a Spy from the enemy ; and that, agree- able to the law and usage of nations, it is their opmion he ought to suffer death." The day was probably well advanced ere this report was prepared. On the next, it received Washington's sanction. Head Quarters, September 30th, 1780.- The Comman- der in Chief approves of the opinion of the Board of Gen- eral Officers, respecting Major Andre, and orders that the execution of Major Andr(J take place to-morrow, at five o'clock, P. M. ijoi" Andre, Excellency 1 appear to J re sloop of on an inter- red manner. ;r lines, and passed our jning of the ning of the juised habit, xken, he Imd [ intelligence se facts, Do liington, that Army, ought I that, agree- r opinion he is report was I's sanction. 'he Comman- oard of Gen- ders that the rrow, at five CHAPTER XIX. AndrtS's Deportment after the Dfttth-Wnrnint t„.. . ^.. between Washington «„d the B Lh n^s"-^ I^ t TT^ T' Arnold for Andrc^. _ The Execution delnyed subst.tut.ng Aa yet it would seem that an answer had been given ne.ther to Andre's request of the 24th September for per- mission to apply for necessary apparel and linen and to forward an open letter to Clinton, nor to that general's com- mumcation of the 2Gth. The latter delay las probabTy occastoned by a wish to obtain the decision of the Court of Lnquiry and, perhaps, to ascertain the inclinations of Con- gress. Greene had swiftly transmitted the first intelligence n tl^fnl '""^"''^. ""^ "" '^^ ^^^'•' W««J»ngton's Tetter of the 26th was received by that body. Marbois says that the Chief privately sought its desires in the present contin- gency, and that although there was no public debate, it was informally determined not to interfere with the jud^^ment of the military tribunal. ju^oment ot The interest and even attachment which tlie prisoner's condition and character had already inspired in the feelin^rs of many of our officers has been previously noticed. Amon^ those whose rank more nearly approaching his own rendered intercourse less restrained and embarrassing, Hamilton stood tirst. He was then but about twenty-three years of age, and his grade and disposition, and his relations to the Amer- lean leader, were not unlike those that Andrei had filled in another sphere. In laudable ambition, too, and in natural g.tts as well as accomplishments, there was much in common • between the two ; and the very jests that one had offered at the others expense were an additional incitement to personal ;3ii8 LIFE OF MAJOR ANPnf:. kindnosses that should wipe away the inconsidc-rale levity of The Cow-Chase. From the moment that the captive wo8 hrought in, there was a constant exercise of Hamilton's rjkhI. omces. On a former occasion his friend, Major Wdliam Jackson, had received much civility from Andre; and to hnn Hamilton repaired. " Major Jackson," he said, " I have learned that Andre was very kind to you when you were a prisoner. Will you not now visit him ? " The su-est.on was unnecessary, for no man was better endowed than Jack- Bon with those kindly feelings which not less than the sterner traits characterize an accomplished soldier; but the story shows the zeal with which Hamilton in befriending Andre, while he sought to direct indignation against Arnold was careful to provoke compassion towards his unfortunate co- adjutor. Nor is it strange that he who esteemed Julms Caesar as the greatest of humankind, was drawn towards a man whose character also exhibited " the commanding supe- riority of soul, the generous clemency, and the various genius which could reconcile and unite the love of pleasure, the thirst of knowledge, and the fire of ambition." Such we are told were Cajsar's qualities: such in a minor scale were An- dre's. Nor was Jackson's a solitary case : there were sev- eral in our army who had in confinement received substantial proof's of Andre's goodness : and these were not now want- inf in showing him civilities. During the brief hours of life that remained, Hamilton was in constant intercourse with him : and it was apparently im- mediately on his being withdrawn from the presence of the board that he endeavored to procure through the influence of his friend, what he had himself asked for some days be- fore. His doom was indeed not yet pronounced, but he must have perceived the tendency of the current that was flowing so strongly towards the grave ; and in the very tenderness of his treatment by those in whose guard he slept and waked, he could not but have recognized the impulse to make his remaining hours as easy as possible, since they were to be so ANi.Kf:s mTouiMKNT AiTKii r,,,.; .,f:,vrn-WAiiiiAt;r. 35a yory C™ „,„| f,.|| „f i^Me. llut ,|,„ attacli-ncnt bcvec, Clin- ion n,„l umsdl wa, linn ami reciprocni. Sir Henry avowd •en«= l„ lament 1„, faa- and hU worlh ; and Andre dnrin« I.M "npr,.onment »p„ke of hU p„,m„ aa a clnld migl.t .peak ol a lender fa, her.. Now, wl,e„ the pro,,« of death w„, "."n,„e„, ho thought of „ possible future 'pang „,at ntig of tl.o pettfon which on his own seot. .nerely, Ids wounde advert to. He repeated to Hamilton his desire to write to Ins commander. J' In one of the visits I made to him, (and I saw him several t mes dunng h.s confmemenf,) he begged me to be the bearer llLTT It '''" f ""'"'' ''' ^^^™"«-'-^ '- -"'■"»- «"-; or work " S'="''' "T' T' '" " '"•'-"'"■'«» '""'"' P'^'^-l lifh ^^P'""'^^'- ■"»'«»'. »' Tarrytown, in a dis-ulsed bU bemg hen on his way to New York ; and, when Taten, l-e had in Ins possession several papers, which contained mtelhgcnce for the enemy." contained From these proceedings it is evident, that Major Andini was mployed .„ the execution of measures very foreign ^ Z objects of feg,, „f „„,,_ ^„j ^^^,, ^ J . ^0 h anthonze or countenance in the most distant degreeTand ll.« gentleman confessed, with the greatest candor, 1,^ "he course of h,s examination, " that it was impossible for him to uppose that he came on shore under the sanction of a fit ° I have the honor to be, &c.» °' linnrri i.„ • ^" "''"O t-iinton. It was m tlie following words- _'Tha agreeably Shetwan^nrr^"' ^ '"^^ '■™'" ">^ ^"^•»>'' -"^ that, suffer deatr-'tlTy^^""*'""''^'* '' "'^'^ «P'"'«» '>« «"ght to A-?.r utioat i^fe rV ^^nt;^ ^ ' T^ ^^ '"^"^^ \Va«Jiinfrfn„ ;., 1 ^""s'^^^*'- I- !'"" last work printed the letter of a Jungton ,a such a manner as to le... , the inference that the omiion 3GG LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. Captain Aaron Ogden of New Jersey was one of the most distinguished soldiers of his grade in our ranks. He was of good birth, unblemished integrity, and approved courage; and had been pierced by a bayonet in one of the character- istic night-marches of Andre's first patron, General Grey. Though his kinsman of the same name had followed Arnold to the gates of Quebec, it is probable that this gentleman held him in no great liking, since Maxwell, his own former leader, perfectly hated him. Ogden had now a company in La Fayette's Light Infiintry division ; a corps cTelite, picked from the whole army. On the evening of the 29th, when the Board had finished its deliberations, Ogden was commanded to wait upon Wash- ington the next day at eight a. m. precisely. The chief alone met him at the door, and privately gave him his orders. He was to select twenty-five choice dragoons, reliable men and of good appearance, and procuring for himself the best horse he could find, to carry a flag and deliver a packet for Clinton to the commander of the nearest British post. Further, before departing he was to call for additional in- structions on La Fayette, who lay with his brigade in advance of the main army and nearer to New York. The orders he received from La Fayette were that he " should if possible get within the British post at Powles Hook, and continue there during the night; and that he should privately assure the commanding oflftcer there, without taking him aside for the purpose, that he. Captain Ogden, was instructed to say that if Sir Henry Clinton would in any way suffer Washington to get General Arnold within his power, that Major Andre should be immediately released." Ogden therefore so contrived his march, that it was the evening of the 30th when he came to the British outpost. of the concluding paragraph was intentional : and indeed, if Clinton could have at all been brought to surrender Arnold, it was desirable that lie should be afforded a pretence of ignorance that he was remanding him to the gallows. OGDEN SENT WITH DESPATCHES TO W.IXTON. 3C7 He was told that he might remain while his despatch »aa ..nt .„ ; but he replied that he had peremptoiy diL ionlto g ve H up ,0 no one but the offieer eon,L„di„g the 1, The cu-eunjs.„nces of the case -for it must have been ev dent that h,s papers had some connection „i.h Andre 11 provoked a suspension of the usual customs, and he was per- muted to pass m and deliver them as he was bidden. He was rcecved with great politeness and, the evenin. now being advanced, was offered quarters for the night. NoZ dufes untU supper was served, when, in courtesy to a stranger, he was sealed by the commandant. In the course of conversation he was asked of Andre's probable fate and promptly answered that he would be hung Was he^ no means, exc la.med the Englishman, of savfng him? The^ was cerlamly a means, whispered Ogden in reply: let Ar! no d be surrendered, and he was prepared to say, though w.th no formal assurance from Washington to the effect, that Andre would be yielded up. The officer at once carried tlZ .mportant communication ,o his Gener.1. On his return he 'ZS't, " ""'^ '"'''' """ ""^ ^"''""^ ^'■o-M have el pected. The suggested course was totally inadmissible, and Chnton would not even consider it. At daybreak every hing was prepared for Ogdcn-s departure, and it was not tm th"! n.ome„t ,ha. he found out that his chosen sergeant had de serted the enemy. This evasion however w^s perfumed .n obedience to Washington's own and secret armngem^'s concealed for the time fi-om Ogden himself, and directd S a v.ew to procure a sure, and unsuspected spy in the British mj;- moTio!"' "" ""'''"°'"' ""'"'"""" "''^^'""^^ "nd Ws Meanwhile, intelligence of the finding of the court and of i> fate were communicated to Andre through two officers .om Greene, one of whom w..s his aide. Major Burnet. The ™.ence was listened to with a composure that his inform.'^! vandy strove to emulate. The prisoner had steeled himsdf 3G8 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRH:. i! il to encounter death : " I nvow no guilt," he said, " but I am resigned to my fate." Yet he shrunk from the idea of the hal- ter. " Since it was his lot to die," he said, " there was still a choice in the mode which would make a material difference to his feelings ; and he would be happy, if possible, to be in- dulged with a professional death " ; and he seems to have at once verbally petitioned, probably through Hamilton, that Washington would consent to his being shot. Probably an- ticipating no refusal to this request, he retained for some time a tranquillity of spirit approaching even to cheerfulness. The arrival of his servant had enabled him to discard the slovenly raiment that had previously embarrassed him, and he was now as neat and comely in his appearance as though he were doing duty before his sovereign at Windsor Castle instead of languishing in a condemned cell. Still looking for his exe- cution on the day originally assigned, he busied himself in farewell communications to his friends. To Captain Crosbie he wrote that " the manner in which he was to die had at first given him some slight uneasiness, but he instantly recol- lected that it was the crime alone that made any mode of punishment ignominious, and that he could not think an at- tempt to put an end to a civil war, and to stop the effusion of human blood, a crime. — He should therefore meet death with the spirit becoming a British officer, and neither dis- grace his friends nor his country." These letters he con- fided to his servant, to be delivered when he returned to New York. In fact, every authority testifies to the composure and dig- nity preserved by this unfortunate man while he was in our hands. " All of the court that inquired into his case," says La Fayette, " were filled with sentiments of admiration and compassion for him." " He behaved with so much frankness, courage, and delicacy, that I could not help lamenting his un- happy fate," continues the marquis. " It is impossible to ex- press too much respect or too deep regret for Major Andre." Heath wrote that his behavior " was becoming an officer and liJ, " but I am idea of the hal- lere was still a jrial difference jsible, to be in- ems to have at Hamilton, that Probably an- 1 for some time 2rfulne33. The ird the slovenly n, and he was though he were astle instead of ng for his exe- sied himself in ]!aptain Crosbie to die had at instantly recol- 3 any mode of lot think an at- the effusion of re meet death nd neither dis- letters he con- eturned to New posure and dig- e he was in our his case," says admiration and nuch frankness, menting his un- n possible to ex- Major Andre." S an officer and ORDER OF EXECUTION. ggg a gentleman, and such in his li^t mnr«« ♦ halter put round his neck nn,i iu . u , ^ allusion a l.e be tukon the otter fd oflhl, ?f "' "^-^ "'"■»-' ''• .0 .he ga..„„,.^ TIi^tJ;t^ gallant officer. The Z l„n led '\f T""''"' "'™ ""'' vere one: for neilhL hi 7^ . ' "'""■'"='«'• '"^ « ««- American officer a h^ sMe^ "" 'l'''" ™^ '"> ""'«""' »" po.orb„yifr;eit^t\ritt:ri^^^^^^^^^^ ■ p-.wouid\rt„tCtrdct:::dir-::fc JXTnLtrrira:j'o?"r -■ ^^ with this paragraph : _ °"''' '""' <=»"d"dc — out he ever avowed thnt *i,« «.ntmor„,ng, but for some reason the pos.ponemem ofthe 872 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. exocution docs not nppcnr to have been announced until lute in tlie afternoon. Clinton's letter was as follows : CLINTON TO WASHINGTON. New York, Sept. 30, 1780. — Sm: From your Excel- lency's letter of this date, I am persuaded the Board of General Oflicers, to whom you referred the case of Major Andre, can't have been rightly informed of all the circum- stances on which a judgment ought to be formed. I think it of the highest moment to humanity, that your Excellency should be perfectly apprized of the state of the matter, be- fore you proceed to put that judgment in execution. For this reason, I shall send his Excellency Lieutenant- General Robertson, and two other gentlemen, to give you a true state of facts, and to declare to you my sentiments and resolutions. They will set out to-morrow as early as the wind and tide will permit, and will wait near Dobb's Ferry for your permission and safe-conduct, to meet your Excel- lency, or such persons as you may appoint, to converse with them on the subject. T have the honor to be, &c. r. S. The Honorable Andrew Elliot, Esq., Lieuten- ant-Governor, and the Honorable William Smith, Esq., Chief-Justice of this Province, will attend his Excellency Lieutenant-General Robertson. need until lata I your Excel- the Board ot* case of Major iUl the circura- rmed. I think )ur Excellency the matter, be- :ution. icy Lieutenant- I, to give you a sentiments and IS early as the r Dobb's Ferry et your Excel- > converse with , &c. Esq., Lieuten- 1 Smith, Esq., his Excellency CHAPTER XX. Expedient, of the HrlUsh to procuroA^^^^^^^ Correspondence in the Case. .h/w 7"' "?" ""' ""'>' '"P'"'"'"'' f™™ New York by h. Hudson, and ,vas ntoost opposite Clinlon's head-nuarteL l>.e papers brouglu by Ogden wore therefore not C7„ com,„g to his band, and be at onee snmmonedMrlmi b .0 king's eluef-justiceof New York, Mr. John Tabor ktZe he. attorney-general, and other eivib-ans, to meet in JX slanees of tl e ease and submitted Washington's letter Sir could hang Andre as a spy. The ehief-justice said that a reference to the authorities on the question led him to belt" B„T£m„e"°" ""'• '" ""' "••""™ ""= "'"eerTelne: :: But Kempe preserv.ng a silence, one of them put the same query to h,m. Without going into the law of the matter be urtly answered, " I think they will bang him.» The q e, ! TrL ^''° ^f ""»" ""^'^'J " by the eouneil, however, e'ei o "'"".f™^-":- .'"'-'' -"><1 "«' have been pos! proceed fo. hwuh to our Imes, armed with satisfactory proofs of Andre's mnoeenee: and that Washington should be not fled by return of his own flag of the coming envoys. nut hiZif"' ^"^f" ™Pri»"n,ent was known, Simcoe had put hunself in readmess to recapture him , and begged of Clin- .t itlr" ?"! "T"' °' """ """"^ ■>'' regiment7i,ould have wt::„llt!:!^.™"""^^p"■!--'o"•■' perhaps be sent on to Congress, his scouts viirilantl y watchnd the route ! 374 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR^. between our camp and Philadelphia, to give timely warning of any chance to fall on the escort. Henry Lee and himself, being particular enemies on public grounds, were very good friends in private ; and he lost no time in asking an interview with our partisan leader, of which the real object was to speak about Andre. Lee replied on the 2nd October, writ- ing perhaps under the impression that prevailed in La Fay- ette's camp of the success of Ogden's negotiation for Clinton's consent to the surrender of Arnold: " I am happy in telling you that there is a probability of Major Andre's being re- stored to his country, and the customs of war being fully sat- isfied." But before the letter was sealed Lee had better intelligence, and he concludes in this wise : — " ?*ice writing the foregoing, I find that Sir Henry Clinton's offers have not come up to what was expected, and that this hour is fixed for the execution of the sentence. How cold the friendship of those high in power ! "* It would indeed have been the extreme of baseness in Clin- ton, under all the circumstances, to have given Arnold up in exchange for Andre ; and though the full details of what had gone before could not have been known in our camp, it is * Sitncoe comments that no offers were made by Clinton. In this he h right; for the proffered exchanges of American prisoner': for Andrd were not such offers as Lee meant. Simcoe was, either for book-learning about liis profession or conduct on the field, one of the best soldiers of his day: and the extreme language he uses in his reply to Lee must therefore have in- terest, as showing the reeling of the enemy in regard to the execution : — " I am at a loss to express myself on the latter paragraphs of your letter; I have long accustomed myself to be silent, or to speak the language of the heart. The useless murder of Major Andrei, would almost, was it possible, annihilate the wish which, consentaneous to the ideas of onr sovereign and the government of Great Britain, has ever operated on the officers of the British army, the Avlsh of a reconciliation with their revolted fellow subjects in America. Sir Henry Clinton has the warmest feelings for those under his command, and was ready to liave granted for Major Andre's exchange, whatever ought to have been asked. Though every desire I had formed to think, in some instances, favourably of those who could urge or of him who could permit the murder of this most virtuous and accomplished gen- tleman, be now totally eradicated; I must still subscribe myself with great personal respect, sir, your most obedient and obliged servai t, J. G. Sim- coe." — Simcoe' s Mil. Jour. '293. timely warning ec and himself, were very good ig an interview '. object was to I October, writ- led in La Fay- 3n for Clinton's iippy in telling dre's being re- bei'ig fully sat- iCe had better " I? 'nee writing offers have not our is fixed for B friendship of seness in Clin- n Arnold up iu ils of what had )ur camp, it is ton. In this he is m Andrd were not earning about his rs of his day : and therefore have in- the execution : — phs of your letter; le language of tlio St, was it possible, our sovereign and the officers of the ted fellow subjects ;s for those under Indrc's exchange, ;ire I had formed lid urge or of him iccomplished gcn- myself with great jrvaic, J. G. Sim- efforts FOR -ANDRE'S LIBERATION. 375 evident that there was sufficient cause to prevent the proposal being made to him in other than a covert manner. That it should be unhesitatingly refused is not to be wondered at. ^ut here is some reason to suppose that in this juncture Arnold may himself have made an overture perfectly in keepmgwith his reckless intrepidity of character. In the bogmnang of 1782, he was assailed at London with a public charge of having basely left Andre to die that his own life might be saved. On this a British olncer, who appears to have enjoyed the friendship of military men of the highest socml rank, came forward with a statement for the truth of which he appealed to the gentlemen who were in the fall of 1780 members of Clinton's family. He declared that he was with the English army when Andre was captured and Arnold came in ; that it was currently reported and believed in the mes that Arnold himself proposed to Sir Henry that he might- be permuted to go out and surrender himself, in exchange for Andre ; and that the reply was-" Your proposal, sirrdoes you great honour ; but if Andre was my own brother, I could not agree to it.» This anecdote is not devoid of support from what we know of the man's nature; and it is cerLn that both to himself and the world, his certain death under circumstances such as these would have worn a very different aspect from that which would have followed a discovery and arrest ere his flight was made good.* Whether simply in decent respect to Clinton's communi- cation of September 30th, or, as Lee intimates, in hope that lie might consent to yield Arnold, Andre's execution had been respited until noon of October 2nd. This postponement was bus entered m the orderly book of a Connecticut regiment on the 1st : - ^^^.emn^ Orders. Major Andre is to be exe- cuted tomorrow, at twelve o'clock precisely. A battalion of eighty files from each wing to attend the execution. Four- een general ofiicers of the most honorable and unimpeacha- ble character constituted the court martial," etc.f If HP See Appendix, No. I. t Here follow their names. 376 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRl!:. li' Leaving New York betimes, the Greyhound flag-of-truee schooner had a speedy passage to Dobb's Ferry, within four miles of Tappaan, bringing with her the deputation before named, and Beverly Robinson who it was supposed would be admitted to give a statement of the manner in which Andre went ashore. This fact goes to discredit the stories that pre- vail and have already been referred to of Robinson's distrust of the security under which his companion left the Vulture. The character of the gentlemen whom he now accompanied was proportionate to the importance of their mission. Smith, the brother of Andre's guide, was of high legal attainments, and passed from the chief-justiceship of New York under the crown to that of Canada. His historical writings are valua- ble. Eliot was " a tall, thin, Scots gentleman with a pimply face," father-in-law of Andre's friend Cathcart, and lonjr known and, respected both in Philadelphia and New York, in which last city he said in 1774 that he had for ten years as Collector of Customs lived happily among the inhabitants and to the satisfaction of his superiors. His wife was of one of the chief Philadelphia families, and he had borne the cir- cumstance in mind when chance gave an opportunity of be- friending an American prisoner from her own town. But the strength of the embassy lay in Robertson, whose persuasive powers were so well known that the tories loudly declared he would, had he been allowed an interview, indubitably have put the affair in such a way to Washington as to compel at least a reconsideration of Andre's case. He was a canny Scot from the kingdom of Fife ; by nationality sagacious and brave, and by education skilled in the nature of his kind. If we may believe tradition, he wrought with other silver than what lay on his tongue ; and when his eloquence failed was as ready to conquer with gold as with steel. Bred to arms, the peace of 17G3 found him resident at New York with his regiment : and when the revolution broke out he was not only perfectly familiar with the general character of the peo- ple of New York and New England, but was on terms of und flag-of-truce rry, within four 3putation before ) posed would be in which Andre stories that pre- binson's distrust eft the Vulture. DW accompanied oission. Smith, gal attainments, York under the Itings are valua- n with a pimply heart, and long and New Yoi'k, d for ten years the inhabitants wife was of one d borne the cir- )portunity of be- town. But the hose persuasive idly declared he ndubitably have as to compel at 'e was a canny ;y sagacious and of his kind. If >ther silver than ence failed was Bred to arms, V York with his Dut he was not cter of the pco- is on terms of CLINTON'S DELEGATION. 