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Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ir ' .■=1' .u'j,. i;#; ^ :.^.r^ ^co^'^- ^ W^e'V y%< rc« <^p;r S ■ \ . ■I. i . /ft /^W g h a BRITISH COLUMBIA, r N« /tW ♦W'V >'#■' Ol\ J/\^^^ TO THE EIGHT WORSHIPFUL JOHN THOMAS SMITH, Esq., FIVE TIMES ELECTED HATOB OF MELBOURNE, MEMBER OF THE LE0I8LATIVB ASSEMBLY, AND JUSTICE OF THE PEACE FOR THE COLONY OF VICTORU, » WHOSE STERLING WORTH, SPIRIT OF ENTERPRISE, AND KIND AND MANLY OHARAOTSR. HAVE WON FOR HIM THE ESTEEM AND RESPECT OF EMIGRANTS TO THE GOLDEN LAND OF THE SOUTH, THIS LITTLE WORK IS, BY PERMISSION, DEDICATED, i BY HIS HUMBLE SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. ' Pacific N.W. History D- 97" M PROVINCIAU L.ISRARY <;<,>! 4 ^^«^ VICTORIA, B.C. ■ h . * upon Ne measi be ui manii] the id Son veryji men, s and m each o1 the sci that of the lig PREFACE. The following pages have been written simply to try and benefit those to whom I especially address myself, viz., the working classes, and such of the over-stocked population of England as may think of emigrating. I There are other things mentioned besides the prin- cipal subject, but I believe that there is nothing I have said that does not in some way or other indirectly bear upon emigration. Nevertheless the following remarks are, in some measure, necessary by way of explanation. And, let it be understood that I am addressing myself to the manliness of England and to the worker, and not to the idealist or mere talker. Some years ago a celebrated French writer, St. Pierre, very justly said, that " there is no way but one to reform men, and that is to render them happier. It is good and easy to enfeeble vice by bringing men nearer to each other and by rendering them thus more happy. All the sciences, indeed, are still in a state of infancy, but that of rendering men happy has not so much as seen the light yet, even in Christendom." VI FBEEACE. How true this is, experience proves. Everything but the real happiness of man is studied as a science and ardently pursued. Preaching enough there is about happiness ; but mere preaching does not make men happy. On the contrary ; if one may judge from what is daily chronicled it is to be inferred that any- thing but happiness is the result of such preaching. Very much might be said upon this subject ; and elsewhere I have dwelt upon it as I feel. But at pre- sent let me add, that while I do not presume to come forward and say that this or that plan is best for man's welfare, yet it is my belief that a healthy stream of emi- gration is very conducive to it. To increase the facilities for communication between distant parts of the globe, to narrow the space between man and man, to level the rugged path leading from the north across the once dreaded ocean to the south, to try and make more smooth the great highway between nations afar off as well as near, is one of the principal as well as one of the most pleasing duties that belong to men who have the power in the present day. The vast benefit ac- cruing to individuals as well as to communities from an extension of intercourse with our fellowman is becoming daily more evident. The prejudices of the past will then fast disappear, and hand to hand, the Saxon and the Gaul, the Briton and the Erank, the white man and the black, the parent and the chUd, the glorious flag of England, and the glittering enter- prizing dauntless stars and stripes will be seen tra- versing the earth in pursuit of those additional facts which help to improve our race and throw a brighter lustre and a blessing over the whole face of the globe. Int four bun Eng our, as tl mak( tific It of ar mesj shrev consi of K Eorn£ Essay that £ upon to Br the CO just a left ae beenl West land, tuous, of luxi I have the wc say a \ Colum benefit FBEFAOE. Yll rerything a science there is act make idge from that any- aching, iject; and ut at pre- le to come ; for man's amof emi- le facilities the globe, so level the 3 the once pake more afar off as as one of I who have )enefit ac- nities from Uowman is ices of the hand, the Erank, the i the chHd, iring enter- 1 seen tra- tional facts a brighter the globe. In the path of truth and science men are even now found battling alike with the frozen north as with the burning south; and long may it be our boast that England helps to lead the van, and that the name of our gracious Queen and her royal Consort are known as the great promoters of those wondrous deeds which make the present day so famous in the annals of scien- tific history. It is said that nothing more conduces to the welfare of a nation than wisely founding new colonies ; and let me say that in the opinion of one acknowledged to be a shrewd man and a wise philosopher, Lord Bacon, it is so considered. In his Essay upon " The True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates," he speaks highly of the Eoman custom of planting out colonies ; and in another Essay on " Plantations" he gives many excellent hints that are worth attending to. Now, for myself, I look upon the act of our present colonial minister, in regard to British Columbia, as a sound and beneficial one for the country. It may not be without many drawbacks just at present, but if prudently carried out, and not left as the Falkland Islands (so important to us) have been left, I have no doubt that the new colony in the West will, hereafter, be a source of prosperity to Eng- land. In saying this I may be considered presump- tuous, but I am not one who has been nursed in the lap of luxury or even of comfort ; and from my very youth I have been knocked about, and kicked about all over the world. It is, therefore, such as myself, who can say a word about these things ; consequently, British Columbia, wisely cared for and attended to, will be a benefit to England ; and healthy emigration, generally. Till FBEEAOE. must be a boon and a source of happiness to man at large. If I am asked why I come forward to give an opinion, let me in answer say a few words concerning myself. At nine and a half years of age I was left on the wide world without a home or a friend to guide or counsel me. At the age of thirteen I went to sea ; but the mishaps that might be almost sure to attend anyone thrown into life as I was, constantly attended me. I have gone through divers ills, oppression, in- justice, and cruelty. I have known starvation for days ; have been robbed and plundered over and over again, and being a lone man in the world without a tie or a friend, I have often never been able to get justice when wronged. True, I might have taken jus- tice for myself, but when I could have taken it, I re- membered that it did not belong to me so to do, but to Him who made me. Thus I have had to suffer, as not many have, and as few could fancy I have suffered. Hunger and thirst, and frequent loss of my all, has fallen to my share. I have been glad to eat dry mouldy bread and drink a half-pint of fetid water as my allowance per day. I have made my own shoes, and most of my garments ; I have been carpenter, furrier, blacksmith, builder, quarryman, servant, clerk, storekeeper, publican, scribe, teacher, schoolmaster, gardener, sailor, author, editor, housekeeper ; I have companied with the highest and with the lowest ; a wan- derer on foot in this far-off place, a traveller by better means in that ; I have beheld my fellow man in almost every form of physical and social existence, from the ferocious cannibal of the Indian isles to the highly- FBEPACE. IX polls bed denizen of an European court ; I have seen him in the east an ^ also in the west ; and I have been to his extreme so . a and talked with him in his ex- treme north ; I have sat at his sumptuous feasts, and have looked upon, and had to share with him his misery of want ; I have been for weeks on board of Slave ships, and seen some of the horrors of them ; and I have danced to gay music on the deck of a huge war ship where everything was as free and joyous as the sunny air; I have taken my stand, as a spectator, among the worshippers of Brahmin, the followers of Mahomed, the Buddhists, Pagans, and many others ; and I have attended the various ceremonial forms of faith as practised by the many different denominations of our own religion ; I have studied, or had opportu- nities to study, human nature in its every character, from the evil to the good, from the mixed to the ap- parently unmixed. Shady palm trees, orange groves and sugar canes here : the larch, the dwarf birch, and the bare hills there ; burning heat in this place, frigid cold in that ; ocean's surface slumbering now, the fierce wrath of a hurricane tempest anon ; man to man in friendly grasp, man to man in deadly strife : such, too, have I seen ; and in such, too, have I been a partici- pator. Thus, then, I have gained some small share of experience, and what I say is not altogether the result of mere ideas upon the subject. And why do I say this of myself ? Why mention these things ? The answer is this : — I am anxious to try and better the social condition of the working classes by advising them to emigrate whenever they can ; and I thus speak of myself so as to give those FBErAOE. • for whom I write, a better idea of my capacity for ad- vising. I hope, therefore, that all I say will be under- stood and taken kindly. It is well meant, and it comes from one who can feel for the poor man, and the working man, in consequence of his having experienced all that such poor man or working man has to endure. I know what toil and labour is. Emigration in its several phases is familiar to me. I have tried it in America ; I have experienced it in Australia ; and once I was six months learning various qualifications to prepare myself for Canada. In my profession as a seaman I have been five times to the gold land of the south, and twice have I tested it there on shore. Once I landed with a young wife and but four or five pounds in my purse ; yet in six months' time I was employing and liberally paying several other persons, besides realizing a handsome income. Another time, and that so late as 1852, 1 tried what a man alone (that is only with a wife) could do upon the bare rugged unbroken soil. With but little money, and upon a place where roots of trees had to be cleared, and everything fashioned into life, I produced in less than five months a garden and a pretty home, and was enjoying potatoes and vegetables from my own ground, while the perfume of flowers came through the windows of my cottage.^ Thus I know what can be done ; and 1 Though rather against my general habit to put forth what others say in my favour, yet, as proving what I have asserted, I will quote the following from a journal, the editor of which was all but quite unknown to me, and was at first opposed to an un- dertaking I was engaged in. Speaking of my labours he says, *' He is an active, able-bodied, intelligent man. If he chose to FBEFACE. XI for ad- under- and it nd the ienced ndure. in its it in ; and cations on as a of the Once 30unds )loying besides id that is only broken where ything n five joying while )ws of >; and li what rted, I ch was m un- 5 says, ose to therefore I recommend a trial of the same to every one who cannot get on at home. One word more. I profess to be no learned man. I never had an education other than my profession gives to all poor boys. What I have since acquired, for good or for bad, has been acquired by myself and wholly unaided. Therefore the following pages will present no studied elegance in style or composition. Indeed, the subject does not require it. Facts and arguments are needed : not learned ideas. This little book is for the people, and those who are friends of the people, as well as for the young men of the day. Consequently, though many of the latter class may consider that they can find numerous literary errors in what I write, yet the former class will no doubt be contented with it as it is. But I must guard myself from being supposed to have any dislike to learning and learned men. This is not the case. I highly esteem learning ; and there are few places I feel more happy in than the reading room of the British Museum. There, where the very atmosphere seems as if impregnated with the highest state of cultivated genius, and where mind and intel- lect is stamped on almost every brow and in every eye you meet, even to the friendly oflGlcials in the room, I can lose my cares and angry feelings while I enjoy the treat of living once more as if in a brotherhood of remain in that country to which half England seems inclined to resort, he could he rich, as certainly as any one amongst us. It is among such men as he that our most successful diggers have been found. With native energy, sharpened by experience in America, he could not fall otherwise than upon his feet." I xu FBEFACE. kindred souls. Even the very books present a kindly look. There, too, I can hold converse with the mighty dead ! they whose spirits yet speak in the wondrous array of tomes displayed around that magnificent dome. No ; let it not be said or thought that I despise learn- ing, because I possess it not myself, for such would be an error. And now commending what I have said to the goodwill of those who read, I conclude. W. PAEKEE SNOW. Home Cottage^ S. John's Hill, Wandsworth, P.S. — I shall be willing to give any additional in- formation, in my power, on the above subjects, or to answer any prepaid communication. It a kindly le mighty I wondrous fent dome. )ise learn- would be d to the NOW. BRITISH COLUMBIA; EMIGRATION, ETC. ttional in- lets, or to INTKODXJCTION. In the far West, bordering the great Pacific, facing the once famed " Cathay" of our fethers, to which the hardy mariners of old considered this the way, and forming a key through British America to regions hitherto almost unknown, there is a golden land just brought under official notice, and now attracting pub- lic attention. It is a land where the wild Indian is as yet almost in his savage state ! it is a land where nature reigns in wonderful majesty ! it is a land where a sudden transformation is about to take place ! and it is a land whither thousands of the civilized inhabi- tants of the globe are rushing in hot haste to gather of the new found spoil! Unlike Australia, unlike California, in both of which places the golden dis- coveries there made brought an influx of immigrants to an already populated colony, this land has hitherto been a rarely visited region. In its solitary grandeur it has remained with but a scanty number of hardy settlers, or enterprizing speculators dwelling within its boundaries. Now, however, the sun has burst upon it in full meridian glory. With the brightest glare shining upon this western land the eye is suddenly dazzled by its attractive splendour. The noon-day B BBITIBH COLUMBIA, heat has rapidly warmed and brought into perfection the long hidden virtues of the soil, and British Colum- bia is now known as likely to become one of the most important as well as the most productive colonies belonging to our native land. To the West then, to the West ; even as civilization has advanced from the East in one uniform direc- tion, so now men's eyes and thoughts are turned. Some are viewing it in the one light of speculation and gain ; others, in that of political and national good. But how many are there who glance at it with reference to the bearing it has upon the social, the intellectual, and the spiritual future? How many are there who look upon these new discoveries with reference to Him and His glory Who produced them ? Discoveries, whether of hidden gold or of electrical currents, or of steam, or of mechanical skill, — vast and mighty, wonderful and amazing! Discoveries almost too overpowering for the ordinary mind to dwell upon, and yet so beautiful and so beneficial as to make the reasoning soul pause in awe and admira- tion, while exclaiming in the Psalmist's words, " O Lord, how manifold are Thy works I in wisdom hast Thou made them all : the earth is full of Thy riches !" How many, I say, look upon these things, and cast a right and manly thought to Him, and for Him Who has brought about all this ? Who views the far land of the West with any regard to the future, in the aspect I have ventured to put it ? " Gold! gold !" is the cry ; and, true enough, it may be a goodly cry ; for, without it, none of the best and holiest schemes (humanly speaking) could be accomplished ; yet who, in this day of hot and eager haste for riches, can forget that cry, or heed it only as a greater indu'ce- ment to come forward and make it, and this new British Colony subservient to His increased glory, and to the real and wisely considered benefit of our fellow-men ? . . . I pause a. moment for a reply even I'rora myself to myself. ... It is a question which I AND EMIOBATION. 8 the cannot honestly answer as I would wish ; and it is a question, therefore, that I put forth in the hope that though I in my own person fail to satisfy the thought that produces it, yet there may be many who can. Let me, however, be rightly understood. It is not with any Pharisaical notion of myself, or as conceiv- ing that I am well fitted to write or talk thus, that I have uttered these remarks ; but it is because my varied experience has given me some acquaintance with the subject generally; and I trust that a few kindly and well meant observations may be received in the friendly spirit in which they are given. Now it is my present desire to more particularly draw attention to the new Colony of British Columbia ; but inasmuch as my acquaintance with it is, as yet, nothing, and as a portion of what follows was written ten years ago with reference to Australia, (a place I have visited five or six times) I shall not alter what I have formerly said, except in applying it as far as I can to Columbia, seeing that the same arguments are suited to both alike or to any well established colony. My plan is, first, to take up the subject of Emigra- tion generally ; then bring it to bear more directly on Columbia ; and, lastly, to draw some deductions and make some comments upon what is now being done. Figures and any statistical information necessary will follow at the end. And now, first, with regard to the subject of Emi- gration in general. Ma*i BRITISH COLUMBIA, CHAPTER I. EMIGRATION GENERALLY. The subject of Emigration is, undoubtedly, one of great importance, whether it be viewed by individuals alone, or by society at large ; and it is a subject which must, sooner or later, command the serious attention of legislative minds, and of those whose rank, power, and position enable them to give to their opinions that vpeight and authority it requires. Too many causes have arisen of late years to make emigration anything but what it ought to be ; and in the present day it is no longer a healthy and vigorous stream of life flowing from the parent land, but a rushing cataract carrying along with it much that is impure and sickly. Eager and excited thousands have frauticly left their native homes, their accustomed pursuits, their regular and quiet habits at the cry of " gold !" and, without due consideration, have traversed the wide waters of the Ocean to that distant soil where the valuable metal is to be found. They know not ; they think not ; it never enters their imagination, whether they them- selves are precisely the sort of persons best adapted for the new life they are entering upon : but without much reflection, and often without much inquiry, away they go. They plunge headlong into the foam- ing cataract and soon become lost to sight in its whirl- ing and dazzling vortex. Many a sad, ay, even most wretched history might be written of the final results of such hasty and ill-judged ventures ; and many a young man of the class to which I allude has, no doubt, bitterly lamented his foolishness in rashly taking up a life so unsuited to him. It is not alone in his worldly prospects that this has to be noted ; but it is in the moral degradation that too often ensues, and which, A^D EMIOBATION. in spite of himself, he cannot withstand. He may work : but it is not the work whicli his mind or body can make either agreeable or serviceable to him ; and he soon finds himself sinking rapidly in class and caste from that former high station he had fondly hoped and believed either did belong or would belong to him. His energies are wasted, and in time he be- comes a mere machine instead of tiie bright man of promise foretold of him. This is one class which, in the present day, causes the tide of emigration, espe- cially to Australia, to be anything but the healthy stream it should be. Another class which has lately arisen to make this tide impure, is one which the very circumstances of the case could not fail naturally to produce. The cry alone of "gold in our land" would suffice to summon to its glittering shores the very worst of characters, as well as those whom poverty and other causes may have induced to come ; and hence a foul admixture is created. Still, whether good or bad, wanted or not wanted, emigration is becoming a subject of too much importance to be any longer lightly looked upon by government at home, or by society at large. If it has not a direct it has an in- direct influence on our political as well as on our so- cial institutions, and upon the entire community as well as upon individuals. To the emigrant himself, it is of the very utmost importance that the public should at last look upon it in this light ; and I cannot help saying that it is the duty of every sincere lover of his native land so to place it before others. I have said that the subject of emigration is one of great importance ; and it is more especially so if the tide of emigration leads to a far distant shore. The glowing statements of writers interested in the wel- fare of some particular colony, and the bent of incli- nation in the minds of persons intending to try the good or ill of a less straitened field for labour than England, are apt, in many instances, to lead away the judgment of the inexperienced, and to banish sober 6 BBITIBH COLUMBIA, f reasoning. But of all important steps in life there are but few more important, nor more requiring cool and deliberate examination than that of emigration. It may be well to assert one undeniable fact in con- nection with the advantages of emigration, and it may also be well to receive that fact boldly : to make it the cheering light which marks out and guides you on the intended course ; but, it is not well, nay, it is any- thing but well to allow such single fact to usurp and overpower all other truths in connection with the subject. The one fact indisputably clear is that of the bene- ficial change certain to be found by the poor, starving, or impoverished man at home who voluntarily under- goes a self-imposed banishment from his native land by emigrating to a colony where starvation is a thing unknown but by name. And this alone is, or ought to be, quite sufficient inducement for any one in such a position to make the venture ; and it should be, above all other things, a powerful reason why, in a Christian country, every extended means and every possible facility should be afforded to persons so situated to try that venture if they have the inclina- tion in themselves to do so. But where that inclina- tion exists, the truths, which the one single and well- established fact will often tend to make appear trivial or worthless at the time, should not be forgotten. These truths are many, and are entirely of a local nature. They apply in the first place to the begin- ning of a great change in the constitutional life and habits of a person. From a state of methodical har- mony in which he has moved with the rest of his fellow- countrymen, reaping the products of nature with a plentiful or a sparing hand as it may chance to be, yet at all times with precision and security, he will have to buckle on new vigour, exercise new sharpness and discretion, clear his way before he can move in it, and make secure and keep secure by his own firm hand and arm that upon which he is dependent. He will AND EMIGRATION. be, no longer be able to travel on the high rond of public life, well beaten and trodden down before l)im with that sort of easy inditference which results from a sense of human certainty in the issue ; but ho will have to shake off all appearance of supinenesa, atul like a lion rousing I'rom his luir, nerve himself with fresh energy and strength to meet the obstacles and impediments, difficulties, and even dangers, if it may be, that will possibly cross his path, and which, with a wise eye, he should see before him and prepare for. Thus then, with the fact, that starvation will assuredly be relieved, and in its stead prosperity arrive, must not be forgotten that such change can only be attained by a change of system and of accustomed habits. Again, in the second place, another of the truths which apply to emigration is that which relates to a complete severance of all those beautiful ties which cheer the heart and enliven the mind by the links of society. It may be well considered that to men whose only wealth is the bitter cup of poverty, social life is of little value. Too many wretched cases have un- doubtedly proved this true ; but, strange to say, or rather, not strange to say to those who reflect upon it, when society is missed in the wilds of some far- distant land, the charms of society then begin to be looked upon and appreciated with far higher value than ever. The social board of the very humblest and the poorest is thought of with a sigh ; the bright smile of an acquaintance, the friendly salutation of a neighbour, the welcome to a fire-side seat, the passing nod and hearty " how d*ye do ?" the steeple bell in- viting men to mingle with each other before their God ; the many forms well known from infancy, — even the features of the stern official whose duty while watching over peace and order, often produces a dis- like against him, are remembered with something like regret, and certainly with far less indifference and dis- regard than heretofore. Yet the intending emigrant 8 BRITISH COLUMBIA, should bear in mind that these are all ties which he is about to sever, to forsake, and to lose sight of perhaps for years. A man may want a crust of bread ; but the commiserating sigh of another will, perchance, be thought of sufficient compensation for that want, when, thereafter entirely free from that want, he has no neighbour to share his Joy or to care for his increased means of comfort. But, even if general society is valued little, there is yet some other tie akin to it, which, being entwined around the heart, is cherished for itself, and when lost possession of, leaves regret behind. If the poor man happens to be the poorest of his unfortunate class, he is still capable of enjoying and commingling with that which his fellow-man can never take away — the na- tural beauties and harmonious features of his own native land. Full well can he, if he pleases, experience all that the poet has said on a similar subject w^hen speaking of a Christian : — •* He looks abroad into the varied field Of nature ; and though poor, perhaps, compared With those whose mansions glitter in his sight, Calls the delightful scenery all his own. His are the mountains, and the valleys his, And the resplendent rivers ; his to enjoy With a propriety, that none can feel, But who with filial confidence inspired Can lift to heaven an unpresumptuous eye, And :miling, say — ' My Father made them all I' " Now in few countries of the world can such enjoy- ment be experienced so well as in England. In the distant lands where most of our colonies are situated, nothing of the kind must be looked for. All the milder beauties of nature and the gentle vegetation of the soil, with the medium temperature of the clime which render Great Britain so dear to, and so much cherished by her children, is not to be expected else- where by the emigrant who is obliged to leave his country for his bread. Far more grand and mighty, more wonderful and mysterious may be the scenes of . AND EMIGRATION. 