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A SPKBCH.

DELIVERED BY HIS E:^OELl.ENdY

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The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE
COLLECTION of CANADI ANA

\ueerCs University at Kings.

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The Canadian Northwest

A SPEECH

DELIVERED BY HIS EXCELLENCY

THE MARQUIS OF LORNE,

GOVERNOR GENERAL of CANADA,

▲T

WINNIPEG.

Published^by the Department of Agpiculture, of
the Government of Canada.

OTTAWA:
1881.

INTEODUCTION.

I
I

Tb« object of thii publication ii to reproduce '• report o( a tpeeoh
of His Excellency the Marquis of Lobni, Qovemor Oeneral of Canada,
delivered on the occasion of a Dinner given to him by the Winnipeg
Club on October 10th, descriptive of his impressions of the Canadian
Korth-West.

The route taken by His Excellency, aooonjpanied by a party of gentle-
men, is sketched on a skeleton map attached to this pamphlet. The
time taken in travelling occupied from July 4th to October 15th last.
The total numbers of miles travelled were :—

By rail 6661

•« road 1366

•• water 1127

Total 8054 miles.

The travel by road, or, more correctly, by prairie trail, comprised the
greater part of the distance between Winnipeg and the Rooky Moun-
tains, the western objective point of the journey. The conveyances were
waggons with such relays of horses as could be obtained on the prairies ;
the party spending their nights under canvas.

The following is a rough tabulated Itinerary of His Exoellenoy's journey
between the dates above mentioned : —

FROM

MILES.

Rail.

Road.

Water.

Halifax

Toronto

1191
96

Toronto

Collinewood

Oollinewood

Thunder Bay

727

Thunaer Bay

Winnioee

325
115

9
447

160

Winnipeg

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Carleton . . . . •

Carleton

Prince Albert

Battleford

180

Battleford

Calgarry

324
102
22D

84
180

Calgarry

Fort McLeod

Fort Shaw

Helena

Dillon

Oeden

347

1032

370

454

1631

Oeden

Omaha

St. Paul

Winninee

Winnines

Ottawa

Total

6561

1366

1127

/£0f£4E

The.«p«eohM d«UTered at this dinner by Hr. Bmtdau, the Freiident
of the dub, rad H<hi. D. A. Smith, of the Cknadian PAoifio Bailway Co.,
•re elio pnbiiehed u oonteining facte of interest

The epeeoh of the GNrremor Oeneral ia reproduced in the more per-
manent form of a pamphlet ttcm the newspaper reports, for the rea8<»
that many desire to preserve it, and for the confidence that will erery-
where be attached to |his Excellency's expressed appreciati<ni of the
capabilities and resources of the very large extent of territory oyer
which he travelled.

DepMTtment of Agriculture,
Ottawa, Not., 1881.

THE GOVEKNOR GENERAUS SPEECH.

Kis EzOBLLivoT» who waa yery warmly reoeiyed« said :—

If 7. CBAiRMAir AND QamrMMiK,—! beg to thank yoa nuMt cordially for
the pleasant reception yoa hare given to me on my return to Winnipeg,
and for the words in which yon have proposed my health and ejqiressed
a hope for the complete recovery of the Princess from the efbots of thai
most unfortunate aoeident iriiich took place at Ottawa. I know tiiat the
Canadian people will always remember that it was in sharing the duties
incurred in their service that the Princess received injuries whidi havoi
I trust, only temporarily, so much impaired her health. (Applause.) Two
years hence, the journey I have undertaken will be an easy one to
accomplish throu^out its length for all, while at present the fiMilities
of railway and steun accommodation only suffice for half of it. For a
Canadian official, knowledge of the North-West is indispensable. To be
ignorant of the North-West is to be ignorant of the greater portion of
our country. (Applause.) Hitherto I have observed that those who
have sctin it justly look down upon those who have not, with » kind of
pitying contempt, which you may sometimes have observed that they
who have got up-earlier in the morning than others and seen some
beautifiil sunrise, assume towards the firiends who have slept until the sun
is high in the heavens. (Laughter.) Our track, though it led us far, only
enabled us to see a very smi^ portion of your heritage, now being made
accessible. Had time permitted we should have explored the immense
country which lies alo ig the whole course of the wonderful Saskatohei-
wan which, with its two gigantic branches, opens to steam navigation
settlements of rapidly /jrowing impmrtance. Aa it was, we but touched
the waters of the north, and south branches, and striking south- westwards
availed ourselves of the AmerijAU railway lines in Montana for our return.
It was most interesting to compare the southern mountains and pnuries
with our own, and not even the terrible events which have recently cast
so deep a gloom upon our neighbors, as well as on ourselves, could pre-
vent our kinsmen from showing that hospitelity and courtesy which
make a visit to their country so great a pleasure. (Loud applause.) I
am the more glad to bear witness to this courtesy in the presence of the
distinguished Consul of the United States, who is yotir guest this evening,
and who, in this city, so honourably represents his country (applause) in
nothing more than in this, that he has never misrepresented our own.
(Loud applause.) Like almost all his compatriots who occupy by the
suffhtge of their people official positions, he has recognized that fact
which is happily acknowledged by all of standing amongst ourselves,
that the interests of the British Empire and those of the United States