377 continent. He was shut up in 1775 in Boston, as appears by h. letter of July 20th to Captain Montague, thankTn" gratitude. Later, he was commandant under Howe at New much\rlrr'"°.'" '''''^°" *" England, returned in 1780 einor of the province and general third in rank of the king's forces on the continent. " He is an arch-fiend," wrote Gate at this time to Reed, "and knows how to make usetf Tvery knave in his government, and you and I know and believe nr„;rnThe"u '"^ W^^ '''''-' ^" ''^' governmeti: m any m the Union. Whigs, take care ! " He had set on foot secret intelligences with men of good standing in our army and in New England very soon after he hid bee„ worn in his civil office on the 22nd March, by ^Ws sick-bedside; and while large parts of the heavy mportadon of specie that England made into New York'^^n thtepocl were constantly sent out of the lines, he is charged by the e^rtroftr^'r^''^'"^^""^"'^^ ^ device'that'ook English gumea or Portuguese moidore was suffered, says he t. pass the British lines, till it was duly clipped or sweated Ihus depreciated, it was more acceptable to our peopt nsof'rr rr ""'"'^' "''^'' '""^ ^'- -^ha-ted soTnshnv^;! .'° ""' '"'' '' ^""' Wearance at first, but diminished pieces were Known as Robertsons. Divided into apt name o( shyshnned money, found ready circulation. JZaTXl^''' '^' ^'^'^^''' ^^^"''^ "^^ ^'^^ Washing, fon, and that Robertson alone should come ashore. Eliot and le^f T 7^7^ L^«^--« -s not named in Clinton's etter Accordingly Greene, not in an official capacity but as a private gentleman, was deputed to receive the English t . 378 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. lieutenant-general. Their conversation endured through the afternoon to near nightfall : and Robertson thus describes it to his superior. ROBERTSON TO CLINTON. Off' Dobb's Ferry, 1st October, 1780. — Sir: On coming to anchor here, I sent Murray on shore, who soon returned with notice that General Green was ready to meet me, but would not admit a conference with the other gentlemen. I paid my compliments to his character, and expressed the satisfaction I had in treating with him on the cause of my friend, the two armies, and humanity. He said, he could not treat with me as an officer ; that Mr. Washington had permitted him to meet me as a gentleman, but the case of an acknowledged spy admitted no official discussion. I said that a knowledge of facts was necessary to direct a General's judgment ; that in whatever character I was called, I hoped he would represent what I said candidly to Mr. Washington. I laid before him the facts, and Arnold's assertions of Mr. Andre's being under a flag of truce, and disguised by his order. He showed me a low-spirited letter of Andre's, say- ing that he had not landed under a flag of truce, and lament- ing his being taken in a mean disguise. He expresses this in language that admits it to be criminal. I told him that Andr^ stated facts with truth, but reasoned ill upon them; that whether a flag was flying or not, was of no moment. He landed and acted as directed by their General. He said they would believe Andre in preference to .Arnold. This argument held long. I told him you had ever shown a merciful disposition, and an attention to Mr. Washington's requests ; that in the instance of my namesake, you had given up a man evidently a spy, when he signified his wish;* » Here Robertson could take strong ground ; for "Washington himself liad so late as the 26th July, 1780, in writing to Clinton, expressly compli- mented the enemy's general upon the kindness with which he had treated his American prisoners. This fact by the way ought in itself to discredit the idea that our leaders felt a necessity of retaliating Hale's execution. •ed through the lus describes it [R : On coming soon returned J meet me, but gentlemen, d expressed the le cause of my said, he could Washington had t the case of an ussion. I said •ect a General's called, I hoped Ir. Washington, ssertions of Mr. isguised by his of Andre's, say- ice, and lament- e expresses this I told him that ill upon them; of no moment, neral. He said .Arnold. Tliis ever shown a r. Washington's esake, you had ified his wish;* Washington himself I, expressly compli- ich he had treated a itself to discredit [ale's execution. nOBEKTSON'S EEI'OKT TO CLINTON. 379 that I courted an intercourse and a return nV „. 1 m or Mr W.Z:''"'' °" "J"''.''-" "»" " G'-een had a friend, 01 ivir. Washington was des rous of thp iv.l^n^^ e if he would let me cany home And'. I T.f ""^ ■"""' send such a man out li ^"1 ,y ' """'*' '"^"8"= •» ^n!e, T .„!j , ^ """■" ""s "<> "-ealing about spies. Isold no mihtarv rasm'cf :« 1? .. o """"^ urc a spy and would suffer death myself, if Monsieur Eochambault, or General Knyphausen won? 1 " „,.""";'" -hat name. I added, that I depe'nd:d u^rGeneT Grln^ ondour and humanity ,0 put the faets I had tated nnd ,h. ion tliat 1 would stay on board all night, and hoped to can v Mr. Andre, or at least Mr. Washington's word for hi sX along with me the next morning. ^' Green now with a blush, timt showed the task wn, ;,„ I|ose.^ and did not proceed from his own .1 ou't oW mj at he army must be satisfied by seeing spi'es elecutrd But there was one thing ,I,at would satisfy them ^ This I answered with a look only, which threw Or rinto Beyond what is here staled, Robertson is ,ii,l ,„ l,„ „ .ntimated that under the circumstances any 1 aSf ti- .tmlm to Andre would be retaliated on persons in C YoT^d m Charleston, where \rf Po,i^i i ^'««vv xoik and ffni«hed Drisonrnf ''"^ '^^"'^^ other distin- *et. The ^2: ":;i^ri::f rsr ■I illil 380 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. agrees with Robertson's account so far as it goes ; grounding the proposed reference to Rochambenu and Knyphausen on the plea of their impartiality as strangers. He says also that Greene took the position that the finding of the court was not to be opened, and that Robertson's suggestion of an ap- peal to Congress was inadmissible. He concludes with an extravagant anecdote of Greene's reading in contemptuous silence the open letter of Arnold that was handed to him, and casting it at Robertson's feet when with no other word he broke up the interview.* Greene promised to repeat to "Washington as well as he could bear it in mind, what Robertson had said : and the latter returned to his friends on the Greyhound well satisfied that things were now in a prosperous train. They anxiously waited a reply till the following morning, when this note was delivered. GREENE TO KOBERTSON. Camp, Tappa7i, 2 October, 1780. — Sir: Agreeably to * It is barely possible that there may be some groundwork of truth in this anecdote, and that an aversion to Greene and a reluctance to shorten the continement of tlie President of Congress, hence grew up in Cornwal- lis's mind. A note in his Correspondence (i. 75), characterizes Greene as " coarse in his manners and harsh in his conduct": and I have before me a curious MS. letter from a loyalist of high character written at London, Feb. 6, 1782, which says: — *' Lord Comwallis has not yet appear'd either in the House or at Court; it is confidently reported that a proposal which was made to him at the time of his capture, and which he rejected with the sullen dignity of a British peer, will now be accepted at the instance of tho ministr}'; and that an exchange between him and Laurens will take place. The latter is returned from Bath, and tho' not yet able to use his limbs is much visited and caressed by the minority. It is added that, after the ex- change effected, his Lordship will be sent to replace the discountenanced and disgraced Sir Harry. If so, Mr. Galloway has been writing to very little purpose, and I am afraid the friends to government out of tb3 lines will not rejoice. But the people of England, caught by brilliant actions and too indolent for close reflection, arc so prepossessed in favor of Lord Comwallis, that it will not be an easy task to convince them of his in- capacity or disafTection." COllBESPONDENCl! CONCERNING ANDEfc 38J your request I eommunicated to General Washington the s bstance of your conversation in all the particulaCo far aa my memory served me. It made no alteration i^ l7u op,n.o„ and determination. I need say no more, after „te you^have already been informed, i have the h^no^t •These tidings, after his previous conclusions, must have t^:hi:gr;ri;.""^^^'-"-''»^'>"''«^''-^ KOBERTSON TO WASHINGTON. tober, 1780. _Sm: A note I had from General Greene leaves me m doubt if his memory had served him to relate oyou „uh exactness the substance of the conversation Vl«^ Andre. In an aiTan- of so much consequence to my friend the two a„a,es, and humanity, I would leave no possib lUy of a m,sunderst.-,ndiug, and therefore take the liberty to pu^ m wn.ng the substance of what I said to General G^ne I offered to prove, by the evidence of Colonel eTwuL and the officers of the Vulture, that Major AndL we,^ "" shore at General Arnold's desi,., in a boat sent for hTm tiu" a flag of truce, that he not only came ashore with the Uol Uhe'dH^fH' °r'r'™"'*"= S-«»"vho commanded by tiie d,reet,on of General Arnold, as will appear by the enclosed letter from him to your Excellency. Under tee crcumstances I c»uld not, and hoped you would norcon i:t.^Tou '^' '' " ''" '"' ^"^ -■'"^*''^" ""-^ '-™^ The facts he relates correspond with the evidence I offer but he adm,ts a conclusion that does not follow. The change of clothes and name was ordered by General Arnold, under 382 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. i whose directions he necessarily was, while within his com- mand. As General Greene and I did not agree in opinion, I wished that disinterested gentlemen of knowledge of the law of war and of nations might be asked their opinion on the subject, and mentioned Monsieur Knyphausen and Gen- eral Sochambeau. I related that a Captain Robinson had been delivered to Sir Henry Clinton as a spy, and undoubtedly was such ; bTit that, it being signified to him that you were desirous that the man should be exchanged, he had ordered him to be ex- changed. I wished that an intercourse of such civilities as the rules of war admit of, might take off many of its horrors. I admitted that Major Andre had a great share of Sir Henry Clinton's esteem, and that he would be infinitely obliged by his liberation ; and that if he was permitted to return with me, I would engage you would have any person you would be pleased (o name set at liberty. I added, that Sir Henry Clinton had never put any person to death for a breach of the rules of war, though he had, and now has, many in his power. Under the present circumstances, much good may arise from humanity, much ill from the want of it. If that could give any weight, I beg leave to add that your favor- able treatment of Major Andre will be a favor I should ever be intent to return to any you hold dear. My memory does not retain with the exactness I could wish the words of the letter, which General Greene showed me, from Major Andre to your Excellency. For Sir Henry Clinton's satisfaction, I 1 you copy of it to be sent to me at New York. I have the honor to be, &c. Robertson had brought two letters from Arnold to Wash- ington ; one was ^ resignation of his commission ; the other was enclosed in the communication just printed, and was as follows : — CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING ANDRfi. 383 ithin Iiis coni- ec in opinion, wledge of the eir^ opinion on sen and Gen- i delivered to ivas such ; but iirous that the ira to be ex- ih civilities as of its horrors, of Sir Henry iiy obliged by return with on you would lat Sir Henry •r a breach of , many in his ch good may )f it. If that It your favor- 1 should ever tness I could ceene showed or Sir Henry py of it (o be be, «&;c. lold to Wash- )n ; the other 1, and was as ARNOLD TO WASHINGTON. M^oTork, 1 October, 1780. -Sm: The polite attention ^.own by your Excellency and the gentlemen of your fam^; to Mrs Arnold, when in distress, demand my grateful acknowledgment and thanks, which I beg leave t'o present. ^lom your Excellency's letter to Sir Henry Clinton, I that Major Andre comes under the description of a spy My good opmion of the candor and justice of those gentle- men leads me to believe that, if they had been mad! Mly acquamted with every circumstance respecting Major AndrJ they would by no means have considered him in the li^ht Ji' a spy, or even of a prisoner. In justice to him, I think it my duty to declare that he came from on board the Vulture at my particular request, by a flag sent on purpose for him by Joshua Smith, Esq., who had permission to go to DobiS Kiry to carry letters, and for other purposes, and to return, rhis was done as a blind to the spy-boats. Mr. Smith at VultuT 'Th ™^ T""'' '"'^^^^"^ '' g« «" ^--d the Vulture, and bring on shore Colonel Robinson, or Mr. John Anderson, which was the name I had requested Major An- dre to assume. At the same time I desired Mr. Smith to mform him that he should have my protection, and a safe passport to return in the same boat as soon as our business was completed. As several accidents intervened to preven h,s being sent on board, I gave him my passport to reL-n by land. Major Andre came on shore in his uniform (without disguise), which, with much reluctance, at my particular and pressing instance, he exchanged for another coat. I furnished hn. wuh a horse and saddle, and pointed out the routlby ena t^! Tt f T'""' "^"'^ '"^^ commanding officer in the department I had an undoubted right to transact all these tr^r^rthl" ^^^^"°"' '''^- ^"^^^ -^^^^ 'y - -- But if, after this just and candid representation of Major 384 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDIlfi. Andre's case, the board of general officers adhere to their former opinion, I shall suppose it dictated by passion and resentment ; and if that gentleman should suffer the severity of their sentence, I shall think myself bound by every tie of duty and honor to retaliate on such unliappy persons of your army as may fall within my power, that the respect due to flags, and to the laws of nations, may be better understood and preserved. I have further to observe that forty of the principal in- habitants of South Carolina have justly forfeited their lives, which hiive hitherto been spared by the clemency of his Ex- cellency Sir Henry Clinton, who cannot in justice extend his mercy to them any longer, if Major Andre suffers, which, in all probability, will open a scene of blood at which humanity will revolt. Suffer; me then to entreat your Excellency, for your own and the honor of humanity, and the love you have of justice, that you suffer not an unjust sentence to touch the life of Major Andre. But if this warning should be disregarded, I call Heaven and earth to witness that your Excellency will be justly answerable for the torrent of blood that may be spilt in consequence. I have the honor to be, &c. It was proper enough that Arnold should state the cir- cumstances under which Andre had come and gone — for indeed who other could have recounted all of them — but beyond that he had no right to go. His threats of retaliation were simply impertinent to both Clinton and Washington, and well fitted to provoke the indignation of our people. But I have no doubt that Washington, if he received the let- ter in time, gave due consideration to the facts it contained, albeit there was little in the way they were put that could alleviate his anger. He was not the man to punish Andrd for Arnold's " consummate effrontery." But it is probable that Andre was hanged before the communication came to Washington's hand: for Robertson, we are told, when he ndlicre to their by passion and iffer the severity by every tie of persons of your s respect due to etter understood he principal in- 'eited their lives, lency of his Ex- ustice extend his suffers, which, in which humanity :y, for your own I have of justice, touch the life of be disregarded, I Excellency will od that may be e, &c. lid state the cir- and gone — for 1 of them — but lats of retaliation and "Washington, 1 of our people, received the let- facts it contained, ce put that could to punish Andrd it it is probable nication came to e told, when he CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING ANDRlS. 385 had forwarded if, set out about noon to return to New York • and tins was just the hour of the execution. It doe not In i:::: rr '- ;tr'^" ^^ '- i-pending:::: x ZT T ' ""*^ ^''"^^" continued anxiously to wa't let 2 '''""" 'T "'^ ""'^ ""^' " -ply toMl as statemenTnr '""' '""' '^'"^^ °" Sutherland for a Ind The . ' ' " "'"^' '''"' *" "^'^'"^«^ ^"-^ *o declare had the comm.ss,oners been permitted to open the case death ^"'^'^'^'^'^ T '"'"'^"' '''' "^^^^ «"-«^ «f Andre's death. To preserve the connection, however, both are given CLINTON TO TVASIIINGTON. Mw York, October ia, 1780. - Sm : I conceived I could ot beuer or more fully explain „y senlimenu in nlwe" to conCrsf ir !: ,T ^, '""'""" ^''"''- ^"'- ^^"^-^ to fldenlhl ;!' T ' ' ^°"' ^"■' ■"■ "' '™'' «'"' «»™« con- Mem al officer from you. I cinnot tl.inlc Lieue. Gen Rob erUons conversalion will, General Green has enHre y at swercd the purposes for which I wished ,he mee.in " Gen cml Green s letter of the 2d instant to General £u>hZ ZTnlT '" '""Tr'"' '° '""' «■■•' - ^- - "-» 7 n lud not produced any alteration in your opinion or deter- mmation concerning Major Andre. tet^btr^lf ■■'■!"?' ""■'"'"^ "''^"'""^ y"'"- '"»"' of Sep- tember 30lh, which contains, indeed, an opinion of a Board f jour Genera Officers, but in no respect any opinion or d erm,„at,„n of your Excellency. I Lst remain, there fo.e, altogether at a loss what they may be, until you are so Ii»ls. vol. 126. ^ "° ' °'"^'' O™™' '^'"""■» ""'1 W. 38G LIFE OF MAJOR ANDUfe. good to infunn ine, which I make no doubt of your Excel- lency's doing iinniediatoly. I will, Sir, in the mean time, very freely declure my scntimenta upon thid occasion, which positively are, that under no description. Major Andrd can bo considered as a Spy ; nor by any usage of nations at war, or the customs of armies, can ho be treated as such. That olficer went at Major General Arnold's request from me to him, at thai time in the American Service, and Commanding Officer at West-Point. A flag of truce was sent to receive Major Andre, with which he went on shore, and met Gen- eral Arnold. To this period he was acting under my imme- diate 01 Jers as a military man. What happened after, was from the entire direction and positive orders of Major General Arnold, your officer commanding at West-Point : And Major Andre travelled in his way to New-York, with passports from that American General Officer, who had an undoubted right to grant them. And here it may be necessary to observe, that Major Andre was stopped upon the road, and on neutral ground, and made a prisoner two days prior to Major Gen- eral Arnold's quitting the American service at West-Point. From all which I have a right to assert, that Major Andre can merely be considered as a Messenger, and not as a Spy. He visited no Posts, made no Plans, held no conversation with any person save Major General Arnold ; and the pa- pers found upon him were written in that General Officer's own hand-writing, who directed Major Andre to receive and deliver them to me. From these circumstances, I have no doubt but you, Sir, will see this matter in the same point of view with me, and will be extremely cautious of producing a precedent which may render the future progress of this un- fortunate war liable to a want of that humanity, which I am willing to believe your Excellency possesses, and which I have always pursued. I trust. Sir, to your good sense, and to your liberality, for a speedy release of Major Andre, who, I am free to own, is an Officer I extremely value, and a Gentleman I very sincerely regard. of your Exccl- liu mean time, oecnsion, which iijor Andrd can nations at war, as such. That urit from mo to id Commanding sent to receive and met Gen- nder my imme- lened after, was Major General U : And Major I passports from doubted right to to observe, that and on neutral • to Major Gen- at West-Point, nt Major Andre id not as a Spy. no conversation d ; and the pa- xeneral Officer's i to receive and >nces, I have no i same point of 5 of producing a ;res8 of this un- lity, which I am S3, and which I good sense, and jor Andre, who, ily value, and a COimwroNUKNCB CONCEItNINO ANl.Kf, 337 llemg dcsiro,,, ,„ ,,„,„„,„ ,„., roll , nf M " *"• ^"RUsImk.. "or, Mr. Gad,„„, (br my A L "„(( ' ' ' ^'""'- •^'"''^'•• kL to you Sir 1„ 1 ,""^ " ""'•^ '"' ""Jo"- ^"-l'"'^ »o. and I sl„Il p„; ,0 ■r' ""V" ■■«1"-' y°" wi". Sir, do you, Exeellcn /!': ;: l'""".;""''-'"'''-. «nd give '1.0 honor to be &c "^ " '"""'='''»'«ly- I "mve SUTnEUr.AND TO CLINTON. aeco'In;"c;,^'^Ktt:„''r^ ''■""'' '"' "''' " «■" ■ ^-e '^ctr-aUeaTl f '""""" "^ """ observations on the vf.,jr,i;rr.r^.trir'''^'«--'^» 4ztt::%':' "Xtx"^^" '-'•--''. "■". «„ the flag of iru e Tlf '^k! ^'""'' '^"'^ "" '^"'^ "!"• a " tvo sen,! ;"■"""""" °f '"^ ""^^ "•■>'- <•- himself sen,-,„,s to pass to Dobb's Ferry and baol< »,.ain 388 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. He likewise had a written permission to bring up with him a Mr. John Anderson and boy, and a letter addressed to Col. Robinson : all of these papers signed B. Arnold. Most of these circumstances I had been previously taught lo expect; and I had also been informed that Major Andre was the person understood by John Anderson, and that he was to go on shore under that name, to hold a conference with General Arnold. Mr. Smith's powers appeared to me of sufficient authority ; and as Major Andre's going under a fictitious name was at the particular request of the officer from whom they were derived, I saw no reason for supposing he, from that circumstance, forfeited his claim to the protec- tion they must otherwise have affijrded him. Clear I am that the matter must have appeared in the same light to him ; for had it not, measures might have been concerted for taking him off whenever he pleased, which he very well knew I, at any time, was enabled to accomplish. I am likewise per- suaded that Mr. Smith's ideas perfectly coincided with ours ; — for when on the point of setting off. Col. Robinson ob- served, that as they had but two men in a large boat, they would find some difficulty in getting on shore — and proposed that one of our's should tow them some part of the way : to which he objected, as it might, in case of falling in with any of their guard-boats, be deemed an infringement of the flag. On my first learning from Major Andre, that he did not intend going on shore in his own name, it immediately oc- curred to me, that an alteration of dress might likewise be necessary ; and I offered him a plain blue coat of mine for that purpose, which he declined accepting, as he said he had the Commander in Chief's direction to go in his uniform, and by no means to give up his character ; adding, at the same time, that he had not the smallest apprehension on the occa- sion, and that he was ready to attend General Arnold's sum- mons when and where he pleased. The night the flag was first expected, he expressed much anxiety for its arrival ; and all next day was full of fear le»t — B- ring up with liim addressed to Col. nold. previously taught hat Major Andre son, and that ho lold a conference appeared to me e's going under a Bst of the officer son for supposing lim to the protec- ra. Clear I am ame light to him ; ncerted for taking y well knew I, at am likewise per- icided with ours ; 'o\. Robinson ob- a large boat, they 3 — and proposed t of the way : to dling in with any jment of the flag. , that he did not t immediately oc- iiight likewise be coat of mine for as he said he had I his uniform, and ling, at the same ision on the occa- ral Arnold's sum- expressed much ,s full of fear lest CORKESPONDENCE CONCERNING ANDEf. 389 S'il y, '""■';''W-<' «» P-vont it, coming. Tl,e Tnd d I , .