9 . t A nature that he henceforth views ; but neither the grandeur, nor the wondrous display, nor the mystical phenomena, can eventually compensate him for the loss of the quiet, pastoral scenes of his now far dis- tant native home. Nor should it be lost sight of that in the new world to which he is bound, the emigrant will occasionally, and perhaps frequently, have to face the subtle and the savage both of man and of beast. Unlike the cool and shady walks that are to be found, free from every danger, in any part of the country which he has left, he will, at times, if in Australia, have to stand the fierce blast of burning winds, which scorch the heart and render faint the soul ; and if in other colonies, something as disagreeable in per- haps the reverse way. He will, more often in Aus- tralia, find the heat too powerful for him to enjoy any- thing like pleasure when he seeks for bodily or mental relaxation ; and he may ever expect, on either side, a visitor whom, with all his courage and his manhood, he may wish were further ofi'. Another great truth among the disadvantages of emigrating to a distant colony, is one which, — more especially to the man not absolutely destitute in his own country, — is of a very serious kind, and requir- ing much reflection. It is, that though there may be means made or placed within reach to proceed thither; though many facilities may be afibrded for undertaking the venture, yet to make a retrograde movement afterwards will be very diflScult, if not next to impossible. There can be but little hope should repentance ultimately arrive. It therefore behoves every one who may think much of the one fact of prosperity being almost certain to attend his expatriation, also to seriously ponder upon this truth, and to ask himself before he breaks up his home, severs the social links by which he is bound, and completely enters upon a new life, whether he himself, morally and physically, can carry out to the fullest extent all and everything that he intends, hu- 10 BRITISH COLUMBIA, manly speaking, to undertake; whether he is able to surmount difficulties and to experience changes which were before unknown to him ; whether he has strength of mind to bear with firmness the loss of that highly civilized state of society in which he has moved, and to take up and form a part of another state of society, more approaching to the primeval condition of man ; to labour in the sweat of his brow, to watch with wariness, without timidity and with- out ceasing, to take upon himself the post of civil as well as moral guardian of his family, and to boldly front all danger or disaster that may perchance arrive ; and, finally, whether he can patiently and perseveringly abide the allotted time when success may at length come, and crown his efforts with abun- dant returns. These are questions which assuredly ought to have a place in the mind of every one who has any idea of emigrating to a distant colony. They should be seriously and honestly put, and never de- cided upon until a certainty of conviction is attained concerning the answer which in justice ought to be and can be given. Many other truths might be brought forward in connection with the opposite side of the argument concerning emigration, but as they would all lead into the ones now mentioned, these have been thought sufficient for the purpose intended. This purpose was to give a fair and a clear light of the dazzling prospect generally placed in view, so that those who look upon that prospect might behold it with some- thing more of a mellowed, and consequently a better lustre. It is right that a man should never rashly plunge headlong into a stream, however great or good that stream may seem to be ; nor should he rashly venture on its current, though it should bear him to a noble end, without first ascertaining whether there be any little breaks or shoals that he will have to en- counter on the way. The tide of emigration has long passed setting in, and ,, ■ AND EMIGBATION. 11 en- has become a mighty stream. But no man should be carried away thereby, ignorant of anything but the single fact that it may eventually place him in a har- bour of prosperity and rest. However, when once embarked, there should be no halting; no doubtful anticipations; no mournful forebodings. All should be hope, bright, cheering hope, accompanied with energy, firmness, and perseverance. By calmly re- flecting beforehand, the unpleasantness, and often the bitterness of reflection and unavailing regret after- wards is avoided. By well weighing the chances, by looking at the evils as well as the benefits, by con- sidering the question on either side before deciding, the mind is left clear to act and to boldly march on- wards when the decision has been given. By encoun- tering and examining in perspective the dangers and the difficulties, the rocks and the shoals which may beset the course to be taken, they become in reality less formidable, and when approached are met with a degree of preparation which wholly deprives them of their power to harm. Thus, then, the foregoing remarks have been made at the outset, and in a manner which perhaps might appear to have been influenced by any wish but that of a desire to speak well of the advantages of emigra- tion. But this, however, has not been the case ; and such will presently be seen. # # # # * If the disadvantages connected with emigration have been alluded to, it is fitting that there should be somewhat said of the many and great advantages attending it, — advantages which are greater than is generally supposed. It is difficult for a quiet denizen of England, one who has rarely been forty miles from his native cot, to wean the mind from the social comforts of his home, and even to dwell upon or comprehend subjects connected with places whose geographical position in the world is somewhere under his feet or at the other 12 BRITISH COLUMBIA, side of the globe. But when once the canker-worm of poverty creeps into the domestic board, home ap- pears less cheerful, and the mind begins to look further off. A desire for change, however small the benefit of it, takes possession of the breast, and in- quiries arise as to that w^hich previously was little attended to. A series of disasters, — prosperity not coming in so strong or so rapidly as needed, causes a wish to make an effort elsewhere. The man who then, and perhaps for the first time, reflects upon the sub- ject, or is compelled to prove a sad reality by ex- perience, perceives that in England there is too much labour ready for use, and yet too little pay for that labour when it is used. The consequence is, that the labour market is on the one hand always overstocked, while on the other hand, a fearful amount of poverty and crime is increased by the non-employment of that labour, and by the inequitable payment of that labour when it is employed. Naturally then, the question arises of What is to be, or can be done ? If labour cannot find a proper market for its consumption in England, — fertile, wealthy England, — where is it to seek for such ? And at length it is found as an an- swer to the question, that, if England herself cannot give enough employment to her children, at all events her colonies can ; and that in some of those colonies the exact reverse of what is to be found at home is met with there. Now, in the year 1848, I find myself saying that, — Of all these colonies, the ones where this reverse is ascertained to be most existing, are those situated in that part of the globe called Aus- tralasia, — a place destined eventually to vie with the United States of America in political position and im- portance. In these colonies, which are too well known to need description here, and which indeed have been, and are still being frequently described by writers who have passed many years in them, it is proved that labour is so scarce, and the payment for labour so high, that the labourer not only receives a goodly AND EMIGEATION. 13 J hire, but very speedily becomes enabled himself to enter upon a position which compels him to employ others. Where, in England, the poor labourers may stand in hundreds for days seeking employment in vain, or perchance getting employment for the merest pittance, which pittance is moreover named by the employer himself; there, in Australasia, may be seen the astonishing, and to Englishmen, wonderful fact, of masters seeking in vain for servants, employers for labourers ; and, when finding them, giving sums for their daily labour, the amount of which is equal to that which too many at home receive only for their whole weekly toil. Such amount of remuneration, however, would prove ruinous to those who employed, were it not that they in like manner reap extraor- dinary advantages from the natural and artificial pro- ductions of the country. For to the capitalist, the English colonies of Australasia prove a fertile field from which may be reaped a good harvest, even as they afford abundant profit to the poorer man for his labour. The demand, however, for that labour in- creases, and will be alway increasing the more the labour is supplied, for the very supply speedily adds to the demand, as I have already alluded to. Until the extensive continent — for such it may be rightly called — of Australia and the lands of New Zealand, have been thoroughly explored and peopled by set- tlers from the mother country or elsewhere, there will be an incessant requisition for labour ; and while such is the case, labour will always receive its just return.! * By some, it may be urged against these remarks, that the Australian colonies are overstocked, and many persons are suf- fering from want of employment. This is true. But it applies to the towns, and not to the other parts of Australia. If all the world flocked into one city, there could not be a sufficient space for the great numbers there congregated together. So it is at Sydney, Melbourne, New York, and elsewhere. Moreover, many of those who fail as emigrants, are no doubt the very ones who should not have made the attempt. u BRITISH COLUMBIA, It is then to the Australasian colonies that many persons in England are induced to turn their eye when poverty or disasters chance to come upon them ; and it is to that quarter they can best direct their steps with a fair certainty of ultimate success attend- ing their efforts. There are also others who, without being influ- enced by the desire of removing present evils, yet feeling a wish to improve their position or extend their means, would find, as many have found, Aus- tralia to be particularly well suited to them.^ Grow- ing fast into note, the principal city and towns of those dependencies of England already stand fair to rival many famed places in the mother country. To these towns the mercantile capitalist can proceed in confidence; while the agriculturist seeks in a more distant and less inhabited locality, a spot better adapted for his agricultural pursuits. They are nu- merous and to be attained with trifling cost. But, for speculation a new district is decidedly the best. Such were my remarks in 1848 ; and I repeat them now, because I consider them also applicable at the present time, as I shall presently show. But, to con- tinue the argument. The result, then, of a man's reflections, after an ex- amination of whatever is advanced on these subjects, must inevitably tend to the conviction, that, however great the immediate disadvantages may be, the ulti- mate and actual advantage is so vast, that it over- balances the other. If home, and friends, and society, and the many comforts of England are given up, it is to meet in another country that success and that prosperity which could not be found in the home, or among the friends and society, or with those comforts that have been forsaken: and which home, friends. 1 I have said little of New Zealand, and nothing of Canada, heing personally unacquainted with either, but shall glance at them with British Columbia at the end. AND EMIGRATION. 15 at and comfort may yet again be once more formed in a new land. With the labouring man, — the man of many and bitter sorrows, whose life from morning until night is one incessant drag, and whose hours of rest are often troubled by the wretchedness which haunts his day — there is this plain view of the question to be looked at : — misery and want, ill-paid labour and heavy toil in England, with all the external advantages which a country like England undoubtedly gives ; or happiness and plenty, abundantly paid labour and easy toil, with a constant and steady flow of prosperity, abroad, but without those external advantages. If the man him- self, and for himself, should hesitate, and wish to prefer the chances of home, with all its certain evils and external comforts, possibly he will not do so for the sake of his wife and family, — of that wife and family who, with lustreless eyes, often look to him for the food which he may not have to give. And even should doubt arise, — and it frequently does arise among many, — as to whether it is right to make that wife and family undergo the troubles and uncertainties of a distant voyage, — to sever them from relatives and friends, — to take fchem, almost against their will, to a far-off land, where their home must henceforth be fixed, — it may easily be solved by reverting to the sad truths which forcibly stare him in the face, and which tell him that, unless he really does exert the man, and act with the wisdom and energy of a man, he may very shortly see that wife and family in a condition ten times worse than they now are, or than they ever could be in the land to which his attention has been called. It is vain to wait with the expectation of im- provement in England. Such improvement never will come while society is constituted as it at present is ; and while those who have to labour are so many, and those who reap the benefit of the labour are in com- parison so few. A state of things like this, however, exists not in 10 BBITISH OOLrMBIA, our well-regulated colonies ; for labourers are few, and actually form a large portion, if not the largest por- tion, of those who reap the benefit of labour done. This may be illustrated by one fact alone. This fact is, that the labourer in all cases receives an immediate and certain return for his labour in the shape of a good round sum for his services ; whereas those who pay the labourer have to wait for and abide by the chance of any uncertainty in the venture they have made. To the artisan, the mechanic, and others of this class similar observations may be applied ; as also to the struggling farmer, or the small tradesman. Eacb one may have cares, and troubles, and sorrows which none but himself is acquainted with. In vain he per- severes. Competition is so great, that, with a limited capital, it is almost impossible for him to meet success, nay, to prevent complete ruin. But in the new world, to which his attention is gradually drawn, such a thing as rival competition is unknown ; and the idea of fear- ing it is generally laughed at. So far from there being any dread of competition, competition is oftener in- vited ; for the very thing itself tends to produce more prosperous causes of its being called for. The field is' wide enough for all who may venture on it ; nor will there be the slightest chance, for many years to come, that neighbours may be jostling disadvantageously against each other. Let the struggling farmer, then, if determined to emigrate, cast away his fears, and with them all his troubles and his griefs, and with a bold heart embark his little capital and his fortunes on the future in a land where his energies and his per- severance will be sure to meet their due reward. Let the small tradesman no longer bewail the rivalry of ruinous competition at home, but, ere his funds sink to too low an ebb, invest them in colonies where com- petition is not ruinous, but advantageous. Let both of them, — let all who are similarly situated, — shake off despondency and inertness, and after first considering AND EMIGRATION. 17 and preparing the mind for whatever may be arativet / speaking, be of little moment, but the fruiis of what may be sown in the present day will, undoubtedly, be of great value. Quoting again from my remarks in 1848, I said of Australia, and that too, before any idea of the gold to be found there ; — " It requires no very keen-sighted wisdom to perceive that Austral- asia must, in a commercial relation, eventually rival India, and become itself a powerful territory. Nor let this assertion be thought fanciful or absurd, for new proofs are daily coming forward to show that the soil of that part of the globe is not only prolific in itself, but that it contains mines of wealth as yet but little known at home, and but newly found abroad. If in the progressive course of events, the increase be only equal to one-third in ratio to what has already been discovered of the physical properties of Australia, there can be no hesitation in saying, that in the course of another half century, that extensive portion of the globe will take a proud stand among the nations of the world. As her inland parts become gradually ex- plored, and her bays and creeks surveyed, her rivers navigated to their utmost limit, civilization extended throughout her breadth and length, her capacities and her properties drawn out, who can say that in that one spot, may not eventually be formed the very proudest of all the proud countries that have come from under England's fostering care and culture! Who can say that, from east to west, from north to south will not be found a busy and a thriving, as well as a numerous population with British blood flowing in their veins, their ships conveying the produce of their soil to every far-off shore, while their harbours and their docks receive the barks of every foreign flag, at the same time rich cargoes are brought to be speedily conveyed by steam and rail, to the very centre of the land ! Who can say that in that southern world there may not be another England ? Who will say that it is not probable, nay more, that 20 BIIITISU COLUMBIA, II i; ^ it is not almost certain ? The very position of Aus- tralia bida for a fair jjjround of argument on such an assertion. Surrounded everywhere by water, and placed midway between the southern continent of Americ.i and the African portion of tlie globe ; connected with Asia bv a chain of islands, whose size and condition only tend the more to her advantage by their inca- pacity for becoming injurious in the character of neiglibours, while in the fast coming future they would also prove most useful, as the means of estab- lishing a swift intercourse with the old world in the north, she would be able to sit, even as her legitimate parent has sat, and still nobly sits alone amid the nations around her, yet holding ready intercourse with them all." Now what has here been said in regard to Australia, will apply in another way to British Columbia. If wisely fostered, (and it is a pleasure to see it so wisely brought into life by Her Majesty's present Govern- ment,) it cannot fail to become a very important colony. British enterprise, at this moment, combined with the attention bestowed upon the subject by the home authorities, can, if it likes, make our territories in North America the great highway to the China and the Indian market, and New Columbia a mighty emporium for commerce on the west ! More upon the subject of what capitalists can do, need not be said here, as it would be trespassing upon that space which is intended principally for directions and advice to emigrants, and not for the purpose of taking up matters better discussed by others who have capital and generally know what to do with it. I have said enough however, as I hope, to lead the capitalist to further inquiry, if need be, and to induce him if he really intends to embark in foreign specula- tion, to make an attempt now in Columbia. Unlike the members of the two classes I have spoken of be- fore him, he is capable of more freely directing his own movements, and, if he chooses, of returning again expeni outlay tomed he iut of pro Thu AND EMIOBATION. 21 without delay to his native country, accounting the expenses already incurred as one of those numerous outlays which in his various speculations he is accus- tomea to make without being inconvenienced, while he intends to balance the loss from some other source of profit. Thus far then, with regard to emigration as to be viewed by persons individually. What I have said in the foregoing remarks on either side of the question, I have said with the best intention and motive. I would that every one should see light, but that the light should appear truly what it is — a calm, cheerful, and a brightening, not a lustrous and a dazzling light. The one can be viewed steadily and fixedly ; can be ap- ^ preached without hesitation, and when closed upon is I not found to be deceptive, for the less brilliant colours of its hues were from the first perceptible ; the other catches the eye and fires the blood, but it can only be seen falsely and feverishly ; and when its position is arrived at, unimagined and previously undisplayed blemishes, then present themselves to the great dis- appointment of the beholders. But, by first examining, however, the defects at a distance, the vision when closed upon is so far from being impaired, that its beauty is increased ; and in- stead of disappointment, more pleasure is experienced. An object similar to what is so produced has been mine in what I have already stated. To the intend- ing emigrant it may be said that I have fairly placed before him the disadvantages and the advantages to be experienced by emigration. Let him judge then between them. Of the disadvantages, first ; for no man should, without some good cause, forsake his country and his home, to embark his all upon the hazard of the die : and of the advantages next ; for, when the difficulties or impediments are understood, the mind should be taught to look upon the truth as it stands, — bright and cheering. Once determined, once acquainted with all that is to be encountered, 22 BRITISH COLUMBIA, It I! the mind becomes fixed and settled ; the way is actu- ally less rugged, for it has already been mentally crossed ; the spirit is braced, and the emigrant em- barks upon the future with a bold and fearless heart, — cool and considerate it may be, — but always looking for the best, because already guarded and prepared beforehand for the worst. Let the intending emi- grant then weigh the question well ; and when the question has been well and properly weighed, let him then decide ; but after he has decided, let him be the man, and act accordingly, without timidity or hesita- tion, regret or doubt. He has decided : let the deci- sion be abiding : and as an excellent writer teaches, " Let him not once look mournfully into the past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the present. It is thine. Therefore go forth to meet the shadowy future without fear and with a manly heart."! And now for a few words on Emigration, as viewed with reference to society at large. CHAPTER IL EMIGRATION IN ITS SOCIAL ASPECT. It may seem presumption for me to say anything upon the subject after the many very excellent re- marks made by numerous writers and speakers con- cerning the same thing. But the truth is, reflection teaches us, that nothing too much can be said or written upon it, even though the speaker or the writer should be the humblest or the least able of his kind to take up the cause. It is clear beyond all contradiction that there is a most frightful state of want and ex- cessive misery existing in our native land. It is also * Professor Longfellow. AND EMIGRATION. 23 perfectly clear that there have been too many cases come under the public eye where actual starvation has brought on a premature death, either natural or suicidal ; and the unknown cases, the unseen death- beds of those of whom the world has no knowledge, because they retain to themselves all their bitter suf- fering and their maddening agonies, are, without doubt, so numerous, that if possible to be ascertained and stated, it would be deemed almost incredible. It is also clear that in the same land where such poverty and wretchedness exist, there is a superabundance of wealth and riches, and that there are those who con- tinually roll in splendour, and revel in all that gives delight and pleasure to the sons of men. Here, then, may be seen two positive facts placed (no matter how or why so placed, but actually existing,) in direct opposition to each other. On the one side is to be seen poverty and death, attended by horrors that sicken humanity when but heard of, more especially when witnessed : on the other side is to be distin- guished wealth and life, — life extended to its natural bounds, and accompanied by every luxury and delight that the most fanciful imagination can conceive. Now without attempting to assign any cause, or even to broach upon the reason, why two such enormous ex- tremes exist in a country said to be everything that man can wish, and moreover blessed with a mild rule and the excellencies of the purest religion under the sun, it will be only necessary again to call attention to the mere fact, and to let a clear solution of the enigma be given by those who can. Perhaps I might be too interested in the subject personally to be able my- self to give to it that impartial view which is required. But justice bids me observe that poverty is not always a necessary concomitant of being bom poor. Poverty in fact is the poorer position in which one is placed in now, from that in which he was born, and may, in one sense of the question, be as equally applicable to the son of a noble as to the sou of a peasant. A man V' 24 BRITISH COLUMBIA, may be a street beggar, and have been born a street beggar ; he has been a street beggar all his life-time, and has neither conceits nor understanding for aught else ; but true poverty is not there. He would not, if he could, amend his state. His rags and his tatters are his treasures, and probably he would say, You in- jure him to take them away. He, however, whose lot has suddenly changed, or whose tide has ebbed un- ceasingly through life, or whose mournful fate has given him birth where evils and distresses must as- suredly come upon him, is the one who may be truly spoken of as poor ; and it is such as him that compose that real class of persons, whose sufferings and whose fearful wants are placed in juxtaposition with the wealthy and the great. One word more, however, must be added ; and that is this. Poverty, it should not be forgotten, is often self-engendered ; and its cause therefore ought not to be, as it too frequently and too unjustly is, taxed upon the more fortunate of our fellow-creatures. Its existence and its effects might perhaps be laid to them as a charge, because wise means for the removal of great poverty should be oftener and more largely taken ; but, as reasoning and reflecting men, we must thus, and thus only, look upon it when viewing the subject individually. Of the means whereby a removal of poverty to a great extent might be made, one of the best undoubt- edly seems to be that of an extensive scheme of emi- gration. Of all the evils of life, a will to work and earn one's bread and the impossibility of getting that work and bread is one, not of the least. But, to know that this work can be obtained, and, more than food withal to satisfy the cravings of nature, and yet to be unable to reach the spot where it is to be obtained, is a species of torture somewhat akin to that which the mythological Tantalus endured. To the sting of po- verty is thus added another sting, which being of a mental description is felt as severely, if not more so, than the other. A wish and a will to reach the en- AND EMIGRATION. 