may be advanoed side by side without jealousy or Motion, and that the
good of the one is interwoven with the welfare of the other. (Cheers.)
Canada has recently shown that sympathy with her neighbor's grief which
becomes her, and which has been so marked throughout all portions of
our Empire. She has sorrowed with the sorrow of the great common-
wealths, whose chief has been struck down, in the fullness of his strength,
in the height o£ his usefulness, in the day of the universal recognition of
his noble character, by the dastard hand of the assassin. We have felt in
this as though we ourselves had suffered, for General Garfield's position
and personal worth made his own and his fellow citizens' misfortune a
catastrophe for all English-speaking races. The bulletins telling of his
calm and courageous struggle against cruel and unmerited affliction have
been read and discussed by us with as strong an admiration for the man,
and with as tender a sentiment for the anxiety and misery of his fiEunily,
as they have been awaited and perused in the South. It is fitting and
good that this should be. We have with the Americans not only a
common descent, but a similar position on this continent and a like
probable destiny. The community of feeling reaches beyond the fellow-
ship arising from the personal interest attaching to the dignity of a high
office sustained with honour, and to the reverence for the tender ties of
hearth and home, sacred though these be ; for Canadians and Americans
have each a common aim and a common ideal Though belonging to
very different political schools, and preferring to advance by very differ-
ent paths, we both desire to live only in a land of perfect liberty. (Loud
cheers.) When the order which ensures freedom is desecrated by the
cowardly rancour of the murderer, or by the tyranny of faction, the blow
touches more than one life, and strikes over a wider circle than that
where its nearer and immediate consequences are apparent. The people
of the United States have been directed into one political organization,
and we are cherishing and developing another ; but they will find no men
with whom a closer and more living sympathy with their triumphs or
with their trouble abides, than their Canadian cousins of the Dominion.
(Cheers.) Let this be so in the days of unborn generations, and may we
never have again to express our horror at such a deed of infamy as that
which has lately called forth, in so striking a manner, the proofs of inter-
national respect and affection. (Hear, hear.) To pass to other themes
avf diking no unhappy recollections, you will expect me to mention a few
of the impressions made upon us by what we have seen during the last
few weeks. Beautiful as are the numberless lakes and illimitable forests
of Keewatin — the land of the north wind to the east of you — yet it was
pleasant to " get behind the north wind " (laughter) and to reach your
open plains. The contrast is great between the utterly silent and
shadowy solitudes of the pine and fir forests, and the sunlit and breeay

'Ooean of meadowUmd, voioefal with the muslo of birds, which stretohet
•onward from the neighbourhood of your city. In Keewatin the lumber
tinduBtry and mining enterprise can alone be looked for, and here it is
impossible to Imagine any kind of work which shall not produce results
equail to those attained in any of the great cities in the world. (Great
cheering.) Unknown a few years ago except for some differences which
had arisen amongst its people, we see Winnipeg now with a population
unanimously joining in happy concord, and rapidly lifting it to Uie front
rank amongst the ogmmercial centres of the continent. We may look
iin vain elsewhere for a situation so favourable and so commanding — many
as are the fair regions of which we can boast. (Loud cheers.) There
may be some among you before whose eyes the whole wonderful panorama
•of our provinces has passed — the ocean-garden island of Prinise Edward,
the magnificent valleys of the St. John^and Sussex, the marvellous
•country, the home of " Evangeline," where Blomidon looks down on the
tides of Fundy, and over tracts of red soil richer than the weald of Kent.
Tou may have seen the fortified Paradise of Quebec, and Montreal,
■whose prosperity and beauty are worthy of her great St. Lawrence, and
you may have admired the well-wrought and splendid Province of
'Ontario, and rejoiced at the growth of her capital, Toronto, and yet
^nowhere can you find a situation whose natural advantages promise so
great a future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to Winni-
peg, the Heart city of our Dominion. (Tremendous cheering.) The
imeasureless meadows which commence here stretch without interrup-
tion of their good soil westward to your boundary. The Province is a
;^een sea over which the summer winds pass in waves of rich grasses
4md flowers, and on this vast extent it is only as yet here and there that
a yellow patch shows some gigantic wheat field. (Loud cheering.) Like
a great net cast over the whole are the bands and clumps of poplar
"Wood which are everywhere to be met with, and which, no doubt, when
•the prairie fires are more carefully guarded against, will, wherever they
are wanted, still further adorn the landscape. (Cheers.) The meshes
of this wood-netting are never further than twenty or thirty miles apart.
Little hay swamps and sparkling lakelets, teeming with wild fowl, are
always close at hand, and if the surface water in some of these has alkali,
•excellent water can alwt^s be had in others, and by the simple process
of digging for it a short distance beneath the sod with a spade, the soil
being so devoid of stones that it is not even necessary to use a pick.
ISfo wonder that under these circumstances we hear no croaking.
Croakers are very rare animals throughout Canada. It was remarked
with surprise by an Englishman accustomed to British grumbling,
that even the frogs sing instead of croaking in Canada
great cheering), and the few letters that have appeared speaking