°" ""= """'"S "'S""' ^^ ^^'^i out of bed and discovered the greatest impatience to begone- L did he m anynstance betray ti.e least doubt of Ws .Xvtr success. sarety or I own I was equally confident. Nor can I now nn .i, concein to me. I have the honour to be, &c His Excellency Sir Henry Clinton. ^' ^™'=''"'"'- I CHAPTER XXI. Andre applies to be Shot. — His Request denied. — He is hanged. —Vari- ous Accounts of the Execution. — Honors bestowed on his Memory. — His Remains removed to Westminster Abbey.. The first sentence of death passed in our army was, I be- lieve, during the Quebec expedition of 1775 : the culprit was respited by Arnold at the gallows, and sent back to Washing- ton. The earliest military execution seems to have been that of one of the body-guards, who plotted with Tryon to seize our Genei-al and deli>rer him to Howe. The most interest- ing was not unlike this in many of its circumstances. On the morning of the day originally fixed for his death, Andre made a moving appeal for a change of its mode. ANDRE TO WASHINGTOX. Tappan, 1 October, 1780. — Sir: Buoy'd above the terror of death by the consciousness of a life devoted to honorable pursuits and stained with no action that can give me remorse, I trust that the request I make to your Excellency, at this serious period, and which is to soften my last moments, will not be rejected. Sympathy towards a soldier Avill surely induce your Ex- cellency and a military tribunal to adapt the mode of my death to the feelings of a man of honor. Let me hope, Sir, that if ought in ray character impresses you with esteem towards me, if ought in my misfortunes marks me the victim of policy and not of resentment, I shall experience the opera- tion of those feelings in your heart, by being informed that I am not to die on a gibbet. ANDEjfi APPLIES TO BE SHOT. 391 I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and most liumble servant, ooeuient John Andrk, Adj. Genl. to the British Army.* noWe line!''' 'T.',^ 7"'' '"" '^^'^^^' "^^ ««» ^ead these ed .ensibihty, without regretting that the same policy that h.nk of this language of Miss Seward to he' fr e^oiiss Pons nh' TT^' the^pas^e at length to show .hat triCs n^ero^^'^i^^retfJe/ pT; peace was sitrned hptwAon *i.o . myseii, but a icw years after Ledhi.seiffr.™tr„:dtn;r:^^^^^^^^^^ ««^- ^-- ofmycensufe WUhalvlfthTn'^'T'""? '"' ^'^ '^^'^ -j-^'- determined Andrd's condemn at in .f'*^'"^' "^ ''^'^ court-martial that Washington to GenerafcTnton „'/'•'' T ' ''P^' '' ' '''''' '^'^ ^en. forAr„o!d,whohad i^ the'^^^^^^^^ '' ^T "^ ^"'^'"^ ^" ^^^'-"^^ was to believe that tLonncf!.. ^^^^'^h camp, observing the reason there officer to unnL s^.^;!^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ -« gallant English letter of Gen. WashCLn Tn ^j/f ''"f V? '''^" '''"P'= ^"P^ «f another commanderlShifunavLkbT' ':^'''^'r"^ '^''" *« ^^'^^^ *« -« nold, in suggesting that oZ of H ''I''? '^ ^'^^ ^'^'^''^'^ P^^^dy cf Ar- certaincontrnTaL^^^'TpJ^t^^^^^^^^ mentals, and under a fla^ of tn .T ;., 1 *""^ ""P""'^ ^" ^^^'^ ^egi- eraI,he;ouldha;beXr^ lyi^ thanking General Washi^f ^ h;Xst hf t'o'oW ^^f ^^ '"""''' observing, that, even under convTctio^of 71.?.^ A T^- ^''*'"^= ^"' liis safety, he could not sulL, I^r ''^^^"^'^^1 Arnold's inattention to influence'^lum to sit is ?St io:SnTl? f^^^'^.-^'^-^' -^-h might madam, are the circum a„c s as S. . ^' ^^ "" '^'^''*"S^- '^^'^'^ distance of time of thT nt^rS m / ^ *"' ^ """ '■'^'''" t'^^™ ^^ such a I slightly menti; f t: y reS ^^-•^""^ton's friend, which noss of being with you laTs«^^^^ ^^"""•' ""^" ' '^^ ^^ '-PPi- Jhe American officer rcfe^ed to issupposed to have been Colonel Hun. iftiii 392 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. exacted the sacrifice prescribed the most rigorous fulfilment of its harshest details. The request was pronounced inad- missible by Washington's counsellors : and since assent was out of his power, he was unwilling to wound the writer by a refusal. No reply was therefore made. Letters of farewell to his mother and his nearest friends were written : and the condemned man's calmness was still evinced in the exercise of his pen. On this same evening he sketched from memory, as a memento for a friend in New York, the striking view of the North River that had pre- sented itself to him as he looked from the window of Smith's house, and figured the position of the Vulture as she rode at anchor beyond his reach. Tradition also assigns to this occasion the composition of some last verses, that were long cherished on the lips of the common people.* The morning of Tuesday, October the 2d, 1780, found him with his mor- tal duties all performed and not afraid to die. The prisoner's board was supplied from Washington's own table : on this day his breakfast was sent him, as usual, from the General's quarters. He ate with entire composure, and then proceeded to shave and to dress with particular care. He was fully arrayed in the habits of his rank and profes- sion, with the exception of sash and spurs, sword and gorget. The toilet completed, he laid his hat on the table and cheer- fully said to the guard-officers deputed to lead him forth, " I am ready at any moment, gentlemen, to wait on you." Though his face was of deadly paleness, its features were tranquil and calm ; his beauty shone with an unnatural distinctness that awed the hearts of the vulgar, and his man- ners and air were as easy as though he was going to a ball- room rather than the grave. The spot fixed for the closing scene was in an open field belonging to the owner of the house wherein he was detained, and on an eminence that commands an extended view. It was within a mile, and in open sight of Washington's quar- * See Appendix, No. III. orous fulfilment onounced inad- ince assent was the writer by a nearest friends Imness was still i same evening I friend in New ■ that had pre- idow of Smith's } as she rode at assigns to this that were long The morning 1 with his mor- ashington's own 1, as usual, from composure, and particular care, ink and profes- ^ord and gorget, able and cheer- lead him forth, 3 wait on you." ts features were 1 an unnatural ar, and his man- . going to a ball- in an open field he was detained, ended view. It ishington's quar- TREPARATIONS FOR THE EXECUTION. 393 grave of three or four feet depth was digged. The office of hangman, always an odious employment,1as peri ps on thil took ,t. One Strickland, a tory of Raraapo Valley was in our hands at the time. His threatened fafe may W mrd : his years were not many ; and by the price o freedom lied to To t, uV" ''''''''''' ^'^'^'^ ^- P-^'-^J^ly unknown. ' "°"' ''' "^"^' '' "^^ ""-^-^' ^^ ^east Besides the officers that were ahvnv« ;., *i t , sentinel uep. „.e,. ^y .^^::t^]:^z:^::^^ Anmes breast, ,t could not have developed into even ll» a^old.ng Im doom he never descended. The noon of (hi. day was the hour appointed for the execution and at hi^ »n hour before, the cortege set forth. Andr Talked a™ arm between two subalterns; each, it is said, with aTawn word m the opposite hand. A captain's com Lnd of t il or forty men marched immediately about these, whi e an forS ato,™ """'"'' '"'■'""^^ environed'the to one save thf I''""'" 7"'"' ''"' S'bbet within which men we^lff f^ °" ''"'^ ""'' "'^ P.-ovost-marshal's men were suffered to enter. An immense multitude was .owever assembled on all sides to witness the spe ctaele Id I? ';""^? """S ""> ''"y "as thronged with eag^r „ tat only of Washington excepted. Here the shftte« we e' "-J fio beneath the ball of h.s foot, and the gland of his throat sink .ng and swelling as though he choked with erao i^ ml servant who had followed him to this point nowtm forth >mh loud weeping and lamentation, and Andre f„ am look 7 /"''•'■.''"'' P"™'^'y conversed with him. He shook hands w,th Tallmadge, who withdrew. A b..Zl wagon was driven beneath the cross-.ree, into whth" he eaped hghtly, but with visible loathing; and tht^w^l ,' bat aide, removed his slock, opened his shirt-eollar'and Me 'it'atr IT '"": "^ <='"'"^^ -S-. "'-"'f ad' ju led It about his neck. He could not conceal his dis-^ust otr hil :;; '°"°"°" ^"^» "« '--•^ "-^ l-ndkerdiiof The order of execution was loudly and impressively read oimed Andre he might now speak, if he had anything lo ay. Lifting the bandage for a moment from his eyes lit bowed courteously to Greene and the attending offlcTrr'nnd said with firmness and di"Tiiiv_" An t "^ ,*'<'','' ""'' .-.omen is that you wiirbeaVwitnef'to t rridlhaTi iiertone were, _'tec,itioner , and then replaced his handkerchief. His nr" it"' •s !,iii 398 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDIif:. were lied just above the elbows, and behind the back. The rope was then made fast to the pole over liead. The wagon was very suddenly drawn from under the gallows, which together with the length of the rope gave him a most tre- mendous swing back and forth; but in a few minutes ho hung entirely still. During the whole transaction, he ap- peared as little daunted as Mr. John Rogers is said to have been, Avhen he was about to be burnt at the stake ; but his countenance was rather pale. He remained hanging, 1 should think, from twenty to thirty minutes ; and during that time the chambers of death were never stiller than the mul- titude by which he was surrounded. Orders were given to cut the rope, and take him down, without letting him fall. This was done, and his body carefully laid on the ground. Shortly after, the guard was withdrawn, and spectators were permitted ;to come forward and view the corpse ; but the crowd was so great, that it was some time before 1 could get an opportunity. When I was able to do this, his coat, vest, and breeches, were taken off, and his body laid in the coffin, covered by some under-clothes. The top of the coffin was not put on. I viewed the corpse more carefully than I had ever done that of any human being before. His head was very much on one side, in consequence of the manner in which the halter drew upon his neck. His face appeared to be greatly swollen, and very black, much resembling a high degree of mortification. It was indeed a shocking sight to behold. There were at this time -standing at the foot of the coffin, two young men, of uncommon short stature. I should think not more than four feet high. Their dress was the most gaudy that I ever beheld. One of them had the clothes, just taken from AndrcS hanging on his arm. I took particular pains to learn who they were ; and was in- formed that they were his servants, sent up from New York to take his clothes ; but what other business I did not learn. *' I now turned to take a view of the executioner, who was still standing by one of the posts of the gallows. I walked the back. Tho id. The wagon gallows, which lirn a most tre- ew minutes lie saction, he ap- is said to have stake ; but his ed hanging, 1 and during that r than the mul- were given to Jtting him fall. )n the ground, spectators were orpse ; but the bre 1 could get , his coat, vest, id in the coffin, the coffin was illy than I had His head was he manner in face appeared resembling a shocking sight ig at the foot short stature. . Their dress J of them had n his arm. I ; and was in- om New York did not learn, oner, who was k\'s. I walked VAUroUS ACCOUNTS OF THE EXKCUTIOxN. 31)^ "Ish enough to him to have laid my hand upon his shoulder and looked hnn directly in the face. He appeared o be about twenty-nve years of age, his beard of tu^or three weeks growth, and his whole face covered with wha an i>oared to me to be blacking taken from the outside of 'a greasy pot. A more frightful-looking being I never beheld • |.s whole countenance bespoke hi.n to be a'fit instrumen f'; tl^ wIT r '"' '"r" '°"-"- ''^^^'"'"" '^ -« '•- closing of the whole busmess, I remained upon the spot until scared ^en y persons were left, but the coffin was Lll beside the g ave, winch had previously been dug. I „ow returned to •ny tent, with my mind deeply imbued with the shocking scene I had been called to witness." " Every authentic account that we have shows how much our officers regretted the necessity of Andre's death, and how amply they fulfilled his parting adjuration. The tears of thousands, says Thaeher, fell on the spot where he lay; and no one refrained from proclaiming his sympathy.* Many wept openly as he died ; among whom it is recorded (appaZ ently on the testimony of Laune) was La Fayette. Cer- tamly the marquis bore witness to the infinite regret with which the fate of such a noble and magnanimous character inspired hnn. It was believed in the army that Washinc^ton's soul revolted at the task, and that he could scarcely com- rnand the pen when he subscribed the fatal warrant. An American officer who was present and who brought the news to 13urgoyne's troops detained at Winchester, asserted that our General shed tears on the execution, and would fain have changed its. mode. Without depending entirely on anecdotes which, though of contemporaneous origin, are not fin* ^'"'f^^^^^Paffes are going through the press, one of our most dis. nguished h,s orical students and writers has oiliged me with a eomnun I at,on respecting Andre's death:-" I have met revolutionarv men X e with hun as sentinels on the day of his execution. One, Enos l" eyno ds d me more than once the sad story, us tears ran down h s ch e s < He and he sa.d the men all around him wore weeping when he met his fate." iiiiiiBe ii 400 LIFE OF MA.JOIi ANDll£. supporto*! hy direct evidonco, it is very certain that no little Horrow was Mt on tli»j occasion by botli friends and foes. IJronson lor instance, whose association with tlie prisoner contiiuied from liis arrest to tiic gallows-foot, never recurred willingly to the event, nor without hearty regret and emo- tion. The highest testimony is that of Washington. " Andro has met his fate," wrote he, "and with that fortitude which was to be expected from an accom[)li8hed man and gallant olHcer:" and again — "The circumstances under which ho v/tts taken justified it, and policy required a sacrifice; but as he was more unfortunate than criminal, and as there was much in his character to interest, while we yielded to the necessity of rigor, wo could not but lament it." This was said a few days after Andre's death. In after-years, thougli he once indeed at his own table went over the details of Ar- nold's defection, Washington is reported by his confidential attendants lo have never, even by his own fireside, alluded to Andre's trial or fate. Others were not so guarded, and of course a thousand wild rumors, distorted from the truth by political bias, went flying over the land. The English reports must have originated in part "with the servant Laune, for they are early and in part correct. Andre's dying words are given in palpable error. " Remember that I die as becomes a British officer, while the manner of my death must reflect disgrace on your com- mander." Another account says that before signing to the hangman to proceed he thus addressed our officers : " As I suffer for the service of my country, I must consider this hour as the most glorious of my life. Remember, that I die as becomes a British officer, while the manner of my death must reflect disgrace on your commander." We can under- stand how a bewildered and grief-stricken valet may have confused together tlie incorrect recollections of what private consolatory remarks his master may have made to him, and what he said publicly: but there was less excuse for the ostentatious manner in which the Pennsylvania Packet of In tlint no littlo lends and foes li the prisoner never recurred L'gret and emo- ngton. " Andru fortitude which an and galhint nider which lie acrilice ; but as d as there was yielded to the it." This was !r-years, thougli e details of Ar- his confidential jside, alluded to 1 thousand wild ias, went flying re originated in "ly and in part palpable error, h officer, while ;e on your corn- signing to the Dlficers : " As I !t consider this nber, that I die 3r of my death We can under- alet may have f what private \de to him, and excuse for the inia Packet of VARIOUS ACCOUNTS OF THE EXKCUTION. -101 Oct. 31, 1780, ma.le Andre exclaim to our army : " Be mv wunesses, w^hile I acknowledge the propriety of my sentences •at I d.e hko a brave man." If he protested not against it ; Hcertam he never acknowledged the justice of his fate. Ihe same journal however at other times gave more reason- able accounts ; and thus gratified its ancient partisan feelings m a comment upon Clinton's bad bargain : — 'Twns Arnold's post Sir Harry sought ; Arnold no'er entered in his tliought. How ends the bargain? let us see; The fort is safe as safe can be : iris favorite perforce must die : His view's laid bare to cv'ry eye: His money's gone— and lo, ho gains • One scoundrel more for all his pains. Andr(5 was gen'rous, true, and bravo — And in his place he buys a knave. 'Tis sure ordain'd that Arnold cheafn All those of course with whom he treats. Now lot the Devil suspect a bite, Or Arnold cheats hitn of his right. The sorrow and indignation of Andre's friends gave occa- sion to other unfounded charges. At Southampton, where h.s family connections extended, it was reported that Clinton solicited «as a singular favor, after his dear friend and com- panion should be hung, the body might be sent to him - but Washington refused. Clinton then sent again, that since the sentence was to bury the body under the gallows, it mi^^ht be taken up and brought to New York, there to be interred with the military honors due to so brave and accomplished a young man. This Washington also refused." This silly tale is sufficiently exposed by Sir Henry's own statement that he knew not of his Adjutant's being handed un the arrival of Laune with his master's baggage told him all was oyer. When the burial at the gibbet's foot was about to be made, the man had demanded Andre's uniform, which was accordingly removed and given him. The corpse was then laid ,n earth, and no monument but the usual cairn, III ■ ■! I \ iii 402 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. j,^WM» I such as rose over the spot where Gustavus fell at Lutzen " for liberty of conscience," marked the solitary grave. The surrounding field was cultivated, but the plough still shunned the place : for it was customary in this region for the laborers in their tillage to spare the soil that covered a soldier ; and as early as 1 778 the fields of Long Island were noticed to be checkered over with patches of wild growth that showed where men lay who were slain in the battle there. With generous sensibility Colonel William S. Smith of our army embraced the opportunity of purchasing the watch that the captors had taken. It was sold for their benefit for thirty guineas. He bought it ; and mindful of the tender affection with which Andre had been heard to speak of his mother and sisters in England, sent it in to Robertson to be transmitted to these ladies. The unfortunate man's Will testifies with what regard his whole domestic circle was held. It was sworn to before Carey Ludlow, Surrogate of New York, and admitted to probate October 12th, 1780. " The following is my last will and testament, and I ap- point as executors thereto Maiy Louisa Andre, my mother ; David Andre, my uncle ; Andrew Girardot, my uncle ; John Lewis Andre, my uncle. To each of the above executors I give fifty pounds. I give to Mary Hannah Andre, my sister, seven hundred pounds. I give to Louisa Catharine Andre, my sister, seven hundred pounds. I give to William Lewis Andre, my brother, seven hundred pounds. But the condi- tion on which I give the above-mentioned sums to my afore- said brother and sisters are that each of them shall pay to Mary Louisa Andre, my mother, the sum of ten pounds yearly during her life. I give to Walter Ewer, Jr., of Dyers Court, Aldermanbury, one hundred pounds. I give to John Ewer, Jr., of Lincoln's Inn, one hundred pounds. I desue a ring, value fifty pounds, to be given to my friend, Peter Boissier, of the 11th Dragoons. I desire that Walter Ewer, Jr., of Dyers Court, Aldermanbury, have the inspection of my ANDRE'S WILL. fell at Lutzen y grave. The h still shunned or the laborers a soldier ; and e noticed to be 1 that showed e there. S. Smith of iing the watch deir benefit for of the tender speak of his Robertson to be te man's Will ircle was held. Dgate of New 780. nt, and I ap- B, my mother ; Y uncle ; John ve executors I dre, my sister, harine Andre, »Villiam Lewis But the condi- s to my afore- 1 shall pay to )f ten pounds , Jr., of Dyers [ give to John nds. I desire friend, Peter Walter Ewer, 'pection of my 403 papers, letters, manuscripts. I mean fh«f \ i inspection of them wi.h lih . \ T ^'^ Imve the first he thinks proper and I d. "^ '^^^'^'"^ ^^ '^^^'» ^^^^^v- And I lasUyX' and be. !, ""^ ^'''' ^^ '^ ^'^'^» '^ him. Andre the"^.! due of a Hm \^' "^ '"""^ ^^^" ^--^ my hand and ea, S Lten r[ T^ "^^"^^^^- ^'^"^^ York, North AmtrT^h'te,' ^77^ ^^^^^"^^ '' ^^^ John Andr£. Captain in the 26th Regiment of Foot. Smith say/f " No ll„lt 'T" ""'* " ""S^"-- J"^'""" .1.0 whole glrirVSrf "■" "™"='=' """ ^"""'"O countenanc! , e whole ™/ 3 T"""".' ""' ^•'"^"" .inction, went i„.„ JlTn".^' Mtr^!:"; / ,">" «-' *- (lie signs of ciief tl,,. .n„ j- , """ "'"» n>«ntions inNov%.heriirrntrrjritt?nr'''-»^ ploying the heated animosity of his men o?,T ™' """ hlow. "The troops at New W Inh f, ''"''"=''"S 'ion raised such an outcrv L v """' "^ '"' '''"='^''- .l.e attack of WasL^S t mpTrr r '° "^ '^'' '" Chief could hardiv ke^„ .1, '^' - "^ Comra^nder-in- pnne: and marX?: nlnTr :rSirr; 1 r^" army at least equal to Washin^t^n', ,," ®" "™'T '""* "" aX't:id^r:--^^^^^^^^^^^ P-ority On Urae^ t^ irirX ^ f"" given another convincino- nronf fhaf k • ^^ ^ ''"^ «ot know when to ac lit / '' T'''^ ^'^" ^''^^ act. After this, few rebel prisoners will 404 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. be taken. The universal cry of the soldiers at New York is, Remejiber Andr£ ! " But if Clinton would not expose his men to a doubtful enterprise, he was not unmindful either of the fame or the last wishes of his friend. By public orders his memory was released from any imputation that might arise from the man- ner of his death. Head- Quarters, New York, 8 Oct. 1780. The Comman- der in Chief does with infinite regret inform the Army of the death of the Adjutant General Major Andre. The unfortunate fate of this Officer calls upon the Com- mander in Chief to declare his opinion that he ever considered Major Andre as a Gentleman, as well as in the line of his military profession, of the highest integrity and honor, and incapable of any base action or unworthy conduct. Major Andre's death is very severely felt by the Com- mander in Chief, as it assuredly will be by the Army ; and must prove a real loss to his Country and to His Majesty's service. How far the army felt their loss may be gathered from Simcoe's orders to his own regiment, by the officers and men of which Andre was personally known. He commanded them to wear for the future black and white feathers as mourning for a soldier " whose superior integrity and un- common ability did honour to his country and to human nature. The Queen's Rangers will never sully their glory in the field by any undue severity: they will, as they have ever done, consider those to be under their protection who are in their power, and will strike with reluctance at their unhappy fellow-subjects, who, by a series of the basest arti- fices, have been seduced from their allegiance ; but it is the Lt. Colonel's most ardent hope, that on the close of some decisive victory, it will be the regiment's fortune to secure it New York is, 1 to a doubtful he fame or the lis memory was ! from the man- The Comman- le Army of the upon the Cora- 3ver considered the line of his ind honor, and luct. t by the Com- he Army ; and His Majesty's gathered from fficers and men [e commanded te feathers as 2grity and un- md to human lly their glory , as they have protection who ;tance at their le basest arti- ! ; but it is the close of some une to secure the murderers nation FEELINGS EXCITED BY THE EXECUTION. Of Major Andrd, for the vengeance due 405 to an injured nation and an insulted array"* In En^and the feeling was bitter and lasting. Despite be glad ,0 have ven^nee forS^^jo^A^d Jtuo^lT 17 (a e.,ar.o.er who earned a dirty sub.is.e„ce byZ^^nJ^, who r„s,ed hto, whether English or French^ a, hTrLcd he b ood-money for which he had jus, sworn a vly the Tit and an acve whig through all the war; and that h hL 1 f suicl7r?r "1"' '"" ''' ^^™^' ^'^ Proceedinrw u.p,cious ni the extreme. Like Andre, he Jmd been aide to the commander-in-chief, and also deputy-adjutant geUll! that Mr. Andr^ was to be miS o Miss K "'""t"" T " ' "^^^'' ^^^^^^ doubtedly had since her reignTlIr D— a;^;, ^"^" ^'^''' '^' ^'' ""- at Germantown. Since that fhn xvn.nT"' ^ ^°""^ "'^^'^'' ^^o ^11 time I saw her, I was olX toll I "''''"" ''^ '''' '''''' '^^« ^'^' and so I entered it in n^kT o t^o trCl'^ vcunteers, whom I forget: to two or t eT aft ^ tha^ ,''!; "J *'' ^^ ^• mams in 'single blessedness.' I nevr heard of AnT" ,' '"" "■'■ mother, nor of the picture Onp r.; V Andre's letter to his gage,4ich his minTh;rbelsuErt,:rt"^'"r'^t""' ^" '"'^ ^"^- view up the North River ST^^ 5 <^««« *« Perform : a striking death: LcharactrwalTehneatd and hisTV?"' -to n.ouming on hi! an unaffected gloom h^TlZTn,! 