25 vied spot where labo ir and food can be obtained finds itself checked, obstructed, and prevented. The result often proves worse than anticipations may have sup- posed. If on the contrary, no obstruction were to exist, and every facility were to be afforded, then there cannot be a doubt that real poverty would very soon be most considerably lessened in England ; and for that poverty, which is such only by name, some strin- gent measures might be enacted for preventing its hideous and unsightly form from infesting and dis- gracing the thoroughfares of our cities, and from shaming the eye of Christians on the public road. The work then should be begun by all classes and all ranks of persons. It would seem to be a wise policy on the aprt of any Government to afford every facility to such of the population, as being in circumstances that often lead to disaffection and turbulence, would leave their own native country for any other under the same laws, where they might improve their con- dition. Such a line of policy would seem to be good, for even were the expense to be considered, it might be only such as the country itself must, in another form bear, by supporting those who would willingly do without the support if they possibly could. But in truth, neither the Government nor the country would really be burdened with the expense. They who want the labour, and those who wish to give the labour would alone undertake to bear the burden, if means were but fairly and generously given. This view of the question therefore must, I submit, appear not only desirable but good. Yet, if the heads of the social community conceive it not fitting to take up the subject in such form, surely it were but an act of sound wisdom on the part of the wealthy members of that community to consider the matter and to try amongst themselves whether it cannot be accomplished. To relieve the hall-doors and the portico-steps from the miserable forms that one may daily see there before the houses of the great and the rich, one would think m 26 BRITISH COLUMBIA, f I w ■ "> should be attempted b}'^ every means witliin the power of humanity to accomplish. To give relief to-day pro- claims the fact that relief is given, and accordingly brings the same demand to-morrow, and the following days successively. To enforce removal by the civil power is hard to do, seems un-Christian, and would bring comment from others. To give employment unto all, or even unto a moiety, of the applicants is impossible, and to set about inquiring how employ- ment or relief can be properly given is a task generally too burdensome and too tedious for the mind of any one whose road of life is smoothly paved with stones whereon the wheels can run without impediment or rugged jolting. But, w^hen the means of relief and of employ riient are shown to them without trouble or unusual inconvenience, it does seem strange that they themselves do not offer to forward every effort made to place those means of relief and employment within the reach of all who may be disposed to avail them- selves of the offer. One donation would possibly save several afterwards, if only at once attended to. The condition of a negro slave, however much the slavery may be justly condemned, is no worse, even if it be not actually better than that of four-fifths of our labouring population at home. The idea of slavery is nearly always connected with chains and fetters and the brutal lash. How wrong such an idea is might be soon seen by any impartial judge who should chance to visit some of the places I have visited and examine fairly and with an unprejudiced mind into the subject. In the present instance I am not dis- cussing the question of slavery as a moral evil, but merely putting the position of actual slavery in com- parison with the position of some of the freemen of a wise and philanthropic land, of a land renowned for its glorious exertions in the abolition of slavery ; and I more particularly dwell upon and refer to the extra- ordinary mania there seems to be for petting some far off naked savage, who neither wants nor cares for the ^ AND EMIGEATION. 27 tender regard shown him, while thousands are left in body and soul to perish at home. A contrast between many of these "heathens" abroad, and hundreds of our own fellow Christians here is startling to the thinking mind. The comparison, when viewed aright and looking at it in relation to the real benefits of the two parties as to actual welfare, would present fea- tures anything but favourable to our national feelings of humanity. On the one side would be seen the often insensate savage taken every care of, well fed, pampered, his mind endeavoured to be carefully nur- tured, and his bodily ailments promptly attended to ; while on the other side might be espied the naturally more intelligent fellowcitizen and Christian wholly disregarded, left to starve, tasked hard, when worked at all ; his mind almost entirely neglected,^ and his frame allowed to canker with disease and suffering until a lingering death at last removes him. Such would be the truthful picture ; yet for the attention to this so-called heathen's mind and body thousands of pounds in all sorts of plans are annually bestowed, while for our fellow Christian he may rot and die un- heeded. Far be it from me to lessen the great benevolence that exists in this land ; but I would most earnestly call attention to the fact that, at all times, and in all cases, prevention is better than cure. To prevent crime and poverty is beyond all measure infinitely better than attempting to remove it after the evil is done. To prevent the condition of the freeman from becoming so deplorably bad, is superior and wiser, and even more humane, than leaving him until he is in that condition, and then attempting to apply some sort of relief that is often inefficient. Let the one be done ; and neglect not the other. If wild beings, of foreign blood and foreign form and make, both in * ^ Lately, thanks be to those benevolent individuals who have brought it about, this national disgrace has, to some extent, been removed. 28 BBITISH COLUMBIA, mind and body, are to be attended to so considerately, even let the freeman be sometimes attended to, and relieved from the heavy bondage that oppresses him, in the burden of his often most miserable poverty. To the humane and benevolent, therefore, emigra- tion may be spoken of as a very rational and sound scheme for the prevention of those numerous evils which so frequently fall upon the poor labourers and others of our land. Ere the downward step is ad- vanced too far, let the falling one, if he chooses, be enabled to arrest his own progress by removing to another field of labour, where he can rapidly retrace his lost position. Humanity, charity, policy, — every motive that can be called good or wise, — points out the necessity for some facility being offered to per- sons who wish to remove from a field of barrenness and starvation, to one where they can at all times reap a plentiful harvest. Freedom of choice, and freedom of means to pursue that choice, would, I feel certain, accomplish much towards lessening those evils of poverty, which, in spite of all the sophistry and ar- gument that may be used to the contrary, do, for a sad truth, most fearfully abound in England. If those whose minds are occupied with the heavy cares and toils of the State cannot give this subject its due con- sideration, although it is one which may be justly classed among the most important that belongs to any state, — if the wealthy and the great cannot spare time to consider the question as it ought to be con- sidered, — yet let the humane and the benevolent, the Christian of private life and the lover of his kind, come forward, and afford to the wretched and the starving of their fellow creatures the fullest means for proceeding where help and relief can be obtained ; where, at one time in Australia, we are told, that meat enough to feed 1,100,000 people is wasted in one year, from want of mouths to eat it ; where " the corn is shed for lack of reapers; the wool is injurea for want of shearers, . . . the cattle and the sheep by ATJD EMIGRATION. 29 :i herds and flocks are ' boiled down * for tallow, tho meat is wasting, the dogs reject what man at homo cannot obtain, and the hire tor labour is plentiful and unceasing."! It may, perhaps, be said that an unlimited scheme of emigration would soon injure the colony to which the emigration tends. But the answer to this is simply, " Try it," and hold not the hand till the cry be raised, " Enough !" Hitherto anything but such cry has been heard from a new colony. On the con- trary, it has generally been, ** Give us more, give us more !" and ere that more would be ibund too much, the scarcity of supply would check ths difficulty. For it is not to be supposed that at home there are so many willing minds to emigrate and forsake their all, as would overbalance the demand for immigrants from abroad. It is a question whether persons would be found so ready to go when the opportunity were offered them ; for it is ever our nature to desire most, and to appear to be most anxious for that which is not so easy of access, yet which, when made acces- sible, is looked upon with far less inclination for pos- session. Still, if the means of relief by emigration are placed in the way of all classes who may want re- lief from a present state of things, the option of ac- cepting or rejecting that relief henceforth rests with themselves alone. If they choose to accept it, they can do so ; if they choose to refuse it, and prefer re- maining in their native land, abiding all the chances of weal or woe that may befall them, there is no compulsion to the contrary ; only, in common justice, they cannot again complain that they were unable to go, if they had desired it. If then, a company of humane and benevolent indi- viduals were but formed for the purpose of promoting emigration to whatever extent it may be desired, I feel certain that it would ultimately reap to itself as much renown as any association for the conversion of * Vide the Hon. Francis Scott's pamphlet. 30 BRITISH COLUMBIA, the most ugly barbarians, possessing the most un- couth and unpronounceable name under the sun. Ex- tend civilization, and you will reap civilization. I may be wrong in my opinion, but I conceive it to be a strong duty of every nation to first look at home ; and then, to glance abroad among strangers. At the pre- sent time there are two powerful influences to prompt our nation to such a line of duty even now, though they come secondarily instead of primarily. These are, the cries of her children at home, and the wants of her children in her colonies ; especially when the paying attention to the one proves a relief and a bene- fit to the other. Should a company therefore be formed, there cannot be a doubt of its proving a source of blessing to numbers who are now looking anxiously forward with a dim and feeble eye, yet with kindling hope again reviving. The financial details attendant upon such a scheme need never deter any one from joining it, for they would prove anything but hazard- ous. The outlay might be easily made returnable, and, as I have already said, the actual burden of the expense eventually shifted from the shoulders of those who have temporarily and humanely borne it, to those who are relieved and benefited and ultimately en- riched. How far it would be desirable to afford such facilities for emigrating, to all who might feel inclined to avail themselves of the boon, without distinction and without inquiry as to their capabilities for becom- ing an emigrant, is a question that need not, I think, much trouble the mind of any philanthropists in- terested in emigration. For, on the one hand, it is more diflScult than would be supposed, to truly decide at home who are and who are nut adapted for such a new life ; and on the other hand, it is a question that should be left to the emigrants themselves. Be it for them to say, after hearing or reading the various facts connected with the subject, whether or no they are fitted for a state of existence different to what per- chance they have been accustomed to, and which will ATfD EMIGRATION. 31 require both physical and moral activity to endure. It is not the mere artisan at home, or mechanic or la- bourer of skilful mind and industrious habits that is always found best suited for a colony where uniformity of pursuits can never be invariably expected. The agriculturist may be ^jossessed of much agricultural knowledge, and he will, undoubtedly, find his know- ledge of great advantage and benefit to him iii his new home ; the blacksmith may have no superior in his calling ; the bricklayer may be well experienced in the art of building ; the carpenter in the workmanship of his trade ; the labourer in the manual strength requi- site for his task, and they may all and severally suc- ceed in the place whither they are bound : but, indi- vidually, they are certain not to succeed, or find themselves so well fitted for, or so much required by a colony as if they could move occasionally aside from their own straight course, and take up or assist in that of their neighbours. It is certain that the man who, whatever be his trade or profession, can be found apt and ready at either the plough, the whip, the trowel, the spade, the plane, the anvil, the pen, and any other apparently incongruous occupation, is the man not only best suited for a new colonial life, but is the most certain of rapid success. A diversity of talents and pursuits, irregularity of habits and ideas, may be any- thing, and assuredly is anything but productive at home ; but, per se, it has been found and often proved to be the direct reverse abroad. A lively fancy,, a ready hand, and untiring energy are among the pro- minent and the best qualifications for a useful and a successful emigrant. Eearing no danger, seeing no obstacles, surmounting all difficulties, facing all ven- tures, daring all hazards ; now to-day the gentle pen- man; then to-morrow the hardy labourer, next, the following day, the bold and unflinching adventurer, again, the day after, the staid and skilful contriver, he is the one who carries all before him, who proves a service to the laud he has come upon, and oenefits 82 BRITISH COLUMBIA, II I himself in a manner most surprising. Let it not be imagined, then, that because a person calls himself of this trade, or of that particular craft, that he alone is capable of pushing his way usefully in a new colony, especially in a colony such as British Columbia. There is required besides this, theoretical knowledge of labour and art, untiring energy, unflinching persever- ance, and a constant fund of animal life and strength, ever looking brightly and boldly forward. With this, 110 man, however gentle may be his blood or refined may be his tastes in general, need be in fear of not succeeding. Numerous instances could be adduced in favour of this assertion : and to prove that, I may say that often has the most expert and skilful handicrafts- man, when unable to extend his abilities beyond the sphere of his accustomed occupation, not succeeded so well as the generally supposed useless being, who has neither craft nor denomination to call himself by. My own experiences may be named as one strong instance of this, and numerous other cases are within my own knowledge. The truth is, that man in a state of highly civilized society, and man in a state of nature, are two totally opposite beings. The former is obliged to move and act, not according to the bent of his own strong mind and inclination, but according to the laws of others : the latter is at perfect freedom, and permits every faculty of the soul to be fully and unrestrictedly developed. The consequence is that in society and out of society, the same man may appear in two diametrically opposite characters. This, expe- rience has frequently proved : and it has been the lot of many to see with astonishment the man of fashion, the erudite scholar, the gifted poet, the lordly scion of nobility, and even the gently born dame of sweet and softened bearing, act with a vigour and perform duties when com-pelled that have surpassed the labours of men whose whole lives have been engaged in practising the same. When the hardy peasant, cast upon a de- solate shore, has sat bemoaning his fate, and unable to AND EMTORATTON. 33 devise a single thought for his own benefit or help, Huddenly there has appeared the pale countenance and the delicate form of one who had heretofore been looked upon as a scented toy, and yet who is now di- recting, and planning, and labouring with a skill and wisdom, and unceasing perseverance that would seem incredible. In Australia, similar to this is common. I have seen the lady who, at home, would have been attended upon hand and foot by servants, there will- ingly, and cheerfully, and admirably perform the most humble of domestic duties : ay, and reaping a benefit both in health and comfort from so doing. I have also seen men whose blood, to use a social dis- tinction, was as pure and rich as many of the highest in our native land, yet now performing the part of ready labourers, building their own cot, tilling their own ground, tending their own flocks, driving their own teams, and cooking their own food. I have, moreover, occasionally beheld the plodding clerk throw aside his pen, and, with the perspiration oozing at every pore, perform the most manual and fatiguing labours, and do so with success before unthought of. Men, there- fore, as a rule, must not be looked upon in their quali- fications merely by the name of a trade that they bear. There may be others, who, when the trial hour approaches, are their equals in ability and actual ser- vice. It were wrong, therefore, to exclude from emi- gration certain classes on account of their particular position in the ranks of society, and who, possessing talents which, on account of the superabundance of such talents around them, are wasted at home, would yet Tery speedily make those talents beneficial abroad. The truth then to be drawn from these remarks is, that the active and the energetic mind, whether found in the labourer, the tradesman, or the man of gentle blood, is that which is undoubtedly best suited for co- lonial life and for the purposes of emigration. The foregoing observations have been made not only with a view of showing that it is difficult always to 31 BRITISH COLUMBIA, Bay who may or who may not be suited for the pur- poses of emigration, and tliat therefore it were better to allow more latitude of class among those who wish to emigrate, but also with a view of giving encourage- ment to all classes, whether tradesmen, labourers, capi- talists, or others, who may embark their persons and their fortunes in a foreign venture. They will perceive that much depends upon themselves, and not so much upon their position in society. They will find that, whatever be their nominal calling, their habits, or their pursuits, they must be prepared to act in any other calling if need be. They must not listlessly confine themselves entirely to that calling, for if they do, they cannot expect to meet with the same success as those who deviate from it when occasion may re- quire. Like a case coming within my own personal knowledge, they should not hesitate, if necessary or desirable, in adding to the medical diploma the title of an expert artisan, a labourer of the soil, a squatter in the bush, and a thriving publican in the same locality, all and each of these pursuits being coupled with one another. By such a course of action they may bid adieu to sorrow, to distress, and to trouble ; and they may take up instead joy and comfort and prosperity the moment they have fully entered upon their new existence. One fact, however, in connection with this pros- perity, should be borne in mind by everybody ; but more especially by the working man who emigrates to any of the colonies. It is that though success may, and almost always does attend all persevering minds despite the most inveterate habits of intemperance, yet that success is not only most considerably les- sened, but can never be expected to exist permanently where sobriety is lost sight of. In Australia the pre- vailing vice of the working classes, and it may be said also of many above them, is drunkenness. It is rare in the extreme to find one man in ten a thoroughly sober person. What then must that single exception AND EMTOUATTON. 35 or be certain of meeting with, if most of liia nine brethren ftre seen to attain prosperity ! I need hardly say, that snch a one, if lie has but physical abilities to equal his companions, must inevitably and rapidly outstrip them all. He will bo sure to reach the goal long before the others have attained half way ; and this is so well known, that it is surpnsinej the means are not more attended to. But the truth is, that in- temperance abroad, much more than it is at home, is dangerously infectious. One may be a determinedly sober man when first he arrives in the new colony. Speedily, however, the want of companions, of some society, causes him to visit any place where society is found. Among the first establishments erected in any spot where man locates, houses of entertainment are essential. A French writer (Chateaubriand) has said, somewhat reproachfully, that the English gene- rally build a tavern first of all things. But really, there is some necessity for this. In warm climates both man and beast require more drink than they do in colder spheres. To drink water rarely if ever serves to temper the thirst. Should the water chance to be pure^ it is seldom otherwise than lukewarm. The consequence is that other drink must be pro- cured, and the alehouse, therefore, is always full. Here, then, the new settler is obliged to come, to mix with his fellow man, and to hear something that is going on in the wide world which is at a distance from him.^ The result is that he naturally joins in the glass, and eventually becomes as accustomed, and as much in need of the same, as the most inveterate drinker from his birth. I have known a man who could not rise of a morning till he had had his half gill of raw spirits ; who could not pursue his usual ^ My remarks more particularly apply to the bush, and to small towns, where emigrants mostly have to go, or ought to go, on their arrival. In the larger towns and cities of our colonies, buildings are soon erected for intellectual and social culture. 36 BEITISH COLUMBIA, work without several more half gills during the day ; and who, finally, at evening, would think himself lost if he had not swallowed another large quantity before he laid himself to rest. Yet this man told me he had originally a mortal distaste to spirits, though at the time I knew him he could smile with contempt at a bottle, and was then actually returning to England on business, a moderately rich and prosperous man. The old stagers may, perchance, be able to stand this unceasing application to the bottle; but it un- doubtedly will and must have an effect on younger hands. Even the most sober persons, I verily be- lieve, drink more abroad than they could dare attempt to do at home. Detestable as drunkenness is to myself, yet I have, in Australia, been obliged to drink (and I don't know the time for years past when I have been affected by drink) nearly ten times the quantity, in proportion, to what I have ever done in England. Nevertheless, my success was in a great measure the result of my always being sober ; and it is this sobriety which will most materially tend to the certainty and rapidity of success. Let the emigrant, then, especially bear this in mind. Let him, if he is obliged to drink, drink with caution and with moderation ; and never allow what he does drink to usurp his faculties, to master his reason, to overpower his senses, and to make him not only an object of pitiful contempt and distrust to those who employ him, but a positive disgrace to himself, — even as reflection will afterwards point out. On the other hand, if he invariably keeps sober, he will be honoured and respected, trusted in, and confided with important affairs ; selected for offices of dignity and emolument, and enriched on every side, not only by those who know and employ him, but by those who may hear of him. Eor upon such a man, it is justly said, there can be full dependance ; but upon the intem- perate, however much allowances may be made, there certainly can be none. The conclusion, then, is ar- n AND EMIGBATION. 37 to U rived at, tbat sobriety is an actual source of accumu- latiug profit, while intemperance is an inevitable drawback. Policy, therefore, if nothing else, should induce the former, and destroy the latter. But there is another degree of sobriety, however, different to what has been spoken of, that should be strongly attended to. The body may occasionally be inflated with drink, and yet the mind be clear; the mind may be anything but sober, and yet the body perfectly calm. Either of these two positions should be avoided by all men, but particularly by men who, as emigrants, have to enter on a new life, and to mark as plainly as possible the courses of their way before them. There can be nothing on earth more desirable than rational and dispassionate reasoning, attended by a like judgment at all times. Were this universal, mankind would be more apt to perceive the sense- lessness of much that is disputed upon, and to come to a general conclusion that the Divine precepts of love and charity are the centrifugal rays which emit the real, substantial light of moral happiness in the world. "When such reasoning comes, reflection has already arrived ; and reflection bids the man about to undertake new schemes to *' ponder and be wise.