of diMppointment will be amongii the rarest autographs which th#
next generation will cherish in their museums. But with eren the best
troops of the best army in the world you will find a few malingerers— »
few skulkers. Howeyer wellj^an action has been fought, you will hear
ofBoers who have been engaged say that there were some men whose
idea seemed to be that it was easier to conduct themselves as became
them at the rear, rather than in the front. (Laughter and applause.)
So there have been a few lonely and lazy voices raised in the stranger
press dwelling upon your difficulties and ignoring your triumphs.
These have appeared^rom the pens of men who have failed in their
own countries Mid have failed here, who are bom failures, and will ftil,.
till life fails them. (laughter and applause.) They are like the
soldiers who run away from the best armies seeking to spread discomfi-
ture, which exists only in those things they call their minds— slaughter)
—and who returning to the cities say their comrades are defeated, or if
they are not beaten, they should in their opinion be so. We havo
found, as we expected,' that their tales are not worthy the credence
even of the timid. (Applause.) There was not one person who had
manfully faced thef first difficulties— always far less than those to ber
encountered in the older provinces — but said that he was getting on
well and he was glad he had come, and he generally added that ho
believed his bit of the cotmtry must be the best, and that he only
wished his friends could have the same good fortune, for his expecta-
tions were more than realized. (Cheers and laughter.) It is well to>
remember that the men who will succeed here as in every young
commtmity are usually the able-bodied, and that their entry on their
new field of labour should be when the year is young. Men advanced in
life and coming from the Old (Country will find their comfort best
consulted by the ready provided accommodation to be obtained by tho
purchase of a farm in the old provinces. All that the settler in
Ifanitoba would seem to require is, that he should look out for a locality-
where there is good natural drainage, and ninety-nine hundreds
of the country has this, a^d that he should be able readily to procure
in Winnipeg, or^ elsewhere, some light pumps like those used in
Abyssinia for the easy supply of water from a depth of a few feet below
the surface. Alkali in the water will never hurt his cattle, and dykea
of turf and the planting of trees would everywhere insure him and
them the shelter that may be required. $5(X) should be his own to
spend on his arrival, unless as an artisan he comes here, And finds that,,
like the happy masons now to be found in Winnipeg, he can get the
wages of a British Army Colonel, by putting up houses as fast as brick,
wood and mortar can be got together. Favourable testimony as to th»
climate was everywhere given. The heavy night dews throughout the-

North- West keep the country green when everythfaig is burned to the
south, and the steady winter cold, although it sounds formidable when
registered by the thermometer, is universally said to be far less trying
than the cold to be encountered at the old English Puritan city of
Boston, in Massachusetts. It is the moisture in the atmosphere which
makes cold tell, and the Englishman who, with the thermometer at
zero, would, in his moist atmosphere, be shivering, would here find one
flannel shirt sufficient clothing whUe working. I never like to make
comparisons, and am always unwillingly driven to do so, although it
seems to be the natural vice of the weU-* travelled Englishman. Over
and over again in Canada have I been asked if such and such a bay was
not wonderfully like the Bay of Naples, for the inhabitants had often
been told so. I always professed to be unable to see the resemblance,
of course entirely out of deference to the susceptibilities of the Italian
nation. So one of our party, a Scotsman, whenever in the Rocky
Mountains he saw some grand pyramid or gigantic rook, ten or eleven
thousand feet in height, would exclaim that tho one was the very image
of Arthur's Seat and the other of Edinburgh Castle. With the fear of
Ontario before my eyes I would therefore never venture to compare a
winter here to those of our greatest Province, but I am bound to
mention that when a friend of mine put the question to a party ot
sixteen Ontario men who had settled in the western portion of
Manitoba, as to the comparative merits of the cold season in the
two provinces— fourteen of them voted for the Manitoba climate,
and only two elderly men said that they preferred that of Toronto.
You will, therefore, see how what is sometimes called that very
unequal criterion of right and justice, a large minority, determines
this question. Now although we are at present in Manitoba and
Manitoba interests may dominate our thoughts, yet you may not object
to listen for a few moments to our experience of the country which lies
further to the west. To the present company the assertion may be a
bold one, but they will be sufficiently tolerant to allow me to make it, if
it goes no further, and I, therefore, say that we may seek for the main
chance elsewhere than in Main street. The future fortunes of the country
beyond this Province bear directly upon your prosperity. Although you
may not be able to dig for four feet through the same character of black
loam that you have h«re when you get to tiie country beyond Fort Ellioe,
yet in its main features it is the same, right up to the forks of the Sas-
katchewan. I deeply regret that. I was not able to visit Edmonton
which bids fair to rival any place in the North- West. Settlement is
rapidly increasing there, and I met at Battleford one man who alone had
commissions from ten Ontario farmers to buy for them at that place.
Nothing can exceed the fertility and excellence of the land iJong ftlmost