5 ' ''™'°^''^ '" «^"«™J orders: . Mr. A7~. so cMed rfor b '""^'^'' '"'"' ^'^''^ »"^ »«^«r was tion.''-Ms.rXX?ori:N:;"s:sr^^« "'^ -"-"-^ --«. 406 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Ln -, V and it was thought he would make a capital pendant to the Englishman. He was at once arrested on a charge of treasonable practices and thrown into gaol. By his own account he was treated with humanity, and Mr. West rep- resented his case to the king. " I pity him from my soul," said the monarch. — " But, West, go to Mr. Trumbull imme- diately, and pledge to him my royal promise that in the worst possible event of the law his life shall be safe." Really Trumbull had committed no offence since his arrival : but as he had no right to be in England at all save as a prisoner, it was seven months ere he was released on surety to leave the kingdom and not return. And in October, 1782, a travelling American, awakened as he slumbered in his carriage by the shouts of a party of armed horsemen who swore to hang some object of their wrath, avows that his first impression was that he, though in no way connected with Andre's death, was now to expiate it by bis own. It is to the pervading interest that attached itself to Andre's story, and the roman- tic character of his career, that the origin of the ghost-stories about him may be attributed. There is yet another con- nected with him : " Miss H. B. was on a visit to Miss Andre, and being very intimate with the latter, shared her bed. One night she was awakened by the violent sobs of her companion, and upon entreating to know the cause, she said, ' I have seen ray dear brother, and he has been taken prisoner.' It is scarcely necessary to inform the reader that Maj. Andre was then with the British army, during the heat of the American war. Miss B. soothed" her friend, and both fell asleep, when Miss Andre once more started up, exclaiming, ' They are trying him as a spy,' and she described the nature of the court, the proceedings of the judge and prisoner, with the greatest minuteness. Once more the poor sister's terrors were calmed by her friend's tender representations, but a third time she awoke screaming that they were hanging hitn as a spy on a tree and in his regimentals, Avith many other ill HONOBS BESTOWED ON ANDEfrs MEMORV. 407 dm,n,..ances!_ There »aa no »ore sleep for the friends- 'hey got up and entered each in her own pocket-b«,k ,h„' pamcular. stated by the ter^r-strieken sis.erf^fh ht^at :nto:itr:,nLr^^:^,''°'''"^ ''■«^^^^ in those days, could cross TAtUnl t 'fatalTdin" ""^ and to the deep awe as well as ^'grfeft theZntT' .cs ever, oircuntstance was exaetl, 1„;;ar.ed t'the^ Z had been shadowed forth in the fond sister's sleepinrfenc^ r 're'^rT:' ■>" «"e very day preceding .renlg :^' .£hy H^^sC rr y::-^^^^^ father and daughter, who have all given to the puMc many — .ng events in the brilliant hut brief care'er of l^^^ sidLuon'!?'!:'''' '" 'l■^^""^'' government that in con- ^n^TZ . ">''S"""-'e of Andrew's attempted service and he disastrous fate with which his efforts were crowned nothtng was wanting to testify either its care for hUftme' lam St. George, Chnton's aide, delivered that general's de The unexpected and melancholy turn, which my ne^olia- T ""' «^>'^7l Arnold took with respect to my A^ul General, has filled my mind with the deepest concet He was an active, intelligent, and useful officer; a "d?™^! gentleman of the most promising hopes. Therefore as h! has unfortunately fallen a sacriliee to' his great .el 'for the Kings serv.ce, I judged it right to consent to his wish i„H mated to me in his letter of the 29th Sept., of „h cIl have .c honor to inclose your lordship a copy', Ihat his Company «h,ch he purchased should be sold for the benefit of hi, mother and sisters. But I trust, my lord, that your olhip V. thmk Major Andre's misfortune still caLs for s^me fi.«her support to his family, and I beg leave to make ifmy 408 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. humble rsquest, that you will have the goodness to recom- mend them in the strongest manner to the King, for some beneficial and distinguishing mark of His Majesty's favor." * What was asked was granted. The king is said to have instantly ordered a thousand guineas from the privy purse to be sent to Mrs. Andr^, and an annual pension of £300 to be settled on her for life with reversion to her children or the survivor of them : and after knighthood was proffered, on the 24th March, 1781, in memory of his brother's services, the dignity of a baronetcy of Great Britain was conferred upon Captain William Lewis Andre of the 26th Foot, and his heirs male forever.f A stately cenotaph in Westminster Abbey also preserved the remembrance of the life and death of Major Andre. Hither Arnold was once observed to lead his wife and to peruse with her the inscription that referred to the mo^t important scenes in his own career. Forty years later, the pomp and ceremony with which the remains of the brave Montgomery were publicly brought from Canada to New York, called the attention of the British consul at that city to the fact that the dust of another who too had borne the king's commission, and whose first cap- tivity had graced Montgomery's first triumph, still filled an unhonored grave in a foreign land. He communicated with the Duke of York, Commander of the Forces, and it was * MS. Sir II. Clinton to Lord G. Germain (Separate) New York, 12 Oct. 1780, S. P. O. On the 11th, Clinton wrote the general story of his deal- ings with Arnold. " The particulars respecting the ill-fated ending of this serious, I may say great affair, shall be detailed in a Narrative — wherein all papers and letters connected with it shall be inserted." This Narrative has not been printed, but I have freely used all its facts in the text of this work. t A tombstone in Bathhampton church-yard, near Bath, has this inscrip- tion: "Sacred to the Memory of Louisa Catharine Andr^, late of the Circus, Bath: Obit. Dec. 25, 1835, aged 81. Also of Mary Hannah Andr^, her sister, who died March 3, 1845, aged 93 years." Sir William Lewis Andr6, the brother, married: and surviving his son of the same name, who was a director of the London Assurance Company, died at Dean's Leaze, Hants, 11th Nov. 1802, when the title became extinct. [Iness to recom- King, for some yesty's favor." * i3 said to have ! privy purse to 1 of £300 to be children or the >roffered, on the r's services, the conferred upon Foot, and his n Westminster e life and death observed to lead n that referred r. with which the iiblicly brought n of the British of another who 'hose first cap- , still filled an municated with es, and it was ^ew York, 12 Oct. story of his deal- ted ending of this irrative — wherein " This Narrative in the text of this h, has this inscrip- ndr^, late of the of Mary Hannah irs." Sir William ; son of the same ny, died at Dean's inct. ANDRfi'S REMAINS REMOVED TO ENGLAND. 40D decided 10 remove A„dri's corpse to England. The Rev. Mr. t°eT„t," """T'"'" ""' g^^-^'g"™ rcndy assent .0 he consul s proposals. " His intentions had beco4 known," S,r ;*""'"'=»» ™'«'--" some human brute -some Chnsfan dog had sought to purchase or to rent the field of Mr. Demarat, for the purpose of extorting money for ner- T^Z'ITZ" "■"" f "•. I'" '•- g-^ "«■" a-dT™ power. On Fnday, August 10th, 1821, at eleven a. m the work was commenced not without fear that it would te m vam : for vague whispers went around that, years before the grave was despoiled. At the depth of three feet, the pade struck the coffin-lid, and the petfect skeleton was si exposed to v.ew. Nothing tangible remained but the bre" and a few locks of the once b...™tiful hair, together with " eather «>.d that had bound the queue, and ;hich was s „ by Mr. Buchanan to the sisters of the deceased. An atten- t.ve crowd of both sexes, some of whom had probably beh W the execution, was present. "The farmers who came to witness the intereslin" cere- mony generally evinced the most respectful tendernL for the memory of the unfortunate dead, and many of the ehil- FZr^l\ , ^, '"""' """"''""' ''y -i'itia tt^ining and Foura, of July declamation, began to murmur that the mem- cry of General Washington was insulted by any respect shown to the remains of Andr^, but the offer o? a tS lured them to the tavern, where they soon became too drunk to guard the character of Washington. It was a beautiful day, and these disturbing spirits being removed, the impres- sive ceremony proceeded in solemn silence " • • J! ^^^ "Tl"'" i', "■""' ""'" ™'"'"g swaggerers were all «l.o did not cheerfully encourage .he proceeding.. Ladies • So repeats Mrs. Cliilds (Eeltcre from New Yorkl wl,„ h™ i . . ., scene . solemn convicUon thai Andre's dauVti J ° oo7;,° "l° ' ll 410 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. sent garlands to decorate the bier : even the old woman who kept the turnpike-gate threw it open free to all that went and came on this errand ; and six young women of New York united in a poetical address that accompanied the myrtle- tree they sent with the body to England. The bones were carefully uplifted, and placed in a costly sarcophagus of mahogany, richly decorated with gold and h«ng with black and crimson velvet ; and so borne to New York to be placed on board the Phaeton frigate which, by a happy significancy, so far as her name was concerned, had been selected for their transportation to England. Two cedars that grew hard by, and a peach-tree bestowed by some kind woman's hand to mark the grave, (the roots of which had pierced the coffin and turned themselves in a fibrous network about the dead man's skull,) were also taken up. The latter) was replanted in the King's Gardens, behind Carlton House. In his account of the exhumation the consul in warm phrase expressed his conviction that the body had been robbed of its clothing by our people. It was reasonable that he should think so: for Thacher, an eye-witness and minute chronicler of the transaction, believed positively that Andr^ was buried in his uniform ; of which not a vestige, not a solitary button, was found when the grave was opened. But there is abundant contemporaneous proof, American and English,. that Laune obtained his masters regimentals after he- was put in the shell, but before he was laid in earth. In correcting his own error, Thacher set Buchanan right. In gratitude for what was done, the Duke of York caused a • gold-mounted snuff-box of the wood of one of the cedars that grew at the grave to be sent to Mr. Demarat ; to whom the Misses Andre also presented a silver goblet, and to Mr. Buchanan a silver standish. A withered tree, a heap of stones, mark the spot where the plough never enters and whence Andre's remains were removed. The sarcophagus came safely across the sea, and )ld woman who 1 that went nnd I of New York ed the myrtle- iced in a costly with gold and borne to New ate which, by a concerned, had ngland. Two towed by some roots of which }s in a fibrous also taken up. irdens, behind nsul in warm 3dy had been vas reasonable re-witness and positively that not a vestige, e was opened. American and 'imentals after in earth. In lan right. In rork caused a he cedars that ; to whom the , and to Mr. le spot where remains were i the sea, and BUKIED IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 411 forly-one years and more after they had been laid by the fa d bv tl.""''"'^""^ reinterred in a very private manne hard by the monument in Westminster Abbey. The Dean o Westmmster superintended the religious offices wh.le for iTsis^s f]^^^''-' '' ^--^^^^ Hospital, In the south aisle of the Abbey wherein sleeps so much monument. It ,s of statuary marble carved by Van Gelder I presents a sarcophagus on a moulded paneC base and memory of Major John Andre, who, raised by his merit at he ShTces^' T' *^. ''' ^'^"^ ^' AdJuta'nt-GeneT:! of tne ^ritish forces m America, and, employed in an important Kmg and Country, on (he 2d of October, 1780, aged twentv tie served, and lamented even by his foes. His gracious bre::2"''"^" ""^^^^^ '"•' ^^-^ ^^-^^^ *^'« ----"": M^o A' fT. '''"'" ^''^' ""''' "^'^^^ •• "'^''^ remains of Major John Andre were, on the 10th of August, 1821 re- moved from Tappan by James Buchanan, Esq.! his majestyl consul at New York, under instructions from hiT Ca and Chapter, finally deposited in a grave contiguous to this monument, on the 28th of Novembert 1821." The monument stands seven and a half feet hicrh in relief aga^st the wall, beneath the sixth window ofle sotll ' a.»le. The projectmg figures of the sarcophagus represent a group m which Washington and Andr^ are^conspLous ho former nj the act of receiving from a flag of truce a letter P -r ''J'^'Ty """''^ '^ ''^""'^y '^^' "^ ^'"^ti the prisoner P t.noned to be shot, and more reasonably, the demand of tlmton for h.s release. Britannia with a verv lu-nbno„. 412 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. lion reposes on the top of the cenotaph. On the whole, the work 13 not a triumph of the sculptor's art. Hard by the spot are the monuments of Roger Townshend and of Howe, whose lives were lost in the same scenes where Andrd first lost his liberty : and those of Sir Cloudesley Shovel, Wolfe, Warren, Stuart, and other British warriors whose history is interwoven with that of America, rls«; under the same roof. The covert sneer with which Addison refers to many of the tombs in this Abbey can have no just relation to the funeral honors of such characters as these. "They put me in mind of several persons mentioned in battles of heroic poems, who have sounding names given them for no other reason but that they may be killed, and are celebrated for nothmg but being knocked on the head." A man can hardly do more or better than die for his country. frJ ti the whole, the oger Townshend me scenes where Sir Cloudesley British warriors erica, rise under I Addison refers no just relation 2se. " They put )attles of heroic :m for no other 3 celebrated for man can hardly CriAPTKR XXII. "ur utntrais. — Kcflections ou AndrtS's Fate. »r„ut il 1 r "■"■■ ""' '■" """""on justifiable? are questions tl.at fourscore years have left where they were proprie y of the sentence ; an American writer has nro nonnced ., a deliberate murder; yet most of cse IZ to havelnown very inaccurately the facts of a case Ton wluch they have, sometimes with much ele-ance Ind vT^or ZZn Vf'^' "r'""- W-'-botfam anln^^h cergyraan, Hmton a painstaking annalist, are satisfied that all «as done lawfully. Coke was an officer of ,h 43th . ve mJTZ ' ? .""''^f .""" "- ™'e^ of war were not S y admitt^^t ^h T"'""' '!•■""='• """ "' « y""'S ™«n not yet adm.tied o the bar, ,s of more weight: ho wrote while !d wlrrf '" "'' '''' '■"'^'"S^"- "- "" ='= »eigt tTenfeatfr, ,. TfT' ''"' '«= J"'''"'^ the sentence on the plea that, though Andre was taken on neutral ground ho conduct with whtch he was armed was issued by one whom e knew to be a traitor, for „o other end than to brin. tZ eason to a successful conclusion. Mackinnon, of theclld 1 » fate, and this gentleman's rank, and the summary of ta esti ° ''" '""""^""t ^"'^''"'^ decision is partieuhrly nr^resttng. He w.as the personal friend of Andr.S's sistera »nd represented them at the reinterment, ip W«.tm n ■ - 414 LIFE OF MAJOU ANDIil ^ S Abbey. He had therefore peculiar opportunities of hearing evidence in favor of AndrtJ. Immediately after the cere- mony, he published his conviction that Andre's conduct had undoubtedly fixed on him the character and exposed him to the punishment of a spy. He also justified Washington's inflexibility by the circumstances of the case, and the ab- solute necessity to the American cause of a terrible example. Other critics of less note subscribe to these general senti- ments, or modify their decrees to the idea of Charles Lamb, when he speaks of " the amiable spy, Major AndrtJ." And the books of Miss Seward and Mrs. Childs, published on opposite sides of the ocean, fully justify Tallmadge's declara- tion, that had the verdict been left to a jury of ladies the prisoner was sure of an acquittal. In America there has been but one leading opinion ex- pressed oh the subject. The action of its authorities has never been impugned save in the instance adverted to above. It is true that the majority of writers have not investigated the point : but their inferences entirely coincide with those of Marshall, Sparks, Biddle, and Irving, who were compe- tent as any in the land to arrive at just conclusions. And it is to be remarked that the Englishmen who, by the course of events or their own application, have attained a degree of infornration on the question commensurate with that possessed by our own chief historical authorities, are not less decided, albeit widely differing in their determinations. Let us first look at the views of such as by convenience of time and place got their impressions, as it were, at the fountain-head. Of the conclusions of the leaders of our own army, little need be said. The finding of the court of inquiry and its confirmation by "Washington sufficiently indicate the sense of our generals. That of the enemy was diametrically op- posite ; although from Clinton's omission to publicly im- pute unsoundness of judgment or improper motives to his adversaries, it was inferred in this country that he acquiesced in the justice of the sentence. I must confess that Sir Hen- lities of hearing after the cere- 'o*s conduct had exposed him to id Washington's se, and the ab- errible example. e general senti- Charles Lamb, ' And re ,{ '» And b, published on nadge's declara- ry of ladies the ing opinion ex- authorities has v^erted to above, not investigated cide with those 10 were compe- usions. And it ), by the course led a degree of !i that possessed 3t less decided, s. Let us first ce of time and 3 fountain-head. )wn army, little inquiry and its icate the sense iametrically op- o publicly ira- motives to his ,t he acquiesced s that Sir Hen- CLINTONS ACCOUNT OF AKNOLD'S AFFAIR. 415 ry's general orders of Oct. 8tli 1 7ftn , 1 1 subject were esspnfmiiv 4i.„ . ^ ^muon on tnis imrton " %*! ^""^^ f '>^ ^''« «nme as those of General Wash- paragraph — « Ignorance of whole f mnsnn 8m ncNnv cl.nton's account or Arnold's Ar.Am. (From his MS. Histoiy of He War, Vol. II. p. «.) enfZT^M^^^- '^'""" "'S'"'^™ «"""« before the pres- Great Britflin .. ii ^ u "^ J°'"'"S the cause of mention, and as I thought it possible that like another Gen- if 416 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. eral, Monk, he might have repented of the part he had taken, and wish to make atonement for the injuries he had done his Country by rendering her some signal and adequate benefit, I was of course hberal in making him such offers and prom- ises as I judged most likely to encourage him in his present temper. A correspondence was after this opened between us under feigned names ; in the course of which he from time to time transmitted to me most material intelligence ; and, with a view (as I supposed) of rendering us stilf more essential service, he obtained in July, 1780, the command of all the Enemy's forts in the Highlands, then garrisoned by about 4000 men. The local importance of these posts has been already very fully described in the last Volume of this History ; it is therefore scarcely necessary to observe here that the obtaining possession of them at the present critical period wouM have been a most desirable circumstance ; and that the advantages to be drawn from Mr. Arnold's having the command of them struck me with full force the instant I heard of his appointment. But the arrival of the French armament, the consequent expedition to Rhode Island, and the weakness of my own force together with the then daily increase of Mr. Washington's, obliged me to wait for some more favourable opportunity before I attempted to put that gentleman's sincerity to the proof. In the mean time wishing to reduce to an absolute cer- tainty whether the person I had so long corresponded with was actually Major General Arnold commanding at West Point, I acceded to a proposal he made me to permit some officer in my confidence to have a personal conference witli him, when every thing might be more explicitly settled be- tween us than it was possible to do by letter, and as he required that my Adjutant General, Major Andre, who had chiefly conducted the correspondence with him under the signature of John Anderson, should meet him for this pur- pose on Neutral Ground, I was induced to consent to his doing so from my great confidence in that officer's prudence t he had taken, le had done his lequate benefit, [fers and prom- 1 in his present pened between which he from il intelligence ; f us still more le command of garrisoned by hese posts has /"olume of this ' observe here present critical irastance ; and mold's havinjr e the instant I jf the French Je Island, and he then daily wait for some id to put that absolute cer- Bsponded with ding at "West ' permit some 'nference with :ly settled be- r, and as he dre, who had m under the for this pur- ansent to his 3r's prudence CLINTON.S AOCOrax OF ARNOLD'S Am.U. 417 •'■ough tl,e plan had been „eS/^7 """■-'"• ^"^ frustrated by some „„,owa«i Tee dem ' n,T ""'' "°""""^ had very nearly cost Mr. Arno d h ]if tT ' ""r "' """'' ments made him of ooi.r=„ „ .• '""^ d'sappoint- anxious ,0 forward the exit T' '' """ '' ^ "<»' "^'"^ bave that naval ehief ?,3 ? "^ ^"'^'"' *'"'•= ^ ™"I'l as the Expedi io to the 0"°'' ""t ""'"' ^" «~^ » ""'k make ever/requi te ' 1 ''"P'?"? *'"'='' """W'^'l ™o <» consented ',0 ™:h r^prptrf:!'""; "'""i ""''"'^' ' Major Andre to ro to Mm hv . . '""'■■'' ^™''' «»• boat whieh be wouV ,im:if l::'I. 7™ T ""^ '" " Truce. For I could hnZ '""' ™<'"='' a Flag of consequence ^Z^ZIZ^Zm ■"''''' """ ""^ " a mode, ..s I had given i in 1 ^T '^'"^"^ '''"'' ™cb by which the nalurerhrr,'^ '"''.''""'''"■ °f'"i«"?^ understood that Zr I is B„f ^''^ "«'" '" •™='"'' »"<' I sent back in the same ;arT "1 '"1"" "= ™' '° "« precautions were obscrvX on M ™ P""^ ""^ "^ "■-= "Old for reasons wb he' ud,M ■°"'™''^' ""'"'''' ^■- (wbich is the most nrobable^' ? ""'""■"'"'' "'• Pcrbaps presence of mind houi^"^ 7f """ """""" '"« -al ing Major Andr ■'hiekt Wat r ^d ^ ""i '/''"" °^ ^""'■ rather compelled him •'^ ^ "7'^' ""'' Prevailed upon him, or Offleer-s letter „ m to paTt" t,"';'"'"' "^ """ ""''"^'"^'c borrowed disguise ,« take I I I" ™"^™' =""' ""''"^^ » "'rough the Posts If he F T '■°""= '" ^''^ ^ork l-spm-t. The eon" eauent '' T'^"" "'° ^^"'^"™ "^ '>- •I'at he was stopped nrT„ /™' ^"^ ""'S'" '"= ^^Pocted) papers being frn/rbJrh'^"'"'' »"f the acknowl- oung man, who osition to every vithout remorse his at a moment appointment in I I had sent to 5 drawn to the and under the e command of ed by that oHi- I-ORD CORNWALLIS'S OPINION. 419 Opinion ..p,,.i„g i, njf:it:ri: h it"r" °' ^^^'^ ing possessed himself of .),. „ , . ™P™<'ence of hav- business ....'d-e. l^Jl ite" ^wtGe™'";?^ '"" were not wanted (as thev m„.t ^ '"',™"'' General Arnold, -.ion. For .l>eA^*Toti ttuhatThV" "''•"'''■ over every narf nP tu^ '©"orant ttiat I had myself been *™g neeessar, for lilL^t' 277:'''' 'Z'' Washington ouaht also .„ t.„ °' '^™- Mr. never in any one in,hn ? ■^membered that I had (within n,7p:;r:rD:"r h 1. •■" '''■^'""''^ C"'™'^' several shewn the ,n„s. h„^ ' °" ""^ contrary had in even in favour of a oTed "es" T""" '" '''' -"''--- eruel a manner i„ oliZa to '^ ^ ^^ '''"'''''' '» "^ could not but exeite !«»?,?„ ?^ *''™''" «°«eiWions as no advantage wiatvereould';:''"'."""''™^' ''«P'^'=''"'^ Cause f,.m puWng eobi t of b ""f ^.'^ '^^"'"^ '•> '"^ l-e be insensible ( ha^ he ,t T '" '^'""''- ^"^ ^-M his own breast) tha le e.llleT' T' "' """o"' '» and ignominious, would neve?? !' f ""'" "" "^^We treading i„ the slme st"" „t " ^"'"^'' ««"=«' "<»>' Country wouM reo^ire h^' ' " ''"'"'' "' '"'^ ■Jangerin such a w!" Bnuir'T'-"^ '™'^'' '" "'^ '^^ 10 proceed _ nor eal ^i "''•""-■' ^'^'"^ »« 'oo deeply valuable young „fa„, who if 11 fX --'''<' and dowraents of Ediinnf;«« j «uuinea with the rarest en- eould not but hte lin"1 . '^"' ^"' ^^^^ ^« ^'-d) profession!!!