*' It tells him to be "sober-minded," and to consider well what now is only the " beginning of the end." A ra- tional man will think of this when he is on the point of commencing, as it were, his early life again. Hot- brained youth may rush on with intemperate zeal, and possibly, by mere impetuosity, surmount the obstacles that chance to come before him. But not so he whose few past years have given him a lesson of experience. Wariness and caution, if in ever so small a degree, will come upon him, and the warning voice, •' Be sober-minded," will necessarily at times strike strongly upon his memory. Perhaps, however, the admonition comes to him in only a moral light ; yet it is one also deserving a different view. Men may, in general, sneer at subjects of religion being discussed or alluded 38 BRITISH COLUMBIA, f. If: ■ I to in any writings such as the present ; but if they would only give to it a single moment's reflection, — if they would but be sober-minded, rational in their rea- soning and judgment, instead of being intemperate and hasty, they would perceive that a man hardly fulfils his task, in an attempt of this kind, who does not call the emigrant's attention to every one of the concerns whereon his happiness and success depend. If one who is about to leave his native country to go to a far-off land can confidently say he will reach that land in safety, — that no perils shall attack him on the voyage, — that no foes nor ills will assail him when he lands, — that all of life henceforth shall be of his own fair choosing, — then indeed there may appear to be no need to call attention to a serious subject. But when man cannot command even a moment of his time, — when he cannot say what an hour may bring forth even in England by his own fireside, — when he admits this fact, and allows himself to be a creature perfectly at the mercy of some far superior power, — where can be his sober-mindedness, his reflection, his reason, or his judgment, when he ventures on a new life far abroad upon a new and wondrous element, where that superior Power is often awfully displayed, and then settles upon a new and strange land, without once attempting to place himself in communion with that Power ? Surely it were wise, even if it be doubt- ful, to practise those means which are said to be pleasing and acceptable to that Power. To ensure a blessing on our efforts, we often find a compelling cause from some bright hope within us. Frequently has success attended us from the mere energy inspired by resting steadfastly on the hope of success : how much more so, then, by the knowledge of the certainty of it, should it be for our actual good ! And whether it be for our real good, or not for our real good, man himself, even as all experience proves, is never com- petent to judge. Thus, then, it is wise to be hopeful ; but, to rest AND EMIGRATION. 39 his . i rest that hope on One Who is mightier and wiser than the sons of men. Therefore I say to all, rationally and sober-mindedly look upon the simple question ; and as no success nor exemption from evil can be made certain by ourselves, let it be the wiser plan to attempt gaining it by asking Elsewhere. Surely, if we do own a supe- rior Power, it is but manliness to ask that Power for His aid, His blessing, and His love. Surely there can be no littleness or wrong in acknowledging the truth of our own helplessness, our own proneness to error, our own worthlessness compared with what we ought to be, and soliciting the aid of that Divine Spirit pro- mised to all who ask to assist us in our future attempts in the better course we should pursue. This is no light matter. It is one of grave import, and is not only essential to an emigrant's internal good, but to his benefit when abroad ; and I sincerely hope that the few lines now written may catch the eye and strike the heart of those whose intention may be to journey far away, that they may be induced to think i this soberly and rationally, to review the subject "'ill, to examine whether it be not good, and like a man take hold of the truth and abide by it un- ceasingly. I have but called attention to the foregoing subject, though I could well say much more from what I my- self have, seen abroad on each side of the question, but it is not my province, here and now to do so, be- yond what I have done. Let me, however, once more intreat attention to it. I am neither parson nor preacher, and I hate, and view with the utmost ab- horrence any of the cant on religion that is so preva- lent in the present times. I am even doubtful in my own mind, whether the religion of the day as pushed forward to our notice, by all sorts of talkers^ is really Christianity. Indeed, I cannot believe it to be so. Yet there is the truth, and the Good and Holy One never leaves Himself without His witnesses, even in the midst of Baal. Therefore I urge the matter as I 40 BBITISH COLUMBIA, k! ',! do ; and simply as one who has bad much experience of many things in this unceasing world of change, I do honestly and sincerely say, that of all the gifts man can have, there is nothing, there can be nothing equal to the excellencies and the blessings of true religion. If the emigrant, then, be but possessed of this as it ought to be possessed, that is as taught by Holy Scripture and the Church, accompanied by manliness and truth of conduct, he will have a guiding Star to direct, to support and encourage him wherever he may chance to be ; and in whatever diflSculty he may be placed, he will have a cheering Friend to smile upon and strengthen him ; he will have One Who became man and is for ever God and man to call upon for help in every time of need ; and finally — come weal, come woe — he has that within which lifts the heart, which elevates the soul, and which, when death comes, come soon, come late, enables him to meet it boldly and in safet^, and then with confidence render up his spirit into the hands of Him Who gave it. Having thus carried my remarks to a point where some of the advantages and disadvantages of emigra- tion may be understood, I now proceed to offer a few practical hints to the emigrant. 1 CHAPTER III. A eLAKCE AT CUE COLONIES. The mind being fully decided as to going abroad, the first question which then arises is as to the colony that shall be selected. This question may be an- swered generally, by saying that every one of them have their advantages ; advantages, however, that in AND EMIOEiLTION. 41 4 I some respects differ from each other, and which, there- fore, it may be desirable to briefly glance at, leaving the querist afterwards to fix his choice. Of the several colonies in the Australasian world, the colony that is strictly called New South Wales, is the oldest and the most extensively populated and ad- vanced in position. This colony has for its chief town, Sydney t a place of very great importance, and originally, the first settlement of any European es- tablishment in Australia. It is too well known to require any description from me. Its splendid bays and harbours, its beautiful scenery, its marine views, and the numerous other enchantments that it possesses, give to it, in my eye, charms that a lively imagination would fain linger upon, and would try to put before the reader. But this I must not do, neither must I forget to state that, like everything in this world, these charms are accompanied by many drawbacks. Dust, and heat, and occasional drought, and to the new arrival, that great pest, the mosquito, form part of the drawbacks. These are what nature puts before one in the view. As to man, so much depends upon an individual him- self, that it is difficult to say what may be a charm, and what the reverse, in Sydney, as considered socially, politically, and practically. Certain reminiscences con- nected with its birth and younger days have a dis- tasteful look to some, but my experience in many places where all classes, high and low, good and bad, are mixed together, teaches me that there is not so much in the old population of Australia to be dreaded or despised. Those who laid the foundation of the greatness and the prosperity of that colony, were principalis men whom the mother country had deemed it wise co send away. They had sinned against the laws of their fel- low-man, and they were expatriated that society might be rid of them at home, no matter what became of them abroad. In the then wild land of the south, 42 BRITISH COLUMBIA, these outcasts had to begin life anew. Many a tale of pity, of anguish, of hope, of passion, have I heard from those who either were the original settlers, or their children. Many a dark deed has been spoken in my ears; many strange and thrilling adventures narrated to me, by those who formed the pioneers of the present successful colonists. But few now re- main to see the glory of that city founded by them- selves. A new race has sprung up, and the dark spot upon the fair surface of Australian fame and glory, is fast becoming obliterated. It is right that it should be so. The memory of what was wrong should be lost in the recollection of what is right. Wrong it was to sin, right it is to repent ; and as far as society (once injured by these outcasts) could be benefited by repentance, I wot that few persons at home so give a proof of repentance as these did. Their labours now rise triumphant before all the world, and Sydney, the great capital of the great gold country in the southern world, stands out brightly in attestation of what could be done, and was done, by the despised ones, and the guilty but repentant ones of a former day. Nevertheless, so true it is, as one of themselves has said, " When heaven accepts contrition it receives into favour when it pardons; but man, more cruel than his Maker, pursues his ofiending brother with unrelenting severity, and marks a deviation from rec- titude with a never-dying infamy, and with unceasing suspicion and reproach, which seem to exclude him from the pale of virtue." And thus it has been. Vir- tue, cold and cutting, and herself so immaculate, could not behold all this proof of branded crime, not being quite so incapable of good things as is so often as- serted, without a feeling of haughty disdain ; and therefore, those who laid the foundation of the metro- polis of the southern world, and their children and grandchildren, were still marked as if alike in infamy. When I think of it, and when I dwell upon that glorious city of an Austral clime, and when I see her " AND EMIGBATION. 48 0. doings chronicled in golden pages far and wide, and behold her commerce and her power, her beauty and her wealth, I cannot help but wonder, as I pause and lend myself to a moment of reflection. Instantly there come to my mind those lines of the poet Her- vey, where he speaks of these men on their way to this distant land ; and as they are so good, and may perhaps serve to arouse the better nature of some reader to think more kindly of all his class, especially of those who err and go astray, I will quote them : — " Mom on ♦^he w r8 ! purple and bright ! Bursts .he . ws the flashing of: v'h) , O'er the giad Wb.v.^, like a child of the sun, See the tall vessel goes gallantl^n : Full to the breeze she unbosoms her sail, And her pennon streams onward, like hope, in the gale. The winds come around her, in murmur and song, And the surges rejoice as they bear her along : See ! she looks up to the golden-edged clouds. And the sailor sings gaily aloft in her shrouds : Onward she glides, amid ripple and spray, Over the waters, away and away ! Bright as the visions of youth, ere they part, Passing away, like a dream of the heart ! Who, as the beautiful pageant sweeps by. Music around her, and sunshine on high. Pauses to think, amid glitter and glow, Oh ! there be hearts that are breaking below ! '* Night on the waves ! and the moon is on high, Hung, like a gem, on the brow of the sky. Treading its depths in the power of her might And turning the clouds, as they pass her, to light. Look to the waters ! asleep on their breast, Seems not the ship like an island of rest ? Bright and alone on the shadowy main. Like a heart-cherished home on some desolate plain ! Who, as she smiles on the silvery light. Spreading her wings on the bosom of night, Alone on the deep, as the moon in the sky, A phantom of beauty — could deem with a sigh, That so lovely a thing is the mansion of sin. And souls that are smitten lie bursting within ? Who, as he watches her silently gliding, Remembers that wave after wave is dividing 44 BBITI8H COLUMBIA, Bosoms which sorrow and guilt could not sever Hearts which are parted and broken for ever ? Or dreams that he watches, afloat on the wave, The deathbed of hope, or the young spirit's grave." But, not exactly in the words of the poet did the result prove. " The death-bed of hope and the young spirit's grave" were /or the past ; but for the future — that hope revived ! God's imap;e once stamped there was no!; wholly effaced in these His creatures ; and the new soil upon which they trod bore the impress of a manly character again. With rapid strides a new world sprang up in the south ; and the mysterious ways of God were never to be looked upon with more of reve- rence and awe than in the results produced by sending the criminals of England to a place somewhere be- neath her feet. Hear what the great com merciaL ora- cle of the day says about this once despised country. Writing some remarks upon a letter from Sydney, the Times in 1854 (Oct. 17) says :— " Ten years ago we little thought that we should ever have to give our readers the picture of a British El Dorado. Yet such a creation, in all its extrava- gance, we have to exhibit this day in the letter of our correspondent at Sydney. Here is the very thing mankind has imagined and desired for ages, — the Ophir of Solomon, the golden fleece of Jason, the golden apples of Atalanta, the Pactolus and Tagus, the lamp of Aladdin and the cap of Eortunatus, and the inexhaustible idea of the thousand golden legends. Who would have thought that poverty-struck Aus- tralia, good for nothing but to take out thieves off our hands and supply us with a little tallow and wool, would ever send us twenty millions a-year in pure gold ? That is the change which has come over the scene in four or five years. Australia is no longer a set of penal settlements, but a fountain of wealth in its most condensed and most coveted form. Every year it brings to the surface, and actually sends to I AND EMIGEATION. 45 the mother country, a quantity of gold much more than has ever lain in the vaults of the Bank of Eng- land." With these remarks then, I leave Sydney and the older Colony, and betake myself to a glance at the others. Van Dieman's Land has Hobarton for its chief city. More mild and pastoral in its features than what New South Wales is ; it pres 'ts many induce- ments to those who prefer a quieter existence than can be found where gold exists. But it is already well populated, and I imagine, has but few openings for new speculations, or for any great efforts towards in- dividual success. There are, however, in the Straits dividing it from the mainland of Australia, numerous islands which I hope yet to see teeming with inhabi- tants and possessing lights and beacons to warn the mariner on his way. Port Philip, otherwise Victoria, the great gold dis- trict of the South, is but a growth of yesterday. When I first visited that part of the world ^t was un- known, except in a geographical sense. Even on my third visit to those colonies it was but coming into life, and I well remember its huts and the few build- ings that formed the principal to\>rn. Yet, who to see it now, not seeing it before, could well conceive what it had been ? Who, to view the rapid progress it is still making, would fancy that twenty years ago it was nearly a wilderness ? To this place then, or to Sydney, or to Van Dieman's Land, men should go at the present time, with the knowledge that, in going there, they must expect more than ordinary difficulties, owing to the very great in- flux of classes from every part of the world. What I have said on the subject of emigration in general should here be remembered. I might give very many proofs of all I have advanced : but such would require a large volume to bring them together. Adelaide, or South Australia ; Perth, and Western 46 BBITISH COLUMBIA, I f ¥. Australia are, likewise, important places. In the former, there are copper mines and the famous Murray river, explored by the adventurous Captain Cadell. In the latter there are facilities for a rapid advance- ment as a colony on the west of this great Southern Continent, if I may so term it. There are, also, rich lands lately discovered around it ; and as we glance at the future, still looking onward and onward with a brightening eye and a manly trusting heart, we see, in Australia, the townships of the west, united by iron roads with the oldf^r townships on the east and south, while they themselves serve as receiving-places for the commerce of one part of the world, even as Sydney and elsewhere about it, take the commerce of the other part of the world. Thus the emigrant, bound for Australia, need not fear, even if certain parts be at present overstocked with new arrivals. There are plenty of places farther a-iield in the same land ; and there are many rich and generous, as well as shrewd and considerate men, to aid the persevering and the energetic, who, not alto- gether led away by gold, hesitate not to make a trial where they can. There is one place more in Australia that must be mentioned. This is the Moreton Bay district ; lately separated from New South Wales, and now having a local government of its own. Of it I know but little ; though that little is greatly in its favour. The cedar and the pine grow in this district abundantly ; and I have seen places in some of the rivers, especially the Clarence, (a river of no small importance,) that de- serves much attention. There strikes me to be a fine field for the emigrant all about here ; but as I have dwelt upon this subject in a work preparing for the press,^ I need say no more here. Before closing this part of my subject I cannot re- frain from endeavouring to call public attention to one 1 A Cruise along the East Coast of Australia, and a sojourn among the Natives. the AND EMIOBATION. 47 great fact in connection with Australia. That fact is one to which I have already referred in relation to the future. I cannot suppose for one moment that the man who seriously reflects upon the changes in the world during the last half-century will be inclined to affirm or believe that the present era is the limit of all advance, and that we shall henceforth remain either stationary or make a retrograde movement. The course of progression has, indeed, been swift and won- derful within the last few years ; but there has been a continuous path of social and physical improvement in the civilized and uncivilized world for many ages past. This improvement, in former times, has been more slow, perchance, than what men now living may themselves have witnessed, but nevertheless it has been unceasing. If the progress has chanced to be arrested in one place it has advanced in another ; and, therefore, it has left and will still leave an infallible evidence in favour of the truth of ultimate perfection. But the lesson it teaches is one of j^reat moment, and negatives all idea of no further increase in the moral and intellectual as well as social aspects of the world. It tells us that man will yet go on and on, increasing in knowledge, in wisdom, and in understanding ; that the earth will yet present more and more some new features, and bring to the light and to the view of her children parts of her surface yet hidden from human eye : yet unexplored by human science.^ It tells us that where the savage now roams in unrestrained wild- ness of ferocity and will, civilization will yet be planted. It tells us that the lands now accounted so distant and almost unapproachable, will eventually be within the limits of a friendly and a neighbourly visit. It also tells us that where the canoe of a native race is only seen, or but with rare exceptions, there will be wit- ^ The whole of these and following remarks are as they were writtea by me in June, 1848. The present day proves my views to have been correct ; and will be some warranty for believing that the future may be equally as progressive. 48 nRITIBH COLrMBIA, nessed the constant passage of tlie vessels and the fleets of the civilized white. There is no limit to the advance of science ; there can be no limit to human improvement. Bearing this then in mind, it will be considered as no stretch of fancy if a view of Austral- asia be presented which shall give it, in another half century, an appearance very strongly like Great Britain and the adjoining continent. Already has progress been made and is still making towards such an end. A glance at any map of the eastern hemisphere will show that, even as England is divided from France by the Straits of Dover, so is Australia divided from New Guinea and the Louisiade Archipelago by the Torres Straits. These Straits have of late been made more navigable : ships more frequently go through them. Steamers have already begun to ply between the various ports of India and the Eastern Islands, ap- proached at the one extremity of these Straits, and the principal places in Australia to be reached from the other extremity. Torres Straits, then, eventually will become even as Dover Straits are now, a passage for communicating between great places. I would there- fore ask, whether or no that passage shall be in our own keeping, or whether there shall be let or hindrance from others ? Shall we have there a foreign neigh- bour ? Or, shall we at once secure a primary right to possess the whole ? The occupation of New Guinea gives the answer. Should the Erench standard once acquire a footing and be permanently fixed there, the generation which may follow us or our children, and which will witness the changes I have named, will bit- terly and perhaps vainly regret that more attention to the subject had not now been deemed necessary. It is not for me to discuss this subject. I wish merely to call attention to it : and I leave it at present for abler and wiser men than myself to take up the ques- tion and carry it farther. Already have our neighbours a footing in New Caledonia, not far from East Aus- tralia. Erom New Caledonia to the New Hebrides AND EMIGRATION. 49 I the ) the aman ill be atral- • half ritain (gress jnd. e will ice by I New Corres more them. n the Is, ap- ndthe m the ly will ge for there- n our drance neigh- ght to guinea once re, the n, and rill bit- tion to »y. It merely snt for e ques- hbours st Aus- ebrides is but a stride. Thence to tlio Solomon Isles is hut another small stride ; and from the latter. Now Guinea is at no distance off. Indeed, on one of the Louisiade group tliere is, or lately was, a French es- tablishment. It is a Mission on Woodlark Island; and a plan of the harbour, kindly given to mo by Mens. Joubert, of Sydney, is now before me. Thus then, there can be little doubt in the matter to those who look well into the future. New Zealand may be considered, as it has been termed, the future Great Britain of the Southern world, but if so Australia would still be far superior to it. In the first are innumerable physical impediments to its ever becoming so grand or so available a mart of traffic and commerce for the nations of the southern climes a^ Australia. Let Australia then, be free to gradually take up such a position. Let no foreign power be so located as to cause impediments to be thrown in her way, and p r- haps to stay her progress, besides being able to i . j^a- santly annoy and harass her. And let New Guinea be well thought of in connection with every sunject for the welfare of Australia. From Australia, we now take a glance at New Zealand ; and here, my private wishes would possibly lead me to say many good things about the colony, did not my space and the necessity for speedily coming to another part of the world forbid it. My personal acquaintance with New Zealand is none. I can therefore only speak of it geographically, and as I have heard from others while cruising about those seas. It has frequently bet i spoken of as the " Great Britain of the South," ana there is every rea- son so to speak of it. In more respects than one I think it will eventually becouie such as it is called. Its tone, its habits, its Furopean population, and its position, come more near to our own than Australia. This latter colony will eventually, and properly so, be independent of the mother country ; having a flag of her own, and very probably, thinking of the parent E 50 BRITISH COLUMBIA, ■I : L' ;i I land much as the United States now think of us. But New Zealand, I imagine, will be different. There is that about her which marks out her future destiny as being very dissimilar to that of Australia. Hence, the emigrant or the settler abroad should bear this in mind when deciding upon the colony he means to go to. The general class that proceed to New Zealand consists of men of another stamp than those who go to Australia. It is difficult to explain the difference ; but, it may I think, be summed up in this : they are persons of more learning and cultivation. Whether we take the settlement of Canterbury, of of Otago, or Wellington, Auckland, or Nelson, I infer that this difference will be perceptible. In Australia, you go into the busy, feverish mart of brisk trade and com- merce : in Van Dieman's Land, to a more pastoral Hfe ; but in New Zealand there is something, as I conceive from what 1 have seen and heard of those who dwell there, more akin to olden times at home. Even the natives are widely different to those of Aus- tralia. I believe that they are a fine and intelligent race of men : men too who are not to be despised either in their physical or their mental acquirements. I have seen them at work as sailors, and have gouQ a short voyage with some of them ; consequently, so far speak from my own knowledge. There is about New Zealand, even in its physical character, much to make it inviting to many who love the magnificence and the beauties of Nature. The splendid bays and harbours, especially on the South, most all of which have latterly been admirably sur- veyed by Captain Drury and his officers, present numerous scenes of a most enchanting description. I have been informed that some of these places are un- surpassed anywhere in the world ; and certainly, many of the views I have had an opportunity of inspecting seem to warrant such an assertion. Upon the whole, then, it may be said, that if Aus- tralia has very much of an exciting nature to draw to I AND EMIGEATION. 