the whole course of that grent river, and to the north of It in the wide
■trip belting it« benka end extending up to the Peaoe River, tiiere will
be room for a great population whose opportunities for profitable culti
vation of the soil wiU be most enviable. The netting of wood, of which
I have spoken as covering all tiie prairie between Winnipeg and Battle-
fM^, is beyond that point dra^fn up upon the shores qf the prairie sea,
and lies in masses of fine forest in the gigantic half circle formed by the
Saskatchewan and the Bookiei. It is only in secluded valleys, on the
banks of large lakes, and in river bottoms that much wood is found in
the Far West, probably owing to the prevalence of fires. These are easily
preventable, and there is no reason why plantations should not flourish
there in good situations as well as elsewhere. Before I leave the Sas-
katchewan let me advert to the ease with which the steam navigation of
that river can be vastly improved. At present there is only one boat at
all worthy of the name of a river steamer upon it, and this steamer lies
up during the night.' ▲ new company u, I am informed, now being
organised, and there is no reason why, if the new vessels are properly
equipped and fVtmished with electric lights, which may now be Cheaply
provided, they should not keep up a night and day service, so that the
settlers at Prhice Albert, Edmontmi, and elsewhere may not have, during
anotiier season, to suffer great privations incident to the wants of trans-
portation which has loaded the banks of Grand Bapids during the present
year with flight, awaiting steam transport. The great cretaceous coal
seams at the headwaters of the rivers rising in the Bocky Mountains or
in the neighborhood of steeams flowing towards your doors, should not
be ibrgotten. Althoui^ you have some coal in districts nearer to you,
we should remember that on the headwaters of these streams there is
plenty of the same, which can be floated down to you before you have a
eompiete railway system. Want of time as well as a wish to see the less
vaunted parts of the country took me south-westward from Battleford,
ovw land wtidi in many of the maps is variously marked as consisting
of arid plains or as a continuation of the " American Desert." The newer
maps, especially tiiose containing the explorations of Prof. Macoun, have
corrected this wholly erroneous idea. For two days' march— that Is to
say for about sixty or seventy miles south of Battleford we passed over
land whose excellence could not be excelled for agricultural purposes.
Thence to the nei^borhood of the Bed Deer Valley the soil is lighter,
but still in my opinion in most places good for grainr—in any case most
admirable for summer pasturage, and it.will certainly be good also for
stock in winter as soon as it shall pay to have some hay stored
in the valleys. The whole of it has been the favourite feeding
ground of the boflblo. Their tracks from watering place to water-
ing place, never too ftr apart fiom each other, were everywhere to

• I

(

b« Men, while in reiy nurny traota their dung \kj wo thiekly th»t
the uppeanmoe of the ground wm only comparable to that of an
Engliih farm yard. Let us hope that the enire-aete will not be long before
the diiappejuranoe of the buffalo on theae loenes is followed by the appear-
ance of domestic herds. The Bed Deer Valley is especially remarkable
as traversing a country where, according to the testimony of Indian duefb
tA^velling wiUi us, snow never lies for more than three monUv, and the
heavy growth of poplar in the bottoms, the quantity of the ** buU*' or
high cranberry bustles, and the rich branches that hung ftnm the choke
cherries showed us thtA we had come into that part of the Dominion which
among the plainsmen is designated as "God's countiy." From this on-
ward to the Bow River, aqd thence to the frontier Une, the trail led
through wliat will be one of the most valued of ot^r Provinces, Subject
as the country is to those warm winds called the " chinooks." The
settler will luudly ever use anything hut wheeled vehicles during winter,
and throughout a great portion of the land early sowing— or fkll sowing
—-will be all that will be necessary to ensure him against early frosts. At
Calgarry, a place interesting at the present time as likely to be upon
that Pacific I^way line which will connect yo^ with the Pacific and give
you ao^Mss to "• that vast shore beyond the farthest sea," the shore of
Asia, a good many small herds of cattle have been introduced within
the last few years. Puring this year a magnificent herd of between six
and seven thousand has been brought in, and the men who attended
them, and who came from Montana, Oregon and Texas, all averred that
their opinion of their new ranohe was higher than that of aay with which
they had been acquainted in the south. Excellent etopt have been
raised by men who had sown not only in the river bottoms, but also
upon the so-called " bench " lands or plateau above. This testimony was
also given by others on the way to Fort Macleod and beyond it, thus
dosing most satisfactorily the song of praise we had heard from practical
men throughout our whole journey of 1 ,200 miles. Let me advert for one
moment to some of tlie causes which have enabled settlers to eqjoy
' in such peace the fruits of their industry. CSiiefanxmgst these must
be reckoned the policy of kindness and justice which was inaugurated
by the Eudson'sBayCompany in their treatmiMit of the Indians. Their's
is one of the cases in which a trader's association has upheld the maxim
that " honesty is the best policy " even when yoaare dealing with savages.
The wisdom and righteousness of their dealing; on enlightened princi-
ples, which are fully followed out by their servants to-day, gave the cue
to the Canadian Government. The Dominion to-day through her Indian
oflBcers and her mounted constabulary is showing herself the inheritress
of these traditions. She has been fortunate in organising the Mounted
Police Force, a corps of whose serviees Ut- would be impossible tc speak

