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Iien^i &^*jj'y>^^r>t.«5a^ Jf^frji^^^^l^ '. m^ ^ a■*f-•,;^«:•*^^■»^JPy^i••'f.,.r^•«•s?»•■^*l^7••K■^t?'" m^^hMm^mmimmi mmmmtummM ■ f'y^atrw ' "' ' . '*^ ■w# i ic^*i LFARTofaK •I ^mt^Y* ^'' •. . ■■ ■ — -^ BJ^M '. -t. ,- ■• ■ jA ^^^H!^Dm^^.. '. '.^i HP^ , ■jmk ^Si^ k m^ ^i* M li^ V-4 >• , AfttfiwtW, i^ ^ ^' .«•' .ci^ 50 »«; 4f^:i ■■/-^^ /^ y^ Ijw /C;jJ*. f / ^ ^ i'>'^lii^ .^ •C fc ^^ Sb iK"'-'*''''t«.JVv "*'■ Ik «!^ fEf. :■ Hfl'^-^l^il-'" 'jm' &i 1^ |g 1^ .4i'?^■.^^ ^Mk ^'•^-, 1 i" / \M'm^, ■^"'^' 'li d^n^ C>5^- cy/k ^/^r^s^/-^, /f'cfi €}£0€}RAPHY AUD HI 9ee«« / stAnstead and sherdrqoke, l. c. . . ^ J^VBLISH^D BY WALTO!f A GAYL^ttl^; . — ■ .'■.■•••••• f ■,,■••••• L? . (/■ l\ I' i I*- i—i liirii EftteM necorditff i^Aqt of the Provincitl legislator*, in tile' ymt 1635. by Joixpa S. Waltoit and Asa GaylqrD, in tli« Clerk's Office of the Court of King's Bench, for the District of St. ■lil iiiT, ^."^^ ■M J^i I ifii.^ *ai ^lliMMrti*MI«^ «» »•:. ..■,.. \^ •«r!- tie J ho( Q V val tss Btil Rtt W . »y \ rab m of bat lie\ ^ ud the iwi thi ind J poi to ^ wi 4 im fW ■ c« i" /''#» h3 S9 PREFAOG' It is now gonerally Admitte'l, thilt, in aequirini^ a knowleclgo of Geography) tlia pvpii should begin at home, with his own neighbor*' hood, and with those objects which hre open to his personal obser' v;if ion. The knowledge which he has at the outnet, and that which ts tdcoessively gained) then becomei continually) a stepping-stone ta J still greater advancement, and a standard by which his subsequent attainments are measured and arranged in their relative order. Without a standard ot this kind, what the pupil comm^> to memo' ry from bis book and recites td hii teadher, leavbs nc definite or du« rable impression upon his tnind. The knowledge acquirbd ia that of tii^ipei and sounda, and peibapa of flgutes and linea on hia ntp^ bat M of co^nirleajand prodtt^iloAi of the oactti. li it ^iHlt im* lieved tbfi f hildren havo aometimes atudied geography fur moiittti ajnd perliapa yeara, >^hof« tliQtighUl hav« hardly oxtended beyopid. the papar and, ink of which their gaographiei aie oompqaed. Con« iiniitg their atteMion to tliesa, th»y have a^arcaly Imagjuod thM \h» thingawgnifi^d'aire objects of their con^iArii. AUhoi^ aevaittl geogtaphiea fvr «hHdren, arranged on tbf jM,^ inductive plan, have been published in the United Statea^t]^ ^ possess a locaj^ ond national character, which renders tfieii| to tihe use of .primary aohoola in the Btitish Provincea. A§^i$'. wiih A view, in aonra tneasure, to remedy thii inconp(;ii|^i iiMMlMBiaace, which every tcaciier in the Provincea h*^.ifif^l00' Mt'vHhattbis little work has been undertaken. In preparing ]|» lii CdfUimer hfia not had aciraaa to sources of inlomiation, which wert 4RO fiill and accurate .as 'could be desired, but he availed hinMalf of tdloee within hia reach at the time. He is fully aenaible that tbn work is imperfcct and in some respects defective, and would b# tlrnikfiil for any improvementa or corrections, that may be su^pa led* AfUr moat of the Pillowing pagea were printed, several •VJifi vb .c/ IT J>RBrAOK. : #J C¥ yif- HA works upon the Geography and History of Canada, were obtained, which, had they been procured in leaioir, would have enabled hint tu correct iuveral of the errori, and lupply some of the deficiencci t.f the present edition ; and, ehould a new edition of the work be demanded, these, together with the suggestions of those inio whose hands the work may full, will hereafter be employed in correcting and perfecting it. The accompanying Map hos been drawn and engraved exproMly f^if the work, and no pains have been spared to exhibit in smaH space, all the important features of the Province. It was at first in- •tended that the descriptions of the counties should be accompanied by county maps, and, should the work be encouraged, this may iiereafter be efTtiCted. In using this book, before the pupil piisses beyond the seeoha I^l- von, he should be made fiimiliar with his owh township, or seign- iory ; and should be required to draw a map of it, on a large scale,' «with all Ihe important objects in it. The first county which be it required to describe, should be that in which he Uvea, and of tbia he* should draw a map, copying and enlarging it from the accompany' ing Map, and exhibiting the towtaskips, or seigniories, anda«ery thing of importance. And the sketching of the other oountiea as |f!^6edf will be fbund the most efifectual way of fixing Ibetr fta- jlelibly in his mind. ' l^'HVI^'iill its imperfections, the work is now submitted to the cali- it^t'^t public ; and if it shall prove the meana of fiioilitatinf the ^^ttieftil information — of creating, in the minds of our joutb, ^tltWth for geographical atudies and pursuits, and « 4>*P*>>' iilertfsl In the inatitutioas and welfiire of our own counti^rtbl huoibleJidioirsioftbe Compiler will not have been wholly in,va||U» CUrUston ViUof^esfHutUy, S^tmber, 1835. ^' %% t'- 1 ■■P'./ ^^ m ^B^^^^*"' f: 1 I^B^K^ii^ wA m WWBHV BOOK OF «EO«|IAPHir. LESSON FIRST. DEFINITIONS. Do you know what townthip you live in ? Do you know what a tovrnthip is f I will tell. It is a piece of land, ysually, about ten milei iquare, but aometimes larger, and tometimes smaller. Here is a picture of a township. West North. North Went -^r^rtU South. 9otttb B * t4 i. FIBST BOOK OF GBOCAAPHT. r A picture of a piece of land is called a map. The line going round the township ie called its boundary. When many peopte live on a township, it is called a town. Townships are divided into lots, or farms, and these again into house lots, gar- dens, &,c. The fence, which goes round a farm, lot, or garden, is its boundary. When a number of houses and other buildings stand near together, they are called a village. In some townships there are several villages. A very large village is called a city. The people, who live in a township, are called inhabitants. 2. In some places the land rises high, and such places are called hills. If it rises very high it is called a m&untain. Mountains are sometimes sin- gle, and sometimes several are joined t<^ther, forming a taimge^ or chain. Iq fdmost every township there are streams of water, which run between the hills and mountains. If there are small they are callad brooks. Large streams are called nv- The low land between hills is called a valley. ers. If the water runs into a place, which is lower than the land round it, it ^ms a pond. If the pond is large, it is called a lake. In ponds and lakes there ure sometimes pieces of land which have water all round them/ These are called islands. Where a piece of land extends out into the water, it is called M point or cape. When the water extends up into the land so as partly to be surrounded by it, it is called a bay^ QUESTIONS. 1. What w a township ? Answer. A piece of land about ten niiea iiquare. What ii a map ? Ji. A picture of a piece of land. What are boundMPi«e ? A. The lioea that go round any tb^|[. What it a town Jwt* 4 Aownsbip and the houies and people Init. Howafo townahilpl din-»>ia. j! w9. Ten miles lung and ten wide. How manv aqiiare miiea in atich/a Township ? Ji. One hundred. How wottfd yon prove it ? wf. By eOunting \1ie squares in the ficure. How many apcrea in a Tewhship ? A. Sixtyfour thousand. How many two hundred, and ten acre lots in a Township? w9. Thre%\ htmared and Ibur. 3. Wliertiaeast? A. Where th« ran rises. Where iawest? A, Where the sun tela. If too itand with your right hand Itfwwda the east and your \k(t hand Mwards the west, whteh wajr #U{ yoiir OBOdRAPHl^ 0# CANADA. idCd be f A, Towards the north. ^Which wty your btek / Jl. iduuth. Where ii nocth-east-— southoenst— north-weet— eoutb-wett f ji. Norih-eaat ia half way between north and eait, ^ko. ^ What are the wordi noithi south, &c. used forf A. For tellinf where, things are: thus if a town is towards where the sun rises, we jny it is east. What are these directions called T A. Points of the eompast. What are galled cardinal points ? A. North, South, East, West. What letters are sometimes used to show the points of the eonlpass? A, N. stands fbr north, S. south, £. east, W. west, N. E. north-east, H. E. south-east, N. W. north-west, S. W. south west. Which way is north on a map? j9. Towards the top. Which way south? A. Towards the bottom. iVhich way easti A. Towards the right Which way west ? A. Towards tlie left. In what part of tie township is the lake ? — the |)ond ? Which way does the river run ' LESSON THIRD. DEFINITIONS AND DIVISIONS. You remember what township you live in ; and can you tell me what county you live in? Perhaps you do not know what a county is. A county is a number of towns united, for the purpose of be- ing represented in Parliament, and for holding courts, &c. In each county there is intended to be a court- house and jail. The town which contains these buildings is called the shire or county town. At present court-houses and jails are principally in the districts. Do you know what a district is ? A a district is number of counties united for holding courts. Louv- er Canada is divided into five districts, viz : the Dis- trict of Montreal, the District of Three Rivers, the District of Quebec, the District of Gaspe^ and the District of Saint Francis. In each district|there i|^a court-house and jail. A jail is a strong Duilding in which persons who have broken the laws are con- fined. Such persons are called criminals. A court- house is a building in which the judges hold courts for trying causes and criminals. Do you know what country you live in ? It is called B 2 ^■-t: le Wtti$T SOOK 09 OSOOMAPHT* Canada. Canada is dif ifled into two provinces ; one is called the province ef Lower Canada, and the oth- . er the province of Vpper Canada, A province is a « portion of country which is under the government of some other country. The Canadas are British prov- inces; that is, they are under the government of the King of Great Britain; and all good Canadian chil- dren will delight to honor and obey the King, and will be very careful never to bre^ any of his laws. Lower Canada is bounded on the north by the ter- ritory of the Hudson's Bay Company, east by the gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the River Sain Johns, south by the United States, and west by Upper Can- * acta. Its extent from east to west, alo%^ the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, is about emt hundred miles, but the width from north to south df <^hat part which has been surveyed, is very unequal varying from the. width of a single township, to abi^ut one hundred an4 thirty miles. QU^yiONS. .Wli'aCcounty do you liveMn^?.-|pWhat is a county ? What is there intended to be in each xoub|y^ri What is the town called in which the court-house and jail are'^iilj|tuated ? Where^re the court' houses and jails principally at preisc^. * What is a District t Ho^ maiiyx /districts are there in Lower Canada P What are they called ? Itii what district do you live 'I In what direction from you arc the other districts ? What is there in each district Whstisajail, and what is it fui ? What are such persons called What is a coUrt«house, and what is it hr What country do you live in ? Into how many provinces is Can- ada divided ? What is a province ? Under what government are , the Canadas ? What will good Canadian children delight to do ? ' How is Lower Canada bounded ? How long is it? How wide is it ? LESSON FOURTH. . RIVERS AND LAKES. The St. Lawrence is the principal river in Lower Canada, and receives the waters of all the other \\ fISOGBAVHY or OAltAOAi 11 '\v ,■1 streams. This is one of the largest rivers in the world. l,t originates in the great lakes at the west, between Upper Canada, and the United States/ and enters this province at the south western extremity, k passes through the provihce in a north-easterly direction, and fails into the gulf of St Lawrence by a mouth seventy miles wide. Its length within the province of Lower Canada is about five hundred and fifty miles. This river is navigable for large ships as far up as Montreal. Above that place there are rap- ids in the river which interrupt the navigation, but canals have been cut round these so that they may now all be passed by boats. The chief rivers which fall into the St. Lawrence on the north side in Lower Canada are the Saguenay, the St. Maurice, the As- Wniption and the Ottawa. Those on the south side are the Gbaudiere, the St. Francis, the Yamaska and the Richlieu, or Sorel. The St. Lawrence and the Ottawa in several places widen out and assume the appearance and name of lakes. The largest of those are lake St. Petre, lake St. Louis, lake St. Francis and lake of 4he Two Mountains. Small lakes and ponds are numerous in different parts of the country. The two most important lakes, are Champlain and Memphremagog, both of which lie partly in the United States. The rivers and lakes wiH be more particularly described in another place. aUESTIONS. What is the principnl river m L. Canada ? What drt^s it reoenrv: Is it a large stream ? Where does it originate ? What does origi* nate meftn ? Where does it enter L. Canada ? What course does it run ? Where does it empty ? By how wid4 a mouth 1 Haw fax does it run in the province ? How far up is it navigable for ships P What does navigable mean ? Whv is it^not navigable farther up ? How are these rapids passed? What is acanal.-* What are the chief rivers which fall into the St Lawrence on the north side? What are the chief on the south side ? What is said of the St. Ltw- r^nee and Ottawa ? Which are the largest of these lakes ? Are 13 rimtv BOOK OF obooaafht. ■mall UkM tnd poodt oommon ? Which ar« tht two moit impor* URt lakti ? How ir« they lituated ? LESSON FIFTH. SEIGNIORIES AND TOWNSHIPS. Lower Canada is not all divided into Townships. This country was first settled by the French and «they divided the lands upon which they settled into Seigntories and Fiefs, The seignories are not all of the same size. Some of them are much larger than a township, and some are much smaller* The fiefs are generally much srtialler than townships. All the country along the rivers St. Lawrence and Richelieu on both sides, is laid out into Seigniories. The in- habitants of the seignories are nearly all of French origin. The townships are situated back from the large rivers, and along the Ottawa, and settled by people from England, Scotland, Ireland, and the United States. The people of French origin and who speak the French language, amount to about four fifths of the whole populatian of Lower Can- ada. The remaining one fifth are of the other or- igins above named, and speak the English language. The seigniories were granted- while Canada was un- der the government of France. The townships have all been granted since Canada has belonged to Great Britain. The greatest part of the townships are situated in the southeastern part of the province, between Vermont the river St. Lawrence, and are known by the name of the Eastern Townships, The Eastern* Townships are mostly embraced in th^ fol- lowing counties, namely: Megantic, Sherbrooke^ Stanstead, Drummond, Shefibrd and Missisco. \^\ QUESTIONS. By whom wiii L. Canada first lettled ? Did tbay ditida the W^^ into townabipt > How did they dtvida tfaam P What a said of Mka ^ GBOOAAVBT OF OAWADA. 13 npor- and into all of than sfieffr II the lelieu tiein- rench mthe 3d by d the I and about •Can- ler or- uage. IS un- iships ged to iships vince, id are The Ihb fol- \v hetandi site of the Mi^oioriM ? What of the fiaA ? Wiiat (Mrt of th« country ia in aeuraioriei ? Whatia aaid of the inhabitanta oi the ■eignioriea ? Whore are the tow-nahipa Mtuated ? P? whonl are they Rattled? What proportion of the inhabitanta orL. Canada are of French origin and apealc the French language ? What the origin and language of the remainder ? Under what government were the aeignioriea granted ? Under what the townthips ? Where ipa aituated ? By what name ar« >ea are most of the eaatem town- are the greater part of the they Icnown f In what aix ahipa embraced. LESSON SIXTH. . CITIES AND VILLAGES. Lower Canada contains only two cities, and these are Quebec and Montreal. Montreal is the largest city, but Quebec is the capital of the Province. The capital of a country it the seat of the government and the place where the representatives of the peo- ple meet to make laws. It is not always the largest town, but is generally such as is most conveniently situated for tlwt purpose. Quebec is also the oldest town in Canada. It is situated on the north bank of tbe. Saint Litwrence. The settlement was begun at that place by the French in the year 1608. It now contains about 25,000 inhabitants. Montreal is sit* uated on an island of the same name in the river St. Lawrence, abput 180 miles above Quebec. It con- tains about 30,000 inhabitants. This place was first visited in the year 1535, by James Cartier. The vil- lage of Three Rivers is situated on the north side of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the river St. Mau- rice, and is about midway between Montreal and Quebec. This is the largest village in the province. The other most important villages are St. Johns, Nicolet, William Henry, Stanstead, Chambly, d^c. OUESTIONS. How many eitiea ire there in Lower Canadk ? Which are they f What ia the differenee between a city and a large town or Ttila||e T 14 BI«t« BOOK OF GBOOttAPHY. J. CkiM 9n f overntd br a Mayor and AMerman, and have a poU iea court, but towni and TillngM ar« not. Which ii the larxaiit Montreal or Quflbeo t Which ia the capital of Lower Canada f What ia meant by capital T What place la utualljr choaen fbr the capital ? Which it the oldeac place in Lower Canada f How ia Quebec aitiriited f When and by whom waa Quebec aettled 1 How many inhabitonta doea it contain f How ia Jfontreal situated 7 How many inhabitants are therein M< .first visited by the EuropeapsY How far firom Montreal to Quebec miles. Which are some of the St. Johns situated T NioolatT bly?&c. Wm ,1^ When was this place s^hree Rivers situated f me hiindred and eighty Tincipal villaf es ? How is enryf Btansteadf Cbam- tESSON SEVENTH. Stavstbad Coubtt. Stanstead County is situated in the southern part of that portion of Lower Canada, which is callad the Eastern Townships. It is bounded on the north by the counties of Sheffovd and Sheibrooke, east by Sherbrooke eountjr, south by the State of Vermont, and west by Mis stsco and Shelford counties. It is •about thirty'd^ht miles long from east to west and twenty miles wide from north to south, and contains about six hundred and thirty sc|uare miles. It is divi- ded into six townships, viz : Bolton, ^'IllOBarford, Barnston, 2«ai Hatley, Total, ia,306 The sur&ce of this county is uneven, consisting of swells and valleys, but does not rise into moun- tains. The soil is yery fertile, and, where properly cidtivated^ produces {Jentiful crops of grass, wfiea^ oats, potatoes, Indian com, rye^ 4^. This comply is well watered by streams, luces and ponds. ■■T^\ '. , , r. ^ -— -p^ * Population in 1831. Since that time the population haa ed] •rably increased. The townahipa agaittst whirb thtrt ara «• ^' weio not inhabited Hvben the eenauf waa taken. 84|Stanstead, 4226 1600^otton, 1005 .V!-»«9|if««»'r»-«-«*«-t»VI»^»f!ISl!» . i^BOGBAPHT OP OAVADA. 16 largest body of water is Mampbremttog lake wbich is thirty miles long and two miles wide. About one third part of this lake lies in Vermont. Masoippi lake is in the township of Hatley, and is eight miles long and one mile wide. These lakes dischiurge their waters by streams of the same names into the river St. Francis. The Coaiacook riTor, waters the east- ern part of the county, and the head branches of the Missisco the western. The most important villa^ea in this county are Stanstead Plain and GeoigoviUe in Stanstead, and Charleston vilkge in Hatley. The population ojf Stanstead county in 1831, was 10,2M)6. QUESTIONS. How i« Stanmead county sHaBted ? How ia it bonndad ' How long ia it ? How wide ? How. many •Quaro milea dooa it eontain T Into how many townthipa ia it difidod 7 How ia Bolton boundad f (See Map.) How ia Hatley tmundad T How ia FoliiHl f How Ia Sianatead t How ia Barnaton 1 How la BaHbrdf ^hm i« anid of the aurface of the countnr / Wliat ia aaid of thfjop^^ S!^^ are the ehief productiona^ la it well watered f How nii» i« llam* phremagof lake^ What part of it ia in VermonllP^ 'WbMiiatlio aituation and aize of Maauippi lake f Into what do tliiat kiliM dii« charge their watered What atream watera the eaatem part t What the weatern f What are the prineipal vilhigea in fitaiiatead eoun* iyf What waa the pupnlation in IS31 / LESSON EIGHTH. Sherbbooke County. Sherbrooke County is situated to the north-east of Stanstead County. It is bounded on the north by Drummond County, east by Megantic and Beauce counties, south by New-Hampshire, Vermont, and Stanstead county, and west by Stanstead and Shef- ford counties. Its extreme length from east to west, ji$ about seventy miles, and its width from north to aonth sixty-five miles; and it contains about two thousand eight hundred square miles. This county is divided into thirty-two townships, vi:; :-r 16 FimtT BOOK OF GBOOSAPUY. I Aicot, Aditock, Attclandi BronptOD, Biuy, Chesbtm, Clifton^ dinton, Groydon, Compton, Ditton, 1155 S48 Dudswell, Drayton, Eaton, Emberton, Garthbv, Hampcfen, 70 Hereford, Lingwick, Marston, 242 Stanhope, SbiptoD, 1313 985 Stoke, Stratford, Orford, 230 Weedon, 171 Westbury, 67 Wbitton, Windsor, 128 1510 Melbourne, 864JWobum. Newport, 120L Total, 7,104 This extensive county is but little settled. The thirteen townships having figures against them, were the only ones of which returns were made at the cen- sus in 1831. The eastern part of this county consti- tutes the St Francis Temioryy and belongs to the British American Land^ Company. This territory coi^tains about 596,000 acres. The surface of this county is uneven, and the coil various, being in some parts excellent and in others so broken, or swampy, as to be unfit for cultivation- It is well watered by streams and ponds. The river St. Francis and its branches water the northern part, and Indian stream and olher head branches of Con- necticut river, the southern part. The most consid- erable villages are Lenoxville in Ascot, and Sher- broolie, partly in Ascot and partly in Orford, Rich- mond in Shipton, Compton and E^ton. Population in 1801, 7,104. , i ! QUESTIONS, . », / How if Shcrbrooke Couqit •huatecl f How is it btNpdcd f How long il it ? How wide ^ How many equue miles in it/ HowU many townships in it f How is AscolibobHdedf (SeiMup.) How it Conpton boandf 4 ? Shiptonf Eaton f J^. Is this cooofy thick- ly sottlsdf In how man- •-• '*^-- -> ^ * vm f Which wtro nanv townships wsro there sei^nonts in tbeyf What docs the cutern part of Ui|l ,t' GBOGBAPUY OF CANADA. 17 ler- 5h- low in coMnty conititme f To whom duet it belong f How roirny aorts doof H contaif^ f What li taid of the auiAca and aoil f la it wall watered f What watcra tha nor.tfe«rn part f What tha toutharii f What are the prineipal villagaai* Howia Sherbrooke aituatad?*- Ji. At tha jonotion of Magog river with tha St. Fratieia. Wbara it LanoxTille ? Ji. Near the junction of tha M aavippi river with tha 8t Prancia. What river einpiiea into tha Maauippi iVom Compton ? A, 1 ha Coatacook. Whut ia the population of Sharbrooka county .' LESSON NINTH. SIIEFFORD COUNTY. Shefford County in situated in the western part of that pottion of Lower Canada called the Eastern Townships. It is bounded on the north by Drtlm- inond County, east by Sherbrooke County, south by ^tanstead and Missisco Counties, and west by Rou- ,ille and St. Hyacinthe Counties. This county is about 38 miles long from east to west, and thirty miles wide from north to south, and contains about seven hundred and fifty square miles. It is divided into iight townships viz :— Farnham 1314 Brome J239 Total 5087 Milton 148{Granby 797 Rbxton ^Shefford 1176 Ely 25{Stukely 388 The surface of this county is uneven and ih some par&^'/ftb^' into ¥noilniain8. The soil is genet ally gpoid, but much of the county remains unsettled. The cbiinty is well watered by the head branches of .Yaiiiask£ river. The most considerable body of wa- ,er ift Brome lake, which is about nine miles; in cir- cumference. ,v Tliii principal villages ate Frost Village and Wa.