-!! "''"'^ ^" ^'''^ ^"'S^^^^t honours of his ' l#l Tlie Marquis Coniwallis was not at New York when the 420 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR£. catastrophe occurred, nor does he seem to have been one of Clinton's admirers or Arnold's supporters in the royal service : but he was undoubtedly well informed of the facts of the case, of which he expresses himself thus : — " The sad episode of Major Andre took place in this year. The details need not be given, but it may be observed that, among the members of the court by which he was tried, were two foreigners, ignorant of the English language, and several of the coarsest and most illiterate of the American generals. Doubts have been entertained whether Wash- ington had timely information of the requests and remon- strances made by Sir Henry Clinton, who, had he been disposed to retaliate, could easily have selected among his prisoners Americans deserving the name of spy much more justly than Major Andre. In any case the execution of that officer leaves an indelible blot on the character of Washington." * Whether or not Beverly Robinson, as is said, distrusted the safety of Andre's leaving the Vulture, it is clear from his letter and Sutherland's that these officers considered him unlawfully detained, and, of consequence, unlawfully done to death. Robertson's emphatic assertion of the erroneous finding of the court of inquiry will also be borne in mind ; and his proffer to die himself if Knyphausen and Rocham- beau would not agree with him. What the first might have thought we do not know : the tendency of the last may be guessed from his own recorded words. Andre deserved a better fate, he thought, but the severity of the laws and the necessity of an example enforced his condemnation. His Aide, Count Mathieu Dumas, afterwards lieutenant-general, is more explicit. He says Andre having come to Arnold in a peasant's disguise was justly condemned and executed as a spy. * Corr. Corn. i. 78. In 1791 the marquis, as governor-general of India, exchanged official compliments with our President; though "he himself continued in troubled waters," he said, he wished "for General Washing- ton a long enjoyment of tranquillity and happiness." AVash. in Doiu. Life, 57. have been one s in the royal led of the facts lus: — ice in this year. 3 observed that, I he was tried, I language, and ' tlie American vhether Wash- 5ts and remon- , had he been ;ted among his spy much more B execution of le character of said, distrusted t is clear from considered him inlawfully done the erroneous jorne in mind ; I and Rocham- rst might have he last may be ire deserved a e laws and the jmnation. His nant-general, is to Arnold in a ecu ted as a spy. r-general of India, High "he himself General Wasliing- Wash. in Doiii. CON-KUCT,NO OPINIONS ON ANDRfrs SKNTENCE 421 -in reciting the opmions of such nf th^ «. ^ acquainted wi,h the facts of I.e ease t t oTs"'' " """ not be ignored Tl.i. ,.,..,,' '""'°f Simcoe must «.o™ug,„;:';ttiea ';« irXtT" "" "°' --^ point l,e seem ,0 Lve"^ T' ''""■" " "' ''"S"'' On one very questionable: as has been said I brerl i '> ' unnecessary deed " On„ L ,f „ ^"^'""g'™ 'o (lie "certain imeli Ince - It if , T" I""" ''^ 8°' ""^ conduct of our d"ieft :_ ''" '""' '"= -'■'^"''^ "' "« there was not an I" 1^1 1' , "'°'' °^ ^"^''"^ ' '""'• would not have be n lad ' ' / ' ' T™^. "''"^^ '^-'^ '' offered to ,nit the 2^^ oTltt tl'T ''"•™'; lo receive lliem • =o th.,f .I,- =",*'' *" ''»*« negotiated jn.PH have p.e™:e:r ;::r:f z'tr'oir sidered'a-^in tli ?• .^ ''^•' ''"'''■'"•'" '' ^''"» ^^ con- a„.-,n,st h„ slipulafon, intention, and knowledge,' iie III! 'i.:!i,!I;iaiRr.ffiM iii /.i;||t' 422 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. became absolutely a prisoner, and was forced to change his dress for self-preservation, it may safely be asserted that no European general would on this pretext have had his blood upon his head. He fell a victim to that which was ex- pedient, not to that which was just : what was supposed to be useful superceded what would have been generous ; and though, by imprudently carrying papers about him, he gave a colour to those, who endeavoured to separate Great Britain from America, to press for his death, yet an open and elevated mind would have found greater satisfaction in the obligations it might have laid on the army of his opponents, than in carrying into execution a useless and unnecessary vengeance. " It has been said, that not only the French party from their customary policy, but Mr. Washington's personal ene- mies urged him on, contrary to his inclinations, to render him unpopular if he executed Major Andre, or suspected if he pardoned him. In the length of the war, for what one generous action has Mr. Washington been celebrated ? what honourable sentiment ever fell from his lips which can in- validate the belief, that surrounded with difficulties and ignorant in whom to confide, he meanly sheltered himself under the opinions of his oflScers and the Congress, in per- petrating his own previous determination? and, in perfect conformity to his interested ambition, which crowned with success beyond all human calculation in 1783, to use his own expression, ' bid a last farewell to the cares of office, and all the employments of public life,' to resume them at this mo- ment (1787) as President of the American Convention? Had Sir Henry Clinton, whose whole behaviour in his pub- lic disappointment, and most afflicting of private dispensa- tions, united the sensibility of the Friend, with the magna- nimity of the General, had he possessed a particle of the malignity which, in this transaction, was exhibited by the American, many of the principal inhabitants of Carolina then in confinement, on the clearest proof for the violation I I to change his jserted that no had bis blood which was ex- as supposed to generous; and ibout bim, be separate Great et an open and sfaction in the his opponents, id unnecessary ch party from personal ene- ons, to render Dr suspected if , for what one ebrated ? what which can in- lifficulties and Itered himself ngress, in per- nd, in perfect crowned with to use bis own office, and all jm at this mo- Convention ? r in his pub- 'ate dispensa- h the magna- article of the ibited by the I of Carolina the violation CltARACTER OF OUR GENERALS. 403 of Washington.". ^ Pass judgment on the eharacter offlcift iafwi x";::; : : '"""'""%°^ '"^^ e-^'"- own ffeneral, f i ^ , "" "PP"'*"' '» "'»»<= of our uTdef theT ^ircl ,at: th "f^ '°'"" '"" '-"P"™- sentiment, by reason of .he ''"^''''^.f '-l '*=" "'« British its exponents'^ wa, m„re like.v trb" ""'' '""''''=''«= "^ education hai not suffl4 I^ rn'^^eTtH;''"' "T V' in the prineiples of intematinTlat ^ ^'"T,""'" ''''''''"^ »e -Lis day the question ough to le ^.her ast,,''"" "' ness of their decision .han^heirmnrs, ?lt rrr may be as well to glance hastily JT ■ ''"' " ing the «.n,p„sitioLf the t GoorTT-"''"^"''- •ainly the best we had in an a^y 'of ^^^ CU^^ZT the generals were distinguished for .I,.- ^f '""^ '^^tifies and was raised from tho i-nnt. „f ™™iea to Loston, colonial raajor-generlv '""^' "^ ^ ""'■"» ""npany to a •MIJ ^<=neralcy. The case is not singular. It „as brave: but unsUiZ/r:", ''.tSr.' t" Sod sfat"''/™"' ■"- ('11°: 424 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRlS. a smith that led the Turks from the slavery of the Altai Mountains to royal njreatness ; and for centuries the exercise of anvil and sledge preserved the memory of the deeds that changed the forge for the throne. The abrupt translation of the stuttering Michael from the cinders of his smithy to the porphyry palaces of the Eastern Empire furnishes history with one of its most glaring illustrations of the mutability of fortune and the blindness of the popular will. The black- smith's apron that commemorated the imperial origin long led the Persians to victory, until the jewels with which it con- tinued to be embroidered entirely hid the leather from view. Greene's was one of those cases in which promotion was born of merit, and the general's worth obscures his un- professional origin. Though self-educated, the advisers of his studies were President Stiles and Lindley Murray. His reading wrts thorough rather than large. His military text- books were Cresar's Commentaries, Plutarch, Turenne's Me- moirs, and Sharpe's Military Guide: but he was familiar with IJIackstone and with Ferguson's Civil Society, and I am able to state positively had carefully read over Vattel. To his capacity in the field Tarleton bears ample testimony ; and it is odd that the beginning and the ending of hi? campaignings should involve the idea of a spy. To pro- cure arms to use against the English, in 1774 or 1775 he slipped into Boston, watched the discipline of the troops at their morning and evening parades, and whe; he smuggled out a musket and accoutrements htf broujiht a deserter aloni^ as a drillmaster to the militia corps with which he served. In Carolina, he employed a young lady on secret services of the greatest danger without scruple ; and after the evac- uation of Charleston towards the end of the war, ^\hen the whig governor arrested Captain Ker and his crew who had come with a flag to Greene, he called a council of officers and with their concurrence enforced the flag-party's release by an armed demonstration on the place. This circum- stance tends to show that Greene understood the nature of f of the Al(ai !s the exercise the deeds that ; translation of i smithy to the rnishes history mutabihty of 1. The black- origin long led which it eon- her from view, promotion was cures his un- le advisers of Murray. His 1 military text- rurenne's Me- ! was familiar Society, and I d over Vattel. )le testimony ; ending of hip spy. To pro- 4 or 1775 he the troops at he smuggled deserter along ch he served, •et services of 'ter the evac- var, when tlie crew who had icil of officers larty's release This clrcum- the nature of CIIAIUCTEKS OF OUR GENERALS. 405 blood and had ineffectuan^^acVfo; Z^ari oZatr",' ways claimed as his righ. J inheritance ttZ^^^:! Yoric sSy Library and ;.::*' '" '"""*"" "'^ ^- «:; ar!:r ;r t::;^^-,r t'r adds- «Tn i.:c , *^'o""y ot his rank, but able '^d r '"? Pr'"™' ^PP'^'"-''"^ >"^ lordship is v4ner- conri^ ,' I , .r'"^""""' P''^"''"' »"■' in"" 'h-« cause. Pi-tserw fee • ?.^""'""''^''«"''' »P™'« '"s i«o p.egnant words -" Ken.eniber Andre."* * Anal. Maff. ij 170 Tn tu /-. rick moved tiiat the kinjbo blorMT' ?"', ''' ''''^ «^"- ^''^^'P"*- Im for La Fay.tte and Lis conipaniof ^ T"'t' ^'^^ "'^ ^«"'^ «*' ««r- denunciator^ terms against ITiri I 7^^'"'^"^'^ replied in most an'l origin of innumfraSo^rar";' f ""^ ^'V"" '"^^'^^ ^'^^ «"^h- ^aid, for the interference of one newer wlh ' m' ^^' ""''^ P'-''«'''^"N he of a third was " the case o/the ^nfr . ""'";^"" "' ^''^^^'' "^ ^^e sub ect which ^^ ; now so frenuenl 5. '''''T'']'on of the late court of France vour o.-:.> CharJT;,'^^ Xn"r ''V'l '"^ *^'-""i-', ml* effectual by the exertions the I" I? ^'"''^ ^'"^ ^"''"«>' -"'^-^'•l continued, claimed La Favet as a t.\ ?""'' '^"'''"•" ^^'•""^«. he mstrumental in ^Lvating 'to power ZT/, ' ''' ^^hbie he had been volunteered fo, America nn/-' !T ^''''■""' of sacriticing. He had tween Engl. ,. ZZTco afd'Tad ^f 'if,'*^'"" any hoftilities be' sovereign. After citations of his alk'ed nr' '^'''"' ^'^ «^" J*^'""' -ces ia his own cou„trv;B l^^eXludT''?'" r, """ ^^^"'^^ -«" humanity by supporting an application likpfh ''''"^'' ' ''' '"^"^^ my horrid ruffian." li.o LtioT^TZ J ■^""'''''''''^^^^'^^^^^^^ a curious one in La FayeUe's life U • TT' ^^^ ' '^"^ "'« ^^P'^^^'^ - I'iin called l,v such -vnes "°' *''^'" Americans have hpa-i 428 LIFE OF MAJOU ANDU15. i 1 Of Robert Howe not a grout deal is known. lie was probably an Kn;^lishman : at all events lie was in the Eng- lish serviee before the war; was settled in North Carolina; and had coinnianded (I think) Fort Johnslorl, where a garrison of ten men was kept np in time of peace. Ho Was an early and active whig, representing Brunswick county ; and in 1775, was proclaimed against by Gov. Mar- tin as " Robert Howes, alias Howe." In 177G Clinton de- barked on his plantation ; and specially excepted him from grace. He is described by Smith as a good oificer and a superior engineer : and I have other reasons for believing that here Smith is right. Irvine and others liowever dis- trusted bis general capacity in a serious emergency. It is probable that Howe had all the book-learning of his trade. His years were doubtless well advanced at this time, and Chastelhix pronounces him fond of music, the arts, and pleasure, and of cultivated mind. In August, 1785, lie was appointed by Congress to treat with the Western In- dians. Steuben, born in 1730, had served at the age of fourteen ; but he does not appear to have held higher than regimental rank in the Prussian army. The idea of his having been a iavorite general of the great Frederick's is all a delusion. He was an honest old soldier of fortune, and a singularly ac- complished disciplinarian.* His review of a brigade would * An incident at Yorktovn shows his perfect acquaintance with the laws of war, in opposition to La Fayette's. lie coinmandi-d in the trenches when a flag came out with proposals of capitulation. While the negotia- tion went on, La Fayette's tour of duty arrived; as it was of course a point of honor to plant our flag on the enemy's fortress, there was a com- petition for the command tliat would give the right. Steuben asserted that having received the flag, he was entitled to retain his place till the negotiation was closed either bj- surrender or renewed hostilities. La Fay- ette denied this, and marched with his division to relievo the German: who would not be relieved. La Fayette appealed to Washington: the case was carried to Eochambeau and his chiefs, and it Avas decided that the baron was right, and must retain the command. The matter does not seem to have ended here. Ensign Denny (apparently of La Fayette's division) was detailed to erect oiu* standard when the troops entered York- •wn. III! was \s ill llic Eng- ui'tli Carolina ; itorl, where n jf peace. Ho ig Brunswick by Gov. Mar- G Clinton de- )tc(l lum from oiRcer anil a for believing i however dis- rgcncy. It is g of his trade, this time, and the arts, and jst, 1785, he i AVestern In- e of fourteen ; an regimental laving been a ill a delusion, singularly ac- brigade would lice Avith the laws in the trenches hile the negotia- was of course a tlierc was a com- Stcuben asserted his place till the tilities. La Fay- vo the German: Washington: the decided that the matter does not of La Faj^ette's ps entered York- C-'AnACTEKS 0. OUU CENKI.U.S. «lcml (u every „,,„ , '""'"'''" ^^'■> ""K"on's li,t „.„„,,, ^' ^^J.", 7 ""'O «-c.quirc,l. Tl,e '«•■"'» inquire.! into, „„,U,' " ' ' "'° '"""•''''■•■'' "f 'I'o n„ "-'^ins ,I,e t„,„„. ('^,; , ;"'«"'f "■oom,,rel,e„,|i„,,„ i*' ;l"« '".o,,,,, never Z^^tJT"'' ""^ ''' '■^P'<-';^ "« w«s not l,owever on Zi ,, """''"''se of o„r ,o„„„,. ""<> f. An,erio„ wouM Ct "i" •""■' "'"' ^- CC Moved hy l,i, , 1;?.^'"™" .■■"'•• Steuben „„s "J. I'O would no, se>u;i"t„ Z' ^'•"•'"" »'• ""J'-ian of ,^™- Ois-ingui.,.. ,t ,«:, 'r-'^ — . in.,rueti„: ' "ow,„ nnd esteemed inm mZ;! '"';"f"»- '» "«" of In', »''"Pl;ng I'-eseieneeof ,var toL , '"'•''^■'•' "■""-'^killed i„ '"J ">o nature „f ,|,e eoumry "'°f "■■"?'"■ "f !■« follower, "suppose „nu ),e did not p J,.,„f ^'-^ '^ "» «'«'.'y reason """ces of Andre's case, «C fl r'"''''"'"' "'» '•"eu™. " nnpossible to save i,i,n " „°1° , ' '" ™""ni'^orated. " J, "7-0'; but in „„ open 'n,: ; ; r ""■■""■ " «» p„, „, ,o I"" ■■• premeditated des^ntl ,,"''' T''^'*"'"'' «™7''"-'- p|„„,;,„ "n" to deall, eould have suffered in l,t to^n, and was in the art ^e i •^■Ws S(om,c„, 290 477 », , '"«>■ IIM. : iSlE: 430 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. Parsons was a Connecticut lawyer before the war, and a graduate of Harrard in 1756. He was of a good Massa- chusetts family, and in 1780 was probably about forty years of age. In 1775 he was settled in the tenth colonelcy of the continental army by Washington, albeit he had headed a remonstrance of the Connecticut line to its legislature against the action of Congress that gave precedence to Putnam over Spencer. They " had no objection to the appointment of Generals Washington and Lee," but apprehended danger to the morals and discipline of the line by Putnam's superi- ority. Memorials of this kind Washington had in wise aver- sion. Parsons was a man of parts. Clinton, born in 1737, was perhaps of the same blood with Sir Henry, in resisting whom he had been severely wounded. He displayed an early fondness for military life, and served in the Sevtin Years' War. He excelled in the exact sciences and was father of De Witt Clinton. In 1775, he was with Montgomery, and his name heads the apology by which that general was persuaded to resume the command that the in- subordination of some of his officers had provoked him to throw up.* his new godfathei-. '-I am well settled, general," quoth he, " and have a 7rtT T: I^^T«^^"«dn,.ysonafteryou,Slr." " I thank you, mv friend; what name have you given the boy ? " " I called him Baron '' was the answer; — " what else could I call him ' " ' Jt^fTl'Xlf'^u '!"::■"' '"'-^ '™' clouded" by pecuniary distress, it is grateful to know that h.s services at last commanded a substantial ac- knowledgment from America which made his old age comfortable. nnrf I ' T ^"""'"^ ^^^'^^'' ^^'^''''^ ^^ "'^ ^""^^^ »"ifO™S which a party of our troops wore, and by the name of General Clinton, did not discover h.s position fill he was led before our general. He then swallowed a silver bulle , but an emetic bringing it back, it was found to unscrew 'oct 8°.f mr " ^''' '"- .^^ ^"^''""^^ ^^««^^^- '■ ~ ^--^ ^ontsoZZ rJrt t' J:- ,T ^«'^'-^", question, and voted that " the matter now subside." Accord- ingly, at a Council of War, Oct. 8, 1775. present Washington, Ward, Lee, 1 utnam, Thomas, Spencer, Heath, Sullivan, Greene, and Gates, it was unanimously resolved to reject all slaves from enlistment, and, bv a great majority, to reject negroes altogether. At a conference of a Committee from Congress and the civil authorities of all New England with Washing- ton m the same month, it was agreed that negroes sliould be altogether rejected from enlistment in our army. — ^w. Arclt. ith scr. iii. 1040 1161. ' with the world, itions. Though jparent aptitude confidence that I incompetent to re a number of ich associations, over's command are at Trenton, 3r's record of a ral humorously better than a ir as surgeon's d resigning his ied for the post 2, 1775) wrote of the respec- tiant-colonel of isylvania regi- thers behaved week later in do something! " le defeat of Long cessan' to remark struggle for Inde- . 1774), being re- ivery, to consider ovincc, refused to bside." Accord- gton, Ward, Leo, ad Gates, it was , and, by a great of a Committee d witii Wasliing- Id be altogether scr. m. 1040, CHARACTERS OF OUR GENERALS. 433 ^^^^:'''" ^^ ^'^^ "^^^ '''^^'^- «^ ^^ ^"^-e's Huntington, boi-n in 1743 and a graduate of Harvard in 1763, was a merchant of good estate and ancient family at Norwich, and was son-in-law of Governor Trumbull. His manners were cold, but he had acknowledged sense and in- formation ; and his virtues must have been remarkable, smee hrou h he terms of four different occupants of the presi- dentml cha,r he retained the coUectorship of customs at New London from 1789 until he was removed by death in Stark born in 1728, seems to have had but a rural educa- tion But war had a charm for hir., and what military knowledge could be acquired by command of a partisan company m the Seven Years' War, he doubtless possessed. The assumption of superiority by the young British officers drove him to resign ; though his qualities had gained him the confidence of Abercrombie, nephew of the commanding, gen- eral, and of tne young Lord Howe. He was a hardy, honest, self-willed man impatient of subordination where he did no hink It due. Difficulties on this point sprung up as soon a he joined our army in 1775 : and later, he resigned in dis- content with being overslaughed in promotions. He only resumed arms in the service of New Hampshire on the ex- press condition of exemption from obedience to the orders of Congress. The public confidence in him was so great that John Langdon gave his money, his plate, and his merchan- dise, to set on foot Stark's opposition to Burgoyne : and the Bennington victory was of such moment that he was forth- with made a continental brigadier. He felt the hardship of the case, but united with his brethren in the judgment that Andre was a spy, and should be put to death : and not long after, ,n his own command, hung Lovelace for a like offence! He ran a saw-mill when the war broke out,- and is described by Ihacher as joining to an unspotted character and great 431 LIFE OF ILUOR ANDRfi. private worth, neither the habits nor the appearance of an officer. Such was the constitution of the board that pronounced on Andre's case. If some of its members may be found "Wise without learning, plain and good, the greater part by far must be confessed to have been of sufficient education and of military training * Of Washing- ton nothing need be said : but can we suppose that if he an'd St. Clair, Stirling, Clinton, Howe, and Stark, had continued to hold the king's commission from the Seven Years' War, and now sat in a court called by royal authority, their deci- sion would not have been received in England as authorita- tive, especially when confirmed by the concurrent voices of Steuben and La Fayette.? ^hat the English leaders sin- cerely thought it erroneous in principle and colored with pas- sion or policy may not be questioned; and their public and private respectability enforces our attention to their views. But what reason is there to suppose that prejudice or excite- ment should sway one party less than the other? Indeed the case appears to have admitted at least of such nice distinctions that we cannot refuse the attribute of perfect sincerity to both : for even wiDiin the last few years, the patient investigation of two calm and vigorous minds on either side has left the question exactly where it was before Lord Mahon is satisfied that the Americans were wron-. Major Biddle, whose own military antecedents give weight to his conclusions, is convinced they were eminently right. It might seem presumptuous for me to declare positively that either side is in error; since after all the case was one not covered by any prescription of the text-books on the laws of nations or of war ; and therefore was apparently to be gov- erned by the deductions of a military tribunal from the great • My friend Major Charles J. Biddle has already so satisfactorily gone over this ground, as well as much more relative to the subject of this book, that an apology is almost necessary for my treating of it at all. I pearance of an hat pronounced nay be found have been of Of Washing. ! that if he and had continued m Years' War, I'ity, their deci- id as authorita- 'rent voices of h leaders sin- lored with pas- eir public and o their views, dice or excite- iher ? Indeed of such nice ite of perfect Bw years, the )us minds on it was before. were wronsr. i give weight linently right. )osJtively that ! was one not n the laws of tly to be gov- 'om the great tisfactorily gone ect of this book, all. SUMMARY OF THE CASE. 435 general principles therein laid down. For it is not evident that Andre entered our lines in disguise, which is one of the o tTsr" ^^^^P^/-theenen.y: and the suborn n! of a hos le general, though protested against by Vattel as incompatible with personal purity, is alTowed to be in ac LtTitT ;"^""'r' '^^•- ^"^ ™-^ -- -" e sa} 3, ,s It fair to merely accept the proposals of a traitor. ^'loZT: 'T'^ ''''' ''' ^^-^« »^«- attached to An. dre 8 character has in a measuro clouded the judgment that men would arrive at as to his fate: it will be wellTherefore to give a summary here of the facts as they are drawn from the story of not one, but all sides. Arnold volunteered to surrender West Point on sufficient assurance that he should lose neither in pocket nor in ric t 'settle' t'bf ""v ''"^^"'^' ^'"^ ^^" «"-^ «^-^^ --t him to settle the prelimmaries. By Clinton's order, Andre went ma kings ship for this end, expecting the interview would occur on board, or at least under a /lag of truce and not in our hnes. Arnold's emissary brought him from the Vulture m h.s uniform and with a safcconduct from that general, but under a feigned name, by night, and with a watch-coat cover- mg his person. There is little doubt here that Smith saw hm, m uniform, and that he had no intention of exposing. himself to any other risk than of becoming a prisoner of war! He came ashoro at a place very near to but not within our Imes. Here Arnold met him, and well knowing his name and quality, under the plea that he could not possibly return to the snip that night, led him unawares and against his stip. ulation within our picket though not into any of our works. Andre still was attired as when he landed. He remained