too highly. A mere handful in that vast wilderneM, they have at all
times shown themselves ready to go anywhere and do anything. They have
often had to act on occasions demanding the combined individual pluck
and prudence rarely to be found amongst any soldiery, and there has
not been a single occasion on which any member of the force has lost his
temper under trying circumstances, or has not fulfilled his mission as a
guardian of the peace. Severe journeys in winter and difficult arrests
have had to be effected in the centre of savage tribes, and not once has
the moral prestige, which was in reality their only weapon, been found
insufficient to cope with difficulties which, in America, have often baffled
the efforts of whole columns of armed men. I am glad of this opportunity
to name these men as well worthy of Canada's regard — as sons who have
well maintained her name and fame. And now that you have had the
patience to listen to me, and w,e have crossed the Continent together,
let me advise you as soon as possible to get up a branch house, situated
amongst our Rooky mountains, where, during summer, your members
may form themselves into an Alpine club, and thoroughly enjoy the beau-
tiful peaks and passes of our Alps. In the railway you will have a beautiful
approach to the Pacific. The line, after traversing for days the plains, will
come upon the rivers whose sheltering valleys have all much the same
character. The river-beds are like great moats in a modern fortress — you
do not see them till close upon them. As in the glacis and rampart of a
fortress, the shot can search across the smooth surfaces above the ditch, so
any winds that may arise may sweep across the twin levels above the
river fosses. The streams run coursing along the sunken levels in these
vast ditches, which are sometimes miles in width. Sheltered by the
undulating banks, knolls or cliffs which form the margin of their exca-
vated bounds, are woods, generally of poplar, except in the northern
and western fir fringe. On approaching the mountains their snow caps
look like huge tents encamped along the rolling prairie. Up to this
great camp, of which a length of 150 miles is sometimes visible, the river
valleys wind in trenches, looking like the covered ways by which siege
works zig-zag up to a besieged city. On a nearer view the camp line
changes to ruined marble palaces, and through their tremendous walls
and giant woods you will soon be dashing on the train for a winter bask"
ing on the warm Pacific coast. You have a country whose value it
would be insanity to question, and which, to judge from the emigration
taking place from the older Provinces, will be indissolubly linked with
them. It must support a vast population. If we may calculate from
the progress we have already made in comparison with our neighbors
we shall have no reason to fear comparison with them on the new areas
now open to us. Exclusive of Newfoundland, we have now four million
four hundred thousand people, and these, with the exception of the

eompMratirely imall numb«r8 m yei in this Prorinoe, are r«striot«d Up
th* old area. Yet for the last ten yean our inoreaie hai been oyer 1^
per oent., whereas during the same period all the New England State»
taken together have shown an increase only of 15 per oent. In the*
last thirty yean in Ohio the increase has been 01 per cent — Ontario ha»
been during that space of time 101 per oent. of increase, while Queboo-
has increased 52 per oent. Manitoba in 10 years has increased 289 per
eenfc., a greater rate than any hitherto attained, and, to judge from thia-
year's experience, is likely to increase to an even more wonderfUl degree
during the following decade. Statistics are at all times wearisome, but are-
not these full of hope 7 Are they not facts giving just ground for that prid»^
in our progress which is conspicuous among our people, and ample-
reason for our belief that the future may be allowed to take care ot
itself. They who pour out prophecies of change, prescribing medicinea
for a sound body, are wasting their gifts and their time. It is among^
strangers that we hear such theories propounded by des tiny men . Witb
you the word " annexation " has in the last years only been heard in con-
nection with the annexation of more territory to Manitoba. I must apologize-
to a Canadian audience for mentioning the word at all in any other con
neotion. In America the annexation of this country is disavowed by all
responsible leaders. As it was well expressed to me lately, the best
men in the States desire only to annex the friendship and good
will of Canada. (Loud cheers.) To be sure it may be otherwise witb
the camp-followers ; they often talk as if the swallowing and digestion
of Canada by them were only a question of time, and of rising reasoni
amongst us. How far the power of the camp-followers extends it i»
not for us to determine. They have, however, shown that they ar»^
powerful enough to capture a few English writers, our modem minor
prophets who, in little magazine articles, are fond of teaching th»
nations how to behave, and whose words preach the superiority of other
countries to their own, and the proximate dismemberment of that British
Empire which has the honour to acknowledge them as citizens. They
have with our American friends of whom I speak at all events on»
virtue in common, they are great speculators. In the case of our-
southem friends this is not a matter to be deplored by us, for American
speculation has been of direct material benefit to Canada, and wemust^
regret that our American citizens are not coming over to us so fast as are
the French, the Scotch, the Irish, the Oermans, and the Scandina vians..
Morally, also, it is not to be deplored that such speculations aremade,
for they show that it is thought that Canadians would form a useful^
though an unimportant, wing for one of the great parties ; and, more-
over, such prophesies clothe with amusement " the dry bones " of dis^
oussion. But it is best always to take men as we find them, and not to

iMliaye that they will be different even if a kindly feeling, first for our*
«elTes, and afterwardi for them, should make us desire to change them.
Let us rather judge ftom the past and from the present than take flights,
unguided by experience, into the imaginary regions of the future. What
do we find has been, and is, the tendency of the peoples of this conti-
nent ? Does not history show, and do not modern and existing tenden-
cies declare that the lines of cleavage among them lie along the lines of
latitude ? Men spread from east to west, and from east to west the
political lines, which mean the lines of diversity, extend. The central
spaces are, and will be yet more, the great centres of population. Can
it be imagined that the vast central hives of men will allow the eastern
•or western seaboard people to come between them with separate empire,
and shut them out in any degree from full and free intercourse with the
markets of the world beyond them ? Along the lines of longitude no
such tendencies of division exist. The markets of the North Pole are
not as yet productive, and with South America commerce is compara-
tively small. The safest conclusion, if conclusions are to be drawn at
all, is that what has hitherto been, will, in the nature of things, continue,
— that whatever separations exist will be marked by zones of latitude.
For other evidence we must search in vain. Our county councils, the
municipal corporations, the local provincial chambers, the central
Dominion Parliament, and last, not least, a perfectly unfettered press, are
All free channels for the expression of the feelings of our citizens. Why
is it that in each and all of these reflectors of the thoughts of men we
aee nothing but determination to keep and develop the precious herit-
age we have in our own constitution, so capable of any development
which the people may desire. Let us hear Canadians if we wish to speak
for them. These public bodies and the public press are the mouthpieces
of the people's mind. Let us not say for them what they never say for
themselves. It is no intentional misrepresentation, I believe, which has
produced these curious examples of the fact that individual preposses-
sions may distort public proofs. It reminds me of an interpretation once
said to have been given by a bad interpreter of a speech delivered by a
savage warrior, who in a very dignified and extremely lengthy discourse
expressed the contentment of his tribe with the order and with the good
which had been introduced amongst them by the law of the white man.
His speech was long enough fully to impress with its meaning and its
truth all who took pains to listen to him, and who could understand his
language, but the interpreter had unfortunately different ideas of his
own, and was displeased with his own individual treatment, and when at
last he was asked what the chief and his council had said in their elo-
quent orations, he turned round and only exciaimed, — " He dam dis-
pleased 1 " (Great laughter.) And what did his councillors say?" "They