- lerkiid^ m the township of SheiTord, and Granby VU'^ I jfallf In Granby. Population in 1831, 5087. - QUESTIONS. HoiV^^Shaffofdconnty aituated? How ia it V>tta«j— inueh, and kukot—vrmetfowl. Tbf iM^.JIIifli- kUkot it taid to, have beengi«en by the nativet to the bay and'Hver on account of ihe abnndahce of Wateribwl in and about tb«r9,andh Mjisn-kisko WM at length shortened to MisMueo. It tftliltciirAl be- fiaoie the name of a oounty. «««IW OBOOftAFMT or 0AIIAD4.) 10 i'^ several beautiful ponds. Swamps are numerouf but not extensive, an4 most of them might, it is thought, be Msily drtiined. This county contains several small villages, the most important of which are Bed- ford village, in Staubridge, Dunham Flats in Dun- ham, and Philipsburgh and Freligsburgh in St. Ar- mand. Population in 1831, 8,801. , / QUESTIONS. Haw it MiMiioo countj mtoatcd f How ii it bounded i How long i« it ? How wide ii it ? How tawny Miijare milM doM it contain f Into what is this county divided ? How is Sotion bpiinded Y Dun- bam 7 Stanbridge ? St. Armand f If St. Armand a township f la this county cenerally settled } What ia aaid of tba soil t Is it well walerod ? By what 7 Are there any ponda in it ? Any swampa .' Are there any linages ? Which are the principal f Wliioh way is ,Missisco County ftrom Montreal f From Quebec f From Stauatead T From here7 What is the in the note reapHting i population ot Misaisoo cnonty' Ifkat ieeaid the tpeUinff and origin af the word Mittuco 9 LESSON ELEVENTH. DRUMMOND COUNTT. Drummond County forms the northwestern por- tion of the Eastern Townships. It is bounded on the north by the counties of Yamaska and Nicolet, Oil the east by Megantic county, on the south by the counties of Sherbrooke and ShefTord, and on the west by St. Hyacinth county. Its extreme length from north-east to south-west is about sixty-nve miles, and its width from south-east to north-west is about forty-five miles, and it contains sixteen hun- dred and seventy square miles. It is divided into eighteen townships, viz :— • Aston, Bulstrode, Stanfoldy Arlhabaska, Chester, Bam, 72Wotton, 97Tingwick, Warwick, Horton, SiWendover, {Simpson> 8'Kingsey, 879 180 Durham, 746 Wickham, 878 12 Grantham, 620 760pton, 4t4 55lActon , 3;BSS 20 i^'IRST BOOK OF OBOGliAfHk t-- This extensive county is but littli^ settled, and the land is not generally of the best quality. Both the eastern and the western parts arc low and swampy^ and muY:h of the land unfit for cultivation. There is some good lan(l and several thriving settlements in the townships which lie along the St. Francis. The eastern part of the county is watered by the rivers Beconcour and Nieolet, and the western part by the St Francis, and some branches of the Yamaska river. Drummondville in Grantham is the principal village. Population of the county in 1831, 3,566. .-t'ia"'' ^ ';:;..,, WESTtONS. ■ Whatdo^tDrcimmond county form.? How is it bounded ? How long is it ? How wide ? How many square miles in it ? Into liow^ mnny town0hip» is it divided ? Which townships are most settled P What is the quality of the land generally .'* What is said of the eastern and western part ? What is there in the townships along the St. Francis ? How is the eastern parts watered ? How the western.' What village and ' where situated? Which way is Drummond county from Quebec ? From Montreal ? From Stan- stead ? Ffom Three Rivers .** What is the population of Drum- mond county ? ' LESSON TWELFTH. * ' ■' MEGANTIC COUNTY Megantic County is bounded on the north by Lot- biniere county, east by Beauce county, south by Sherbrooke county, and west by Drummond county. The length of this county from north-west to south- east is about sixty miles, and its extreme width from north-east to south-west, about thirty-two miles. It contains fourteen hundred and sixty-five square miles, ^^nd is divided' into the following townships, viz :- !^^l«on, Spmerset, Halifax, 16 Wolfston, Thetford, TlBroughtori; 111 ^Inverness, 858iColraine, Dorset, Gay hurst, Winslow, Oulney, Vs ^ '.; ■•PW»BW«"«i»" ui^OGRAPHY 01* CAVADA. 21 Lot- th by js. It miles, '•■MMMk 38|Shenley, Leeds, 754,Tring, Ireland, 440| Total, 2,283 This county has a very uneven surface, and the soil is also very unequal, being in some parts good and in others extremely poor. . The central part of the county i»somewhat mountainous, while the north- ern part is low and in many places swampy. The northern part of this county is watered by the river BeconCour and its branches, and the southern part by the river Chaudiere and the head branches of the river St. Francis. It also Contains a large number of ponds, some of which are of considerable size. This country is but little settled. It contained in 1831, only ^233 inhabitants. QUESTIONS. How is Megantic county bounded ? How long is itf How wide ? How many square miles docs it contain ? Into how many town- ships is it divided ? What is the surface? What the soil f What is said of the ceutral and northern parts ? How is the northern part watered ? How the southern ? Does it contain any ponds ? What is the state of this county f What the population in 1831 7 In what direction is this county from Quebec ? What fi-om Montreal ^ \Vhat from here. LESSON- THIRTEENTH. BEAUCE COUNTT. t Beauce County lies in the south-eastern part of the province, and is bounded northerly by Dorches- ter County, easterly by the county of Bellechasse and the state of Maine, south by the state of Maine, and west by Sherbrooko, Megantic and Lotbiniere coun- ties. The territory embraced in this county, is very long and narrow. Its extreme length is about one hundred miles, while its greatest w«dth is only about twenty miles ; and it contains about two thousand square miles. This county comprises seven seign- iories and nine and a half towniships, viz >-* 2^ FIBST BOOK OF OBOGBAPHT. m The seigniories of Jolliet, St. Etienne, St. Marie, St. Joseph, Vaudreuil, Aubin De'LisIe, and Aubert Galiion ; and the townships of Frampton, Cran- bourne, Watford, Jersey, Marlow, Rixborough, Spalding, Ditchfield, Wobiirn, and a part of Ciipton. /fljis county lies along the Chaudiere river and is wholly watered by that stream and its branches. Lake Macanamack lies in the southern part of this county and communicates with lake Mcgantic, which Vies between this county and SherbrookB county, and is the source of the Chaudiere river. The set- tlements in this county are in the northern part, and mostly confined to the seigniories. The quality of the soil in the northern half of this county is gene- rally good, but the surface is in many parts broken, and stony. The. southern part extends to the high lands between Canada and the state of Maine. Pop- ulation of the county in 1831, 11,900. QUESTIONS. Where does Beauce county lie ? How U it bounded ? What is the form of the county ? How long is it ? How wide ? How ma- ny square miles does it contain ? What does it comprise ? Along what river does it lie? By what is it wholly watered? What lakes and how situated ? Orvtrhat river is lake Megantic the iour«e ^ Where are tiie settlements ? To what are they mostly confined ? What is said of the soil and surface ? What direction is it from Quebec 1 from Montreal ? From Stan stead ? What is the popu- lation. WESSON FOURTEENTH. BELLECHASE COUNTY. Bellechase County is bounded northerly by the river St Lawrence, easterly by L'lslet county, south- erly by the state of Maine, and westerly by Beauce an4 Dorchester Counties. This county is about iif- t^ n^iie^ loQg and eighteen mil^s wi<)e, aiid contains GBOGHAPay OF CAS ADA, 23 about eighteen hundred square milcs.^ This county comprises the seigniories of Berthier, St. Vallier, St. Michel, Beaumont, La Durantage, La Martiniere, Montapeine, Vincennes, St. Gervais, and Levaudiere ; and the townships of Buckland, Standon, and Ware. The northern part of this county is watered by the river Du Lud and several smaller tributaries ot the St. Lawrence. The soil in the northern parts is of a middling quality. The settlements are mostly con- fined to the seigniories in the northern part. Popu- lation in 1831, was 13,529. DORCHESTER COUNTY. Dorchester County is bouhdjsd northerly by the St. Lawrence, easterly by Bellechase county, souther- ly by Beauce county, apd westerly by Lotbiniere county. The length and breadth of this county are the same, being about eighteen miles ; and it con- tains three hundred and forty eight square miles. , This county comprises the single seigniory of Lauron. The rivers Chaudiere and Eehemin pass through this county in a northwesterly direction and are the two principal streams. The soil of this county is generally good, and the northern part well settled. ■The principal places are St. Nicholas, New-Liver- pool, and Point Levi, The population in 1831 was 11,946. /iK;.:f,lJ , • QUESTIONS. • i How is the county ofBeliechaee bounded ? How long is it ? How wide ? How many square miles in it ? What does it ct^pme ?. How are the northern parts watered ? What is the soil ? where are the settlements.' What is the population T Which way is it . from Quebec ? What separates it from the Isle of Orleans t ^ How is Dorchester county bounded ? How long and wide is it P How many square miles in it? What does it comprise? What rivers. past tkreugb it, and in what direction P , What ia-i^id of the soilf Is il well settled ? What, are the principal places? What *As ibe bouad^iry lin« is not itfltled between this Pi^vltice and the .Biftte of llmpf».ihe fateht of.lhia county and also of t^ county of L'Ulet, Kamouraska and Himouski, is not yet ezactiy known. ^4 vtttnr BOOK or gbooraphy the population F What separaten it fi-om Quebec ? from here ? Which LESSON FIFTEENTH. LOTBTNIERF. COUNTY. Lotbiniere county is bounded northerly by the ^.. Lawrence, easterly by Dorchester and Beauce coun- ties, southerly by Megantic, and westerly by Dtum- mond and Nicolet counties. The extent of this county from north-west to south-east, is about fifty miles, and its greatest width about twenty-five miles. It contains seven hundred and thirty-five square miles. It comprehends the seigniories of Tilly, Gaspe, St. Giles des Plaines, Bonseeours, St. Groix, Lotbiniere, and St. Jean de Eschallion. This county is watered by the river Beaurinage, and the Great and Little du Chene; and the settlements are mostly confined to the neighborhood of these streams, and to the banks of the St. Lawrence. The population in 1831, was 9,194. NICOLET COUNTY. / Nicolet County is bounded on the north-west by the St Lawrence and Lake St Peter, north-east by Lotbiniere county, south-east by Drummond county^ and south-west by Yamaska county. This county is about thirty-three miles long from north-east to south - west, and its greatest breadth is about twenty-three ;miles. It contains four hundred and eighty seven isquare miles; and comprises the Seigniories of Nico- let, Beconcour, GeAtilly, and Levrord ; the Fiefs of Roquetalloide, Ood6fi>i, and Cournoyer ; and the Townships of Maddington; and Bloftdford. Tl^^ principal streams are the Nicolet and the Becoiii* tsour rivers. The soil of thiacouoty is of urnid-^ 4Mg qttAiily, and tbnt pM df the county next the uA^ GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 25 St. Lawrence is thickly settled. The village of Nic- olet is handsomely situated on the eastern bank of NicQiet river, and is the seat of a college. Popula- tion of tfie county in 1831, 12,504. QUESTIONS. ^o\v is Lotbinieie county bounded ? Wlint is the cxtnnt of this county F liovi' many square miles does it contnin ? What does it comprehend ? How is it watered i To which nre*the settlemenis mostly confined ? What is the population ? How is Ni<:olet coun> ty bounded 7 What is its length and breadth 7 How many square miles does it contain l What does it comprise f What are the principnl streams 1 What is the soil f Is it well settled 7 • What i» said of Nicolet village ? What is the population of the county ? How IS Nicolet situated with regard to Montreal and Quebec ? Ji». Half way between them. Which way is Nicolet from here ? LESSON SECOND. YAMASKA COUNTY. Yamaska County is bounded on the north-west by lake St. Peter, north-east by Nicolet county, south- east by Drummond county, and south-west by Rich- elieu county. This county is about twenty miles long from north-east to south-west, and fifteen miles wide, and contains two hundred and eighty-three square miles, This county comprehends the Seignior- ies of LaBaieduFebvre, Courval, Lausaudiere, Pierre- ville, St. Francais, Yamaska, East Bourgnoice and De- quire. Much of the soil of this county is of a good quality, and some parts <^it are in a high state of cul- tivation. Along the lake is an extensive tract of low meadov/ land, wfiich is interersected by numerous clear rivulets, and in summer aftbrds excellent pastu- rage. The eastern part of the county is watered by a branch of -the Nicolet; the St. Francis passes through the central part, and the Yamaska river falU into Lake St. jPeter in the western part. The prin- cipal places are St. Antoine> Indi^ Village on the St. Francis, and Yamaska on the Yamaska river. Population in 1831,9,496. 29 iriltIT BOOK OP «aOGAAPUY. tttCHLIEt; COUNTY/ Richelieu County is bounded on the north by Idkd St. Peter and the elt. Lawrence, ea^t by Yarouska and St. Hyacinth counties, south by Rouville, and west by Richelieu or Sore! river, and the county oF Vercheres. This county is about thirty miles lon^ from north to south and about eighteen miles wide, and contains three hundred and seventy three square miles. It comprehends the following seigniories : St. Ours, St. Denis, Sorel, St. Charles, on the Riche- lieu, and St. Charles, on the Yamaska rivers, West idlouchemin. West Bouremarie, Bonsecours, togeth* er with a number of Islands lying in the St. Law- rence and lake St. Peter. The eastern part of the county is watered by the Yamaska, and the we»- tem part, by the Richelieu. The soil is of a mid- dling quality, and the county is welt settled along the Richelieu. The principal villages are St. Denis, St. Outs, and William Henry. The latter is regularly laid out, and is situated at the mouth of the Riche- lieu. Population of the county in 1831, 16,149. QUESTIONS. 'Row is Yani88ka county bnun/ded ? Hpw long and wide is it? How many square miles in it ? What does it comprehend ? What is said of the soil ? What is there along the lake . How are the different parts watered. What are the principal places, and how Mtuated. What is the population. How is Richelieu county boui|ded. How long and wide is it. . Jl^w many -square miles in It. M^at does it comprehend. How .I8,it.|i-atered. What is said of the s<>il and nettlements. What are ^|lisj»fincipal plaros. What is said of William Henry. Wliatis> ib9 poj^hition of the bounty. ''•^,' St >';.l - . LESSON SEVENTEENTH. ST. HTACmTM COUNTY. M St. Hyacimth County is bounded northerly by Omminond county, easterly by Drummotidadd She£^ GBOOBAPAT OF OAITADA. 27 W ford, ioutherly by Shefford and Roimlle. and wes- terly by Rouviile , and Richeliiett cour ties. The length of this county from north to sc Uh is about forty miles, and its extreme width ei ' :jen miles; and it contains four hundred andseveuh^ -oeven square miles. It comprises the following seigniories: viz. De Ramsay, East Bourchemin, and St. Hyacinth. This county is wcd l fi|;ftte red by the river ¥ama»ka " is of a good quality ; but B into mountains. The are Rougemont in the ountain in the eastern are St. Hyacinth and 1831, 15,366. and its branchea* the surface rii most consideral western part, part. The pr St. Cffisaire. COUNTY. Rouviile CouAty is bounded north by Richelieu* east by St. Hyacinth, Shefford and Missisco, south by Vermont, and west by the river Richelieu. It is forty miles long and about twelve miles wide, and contains four hundred and twenty-nine square miles. It comprises the foUowinff seigniories : viz. Rouviile, fiastChambly, Monnoir,Bieury, Sabrevois, Noyan and Foucault. This county lies along the eastern bank of the Richelieu*^ iThiei surftce is generally low and in many places is swampy. Where it is sufficiently dry, the soil is generally of a good quality. The principal stream besides the Richelieu, are the river duLud, and Huron* Missisco JBay lies partly between this county, and Missisco county. Rouviile mountain, (caUcNl also Chambly mountain, or Beloeil.) lies in the north- em part of this county, and is a considerable eley4- jtion. Population, 18,115. QUESTIONS. How j« 8t Hytsinlh coanty bounded. How longalid wido it it. 4lQ«r.iniii]rigqir(i mile^ln it Wbal does it coAprite. How {■ it •ivitiUred. WMlitho ioil. 'Whatli meant by loil. A. iThatpart ^ riBtV BOOK OP OBOORAPHY. s m of theieiffth viliich 8U|^t><*rtoir?g«taU«i|, Af9 thcire nnv jnountainn. What are the principal. What ia a MouQ^ain. Woat villages. Wli^t ia tlie population. ' ' LESSON EIGHTEENTH. ^ VERCHERES COUHTYi Vercheres County i» of a triangular shape, and is bounded on the north-west by the St. Lawrence, on the east by the county north-west by the cou along the Richelieu is along the St. Lawrenc county contains one h miles. It comprehend coeur, Bellevue, Vercher Trinite, Varennes, Belceiel, Richelieu, and on blv. Its extent ^-two miles, and l^y miles ; and the ety- eight square ories of Contre- , Guillodiere, La fnoyer, . and several islands in the St. Lawrence. The soil of this county is generally good, and the county is well settled. One side of the county is washed by the St. Lawrence, and the other by the Richelieu. The interior is watered by several small streams. VarCinnes is the most im- portant village.' Population of the county in 1831, 12319. ■ ■ ■■ ' " "^' '" •',•---'■• The county of Chanlbly is bounded' north-w6st'by 'tlie St. LaiyVfenqie, north-east by the county of Ver- cheres, east by the river Richelieu, south by Acadie, and south-west by Laprairie. The extreme length' of the county from north to south is about thirty-three liiiles, and its breadth about fHleen miles. It eon- tains two hundred and eleven square miles, and com* prebends the seigniories of Boucherville, Mbntarville, Lohgueuil, Fief Trembly, West Chambly, and the Barony of Longueuil. This county extends from the fiver Richeheu to the St. Lawrence, and besides thei^ i» is watered by the little river Montreal, ''r-»Wr'"r'V'<'nr'"'""-^"-"-p ■' '' i ' '*""*!''_^ /. GKOGBAPHT OF CANADA. 29 Vfbnt viilage*. ■J I . ,. fjap^, and is awrence, on 'eu, and on Its extent miles, and es; and the 5 jght square of Contre- llodiere, La and several this county ittled. One »frence, and is watered e most im- K in 1831, h-wist'by iyof Ver- y Acadie, length* of irty-three It con- ond com- ntarville, and %he from the Jes these »1, falls into Chambly Bason. The principal places in this county are, St. Johns, Chambly, Longueuil and and Boucherville. This county is well settled along the rivers, and contained in 1831, 15483 inhabitants. QUESTIONS. What 19 the shape of Vercheres county? What is meant by trian- gular ? How is it bounded ? What its extent f flow many souare miles ? What does it comprehend f What is the soil ? Is it'well set- tled ? By what stream is it washed f How is the interior watered ? What village ? What the population ? How is Chambly County bounded f What the extreme length and breadth? How many square miles? What does it comprehend 7 How is it watered ? What are the principal places ? Is it well set- tled ? What the population F LESSON NINETEENTH. ACADIE COUNTY. The county of Acadie is bounded north by Cham- bly and iiaprairie counties, east by the Richelieu, which separates it from Rouville, south by the state of New- York, and west by Beauharnois County, The length of this county, from north to south, is is about twenty miles, and its greatest width about sixteen miles. It contains two hundred and fifty square miles. This county comprehends the seign- iories of La CoUe, and De Lery, and the township of Sherington. It lies on the west side of the Riche- lieu, and is watered in the southern part by the Lacolle river, and in the north-western by the Hon? treal and Tortue rivers. The land is in some places low and swampy, but is generally of a good quality. Ash Island and some other small islands in the Riche* lieu belong to this county. Population ii^ 1831, 11,- 419. LAPRAIRIE COUNTY. t The county of Iiaprairie is bounded on the north- firest by the St. Layvrence^ north-easjLby the coiinty Qf 30 FIRST BOOK OF GEOGHAPHY. >» Chambly, south-east by Chambly and Acadie, and south-west by Beanharnois County. Its extent, from north-east to south-west is about 18 miles, and from north-west to south-east about twelve miles ; and it contains two hundred and thirty-eight square miles. It comprehends the seigniories of Laprairie, Sault St Louis, La Salle and Chateauguay, and the islands in the St. Lawrence which are nearest to these. The river Chateauguay crosses the western corner of this -county, and the other parts are watered by the Mon- treal, Tortue, St. Regis and several other small streams. The surface is generally level, and the soil good. The principal villages are Laprairie, and Caughnawaga in the seigniory of St. Louis. The former is a large village, many of the houses being of stone and well built. The county is well settled,, containing, in 1831, 18,497. aUESTIONS. How 19 the county of Acadie bounded ? What is its length f Its width ? How nany square miles in it? What does it compreheni\ \ What does comprehend mean? How docs it lie ? How watereu > wiiat is said of the land ? What islands belong to this county ? What the population \ How is Laprairie County bounded ? What is the extent of this county ? How many square miles in it ? What does it comprehend ? How IS it watered ** What is the surface and soil ? What Tillages^ und what is -said of them f What the population f LESSON TWENTIETH. BEAUHARNOIS COUNTY. Beanharnois County is bounded on the north-west by the St. Lawrence, north-east by Laprairie and Acadie counties, and south by the state of New- York. The extreme length of this county, from east to west, is about fifty-five miles, and its greatest width ^ about twenty-two miles ; and it t^ontains about sev* en hundred and seventeen square miles. It compre-t GEOGRAPHY or CAXADA. ai henda the seigniory of Beauharnois, and the townships of Hemingford, Hinchenbrook, and Gudmanchcster, the tract of Indian lands and Grand Isle, and several other islands in the St. Lawrence. The seigniory of Beauharnois embracer all the divisions on the map which are not mentioned above. This county is wa- tered principally by the Chateauguay and its branch- es and the St. Louis. The lar^d between the Chateau- guay and the St. Lawrence is of the best quality. The southern parts are more broken and hilly. Population in 1831, 16,857. VAUDREU1L COU&^TY. Vaudreuil County occupies the point, or tongue, of land at the junction of the Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. It is bounded north by the Ottawa, south- east by the St. Lawrence, and west by Upper Cana- da. Its extent, from east to west, is about twenty-five miles, and its greatest width, from north to south, is about twenty-two miles, and it contains three hun- dred and thirty square miles. It comprehends the seigniories of Vaudreuil, Iligoud, Soulanges, and New-Longueuil, the township of Newton, and the Isle Perrot. This county is washed on two sides by the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, and is otherwise wa- tered by the small rivers Boudet, De Lisle, La Graisse, &c. The soil is generally of a good quality. There are several small but pleasant villages, the prin- cipal of which are the Cedars, Cateau du Lac, Vau- drueil, and Rigoud. Population of the county in 1831,13,111. QUESTIONS. How ifl Beauliarnois County bounded ? How long and wide is il ? How many square miles in il? What does it comprehend ^ Wbut dons the seigniory of Beauharnois embrace? How is it watered.