51 it a numerous band of imniigranta from all the quarters of the globe, New Zealand has also much that is at- tractive and of a quieter character. But, now, before quitting New Zealand, let me not forget two other places not far off. The one is Norfolk Island, the other is the Auckland group, with also, one or two more that are in or near the track of vessels from Australia. With respect to the former island, once the great prison for the most desperate criminals, it is now pass- ably w^ell known as the abode of certain families de- scended from the mutineers of the Bounty, who had originally located on Pitcairn Island, a place situated about the middle of the South Pacific Ocean. From Pitcairn they have lately been removed to Norfolk Island, after that place was prepared for them. It is, I believe, a beautiful spot, and equal to all their wishes. I allude to them merely to show where we have colo- nists, and also to keep alive attention to their con- dition. As regards the Aucklands and adjoining islands, they were, I believe, until lately, occupied by a whal- ing company, but are now abandoned. Situated as they are, I conceive that it would be well if encouragement were given to a small settlement there, on account of passing ships. Harbours of refuge might in a similar way be established throughout the whole w^orld where the tracks of vessels lie. Liberal encouragement given to free emigration and settlement in all our colonies would be beneficial not only to individuals, but also to communities. But on this subject, of establishing harbours of refuge abroad, I may say a word or two at another time. The colonies attached to our Indian empire need not here have more than a very passing notice. None of them are within reach of the general emigrant ; nor are they likely to become very attractive in the same sense as our other colonies. Borneo, Singapore, China, and the East ; the Mauritius, Ceylon, and 62 BRITISH COLUMBIA, other places are, no doubt, rich in themselves, but they are not so to him who is obliged to leave home, to seek employment for himself and family abroad. The Cape of Grood Hope is different. There are facilities at that place for a stream of emigration, which, healthily maintained and wisely fostered, would prove beneficial to the colony, as well as to those who go there. The openings lately made by Dr. Livingstone afford great encourajijement to men of energy, perse- verance, and tact. The whole range of East Africa might be considered with reference to settlements upon its coast, that is so far as we have any national right to place them there. The Portuguese possess most of the land about the Mozambique ; but the Cape Colony and Natal, despite the native wars and incursions that we read of, deserve careful attention on the part of any one intending to settle abroad. Belonging, as it were, to this part of the world, we have settlements on St. Helena, Ascension, Fer- nando Po, and Sierra Leone, which latter is a colony. The mention of this place reminds me that it is the duty of every one who may write upon the subject of emigration to warn all persons against a state of things generally existing in some of our colonies. Might is too often made right ; and where there is no appeal and no immediate means for laying a grievance before the Home Government, the poorer man is in danger of being oppressed. From some accounts I have read respecting Sierra Leone, it appears not to be exempt from this, and what I have, in a former work, drawn attention to concerning another of our colonies — the Falkland Islands. These islands are situated in the far off South Atlantic Ocean, near the end of the Ame- rican Continent. They are wild and barren in the extreme, as compared with the other colonies just mentioned. But they are most important, and I believe may become productive. Certainly, if the soil is not very enticing, the position of these islands AND EMIGEATION. 53 ought to make them possess some attraction. They have excellent harbours and bays ; and their fiahing and other advantages make them a place not to be de- spised by the moneyed emigrant going far abroad. But I have spoken at length upon the Falklands in my late work, " A Two Years' Cruise in the South Seas ;"i and the views I have there expressed I still maintain. It is a wise and shrewd speculation to make a cattle colony on the West Falklands ; and, if carried out according to the extent urged upon me by the Society possessing an island, much personal benefit must arise in return. The late Governor of the Falklands told me that a naval Captain of high repute in some things was most earnest to get certain parts of the West Island to establish his favourite cattle schemes ; and my own experience of those islands leads me to believe it, — even as the gallant captain has said since joining the society now fixed there, — to be " a most profitable speculation." There is one drawback at present. The establishment of a cattle colony on the West Falklands would be rather against the rights of a corporate body called the Falkland Islands Com- pany. This company has paid high for the exclusive privilege of claiming all wild cattle on the islands. It was, therefore, considered that the plan intended by the society to which I have alluded, of placing a number of animals on the Western lands, (ema- nating as that plan did from the naval captain above referred to, and who had long been resident at the Falklands as partner in a firm having many cattle,) was an attempt to set up in opposition to that company. Whether or not, it was, in a pecuniary sense, a shrewd idea; and such plan, with some good sealing and whaling stations, might offer many inducements for the Falk- land Islands becoming more populated than they are. Other important considerations connected with the Falklands arise before me ; but the limits of my present remarks confine me to the allusions I have ^ Published by Longman and Co. 54 BRITISH COLUMBIA., already made, and to what I have said in my larger work. I hope yet to see Government paying more attention to tlie subject. It is needed. Prom the South let us now rapidly advance to the North. And here I cannot but pause for a moment to reflect upon the singular position England holds with regard to a great portion of the world. She seems like a nursing mother to many nations. What is not exactly and by birth her own, she has fostered as her own, wherever such has been required of her. In her natural capacity as parent she has been very pro- lific : in her other character she has not been idle. Yet to look at her on the map one cannot but be surprised. She is very small when compared with several of her gigantic children ; consequently the excusable pride her sons must entertain for her, whether at home or abroad, should ever be tempered with wisdom and prudence. So much overdue boasting as is often beheld, is not well, nor is it just. Our national greatness too fre- quently leads to our despising others around us. But the observant eye beholds in our neighbours, signs of past, of present, or of future greatness equal to our own. To me there seems a want of true penetration and of calm judgment in attempting to decry another nation merely to vaunt ourselves. France especially, has of late been so decried, and the master-mind that rules our ally, and receives the good- will and love of bis people, has never shown greater wisdom, more moderation, and sounder good sense than in curbing the indignation of himself and his subjects when hear- ing the taunts and sarcasms of ourselves. Looking far below the surface, he has tried to believe that at heart we mean not what w^e say, and thus wisely con- sidering, peace has been ensured. Let us hope that it will be maintained. England's greatness — Eng- land's glory — consists in the noble arts of peace — not in the terrible and destructive elements of war. Her conquests may have been mighty ; but results, even AND EMIGRATION. 55 )t even in India, show that " those who draw the sword shall suffer by the sword ;" and Australia with its great wealth, proves the advantage of a contrary course. But, we have no just right to despise other nations, however small, as we often do. Spain and Portugal as states, Genoa and Venice as cities, are but com- parative units in the list of mighty kingdoms, and places of note in the present day. Yet, look at their glory when we were nought ! See the Venetian mer- chants on their way to and from China and the East in the days of our first Edwards ! Mark their fleet of rich argosies threading the waters of the Levant and x\driatic, and depositing the wonders of Ind at the feet of half-barbarous Europe ! Behold the hardy G-enoese in their caravels, ploughing the wide ocean at a time when we dared hardly dream of doing so ! Kun your eye along the African coast, and throw it upward to the Asiatic shores as you view the Portu- guese flag braving the then mysterious dangers of such a voyage while England slept at home ! And, finally, note the proud flag of Spain riding triumphant on the seas at the borders of new worlds, discovered and peopled by her sons and those she employed, ere we had come into note at all ! Thus then, our present greatness is no warranty for decrying that of others. Glorious amongst nations do we now stand in our colonies and our dependencies ; but we must not for- get that once we were not so ; and the lesson I would fain draw from these apparently unnecessary remarks is this, — Let the emigrant going afar off" bear these things in mind ; and, while naturally proud of his own parent land, be not overboasting as regards it ; nor speak so disparagingly of others. It is a drawback everywhere ; and I have, therefore, made these obser- vations in a friendly way, to guard all who read these pages. More especially have I done so now that I am about to touch upon Canada and the United States. Here we have a mixture of many nations ; and it may do some good if I say, (no matter how un- 56 BBITISH COLUMBIA, palatable it may be) that an Englishman is neither loved nor respected in any part of the world so much as he used to be. I have alluded to some of the causes — others exist and need not here be mentioned ; but the fact is evident to all calm thinking minds. In the United States this is greatly so, except perhaps in a few places more peculiarly British than else- where. In Lower Canada, I am told, it is much the same ; in Upper Canada, there is that sort of loyalty which, as we occasionally read, is sound while it serves, but no longer. Eeturning now more particularly to a glance at such places as deserve to be mentioned to the emi- grant, I must say that to many, the United States present numerous attractions. The Americans are bold, fearless, adventurous, enterprizing, and far-see- ing. While we often think about things they go and act. One may not like all of their personal cha- racter; nor agree with that spirit of recklessness and want of due forethought so very striking in much of what they do ; but as excellent pioneers in the great march of civilization towards the west, they undoubtedly rank very high. No man better adapted for a colonist than a Yankee. No one more capable of surmounting any and every diflficulty, no matter where, in what, or how produced. Shrewd, and cal- culating, (that is superficially — and this often answers for a beginning) and ready-witted, few in the world can compete with him. Then too, his great natural intelligence, his sharp intellect, and his keen sense of all that is required to adapt himself to the require- ments of any particular moment, makes him an ad- mirable character for the opening out and improving hidden places and heretofore wild land. Thus then, the Englishman, willing to abandon his own birthright (a birthright, alas ! too often one of poverty) may go with confidence to the bold and enterprising Ameri- can. He will be received in a manly way ; and in the farther borders of the land (not in the cities at f AND EMIGBATION. 57 t the coast — where it cannot be expected) he may- expect to rapidly attain all that he could never hope for at home. Canada I can speak of only from report. But who can doubt its great and numerous advantages ? ATho can be blinded to the fact, that suddenly, and as if by magic, this large and growing colony has attained a vast importance in the eyes of all who look to the future ? To England it must and will be the great highway to the west ! That it has not already been so is surprising; but perhaps certain interests pre- vented any proper attention being given to the sub- ject. Presently I will say a word or two about this great highway. Meanwhile, let me give an opinion about Canada as an emigration field. I have spoken of Australia, New Zealand, and the lands of the South ; but these have all been considered as supposing that the emigrant had enough means to go there comfortably, or with assistance, and cared not to separate himself, almost wholly from his native home. But with Canada the case is different. Here, a man can hold almost daily communication with those he has left behind. Here, business transactions can be carried on nearly the same as if between Scotland and London. Here too, the cost is very much less for the means to come and settle; and here, one feels himself more as if at home than can be done in the South, where all the seasons are quite the reverse to what they are in England. Then too, the country is so different to Australia. The numerous rivers, lakes, and canals, the townships, railways, traffic, and ad- vanced state of civilization, make it more as if moving from one part of our own country to another, than what can be conceived in Australia. Its historical and political associations also come nearer to us in their familiarity. We know of and about Canada al- most as we know of and about Wales. It has not, in connection with it, aught of that to which I referred in speaking of Australia ; and, whether it be high or 08 JUKli'lBn CULtMBlA, I low, rich or poor, there caa be no feeling about going there similar to what there used to be about Australia. Thus, then, I would say to those of limited means, think of Canada first, and ascertain, from the numer- ous publications concerning it, what is best for you to do about selecting it. As regards the great highway to the West, too much caunot be said upon this subject. Unfortunately, like very many others who conceive an idea, I am in too poor a position to do more than mention it : a full purse may take it up and reap the benefit. As an instance of this, and now somewhat bearing upon the present question, I may refer to the blue books for my letters and plans on the Franklin Search. There, it will be seen that I was the first in order of date to point out the actual locality where, as it has since been proved, the missing party could, at the time I wrote, have been found. My plan struck through Canada ; and twice since then have I sug- gested other plans, varying only as years pass on, to continue this search. Now, in reference to this I must beg to explain. My desire is, and was, not only to see the mystery solved, as concerns the lost expedition, but, to open out the country. There are thousands of hardy, and fearless, enterprizing men at home who would gladly pioneer the way ; and, if our own land as well as the civilized world can be benefited by it, why should Government hold back ? Some say our country will not be benefited thereby. But in this I humbly beg to differ. The Hudson's Bay Company assuredly is benefited, and just as surely will the nation be, if the whole country is well and wisely thrown open. The Americans see advantages, and push ahead even in the far seas, where we have been toiling towards the Pole for many years. Already a fleet of whalers under the Stars and Stripes have most successfully penetrated within the icy circle on the North-west of British America : by and by, these hardy men and their Tf AND EMIOBATIOK. 59 dauntless resolution will carry that flag along the Northern coast, find, or force a way to the eastward, and make a water course tor the summer through Hudson Straits or otherwise to their own land.^ Then will England regret she did not more stronj^ly and continually follow up the labours of those Arctic dis- coverers who, after much toil, proved that a passage did exist. So in regard to the great highway by land. What is to hinder a mighty movement being made ? The United States if but possessing our capital and re- sources would do it directly, and, as hints of plans are already dropping, perhaps she may. Why then shall we ever be so backward ? There is at the present time a golden opportunity, a golden reason for at- tempting it. We have a Colonial Minister who wisely and with sound policy understands these mat- ters : why then do we hold our hand ? Now is the time : now is the very moment to com?nence. Grovern- ment will surely aid all efforts, and no doubt set on foot some plan of its own ; but, whetlif^r or no, let it be seen to. At once begin the great Highway to the West I It has ever been a golden West in theory, even to our forefathers : it is so now in reality. Let our capitalists, our wise merchants, and men of business take up the subject without delay ! I am not suffi- ciently acquainted with the country to venture any suggestion as to the route or plan ; but I think it might be attempted much as a railway through a wild part of Europe would be. Stations at fixed or conve- nient distances might be formed, as the "Forts" of the Hudson's Bay Company are. At all events, let the route once be marked out, the country thrown ^ I cannot help still holding the opinion I have always ex- pressed, that there is some water way to be found all along the North coast of America, and by Fury Straits to Hudson. This water way has been successfully traversed by the gallant Captain CoUinson, so far as within a short distance of what I name ; and there is little difficulty for a vessel getting along from the West during summer. GO BBITISn COLUMBIA, open, and made as safe as can be by Government countenance and protection, and speedily there will bo the great highway I speak of. Leading to the new Colony of British Columbia I have no doubt it would Boon be traversed by numbers. I have here only very briefly glanced at this plan ; but, as soon as circumstances and my health will permit, I hope to be personally examining the way, either from Canada, or, if first by sea, from the westward. And now for a few remarks on British Columbia. CHAPTER IV. BRITISH COLUMBIA. This new colony has so lately been added to us in a distinctive and especial character, that it is hardly pos- sible to say much about it. Those who have had some experience there, speak favourably of its qualifi- cations ; but, I would earnestly caution my readers not to be carried away by the excitement that appears to have arisen on this subject. It is this very excite- ment that will injure those who possibly would other- wise be benefited. It will not hurt the Government, nor the ship-owners, nor the merchants, because there will be good of some kind or other come to these parties through such excitement ; but I do most strongly advise a very attentive perusal of the opening remarks on emigration, and a calm consideration of the whole subject before acting too rashly in the matter. I would not imply by this that emigration to the new colony should be slow and cautious in an especial degree ; but I do think that every one should urge the necessity of much forethought and reflection. There is no getting back easily when once taken there. Every- AND EMIGRATION. 61 ry. thing is new, and rough, and disorganized. We know but little of the real truth concerning it, for it has only of late come before us. The tales of gold and riches may be facts, — they may be coloured exaggera- tions. Even if they be the facts reprearrited, 1 hope that I have said enough to show that even greater cau- tion than ever should be used by a man going to such a country. There are dangers and perils stronger and greater than can be readily conceived. Were I faithfully to narrate all that I witnessed, and heard, and had to endure during the time of the gold dis- coveries in Australia and Calif uia, I believe that it would greatly astonish most of those who are reading this, and have little idea of what is actually done in newly discovered gold countries. Therefore I the more earnestly say to one and all, pause ! and seri- ously consider what you are about before too hastily leaving your own home to go there. Pew have any correct notion of what thev will have to encounter. There are not very many who can endure it. And it would be most cruel in me or any other man writing about the new colony, to place a picture before per- sons, that, however truthful it might be as to the part, is not so as to the whole. Therefore I wish to waru every one not to be too rash. Government has at present a great responsibility. It has given its official seal and countenance to British Columbia on the Far West, and I venture to say it has most wisely done so. But it must not do things by halves ; nor do 1 think that at present it is doing so. Nevertheless, it should guard against those evils that are likely to occur from a sudden influx of gold-seekers and others from all parts of the world. Even in Melbourne, where a local Government had existed for some years and great means were at command, starvation, disease, death, and unimagined misery were things frequently known. I have seen scores of persons sleeping about the wharves and in iron boilers, packing cases, or on the bare earth. I have witnessed scenes of suffering BRITISn COLUMBIA, amoiif^st the newly-arrived immipfrants that befjgar description ; and I have almost daily heanl of or read, or seen deaths either from violence, fron. n^kbaf: carelessnesa, from sudden di^icase, or from broken heart. Wfmt then must it be now in British Colum- bia? I will tell you. It must be fully equal to all that, if not worse ; and unless there has been a wise provision made to meet this rush to a new gold country, murder, crime, want, and a general famine must prevail there. Consequently, men should be wise in time. The earth may produce gold ; but I am not aware that it produces food ; and as man is not an animal to live upon air alone, he would stand a fair chance of perishing by starvation, though heaps of the glittering metal lay around him. I will mention a circumstance that occurred in the year 1856, at the colony of the Falkland Islands. I was there in command of a Schooner awaiting the arrival of a large party of persons from England. For some weeks previous there had been a scarcity of fari- naceous food in the settlement. I had written home to the party expected to say so. At length they arrived ; nineteen souls, bringing no food with them, save a small private supply, and yet going to a place away from the settlement, and where they would be worse off. In the colony nothing could be obtained, except beef and a few other things. The Grovernor himself had to buy at a very high price ; and individuals could get none. The result was, that had not an American vessel suddenly come in, there would have been some- thing like a famine, and this too in an established place of several years* standing. Therefore I cannot help urging the necessity, not only on Government but on individuals themselves, to look somewhat a-head in this matter. It is not an old and well-established place, where settlers al- ready located there require and can pay for the labour of fresh arrivals, but it is exceedingly young, and can hardly yet support itself. Indeed, there ought AND XMIOBATIOX. 63 )&' to be depots of provisions or continuous supplies kept up at this new colony, so that want and starvation may be avoided. Prices should be fixed, and regula- tions made as to the consumption : and, in addition, it' a Government invites a population to a new and dis- tant colony, and endorses that which will be sure to attract thousands and thousands to its shores, there should be every means afforded to the new arrival for his maintenance, support, and existence, dependent only upon the labour of his hands. Having then thus placed before my readers the serious drawbacks to be guarded against in a new colony like that in the far west, I will now add a few words upon the better side of the picture. This, to nearly the full extent has, in a general way, been done in the Introduction and other portions pre- ceding what I have last said. But as regards Co- lumbia itself, another remark or two may be necessary. Hitherto that part of the world was to us almost a terra incognita. The policy of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany seems to have been the keeping quiet all about their territories. They have, apparently, been very studious in preventing the country over which they ruled from being opened out. Consequently, British Columbia under its former name and former rule was, even to many who are far from generally ignorant, all but perfectly unknown. It is not my purpose to go into any historical details concerning it, for this pam- phlet is for the general emigrant, and there is not space for many minute details. But I would simply call attention to its position. A reference to any mode- rate-sized map will show the situation of British Co- lumbia with regard to India, China, and Japan ; also to the Polynesian Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. Now it is this situation that I wish to draw attention to. It is, or it can be made, the key of the west. In a latitude the same as that in which we now live, and with a climate in many respects better than our own, there needs but little to call it a second England. Of 64 BEITISH COLUMBIA, course by this term I mean Great Britain ; and I speak in a general sense more than with exact reference to its physical character. If we attentively consider the position of Vancouver's and Queen Charlotte's Islands; take into account what has already been done in the Pacific Ocean, and what may yet be done, and carry ourselves forward another half-century, — that is to the period when our children's children will be men, and those few of us who then live, sitting quietly down with silvered locks and bent form, talking of the past as we now speak of the last fifty years — what will be the picture ? Why, judging from the events of our own day and calculating all probabilities, it will, I conceive, be this: — A Columbian iiag on the west having its seat of power at Vancou r, under British rule and protection with its ports and harbours, its trade and commerce, its towns and cities, churches, schools and universities, steam and sail, road and rail, busy and thriving population, and the nucleus of something more mighty hereafter. There will be quid' and safe communication direct with the mother country through her own American territories ; a rapid trans- mission of intelligence with all countries ; an opening to the north — an opening to the west — the same (and probably by river and canal) to the east ; and finally, in addition to much more than might be named, a great and constant intercourse with the entire Pacific. The very position of British Columbia, now that it has become an acknowledged colony, bids fair for all this, and to be exactly as her mother country is. Let anyone carefully examine what I have said, and there will be ample proof to warrant such a result in the days of our children's children. There is, however, at the very outset, one great drawback to all this ; and I hope that it will be seen by our Government and attended to. This drawback is the unrestricted admission of foreigners. Now, as sure as we allow them to muster too strongly in our new colony, so sure do we sow the seeds of early discord AND EMIGEATIOK. 