dftm displeMed I " (Romw of UughterJ No, gentlemen, let each nuui
in public or litenury life in both nations do all that in him lies to cement
their friendship so essential for their mutual welfare. But this cannot
be cemented by the publication of vain vaticinations. This great part
<»f our great Empire has a natural and warm feeling for our republican
brethren, whose fathers parted from us a century ago in anger and blood-
shed. May this natural affection never die. It is like the love which is
borne by a younger brother to an elder, so long as the big brother be>
baves handsomely and kindly. I may possibly know something of the
nature of such affection, for as the eldest of a round dozen I have had
experience of the fraternal relation as exhibited by an unusual
number of younger brothers. Never have I known that fraternal
tie to fail, but even its strength has its natural limit, so Canada's
Affection may be measured. None of my younger brothers, however
fond of me, would voluntarily ask that his prospects should
be altogether overshadowed and swallowed up by mine. So Canada,
in words which our neighbours may understand, wishes to be their friend
but does not desire to become their food. She rejoices in the big brother's
•irength and status, but is not anxious to nourish it by offering up her
own body in order that it may afford him, when over hungry, that
happy festival he is in the habit of calling a " square meal." (Loud
laughter.) I must ask ynu now once more to allow me, gentlemen, to
express my acknowledgments to you for this entertainment. It affords
another indication of the feelings with which the citizens of Winnipeg
regard any person who has the honour as the head of the Canadian Gov*
«rnment to represent the Queen. (Cheers.) You recognize in the Gover-
nor General the sign and symbol of the union which binds together in
one the free and kindred peoples whom God has set over famous Isles
and over fertile spaces of mighty continents. I have touched in speak-
ing to you on certain vaticinations and certain advice given by a few good
etrangers to Canadians on the subject of the future of Canada. Gentle-
men, I believe that Canadians are well able to take care of themselves, of
their future, and the outside world had better listen to them instead of
promulgating weak and wild theories of its own. (Loud applause.) But
however uncertain, and, I may add, foolish may be such forecasts, of one
thing we may be sure, which is this, that the country you call Canada,
and which your sons and your children's children will be proud to know
by that name, is a land which will be a land of power among the nations.
<CheerB.) Mistress of a zone of territory favourable for the maintenance
of a numerous and homogeneous white population, Canada must, to judge
<Tom the increase in her strength during the past, and from the many and
vast opportunities for the growth of that strength in her new Provinces
in the future, be great and worthy her position on the earth. Affording

!« hett ftnd »tif»§t highway between AiU And Europe, the will lee tnfflo
■**m both dirt") : &<4 to ^r ooasta. With a hand upon either ooean th*
Willi gather from each for tf>A benefit of her hardy milliona a large shar*
of the oomnierce of the wor ' .' To the east and to the we^t nhe w'U pour
forth of hAr abundance, her treiwures of food and the ric lion of her mines
and of her lorestn, demanded of her by the leai fortunate of mankind. I
Asteem those men favt^'^red indeed who, in however slight a degree, haT«
had the honour, or maj >e yet called upon to take part in the oounoila
of the statesmen who in this early era of her history are moulding thia
nation's laws in the forms approved by its representatives. For me, I
feel that I can be ambitious of no higher title than to be known as on«
who administered its Government in thorough sympathy with the hopr K/
and aspirations of its first founders, and in perfect consonance with tbf)
will of its free parliament. (Cheers.) I ask for no better lot thai t'^ b»
remembered by its people as rejoicing in the gladness born .eir

independence and of 'their loyalty. I desire no other reputation than that
which may belong to him who sees his own dearest wishes in process of
fulfilment in their certain progress, in their undisturbed peace, and in
their ripening grandeur. His Excellency concluded by proposing the
health of Mr. Brydges, who was, he said, equally at home as the King of
the Fur Traders, the King of a Railway, or the King of a Club. (Ap-
plause.) I ask you to drink to his health in flowing bumpers.

SPEECH or MK. BRYDOEB.