-' What is said ot the land? What of the southern part? What the |iupukition 1. w hat does Vaudreuil County occupy ? How is it bounded ? What 92 vitiiT BOOK or oboOraphV. IB tht iiunt of thii county ? How tntiiY iquiire milei in it t Wlmt doM it oomprtliend f How it it watered f \Vliat i« the mu'iI I Wliat villagei are there ? Wliat the population f LESSON TWENTY-FIRST. * MONTREAL COUNTY The county of Montreal comprises the island of Montreal, which is situated in the river St. Lawrence at its confluence with the Ottawa. This island is a single seigniory, called the Seigniory of Montreal. It, is of a triangular shape, and is thirty-two miles long and ten miles broad. It contains one hundred and ninety^seven square miles. The county is divided in- to the following parishes, viz. Montreal, St. Anne, St. Genevieve, Point Claire, La Chine, Sault des Rec- oUots, St. Laurent, Riviere des Prairies, Point au Trembles and Longue Pointe. The island of Mon- treal is separated from the Isle Jesus on the north by the Riviere des Prairies. There are several rivulets upon the island, some of which are large enough to turn grist and saw mills. Except the mountain, which is situated one and a half miles to the south-west of the city of Montreal, and the ridge to which it be- longs, the surface of the island is generally level. The soil is of a superior quality, and is generally in a high state of cultivation, producing, besides the usual grains and garden vegetables, gooseberries, cur- rants, strawberries, raspberries, peaches, apricots, plums, and apples, in high perfection. The city of Montreal is situated on the south-eastern margin of the island. The other places of most consequence are La Chine, Point Claire and Point au Trembles. The first is a place of great importance, being the termination of the La Chine canal. Population of the county in 1831, 43,773. GBOOnAPAY or CAHADA, QUESTIONS. Wliit clo«i the county ofMontrenl nompriio ? How id it iiluat«d? Wlint leigniory doei it conRint of? What ii ih« shape of the iilnnd? How Ions is it ? How wide f How many squnro miles in it ? Into what parishes is it divided P What separates it from the Isle Jesus ? How IS it watered? What is Nuid of the surface ? What the soil and productions? How is the city of Montreal situated.^ What other places are mentioned ? What is sold of La Chine ? Which way is Montreal from here? Which way from Quebec ? What the popula* tion of the county ? LESSON TWENTY-SECOND. OTTAWA COUNTY. Ottawa County lies along the north side of the Ottawa river, and extends from the county of Tv.'o Mountains westward to lake Temiscanning. It is bounded north by the territory of the Hudson's Bay Company, easterly by the county of Two Mountains, southerly by the Ottawa, which separates it from Up- per Canada, and west by a line running due north , from lake Temiscaming. It contains about thirty- two thousand square miles. This county comprises the seigniory of La Petit Nation, and about twenty townships lying along the northern margin of the Ot- tawa. The remainder of the county is not surveyed, and very little is known respecting it. It is watered by numerous rivers and lakes. Along the bank of the Ottawa are several thriving settlements. The soil back from the river is generally poor. Wright's village, in the township of Hull is the most impor- tant plj^ce. Population of the county iti 1831, 4,786. COUNTY OF TWO MOUNTAINS. The county of Two Mountains is boiraded north by the northern boundary of the province, north-east by the county of Terfebone, south by Lake Two Moun- tains and the Ottawa, and west by Ottawa County. It extends along the Ottawa about forty- five milcs> D 2 31 FIBST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. I and contains one thousand square miles. It compre- hends the seigniories of Mille Isles, Lake Two Moun- tains, and Arguentite, and the townships of Chatham, Grenville, Wentworthj Harrington, Arundel, and Howard. This county is watered by Rouge river, North river and the river Du Chene. The soil is of an excellent quality in the southern part. St. Andrews in the seigniory of Argentueil, and Indian village of the Two Mountains, are the principal places. Population of this county in 1831, 20,905. aUESTlONS. Where does Ottawa County lie.-* How far does it extend? Mow 13 rt bounded t How m&ny square miles in it ? What does it com' prise ? What is said of the remainder of the county P How is it wa- tered ? What the settlement? and soil ? What vlilago ^ What the population ? How is the counly of Two Mountains bounded 9 What its ex- tent? How many square miles in it? What does it comprehend? How is it watered ? What is the soil ? What are the principal places? What is the population ? Which way from Montreal ? What lake on the line between this and Ottawa County ? A. Lake Papineau. LESSON TWENTY-THIRD. TEKREBONNE COUNTY. The county of Terrebonne is bounded on the north- west by the northern boundary of the province, north- east by the county of Lachenaye, south-east by the river des Prairies which separates it from Montreal county, and south-west by the county of Two Moun- tains. I'he width of this county is about twelve miles, and it contains about three thousand two hun- dred square miles. It comprehends the seigniory of Isle Jesus, Terieboh lorth- mnty ^ence, Ith of the county on the St. Lawrence is about twelve miles, but is wider towards the north. It contains about fourteen thousand square miles. It embraces the seigniories of Beauport, Notre Dame des Agnes, Dor- sainville, Lepinay, Sillery, and St. Gabriel, fiefs St. Ignace and Hubert, the townships of Tewkesbury, and Stoneham, the parish and city of Queboc, Si,c. The southern part of this county is watered by the St. Charles and the northern by the Jaques Cartier, St. Anne, &.c. The surface of this county is gener-* ally uneven, and the northern parts mountainous. The soil near the St. Lawrence is of a good quality. The city of Quebec is situated on a point of land between the St. Lawrence and the mouth of the St Charles. Population of the county in 1831, 36,173] QUESTIOiNS. How is Portneuf County bounded. How wide is it. Howmanj square miles in it. Wiiat is meant by area. What does this coun- ty embrace. Is it well watered. What the principal streams. What is said of the surface — of the settlements— of the soil? What the population of the county .' How is the county of Quebec bounded .' How wide is it.' How many square miles does it contain. Whet does it embrace. How lA it watered. What is said of the surface — of the soil. What city. How situated. What the population of the county. LESSON TWENTY-SEVENTH. MONTMORENCI COUNTY. The county of Montmorenci is bounded on the north-west by the line ot the province, north-east by the county of Saguenay, south-east by the St. Law^- rence, and south-west by the county of Quebec. The width of this county is about thirty-five miles, and it contains about seven thousand square miles. It comprehends the parishes of St. Fereol, St. Joa- c$iim, St. Anne, Chateau Richer, and I'Ange Gar-< di«n. The river and falls of Montmorenci are situ-* 40 FIRST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY atcd in the sotith-western part of the county, and the eastern part is watered by the St. Anne. The settle- ments in this county are confined to the bank of the St. Lawrence. The surface of the county is uneven, and rises in some places into mountains. Population in 1831, 3,743. 6A6UENAY COUNTY. The county of Saguenay is situated at the north- eastern extremity of the province, and is bounded on the north-west and north-east by ^he boundary of the province, south-east by the St. Lawrence, and south- west by the county of Montmorenci. These boundaries embrace a territory of about seventy-three thousand square miles, only about two thousand of which are surveyed or occupied. These are embraced in the seigniories of Beaupre, GoufTre, Eboulemens, Murray Bay and Mount Murray, and the township of Set- trington. The settled part of the county is watered by the Mai Bay, Gouifre and many smaller streams. The principal river in the county, and the second in size in the province, is the Saguenay. Much of this extensive territory is barren and inhospitable. The settlements are confined to the bank of the St. Law- rence in the south-western part. Population of the county in 1831, 8,385. QUESTIONS. How is Montmorenci County bounded. What is the width of this county. How many square miles it. What does it comprehend. How is it watered. What talis. What is said of the settlements. What of the surface. What the population. How is the county of Saguenay situated. How in it bounded. How many square miles do these boundaries embrace. How much of this is surveyed. What does it embrace. How is the settled part watered. What is the principal river in the county. What 18 said of this territory. To what part are the settlements confined.' What the population of the county. In what direction is it froii^ (^utbec. GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 41 Ithe Btlle- f the even, lation niorth- ledon of the south- idaries ousand ich are in the Murray Df Set- jvatered treams. cond in I of this ;. The X. Law- I of the idlhoflhia inprehdnd. ettlements. it bounded. How much the settled nty. What itsconnnea. „ \s It fron^ LESSON TWENTY-EIGHTH. « ORLBANS COT/KTY. Orleans County is situated in the river St. Law^ rence, a little below Quebec. It comprises the island of Orleans, which is a seigniory of the same name, and the islands of Madame and Reaux. The island of Orleans is about twenty miles long and five wide, and contains about seventy square miles. As might be expected from the smallness of the island, the streams are all small. The surface of this beautiful island rises gradually towards the centre. The soil is very rich and productive. A good road passes en- tirely round the island near the shore. The island is Vi divided into five parishes, viz. St. Pierre, St. Jean, St. Famille, St. Laurent and St. Francois. Popula- tion in 1831,4,349. l'islet county. L*Islet County is bounded on the north-west by the river St. Lawrence, north-east by the county of Kamouraska, south-east by the state of Maine, and south-west by the county of Bellechase. The ex- tant of this county, along the river St. Lawrence, is about thirty-eight miles. Its area is not known, be- cause the line between it and the state of Maine is not settled. It embraces the seigniories of St. Roch, Reaume, St. Jean< Port Joli, Islet, Lessard, Bonse- cours, Vincelot, Cap Saint Ignace, Gagniere, St. Thomas and Lepinay, and the township of Ashford. The northern part is watered by the river du Sud, St. Nicholas and many smaller streams, which fall into the St. Lawrence. The settlements are confined to the bank of the St< Lawrence, and the soil here is of a good quality. The most important place is the vil- lage of St. Thomas, which is delightfully situated at -E 42 FIRST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. f the mouth of the river du Sud. Population of the county in 1831, 13.518. QUESTIONS. How is Orleans County situated? What does it compriso? How long and wide is the Iiilnnd 1 How many square miles in \\? Wliut is said Qt the streams — of the surftice — of the soil ? Whatroud is inentinnecf? Into what parishes is it divided ? What is the popu- lation? How is L'Islet County bounded P What is its extent along the St. Lawrence? How many square miles in it ? Wliat doe;) it em- brace ? How is it watered? What is said of the setilemcMits and soil 7 What is tho most important placed How situated.^ What the population of the county.^ LESSON TWENTY-NINTH. KAMOURASKA COUNTY. Kamouraska Countv is bounded on the north-west by the St. Lawrence, north-east by Rimouski Coun- ty, south-east by the state of Maine, and south-west by L'Islet County. The extent of this county along the St., Lawrence, is about thirty miles. It embra- ces the seigniories of Terrebois, Granville, Lache- liaye, I'Islet du Portage, Kamouraska, St Denis, Riv- iere Oeuelle and St. Abne, and the townships of Bungay, Woodbridge and Ixworth. The principal streams are the river Quelle and Kamouraska. The soil along the St. Lawrence is of an excellent quali- ty and in a good state of cultivation. Population, in 1831,14,557. RIMOUSKI COUNTY. Rimouski County is bounded on the north-west by the St. Lawrence, north-east by Gaspe, south-east by Bonaventure and the province of New-Brunswick, and south-west by the county of Kamouraska. This . county extends more than one hundred miles along < the St. Lawrence, but is vory little settled. The principal seigniories are Riviere du Loup, Isle Verte^ . GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA.' 43 [the ng the il em- n\9 and hut the ;h-west Coun- Lh-west f along embra- Lache- |is, Riv- liips of viucipal The it quali- ation in west by east by inswick, a. This, es along d. The e Verle, (I'Artignc, Trois Pistoles, Rioux, Bic, Rimouski, Barnabe, Lepage, Tivierge, Mitis, and Matane. This extensive county is watered by a great number of rivers and lakes. The principal n vers are du Loupe, Verte, Madavvaska, Rimouski and Matapeida. The most important lakes are Temiscouata and Matape- dia. The settlements are confined to the seignior- ies along the St. Lawrence. Population in id'Sl, 10,06L QUESTIONS. How is Kamouraska Couniy bounded? Wlint is its length along tbe St. Lawrence? What does it embrace.' What the principal streams ? What iho soil ? \Vhat t'he popiilaiion ? How is Rimouski County bounded ? What is the extent of this <;ounty ? Is it much settled ? What arc the principal seigniories? Is it well watered .' What are the principal rivers.' What lakss ? 'Jowhal are the settlements confined.? What is the population ^. LESSON THIRTIETH. GASPE COUNTY. The county of Gaspe is bounded on the north by the river St. Lawrence, east by the Gulf of St. Law- rence, south by Bonaventure and bay Chal^urs, and south-west by the county of Rimouski. From east to west it is about one hundred miles long, and. its ex- treme width about forty miles, and the county coil- tains three thousand two hundred square miles. This county contains many small settlements along the shore and about the bay of Gaspe, byt the interior is unsettled and but little known. It is watered by numerous streams, none of which are large. Popu- lation in 1831, 5,03. BONAVENTURE COUNTY. The county of Bonaventure is bounded on the north- west by Rimouski and Gaspe counties, north-east by aspe, south-east by Chaleurs bay and N. Brunswick, G 44 FIRST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. from which it is sefjarated by the river Ristigouchc, and south-west by Rimouski County. The extreme length of this county from north-east to south-west is upwards of one hundred miles, and its width about forty miles, and it contains four thousand one hun- dred square miles. It embraces the seigniory of Shoolbred, Indian Village of Missions, and the town- ships of Carlton, Maria, Richmond, Hamilton, Cox, Hope and Port Daniel. , This county is watered by numerous streams, the largest of which are the Risti- gouche and the Matapedia. The settlements are all confined to the north shore of the bay Chaleurs and Ristigouche. Population in 1831, 8,309. QUESTIONS. How is the county of Gaspo bounded ? How long and wide is it f How many square miles in i! ? What is said of the settlements What of the interior f How is it watered ? What is the population^ How is the county of Bonaventure bounded ? Huw long and wide is it? How many square miles in it ? What does it embrace .-* By what id it watered T Where are the settlements 1 What the popula- tion in 1831 P LESSON THIRTY-FIRST. PACE OF THE COUNTRY AND MOUNTAINS. Although much of the surface of Lower Canada i.« uneven and hilly,it no where rises into lofty mountains. Along the St. Lawrence and Richelieu, the land is low^ and there are large tracts, which are nearly a dead level. Back from the streams, it is diversified with hills and vallies, and level tracts. A range of high lands commences near the head of Connecticut river and taking « north-easterly course, terminates at cape Rosier, the eastern extremity of the county of Gaspe, and divides the waters which fall into the St. Law- rence from those which fall into the Atlantic ocean. On the north side of. the St. Lawrence, a chain of mountains commonces at the riv^r St. Johns and^ taking a south-westerly direction^ terminates upon the; GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. 45 Ottawa, about 125 miles above Montreal. Below Uuebcc this range lies close to the river, but above recedes a little from it, leaving a tract of low and fer- tile country, which is thickly settled and well culti- vated. North-west of this range the country is an unbroken wilderness. A hi^h range of mountains commences in Sutton, Missisco county, and termi- nates in Orford, in Sherbrooke county. The highest summit in the Province, is Orford mountain, in the southern part of Orford, in Sherbrooke county ; it is -2,300 feet above the level of Missisco river. The Owl's Head, in Potton, in the west part of Stanstead county, is about 1,800 feet above the level of lake Memphrcmagog. The other most important sum- mits, are Pinnacle mountam, in the eastern part 6f tho Seigniory of St Armand : Shefford mountain, in the township of Shefford ; Kouville mountain north-east of Chan.bly ; Yamaska mountain and Rougemont in the seigniory of St Hyacinthe ; and Montreal mountain, on the island of Montreal. The summit of the last mentioned is 676 feet above the level of the river. QUESTIONS. What issnid of the suiflice nf Lower Cunnda.-' What of the land ;ilong the St Lawrence aod Richelieu? Hov^ is it back from tht^ streams ? Wtiat range of high hinds is mentioned ? What chain north west of the St Lawrence? Does it lie near the river? What in tho jand between it and the river? Whit is tl>e country on i\w other side of it ? What is the highest sutuniii m the provincv .- How high is it ? How high is the Owl's Head ? Are thei<) any otli- lirranges:' Wliat aie the other most irapur'ant summits^ !l(nv hi«;i) is Montreal mountain ? LESSON THIUTY SECOND. LAKES. ' The lakes are extremely numerous, but none of them very large. The most important are Temis- couata, Megantic, St Francis, Masuippi, Memphre- ♦ magog, Champlain, St Francis of the St Lawrenc«^ St Lotiis, Two Mountains, St P^ter airl St Jotin. 46 /IRST BOOK or OBOGRAPHY. Lake Temiscqtia^ is ^i^ miles long and one mile wide. It is situate4 iu the county of Rimouaki, and disQharges its waters through the river Madawaska into tjie 3t Johns. The mail route from Halifax to Quebec is along this lake and river. Lake Megantic is situated at the head of the river Cjtiatidiere. It is nine miles long and on an average two miles wide. The scenery around this lake i^ said to be picturesque and beautiful. Luke St Francis is situated at the head of the riv- er St Francis. This lake is of irregular form and about the size of Lake Megantic. Lake Masuippi, pr Tomifobi, is situated in the town- ship of Hatley. It is eight miles long and one mile wide, and is said to be very deep. Lake Memphremagog is 30 miles long and two miles wide. About two thirds of it lies in Stanstead county ; the lemainder in the state of Vermont. Lake Champlain is about 120 miles long and from one to fourteen miles wide. Only a very small part of this lake lies in Canada. The remainder lies in the United States, between Vermont and New- York. It is navigated by seven or eight steam boats, and a large number of sloops. Lake St Francis of the St Lawrence, is a widen- ing of that river for some distance below St Regis. It is S5 miles long and five and a half wide. The shores are low and in some places marshy. Lake St Louis is a part of the St Lawrence situa- ted south of the western extremity of the island of Montreal. It is twelve miles long and six miles wide, and contains the island of Ferrot. Lake of Two Mountains is ^ widening of the Ot- tawa at its confluence with the St Lawrence above the island of Montreal. It is 24 imes long and from one to six miles wide. The lower part of this lake con- tains the island of IU7.arc. OBOGBAPHY OV CAMAOA. 47 Lake St Peter is a widening of the St Lawrence some distance beluw Montreal. It is S5 miles long and nine broad. The upper part of the lake con- tains a great number of islands. The banks of this lake are low, with shoals stretching from them to a considerable distance, leaving only a narrow passage for ships, with a depth of from 10 to 18 feet. Lake St John is the larg3St in the pifovincc. It is situated in latitude 48 deg. 20 min. porth. It re- ceives many large rivers from the north and north- west, and discharges its waters by the Saguenay into the St Lawrence. QUESTIONS. Are lakcfl ninnornus in Lower Canada ? Whicb are the vnon im- portant? What can you sav of Lake Terniscniiata ? Lake Mcgnntic P l.ake ISt FrauRJi^P Lake M.iKuippi ? Lake Memphreinagoc 1 Cham* plain ? St Francis of the St Lawrcnco ? St Louis ? Two Jnounlains ? .StPetei ? St John ? LESSON THIRTY-THIRD. RIVERS. The St Lawrence is the principal river, and re- ceives the waters of nearly all the other streams. A description of it has been given in the fourth lesson. If this river be supposed to terminate and the gulf to commence at the Mingan settlement on the Labrador coast, its length, after entering the province at St Regis, will be 660 miles, ahd the width of its mouth, between that settlement and cape Rosier, 105 miles. It is navigated, as far up as Montreal, by ships and steam boats. The principal streams which fall into the St Lawrence from the south are are, the Chau- diere, Becancour, Nicolet, St Francis, Yamaska, Richelieu and Chateauguay. The river Chaudiere originates in lake Megantic. it runs^ north 41 miles, then north-west 61 miles, ma- lting WZ miles, and falls into the St Lawrence a few miles above Quebec. It varies in width Irom 400 to 48 FIBIIT BOOK OF GEOaRAPHY. 600 yards^ This stream is generally rapid, with high Tocky banks, ilnd only very short portions of it nav- igable. About four milei^ befdre it enters the. St Lawrence it is contracted to the width of 130 yards and, rushes down a precipice from a height of about 130 feet. The Kenebeck road from Quebec to the state of Maine, passes, for a considerable distance, along the bank of this river. The river Becancour, rises in Megantic county, and after running about 70 miles in a direction a lit- tle nofth of west, falls into the St Lawrence a little below Three Rivers. It abounds in falls and rapids, and is not navigable. The river Nicolet originates in lake Nicolet in the township of Weedon, and, running north-westerly about 60 miles, falls into the lower part of lake St Peter. Just above the village of Nicolet it receives the south-western branch, which rises in the back part of Shipton. In these streams are some rapids, yet they may be navigated through nearly their whole length, by boats and canoes. The river St Francis originates in the lake of the same name. It first flows in a south-westerly direc- tion about thirty miles; thence north-westerly 80 fniles, and falls into lake St Peter. Its principal trib- utaries are Salmon river, Masuippi and Magog river. The Masuippi flows from' Masuippi lake into the St Francis at Lenoxville, and receives the waters of the •Coaticook, Moores stream and Salmon river from Compton and Clifton. Magog r'ver is nineteen miles in length, between Memphremagog lake and the St Francis at Sherbrooke. There are many rapids in the St Francis, and its navigation is laborious and diflicult. 4 ■ The river Yamaska rises in the southern part of Shefford county.^ It is ninety miles long ; its gen- eral course is north., and.it fell^ into the ujaper part^f GC06RAPHT OF CANADA. 