65 men, ow, as and ultimate discomfiture. We are too far away to protect our own at a moment's warning ; and it will be no joke to England if she is to found a new colony and have it taken away from her after she has gone to the expense of it. While we are thinking how to durably build a town and form ourselves into a social state, others may run up houses of some kind or other, and have their " hundredth street," ^ their newspaper, bar, and assembly room. True, all this may be very brittle or flimsy, and the first breeze, or the slightest acci- dent, may tumble it down and burn it away ; but even if so, it is but to begin again ; and with the same rapidity and perhaps more largely the whole is made as before. Now let but such in large numbers get a permanent footing in British Columbia, and subject to no law of naturalization or other restriction, and I warrant me the new colony may remain not many years our own. Therefore, immediate steps should be taken to es- tablish the colony on a permanent basis, by attending to what Governor Douglas has already spoken of in this respect, and also by ensuring to all who may feel inclined to settle there a legal and lasting right to the soil they may have an opportunity of possessing. Let a self-protecting power be formed there by the Government giving large and generous encouragement to all classes of British subjects who desire to settle in this new colony; and to others under certain restrictions. Let grants of land be made to those who will undertake to populate and improve the land* Gold may be an inducement for thousands to visit the colony ; but gold found in the bowels of the earth does not ensure the prosperity of any place. It is the cultivation of the soil ; the attention to a future: the opening out new marts of trade and commerce, and the implanting from an overstocked ^ In New York they call streets by numerals. I believe they now have a 300th street. F tJd BEITISH COLUMBIA, a 1 parent land some of the superabundant talent, energy, fresh blood, and capacity for work to be found wasting there. This is better than mere crying up gold. This wi)l be more sure to add another gem to the many sparkling round our sovereign's brow, and will here- aftei produce results far greater than may be ordinarily imagined at the present time. In regard to what may be done, and T submit ought to be done by a government founding a new colony such as British Columbia, there are several things which no doubt strike the thoughtful mind of our present Colonial Secretary. Some of these things are, as I conceive, most important ; and not the least is a necessary support to a well regulated local govern- ment. It is hopeless to expect a governor and his officers can wisely carry on an administration if he has no power at hand to back him. The power he requires is — not so much a military force (though that in a rude state of society and with so many Asiatics and foreigners visiting the place is somewhat neces- sary,) as a population from the mother country such as I have named. With a body of men to whom en- couragement is given by Government, G-overnment may hope to succeed. Without such men all the police and all the military that could be sent would be useless. A small naval force too might be usefully engaged there upon survevs and such like, as well as to be useful in any other form ; and in fact, it should be borne in mind that from the moment the cry of gold was raised, and the word of the Colonial minister went forth giv- ing name and title to the new colony, a population of some sort was already formed. The straggling and somewhat disorderly elements wanted only bringing properly together to make out of it what was required. Consequently, unlike a poor settlement just fixed upon by one or two individuals, here was abundant material to work upon ; and governor, secretaries, magistrates, lawyers, and all the paraphernalia of a local govern- AND EMiaRATION. 67 ment bad but to be appointed and sent to establish a political rule nearly equal to that of many years* standing. our CHAPTER V. EMIGEATION AS CONCEENS INDIVIDUALS. I have now to address myself particularly to a class which possibly will form a very large and prominent portion of those who go to British Columbia : I mean the young men of the day. To these I have a few words of earnest exhortation to offer. I hope they may not be taken amiss ; and I also hope that for- bearance will be shown should I say aught distasteful to some who may differ from me. My own opinion is that the young men of this age are much more intellectual, and given to deeper thought, than were our fathers or ourselves at the same period of life. In many of them there is an ac- quaintance with things that prove this. Whether, in the main, it is better or worse for them, and for the society they live in, I shall not (?^ press any opinion: it is enough that to them belongs ilie powder of accom- plishing great things, and effectmg much good. To them, as the strength of this generation, are attached responsibilities far more impv-rtant than perhaps they imagine. If I am asked, HowP I can only reply that it would take too long for me to explain, except as regards the present state of religious parties here at home. Almost everywhere I find *' Young men's Christian Association," &c., &c. ; and, really, seeing this, one might suppose that we were not in a Chris- tian land, but in some Pagan country. Yet it is on 68 BEITISH COLUMBIA, i this very point, and in connection with emigration, that I wish to speak. England, at the present day, is " as a beacon set on a high hill." Surrounding nations view her with varied feelings of envy, dislike, dread, and perhaps, occasionally, of respect. To the many she is, just now, a spectacle for rebuke. The spirit of true cha- rity, — the charity which " envieth not, vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up ; doth not behave itself un- seemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil ; rejoiceth not in iniquity, but re- joiceth in the truth ; beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things," appears to be utterly lost sight of in the dogmatism, intoler- ance, and self-righteous sectarianism of the day. The thinking mind views this with alarm. He fears that, with many, it must produce a falling off into infi- delity. He knows not what to do, or where to go ; and what he has been taught to revere in the book his young hands clasped as his Church's Book of Common Prayer, is now denied or explained away : and should he humbly search the Scriptures, seek- ing, as he ought to do, for guidance from above, he is soon told, by one or the other, that those Scrip- tures have a different meaning to what the Church there puts upon them. What then is he to do ? Where is he to go ? To England he would cling as the land of his birth ; but in England, the vast amount of opposition to Christianity that is in reality every- where displayed staggers him. He sees that ideas are considered, more than facts ; preaching, more than practice ; and self-estimation, more than true humility and Grospel love. With amazement he be- holds consecrated ministers of God seeking for occa- sion to find fault, and to damage, if not to ruin, a brother minister; and he hears of their habitual indulgence in virulence, slander, abuse, a,nd con- tempt of all that beautiful, calm, and holy consi- deration for each other, which is so characteristic of AND EMIOEATION. 69 more true le be- occa- lin, a ritual con- onsi- ic of true Christianity. In his own ignorance, he is con- fused, and hardly able to know what is right, and what is wrong. Yet a little reflection points out to him the heat and angry bearing of the one side, and the quiet and patient endurance of the other. He perceives, also, that invariably the practice of the one side is more consonant with the teaching of a Divine Master than the practice of the other side. But he cannot feel at ease in the matter of the disputes which prevail in his Church. He fears for her downfall, and also for the peace of his own loved land. He is not blind to the watchfulness of neighbouring powers, whose words, though often bitter in their pointedness, are yet too frequently true to be wholly disregarded. He may be derided, abused, humiliated, contemned as of nought, for any expressions he may utter on this point ; but, if he be the man to stand firm, let him care not, for assuredly the truth must win its way, and ere long be triumphant. Nevertheless, as a lover of his native land, he grieves for the malevolence and the unchristian dissensions of the day. He would fain see peace, though not at the sacrifice of probity and right. Hence he beholds, with rejoicing, new fields opening out for all who are inclined to try their strength in the Christian warfare, and, in their own generation, to do what good they can for those who follow them. Therefore avoiding the dissensions at home, let the young and healthy minds of the day who go to this new land in the West, avail themselves of the opportunities there to be found for establishing the principles they profess, and spreading far and wide the knowledge of the true Christian faith; and the advancement of God's honour and glory ! What I consider to be the best and most comfort- able plan for voyaging to any distant place, when the voyager has but moderate meaas at his disposal, I now purpose to lay before the reader. 70 BBITISH COLUMBIA, Let us, for example, take the Colony of British Co- lumbia or New Zealand. Here, then, we have a voyage, the duration of which may be reckoned at about four months ; and during which several changes of tempera- ture are experienced. It will, therefore, afford a good test for making an approximation of the cost and out- lay for a long voyage. Now, in the first place, it is necessary to select a vessel ; and this, undoubtedly, is more important than many suppose. Much of the comfort and happiness of the voyager and of his family depends upon it. Names and reputed worth in regard to this or that ship, and to this and that owner, are not always well to go by. Tor, it does so happen that when once a reputation or a business is established, all care for that which led to the success of those who hold such reputation and such high name is thrown aside in the eagerness and desire to make the most of their posi- tion. I am not sure that I would, as a humble pas- senger, care to go with the highest names in preference to those of less acknowledged worth. Therefore I urge the necessity of caution and much inquiry before selecting a ship, even though it be that the said ship and her owners have a high reputation. Few persons can over-estimate the value of this. If the ship be old, or leaky, or dull, the fact has great influence in the scale of comfort during the voyage. Captain and officers often she av it. Their manner is much in accordance with their vessel; and, thus, in arranging for a voyage it should be one of the first considerations to ascertain all that can be ascertained in regard to the ship. Now to do thi'i. it iti not enough to take for granted what is told by tLose who are interested in her; but an examination t^liould be personally made as to her age, her last employment, and the sailing qualities she may possess. All this can be done, in a short time, and by a little trouble, at the Port the vessel belongs to. AND EMIGRATION. 71 lis. If great ranted but bo her )s she time, klongs # That it is important, may be inferred from the fact that some ships have been put on the berth for pas- senger traffic just as they have returned home from a previous voyage ; and I have known vessels conveying crowds of respectable persons aboard, not only leaky, and dull, but with vermin and reptiles about their hull in abundance. Having selected the vessel, and given the proffered accommodation a careful inspection, the terms of pas- sage should next be well and carefully settled. It may seem unnecessary to press this so pointedly and so strongly as I here wish to do; but I assert that too much care and attention on this point cannot be bestowed. There are some gentlemen in command of ships of whom it is a pleasure to speak. There are others of whom it may be said that, in very truth, they are low-minded, cunning, and insufferable tyrants. To distinguish between the two, without a previous acquaintance, is, of course, difficult; yet it may be done in a very little time by any one accustomed to society, or to the habits of his own class. It is not the most plausible man who, in going on board his ship, makes you believe he is so affable and attentive, that is the best to sail with on a long voyage : nor is it he who will hardly condescend to exchange a word with you ; but — it is that person who considerately points out to you what it is you will have to undergo, what to conform to, and wherein your life must, un- avoidably, differ from your previous habits on shore. He is not too bland, — too polite ; neither is he too surly and too boorish. The rough sailor-captain of a past generation has disappeared, or, at least, ought to be no longer found now that the great increase of intellectual qualifications amongst the Commanders of our Mercan- tile Navy is the rule more than the exception. Hence it ought not to be expected that a captain of a passen- ger ship should be other than a gentleman; though from the peculiarities connected with his profession and his great severance from general society, his acquaintance 72 BRITISH COLUMBIA, with the blandishments of artificial life is, necessarily, small, and therefore he is unable to be always quite so smooth spoken as men are capable of becouiing on shore. Thus, then, in securing or arranging for a passage, strive to see the captain, and arrange with him, at least as far as the preliminaries are concerned. At all events, be sure that all particulars as regards your passage are rightly understood. In the case of a voyage to New Zealand, let not Auckland be implied for Canterbury in the direct des- tination, if time be an object, and time generally is, in a long voyage. Tour months on board ship causes a weariness to be felt that soon becomes irksome. Hence if Canterbury be your destination, take care that you know whether it be the first or the last place to be visited out of the two or three others often named. In like manner, ascertain whether landing persons and effects is included and expressed in the terms of the contract entered upon. Also, as to the meaning of the word used as referring to the intended destination. For instance, on one occasion, the pas- sengers by a ship to Port Philip were, in accordance with their receipts, taken to Port Philip, butt had to find their way as best they could from the Bay to Melbourne, seven miles off"! This too, when every- thing was at a frightful price, and conveyance scarcely to be had. Hence, it behoves the voyager to be cautious ; and I strongly urge the necessity of having it clearly expressed as to whether landing on the wharf at the destination fixed upon, be understood or not. Let the Captain personally give the information and be answerable. No ordinary passenger vessel should be chosen that has not a good height between decks, say six to seven feet, and is roomy, an 1 well appointed. It is no real saving of expense to go in a ship, except a yacht, other than thus named, unless wear and tear, and loss of all comfort, and means to profitably employ your time, be disregarded. i AND EMIGBATIOIT. 73 J •^ "Single young men may be less careful about these things than those with families ; yet, even thoy might wisely pay some attention to the subject. However, us regards them I shall, presently, offer a few remarks more particularly relating to their position. Let me for the present confine myself to those who are not single. We will now suppose that a vessel has been selected and preliminary inquiries made. The next thing is to try and secure as good a place as possible in the ship ; and this good place, for landsmen, that is for those who are not chief cabin passengers, is, as near as can be to the centre of the vessel. Of course, much in this choice must depend upon the taste, and habits of life of the passenger. If he dislikes rough society, and can afford to pay more, he had better keep as much to the afterpart of the ship as he can ; for in the forepart there is generally and unavoidably an as- sortment of all classes. If, however, a ship is chosen where there are not many passengers, then the choice of place and of space is not so good, inasmuch as the part allotted to passengers is often very limited. Many ships are fitted between decks before some of the intending passengers have an opportunity of inspecting them. In such case, what accommoda- tion you will receive for your passage-money is at once seen ; but where the vessel is not so fitted, or where the passenger has no opportunity for a personal inspection he ought to bear in mind that the accom- modation offered at the general low terms advertised is of a very limited kind. At most, he will have but a sleeping " berth" of about five and a half feet long, by some eighteen or twenty-one inches broad, with barely standing room alongside of it, and, in the same enclosure, called a "cabin," will be another inmate in a similar berth above or below him. These " berths," or sleeping cribs, are frequently placed athwartships or acrossways in the ship, instead of lengthways ; and the consequence is, that a novice will frequently find himself sleeping with his head much lower than his <««)»/- «»,0.. ^-r^ 74 BRITISH COLUMBIA, I y"^ I lil heels when the wind, havinp^ shifted in the night, comes round to the side ho ia upon. These and nu- merous other things, form part of what a passenger should consider about when taking a passage, i have seen and inspected many passenger vessels, and have belonged to not a few ; but I have not yet hil^^ occa- sion to alter my opinions concerning the plat; I shall now propose for the consideration of those who desire as much comfort as they can have on board ship. It is not a new plan, though one improved upon ; and I ma) tell those who read this that I have personally tried it on more than one occasion. Before I mention it, however, let me say that it would not be wise to trust to it unless the voyager understood somewhat of domestic economy and household management, and could apply suoh management to the rules of life at sea. To help him in this latter respect, I will go more minutely into it than perhaps might be considered ne- cessary ; and I will arrange my plan so as to embrace a threefold division, applicable to the threefold classi- fication into which I here consider Emigration may be systematized. That is, — Firsty as re;7ards Families going out by themselves. Secondly, as a community, embracing the several classes, or as a company of individuals united together for a specific object. Thirdly y 83 a government, a church, or a philanthro- pic undertaking. Ajidi first f as vegsirdi^ families. These often form, at the commencement of a voyage, a great tie upon their head. A number of young children, or a newly wedded and perhaps delicate wife will naturally cause much anxiety to the mind of the master ; but, a little attention to what I will now suggest, may possibly re- lieve him from much of that anxiety. In the first place, then, let the voyager to a distant land try and secure for himself, and according to his means, such space in the ship as will give tolerably good accommodation for the whole party. I will sup- AND EMIOBATION. 75 the night, le and nu- pasaenger ;e. . have , and have bad occa- )laLi I shall who desire I ship. It on ; and I personally I mention )e wise to imewhat of (ment, and 3 of life at ^ill go more sidered ne- bo embrace ifold classi- 'ation may hemaelves. he several d together >hilanthro- n form, at upon their a newly ally cause it, a little ossibly re- a distant ng to his tolerably '. will sup- pose that a man, wife, and four children, form the number of this party. In such case the space re- quired should be, say eight feet by nine, and thus ar- ranged, — two sleeping berths one over the other, eighteen inches wide on the nine feet length, and two sleeping berths thirty-six inches wide, one over the other on the eight feet length. This will leave a clear space of six feet by six and a half, with a recess of three feet by one and a half. Now, if the family pro- vide themselves, two feet of that space should be fitted with lockers well tinned, find Ives over them for the stores. These lockers, tUuugh securely fastened on board, should be made so ti>* to be readily moved when leaving the ship. On T op of the lockers good oil-cloth, or thin lead md oil-cioth, as a cover, to prevent wet getting in to the dry provisions. This top could then be used as a table, if the shelves are raised from it about four inches. On top and around the upper berths, other shelves may be placed ; while such of the baggage required on the voyage can be arranged as seats close to the lower berths. Management and skill will effect a great deal in stowing; and I should perhaps astonish many who read this, were I to state the quantity of things I have packed in my cabin on a voyage, and yet had a degree of comfort not surpassed by those who were paying a very large sum for chief accommodation. Indeed, I have no hesitation in saying that a family such as I have named, (and for a larger or smaller family, more or less space could be taken) as much room can be obtained as in many of the first class cabins. At all times there may be a clear space in the cabin of two feet by six ; and this will be ample for the parents and one of the children to get their meals in, while the other children remain in their berths. But, even the having food in the cabin need not be ; for most ships have a long table in the centre of the vessel, for pas- sengers to have their meals on. If the family do not provide their own provisions, ,.^.. ^r^z .0^. %% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■50 '•^~ ■■■ ■^ iSii 12.2 ■u ISA mmm :f U£ 12.0 Uil 1 IJ5 jJ4 ^ ^ 6" ► .% y] Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 4^ ^^ <- W'\ ■/ A 1*1 1 ^i 76 BRITISH COLUMBIA, but the ship furnishes food, then more room can be made. Moreover, thero is sometimes a difficulty in making such an arrangement with the owners. In general, they prefer that the ship find everything. Nevertheless, for those who wish to keep as much as possible to their own habits and tastes, I should re- commend the plan I have named, where it can be adopted. I have tried it on two occasions, when my wife and I were passengers on a long voyage ; and every one on board could bear witness to the room, comfort, and similarity to home, with the abundance of good things that we enjoyed. In the Appendix I will give a list of such stores as may be useful ; and as the space you hire (the owners agreeing to pro- perly and securely enclose it) is your own, you can put in what you like, and save some of the freight. This latter you will have to pay at so much per ton measurement for all that you do not carry in your cabin, unless, perchance, it is allowed, as is generally the case, to use the outside of your own accommodation for fixing a box or two as seats. But it is rare that, in some way or other, ample room is not found, by adopt- ing the plan I have named. As regards the expense, a calculation should be carefully made, in accordance with what is demanded by the ship for the space you require. It is impos- sible to name any fixed sum ; but ^ at the end I will give some idea, so as to form an estimate. No one, however, but those who are good managers, should attempt provisioning themselves; for, be it remem- bered, there are no shops to go to should the voyage be longer than was expected, and you happen to fall short. It is better to take too much than too little ; for the surplus, if any, will (even to a grain of salt) all come in when you land, and have to begin life anew. One thing more let me strongly impress upon all who pro- ceed upon this plan, or, indeed, go on any plan, and take with them aught in the shape of stores. Be very careful of whom you buy your provisions. I could tell AND EMIGBATIOK. 77 a tale that would harrow the feelings of readers; but, to all — to emigrants, working people of England, — you who are the very strength and sinews of a land, — I say that the system is such, that / dare not do more than caution persons as I now do. The gross imposition practised upon emigrants, and the horrors connected with some passenger ships, bring upon any unlucky one who may try to expose such atrocity a hornet's nest that he cannot escape from. How many times have I said, " God pity those poor crea- tures!" How many times have I seen heaps of loathsome stuff (sold as and called ^^ food for emi- grants ") thrown overboard, while awful curses have been heaped upon the heads of those beings in human form, who were fattening at home, and heaping up to themselves riches, thus produced literally by the tears and blood of their poor victims ! Let me then warn the voyager to warily examine for himself, and be sure of what he buys. A keg of fine-looking butter may, when out at sea, prove, at an inch or two below the surface, nothing but common grease ; even as I have seen it, much to the dismay of the poor owner, who now could get no other. So with *' good " preserved meats, sold as solid and pure: many of these have I seen one third bone, and the other two- thirds putrid !^ But, bless your hearts! emigrants, voyagers, and you the hard-worked ones at home ! bless your igno- rance of these things ! Happy indeed are you who know nothing about them; and in your contented ignorance may perhaps condemn me for speaking as I do ! Happy indeed are you ! "Would that I had been the same ! for my bitter experience of the last * It is my bounden duty to state that at no time have I found any of Hogarth's provisions thus. What I have always had there, either for ship's use or for private use, has been excellent. Many other respectable names could, no doubt, be mentioned ; but I repeat, to every one, be cautious. My remarks apply to a certain class of provision dealers found in every seaport town. !? 78 BRITISH COLUMBIA, 9^ I few years, has shown me that cruelty, oppression, and injustice are but too much practised on those who have no power to call those who practise them to account. Secondly; a community embracing the several classes, or as a company of individuals united together for a specific object voyaging to a new or far off land. But here I feel doubtful how to bring my ideas clearly forward. I can, myself, act better than I can talk about it ; yet let me as briefly as possible try to explain what my view is. I conceive that a very wise plan for emigrating is, to try and go in small communities rather than as strag- glers. My notion is, that young men intending to emigrate (and I am speaking only of those who can afford to pay their passage) should, beforehand, join together even as I believe a number did on one occa- sion to Melbourne during the gold discoveries, and when their plans and intentions are fully matured carry them into effect by themselves. The way to do this I will mention in a moment ; but of its several advantages I will just point out one or two. What one person cannot do, two or three often can. Also, what would be a great expense to one, is a less ex- pense to two or three. As for instance : a cooking ap- paratus must be had for only a single individual if he intends to get his own food — as he generally must do- by himself in a new land, that is, if he can provide any- thing at all, even if it be but a tin pot. Consequently it will be a saving to him if another joins in the ex- pense of it. So with food. One man can eat this, another that. One may be hungry to-day, another to-morrow, and the meat that might be wasted by a solitary person when perhaps ailing, serves to give greater strength to him who is not ailing when a few are together. Then too in the cooking, how much can be better managed (and this all good house-wives know) where there are several clubbing together. The allowance of fresh meat for a single person will AND EMIGBATION. 