concealed for nearly a day, making no plans or observations, but possessing himself of all the information Arnold had to g.ve. For what end is not accurately known (though Arnold alleges it was Id. direction that they should be thus trans. muted to Clinton) h. took several important papers from the American general, and concealed them on his person. Bv lImI i'jilllllll li 1 |m. S ' 1 ^ : ■ ! ^ ! ■^ :| ;^ ' ] 1 :1 1 5 SS ^3 ' i' ! h •N ! } 1 >3 1 ^ ) S^ s 436 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. the same orders he disguised himself, and abandoned his uni- lorm ; and acting in every respect by Arnold's direction, and under his safe-conduct passed through our lines into neutral ground, bearing an assumed character both in dress and in name. Here he was taken, having from before he entered until after he left our limits been known to and directed by our general there commanding. In considering these facts, i^ must be remembered that by Andre s own avowal he was, though involuntarily, an im- postor ; and that the boat carried no flag, nor did he suppose he came ashore under that sanction. This last declaration may be balanced by the fact that he did not then believe he was to be brought anywhere but to neutral ground : but the after-mcidents are not thus altered. The question then arises whether Arnold had lawfully the power to secure him, by the means employed, from the vengeance of the Amer- icans . This is a point that military men must solve. Ar- nold had undoubtedly the right to issue safe-conducts that would protect their bearer from our troops, provided the business was fair to our country. Had he, so far as the bearer was concerned, the right to go further ? How far does the fact that Andre was inveigled, as it were, into a position that left him no other means of extrication than such as Arnold prescribed affect the merits of his case? And above all, was or was not the safe-conduct given to him in a teigned name when he was to come ashore, equivalent to a Hag? The gist of the American opinion seems to be that a fraud of this nature taints everything it touches ; and the parties to It, It at all they are compassed by the letter of the law, arc justly anienable to punishment. Whether Andre therefore left the Vulture under sufficient protection is an important question. Had he openly borne a flag of truce sent either from his own party or by the Americans, he could unques- tionably have passed back under it at any season. A fla^ gives Its bearer the sanctity of an ambassador ; the violation andoned his uni- i's direction, and ines into neutral in dress and in ifore he entered and directed by Jmbered that by jntarily, an im- did he suppose last declaration ot then believe al ground ; but le question then r to secure him, } of the Amer- ust solve. Ar- e-conducts that ', provided the so far as the ler? How far it were, into a ation than such is case? And ven to him in a quivalent to a be that a fraud 1 the parties to )f the law, are ndre therefore an important ce sent either could unques- iason. A flag ; the violation I SUMMARY OF THE CASE. 437 Of Whose safe-conduct has from the most polished nations of antiquity been the received signal for rancorous war. "Men of larentum," said the Roman legate to the Greeks that mocked at his defiled garments ; - it will take not a little blood to wash this gown." Even the wild Arabs of the desert re- Hpected the safety of the envoy that brought them the most in- suiting missives ; and beyond making him swallow the scroll, ventured on no personal aggression : and the red Indian esteems himself in perfect security when he advances with the calumet m hand. In fact, a flag of truce is the substitute for the ancient herald. In the first stages of our war, " a trumpeter or flag of truce » were correlative terms. Passin- in the face of danger, they courted publicity by appeals to eye and ear. In Canada, Montgomery and Prescott em- ployed a flag and drum : and that his flag-officer Avas twice fired on from the walls of Quebec Arnold regarded as a most infarnous infraction of civilized warfare. So at Boston in 17/0, Howe tartly intimated to Washington that our people so constantly fired upon his officers returning from parleys applied for by ourselves, that he desired no intercourse be- tween the two armies should continue, except where Wash- ington would send his own letters in by a drummer : and in the turmoil before Yorktown, the flag that proposed surrender was accompanied by a drum beating a parley. The after- passage of flags without a drum was especially commented on. But the drum and trumpet M-ere lawfully hushed when armies were not met face to face : and then it is possible that a safe-conduct may have been equivalent to a flaer of truce. Robertson took this view: but it does not clearly ap- pear whether Greene denied it in toto, or merely held that Andre did not come ashore with anything in the form of a protection. To my mind it is clear that as his errand was of a nature directly opposed to the end for which flags are designed, and as he was detected in an appearance of guih, it would re- quire a very strong case to exonerate Andre from punish- I '^'mm i38 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. ■i^ ment. The reader must decide whether such a case was made out by his friends. If he was within our lines under a nag, why did he not return under its protection ? If he was not thus guarded, in what capacity was he there ? The tendency of some writers to suppose that'the moment a man becomes a spy he puts himself out of humanity's reach has probably warped many judgments on this matter. In pomt of fact, there is nothing in the history of ancient or nriodern warfare to warrant such a theory. That in the ab- stract the proceeding is no more defensible than manslayinc cannot be denied : but it is with the customs of this world, not with sublimated abstractions, that we have to do. WwiU pass over the examples of the Jews, because this people's ways m war or an peace were almost peculiar to themselves.* Uut m the most high and palmy state of Rome " we find spies and deserters constantly encouraged. The Spaniard Balbu., he fnend alike of Pompey and of C^sar, acquired unprecedented honors through such secret service in a civil war: and his name is immortalized by the eloquence of Cicero. Constantine, the upholder of our faith, esteemed it no degradation to seduce his opponent's followers : and an- other C^sar did not think the imperial purple was sullied by entering the Persian camp as a spy, and following up his explorations with a prodigious rout. By such means Alfred drove the Danes from England. Nor need we rest upon the dusty records of by-gone ages : the annals of modern war- fare furnish abundant and far more valuable examples of the lightm which the character and services of a spy are held. In the Peninsular War they were freely employed by all * Though Joshua indeed sent his spies down into the promised land we lo not want examples of the manner in which the Old ^e taml ha urid tf^p' 'k'?, ''"' "''' '"^^ '"'''''''''- The Calvinist S ter wt urged the Rochellois to slay the king's trumpeter bringing proposes to he tZlTcrlZT " 'r '"^r^l '"^'^^^ P™^^^^^"^^ '' '-"on ni hnnV Tn ^ I ^ ""'^ "^"''^"P "'''*"' S^'^^' thou Shalt surely kill him • thine I EMPLOYMENT OF SPIES. 439 ch a case was ir lines under a >n ? If he was re? tiat the moment of humanity's on this matter. J of ancient or rhat in the ab- m manslaying, this world, not do. We will 3 this people's o themselves.* lome " we find The Spaniard ajsar, acquired 'vice in a civil eloquence of th, esteemed it vers : and an- vvas sullied by owing up his means Alfred rest upon the modern Avar- imples of the spy are held, •loyed by all omised land, vro Testament has St minister who proposals to the f any one entice ' kill him ; thine vards the hand parties and were not necessarily thought base. Wellington had a legion of them in the French lines, from the haughty grandee who boasted a sang azul noble as the king's, to the httle cobbler on the bridge of Irun, who sat on his bench and from one year's end to another kept tale of every French soldjer that entered Spain. British officers also notably acted m the fie d as spies : and where double treason was not wrought Napier says all these characters were highly meri- torious. Carrara did not scruple to offer honors and wealth to Ney ,f he would desert his standard: and Napoleon him- seU, not only by allurements but more unjustifiably by sever- lUes, sought to bring to his own aid the professional services of persons over whom the fortunes of war gave him power.* There IS one case in particular however in these times that strongly reminds us of Andre's. In 1809, the imperial ambition of Bonaparte excited the republican officers to look to St. Cyr or Ney as a leader in Its -epression. John Viana, the son of an Oporto merchant, brought proposals from the French plotters to Marshal Beres- ford, asking that an English ofiicer should meet them to arrange the plan of action, which involved the seizure and surrender of Soult, their leader. "This was a detestable » Captain Colquhoun Grant was the most famous English spy in the Penmsu lar War, though he always kept his uniform. Being empfoyed by Wei mgton to ascertain Marmont's route, and thus his purpose he go^J front of he French and atler a hard chase was run down Mamont re dinner. I would have shot hnn on the spot," he said, "had it not tTj' BThetl^r^"'"? """'""« ^ ""''^^^ "-^ he wore w£ aken. But he took his parole not to be rescued by guerillas on the road 0\elli„gton havmg offered $2000 reward for his recovery) and sen him to Bayonne with secret orders to the governor there to send him n ht" to Pans Grant wormed out this secret; and eloping at Bayonne, went him self to Pans and remained there unsuspected till L heard one div that an American sailor named Jonathan Buck had suddenlv died, leaving h past port uncalled for at the Bureau. He at once claimed it, pretending to be f" V "1 '" '^' """''' '^ '''' ^^''"•'^'- S«t a clandesLe passage on a vessel; and in four months irom his original capture he was again plavL' around the skirts of t!ie French in Spain. ' ' *' B 440 LIFE OF MAJOK ANDUlS. !?■ 1 i N i>( •S 5 > ?! ; M S 1 ' project," says Napier, « for it is not in the field, and with a foreign enemy, that soldiers should concert the overthrow of their country's institutions. It would be idle and impertinent in a foreigner to say how much and how long men shall bear with what they deem an oppressive government ; yet there IS a distinct and especial loyalty due from a soldier to his general in the field; a compact of honor, which it is singu- larly base to violate, and so it has in all ages been con- sidered." An English colonel in uniform reluctantly went by night to meet them on a lake behind the French outposts. They missed each other, and returning he found Viana and the French Adjutant-Major D'Argenton in the English lines. The latter boldly went on to Beresford at Lisbon, conceiving his backers too numerous and powerful for him to incur much danger in his own army. Wellesley did not give the plan very hearty encouragement; and when D'Argenton came back a second time (the first essay being unnoticed or un- punished) he gave him the good advice to avoid receiving an English safe-conduct. The warning was disregarded. D'Ar- genton was discovered and condemned: but the punishment was not executed, and he finally escaped. Others, French colonels, also conferred with Sir Arthur in his.campaicrns : nor must we forget Don Uran de la Rosa, whom the English thought a Spaniard, the Spanish an Italian, the French no one knows what, and the mystified Alava, CagHostro or some such wizard : and who dined alternately in the opposing camps, carrying intelligence ind fferently to either side. The case of the Frenchman Perron, who came over from Sindia in 1803 on overtures from Lord Lake, was not unlike Ar- nold's. In our Revolution then Ave need no: be surprised to find that the employment of spies was practised on the most ex- tensive scale from the very outset. In the siege of Boston, John Carnes, a grocer, is commemorated as Washington's secret intelligencer; and by handbills sent in on the°wind the troops were tempted to desert and to supply our own EMPLOVMENT OK SPIES. 411 rank, I„ v,- ^fe, ^y order of Congress t»o ,,e«„,„ ,vero P -.vmely sen, by our gene h1 ,0 Nova Seolia, ,i i^Z^^ strong plaees and to tamper with tlie neonle T„ F 1 we Wa perfect eorpso/spie., soml Xn „ n^^ ^o"' l.on. In New York, Wa,l,i„g(„n tnaintained ll,rou"h Tl, • ::;;;" e"":-:'"";^ ''" r'r' "'"' "" "-^•^'^ ••- im ,„»la„tly of any eons.demble movement. Th^se ko„. U,e,r seen t so well that at the e..c„atio„ he h,.d o so d Tal madge ,„ while yet Carleton held the town, .0 ."rovido for he safety of his agent,,. One who had neve been In, pected was eanght tempting soldier, ,0 desert, and hanZd at Brnnswek Another, whose observations perhap, on o e" sion saved Wash ngton's life was »hl» hi- . wm. ...owe. IndFan ^J^ T^.^.'Za'Z:^ o unsnsp tedly piek up mneh useful irformationZ oT; ••rmy. Yet h., character w.is so little affected by these trans act,„n, that he remained the valued friend of tahlZ iraight m the popular view that our general on the final en- Atnold had hn„ se.zed and tried hard to hang him, when ,e came over ; but there was not enough evidenc!... it ,t bf Loved when Clinton started to relieve Cor^wallis, ,Z t means of a white flag displayed on a roof in New Y^rk and answered by a gun about a mile from Paulu, Book the ex pod.ttot, wa, betrayed to the American, and the new, tele K.-aphed COO mile, on to Washington in forty! i^T ho " Congress uself not o„ly retained spies in [hat dty b u ■In'ough the war left no stone unturned to sap thrfldelity * Hamilton's Hist. Ren. i. 46 ijOT tf ,«o„ i, AVa,shington refers i„ Js ,etS ^C^, ^^"^"''^^7 ^t' the person in whom I have the greatest co Lficlenee is afrail tn^l"'^'^ measure for communicating Avith me iust at hkT '' "™'^ /« take any slve that Arnold may possibly have so^ know! ed^^^^ '' " "PP^^^'^"" may have him watrhorl n.if i ^"owledge of the connection, and moft distant "hf? T ^'' '' ^''"'"'^ "^'^t ^•■""1'' '- "- -" mo„t fiisrant ^tint uf him, I exi^ect soon w 20 hear from him as usual. ^j'^y IMAGE EVALUATBON TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> fe^ W^. A f/. 1.0 I.I If 1^ IIIIM "■ lis 12.2 ^ 1^ 12.0 11:25 ■ 1.4 IM 6" 1.6 riiuujgmpiiiL; Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 # iV N> ^ \ "^^.^^ Wb"^" ^''^ ■^^A,v -w .r .% % Z iilJr~* !ft}' 442 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDRfi. of the enemy's army ; offering particularly great pecuniary temptations to officers to desert with their commands. The English did the same; and both sides had some success. A regular spy association for the enemy ramified through Norwalk, Stratford, and other Connecticut towns ; and our generals were pestered with more than one such .i "sly, art- ful fellow " as McKeel, seducing the soldiers and getting re- cruits for the British. In fact. La Fayette and every other general hesitated not to use a spy ; and the better the man the better was the intelligence. In the same year thpt An- dre was hanged, Washington applied to Bowdoin and Heath for some draughtsmen of superior understanding, firmness, and fidelity, to clandestinely make plans for him of the ene- my's works; and if he sometimes found his own secrets betrayed, to Clinton, he did not scruple to mislead the go- betweens with false intelligence. Such courses are sanctioned by the customs of war, and if Rush's plan of sending a Ger- man baron into Howe's lines to seduce the Hessians found favor in American eyes, the British thought it as fair to seek to allure Sullivan, Moultrie, Ethan Allen, and others, to exchange their service and break their faith : a severe construction of the law might even have brought Franklin, Chase, and Carroll into an awkward predicament had their Canadian mission left them in Carleton's hands. Indeed the action of Arnold was for the moment fondly believed in England to have been shared by his fellows ; and the names of Knox and Stirling, Howe, Sullivan, and Maxwell, were ridiculously bandied about as of fallers-off from the cause. It may be as well to observe that our Congress had in 1778 clearly announced the rigor with which they would on necessity deal with any but an unimpeachable flag. Lieu- tanant Hele was sent from New York with a flag of truce to Philadelphia, bearing copies of the Commissioners' Mani- festo addressed to Congress, the several legislatures, the clergy, the nrn^.y, and the people at large. His vessel was ureeked, and after some suffering and loss of life the crew great pecuniary omraands. The d some success, amified through towns ; and our iuch '.I " sly, art- and getting re- ind every otha* better the man ! year thpt An- doin and Heath nding, firmness, him of the ene- lis own secrets mislead the go- s are sanctioned sending a Ger- Hessians found it it as fair to len, and others, faitli : a severe >ught Franklin, ment had their Is. Indeed the lly believed in and the names Maxwell, were •m the cause, ongress had in they would on le flag. Lieu- a flag of truce ssioners' Mani- !gislatures, the His vessel was •f life the crew REFLECTIONS ON ANDRfi'S FA'iE. 443 were rescued and brought to Philadelphia. Congress thereon resolved that the nature of Hele's mission was not to be protected by a flag, an • threatened for some time to proceed to extremes with him. It is said, but with no evidence of truth, that during his prolonged detention Hele avenged him- self, by seducing Arnold. But this and other instances plainly showed that Congress was not to be restrained on occasion from restricting the sanctity of flags to its narrowest limits. The inflexibility with which Washington regarded AndnJ's case has been the subject of severe criticism. But the pub- he weal was in my opinion the motive as well as the measure V • '^.r°?"*'*' ^"^'•gences sometimes spring up in which It IS difficult to decide whether the general good does or does not demand unshrinking severity : and it must be confessed that no offence so tends to shake the stern impartiality of the sovereign authority as that which seems to threaten the subversion of all its rights and powers. Yet had Brutus failed to doom hi. son to death, we are well advised that the unsettled liberties of Rome would have perished in their cradle. The necessities of the state is proverbially the ty- rant s plea; but how oflen do we see its advantages practi- caWy Illustrated in the increased welfare of the community, i-very one recollects how many Sepoys in the lat.^, Indian rebellion were blown into fragments on this pretext ; yet who will say that, with regard to humanity at large, real mercy did not hero temper justice ? No civilized nation hes- itates to fulfil to the bitter end the rescripts of its tribunals, when national existence is threatened with destruction by len- ity. We have Mr. Fox's authority (and better is not to be obtained) for saying that the brother of the king of France — 1 Homme au Masque de Fer _ was by state policy the inmate of a dungeon from his cradle to his bier. If we turn to En- hsh annais we find so late as 1815 the first jurists of the la^rd --one might nearly say of the world — discussing the fate .--•^^i -r:.«icuuuiuugn, oir William lirant, the 'if of Nnnolpnn 1 444 LIFE OF MAJOR ANDR6. great Stowell, — whose interpretations of international law may almost be considered as its text,— the Chancellor Eldon — all were ranged, « a terrible show," in solemn conclave on the destiny of one whose fiat had lately made Europe trem- ble. A more lofty tribunal never judged a greater man ; yet the diversity of opinion that arose sets the conflicting sentiments on Andre's case utterly in the background. This man was for giving him up to Louis XVIII. to be tried for treason ; that, for setting him at perfect liberty ; and the next, that he was a mere pirate — " Ao«ii PI LIFE OF MAJOR AKDRfc for, survived to full into the moat dialressing poverty „„d «f er be,„g brutally beaten by the Atnerican nLMo^Leaa; ^on of polucal raneour, personal cupidity, and vulgar .^.abee." And Washington himself lived to hear his ^^ Uymen deny to him the possession of either militaty orTu }Z n. I . P^""""'"" ; 'o be told that his misdeeds had poll ;.ed the presidential ermine to an extent alm^tTr remediable, and to die not universally regt^tted "71^ ^ZTlfr""- '"TiV"' "'" •« ^"'er -ssest the worthiest bfc as any which befell Andn!. In the fulfilment of an enterprise which as he fondly bc- ■eved would, if successful, c,x,w„ him with the h^r^^d^ •o the man who bad restored harmony to a dividTtmnte lustre the arms of ha country, AjiQr.5 perished. Hi. motives .mmtcal as they were to our cause, were emineMty "^pL..' able and no otherwise alloyed with peraonal ambiLrta .saUowable to all human hands (hat seek to serve hT sat " H d,ed m the morning of hi. life, b,fi.„ ,„,„^ ^^^^ti w..h envy the love that all who knew him bestowed ul vvh le the wme was yet bright in his cup and the leel „"- iTme' V ■' '"" """ '"'" »f ^'"SS and he«I ad fmtr"'"""'-''"^""™"' '■'' f»» f--. brigbtne.' Of every royal virtue stands p.^sess'd ; St hear his coun- militaiy or civil is character from hat his misdeeds jxtent almost ir- egretted by the 3r crosses in the 5 he fondly be- the honors due divided empire, sa with renewed !• Hii motives, inently respect- ambition than serve i\e state. ess had stained bestowed upon dispelled, and d the lees un- d heroes ; and •esh brightness laim, APPENDIX No. I. BENEDICT ARNOLD. I SHALL refram from lengthening this not« by the insertion of Bome curious unpublished documents respecting Arnold's earlier career and confine myself enfrely to such matters as may not bo generally known relative to his history after it became connected w.th Andrds. The reader will find in The Life of Arnold, by Mr Sparks, an accurate and skilfully drawn account of his gen- eral .histoj. Mr. Sabme, whose opportunities of procurincr infor- mafon about the Loyalists were very great, declares it certain that Arnold wa^ m communication with Robinson before he went to West Pouu; and it is probable that the letter which Marbois says was found among his papers and was the first overture received from an agent of Clinton's was written by Robinson. It is re- translated here from the French version. "Among the Americans who have joined the rebel standard, there are very many good citizens whose only object has been the happmess of the.r country. Such men will not be influenced by motives o private interest to abandon the cause they have espoused. They are now offered everything which can render the colonies really happy ; and this is the only compensation wortliy ot their virtue. » The American colonies shall have their parliament, composed of two chambers, with all its members of American birth. Those of the upper house shall have titles and rank similar to those of the house of peers in England. All their laws, and particularly such as relate to money matters, shaU be the production of this assembly, with the concurrence of a viceroy. Commerce, in every part of the globe subject to British sway, shall be as free to ttie peop e of the thirteen colonies as to the English of Europe. Ihey will enjoy, in every sense of the phrase, the blcssincrs of i ^iiiiiiiip ! i' ■ I I I if! ^ 448 APPENDIX. good government. They shall be sustained, in time of need, by exposed to the dangers or subjected to the expenses that are al- ways inseparable from the condition of a State. .vhenstT,! ,*'•"'' P''^'^'''^ ^^' ^"°'«"^ '" ^^« ^<^-y n>oment "Shall America remain .vithout limitation of Ume a scene of desolation -or are you desirous of enjoyin. Peace and aHtho bh3ssujgs of her train ? Shall your provLe; a Tn fonlr days pean power? Will vou rplv „. "^"^o"*'" ot a great Euro- 'vu •' '^'^ "PO" the ffuarantv of FrAn,... 9 joy at , c allia-ee already ctabliahed, and p'^Io C 7^* bpam ,v,l .mmodialcly follow tho examp e of fZcT Aro it ' }ou under, and will combme to accomplish their on,l v ti sands of men have perished; immense relree; have been p" hausted ; and yet, since that fatal alliance tbe dispute L^^ " more embittered than ever. Everythinru .eVu7to nu . T .on to dissensions not less detrimentafto he vi to J an tT the" vanquished : but desirable as peace is it r-ann J^ .^ ? , ut 11 IS ui ine same time advisab e to arrive at \t wWi. out an unnecessary waste of th'^^ w««^ f- i.