49 lake St. Peter. It is about 400 yards wide, and is navigated by batteax and rafts. The river Richelieu, or Sorel, conveys the waters of lake Champlain into the St. Lawrence. This river diminishes in width from lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence, and is about 250 ya«ds wide at its mouth. It is navigable up to the Chambly bason. From St. Johns to Chambly the river is rapid. From St. Johns to lake Champlain it is navigable for ships ^nd steamboats. The river Chatcauguay rised in the state of New- York and, running north-easterly through the coun- , ty of Beauharnois, falls into lake St. Louis. It is < about 70 miles long, and the lower part of it is nav- igable for batteaux and rafts. QUESTIONS. WUich is the pf-incipRi river in Lower Cannda ? Wliat do«« it re> ' . Anne and th'e Jaques Cartier. What i. to three parts, which, however, unite before they reach the bottom. Immense quantities of snow- white foam are produced by the violent agitation of the waters, and the rising spray usually reflect, in the sunshine, all the colors of the rainbow. The contin- ual action of the water has here worn deep holes in the solid rock. The only rapids in the river St. Lawrence, below Montreal, worthy of notice, are those of Richelieu. They are about half way between duebec and Three Rivers. They can be passed in safety by vessels, on- ly by taking advantage of the tide. The river here is about two miles wide, the water deep, and the shores rocky. The rapids extend about nine miles. The rapids of Sault St. Louis are at the lower end of lake St. Louis, just above the city of Montreal. They are about four miles in length, and towards the lower part the ciitrent moves at the rate of 18 miles an hour. There are many other rapids between Montreal and lake Ontario, which interrupt the navigation of the rive^. The narigatign of the ri^er Richelieu is also interrupted by the Chambly rapids between Chambly^ and St. Johns. QUESTIONS. ^ ^ Whnt is said of the rivers geqerally ? Which are the most cele- brated falls ? VKhere are theyl How wide is the stream ? Vfhui is the height of the falls ? What Hie appearance f How far oro thiy from the St. Lawrence/ Give a description of the Chaudiere falls;? What ore the efiects of the action of the water .•* Where are the GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA, 63 iboutSO h the St. ere, four Q height, . Huge f the wa- tream. in- fore they of snow- Titation of ;ct, in the lie contin- p holes in ice, below Richelieu. I and Three ressels, on- river here ), and the nine miles, jwer end of real. They Is the lower ies an hour. jntreal and .tion of the ilieu is also n Chambly* t<:l 1>' I -.A I the moftt oiftle- Veam ? Wh*t is phaudUrs fall*;? 7 hew ato the rapids of Richelieu ? Are they easily passed by ships f How wide is tl/e river ? How fax do the rapids extend ? Describe the St Louis rapids. What other rapids fire mentioned .' LESSON THIRTY-SIXTH. ISLANDS AND BAYS. The principal islands belonging to Lower Canada are the Magdalen Isles, Isle aux Coudres, Orleans, Montreal, Isle Jesus, Bizare, Perrot, and Isle aux Noix. The Magdalen Isles, seven in number, are situ- ated in the gulf of St. Lawrence, to the northward of the islands of St. Johns and cape Breton. They belong to the county of Gaspe, and contained in 1831, a population of 1057, who were chiefly cm- ployed in the fisheries. Isle aux Coudres is. situated in the river St. Law- rience, .below Quebec, nearly opposite to St. Paul's bay. It is six miles long and three wide. It is a fertile, well cultivated island, belonging to Sague- nay county. Population in 1831, 516. The island of Orleans is situated a little below Quebec, and has been described in the 27th lesson. The island ot Montreal is described in the 21st lesson. The Isle Jesus is 21 miles long, [and its greatest Width is six miles. It is separated from Montreal by the river des' Prairies, and from the main land by the St. Jean. It is a seigniory of the same name and be- longs to the county of Terrebonne. Population in 1831, 7,953. The Isle Bizare lies to the south-west of the Isle Jesui, and is four niiies long and two miles wide. Pop- ulation in 1831, 799. The Isle Perrot lies to the south-west ctf the island of Montreal, nnd is seven miles long and threft rriiles F Si FIRST BOOK OF 9BOORAPUT. wide. It is a seigniory of the same name, and con- tained in 1831,781 inhabitants. Isle aux Noix is situated in the Richelieu, ten and a half miles from the boundary line of Vermont. It contains only 85 acres, and is important only as a mil- itary post. It is strongly forti6ed and completely commands the water communication from lake Cham* plain. ^ The island of Anticosti is situated in the mouth of the river St. Lawrence. It is 125 miles long, and in the widest part, 30 miles wide. It is barren and uninhabited. Persons have been maintained here at the expense of government, with provisions and sup- plies for those who are so unfortunate as to be ship- wrecked on its coasts. The principal bays in Lower Canada are Missisco bay, bay of Chaleurs, and Gaspe. -Missisco bay is an arm of lake Champlain, extending from Vermont into the province, between the counties'of Missisco and Rou-' ville. The bay of Chaleurs is a large bay extending westward from the gulf of St. Lawrence, between the province of New-Brunswick and the counties of Bon- aventure and Gaspe. It was discovered and named by Jacques Cartier, in the year 1534. Gaspe bay is situated in the county of Gaspe, between cape Gaspe on the north, and point Pet,er on the south. There are many other small bays along the gulf, the rivers and the lakes. . QUESTIONS. What are t}ie prinjcipal islands belonging to Lower. Canada ? De' scribe the Magdalen Isles. The isle aux Coudres — th« isle of Or- leans — tiie island of Montreal — the Isle Jesus — the Isle Bizare — Isle Perroi — Isle aux Nois — Anticosti. Which is the largest of these islands? Which the most important and most populous? Which are the principal bays i* Where is Missisco bay T— the n in some seasons does well, but on account oi the shortnesis of the summer and early frosts, it is considered an uncer- tain crop. Flax and hemp grow well, and most of the various garden vegetables. Apples, plums and cherries are produced in tolerable perfection in ma- ny parts. Currants are cultivated in almost every garden, and gooseberries thrive well when cultivated. There is also a variety of wild fruits and berries. * aUESTIONS. What IB said of the soil ? In what parts is it rich ? In what part' 4)arren? Are there swamps? What are the hills fit for? What th? low lands ? What is said of the lands suitable for the plough ' Wheie will crass grow ? What are the most certain crops ? Doc Indian corn thriV'A well ? What oth^r productions are mentioned ? Are there any apples, plums, and cherries t What are cultivated in almost every gairden ? Are |here any wild ftuitt and berries? What 4>nes can y(Hi imtion ' 56 tiBST BOOK or GBOOBAPHT. LESSON THIRTY-EIGHTH. CLIMATE. The climate of Lower Canada is generallj cold, but varies considerably in different parts. ' Winter usually sets in in November and continues till / ^^.rii. During this time the ground is covered with snow and the cold is frequently severe. The depth to which< the snow falls^ varies, in different parts and in differ- ent years, from one to five^ or six feet, the greatest depth falling in the north-eastern parts of the prov- ince. In the Eastern Townships it usually falls about two feet deep. From the beginning of December un- til the middle of April, the water communication is wholly suspended by the river St. Lawren whole length above and below %t c|]jy, the floating w banks by thf rising ipj(i| frost. During this period is frozen over through its c, except at the rapids ; vigation is prevented by which are broke- from its falling of the tide. During the winter the skyls'g^erally clear, and the air dry ^nd healthful. In summer the weather is more change- able, and the changes are frequently very sudden. The greatest heat of summer in the shade, is usually between 94 and 102 degrees of the common, or Fah- renheit's thermometer, but this extreme heat contin- ues oi^y a few hours at a time. The greatest cold of winter varies from 22 to 36 degrees below zero. The spring usually opens several weeks earlier at Montre- al than at Quebec. Farming operations may usually be commenced early in April. Wheat may be sown any time before the middle of May. Oats, peas and potatoes will do if g6t in before the middle of June. Indian corn is usually planted about the last of May. All parts of the country enjoy a pure and healthful air. No fatal epidemic disease had prevailed here for many 6BOORAPHT OP CANADA. 57 '.ni. its years, before 1832. In the summer of this year the Asiatic Cholera was very fatal at Quebec and Montreal, and at several other places, along the St. Lawrence, and in some 6f the French settlements back from thq river; and again in 1834 it was equally fatal. • QUESTIONS. Whilt is the climate of Lower Canada? When doea winter beein ^ndendP What is the state of things during this time P What is said of the depth of snow ? How long is navigation inter- rupted by frost ? What is the state of the shy and air in wintei* P How is it in summer? What is the greatest heat of summer? — the greatest cold of winter ? How much earlier is the spring at Montra- al than at Quebec? How early may farming operations oe commen- ced P How late m^y wheat be sown P Oats and p'ias ? When is In- dian corn usually planted ? — potatoes ? Is it a healthful countiry ? In what years was the. Asiatic Cholera very fatal ? LESSON THIRTY-NINTH. POPULATION. The population of Lower Canada is very small in proportion to the extent of territory. The settle- ments are principally confined to the banks of the large rivers, and the greatest part of the country back is still covered with forests. The whole popu- lation of the province, according to the census of 1831, was 511,917. Of these 78,729 were under five years of age, and 92,704 between the ages of five and fourteen years. Of those under fourteen 87,774 were males, and 83,659 females. The number of in- habited houses was 82,437, and the number cf hous- es building was 1,458. The number of proprietors of real property was 57,891. The number of deaf and dumb persons was 408, blind 334, and insane 924. The following table exhibits the number of houses, the population, the deaf and dumb, the blind and the insane, by counties, in 1831. F 2 58 FXBST BOOK OF OBOORAPRT. asam (99(^0 Qpo (DV aooa^ n 00U5TII8. Pap. Acadi*, Asflomption, Beauc'e, Beauharnois Bellerhasse, Berthier, Bonavunture Cbambly, Champiaia, Dorchester, Drummond, Gaspe, Islet, Kamouraska Lachenaye, Laprairie, Miissisco, Lo^biniere, Mssgantic, M'tmorenci, T 9 a 194611419 199812767 215611900 3161 2Q45 3345 939 i^456 1084 1943 591 865 1952 2040 1712 2968 1461 1412 374 536 16857 13529 20225 8309 15483 6901 11946 3566 5003 13518 14557 9461 18497 9151 8801 2283 8743 •a & 15 • a n 9 6 1 7 11 10 7 20 10 10 16 16 17 11 6 5 11 2 1 7 24 12 4 5 20 9 11 10 3 5 3 3 1 it a (9 n a 20 17i 18, 10 471 26 27 39 21 3 76 26 23 28 22 1 COUNTIES. Montreal, NicoUt, Orleans, i Ottawa, Portneuf, Quebec, Richelieu, Rimouski, Ruuville, ISaguenay, St. I^Tyacinth St. Maurice, Sheffurd, jSherbrooke, |StaDstead, Terrebonne, 2 Mountains iVaudreui!, Verchereg, Yamaska, o 53 6204 1984 600 775 1916 4911 236G 1424 29i8 1578 2542 2955 854 999 1726 3049 3859 2149 1888 1766 4.3773 12504 4349 4786 12350 Pop. t O 99 2 4 3 30173 34 16149 J 0061 18115 8385 15366 16909 5087 7104 10306 16623 20905 13111 12319 9496 14 20 () 8 9 2 4 5 27 16 15 16 5 o 30 2 11 1 12 28 ■y 38 23 1 53 53 16 48 18 5 9 25 2 7 23 72 26 20 35 6 1 11 62 22 5jl7 12i23 8 QUESTIONS. Is Lower Canada thickly settled ? Where are the principal fottle* rnentsf What i« the state of the country back? What is the whole population ? What number under five years of age ? What number be 1 ween five and fourteen years^ How many liouses in the the province? How many proprietors of real estate? What number of deaf and dumb? Of blind? Of insane? How many houses in the county you lire in ? How many people ? How many deaf? Blind f Insane? LESSOJJ FORTIETH. RSlilGION. The Roman Catholic is much the most numer- ous religious denomination. They embrace about four fifths of the whole population of the province. The Church of England is the next most numerous order. It embraces about one fifteenth of the whole population. The other sects are the Church of Scot- land, Methodists, American Fr^sbyterians and Coa* % . . IT •o a |1 03 M 30^ 283 iU t 1 1 11253 [28 53 U6 48 )18 72 1 5 26 3 920 >)25 35 ? 6 4 1 5 211 7 762 2322 5 5117 612123 5 8 OBOOflAPHY OF OAIfAOAi 59 gregationalists, Baptists, Jews, 6lc. According to the returns of the census of 1831, the number of persons, in connexion with the several denominations was as follows : Roman Catholics, . . . . . 403,472 Church of England, 34,6-20 Church of Scotland, . ... 15,069 Methodists, 7,019 Presbyterians and Congregationalists, 7, 8 11 Baptists, 2,461 Jews, 107 ' All other denominations, . . . . 5,577 The Roman Catholics have about 200 churches, 350 cures, 160 presbylerics, and 20 convents, six of which are extensive nunneries. Most of the Ro- man Catholic churches are built of stone, averaging from 100 to 140 feet in length, and from 50 to 60 feet in breadth. The roofs are generally covered with tin, and are surmounted by spires, many of the churches having two, and some of them three.. The presbyt- eries are chiefly of stone, and are generally large and commodious. The new Cathedral in Montreal is the largest church in North America. Its length within the walls is 255 feet and its breadth 1 34 feet. This building is sufficiently large to ^accommodate a congregation of 10,000 persons. The Roman Cath- olic church has one Bishop, the Bishop of Quebec, a coadjutor, with the title of Bishop of Salda, nine • vicars general,, and about 200 curates and mis- svoi)a,ries. The Church of England has one Bishop, ti^|[«prd Bishop of Quebec, one Arch Deacon, and itlU^ 40 ministers. "0t";I? ' QUESTIONS. ^^'^^^b is !be moit numeroue religious denomination ? What pstf«i« they of the ^hoI« population/ Which is tho next most nuiri^rous order ? What part are they ot/ the whole population? l^ilit are the other sects ? What was tuo number of Roman Calbo- %^ 60 FIRST BOOK or O»0OBAPMT. Hot in 1831 f What of the Church of England f Church of Soo landf Methodistflf PretbjttnaniandCongr«gationalwtaf Baptiatai Jawi ' A ' ! other danomihatioDa f How many churchei havo tha Rof Roman (Jatholici ? How many curat t Pretbyteriaa ? Conranta - How many of tham ara exteniive nunneries .' Of what are tha ehurchea generally built ' How large ? What is aaid of tha prea> b^teries? Describe the new Cathedral at Montreal, How many people will it hold 1 What is said of the ministry of the Roman Catholic church f What of the Church of England f LESSON FORTY-FIRST. EDUCATION. Schools have long been established at Quebec and Montreal, and several other places, for the education of the sons and daughters of the Vealthy and high- er classes of society, but it is only a few years since the general establishment of schools, for the educa- tion of the poor as well as the rich, received much encouragement from government. For several years past, however, the subject of general education has engaged much of the attention of the Provincial Parliament. In. all the townships which are suffi- ciently settled, primary, or elementary, schools are established in each neighborhood by government, and sufficient money is granted, (usually about 20 pounds,) from the revenue of the province, to sujJport the school nearly the whole year, without any other tat upon the people, than boarding the teacher and providing fuel for the school room. Schools are also established in most of the parishes of the seigniories, and are encouraged in like manner. According t| . the returns of 1831, the whole number of elemeilfl^ ry schools in the province was 1,099. Besides these there is a considerable numbtr of academies, con- vents and colleges, in which the higher branbhes are taught, and most of which are in part supported by I annual grants made by the Provincial Parliament. The academies have usually received from 100 to SOO OBOORAPHT OF OAITADA. CI ofSeo BapUitm 8th«Rot onvenu - t are tha tha praa- ny people Catholic bee and iucation id high- irs sinee ) educa- d mueh •al years ition has ovineial re suffi- ools are irnment, ibout 20 suf^port ly other her and are also orniories, emei es these es, con- thes are rtted by liament. OtoSOO pounds each, annually. The whole number of these institutions in 1831 was OS. Of these nine are col- leges, about 20 convents, and the remainder acade- mies. . There are three colleges at Montreal, one at Chambly, one at St. Hyacinth, one at Nicolet, two at Quebec, and one at St. Anne in the county of * Kamouraska. Of the convents six arc extensive nunneries situated in the large towns. The others ore established in diffei^nt parts of tlie province for the education of iemales, and are generally under the government and instruction of two or three nans. All the above colleges and convents, with the cxcep- iUm of M'Gill college at Montreal, which has not yet gone fully into operation, are under the. direction of the Roman Catholics, and the instruction is gener- ally given in the French language. The academies are mostly in the townships, and under the direction of the protestants. In the townships reading, writ- ing, arithmetic, English grammar and geography are taught in the elementary schools, and all the children have an opportunity to obtain a competent knov/ledge of the useful branches of education. QUESTIONS. Have schools been long established ? What has engaged much of the attention of parliament for some yenre past ? VVhei-<) are elemen- tary schools established ? What do the^ rcfccive from government ? Are schools generally established in the parishes of the seigniories.^ How many schools were there in 1631 1 Are thero any other litera- ry institutions ? How are they supported? What do tiiu acaden-icg receive? What is the whole number of these institutions.*' Uow nany colleges ? Convents ? Where are the colleges situated t How many of the convents are nunneries? What is the object of tho others? Under what religious 'sect are these iustit tions? In what language is instruction generally given 1 Whern are most of th« academies, and under whose direction are they ? What branches are Ufuallj taught in the elementary schools.' ^'^ ^ riRST BOOK OF CtBOGAAPHT, •I I ■i ] \ LESSON FORTY-SECOND. (30V1RNM15NT* The government of Lower Canada is colonial, and is subject to the government of Great Britain. The .present constitution is founded generally upon .the principles of the British constitution, and was estab^ lished in 1791 . The civil government is administered by a governor, 'an executive pouncil, a legislative council, and a house of assembly or representatives of the people. The governor acts under a commission from the king of Great Britain. The executive and legislative councillors are appointed by the king. The executive council consists of seventeen persons, and the legislative council originally of fifteen, but has since been increased. The house of assembly at pres- ent consists of 88 members, being made up of one or two representatives from each county according to the population. Each oounty having a population of 1,000, is entitled to one representative, and each county having a population of 4,000, or upwards, is entitled to two representatives. In addition to these the city of Quebec is entitled to four members, and the city of Montreal to four, the town of Three Riv- ers to two, and the borough of William Henry to one member. The legislative council and house of as- sembly constitute the provincial parliament. Acts passed by the parliament become laws on receiving the governor's sanction. If the governor is doubtful with regard to the propriety of an act, he sends it home to England, and then it does not become a law without the approbation of thQ king. The qualifica- tions which entitle a person to vote for a reptestpn- tative in parliament, are th^ possession of land or tenement of the clear yearly value of 40 shillings sterling, and possession thereof, or of the rents of 6K00RAI?HY OF CANADA. 63 lial, and 1. The ipon .the IS estab- inistered gislative atives of fimisaion tWe and ng. The ons, and but has J at pres- p of one ccording 3pulation md each •wards, is to these )ers, and iree Riv- ry to one Se of as- U. Acts receiving I doubtful sends it le a law [ualifica- ^epiesi^n- land or shillings rents of the same, for six calendar months next preceding the 'election. The governor has power to prorogue or dissolve parliament at his pleasure. The ti^presenta- tives hold their office four years, unless parliament is dissolved by the governor before that time elapses. The criminal laws of Great Britain are extended to Canada, and are carried into effect without any varia- tion. QUESTIONS. What is the government of Lo\ver Canada ? To what power is it subject ? Upon what principles is the present cohstitutfon founded? When was it established? By what is the civil gntvernment admin- istered .^ Under whose commission dues the governor act.^ Who appoints the executive and legislative councillors ^ Of how many numbers does the executive council consist P Of how many does the legislativ<^ ? Of how many does the house of assembly? How is it made up ? To what number must the population amourft, to en* title a county to one representative r — to two ? What addilional rep- resentatives are there .^' What does the legislative council and house of assembly constitute ? What sanction must their acts receive in or- der to become laws? What are the qualifications of voters P What power' has the governor ? How long do representatives hold their of- fice ^ What are the criminal laws of the piovince ? LESSON FORTY-THIRD. CHARACTER AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE PEOPLE. The first settlers of Lower Canada were from France, and about four fifths of the present popula- tion are of French origin. Among these many of the higher class and more wealthy, are well educated and intelligent, but the common people are generally il- literate and ignorant. There is very much in the cir- cumstances of these people to discourage enterprise and improvement, and to ke^p them along in the same paths which their fathers walked before them. The lands, occupied by this part of the population, are, all in fiefs and seigniories, and they are held by th3 feudal tenure. For their use the person who occu- pies them pays an annual rent, either in money or 64 FIRST BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. ■i I) mi li I'll produce, to the seignior, or lord of the domain. The French population are generally engaged in agricul- tural pursuits. They are quiet and inoffensive in theij manners, having, generally, small possessions and few wants. Whether seated in their neat little dwell- ings, or laboring in the fields or mounted on their one horse cart, their pipe is their constant companion, and under almost every circumstance, they are dis- tinguished by their politeness, gaiety and cheerful- ness, r They all belong to the Roman Catholic com- muni6n, and the requirements of their priests are usu- ally obeyed with the utmost deference and alacrity. They all speak and transact business in the French language, and but a small part of them are able to speak any other. A large part of the population of Quebec, Montreal, and some other places, are of En- glish, Scotch, and Irish origin, and speak the English "language. Many of these are engaged in mercantile and professional pursuits, and resemble the English in their manners and style of living. Most of the in- habitants of the Eastern Townships are emigrantB from the United States, and can scarcely be distin- guished from the inhabitants of the States by their manners and customs. They are chiefly employed in agriculture, with a sufficient number engaged in mercantile and mechanical pursuitstomeet the wants of the people. aUESTIONS. I From what country were tfie first aettlera of Canada 9 What par of the people are of French urigin ? What is the character of the higher classes P What of the common people 9 What has tended to check enterprise 1 How are lands held ? How are the French pop- ulation generally employed 9 What can you eay of them ? For what are they distinguished ? Of what religion are they 7 What is tbeir language ? What cnn you say of the population of Quebec and Mon- treal ? now, engaged '/ What is said of the inhabitants of th^Eait- em Townships 1 How are thoy employed .