79 'I not, by itself, make him a bason of soup, but three or four allowances will give to each man a good quantity. Likewise in combining together there is the advan- tage of one man being handy at this thing, another at that ; for I have always found, that no matter what the profession of an individual, he is, generally, ac- quainted with something else that he loves and culti- vates even apart from the accident of his particular calling. I know a friend who is a hardwareman, yet he is a skilful naturalist, spends much of his spare time as such, and has as fine a private museum as any one need wish for ; yet he has to work hard in his business, and is persevering and indefatigable in it. Another of his family in the same line is a botanist ; and a third who was in the earthenware trade has as keen a taste for the fine arts as any gentleman of for- tune educated in the highest schools could have. On the other hand I have seen a young man of the most refined tastes, and when at home, even of foppish ap- pearance and manner, handle an axe and a tool as well as many craftsmen. Thus then a community of per- sons joining each other and becoming somewhat ac- quainted before departure, cannot fail to be beneficial to one and all. That there are several drawbacks to perfect una- nimity or to the successful carrying out such an ar- rangement as this I admit. There will be, especially on a long voyage, dissensions and many unpleasant- nesses. All human nature is subject to it. But well considered rules for guidance will much ob- viate this. A plan should always be followed that keeps in mind the state of mutual dependence upon each other, so necessary if future success be considered. A community of this kind should agree to certain in- stitutions of their own drawn up beforehand, and enforced or (if need be at any time,) altered by their own voice through some of themselves elected at various periods to act in the matter. Even as the Americans in their overland journeys to California had 80 BRITISH COLUMBIA, [■'I m i' (■.: 'I Ml ■< 'I iu their respective companies a captain, second cap- tain, doctor, and other officers, with a committee to arrange all points of difference, &c. ; so might it be with numbers who go abroad from England, especially from particular localities, when their object is not to be straggling about, but to do the best they can for themselves in a new colony. Even should they be separated when out there, the plan might still be fol- lowed by keeping up the connection as a member of the company. And this advantage would accrue from it, that if sickness or oppression, or injustice arises, the individual is not alone. The more healthy, the more prosperous, the more fortunate in their inter- course with others can rally together to help their brother or sister who came out with them. And here, let me observe, is not this, or something like it, more beautiful, more akin to our feelings as men — as Christians, than the cold and sometimes heartless estrangements that too frequently exist ? See what immense benefit might arise even at an after day by this arrangement. Instead of isolated individuals going far away into new fields and often dropping there, unpitied and unknown, we should have little bands of brotherly men with their wives and chil- dren thinking of each other, aiding each other when needed, and proving a mutual defence in all things, while they add strength to the colony they pro- ceed to. With regard to the means for carrying out this plan of emigration, I think that it is here where Government might step in. The officials distri- buted all over the kingdom could assist in organiz- ing such companies, and bringing individuals toge- ther who have a desire to go. It would not give much trouble to what already pertains to their office, and I think must tend to increase that healthy stream of emigration I wish so strongly to urge. Eixed sums, as agreed upon amongst the several persons emigrat- ing, should be settled, and seen to By these officials, AND EMIGBATION. 81 Chil- when things, pro- 80 as to ensure, as concerns the voyage, all the com- fort and wise care that is necessary. Suitable vessels could be recommended, and every information af- forded. The arrangements about the voyage, the pro- per sum to give for accommodation, and what pro- visions would be required, might all be clearly laid before the party prior to any of them breaking up their home. Full particulars thus obtained, their next step might be taken with more confidence, and with no loss of time or money. They could go and hire so much space according to their number, and arrange for the voyage in a way most agreeable to themselves. If it were possible with their means, a vessel could be chartered ; but this I name only for those who have money enough and understand the subject. At all events, this I do strongly urge : always take out to any new colony food enough to last for some time after arrival. A tent, or a small wooden house, where timber is scarce, is also necessary ; and I think that with prudence and wise management, a company of really persevering men and women going out upon this principle, and looking carefully ahead, would bo sure to succeed anywhere.^ One other piece of advice let me give the emigrant who has a family with him. Let him, on arriving in any new colony, where land can be obtained, secure to himself enough, according to his means, so as to be able to put on it a log-hut, a shed, or anything indeed that will be a shelter and a home for the present. Let him turn up the ground, dress it as well as he can, put in seed, and prepare the way for something better. Doing this on his arrival, he will then be better able to attend to other things when his mind is more free from the excitement of landing, and has gained some slight experience ; and if he has to go ^ It is probable that I may, before long, say a word or two more on this and other subjects connected with Emigration in a series of Lectures. Meanwhile I shall be happy to attend wher- ever I can be of service if applied to in writing. G 82 BBITIBH COLUMBIA, \li' ^ I I I ¥ ift I away for a time, he leaves with a better heart, knowing that his wife and little ones have a shelter for them. To single young men, labourers, it will only be ne- cessary to say, that, having no incumbrances, they need never want work and food, if they choose not to keep in towns. Thus far I have spoken only of what I would sug- gest to others to try and do. But I will now briefly glance at what I would wish to attempt with refer- ence to the new colony of British Columbia. The great drawback to emigrants, or any persons going there, is the absence of all means at present to support the enormous influx of strangers brought to those shores by the cry of gold. Now, as it is almost certain that, with prudent management, and not making that gold the sole cause of visiting the 'place, hundreds of strong and energetic minds who cannot get on here will be benefited there ; I conceive that an efibrt might be made to induce those who have the means required to do so, to go out, taking with them the nucleus of a little colony in themselves. Every- thing needed to begin a new existence in this co- lony, and to support themselves for a twelvemonth from the time of their departure should be taken ; provisions, stores, materials for building (in a primi- tive way) ; and the means to leave the colony at the end of the twelvemonth (which would be giving seven or eight months* trial of it there) should be thought of. Now the plan I have in view will give all this, with comfort and security ; and as soon as circumstances permit me, I hope shortly to mature it. If so, an oflfer shall be made for those who will, and are suited for it, to join me. The outlay will not be very con- siderable ; and the number of persons will be limited. Moreover, for our better comfort, we ought all to be of similar views and ideas. And now, thirdly^ as a Government^ a Church, or a Philanthropic undertaking. It has been asserted that Govt rnment has no right AKD EMIOBATIOK. lowing lem. be ne- I, they not to Id sug- briefly refer- )ersons sent to ight to almost id not ? place, cannot 7e that ave the h them Every- his co- month taken ; primi- at the » seven aght of. is, with stances so, an i suited Ty con- imited. 1 to be ;h, or a Lo right to give Free Emigration to those who desire to go abroad ; and in this I partly agree, but only in part. As I have already said, I think that Government should place every means in the hands of the working classes to go abroad if they so desire it. But I do not think that Government ought to relieve every man that is poor, because he is poor. That might be doing an act of injustice to others. Therefore, it is only the placing within reach of the humblest ready opportunities to better his condition abroad, that I venture to urge as a duty. Generally speaking new colonies are benefited by an influx of immigrants, provided that all prudence and forethought be not thrown away. Consequently it is a wise and paternal act on the part of a Government to send to such of our dependencies as require labour that portion of our overstocked population unable to use it here. But it strikes me as being most unwise to do so at present, as regards British Columbia. I see no prospect there just now for the poorer labourer, for thousands of persons are already on the spot,^ and out of those thousands there will be hundreds unable to do anything but labour with their hands in the most common and ordinary way. Therefore, not to British Columbia, but to New Zealand, at the present time, would I urge the attention of Government, with a view of sending out free emigrants on the plan of re- payment But on this point I have already spoken ; and what i have said on a previous page I repeat here. There is, however, this to be urged in reference to British Columbia. Government has established a new colony on the very frontiers of the American States. Good. It is, no doubt, politically as well as socially, a wise thing. But, let us hope, it will be practically so. Many things are most brilliant in theory, yet very much the reverse in practice. Here we have a colony, not only on the borders of the United States 1 Fifty thousand persons are, as we read, already in Columbia ! 84 BRITISH COLUMBIA, I: ll '! I M I territory, but actually with vast numbers of American and other citizens flocking into it. What then must we expect, if due provision be not made as regards the protection of this colony ? Why, that it will not be very long our own ; or, if we strive to keep it so, that blood and carnage will be plentifully bestowed for the purpose. Consequently it would not be amiss to guard against all this beforehand. The political and geographical limits of the colony are tolerably well defined ; but we WAut a sound bulwark there to aid in its own protection should it ever be neces- sary. Therefore encouragement to proceed there, on certain terms, might be given by Government to such of our population as would be willing to open out the country, defend it when called upon, and serve as a sturdy barrier against encroachments. Se- curity to life and property ought to be given by the Government when it invites (as it has invited by what it has lately done) men to go there who have some means, and some capacity to make the new colony a thriving and prosperous settlement. Thus, then, in this way, and with certain restric- tions as to a labour return given for the conveyance thither, and the after-keep, Government might send out free emigrants of all classes, and benefit a large portion of our impoverished community at home. Of course, in what has now been said, I bear in mind and refer to the fact that British Columbia is a plant- ing of the Government, and a wise plan on the part of our rulers to establish a sound and healthy colony under British rule in the far West. In any other way my remarks would hardly apply. AND EMIOBATION. 85 CHAPTER VI. OHUBGH COLONIZING. I now come to the remaining portion of my remarks on emigration to the new colony, or to any other distant ?lace. I must, however, make some excuse for what am about to say ; for, perhaps, like much of what I have already said, it may seem out of place. Never- theless, as 1 have rather strong feelings on this sub- ject, I cannot let my ideas pass without mentioning them, especially as I find that the subject, in another form, is being taken up. No colony is rightly formed without placing there means of sound religious and moral instruction. We may all of us, when abroad in wild lands, suppose our- selves to be indifferent to it ; but I am certain that no man can honestly state that he is not more human- ized, to say the least of it, by having near him some place of worship. Hence I conceive that, if we have a Church established in our own land, we ought to provide, in a similar way, for the wants of all those we send abroad. Now I have seen very great evil on board ship, and in out-of-the-way places, from the want of some system in religious worship. I am not about to argue any point of dispute, but merely to give my own opinions ; and, in order that they may be better understood, I will say, that what I urge in accordance with my own feelings, may also be urged by others in accordance with theirs. All men have perfect freedom to be- lieve as they please; though I myself might con- sider that I am bound to believe quite another way. Thus, then, I bring forward my plan for sending into any new colony the teaching of that religion we our- selves, politically and socially, believe in. No place oan be well formed without such proper teaching ; 86 BBITI8H COLUMBIA, therefore this is the way I would suggest it should bo done. My plan is as follows : — According to the funds at disposal in the hands of those I speak of, so let a ship be bought and equipped. Her size should be such as to give room and good accommodation to all on board, and also to have a place specially set apart for the celebration of Divine Worship. She ought to be of light draught of water, so as to enter the shallow har- bours and rivers of any part visited. The internal arrangements might be such as to suit each person's taste, but having on the whole, a fitting approach to the character of the vessel. If built expressly, or the fihell of a new ship is bought for the purpose, I would suggest that the following arrangements be made. I will suppose that the Church now has, as she ought to have, an especial habitation upon the waters, and particularly in the way I speak of with reference to this new colony of British Columbia. A clerical staff, num- bering in all twelve persons, young men of the Church, might form the spiritual department; and a like number of persons form the crew, or lay department. The former are to be absolute in all relating to reli- gious matters ; the latter absolute in all concerning secular affairs. Over the clerical department will be a Clergyman superior, to whom all the others sub- mit ; and, of course, over the laymen will be the cap- tain and officers in the usual way. The destination of the vessel and her movements when at the colony to be at the direction of the Clergyman Superior, sub- ject to the suggestions and considerations of a council of five, if the captain deems the orders given to him to be unwise. Bules and regulations, drawing the line as nearly and as clearly as can be between each other's duties on board, to be formed and made binding before leaving England. For, however much men of the same faith and feeling may love and es- teem one another on shore, it is certain that a long confinement on board ship, where persons are thrown AKD EMIOBATTOV. 87 pfreatly together, will cause human nature to display its infirmities more than elsewhere. Consequently, it is wise to guard beforehand, as much as possible, against any evil, by marking out each man's duties and especial position. In order to aid in maintaining harmony, I would suggest that the members of the clerical department be to themselves, and the officers and crew apart by themselves. I do not mention this as implying anything like a want of true brotherly feeling, which, in such a plan as I am naming, would I hope be found to exist ; but because I full well know that the duties of those who work the vessel, and those who do not have to work her, are so dis- similar, as to frequently create some confusion and perhaps irritation when all are thrown promiscuously together. Hence I think that a vessel should be thus apportioned : one third to the crew forward, one third to the officered .ind stores, and the remaining third aft, to the clerical party. For the church, I would have it in what is called a "round house'* on the after part of the deck. My plan is simple in its details, though I would object to its being too simple in carrying it out. I am one of those who delight in seeing our churches adorned in a becoming manner, suitable to the great and holy title they bear. I love the mag- nificence of ancient times in the church, and though I grant that the primitive Christians had little of it dis- played, yet that is no solid argument against it now. Our Master did not discard the Temple of Jeru- salem, but regularly visited it, when, too, it was in all its glory. And from the time that the Church had taumphed over the obstacles that at first beset her she has ever delighted in doing honour to the name she bears by marking her respect in outward tokens as well as inward sincerity and faith. But all this is matter that belongs to others to discuss and not to me. I but express my own thoughts and feelings ; and I repeat that, in any plan I may venture to sub- mit concerning the formation of a floating church for 88 BBITISH COLUMBIA. 1^ ■41 I' ^:l 4^ ! a new colony like British Columbia, the portion of the vessel set apart for the celebration of Divine Service should be furnished with all due honour to Him to Whom it is consecrated. According to my plan the space I would give to this church on board ship should be — if in a vessel of 120 tons, not less than 20 feet long by 20 broad, and the usual height of a cabin. This space might be fitted up precisely as a church on shore, having the after part for the chancel, 10 feet by 10 in the middle ; another part on the right hand side of the chancel 5 feet by 10 for the organ, and a similar portion on the left hand side of the chancel for what might be likened to the vestry. The nave of the church would fill up the rest of the space. The front, facing the open deck of the vessel should be built very strongly with pillars and panelled doors or partitions so as to take away the upper portion and admit of any larger number of visitors than usual sitting outside under an awning and yet being able to see and join in the services. As regards the accommodation below, I would have the Clergyman Superior provided with a private cabin and a sleeping cabin right aft : and adjoining to him stairs leading to the vestry above. Next follow, on either side, the cabins of those who belong to the clerical department. Then comes a general sitting and dining room with the library arranged all round. Next, the stairs leading to the deck, with, on either side, a pantry, and steward's room, conveniences, &c. Then the Captain's accommodation, similar to the Clergyman Superior's — afterwards the officers — the stores, and then the pla 3e for the crew. Beneath, in the hold, provisions and ballast, &c. Having thus briefly detailed my plan, let me rapidly glance at its advantages. The clerical department will not be idle when on the voyage, even though at sea. Services carried on : the Gos- pel preached and practically illustrated in wild lands : educational purposes might be thought of: science, art^ AND EMIGBATION. 89 ^ m !■ and literature attended to : scattered communities of civilized men visited and encouraged by words of love and Christian brotherhood: chaplaincies inspected, and given support and countenance to : and, lastly, when at the Colony itself, each portion of the new land to receive sound and proper instruction such as may be suited to its spiritual wants. Here, the young men belonging to the clerical department of the mission, would be expected to come more particularly forward. Following the example, as to work, of the Jesuits of old, they would have opportunity for going hither and thither wherever required. By their practice, and their truthfulness, it is not too much to expect that a very great deal of good may be done. There would be none of those drawbacks which must and will un- avoidably arise when men go upon this work quite alone. They would know that, not far off, they have a brotherhood on board their floating home ready to assist them if need be, or to follow up any advantage they themselves have gained should it occur that sick- ness or misfortune suddenly come upon them. To the wants of the sick, the wretched, or the outcast, they could administer with more confidence, know- ing that means are not far away to replenish what is wisely bestowed. Thus acting — thus attending to the behests of their Divine Master when He sent His Disciples away on a similar errand, two by twOf and thus carrying into practice what they preach as they hold on high the sign of man's redemption, is it not more than probable that a blessing would indeed attend such efforts, and many souls be won ? Ah ! talk not of pretty theories and poetical abstractions, substituting the ideal for the real, and virtually mocking Him whose cause (in a sort of blind security and ignorance) it is fancied will be furthered in this strange world of vain conceits, by elegant verbiage op a combination of the sweets of mammon with the as- sumption of piety, while truth and reason point out a more plain and practical way for the advancement of 90 BBITISH COLUMBIA, God's honour and glory ! NeyerthelesSy I will not say- that the plan I here propose is altogether the f special way to be followed ; but this I do say, that h :,y per- chance lead to a consideration of the proper wij . Sure am I that that way is not as some have made it appear ! Sure am I that it is not by cunning, deceit, guile, and a cloaking of the truth for the purpose of gaining an end at any and every means. No : God forbid ! No blessing can attend such a way ; but, a blessing can, and will attend that way which, following in the foot- steps of Him "Who pointed it out to us, marks its progress everywhere by acts of love, goodwill, peace, and holiness. Fostered by the Church it belongs to, confidence is given even as it is received ; and, though, as human beings, those engaged in it may occasionally err, yet we have a certain hope of more than ordinary strength being afforded to one and all through the promise made to His Church that He would be with her to the end of the world ! And now let me add a word or two about the ex- pense of this plan for a floating church. I have not closely estimated it; but I know sufficient to be able to say that after the first cost and equipment of the vessel, £150 pounds per month would cover the whole. Of course, I consider in this, that the Church at home maintains the whole party ; but, if it is a purely voluntary undertaking on the part of those to whom I have especially addressed my- self, then the expenses would be considerably less. Moreover, it might be that offerings from those who were deriving benefit from this floating church in the new gold colony, would come in. At all events, whatever may be thought of my plan, I venture to sub- mit it, if only to be improved upon by better heads than mine. But, again I must say, lest it be thought I have an eye to myself in this matter, I am at present tied here in England, and could have no part or parcel in it, except so far as gladly to give any hints that might strike me as useful, if anything of the kind is ASD EMIGBATION. 91 attempted. In this stormy and unsettled period at bome, when one is frequently tempted to ask, Is the prevalent religion of the day really Christianity? there are, no doubt, many young men of the Church who could, and perhaps would, gladly join together in trying to plant the true principles of that Church in the New Land just added in a political sense to our Gracious Queen's Dominions. It is to them, and those who may feel an interest in such matters, that I venture to address these remarks. Let them bear in mind that men will not come to the Church, if the Church does not first seek them. There are quite enough enemies of the Church to throw many impe- diments in the way; and there are, besides, many barriers to break down or leap over which surround the man himself, especially in a gold country. But, reckless, sometimes dissipated, half-barbarian as many of us become who have " roughed" it abroad in these or similar places, there is in all mankind a tendency to be won by persevering kindness and sincere affection. This, practically displayed, is of far more importance than all theoretical teaching. Then again the solemn observance of a sacred ser- vice impresses the mind even of the most depraved. The talk of a man, be he never so earnest, is nought in comparison with that solemnity of worship. Many are the instances I could mention of this. Frequently have I seen rough characters affected, more than they thought for, by the chant and the hymn of a band of worshippers in a duly ordered House of God. And I humbly conceive that no place of worship ought, if possible, to be without the accompaniment of vocal and instrumental music. Not that I mean these are at all indispensable in the communion between a man's soul and his Maker ; nor do I say that the beautiful simplicity of men preaching in the wilderness, in no temple but God's great and universal temple, is of no effect. On the contrary, where other means are not to be had, I think it has great effect ; and much do I 92 BRITISH COLUMBIA, hi. admire it. But I do submit that the means I have named are most essential aids in drawing man towards that communion. How frequently have I seen the f)oor wild savage lost in wonder, amazement, and de- ight, at the tones of an organ, or an harmonium, that we had on board in my voyages to distant lands ! How often, too, have I witnessed the outcasts of a convict land touched to the very quick by the so- lemn notes of sacred music ! Perchance a chord has been struck in their half-seared hearts that may be for good. Who knows what sudden flash of memory has recalled to that hard man of crime and guilt, a note of innocent days gone by ! Who knows ? — Who ? Let us pause at this, and in all humility reflect ! Who knows ? — Who can tell the good that has been done, and that yet may be done, by wisely considered plans, bringing in those accompaniments which, despite all cold philosophy and unsound argument, there are few of us can well dispense with in this world ! Who can tell the benefit to others by these things done in a right spirit, and having the blessing and support of a Church founded by the Master of our Faith! Pew can give an answer ; for, it is more hidden than exposed ; and it will only be in that day when the truth shall be fully known. Meanwhile, let us live in hope, and in patient well doing. Faint not, fear not, you who are working earnestly in the right way. Gton will reward you ! More it is not meet for me to say. More, however, I have not now to utter on this especial subject, save and except that in all good will I have put my pen to paper concerning it. AND EMIGBATIOK. 