- , '"'" a.»pan„ga,.,„„,i,trraltLr::*^^^^ "" "'-O^ .aclX^arasTl^"' f^'of "°" t° ^''" -™°°"* "'- ^fis" ---- -tTdtr-ri^^ "Render then, brave general, this important service to your time of need, by being themselves eiises tbat are al- tbo very moment L'onquer the obe- t'lnc a scene of ace and all the in fonner days, It nation of tlie of liberty which '< of grasping it ? ained, turn into ^ a great Euro- ly of France? ire you that her d that she will are frantic with )mise you that fice. Are they rest in keeping end ? Thou° have been ex- Jte has become 3 put a conclu- rs than to the negotiated and ent powers ; it 'itain in a con- fer interest as to one side as live at it with- 3 are already surmount ob- ge will never reconciliation -vice to your BENEDICT ARNOLD. 4^9 lt2\ ^^\ '°'°"'°' '''""°* '"'**•" ">"«h lo"g«r the unequal strife Your troops are perishing in misery Thev !r! k^^ every auaZ „f Vl ,u ,^'' '^'^'' "'^ estaWishments in monarch lravcr.i„rht IZ" ^'°'' "" ^ ""=™» " " « ;^hc™ a LgihourinthXr'-h:^ -^ 70^ ' BSio'^^S: Shrati;r:;Lrrr'""**'"« "^^^ '"^"- ^ liberty yet i, »r„?ip T . . °^" °" ""ery feature the siamp of and oVy':ri:re,irel*'"'' '° *' ^^"'"^ "^ *«•— ' -"'- a J Sl'^' 5°"«"?W power, ruin them.elye8 by war, and our enemies as of succouring our friends .hi;thr^^::fl:: arp™%Xhe\""''' '-^ "-/^ "■"-''■ ana M, ,ea«. Ti™ 'g,vr.orirS."urf a" Si' wh,ch what „ newean only attain, in it, turn, by the Ce^? age».2oyalty itself experience, the need of thisTsefu, Si™ nd .J.e race that ha, «ig„ed oyer u, for rixty yel hT£ illustrious for ten centuries. h H^''^^ '« equality we will rule the universe: we will hold It bound, not by arms and violence, but by the ties Jf com --; the lightest and most gentle' bands tChuman^L ":;" 450 APPENDIX. d. i By the kindness of Mr. Bancroft I am able to give the precise sum that Arnold received in satisfaction- of his alleged losses through bis defection. It was £681 5 ; of which he remitted £5000 to London to be invested in stocks, and procured therefrom £7000 four per cent, consols. It must be recollected that such compensation was customary when an officer went over by pre- vious arrangement from one standard to another. In the begin- ning of the war, when Lee's capacity was held of the chiefest importance to our cause, he refused to give up his British rank by entering our service till a committee of one from every colony in Congress had heard his statement of probable losses, and agreed to indemnify him therefor. Arnold also got a brigadiership from the English. " Had the scheme succeeded," wrote an officer of the Coldstreams, " no rank would have overpaid so important a service"; and I am told on good authority that the prevailing sentiment of the royal army esteemed his proceedings a proper return to night principles and conduct. The money he got how- ever was a scoff to our friends. The banker's receipt of his re- mittance was found in a captured vessel, and Franklin wrote of it to La Fayette : « Judas sold only one man, Arnold three millions. Judas got for his one man thirty pieces of silver, Arnold not a halfpenny a head." Mr. Sparks says a pension was after the war given to each of Arnold's children; and in 1782, William Leo wrote to our Secretary for Foreign Affairs : — " The late British Ministry died as they had lived, for one of their last official acts was to give the traitor Arnold, by patent, one thousand pounds sterling pension per annum for his and his wife's lives." Arnold was active enough in the British cause. It was re- ported, though apparently untruly, that he had fifty of the warm- est Whigs in New York seized immediately on his arrival. On the 28th Oct. 1780, he wrote to Lord George Germain, advising England to assume the arrears of pay, at most £500,000, of our soldiers enlisted for the war, or to offer a bounty of fifteen or twenty guineas to every deserter, half down, the rest at the end of the contest He thought the offer of a title to Washington wo nld have a good effect : and if arms instead of seduction were to be pursued, pointed out how he might be brought to action and beaten. His own sacrifices swell the remainder of this letter. (MS. S. P. O. R. 30 Nov.) The hatred of the Americans, however, went far beyond the praise of the English. It reminds us of that of the jivc the precise alleged losses remitted £5000 ired therefrom cted that such t over by pre- In the begin- of the chiefest British rank by very colony in cs, and agreed [adiership from i an officer of 10 important a the prevailing lings a proper iy lie got how- !eipt of his re- lin wrote of it three millions. Arnold not a I after the war 1 William Lee be late British »st official acts usand pounds es." 5. It was re- of the warm- arrival. On nain, advising )0,000, of our een or twenty >e end of the >n woflid have .0 be pursued, beaten. His MS. S. P. 0. ver, went far of that of the IlKNEDICT ARNOLD. 451 Pemans for Omar: and if the caliph's name signified the devil. Arnold s became synonymous with everything that is bad in oui^ Omar . sa.d the Persians when they bent the bow : and no effort of our leaders was spared to get the defaulter in their hands, ^hero short rope, short shrift would have been his doom. Wash' ington set on foot a plan for his seizure: La Fayette ordered that he should, If captured, be expressly prevented from sur- rendermg as a prisoner of war: Jeflerson thought a bribe of 6000 guineas would ensure a successful kidnapping dash into his camp. Of Washington's enterprise, in which Harry Lee and sergeant Champe figure so romantically, litUe need be said here, since the story has already been well told and roundly criticized. Jefferson calls it an historical romance, but there is no doubt that it. main facts are generally true ; that Champe was induced to de- sert and enter the English service under Arnold, with the design of kidnapping him. A Mr. Baldwin of Newark was procured to see Champe daily in New York, and aid him in the project: for which he was to receive 100 guineas, 500 acres of land, and three slaves The story was originally told by General Henry Leo himself. I was informed by the late Edward D. Ingraham, Esq a most accomplished historical student and book-collector, that a Mr. Beresford, compositor and foreman in the printing-house where Lees volumes were struck off, had told him that the mate- rials for the book came to them in a very undigested form and Hiat they were put into their public shape by one Lewis P. Francks, who was also employed in the office : in confirmation of which Beresford added that the copy was kept by them at their discretion, and that Francks and himself had still possession of many of its original letters of Washington, &c. As Gen Lee was in duress when he sent his memoirs to press, this anecdote seems plausible enough ; and Mr. Ingraham was inclined to be- lieve that the discrepancies in Lee's account might thus be ac- counted for. However, all attempts were fruitless to get hold of Arnold ^ though he led daring and destructive forays to Connecti- cut and to Virginia. It was at Philadelphia, where Congress sat and where political antagonism among the Whigs ran fiercest, that Arnold was most bitterly condemned. He was attainted as a traitor, and his effects forfeited and sold. He had formerly opposed the vio.w« nf t>>n li 'illi II' iliilll ijltiilii ■.% i52 APPENDIX. rr I i.i »>- friend, and rovongh,; p„|i,if„, ^cor.^^ Th„7„*i? S" organ of tlio dominant section of Whi™ »„. 1„ 7 . . • ' '"' its indignation. It enlle,! „„ r„ *^' 7 "'' »"'' *"""' '■> companion,, and " a^ to? S A n ""'' ''™ "'"■•"" ■■« ;'.™:':^:::::r^^/aLTa^£^^^^^ dog and bone -urmounting tbet.^taldTl.'rr' '';'\'' °"""° have scrve^ Lin. i„ stead i,t InshouT'of .ag^'" ''^^""" """ "'^ Je suis le chicn qui ronge I'oa, Sans en perdre uu seul morceau: Le temps viendra, qui n'cst pas venu Je mordrai celui qui m'aura mordu. to denouneo him, and to eaU aHen«o„ iZl"! Tt T '■""«™^ ported him : and hi, wife', Vh!„ i, I • u ™''° ^ """' '"f state government srp. 27 r7o'-*""r "«=""'''■ ^"^ There wa, nothin: to eriminlte he ' rr « *"' "'■'' '«"• P»P«"- reflecting ha^hl/oi: .h "wj MinilX?™ "'"'" '■'"'°'' by a member of the Kovemment » ii ^'''°,"'"' """'^ bois, «ho to serve his f„n T^ ,~ ITt" ""°'' "^'^ "^" =n-raVir.reJ:: S f P-^^^^^^ proper here to correct an er.r flagrantly madelj Si,, who I' BENEDICT ARNOLD. 453 hnd every opportun.ty of knowing better, nnd repeated by Urd Mahon, respecting the lenity bestowed on Mrs. Arnold. She ro- cc.veU none at all. unles, it was in refraining to attaint her witi out any forthcoming evidence. At camp indeed she was believed ierTath ' "'; pfT'^'S'l^ '" ^"''^^ ^''' destination. She came to her father at Ph.Iadelphia, an,l was anxious to remain with him ; war and to send all received from him at once to government. Phe e.v.1 authont.es refused her appeal, and enforced their order of ex.Ie during the war. She was compelled to go to New York where her distressed and dejected air was very observable for ^ ime. When her sp.nts however were restored she shone, we are told, ,n society as " a star of the first magnitude," and expectation .ven m London was excited by the asseverations of Tarlelon and other returning officers " that she was the handsomest woman in Ji^ngland. On his own arrival, though well received at court where leaning on Carletons arm he was presented by Sir Walter Stirling, and m the cabmet where he was consulted by Germain and regarded as a very sensible man, Arnold had some pretty hard raps to .o- ce.ve from the Opposition. In the Commons Lord Surrey is 8a.d to have sent word to him that ho would move the house to be cleared unless he withdrew, and only consented to his remain- ing for that once because he was introduced by a member and promised never to come again. It is difficult to believe some of ' the anecdotes, pointed or pointless, that are told of his rebuffs. Hut It appears that he was once hissed at a playhouse: and that party raillery was not withheld from him. IJurke and Fox pro- tes ed against h,s employment ; and it was rumored that the king had promised not to confide to him the charge of British troops A noble satirist m 1777 had reproached him with the reports of his early misdeeds about horses : One Arnold too shall feel our ire; By horses torn, let him expire Amidst an Indian screech ! Nor by his death let vengeance cease, Tlie jockey's ghost can't rest in peace. If Burgoyne forge his speecli ! on "Mr Arnold " quoth the writer, "is understood to have been -nally a dealer in horses, and to have had his conduct severely :,v ! 45i APPENDIX. "Criticised, as bein«y #i,» '»"' »o» .gam made him hi, ^^^ '=' S«m- ■«• 3.)" The aame AN" ODE ADDRESSED TO nirv.-». iO OE>EnAI. ARNOLD. Grave Amherst f/ .' "'^ capers; «« «ne',. core for vajlr- An/ , * courtier's trade spect to certain strayed they were lost, he was 'ni.ix.3.)" The same \ i rOLD. hore ! na 'lore I'd, >und, Id, 1 face. ists: DS, BENEDICT ARNOLD. And spar'd when wo should kill: Was it by coursing to and fro That Sackville beat the daring foe Or bravely standing still ? Heroic Sackville, calm and meek — Tho' Ferdinand© smote his cheek, He never shook his spear; (That spear, in Gallic blood fresh dyed;) But like Themistocles, he cr)'ed, Frappez, mon prince ! — but hear. As yet we've met with trifling crosses, And prov'd our force e'en by our losses; (Conquest or death's the word:) Britons, strike home ! Be this your boast, After two gallant armies lost, Sir Henry —has a third. Worn out with toils and great designs, Germain to you the seals resigns. Your worth superior owns ; Would rev'rend Twitcher now retreat. We still might keep a greater fleet By bribing o'er Paul Jones. O'er Twitcher's breast, and Germain's too, Fix Edward's star and ribbon blue. To ravish all beholders; That when to heaven they get a call. Their stars (like Eli's cloak) may fall On Paul's and Arnold's shoulders. Carmarthen, ope your sacred gates, The gen'rous, valiant Germain waits, Who held the Atlantic steerage: (He'll shine a jewel in the crown) When Arnold knocks all traitors down. He too shall have a Peerage ! Should faithless Wedderburne decline To rank his name, Germain, with thine, This truth (unfee'd) I'll tell you; Rise a Scotch Peer— right wee! I ween, You'll soon be chose — one of sixteen — Dare Grafton then expel you ? 455 456 APPENDIX. A more interesting tirade, insomuch as it lets in more Ught on Arndds history was made by a Mr. Robert Morris, a Welshman, who had been Secretary to the Bill of Eights Society. Morris had been left in a confidential relation by Lord Baltimore fo his natural daughter. The girl had property, and he married her while she was yet very young. In two years she separated from f\ ' u r r^^^'^li ^'^ transactions about Arnold in a pamphlet of which I know of but one copy. It is entitled » Morris. Arnold and Battersby. Account of the Attack I made on the character of General Arnold, and the dispute which ensued between me and Laptam Battersby. It. Morris. London, 1782." 8vo pp 32 The fray began by Morris publishing, Feb. 9, 1782,'a letter in the General Advertiser, in which he says Arnold had been trans- ported rom England to America for horse-stealing and was thus exposed m both countries to be hanged. But he should not be averse to the rope, since he left Andre to be hung, to spare him- selt the risk of sending him back as he came. « He sent him off to run every hazard by himself, secure of his own flight in case Andre was stopt." The bribe was all he wanted : " £8000, which he was sure to touch, was a capital sum for such an original be- gar. He is indignant at Arnold's reception at Court. « Whe°n Sir H. .Clinton was trjing every negotiation and manoeuvre to save his Aid-de-Camp, when whole battalions were turning out to make an offer of their blood in one desperate attempt to°rescue him from the midst of the American Army, this inglorious fellow, who had brought him into and left him in all this scrape, made no offer of the surrender of his person back to the Americans, which he knew was a sacrifice that would at once be accepted, and would be a sure preservation to Major Andrd from his impending fate." He concludes with the wish that Arnold would resent his letter: but unfortunately, liberal as he is of assertion, he had made one 71 oo ui "°' 'r^ ^' *"'"• ^ ^^Pt^'» J^'^es Battersby, of the 29th Foot, who had sailed from Chatham, Feb. 28, 1776 for the relief of Quebec, and was captured with Bur^oyne and several yeu.v a prisoner, had returned to England in the sum- mer of 1781. He wrote to the Morning Herald that he verily believed Arnold did offer to surrender himself. Morris's reply evaded this point, and generally abused Clinton and Arnold- on which Battersby wrote a sharp letter, suggesting that he had already offered to fight Morris and now repeats the challenge- } in more light on rris, a Welshman, Society. Morris 1 Baltimore to his he married her e separated from )ld in a pamphlet '• Morris, Arnold on the character between me and 8vo. pp. 32. 1782, a letter in had been trans- ng and was thus ie should not be ng, to spare him- He sent him off (vn flight in case " £8000, which an original beg- Court. « When d manoeuvre to e turning out to tempt to rescue nglorious fellow, 3crape, made no mericans, which pted, and would mpending fate." !sent his letter; had made one mes Battersby, Feb. 28, 1776, Burgoyne and id in the sum- that he verily Morris's reply and Arnold: ig that he had the challenjre: BENEDICT ARNOLD. 457 that Arnold will not notice such alow fellow : - « were he disposed to resent audacious and unpn,voked insolence, there are a Tw braj^ng asses of rank whom he would first ehitise " : - but the tagomst. Morns agam writes in general invective a-ainst Arnold and Mows wjth an address to Battersby, in which hfslys he di^ never heard ,t from any one else : and that if it were true Ar- now should have gone off without Clinton's knowledge. Moms now strove to get a meeting from Arnold ^hile a friend 1 should have no objection to see killed by any other hand in stead of my own, while there was any ehance^f Ceral Arnold fair(ZT7': T'^l-*-— tohisaida^Ltr • Thot's lalnt' atS'^^^^^ ^'^"^ '"-'" ^^^^^ ^^• ^•efugee whatso^-er. ° Anti-Yankey, or any other rascally I'll fight him, I'll beat him, I'll roast him, I'll eat him!" Ai last a duel was arranged. Major St^inhope (Lord Harring- ton s brother) was the captain's second ; but being pl.ventedTrom Morns. A reconciliation however intervened and the dispute wa^ accommodated: and since Arnold's courage at least warunnue^ tionable, we must suppose there was some other reason for his^ no bad tale'^Tsf ^''^ *"^' '^^^"^'^ P"^'-^-" -« '" -y bad taste. He says Burgoyne remarked of the dispute between lumself and Battersby and its occasion : " that it was ust Hke two gentlemen quarreling for a common " ^ 1787. 8vo.pp. IK 80; -an anonymous work which I am more and more convinced was written or directed by Arnold's Twn hand. The translator of Chastellux had printed matters 17^ Notes peculiarly offensive to Arnold and of such a „Ttt^"h t the author would never have admitted many of themtto lis own pages severe though they be in their reflections on 1. tZ" .uu .heir recent acquisition. All that is said, however,'b;",;; Hi 458 APPENDIX. r^lll -^ »»!« Remarks in relation to the business of West Point is ite SeLus. "'"" '^"°''' '°"^"^' *'^" •" ^^P»-^^'- "f "From the Translator we gather, that general Arnold received TeTJ^Tf "'""t" *'^ '""'^^^ ^"^^-- the Author that he was to dehver up West Point. The death of major Andre is .n hfR f- 1"""' '".' *'" ^^"' ''''' ^« ^- of adjutant-genera m the Bntish army. From these inferences, admitting the^ truth, what deductions can we draw ? Oould Arnold alone give up WesJ .T. I M t ^" «^J"'^"t-gencral have visited him for what he alone cpuld have accomplished ? Would he have been hazarded for te er£':? r° '"f '" °'-^^^* ' '^ *^^^^ ^^^^^ - A-o' ca ,n general was satisfied with the offers of the British nation, that , was averse to the French, and the continuation of the war were true, t has been before observed, that Washington asserted that he would never agree to independency ; and though the Con g^ss decreed that all their votes should be styled unanimous, ilis yell known that more than once a single voice or two has decided upon their most miportant resolutions. To a certain length Gal- loway acceded to the American cause, and in England, people at rf rf /''f ' ^'"'*'^ '^°™ *^^'^ «"PP«^' °f America as she receded from her connections with this country ; this did the great and wise earl of Chatham, the first statesman o^ the Z ^ The argument is not whether this change of sentiment pro- ceeded from patriotic principles, or sinister passions; it is the fact Tnd mwlr ? '"' ""'"l "'" ^"^' ^^•^^ ^"'^ E«««^' Falkland and Whitiock, and many others, furnished the precedent ; and this conduct must anse from the nature of man, imperfect in himself, his judgments, and opinions; and actuated from events and effects ongmatmg from so imperfect a source. Was it not so, how could a war ever be terminated ? A brave, but a divided people, under the mfluence of conscience, and a firm belief of the justice of heir cause, would fight to their mutual destruction, ' and darkness be the buner of the dead.' History, when it points out to us the calamities of civil wars, uniformly delineates their termination, not 3 of West Point is in explanation of Arnold received the Author, that r major Andre is adjutant-general itting their truth, me give up West him for what he een hazarded for thing in Arnold's iduct ? He did. ever concealed ; ranspired will be ions, that Amer- J British nation, ition of the war, lington asserted, though the Con- unanimous, it is wo has decided tain length Gal- gland, people at (America as she lis did the great le age. sentiment pro- Js ; it is the fact Sssex, Falkland 2dent ; and this rfect in himself, ents and effects t so, how could I people, under the justice of * and darkness ts out to us the ^rmination, not ) BENEDICT ARNOLD. 459 CO much in the destruction of mankind, as in their change of re o^d f M T'"' "^'^^^ '''"" ^'« P"--"' -'J the°a4 revolted from Monk, what would have been Monk's fate ? And in what hght would posterity consider his memory? A repubhcan :^;uatfb"utr""^"'"^r^'^* P^^^^-* detract d- reputation but he is venerated by Englishmen in general as the or permittrng the restoration of the king without compact- the imct, would have ruined his measures; secrecy alone Jould give success to his arduous undertaking. He trusted, and he tm tel justly, that the spirit of the times would secure the liberty of tS ject, against which it was visible the crown must contend in vain d ml^o^ f 7^°r "^;-nt to distinguish the momentarv " heir ndividud miseries, from the sober and collective voice of their judgment. If the house of Stuart, on the removal of that grea man forgot their own interests, and ungratefully invaded the .bert.es of the people, it certainly was contrary to the calculation! of reason and they lost the crown in consequence; the spirit of he people as one-man, rose up against them, and let it be re- membered, the Revolution was effected without bloodshed. H^d ^r /k."! ri ""^ *''"""'^* ""''^ ^''"' g'^'«» « ««-«••« blow, and without bloodshed, to Washington's .rmy; had he broke the ci^U chains of the people, and restored the sword to their hands, had they accepted tae more than independency which was offered to Amenca by Great Britain; and had the empire by these mean! been restored to union, who would have enjoyed the blessings of this age, and been the favourite of postority, the active, ento^pris- .ng American Arnold, or the cool, designing, frenchified Washinc.- ton ? These terms are derived from the Marquis's Memoirs • hi opinions, and the rejoicings of the Americans upon the failure of Arnold s attempt, establish its magnitude." In other places, the /Jmarfo give some information of affairs that would be valuable according to our absolute certainty of the up of all nations, and only kept effic-'e.t by the severest discipline ...exel^ ad who did not profess devotion to America. The '".i ill II i I 460 APPENDIX. m,l.t.a spread around the camp at least served to intercept desert, ers and prevent marauds. Many of the generals are roughly handled; J a Fayette, Sullivan, Stirling, and Greene among the number. U ayne has some praise ; - if he should ever read my account of the Marquis de la Fayette, he ^ill enjoy it, and say .s true." Lee, Mifp:n, and Gates are spoken of mo^ kindh^ Keed ,s spoken of w.th severity; and >vhat are alleged to be par- ticular facts m connection with the imputed defection that Arnold Z w •" k'°"= "P ^°^'"'' ^'"^ ^••^ '^^'^^d- Of Washington he Tvnter observes:-"! have no resentment to that general- Ins vrtues and his .-ices are now out of the question ; and whet fer he cont.„ues a land^obber in Virginia, or the president of Con- g^^ss, ,s totally md.fferent. The exposition of truth is all my had «; ^^I^' '.?""'?." ''''''''''y ^'"^y^ ^'- Washington rornw.1 • ' ' '?"" °^ ""'°"- '-Th^ ^^Pt"''^ Of Lonl artZv Tr"'"" *'r.Tr* ^'J°'"* °^"^^^^'- -'I French ^a aPkrma /"^T '^ ^^^^'''"g^-" ^' Brandywine and de- feat at Germantown, have not added to his reputation; and the tormmg h.s repulse at Monmouth a defeat of the Britsh army proved that havmg assumed French politics, he was intoxicS wath their manners. The Congress called it 'a victory, the army knew the term to be a « dishonourable gasconade '" ^ Arnold's affairs could not have been bad in England, but they were not good to his wish. In the spring of 1785? he was so d2^ appo.nted at not getting a hearing before°the Boa d orL it Claims that he resolved to withdraw his suit and retire Tnto the Ja>. From this, some persons have conjectured that war is de- termined on, or at least thought not improbable. He we't to Ila .fax m a vesse of his own, with a cargo of his own, u " „ a trading voyage as is given out. This I can scarcely bel evr it would hardly be permitted a general officer to go upon IL a trade. He said himself he had a young family to provfde for and the" trat hrha? If' ''^ ^' " "'^'^ ^"^"""^- ' ^^ then, that he has obtained leave to go out and purchase himself a settlement m Kova Scotia or Canada, that he may be out of the ITonf 1 " the neglect and contempt in which he is hZ by not only the army, but the world in general." ^ The same military spirit, the same intolerance of inactive subor- i *i^' THE CAPTORS. 