•' J gibografht of* c?Lnai^a. es 1. The igricul- in their ns and } dwell- leir one panion, are dis- heerful- lic com- are usu- alacrity. French J able to ation of e of En- English ercantile nglish in f the in- migrantB distin- by their m ployed gaged in he wants What par ctQT of the s tend«d to rench pop- ? F^or what ^acis their |c and Mon- )f tb^ £Mt- LESSON FORTY-FOURTH. * ANIMALS. All beings which have life, feeling and the power of voluntary motion, are called animals ; and the science which describes animals^ is called Natural History, Animals are divided into several classes. Those that live on land have usually four feet, and are called quadrupeds. Those that fly in the air, having beaks and feathers, are called biris. The science which de- scribes birds is called ornithology. Animals that swim in the water by means of fins are called fishes. The science which describes fishes, is called ichthyology. Serpents are those animals which crawl on the ground without feet. Rej^tiles are those that crawl by means of feet. Amphibious reptiles are such as can live both in air and water. The small animals, both those that creep and those that fiy, are called insects. The science which describes insects is called entomology, (Quadrupeds may be divided into two classes, wild and domestic. The wild are such as live in the woods. They are not so plentiful now as formerly in Canada, although some kinds are still numerous. There arv^ about 40 different kinds, viz: moose, bear, wolf, deer, fox, cat, rackoon, hedgehog, woodchuck, skunk, rabbit, weasel, sqirrel, mole, mouse, beaver, otter, muskrat, mink, &c. The four last live about rivers, lakes an,d ponds. Of deer, foxes, cats, squirrels, moles and mice, there are several species. The moose is the largest animal, and has been known to be seven feet high and to weigh thirteen hundred pounds. Bears frequently destroy sheep, and young cattle, and field? of Indian corn. They sleep most of the winter, and during this season take very little food. The w^olf is a fierce animal resembling a dog, and frequently destroys whole flocks of sheep for the G 66 FlBtT B.0«K«OF OB06BAPHT. sake of itscking their blood. The animuls of the cat kind are alao very fierce. The catamount, the wol- verine or lynx, are the largest and most ferocious, bat are scarce. Bears, wolves, and animals of the cat ' kind have been known to attack men, but very seU dom. Deer are swift but harmless animals. Foxes are very mischievous in destroying lambs and poultry. Descriptions of all these animals may be found in books of natural history, and are very interesting. Demestic Animals are such as are under the care ami protection of men. Those that are found be- longing to almost every family are horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, dogs and cats. These are all so well known as to need no description. The country is well adapted I * to raising horses, fattening cattle, sheep and hogs, an4 many of these animals are yearly fitted for market. Ac- cording to the returns in 1831, there were in the prov- ince at that time, 116,686 horses, 369,706 cattle> 543,34S sheep, and 295,137 hogs. QUESTIONS. Whot are aniTk«..i8? What is the science which describes them called? What ftre qundrupeds? What are birds? What is the sci- ence called that describes them ? What are fishes ? Whnt is the scj' ence of fishes called f What are serpents? Reptiles? AmphibioB reptiles f Whnt are insects ? Wliat is the science of insects called I How are quadrupeds divided f What are wild animals ? How man kinds are there '/ Name the principal. Which of these live about water ? Of what anininls are there several species ? Which is the largest animal ? What is said of bears ? The wolf? The cat kind P Deer? Foxes? Where may descripuons of these animals be found. What are domestic animals. What are the kinds. What is the country well adapted to. In 1831 what was the number ot horses. Caltle—sheep — hogs? 1 LESSON FORTY-FIFTH. ANIMALS. — (Continued,) Birds. Birds which live about lakes, ponds, and riverSj are called tcaterfcicL The principal of these GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA. e? lire the wild goose, duck, teal* heron, gull, sheldrake, tsrane, stork, loon, and water hen. Of some of these there are several s[}ecies. The principal singing birds are the robin, thrush, sparrow, yellow bird, boblincoln, bluebird, cat bird, goldfinch, and K'-.ngbird. Among the others are the eagle, hawk, crow, owl, woodpeck- tr, partridge, bluejay, martin, swallow, kingbird, woodcock, kinglisher, snipe, whippoorwill, nighthawk, crossbill, wren, snowbird, hummingbird, and many Others. Of the eagle, hawk, owl, woodpecker, and some other of the above named there are several spe- cies. The hawk and the crow are the only birds that do much mischief, the former by destroying do- mestic fowls, and the latter by pulling up corn. The domestic fowls commonly raised are hens, turkeys, geese, ducks and doves. Peacocks and guinea hens are sometimes kept. Fishes. The waters of Lower Canada contain a very great variety of fishes. In the lower part of the ISt. Lawrence are found most of the fishes which are common to the ocean on this part of the continent^ together with whales, seals, sea cows, porpoises, <&c. Most of the lakes and rivers abound in fishes, among the most important of which are sturgeon, salmon, salmoa trout, shad,bass, pike, pickerel, eel, maskilonge, perch, trout, sucker, <&c. The fish does^considerable, in many plac s, towards supplying the inhabitants with food. Serpents, There are very few snakes in Lower Canada, and most of these are harmless. The striped snake is the most common, and besides these a few of the adder, green snake, black snake^ and rattle snake are found in some places. r ; Ampkibius Reptiles, These are turtles, frogs, toads and lizards, of each of which there are several spo- cies. Insects, There are so many kinds of insects tha 68 BOOK OF FI8RT GBOORAPHY. it v^ouldbe difficult to repeat their names. Those best known and most common are the grasshopper, cripket, spider, butterfly, bumblebee, honey bee, hor- net, wasp, beetle, ant, housefly, horsefly, firefly, musquitoe, gnat, flea and moth. Besides these there are seen, in the summer season, innumerable other flies, bugs and worms, many of which probably never had a name given them. | QUESTIONS. What birds are called vvater-fowl ? What arc the principal o^ these ? Name some of the singing birds. Repeat the list of other birds. Of which of these are there several species .$* What is meant by species t A. A subdivision of a class. What birds are most Aiis~ chievousi What are the names of the domestic fowls? Is the vari* ety of fishes great ? What are found in the lower part of the St. Law- rence } What abound in fishes.? What are the most important kinds.^ What does ttie fish do in many places .' Ard snakes plenty ^ What sn^ke is most common ? What others are sometimes foundf ? Whst are the amphibious reptiles .' Are there many kinds of insects .' Name the most common. What are seen besides these .' 1 LESSON FORTY-SIXTH. VEGETABLES. Vegetables are beings, or things, which have life, but have neither feeling nor the power of voluntary motion, itnd they usually grow up out of the ground. Aninials and vegetables are called organized beings, because they are furnished with organs lor procuring sustenance, and appropriating it to their use, and for other purposes. The science which treats of vegeta- bles, is called botany. There are in Canada several hundred diff'erent kinds of vegetables, many of which are important for medical and other uses. It would take up far too much room in this work barely to mention their names. Before the settlement of this country by the French, the whole of Canada was oliie continued forest, consisting of lofty trees, intermingt led with a great variety of shrubs and plants. On GEOGRAPHY OP CANADA. G§ the low lands, which arc wetj|j swampy, the timbef is (generally cedar, or tamarflV, which furnish the most durable posts and rails lor fences. The timber in other places is various, having several different kinds interspersed upon the same track. The most impor- tant kinds of forest trees are pine, hemlock, spruce, and fir, (evergreens^) and oak, maple, beech, birch, butternut, elm, ash, bass and iron wood. From the sap which flows from incisions in the maple in the spring, large quantities of excellent sugar are made. In the Eastern Townships the farmers generally man- ufacture from 200 to 2000 pounds each, yearly. Pine, hemlock and spruce, are sawed into boards, made in- to shingles, and hewed into timber for buildings. Bass, maple and birch, are sawed for cabinet work. Much of the pine and oak timber is shipped to Eng- land. Many trees which do not grow wild are culti- vated either for use or ornament. The locust tree, mulberry and many fruit trees are of this kind. Sev- eral of the native trees are also frequently planted out for ornament, or shade trees. Among the best for this purpose arc the maple, elm and mountain ash. QUESTIONS. What arc vogotablcs ? What are calleil organized bein i^ro wing in Canada? Aro they important? What was the slate of the whole x'ountry beTore it was settled by the French ? What trees grow in swamps 1 WMiat use ifj made of them 1 What is said of the tirnbi-r in other pLices? What are the prin< ipal evergreens ? What are ev- ergreens ? A. Trees that do not shed their leaves in winter. What other kinds of forest trees arc mentioned? What is said of the making of maple sugar ? What trees are used for board-?, shingles, and timber for building? What for cabinet work? What timbiir is •shipped to England ? What trees are cultivated for use or ornamenj? Which are the best native trees tor these purposes ? LESSON FORTY-SEVENTH. THR CITY OF QUEBEC. The city of Quebec is the capital of Lower Canii- ho FIRST BOOK or 6B00RAPMY. da, and on some ao(jM||nts the moit important plj^re in the province. It^*%ituated at the extremity of a tongue of land formed at the confluence of the St. Charles and the St. Lawrence. It was commenced by Samuel Champlain, in 1608, and was the first per- manent civilized establishment in Lower Canada. It is now divided into the upper and lower town, and the St. Roche, St. John and St. Lewis suburbs. The lower town is situated at the foot of the precipice up- on the top of which the upper town is built, and is but a little above the level of the river. The greatest part of the ground upon which the lower town is built has been gained by excavation- from the foot of the precipice, or redeemed from the river by building out into the water. This part of the city is crowded and dirty, and contains but kw good buildings. The ascent from the lower to the upper town is steep and difficult, the site of the latter being more than 200 feet above that of the former. The upper town, which is almost inaccessible by nature, is probably more strongly fortified by art than any other place in Amer- ica, but we have not room in this work to describe the several fortifications. The citadel, which is in- tended to be so strong as to resist any force that can be brought against it, is situated on the summit of cape Diamond, 348 feet above the St. Lawrence, and includes five or six acres. This work is not yet com- pleted. Cape Diamond derives its name from the chrystals with which the rocks abound, and which were at first mistaken for diamonds. There are a number of public edifices, mostly designed for litera- ry and religious purposes. Among the most impor- tant of these are the Hotel Dieu, the Ursuline Con- vent, the Protestant, and the Catholic Cathedrals, the Parliament House, . the Castle of St. Louis, &c. The last mentioned was the governor's residence, and was GBOORAVHT OF CAVADA, 71 of a eSt. tnced Lper- i. It , and The je up- [iiid is eatest ►wn ns foot ot* lilding [>wded The 3p and an 200 which more Ainer- scribe is in- lat can imit of ce, and t com- m the which are a litera- impor- le Con- als, the 5. The tnd was a prominent object, bein^^ situated on the brow of the precipice, but was unfortuftetely consumed by fire on the 23d of January, 1834. The plains of Abra- ham, on which Wolfe and Montcalm fell, are situated a little to the westward of the city. In 1828 a neat monument, 65 feet high, was erected to the memory of those two brave generals, with suitable inscrip- tions. The population of Quebec, in 1831, includ- ing the St. Roche, St. John, and St. Lewis suburbs, was 25,916. It is in latitude 46 deg. 49min. N. and longitude 71 deg. 13 min. W. and it is up the river 400 miles from the gulf of St. Lawrence. QUESTIONS. WImt is the capital of Lower Canada? la it an important piaco ? How is it situated ? Wiien, and by whom commenced ? How is It divided ^ How is the lower town situated ? What is said of that part of the city ? Huw much higher is the upper than the lower town? What is said of the defence of the Upper town? What \a said of the citad I ? From what does cape Diamond derive its name? Are there many nublic edifices ? Which are among the most impor- lant ? Which of^ these was burnt? When ? Where are the plains of Abraham ? What monument is mentioned ? What is the popiila> tion of Quebec ? What its latitude^ Longitude ? Distance from the gulf? LESSON FORTY-EIGHTH. THE CITY OF MONTREAL. The city of Montreal is situated on an island in the St. Lawrence, 180 miles above Quebec, and is the largest city in Lower Canada. The city is upon the south-eastern margin of the island, and is laid out in the form of a prolonged square, covering, with its suburbs, more than n thousand acres. This city was begun by the French, in 1640. In the more modern parts of the city, the streets are regular, airy and commodious, some of them running the whole length ot the city parallel to the river, intersected by others at right angles. The houses are, for the most 72 FIBST DOOK UP GnOORAPH"*. part, built of stone, and covered with tin. Some of them are large, handsome and in modern style. St. Paul street, from its being near the river is the most convenient for business, but the Rue Notre Damo is much the handsomest street, and upon this stand ma- ny of the public buildings. Among the public edi- fices are the Hotel Dieu, the convent of Notre Dame, the General Hospital, the Recollect Convent, the convent of Grey Sisters, the seminary of St. Sulpice, the new College, the new Cathedral, English, and Scotch churches, Court Ho» se, Government House^ Nelson's Monument, &c. Of these, the new Cathe- dral, already described in lesson fortieth, is much the most splendid edifice. The Hotel Dieu is an estab- lishment for the reception of the sick and the diseas- ed of both sexes. The location of Montreal is unri- valled, both in pleasantness and convenience for ex- tensive trade by any ether place in the province, be- ing situated at the head of steamboat and ship nav- igation on the St. Lawrence river, and in the centre of an extensive, fertile and well settled country. The city is connected with lake St. Louis by the Lachino canal, and the trade of the city up the Ottawa, and with Upper Canada, by means of the Rideau canal, the river St. Lawrence and lake Ontario, is very great. A rail road is about being constructed be- tween this city and St. Johns to open a more direct communication with the navigable waters of lake Champloin. In 1831, the population of the city of Montreal was 27,297, of these 12,492 were in the east ward, and 14,805 in the west ward. Besides these there were in the parish of Montreal, 4AS6 persons, making the whole population of the parish of Montre- lal, 31,783. Montreal is about 600 miles above the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and is in latitude 45 deg. 31 min. North, and longitude 73 deg. 34 min. Wr Sr. St. St. lliv Km Hi\ Uk Hal Froi I* Du( Shej Graj Moi 3 of St. (lost \Q is ma- edi- ime, the pice, ami OUSO) alho- 5h the jstab- iseas- unri- br ex- e, be- pnav- centrc The chine and canal, very ed be- direct ' lake ity of in the these ersonp, lontre- 3ve the ude 45 in. W. a !S alt GEOGRAPHY OF CAITAOA. QUESTIONS. 73 Mow is Montreal situated 7 How Cir from Quebec ? What is said of its size :* How does it lie? How much ground dues it cover? When was the city be^un 5* What is said of the streets )* Of what ore the houses built ? What i^ said of them 1 What is !w tar ia lonlreal from thu mouth of t'luSt. Lawrence ? In what latitude t In what lungimde 7 .' LESSON FORTY-NINTH. PRINCIPAL ROADS. [The following distances are mostly taken from the tables pub' lished by the Post Ottico Department.] The first column shows the distance from one place to anotheTf and the second the whole distance from the place of departure. From Quebec to Montre* From Quebec to Stan. ^— — . al, 180 stead, Three Rivers, 9m Cape Sante, 30 "90 Port Neuf, 5 35 Nicolet, 10 100 St. Anne, 25 60 St. Antoine, 13 119 Three Rivers, 30 90 Drummondville, 22 134 Riviere du Loup, 21 111 Melbourne, 24 158 Derthier, .. 34 135 Sherbrooke, 27 185 L'AssomptioD, 24 159 Compton, 13 198 Montreal, 21 180 Hatley, 7 205 Stanstead, 14 219 From Quebec to Halifax,, 1700 From Quebec to Herelbrd, St. Nicholas, |13i St. Thomas, , 34 6 St. Jean, 20 54 Leeds, 27 33 St. Roch, 15 69] Ireland, 17 50 Riviere Ouille, , 9 78 Dudswell, 35 85 Kamouraskn, 12 90 Eaton, 20 105 fUviere du Loup, 1« 108 Clifion, 10 116 Lake Temiscouata, 36 144 Hereford, 17 132 Halifax, . ' . \ 356 700 From Quebec to Montreal! | jFrom Montreal to Philips- 1 through the Townships, • 1102 bui-gh, Laprairie, 1 50 DudsvveH, ! 85 9 Sherbrooke, 17 lOaSi. Johns, 18 27 Granljy, 42144Henryville, 13 40 Montreal, 48 192 Phllipsburg, 10 50 74 FIRST BOOK OF OEOGRAPHT. : From Montreul lu Smu- ■teadf Cliambly, St. CsMairet Abboisiurd, Gianhy, She (Turd f Outlet, Georgeviild^ Stanaiead. IVoin Muntroal (o ifull, St. Eustace, St. Andrews, Clinthnm, Crrenville, Petite Nation, BytowD, Hull, t04 16 6 9 14 18 10 Fiom (oiuebeu lo 'A'uruutu. l 'S'xf Montreul, .Lachine, 33 Coteau du Ldc, 39|L ed with a lead and luie. What is a road 1 A road at sea, is a place at a distance from the shore where ships may anchor. What is an estuary, or frith 1 It is an arm of the sea re^eiv* ing a river, or it is the wide part of a river towards its mouth. Into what gulf does the river St. Lawrence empty 1 The gulf of St. Lawrence. With what ocean c'02s the gulf of St. Lawrence muni/cate ? With the Atlantic Ocean. What bays on the map of Lower Canada \ 0. G. M. What Islands in the river St. Lawrence 1 copn: ; LESSON FIFTY-SECOND. Mtscellameous questions. In what direction is Lower Can- ada longest ? Where is it widest. How many states join upon it. What are their names. What counties of Lower Cana' da ate separated from all the oth- tir counties by water. What county joins upon Upper Canada. What separates elsewhere be- twen Upper end Lower Canada. What IS the general course of the St. Lawrence. What two rivers have their course directly north. R. Y. What four rivers run north westerly. C. B. N, St. F. J What rivers ^. „ Lawrence run south-west.' north of the St. S,.A.B. "«■' 'C, Whai river runs nearly west, partly in Canada and partly in Vermont. M. What f'ver runs south between Vermont and New-Hampshire. C. What lakes in the latitude of Montreal. M. 2 M. What lakeN. E. of Sherbrooke. What S. W. of Sherbrookb. M. What do the waters of Jake Masuippi poss through before they reach the ocean. What parts of Canada are v&hi settled. What parts least.' or ■^- PART II. f IRI^T BOOK OF HII^TORY. LESSON FIRST. THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF CANADA. I shall now proceed to tell you something about the history of Canada. It is only a little more than two hundiv'^d years since white people began to live in Canada. Before that time it was inhabited only by Indians, and as they did not know how to write, they had no means of preserving their history ; so that we cannot now tell how the Indians came to Canada, where they came from, or how Jong they had been here. The Indians were very ignorant, and lived principally upjon the flesh of wild animals, which they killed with their bows and arrows. In some places they caught fish with hooks made of bones, and ate them. They raised a little corn, and a lew beans and squashes, but they could not clear up much land for planting, if they wished, because they Lad noth- ing but stone axes to cut down the trees vith, and they had no ploughs, nor hoes. Their prircipal em- ployments were hunting, fishing, and making war upon their neighbors. They seemed to delight in fighting, and thought it to be the most honorable bu- siness in which they could be engaged. When they were not employed in hunting, fishing or war, they were usually vesy indolent, and spent much of their time sleeping in their wigwams. Their zvigwams were little huts built bv setting up poles and cover- ' H 78 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. ■ ing them with bark. The Indians had no houses cov- ered with boards and shingles, such as we have, and they had no tools to build with, but stone hatchets and knives made of bone. They knew nothing a- bout the use of iron and steel. They had no mills to grind their corn. They used to parch their corn, or pound it in rude mortars and make it into homony. Sometimes they broiled their meat on sticks ; at other times they boiled it in stone pots, by putting hot stones into the water, but they more commonly dried it in the sun, and then ate it raw. They wore but little clothing, and that they made of the skins of ihe wild beasts which thev took in hunt- ing. They fared very hard, and often suffered se- verely from hunger and cold. aUESTIONS. How long since white people began to live in Canada ? Who liv- ed here before that time ? Do we know much about the history of the Indians ? Why not ? What can you tell me about them ? What did they raise? Had they much cleared land? Why not? What were their principal employments ? In what did they delight ? How did they spend much of their time ? Had they houses like ours ' How were their wigwams built P Did they know the use of iron ? Had they mills? How did they prepare their corn ? How did they prepare iJieir meat 1 What can you say of their clothing ' How did lljcv farcr LESSON SECOND. DISCOVERY OF THE GULF AND RIVEE ST. LAWRENCE. While the king of England and the king of Spain were sending out vessels to make discoveries in A- merica, the king of France also fitted out ships for the same purpose. In the year 1534 he sent out two ships under the command of Jacques Cartier. On the 10th day of May, Cartier arrived at the island of New-found land, and as soon as the ice which lay along the shore was sufficiently melted, he sailed northward till he reached the strait of Belisle. Pass- HISTORY OF CANADA. 