93 CHAPTER VII. GENERAL BEMABES ADDRESSED TO THE WOTLKlSQt CLASSES. And now for some especial remarks addressed to the great mass of the people. And oh ! that I had the pen of some of those living writers of the day who can so much arouse their readers, in order that I might rapidly indite all that I feel upon this subject ! But, feeble as my own powers are ; trifling as my abilities may be, yet let me strive to awaken men's minds and get them to think and act for themselves. There never was a greater need for it than now ! There never was a better opportunity ! And, if I were gifted with eloquence enough to do so, and had but the means, I would go throughout the length and breadth of the land : I would say by mouth, as I now most earnestly sav by pen, — Bestir yourselves, sons of toil and suffenng ! Awake ! Lift up your head I Let your countenance beam bright again! Throw upward a manly look, and let the spirit of your birth- right as sons of freedom, obtain the mastery ! Arouse you then ! Put forth a manly front ! Join together, and in numerous bands, and with wise forethought, go to the Tar West, or any other place in the known world where you will be able to live as men, and as free ! Again I say. Arouse you ! " The present age is," as I have said elsewhere, " an age of progress, and of increased and still increasing knowledge. We have become a very different race of people to what even our immediate fathers were. Throughout the length and breadth of the land, mental cultivation is at work." Arouse you ! then, men of England ! Hark-workers ! Labourers! Mechanics whose skill, and ingenuity, and mind, often suggest the good idea which others ' 94 BBITISH COLUMBIA, I'e « 'J "i- P ' can BO readily lay hold of and- seize as an invention of their own ! Arouse you ! humhle careworn toiler, wherever you be ! God has given us the whole world to dwell in, and numerous islands and places every- where exist where man may by the sweat of his brow and the ready labour of his hands maintain his free- dom ! I have not the means, nor the space in this little work to enter upon any further discussion as to wrongs and remedies, beyond what I am now attempting in favour of Emigration. This, with me, seems the best and most effectual medicine that could be administered to the patient who now suffers under various ills at home. It will give him new ideas, new thoughts, new feelings, new desires. He will have to exercise every faculty of his mind and body in a new field ; and when away from the worst part of home, he will soon cease to remember the evil and think only of the good in his native land. Thus I conceive that Emigration is, decidedly, the great remedy for many of the ills at home. But I would not advise any Emigration to new lands unless in communities. In this latter way, and as I have already explained, with prudence, care, and forethought, success is almost certain to attend the individual as well as those with him. Companies of men may thus go abroad and frame new laws for themselves ; so far as is consistent with the rule under which they live ; and have equity and justice for their guide. Indeed I see not why a general Exodus to- wards the West should not now commence. What is to hinder the regions beyond Canada from being' peopled by well-organized and carefully arranged com- panies of men from England. By and by, if, as is pro- bable, a great highroad is formed through British America to the Pacific, there is none of that ground but what will be of immense value. Consider ! It is not more than two centuries and a half back that a band of hardy pilgrims landed on the shores of the then wild regions of the present America. Yet, what AND EMIOBATION. 95 have they now become ! A great — a mighty nation ! A people whose very existence seems to have been produced by magic, when we glance at the extent of their territory, their power, and their abilities ! Then why should not a similar thing be done now ? Let, then, such as can, unite, go to another land where, by their honest labour, and self-producing reward, they and their families will ever be relieved from the things that here weigh them down. If it be a migration to the "West by land, let it be done as others have done, in caravans and all needful appliances with them : if it be to go westward by the great sea, then, I say, engage the ship to be your home till you are prepared on shore, and let arrangements be made for the pur- pose. But do not go at hap-hazard, and without well and wisely preparing everything beforehand. As regards the answer that will naturally be made by those who might wish to go and have not the means, I may observe that, to well organized schemes, Government might lend assistance; also, in certain cases, the Poor Law ; and, in other cases, the no- bility and landed proprietors. For myself, I have too little knowledge of these latter to say much of them ; but I confess to a liking for the nobleman, and the squire, as well as the yeoman. I think that there is more real and natural good in them than is often admitted ; and I fancy that they would not be back- ward in aught that would benefit the country, by re- moving some of its abundant population, and placing means in the way of all who wish to go abroad. There always will be, in every state of society, abroad or at home, three distinct classes, — the high, the middle class, and the low. It is well that it should be so. Even in the United States this is the case, though apparently otherwise ; for there are the land proprietors, the traders, and the labourers. The former are, by their wealth, akin to our nobility ; while the other two bear an approximation to our Commons and working class. And so it must be everywhere. w t\ H\ h m m i 96 BBITISH COLUMBIA, 1 Thus, then, in any scheme for & new colony, let each class be fitly represented. I will now conclude, with one word or two more of a practical bearing. You who may be induced to go abroad, well reflect upon what is said in Scripture, to the effect that *' No man should build a house without first considering the cost.*' This, then, let me strongly impress upon you. Think that no pains nor time can be too much bestowed upon this important point. It is only to-day I have seen it stated, that Cali- fornia could be reached for £30, and from thence to the gold fields in British Columbia at something trifling more. But, be not led into error by this. Even if it be that the gold fields can be reached for, say, £40, (and perhaps that does not include food upon the way,) yet what is to be the expense when arrived there, or what the chance of getting any food at all? Therefore, think well and deeply of this before starting. Make every possible calculation ere vou break from your present home — no matter how humble that home may be. Consider. It is a wild land, and over a wild sea, you are going to. There- fore count the cost well. Wisely prepare beforehand. Not only do you want to get there, but you must live when there ; consequently, an estimate should be made that will include a length of time after arrival, sufficient to enable you to determine whether to pro- ceed in your venture, or abandon it altogether. The latter would be foolish to do, unless from some strong cause ; and the former can be well done only by good management and much previous forethought. Now, I have made a careful estimate, throwing upon it all that could be brought to bear from my past experience ; and I venture to say that a well- formed band might admirably succeed there at the present moment, and for a time without any fear of want, if attention be given to what I have said. My own plan involves a trifle more expense than what or- dinary ventures may ; but then it provides for all AND EMIOEATION. 97 contingencies, gives a home and food for some months, and guards against the possibility of failure or disaster in the colony. I have carefully consulted the lists of requisites furnished by the diiferent manufacturers as suitable for a young colony, and though I little like mentioning names, yet I feel bound to say that in going abroad, the ample catalogue of Messrs. Deane and Co., Monument Yard, London Bridge, will be of much service in making calculations. They are too well known to need a word from me, nor have I had any previous dealings with them ; but the Priced List for- warded to me at my request seemed so useful, that I thus acknowledge it. In conclusion, I once more say to the intending emigrant, be cautious and most prudent in all you do. What I have put before you in this little book has been with a sincere wish for the good of all who may be led to try their fortune abroad. I have pointed out the kind of men that I conceive to be best suited to battle with the difficulties attending emigration to a distant colony ; and while I say to some, " Be guarded, and reflect well what you are about," I would likewise add to those who are capable, " Away, my friends ! away, and cross the sea ! You need not fear ; for, to the bold, unflinching heart, — the man of ready wit and persevering industry, — our colonies will give a ready welcome, if you but choose to extend their limits by your willing labour." Therefore, such as can, go, and God in His goodness be with you. Think of the poet's words, which I now again repeat : — " Look not mournfully into the past : it comes not back again. Wisely improve the present. It is thine. Therefore go forth into the shadowy future with a bold and manly heart !" And now, craving an allowance and forgiveness for my own shortcomings in what I may have blindly said or done amiss in these pages, and once more bidding the manly emigrant, God speed ! I conclude. APPENDIX. I ■vr n ' I I. REMARKS ON MISSIONARY EFFORTS IN NEW COLONIES. The following remarks have been taken from the body of the work, and inserted here by themselves, in consequence of their particular character. To me, the subject appears one of more importance than may be supposed. The welfare of a young colony much depends upon the behaviour of the wild natives who of right belong to the land. Hence, having had some experience about these things, I may be pardoned for what I now say. Some persons to whom I am known fancy that I have im- bibed a complete dislike to all Missionary undertakings abroad ; but, in the main, they are mistaken. True, I no longer view the proceedings of new and self-formed societies for " the conversion of heathens abroad " as deserving sup- port or encouragement, because I cannot help the conviction coming to my mind that such societies are often " got up *' to benefit a few officials, and to give an ^clat to certain names that would otherwise, if left to their own personal talents or doings in some other work, for ever remain in ob- sciifity. But I must emphatically say, that I do not mean by this to deny the wisdom and necessity of true mis- sionary work abroad. To properly explain myself would necessitate something like a disquisition into what really is and is not missionary work ; and as this would be out of my particular province, and, moreover, is rather apart from my present subject, I shall content myself with a few brief re- marks upon such portions of my own experience in these matters as may perhaps serve the same purpose. Sometimes, when I am sitting at my desk, in the quietude and comfort of my room at home, I cannot help reflecting upon the strange vicissitudes of life I have passed through. APPENDIX. 99 DLONIES. le body of iquence of )pears one welfare of lur of the ce, having 5 pardoned I have im- dertakings >uc, I no \d societies irving sup- conviction " got up *' to certain n personal nain in ob- i not mean ' true rais- rself would at really is 5 out of my rt from my ew brief re- ce in these he quietude p reflecting ed through. Such reflection is at all times beneficial, inasmuch as it helps to purify and soften the mind ; but it fre(|ucntly makes inu look upon myself — and, I must be pardoned for saying, unuu all of us highly civilized beings — as of less importance than we too often considered ourselves to be. Now, it is pre- cisely this very view of us that is taken by the wihl savage of distant lands. We tell each other that " he beholds us with amazement and awe ;" but it is our own vanity and self- esteem that makes us fancy so, and hence we spread abroad the mistake. A shrewd and practical mind — one not wedded to ideas, and wiUing to sec the truth — will at once discover that the naked savage, in almost every case, regards us with con- tempt and disdain. I do not mean that he shows this at a first interview ; but I do venture to assert that, upon any acquaintance with us, he speedily betrays the opinion he en- tertains of our *' civilized state, by evincing many marks of contempt for it. Let every impartial and reasoning tniveller say whether this is not actually so. As in the case of some Australian natives I once had to be amongst, who, whenever I chanced to do aught to their satisfaction, in the way of ascending a tree or tracking a path through the bush, would pat me on the back and say, '* Budgeree, budgeree youj by bye you tumble down, and come up black fellow !"^ so with all the wild beings of the human race that I have ever visited. They undoubtedly consider themselves superior to us. They can hunt, they can fish, they can see, smell, taste, hear, and much besides (that is not artificial) better than we ; and in their primitive garb, their freedom from restraint, and in their perfect self-dependence at all times, they cer- tainly, to themselves, rank above us. In saying this, I hope that I shall not be misunderstood. I am merely endeavouring to speak of the savage as he thinks of himself, after he has made our acquaintance ; and I venture to maintain that it is in the light in which he con siders himself, and not as we consider him, that he should be viewed by all who go to try and turn him from his natural and accustomed state to that of ours. It is our too frequent boast, — and a boast that, I fear, though made with good in- tent, will have to be accounted for hereafter, — that we Chris- tians go to the wild savage for his good ; but how much more true it would be to say, instead of for his good, for our good ! for such in reality it is. The child of the South or of ^ Meaning, " Good, good, you. By and by you will die, and have the honour to rise up again a black fellow !" i i I'i; n f 100 APPENDIX. the North docs not ask us to come to him : he prefers his own liind, his own ways, even after he has hccn taught some- thin<; of ours : and, in spite of all arguments, eh)quent speeches, and pious rhapsodies, there has heen no proof yet i^ivcn sutKeient to satisfy the reasonmg, impartial, and think- ing mind that what is called " spiritual conversion " has be- netited the natives of wild lands. The enlightened and better spirit of the age may, with God's blessing, do more towards gradually changing and improving the condition of the barbarous nations of the earth than all the fanciful ideas of the most zealous-minded enthusiasts under the sun. A Livingstone, marching through Africa, and practically illus- trating what he wants to teach, can do, as he has done, in- finitely more than hundreds of mere preachers who talk, and talk as if those who heard them were even as ourselves. Now, fancy how the case really is with the wild savage of distant lands. A stranger — a white face— visits him : at 6rst, he cannot understand his visitor. Presently, however, he is able to comprehend what is meant, so far as to make out that the new comer wants him to change all his previous ideas, and take up with those of his self-made tutor. But those ideas are complex in the extreme ; they are, to this savage, not even natural : nay, more, they are absolutely absurd, nauseous, and vile. He understands not why all that is told him should be ; and, without my entering further into the matter, let me say that the talking of the white man is to the black much akin to what the bellowing of the wild savage is to us, — unintelligible, as to its practical utility. Experience has shown this to be the case. Out of the vast amount of mere preaching abroad, how little has there been of fruit in return f Mere preaching, therefore, is not enough ; and, indeed, is in itself visionary. To " convert the heathen,*' practical illustrations of Christianity are more needed than speech and outward prayer. I may venture to say that my wife and I have given the natives visited by us, a better notion of the white man and his creed than what could be impressed by a missionary teaching in the ordinary way of missionaries. Tending the sick, giving food to the hungry, helping the weak, and joining with the wild creatures in their accus- tomed pursuits, gave to them an idea concerning us that was kindly and good. Here, then, is what I conceive to be the secret of success in winning the heathen to us, and to our mode of thinking AFF£NPIX. 101 and ncting. We must not expect to gain him by mere talk, but by going to bis haunts, and tiu're showing, by our ex- ample anil practice, the better life we lefid. In some attempts now making in a wild lann. I have only considered the matter as to plans formed by so- cieties. Now, however, let me glance at this subject in its spiritual light. In doing so, I feel my own inferiority and insignifi- cance. It has always appeared to me that man should never approach holy things in an irreverent and unbecoming man- ner. The fate of Nadab and Abihu should be oftener before us than it is. I do not say this with any sentiment of bigotry ; but simply as the reflections of one who wishes to look at everything fairly and from a correct point of view. Hence, in speaking of the spiritual character of missionary work, I do so with a request that what I say be considered simply as the words of an unlearned layman, uttering merely what he conceives to be right and proper. There are so many excellent men of all denominations, who have quite different views of missionary work to those I possess, and who would consider my remarks as " outrageous in the ex- treme," that I could readily believe myself in the wrong, were it not that I find even amongst themselves practical proof that I am right. Nevertheless, I would say to all, ** Let everyone be convinced in his own mind," and where honest and true efforts are put forward let due praise be given to those vfho make such efforts for the good of others, no matter how far apart they may be from our own ideas. Thus premising, I now express an opinion that no mis- sionary work as a spiritual undertaking should be attempted, or can hope to succeed, except it be solemnly blessed and consecrated by the true Church. Beyond that I will say no h 102 more APPENDIX. for ray unlearned faculties speedily become lost in amazement and doubt when I seek to inquire concerning the ancient and the present faith. I therefore mean the Church of England, as represented in her Prayer-Book and Canons, as that to which I refer. Missionary work, then, in my opinion, should not be attempted spiritually except through the Church. There may be attempts to civilize the savages of other lands : but to preach to these wild natives all sorts of doctrines, and call them Christianity, seems to me im- pious as well as absurd ! The very first missionaries under the Christian dispensation were sent by Him Who founded our religion, after He had given them authority, and ordained them.* Thus, those who preach the Gospel to savages abroad should be all of one mind in the faith, and should be especially appointed by the Church. I do not imply that no one else is at liberty to teach our religion ; but I mean that if they do, it should be in a diiferent light to that of appearing as the true exponents of Christian doctrine. Let it be as a lay work or temporal undertaking ; and not, as is too often the case, mixing up God and mammon together, by speaking of it as spiritual. Consistency is thrown aside, and every one seems at liberty to preach and teach what he chooses, and not what the Church he belongs to tells him. Therefore, I again repeat, that I consider no real blessing can come, nei- ther has it come upon such undertakings. And now for a few wjords as to what I conceive should be the mode of carrying abroad the religion we ourselves believe in. I have said that there ought to be either an entirely temporal work carried on, after the manner of Livingstone in Africa, or of those who quietly settle amongst the natives themselves ; or, the Church we belong to shouhl appear pro- minent in the undertaking. In the latter case, the Church should be fitly represented ; and the nature of the work ought to be clearly understood by those who are sent out. The character of the wild beings who are visited should also be considered. Like plastic, unformed clay, they require more than cold and feeble hands to impress anything upon them. Their senses must be taken captive as well as their will; otherwise, the impression conveyed will speedily be lost. If the Cross as a means of salvation is to be preached to them, the Cross in a tangible form should be presented before their gaze. They will never understand what you mean without it. How should they ? Even S. Paul seems to me to imply this in his Epistle to the Corinthians.^ For 1 S. Mark iii. 14. 2 i Cor. xiv. APPENDIX. 103 lost in ling the Church Canons, , in my through savages all sorts me im- Bs under founded ordained ;s abroad jspecially » one else it if they )earing as ; be as a too often /^ speaking and every ooses, and lerefore, I jome, nei- should be res beheve in entirely ivingstone he natives ppear pro- le Church the work sent out. hould also ey require hing upon as their peedily be e preached presented what you aul seems ms.^ For iv. II he speaks of tongues (or languages) as a sign j and if those who are addressed canni^understand the parties addressing them, how is it possibleTo make a lasting and beneficial im- pression ? Signs and emblems must be used ; and that they be not used improperly, the Church should be the only power to use them. These, then, are my ideas, so far as any new colony is con- cerned at the present time. I have introduced them, because I have a deep feeling upon the subject, and because I consider that everything tending to the real good of the aborigines of wild lands visited by the white man should be carefully thought of in a proper way. II. INFORMATION FOR EMIGRANTS. The following will give some idea of what is required in the way of provisions for a voyage. I suppose that the passenger has arranged for cooking and water to be supplied to him, if he finds his own food ; and also that he has secured a space and fitted it up as I have already advised. I may mention that on one occasion I paid .^50 for lower deck cabin accom- modation without food (merely cooking and water) and had a space of eight feet by nine, with a good port hole. On an- other occasion I paid ^75 for a space six feet by eight, with food for myself and wife. I now lay before the reader the following, which I have taken from an old prospectus of the Canterbury Association. It will apply in almost every case to vessels going upon a long voyage : — •* One half the passage-money to be paid on securing the passage, and the remainder three days previous to embarka- tion ; if the person do not proceed in the ship, the amount first mentioned becomes forfeited.' " Freight is allowed free of charge, in the proportion of twenty cubic feet, to each adult passenger, for baggage only ; and extra freight, at the rate of 45s. per ton measurement of forty cubic feet ; 25s. per ton dead weight; and special ar- ticles as may be agreed on. But early notice must be given in writing of any extra freight required. " An experienced surgeon is appointed, and medicines and medical comforts provided. KM* \ wu 104 APPENDIX. "Weekly Dietary put jon board for Twenty- four WfiEflp. Articles. Chief Cabin. Srcond Cabin. n lb. Steerage. Prime India Beef . . . 1 lb. 1 lb. Prime Mess Pork . . . 1 lb. Ulb. 1 lb. Preserved Meat or Fish . 1 lb. 2^ lb. Ulb. Fresh Meat . . . . . See below — — Biscuit . 4 lbs. 3§ lbs. 5i lbs. Flour . 4 lbs. 3h lbs. If lb. Rice . ilb. ' lib. lib. Sago . lib. — — Preserved Potatoes, if ob -) tainable; if not. Rice , f lb. fib. fib. &c., to be substituted j Preserved Carrots , . . -1 lb. i]h. — Peas . . 1 pint. i pint. 1 pint Oatmeal , — ^ pint. 1 pint Milk . . . See below — — Raisins . . 10 oz. 8oz. 6 oz. Currants . . 10 oz. 8 oz. 6 oz. Suet . . . . 4 oz. 4 oz. 4 oz. Butter , . 8 oz. 8 oz. 8oz. Cheese , , . 8 oz. — — Sugar , . . 20 oz. 16 oz. 16 oz. Tea . . . . 4 oz. 4 oz. 2oz. CoflFee . , . 4 oz. 4 oz. 2 oz. Salt . . . . 2 oz. 2oz. 2 oz. Pepper , > . i oz. ^ oz. i oz. Mustard . . ^ oz. 1 oz. ^ oz. Vinegar or Pickles . . . 4 pint. 1 pint. 1 pint Water , . 28 quarts. 24| quarts 21 quarts. " One sheep, one pig, and a dozen head of poultry, will be put on board, in addition to the above, for each adult chief cabin passenger, together with an assortment of spices, curry powder, salad oil, herbs and celery seed, sauces, preserved fruits, tamarinds, apples when in season, macaroni, dried yeasi for making bread. Preserved milk, and a limited quantity of eggs, for the use of passengers of all classes. ** Children of all classes, above the age of one year, receive each one-half of the rations of an adult : but those of one year old and under seven receive each one pint per week of 1 BNTY- rEBRAGB. lib. 1 lb. 14 lb. 5i lbs. If lb. lib. ilb. h pint 1 pint 6 oz. 6 oz. 4 oz. 8oz. 16 oz. 2 oz. 2 oz. 2 oz. ioz. ^ oz. ^ pint 21 quarts. ry, will be idult chief ices, curry preserved oni, dried a limited asses. :ar, receive )se of one ;r week of APPENDIX. 105 preserved milk extra, and either four ounces of rice, or three ounces of sago, in lieu of salt meat, at the discretion of the surgeon, three times a week. Infants under one year old do not receive any rations ; but the surgeon is empowered to di- rect an allowance of water, flour, and sago, for their use, to be issued to their mothers. " The several articles of diet are varied from time to time, under the direction of the surgeon, so as to promote the health and comfort of the passengers, especially of children. Every article is of the best quality, and examined by the Inspector before shipment. " The Commander of the vessel is allowed to supply to the chief and second cabin passengers moderate quantities of port and sherry wine at 3s. per bottle, and of ale and porter at lOd. per bottle ; but no spirituous liquors are permitted to be sold on board, except under the direction of the surgeon. "Memorandum for Passengers. '' The Ships will sail on the day appointed ; and as the com- fort of in