Mr. Brydges in respouuing begged to thank His Excellency most
warmly for the very kind manner in which he had proposed the toast.
It might be interesting to His Excellency to hear something of the coun-
try which he travelled over before he met His Excellency at Qu'Appelle,
and which was through what is known as Southern Manitoba, passing
through the Mennonite reserve, Pembina Mountain, and Turtle Moun-
tain, towards the Souris River. That was a different route to the on*
followed by His Excellency to Qu'Appelle where they met. That coun-
try I found to be teeming with a large and industrious population. I
found farms there of an extent which would rival any I am acquainted
with in the Province of Ontario. I saw fieliw of wh< at ready for the
reaper, and many of theiiiin the latter part . of x. . .'ney bei . ^ath
ered into stacks waiting to be threshed ei . >'r ior tue consumption of
the people of this country or to be carried beyond its borders to feed
the populations of the old world. In many places I was surprised to find
that I could count with the eye twenty farm houses in sight at one time
<9ur<^unded by fields glowing with the harvest which they were about
\> v«ap {Loud cheers.) I was told by many of the farmers that they
^>c)n> ^ nablO' to Sreak as much land as they were desirous to breaks

b«MUBe they could not get the produot* to the markets of the world, and
, I found this BtAtement amoDgit them all that they only wanted the faoi-
Utiea oi 1 lilway oommunication to enable them largely to inoreaie what
they were ali-^^'ly growing, and to transport it tio a diotanoe. (Cheer-
ing.) I became HtiUdfied from what I saw and heard that a railway would
not only be of immense importance to the development of the country,
bnt that it w< uld pay those who pit their capital into the construction
of the railway so much required. (Applause.) I may say aH ■'• wtuit has
fallen (tom His Excellency I do not think it would be unin ^ei ^sting to
him to hear that the company I have the honor to represent q this
country is endeayoring to do its shve in disseminating inforn^&tioR
among the older countries of the world as to this country (rheers. It
used to be rather a reproach to the Hudson's Bay Company that t «y
desired to keep this land a preserve to carry on fUr trading, v 1 1 have
no doubt that like a great many others they, to some ezte % wer«
actuated by selfish motives ; but we all see now that th ; time L .• com^^
when this country must be opened up and peopled. (Cheers.) We Havi^
a large estate in this country to administer, and have taken most ^ ve
steps to explain to the people on ;,he other side of the Atlant oe
advantages which will accrue to them fVom planting their lot '^e.
(Cheers.) So far as we are coneernt d, I am happy to say that • <4se
efforts have been productive of very t- atisfactory results. (Cheers.) ^he
Canadian Pacific Railway are taking smilar steps to ours, and we e
both working in harmony on that question. And it may be interest ;;
to state that so great has been the desire by immigrants o«ming into <*
country fVom old Canada, England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, i
Scandinavia, to buy land, that the Hudson's Bay Company have sold
actual settlers upwards of forty thousant acres of land during the lam
two months, all of which 1 believe are now in possession of the parties
who have bought and who have been will, ng to pay an average price to
possess that land at rather more than $5 m acre. (Loud cheering.) I
can only say so far as the company I represent is concerned, that we
shall continue in the path I have deBcribe< , and that we shall do our
utmost to induce people to see the advant «ges offered to them in this
country, and I am glad to see that we ar^- being joined by the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway Company in our efforts in this direction. (Applause.
I think that one of the greatest inducements and inceurives to
the settlement of this country is the rapid construction of railway lines
throughout its farming lands. (Applause.) It is quite impossible that
we can expect that people will come intr this country and settle
amongst us unless they are to be provided with those means of
communication which so largely and admirabl ' exist to the south of us.
- That country, the United States, has shown a most wonderfvil and

unmiBtakable energy in settling their western country, much of which
now teems with happy populations. It is our lot to emulate them, or,
at any rate, to follow in the steps which they have shown us ought to be
followed, and I am glad to see the Canadian Pacific Bailway Company
are doing what is required with an energy which I know exists, and musi
and will carry out to a successful issue the measures which are neces-
sary to make this country a great and happy agricultural commanity,
(Cheers.) I believe it would be interesting to us, and I know it is the
desire of His Excellency, to hear what the C. P. R. have done and what
they are about to do in order to accomplish the results which I am quite
satisfied will follow from their efforts, and I trust therefore that I shall
not be considered as going beyond the list of toasts which were placed
in my hands if I -ask you to drink an additional one, and thus give us an
opportunity of hearing from our friend Mr. Donald A. Smith, one of the
directors of the Canadian Pacific Eailway Company, some account of
what they have done and intend to do in order to aid the operations of
the Government and other parties in filling up this great country. I
therefore ask you to join me in drinking Prosperity to the Canadian
Pacific Railway Company, coupling with it the name of the Hon. Donald
A. Smith. (Great cheering.)
The toast having been enthusiastically drunk,

SPEECH OF MR. D> A. SMITH.