79 !es cov- ^e, and atchets hing a- o mills b their it into eat on lois, by y more it raw. nade of n hunt- red se- VVho liv- listory of [1? What i? What bt? How ke ours ' of Iron ? did ihey How did ENCE. f Spain 5 in A- lips for jnt out ler. On and of ich lay sailed Pass- ing through this strait and across the gulf towards the south, he at length discovered land and a bay, to which he gave the name of Chaleurs, or bay of heat. From this bav he sailed north-easterly to the small bay of Gaspe, where he landed, erected a cross 30 teet high, and here he went through the ceremony of taking possession of the country in the name of the king of France. This was probably the first time that people from Europe ever saw any part of Cana- da. Cartier returned to France with his ships, soon after this, but he came back again the next year, and because he arrived here on St. Lawrence's Day, he gave the name of St. Lawrence both to the gulf and river which they have ever since retained. ■ From the gulf he sailed up between the island of Anticosti and the north shore, into the river St. Lawrence, till he came to the mouth of the great river Saguenay. About the beginning of September, 1535, he pro- ceeded up the St. Lawrence, exploring the islands and shores on both side^. One of the islands he called Coudres, on account of the great quantity of filberts growing on it, and another he called Bachus, fiomthe abundance of grapes. This la«t is r )^ the island of Orleans. Here, on the 7th of Sef iember, Cartier had an interview with some of thi» natives, and the next day Donacona, the prince of the cou^-^ try, came to visit him, attended by twelve canoes filled with men. He welcomed the French to his country, and, after being entertained with bread and wine, he departed hij^ly pleased with the new com- ers. The next day Cartier proceeded in his boat to look out a harbor where he might lay up his ships for the winter. The place selected was the mouth of the little river St. Charles, to the north of where the city of Quebec now stands, and near the town of JStadacona, the residence of the prince Donacona, 80 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. above mentioned. To this port he gave the name of St. Croix. The town of Stadacona was on the site of St. Roch suburbs of the present city of Quebec. aUESTIONS. . What kings in Europe fitted out ships to make discoveries in^A. merica? In what year did Cartier firdt come to America 1 Where did he arrive on the lOlh of May ? What course did he take from there? What bay did he discover after crossing the gulf? To what place did he go after leaving this bay ? What did he do there ? Where did he go after this ? When did he return again to Canada ? Why did he call the gulf and rivwr St. Lawrence ? Which way did he go from the gulf? Why did he name one island Coudres and an- other Bachus^ What is Bachus now called? How did Donacona receive the French ? What place did Cartier choose to lay up his ships for winter ^ Where was Stadacona ? LESSON THIRD. cartier's visit to hochelaga. Cartier having secured his ship» at St. Croix, be- gan to make arrangements for proceeding up the riv- er in his boats to Hochelaga, of which place he hact heard much from the natives. Donacona tried to dis- courage him from going, and among other measures, undertook to frighten him from his object. For this purpose he dressed three of his men in black and white skins, with huge horns on their heads, and their fa- ces besmeared with coal. These he caused to pass by the ships in a canoe, brandishing their horns and making the most frightful noises, and pretended that they were infernal spirits, sent by the God of Hoch- elaga, to inform the new comers that the country up the river was so full of snow and ice that they would certainly perish if they proceeded. Cartier was amus- ed at this device but he was not deceived, nor easily to be diverted from his purpose, and accordingly on the 19th of September, 1535, set out with his pin- nace and two boats, for Hochelaga. Along the banks ot the river were woods interspersed with vines load- HISTORY OF CANADA. 81 be- ^d with ripe grapes, and many huts of the natives. The natives welcomed the ch with signs of joy, as they passed, presenter jin fish, carried them ashore on their backs, hei od them get off their boats when aground, and showed them all kindness and at- tention. They reached Hochelaga on the l2nd of Oc- tober, where every preparation had been made by the natives for their reception. About 1000 persons came down to the shore to meet them> singing and dancing, the men on one side and tue women on the other. They brought presents of fish and other food, and received in return, knives, beads and other trink- ets. The French lodged in their boats that night, and the Indians danced all night around their fires on shore. The next morning Cartier went with 25 of his company to visit the town, and on their way pass- ed through groves, of oak, under which the ticrons were so thick as almost to cover the ground. They also passed through fields of ripe corn some of which was gathered. In the midst of these fields they came to the town of Hochelaga, which consisted of about 50 long huts, built with stakes and covered with bark, and was surrounded with three lines of palis- ades. The new guests were received with every demon- stration of joy, and conducted to an open space in the centre of the town, which was built in a circular form. Being seated, the ';ing was brought to them in a litter borne upon the shoulders of ten men, and placed on a mat by the side of the French captain. The king had nothing to distinguish him from the others but a crown made of porcupine quills colored red. The natives all regarded the French as a supe- rior order of beings, and, supposing them to have the power of healing diseases, several persons, blind, 4ame and diseased, were broufjhi to be touched bv H 2 ^ FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. them. After these ceremonies were over Cartier, re- quested the men, women and children, to arrange themselves in separate lines, and then to the men he gave hatchets, to the women, beads, and to the chil- dren rings ; after which he ordered his drums and trumpets to sound, which highly pleased the compa- ny and set them jumping and dancing. From the town he ascended the mountain, situated at the south-west of the town, to which, on account of the extensive and beautiful prospect from its top, he gave the name of Mont-Royal — Montreal — which was afterwards extended to the city and the whole island. The pres- ent city <>^ Montreal is built upon the same grc aid where l[:v> helaga formerly stood. Oir ih^ 1th of October Cartier left Hochelaga, and reached hi3 ships at St. Croix on the 11th, where ha began tc pr pare for winter. The winter proved se- vere, and before spring 25 of his men died with the scurvy. On the 6th ot May he set out on his return to France. Cartier made a third voyage to Canada in 1540 and spent another disastrous winter on the river St. Lawrence a little above Quebec, but no per- manent settlement was effected. QUESTIONS. ^.. What place did Cartier intend to visit after securing his ships .? How did Donacona endeavor to prevent his going ? Did he succeed F Wlien and with what 'Jid Cartier proceed up the river? What were S'^en on ilie hanks ? How did the natives behave to them ? When did ihey reach Hochelaga? How were they received ? Where did thoy spend the first nig'itr Through wh u did hey pass in going from iheir boats to the town ? How was ib o town situated ' Of how ma- ny lujts (lid it consial ? How were the French rei?ei . ed a» the town ? VV hat vviis the form of the town ? Where were they seated ? How was the king brought, and how distinguished ? How wore the Fiench regarded.^ What did Cartier do ,nf!;«^r these ceremonies? What mountain did he asnendand what name did he give it? Whatstrnds where Hochelaga «ormerly did ? When did Cartier return to St. Croix? What is said of the following winter? Wlien did he start for France ? When did he make a third voyage to (Canada ? HISTORY OF CANADA. 83 LESSON FOURTH. THE SETTLEMENT OF QUEDEC. After the unsuccessful attempt of Carlier to found a colony in Canada, although the country was fre- quently visited, no further efforts were made to form a settlement for more than 70 years. In the year 1603 Samuel Champlain came to Canada and again explored the St. Lawrence as far up as Montreal, but did not succeed in beginning a settlement till 1608. This year Champlain sailed from France in April, for the express purpose of founding a colony, and ar- rived at Stadacona, now Quebec, on the 3d of July. Having examined this promontory in a former voy- age and fixed upon it as the most suitable place to be- gin the settlement, on account of its commanding the bay and passage up the river,and being easily defended on the land side, he now began immediately to clear off the woods, to build houses and to prepare the land for fields and gardens. Here he spent the winter, in which his party suffered much by scurvy and the severity of the climate. In the spring of 1 609, Cliam- plain, with two other Frenchmen and a party of the natives, went up the St. Lawrence, and Richelieu, or Sorel, to .some lakes which he understood communi- cated with the country of the Iroquois. To the lar- gest of these he gave his own name, Champlain, which it still retains. The other, which is now call- ed lake George, he called lake Snrrament. On the shores of lake George, he fell in with a party of Iro- quois, between whom and the Canada Indians a war had long existed. A fight immediately ensued, but the Frenchmen, being armed with muskets, it was soon decided in favor of Champlain and his party. The Iroquois were put to flight, leaving 50 of their number dead upon tiie field, whose scalps were tak- 84 FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY. cn and carried to Quebec. In the fall Champlain went to France, but returned again in 1610. He obtained a commission as Lieutenant of New-France, (a name given to the French possessions on the St. Lawrence,) and under his judicious management, the colony, slowly increased, so that in 1626, Quebec be- gan to assume the appearance of a city, the fortress on the site of the castle of St. Louis, having been re- built of stone in 1624. In 1629, Quebec Was taken by an armament from England under Louis Therk, and Champlain became a prisoner of war. He was carried to England, whence he returned, in 1633, to Canada, the country having been restored to the French. Champlain continued at the head of the government of Canada till his death, which was in December; 1635. At the death of Champlain, the French possessions in Canada, consisted only of the fort and small settlement of Quebec, a few huts on the island of Montreal, at Three Rivers and Tadous- sac, and a few trading houses and fishing posts. Champlain was succeeded in the government of Can- ada, in the year 1636, by De Montmagny. QUESTIONS. Alter Cartier how many years elnpsed before further attempts were made to settle Canada r In what year did Ciiamplain first vis- it Canada ? In what year did he begin a settlement ? At what place? Why was it chosen ? How did he proceed ? From what did he suf- Ihr during the first winter ? What did he do in the spring of 1600? What namor' did he give the lakes ? What Jiappened on the shore of lake George? When did Champlain return to France? What lionimission did he receive ^ When was the fortress of St. Louis re- built with stone? What happei>ed in 1620? What became of Cham- plain ? When did he die ? Of what did tho F*rench possessions con- sist at the lime of his death ' Who succeeded him in the govern- ment ? HISTORY OF CAKAUA. 85 LESSON FIFTH. Attempts made hy the French to subdue the Iroquois. It has been already mentioned; that when Cham- plain began the settlement at Quebec in 1608i, a war was raging between the Algonquins, and the IroqUois, who possessed the country around lake Champlain and far to the south-west of it, and that Champlain took part with the Algonquins in u battle at lake George. In'tead of endeavoring to establish peace among the native tribes, Champlain immediately took an active part with the Algonquins and Hurons, a- gainst the Iroquois, and thereby brought upon the French the invincible enmity of that powerful tribe. The French gradually extended their settlements up the St. Lawrence, and were every where aided by the Algonquins, and vigilantly watched and opposed by the Iroquois. The Algonquins, being aided by the French, for some time had the advantage of the Iroquois, but the latter soon became accustomed to the effects of European arms, and the increasing fierceness of their resentment led them to aim at the utter extirpation of the French from the country. They carried the war into Canada, caused the Algon- quins to yield before them, and boasted that they would soon compel the French to leave the country. And they probably would have accomplished their purpose had not France interfered to save the colony. Four hundred troops were sent out from France, in 1662, and in the course of the tv;o following years a regiment more. These served '.o revive the courage and hopes of the colony, and they now resolved to to carry the war into the country of the enemy. With this view, in 1665, M. Courvelles, the govern- or of Canada, sent out a large party against the Mo- hawks, a tribe of the Iroquois. This expedition was undeitaken in the depth of winter and the party would m nSRT BOOK OF HISTORY. probably all have perished with cold and hunger, or would have been destroyed by the Mowhawks, had they not fell in with the Dutch settlement at Sche- nectady, where they obtained relief and protection. The next spring another expedition was undertaken against the Monawks. It consisted of 20 light com- panies of foot and all the militia of Canada. They traversed the country for more than seven hun- dred miles, but the enemy fled before tjiem into the swamps and inaccessible places, so that very few of them were destroyed. The expedition, however, had a good effect upon both parties. The French, be- ing exhausted by fatigue and expense, and the In- dians displeased at having their country overrun by Iheir enemies, both parties became diposed to a rec- onciliation, and in the year 1667 a treaty of peace was concluded, which lasted for several years. This was the first time, since the founding of the colony, Ji period of 59 years, that the Firench had been at peace with all the natives. The governor of Canada, foreseeing that a peace with the Indians would not long continue, was active in preparing for future de- fence. A fort had been built at Chambly, in 1665, nnd in 1672 another fort was commenced on lake < *!jtario. This was completed by Count Fontenac, Me next spring, and in 1679, works were commenced by M. de Salle, at Niagara. But a few years elapsed before hostilities were again commenced, and De Barre began to make preparation for the destruction of the Iroquois. These preparations became known to the English at New-York, who informed the In- dians of the designs of the French, and promised them assistance. De Barre, detained by the want of provisibns and the sickness which prevailed among his troops, and discouraged by the preparations and strength of the enemy, finally relinquished the at- 1II8T0UY OF CANADA. 87 or tempt, and having returned to France, was succeed- ed in ilie government of Canada, in 1685, by the Marquis de Nonville. De Nonville determined to prosecute the war against the Iroquois, and havini; collected all his forces marched into the enemy's country on the south side of lake Ontario. Here he was led into an ambuscade by the Seneca Indians, was attacked and suffered considerable loss, in con- sequence of which the French were so much dis- heartened as to give up the enterprise an 1 return to their settlements. Under these circumst -es both parties became disposed to reconciliation, .id a trea- ty of peace was at length agreed upon. But it prov- ed of no avail as will be related in the next lesson. QUESTIONS. '7 What was raging when the settleraent of Quebec was begun r Where was the country of the Iroquois ? What course did Cham- plain pursue ? What was the eiTect of it ? How was iJie progress of the French settlements regarded by these tribes ? What was tlie con- sequence of the French taking part with the Algonquins ? Did they long have the advantaee ? What saved the colony.? What troops were sent out from France in 16G2 ? What expedition was undertaken in 1C65.? With what success? What expedition was undertaken the next spring ? Dosciibe it. What took place in 1667.'' How long had the colony been involved in war? What was dune in 1665, 1672, and 1679 ? For what did De Barre prepare ? What pre- vented him from executing his purpose.^ When and by whom was ho succeeded 1 'Upon what did he determine ? Huw did he execute his purpose ? What followed ? LESSON SIXTH. MONTREAL DESTROYED BY THE IROQUOIS. Although a treaty had been agreed upon between the French and Iroquois, itwas not fully accomplish- ed, and ambassadors were proceeding from the In- dian tribes to complete it, when Le Rat, a Huron chief, at that time at war with the Iroquois, received intelligence of it, and, putting himself at the head of a hundred warriors, intercepted the ambassadors, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) fe 1.0 1.1 Oi Ki U2.2 li £ m !r 140 11.25 i 1.4 I 1.6 ^«>.* Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 '^ t^V o^ ■^ '■f! i;j | JU i|i i'W ' "•"mpp*!*" ■Ipw FIRST BOOK or HISTOBY. killed some of them and' look others prisoiSers. He told the prisoners that the French governor bad giv* en him the information th^t 50 warriors were cofbi^^ ihat'way, and he concealed from them his knowledge of the object they had in viet^. They told Le Rat ' the nature of their business, at Which he put on all the appeari^nce of rage, at being made the execution- er of the pretended baseness of the French govern? of, and dutting off the bands with which his prison- ers were confined, he exclaimed *^ Go to your nption — ^tell them it was the French, that led me to com- mit so base and vile an action as to make an attack upon ihe messengers of peace. Though our nations are at war, you are free, and I never shall be at rest till you have revenged upon the French, the base and perfidious conduct into which %they have betrayed me." By these pretences Le Rat secured the safety of his own tribe, and lefl the t^rench and Irpquoi$ more exasperated at each other than before. lihe Iroquois, not doubting the truth of the story of Fiench perfidy, which Le Rat had told to the am- bassadors, immediately fiew to arms to seek re- venge and retaliation. While the inhabitants, sun- posing peace to be concluded, were unprepared ror defence, twelve hundred warriors made a descent up? on Montreal, on the 26th of July, 1688, killing, burn- ing and laying waste all before them. One thousand of the French were slain and twenty-six were carried into captivity and burnt at the stake. In October they made another descent upon the island, killed several of the inhabitants, and took many prisoners. While these things were transacting the French were planning tlie conquest of New-York. In Septem-* ber, 16^, a flaet arrived from France, which was to attack New- York by water, while a land force was to proceed by way of lake Cham plain, and fall upon ». He ad giv^ v^ledge LeRat on all cution- rovefii- prison- i|Btion coin- attack lations at rest use and itrajed safety pquoi$ 5 story be am- 3k re- red for snt upT burn- tisand larried/ 2tober killed oners, 1 were f>tem-> ras to \ ^as to upon HISTORY OF CANADA. 89 Albany? But when Count Frontenac, the French genr <»ral, arrived at Quebec, he found the affairs of Can- ndftin shch confusion, that he at once relinquished the hope of conquering New-York ; but he consider- ed some attempts against the English settlements ne- cessary in order to revive the drooping spirits of the Canadians, and friendly Indians. Two parties of French and Indians were therefore sent out. One of these, under the command of Seur Horiel, on the 18th of March, 1690,, succeeded in destroying the fort at Salmon falls in New-Hamp- shire, where thev slew thirty of the English and took 54 prisoners, whom they carried to Canada. The other party, consisting of 200 French and 50 Indians, commanded by D'Ailiebout, left Montreal in^the be- ginning of January, and, proceeding by the way of lak6 Champlain, directed their march towards Sche- nectady, a settlement on the Mohawk river, fourteen miles north-west from Albany. On their way they suffered much by cold, hunger and fatigue, and when they arrived in the neighborhood of the place," they thoii^ght seriously of giving themselves up to theEn- glish as prisoners of war; but, learning from their scouts that the place was unprepared for defence, on the 8ih day of February, 1690, at 11 o'clock in the evening, they made a general assault upon the town. The inhabitants were completely surprised, and unable to make any resistance. They leaped from theii beds only to meet the tomahawk, which was raised for their destruction. In this massacre no less than 60 persons perished ; and 27 were taken prisoners and carried to Cancda. They who escaped the hands of the French and Indians, fled, nearly na- ked, towards Albany, through a deep snow which had fallen the Same night, and most of them were badly frozen. I , ^^ ■/ i —mmm 90 FIRST BOOK UF HISTORY. The next spiing it was resolved by the English col- onies to attempt the conquest of Canada, and two expeditions were accordingly planned, one under Sir William Phips, which was to proceed against Quebec by water, and the other under John Win- throp, which was to be joined by the Iroquois and proceed against Montreal by land. The latter ex- pedition was abandoned on account of the late* ness of the season, and the refusal of the Indians^ to join it ; and the intelligence was immediately conveyed to Count Frontenac by his scouts, who hastily withdrew his forces from Montreal for the de- fence of Quebec, where he arrived before the fleet under Phips reached the place. Phips commenced an attack upon the city on the 8th of October, and continued it for several days, but seeing no prospect of success, he abandoned the enterprise and returned to Boston, where he arrived on the 19th of Novem- ber. . QUESTIONS. What prevented the conclusion of peace between the French and Iroquois? Relate the circumstances, and Lo Rat's speech. What was the efTect of these measures ? Give aft account of the descent upon Montreal. What were the French planning during these transactions^ What prevented the attempt.? What parties were sent out against the English ? How did the first mentioned suc- ceed f Give an account of the other. How many persons were slain 1 How many prisoners taken .'' What did the English under- take the next year ? Why was the land expedition abandoned? What wus the success of that by water? LESSON SEVENTH, EXTENDING FROM 1690 TO 1748. In the summer of 1691, a party of Mohawks, led by Major Schuyler of Albany, made an attack upon'^ the Prench settlements on the river Richelieu. He was opposed by De Calliers, the governor of Montre- al, at the head of an army of 800 men. Several en- led I — ■4- HISTORY OF CANADA. 91 gagements ensued, in which about 300 of th6 French were slain, while SchCiyler and his party who fought from behind trees in the Indian manner, sustained but very little loss. Harrassed by these incursions the French at length resolved to attack the Mohawks in their Qwn country. For this purpose tbey collected six or seven hundred French and iDdians, and on the i5th of January 1695, set out from Montreal by the way of lake Champlain for the Mohawk country. Tiiey took and destroyed several of the Mohawk cas- tles, and made a number of prisoners. Intelligence of these transactions no sooner reached Albany than Schuyler, at the head of 200 volunteers, hastened to their relief. Several engagements ensued, in which Schuyler had the advantage, and the French were soon compelled to abandon their prisoners and make a hasty retreat to Canada. These reciprocal depre- dations were continued till they were terminated by the peace) between France and England, in 1697. This pe[C;ce Q.ontinued till 1703^ when war was again ^eeSured In Suropc; and soon extended to the colo- auea. In the winter of 1704 a party of 300 French and Indians under De Rouville, sat out on an expe- dition agaihst the English, and on the last day of February made an attack upon Deerfield in Massa- chusetts. They slew 47 of the inhabitants, took a number of prisoners, and plundered and set fire to the village. For several years after the destruction of Deerfield, the frontiers, both of Canada and New- England were scenes of massacre and devastation. To put a stop to these depredations, it was again de- termined by the English, in 1709, to attempt the conquest of Canada. The plan of operatins was sim- ilar to that of 1790. Ctuebec was to be attacked by water, and Montreal by land, but the failure of a fleet irom England,'and a mortal sickness among the MMIP 92 FISRT BOOK OF HISTORY. troops, defeated their plans, and the expedition was abandoned. It vvas, however, revived again in 171 1 , and a similar plan of operations agreed upon. The fleet designed to proceed against Quebec, was col- lected at Boston, and the army which was to attack Montreal, assembled at Albany. The fleet sailed fiojn Boston on the 30th July, and just as it entered the St. Lawrence it encountered a storm in whictt eight of the vessels were wrecked and more than a thousand men perished. The army designed to enter Canada by way of lake Champlain, had advanced ' but a short distance from Albany, when they heard ' the disheartening intelligence of the disaster whicfr had befallen the fleet. They immediately abandoned the expedition and retorned to Albany, and thus ter- minated the third attempt -of the New-England prov- inces to conquer Canada. Peace was soon after con- cluded between France and England, which extend- ed to their colonies. Both parties, however, were ac- tive in advancing their outposts and making prepara-* tions for future hostilities. The English, in 1722, built a fort and trading house at Oswego, and in 1726 the French, in order to sectire to themselves the trade with the natives, launched two vessels on lake Onta-^ rio, and repaired their fort and built a large store- house at Niagara. In the year 1731, the Freneh> advanced up kke Champlain, erected a fort at Crown, t^oint, and began a settlement on the opposite side of the lake. lii 1744, Great Britain and France were again in- volved in war, which soon extended to their colonies and Indian allies. In 1746, an expedition, consist^ ing of 900 French and Indians, was fitted out at Crown Pdini, to proceed against the fort at Hoosucf They appeared before the fort on the 20th of August, and immediately commenced an attack. The garri-i HISTORY OP CANADA. 