4I>1 ) intercept desert- ;rals are roughly rcene among the iltl ever read my enjoy it, and say of more kindly. Uleged to be par- ction that Arnold Of Washington to that general; on ; and whether •resident of Con- truth 18 all my Mr. Washington apture of Lord ion and French dywine and de- itation ; and the le British army, was intoxicated ctory, the army igland, but they 5, he was so dis- ard on Loyalist retire into the ito trade again, vrote Adams to that war is de- Hc went to is own, upon a ely believe. It upon such a ►rovide for, and I rather think base himself a be out of the he is held by naetivc subor- l dmation that marked his character in our service followed Arnold "ito that of the British. Great as were his crimes, he can neither be accused of a lack of personal intrepidity, nor of a crin..in.. subservience that prized slothful prosperity above the hazardi of the field. In 1780 an English writer, commenting on his gen- erals neglecting or refusing to disturb our military arrangements, uses these words:-" General Arnold, in beseeching Clinton to march out and attack Washington and Rochambeau, and on his refusal offering to do it himself with 6000 or even 5000 men, must have ruined himself completely with Sir Henry. It would be much better now for General Arnold to bo in London than at iMew York. It must not, however, be forgotten that his defection encoimtered from many quarters as severe censure in En<.land as It had received in America. To the samples of this opinion al- ready cited I will add but one other, which is curious as showin.. how Andre was by some still styled St. Andrd. - " t ARNOLD: OR, A QUESTION ANSWERED. Our troops by Arnold thoroughly were bang'd, And poor St. Andr^ was by Arnold hang'd ; To George a rebel, to the Congress traitor, ' Pray what can make the name of Arnold greater? By one bold treason, more to gain his ends, Let him betray his new adopted friends ! No. II. THE CAPTORS. There has been for some years a controversy about the char- acter and motives of the men who arrested Andre. On the one hand IS the contemporaneous eulogy bestowed on their conduct by Washington, and the sense in which it has generally been re- garded by the public. New York gave each of them a farm Congress ordered silver medals inscribed Fideliti/ and Vincit Amor Patrice to be made for Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart • r", J'^^joted^each a yearly pension of two hundred silver dol' On the other is the assertion of several weighty aFS lui- iu(3 ill! r iiiiiiii|t tt HI lit lill't \ \ 462 APPENDIX. evidences that they were marauders, whose object was simply spoil. * ' On the 13th January, 1817, Paulding's petition for an increased pension was debated in the House of Representatives. Tall- madge opposed the prayer earnestly, going with minuteness into the details of the event from which it arose. He said the captors only brought their prisoner in because they thought thev would get more for his surrender th?n for his release: that he fully believed in Andrd's assertions that their object was to rob him, and that they would have let him go if he could have satisfied their demands. They took off his boots in quest of plunder, not to detect treason ; and were, he said, men of that suspicious class who passing be- tween both armies were as often in one camp as the other; and whom he himself should probably have apprehended, as was al- ways bis custom, had he fallen on them. His wishes prevailed with the House, and the petition was rejected by a large majority: but out of doors his language was strongly criticised and his conduct condemned. Van Wart and Paulding came forth with affidavits declaring the imputations untrue : and a sort of autobiography of Williams confirms the statement that it was no idea of the captors to negotiate with their prisoner. Van Wart swears he had not, nor did he believe his comrades had, any intent of plundering Andre ; while Paulding alleges they took everything he had. The testi- mony on Smith's trial in 1780 shows that the proposal of releasing Andre for money first came from Williams and was put a stop to by Paulding: but we may suppose the former to have been insin- cere in his proffer, though it was promptly accepted by the captive. In support of Tallmadge's view. King, who had the earliest charge of Andre', suggests that the time and place where the ar- rest occurred made the character of the captors questionable. " The truth is, to the impudence of the men, and not to the pa- triotism of any one of them, is to be attributed the capture of Major Andre." Major Shaw too, AVashington's aide, who was present in all the proceedings attendant on the discovery of the treason, calls them " militia, or rather a species of freebooters who live by the plunder they pick up between the lines." A distin- guished English friend, whose father served at the time with Clin- ton, has favored me with what we may suppose was the opinion derived at New York from Andre's letters, — « I must fiankiy say that my father has repeatedly told me he was taken by some t)jcct was simply 1 for an increased entatives. Tall- I minuteness into said the captors it they would get he fully believed im, and that they d their demands. > detect treason ; who passing be- I the other ; and ided, as was al- (vishes prevailed I large majority : I and his conduct h with affidavits utobiography of a of the captors he had not, nor ndering Andre ; bad. The testi- 3sal of releasing )s put a stop to ave been insin- I by the captive, lad the earliest G where the ar- ra questionable. not to the pa- the capture of aide, who was liscovery of the 'reebooters who >es." A distin- time with Clin- as the opinion ust frankly say akcn by some THE CAPTORS. 4G3 marauders lying, av teas commonly the case, on the neutral ground for pillage. That they told him if he could make good his offers anywhei-e without going within the lines they would free him- but on recent occasions young officers had made promises and had handed the delinquents over to the Provost-Marshal on arriv- ing. This, and the magnitude of his offers, led them to decide on turning north in lieu of south : _ nothing else." Thus it is es- tablished that what the captors deny was maintained by Andrd himself and by well-informed officers of our army. Now the rep- utation of Tallmadge, King, and Shaw is just as good in our eyes as that of Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams : and it certainly was a great deal better in their own day. The only reason why their declarations do not weigh down the others is that they were not eye-witnesses of the scene. It is fair therefore to look further into the antecedents of the Captors. John Paulding their leader was a lusty youth, six feet high and just turned of manhood, and of active spirit. Twice had he al- ready been taken to New York a prisoner, and each time escaped. He returned from his second captivity but four days before he stopped Andrd. His grandfather Joseph Paulding was a tenant of the great landholder Philipse at the beginning of the war, and professing neutrality was not disturbed. His sons however are represented as whigs; though I take it that Joseph, the captor's father, was one of those who, April 1 1, 1 775, protested their abhor- rence of Congress and their devotion to "King and Constitution." The old man died: the farm was pillaged: the young men had nothing to do ; and on Paulding's second escape in tie dress of a German Yager that he got in New York, he joined this party to way ay the road and intercept the returning Cowboys. The act of legislature of 24th June, 1780, made it lawful for any man to seize for his own use cattle going to the enemy : under this it is said they were sanctioned in their purpose. Whatever this plea may be worth, and even admitting a certain undisciplined wild- ncss of youth, It seems from his own statements that Pauldin- was m his propensities decidedly a whi"'. " Isaac Van Wart in his old days most solemnly protested that he never held unlawful intercourse with the enemy or visited their camp. In opposition to this is the assertion of one of the tory Pines of Pine's Bridge that he knew Van Wart was a British m,l,t,a-man, for he " had been told so by Van Wart himself" i I : III iiii 111 ' I 1 ( 4G4 APPENDIX. ir^ Ihere is also an ominous complaint preserved in Ohio amon<» the family papers of General Putnam. "Mrs. Hannah Sniffen says that Gabriel, Joseph, and Abraham Riquard, David Hunt, Isaac van Wart, and Pardon Burlingham, did, on the night of the 27th ult, take from Mr. James Sniffen, an inhabitant of White Plains. MTithout C.V.1 or military authority, three milch cows, Tvhich they have converted to their own private use. Crom Pond, July 9tl, 1780. Hannah Sniffen, in behalf of her father." David Williams tells us himself all we know of him : he served for 8.x months wuh Montgomery at St. John's, and was till 1 779 in the mduia of Westchester county. He narrates the marauds he shared in while in this service. In the summer of 1 780 bein.r out of employ, he and his friends « worked for their board on Johnny- cake • and occasionally took their guns and went on the road, van Wart was his cousin: and twice in the summer they made seizures of people and cattle. The American civil authorities in- tertered iiji both instances and compelled restitution. Then came the adventure with Andrd. A monument on the spot oommemo- rates this last event : nor are honorable memorials wanting to the several graves of the three captore. Mr. Headley thinks Paulding alone was free from the char-e of seeking to bargain with their prisoner. The public at large be- lieve them pure alike, and honorable. I cannot for my own part but confess that there was at least colorable ground for the conclusion of Tallmadge; but the encouragement of Washington and Congress and their own solemn affidavits are two serious^ob- stacles to an implicit faith in its truth. No. III. VERSES CONNECTED WITH ANDRE'S EXECUTION. WHETnER or not Andre composed a sort of farewell son« be- fore he died, it is certain he has had the reputation of doing so. The doughty Sergeant Lamb of the Fusileers, in his Journal of the American War (p. 838), gives a hymn of nine verses as hav- Vi^KSKS CONNECTED WITH ANDKfiS EXECUTION. 463 ing been written by Andro' in his confinemenf Th stanza will I fancy be sufficient: '°""""'"""^- ^ho opening ITail, sovereign love, which first began J he scheme to rescue fallen man ! Hail matchless, free, eternal grace AVhich gave my soul a hiding place ' S:.SX« it!;:.- "^ ■~rr' •"'-■-■'•. " una dindo sauvage." After the toHs nf fh! ? ^ ^'"'"« fiavH lio . « r> °'" °* *"® chase were ended says he :_« Pour reposer la conversation, M. Bulow disal ,1. temps k autre ii sa fiUe alnde: ^Mariahl give us a son,' Ft «rdA„d^rr" "rf Mi.eella„y: N„r.h4to„, 7m 1 Amencan Antiquarian Society. It is entitled J^^^MaTorrndJ^' as Andrd's own than as a matter of curiosity. ^ ^'' Ah Delia! see the fatal hour! farewell, my soul's delight ?o It ''Y'''''''^ ^"'"'"^ "^«' ^'^"^ bknish'd from thy si^ht? To my fond heart no rival joy supplies the loss of the" ^ ° But who can tell if thou, my dear, will e'er remember me? Yet while my restless, wand'ring tho'ts pursue their lost rcnosp Lnweaned may they trace the path where'er my DeUa g^es ' Forever Damon shall be there attendant still on thee. ' But who can tell ^-c. ttVlu'"''^ ""frequented wilds,'with pensive steps I rove I ask the rocks, I ask the trees, where dwells my distan bve? The sWent eve, the rosy mom, my constant searches see. Hut who can tell (fc. Oft I'll review the smiling scenes, each fav'rite brook and tree Where ga.ly^pass'd those happy hours, those hou« I pass'd wi'th thea li^ i 466 AITENDIX. 'I- •:! What painful, fon«l memorlnls rise from every place I nee ! All ! who can tfil (JV. How many rivul votaries soon their Bott nddrosn shall move; Surround thee in thy now abode, an t amonp the trees, of, Hon in, ot, 458. ilinff of, against, 339. lattersby, dlepute of, I addressed to, 45i. ndro and Smith given cling in, against, 451, ie treason of, 450. •St, to, 447-449. rly, letter to, by, 2S4. by, 460. of, to remain in Plill- Jted, 453. B ie at tlie battle of, 161. nd Lord Mahon, ex- mcrican and English e of Andrd, 434. iers to try Andr6. 848. iluable prize, 813-316. 8 at, 63-65. en's oration on the, 1, easily obtained in, s a riding-school in, imuel, statement of re bv, 817, 818. f, 107, 108. surrender ot, 105. nouncing Lafayette, ption of Edgeworth onsnl, removes An- to England, 408-410. anecdote of, 100. , wife of, shot, 247. of the people of, 73. -lew of the character irudcnt admlnlstra- Mlas by, 72. nt of, 147. ISO by Adams and endered by Major iserepancies in ad- mnted for, 451. fall of, 225-227. on statements in supposed to 1)6 l)y 1 attack on, 114. les, sketch of the INDEX. 475 Clinton, Sir Henry, Andr6 charged to re- tain his nnilbrm and not receive papers, by, 275. Burgoyne felled to bo relievca by, 102-106. Germain, Lord George, despatch to, by, 407. Howe's plans, remarks on, bv, 98, Howe, Sir William, succeeded by, 164. Order, announcing death of Andr6, ot, 404. Kobertson's letter to, 878. Washington, letters to, by, 872-885. Congress fails to excite discontent in Can- ada—resentment therein, 78. Congress, inclination of; as to Andr6, 867. Coudray plans the works at Ked Bank, 180. Court-martial on Andr6, character of the officers composing the, 42.3-488. Cow-boys and Skinners, attempt to re- press the disorders of the, 809. Division of the neutral ground and spoliation of both sides by, 807. Napoleon and Wellington effectually repress such characters as, 809. Crusoe, Robinson, liangs birds in chains with good effect, 863. Day, Thomas, eccentric treatment of young ladies, and courtship of Honora Sneyd, by, 82, 88. Dobb's Ferry, Andre meets Arnold at, 263. Donop, Count, fhilure to take Ked Bank, and death of, 129. Drewy, Instance of Andr6's humanity, by, 233. E by Easton, Colonel, is heartily kicked Arnold, 75. Edgeworth, Eichard Lovell, marries Ho- nora, and afterward, Elizabeth Sneyd, 86, 87. England, false-views in, and effect in the colonics, 60. F Fat and well-dressed officers, anecdote of; 144. Franks, Miss, the celebrated and fascinat- ing, 166. G Gage, General, the appointment and char- acter of, 60, 61. Galloway, Joseph, view of Howe's cam- paign, by, 185. Germantown, battle of, 112-116. Ghost-stories, Andre's fate foreshown by, 42, 18S, 408. GIrardot, ihmily-name of Andrfi's mother, Glover, General, character ot 481. Granada, plunder of the Island oi; 221. Grant, Captain Coiquhoun, the ihmous English spy, 489. Greene, General, character of, 426. General Order to the army on Ar- nold's treason, by, 842. Eol)ertson, letter to, by, 880. Grey, General Sir Charles, Baron Grey do Howick, character of; 99, 100. Gustavus, Arnold writes under the name of; 269. n Hale, Nathan, case of, executed as a spy, 841. . '•" Hamilton, Alexander, aversion of, to a counting-house, 16. Khidly feeling for Andrfi, of, 857, 358. Urges shooting Instead of hanging Andr6,870. Hand, General Edward, character ot, 482. Harry and Lucy, Edgeworth's story of; 86. Headless soldier, account of the, 253. Heath, General, view of Andre's captors by, 820. Hessians, English and American feeling against, 128. Howe, General Robert, char cter of; 428, Howe, Sh: William, character of, 187-142. Incompetency at Long Island, of; 96. Howes, ancestry of the, 186. Huntington, General Jededlah, character ot 433. • Independence, diversity of feeling in the colonies as to, 62. Early feeling not for, 46. Secret plans to secure, 47, 48. Insubordination, and Schuyler vdW no longer coax, wheedle, or oven lie, 79. Iron mask, man of the, 443. Jackson, Major William, good treatment of, by Andr6, 358. Jameson, Lieutenant - Colonel, prudent course of; on receiving Andre, 821, 822. Jersey, New, strategy of Howe and Wash- ington in, 101. K Kegs, battle of the, 158. King, General, statement of Andre's cap- ture by, 816, 817, 823. E[nights of the Mountain and the Rose, difference between the, 181. Knox, General Ueui-y, character of; 431. I 476 INDEX. i I Lafayette, chnracter ond English onluion of. 420, 427. Lamb, Colonel, urpes Arnold to refUso Robinson an interview, 270. Leo, General Charles, at Monmouth, 188. Lichfield, sketch of the society at, 11. Livingston attacks and drives oflf the Vulture, 292. Livingston, Miss Susannah, a writer, 243. McLono, Colonel, patriotism and enter- prise of; 116. Magna Charta and the Iron Barons, 200. Mahon, Lord, view of Andre's case bv. 484. •" Marbols, Barbfi, entertainment of Lafa- vetto by, 263, 264. Clinton urged Arnold to a speedy surrender of West Point, asserted by, 265. Market people receive two hundred lashes, 159. Massachusetts, bishops viewed with ter- ror In^ 59. Clergy, enormous Influence of. In, 68. Congress of. Provincial, meets at Sa- lem, In, 61. Earth and hell said to be combined against, 59. Indians of Stockbridge induced to flght by, 68, 69. Indians of other tribes decline the overtures of; 68, 69. Political and social condition oi; 57. •Popularity, the mode of securing, In, Tar and feathers temper freedom of thought in, 63. Tories lead a devil of a life in, 62. Treatment of officials in, 61. Meadows, General, reproaches Sir W 1111am Howe, 160. Mlschianza, fete of the, 165, 181. Mob ephlt, prevalence o£ in New En-'- land, 55, 56. ° Moody, the spy, at "West Point, 272. Montgomery, General, to Schuyler on the propensity of the soldiers to steal, 88, Moses's Law, i. e., thirty-nine, frequently administered in New England, 77 Munchausen, Captain Frederick, aid to General Howe, 146. i Mutiny of American troops, and general dissatisfaction of the people, 262, 254* N Negro, character and habits of the, 300,301. New England troops, Puritanical names among, 481, 4i32. New York, Andrd's execution, offoct oC In, 4011. ^ Appearance in 1778, of, 200, 207. Boston, travel between, and, 56. Belies, the reigning, of; 210-212. Bowerie of Jacobus Kip in, 267. Dining by candle-light In, 210. Dtanor to Andrd at the Bowerie, in, Elopementa with British officers in. Evacuation by the Americans, 1776, of, 184. Ev*Bimtlon by the British, 1783, of; Fortifications, the powerf\iI, of; 207. I^st hours of Andre in, 267. Lobsters at Hell-Gate destroyed bv cannonading, 208. Jil^.Y'XF'""'^ <^"* ^ vogue in, 210. Philadelphia, travel between, and, 54. Kefugees, American, in, 209. Sons of Liberty in, 55. Theatiical and other amusements In, Watches, custom of wearing two, in, XT ?^*"t«'" of unusual severity in, 280. Neutral ground reached by Andr6, 806. Newport, investment oi; 194-197. O Ogden, Captain Aaron, mission of, fh>m Washington to save An6re, 366. Paoll, night attack at, 110. Parliament, discordant views in the Brit- ish, 48. Personal feeling leads to intemperate statements In, 49, 60. Washington, by arms, refutes slan- ders uttered In, 49. P»''8on^ General Samuel H., character o^ Patriot, a true picture of the ardent 123 PatterMn, General John, litUe known of, Paulding, John, account of; 463. Penhigton, Edward, anecdote retained In fhmily of, 181. Philadelphia, amusements and pursuits of British officers In, 145-158 Andre's arrival at, 44. British army occupies. 111. Congress meets at Carpenter's Hal] in, 46. Custom-house at, broken open, 53. Delegates to Congre8^ entertainment at the State-house to, by the local gentry of; 53. ' -^ ^ '">«» ^mKri^ the British army in ''^^^lii^^'Aiitbn^jiik,.^ execution, effect oi; m, of, 200, 20T. itween, anil, fiS. ing, ot; 210-212, >us Kip iu, 207. !-ll?htln, 210. at the Boworlo, in, I British officers In, lie Americans, ITTd, ho British, 1783, oi; I powerftil, of; 207. Ire in, 267. ■Gate destroyed by )Ht In voffue in, 210. el between, and, 64. an, in, 209. ^65. ior amusements In, of wearing two, In, I severity In, 280. d by Andr6, 800. >t, 184-197. , mission of, fW)m ave iVndrfi, 866. 10. views in the Brit- ids to Intemperate , 60. ■ms, refutes slan- 9. sl H., character oi; f the ardent, 12.3. 3, little known of, ; of; 463. necdote retained Its and pursuits In, 146-15S. 4. es, 111. Carpenter's Hall oken open, 53. 8^ entertainment 8 to, by the local British army in INDEX. 477 rhiladolphlft, false news of flghtlne, and its effect in, 62. Feoiinp not hostile to England in, 46. Fortifications and disposition of Brit- ish troops In, 116-118. Mifchianza, account by Andrfi of the. In, 167-177. Plundering by soldiers In, 124-126. Prisoners, suffering of, in, 189. Kevlcw of the British army in, 146. Social life, ease and elegance of; In, 119-122. Theatricals, amateur. In, 1.52. W.isbington's army passes through, 107. Poetry, the, on Major Andr6, 464-409. Portsmouth, fort at, captured, 71. Praise-God Barebones style of names among Massachusetts troops, 431. Prison-ships, horrors of the, 189. Prisoners, treatment of, In America, M. Profanity at head-quarters complained of by a Connecticut captain, 78. Punishment of soldiers, bloody ond cruel 252, 258. n Kcd Bank, Donop moves against, 127. Kobcrtson, the arch-flend and coin- sweater, 877. Clinton, Sir Henry, letter to, by, 878. Washington, letters to, by, 861-881. Eoblnson, Beverly, account of, 203. Andr6 goes to Dobb's Ferry with, 268. Arnold's letter to, 272. Breakfast of Washington at house o£ 328. Washington, letter to, by, 831. Kochambeau, strength of, at Newport, 231. Komilly, Sir Samuel, opinion of, as to the caseof Andr6,413. S Safe-conduct, as to validity of Arnold's, 486. St. Andrfi, Nicholas, remarkable career of; 2-5. St. Clair, General Arthur, sketch of the unfortunate, 426. St. John's surrendered by Major Preston, Sanford and Merton, story of, by the ec- centric Thomas Day, 37. Seward, Miss Anna, and society at Lich- field, 10, 11. Letter to Miss Ponsonby about Wash- ington and Andre's execution, by, 891. ^ Shlppen, Edward, and his family, 151. Slmcoe, orders of, on death of Andr6, 404. Smith, Joshua Hett, character of, and the extent of his complicity with Ar- nold, 2S0, 2S4, 299. Smith, J. Hett, Andrfi abandoned by, 806. Smuggling not viewed with aversion In the colonics, 64. Sneyd, Honora, meets AndrS, ond death oi; 12-87. SneydlKirough, North Carolina, named by Edgeworth, 88. Sons of Liberty in New York, and Oou- vemeur Morris thereon, 66. Spies, Instances of celebrated, 4.3S-442. Treatment by Americans of, 8.55. Stark, General John, clvaractor of, 4ii9. Steuben, Baron, character of; 428, 429. Stlrilng, General Lord, character of, 42.5. Stony Point, capture of; by Wayne, 219. Suspicions, mean and xmjust, entertained by Congressmen and others, 883. Sutherland, Captain, of the Vulture, writes to Clinton, 887. Tallmadge, Colonel, character o^ 822. Heath, General, letter to, with account of Andre's last days, by, 469-471. Views of AndrS's captors, of Andre, and of Arnold, bj', 818-823. Tarleton, Banaatre, the cool and reckless. 148, 149. Tlconderoga taken "with uncommon ran- cor," by Ethan Allen, 75. Toft, Mary, the Impostor, as a rabbit- breeder, 8. Travel between Boston and Philadelphia, r4, 55. Treason, price paid Arnold for his, 292. Truce, flag ot, fired upon, 279. Trumbull, Colonel, imprisonment in Eng- land, of; 406. Valley Forge, the American army at, 143, 144. Van Wart, Isaac, account o? 468. V J'i;m-e, Andr6 leaves the, with defective measures for his return, 28^290. Personages carried on the, 269. Keturn to New York, of the, 832. W War, Revolutionary, England's admirable condition for the, 50. American condition for the, 51. W^ashlngton, Andr6, desiring to be shot, writes to, 891. Andre never seen by, 337. Arnold, on the Impropriety of his In- terview with Eoblnson, spoken to by, 270. Arnold, threatening retaliation, writes to, 888. Arnold, Mrs., informed that her hus- L.and was on the Vulture, by, 834. 478 INDEX. Wnshlnpton, Clinton, Sir Henry, letter to, by, 8M. Return to West Point, ot 827. Robertson, reply to, bv, 86'i. Sn'lJto neglected, and 'Indignation of, 882. Smith, J. Hett, reeeptlon of; by, SST. Stealing repressed by flogging, by order ot, 88. Treatment of AndrS and Smith by direction of, 840. Wrath, tremendous, ot, 845. Wayne's ottack on the wood-cutters, 28«. West Point, Andr6 brought prisoner to, 887. Arnold appointed to command of; 251. Clinton's hopes of the capture of; Considered an American Gibraltar, because of the strength of, 265. Defences made insecure by Arnold nt, 2»8, 294. Garrison armed and defences renaircd at, 888. * Salute to Washington neglected at,882. 1 West Point, Washington returns In llmo to save, 827. Westchester County, condition of affairs In,8()fr^l0. Westminster Abbey, cenotai)h to AndrS in, 40S-411. Wharton, curious anecdote of Duke, 105. Whltemarsh, General Howe fiars to at- tack Washington at, 182. Williams, David, account of, 46-i. Yale College, sketch of himself by Andrfi, preserved In, 870. Yankee D(xxlle's expedition to Rhode Island, 195-197. Zcdwltz, Colonel, treason of, to deliver West Point, 251. THE END. ?ton rotiirus In llmo , condition of affairs , cenota[)h to Andro fcdot« of Duke, ICB. I Howe ft'ars to at- on at, 182. >unt of, 4M. »f himself by Andrd, 70. ' pudition to Rhode lason of, to dollvoi I. LIST OF WOEKS PUBLISIfED BY D. APPLETON & CO- 649 & 551 Broadway, Hew York. 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