Hon. D. A. Smith on rising was received with long continued applause.
He said : Mr. Chairman, Your Excellency and Gentlemen — On behalf
of the Pacific Railway Company and of my colleagues in the direction of
that corporation, I beg to thank you for the very cordial mention novr
made with respect to it. I had hoped on coming to this very pleasant
meeting this evening that one of the gentlemen more immediately
connected with the administration here of the affairs of the Canadiaa
Pacific Railway Company would have responded to this toast. I com-
municated with one and the other, but found it was their desire alsa
that I should make any few observations to be made here now. You
will all understand — for I speak now before gentlemen who are not
only amongst the most intelligent to be found in this community, which
is a more than ordinarily intelligent one, but who are also men of business
habits, and who know how business affairs ought to be conducted, and it
is hardly, necessary for me to say before them that in the initiation of
such a large scheme, I think I may call it a vast undertaking, as thafe.
of constructing a railway to the Pacific there were a good many diffi-
culties to be overcome, but having undertaken the work, my frienda
connected with the company determined they should carry it out
manfully, and honestly; that they should go to it with heart and hand,
and fulfil as far aa it was within their power to accomplish the just

•

'■• ■.-,

ezpeotationB of the Canadian people. (Loud oheen.) I presume ffc
is customary, as well here as in other parts of the world, that people
look somewhat to the main chance. (Laughter.) They look on busines»
#ith a practical eye, but at the same time £ am very sure that my
associates in the Canadian Pacific Bail way did not regard it solely ii»
that light. They considered that it would be an honor and privilege to>
them and a matter that they could look back upon with great gratifica-
tion (great cheering), that they had been instrumental in opening up-
this great North- West country. (Renewed cheering.) To those whO'
know some of these gentlemen, I need hardly say that they are practi-
cal business men, such as Mr. Stephen, his colleagues in this country^
and Messrs. Morton, Rose & Co., and others of high standing in Eng-
land and on the continent of Europe. But as the hour is very nearly at
hand which His Excellency had deto. mined on for leaving us (His Excel
lency— " No ! No ! go on I go on ! ") I will not detain you further than a
very few minutes. What you desire to know is the progress already madfr
with the railway and what are the prospects in the immediate future^
Well, I have learnt from those who have the conduct of affairs here that
at this moment they have 150 miles that is, some eight miles beyond
Brandon, completed, of which they have actually constructed 120 miles^
and that before the close of this season there will be at least 200 miles
completed and in running order. (Tremendous applause.) Besides-
some 150 miles of branch line there will be this present year an addi-
tional 200 miles of the main line graded, and arrangements have been-
made for going on as far as possible throughout the winter with the
work. (Great applause.) So far as regards the future during the next
year the hope, the expectation indeed, is that something between 500
and 600 miles, and more likely upwards of 600 miles, will have been laid
< and if possible in running order, and from this you will see it will not
i take a very long time to reach the Rocky Mountains, of which we have
heard so eloquently from his Excellency. (Great applause.) Now, with,
reference to the land department : I have heard from the land commis-
sioner who so ably represents the company — and I may here be permit-
ted to say that the gentlemen who represent the other departments
also do so with much ability — that up to this time there have been
applications for at least a million acres of land for intending settlera
(great cheers), of which already a considerable portion has passed intO'
their hands ; and that, further, there have been many persons — parties
of gentlemen from England- who have come to request that one, two
and three townships should be reserved till next spring, so that they
might make arrangements in Europe for sending out settlers, and, I may
add, settlers of the very best class. And then of the future beyond the
next year t I have already sftid that those gentlemen in the direction of

!]:

I r

•ih.<6 railway, my asiooiatei, are practical men of business. I may perhaps
bepormitted to be personal for one moment and to say that in 1878,
-when there were a good many sceptics amongst us as to our having railway
communication at all in the Province, I ventured to give the assuranoe,
M one interested in the St. Paul and Manitoba Bailway, that the line
then 100 miles distant from our frontier would be completed and the
trains running on it into Winnipeg by the close of that year. (Loud
«heerB.) This promise, as you all know, was fulfilled, and I trust that I
ehall be as happy a prophet in announcing my belief on this occasion
that thero will be at least 600 miles of railway built next year, and that
by the oloh j of the year following the Canadian Pacific Bailway will have
reached the Rocky Mountuns. Then I trust we shall have the very
great pleasuro of seeing amongst us His Excellency once more, and that
we shall have the high honor and proud satisfaction — a satisfaction
which will be most cordially joined in not only by every gentleman here
assembled, but by everyone now within the province and the territories
of the North-West, as well as by those many thousands nhc will in the
meantime be drawn hither in great measurofrom the publ'ca-ion of the
knowledge communicated to the outside world throug!x tht^ medium of
the eloquent address we have heard from His Excelleacy this evening —
that by the olese of two years from this we shall have the high honor and
very great satisfaction of wafting His Excellency and along with him
Her Boyal Highness, we sincerely trust fully restored to health and
«trength, to the Rocky Mountains in a railway cwriage, so that they
may be enabled to look down together from one of the peaks of those
mountains over a country which is not to be surpassed — to have a bird's*
«ye view of a country teeming with wealth, and capable of producing not
only grain in the greatest abundance, but beef and mutton of the very
best quality — such an extent of fine agricultural land in one unbroken
stretch as can nowhero else be surveyed from any one place either on
this continent or any other part of the world of which we have any
knowledge. (Great cheering.) And now, gentlemen, I beg to thank
you for the kind and cordial manner in which you have been good
•enough to receive the mention of my name. (Great cheering.)

The health of the Lieut-Governor was then proposed.

His Honour responded briefly, and in the course of his remarks stated
that so highly did he think of the country that he had made up his
mind to live and die in it.

By this time the hour of His Excellency's departure had arrived and
«s he left, the members of the club, with one accord, sprang to their feet
•and greeted him with peals of cheering, a fitting acknowledgment of
the long and laborious journey undertaken by His Excellency from an
<ezalted sense of duty and an unselfish desire to serve the best interests
«f the country over which he rules.

&:>lk

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