93 son consisted only of 33 persons, inclufling women and childreni commtrnded by Col. Hawks, who, af- ter a vigorous defence of 28. hours, in which he ex- pended all his ammunition, . surrendered to the French. In this engagement the French lost about 40 men, while they slew only one of the enemy. The next year a party of 400 French and Indians, under M. Debeline, surrounded the fort at Charleston, New-Hampshire, and attacked it on ail sides. The garrisson consisted of only 30 men commanded by (Captain Stevens, but they defended themselves with much bravery. Debeline continued the attack for three days, and used all the means in his power to induce Stevens to surrender, but finding all his efforts unavailing, he raised the seige and returned to Cana- da. Small parties were from time to time sent against the English settlements, but no considerable expedi tion was undertaken before the treaty of Aix laCh pelle, in 1748 put an end to the war, QUESTIONS. a- / What was undertAkon in 1691 1 Who opposed Scuyler ? many of the FruncK were slain .'* What did the French re^ do ? Give an acco)/nt of their expedition. Who went to tl of the Mohawks f With what success.' When did that iliinate ? When was war again declared r Give an acco attack on Deerfleld. What was the state of the frontiers How iOlve to ie relief war ter- untofihe What was attempted to put a stop to these depredatio a-*?*^*!)!!!'* "* was the plan of operations ? Wasit suocessful? Wh« ' / V"at • - *^-"- '^ ' *n was it re- Jfk place soon Mtit took placo •of thi^ expedi. on. When was vived ? What was the success this time? What to after.? What was done in 1722— 1726—1731 .' W in 1744 f What in 1746 .' What was the success tion ? Give an aocount of the attack on Chariest peace again restored ? LESSON EIGHTH. General Braddock defeated by t'U Fr ench and Indians. By the treaty concluded betv/een Great Britain and France m 1748, the dispute respecting their I 9: . • ' A mmmmmm 94 riBIT BOOK OF HtlTOBY. \ \ '^' claims in America was to be referred to Commission^ ers appointed by the Sovereign^ of the two nations* These Commissibners met at Paris in 1763, but^ M they could not come to an agreement on the subjects referred to them, the two countries were again in- volved in war, in which the colonies, as usual, soon after participated. The colonies were in the mean time, actively engaged in extendirrg and strengthen- ing their out-posts, and in doing this the French and English frequently came in collision. In 1753^ the French took Logstown) an English establishment on the Ohio river, and the same year the Marquis du • Quesne^ the French Commander in Canada, begatn a fort and settlement where Pittsburgh now stands^ and which he called bu Quesne. Tho English coW onies having protested against these proceedings lyithout effect, in the spring of 1754, the colony of V^ir^inia sent out a small force under Col. Washing- toin, to put a stop to the proceedings of the French. This party was attacked by a much superior force, cohi'isting of French and Indians under the command of l)e Villier, and, after a severe engagement, in whict^ 30 of the English were killed, Was obliged to surrender. The French had now extended their settlements and completed a line of tbrtifications nearly tNe whole distance from the mouth of the St. Lawrenco, by the way of the Lakes and the Ohio river, to the mouth of the Mississippi, by which the English Were cut off from the trade with the natives.' Against ihe.^e systematic efforts of the French, the ^ English colonies saw the necessity of adopting vig- orous measures, and in a convention assembled at Albany, it was resolved that during the summer of 1755, four ejcpeditions, should be undertaken against the French ; pne to be conducted by General Brad- HISTORY OP CANADA* 95 dock against fort Du Quesne — one by Goverabr Shirley against Niagara-— one by Col. Johnson against Crown Point — and one by Cols. Monckton and Winslow against the French settlements in No- va Scotia. Braddock set out for fort Du^uesne on the 20((i of April, with 2200 men, and marched forward con-> fident of victory and fame, but disregarding the ad- ' vice of his officers, and unaccustomed to Indian warfare, he fell into an ambuscade of about 400 French and Indians, by whom he was defeated and slain. The regular troops were thrown into the ut- most confusion by the unexpected onset and the fiendlike yells of the savages, but the Virginia miiitia which Braddook had disdainfully placed in the rear, being trained to Indian fighting, continued unbroken, and by the prudent management of George Wash- ington, then a colonel of the militia and Aid to Braddock, so eftectually covered the retreat as to save a considerable part of the army. The army designed for the reduction of Niagara, effected nothing. That which was to proceed against Crown Point, collected at Albany, and the lat- ter part of August proceeded to the rauth end of lake George. In the mean time the French had advanced up Lake Champiain froni Crown Point, and taken possession of Ticonderoga, which commanded the communication with lake George. Alarmed by the €xagerated accounts of the English forc^ collected ^t luke George, and designed for the reduction ot Crown Point, Baron Dieskau hastened forward to its defence with a considerable army of French and In- diars. But having ascertainedf that an immediate attack from the English was not to be expected, he resolved to move forward and attack the English in their camp, and, if successful, proceed further and perhaps get posse>^s^ion of Albany, j 1 " ■ I*: ( 96 riBIT BOOK or HISTOBY. He embarked his army, which consisted of 1800 men, and landed them at the south end of ]ake Champlain. Here he learned from a prisoner that fort Edward was almost defenceless, and that John- son's camp at lake George, was protected neither by •entrenchments, nor by cannon. Dieskau, therefore, directed his march to the fort, and,* when within three or four miles of it, communicated to his army, his design of attacking it. His men by no means relished the idea ot making an ass^iult upon the fort, where they should be exposed to the destructive fire of cannnon, but expressed a willingness to attack the English in their camp at lake George. Under •the3(^circam3tanc33, Dieskau thought it best to com- ply with the wishes of his men, and accordingly di- rected his march towards the English encampment. QUESTIONS. What caustid the renew-al of war between the French and Eng* lish 9 What were tho colonies doing in the mean timr ? What waft done by the French in 1753? What did the English attempt in 1754? With what success? How far had the French extended their posts? What expeditions were planned by the English for 1755 ? Give an account of Braddock's defeat. Who sa\red a part of his army ? What was the result of the second mentioned expe* dition ? VVhere was Johnson's force collected ^ When did he proceed to lake George ? Wliat had the French done in the mean time .? What did Dieskau do when he found that an attack was not lu be expected immediately ? How large was his force ? Why ilid he not attack furt Edward 7 What did lie then do ? LESSON NINTH. THE i*hi:nch Defeated at lake george. The first intelligence which Johnson had of Dies^ kau's proceedings, was, that a large body of French and Indians had landed at the south end of lake Champlain, and j/vere on their march towards fort Edward. He immediately sent off two messengers to apprise the garrison of the approach of the French, HISTORY or CANADA. w and bring him information respecting the force anct designs of the enemy. One of these was intercep- ted and slain, and the other returned about midnight, and reported that he saw the French and Indians about four'miles from the fort, and evidently design- ing an attack upon it. In the morning Col. Will- iams was sent with 1000 English, and some Indians, to intercept the enemy in their return either as vic- tors, or defeated in their designs upon fort Edward. The English encampment had lake George on one side, and two other sides were covered by swamps and thick woods : and after the departure of the de- tachment, a slight breast-work of logs was thrq^wn up and a few cannon which had just arrived, were planted in front, which was the only assailable side. Williams had proceeded only four miles, when he met the French in full march towards Johnson's en- campment. An; engagement immediately ensued, but Williams was obliged to retreat before the supe- rior force of the enemy. Johnson hearing the firmg and perceiving that it approached, beat to arms, arid despatched Col. Cole with 300 men to cover the re- treat, while he made the best preparation he could for receiving the enemy. Those who escaped of the detachment sent out, soon returned, and between 1 1 and ,12 o^clock, the enemy were seen to approach in regular order, aiming directly towards the centre of the encampmenft. When ihey arrived within about 150 yards of the breast-work, they halted, and ihe^ Canadians and Indians filed off to the right und left ^anks. The regular troops then moved forward and commenced the attack. A brisk fire was now open- ed upon them by the artillery at tj;ie breast*work, which 60. terrified the Canaaian9 and Indians, that they betook themselves to the swainps, where from behind logs and treei they kept up an irregular fix9 upon the encampment* !< mnitm^ m TlR%r BOOK OF HISTORY. 1 The engagement was nowffenerQl,and the French regular troops for a while nrmly maintained their ground and order; but fmding themselves abandon- t^d by the Canadians and Indians, and suffering se* veroly by the fire from the breast-work, they at length directed their attack to the right, where they >vero received with much firmness. After continu- ing an unsuccessful attack upon this point for about «in hour, and sustaining a heavy loss by the fire of ^he English, Dieskau attempted a retreat, as the only means of saving the remainder of his troops. Per- ceiving his intention, a party of English leaped over their breast- work, and falling upon the fear of the French, soon dispersed them. Dieskau was found resting upon the stump of a tree, wounded, and un- able to walk. As an English soldier was approach- ing him, he was putting his hand in his pocket for his watch to presept to bim ; but the soldier, suppos- ixig that he was foeling for a pocket pistol, discharg- ed his musket at him and gave him a dangerous sypuad in his hip. ThS Frfench 6n meir retreat, collected and maJe a halt at the place where the engagement commenc- ^ in the morning with the detachment under Col. Williams. Here they were attacked by a party of "dOO men, under the command of Capt. M'Ginnes who had been ordered from fort Edward to reinforce the main army under Johnson. The attack* was made with such impetuosity and spirit that the French, after a tesistance of nearly two hours, were again dis- perseb in every direction. The whole loss of the French in these several engagements was about 700 slain, and among these were several officers of dis- tinction. The English lost 130 slain, and sixty wounded ; and of the Indians belonging to Johnsoii's army about 40 were slain, among whom was Hend- nc de th th mi HISTORY or OARAOA. W e French led their ibandon- iering se* they at lere they continu* or about 2 fire of the only s. Per- [>ed over ir of the ifi found and un- )proach- cket for suppos- iischarg- ngerous ci made tnmenc- ier CoJ. party of 'Ginnes einforce ck ' was French, [ain dis- I of the DUt700 of dis. d sixty hnsoh's I Hend- rick, a distinguished Mohawk sachem. Johnson was deterred by lear, or some other cause, from pursuing the retreating army, or making any attempts upon the French works on lake Champlain ; and the re- mainder of the season was spent in building a fort at the south end of lake George, which was afterwards called William Henry. QUESTIONS. What was the 6r8t intelligence Johnson re^^eived ? What did he do? What becBtne of the messengers? What was done in tho morning ? How was Johnson's camp situated and defended ? How far did Williams proceed before he met the French f What fol- lowed ? What did Johnson do when he heard the firing? At what time did they come in sight of the canio ? In what order did they commence the attack ? How were tliey received f What was the conduct of the French regulars ? To what point did they direct their attack f What followed the attempt to retreat ^ What became of Dieskau 7 Where did the French halt on their retreat ? What took place there ? What was the whole loss of the Fiench ? Of the English 7 Of the Indians 7 Did Johnson take advantage of his victory i ;•»■■ *(i- tESSON TENTH. FORT WILLIAM HENRY TAKEN BY THE FRENCH. In 1756, a large body of troops arrived from France under the command of the Marquis de Mont- calm, and by the English a large provincial army was collected at Albany and fort William Henry. But while the English officers were deliberating and their trobps lying inactive, the French, under the brave Montcalm, were prosecuting their affair^ with energy and success. With scarcely any loss on their part, they succeeded in taking and demolishing the forts at Oswego, where they took 1400 prisoners, 120 pie- ces of cannon^ 14 mortars, and R large quantity of ammunition, miliary stores and provisions, together with two sloops and 200 batteaux. The English suf- fered the season to pass away without making any attempts to retrieve their loss or annoy their enemy. m ' i ido FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY* r fci- In the spring of 1757, an armament^ consisting of 15 ships of the Tine, with transports, and 12,000 men, was provided for the re iuction of the French for- tress at Louisburg. It proceeded to: Halifax, where information was received that a large fleet, with troops and supplies had arrived from France, in con- sequence of which the enterprise was abandoned. During these transactions, the French, under Mont- calm, were not inactive* On the 20th of March they attempted to take fort William Henry by surprise^ but were prevented by the vigilance and bravery of the garrison. Soon after Col. Parker was sent dowp the lake with 400 men to attack the advanced guard of the French, but he was drawn into an ambuscad(^ of French And Indians, and only two o^cera and 70 privates escaped. Encouraged by these successes, MontcaJm resolved to Attempt once ppte the reduc- tion of William Henry. For this purpose he collects «d a force of> 10,000 men, consisting of regulars, mil^ itia and Indians, and proceeded cautiously up lake Champlain and lake Gcorg^. As Major Putnam was proceeding down the lake with three boats to recon- noitre, he discovered the French upon an island, and .hastened back to the fort with the intelligence. Putnam wished to attack the French, but Gen. Webb, who was chief in command, ordered him the next day to escort him back to fort Edward, and the d^y fol- lowing Col. Monro Was sent with his regiment to re^ inforce the garrison at lake George. The dtiy ajfter Monro's arrival, the French and Indians under Mont- calm, appeared upon the lake,— refTected a landing with but little opposition, and immediately laid sefge .to the fort. Montcalm,*at the same time, sent a IctSr to Monro, advising him to surrender before any of thfc Indians should be sluin and their savage temper f^t- ther inflamed by a resistance, which would b^ upavaji- sisting of 000 men, mch for- X, where set, with \, in con- indoned. er Mont- irch they surprise) ravery pf ^nt idowp ^d guard ibuscade B and 70 iccesses, e reduc- 1 collects [ars, mil- up lake aam was orecon- md, and lligence. . Webb, next day day fol- t to re- ty after r Mont- landing id sejjge y of the )er f^j^r-* inavait- HISTOBT OF CANADA, 101 ing. This summons was disregarded and the garri- son, consisting of 2,500 men, made a gallant defence. Monro, aware of his danger, sent frequent expresses . to fort Edward for help ; but Webb remained inac- tivo and apparently indifferent during these alarming transactions. He at length wrote to Monro that he could afford him no assistance, and advised him. to surrender upon the best terms he could obtain. Mon- ro and his garrison, in hourly expectation of relief, defended themselves with much spirit and resolution, till the 9th of Augqst, when, their works beins much injured and their ammunition nearly etpended, all their hopes of holding out were, at once dissipated by the reception of Webb's letter, which Montcahn had intercepted aud now sent in with further proposals for . a surrender of ^he fort. Articles of capitulation were therefore agreed i|pon, by which it was stipulated that the garrison should march oiit with their arms and baggage — should be escorted to fort Edward by a detachment of French troops, and should not serve against the French for the term of eighteen months, •—that the works and warlike stores should be deliv- ered to the French — and that th^ sick and wounded of the garrison should remain under the protection of Montcalm and should be permitted to return as soon as they were recovered. After the capitulation no further troubles were apprehended. But the gar- rison had no sooner marched out of the fort, than the Indians attached to the French army, regardless of the articles of capitulation, fell upon the defenceless sol- diers, plundering and murdering all who fell in their way. On this fatal day about 1500 of the English were either murdered by the Indians or carried into captivity never to return. The French, satisfied with their success, retired to their works at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and nothing further was effected K 103 riSRT BOOK OF HISTOBY. worthy of notice, either by the French or English daring the remainder of the year. QUESTIONS. What arrived from-England in 1756^ How were the Freach em. ployed while the English were delibeinting ? Give some accoimt of the capture of Oswego f What armament was fitted out in 1757 ? Bid it efiect anything? Whdt cKd Montcalm attempt? Give an ac- count of Col. Parker's expedition f What did Montcalm next re- solve? What force did he collect? How did he proceed? Who discovered the French advancing? What course did Gen. Webb take? How soon did Montcalm appear before the fort? How nu- merous was the garrison ? Was Monro sensible of his danger f Did Webb take any measures to relieve him 1 What did ,he write to Monroe ? To what time did the garrison hold out ? What then in- duced them to surrender f What were the terms of capitulation ? What took place aAer the garrison marched out of. the fort? How many English were murderied? What further took place this year? LESSON ELEVENTH. TRANSACTIONS IN THE TEAR. 1758. ' In planning their campaigns for 1758, the Engh'sli determined to attack the French settlements upon three points at the same time.* Twelve thousand troops were to atteript the reduction of Louisburg in the island of Cape Breton^ 1600 were to proceed against Ticonderoga and Crowi^ Point, and 8000 against fort Du Quesne. The expedition against Louisburg was commanded by Gen. Amherst, assist- ed by Generals Wolfe, Whitmore and Lawrence, and by Admiral Boscawen, who commanded the fleet. Th^ fleet, consisting of 157 sail and having the troops on board, sailed from Halifax on the 28th of May, and on the 2nd of June, anchored seven n ^es west of Louisburg. On the 8th a landing was effected, under the gallant Wolfe, and in a few days the plac^ was completely invested. The garrison consisted of more than 3000 men, mostly ' regulars, and the har- bor was defended by six ships of the line and five frig- ates, commanded by the chevalier Drucour. Amherst Englifiii 'reRcIi em. Bccotint of ; in 1757? ve an ac- 1 next re- d? Who en. Webb How nu- igerf Did B write to t then in> itulation ? brtf Ho%v this year? Englisli s upon ousand nisburg proceed i 8000 against , assist- ce, and B fleet. i troops f May, js west Fected, i place sled of le har- re frlg- mherst HX^TOIiY OF CANADA. 103 proceeded with caution, but with such vigor that the/ garrison was obliged to surrender on the ^th of July. The expedition against the French posts on lake Cham plain was led by Gen. Abercrombie. He' em- barked his force, consisting of 16,000 men, at fort William Henry, and landed without opposition at the north end of lake George. The French abandoned their outposts and retretfted towards Ticonderoga. The English pursued, but were soon thrown into disorder by the thickness of the woods. In this sit- uation, a skirmish took place, in which Lord How, who was the idol of the army, was slain. To revenge his death. Major Putnam put himself at the head of . ^ party and fell upon the French with such fury that he'sjiew about 300 and took 148 prisoners. The En- glish, however,. thought it prudent to retreat to the place where they had landed in the m6rning, rather than pass the night where they were. Ticonderdga was favorably situated for defence, being surrounded on three sidea by water and defended on the other side by a strong breast work. The French garrison consisted of 6,000 men and a reinforcement of 3,000 troops under M. do Levy was expeclled soon to join them. Abercrombie, wishing to get possession of the fort, before the reinforcement should arrive, sent forward an engineer to reconnoitre the works. He reported that the breast work was unfinished and that he believed the place might be immediately as- saulted with musketry with a fair prospect of success. Confiding in this intelligence, Abercrombie advanced with firmness to the attack. The French opened up- on him a well directed fire from their artillery, and the English becoming entangled among the bushes and fallen timber were soon thrown into disorder. After striving for four hours without success, to cut ibeir way to the breast work, and, all this time, ex- J04 FIRST BOOK OP HISTORY* posed to the. deadly fire of the French, Abercrom- bie despaired of 8ucces,*and led back his army to their former encampment, from whence he shortly afterwards returned to fort William Henry. Eight- een hundred of the English were killed or wounded ^ in this engagement, and they lost 2^500 stand of arms. Although defeated in his main object Abercrom- • bie did not remain inactive. He sent Gen. Stan- wix to build a fort at the carrying place between the Mohawk and Onondaga river; and Col. Bradstreet, with 3,000 men, was ordered to proceed against fort Frontenac, situated at the outlet of lake Ontario. Bradstreet landed his men within a mile of the fort, before the garrison had any intelligence of his ap- proach, and the garrison, consisting only of 110 French with a few Indians, could do no other ihan surrender at discretion. In the fort were found 60 cannon, 16 mortar's, and a large quantity of small arms, military stores and provisions. He also cap- tured all the French shipping on the lake, consisting of nine armed vessels. . While these things were transacting 8,000 men were advancing upon fort Du Quesne, of which they got possession on the 24th of November, the French having abandoned it and re- turned down the Ohio river. Having repaired the fort the name of it was changed to Pittsburgh, in hon- or of William Pitt, the Secretary of State who then had the direction of American affairs. QUESTIONS. What was determined by the £ngli9h fur 1758^ What three fur- ce« were prepared ? Who commanded the expedition against Lou- isburg? How large was the 0eet ? (wive an account of the garrison V and the capture of it ^ Who commanded tha expedition against Ti* conderoga^ Give an account of his advance— of his attack — of his retreat. How large was the French garrison 1 How long was the attack continued ? What was the' English loss? What did Atnber- crombie do after this defeat P Who took fort Frontenac ? Give an. HISTOBY OF CANADA. 105 nctourft of it. When was fort du Qaesne taken possessioo of Y What name was given it| and <^hy ? LESSON TWELFTH. ' QUEBEC AND CANADA SUKRENDERED TO THE ENGLISH. The advantages obtained over the French in a pre- ceding campaign gave the British minister reason to hope soon to complete the conquest of Canada. Ac- cordingly for the year 1759, three expeditions were projected-^one against Quebec, under the command Gen. Wolfe— one against the forts on lake Cham- plain, under Gen. Amherst, who was comman- der-in-chief of the English forces in America — and one against Niagara, to be led by Gen. Rideaux and Sir William Johnson. The conquest of Quebec was looked upon as the most important and the most difficult object of the campaign. The city was strongly fortified by nature and art — formidable on account ol -the number and bravery of its inhabit- itants and garrison, and in a situation in which it could not be much injured by a fleet, or be approach- ed but with) extreme difficulty and hazard by land. Wolfe embarked his trobps at Louisburg^ sailed up the St. Lawrence, and on the 27th of June landed his whole army on the island of Orleans, without dif- ficulty or opposition. The Marquis De Vaudreuil was at this time governor of Canada, and was at Mon- treal at the head of 5,000 men, but the defence of Quebec was entrusted to the brave and distinguished Montcalm, whose force considerably exceeded that of the English. On the 31st of July Wolfe made an unsuccessful attack upon the French entrench- ments at Montmorenci, and having continued his of- fensive operations without success, till the beginning of.Sepftember, he resolved, if possible, to effect a landing above the city and bring the enemy to a gen- K 2 106 FIBBT BOOK OF HISTORY. eral engagement. On the evening of the 12th of September the fleet, with the army on board, moved up the river, and a little after midnight effected a landing without being observed by the French. — Wolfe put himself at the head of the first party that landed) ascended the heights and drew up his men in Older as fast as they arrived. ' Moncalm no sooner learned that the British had gained the heights of Abraham, than he abandoned his* strong camp at Montmorenci and resolved to haz- ard an engagment Both armies were drawn up in order of battle with their respective generals at their head. About nine o'clock the French army advanc- ed, opening at the same time an irregular and ill directed fire. The fire of the English was reserved till the enemy had approached within 40 yards of their line, when it was opened with effect and kept up with spirit. Both generals were determined to con- quer or die, and for a while the conflict was dread- ful. But the English advanced with such firmness and intrepidity, that the French were unable to with- stand them, and were soon defeated and dispersed. Wolfe and Montcalm both fell at the head of their respective armies. The loss of the French in this action in killed, wounded and prisoners, was com- puted at 1,500. The English had 50 killed and about 500 wounded. The French, disheartened by their losses, were thrown into great confusion, arid on the 18th of September the remainder of the French troops and the city of Quebec were surrendered to the English. While these things were transacting at Quebec, Gen. Amherst was cautiously advancing along lake Champlain. Ticonderogaand Crown Point were suc- cessively abandoned by the French and taken pos- session of by Amherst. The French retired to the tl tl HISTORY OF CANADA. 107 by Isle aux Noix, and, having ^veral armed vessels on the lake, Amherst thougttt it not prudent to advance till he had provided a superior naval torce. In the mean time he dispatched Major Rogers against the St. Francis Indians. Rogers succeeded in destroying their village and about 200 Indians, but suffered se- verely on his return for want of provisions. Gen. Prideaux invested Niagara about the middle of July, and being, killed on the 20th of that month, the seige was prosecuted by SJr William Johnson. On the 24th of July Johnson attacked, .within sisht of the fort, and defeated a body of 1,200 Frencn and some Indians, who were marching to the relief of the. garrison, and the same evening the garrison surren- dered. • Montreal was now the only place of much strength or importance in the hands of the French, and towards this point, at the opening of the caip- paign of 1760, the English concentrated all their ef- forts. It was resolved that wfiile Gen. Murray, with the English forces at Quebec, proceeded up the St. Lawrence, Col. Haviland should lead on the forces from lake Champlain,- and Gen. Amherst should ap- . proach Montreal by way of lake Ontario. These ar- mies moved forward, with but little opposition, and wfthout any knowledge of each others progress all arrived at Montreal, on the 6th and 7th of Septem- ber. Amherst began immediately to prepare for lay- eing geige to the city and was getting on his artillery for that purpose when he received a flag of truce from Vaudreuil, the French governor, demanding pro- posals for a capitulation. Amherst stated his terms, to which the French submitted, and, bn the 8th of September, 1760, the whole province of Canada was surrendered to the British; and by tfie treaty of peace, signed at Paris, February 10, 1763, it was formally ceded to Great Britain. 108 \ riRBT BOOK OF MItTOEY. QUESTIONS. What-difil the Britiih Minister hope toaccoropHih in 1759 f Wha( «xpeditiun8 wero projected ? What waa coniidered the most impor- tant object ? What obstacles were in the way 1 When did Wolfe arrive* in the neighborhood of Quebec f Who waa governor of Can- ■ttda at ihi^ time .' Who commanded at Quebec? When waa the battle •at Montmorenci ? What the result ? \y hat did Wolfe finally resolve 4uipoAf When did he effect it? Where did he draw up his men ? What did Montcalm do?. At what time did the battle begin? In what manner ? What was the determination of both Geoerala ? What was their fate ? What was the result of the battle ? What was the loss of the French ? Of the English f When wi^s the city surrendered ? What was Amherst doing in the mean time f Whom did he send against the Indiana^ Give an account of the proceed- ings nt Niasara ? To what point did the English direct their efforts in 176U? When w«s Montreal surrendered to the English.' When was all Canada coded to Great Britain ? ' LESSON THIRTEENTH. INVASION OF CANADA BY THE AMERICANS. . Although the French were active in establishing military posts, and securing tho trade with the .na-^ tives, the increase of population was very slow. In the year 1663, when the court of France began to bestow more attention upon the colony and raised it to the dignity of a royal government, the whole pop- ulation of Canada did not exceed 8000 souls. The settlements advanced somewhat more rapidly after this period, but on account of the determined hostil- ity of the savages, the efforts of the French were much paralized, and in 1714, the whole population vvais estimated at less than 20,000. At the time due- bee was surrendered to the English, theFrench pop- ulation in Canada^ was estimated at about 70,000. The conquest of Canada having terminated the war between the French and English in this quarter^ peace with .the Indian tribes was soon established : and thus the obstacles were removed, which preven- ted the advancement of the settlements, and the in- crease of population. To secure the peaceable sub- tflSTORY OF OASTADA. 109 mission of the inhabitants, and to reconcile them to their new alieffience, the firitish Government sufler* ed the French laws to remain in force — secured to the people the possession of their lands by the an- cient tenures — the free and undisturbed use of their religion, and the possession of tlieir religious proper- ty. By these measures, the government of Great Britain secured the affection of its Canadian subjects, and the organization of the new government gradu- ally acquired riegularity and firmness. The loyalty and attachment of the Candians to English Govern- ment, wasfully evinced by the readiness with which they took up arms in behalf of that Government, in her struggle with her revolted colonies. In the year • 1775, at the commencement of the American revolu- tion, the population of Canada was estimated at a lit- tle more than 90,000. * Soon jafter the battle at Lexington, which was the commencem,ent of the war, the Americans got p<)8- session of the forts on lake Clminplain, and advanced into Canada, in hopes to induce the Canadians to join the revolted colonies. , Not succeeding in this, Montgomery, the American general, led od his forces, captured' the fort of St. Johns on the 3d of Novem- ber,* and on the 18th took possession of Montreal. Gen. Carleton, the commander of the British forces, retired to Quebec, and towards ^his place Montgom- ery now directed his attention. Col. Arnold had in the mean time, passed' through the wilderness from Mame to duebec, where he arrived with 700 men, on the 9tb of November, and awaited the approach of Montgomery, who joined him on the l&t day of December. Thieir united force amounted to only about 1000 men, while that of the garrison number-, ed about 1500; but as the latter were mostly Cana- dian militia, Montgomery still entertained hopes of succesi^. Finding that the artillery and shells pro- no riRST BOOK OF HIITORY. ■ 41 cluced but little effect upon the town, and that the- weather was becoming too severe to carry on a regu- lar siege, it was finally determined to attempt to take the city by an assault. Accordingly, early in the morning of the 3l8t of December, and during a vio- lent snow storm, Montgomery at the head of 700 men advanced along a narrow defile to begin the at- tack upon the lower town, while Arnold advanced upon the other side. As Montgomery approached, a lire was opened upon him by the British from a small battery which commanded the defile, by which Montgomery and his two aids, and ten others, were «hot dead upon the spot, in consequence of which, the remainder of this division made* a precipitate re- treat. The attack made by Arnold, was also unsuc- cessful. Arnold was wounded and most of^his men were either killed or taken prisoners. By this assault the General, and nearly one half of their troops were either killed or made prisoners. The cpmmand of the American forces now devolved upon Arnold, who though severely wounded, kept up the blockade, hoping that reinforcements would be soon sent' to his •relief. The reinforcements arrived but slowly, and on the 1st of May, the whole American force did not exceed 1900 men. In this state of things the small pox broke out among them, so that a great part of the men were unfit for duty. As reinforcements to the English garrison were now daily expected. Gen. Thoihas, who had now succeeded Arnold in the command, thought it prudent to retreat. The next day four British frigates arrived at Quebec, with a reinforcement and supplies. Carlton now put him- iself at the head of 1800- men and marched out, to give battle to the Americans. But he was too late, they having already advanced one day's march on their retreat* Qarleton took possession of the artil- HIITOBT Oy OAffADA. Ill len LUlt lery and military stores which the Americans had abandoned in their . precipitate retreat, but did not pursue them. The American army in Cainada, waa now' much inferior to that of the British. As the British advanced the Americans retired, abandoning successively, the posts they had taken, and by the 18th of June, the British had recovered possession of St. Johns, and had entirelv expelled the Americans from the province. The firitisn soon aAcr obtained the command of lake Champlain, by providing a su- perior naval force, and the next spring Gen. Bur- goyne advanced through this lake from Canada, when he invaded the United States. During the whole war the British kept command of the lake, and maintained a considerable force in Canada ; but thk •force had occasion to perform but little active service. QUESTIONS. When did Canada become a royal government ? What was the , pbpulaiion at that time ? What hindered the settlement afterwards ' What the population in 1714 f What in 1759 ? What effect hHd the conquest t How did the British government secure th« ohedienco and affection of their new subjects^ How -did they afterwards evince lheir-4>ttaohment f When did the American revolution com- mence, and where / What took place soon afler f What hopes did Montgomery entertain f When did he take St Johns? Montreal? When and bv what route did Arnold reach Quebec? With' how many men ? When did Montcomery join him ? What was their uni- ted force ? What the force of the enemy f Why did Montgomery hope for success ? Why was an assault agreed upon T Give an ae* count of Montgomery s approach and deatii' How did Arnold suc- ceed? What was the American loss in this attacks Who succeeded Montgomery in Command ' What did he do ? Wiint disease prevail- ed ? Who succeeded Arnold ? When did- he retreat? • When were the British reinforced ? What did Carleton do^ Did the Americans continue to retreat .^ When were they expelled fVom the province ? What did the British soon aAer obtain ? Did they keep it P LESSON FOURTEENTH. THE VfAiR WITH THE UNITEIX, STATES. In the year 1812, on the 18th of June, war waa declared between Great Britain and the United Itlil-LUii mm 112 riRlT BOOK or HIITORY. I States, which continued almost three years. During this time many battles were fought alons the Iron- . tiers of Canada, in which the Canadians distinguish- ed themselves by their bravery, and their devotion to the service ot their King and country, only a few of which can be mentioned. At the commence- ment of the war, the Americans had a force of 2500 men at Detroit, under Gen. Hull, who, on the 12th of July passed over into Canada, and issued a proc- lamation inviting ^he defenceless inhabitants to ioin his standard. He however soon thought it prudent' to return to Detroit, where on the 16th of August, he surrendered his whole army to a much inferior Brit- ish force under Gen. Brock. On the 13th of Octo- ,ber, another body of the enemy crossed over to Queenston in Upper Canada, in opposing which, at the head of a small party, the brave General Brock was slain. The enemy obtained possession of the heights, but were soon dislodged and many of them made prisoners. On the 27th of April 1813, the en- «my took York, the capital of Upper Canada, but about the first of June, they were defeated in an at- tempt to get possession of the heights at Burlington bay and obliged to retire. About the same time an unsuccessful attack was made by Col. Baynes upon the enemy at Sackets Harbor, and on the 10th of September, the whole British force upon lake Erie surrendered to Commodore Perry. On the 21st of October, .the American general Hampton entered Lower Canada with a large force, by the river Chate- auguay, but afler a little manoeuvreing, he returned to his winter quarters at Plattsburgh. On the 30th of March, 1814, Gen. Wilkinson with 3000 men enter- ed Lower Canada on the western shore of lake Champlain, but af\er an unsuccessful attack upon La Colle Mill, which was defended by only about 180 HltTORtr or CANADA. 113 iring Iron- aish- >tion I few mce- 2500 12th proc- ) join ident' St, he Brit- Dcto- er to ch, at Brock )f the them le en- I, but in at- ngton ne an upon }thof 3 Erie 1st of itered yhate- iedto Kh of jnter- lake >n La 180 men, he retired into the United States. During the summer many battles were fought along the frontier of Upper Canada, and active preparations w^re go- ing on for invading the United States from the Low- er Province. On the 3rd of September, Sir George Prevost passed the frontier at the head of 1 1,000 men, and appeared before Plattsburgh on the 7th, wheie the Amencan general Macomb, occupied a fortified po** sition, with about 1500 regulars and a considerable number of volunteers who had come in from the neighborhood. From the 7th to the 11th the British were employed in erecting batteries. On the Uth of Sept. the British filotilla from the Isle aux Noix, came up and attacked the Aii^erican naval force in Plattsburgh bay ; the land batteries opened at the same time, and the troops advanced to the assault. After an action of two hours and twenty piinutes the flotilla was obliged to surrender to the American Commodore M'Donough, which was no sooner known on shore than Sir Geoge Preyost withdrew his men from the assault, and prepared to retreat, which he effected during the afternoon and night, closely pur- 8ue4 ^y ^hc Ameticans. pn board the fleetis, the British loss was 84 killed and 1 10 wounded, and the American 52 killed and 58 wounded. The British loss on land, in killed, wounded, prisoners and de- serters was more than 2500. Nothing further of con- sequence transpired en the frontier oi Lower Cana- da during the war. On the 24th of December, 1814, a treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain was signed at Ghent, which was rati- fied in the United States on the 18th of February 1815, and officially made known a| Qpebec on tha 9th of March following. QUESTIONS. When was war declared bet^eon the United States and Great L a 114 FIRST BOOK OF HISTORY. f: Briltiin? How lung did it coDlinue? Wliet'e weremony baules'fuuchtf What is said of tiie Canadians? Where bad the Americans a iorce at the commcnccnrent of the war ? What became of it ' What took place on the 13tb of October f On the 27th of April, 1813^ The lat c;rJune? The 10th of September.^ The Slstof Octuberf The 30tb of Miirch. 1814 ? The 2d of Soptembei ? The 7th ? How were the British em ployed from the Tth to the 11th ? Whfit took plate on the 11th ^ What iBjd Provost do when he found the fleet had surrender- ed ? What vvas the.^riti^ib loss on board the fleet ? The American ? The British loss on land ? When was the treaty of peace signed? When ratiHed m the United- States f M'ade known in Canada? CHROJ^'OI^OCMCAKi TABLE. Having given some account' of the principal wan* and baitlct, i^rv which the people of Cana 1541 1542 1603 1G08 1609 1613 1615 {616 1622 1624 1625 1626 1629 1632 1633 1635 1636 1638 ic:i9 Labrador and New^FouhJIa-nd discovered by Biorn and name Vinelandl* America discovered by Christopher Columbus. Sebastian Ciiboi explored the coast of North Amerien^ Jacques Cartier discovered the gulf of St. Lawrence. Ca^tier i|aine4 the gulf and river St. Lawrence andHsaiteit u^v to Hochelaga. Cartier visited Canada and wintered at Cap Rouge. RobervaL erected fortifications It Cap Rouge. SAmuei Cham plain made his first voyage to Canada. Champlain began tlie settlement at Quebec. He explored and ntrnied lake Champlain and lake Sacrament, now lake George. He explored a part of the river Ottawft, Settlement begrn at Three Rivers. Four Recotlet priests ar- rive at Quebec, the first in the Province. Champlain extends his tour to lake Nepiaing. Population of Quebec only 60i souls. Champlnin erected the first stone fortress at Quebec. A Jesuit Mission established iit Quebec. Quebec begat: to assume the appeniahce of a city. Quebec taken by tho English under Luuis Ketk. Canada restornd to the French. Champlain resumed the government nf th& Colony. Jesuits' College formed M Quebec. Chnmplarn died. The number ot Priests in Quebec was 15. Hotel Dipu estnhiislied at Quebec by the pnches D'AnguilloQ*. Ursuline JVuns intrv^duteU into Canada, ^ • HISTORY or CANADik. US fuu^ht^ 8 a force hnt tocrk 1 he la! [;he 30th vere the re on the irrender- nerican ? signed ? yia? litlet, m sitose thifit ited with d name wil«d tt;> icrament. riests a»- >C41 1650 1^3 1686 1688 1690 1693 JukHce Rovale Court established nt Montreal. 1697 Ursuline Convent established at 'J hree Rivers. Monsieur de Frontenac died Nov. 2fi, aged 78 years. Purple Fever very fatal nt Quebec. Ginseng discovered in Canada by the Jesuit Lafitao. Population of Quebec 7,000. Montr^sal 3,000. Province divided into parishes. Nineteen vessels cleared from Quebec loaded with; J^M, lum- ber, tar, pork, &c. Marquis de Vaudfetiil died, October 10. French built a fort at Crown Point. 1759 1760 1763 1775 1776 1783 1791 1812 1814 1825 1831 1832 1834 First Ursuline Convent built at Quebec. Ursuline Convent at Quebec destroyed by fire. Canada mad e a royal government. The Seminary of Quebec established by Montmorenci, first Bishop of Canada. Ursuline Convent destroyed a second time bv fire, (jreneral Hospital established at Quebec— Montreal- destroyed by the Indians. Schenectady taken and destroyed Feb. 8. 1698 1710 ms 1790 1792 1733 1725 1731 17431 Jesuits restricted in the acquisition of land. 1746 1756 1757 1758 HoosHC fort taken by the French Aug. 22. Oswega taken by the French. Massacre of the English prisoners at lakd George. Ambercrombie defeated. Louisbur" taken by the English. Forts Frontenac and Du Qu^ne tf^en. Quebec taken by Gen. Wolfe. Battle Sept. 13i City sur. 18. Montreal surrendered to the English. Canada ceded to Greiit Britain. Population of Canadif about 65,000. American revolution commenced. Canada invaded by the Americans. Population of Canada 90,000. Atnerican army retreats from Canada. Peace between Great Britain and the United States. Present Constitution of Lower Canada established by act of the Imperial Parliament. War declared between the United States and Great Britain. Battle of Plaitsbufgh September 11. Population of Lower Canada 423,630. New Cathedral at Montreal commenced. Population of Lower Canada 511,917. Epidemic Cholera very fatal in Cnnadn. Cholera again very fatal ifi Canada. Castle of St. Lewis burnt Januqry 23. ^^ nsuilIoQ. ^^^7 /uAtA i^\-* 116 ' riBUT BOOK or hibtoby. LIST OF GOVERNOES OF CANADA. Before the year 166dy the aflfairs of Cani^da were managed by a coifnpany in France, which had the power, of appointing the Governor, but from that pe- riod the Governors were appointed by the king. Samuel Champlain, 1606 Monsieur Montmagny, 1636 Sieur D'Aiilebout, 1647 Sieur de Lauzon, 1650 Sieur de Mesey, (first Royal Governor,) 1663 Siejjir de Courcelt^s, 1665 Sieur de Frontenac, 1672 Sieur de la Barre, 1682 Marquis de Nonville, 1685 Sieur de Frontenac, 1689 Hector T.Cramah^ Presl77a Guy Carleton, 1774 Frederick Haldtmand, 1778 Henry Hamilton, I^t.G. 1784 Henry Hope, Lt. Got. 1785< Lord Dorchester, 1786^ Alured Clark, Lt. Gov.1791 Lord Dorchester, 1793- Robert Prescot, 1796 Sir Robert S. Millnes. 1799 Hon.Thos. Dunn, Pres.t805^^ Chevalier de Calliers, 1699 Sir J. H. Craig, 1807 Marquis deTaudreuil, 1705, Hon.Thos. Duun, Pres.1811 Marq. do Beauharnois, 1726 Sir George Prevost, 1811 Conte de la 6ali88ionierel747 S|eur 4e la Jonquiere, j749 Marquis du Quesne, 1752 Sieur de Vaudreuil, de Cavagnal, f*^^*^ 1765 O^ames Murray, (first English Governor,) 1763 Paulus C. Irvine, Pres. 1766 Guy Carleton, Lt. GoV 1766 Guy Carleton, 1768 Sir G. Drummond, 1815 John Wilson, Admin. 1816 Sir J. C. Sherbrooke, 1816 Duke of Richmond, 1818 Hon. Jas. Monk, Pres. 1819 Earl of Dalhousif , 1820 Sir James Kemp, ■ 182S Lord Aylmer, 1830 JEajrl Gosford- . , 1835. QUESTiaws. :\ When and by whom was New FoundJand discovered ? What wa8> it called ? When did Cotumbus discover America' When and by whom was the coast of North America explored ? Who discovered and named the St. Lawrence f When 7 When did Cartier make his third voyage? Where did he winter? What did Roberyal do 7 When did Champlain make his first voyage .' When did he found Quebec? Whal did he do tho next year 7 When did he explore a part of tke Ottawa .' When was the settlement begun at Three Riv> ers ?— and so on through the Table and Listof GovernorSj at the dis<- crotion of the Teacher. .y .-^' ■■■'-. If.// / / / •^? ^ -/' ,^ I :4S '.7 \- t^^'-u. /'/ / ■y- / > ■^y// /? .-.-I , ^v ffht- / ¥■ t^X. ^ tt^^*'-^^ L.4#*-v^^- »? "«» ■«?«t j-,^ ^, ■\ \ • XI